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THE WORKS 
 
 0» 
 
 HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT. 
 
THE WOKKS 
 
 0* 
 
 HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT. 
 
 VOLUME XXXII. 
 
 m 
 
 HISTORY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 1792-1887, 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO: 
 THE HISTORY COMPANY, PUBLISHERS. 
 
 1887. 
 
Entered according to Act of Congress in tlio Year 1887, by 
 
 HUBERT H. BANCROFT, 
 In tlie Office of tlie Librarian of Congress, at Wasliington. 
 
 All Rhjhla Reserved. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 More than a century elapsed after a charter was 
 granted by Charles II. to Prince Rupert and a com- 
 pany of seventeen others, incorporated as the Governor 
 and Coinpany of Adventurers of England trading into 
 Hudson's Bay, before the first trading posts were built 
 among the almost unpeopled solitudes of British Co- 
 lumbia, or, as the Mainland was then termed. New 
 Caledonia. And yet it was but an accident that the 
 construction of these little picket-fenced enclosures 
 did not lead to the acquisition by Great Britain of an 
 empire no less valuable than is now the dominion of 
 Canada. 
 
 In 1579, Sir Francis Drake ancliored in the bay 
 that still bears his name on the coast of California, and, 
 m behalf of his sovereign, took possession of the coun- 
 try, which he called New Albion, this name being 
 afterward applied to all the territory northward from 
 Drake's Bay almost to the Columbia River. Long 
 before the first American settlers, bringing with them 
 their flocks and herds, had crossed the snow-clad 
 mountains which form the eastern boundary of Ore- 
 gon, forts and trading posts had been established in the 
 valleys of the Umpqua and the Willamette. Toward 
 the north the English claimed, by right of discovery, 
 
 (V) 
 
tI 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 the country in the neighborhood of Nootka Sound. 
 Fmally, in 1840, a proposition was considered by the 
 manager of the Hudson's Bay Company to purchase 
 the Ross colony, estabhshed by the Russians on tlie 
 coast of New Albion. That the bargain was iiot 
 concluded was probably due to the fear of troul)losonic! 
 complications with the United States. Thus to the 
 right of discovery and prior occupation in the far north- 
 west would have been added the right of purchase, 
 and if, at the time of the gold excitement, a few years 
 later, the English had gained a foothold in the coun- 
 try, it is probable tliat they would have laid claim to a 
 part of the territory ceded by Mexico to the United 
 States m 1848. 
 
 Originally a mere portion of the vast game pre- 
 serve of the Hudson's Bay Company, little has been 
 handed down to us of the early records of British Co- 
 lumbia, although that little forms perhaps the most in- 
 teresting portion of its history. Among the sources 
 whence I have derived the information that I novr 
 lay before the reader, are valuable manuscripts handed 
 to me by some of the principal actors in the events 
 which they describe ; as, Roderick Finlayson, James 
 Deans, and Alexander Caulfield Anderson. For other 
 portions of my narrative, I Iiave also depended largely 
 on manuscripts, all of which have received due men- 
 tion in this volume. 
 
 In 1856 gold was discovered In the bed of the Fra- 
 ser River, and in 1857 the San Juan Island difficultv 
 was approaching a crisis. It was probably due in part 
 to both of these causes, and also to the fear that New 
 Caledonia, already largely occupied by Americans, 
 might be absorbed into the territory of the United 
 States, that, in 1858, an act was passed by the parlia- 
 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 vu 
 
 mcnt of Great Britain to provide for the government 
 of British Columbia, by which name was known there- 
 after the domain of England <mi the western mainland 
 of North America. And now the reign of the great 
 monopoly had come to an end. In the following year 
 Vancouver Island was constituted a separate colony, 
 and so remained until 18G6, when, on account of the 
 enormous expense of maintaining the mrdiinery of 
 government among a handful of people, the two de- 
 pendencies were merged into one. 
 
 Between 1802 and 1871 gold was shipped by the 
 l)anks of British Columbia toth.^ value of more than 
 $1G, (550,000, while the amount of treasure carried away 
 by miners from the several districts cannot be esti- 
 mated at less than $0,000,000. But though rumor 
 of golden sands and gold-bearing river-beds seldom 
 fails to attract hordes of fortune-hunters from all quar- 
 ters of the globe, such an element forn s by no means 
 a desirable addition to the pofiulation of a young, am- 
 bitious, and thriving colony. As in California, in Aus- 
 tralia, and in New Zealand, the wealth thus acquired 
 was seldom turned to good account; and little of it 
 remained to enrich the country whence it was gath- 
 ered, those who collected it becoming not infrequently 
 a burden on the more staid and industrious portion 
 of the community. To British Columbia Hocked a 
 heterogeneous gathering of adventurers from the east- 
 ern and western states, from S[)ain, from Mexico, from 
 California, from China, and from Australia. Thus the 
 necessity for some stable form of government to con- 
 trol this lawless and turbulent population made all the 
 more welcome to the settlers who had established there 
 a permanent home the organization of the two colonies 
 as a province of the dominion of Canada. 
 
viii PREFACE. 
 
 As to geograpliical position, British Columbia has 
 tlic same advantages over the Pacific states and terri- 
 tories as the eastern provinces enjoy over the states 
 bordering on tlie Atlantic. As St John's in New- 
 foundland is nearer by some hundreds of miles to the 
 great commercial ports of northern Europe than is the 
 city of New York, so Victoria is nearer to the great 
 seaports of western Asia than is the city of San Fran- 
 cisco. 
 
 Not least amonc: the factors that contribute to the 
 wealth of British Columbia is the construction of the 
 Canadian Pacific railroad, completed in November 
 1885, at the expense and risk of the Dominion gov- 
 ernment. On tlie line of its route, and at points nearer 
 to the Pacific tlian to the Atlantic seaboard, are 
 immense tracts of fertile land, certain erelong to be 
 occupied as farms and cattle-ranges, while mineral 
 deposits of untold value await only tlie capital needed 
 for tlieir devolopment. Until the completion of this 
 road, the commerce of the province was comparatively 
 insiiifnificant : but that a K)rtion of the rich traffic l)e- 
 twecn Europe and Asia will eventuall}^ pass through 
 this territory, is almost beyond a peradventure. 
 
 Compared witli the riper development of California, 
 Oregon, and other Pacific states and territories, 
 British Columbia is yet only in her infancy; but that 
 a brilliant future awaits this province may safely be 
 predicted. As capital and labor are attracted to the 
 country, and botli can be obtained at reasonable rates, 
 the Mainland will be more fully explored, and its 
 valleys and plains made fit for settlement. Although 
 the afrricultural area is somewliat restricted, it is never- 
 tlieless sufficient to maintain a very considerable popu- 
 lation; and that population will increase, slowly per- 
 
 il'! 
 
I'REFACK. Ix 
 
 haps and unsteadily at first, like tlio ebb and flow of 
 an advancing tide, there can be httle doubt. Mines, 
 of Avliich not even the outcroppings have yet been 
 touched, will be made to unfold their hidden treasures, 
 connnercial resources still latent will be developed, 
 and the farmer will gather from the unwilling soil 
 abundant harvests. 
 
 Already fleets are being despatched from harbors 
 which a few years ago were unoccupied. Already the 
 province ships to South America, to Clilna, and to 
 Australia her timber and spars; to Citilfornia, her 
 coal; to Englisli ports, her fish, her silver and lead; 
 and to all the world, her gold; recciA'ii g in I'ftnrn i.av 
 produce and provisions from the United Siat(.s, man- 
 uuioLiired goods from Faigland, and luxuries from 
 Europe and Asia. 
 
 But in reviewing the condition and prospects of 
 British Columbia, we must look beyond her limits, and 
 consider her as linked witli her sister colonies, with 
 Vancouver Island as one with herself, and with the 
 dominion of Canada, of wliich she is the voimuest 
 member. The com[)lction of the overland railroad has 
 riveted yet more closely the ])onds which unite all 
 British subjects, wherever their lot is cast, and tlie an- 
 ticipations held forth in the speech from the tlirone, 
 when first the Mainland was declared a colony, liave 
 already been measurably fulfilled. "I ho]!)e," said her 
 Majesty, "that this new colony on the J\vcitic may be 
 but one steji in the career of steady progress, by which 
 my domini(ms in North America may be ultimately 
 peopled, in an unbroken chain from the Atlantic to 
 the Pacific, by a loyal and industrious population." 
 
00]SrTE:NTS OF THIS VOLUME. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 SUMMARY OF E^iRLIEST VOYAGES. 
 
 The Spaniards on the Coast of British Columbia— Perez, Heceta, and Ar-^*"' 
 teaga— Expedition of James Cook— Hanna— Maurclle— La IVrouse 
 — Portlock and Dixon— Guise— Lowric— Barclay— Meares-Gray- 
 Kendrick— Martinez— Haro—Colnctt— iJouglas—Elisa— Quimper— 
 Galiano and Valdds— Bodega y Cuadra— Vancouver i 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 GENERAL VIEW OP TUJ! NORTHWESX COAST. 
 
 Eastern Parallels— Configuration of Nortli-western America— British Co- 
 lumbia Coast— Pugct Sound— Vancouver Island- Queen Charlotte 
 Islands — Climatic Sections of the Mainland — New Caledonia- 
 Heights of Land— 'J'ho Columbia and Fraser Plateau Basin— Skeena 
 and Stikeen— Oregon, Washington, and Idaho -Nortlnvest Coast 
 Climates— The Temperature of Various Localities— Fauna and Flora 
 —The Aborigines— Attitudes of the Fur-traders and Settlers toward 
 the Natives— Peaceful Regime under the Great Monopoly- Tlio Chi- 
 noolj Jargon 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 OCCUPATION OF THE DOMAIN'. 
 1841. 
 
 Aboriginal British Columbia-Forts nnd Fur-traders-Systems of Com- 
 munication-Inherent Power of Civilization over Savagism-Fur- 
 
 trading Districts-Stations— Missionary and AgrieulturalScttlcmentii 
 —Interior I'orts— Coast Stations— Tlio ISi'itish and tlie Russian Fur 
 Companies- -Tlie Hudson's Bay Company's Circulating Lil.iary- 
 Joint Occupancy of the Northwest Coast by England and the United 
 States- Tlie Treaty Dividing the Dumain-Tho Northwest Coast Im- 
 mediately Prior to tlic Beginning of British Columbia History Pioper 
 
 (XI) 
 
xu 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 FAOK 
 
 — ^Visit of Douglas to the Several Posts — Sitka and Etholin — Quarrel 
 between Douglas and McNeill — Survey of the Stikeen and Tako Re- 
 gion — References for This and the Preceding Chapter 52 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 CAMOSUN AND ESQCIMALT. 
 
 1842. 
 
 (Necessities of a Northern Metropolitan Post — Encroachments of Settlers 
 on the Columbia — The Dividing Line — Growing Importance of Agri- 
 culture — The Question of Locality — A Northern Rendezvous for 
 Whalers — The Southern End of Vancouver Island — Its Advantageous 
 Position — Douglas Surveys the Harbors — Camosun and Esquimalt 
 Compared — Report of Douglas 78 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 FOUNDING OF FOET CAMOStJN. 
 
 1843. 
 
 Expedition from Fort Vancouver — Source of Agricultural Supplies — ^Tho 
 Cowlitz Country — Embark on the Beaver — Visit to the ClalJams 
 — Anchor iu Camosun Harbor — Beauties of the Surroundings — Abo- 
 riginal Occupants — Selection of a Site — Two Points Attract Atten- 
 tion — Location Settled — The Jesuit, Bolduc — His Conference with 
 the Natives — The Fort-builders Begin Operations — Portentous Signs 
 — Bokluc Celebrates Mass — He Visits Whidbey Island — Douglas 
 Departs for Tako — Abandonment of Tliat Post, and also of Fort Mc- 
 Loughlin — Return of Douglas to Camosun with Reenforcoments — 
 The Stockade Erected — Arrival of the Cadboro — Ross Placed in Com- 
 mand — Departure of Douglas Avith the Beaver and the Cudboro .... 
 
 02 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 AFFAIRS AT CAMOSDN 
 
 1844. 
 
 Death of Commander Ross — Roderick Finlayson — Sketch of his Career^ 
 At Forts Tako and Simpson — Bibliographical Note on his Manu- 
 script — His Character — First Cargo of Live-stock — The Savages 
 Make Game of the Cattle — Redress Demanded and Refused — War 
 Declared — Tsoughilam and Tsilaltiiacli with their Allies Attack the 
 Fort — Strategy of Finlayson— Bloodless Victory — The Pipe of Peace 
 is Smoked — Descriptions of the Fortress — Warre and Vaxasour — 
 Bcrtliold Scemaun — Finlaysou's Letter — James Deans — His Charac- 
 ter and Manuscript — Interesting and Minute Description of tlio Fort 
 — Under Orders of Douglas Fort Camosun was Built without a Nail. 
 
 102 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 xiii 
 
 CHAPTER Vn. 
 
 CAMOSDN, ALBERT, VICTOEIA. 
 
 1845. 
 
 fAOK 
 
 Extermination of Savage Nomenclature — Camosun Becomes First A1-' 
 bert, and then Victoria — Food Supply— Douglas' Motto, 'Great 
 Ends from Small Means '—Wooden Ploughs and Rope Harness— 
 A More Liberal Economy Sometimes Profitable— Outward-bound 
 Ships from England now Come Directly Hither— Whaling Fleets— 
 The Mission of the /tmcnca- Captain Gordon as a Sportsman— Hos- 
 pitality at Fort Victoria— • Fifty-four Forty or Fight '—More Ves- 
 sels of War at Victoria — Also Surveyors and Appraisers of Territories 
 —The Northwest Coast not Worth Fightuig for— Adventures of Paul 
 Kane— Fort Victoria in Early Days II7 
 
 CHAPTER Vni. 
 
 THE SHUSIIWAP CONi^PIKACT. 
 1846. 
 
 Kamloop— The Old Fort and the New— The Romance of Fur-trading— 
 The Lordly Aboriginal and his Homo— John Tod, King of Kamloop 
 —His Physique and Character— Lolo, a Ruler among the Shushwaps 
 —Who and What He was— His Kingdom for a Horse— Annual Sal- 
 mon Expedition to the Fraser— Information of the Conspiracy— Lolo 
 Retires from before his Friends— Tod to tlio Rescue— One Man 
 against Three Hundred— Small-pox as a Weapon— A Signal Victory 
 —Chief Nicola Measures Wits with Mr Tod— And is Found Want- 
 ^S 134 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Anderson's explorations. 
 1840-1847. 
 Nccessityof a New Route between the British Columbia Seaboard and New 
 Caledonia— Must be WhoUy within British Territory— Anderson Pro- 
 poses Explorations— Authority an<l Means Granted— Biograpicil and 
 Bibliographioal Note of Anderson and his Manuscript History— Sets 
 out from Alexandria— Proceeds to Kamloop— Thence Explores by 
 Way of Anderson and Harrison Lakes to Langlcy— Returns by Way 
 of the Co(iuihalla, Similkamoun, and Lake Nicola— Second Expedi- 
 tion along Thompson and Eraser Rivers— Back by Kcquelooso and 
 the New Similkameeu Trail— Report and Suggestions \57 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 • YALE AND HOPE ESTABLISHED. 
 
 1848-184;). 
 Establishment on the Fraser at the Lauding of the Sachincos-Jaraes 
 Murray Yale— Causes Whicii Led to the Building of Fort Yale— 
 
XIV 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAOB 
 
 Orders Given Interior Traders to Break their Way through to Laiig- 
 ley — Three Brigades Join for That Purpouc — The Route Chosen not 
 Satisfactory — Anderson's Proposal — Building of Fort Hope — A New 
 E«ute Attempted — It Proves Worse than the First — Joseph W. Mc- 
 Kay on the North Coast — Sharp Practice between English and Rus- 
 sian Traders — The Constance iu Northern Waters — Effect in British 
 Columbia of the California Gold Discovery — Bags of Gold-dust at 
 Fort Victoria — The Excitement in the Interior 171 
 
 CHAPTEE XI. 
 
 ESTABLISniNO F0ET3 KUPEUT AND NANAIMO. 
 
 1849-lSo2. 
 A New Factor, Coal — The Existence of This Mineral Known from the 
 Earliest Times — Pacific Coal-fields — Discovery at Beaver Harlior — 
 The Quackolls and the Fort McLoughlin Blacksmith — Tolniio Ap- 
 pears — The Notable John Dunn — Warro and Vavasour Report the 
 Discoverj' — Which Attracts tlio Attention of Government — Fort 
 Rupert Built — Muir and his Scotch Miners Arrive — Another Arrival 
 — Examinations and Tests — Failure at Fort Rupert — Discovery of 
 Coal at Nanaimo Harbor — Another Blacksmith Story — McKay to 
 the Proof — Muir Moves from Fort Rupert — I'ort Nanaimo Built — 
 Visit of Douglas — Minor Discoveries 185 
 
 CHAPTEE XII. 
 
 CKQWJT GRANT OF VANCODTER ISLAND TO THE UDDSON'S BAY COMPANY. 
 
 1849. 
 
 Spirit of Monopoly — The Adventurers of England More Jealous of Brit- 
 ish Subjects than of Foreigners — Colonization to bo Rctardod by 
 Favorin.Lj rather than by Opposing It— Tlic Grant Solicited as Early 
 as 1837 — W'oea of the Monopoly — Failure to Obtain the Oiraut at 
 This Time — Fur-hunting and Settlement Antagonistic — Tho Liquor 
 Traffic —The Company Apply fur the Grant — Startling Pio[)usal — 
 Inllucnco of United States Acquisitions on British Pacific Tenitory 
 — Piety a Plea fur Power — The Fur-trado and Colonization Again — 
 The Draft Perfected — Tlie Mainland — Preamble and Grant — Comli- 
 tious of Grant — Differences of Opinion respecting the Wisdom of 
 the Measure 'JO J 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 THE COLONY OP VANCOUVER ISLAND UNDEU HUDSON'S BAY COMIMNY UEGIME. 
 
 1849-1S:>9. 
 Prospectus and Advertisement for Colonists — Qualifications of tlie Com- 
 pany for Colonizing — Objections Raised — Tiiey were Fur-traders — 
 And yet Tlicy had Ships and Money — The Puget Sound Company 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 XV 
 
 71 
 
 would have a Share — No Easy Matter to Please All — Land One 
 Pound an Acre — The Scheme a Foreordained Failure — Price of Land 
 too High — The Gold-fields of Californin. One Cause of the Failure — 
 Vancouver Island in Parliament— The Earl of Lincoln, Lord F^lgin, 
 and Mr Gladstone on the Situation — New Attitude of the Hudson's 
 Bay Company in Relation to the Natives 223 
 
 CHAPTER XrV. 
 
 TWO ORIGINAL CHARACTERS. 
 
 The Do'jtor and the Divine — Robert J. Staines — A Man of Frills— His 
 Ir.terview witli the King of tlie Hawaiian Islands— The Man Mis- 
 taken for the Master — His Arrival at Victoria — Mud — Parson and 
 School-teacher — Mrs Staines a Most Estimable Lady — Quarrel with 
 the Company — Joins the Settler's Faction — He Cultivates Swine— 
 The Settlers Steal his Pigs— Hot Litigations— His Sad End— The 
 Doctor-Colonist — John Sebastian Helmckcn — His Physique and 
 Cliaracter — Enters Politics — Accepts Ollicc under the Governor — 
 Discovers his Mistake — And Becomes a Supporter of the ^lonopolists 238 
 
 185 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 SETTLEMENT OF VANCOUVER ISLAND. 
 
 1S49-1857. 
 What are Settlers? — Not Fur-traders — Nor Coal-miners — Nor yet tho 
 Nootka Diplomatists — The Mainland not Included in the Coloniza- 
 tion Scheme — The Mormons Cast an Eye upon the Island — Woman. 
 Hed and White — Tho Monopolists Seize McKenzie, Skinner, McAu- 
 ley, and Parsons — Bona Fide Settlers Obliged to Take What They can 
 Get — W. Colquhoun Grant— His Settlement at Solco Harbor — Lease 
 to Tliomas ilunroe — Grant Sells Soke to the Muirs — James Cooper, 
 Sailor, Trader, and Agriculturist — Builds One of tho Many First 
 Vessels— He Takes up Land at Mctchosin — Thomas Blenkhorn — 
 Tho Ilarjiooner, Xormnn Morrison, and the Tori/ Bring Settlers — 
 The Town of Victoria Laid out — Wails from Fort Victoria — James 
 Dcnna Arrives— Baillie and Langford — Progress of Settlement 217 
 
 20'J 
 
 ME. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 GOVERNMENT KSTADLISIIED. 
 
 1850-1852. 
 James Douglas Nominated by Sir John Pelly for Governor— Earl Grey 
 Rcfu><en to Appoint Him — Richard Blanshard Chosen— His Arrival 
 at Victoria — Reads his Commission — Visits Fort Rupert— Relative 
 Attitudes of the Governor and tlio Fur Company — Ruler of the 
 Queen's Wilderness— Settlers and Subji^cts — No Material for a Coun- 
 cil — Nomination of Council Postponed — John Sebastian llelmcken 
 
XVI 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 FAOI 
 
 Appointed Magistrate at Fort Rupert — The Murdered Deserters — 
 Character of Blanshard — His Unpleasant Position — Heavy Expenses 
 and III Health — What the Settlers Think of It — Blanshard Appoints 
 a Council, Resigns, Shakes the Dust from his Feet, and Departs 
 from the Island — James Douglas Appointed Governor 263 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 JAMES DOUGLAS. 
 
 Birth and Education — Enters the Service of the Northwest Company — 
 Friendship of McLoughlin — Opportunity — What He should Know — 
 His Life in New Caledonia — Overcome by Love — ^Mcets and Marries 
 Nclia Connolly — Establishes Fort Connolly — His Attention to Busi- 
 ness and liis Strict Obedience — Becomes Chief Trader — Then Chief 
 Factor — Visits California — Accountant and General Superintendent 
 of Forts — Active in the Establishment of Fort Victoria — His Cold- 
 ness toward Emigrants — Quarrels with McLoughlin — Removes to 
 Victoria — Is Made Governor — And Knighted — Visits Europe — Phy- 
 siijue and Character — Douglas and McLoughlin Compared 285 
 
 CHAPTER XVin. 
 
 THE ISLAND UNDER DOUGLAS. 
 18J1-1S59. 
 
 Reconciliation of Antagonistic Elements — The Terms of Settlement Un- 
 just and Impolitic — The Inauguration of Government Premature — 
 No (n)vuniinucnt but the Best Government — Continuance of the 
 Domination of tlie Monopoly — The Puget Sound Company — Provis- 
 ions of tlio Crown Grant in Regard to Government — Expiration of 
 the Fii'st Five-year Term and Renewal — The Offices of Governor 
 and Magistrate at First United — Illegality of Delegating Imperial 
 Autliority to a Colonial Governor in Council — Organization of a 
 House of Assembly — Farcical Perfonnauccs of the First Legislators — 
 The Wild Beasts and Savages Survive the Result — Touching Dis- 
 play of l'\iinily AlTectiou in the Manipulation of Government Allairs 
 — Douglas Compelled to llelinquish Some Portion of his Honors and 
 Emoluments 310 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 THE JUDICIAKY. 
 
 1853-1859. 
 The Questions of Vancouver Island Government and Justice in Home 
 Political Circles— There is No Money in It — And tliercfore They may 
 Safely bo Left to Themselves — IMaushard, tlie First Governor, Like- 
 wise the FirstJudge — Douglas as a Man-t:iiner and Mcasurerof Retri- 
 bution — T.'o Thetis and the T r'uicomalce Expeditions — Bloodless 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 xvil 
 
 PAOS 
 
 Victory over the Cowicbins— The Brigheat Virtue of James Douglas- 
 David Cameron ]Made Chief Justice— His Antecedents, Duties, and 
 End— His Successors, Needham and Begbie — Revenue — Land and 
 Liquor—The Mighty Power of Rum 329 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 THE GREAT GOLD EXCITEMENT. 
 
 1858. 
 Gold! Hail All-powerful and Most Worshipful!— Its Presence not Se- 
 crctly Known to the Fur-traders — Discovery on Vancouver Island 
 —On Queen Cliarlotto Islands— On Skeena River— In the Cascade 
 Mountains of A\'ashington — At Colvillo — At Kamloop— On Thomp- 
 son River- On Frascr River— The Tidings Spread- The Matter 
 Laid before Government— Eflfect on California— Rush to the Mines — 
 Routes and Methods of Transportation— Whatcom versus Victoria — 
 Trail-making— Overland Expeditions — Licenses and Imposts — Effect 
 on the Fur-traders j 341 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 DEATH OF THE MONOPOLY — THE COLONY OF BKITISH COLUMBIA ESTABLISHED. 
 
 1857-1858. 
 Shall the Charter be Renewed?— Discussion of the Question in Parlia- 
 ment— Referred to a Select Committee— Who Think the Charter 
 should not be Renewed— Gold aa a Revolutionist — Douglas Stands 
 by for England— Lato Fur Factors— Dugald McTavish— William 
 Charles — The Hudson's Bay Company's License of Exclusive Trade 
 with the Natives of the Mainland Revoked— Repurchase of the 
 Island of Vancouver by the Imperial Government — Change of Com- 
 pany Organization— Canada Purchases Rupert Land and tlic Nortli- 
 west Territory- Liberal and Humane Policy of the Company in 
 Regard to Gold-seekers and Speculators 37G 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 GOVERNMENT OF THE MAINLAND. 
 1S5S-1S03. 
 
 Authority at Victoria Disregarded by the First Comers— Douglas Looks 
 into Affai's- What the Natives Think of It— Douglas as Law and 
 Magistrate Maker— Indian Wars— Overtures of the Imperial Govern- 
 ment to Douglas— Roveiuic— Loan— Public Lauds- ^Miners' License 
 — Tlie British Ci-y Economy— Putting Things in Order— The Unau- 
 thorized Acts of Douglas Legalized— Arrival of British Vessels of 
 War— Men of Autliority Appear— Tlie United States Represented 
 —Inauguration of tlio Goverucr at Langley— The Moody-McGowau 
 Affi-ay— New Westminster Founded— Officers of tho New Govern- 
 
 inent — Smuggling 
 
 Hist. Dun. Col. 6 
 
 3Si 
 
XVUl 
 
 CONTEXTS. 
 
 m 
 
 CHAPTEE XXIII. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF J0STICE. 
 
 I80G-I88O. 
 
 PAOB 
 
 Justice without Form — Inauguration of the Judiciary System — Jurisdic- 
 tion of Canadian Courts Withdrawn — Pearkca Drafts a Plan for the 
 Mainland — Lytton Refers the Matter to Begbie — The Gold-fields 
 Act — Appointment of Matthew Baillio Bcghie — On Uniting the 
 Courts Disestablished and Reorganized — Need ham Declines to Re- 
 tire — Two Courts Both Supreme — Character of Begbie — Ho Assists 
 Douglas in Organizing Gos'ernment — Justice at Cariboo — Jurors 
 Rebuked — Stipendiary Magistrates — Justice at Kootenai and Met- 
 lalikatlah — Convict Labor— Nobles along the Border — Vigilance 
 Committee 419 
 
 ■4 
 
 M 
 
 CHAPTEE XXIV. 
 
 FIl.iSEB IIIVEB MINING AND SETTLEMENT. 
 
 1S58-1878. 
 New Developments in the History of Mining — Character of the Mines — 
 Mining Towns — Sluicing at Hope and Yale — Routes to the Diggings 
 — Steam on the Fraser — Boats Ascend to Hope and Yale — Extension 
 of Mining Area — Rush to Lytton — Roads — Prospectors Push North- 
 waril — Bars Named — Field — Region Round Lilloet — Fountain, Ca- 
 noe, Quesnel, and Thompson Mines — Quartz on Cherry Creek — The 
 Jilines of the Fraser Valley — Character of the Dry-diggings — Terrace 
 Composition — Gold Distribution and Yield 438 
 
 CHAPTEE XXV. 
 
 GOLD IN THE CARIBOO COUNTRY. 
 
 Cariboo Region — Its Deposits — New Mining Era — Golden Dreams — 
 Early Developments — Roads and Mountain Trails — The Great Pros- 
 pectors — Tlie Influx — Quesnel River Mines — Horsefly and Qucsnel 
 Lake — Keithley and its Town — Harvey and Cunningham Creeks — 
 ^Vntlcr Creek Riches— Grouse Creek 47i 
 
 CHAPTEE XXVI. 
 
 MIXING IN CARIBOO. 
 
 18G3-18S2, 
 
 Rise of William Creek — Rich Discoveries — Large Yield — Decline — Deep 
 Mining — Marysville Lead — Drainage Operations — Richfield — Mos- 
 quito and Mustang Creeks — Outskirt Placers — Lightning Creek — 
 Van Winkle— Decline and Revival — Lowhee — Canon Creek and its 
 Quartz — Character of Cariboo Veins — Summary of Yield — Cariboo 
 Life— The Low and the Intellectual 495 
 
 A 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 zU 
 
 PAOB 
 
 419 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII. 
 
 UPPER COLUMBIA JIIXE3. 
 
 18C4-1882. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Columbia River Deposits -Fine-goM Theory -Ancient River-beds- 
 Early Diggings— Kootenai Excitement- Wild Horse Creek— Sas- 
 katchewan Expedition-Perry Creek-IIydrauIics-Subordinate Dis- 
 tricts, Forty-nine Creek, Mooyio River-Big Bend-Routes and In- 
 flux— Prencli, McCulloch, and Games Creeks-Later Exploration- 
 Extent of the Auriferous Region— Terrace Gravels— Rock Creek- 
 Okanagan and Similkanicen Districts r..^ 
 
 iJ-.L> 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 GOLD DISCOVEUIES IX THE FAR NORTH. 
 
 1SC1-I882. 
 OminecaCouutry-Peaco River Prospected-Government Expedition- 
 Prospecting Cl.ase-Vitale Creek-Omineca Overrated-Germansen 
 Cieek— Sluicing— Mansou and Lost Creeks- Finlay River— The 
 Skeena and Coast Placers-Prospects of Settlements-Cause of Do- 
 clme-The Stikeen Explored-Thibert's Discovery-Cassiar Placera 
 
 — Dease Lake Tributaries ..„ 
 
 0-13 
 
 43S 
 
 3l 
 
 47i 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 COAL. 
 
 Coal-bearing Formations East and West-California, Oregon, and Wash- 
 ington Fields Compared-British Columbia Coal-bearing Formations 
 -Bituminous, Lignite, and Anthracite-Brown's Localities-Rich- 
 ardson s Irough-Beaver Harbor-Quatsino Harbor-Nanaimo-The 
 Aanaimo Coal Company-Tho Vancouver Company-The Wellinff- 
 ton Company-Progress of Development at Nanaimo-Dunsmuir's 
 Adventuies-Thc Nanaimo Stone Quarry -The Harewood Miue- 
 Uorkingsof the Vancouver Colliery-Queea Charlotte I^lan.ls An- 
 thracite-Attempted Develop.nent of th. Mines-Brown and Rich- 
 ardson s Vxsits-Claudet and Isherwood's Analyses-Comox and 
 Bayno Sound-Developments-Discovcries on the Mainland-Minis- 
 ters Reports-Statutory Regulations-Summary . . ^g^ 
 
 5P 
 
 13- 
 00 
 
 495 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
 UNION AND CONFEDEUATION. 
 
 1SC3-1S7I. 
 A Legislative Council Organized for British Columbia-Inaugural Ad- 
 
 pZel ?'7Z ''''T'-' '^^'^"^ I^-Pon— Separate r' ler Ap- 
 point d for the Two Colonies-A Cordial Leavctakin.-Review of 
 Douglas Administration-Regime of Frederick S-.^uo^r- Excessive 
 
xr 
 
 CONTEXTS. 
 
 PAoa 
 Taxation— Union of the Colonics — The British North America Act — 
 
 Antliony Musgravo Governor — British Columbia a Province of the 
 
 Dominion — A Legislative Assembly Substituted for the Council — 
 
 Condition of the Province- -Indian Policy of the United States and 
 
 of Great Britain 582 
 
 CHAPTER XXXI 
 
 THE SAN J CAN ISLAND DIFFICtTLTY. 
 
 1854-1872. 
 
 The Archipelago do Haro — San Juan Island Occupied by the Hudson's 
 Bay Company — Customs Dues Demanded lor the United States — 
 Commissioners Appointed — Their Arguments — Indian Troubles — 
 The Affair of the Hog — A Military Post Established by General 
 Harney — Ari'ival of British Men-of-war — And cf the U. S. Steamer 
 MasHachusctts — Protest of Douglas — Harney's Bcply — Landing of 
 U. S. Troops— Casey's Trip to Esquimalt — Its Result — A Compro- 
 mise Offered by Lord Lyons — Attitude of President Buchanan — Gen- 
 eral Scott Ordered to the Pacific Coast — Negotiations — Harney 
 Recalled — Arbitration and Decision C05 
 
 CHAPTER XXXII. 
 
 THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 
 
 1S71-1S74. 
 The Tide of Westward-bound Migration — Reasons for and against the 
 Railway Project — The Bill Carried in the Commons — Resolution 
 Passed by the Canadian Parliament — Policy of the British and Cana- 
 dian Governments — Preliminary Surveys — The Hugh Allan Con- 
 tract — A Modest Demand — The Contract Annulled — Change of 
 Administration — James D. Edgar's Negotiations — Their Failure and 
 its Cause — Mackenzie's Railway Scheme — Objections to his Project. 
 
 G40 
 
 CHAPTER XXXin. 
 
 THE CANADIAN PACIFIC K.VILWAT. 
 
 1874-1885. 
 
 The Carnarvon Terms — Their Acceptance — Defeat of the Esqaimalt and 
 Nanaimo Railway Bill — Tlie Provincial Legislature's Petition to her 
 Majesty — Rejoinder of the Dominion Government — Visit of the Earl 
 of Dufferin — His Speech at Victoria — Threats of Secession — A Sec- 
 ond Petition to the Queen — Proposed Annexation to tiie United 
 States — One More Petition — Contract with the Syndicate — Engineer- 
 ing Difficulties — Poi-t Moody — Reasons for its Selection as the Ter- 
 minus — Completion of tJie Line — A Costly Undertaking — The Road 
 Built as a National Highway CGI 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 XXI 
 
 PAQB 
 
 id 
 
 . 582 
 
 IS 
 
 ral 
 icr 
 of 
 ro- 
 eu- 
 icy 
 
 005 
 
 CHAPTER XXXrV 
 
 POLITICS AND GOVEKNMENT. 
 
 1S70-188G. 
 
 PA(jB 
 
 The Victoria and Esquimalt Railway — Protest of the Mainland Popula- 
 lation — The Carnarvon Club — Secession or the Carnarvon Terms — 
 Defeat of the Elliott Ministry — A Lively Debate — The Legislature 
 Votes for Separation — Discontent in the Capital — Cornwall Ap- 
 pointed Chief Magistrate — Government of British Columbia — The 
 Suffrage — Proceedings of the Legislature — The Judiciary G96 
 
 CHAPTER XXXV. 
 
 SETTLEMENTS, MISSIONS, AND EDCCATION. 
 
 18G1-1886. 
 Victoria — The Ubiquitous Chinaman — Esquimalt — Nanaimo — The Victo- 
 ria Coal, Mining, and Land Company — New Westminster — Langley — 
 
 Lytton — Savona'a Ferry — Kamloop — Clinton — Barkerville — Yale 
 
 Indian Missions and Missionaries — Metlakathla— Forts — Indifference 
 of the Provincial Government — Civilization of the Native Tribes — 
 Churches — Charitable Societies — Public Scliools — Journalism Li- 
 braries J07 
 
 the 
 tion 
 ma- 
 
 ^011- 
 3 of 
 
 and 
 ect. G40 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVI. 
 
 INDUSTRIES, COMMERCE, AND FINANCE. 
 1880-1S86. 
 
 Agricultural Areas — Public Lands— Stock-raising — Fruits — Fisheries 
 
 Salmon-canning — Manufactures — Gold-mining — Coal-mining — The 
 Alaska Boundary — Exports and Imports— Comparison with Other 
 
 Provinces — Banking — Insurance — Shipping — Inland Navigation 
 
 Revenue and Expenditure — Public Debt— Comparison of Customs 
 Returns— Elements of Prosperity— Biographical— Bibliograhical .... 7-10 
 
 Index 77- 
 
 band 
 o h.er 
 ! Earl 
 . Sec- 
 uited 
 inecr- 
 iTer- 
 Road 
 
 GGl 
 

AUTIIOrJTIES QUOTED 
 
 I\ TITK 
 
 HISTORY or lililTISll COLUMBIA. 
 
 A1)-sa-ra-ka, Homo of the Crows, rhiladelpliia, ISG8. 
 
 Allen (Alexanilur), Cariboo and the Mines of British Columbia. MS. 
 
 Anderson (Alexander Caultield), Dominion at the West. Victoria, 187-; Hand- 
 book and Map to the (rold ^■' a'""- San Francisco, ISuS; Notes on the 
 Indian Tribes of British North America. In Historical Mag., March 
 1803, I'.i; I\otes on North Western America. Montreal, 187(i. 
 
 Anderson (Alexander CaulKeld), North-West Coast History. M8. 
 
 Anderson (.Fames), Letter to Sir George Simpson. In Lond. Geog. Soc, Jour., 
 xxvi. 18. 
 
 Annals of British Legislation. London, 185G et seq, 4:to. 
 
 Applegate (Jesse), Views of Oregon History. MS. 
 
 Armstrong (A. N.), Oregon. Cliicago, 1857. 
 
 Arrowsmith (.rohn), Map of the Provinces of British Columbia and Vancouver 
 Island. London, 18.")9. 
 
 Astoria, Or., A.storian, Marine Gazette. 
 
 Atlantic Monthly. Boston, 1858 et se(j. 
 
 Ballantyne (Robert M.), Hudson's Bay. Edinburgh, 1848 
 
 Ballou (William T.), Adventures. MS. 
 
 Bancroft (Hubert Howe), History of Alaska. 
 
 Bancroft (Hubert Howe), History of California. 
 
 Bancroft (Hubert Howe), History of Nevada. 
 
 Bancroft (Hubert Howe), History of Northwest Coast. 
 
 Bancroft (Hubert Howe), History of Oregon. 
 
 Bancroft (Hubert Howe), History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana. 
 
 Bancroft (Hubert Howe), Native Races of the I'acitic States. New York, 
 1875. 5 vols. 
 
 Bancroft (Hubert Howe), Popular Tribunals. 
 
 Bancroft Library MSS. Scrap-books containing classified notes used in writ- 
 ing Bancroft's works. 
 
 Bancroft Library Newsi)aper Scraps, classified imder the following headings: 
 British Columbia, Fisheries, Shipping and Navigation, Trade and Com- 
 merce. 
 
 Bancroft's Hand-Book of Mining. San Francisco, 18G1. 
 
 Barkersville, Cariboo Sentinel. 
 
 Barrett-Lennard (C. E.„ Travels in British Columbia. London, 1862. 
 
 Bayley (C. A. ), Vancouver Island Early Life. MS. 
 
 Begbie (Matthew B.), Jouniey into the Interior of British Columbia, In 
 Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour., xxxi. 2.37. 
 
 Blanshard (Ricliard), Vancouver Island. Despatches, 20 Dec. 1849 to 30 Aug. 
 1851. New Westminster, n. d. 
 
 Bolduc (J. B. Z.), Letter to Mr Cayenne, 15 Feb. 1844. In De Smet's Or, 
 Misaions, 51. 
 
 (xxlii) 
 
XXlV 
 
 AUTHORITIES QUOTED. 
 
 ■# 
 
 Springfield, 186G; Oiir New West. 
 
 Victoria, 
 
 Bowles (Samuel), Acror^a the Continent. 
 Hartford, etc., ISlJl). 
 
 British Columbia Agricultural and Horticultural Society. Reports. 
 IS7S ct seq. 
 
 British Columhia, Guide to the Province of. Victoria, 1877. 
 
 British Columbia, Memorial in Connection with the Oiiiiiioca Road Petition, 
 n. pi , n. d. 
 
 British Columbia Milling tand Mining Company, Prospectus. Victoria, 1878. 
 
 British Cohunbia Mining Stock Board. Constitution. Victoria, 1878. 
 
 British Columbia Public Documents cited in my notes by their titles and 
 dates, the title consisting of 'British C(>lund)ia,' followed by one of the 
 following lieadiugs: Acts; Collection of Acts, Ordinances, and Proclama- 
 tion; Consolidated Statutes; Correspondence on the Custom Stations 
 between Mctoria and Kootenay; Expenditure; Indian Land Question; 
 Journals of Legislative Assembly; .Itmrnalsof Legislative Council; Lamls 
 and ^\'o^ks; List of Voters; Minister of Mines' Reports; Ontinances; 
 Overland Coach Road; Papers Relating to Aflairs — Furtiier I'apers; i'ublic 
 Scliodls; Registrar of Births, Deaths, and Marriages; Sessional I'apers; 
 Statutes. 
 
 British Columbia Railway Question, Opinions oi the English Press. Victoria, 
 1877. 
 
 British Columbia Sketches. i\lS. 
 
 British Nor '- America. London, n. d. 
 
 British Xoii . American I'rovinees, Correspondence respecting the Proposed 
 Union — Further I'apers. Loudon, ]8()7, folio. 
 
 British Xortli-AVest Aii>ericaii Enn,i;rants Settlement Association, n. pi., n. d. 
 
 Brown (R. C. liumlin), British C(dund)ia — An Essay. New Westminster, 
 ISGIt; British Columbia, The Indians and Settlers at Lilloet. London, 
 1870. 
 
 Brown (Robert), Geographical Distribution on Coal Fields of N. Pacific Coast. 
 Edinburuh, ]8(')'.!; On the Formation of Fjords, Canons, Benclus, etc. In 
 Lond. (leog. Soc, Jour., xxxix. I'-'o; S'ancouver Island Exploration. 
 \"ict(iria, ]8t'>-4. 
 
 Browne (J. Ross), Lower California. See Taylor; Report upon the Mineral 
 Resources of the States and Territories West of the Rocky Mountains. 
 AVashirgton, ]8(i7; Washini;ton, JSliS; San Francisco, 1808. 
 
 Bnlliucli ('l'hi)nias), Oregon and Fl l)orado. Boston, lS(i(). 
 
 Burnett (I'ltcr 11.), Recollections and Opinions ot an Old Piouccx'. New 
 York, 1880. 
 
 Burnett (I'eter }l.), Recollections of the Past. MS. 2 vols. 
 
 Butler (W. F.), The 'WUd North Land. Philadeliiliia, 1874. 
 
 Caldwell (Robert), The Gold Era of Victoria. London, IS.lo. 
 
 California Academy of Silences, Proceedings fif the. S. F., ISoS ct scq. 
 
 I'anatla, llan..l>ook of Information for Intending Emigrants. Ottawa, 1877. 
 
 Canada I'ublic Documents cited in my notes by their titli's and dates, the 
 title consisting of ' Canada ' followed l)y one of tiie following lieaiUngs: 
 Addresses of (Jovernor; Agrieidtnre; Canal Eidargemeiit; Census: Coal 
 Trade; Customs; Debates of the House of ('ominous; Estimates; Extra- 
 dition of Prisoners; (leologieal Survey, Sehvyn (.\. R. C.), Director; 
 Reports of Progress, etc.; ln\migration and Colonization; Inland Reve- 
 nues; Ins\iranee; Interior; Lake Superior and Red River Settlement; 
 Ligiits; Marine and Fislieries; ^lessage Relative to the Terms of 
 Union; Meteoi'ologieal Magnetic; Militia; Navigable Streams; Northwest 
 Mounted I'oliee; I'ostmaster General; Public Accounts; Public Works; 
 Secretary of State; Statistics; Trade and Navigation. 
 
 Canadian l\.cific Railway, Saiulford Fleming, Engineer .n Chief. Correspon- 
 dence relating to. n. pi., n. <1.; Maps and Charts; Papers ccmnected with 
 the awariling of Section Fifteen. Ottawa, 1877; Reports 1872 ct seq. 
 Ottawa, 1872 ct seq. 
 
 
AUTHORITIES QUOTED. 
 
 XXV 
 
 Canadian Parliamentary Companion, 1S74. Montreal, 1874. 
 
 Carilioo, The Newly Discovered Gold Fields of British Columbia. London, 
 
 1802. 
 Caril)oo Quartz Mining Compiiny, Memoranda. Victoria, 1878. 
 Cartography of the Pacific Coast. MS. folio. 3 vols. 
 Chicago Academy of Sciences, Transactions. Chicago, 1809 et seq. 
 Chinook Jargon, Dictionary of. 01ynii)ia, 1873; Portland, 1878; Victoria, 
 
 n.d. ; Vocabulary. San Francisco, 18(J0. 
 Chittenden (Newtou H.), Travels in JJritish Columbia and Alaska. Victoria, 
 
 188-2. 
 Churcliill (J. D,), and J. Cooper, British Columbia and Vancouver Island. 
 
 Loudon, 1800. 
 Claudet (F. (!.), Gold. New Westminster, 1871. 
 Columbia Mission, Occasional Paper. London, 1801; Pastond Address, n.pl., 
 
 1804; Reports 1804 ct scq. London, 1804 ct scq. 
 Coniptou (P. :■«'.), Forts ancl Fort Life. M??. 
 Cooic (James), Troisiome Voyage i\, I'Oceau Pacifiquo en 1770-80. Paris, 
 
 178,"). 4tr>. 4 vols. 
 Cook (James), Voyage to the Pacific Ocean, 1770-80. London, 1784. 4to. 
 
 H vols, plates' in folio; London, 1784. 4to. 4 vols; Phila. 1818. 2 vols. 
 Cooper (.!:i;;ies), Maritime Matters. MS. 
 
 Cooper I .iihl and Silver Mining Company, Memorandum. Victoria, 1878. 
 Cornwallis (Kinalian), The New Kl Dorado. London, ISoS. 
 Coiirtercy (H. C.), Rritisli Colnnd)ia Mines. MS. 
 Cox (Ross), Adventures on the Columbia River. London, 1831. 2 vols; Nov 
 
 V.n-k, 1832. 
 Cridge (K.), Characteristics of .lames Douglas. MS. 
 Crosiiy {II. R. ), The San Juan Ditticulty. lu Overland, ii. 201. 
 
 I 
 
 Dallas (A. (r.), San Juan, ^Uaska, and the North-VVcst BouudiUv. JLiondon, 
 1873. 
 
 Dalles (Or.), Mountaineer. 
 
 Dawson ((Jeorge M.), (tencral Note on the !Mines and Minerals, n.pl., 1877; 
 Note on Some of the Most Recent Changes in Level ol' Coast, n.pl., 1877; 
 Notes on the (Jlaciation of IJiitish Columbia. In Canadian Naturalist, 
 vtd. ix., no. 1; Re'port of Fxiihirations in Kritisli Columbia. In Canada 
 (ii'ologieal Survey, 187.")-f>, 2.33; Supertieial <leology of IJritisii Colum- 
 bia, n.pl., 1878; Travelling Notes on the Surface Geology of the Pacific 
 Coast, n.pl., 1878. 
 
 Deans (.lames;,, N'ancouvcr Island. MS. 
 
 De Cosuios (Aiiuir), Britisl", Cobunbia ( bivernments. MS. 
 
 De Cosmos (Amor), Sjiei.ch on Dc Horsey "s Report, Feb. 18, 1878, Ottawa, 
 1878; Spei'ch on KMiuinialt Graving Dock and Caiuidiau Pacific R. R., 
 Feb. 21, 1878. Ottuw;\, bS78. 
 
 De <i root (Henry ^ British (A)lumbia; its Condition and Prospects, etc. San 
 Francisco, i8.i!). 
 
 De Smet (P. J.), Letters and Sketclie.i. Pliiladelphia, 1843; Missions .lo 
 rOregon. (iand, n.d.; Oregon Missions. New York, 1847; Voyages au.f 
 Montagues Rocheuses. LiUe, 18.")1); Western Missions and Missionaries. 
 New York, 1803. 
 
 Directories, British CoUunbia and Victoria, Howard and Barnett; Victoria, 
 .Mallaudaiii >. 
 
 Dodge (Richard Irving), The Plains of the Great West. New Y'ork, 1877. 
 
 Douglas (Sir James), Addresses ami Memorials upon the Occasion of the 
 Retirenu'iit of. Victoria, bS()4. 
 
 Douglas (Sir .lames). Diary of Gold Discovery on Frascr River. In Douglas' 
 Private Papers. MS. 
 
 Douglas (Sir James), Journal, 1840-1. MS. 
 
 Douglas (Sir James), OlUcial Correspondence, In Cornwallis' New El Dorado, 
 317. 
 
XXVI 
 
 AUTHORITIES QUOTED. 
 
 Douglas (Sir James), Private Papers. Ist and 2il series. MS. 2 vols. 
 
 Douglas (Sir James), Voyages to the North West Coast. In Id. Journal. 
 
 Douglas (William), A Summary Historical and Political of the British Set- 
 tlements in North America. London, 1755; Voyage of the Iphhjenia. 
 In !Meares' Voy. Edit. Lond., 1790. 
 
 Downio ( W. ), Explorations in Jarvis Inlet and Desolation Sound. In Lond. 
 Geog. Soc, Jour., xxxi. 249. 
 
 Dunn (John), History of the Oregon Territory. London, 1844; The Oregon 
 Territory and the British N. American Fur Trade. Philadelphia, 1845. 
 
 Edinburgh Review. Edinburgh, 1802 et seq. 
 
 Elisa (Francisco), Voyage 1791, Extracts from. In Papers relating to Treaty 
 
 of Wash., V. 176; also in Reply of the United States, 97. 
 Evans (Elwood), Re-annexation of British Columbia to the United States. 
 
 Olympia, 1870. 
 Evans (P^lwood), Eraser River Excitement. MS. and Scraps. 
 Evans (Elwood), History of Oregon. MS. 
 Evans (Taliesin), British Columbia. In Overland, iv. 258. 
 
 Ferry (J. M.), and G. J. Wright, Map and Guide to Cariboo Gold Mines. 
 
 San Francisco, 18G2. 
 Fery (Jules), Gold Searches. MS. 
 Findlay (Alexander G.), Directory for the Navigation of the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 London, 1851. 
 Finlayson (Roderick), Vancouver Island and Northwest Coast. MS. 
 Fitzgerald (James Edward), Charter and Proceedings of Hudson Bay Co., 
 
 with Reference to Vancouver's Island. London, 1849. 
 Flemmg (Sandford), Memorial of the People of Red River to the British and 
 
 Canadian Governments. Ottawa, 18(53. See Canadian I'acific Railway. 
 Forbes (Cliarles), Vancouver Island; its Resources and Capabilities. A'ic- 
 
 toria, 18(32. 
 Foster (J. W.), The Mississippi Valley. Chicago, 1809. 
 Franchere (Gal)riel), Narrative of a Voyage to the Northwest Coast of Amer- 
 ica, 1811-14. Redfield, 1854. 
 Eraser (Simon), First Journal from April 12 to July 18, ISOO. MS 
 Eraser (Simon), Letters, 1806-7. MS 
 
 Eraser (Simon), Second Journal from May 30 to June 10, 1808. MS. 
 Fremont (John C), Narrative of Exploring Expedition to Rockv Mountains. 
 
 New York, 1849. 
 
 Gibbs (George), Indian Affairs, Report on, March 4, 1854. In Pac. R. R. 
 Repts., 1. 402. 
 
 Good (John B. ), British Columbia. MS. 
 
 Good (John B.), St Paul's Mission, n.pl., n.d. 
 
 Goodyear (W. A.), Coal Mines of the Western Coast of the U. S. San Fran- 
 cisco, 1877. 
 
 frrant (George M.), Ocean to Ocean. Canada, 1873; Toronto, x877. 
 
 Grant (W. C ), Description of Vancouver Island. In Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour., 
 xxvii. 2(iS; Remarks on Vancouver Isli.;ul. In Lond. Geog. Soc, Jour., 
 xxxi. 208. 
 
 Gray(W. H.), A History of Oregon, 1792-1849. Portland, 1870. 
 
 (Treenhow (Robert), History of (.)regon anil California. Boston, 1844; Lon- 
 don, 1844; Boston, 1845; New York, 1845; Boston, 1847. 
 
 Grover (Liifayette), Oregon, Notable Things. MS. 
 
 Hakluyt Society. Hudson's Bay, Geography of. London, 1850. 
 
 Hancock (Samuel), Thirteen Years' Residence on the Northwest Coast. MS. 
 
 Hansard (T. C. ), Parliamentary Debates from 1803. Lontlon, 1812-77. [S. 
 
 E. Law liibrary.l 
 Harmon (Daniel Williams), Voyages and Travels in the Interior of North 
 
 America. Andover, 1820. 
 
AUTHORITIES QUOTED. 
 
 xxvu 
 
 Harnett (Legh), Two Lectures on British Columbia. Victoria, 1868. 
 
 Harper's New Montlily Magjvzine. New York, 185<3 et 8ef|. 
 
 Harvey (Arthur), A Statistical Account of British Columbia. Ottawa, 1867. 
 
 Harvey (Mrs Daniel), Life of John McLoughliu. MS. 
 
 Hayes (Benjamin), Scrap Books, 1S50-74. 129 vols. Mining. 13 vols. 
 
 Hazlitt (William Carew), British Columbia and Vancouver's Island. London, 
 1858; (ireat Gold Fields of Cariboo. London, 1862. 
 
 Hector, Mining in the Upper Columbia River Basin. 
 
 Hines (Henry Youle), Assmiboine and Saskatchewan Exploring Expedition. 
 Toronto, 1859, folio; Canadian Red River Expedition, etc. London, 
 1800, 2 vols. ; I'apcrs relative to the Exploration of the Country, Reports 
 of Progress. London, 1859, folio. 2 vols. 
 
 Hines (Gustavus), Oregon and its Institutions. New York; Oregon: Its His- 
 tory, Condition, etc. Euflfalo, 1851; Voyage round the World. Buffalo, 
 1850. 
 
 Historical Magazine and Notes and Queries. Boston, etc., 1857-09. 15 vols. 
 
 Hittell (Jolin S.), The Commerce and Industries of the Pacific Coast. Sun 
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 Honolulu, Folynesian, 1857 et seq. ; Sandwich Island News, 1840 et a&i. 
 
 Hooper (W. H.), Ten ^lonths among the Tents of the Tuski. London, 1853. 
 
 Horetzky (C'liarles), Canada on the Pacific. Montreal, 1874. 
 
 Howard and Burnett. See Directories. British Columbia and Victoria. 
 
 Howison (N. M.). Report on Coast, Harbors, etc., of Oregon 1840. [30th 
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 Hudson's Bay Company, Extent and Value of Possessory Rights. [Montreal, 
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 Hudson's Bay Company's Charter and License to Trade. Papers relative to. 
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 Hudson Bay and Puget Sound Agricultural Companies, Britisli and Ameri- 
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 Hunt's Merchant's Magazine. New York, 1839 et seq. 
 
 Imray (James F.), Sailing Directions for the West Coast of N. America. Lon- 
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 Isherwood (B. F.), Report of Experiments on Coals of tlie Pacific Coast. 
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xxviii AUTHORITIES QUOTED. 
 
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 numerous other editions. 
 
 Lockiugton (W. N. ), Notes on Pacific Coast Fish and Fisheries, n.pl. 1879. 
 
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 Loudon, Chroniclu, Morning Post, Punch, Spectator, Times. 
 
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 2 vols 
 
 1> ! 
 
 McClellan (R. Guy), The Golden State. San Francisco, 1872. 
 
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 1872. 
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 AIS. 
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 !McLeoil, Peace River. See McDonald (AreliibaM), Canoe \'oyagc. 
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 Marysvillo (Cal.), Appeal, Telegrapli. 
 
 Mat!ii:is (Franklin), Eraser and Thompson River GoM Mines. In Olympia 
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 Missionary Life in tlio Nineteentii Century, Pictures of. London, 1858. 
 
 Moberly (Waiter), Journey to Gold Mines. In VictoriaGazette, I'eb. 17, 1859. 
 
 1 
 
^ 
 
 AUTHORITIES QUOTED. 
 
 XXIX 
 
 la 
 
 Mofifat (Hamilton), Journal of a Tour across Vancouver Island to Nootka 
 
 Sound. In Pi;ml)ertoir.s V. I., 14:}. 
 Morgan (I ewis H. ), Tlio Aniuriean lJuaver and his Works. Philadelphia, 1S7S. 
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 Nanaimo, Free Press, flazette, and Tribune. 
 
 Nevada (Cal. ), (ruzotte. Journal. 
 
 Newberry (J. S.), Origin of Prairies. In American Scientific Assoc, Trans., 
 
 I .SOU. 
 New Tacoma, North Paeitic Coast Times. 
 New AVestmiuster, ]}ritish Columbia Examiner, British Columbian, Dominion 
 
 Paeilic Herald, (Government Gazette, Mainland (Guardian, New Reimldic 
 
 .Idui'iial. 
 New York, Herald, Journal of Coiinueree, ^Methodist, Sun, Times, Ti'il)une. 
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 Nind (Philip Henry). Report of Diggings on Antler Creek. In British Colum- 
 
 liia Further I'upers, iv. 
 North Anu'rieau Review. Boston, 1S19 ct svq. 
 North Pacitie Review. San Francisco, lf5(»2-;{. 2 vols. 
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 '>S Oljinpiu, Echo, ( 'ohindiian, I'ioneer and Democrat, Puget iSouud Courier, 
 
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 Oreiron City, Enterprise, Oregon Argus, Spectator. 
 Ottawa Times. 
 
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 London, ]8(i'). 4to. 
 
 Palmer (U. Speneert, Reiiort on the Harrison and Lilloet Itoute. In London 
 (ieog. Soc, Jour., xxxi. 224; Report of a .lo\irney of Survey from \'ie- 
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 Papers relating to the Treatv of ^Vasllington, vol. v., Berlin Arbitration. 
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 Parker (Sanniel), .Journal of an Exphiring Tour lievoud the Roek\' Mountains. 
 Ithaca, ]8;;8; Id.. lS-10; Auburn, 1842; Id., l"84(). 
 
 Peace River Mines, History of. In N'ietoria 'Weekly Colonist, Feb. 2;'., l.S7tl. 
 
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 London, 18li(). 
 
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 l'ioi\eer (I'lie). San Francisco, l8.")4-j. 4 vols. 
 
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 Poitlaiid News]iapers, Advertiser. lUdletin. Coinmereial, Commercial Re- 
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 giiiiian, Paeilic Christian Advocate, Standard, West Shore. 
 
 Post (Aaron), Statement. In \'ictoria (lazeLte, July 4, 1858. 
 
 (vhi'.rterly Review. London, 180',) et scip 
 
 Rattray (Alexander), Vancouver Island and British Cohunbia. Lond., 1842, 
 Rawliiigs (Timmas), TlieConiederationof tint British N. American Provinces. 
 Loudon, lN(i5. 
 
{ 
 
 III 
 
 XXX 
 
 AUTHORITIES QUOTED. 
 
 
 Red River Settlement, Correspomlence Relative to the Recent Disturbances 
 in. London. 1870. folio. 
 
 Reniy (Jules), and Julius IJrenchley, a Journey to Great-Salt-Lake City. 
 London, 18t»l. 2 vols. 
 
 Reply of the United States to the Case <- : the Government of Her Britannic 
 Majesty, n. pi., ii.d. 4to. 
 
 Richards (George H.), Tlie Vancouver Islanil Pilot. London, 18(54. 
 
 Richardson (.Tames), Rei)ort on tlie Coal Fields of the East Coast of Vancou- 
 ver Island. In Canada, Geol. Survey, 1871-2, 73. 
 
 Richardson (Sir Jolui), Arctic Searching E.xpeditiou. London, 185L 2 vols. 
 
 Ritz (Philip), CJreat Northern Interior. MS. 
 
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 Rosehiirj:, Pantagraph, Plaindealcr. 
 
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 1840; The Fur Hunters of the Far West. London, 185."). 2 vols. 
 
 Rowe (G.), The Colonial Empire of Great Britain, pt. i. Loudon, n.d. 
 
 Sacramento (Cal.), Bee, Record, Record Union. 
 
 Salem (Or.), American Unionist, Capital Chronicle, Mercury, Oregon States- 
 man, Willamette Farmer. 
 San Bcriuinliuo (Cal.), (Uiardian. 
 San Francisco Newspapers, Alta California, Call, Chronicle, Coast Review, 
 
 Evening Bulletin, llcraM, Mining and Scieutilic Press, News Letter, 
 
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 Sawney's Letters: or Curil)oo Rliynies. 1804-8. 
 
 Seattle (Wasli.), Intelligencer, Paeilic Tribune, Puget Sound Dispatch. 
 Suemann (Berthold), Narrative of the Voyage of H. M. S. Herald, 1845-51. 
 
 London, 1S,">:}. 2 vols. 
 Selwyn (.\. R. C.). See Canada Geological Survey. 
 Sc '■aril (W. H.), Speeches on Alaska, Vancouver, and Oregon, Aug. 18(59. 
 
 Washington, ISdl). 
 Simmonils (1'. L.), Sir John Franklin and the Arctic Regions. Buffalo, 1S.")2. 
 Simpson (Alexander), The Oregon Territory. Lon<lon, 184(5. 
 Simpson (Sir (Jeorge), Narrative of a Journey round the World. Loudon, 
 
 1847. 2 vols. 
 Snj'der, Letter from Yale, Aug. 17tli. In Victoria Gazette, Aug. 24, 1858. 
 Sproat ((UUiert Malcolm), Britisli Columbia. l,oudon, lS7!i; London, 1S75; 
 
 Canada and the Empire. London, IS7.'l; Scenes and Stiulies of Savage 
 
 Life. London, 18(i8. 
 Steilacoom (Wash.), Puget Sound Express. 
 Stuart (( iranville), .Montana ;us it is. New York, 18(55. 
 Stuart (JoluO, Autogra))h Notes. Torres, 1842. 
 Sutro (A.^, Review of Eraser River, etc. In San Francisco Bulletin, Aug. 27, 
 
 1858. 
 Swan (t)ames ti.), The Haidah Indians of Queen Charlotte Island. Wash., 
 
 1874. 
 Swan (James M.), Colonizations. MS. 
 
 Taehe (Macgregor), Sketch of the Northwest of America. Montreal, 1870. 
 
 Tarbell (Frank), Victoria, Life and Travels. MS. 
 
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 .Min. Res. 
 Taylor (.lames W. ), Northwest British America. St Paul, ISCiO. 
 Tennaut (Thos.), Nautical Almanac, Tide Register, etc. San Francisco, 
 
 1877. 
 Thornton (.T. Qniun), Oregon and California in 1848. New Y(U-k, 1848, 2 vols. 
 Tliornton (.1. Quinn). Oregon History. MS. 
 Tod (John), New Caleih.n'ia. MS. 
 
 Tolmie (William Eraser), Canadian Pacilii^ Railway Routes. Victoria, 1877. 
 Tolmic (William F.), Puget Sound and Northwest Coast. MS. 
 
AUTHORITIES QUOTED. 
 
 xxxi 
 
 Townseml (John K.), Narrative of a Journey across the Rocky Mountains 
 
 Philadelpliia, 1839. 
 Truman (Bonjaniin C), Occiduntal Sketches. San Francisco, 1881. 
 Tnitcli (Josui)li), Coinplimeutary Dinner to, April 10, 1871. Montreal 1871- 
 
 Map of British Columbia, 1871. ' 
 
 Turner (\Vm M.), Gold Hunting on Queen Charlotte's Island. In Overland 
 
 xiv. 107. ' 
 
 <^ iiitiuiiia, \^iiiuiiiiiia X ress. 
 
 Uiiilreville (Edward), Tiio Present State of Hudson's Bay. Lon.lon, 1790 
 
 Liutod States Exploring Expedition. [Wilkes. J Philadelphia, 1844-58. 4to. 
 
 Umatilla, Columhia Press. 
 
 Uii 
 
 Ui 
 
 17 vols.; folio. 8 vols. 
 
 United States Government M>ocumcnts; Bureau of Statistics; Connnerce, 
 Foreign and Domestic; Commerce and Navigation; Commercial Rela- 
 tions; Indian xVfl'airs. 
 
 Vancouver (Wash.), Independent Register. 
 
 A ;iue()uver Island, Copies or Extracts of any Despatclies on Subject of Estab- 
 lishment of a Representative Assendjly. London, 18o7. folio; Explo- 
 ration, 18(14. n. pi., 11. (l; Returns to three Addresses. London, 1849 
 foho; Supreme Court of Civl Justice, Order in Court constituting. Viu'- 
 toria, 1S()."); Tile Necessity 01 Reform. Victoria, 1S.J9. 
 
 A letor (Frances Fuller), All over Oregon and Washington. San Francisco 
 I81I.'; River of the West. Hartford, 1870. ' 
 
 Victoria, British Colonist, Cariboo Sentinel, Chronicle, Express, Gazette 
 1 ress, Standanl. . ' 
 
 VowcU (A. W.), British Columbia Mines. MS. 
 
 Waddington (Alfred), The Eraser Mines Vindicated. Victoria, 1808- Over- 
 land Route through British North America. London, 1808; Sketch of 
 th-i 1 rf)pose(l Line of Overland Railroad. Ottawa, 1871. 
 
 \\ abb. (Daniel), Criti(pies. MS. 
 
 ■\\'alla AVulla, Statesman. 
 
 u''"'',''.Hf''"P"''.'""' -^^- '^'•i^''^sseur, Report, in Martin's Hu<lson's Bay. 
 
 Weed (Charles E.), Queen Charlotte Island Expedition. MS. 
 
 Westminster Review. London, 18l'4 ct seip 
 
 AVhite (Elijah), Ten Years in Oregon. Ithaca, ISoO. 
 
 ^\ hymper (Fredcriek), Travel and Adventure in Alaska. Now York, ]8()9 
 
 ^\ likes (Chares), Narrative of tlie U. S. ICxploring J'lvpcdition. Pluladel- 
 
 AV,^ '/'■- -^"^f- fV'-,?''"^- ^'''il'^l'-'ll'l'ia, 184.-.. ovnls.; London, 1845. 
 
 Wilson (hh/alietli), Recollections. In Oregim Sketches. MS. 
 
 W ilsou (W illiam), Dominion of Canada, etc. Victoria 1874 
 
 A\iiithrop (Theodore), The Canoe and the Sa.ldle. Boston, 180.3. 
 
 .> ' i\" l\-^' J-';"-';^'ll'""'l"i«« fciin McCaw's Rapids In Puget Sound 
 lleraM, May 14, 1H.)8. ° 
 
 Wdik (John), Journal, ]8l'4. "'' 
 AN'ri^iht, Cariboo. In Overlan 
 
 .MS. 
 ill. .")L'4 
 
 \ale, British Columbia Examiner. 
 
 
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HISTOBY 
 
 OF 
 
 BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 SUMMARY OP EARLIEST VOYAGES. 
 
 The Sfaniabds oy the Coast or Bbitish Columbia — Perez, Heceta, and 
 Arteaoa— Expedition of James Cook — Hanna — Maubelle — La P4- 
 EonsE — Portlock AKj> Dixon — Guise— Lowrie—Basclay—Meaees — 
 Gray — Kendrick — Martinez — Haro — Colnett — Dodolas — Eusa — 
 QcriMFEE— Galiano and VAhoia — Bodeoa y Cuadea — Vancodvee. 
 
 The history of British Columbia comprises six dis- 
 tinct eras. First, the discoveries, claims, disputations, 
 and diplomacies relative to the ownership and division 
 of the domain, commonly referred to as Nootka Aifairs. 
 The second epoch begins with the coming of the fur- 
 traders by land, by way of Peace River, first the 
 people of the Northwest Company, hard followed by 
 servants of the Hudson's Bay Company; and continues 
 until 1849, when colonization and colonial government 
 begin on Vancouver Island. The third term, during 
 v/hich the Hudson's Bay Company are still everywhere 
 dominant, ruling Vancouver Island in the queen's 
 name, and the Mainland in their own name, lasts until 
 1858, when the gold discovery overturns the existing 
 order of things, and raises the Mainland into a colony. 
 The fourth historic period, during which there are two 
 colonies and two governors, concludes with the union 
 
 Uibt. Bbit. Coii. 1 (1) 
 
r 
 
 u 
 
 I.' 
 
 2 SUMMARY OF EARLIEST VOYAGES. 
 
 of the Island and Mainland under one colonial gover- 
 ment in 1866. The affairs of the consolidated colony 
 constitute the fifth era, terminating in confederation 
 with Canada in 1871. What follows may be called, 
 at this present writing, the sixth and last period. 
 
 For more than three hundred years after the begin- 
 ning of European occupation on the North American 
 Pacific seaboard, its largest island remained practi- 
 cally untouched. 
 
 It is true that since Cortds built vessels at Zacatula 
 for South Sea explorations, Fuca and Maldonado had 
 made their hypothetical observations of the Anian 
 opening, had told the much expectant world the won- 
 drous tale of the long looked for ocean highway, 
 found at last, which should let pass vessels through 
 the continent, straight from Europe to India, which 
 passage, indeed, this monster isle would seem some- 
 what inconveniently to obstruct; it is true, that some 
 two hundred years after these reputed first discov- 
 eries of the Spaniards, navigators had surveyed the 
 Island's shores, that British, Russian, and American 
 trading-vessels had anchored in its bays and iidets, 
 and tliat on its seaward side many strange scenes, 
 many thrilling tragedies had been performed — it was 
 there that occurred the first pitched quarrel between 
 Spain and England for the territories adjacent; and 
 there the Boston and the Tonquin were captured, and 
 their crews massacred — yet all who hitherto had come 
 had gone their way, leaving to the aboriginal tenants 
 their sea-skirted domain in all its primeval quietude. 
 
 More than any happening thus far on the North- 
 west Coast, more than the later bluster at Fort 
 Astoria, or the bristling at Stikeen, the seizing and 
 sending to San Bias of two EiiLrlish vessels by ^lar- 
 tinez, in 1789, and the planting of a Spanish battery 
 at Nootka caused commotion amonix the bellieoua 
 nations of Europe, as has been fully shown in my 
 History of the Northwest Coast. 
 
SPAIN, ENGLAND. FRANCE, AND RUSSIA. 3 
 
 Perez, Heceta, and Cuadra had explored and taken 
 possession of the Nootka country for Spain in 1774-9, 
 at which time there were no signs of European oc- 
 cupation in this vicinity. James Cook, who touched 
 at Ncotka in 1778, and La Pcrouse, who visited the 
 coast in 1786, brought to the knowledge of the world 
 the unappropriated wealth of furs which floated in 
 these .waters, and the arrival of the Russians on 
 
 Cook's Map, 1788. 
 
 American shores. For several years this source of 
 wealth remained untou'^hod, though much ill feeling 
 was caused among rival claimants. In 1788 Spain 
 was induced to send I.lartinez and Ilaro northward, 
 and later occurred the disputes at Nootka, all of 
 which have been fully related in previous volumes of 
 my works. ^ 
 
 England had offered twenty thousand pounds to the 
 British subject who should discover and sail through 
 
 ^iWHidca the Ifhtonj o/ the XorfhwrH Coast, sco early voliunos of /fixtory 
 qf OreyoH, Ilwlory of Cai{/'orHia, aim Uiatory of the 2forlh Mexican Stales. 
 
:.r 
 
 illi 
 
 
 4 SUMMARY OF EARUEST VOYAGES. 
 
 any passage uniting the Atlantic and Pacific, north of 
 the fifty-second parallel. Under instructions carefully 
 to examine the coast north of latitude 65° only, James 
 Cook strikes the shore of Drake's New Albion just 
 above latitude 44°, coasts northward giving names to 
 capes Perpetua, Gregory,^ Foulweather, and Flattery ; 
 closes his eyes to the River Columbia and to Fuca 
 Strait, pronouncing them non-existent;^ and enters 
 an inlet which he names King George Sound, but 
 which the natives call Nootka.* Skins of the bear, fox, 
 wolf, deer, polecat, marten, raccoon, and sea-otter are 
 brought by the guileless savage, who is eager for brass 
 and iron, caring nothing for glass beads, tliereby show- 
 ing his knowledge of metals, and liis appreciation of 
 their value. Continuing his search for a strait north- 
 westward, the illustrious navigator departs from the 
 coast, wilfully oblivious of the existence of the great 
 islands and entrances adjacent.^ 
 
 Following Cook, Captain Hanna crosses from China 
 in 1785, antl again in the following year he appears in 
 
 ' Arago. 
 
 ^Wliichsccma a little singular; for though his searcli proper for inter- 
 nceaiiio ooinniunicatiou ilid not begin at this point, yet being on the coast for 
 the express purpose of finding round or tlirougli it a passage by water, we 
 should luirdfy e.\i)uct to hnd tlie famous discoverer passing Ly the mouth of 
 the Columbia wliile writing of the discoveries of Martin de Aguilar in 1003: 
 'It is wortli observing that in the very latitude where we now were geogra- 
 phers have been pleased to place a. large entrance or strait, the discovery of 
 wliieh tliey take upon them to ascribe to tlie same navigator; whereas nothing 
 more is mentioned in the account of his voyage than his having seen, in this 
 situation, a largo river, which he would have entered, but was prevented 
 by tlio currents.' Still more strange is it when off Cape Flatter}', with a 
 strait under his very eyes, he should press northward, saying: 'It is in this 
 very latitude where wo now were that geograpliers have placed tlu; preteu<led 
 strait of Juau de Fuca. But we saw nothing lik i it; nor is tliero tlie least 
 probal)ility that ever any such thing existed.' C'ook-'/< I'oj/., ii, 'JCd-.S. Con- 
 Bideriug Ids mission, Captain Cook's survey of the coast in tliese latitudes was 
 certainly superlicial. hy chance he was correct in his conclusions, tiiough it 
 Would have been in a little bettor taste to have avoided tliesu]>ereilious8traia 
 in whicli he pronounces the discoveries of the Spaniards forgeries. 
 
 MJutweeii what he calls I'oint IJreakers, whieli lie places in latitude 4!)° 
 1.")', and wliat ho calls Woody I'oint, whicli lie places in latitude TiO', 'tho 
 shore forms a largo bay, wliicii I called Hope liay; hoping, from tlie appear- 
 ance of the land to find in it a good liarbour.' ('(iok-\i I oy., ii. t.'ti4. 
 
 •'' ' We were now passing the place where geographers have placed the pre- 
 tended strait of Admiral do Konto. For my own part, I give no credit to such 
 vague and improbable stories, that carry their own eoiifn'ition along with 
 them.' Cook's To//., ii. .S4;i. It is l)ut fair to add, that wliou in this latitude a 
 gale obliged him to keep well out to sea. 
 
 '^1^ 
 
 k 
 
PORTLOCK AND DIXOX. 
 
 ^ 
 
 k 
 
 the Sea-Otter, and conducts a profitable trade with 
 the natives of Nootka." And now is formed the King 
 George's Sound Company, which is to monopohze the 
 Northwest Coast far-trade; and there come to the 
 coast in 1787, by way of the Hawaiian Islands and 
 Alaska, Captain Portlock with the ship King George, 
 and in the Queen Clmrlotte George Dixon, the latter 
 visiting and giving names to Cloak Bay, Hippa 
 Island, Dixon Strait, and Queen Charlotte Islands, 
 at which last named place alone he secures eighteen 
 hundred and twenty-one fine otter-skins. Then ar- 
 riving off Nootka, he sails away without entering/ 
 This same year we find another quite successful 
 English trader at Nootka Sound in the ship Imperial 
 Eagle, Captain Barclay,^ who coasts to Barclay Sound, 
 giving his name to the place, sends thence a boat's 
 crew into what was later named Fuca Strait, after 
 which, dropping below Flattery, some of his men 
 are murdered near where a portion of Bodega y 
 Cuadra's crew in 1775 suffered a like fate. 
 
 The following summer, Mcares arrives in the Felice, 
 and after erecting a house at Friendly Cove," in 
 Nootka Sound, and leaving there a party to build a 
 vessel, he proceeds southward, visits the village of 
 
 •Captain Guise, in the Experiment, was also there in the summer of 17S6, 
 as wol? as Captain Lowrio of the ship Captain Cook; from which latter vessel 
 t))c im'L'con, an Irishman named Joliu MiiKey, being ill was placed on shore, 
 Vx'lioi <; Ii J remained for more than one year, lie was stripped of his clothing by 
 the 11" '^ivc'i, and made to conform to tlicir customs, lie learned somewhat of 
 t'lcii' J.in;^uapo, ' made frequent incursions into tlic interior parts of the country 
 •jliD'H King ticorge'a Sound, and dicl not think any part of it was the conti- 
 ii'.Tir ui ixinurica, but a chain of detached islands.' The man and his opinions, 
 ho^' iver, u^ro dcri cd by the navigators. The following year, 1787, the 
 j",i. - !('a/c,i, Captain Colnett, tlic /'W^ccfs y.'oi/a/, Captain Duncan, and 
 the Imprricd Eajk, Captain Barchiy, were at Nootka. 
 
 ' In his preface Dixon scourges ^lauroUo for failing to do wiiat Cook failed 
 to do; ho is elated, himself, for having made tlio discovery of t^ueen Cliurlotto 
 Islands, for which, indeed, ho is entitled to all praise. It was, however, only 
 Burniiso with him, as ho never circumnavigated tlie island. Its complete sep- 
 aration from the mainland was ascertained by Duncan the following year, 
 who called the isles adjacent, as was then the fashion, from his ship. Princess 
 lloyal Archipelago. Sec vol. i. p. 180 for Dixon's map. 
 
 * Written also Bcrkely. 
 
 •Sco Greenhow's Or. and Cat., 151. 
 
6 SUMMARY OF EARLIEST VOYAGES. 
 
 Wicananish in Clayoquot Sound, which he names 
 Port Cox,^*^ passes on to the entrance of Fuca Strait — 
 so named by him — and down tljo coast to Destruc- 
 tion Island," Shoalwatcr and Deception bays, and 
 capes Disappointment and Lookout,^" off which latter 
 point he turns and retraces his course to Barclay 
 Sound, which he enters, and anchors in a bay to 
 which he yives the name of Port Effinofham.^^ There 
 the natives bring to him a plentiful supply of salmon, 
 shell-fish, wild onions, and the fruits of the forest. 
 Under the first officer, Pobert Duftin, the long-boat 
 with twelve men is sent to explore the strait, and 
 enters several < oves and harbors alone: the southern 
 shore of Yanc> . Tsland to trade. After sailinof 
 some thirty leagu. ir enough to perceive that the 
 water to tl'e east-i..<rth-east increased rather than 
 diminished,'* tlie party is furiously attacked by na- 
 tives in two canoes, and driven back wounded to the 
 sliip; after which Meares returns with bis ship to 
 Xootka, where, not long after, the Iphigen'a, Captain 
 Douglas, and the sloop Waslii))(jton, Captain CIray, 
 arrive. The new vessel is christened the Northwest 
 America,^''' and launched. 
 
 
 '* ' 111 honor of our friend John Henry Cox, Esquire. ' 
 
 " Where was situated the 'village of (,lueeniiitho,' and some seven miles 
 distant 'the town of (4)ueeiiuitett, ' wliosu iiilialiitaiits were ii .-eating ijeoplo. 
 Tlie country round Cape Flattery he calls Tatootclie, and the island Tatoot- 
 cliu Island. Having carefully searcheil for the Rio de San Roque of the 
 Spaniards, he might now safely assert that no such stream exists. 
 
 '^To which he gives their names, as well as to Cape Shoalwatcr, south of 
 the entrance, and to >tount Olympus. This coast he calls New Albion, fol- 
 lowing Drake and Cork. 
 
 '^ 'The port is suliicicntly capacious to contain an hundred sail of ships, 
 and so fortiuiati'y ;ihcltered as to secure them from any storm. The anchor- 
 agi- is also good, heing a soft mud, and the watering place perfectly conve- 
 nient. ' Mi'itrci I'oi/., 172. 
 
 " ' Sudi an extraordinary circumstance filled ua with strange conjectures 
 as to the extremity of this strait, which we concluded, at all events, could 
 not 1)0 any great distance from Hudson's Bay.' Mfuirn' Voij., 179. 
 
 '•' ' Being tiie (irst hottom ever built and launched in this part of the globe.' 
 Meares, Voij., '2'20, gives a full-page illustration of the launching of this i'i-.T.ft 
 amidst the Hying of tlags, the boom of cannon, and the shouts of the savages. 
 In the backurouiiil is the two-story house erected for the use of his men while 
 engaged in building the vessel, and in the distance, round a high rock' prom- 
 ontory, is seen the Indian village, with the sloop Waalun'jtoii anchored ia 
 front of it. 
 
MEARES AND GRAY. 
 
 
 Meares' Map. 
 
J 
 
 (ill 
 
 i Hi 
 
 
 8. SUMMARY OF EARLIEST VOYAGES. 
 
 While yet are lying at Nootka tlic Iphigeriia, Felice, 
 and Northwest America, which in due time take their 
 departure, a vessel from Boston enters the harbor, 
 the Columbia, Captain Kendrick. This vessel and 
 the Washington winter at Nootka, 1788-9.^^ On his 
 way up the coast. Gray had been attacked by the 
 natives at Tillamook Bav. 
 
 ^■ 
 
 ii ^ 
 
 
 MeanM'hilo, violent measures were adopted by the 
 Spaniards, and directed against the British traders 
 at Nootka, the distempers of which reached ^ladrid 
 and London, and culminated in the Nootka conven- 
 tion, 1790. The fortification erected at Nootka bv 
 Martinez in 1789 was temporarily abandoned before 
 the end of tlie vear, but not before tho arrival of Gon- 
 zalo de Haro and the seizure of the Argonaut, Colnett 
 commanding, the Tphigenia, which had returned to 
 Nootka in charge of William Douglas, the North- 
 li'cst America, and the Princess Royal, for attempting 
 to found estal)lishments within Spanish dominions. 
 Martinez sent two of his prizes to Mexico, while 
 Haro in the ^^ian Carlos prosecuted discoveries. The 
 following spring, Nootka was reoccupied by the Span- 
 iards under Elisa, who established there a Spanish 
 settlement, for wliich supplies "»vere brought from San 
 Bias by the Califoi.aan transports. 
 
 This same year, 1790, Manuel Quimper, command- 
 ing the Princesa Real, one of the three vessels under 
 Elisa, sailed from Nootka the 31st of May to continue 
 the exploration possibh' begun by Haro in Fuca Strait 
 the year previous. Touching at several points on the 
 
 '" On Meart's" map the entire seaboard from Fuca Strait to Alaska is laid 
 down as an irsland, or a group of i. laml.s, called the Northern Archipelago 
 and Princess Royal Islands, west of which are the 'Queen Charlotte's Isles, 
 BO named by Captain JJi.\on in 1787, first discovered l)y captains Lowrie and 
 (Juise in 176(5; ' and on the eastern side, 'sketch ot the track of the American 
 sloop Washinijtoii. in autumn 1789,' while beyond to the eastward is still ' tho 
 Bca, and yet fartlier ' land seen. ' On his way up the coast. Gray had attempted 
 to enti!r the Columbia, but failed; and the following summer, while yet in 
 command of the WuMmjIon, ho had explored the eastern shore of Queen 
 Charlotte Island, which ho called Washington loland. Then, taking com- 
 mand of the rV)/»<;H/;if(, Gray returned to Boston; and in a second voyage tO' 
 the Northwest Coast entered and named tho Columbia River. 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 i 
 
 iSS 
 
MANUEL QUIMPER. 9 
 
 south-west side of the Island before visited by trading- 
 vessels, on the 11th of June he entered and named 
 Port San Juan, where he remained four days. Thence 
 continuing, he passed two points, which he called San 
 Eusebio and San Antonio, and entered Soke Inlet, 
 which he named Revilla Gigedo in honor of the vice- 
 roy of Mexico. Landing, he made short excursions 
 in various directions, and, following his instructions, 
 on the 23d of June he took formal possession of the 
 country for the King of Spain. Contrary winds kept 
 him in this port until the 28th, when, setting sail, he 
 
 Quimper's Map. 
 
 continued east -south -east, and passed the present 
 Beecher Bay, and the same day entered between three 
 or four inlets a beautiful harbor which ho named Elisa.^^ 
 
 "Afterward Pcdder Bay. 'El mismo dia, so Icvaron y navegando ]x»r 
 rumbos pr6xiino3 al lessuestc, costcaiun doa grandcs cnscnadas y cntraron por 
 entre trca 6 quatro islillas y otra grando inmcdiata & la tierra liasta Imllarso 
 dcntro dc una Iwlla bahia que llamaron do Klisa, en dondu anclaron y fucron 
 Ids pilotosal reconocimiento do nquclloa parajes pr(iximos.' Qulmjicr, Seijuwlo 
 Reconocimiento dc la Entrada di" Fuca, in Viage.t ol Norte, ^iS., No. 11. The 
 text of the original is hero quite confusing, and but for the appendix, which 
 somewhat modifies and explains it, one might suppose the voyagers to have 
 now reached Esquimalt Bay. JJut by noticing the direction sailed, the time 
 occupied, and by a careful comparsion of the relative latitudes given — Elisa 
 being placed one minute fart'aer south than Revilla Gigedo, while the next 
 

 10 
 
 SUMMARY OF EARLIEST VOYAGES. 
 
 On the 30th, the vessel proceeded round to Royal 
 Bay, which Quimper called Solano ; and the same day 
 he moved the ship up into Esquimalt Harbor, which 
 he named Valdes. While there tlie vessel lay at an- 
 chor, Quimper sent out in small boats his pilots, who, 
 five leagues to the eastward, discovered besides several 
 islands a broad passage extending toward the west- 
 north-west, and losing itself in the distance This 
 passage or strait was called Haro, in honor of his 
 sailing-master. 
 
 It was observed that a short distance to the east- 
 ward of Valdes Bay, or Esquimalt, was another bay, 
 which they pronounced "a port of good shelter, water, 
 and wild seeds for which the Indians came in canoes 
 from tlie other side of the strait." This was Victoria 
 Harbor, to which Quimper gave the name of Cor- 
 doba. ^^ While tliere the natives brought fruit and 
 roots, not having skins to trade. Indeetl, says Quim- 
 per, they did not need to kill animals for food, their 
 rich soil providing tliem abundance; and as for cloth- 
 ing, the tribes contiguous, even as far away as the 
 mouth of Fuca Strait, wore glad to bring furs, and 
 give them in exchange for these natural products, of 
 which they regularly laid in a winter's supply. This 
 quiet life, moreover, seemed to make these savages 
 less ferocious than their beast-killino; neiij^hbors.^" 
 
 On tlie 4th of July, Quimper crossed with his ves- 
 sel to New Dungeness Point, which he named Santa 
 Cruz, and behind which he anchored, calling the place 
 Quimper Bay."'^ Soon the natives appeared with 
 
 anchorage, which wo sliall fiiitl to he the entrance to Esquimalt Bay, ia several 
 minutes nortli of Elisa, or Soke Harbor — the positions of tlie several stations 
 become quite clear. 
 
 *" Cordoba Bay as laid down on modem maps is misplacea; that is, if in- 
 tended as the Cordoba Bay of Quimper. First, it does not correspond to the 
 M-ell -sheltered port described by Quimper; nor does it appear that either 
 Quimper or his pilots ever entered Haro Strait so far. 
 
 "See Natirc Races, i. 174-207. ' En cuya demora hallaron un puerto que 
 llaniarou do Conlolja de apreclables abrigos, agnas, y semillas sifvestres de 
 que salian provistas algunas canoas de los puertos que se hallan fuera del 
 seno.' Quimper, Seijumlo Rerotiocimknto de la Entrnda de Ftica. 
 
 '^ ' El mismo dia por la tarde anclaron al abrigo de una punta que Uamaron 
 de Santa Cruz, doudo encoutrarou un abrigado puerto de poca agua propio 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 M 
 
 I 
 
TAKING POSSESSION. 
 
 11 
 
 Lis ves- 
 Sauta 
 place 
 with 
 
 
 mussels, fish, deer meat, mats, skins, tanned leather, 
 and featlieic;d blankets to trade. The pilots, starting 
 out in small boats, and exploring eastward, came to 
 an admirable harbor,"^ which they called Bodega y 
 Cuadra, with an island in front of it. The nature of 
 Admiralty Inlet, which he called Ensenada de Caa- 
 mano, was mistaken, and from this point, along the 
 land running northward, they saw two openings, which 
 tluy named Fidalgo and Deilon.^- Then they re- 
 turned to the vessel. On the 18th, Quimper set sail 
 for Xootka, but by reason of adverse winds was 
 obliged to enter Valdes Bay, where he remained three 
 days, when he again weighed anchor, and coasting 
 the southern side of Fuca Strait tcnvard its entrance, 
 on the 24th came to Xeali Bay, which he entered, 
 naming it Puerto de Nunez Gaona."^ 
 
 Solenmly again on the 1st of August, amidst dis- 
 charges of musketry and artillery, he took possession 
 of the country, wishing witliout fail to secure it all; 
 and after repairing his vessel and sounding the bay, 
 on the 2d he sailed away for Nootka, but being pre- 
 vented entrance by a gale, he proceeded to Monterey. 
 
 Tlie explorations of Quimper served only to whet 
 the interest of the Spanish authorities, and to con- 
 firm the belief in an interoceanic strait in this quai'ter. 
 The verv next vear, accordin<;lv, Elisa received orders 
 to complete this survey, and at once prepared the San 
 Carlos, of sixteen guns, and the schooner Horcasitas, 
 of seven. He left Nootka in May with tlie intention 
 of seeking the sixtieth parallel, and thence to follow 
 the coast southward to Fuca Strait, but the winds 
 continued contrary, and he was obliged to sail direct 
 for the Strait. Leaving the schooner on INIay 27th, to 
 examine Carrasco Inlet,-* he proceeded with the San 
 
 para las enibarcacionea pequefias, y alii tomaron pose 
 Quimper.' Stijumlo Ileconocimiento de hi Entrada de huca. 
 
 ^' Port Discovery. 
 
 '^■^ The former was evidently the present Rosario Strait. 
 
 '■^ The native name was Quinicamet. 
 
 ^* Barclay Sound. 
 
 losesiou llam^ndolo de 
 
h 
 
 !?!■' 
 
 12 
 
 SUMMARY OF EARLIEST VOYAGES. 
 
SURVEY OP HARO STR^VIT. 
 
 18 
 
 a.de Sn.Luls 
 
 BU 
 
 >ta.de Arza 
 
 'XBiica de 
 ^ JUoniiio 
 
 \Lu(iguada 
 
 K^4« 
 
 Boca ilf ; 
 
 "^-»-^.. 
 
 Carlos to Cordoba Harbor. On May Slst, the armed 
 launch was despatched under Verdia, tlie second piloto, 
 to explore Haro Strait, but returned the same day 
 with the report that a fleet of canoes had surrounded 
 the launch, and made such hostile demonstrations that 
 the crew had been obliged to resoi-t to fire-arms. 
 Observing more Indians on shore preparing to reiin- 
 force the enemy, Verdia deemed it prudent to return, 
 after having sunk a big canoe and killed several natives. 
 
 In view of this cmitretemps, Elisa resolved to 
 wait for the return of the schooner before sending 
 out another expedition. She arrived twelve days 
 later, with an account of the archipelago and branches 
 of the Carrasco Inlet. The examination of the in- 
 terior channels had been effected for three leagues 
 only, owing to the stormy weather and the hostility 
 of the Indians, who had on three occasions to be in- 
 timidated with grape-shot, fired at a high range so as 
 not to injure them. 
 
 Elisa now instructed Piloto Josd Maria Narvaez to 
 take the scliooner and launch, with thirty sailors and 
 eight Catalonian volunteers, and make a four days' 
 nunute exannnation of the Haro Strait. He set sail 
 on June 14t]i, and entered the strait along the western 
 shore, with tlie intention of afterward letting the ves- 
 sels exj-lore one of the sides (?acli; but on reaching a 
 group of island i above the present Coi'doba Bay, this 
 idea was found impracticable. An anchorage was 
 sought for the night close to the east shore of Van- 
 couver Island, evidently near the present Coal Island; 
 and tlie lU'xt morning Narvaez steered eastward, to- 
 ward the large opening which had been noticed the 
 day bc'lore. After passing several islands, he was 
 
 11*1 » 
 
 ol)li;;v(l to enter for a fuw^ hours into the small harbor 
 of San Antonio.'-^' The same morning, he entered to 
 
 ^■^ 'Roconoof nil 1)nci> piicrto aim<ine pe(inei"io pues lo mas larco dc I'l tione 
 una y media ^uill:l,^, y lo mas uiiclio una, puro resguarilada do todo viuiilo. . .y 
 so halla sitiiailo e.. lo mas sur de la isla de Saya-i.' Eii.iii'.s Voi/ni/p, 17!>1, in 
 f'lij'cr.'i nli/iii:ito flie Timty of WaMmjloii, V. l"7G. This is clearly Bodwell 
 Harbor on render Island. 
 
14 
 
 SUMMARY OF EARLIEST VOYAGES. 
 
 examine the present Plumper Sound, and then rounded 
 East point on Saturna Island,"" to behold spreading out 
 beft)re him, as far as his eyes could see, a very wide canal. 
 This being the most important discovery made so far, 
 he resolved to name it in honor of the patron saint of 
 the expedition, El Gran Canal de N"" 8" del liosario, 
 la marinera,. the Gulph of Georgia of Vancouver. ^^ 
 
 Narvaez explored this canal very nearly to the 
 mouth of Johnstone Strait, noting a number of 
 places on his map, and among tlicm the entrance to 
 Nanaimo harbor, which lie names Wenthuysen, Tejada 
 Island, and the moutli? of Fraser River. '^'^ 
 
 The exploration in Fuca Strpit and adjoining waters 
 terminated on Augusi '^Ui, when Elisa withdrew to 
 seek remedies for his scurvy-stricken crew and the 
 failing larder, lie himself had been confined by 
 sickness during the greater part of the time.^' 
 
 (jraliano and Valdds m the ships Sutll and Mexi- 
 can a leave Mexico soon after to prosecute discoveries 
 round Vancouver Island, which expedition we shall 
 encounter later. 
 
 ri 
 
 ! I 
 
 By the terms of settlement which followed the dis- 
 turbances at Nootka, Spain was tc restore all property 
 seized, and England was neither to navigate nor to fish 
 within ten leagues of any spot occupied by Spaniards; 
 elsewhere the naviofation of the Northwest Coast 
 should be free to both powers. And in the execu- 
 tion of these terms, commissioners appointed on either 
 side were to meet at Nootka for the settlement of 
 British claims. 
 
 George Vancouver, 
 
 30 
 
 being about to sail for the 
 
 '""'Marked in Pt" do Sta Saturnina on Elisa's map. 
 
 '•" ' Kii cl iiiuilio do el se distingiiia como a iierdor de vista un pequeflo cerro, 
 d. moda do I'aii do Aziicar, nieuilo advorteiicia que loa estromos d puiitas do 
 tierra que forinan e-sto canal cs sorrania iiiuy elevada, cubierta do nieve. ' Jb. 
 
 ^^ These are marked as openings between 8onie islands, but behind them, 
 on the continent, is laid down a ^^(ler inlet, Boca de Florida Blanca, which 
 the Spanish explorers of the following year identified with Burrard Inlet. 
 
 '^ Sntd 1/ Mexiriina, Vinge, 2. 
 
 ^"At this time lieutenant, afterward post-captain in the British navy. 
 He had served as midshipman with Captain Cook during his second and third 
 
 
 m 
 
 SfJ? 
 
BODEOA Y CUADRA AND VANCOUVpai. 
 
 Ift 
 
 unded 
 ng out 
 canal, 
 so far, 
 aint of 
 osario, 
 
 to the 
 ber of 
 mce to 
 Tojada 
 
 waters 
 ircw to 
 nd the 
 nod by 
 
 \ Mexi- 
 3e)vencs 
 fo shall 
 
 the dis- 
 iroperty 
 to fish 
 iniards ; 
 Cwast 
 cxccu- 
 n either 
 iient of 
 
 for the 
 
 [uefio cerro, 
 puutas de 
 
 nieve.' 11). 
 hind them, 
 
 iica, which 
 •d Inlet. 
 
 ■itihh navy. 
 A and third 
 
 4 
 
 Pacific on an exploring tour, is commissioned to act 
 for En,i:;land, and Don Juan Francisco de la Bodega 
 y Cuadra, for Spain. Vancouver appears upon tlie 
 coast, near Cape Mendocino, in the sloop of war Dis- 
 covery, with the armed tender Chatham, Lieutenant 
 Broughton, master, in April 1792, which was the 
 month following the departure of Bodega y Cuadra 
 from San Bias with the Santa Gertnidis, Actiia, and 
 Princcsa. Coasting northward, and scattering names 
 freely on the way, Vancouver calls Trinidad Head 
 Rocky Point; next, Point St George, ''and the 
 very dangerous cluster of rocks extending from 
 thence, the Dragon Hocks," also St George Ba}', fol- 
 lowed by Cape Orford, in honor of his "much re- 
 spected friend, the noble earl," and Point Grcnville,'* 
 "after the liight Honorable Lord Grenville." The 
 points JSIeares named he recognizes, and among them 
 Cape Disappointment and Deception Bay, though 
 like the others he passes unobserved the ent/ance to 
 the Columbia River, which otlierwise v.ould certainly 
 have had another name, and perhaps another history. 
 As Vancouver nears Fuca Strait he meets the ship 
 Columbia, Captain Gray, who is astonished at the 
 stories told of him in England, that he " had made a 
 very singular voyage behind Nootka," in the sloop 
 Washington. True, he had seen Dixon entrance, and 
 had passed into Fuca Strait some fifty miles, where 
 he had been told by the natives of an extensive open- 
 ing to the northward, but he had returned where he 
 had entered. In latitude 40° 10', he had discovered 
 the mouth of a river, "where the outlet or refiux was 
 so strong as to prevent his entering it for nine days."^^ 
 He had })assed the winter at Clayoquot Harbor, where 
 he bad erected a fortification, naming it Fort Defiance, 
 and had built a vessel, calling it the Adventure, which 
 
 voyages. After serving in the West Indies and elsewhere, he died in IJngland 
 "* \'i^\' ^^^'''''' V'" '"if'^ttive of liis voyages was passing throu{;li tho press. 
 
 iMeares, Voy., 101), gave the same name to a headland just above Capo 
 Lookout. 
 
 ^^Soo Vancouver's Voy., i. 215. 
 
16 
 
 SUMMARY OF EARLIEST VOYAGES. 
 
 1'; ( 
 
 he had sent to Queen Charlotte Islands. After which 
 parley, each sails his way. 
 
 Passing between Tatooch Island and a rock to 
 which is given the name of Duncan, the Resolution 
 and Discovery enter Fuca Strait, and on the 30th 
 of April anchor near a "low sandy point of land, 
 which from its great resemblance to Dungeness in 
 the British Channel," Vancouver calls New Dunge- 
 ness. The lofty mountain toward the north-east, "dis- 
 covered in the afternoon by the third lieutenant," is 
 in compliment to him called Mount Baker. Survey- 
 ing thence in small boats. Protection Island, Port 
 Discovery, into which the ships are moved, and Port 
 Townsend are seen and named, the last "in honor 
 of the noble marquis of that name." An inferior point 
 receives the name of an inferior person, Hudson. 
 Some difficulty is experienced in obtaining fresh 
 water, but the country is pronounced charming, with 
 every move new beauties appearing. The 7th of May, 
 Vancouver embarks in the Discoveries yawl, with his 
 launch and the Chatham's cutter, with, a five days' 
 supply of stores. Dining at Port Townsend, the cliff 
 adjacent seemingly cou>posed of indurated clay is called 
 Marrowstone Point, wliile the round snowy peak that 
 glistens in the south-west is called Mount Rainier 
 "after my friend Kear-Admiral liainier." Oak Cove 
 and Hazel Point are so named on account of the trees 
 there ; Poulweather Blulf, because the weather changes 
 when i)assing it. Hood Canal is entered, and named 
 "after the Kight Honorable Lord Hood;" U[)on the 
 land and its peo[»le comments are passed, and the com- 
 mander returns to the sliijis. 
 
 Leaving luAv tlie Chatliani with instructions to 
 Ihoughton to make observations m that vicinity, and 
 then to follow, on the 18th Vancouver enters w ith the 
 Discovery th o inlet he calls Admiralty, and the nexi; 
 day orders a ]uuty in the launch and cutter, under 
 Peter Puget, lieutenant, and Joseph Whidbey, master, 
 to [>reccde him, discover, and reoort, while with more 
 
GEORGE VANCOUVER. 
 
 17 
 
 )ii the 
 
 W 
 
 
 
 Vam-'oi'veu's U.\i', No. I. 
 UiiT. Unn. Col. 'i 
 
18 
 
 SUMMARY OF EARLIEST VOYAGES. 
 
 IH 
 
 f! 
 
 comfortable leisure he sounds the channel, makes 
 short excursions, examines strange sights, and bathes 
 in new beauties. While thus engaged, on the 23d 
 Port Orchard is seen, and the next day named "after 
 the gentleman who discovered it." 
 
 Broughton now appears with the Cliatham and 
 informs Vancouver that to the north of Port Dis- 
 covery is an archipelago, beyond which is a large arm 
 of the sea. Impatient of delay, on the 2Gth Van- 
 couver sets out in the yawl, leaving orders with 
 Broughton, should Puget and Whidbey return, 
 to have the arm running easterly cxamiaod. The 
 result is the discovery and naming of Vashon Island, 
 "after my friend Captain Vashon of the navy," and 
 "to commemorate Mr Pugct's exertions," Pugct 
 Sound being applied only to the southern extremity 
 of Admiralty Inlet. Next the explorers enter that 
 arm of the inlet extending toward the north-east, 
 and on the king's birthday, the 4th of June, tako 
 formal possession of the coast country, and so call the 
 place Possession Sound. The open water beyond 
 the islands is called the Gulf of Georgia, and the 
 continent adjacent and extending southward to the 
 forty-fifth parallel, New Georgia, "in honor of his 
 present Majesty." The westerri arm of this branch 
 of Admiralty Inlet is called Port Gardner, "after 
 Vice- Admiral Sir Alan Gardner," the smaller eastern 
 one, Port Susan. ^^ Penn Cove is so named "in honor 
 of a particular friend. ' 
 
 Passing northward out of Admiralty lidct, Point 
 Partridge, directly ojiposite Penn Cove, and Point 
 Wilson, "after my much esteemed friend Captain 
 George AVilson of the navy," and Decej)tion Passage 
 are named. Sending fi'cquent parties in boats and 
 on shore in vai'ious directions, the expedition continues 
 through Ptosario Strait, which, however, is not here 
 
 "Vancouver's conception of tliecliariicteriui(I extent of these Blicefs of water 
 was quite erroneous, iiuil nioilern maps almost exelianjje tlitir roliUi\ e iiunies 
 and positi'Jiis. In pi'oof of uliioli \vc have later in this narrative, Deception 
 passugo leading into I'ort Uardner. 
 
X\\V UiUWS 
 L)cCLl)t.lOll 
 
 
 \'\si-<\vvv.v.'< M.M'. No. '2. 
 
iN 
 
 20 
 
 SUMMARY OF EARLIEST VOYAGES. 
 
 SO named, touching en route at a bay which they call 
 Strawberry Bay, on the shore of an island which, 
 "producing an abundance of upright cypress," they 
 name Cypress Island, and passes on by BcUingham 
 and Birch bays, and points William, Francis, Roi)crts, 
 Grey, Atkinson, Gower, Upwood, and Scotch Fir to 
 Burrard and .Tervis canals and Howe Sound, where 
 arc Passage and Anvil islands. The usual sound 
 reasons are generally given in the naming, such as 
 "in compliment to my friend Captain George Grey 
 of the navy;" Roberts "after my esteemed friend 
 and predecessor in the Discovery;' "after Sir Harry 
 Burrard of the navy;" "in honor of Admiral Earl 
 Howe;" "in honor of Admiral Sir John Jcrvis;" 
 and so on. Indeed, it were well for one coveting easy 
 immortality to be a friend of Captain Vancouver's 
 about this time, the aboriginal owners and occupants 
 being, like earlier Spanish navigators, wholly ignored 
 in this naming.^* 
 
 ^i! 
 
 i li 
 
 At anchor, near Point Grey, on the 2 2d of June, 
 Vancouver being then out on a boat excursion discov- 
 ers two Spanish vessels of war, the brig Sutil, and 
 the schooner Mexicana, Galiano commanding the for- 
 mer and Valdt's the latter, both captains in t!je Span- 
 ish navy, sent by the viceroy of !^Iexico to continue 
 Spanish discovery through Fuca Strait. Tli(\v had 
 sailed from Acapulco in March, and i'rom Nootka 
 early in June, had entered Fuca Strait and ancliored 
 in the Puerto de Nunez Gaona, now Neah IBay. 
 There they found the Pn'nccstt, under Salvador Fi- 
 dalgo, who had orders to plant in tliat vicinity a Span- 
 ish establishment similar to that at Nootka. Thence 
 they crossed to Cordoba,"" or Victoria, which they pro- 
 
 "'Sarali, Mary, niul Susan must luivo been early inamoratas, or cUo lola- 
 tives 1)1' till! ctminiandt'r and liin fricmls. 
 
 ^•'It hoiny not ahsolntcly certain that this port is \iotoria, the Cunloba 
 of Qiiiinpor, I will ni\a tho author's own (li'scriptinn of thu jilace ' ICl Cncrto 
 <le t'ortlolMJ, C's liennoso y jiroiMiiviona luirn alii'igo li los na\cguiitt'S! jicro eii 
 t''l I'suaseii cl nyua, scgun vinios, y nos iulornx') Tetacus; el turri.'no cs nuiy ilo- 
 Bigual, do poca ultura, y como maniiicstau laa ccrcauias do poco esposor la 
 
 % 
 
SUTIL Y MEXICANA. 
 
 21 
 
 y call 
 vhich, 
 ' thoy 
 
 )1)crts, 
 Fir to 
 where 
 sound 
 icli as 
 Grey 
 friend 
 Harry 
 tl Earl 
 crvis; 
 i<^ easy 
 Oliver's 
 jupants 
 iiTiiored 
 
 ' June, 
 (liscov- 
 til, and 
 the lor- 
 Spun- 
 ontinue 
 i(>y had 
 Nootka 
 vichored 
 h Bay. 
 idor Fi- 
 ji 8pan- 
 Thenec 
 hey pro- 
 
 or clso rcla- 
 
 ,hc Ccriloba 
 . 'Kl I'mrto 
 08; iicro eu 
 ) OS iiuiy tlo- 
 ) c!»|H"S'ir la 
 
 nounced a beautiful harbor, but lacking water. From 
 Nunez (iaona they had brought, to Cordoba, Tetacus, 
 a chief of that country, whoso village they visited; 
 but tlie natives were suspicious owing to the cannon- 
 ading inflicted during the previous }■ ear by the schooner 
 ISntuniina in defence of the launch of tlie San Carlos, 
 whicli liad accompanied her. 
 
 On the lOtli of June, the}' left Cordoba, crossed the 
 diannel, and ancliored on tlie east side of San Juan 
 Island,'" su<.'h being the name it bears on their map. 
 Thence passing through the strait south of what they 
 calk'tl (juiimes Island, now Lawrence Island, to the 
 mainland, they proceeded northward to Point William, 
 which they called Point Solano, and anchored in the 
 northern part of Bellingham Bay, which they named 
 Seno de (^laston.^" There tluy grounded, and so re- 
 mained a few lK)urs, when continuing their cours(^' 
 through (\inal Pacheco, east of Pacheco Island, now 
 called jMeLoughlin Island, they hugged the shore of 
 the mainland past Birch Bay, which they called En- 
 senada del (Jarzon, and entered Boundary Bay, naming 
 Peninsula de Cepc la and Punta de San Bafael."''^ 
 
 While' seeking to })ass Point Roberts, not having 
 yet met Vancouver, thev encountered Brouirhton in 
 the Cliafham, and after exchanging courtesies, ( Jaliano 
 and Valdes continued clost; to the shore, until, as they 
 approacluul the mouth of Fraser Kiver, they noticed 
 the water assume a ditt'eniit coloi", but before they 
 could discover the river, they were carried by the 
 current out into the strait, and were forced to seek 
 anchorage for the night on the otlier side, which they 
 found at a place called by them Anclage, on Galiaiu* 
 
 eapa tU lutim que hay sobre la pioilra. Sin embargo cs fortil, esta cubicrta 
 til- iirlmlL's y i)liiiitii«, y cstiis proiliu'cionos son ([uasi las misiiuiM ijue las (lu 
 Nutka, abuiiilaiido mas los nisalus silvostrus.' Sii.'il »/ Mcrinnid, Vimji; A'l W. 
 
 ^"Tliiir narrative says San Jiian Islan.l, but it was probably Lopez Jslaml 
 where they came to anchor, as in their map tho two islands arc joineil. 
 
 "' All this, of course, was l)efore Vancouver had been there. 
 
 '" The former applied to Point lloberts, an<l the latter to tho northern point 
 of Drayton Harbor. The present Boundary Bay is laiil down on their map as 
 Ensenada del Kng.iflo, so called on account of their failure to find there a pas- 
 sage into tho gulf of lieorgia, uiarked on their map as Canal del l<4)sario. 
 
^^1 
 
 22 
 
 SUMMABY OP EARLIEST VOYAGES. 
 
 \i] 
 
 Island. Continuing, on the 1 5th they entered what they 
 called Portier Inlet, discovered the islands adjacent, 
 and, returning the same way, coasted the eastern side 
 of Valdes Island,^' seeking Point Gaviola, failing to 
 find which they rounded Gabriola Island, and entered 
 through Wenthuysen Channel a port called Cala del 
 Descanso, now Nanaimo. Landing, they obtained 
 water and provisions from the natives, after which, 
 on the 19th they embarked for the opposite side of the 
 strait, which they reached the following day, anchoring 
 off Point Grey, which they call Punta de Ldngara. 
 
 Very affable and polite are these strangers thus 
 meeting in the strange waters behind Nootka, who 
 are so ready on occasion to cut each other's throats. 
 The English invite the Spaniards to join expeditions. 
 Each with liberal courtesy shows the other what he 
 has found. Galiano is surprised that Vancouver did 
 not discover Fraser River; for the Spanish explorers 
 who had the previous year passed along this coast, 
 had observed between points Roberts and Grey an 
 opening which was either an inlet or a river, and 
 which they located on their map, calling it Canal de 
 Floridablanca,*' and the present Spanish captains as 
 they but now approached their present anchorage had 
 noticed that the water thereabout was almost fresh, 
 and that in it were logs and d6hris floating, sure evi- 
 dence of a stream near by. Vancouver, in common 
 wi+h other explorers, had passed the Columbia with- 
 out observing it, under circumstances reflecting no 
 great credit upon his expedition, and now he is greatly 
 chagrined no less in being unable to discover largo 
 rivers, after their existence has been told him, than 
 that the Spaniards should have been before him at 
 
 He wonders Ik 
 
 parts 
 
 they 
 
 gf* 
 
 "Some modern maps give two islands the name Valdes, this being the 
 more southern. 
 
 *" ' Named by one of their oiBcera Rio Blancho, in compliment to tlio then 
 prime-minister of Spain.' Vanrouvi>r')i Voy., i. 314. 
 
 " ' I cannot avoid acknowledging,' he writes, Voy., i. 312, 'that on thia 
 occasion I experienced no small degree of mortification.' ' En el ailo anterior 
 
MOVEMENTS OF THE SPANIARDS. 
 
 23 
 
 Galuno's Map. 
 
24 
 
 SUMMARY OF EARLIEST VOYAGES, 
 
 i:.; 
 
 SO far and accomplish so mucli In a craft so ill suited 
 to voyages of discovery/' 
 
 As regards the discoveries of the Spaniards before 
 him in these parts, Galiano shows him a map on which 
 is laid down, besides nmch other new information, 
 Tejada Island and Rosario Strait/^ Vancouver is 
 also informed that Cuadra awaits him at Nootka. 
 Then the Spaniards dine the English, and the English 
 dine the Spaniards, amidst profound punctilios; after 
 which they continue their explorations for a time 
 together, the Sjinniards making now and then an ex- 
 cursion in one direction and the English in another. 
 
 On the 2:5d of June, entering Burrard Inlet, called 
 by thein, on their map. Canal de Sasamat, the Indian 
 name of the place, and in their text, Floridablanca, 
 indicative of the supposition that the stream they 
 found flowing into it was the true canal or river of 
 their predecessors, mistermed Blanche by Vancouver, 
 and later Eraser River, the Spaniards pass by Howe 
 and Jervis inlets, already examined by the English, 
 and the combined fleet sails on through Malaspina 
 
 liabiaii visto miestros olTicialcs tlol dopfirtameiito do Sau Bias a alguna dis- 
 taiicia csta i)arto ile costa, y no duvisando lo laas l)axo de ella habiuii crcido 
 que las tierras iuiiiediatas a Punta de Laiigara y la IV-uinsula de Cepoda fuesen 
 do3 i:slas situadas cu la 1)oca <li;l Canal do Floridablanca; asi las colocarou en 
 an carta. ' Siilil y Jli.ricaiid, Vid;/'', 04. 
 
 ^^' They wore each about 4.'5 ton:! l)urden, inouuted two brass guns, and 
 were navi^^atod by 24 men, bearing one lieutenant, without a, .single inferior 
 officer. Tlicir apartments just allowed room for sleeping-places on eaeli side, 
 with a table in the intermediate .spaee, at which four persons, with some dilii- 
 culty, could sit, and were in all otiier respects tlu' most ill-ealeidated and 
 unfit vessels that could possibly be imagined for such an expedition.' !'««- 
 couvcr's Vol/., i. 313. 
 
 *^ Vancouver evidently misread this chart, as he calls the ialand Favida, 
 and placLS on his own map the 'Canal de Neiestra Senora del Rosario,' or 
 if we would choose between the bad Spani.di of the map and that of the text, 
 the 'Canal del Neustra Signora del Rosario,' between Tejada I.dand and the 
 mainland. Now it was the Llulf of Oeorgia itself to which the Spaniards gave 
 the name Canal del Rosario, and not to the narrow passage between Tejada 
 Island and the mainland, which latter they called Malaspina Strait, the name 
 it now bears. It were possible, as it is indeed the fact, that the Canal del 
 Rosario of the Spaniards h;is been crowded down by the Oulf of Georgia of 
 the English into the narrow channel at its soutliern end between the San 
 Juan Islands and the mainland; but we should hanlly expect to see our lady 
 of Rosario making at one leap su-'h dintanco as from Tejada to Fidalgo 
 Islands. Compare Carto'jniphy P. C, JIS., iii. l'J4. The present Rosario 
 Strait is called on early t'.paniah maps (,\inal de Fidalgo. It was in 1849 that 
 the British admiralty made this change. 
 
 1. 
 
 -n- 
 
JAMKS JOHNSTONE. 
 
 25 
 
 Strait, and anchors in the archipelago at an island 
 called by the Spaniards Quenia/* the English naming 
 Point Marshall and Savary Island on their way. 
 
 It is here agreed by the combined fleet to send out 
 three boat expeditions, the Spanish under Valdes 
 to proceed northward into the opening called by him 
 Canal de la Tabla,*^ misnamed by modern map-makers 
 Toba, the English under James Johnstone, an officer 
 on board the Chatham, to enter the long narrow 
 passage to which was subsequently given his name, 
 while Puget was to survey what, by reason of the 
 bleak earth and lowering opaque sky, Vancouver was 
 constrained to call Desolation Sound, (xaliano also 
 goes out, and finds what he calls Canal del Arco, now 
 Homfray Channel, which extends from Punta Sarmi- 
 ento**' to Canal do la Tabla. East of Punta Sarmi- 
 ento Galiano finds an inlet ending in two brandies, 
 to which he gives names, to the southern Malas})ina, 
 and to the eastern Bustamante. Many of the inlets 
 hereabout are entered and named by both the S])anish 
 and English ; thus the Punta do Magallanes of Ga- 
 liano is the Point Mudgc of Vancouver, the Brazo 
 de Quintano of Galiano is the Bute Inlet of Van- 
 couver, the Brazo de Salamanca of (xaliano is the 
 Loughborough Canal of A'ancouvcr, and so on. The 
 world lias indeed })rogressed when we behold in tliis 
 far-away wilderness the representatives of two greaf. 
 European powers laboring side by sidi; for the exten- 
 sion of knowledge, vying with one another in their 
 noble eftbrts of discovery. Such a siglit had never 
 before been seen in these parts. 
 
 The ;5d of July, Johnstone is sent a second time into 
 the narrow ])as'sage which he had found, and in com- 
 pany Avith Swaine passes through it to within full 
 view oi' the ocean.*^ 
 
 ** Probal)ly Cortes Islaml. 
 
 *'•' On account of a wooden table carved in alroriginal hieroglyphics found 
 there. 
 
 ** Called by Vancouver Toint Sarah. 
 
 " ' In the atlas of La Perousc, 178G, No. 29, Scott Islands, at the northern 
 end of Vancouver Island, are called lies do Sartinc; Dixon calls thorn Beres> 
 
r 
 
 
 1»6 
 
 SUMMARY OF EARUEST VOYAGES. 
 
 The Spaniards in their crazy craft being unable to 
 keep place with tlie finer vessels of the English, Gali- 
 ano j)olitely requests Vancouver to proceed and leave 
 him behind, which he does. Vancouver then follows 
 Johnstone's track to the ocean, naming Point Chatham, 
 Port Neville, Call and Knight canals, Broughton 
 Archipelago, Deep Sea Bluff, Fife Passage, points 
 Duff and Gordon, Mount Stephens, Wells Passage, 
 Boyles, and other jwints. In Queen Charlotte Sound, 
 so named by Wedgborough, captain of the Experiment, 
 in 178(5, the Discovery runs on a rock, but finally es- 
 capes without damage. The names Smith Iidct and 
 Fitzlmgh Sound, given by James Hanna in 1786, 
 and Calvert Islands, by Duncan, are recognized and 
 adopted by Vancouver, After entering Fitzhugh 
 Sound, wliere the vessels get aground, the expedition 
 procetids to Not)tka, where it arrives the 28th of Au- 
 gust, being waited upon by a Spanish officer with a 
 pilot, wiio conducts it into Friendly Cove. 
 
 After parting from Vancouver at Valdv5s Island, 
 Galiano and Valdes passed northward into Johnstone 
 Strait, through Canal de Cordero, naming the Ensen- 
 ada de Ali-Ponzoni, the present Frederick Arm; 
 Canal de Olavide, the channel running between 
 Valdes and Thurlow Island; the Bahias del Can6nigo 
 y de Flores; Canal de Retamal, the Call Canal of 
 Vancouver; Brazo de Vernaci, the Knight Inlet 
 of Vancouver; (^anal de Balda, at present Thompson 
 Sound; Brazo de Baldinat, corresponding to Bond 
 Sound. Wi'stward from the last-named place is Canal 
 de J'inedo, now Tribune Creek. The Johnstone 
 Strait of A^ancouver, (xaliano and Valdes call Canal 
 de Dcscubierta. The present Broughton Straits is 
 named by them Canal de Atrevida. Reaching the 
 
 ford lales; Map, Sutil y Mexicamt, Viaije, Isles de Lanz. Cartajraphi/ P. C, 
 MS., iii. 230. Ihis was certainly among the lirjt points seen in this vicinity; 
 HO th.'t Johnstone tliere found himself near what waa now one of the world'a 
 highways. Ihe islands on the eastern side of the northern end of Vancouver 
 I.iland are on the atLoses of both Vancouver and the Hutil y Mexicaini, aa 
 the islands of Galiano and Valdes.' 
 
 7t 
 
GALIANO AND VALDES. 
 
 He to 
 , Gali- 
 
 leave 
 oUows 
 ithain, 
 ighton 
 points 
 issage, 
 :^ouiid, 
 riment, 
 illy es- 
 ict and 
 
 1786, 
 •d and 
 tzhugh 
 edition 
 of Au- 
 with a 
 
 Island, 
 nstone 
 ]lnsen- 
 
 Arm; 
 ctween 
 Ln6nigo 
 anal of 
 Inlet 
 )inpson 
 
 Bond 
 
 Canal 
 instone 
 
 Canal 
 raits is 
 ng the 
 
 ph;/ P. C, 
 s vicinity; 
 he world'a 
 k'"anco»ivcr 
 
 128 - - " •■- ■ -- 
 
 ^^/f 4 
 
 Vancouver's Map, No. 3. 
 
n 
 
 » 
 
 SUMMAliY OF EARLIEST VOYAGES. 
 
 harbor where Foit Rupert stood later, they call the 
 place Puerto tic Guiimes. Then rounding tliii north- 
 ern end of Vancouver Island they sail for Nixjtka, 
 
 (Iracc, mercy, and peace continue the order of the 
 day. Vancouver offers to salute the Spanish flag if 
 Bodega y Cuii.dra will return the compliment with an 
 equal number of guns, which offer is gracefully ac- 
 cepted, and so from either side thirteen guns bellow 
 forth honors. At anchor here beside the Spanish 
 brig Activa arc Vancouver's store-ship Dfvclalus, and 
 the Thi'ce Brothers, a small merchant brig Irom I^on- 
 don, commanded by Lieutenant Alder of the navy. 
 Beside the chiefs of Spain and England his aboriginal 
 majesty Maquinna is conspicuous; but when, arrayed 
 in robes of Adamic simplicity, he attempts to board 
 Vancouver's vessel and is repulsed, the quality of his 
 savagism being unknown, lie is very angry at tlio 
 English, but is mollified and made gracious by the Span- 
 ish commandant. The representatives of the august 
 lival powers now eat : ar.ch together, and talk in genu- 
 liections. The Chatham is hauled on shore and re- 
 paired. Galiano and Valdes enter the port the 1st of 
 September. Letters pass, and deep diplomatism is in 
 order. To whom shall belong the several shanties on 
 this barbarous coast is of primary importance to civ- 
 ilization. It is unnecessary to follow here the sub- 
 tile logic of these ship-captains; the subject is ex- 
 hausted in another place. Suffice it to say, in aught 
 save urbanity and obeisance they cannot agree. Bo- 
 dega y Cuadra is ready to draw the line on this shore 
 Iwtween Spain and England; Vancouver's orders ex- 
 tend only to taking possession of his Majesty's huts. 
 Jointly to glorify themselves, and likewise to make 
 immortal the brotherly love which swells the breast 
 of both commandants in their distinguished disagree- 
 ments, Vancouver proposes, and Bodega y Cuadra 
 serenely smiles acquiescence, that the great island 
 whereon they now sit shall forever bo known as 
 
CUAURO AKD VANCOUVI-ni. 
 
 SO 
 
 lall the 
 north- 
 )tk!i. 
 
 • of the 
 I tlajjf if 
 \\\i\\ an 
 ally ac- 
 ; bellow 
 Si)anisli 
 h(s, and 
 )ni I-.on- 
 10 navy, 
 ^original 
 arrayed 
 to board 
 ty of liis 
 y at tb.o 
 ho Span- 
 10 august 
 in gonu- 
 and re- 
 lic Ist of 
 ism is in 
 antics on 
 ce to civ- 
 ;he sub- 
 ct is ex- 
 in auglit 
 CO. Bo- 
 lis sliorc 
 )rders ex- 
 y's huts, 
 to make 
 ic breast 
 disagree- 
 y Cuadra 
 •at island 
 inown as 
 
 m: 
 
 Cuadra and Vancouver Island.^" The Spanish armed 
 ship Aranzazu, Caaniano, conunander, enters tlu^ port 
 the 8th of September. Other vessels hero and else- 
 wHerc on t'ae coast come and go, some trading, some 
 waiting on the incii>ient settlemenU at Nootka and 
 Neah Bay, all jealously watching each other — an 
 English and an American shallop are on the stocks at 
 Nootka; a French trader is on the coa^i ; besides the 
 Spanish vessels named are the (lertnulix, Ctmapvurn, 
 J'rixrrsd, and the San (ViHok; further, the Fcnis and 
 >St Jimpk and tlie brig llape are nii'ntioned. 
 
 And now at Nootka, Bodega y Cuadra solemnly 
 possesses the Spanish huts, and Vancouver solenndy 
 )>ossesses the English huts; the questions involved are 
 leiorred to home arbitrament; tiien the several s<iuad- 
 rons sail each their w.y leaving the bland ^lacpiinna, 
 with bloodv appetite new \v hotted, as formerly lord 
 of nil. 
 
 On his way to San Francisco, Vancouver names 
 ^AFoiuit St Helens, "in honor of his J^ritannic ma- 
 jesty's ambassadors at the court of Madrid," and sends 
 Wlii'lbey in tlio Jhtdalns to survey (iray Harbor, 
 Hid 1 'i-ougiiton in the CJniilimn to examine the Colum- 
 bia, I lis attem[)t to enter the latter with the Discovery 
 having failed. 
 
 Vet twice a^aiii befori' returninuf to England, N'aii- 
 corner ;!p[)earid ujion the Northwest Coast; once in 
 April 17'J3, J^roughton meanwhile sailing I'or home, 
 and again in A])ril 17S)4, after spending portions of 
 both w inters on the sontiiern coast and at tlu; Hawaiian 
 Islands." As Hitherto, whercMr he went ho found 
 
 "■ Hntli (•oiiiiiiaiiilcrs \vi'rew»:U aware that in thus giving so large a hody of 
 LiMil tlirir jiiiut n;inii;s, ii:i(l so rLc'oriling it in tin.- text and on tlic niajiM ol tho 
 (■xiii'.itioiH ol' Vaacouver ami of ( Jalia.io an.l \'aliU'-i, oac, ami liiit oni', wouhl 
 loniii 1. aa.l that wouM ilriicml entirely as to wiiidi nation tii-; t^iiitoiy f. II. 
 
 "in the I'Niiiilition of \'\y.\, Vancouver visited and nanieil Cain' Caution; 
 IJarkeCinal, 'aittrtlic Ui;.'ht Monorahle Kdnitmd;' Fisher Canal, 'alter a niuili 
 r -ii) '(te I triciid;' ]M.ints Wal!;ir, Ivlinu.id, Edward, and Kaiilioc; King Is- 
 land, 'altrr the faniiiy of my Lit,- l.iddy esteemed and iiiiieh lainentiil friend, 
 Captiin .lanu's Kin,' of tliu navy;' Tort John, I)ean, LVsca'!e, and Muselo 
 eiiial-, and Il.'storat.on a.i 1 J',.. -on eove ; the i li • entered Milhank Sounil, 
 .so na..icd hy Duncan, ami ^avo ih : nam • < f luj t.iird lieuteuant to t'ai)e Swaine, 
 
I 
 
 'i 
 
 'IIMl 
 
 11 
 
 30 
 
 SUMMARY OF EARUEST VOYACJES. 
 
 in almost every instance that the Spaniards had been 
 before him. 
 
 From this time down to the final abandonment of 
 this [)art of the coast by tlie Spaniards, and the phmt- 
 
 after which names were given to llanlner Canal, i)ointa Hopkins, C'umining, 
 Hunt, anil IVarce, HaM'kesbury Ishinil, Cape Ihhutson, I'itt Archipelago, ' after 
 the Riglit Honorable William Pitt, 'Stephens I:<laii<l, 'after Sir I'hilip .Stejihi'nH 
 of tlicuilmiralty,' and (Trenvillo Canal. Canal del Principe was navigated and 
 named liy Cuauiaflo. Some of the other places seen and named by Vancouver 
 in this voyage were Rrown Passage, 'after the commander of the BiUtrni'-iii/i;' 
 Dundas Island, 'after the Right Honorable Henry lunulas; ' Point Maskely no, 
 'after the astronomer royal; ' Point Ranisden, 'after Mr Ramsden, the opti- 
 cian; ' Cii; • Fox, 'after the Right Honorable Charles James Fox; ' Point Alava, 
 ' in compliment to the SjKini^h governor at Nootka; ' Slate Islet; Point Nelson, 
 'after Captain Nelson of tlionavy;' Point Sykes, 'after (me of the gentlemen 
 of the J)iicori'n/; ' points TroUoj), Fitzgibbon, Lees, Whaley, Escape, Higj;ins, 
 Uaviilson, Percy, and Wales, the last named in honor of his schoolmaster; 
 Burrough Bay; Traitor's Cove; Revilla <iigedo Island; Behm Canal; Cape 
 Northumberland; Portland Canal; Moira Sound; Wedge Island, ' after the sur- 
 geon of ihc Chal/iam;' Walker Cove, 'after a gentleman of the C/int/unii;' B.ll 
 Island; 'after Mr John Stewart, one of the mates.' Port Stewart; points Lu 
 Mesurier, (irindall, Rothsay, Highticld, Aladan, Warde, Onslow, Blaipiiere, 
 Howe, Craig, Hootl, Alexander, -Mitcliell, Macnamara, Nesbitt, Harrington, 
 and Stanhope; Bradfield Canal; Prince Ernest Sound; Duncan Canal; Bushy 
 Island; Ihike of York Islands; points Baker, Protection, Biirrie, Beauderc, 
 Amelius, St Alban, Hunter, Nortii, Frederick, Buck, amlBorlase; Conclusion, 
 Coronation, and Warren Islands; Capo Pole; Capo Henry; AiHeck Canal; Ihike 
 of Clarence Strait; Engletield Bay; Prince of Wales Ai'cliipelago; Cartwri^ht 
 Sound; and Cape Decision, the last having been given on making up his mind 
 that tlie earlist reputed discoveries of the Spaniards were fabulous. The con- 
 tincn', between Itesolation Sound and (iardner Canal he named New Hanover, 
 to tlie northward of Gardner Canal as far as Point Rotlisay, New Cornwall, 
 and to the northward of New Cornwall as far as Cross Souiul, New Norfolk. 
 These with Nc v (ieorgia and New Albion completed a very pretty streteli of 
 new dedicated continent, extending from Lower California tc. Alaska. To t!iis 
 illustrious navigator be tlie further lionor of inflicting from his endless vocab- 
 ulary the nameless names of personal friendships upon the places visited by 
 him in his voyage of ]7'.'4 as follows: Point Macartney, Sullivan, Ellis, liarri), 
 Cornwallis, Kingsmill, Hobart,Vandennt,Walpolo, Astley, Windham, A Miier, 
 L'tike, Stylei.iai., Salisbury, Arden, Hugli, Gambier, Pybus, Napeaii, Wood- 
 house, Bingham, Sophia, Frederick, Augusta, Townshend, Cardnor, Samuel, 
 Parker, Marsdeu, Retreat, Bridget, St Mary, Seihiction, and 'after the se.-'.l 
 of my ancestors, Couvenlen;' Chatham Strait, 'after Lord Chatii-'vni, ' Caiio 
 Addiuntiin, 'after the Speaker of the House of Commons;' j>i cts Camde i, 
 .Maliuesbury, Houghton, Snettesham, Mary, ( 'oncliu^ion, Althrop, and I i- 
 ilalgo; I'rinee Frederick Sound; Capo Faiisliaw; liolkliam Bay; Dougl.us 
 Islaibl, Stepliens Passage, Barlow Cove, Seymour Cana!; Cape Edwartl; King 
 (ieorge tlie Third Arcliipelago; Berners Biiy; Lynn (.'anal: points Dunda.s, 
 Wimliledon, Lavinia, Latouche, Manby, Fremantle, Pel'iew, I'akonham, 
 Pigot, Nowell, ( ulross. Countess, Waters, ami I'yke; Knight Islands; l*igg.'S 
 Sound; Win^liam Island; Cape Spencer; Passage Canal; Capo Pu get; Haw- 
 kins Island; Bligli Island; and points Elrii gto:i, Bainbridge, Bentinck, Wil- 
 shed. Campbell, Mackenzie, and Woronzow. I think wo may safely say that 
 no one man ever ^ave so many geograpliical names, which remained perma- 
 nently i>laced as Vancouver; I wish I might truthfully mid tiiat no one ever 
 exercised better taste in the execution of such a task. Among the names 
 given by the Spaniards in this region, and for the most part ros^>vcted by Van- 
 
GENERAL TRAFFIC. 
 
 81 
 
 mg of the post of Astoria at the mouth of the Colum- 
 bia Kiver, by the Americans, in 1811, many shij)a of 
 various nations coasted Vancouver and Queen Char- 
 lotte Islands and the adjacent mainland, chiefly for 
 purposes of traffic with the natives, and after and alonj^ 
 with them the adventurers of England tradin*^ into 
 Hudson's l^ay, first in vessels oidy, and then with all 
 the paraphernalia for permanent <\stal)lishments, further 
 allusion to which is r.oi necessary in this coimection. 
 
 couver, were tlio C'iinal do Ri'vill.i Crlgoilo, as ropresentecl oii tlic chart of 
 Ciaiiiailo K.strecho do Fiu'iitus, I'l i-rtn dul Caftavi'ivil, Kiitrada del < 'lirinon, 
 Cape de t'liUL'oii, Isla de Z lyas, 1 a'xi i';uiiiiarK>, PtUTto dfl liaylio Bucareli, 
 discovcrt'd by Hodoga yCuadra in <77">, faliodoSan liiirto'omt', Piiorto do 
 Vuldi's, the Pui-rto (Jraviiia Fiihil^o; hut, as a riilf, tlio iiaiiu' jjivoii liy Kus- 
 Biaii and S[)aiii.sli i'X])h>ri'rs who had procudod •'aucuuvur iu tl one parts were 
 ia his re-iiaiiiiiig iguured. 
 
1 ,;, . 
 
 
 
 Ir 
 
 . 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 '■. lii! 
 
 1 . ID' 
 
 
 
 
 ill 
 
 
 
 CHAPTEK II. 
 
 GEXERAL VIFAV 01;' THE NORXmVEST COAST. 
 
 Eastehx I'ahallels — Configuration of North-western America — Brit- 
 ish Colombia Coast — PrfiEv SorsD — Va.vcocveu Island — Queen 
 Charlotte Islands — Climauo Sectkns of the Mainland — New 
 CAt,EDOMA— IIekjhts OF L.vND— Tn:: Columiua and Fraskr Ti^teac 
 Basin— Skekna and S'ikeen— Oregon, Washington, and Idaho — 
 Noutiiwest Coast Climates— The Temperature of Various Local- 
 ities -Fauna and Flora — The Aiiorkmnes — Attitudes of the Fur- 
 ruADEus andSettlers towardthe Natives — Peaceful Heuime cndeb 
 the Great Monopoly— The Chinook Jargon. 
 
 II\viN'(j thus siifticioiitly refVcslioil ouriiiouiory as to 
 the earliest appearance of Europeans in these parts, 
 bel'oro i)r()eee(linuf in chi'onoloi^ical order with the 
 aflairs of IJritish Cohnnbia, I do not rejj^ard it tirao 
 lost to take a Lieiieral survey of the eonchtion of thlnj^s 
 at th's jvnu'ture tlirou^hout the north Paeilie sloj)e; 
 for altliou_nh the careful reader of that part of this 
 history entitled the Xorthircst Cocwit must have some 
 Icnowk'djLj^e of the jjresent state of allairs, another 
 {^lauce, as at a pictui'e of the whole, cannot fail to 
 gi\e a clearer and inoie lastin,L( idea of the country at 
 the heininniii'jf of what may be termed JJritish Colum- 
 bia history jiroj);!'. 
 
 California is opposite Siiain; Orejjjon and Washinaf- 
 ton are on the parallels of J'' ranee; Jjritish Columbia 
 is in th(! lalitutic of (jlreat l>ritain; as the world is 
 round and revol\in<jf, there is no reason why one side 
 of it should be better than another. Nor is it. Civ- 
 
 lization IS 
 
 hard( 
 
 er u|)on SOI 
 
 Is tl 
 
 urn .savatjfism; ant 
 
 I tl 
 
 10 
 
 steppes of Kussia and Siberia, thouyh perhaps somc- 
 
 (lat 
 
PROMINENT FEATURES. 
 
 m 
 
 ICA— Brit- 
 D — QrEE« 
 AND— New 
 
 U Tl^ATKAC 
 1) lUAlUl — 
 O'^S Ll)CAL- 
 FTIIE FUR- 
 LJIXIE UNDER 
 
 )ry as to 
 
 so [nirts, 
 
 itli the 
 
 it tiiiio 
 
 * things 
 
 of this 
 
 ivo some 
 
 another 
 
 t fail to 
 
 )untry at 
 
 Coluui- 
 
 ic si 
 
 ^Vnshing- 
 Dohunhia 
 woihl is 
 one siile 
 it. Civ- 
 and the 
 ips some- 
 
 831 
 
 what more <.ensely occupied, and with somewhat more 
 advanced indigenous populations, are neither so at- 
 tractive nor so virgin as the prairies, lake lands, and 
 river and mountain districts of noi-thernmost America. 
 Each hemisphere has its freezing eastern side, and its 
 warmer western side, thanks to the modifyinor ocean 
 streams which come sun-beaten from the tropics; and 
 for the rest, there is little to choose; that little, how- 
 ever, always being in favor of what each of us may 
 call OUT* own country. 
 
 The Xorthwest Coast, if we comprise within the 
 limits of that term the territory from California to 
 Alaska, and between the Rocky Mountains and the 
 ocean, is more varied in its configuration, some would 
 say more grandly beautiful, than the opposite eastern 
 plains. The rock formations of the former are more 
 disturbed; the region is mountainous, with a high 
 irregular plateau betw'een two principal ranges, subor- 
 dinate i)lateaus intervening in places between subor- 
 dinate ranges, and all having in the main the general 
 trend of tlie coast. Thus dropping the appellation of 
 the great continental chain which binds the two 
 Americas from Alaska to Patagonia, and adopting 
 local nomenclature, we have for the representatives of 
 the Bitter Koot ^Mountains of Idaho, taken collec- 
 tively, the Purcell, Selkirk, Columbia, Cariboo, and 
 Oniineca mountains of British Columbia; the Cas- 
 cade Ivaiige is a continuation of the Sierra Nevada; 
 Vancouver and Queen Ciiarlotte islantls arc a contin- 
 uation of llie Coast liange; the great plateau region 
 of the Columbia, the Fraser, and the Skeena rivers is 
 a continuation of tlie Utah and Nevada basin. 
 
 Western Biitish Columbia is essentially moun- 
 tainous, breaking on the border into innumerable 
 islands and ocean inlets, presenting a bold locky front, 
 heavily timbered to the water's edg«'. 
 
 Exceedingly beautiful and very grand is the water 
 system of Puget Sound, and the labyrinth of .straits, 
 inlets, bays, and islands all akn-.g the" coast of British 
 
 HUT, Brit. Cur.. 8 
 
■\, 
 
 84 
 
 iJKNEUAL MEW OF IHK NORTHWEST fOAST, 
 
 m 
 
 ^ 111!. 
 iili 
 
 Columl)ia. And while St Lawrence Gulf and Lake 
 Superior are wrapped in biting cold, roses sometimes 
 dare to bloom here, and green pease and strawberries 
 to prepare for their early gathering. 
 
 The island of Vancouver presents a mountainous 
 interior, subsiding at either end, and at places along 
 its eastern side. The shores are exceedingly pictur- 
 es((ue, bold, rocky, and rugged, brokt'U on the western 
 side into numerous bays and inlets like those of the 
 mainland, with intervening clift's, promontories, and 
 beaches, while on the northern and eastern sides the 
 absence of ocean indentations is remarkable. The 
 island is generally wofxled, the borders witli fir, back 
 of which arc lunnlock, and the mountains with cedar. 
 Between the rid<jes which cross and int(>rlace are 
 small valleys affording but moderate agricultural 
 facilities; but c>n the southern and eastern border 
 there are extremely fertile tracts susceptible of easy 
 cultivati(>n, th«' open s[)ots ottering tlu>. first fittraction 
 to S(>ttlers. Lakes, streams, and water-falls every- 
 where abound, though the rivers are none of them 
 large 
 
 The Que«Mi Charlotte Islands arc mountainous, 
 like all adjacent lands; and while there are tracts, par- 
 ticularly around the border, which might bo success- 
 fully cultivated, it is more to the nnneral resources 
 hero embedded that we nnist look for profitable re- 
 turns. Kast of the hli>li interior of !Moresbv Island is 
 a ilfit belt gv<'wiiig a,ld<'rs. All these islands are 
 densely wooded, cypress and s[>ruce being jirominent, 
 with redundant underorowth. The climate is mild 
 and moist; the natives are light-complexioned, intel- 
 ligent, courageous, and cruel. 
 
 Still following the all-compelling mountains, the 
 mainland of ihitish Celumbia may be ilivide<l into 
 three sections, the fii-st comprising the coastwise 
 strip between the o<ean and the eastern slope of the 
 (^ascade Kange, I'xtending back, for instance, on the 
 Fraser as far as Yale; the second, a j>arallel strip 
 
RANGES AND PASSES. 
 
 85 
 
 yostern 
 '. of the 
 es, and 
 ties the 
 :. The 
 Rr, hack 
 ,U cedar, 
 lace art! 
 icultural 
 I horder 
 3 of easy 
 .ttractioii 
 s cvery- 
 of them 
 
 ^utauious, 
 
 [acts, par- 
 SUccess- 
 •csources 
 litahle re- 
 Island is 
 lands are! 
 in)uunent, 
 \e is mild 
 icd, intel- 
 
 Italns, the 
 
 lidi'd into 
 
 coasiwiso 
 
 ■^'; 
 
 whose eastern l)oundary line would be ujion the west- 
 ern side of the Cariboo Mountains, and cross the 
 Frascr, say at Alexandria; the third extending thence 
 to the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Dense woods containing trees of gigantic growth, 
 pine, fir, and red-cedar, characterize the first section, 
 the low alluvial deposits about the rivers and inlets 
 being covered by jungle, with hero and there })oplars, 
 alders, l)alsam, and aspen, and sometimes meadows of 
 coarse; mitritious glass, all the products of rich soils 
 and copious rains. Upon the drier surface of the 
 second section a diflxrent vegetation appears. Indeed, 
 the ])n'sence of cacti, artemisia, and kindred shrubs be- 
 ve)nd Lytton are siijrnilicant of a hot as well as a dry 
 climate. In place of the massive forests and redundant 
 floia of the seaboard, we find an open country', hills, 
 jjastnres,and grassy vales, with intervening forest J>elts. 
 Less suited to agriculture, except in the more favored 
 spots, more wooded, yet still with vast luxuriant pas- 
 tures, is the third section. On the great plateau stretch- 
 ing i'ar to the north from the branch bends of the Fraser, 
 the climate is nnichmore severe than between Cariboo 
 an<l Kamloop. On the other side, tov.ard the south 
 and east, the temjierature is nmch milder, jjarticularl}' 
 between Colville anel the Dalles, where lies the great 
 Columbia cactus-bearing desert with occasional buncli- 
 ^rass oases. 
 
 Tiio mountain jiasses are usually blockaded in 
 winter; yet in June, where lately rested ten or twenty 
 feet of snow the ground is llower-spangled, and the 
 forests ihish with the bursting green of tlu' sweet early 
 foliage. Crossing the gi-im Stony range from the 
 east j'.t IVaee lliver, whieh stretches its branches far 
 an<l witjf within the summit line of the continental 
 ridgi", and steals f(tr the eastei-n slope the waters of 
 the westerti, the lirst I'u^otch explorers found them- 
 selves in a lalivrinth (»f minor ridijres whose blue lakes, 
 among the puie-clad steeps, brought to mind the lochs 
 ami bens of their old highland homos; so they called 
 
36 
 
 GENERAL VIEW OP THE NORTTTWEST COAST. 
 
 )I I I 
 
 Ki 
 
 I* 1*1 
 i 
 
 the place New Caledonia as elsewhere I have men- 
 tioned. Approaching McLeod Lake the mountains 
 put on a more stupendous aspect. Mackenzie found 
 the temperature there from 30° above to 16° below 
 zero; and though the ground was covered with snow, 
 the gray wren and mountain robin, the latter arrayed 
 in delicate fawn with scarlet belly, breast, and neck, 
 black wings edged with fawn, variegated tail, and 
 tuft-crowned head, came out hopping, and singing, 
 and eating, as though the dreary prospect only stirred 
 in them a higher happiness, just as adversity some- 
 times brings sweet music from otherwise dumb hu- 
 manity. 
 
 In this boldly swelling country of New Caledonia 
 the scenery is varied. In the forests the cedar, fir, 
 and hemlock assume magnificent proportions, while 
 the copses, separating jjlains and open undulations, 
 give pleasing variety to the eye. It is singularly and 
 beautifully watered. Rivers mark out the region in 
 natural districts often silver-edged with long narrow 
 lakes, which glisten in the sunshine like the waters 
 of paradise. 
 
 There are many lieights of land round which clus- 
 ter snow-chul peaks, parting the How of waters, parting 
 twin drops, sending one to the Pacific and its brother 
 to the Atlantic; sendinof one to ininiyle with the brine 
 of the Mexican Oulf beneath the vapor-beating sun, 
 and another to bo locked throuijliout the ajjes in the 
 icy embrace of the Arctic Sea. All along the conti- 
 nental range are such heights of land, and at many 
 l)oiiits along the north-western table-land. Between 
 the tributaries of the Saskatchewan and those of the 
 Columbia; between the tributaries of Peace River 
 and those of Fraser and Skeena rivers; between the 
 streams flowinix into the Fraser all alonj? its course 
 and those which feed the Columbia on the one 
 side and the Rellacoola and Skeena on the other, 
 there arc multitudes of these heights of land, not to 
 mention the ridges dominating the rivulets running 
 
 m 
 
 ■^' 
 
 
OKANAGAN AND KOOTENAI. 
 
 87 
 
 to thu Stikeen and Yukon, or to the Mackenzie. 
 He who camps upon the narrow isthmus joining the 
 lofty continental mountains and dividing the high 
 rolling seas of hill and plain on either side, may fill 
 his kettle from the limpid source either of the Sas- 
 katchewan or the Columbia. But more than this, 
 and most remarkable of anything of the kind on the 
 planet, at that grandest of Rocky Mountain passes, 
 the Athaba.sca, is a little lake called the Committee's 
 Punch Bowl, one end of which pays tribute to the 
 ^Mackenzie and the other to the Columbia. 
 
 The plateau basin of the Columbia and Fraser 
 rivers comprises thickly timbered uplands interspersed 
 with woodland and grassy valleys bordered by pine- 
 dotted hills rolling gently upward from limpid lakes 
 and boisterous streams. There are few deserts or 
 worthless tracts, and in the forests but little under- 
 brush; the country is one vast pasture; prairie and 
 forest, valley and hill being covered with nutritious - 
 grass. In the Okanagan River district we find in- 
 dications of that sandy waste which hence extends 
 southward as the great American desert to Mexico. 
 The lake country from Chilcotin to Fort Fraser and 
 beyond is generally open ; the river region to the north 
 and east of the Cariboo Mountains between Fort 
 George and Yellowhead Pass is thickly wooded, with 
 few if any open spaces. Northward only the hardier 
 vegetation is able to endure the summer night frosts. 
 Between forts Kootenai and Colville, the trail winds 
 along lakes and streams from whose borders rise moun- 
 tains of black rock hidden beneath the dun pine 
 foliage, which, mirrored in the transparent waters, 
 turns them to lakes and rivers of dark and fathomless 
 depths, while the setting sun tips with gold the sum- 
 mits of these gloomy aierras. 
 
 Tired travellers do not always take the most hope- 
 ful view of the wilderness through which they toil. 
 Thus Sir George Simpson finds the Kootenai country 
 "rugged and boggy, with thick and tangled forests, 
 

 
 
 38 
 
 (GENERAL VIEW OF THE NORTHWEST COAST. 
 
 craggy i)eaks, and dreary vales, here and there hills 
 of parched clay where every shrub and blade of grass 
 was brown and sapless as if newly swept by the blast 
 of a sirocco, with occasional prairies and open swards 
 interspersed with gloomy woods or burning pine 
 forests." Passing over the Fraser basin, Johnson ex- 
 claims: "Of all the dismal and dreary-looking places 
 in the world the valley of the Thompson River for 
 some fifteen or twenty miles from its mouth would 
 easily take the palm! We have thought the canons 
 of the Fraser rugged enough, but here was naught 
 Ijut rocks, whereon even the hardy fir refused to vege- 
 tate." 
 
 Their vocabulary is scarcely sufficient for the mighty 
 fissure of the Fraser, whose waters gathered from 
 scores of lakes and tributary streams dash through 
 gorges and l)etween high perpendicular rocks in suc- 
 cessive cascades and rapids, with here arid there brief 
 breathing-places. •'The Fraser Iliver Valley," writes 
 an observer, "is one so smgrlirlv formed, that it would 
 seem that some superhuman sword had at a single 
 stroke cut through a labyrinth uf mountains for three 
 hundred miles, down deep into the bowels of the 
 land." Again . "At no point of its course from Ques- 
 nelle to Lytton is the Fraser Eiver less than twelve 
 hundred feet below tlie level of the land lying at 
 either side of it; and from one steep scarped bank to 
 the other is a distance of a mile." AnotJier standing 
 at Lytton says: "Here, along the Fraser, the Cascade 
 Mountains lift tlieir rugged heads and the river fi(iws 
 at the bottom of a vast tangle cut by nature throuirh 
 the heart of the mountains." Yet "along the Xach- 
 arcole Iliver there will be found a country admirably 
 suited to settlement, and possessing a prairie land of 
 a kind nowhere else" found in British Columbia. 
 
 In the Skeena and Stikeen countries, which give 
 rise as well to the rivers of their respective names 
 emptying into the Pacific, as to the waters which 
 take their freezing flow round by the Macken- 
 
 ^W 
 
 W 
 
 M 
 
THE SPOKANE COUNTRY. 
 
 zie to the Arctic, the wildest and most romantic 
 scenery is Ibiind. Mountains of stone and ice arc 
 tliere, and jjclaciers equal to any of Switzerland — Ljiant 
 jijlaciers and infant glaciers, JSIethusalehs and mud- 
 horn. Ascending from tlie sea, through the pine- 
 covered belt, through spruce, hemlock, and balsam, 
 willow, alder, and cottonwcod, which at every step 
 becomes more broken and the trees more scattering, 
 the traveller finally emerges into a fit home for piti- 
 less fate, glittering, cold, inexorable bowlders, and snow 
 succeeding sn(»w, and bowlders in mountain melange, 
 limitless variety in liniitless unity, here and there cut 
 into sections bv ice-plouirhed canons and chasms. 
 
 Tliat which was originally the bunch-grass country 
 of eastern Wasliington is noM' famous for its grain- 
 growing pntperties; for though the atmosphere is dry, 
 water lies near the surface. The intersecting moun- 
 tain rangt'S, and the deejvgorged water channels of 
 (astern Oregon, are less favorable to aijriculture than 
 the rolling plains on the northern side of the ( Vilum- 
 bia. And along this belt far to the north, and high 
 above the sea, the sheltered valleys aflbrd ample re 
 turns to the husbandman. At Fort Alexandria, with 
 an altitude of fourteen hundred and fifty feet, and at 
 other i)laces a thousand feet hiijfher, fortv bushels of 
 wheat to the acre are not uncommon, and other prod-' 
 ucts in proportion. 
 
 The lower slopes of the snow-topped mountains of 
 Idaho are furrowed with streams which clothe the 
 foot-hills in sturdy forests and the high i)rairies in 
 rich grasses. Nestling below the level of the plains 
 are warm, (|uiet valleys, protected alike from the arid 
 winds (»f summer and the cold blasts of winter; and 
 on winter pastures the snow seldom remains long. 
 
 Larcli, cedar, fi: and pine thickly overspread the 
 Bitter Koot iMountains. The Walla Walla Valley, 
 with its bright, winding streams, fringed with cotton- 
 wood, presents a pleasing picture. North of the Spo- 
 kane the country is wooded, and much of the soil 
 
!'' 
 
 '^1' 
 
 I ti 
 
 «0 GENERAL VIEW OF THE NORTHWEST COAST. 
 
 arable. The Flathead country is warm, with good 
 arable land predominating. 
 
 The well watered and alluvial "Willamette Valley, 
 being alike free from the periodical aridity of Cali- 
 fornia, the desiccating winds of eastern Oregon, and 
 the general gravelly character of Washington soils, is 
 peculiarly adapted to crop-raising and fruit-growing. 
 For many years the Yakima country, now known to 
 be one of the most fertile wheat-fields in the world, 
 was regarded as fit only for grazing. 
 
 Thus the highest agricultural facilities of Oregon 
 and Washington are reversed; those of the former 
 lying west of the Cascade Mountains, and those of 
 the latter on the eastern side of that range. Let 
 each, therefore, be duly thankful. Not that western 
 Washington need ulush for its resources, for although 
 the surpassing fertility of the Willamette soils fails 
 on crossing the Columbia and entering the more 
 gravelly plains of the Cowlitz and the region round 
 Puget Sound and Admiralty Inlet, yet when this 
 old ocean-bed emerged from the waters with it came 
 coal and iron, and in due time grand forests arose on 
 the margin of beautiful waters, and crept up the 
 Olympian heights to the line of summer snow. 
 
 The climates of the Northwest Coast are many and 
 variable, but all are healthful, and by far the greater 
 part agreeable. Considering the surface covered, there 
 is a remarkable absence of marshy plains, miasma, 
 malaria, and consequent ague. Here, as elsewhere, 
 elevated districts are cold, but not so cold as in many 
 other places. A very severe winter in New Cale- 
 donia, such as happens once in ten years, may be as 
 severe as a very mild winter in Canada, but not more 
 severe. 
 
 The Cascade Range marks the two great climatic 
 divisions, both the heat and the cold on the eastern 
 side being greater than on the western. East of this 
 range the climate is dry; on the western slope it is 
 
 € 
 
HEAT AND COLD. 
 
 41 
 
 Dregon 
 former 
 lose of 
 ;. Let 
 kvestem 
 ithougli 
 lis fails 
 e more 
 1 round 
 len this 
 
 it came 
 irose on 
 
 up the 
 
 any and 
 greater 
 d, there 
 miasma, 
 e where, 
 in many 
 ;\v Cale- 
 ay bo as 
 lot more 
 
 cUmatic 
 t eastern 
 ,t of this 
 ope it is 
 
 'Af 
 
 
 wet, the humidity increasing toward the north. Sum- 
 mer is liot, and winter cold, on the eastern side; on 
 the western, summer is lovely, some days warm and 
 bright, some rainy, and winter never severely cold. 
 
 Temperatures vary of course with latitude, altitude, 
 and distance from the sea; but throughout the whole 
 of this region there are < omparatively small portions 
 not habitat )le by man, while by I'arthe greater part is 
 salubrious and delightful. The well protected valleys 
 arc seldom subject to extremes of weather, being free 
 from strong winds and heavy falls of snow, and in tin* 
 dry crystalline air of the higher plains even a low full 
 of the thermometer is easily endured. The rivers of 
 the east are often blocked by thick ice almost down to 
 their mouths, but navigation on the lower waters of the 
 Northwest Coast is seldom impeded. The rivers of 
 the upper interior freeze in winter, but on the elevated 
 plains snow is seldom more than eighteen inches deep, 
 and when the sun and spongy wind look in upon the 
 valleys, frosty coverings vanish as if by magic. 
 
 Heat and cold are both more endurable by man in 
 a dry than in a wet atmosphere. Add to this the 
 fact that the western sides of continents are warmer 
 than the eastern by reason of the warm air and 
 ocean-currents thrown upon them, and we may per- 
 haps understand why the mean temperature at Fort 
 Dun vegan, so called from the castle of the McLeods 
 built among the cold bleak rocks of Skye one tliousand 
 feet above the sea, differs httle from that of Quebec, 
 whose altitude and latitude are much lower. And yet 
 Dunvegan can scarcely be called west of the mountains. 
 
 Though bordering upon the high latitudes, the cli- 
 mate of British Columbia is more British than hyper- 
 borean. The traveller in crossing the mountains from 
 the east may find the same clouds arraying the one 
 side in snow and ice, and dropping gentle rain upon 
 the other. Indeed, along the border of the ocean as 
 far as the Aleutian Archipelago nature is always in a 
 melting mood. 
 
GENERAL VIEW OF THE NORTH^VEST COAST. 
 
 ir li 
 
 li ri 
 
 As far back as Idaho and Montana the modifying 
 influences of the Japan currents are felt, spring, sum- 
 mer, and autumn there being dehghtful, wiiile winter 
 is less severe than in Iowa, Wisconsin, or Minnesota. 
 It is only on the higher elevations that the cold is 
 extreme, or the snowfall heavy. Both the country 
 and climates of Idaho and Montana are well adapted 
 to wool-ijfrowinjj ami horse and cattle raisinjj. The 
 mean winter temperature at Virginia, Montana, is not 
 far IVom iwenty-Hvo degrees above zero. 
 
 Some parts of Jiritish Cohnnbia arc better for 
 grazing purposes in winter than the elevated pastures 
 of Idaho. J3irds fly south when snow comes; but we 
 find tlie stock-iaisers of Idaho di'iving their cattle for 
 winter pasturage into British (.'oluml)ia, the low snow- 
 less valleys of Idaho being too small to accommodate 
 then), while the Columbia basin above Colville is 
 more hos[)itable than the winter-wra[)pcd upper plains 
 of Idaho. Sj)roat calls it the climate of England with- 
 out ihe biting east wind. " There can be no doubt," 
 says Palmer, of the royal engineers, "that in })oiiit of 
 salubrity, the climate of J^ritish Columl)ia excels that 
 of (ireat Tlvitaiii, and iiidied is i>!ie of the finest in 
 the world." 
 
 Winter on ^ ancouver Island is not severe, and 
 sun)mer is charming. Ilain is plentiful, particularly 
 during winter; snow seldom lies long on the lower 
 levels. The climate here is similar to the mainland 
 seaboard, with insular |)eculiarities. On the coast 
 the temperature is seldom over 80" or under '20" 
 Fahrenheit. 
 
 The temperature at Stuart Lake is subject to 
 sudden Aariations, though these are exceptional. Wild 
 fruits llouri.sh and ripen there, even the susceptible 
 service-berry blossom being seldom blighted. The 
 hollows thereabout arc subject to occasional hoar 
 frosts in summer, which do not appear on the suimy 
 slopes. Here, as elsewhere in British Columbia, en- 
 thusiasts point to the humming-bird as proof of a 
 
GAME. 
 
 gonial cliinate; yet I can hardly insist, as some of the 
 old Hudson's Bay Company's servants would almost 
 liavo mo do, that the winter climate of New (.'alodonia 
 is wholly free from inconvenient cold. On the upper 
 Frasor winter is capricious, intense cold comingf and 
 ori)ing suddenly. Round the rugged Cariboo Moun- 
 tains snow falls freely. Extremes are rare on the upper 
 Cf)lumbia, snow seldom remaining long. The climate 
 here is as delightful as the scenery is grand. 
 
 Everywhere north of San Francisco Bay, and 
 {dong the coast as far ar, the sixtieth parallel, wore 
 lounJ grizzly bears, the grassy Hats at the mouth 
 of rivers, and the rank vegetation on the banks of 
 inlets, where berries were abundant, being their fa- 
 vorite haunts. For some reason they did not seem 
 to fancy Vancouver Islantl as a dwell ing-j)laco, though 
 their black brethren were there in superabundance, as 
 well as on the mainhnnl. 
 
 Even more ferocious in this region than the grizzly 
 Mas the bi 3wn boar, which seemed to prcfc^r the in- 
 terior to the coast. On the island and mainland were 
 elk, black -tailed doer, and reindeer, the <'ariboo of 
 the voyageurs in tLo northern mountains of New 
 Caledonia. In the vicinity of the Kooky Mountains 
 were mountain-sheep, moose-doer, and wood-buifalo. 
 The fur-bearing beasts, whose skins constituted the 
 chief braiicli of connnorce on the Northwest Coast, 
 Were brown, black, an<l grizzly bear; beaver; badgers; 
 silver, (loss, and red foxes; Ushers; martens; minks; 
 llu' gray and spotted lynx; musquash; sea and land 
 otters; panthers; raccoons; black, gray, and coyote 
 wolves, and wolverines. 
 
 The natives of Vancouver Island speared salmon, 
 and caught herring, halibut, cod, sturgeon, and whales; 
 they hunted the bear, wolf, panther, elk, door, marten, 
 mink, beaver, and racco(.)n. On all the large streams 
 of the mainland,. salmon were plentiful from early spring 
 to late summer. They ascended the Fraser seven hun- 
 
44 
 
 GENERAL VIEW OB^ THE NORTHWEST COAST. 
 
 i 
 
 dred miles. From staple food of the natives, salmon 
 became at an early day with the Hudson's Bay Com- 
 pany an article of commerce. Oysters and crabs were 
 common on the sea-shore. The eulaehon, or candle- 
 fish, is famous in those parts; sardine, anchovy, had- 
 dock, and dog-fish also may be mentioned. 
 
 Birds of song are less conspicuous than birds of 
 beautiful plumage. Grouse are common on island and 
 mainland. Then there are quails, ptarmigan, pigeons, 
 geese, ducks, and snipe. 
 
 Thus we see in this northern west, save upon the 
 briny border, a land of bright skies and buoyant airs; 
 of forested mountains and fertile plains; of placid 
 bays, large rivers, silvery lakes, and prismatic water- 
 falls; of coal, and iron, and gold, and other exhaust- 
 less mineral wealth; of fisheries, and agricultural, 
 commercial, and manufacturing facilities; with soils, 
 climates, and scenery equal to any of Europe, equal 
 to any on earth. What shall hinder tinpire, evolu- 
 tion, and all that elevates and ennobles, aiding man 
 here to assert his completest sovereignty? 
 
 I can say but a word here rtjgarding the aboriginal 
 nations inhabiting these parts, but must refer the reader 
 to the work set apart for that subject. The first vol- 
 ume of the Natii'e Races of the Pacific States contains 
 descriptions of the several peoples as first seen by 
 Europeans, and their manners and customs, and in 
 the third volume will be found something of their 
 mytlK)logics and languages. 
 
 Nt)r have I space to enter at length upon the atti- 
 tude (jf the Hudson's Bay Company toward the na- 
 tives, tlieir treatment of, or policy concerning them. 
 These matters will be fount! fully explained in the 
 Jlistory of the Northwest Coast. 
 
 This much I can say, however, by wav of remind- 
 ing the reader of what is therein stated. Probably 
 savagism was never so deftly and delicatelv stripped 
 of its belongings, and laid away to rot, as ni British 
 
 -■t- 
 
 
THE NATIVES. 
 
 45 
 
 salmon 
 ' Com- 
 )s were 
 3andlo- 
 jr, had- 
 
 irds of 
 ,nd and 
 ligeons, 
 
 )on the 
 nt airs; 
 i" placid 
 ! water- 
 xhaust- 
 iultural, 
 uh soils, 
 c, equal 
 , ovolu- 
 ng man 
 
 (Original 
 e reader 
 irst vol- 
 contains 
 seen by 
 and in 
 of their 
 
 the atti- 
 
 the na- 
 
 r them. 
 
 in the 
 
 Columbia. Never from boj^nnning to end was then' a 
 single outbreak or massmit; of any ininortancc, s{ivt> 
 along the sraboard, and theso were seldom directod 
 against the resident fur-tnukrs. Why was this, wlu'n 
 tlie United States Itorder Mas everywliure di-lugrd in 
 blood? Surely theso northern nations wore naturally 
 as fierce and vindictive as any south of them. The 
 answer is — J>usintss. The natives wore needed lor 
 hunters. Thoy had nothing of which the respectable 
 I'^uropcan wished to rol» tlu-in; so their possessions 
 were left for a time unmolested. Wlieu t'e eonij)any 
 wanted their land, as a matter of course tluv took it ; 
 but at first they re(|uirid only the skins of their wild 
 beasts, and these the natives nmst secure and bring 
 to them. 
 
 The natives <if tlu; .seaboard wi'rt; n-garded with 
 fear by all .uihsrs. As a rule, and especially to 
 strangers, they wi;re exc(;edingly dangerous, as their 
 capture of the Itoxtou, the Toin/nlii, and other vessi>ls 
 abundantly proves. ( )ften the traders fed them on lire- 
 water, aiid ill I'etuin the demoni/.id savages cai'ght 
 and killed tin iii whiiiover the y felt able. In e; rly 
 times, lapiiie and murder along this coast was the 
 iioniial eniidition of tilings. vXgainst every attiMiipt at 
 seUleiiieiit the na.tivt!s fought desp<rati ly. 
 
 And whv should tliev not resi. t ^ I'rom time im- 
 iii''iiiorial their tatlu^rs had Ik Id the l.uid ; and (lie .s(>a 
 was tliiirs, kindly yielding them f;io;| and « lothiiig. 
 They could not a, k tlieir <';(i<ls for more, unh s.s it 
 should ln' to make (Iiein alwavs diuiik. 
 
 ( 
 
 Tilt! oHIcers ai!<l .sei-vaiits of the 
 
 Hud 
 
 son s 
 
 li 
 
 av 
 
 oiii]i:iiiy wcri' as niu* h gentlemen hv instiii<t in their 
 
 treatment of Indians as in their tnutnient of civil- 
 
 ized null ;tnd Women. Ilenc(> it w 
 
 .1 < )e J 
 
 Stat 
 
 is, wlun 
 
 ( 
 
 ( lu'ia 
 
 laiii', wlulom gov«>rnor of Oi-egon and I'liited 
 
 «'s sciiatiii' as he was once ridiny,' toward Niso.nllv. 
 
 > ex( laim r(- ;ai-diny' the natives there- 
 
 was heard t 
 
 about, "haiiiii tliemi it would d 
 
 be aCicr tin in I "his hearers could not understand it 
 
 o my soui gtiou to 
 
 d t( 
 
:| 
 
 
 I iit: ! 
 
 H (JENEKAL VIEW OF THE NOIiriiWE.ST COAST. 
 
 Such W()r<lH could uoviT luivo falloii fVf)in the hps of 
 a McLoughhn or a J)(ni^his. It was a s|K'cies of l)l<)od- 
 thirstv ln'utahty totally iKjyoiul tlu; ooiii|»roheiisioii of 
 nun who had learned to look on these ehildren of the 
 forest as men of like creation and nature as them- 
 selves. 
 
 For the trial of the Indians han«jfed at St<'ilacooni for 
 tlie killinuf of Wallace at the Nis(|ually post, jurymen 
 were l>rou<j^ht all the way from Orey^on City. Well 
 may we say that therein was nuuli hollow form for a 
 little show of justice', when we are told that three or 
 lour of tliese men, durinjjf tlu'ir deliheiations, rolled 
 themselves in their hlankets. and hefore eom[»osin«; 
 theiiisi Ives to sleep remarki'd, "Whenever you want 
 ill) I ndian hani;-ed, awaki' us." liut this was intelliu'ent 
 and humane conduct in comparison with nuuh that 
 occuiTcil in the A iijulo- American occujiation of the 
 western United States. 1 admit that luither what 
 wei-e called jn'ood men nor th<' t;oveinment were 
 wholly ri'sponsilile for the wholesale butcheries of 
 men. women, and children for nimes which tluy 
 never committed; ami yet, whenever 1 am ohliycd to 
 allude to the suhject, I can hut notice this ditt'erence 
 ill the treatment (»f the Indians. 
 
 The lre(|iient hostility of the Indian does not orii^i- 
 nate in sava^o malignity <»r natuial hlood-thirstiiiess, 
 hill ill righteous retaliation for ( iidless pro\ (tcations. 
 " Many a iiiLi'ht." wi'iti's one l>y no means seiilimenta! 
 ill sneii niiitters, "liaNc I sat at the camp-firt! and 
 
 listened to tile I'ecital of hloodv and fcjociitus scenes, 
 in wlii< h the iiari'utors wei-e the actoi-s aii<l the ])oor 
 I iidtaiiK the victims; and I liii\e felt my hlood tin;4ie 
 with sliaiiM' and hoil with iiitlienation to lieai' the dia- 
 holiciil acts a|i|ilaii(led iiy those foi- whesr amusement 
 tiny Wel'e i-elated." 
 
 Unforluniitt'ly for the po(»r savaL^c. in his divinely 
 •reordained extinction, it was ordered that In; should 
 often hroULfht into contact with thosi' wh«» sou<»;ht 
 to Siive his so\il and tli(»se who destroyed his hodv. 
 
 1 
 
RELIUlON AND < O.MMEKcK. 
 
 47 
 
 How mucli lu'ttoi- tor him w»»ukl it have been it' the 
 nii.ssioiiaiirs had dirrctLiI thiir otrorts toward iiii- 
 jtroviMi;' tht' htarts and morals of tlie di'sporato and 
 l)rutal l)or(K'r lucii, tht; knavt's and va^al)oiHls wlio 
 spent their lives in int'onninjx ujion and insultin^^ the 
 natives, and on the tirst sliiLi:ht appearance of detV neo 
 or rtitaliation on the j)artof the Imlian, in slauijrhterin^' 
 him. ]:Jetter a thousand times had the missionaries 
 sjK'nt their lives in eonvertin<^ these men, for they 
 nei'ded reufenenition far more than did the savaife. 
 
 Wherever tlie otHe«'rs and servants of the Iliulson's 
 J»a.y C'ompaiiy had theectimtry entirely to themselves, 
 there was Ijtth' trouhle with the natives. Their man- 
 
 aLTcment of tluin was perteet. They treated th«'m, 
 tiist of all. as human creatures, not its wild heasts. 
 They wei'e to thrm the ehiliUi'ii, not tlu' enemy of 
 civiii/atioii. In their inteicoui'se they Wi-re humane, 
 in theii' dealiu'ns, honest. ( )tlenees were follov.ed hy 
 jfj.'ine, not hy reveuLji'. No attempt WMs ma«le to 
 fi)st<ii upon them the I'eiiyions or molalities of civiliza- 
 tion ; though t^ross ei-uelty ami irdiumanity amoui;' 
 themselves were seveicly frowned u|)on, they were 
 left to marry (i>l h'hltnin or not to marry at all, and to 
 worship the yods of tluir creation after their own 
 fashion. 
 
 But the moment eom|ietitiv«' traders came in, all 
 (his happy state of thin</s was ehan^i-d. Fit-ry 
 <lrau'j,hts of intoxication were placol ti» the lips of 
 the savayu'S, no less hy the lienev(»li'nt and di^nitied 
 adventurers of Mnyland than hy the heedless Nankeo 
 skijiper and the ho|<|ei' desperado. ( 'onmieree ie\e|s 
 
 all moralities. Wlu-uevei- e\ en the most hitti-r rivalry 
 was conliued to larye and responsihie eoiiipjinie«^, tin; 
 sa\aMe xvas not mu<'li the f^uU'erer; indet d, his ini- 
 |iorlain-e was often therehy «;ri-atly ma^jnitied, and the 
 artl.'ss al»ori-4iiial was hv no means slow to make 
 
 vail of th 
 
 a 
 
 tries. 
 
 I hit 
 
 lis iiiereaseil purc|iasin|4 power o| Ins j 
 
 •1- 
 
 III sections where tree trapp' IS and irre- 
 'poiisihle holder iiK'ii ohtained peiniaiH nt foothold, 
 
' Ifl 
 
 II GENERAL VIEW OP THE NORTHWEST COAST. 
 
 rapine, murder, and exterminating war were sure to 
 follow. 
 
 While treating all foreigners with politeness, and 
 while I'ver ready to rescue the distressed of any na- 
 tion, tiie Hudson's Bay Company were exceedingly 
 jealous of interference in their trade. They would 
 not have their prices changed, nor their hunters de- 
 moralized, if by any possibility they ct)uld ])revent it. 
 Compacts were often made with the Kussiaiis and 
 with the ca})tains of American vessels trachng on the 
 coast, not to deviate i'roni the company's tariH', and 
 not to sell li(iuor to the natives, which promises were 
 not always kept. 
 
 In the Fort Simpson journal, under date of Xovem- 
 ber 1, 18;iG, I find entered: "(^aptain Snow, of the 
 i>ank Lai/raiifjf, saluted the body of a Siniseyan chief 
 who «lie(l of sn»all-j)ox, with five guns, and now he is 
 getting all the trade of the tribe — a contem[»til)le 
 Yankee trick." Twentv years previous to this entrv, 
 a fight occuncd between an American coasting vtssel 
 and the Chilcats, in which one hundred of the latter 
 were killed. When the Hudson's Bay people estab- 
 lished Fort Tako, th(! Chilcats treated them with 
 marked sus])icion. *'lt is rather too bad,' writis 
 Douglas in his journal, "to hold us responsible for 
 tlie sins of others, parti«'ularly of a peo[)lt! t«) whom 
 we are indebted for no intenhangt} of goocl oftices." 
 The natives early learned to distinguish tiie iviiig 
 (iieorg(^ Uieii from the Hostons, not by ilress, but by 
 features and ^ju'ecji, and to the no small disparage- 
 ment of tlu' latter. Xor <lid tlu^ JIudson's Hiij Com- 
 pany exi'rt themselves t(> promoti; good-fellowsiiip 
 between their dusky ])r<)(('(/('s and vVmerican traders, 
 ^'et J am very sure that no violent or unfair sfvjts 
 were ever t.iki'U by oflieers «>f the company to lid 
 themselves (»f interlopers. They would tell the na- 
 tives to beware of then», to have nothing to do with 
 tluMii, and that was all. 
 
 ThoU'di ri'adv on the instant to draw, the Hudson's 
 
JUST TREATMENT. 
 
 «9 
 
 urc lo 
 
 58, and 
 ,ny im- 
 (lin^ly 
 
 w»)uUl 
 CIS tle- 
 ent it. 
 us ami 
 
 oil tlio 
 •irt", ami 
 es were 
 
 M'ovem- 
 , of the 
 an chief 
 )W he is 
 'in\>tihU) 
 is entry, 
 itf vi'Hsel 
 »o latter 
 h> i>8tal)- 
 L>ni with 
 " writes 
 siltle for 
 t«) Nvh«)iu 
 otlices. 
 
 > Kiii'JC 
 hut hy 
 imraLye- 
 vj Co\n- 
 ll«»\vshil» 
 traileif*. 
 lir stol'H 
 y to rill 
 the na- 
 ) ilo with 
 
 IucIsuu'h 
 
 M 
 
 1 
 
 Bay Company were slow to use their weapons on the 
 natives. The punishment of insolence or other petty 
 oftenee was to knock the offender down, and the offi- 
 cers, irom governor to clerk, prided themselves on their 
 superior skill in the manly art. "However expert the 
 Indians may be at the knife, or the spear, or the gun," 
 says Simpson, " they arc invariably taken aback by a 
 white list on their noses." An offence was seldom 
 allowed to go unpunished, and the company were as 
 ready to do justice as to exact it. "It was a general 
 rule," says Tod, "to mete to the Indians justice. 
 They would bring sometimes two or three hundred 
 dollars' worth of furs ; they could not courit more than 
 ten. I would always try to make them count foi 
 themselves by explaining how to do it; but they 
 would always trust us to count " 
 
 It is a great nnstake to fling all aboriginal men and 
 women into one category and danni them as savages. 
 As elsewhere on this planet there are good Indiana 
 and bad Iiidians, honest men and tender-hearted 
 women, as well as thieves and murderers. I liave at 
 hand scores of remarkable instances illusti'ative of 
 the honesty and humanity of the natives of liritish 
 Co]und)ia. So reconciled to civilized supremacy did 
 they become under the just treatment wliich <hev i-e- 
 ceivi'd, that wherens at first, in this or other legit.ns, 
 white men could traverse the country only in l)ands 
 of thirty or forty, a single person belonging to tiie 
 all-])owerl'ul fur company, or havii»g its [uotection, 
 could ii(»w go and com(! at pleasui'e ;iny where in Urit- 
 ish Columbia, passing in safety thi'ough the lands of 
 .scores of triU's hostile to each other, as one whoso 
 life and luojuM'ty were things sacreij. 
 
 Their nohl(>r nature was easily worked upon; niany 
 of them would scorn to *lo things which white Chris- 
 tiJins jiractise on om; ant)ther without renuu'se of con- 
 science. They loved honor and power; Chinamen and 
 negroes they regarded with su|ireme contemi>t. I lalf- 
 breetls have not proved a suct-ess. 
 
 liur, Uui. Cut. 4 
 
(JE.VEHAL VIEW OF THE NORTHWEST COAST. 
 
 ,i'-H 
 
 The statement ot'aii intelligent ofKcer of the Hud- 
 son's Bay Conjjiuny, as to their |)()licy with regard to 
 the natives, may be better than mine. A. C. Ander- 
 son devott'S e«)nsi(h'ral)le space in his manuscript His- 
 tortj itf thr XortJiH'rsf dodxt to this fsuhject. The great 
 fur eompanit's of ]]i-itish .Vmerica, lu; says, owe their 
 success to the rigid discipline maintained amoiiuf their 
 servants, and the ex<'rcise of prudenci; and humanity 
 in their transactions with the natives. Olfences and 
 iiisurrections were ni|)ived in tlu^ hud hy such cool 
 audacity on the part of tlie sui)erior race, as to excite 
 at once a<lni!iation and fiar in the hrt'ast of the 
 savage. l*unislnnent of crimes was swift and .sure; 
 but it was inllictcd onjv on tlie guilt v. To miard 
 against surprise, almost all stations were suiinountod 
 by stockades, with armed bastion-; at the o[)[)osito 
 angles. Against <lesultory outbreaks these forts were 
 proof, but not agaii;st wi>ll organized attack; but by 
 holding the balan<*e of pitwcr among co'itending chiefs 
 the fur-traders were almost always able to prevent 
 formlilable attacks. Ander.son regards the missionary 
 operations among the aljorigines as no less injudicious 
 than unsuccessful. 
 
 Peace, therefori^, wo may conclude < haracterized 
 the intercoui-.se of the resilient fui'-traders with the 
 natives, and that IVic iidshii> was absolutely essential 
 to tralHc. An affac/id of the comi)any sutliciently 
 otfentling was dismissed the s»>i'vice; this the s:>\ages 
 knew, though it seldom happened. It was sometimes 
 exceedingly tlillicult, however, for the tradei* to pre- 
 serve his patience. The natives of New (\dedonia 
 were often uncouth ami rude, sur1\ . la/v, autl to 
 stran-^ers in small parties, insolent and (juarrelsome 
 Yet tluiv Were the gi'utle Shu^hwaps, tlu Jolly Car 
 riers, the knightly C'ayuses, and others witii like good 
 ^diti»>, whose li\es might pri'a«-h perpetual sernio.is 
 
 eon'^res.s«^>. of philosophers. There wei'e thefibjiy 
 
 mti 
 
 ■\ il :iud iaithrul Kontenais, the b)'a\.' .uhI 
 
 uliiU . ToihI dOreilles, aiid ihu lierce Nehaunes ab )Ve 
 
A TIIADK .TAUCOX. 
 
 Hud- 
 
 iir<l to 
 Liulor- 
 t 7//.S- 
 I great 
 3 their 
 r their 
 lumity 
 i>s and 
 ;h tool 
 I excite 
 of the 
 1 «ure; 
 guard 
 iounted 
 )i)i)(»site 
 ■ts were 
 l)ut hy 
 M- chiefs 
 prevent 
 •;sionary 
 uilieious 
 
 cterizod 
 iith the 
 
 ■ssontial 
 llii'icntly 
 
 sjvages 
 liiH'tiiues 
 
 lalcdonia 
 :»nil tt> 
 
 illy ( 'ar 
 l^c< got id 
 s. -nnojs 
 
 V tihliy 
 
 |iw anil 
 OS ab. >ve 
 
 'i 
 
 ^:^ 
 
 Stikccn, whose female chief rescued Mr Campbell in 
 the winter of 18:58-1), and treate«l hiiu with much 
 kindiu'ss. There was Xic(»la, chief of the Okanagans, 
 and ever the chanij)ion of the right; his neighbor, 
 King Wan(|uille, of the Shushwaps, patriarch an<l 
 philanthropist, and (»ld Kiiig Fi-eezy of the Songhics, 
 the last of a dynasty running down the ccjituries. 
 This last-named chieftian was u chiUJU'tcr. Indeed, all 
 Indian chiefs ai'e ntit.iMe men, else they would not be 
 ehiel's. King I'rei/y lii\ id (»bedienee, and commanded 
 it. lie l(»ved wives, ot which at one time he had no 
 less than fifteen, and lu; commanded them. It was 
 a favoriti' i)astiine of his to cut dlf a wife's head, and 
 (»ne in which he indulged so ol'ten, that in ISf)'.) In: 
 ha<l but six left. Jb; died in 1S(;4, and w;is duly 
 lamente«l by tlu; sorrowing survivors of the faithful 
 fifteen. 
 
 To facilitati^ communicatioji between lMir«»peans 
 and the native's of the Xnithwtst Coast, with their 
 ninnerous dialects, a trade language was adopted at 
 an early day, called the Chinook jargon, lu-ing for the 
 greater jiaii, a mixture oi' Chinook, Ficnch-Cana 
 dian, and Knglish words, wit' perhaps a tew additions 
 from the Hawaiian and Spanish languages. This 
 jargon varii-d somewhat with the various tribes, each 
 contiibuting ft»r local use some «»f the words of their 
 own language; but for the mo>t pail it was the 
 .same among all the tribes of a Nery wide area, and 
 was adopli (1 for geiiei'al nsf. not only U tween whitt-s 
 and Indians, but between tin- <litfer« nt tribes them- 
 selves. Of the aU»rigiiial languages the C'hinook was 
 taken as the ba^e, owing to the fact that tin; Chinooks 
 about the mouth of the Cohuubia were tho Hrst to 
 com(> into intimate and continuoiK l'iterc«'urse with 
 Mur«t| tan.s. After the building of Fori Astoria the 
 jargon ia]>idly spreail toward the east uud north. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 OCCUFATION OF THE DOMAIN. 
 1841. 
 
 AllORKilNAI. liltlTISlI Coi.UMHI.V— FoKTS AND Fi;R-TllAI>RR.S — SySTKM.S «)K 
 CtiMMI MCATIDN — ImIKKKM' ToWKIt OK Cl VII.IZA I KiN OVKll SAVACilSM- 
 
 Fru-iKAi)iN(i DisiUKTS — SiAiioNs— Mission All V and AtiRicuLTiriiAi. 
 Sk.iti.kmknts — Intkuiou Fours— Coast Stations— Tiik Bkitihii ank 
 THK Ri/HsiAX Frit CoMFA.N IKS— Tiik Himson's Bay Comi'Any'.s C'iiht- 
 latino Liiikaky — .Joint ()«;(n:i'AN('Y oK tiik Nouiiiwksi' Coast nv Eno- 
 
 LAND AND TIIK UnITKD StATKS— TiIK TkKATY UlVlDINU TIIK DoMAIN- 
 
 Tiik Nouiiiwkst Coasi- Immkdiaiki.v I'uioii to tiik Bkoinnino op 
 BitriTsii Coi.t'MiiiA llisrouY J'uorFi: N'isitok l)or<ii,ASTo tiik Skvkkal 
 
 I'osrs -NlTKA A.U>KtIIOLIN— (^1 AKKKI, IIKTWKKN IhHMJLAS AN 1) McNkII.I, 
 — tSl KVKY OK TIIK SlIKKKN AND TaKo HkhION - KkKEKKNCKS FOR TlllS 
 AND TIIK I'ltKCKDINC ClIAriKK. 
 
 
 Bkitish CoFJMiiiA ill 1841 was a silent wiltlcrnes!:'. 
 Its lords \\i'H' natural, healthful, and free, its wild 
 beasts, birds, uiid lislies wei'e multitudinous and fear- 
 less. Its f()rost-|>lunied hill-sides and its ravines whis- 
 pered ceaselessly their soft |»saln)ody; its plains and 
 
 transfixed billows bared their breasts to th 
 
 e cove 
 
 ted 
 
 war 
 
 inth oi' the all-enibracin<r sun; wliih; its sn 
 
 ow 
 
 silvered mountain-tops, < aeli a sava;;"o ( )lyinpiis, marked 
 the earth's limits to the dusky intellects within their 
 iinbrace, and shed a dazzlin^^' radiance over the liappy 
 liuiitin!L(-<,n()Unds of the Invisiblt^ Nature's perfect 
 
 work was 
 
 hen 
 
 abl 
 
 I'; inexorai)le as evervwhere; now warm 
 
 and kind and beautiful; a^ain cold, cruel, jLjhastly. 
 Yet tho nations of this domain were doomed; the 
 shelterin*:;' forests and the innumerable forms of life 
 that animated them were impregnated with tho poison 
 of progress; for already the subtle, unfelt clutel> 
 civilization was on the land. 
 
 Ol 
 
 I W ) 
 
INLAND XAVKiATIOX. 
 
 ^YSTKMS OK 
 SAVAliISM— 
 UU't'LTlIBAI. 
 lltiriHH ANI> 
 
 ^sv's ClIUl • 
 
 lAST I»Y EN«1- 
 K DOMAIN- 
 KtllNNINU OK 
 
 IIIK Skvkuai. 
 
 VNoMiNKU-I. 
 i;il8 rOR TUIH 
 
 iUlcrucsf. 
 
 ItH wiM 
 aiul i'eur- 
 iius whis- 
 >luinH uiul 
 m covctou 
 its st»«)W- 
 IS, uuu'Uia 
 Jiiii their 
 the liavvy . 
 j's piTtV'Ct. 
 now wan a 
 J, j^hastly. 
 mull; tl'i' 
 •ms of lit'' 
 
 thciH»is()ii 
 clutii> «>l 
 
 i 
 
 ■lit!. 
 
 
 Tlu'so littU! i>ickoti.'«l onclosuros appearing at inter- 
 vals of two or tliree hundred miles, like seeliided fox- 
 holes in boundless prairies — what arc they? To the 
 unenlightened vision of the thoughtless red man they 
 avc. magazines of celestial comforts, arms which give 
 the possessor superliuman pf-wer in war and in the 
 rhase; containing implements of iron and steel whose 
 cunning causes even nature to blush; woven wool which 
 wards off cold, dist ase, and death; glittering trinkets 
 whose wealth raises wrinkled imbecility ai)ove the 
 attractions of youth and talents; and above all, tobacco 
 and that blessed driiik of heaven which, indeed, can 
 minister to a mind diseased, while ])lacing the body for 
 a time lu^yond tlie reach of jiain. To their builders, and 
 to the white race everywhere, these solitary and con- 
 tracted pens have a far diflerent signification. They 
 are depots of compressed ]>ower, dominating the land 
 and all that is therein; they are genns of the liigliest 
 human typi', wliich shall shortly spring uj) and over- 
 spread the wiklerness, causing it to witiier beneath its 
 latal shade. 
 
 The svstem of connnunication bctweiii Montreal 
 and Hudson ])ny and the tributaries of the Arctic^ 
 and the Pacific was (juite complete Along the main 
 livers, along the links of watirs, where lakes and 
 streams suiceeik'd i-ach other so as to form a contiim- 
 ous line of travil, havlnn; the gicatest anumnt of navi- 
 gablt! waters with the shortest portiiges and the k-ast 
 possibk' amount of land travel, w»re chains of posts 
 with tuUjiosts, subordinate establisjinients or feedeis 
 on either side on all the minor streams, and in local- 
 ities t)lf the main chains wlu>re\ cr peltries were to bo 
 profitably purchased. Twice every year over all these 
 lines of connnunication passed regular brigadi-s or ex- 
 presses bringing into the central jtosts the furs on 
 hand, and carrying back fort supplies and trading 
 go«)ds. The Cohnnbia liiver and the Saskatchewan 
 with its two branches, and tlu; chain of lakes to the 
 
 ( W ) 
 
M 
 
 OlCUrATION OF TIIK DOMAIN. 
 
 eastward, Imvo evin* been the artories of travel in the 
 Hudson's liny (^()iii|)aiiy'.s t<!rrit()ries. 
 
 (^aiKK'H and liorscs wt.TO oliu'f amon<^" the aids of 
 trans{»ortation, \Vh«ii tlu!so failed, the backs of voy- 
 a^ifi'urs and natives were eni[)l()yed. Sometimes in 
 winter the ubiquitous fur-buyers llitted hither and 
 thitlier on shnls and snow-shoes, often finding the'.n- 
 s('lv(!s amon<jf the tree-tops forty feet from solid ground. 
 And most fortunate were they if they eouKl hold to 
 their eourso, avoid precipitous banks and chasms, and 
 ke(!p themselves above the sut)W instead of being 
 buried under it. 
 
 f: 
 
 Where shuH wi; soo more forcibly displayed the 
 power of trnini (1 and enlightened intellect over the 
 uncultivated mind and l)estialityl S(;attered in small 
 bands over jui area i-cjual to one half of Xorth Amer- 
 ica, in tlm midst of ferocious savaires outnund>erin<> 
 them a thousand to one, these few individual white 
 men luld .ibsolute sway; having first brought tlieir 
 own |i:isslt)iis under obedience to mind, they iinjjosed 
 obi'dienct! u})on the passions of these wild and l;i\vl(;ss 
 inliabitants of tiie forest. This living and laboring in 
 savaii^e countries was attended bv many danu^eis and 
 p(!culiari ties which lu-came as asecontl naturt* to these 
 hardy and coura<>eous men. Nor wis the influence 
 idtog(>tli(!r that of civili/ation u[)on savngism. To no 
 small exttint tiie traders and vovJi'^eurs bi'came so far 
 imbued with nature as to marry aborigines and adopt 
 many primitive cus<oms. Kven the Oregon ;>» ttlci-s of 
 IS.'{|-4 became half-savjigc in sonu; of their ways; the 
 womi'n, for (>xamph', l>eing unable to procure cloth for 
 dress(>s, adopted the vidiquarkc, or cedai'-bark petti- 
 coat of the natives, the fibres being twisted into cords, 
 or frayed from the waist to the knees. This with 
 a piece of gr(M'n or scarlet bai/.c; ovir the shoulders 
 <;om[)leted the ci)stume. The nun were glad to get a 
 shirt, with sometimes a bhudcet. The servants of 
 the fur companies vvere always comfortably clad, the 
 
 ■m 
 
GENERAL DIVISIONS, 
 
 S5 
 
 aids of 
 of voy- 
 nu'rt in 
 ler and 
 f tho'.n- 
 »rn)un<l. 
 hold to 
 
 tyod tlio 
 owv tlu' 
 i in small 
 U Anu'V- 
 miilunn.!; 
 Lial wliiti" 
 
 rrlit tlu'ir 
 
 f iuiposod 
 1(1 liiwUi^^ 
 Iturini; in 
 iM(>rs anil 
 to ibcso 
 inlluoncr 
 I. To no 
 lino so far 
 ;iii(l ado[)l 
 ;,,-tllors of 
 ways; llio 
 i flolli for 
 •urk poiti- 
 liiito c'ordb, 
 This with 
 shoulders 
 ,d to ;-!,'*'t a 
 jrvants of 
 tlad, the 
 
 capote, or hooded cloak, being conspicuous. A uni- 
 form was worn at first, but afterward was laid aside. 
 
 In domestic economies, even in personal bearing 
 and mode of speech, the traders copied largi'ly, tliouf'h 
 evidently unconsciou.sly, from their aboriginal i'riends. 
 Like the Indians, the fur-traders were remarkable 
 for graphic diction whenever their habitual reticence 
 allowed their oral |)owers lull play. Now and then 
 a fur-governor from beyond the mountains illumined 
 nature by his presence, on which occasion traders 
 everywhere were tremulous with excitement, and the 
 denizens of the forest spellbound as the; mighty man 
 passed by. 
 
 On the consolidation of the Northwest and Hudson's 
 Bay companies in 1821 the uj)per interior was known 
 to the fur-traders as the Columbia tlistiict. Three 
 years later we iind Archibald Macdonald, then clerk of 
 one of the Thomi)sou Jviverposts, drawing a ma[)," with 
 much detail and wonderful <(nTection," as his editor, 
 McLeod .says, in which the territory between the 
 Columbia Kiver and the Arctic Ocean was laid down 
 as the Thomjtson River district. Soon after, and 
 while yet tlm whole region north of California was 
 generally designattjcl as the Oregon territory, the 
 >rew Caledonia district was ])ortioned off in tlie in- 
 terior, and on the coast we find, following the I'ancy of 
 Vancouver, and beginning at Mount St Elias, New 
 Norfolk, Now Cornwall, New Hanover, New ( Jeor- 
 l^ia, and Now Albion, the last named reaching down 
 to San Francisco IJay. New Georgia lay between 
 Nootka Sound and the mouth of the Columbia 
 River, and New Hanover next above to Queen Char- 
 lotte Island. 
 
 In early times all the country north of California, 
 all the region drained by the "Uiver of the West, as 
 well as the seaboard was called Oregon. It was then 
 a mystic land, a region of weird imagery and i'able. 
 In the spring of 18;{:» there was not a single United 
 
 Stat 
 
 .es settler in all the Oregon territory. It was 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
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 2.8 
 
 Sim 
 
 1= 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.4 IIIIII.6 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WK T MAIN STRISY 
 
 WIBSTER.N /. 14380 
 
 (716) e,tr4503 
 
4i^ 
 
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 ^ 
 
 <> 
 
m 
 
 OCCUPATION OF THE DOMAIN. 
 
 during this year that American emigration to 
 Oregon began. Certain French-Canadian famiUes, 
 formerly servants or retainers of the Hudson's Bay 
 Company, with the fatherly advice and assistance of 
 John McLoughlin, had previously opened ftirms in the 
 rich valley of the Willamette and on the banks of the 
 Columbia. It was the French who were first in 
 Oregon, who had been first in the Mississippi Valley, 
 who had been foremost in Canada, and who at one 
 time had dominated four fifths of North America; 
 it was the humble descendants of this cliivalrous race 
 who first opened for cultivation these lands primeval, 
 and paved the way for the harder-headed Anglo- 
 Saxon. 
 
 On Twiss' map, London, 184G, Oregon extends 
 from latitude 42° to 54° 40' west of the Hocky Moun- 
 tains. It includes the Queen Charlotte and Van- 
 couver islands, and all the mainland drained by the 
 Fraser and Columbia rivers. McKinlay divides the 
 country west of the Rocky Mountains into two dis- 
 tricts : the Columbia, extending to Utah and California; 
 and New Caledonia, reaching from Thompson River 
 to the Russian possessions. Were this ever officially 
 the case, such partition did not so remain long before 
 the territory ,vas redistricted. Says Anderson : " The 
 extent of New Caledonia may be briefly indicated as 
 comprising the tract watered by the Fraser and its 
 tributaries from the Rocky Mountains and Coast 
 Range down to the point about twenty miles below 
 Alexandria, now known as Soda Creek." Then comes 
 the Thompson River district. Vancouver's territorial 
 nomenclature was never put into practical use, nor 
 were the fur company's districtings officially retained 
 after the erection of British Columbia into a province. 
 British Columbia to-day embraces broadly all lands 
 and islands west of the summit of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains lying between Washington and Alaska. 
 
 In 1839 the Willamette settlement, begun ten years 
 previous by a retired servant of the Hudson's Bay 
 
THE VARIOUS POSTS. 
 
 m 
 
 d its 
 
 Coast 
 
 Dclow 
 
 comes 
 
 Itorial 
 
 nor 
 
 ained 
 vince. 
 
 lands 
 ^oun- 
 
 yoars 
 Bay 
 
 Company, numbered fifty-four men, and about as 
 many farms. There were four other stations of Amer- 
 ican missionaries, one at the Dalles, one at Walla 
 Walla, one on the Clearwater, and one at Spokane. 
 Five vessels performed the coast service, Paul Fraser 
 was in charge of the Hudson's Bay Company's estab- 
 lishment at Umpqua when the influx of Americans 
 was so great as materially to jeopardize the interests 
 of the fur-traders in that quarter • 
 
 Upon a continental apex not unlike that in the 
 vicinity of the national park which separates the 
 waters of the Missouri, the Columbia, and the Colo- 
 rado, stood Fort St James, the capital of this west- 
 ern Caledonia. Old Mr Harrison once commanded 
 there, and so did young James Douglas before honors 
 and titles thickened around him. 
 
 Its site was the south-eastern end of Stuart Lake, 
 and it was the central figure of a cluster of forts. 
 Twenty-five miles south-westerly was Fort Fraser; 
 sixty miles south-easterly was Fort George; eighty 
 miles north-easterly was Fort McLeod, and one hun- 
 dred miles north -westerly was Fort Babine. South- 
 ward from this highland flow the waters of the 
 Fraser; northward and westward the Skeena; north- 
 ward and eastward Peace River winding through the 
 Rocky Mountains and thence onward to the frozen 
 ocean. 
 
 Later for a time in charge of the New Caledonia 
 department, was Chief Factor Ogdcn, whose head- 
 quarters were at Fort St James on Stuart Lake. 
 On Lakes Fraser, Babine, and McLeod were forts of 
 the same names. Fort Thompson was on the Kani- 
 loops River; and from Fort Alexandria on Fraser 
 River, the station of a chief trader*, the northern 
 brigade took its departure going north. At McLeod 
 Fort, where the genial wide-mouthed Tod used to 
 welcome governors to an empty larder, was one of 
 the most prolific fur-fields. Before Tod at this post 
 was Peter Warren Dease, and after Tod was Mr Mc- 
 
m 
 
 OCCUPATION OF THE DOMAIN. 
 
 I 
 
 Intosh, subsequently shot by the savages. The post 
 at Babine was built by Chief Trader Brown in 182G-7. 
 In charge of Fort Langley was Yale; Rae was at 
 Yerba Buena, and Simpson at the Hawaiian Island 
 agency Wilkes counted "six permanent establish- 
 ments on the coast and sixteen in the interior, besides 
 several migratory and hunting parties." 
 
 Kootenai and Flathead were outposts of Colville, 
 and yielded annually forty packs of peltries; Chilco- 
 tin sent in four packs, and Alexandria from twenty to 
 thirty packs. Fort St James was a profitable station, 
 sending down yearly furs worth in London £50,000, 
 if we may believe Wilkes, which I for one do not, 
 especially when coupled with the statement that only 
 twenty -five cents iu goods was there paid for a beaver- 
 skin worth at Fort Vancouver ten times that sum. 
 It was only one year prior to the date of this chapter 
 that Samuel Black, while in charge of Kamloops, 
 was killed by a nephew of Wanquille. Some few of 
 the company's posts, like the missionary establish- 
 ments of California, became subsequently the nuclei 
 of little settlements, particularly those in gold-pro- 
 ducing parts. 
 
 Every year the chief factor or chief trader having 
 charge of a district would go to Fort Vancouver and 
 thence conduct a brigade of supplies to his distribut- 
 ing depot, employing for that purpose boats, men, and 
 horses according to the nature of the region traversed. 
 From Fort Vancouver to Fort St James, for example, 
 the transport was made by boats to Okanagan, and 
 thence to Kamlooj) and Fort Alexandria by horses, 
 in bands of from two hundred to three hundred. 
 From Fort Alexandria to Fort St James merchandise 
 was conveyed in canoes. 
 
 It was a hazardous occupation, as I have said, a 
 large amount of imperfectly guarded ])roperty being 
 constantly exposed to the cupidity of the savages, to 
 sa}^ nothing of tlie dangers of navigation. The port- 
 ages made arduous the voyage up the Columbia, and 
 
ROUTES OF TRAVEL 
 
 69 
 
 the land travel between Okanagan and Kamloop was 
 particularly rough. The distance from Fort Van- 
 couver to Kamloop, following the sinuosities of rivers 
 and trails, was seven or eight hundred miles, though 
 supplies wore carried in this direction more than twice 
 that distance. 
 
 Kamloop was the capital of the Thompson River 
 district proper. The fort was compact and well pal- 
 isaded ; and within the stockades, standing at a little 
 distance, there was room enough for the largest horse 
 brigades together with their accoutrements. 
 
 To the eye of the inhabitant of these lonely wilds, 
 whether white skm or red, the arri\al of the horse 
 brigade was a thrilling sight. Through the deep 
 ravines, round precipitous mountain-sides, and over 
 hills and plains they had come; sleek, fat animals, 
 usually perfect in form and color, bearing the burdens 
 which had been carefully brought so far, from beyond 
 continents and seas, and all to be laid at the feet of 
 the lordly savage. 
 
 The stations on the coast were Fort Langley and 
 Fort Simpson, the former the first sea fort iu British 
 Columbia, the latter tremblingly erected among some 
 of the wickedest savages upon the coast. Then there 
 were Fort McLoughlin on Milbank Sound, and Fort 
 Tako on the Take River, Yet, so well was the mat- 
 ter arranged, that a footing was obtained without 
 fighting for it, and an almost impregnable fortress was 
 erected. By the aid of these two establishments, 
 wliich were regularly served from Fort Vancouver, 
 first by the schooner Cadhoro, Captain Simpson, and 
 subsequently by the steamer Jkaver, the indomitabk! 
 More engineer, American opposition was finally driven 
 from the coast. 
 
 Plying the wilderness of water between forts Van- 
 couver and Tako, sometimes venturing boldly out to 
 sea, sometimes creeping more prudently through the 
 labyrinth of islands and canals between Nisqually and 
 Sitka, these historical craft of the Northwest Coast 
 
^ 
 
 OCCUPATION OF THE DOMAIN. 
 
 i 
 
 n 
 
 ; 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 ': 1 
 
 1 
 
 I i 
 
 i'' 
 
 1 1 
 
 III 
 
 
 1 
 
 ^ t 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 ' ■ 
 
 ! 
 
 
 1 ; > 
 
 i' 
 
 
 ! 
 
 '1 
 ii 
 
 ii 
 
 i 
 
 i! 
 
 came and went, playing no insignificant part in the 
 u^reat work of human overturnings hereabout. 
 
 At first a few goods had been brought over the 
 mountains from eastern ports. But so difficult and ex- 
 ]iensive was this mode of transport that it was soon 
 abandoned, and all supplies for the western slope 
 wore brought from England to Fort Vancouver round 
 Cape Horn. The coast trade was confined to the 
 coast tribes, and had nothing to do with the inland 
 trade conducted by the old route from Fort Vancou- 
 ver up the Columbia to Okanagan, Kamloop, and 
 Fort St James. Communication with the coast ports 
 was had at first by schooners sailing regularly from 
 Fort Vancouver, and subsequently by the company's 
 steamers. This coast trade was at the first not profit- 
 able, but was persevered in for many years at a heavy 
 loss, in order to clear the shore forever of Boston ships 
 and Boston men. 
 
 Between these two lines of traffic intervened the 
 Cascade Range, an obstacle to fi'ec commercial intei- 
 course which, might have been overcome by the com- 
 pany had they chosen to do so. But this partition 
 wall was not without its benefit, separating as it did 
 interior tribes from the influence and opposition of 
 foreign traders along the coast. 
 
 Prior to the discovery of gold in California, which 
 raised no small connnotion throughout all the Colum- 
 bia and New Caledonia regions, John Lee Lewes, 
 conspicuous among all the officers of the company for 
 dashing dress, held conunand at Fort Colville. He 
 was succeeded in 1848 by Alexander C. Anderson. 
 Besides fine personal appearance, Lewes possessed 
 many g(^od qualities. Indeed, since Northwest rivalry 
 had so sharpened wit, the service enforced the ap- 
 pointment only of able and energetic men. Where 
 strength of mind and body were so essentially requi- 
 site, favoritism went for less than it did formerly 
 
FARMS ESTABLISHED. 
 
 61 
 
 In my History of the Northwest Coast I have stated 
 that in the lease of a portion of the Russian territory 
 to the Hudson's Bay Company for a term of ten years 
 from 1809, afterward increased several years more, 
 it was stipulated that during such occupation the 
 Russian American Fur Company should purchase all 
 their European goods from the Hudson's Bay Com- 
 pany, who, also, alone were to supply such agricul- 
 tural products as the several Russian posts and vessels 
 should require. 
 
 Now the Russians were hearty eaters, and not 
 over-fond of work. Exercise sufficient for an appetite 
 they could get by beating their poor seal-hunters, the 
 Aleuts and Koniagas, who likewise grew hungry 
 under the process. Even these latter raised little or 
 no produce. But whence were to come the fruits of 
 the soil upon which the Hudson's Bay Company had 
 promised to feed them? Some little planting had 
 been done at Colville, Fort Vancouver, and the Willa- 
 mette and Cowlitz valleys, but barely sufficient for the 
 company's own requirements. The British fur-hunters 
 were but little more inclined to agriculture than were 
 the Russian traders. There were these points of 
 difference, however, between the two : the former had 
 suitable soil and climate with enterprise and thrift 
 to exercise upon it, all which the latter lacked. At 
 all events, before making their bargain, they wero 
 supposed to have sufficiently weighed results, and 
 would in due time furnish the provisions agreed upon. 
 Some they could get from California, some from the 
 Hawaiian Islands; but such in the main was not 
 their purpose. They preferred to develop home 
 resources. 
 
 To tliis end the management determined to open 
 other farms upon the banks of the Columbia, and in 
 the rich Willamette Valley; for which purpose, during 
 the same year of 1839, English and Scotch farmers 
 were brought from Canada across the mountains, and 
 placed in the several most favorable parts of the 
 
62 
 
 OCCUPATION OF THE DOMAIN. 
 
 
 m 
 
 country. Likewise French Canadians and half-breeds 
 retiring from the service of the company were encour- 
 aged to settle upon lands, the best of wJiich were to 
 be had without asking, and become tillers of the soil. 
 
 In the vicinity of Fort Vancouver, and else- 
 where, the areas of agriculture were soon greatly 
 enlarged, and grist-mills erected for making the 
 several grades of flour required for tho Russian 
 American trade. More sheep and cattle were being 
 driven up from California, and the Sandwich Islands 
 swine were permitted rapidly to increase. The plains 
 near Fort Nisqually were turned into sheep and 
 cattle ranges, and the Puget Sound Agricultural 
 Company was inaugurated. Hence it was not long 
 before wheat, flour, butter, pork, and other articles 
 in no considerable quantities were ready for shipment 
 to the Russian posts, not alone of the American, but 
 of the Asiatic coast, and four barks of eight hun- 
 dred tons each were built in London for the exporta- 
 tion of Hudson's Bay Company's produce. 
 
 Lieutenants Warre and Vavasour report: "At Nis- 
 qually, near the head of Puget Sound, is the farm of 
 the Puget Sound Company, commenced in 1839, and 
 supported chiefly by the gentlemen of the Hudson's 
 Bay Company. They here cultivate wheat and pota- 
 toes, etc., but the magnificent range of rich prairie 
 country between the shores of Puget Sound and the 
 Cascade Mountains to the east are chiefly used as 
 pasturage for the immense herds of cattle and sheep, 
 the greater number of which were brought from Cali- 
 fornia in 1840-1." Operations here were under the 
 management of W. F. Tolmie for the Puget Sound 
 Agricultural Company, an off*shoot of the Hudson's 
 Bay Company. Anderson and Niell did the honors 
 at this post upon the occasion of the visit of the 
 United States exploring squadron in 18-41. It was 
 then in the full beauty of growing fields and well-kept 
 gardens, with a fine dairy attached. 
 
 Crops were raised by the company at Fort Van- 
 
A CIRCULATING LIBRARY. 
 
 6S 
 
 cour- 
 ;re to 
 3 soil, 
 else- 
 reatly 
 r the 
 ussian 
 being 
 slanda 
 plains 
 p and 
 Liltural 
 )t long 
 irticles 
 ipment 
 an, but 
 it hun- 
 xporta- 
 
 b Nis- 
 tarm of 
 39, and 
 dson's 
 pota- 
 prairie 
 nd the 
 ised as 
 sheep, 
 m. Cali- 
 ler the 
 Sound 
 udson's 
 honors 
 of the 
 1 It was 
 bll-kept 
 
 couver until 1850, but after 184G the farms declined, 
 and the Russian Company contracts, which, prior to 
 that time had been filled from Fort Vancouver, wer(> 
 afterward shipped from Oregon City and Champoeg, 
 the necessary produce being obtained by purchase. 
 
 W. F. Tolmie states that he first met Mr Ander- 
 son at Milbank Sound in December 1833, where he 
 replaced Anderson as clerk. There, in connection 
 with Chief Trader Donald Manson, he *• conceived the 
 idea of establishing a circulating library among the 
 officers of the company. Anderson, on readiing Fort 
 Vancouver, ventilated the matter. It was readily 
 taken up by Dr McLoughlin and Mr Douglas. A sub- 
 scription library was formed which did much good foi" 
 about ten years, soon after which time it was broken 
 up. The officers subscribed, sent the order for books 
 and periodicals to the company's agent in London ; the 
 books were sent out, and as everybody had subscribed, 
 they were sent to all the forts throughout the length 
 and breadth of the land. The library was kept at Fort 
 Vancouver, subscribers sending for such books as they 
 wanted, and returning them when read. Finally the 
 books were divided among such, of the subscribers as 
 cured about having them. The Hudson's Bay Com- 
 pany, by their ships, sent out the Times and other lead- 
 ing papers for circulation. This was the first circulating 
 library on the Pacific Slope, extending from 1833 to 
 1843." 
 
 It should be borne in mind that the territory west 
 of th(? Rocky Mountains and north of California was 
 at this time Jicld by agreement in joint occupancy by 
 Great Britain and the United States. That the par- 
 tition line must be drawn somewhere and shortly was 
 well understood. Some little ill-will had boon engen- 
 dered between the subjects and citizens of the two 
 powers thus brought into anomalous contact. Both 
 sides claimed a riglist to occupy the territory, thougli 
 
64 
 
 OCCUPATION OF THE DOMAIN. 
 
 
 neither knew mucli about it It was bad blood onl} 
 that was stirred ; it was ignorance and stupidity only 
 that became blatant. When the not most reliable or 
 refined element in the United States, poverty-stricken, 
 with barefooted and bareheaded wives and children, 
 and teams of bony oxen and empty wagons straggled 
 through the mountains, the officers of the Hudson's 
 Bay Company behaved most nobly. They fully be- 
 lieved their right to the territory as good as that of 
 the others. Though holding under the stipulated terms 
 of joint occupancy, their domination in these parts had 
 been from the beginning absolute and continuous. 
 They inherited from the Northwest Company, who 
 bought from the Pacific Company, which latter was 
 supposed to be an American incorporation, though 
 made up almost wholly of foreigners. Between the 
 shock-headed, dirt-becoated, tobacco -spitting, and 
 swearing ox-drivers from the United States border 
 and the educated and punctilious business men of the 
 fur monopoly there was a marked contrast, and the 
 latter, I say, behaved nobly. 
 
 There was much in this immigration to exasperate 
 them. The interlopers, as from their standpoint they 
 could but regard them, had come to spoil their trade, 
 to drive away the game, to demoralize the natives, and 
 to take the land for cultivation. Even if they did not 
 so declare, such would be the inevitable effect. And yet 
 they were kindly treated, and fed and clothed, as we 
 have many times seen in the pursuance of this history. 
 And I hold it churlish in any American, or in any 
 man, to deny McLoughlin, Douglas, Work, and Og- 
 den, and all the rest of these fearless, warm-hearted, 
 open-handed, and clear-headed Scotch, Irish, and Eng- 
 lish men, their full meed of praise. It is not a ques- 
 tion tliat turns upon the relative merits and demerits 
 of the nations; such discussion I leave entirely to 
 the stump-orators and long-eared logicians on either 
 side. I deal only with men; and it matters not one 
 whit with me the accidents of color, creed, or country. 
 
FUll-HUNTEUS AND SETTLERS. 
 
 CS 
 
 L onl} 
 r only 
 ble or 
 icken, 
 ildrcn, 
 aggled 
 idson s 
 illy be- 
 that of 
 d terms 
 rts had 
 :,muous. 
 ly, who 
 ■ter was 
 though 
 een the 
 [ig, and 
 \ border 
 sn of the 
 and the 
 
 The representatives of the two nationalities, thus 
 meeting in oppugnant interests in the new Nortli- 
 west, were of totally different classes, and in review- 
 ing their character, they cannot be justly placed upon 
 tlie same plane. Among the self-sacrificing i)ioncors 
 of the Pacific tliere Avere many intelligent, high- 
 minded, and honorable men and devoted women, who, 
 it is scarcely necessary for mo to say to the reader 
 of the previous volumes of this history, arc worthy of 
 every honor, every gratitude that history and pos- 
 terity can give. Yet none of us can deny that among 
 the emigrants were ignorant and ill-mannered men 
 and slatternly women, who in their attitude and deal- 
 ings compared unfavorably with first-class business 
 men trained to strict accountability from boyhood. 
 
 Says my friend Elwood Evans, ever ready enough 
 to do battle for his country: "It was a motley settle- 
 ment, indeed, if we consider the caste to which each 
 settler belonged, or the influence which brought him 
 thither. There were the Hudson's Bay Company 
 and its retainers, holding almost exclusive possessic n 
 of the country, insidiously retarding and discouraging^ 
 American settlement, and destroying by its policy of 
 trade every American enterprise. Here, too, were 
 the discharged or retired servants of the company, 
 located in the country by its permission, and over 
 whom it yet exercised controlling influence, men of 
 every variety of color and nationality. Here and 
 there were Americans who had dropped out of and 
 remained behmd the various companies and expedi- 
 tions which had been crushed out or supplanted by 
 the great monopol}' of trade enjoyed by the Hudson's 
 Bay Company, of necessity entertaining no very kind 
 feeling toward the company, nor friendship for its 
 studied and persistent attempts to convert Oregon 
 into a British province. Thsn came the missionary 
 colonies with denominational castes, each imbued with 
 a loading principle, true to themselves, yet zealous to 
 outvie in evidences of successful labor tlieir rivals in 
 
 llisr. Brit. (^or,. 5 
 
60 
 
 OCCUPATION OF THK DOMAIN. 
 
 |i 
 
 similar services; soon after whom, and last of all, fol- 
 lowed the American emigrants proper, men, women, 
 and children, seeking homes for themselves and their 
 posterity, each in proper person asserting faith in the 
 American title to Oregon, and prepared to struggle 
 against every effort and influence which would wrest 
 the country from the United States. Such was the 
 Oregon of that period, and it is difficult, indeed, out 
 of these heterogeneous elements, each having its own 
 peculiar history, to present an intelligible and intelli- 
 gent view of affairs." 
 
 The treaty of 1846, which drew the dividing line 
 between American and British territory on the Pa- 
 cific, befitting in my mind the history of Oregon 
 rather than the history of Britisli Columbia, has been 
 fully analyzed in a previous volume. Its effect upon 
 the interests of United States settlers was primary 
 and immediate; its effect on the fur-traders was to 
 remove their operations farther to the northward. 
 Nor should the fact be lost sight of in any discussion 
 of the differences arising between the fur-traders and 
 the settlers, that the Hudson's Bay Company was by 
 no means a free and full representation of the British 
 nation. They were simply an incorporated commer- 
 cial association, acting for themselves, solely in their 
 own pecuniary interests, and were a, deadly opposed 
 to opposition from people of their own nationality as 
 from those of any other nation. 
 
 1 cannot do better, in concluding this general view 
 of the Northwest Coast at the beginning of British 
 Columbia history proper, than to give a resume of 
 the doings of James Douglas immediately antecedent 
 to the opening of operations on Vancouver Island ; 
 that gentleman being then not only foremost in north- 
 coast fur affairs, but rapidly rising to sole rulership 
 in the commercial and political interests of Pacific 
 British America. The information here given is epit- 
 omized from his journals of 1840-1. 
 
DOUGLAS* JOURNAL. 
 
 07 
 
 Leaving Fort "Vancouver the 22(1 of April 1840, 
 Douglas passed round by the Cowlitz to Nisqually, 
 where he learned of the total destruction of Fort 
 Langley by fire. The object of the present expedi- 
 tion was the occupation of the Stikcen post, lately 
 leased from the Russians, and the building of another 
 establishment on the Tako River, also within Russian 
 territory. 
 
 The destruction of Langley at this juncture was 
 ill-timed and inconvenient, depending as they were on 
 that post for salt provisions, which it was now too 
 late to obtain from any other source. The lessors of 
 the hyperborean domains, therefore, must depend 
 alone upon the ravens of their religion, as they had 
 often done elsewhere, to feed them. Douglas could 
 but remark in passing on the early depopulati : of 
 the Cowlitz country, for of the once numerous in- 
 habitants thern ]\o\y remained but sixty men. H.) 
 attributes the cause to ague and the mysterious ways 
 of proviJ' ace. 
 
 The first ague summer, says Plomondo, one of the 
 first to settle there, was in 1830, when "the living 
 sufficed not to bury their dead, but fled in terror to 
 the sea-coast, abandoning the dead and dying to the 
 birds and beasts of prey. Every village presented a 
 scene harrowing to the feelings; the canoes were there 
 drawn up upon the beach, the nets extended on the 
 willow boughs to dry, the very dogs appeared as ever 
 watchful, but there was not heard the cheerful sound 
 of the human voice. The green woods, the music of 
 birds, the busy humming of the insect tribes, the 
 bright summer sky, spoke of life and happiness, while 
 the abode of man was silent as the grave, and like it 
 filled with putrid, festering carcasses." All hail, sweet 
 sympathizing friends; providence, civilization, and the 
 ague await your coming to reap alike rich harvests in 
 the more virgin north. 
 
 Proceeding from Nisqually in the steamv.'»' to Lang- 
 ley, Douglas there found Yale busy erecting a new 
 
w 
 
 08 
 
 OCCUPATION OF THE DOMAIN. 
 
 stockade. Twenty men from the steamer were loaned 
 tlie fort-builders for a short time; after which tlie 
 vessel continued its war . takinu' in wood and water at 
 the north end of Tejada Island, buying Hfty beaver- 
 skins from the saucy natives of t])e Conmx village off 
 Point Mudge, who were yet unreclaimed by Chris- 
 tianity and undisciplined by civilized ague, and an- 
 choring in McNeill Harbor on the 8th of Ma3^ 
 
 Opening trade with the Quackolls from Cheslakee, 
 twenty sea-otter and seventy beaver were bought. 
 Continuing, a few skins were traded at Port Bull; 
 500 bushels of potatoes, 500 pieces of cedar bark, and 
 thirty cords of wood were taken on board at Fort 
 McLoughlin, and on the 14th Fort Simpson was 
 reached. Thence by way of Stikeen, Douglas went 
 to Sitka and talked with Etholin, the Russian gov- 
 ernor, about their territorial bounds and trade, which 
 questions were satisfactorily settled. Each might 
 buy provisions anywhere, but furs only within their 
 own territory. A tariff' was agreed upon for the 
 Indian traffic, and some furs were exchanged between 
 themselves. Permission was granted the Hudson's 
 Bay Company to buy sheep at Bodega provided the 
 sanction of the California authorities could be obtained, 
 but not otherwise. The Russians offered to sell Bo- 
 dega for $30,000, with 1,500 sheep at one and a half 
 dollars cash, and 3,000 cattle and horses at ten dollars 
 each. Etholin had sugar enough to last him four 
 years, but he would take some blankets, and agree to 
 furnish two hundred pairs of Finland slioes at five 
 shillings each. Douglas offered to grind part of their 
 wheat into fine flour, but Etholin replied that his 
 people did not use much fine flour. The question of 
 selhng arms and alcohol to savages was opened and 
 closed without effecting anything; the Sitka people 
 did so love liquor, and arms were essential to success- 
 ful hunting. As to next year's supply of provisions, 
 the Russians would want one hundredweiglit of but- 
 ter; if they did not sell Bodega, they could there cure 
 
DOUGLAS AND ETHOLIN. 
 
 all the beef they would require , they would receive 
 <;rain in California if the Hudson's Bay Company 
 would pay the freight to Sitka. 
 
 Thus these dignitaries dickered, each holding the 
 otlier's business methods in contempt. Douglas here 
 growls over several pages. The two Kussian estab- 
 lishments visited by him were crowded with lazy 
 and idle officers and men. It was bad, the appoint- 
 ing of naval officers to the command, who know 
 nothing of the service ; it was bad having officers 
 Avholly uncpialificd for business undertakings, wliose 
 t(;rm of service was only five years, and who drew ]iay 
 from both the government and the fur company. Fif- 
 teen vessels wei'e kept constantly alloat in the Rus- 
 sian service, and six thousand dollars were expended 
 annually for provisions. The seal islands were not so 
 l)r(tductive as formerlv, and thev were now obliiifed to 
 pursue a course of mirsing, <)nl3' fifteen thousand of 
 the superfluous young males being now allowed to Ijo 
 killed annually. Twenty-five tliousand beaver and 
 otter were traded each year, at a ncit profit not to ex- 
 <'eed twenty per cent on the capital employed. Their 
 furs were mostly exchanged on the China frontier ftr 
 teas, at the rate of seventy-five roubkss, or fifteen dol- 
 lars, for otter, and fifteen roubles for beaver. In all 
 which Douglas doubtless was right. 
 
 Returning to Stikeen, a misunderstanding arose 
 between Douglas, conunander of the i^x})edition, and 
 McNeill, ca[)tain of the steamer, a brief account of 
 which will best illustrate the nuitual relations and 
 duties of these officials in the company's service. 
 
 The hours of labor were from six to six. Jn taking 
 on wootl, Saturday, the 'M)t\\ of May, Douglas, being 
 anxious to expedite afiairs, ordered work continu(Hl 
 until nine o'clock at niglit. The captain disliked to 
 drive the men so hard,, lest they should coni[)lain, 
 and reasonably, as it was against the rules of the 
 ship. Prayers were held on Sunday between one and 
 two, and after further resting until four, Douglas 
 
■il' ; ii: 
 
 70 
 
 OCCUPATION OF THE DOMAIN. 
 
 ordered the wooding to proceed, the captain remain- 
 ing as] lore all day in an ill humor. Next morning 
 McN( ill was more angry than ever, and on encoun- 
 tering Douglas in the cabin, addressed him in an agi- 
 tated manner. 
 
 "Mr Douglas, if you interfere with the duties of 
 the ship, I will lca\ - her as soon as we get to Fort 
 Simpson." 
 
 "In what instance sir have I interfered with the 
 ship's duties?" 
 
 "In various ways." 
 
 "You would oblige me, sir, by more explicit infor- 
 mation. It was certainly never m}' intention to do 
 anything on board this ship to diminish the respect 
 due to you. However, in my ignorance of naval 
 routine, I may have inadvertently trespassed on some 
 point of etiquette, and I wish you to point it out, that 
 I may avoid it in future." 
 
 "The mate, an hour ago, asked me whose orders he 
 should obey — ^yours or mine." 
 
 "Call him. Sir, why did you put such a qusstion 
 to the captain?" 
 
 "Because you gave me several orders yesterday 
 when the captain was ashore." 
 
 "Did I ever tell you, sir, to disobey the captain's 
 wders?" 
 
 "No, sir." 
 
 "Well, sir, you have acted very improperly, and in 
 a manner more l)ccoming an inmate of the forecastle 
 than a gentleman and an officer." 
 
 "Very well, I will go away." 
 
 "Go to the devil, sir, if you please." 
 
 ♦'Captain McNeill, I refuse duty," exclaimed the 
 mccce, as he left the cabin and went on deck. Douglas 
 followed him, and ordered him back to the cabin The 
 mate moved slowly and reluctantly. Douglas was 
 very angry. Seizing in his powerful grasp the collar 
 of the mate's jacket, he shook him as he would have 
 done a school-boy. 
 
EXPLORATION OF THE TAKO. 
 
 n 
 
 "Would you lay violent hands on me?" shouted the 
 mate. Instantly remembering himself, Douglas re- 
 leased his hold, and the man marched quietly into the 
 <'abin. Douglas then assured the officers that he had 
 no intention of interfering with their duties, hut should 
 he deem it necessary at any time to issue orders, 
 they nmst be obeyed by every person in the company's 
 service, master and mate included. Mr Work was 
 now in charge of Fort Simpson, and Rae of Stikeen. 
 
 While at the former place a few days, the ship 
 Vancourcr arrived, whereupon Doviglas was perplexed 
 what disposition to make of the vessels, Avhich were 
 needed at once at the Columbia for gen(!ral scn'vice, 
 and there ujion the north coast to assist in making 
 ready tlie uvw establishments. He finally concluded 
 to send both the sailing vessel and the steamer to 
 deliver the outfits at Stikeen and Tako; tlience to 
 proceed to Sitka, returning to Simpson, when, if 
 Work deemed it necessary, he might ship his furs to 
 Fort Vancouver, meanwhile landing the outfit for 
 Fort McLoutifhlin, and touchinsj: on the coast below 
 for trade, that is to say, if a vessel unprovided with 
 boarding-nettings, as was the ra7icouvcr, might do so 
 with safety. 
 
 This plan Douglas proceeded to put into innnediate 
 execution, still retaining his place on board the Beaver, 
 with Roderick Finlays(ni of the party. Arriving at 
 Stephens Passages on the 17th of June, In the ixhvv- 
 noon of the same day he set out with two armed 
 boats and twenty men to explore the Tako River to a 
 distance of thirty-five miles, where his instructions 
 informed him was to be placed the post of Tako. 
 Three days were occupied in this expedition. The 
 higher elevations everywhere were covered with ice 
 and snow, the lower level with green grasses and flow- 
 ering plants in full bloom. So strangely beautiful was 
 it, so singular the contrast betwecm tho heavenly des- 
 olation and the earthly paradise, tliat Douglas called 
 it Eden. Yet so swift and dangerous was the cur- 
 
72 
 
 OCCUPATION OP THE DOMAIN. 
 
 rent, moreover being blocked by ice during the winter, 
 that Douglas finally decided not to place the fort far 
 up the river, but to build it where an intelligent native 
 had directed him, some twenty miles south of Point 
 Salisbury. Pickets and block-houses were quickly 
 thrown up, and a salute fired on the fourth of July an- 
 nounced the guns in place. Trading • began, but it 
 was not wholly satisfactory, the savages being so ab- 
 sorbed in dealing in slaves, who were brought from 
 a distance and used in commerce as a sort of currency, 
 that they had but few skins left to buy whiskey with. 
 Arrived at Tako the 12th of August the Cadhoro, 
 bringing news from all the coast stations. Discharg- 
 ing and receiving her cargo she soon set sail on her 
 return voyage, Fort Vancouver being her destina- 
 tion, while Nisqually was that of the Beavei: Be- 
 fore leaving these parts Douglas made a short cruise 
 into the neighboring inlets to exhort the savaijces to 
 bring their skins to Tako and buy some tobacco and 
 blankets with them, and not waste tliom on iiltliy 
 human beings. A lengthy account is given in his 
 journal by Douglas, of the occurrences at the several 
 stations during ])is return trip, which it is needless 
 for me to reproduce. Year after year the company's 
 vessels, with but little variation and with few inci- 
 dents worth recording, coasted up and down, supply- 
 ing the stations, and trading on the vessel's deck 
 where no posts were established. During the follow- 
 ing winter, 1840-1, Douglas visited California to pur- 
 chase grain and send overland to the Columbia a largo 
 herd of live-stock. 
 
 Much has been written on the climates, physical features, natural wealth, 
 aborigines, and occupation of the Northwest Coast. I have given in the two 
 preceding chapters but an outline. A volume would not exhaust tho sub- 
 ject. I am obliged, therefore, to refer those desirous of further information 
 upon the subject to other works, among which after my Native Races of the 
 Piicijic Statea and the former volumes of this Ilistory of the Pacific States, 
 I may mention tlio following : A. C. Anderson, who in his Northwest Coast, 
 MS., 22&-32, discusses the climates of Stuart Lake and of Victoria, and dc* 
 
AUTHOIUTIES ON PHYSICAL FEATUliKS. 
 
 73 
 
 'inter, 
 >rt far 
 native 
 Point 
 Liickly 
 ily an- 
 but it 
 so ab- 
 froni 
 Tcncy, 
 7 with. 
 idboro, 
 icbarg- 
 on her 
 cstina- 
 . Bc- 
 cruise 
 ages to 
 ;co and 
 L lilthy 
 in his 
 several 
 cedless 
 ipany's 
 ,Y inci- 
 upply- 
 deck 
 bllow- 
 bo pur- 
 ix largo 
 
 ^1 wealth I 
 
 the two 
 
 tho 8ub- 
 
 lorniatioii 
 
 ces of the 
 
 Kc States, 
 
 ipst Coast, 
 
 ami de- 
 
 votes a large part of liia prize essay oii The Dominion of tine Went to the 
 p;e()graphical features of both islands and maiiiliind. 
 
 On tho conriguratiou and climate of Vancouver I^jland, sue Forhes' Essay, 
 (i'2, tho harbors particularly; Pemliertons V. 1., 118, 150, on timber; MoffaCs 
 Jour., ill Id., 14(5, Itfl, natural products; lloretzhys Cancilf. on the Pacific, 
 passim; JliUlmis Gniiic li. C, passim, on both islands and mainland; JIac- 
 donaliVs Lecture, 4:1-4; Ifazlltl's B. C, 217-18; Pook's Queen Charlotte Islands, 
 58-01, for a good description fif tho harbors of Vancouver Island and tlio main- 
 luiul f)ppositc; Martins If. li., .'52-'), copying Wai-re and Vavasours I'cport, 
 for physical aspect and resources of tho island; Brit. X. Am., 30G-9, for 
 game, timber, fish, fur, and coal. Victor says, Oreijon, 2r)4, that thero is but 
 littlo good land on tho i.'land, though slieep-raising is carried on largely. 
 Tho wealth of the island, is in its timber, coal, and iisheries; probably gohl, 
 cojjpc.T, .and salt miglit bo renmnerative. fJ^rant, London Geo'j. Sac, Jour., 
 xxvii. 2()8-.'520, gives .a full description, remarking that tho soil is 'rich where 
 lIuTC is any. . .the singular system of inland seas by wliich it is environed 
 teems with lisli of every description,' .and tliat it is a lino scat for .a colony. 
 For tho western side, see tho voy.ages of Mearos, Dixon, Cook, Sutil y Mcxi- 
 cana, Vancouver, and for the interior, the journeys of Mackenzie, Lewis and 
 Clarke, Frascr, Stuart, Sim^json, Francliem, Cox, and other^^, and al:;o tlie 
 several geological, geograpliical, and road and railway explorations. McLeod, 
 Peace I'ircr, 5-0, states that tho rivers and lakes north of Cariboo are seldom 
 frozen after !March, even on tho phiteau. Harmon in \\\n Journal, I'Jl, calls 
 attention to the raid of the far reaeliing branches of I'caco River upon tlio 
 waters of tho western side of tl»e continental 'water-shed, botli Findlay and 
 I'arsnip rivers, before tlioir junction, running along the western base of tli^' 
 mountains with their stolen moisture, as if in search of a passage tlirough. 
 
 Uattray, V. /., 22-54, has a hmg ehapter on the climate of Vanctmver 
 Island anil ]?ritish Columbia, its salubrity and variations, tho foi'ce ot winds, 
 temperature, rainfall, barometric ranges, with tables and chart. Also 7:5-7 
 an article on timber, its produc^e, uses, and value. Oood, li. ( '., MS., 515-1 14, 
 gives a long description of a trip up the Fraser l)y steamer to Yale and thence 
 by road to Clinton. An cloepient antl graphic description is given of tho 
 country, its topographical features and sceni'ry, particularly of the Kandooji, 
 Nicola, and Oiianagan districts. Indeed, 1 might gi\o volumes of de»cri[(- 
 tion from tho hundreds of writers on tho subject, every ono of whom has 
 something to say of tho country that lie has either seen or lieard of. I 
 hav(" scarcely space in this volume for reference even, and thereldre will con- 
 dense as much as possible, and omit all but the nmre important. On general 
 features and climate see firth(u', LaiKjiriii's Bcj^t., 40-4; Con.irallis' A'i"»' AY 
 Dor<ulo, 27, .30, 11. . ...irfies V. I. and B. C, chap, ii.; Dc Snwf, Mis., dr 
 I'Or., 144, where an account is given of tho twelve voyagcurs swallowel in 
 tho Dalles des Morts in 18I5S; 'I'reeuhnw's Or. ami Vol., 27-!); Bii/lcrs Xnrlli, 
 Land, 1015; Fraser's Jd Jour., -MS., 3; U'iii/rerillr\i If. B., psussim; Cladmau in 
 Home Com. liejtt., 18.')7, :5!)0-2; Chiraijo Acad. ScL, i, 01-78, more especially 
 with reference to the geology of tlie Mackctizio River; Ilincs Or. awl its 
 Instit., 7, unil Iliiirs' Ki: to Or., cluap. xvi; Dodijcs' Plains, passim; Macdonald^H 
 li. C, chap, i.-iii. ; Ahsarahi, chap, iii., on Dakota- Taylor's Xor/hiirst Am 
 
74 
 
 OCCUPATION OF THE DOMAIN. 
 
 MS., 47, 65; NiW Register, xvi. 235; Dalles Mountaineer, April 4, 1868; Mae- 
 ketizie's Hist. Topog., 314-15; Cox'a Adv., ii. 300-92, about New Caledonia; 
 TliomUm'a Or., i. chap, xix; Parkers Tour, chap, i.; MaUe-Dnm, Pricia de 
 C6oij., vi. 310-14, compiled from Vancouver, Lewis and Clarke, and others; 
 Jiichards' V. I. Pilot, 1-255; Findlays Direct. iV". W. Am., 392-430; Imray's 
 Sailimj Direct. N. W. Am., 23^-15, 201-312, 357-CO; 7?oioe's Cohn. Emp., i. 
 117-29, 134-7; Tolmie's Piiget Sotind,'^iS., 13-14, on Committee's Punch Bowl. 
 Burnett in liisTPcco/., M.S., i. 115-16, tells about one Black Harris, atrapper, 
 ■w'lo claimed to have discovered a petrified forest in the Rocky Mountains, on 
 lir.st coming in sight of wliich ho had supposed it a beautiful grove of gum 
 timber, ' and so sudden had been the petrification that tlie green loaves wero 
 all petrified, and the very birds that were tlierc singing in the grovo were 
 also petrified in the act of singing, because their mouths were still open in 
 tlio petrified state.' Black Harris must have been reading the Arabian 
 Niijliti; but stranger than the story of the forest is the fact that so sensible a 
 man as Governor Burnett should half believe it. Tlie ignorance of politicans 
 concerning tliis country is painfully apparent, when wo see congressman like 
 Mr Baylies as late as 1826, men who claimed knowledge sufficiently extra- 
 ordinary and accurate to warrant a printed coininunication of the same to 
 congress, coolly asserting the existence of five establishments subordinate to 
 Astoria, one ' at tlie moutli of Lewi.) lliver, one at Lantoii, a third on the 
 Columbia, six liundred miles from the ocean at the confluence of the Wantana 
 [.•i/f] lliver, a fourtli on tlie east fork of Lewis lliver, and the fifth on tlie 
 Multnomah.' Lewis and Clarke were not favorably impressed with the 
 country. It was a dreary time they had of it. At the mouth of the Colum- 
 bia they saw little land that tliey thought fit for cultivation, and the account 
 they gave was such that, for twenty year.) after their visit, Oregon Was re- 
 garded an almost desert region fit only for fur-bearing animals and hungry 
 savages. So says Jesse Apjilcgate in Soj-ton'-i Or. Ter., MS., 142. Con- 
 tinuing f)iir lists of references there is Fninrhirv's I^ar., 229, on the Columbia 
 region; Victor's Oregon, one of the best wor':j tixtant for general descrip- 
 tion; Townscnd's Nar., 07, who says of tlie Wind lliver Mountains: 'Tliia 
 chain gives rise to tlie sources of the Missouri, the Colorado of the west, and 
 Lewis River of the Columbia, and is the highest land on the continent of 
 North America,' which last assertion he was somewhat premature in making, 
 as he had not iiicasureil all the elevations; U. S. Ev. H. B. Co. Claims, 35-45, 
 67, on the soil of Idaho; Frt'mont's E.r., 274-0; DmujUis' Private Papers, MS., 
 ser. i. 8-27, 73, for scenery on the Columbia and Cowlitz; Ross' Fur Hunters, 
 i. 34, 70, 3.")8, ii. 80-3, 360, for Okanagan, Grrand Conte, Falls of the Colum- 
 bia, and New Caledonia; Simpson's Jotirney, i. 150-5 et seq., et passim; 
 Howard and Burnett's Direct., 1803, 192-3; Dawson on Mines, 1-3; Overland 
 J'rom Minnesota to Friuser River, passim; Harnett's Lert,, 42-5; Churchill and 
 Cooper's B. C, 4; Sclwyn's Oeol. Sur. Rept., passim; Compton's Ah. B. C, 
 MS., 1-3; De Oroot's B. C, 6, 8; Canaila Hand Booh, 52; Joly's Rept. on For- 
 estry in Ag. Rept., 1877, 1-20; Waddington's Overland Route, 15; Rawlinys' 
 North Am., chap, viii., ix.; McLellans Golden State, 632; Johnson's Very Far 
 West, 94; Palmer's North Bentinck Route, passim, on Williama Lake and Cari- 
 boo; fsbister's Proposal, passim; Hist. Mag., March 18G3; Land ami Work'* 
 
WRITERS ON THE NATIVES 
 
 75 
 
 liept., 1865; Jour, and Sess. Papers, B. C, 1873-4; MaUandaim's First Vic. 
 Direct., 18; Nevada Jour., June 11, 1858; Harmon'a Jour., passim; Dunn's 
 Or., passim; Remy and Bremhky, Jour., ii. 509; BulfinclCs Or., 156; Win- 
 ihrop's Canoe Jour., 284; Stvart's Montana, 89-92; W. McD. Dawson, in 
 Home Com. licpt., IT. B. Co., 1857, 399-^02; Wilkes Nar. U. S. Expl. Ex., 
 iv., passim; McTavish's Dep., passim; Richardsons Polar Regions, 219-97; 
 Hoopers Tents of the Ttiski, 309-80, where is an excellent description of tlie 
 aurora borealis; Gray's Or., 010-19; Lee and Frost's Or., 81-95, 190-203; /'of- 
 ter'.^ Mi'isi. Valley, 30, 180, 197-9, 252, 257. 
 
 In relation to the j^. jli^ v of the European fur-trailers, settlers, ami mission- 
 aries, besides the authorities already quoted, I would mention Roberts' Rec. , 
 MS., 14; Brit. Col. SketrMt, MS., 30; Compton's Forts, MS., passim; Tod's 
 New Caledonia, MS., 24-0, 29-.34; Hancock's Thirteen Years, AIS., 359-00, 
 Chinook jargon; McKay's Rec, MS., 17-18; Dean's V. I., MS., 22-4; Douij- 
 las' Primtc Papers, MS., ser i., 33-4, 55-6, 83; VoioelCs Miiiiny Dint., MS., 
 S-11. Nobili, in De Smet, Miss, de I'Or., 153; Pub. Accts. Canada, iii. 43; 
 [laymeuts to natives B. C, 1870, House of Commons Rept., H. B. Co., 1857, 
 ;ii)3-7; Anderson, in Hist. Mag., vii. 76; census carriers and remarks on 
 (lucrcase, U. S. Ind, Affairs Rept., 1809, 533-4, 558-00; Overland Monthly, ii. 
 200-7; Seemann's Voy. Herald, i. 104-6; Canada Year-Bool; 1878, 44; 
 Rept. Drpt. Int., 1875, xlvi. 44-0; Indian reservations, Columbia Missiou, 
 various reports; Kirchhoff, Reisehilder, ii. 81; B. C, Journal and Sejis. Pap., 
 I, 1874, passim, and Rept. 1875, 673; 2'ith Cong. 3d Sess., House Com. Rept 
 101, 41; FitzgeraWs H. B. Co., chap, vii.; Douglas' Addresses and Met.}., 
 68; Armstrong's Or., 25-6; U. S. Statutes at Large, passim; Sluis'a Courier, 
 Dec. 24, 1864; Isbister, in Jfouse Com. Rept., H. B. Co., 1857, 123; McKin- 
 lai/s Nar., MS., 13-14; Simpsons Nar., i. 210; Allen's Cont., MS., 20; FoH 
 Simpson Journal, MS., 11; Sproat's Scenes, passim; Simmons, in U. S. Ev. 
 IT. B. Co. Claims, 134. 
 
 As to original populations in these parts. Lieutenants Warre and Vavasour 
 ill their report of the 20th of October, 1845, give the census of the tribes in- 
 lialiiting the Oregon Territory between the forty-second and fifty-fourth par- 
 allels and west of the Rocky Mountains at 86,947. This census was made up 
 from the trading-lists of the several stations, and from other good authority. 
 Of the number named, 11,079 were arrived at by estimate, and 75,868 by ac- 
 curate census. The last named consisted of 33,950 males, 35,182 females, 
 1,584 children under twelve, and 5,146 slaves. 
 
 Lord, B. C. Naturalist, ii. 220, estimates the native copulation of Van- 
 couver Island and British Columbia in 1800 at 30,000. In the United States 
 the numbers have fallen from 2,000,000 to 300,000. Douglas, Private Papers, 
 MS., ser. ii., 7-33, gives census tables of native British Columbia populations 
 of the several districts in columns showing heads of families, women, canoes, 
 guns, etc., most of which are for the years 1838-9. These statistics were 
 found very useful to the Company in its commercial operations. Kane, Wan- 
 derings of an Artist, also gives tables of population, all which are contra- 
 dictory and unsatisfactory. 
 
 Aboriginal British Columbia, by P, N Compton, is a manuscript of 120 
 pages, filled with interesting and valuable detail concerning the geography. 
 
76 
 
 OCCUPATION OF THE DOMAIN. 
 
 natural wealth, and native inhabitants of the country. Most of it is the re- 
 sult of personal observation. The style is plain, simple, anil practical, com- 
 mon sense characterizing every page. It is probably the most complete work 
 cxtiint on the aborigines, particular attention lieing given as well to their 
 fisheries, game, food, and commerce as to their character, customs, and lan- 
 guages. Not tlic least interesting part of the work is a division on the natural 
 history of this region, devoted chiefly to the bear tribe. 
 
 For fort-dwellers, settlers, and missionary stations I would refer more 
 especially to McLouijhlini* Prirate I'a}>ers, MS., ser. i. 1; Saxton's Or. Ter., 
 MS., 38; the observations of Wilkes aiul Simpson before quoted. Belcher, 
 Vol/., i. 301, mentions as occupying the Willamette Valley 24 Canadians, 20 
 American stragglers, mostly from California, and ten Methodist clergymen 
 and teachers. The live vessels performing the coast service were the bark 
 Coluiiiliiii, 310 tons, 6 gims, and 24 men; the bark Vaticoiiver, 324 tons, G 
 guns, aiul 24 men; ship Nereid, 283 tons, 10 guns, and 26 men; scliooner 
 Citi/lioro, 71 tons, 4 guns, and 12 men; and steamer Beoivr, 10!) tons, 5 guns, 
 and 2(} men. See also y/oK.vr Cowwiow* Refiirnsfn Three Adilre.tsea,!; MeKityn 
 llec, MS., 2; F\i,Uvj,'*on's V. I. nml X. C, MS., l)t)-l; TolmieH JIht. Pio/et 
 Soiaiil, MS., r)!)-(50; ;J/,/h Comj. J.if. Se.« , Senate Doe. JC,..', 27-30, ill.; Kmn^' 
 Ulxt. Or., MS., xxi. 
 
 McKinlay states, Xarratire, MS., 13-15, that Waiiquille River Wii.s 
 named after the Indian chief Wanquillo, and Nicola Lake after the chief of 
 the Okanagans who lived there. MoT.eod, in MeDoiudd's Jour., 113, states 
 tliat Tt'te .Jaune Cache at Yellowhead or Leather Tass derived its name 
 from the fact that the Hudson '.s Bay Company, re(|uiring largt; quantities 
 of leather for their carrying service in tluj Cnhunbia, Tliompsou llivor, and 
 New Caledonia di.striils, brought from the eastern side by tliis pass dressed 
 moo.se ami deer skins which were here cached for convenienci'. Two miles 
 below Fort Vancouver the country was called Cox's Plain, ' from Old Cox, 
 the H. H. Co. swineherd, who had liis residence there among tlie oaks, 
 as mentioned in a former volume. Hines, Ex. Or., says that ten miles soutli- 
 west of Corvallis rises the most beautiful mountain of the ('oa.st Range, 
 Mary's Peak. Among a party travelling in that vicinity in early times was 
 Mary, an Indian woman, tlui wife of a white man. In crossing a river here- 
 about, her mule threw her, and she narrowly escaped drowning; in compen- 
 sation for which disaster both river and mountain were honored by her nan\i'. 
 Indian tradition says that the falls at tlie I )allcs were once so great that fi-li 
 could not scale them; also tliat from Swalalahhost Mountain south-east of 
 i'^oung Bay, tlunuler and smoke once issued; also that the waters at tlie ('ar- 
 cades on the Colundjia once llowed snumthly and ■without o))stacle beneatli 
 lines of projecting rocks until they fell; over since which time the water has 
 stumbled over tliem; also, that the chasm at the Ualles was once arched over, 
 and M'as subse([uently rent by an earthquake. Mt St Helens is siitl to have 
 enipteil in 1831 , The TacuUies called the reindeer of their region hotsec- 
 kaya; the Ctauadian voyageurs, caribou, whence the name of the Cariboi> 
 country. Many years ago the lieaver Indians iidiahited the country round 
 the rivers Beaver and Athabasca, formerly Elk, and lakes Deer and Wollas- 
 ton. Then came the Knisteneaux, th(( most warlike and powerful people in 
 
f it is tlio re- 
 actical, com- 
 (inplete work 
 ^-ell to their 
 ms, and laii- 
 n the natural 
 
 I refer more 
 'h's Or. Ter., 
 tl. Belcher, 
 'anadians, 20 
 it clergymen 
 ere the l)ark 
 
 .TJ4 tons, G 
 en; schooner 
 ;ons, 5 guns, 
 , 7; McKay K 
 
 in.f(. Putjet 
 ', ill.; ErayiH 
 
 NOMENCLATURE 
 
 77 
 
 all these parts, and drove the Beavers +,.,r,.fi. •.. ., . 
 
 Slaves, .lown the Athabasca I i^t ami W^ '^^^^^ '"'«''^°- *''" 
 
 called Lake of the Hills. ThenrLriavT , 1" "^"''^''^^'^ I-''«. «"c-o 
 Slave Lake, thus ^^.^^^Ji:^:^^^^^^^^ to 
 turned mto Teacc Rver whfw „r,,.„ -x " ' ""'"^ "''"le. 1 ho Beavers 
 
 they halted and .nado L^ ^rtlt': "' '" f ^'"' ^'^"^ ''' "-">. 
 boundary, from which cirelltoLe t L 1'"'"' 'i"'^'" *'" '"'"* *'"'" 
 the river Unjigah or Peace RTver ^ ''*' '"^^"^ ^'*''^^« ^'"i"*' >^^ 
 
 River was 
 the chief of 
 , 1 1 3, states 
 ul its name 
 e quantities 
 1 River, and 
 [)ass dressed 
 Two miles 
 tri Old Cox, 
 ; tlie oaks, 
 miles soutli- 
 last Range, 
 y times was 
 L river hero- 
 in oompon- 
 y' her name, 
 at tliat iUh 
 uith-east oT 
 attiieCas- 
 L'le heneatli 
 e water lias 
 rchcd over, 
 iiid to have 
 ion hotsee- 
 ho Cariboo 
 ntry round 
 iid AVollas- 
 1 people in 
 
CHAPTER rV. 
 
 CAMOSUN AND ESQUIMALT. 
 
 1842. 
 
 Necessities of a Northern Metropolitan Post — Encroachments of Set- 
 tlers ON THE Columbia — The Dividing Line — Growing Importance 
 of Agriculture — The Question of Locality — A Northern Kendi-z- 
 vous FOR Whalers — The Southern End of Vancouver Island — Irs 
 Advantageous Position — Douglas Survey^, the Harbors — Camosun 
 and Esquimalt Compared — Report of Douglas. 
 
 Several causes united at this juncture to render 
 necessary the building of a metropolitan post some- 
 where to the northward. 
 
 When John McLoughlin came to Astoria in 1824, 
 he saw at once that the mouth of the Columbia was 
 not the proper place for the chief factory, or general 
 distributing depot of his company on the Northwest 
 Coast. Here as elsewhere the adventurers of Eng- 
 land trading into Hudson Bay must have absolute 
 control of the country, its lands and waters, its forests 
 and prairies, its aborigines and its wild beasts. It 
 must be all or nothing. Competition might be en- 
 dured along the seaboard where the savages were 
 blood-thirsty and jealous, and where the silent sailing 
 of the ships neither disturbed the game nor mate- 
 rially changed the relative attitude of the inhabitants. 
 Astoria might be the best location for a fortress in 
 repelling foreign invasion, but there was something 
 more to be feared than foreign invasion. In fact, the 
 thought of forcible entry from the sea in such numbers 
 as to do much injury gave little concern. Game must 
 be preserved and the native hunters controlled. This 
 
 178) 
 
QUARRELS OP THE FUR-TRADERS. 
 
 79 
 
 could be done only by keeping others away ; all others 
 rxcept members of the monopoly; for their own coun- 
 trymen, English, Scotch, and Irish, as wc have often 
 <)]),scrvcd, were as bitterly detested as opponents as 
 wore the Kus.sians or Americans — instance tlio long 
 and bitter rivalry of the Northwest Company, culmi- 
 nating in the bloody fueds of Red liiver.' 
 
 'Fully to realize the extent to wliich this brotherly hate was ciirrieil, 
 one should have been jn-eaent at a iiieet'ug of the clans iit York Factory 
 or Fort William ininiediatdy after the coalition. IJoforo me is a vivid 
 account of one such meeting, early in the summer of Ki'J'J, at the former 
 j)08t, forwhich I am indebted, among other kindnesses, to Mr .Tohn Tod. Tlie 
 liittemessof the Northwesters was somewhat intensilied because of their sup- 
 |)oaeil defeat, though, as a nuatter of fact, they were less defeated than tlieir 
 «il)l)onents. The loss of their name, and the scattering of the hitherto proud 
 and powerful Montreal associates, gave the retainers of the old chartered com- 
 l)atiy an opportunity to assume superiority, of wliich tliey did not hesitate to 
 make avail. A dinner at York Factory in those days was closely akin to a 
 tragedy. There were the h.aughty Highliuulers of tlie Northwest Company, 
 and the equally independent servants of the Hudson's Ikiy ( 'ompany, stalking 
 tlie sondire halls of the dilapidated fortress, and glaring deadly scorn from 
 under shaggy eyebrows as paths met. Company colors were still bravely 
 tiaunted, the former arrayed in gray, the latter in blue. At the sounding of 
 tlie hell, seventy or eighty of these two kindred souls marched promiscuously 
 into the dining-hall and stood along the walls in sullen silence, jealously 
 watching colors in the appointnicuts of place and precedence. But ' that crafty 
 fox. Sir George Simi>son, as my friend of the grays calls him, was liajipy with 
 his small talk and diplomacy, and presently the party was seated. Brought 
 thus into yet nearer and more nervous conjii ■ tion, it was interesting to sec; 
 them hivndling the knives intended for cutting their meat, but seemingly it 
 would have given greater satisfaction to have applied them to the throat of 
 their fh-d-riK. There was blind McDonnel savagely blinking at his enemy of 
 Swan Kiver, Chief Factor Kennedy, whom ho had fought with naked sword 
 within these three months, and who still carried marks of tlie encounter upon 
 his face. 'I shall never forget the looks of scorn and deliance,' says my 
 friend, 'as their eyes met. The Highlander's nostrils expanded; he snorted, 
 S(|uirted, and sjiat, while the other looked all that, and more.' At either end 
 <if the table sat the respective chiefs of the lately opposing companies. Sir 
 <leorge Simpson and Simon MeOillivray, who intcrposeil wine and good cheer 
 between the would-be combatiuits with such polished stratagem as to save 
 the dining-hall the scene of open hostilities. Indeed, under the Hudson's 
 ]{ay governor preceding Simpson, the bluU' and rugged Williams, whose 
 ultimate appeal in matters of dispute w;is al""iys war, the coalition would 
 scarcely have been achieved. 'Immediately oii the right of McCiillivray,' 
 continues the gray, speaking of this special occasion, ' sat that llexible char- 
 acter, Mcintosh, his ever-shifting countenance and restless black eye in<lieat- 
 ing that nature had designed him for the harbingi'r of plots, treasons, and 
 stratagems. I allude to the same who, some years before, in I'eace Kiver, 
 tried hard to poison poor little Yale, but could not succeed, for so iiivuliicra- 
 lile had the integuments of the latter's stomach become by long aeijuaintaiieo 
 ^vitll the tough tare of that inhospitable stop-mother. New Caleiloiiia, that the 
 diabolical attempt altogether failed. Directly in front of Mcintosh sat liis 
 gallant enemy of the preceding winter, the pompous but good-natured .loliii 
 I lark, with neckerchief and shirt-collar always up to his ears, and his head 
 above the level of ordinary men. ' I may remark that the two leaders, Mclritosh 
 
80 
 
 CAMOSUN AND ESQUIMALT. 
 
 But to protect the dusky children of their adoption, 
 to watch white interlopers, to prevent the too rapid 
 slaughter of fur-bearing animals, and to delay settle- 
 ment, a location more central than the seaboard was 
 deemed advisable. Hence head-quarters had been 
 removed up the river, near the head of ocean naviga- 
 tion, and near the mouth of a largo river flowing in 
 through the fertile Valley Willamette, from far to 
 the southward. The northern bank of the Columbia 
 had been chosen, that should this stream prove event- 
 ually the boundary line between British and American 
 Pacific domain, as was then thought probable, the 
 chief post of the company might still be found planted 
 within British possessions. 
 
 In 1824 agriculture also began to assume impor- 
 tance in fur-trading circles. The subordinate estab- 
 lishments, of which there were a score or so on the 
 Pacific slope, needed supplies. The servants of the 
 company were no longer satisfied to trust entirely for 
 food to the game which they might kill or purchase. 
 Some of the interior forts might, it is true, and did, 
 cultivate vegetable patches, and Colville raised no in- 
 considerable quantities of grain and live-stock. But 
 every locality was not suited to growing grain ; further- 
 more, mills were necessary, and the more the occu- 
 pants of the several posts cumbered themselves with 
 the paraphernalia of civilized life, the more their traffic 
 was impeded. But the central establishment might 
 very properly and profitably turn some attention to 
 agriculture, and while securing land to themselves 
 prevent its falling into the hands of others. It was 
 
 and Clark, each on his respective side, •« re for several years close neighbors, 
 and constituted the advance guard of th t fierce rivalry which so long kept 
 the fur-traders in a turmoil. It was only ithin the past six months that after 
 a long day's march, side by side on sno hoes, they had agreed to settle a 
 dispute by combat ; and across the blazi camp-fire that night lively pistol- 
 lings began, which were unfortunately ini 
 These festive occasions, however, greatly 
 which could not long continue after their p 
 before this present York Factory feast is 
 with his late jailer who had burned brin- 
 
 thus giving him a somewhat unpalatable ioretaste of what might be bis fata 
 hereaiter. 
 
 •fered with by their companions, 
 sisted in healing personal feuds, 
 uniary interests became one; for 
 ver we see McVicor taking wine 
 one and phosphorus in his cell. 
 
CHANliK OF LOCALITY FOR IIKAD yUAUTEUS. 
 
 81 
 
 option, 
 » rapid 
 
 settle- 
 ,rd was 
 1 been 
 naviga- 
 ving in 
 
 far to 
 )lumbia 
 ) event- 
 nerican 
 ble, the 
 planted 
 
 impor- 
 e estab- 
 on the 
 i of the 
 irely for 
 urchasc. 
 and did, 
 id no in- 
 k. But 
 further- 
 tic occu- 
 cs with 
 lir traffic 
 It might 
 ition to 
 msolves 
 It was 
 
 neighbors, 
 b long kept 
 [s that after 
 1 to settle a 
 vely pistol- 
 lompanions. 
 onal feuds, 
 ne one; for 
 t,king wine 
 In his cell, 
 [be his fate 
 
 wise policy on the j)art of McLouglilin and his asso- 
 cijitoa to move their Pacific licad-quarters from Astoria; 
 and all tilings considered, the site of Fort Vancouver 
 was as well chosen as was then possible. 
 
 And now in 1843 a second move seemed no less 
 necessary than had the first in 1824. Tlie ownership 
 of the territory was still in dispute. Settlers from 
 th(> United States and elscwh(>re W(Te coming in, and 
 the land ci)uld no longer be kept wholly as a game 
 preserve. The rej)resentatives of two powerful nations 
 occupied in common by agreement. In the very nature 
 of things, this partnership must be dissolved. In sen- 
 timent and in policy the subjects and citizens of the 
 two powers were to some extent an^^j^onistic. Still 
 more were the private interests of the fur company, 
 who, down to near the present time, had singly domi- 
 nated this common territory, oppugnant to the in- 
 terests of the incoming agriculturists. Some day, and 
 that' not far tiistant, either with war or without war, 
 there would be drawn the dividing line; and that 
 line it was now certain would not be south of the 
 ('oluinbia, though it was possible the lower Columbia 
 might be upon that line. 
 
 But in any event, whether the territory was divided 
 soon or late, whether the forty-sixth or the forty-ninth 
 juirallcl should separate the ownership of the two 
 nations, it was no less important that the head- 
 (juarters of the fur company should be moved. It 
 was impossible to prevent settlement; it was impos- 
 sible to treat settlers as enemies, for the officers and 
 servants of the Hudson's Bay Co'mpany were, as a 
 rule, just and humane men. Nor was it any the less 
 impossible to conduct a successful peltry business in 
 the face of increasing settlement. For several years 
 l)ast these ideas had been patent in the minds of all 
 who thought upon the subject. 
 
 Having determined upon the necessity of a move, 
 the next consideration was the selection of a site. 
 
 Hist. Bbit. Col. 6 
 
^^•4:! 
 
 m CAMOSUN AND ESQUIMALT. 
 
 The nearest northern post was Nisqually. Too near, 
 in fact, for already the agriculturists were upon them. 
 There were the Cowlitz farms; and round Fort Nis- 
 qually the Puget Sound Agricultural Company was 
 rapidly laying wide tracts under contribution. But 
 this was not the worst of it. The agricultural im- 
 provements on Cowlitz Plains and round Nisqually 
 belonged to the Puget Sound Company, which be- 
 longed to the Hudson's Bay Company. All this could 
 be easily controlled; and the agricultural interest 
 might indeed have been subordinated to the fur traffic 
 to the benefit of both. For it need not necessarily 
 follow that tlie principal post of supply sliould be in 
 the centre of a fur-bearin<>' region. But it was better 
 it should be back of settlement; and settlement in 
 earnest had already set in between the Columbia and 
 Puget Sound. Then Nisqually, while distant from 
 the northern posts 'vas likewise distant from the sea; 
 and too much threading of inlets would more than 
 offset any other advantages Puget Sound might offer. 
 But most of all to be considered, Nisqually might be 
 on the southern side of the line when the national 
 partition should be made, and it was surely desirable 
 that any further improvements made by the British 
 fur company should be on British territory. 
 
 Fort Langley might next be considered. The 
 Frascr was the next largest river on the coast after 
 the Columbia, and on it stood Langley, as Vancouver 
 stood on the Columbia. The Fraser could offer as 
 abundant a supply of salmon as the Columbia, and the 
 entrance was as safe. The Fraser should now become 
 the natural route to New Caledonia, and Langley was 
 well situated to supply all the interior posts. But 
 might not some point more accessible to the sea be 
 chosen which would offer all tlie other advantaijes of 
 Langley as well? The dividing line once determined 
 there would be little fear of present inroads of set- 
 tlers beyond it; and if in time a British colony within 
 strictly British territory and under British rule should 
 
 .»;J«iWI*.iJa, 
 
WHALERS' RENDEZVOUS. 
 
 83 
 
 be established t)ii the Pacific coast, might not the 
 fur company's site be the best for a colonial capital 
 as otherwise? In the ordinary course of things, the 
 business of wild-beast raising and skinning must de- 
 cHne; and when it does, and agriculturists take the 
 place of savages, it would be as well for the proprie- 
 torship of the metropolis of the new empire to vest in 
 the company as in another. 
 
 Yet another consideration miq-lit be regarded. It 
 so happened tliat with tlie decline of the fur-trade 
 upon the Northwest Coast, the Avhaling interest had 
 assumed larger proportions. Since 1790 there had 
 been occasional vessels off tiie shore of California 
 cittching whales. Gradually the number of these ves- 
 sels increased, a large proportion of them now hailing 
 from Xew England ports, until the present century 
 was wellnigh two tliirds gone, when in the north 
 Pacific this fishery was at its height. 
 
 Meanwhile San Francisco Bay had its Whalers' 
 Harbor, now Sauzalito, and large fisliing fleets con- 
 gregated at Honolulu.^ And but for the narrow policy 
 of the Mexican Government and the apathy of the 
 people of California, the harbor of San Francisco 
 would have been tlie rendezvous of Pacific whalers 
 during tlie most important half-century of their exist- 
 ence. For, though the Hawaiian Islands, lying as 
 they did in the very track betwcHMi the northern and 
 southern fisheries, we^ e alwaj^s easy of access by 
 reason of the trade winds, nature oifered far more 
 bounteous supplies for the refreshing and refitting 
 of vessels upon the mainland tluin at the Islands. 
 Besides a plentiful supply of timber and resin which 
 California off*ered for ship-building, hemp grew spon- 
 taneously, and beef might be had for a trifle. 
 
 For several yeai's prior to active operations in that 
 quarter, the southern end of Vancouver Island had 
 
 ^In 1823, tbrco years after the arrival at the Hawaiian Islands of the first 
 niissionaries, fifty or sixty whalers might ho .scon at one time at Honolulu, 
 ••nul for twenty years thereafter tlic annual arrival at this port averaged not 
 h-.ss than sixty sail. Sim Janv-i' Hiur.n'dit /"liim/s, 'Ml. 
 
84 
 
 CAMOSUN AND KSQUIMALT. 
 
 been thought of and talked of as a locaUty suitable 
 for an establishment. It was indeed better adapted 
 for the site of a magnificent city, than that of a fur- 
 trading fort. It was near the ocean, and yet protected 
 from it. It was on the broad highway between the 
 islands and shores of the Pacific, and a continental 
 interior equal to the whole of Mexico. It was at the 
 cross-roads of waters; to the west led Fuca Strait, to 
 the south Admiralty Iidet, and to the north tlie Gulf 
 of Georgia. Huge islands were back of it, and a huge 
 continent beside it. And the fact that as a place alone 
 whereat to buy furs it was not as desirable as some 
 others, shows that in the minds of the shrewd traders 
 and factors of the great comj)any who saw and seized 
 this opportunity, it was something more than a mere 
 trading-station. 
 
 The steamer Bearer had not been on duty in these 
 waters more tlian a year before she was prying into 
 the mysteries of Royal Harbor. For in the Fort 
 Simpson journal under date 10th August 1837, I 
 find written: "On his way to the southward (Japtain 
 McNeill explored the south end of Vancouver Island, 
 and found an excellent harbor and a fine open country 
 along the sea-shore apparently well adapted for both 
 tillage and pasturage, but saw no river sufficiently 
 extensive for mills.""' This clearly shows what was 
 wanted; not onl}'^ a fort site but a mill site; that is to 
 say, something more than a coimnon trading-post. 
 
 As Governor Sim[)son passed tlie place by the 
 same conveyance on his way from l'\)rt Vancouver to 
 the northern posts in September 1841, he remarked: 
 " The neighboring country, comprising the southern 
 end of Vancouver's Island, is well adapted for culti- 
 vation, for, iji addition to a tolerable soil and a mod- 
 erate climate, it possesses excellent harbours, and 
 abundance of timber. It will doubtless become, in 
 
 "The fact that tliis survey of Esquiinalt and Victoria harbors by McNeill 
 was recorded in the journal of so distant a post lu tiiatof I'ort Simpson, shows 
 that it was th^i regarded as a matter tif no small imx)ortaucu to the company, 
 and ono generally speculated upon by tho ollicers. 
 
iJEORGE SIMPSON. 
 
 time, the most valuable section of the whole coast 
 above California."* 
 
 Simpson had seen this island twenty-three years 
 before, immediately after his overland journey and 
 passage down Fraser River in 1828;"^ but having no 
 need to think much about it at that time, Fort Van- 
 couver filling every requirement, he passed it by with- 
 out special conuuent. But now, and later, during this 
 visit of 1841, we find his mind dwelling upon the 
 subject, and connecting it with that of a whaling 
 station within British Pacific territor}^ which he 
 believed might be made at once attractive to ship- 
 masters and profitable to his company. Surely north- 
 ern forests were superior to southern; northern liarbors 
 equally safe, and as whaling operations worked north- 
 ward, a northern rendezvous might be more convenient. 
 As for supplies, if tlie Hudson's Bay Company could 
 I'urnish the Russians in America on terms advan- 
 tageous to both parties, as they were now satisfied 
 they could, surely tliey might supply the whaling 
 rtects of those waters." 
 
 When Simpson reached England, being while here 
 en route overland round the world, he laid the matter 
 of a new Pacific post before tlie London directors. 
 Ordinarily in planting a new establishment no such 
 formality was deemed necessary. But, involving as it 
 did an entire change of base in o})erations here, a vir- 
 
 * Siiiipsoii'it Joitniry, i. IS'J. 
 
 ''Goorgo t-iniij-ioii was chief oHiccr in America, and governor of the Hud- 
 son 's Bay territories for an nnintcrnipted term of tliirty-seven years. He 
 had no lixed residence; part of tlie time lie spent at Ked River, part iu 
 Oregon, part in Athabasca, and part in t'anathi. Tliroughout that vast eom- 
 mcrcial empire as well iu Kuj)ert Lauil as in tlie north-west territories, his 
 atitiiority was absolute, his will unipKistioned except by the council or the 
 company. And during all this time, if wo may believe his own statement, it 
 was never questioned. A very able nuui of large physique, ho was a power 
 tliroughout the land. 
 
 ''The governor's logic M'as sound enough, but it is not so easy to draw 
 tralhc from its accustomed channels. Vancouver Island never was greatly 
 uacl by whalers. In A'<7('.s' JicijiMfi; Ixx. 34 J, mention is made of four Amer- 
 ican whaling vessels that wintered there in 1845-0, one of which was tlio 
 Morrition of .Massachusetts, and one the Lnivrie, of Connecticut. Six sailors 
 d(!sertiiig from those ships with a stolen boat attempted to land, hut were 
 opposed by the natives; and bo, driven to sea in a storm, throe of them 
 perished. 
 
86 CAMOSUN AND ESQUIMALT. 
 
 tual abandonment of the Columbia, and the beginning 
 of a new regime under new conditions, it was deemed 
 desirable to have the advice and sanction of the mag- 
 nates of the corporation, before proceeding with what 
 were now, in the minds of the managers, tolerably 
 well determined plans. 
 
 The fact is there could not be in this association 
 two opinions in regard to this measure. A move was 
 
 'tw*^tf!*^' 
 
 
 
 ym' 
 
 
 I <J/'( Fhlltt^tl' 
 
 
 '^.^v^>n;;. 
 
 -' PORT *N<lEV°* 
 
 Camosun and Vicinity. 
 
 inevitable. The life of a fur-trader or factor was one 
 perpetual lesson in observation. To study well the 
 country, its configuration and contents, was their 
 daily occupation. Hence the location of the chief city 
 of British Columbia was not, as has been so many 
 times the case in city-building, the result of accident. 
 The very best place that the very best men, after due 
 deliberation and examination, could find, was chosen, 
 and in the enjoyment of the refiults of this sound 
 
DOUGLAS' SURVEY. 
 
 87 
 
 judgment their successors and descendants forever 
 may call them blessed. 
 
 Those to whom more immediate thanks are due are 
 James Douglas, John McLoughlin, Eoderick Fin- 
 layson, John Work, Anderson, Tolmie, and McNeill, 
 (lovernor Simpson and the London management were 
 only secondary in their influence as to location. It 
 was the chief factors and chief traders of the day 
 who really determined matters. 
 
 And first among these we may place James Doug- 
 las. McLoughlin was now in his decline. His retire 
 ment was already determined upon. He had been 
 the central figure in Northwest Coast affairs for a 
 })eriod of eighteen years. A new sun was now aris- 
 ing, which for the next score of years was to shine in 
 the north as had the other in the south. 
 
 In early sunnner 1842, Douglas made a careful 
 l>roliminary survey of the southern end of Vancouver 
 Island, more particularly of the region round what is 
 now called Royal Bay," it being by this time well un- 
 derstood that there was to be fimnd the most suitable 
 a\ailable spot on all the Northwest Coast. 
 
 At a place calicd by the natives Camosun,^ or Ca- 
 
 ' At the extreme scnitli-eiistoru end of Vancouver I»liiud is a large open 
 Lay called Royal Bay, directly hack of -wliich is Ksquimalt Harhor, some 
 tliree miles east of wlxich is Victoria Harhor. Tliat part of Royal Bay lead- 
 ing more directly into Esquinialt Harhor, and heginniiig at Alhert Head, is 
 called lioyal Roads. Vessels may there anchor in tenor twelve fathoms, safe 
 Irom all winds save those from the east or south-eiwt. Esquinialt Harhor may 
 ho entered at all times, and tliere vessels of any size liud safe anchorage. 
 Victoria Hiirl)or, entered hetween points McLoughlin and Ogden, hy reason 
 of the sunken rocks which extend a mile in eitlier direction, from the oare, 
 tlat projection situated midway ))etween the two harhors, and know: as Sailor 
 <ir ^lacaulay point, is regarded as dangerous of entrance in 'jad weatlicr. 
 The cliannel is so tortuous that long vessels often run agrounf'.. ' It appears 
 not a little remarkahle,' says Iniray, Wed (Vi.si of North America, 239, ' that 
 with the excellent liarlior of Esquinialt within two miles, Victoria should 
 liave heen continued as the commercial port of a rising colony.' See also 
 Kdurs Wanderiiiijs, '208, and Sctiiituins Voi/. Ilcraltl, i. 101. 
 
 ** So written by Finlayson, and by Douglas, Camosack. I give the prefer- 
 ence to the former, lecauso though Finlayson may not on all occasions have 
 heen as close an observer as Douglas, the visits of observation of the latter 
 were transient, and in some degree necessarily superficial, while the former 
 Wiw brought immediately into close and continued relationship with the 
 natives, where ho was obliged to know something of their language, and where 
 lie assuredly liad tlie opportunity to obtain the most correct pronunciation of 
 NO important a word. Lieutenant Vavasour, in March 184(5, J/oune of Common* 
 
VJ 
 
 III 
 
 M 
 
 CAMOSUN AND ESQUIMALT. 
 
 mosack, signifying the rush of waters, such as occurred 
 at the gorge, Douglas found an open space some six 
 miles square in area, consisting of a range of plains 
 with timber convenient, and possibly v, ater-power for 
 mills on Camosun Canal, notwithstanding McNeill 
 had reported unfavorably in regard to mill sites. 
 
 I will permit Douglas to make his own report. 
 " Camosack is a pleasant and convenient site for the 
 establishment, within fifty yard.s of the anchorage, on 
 the border of a larue tract of clear land which extends 
 eastward to Point Gonzalo at the south-east ex- 
 tremity of the island, and about six miles interiorly, 
 being the most picturesque and decidedly the most 
 valuable part of the island that we had the good for- 
 tune to discover. More than two thirds of this sec- 
 tion consists of prairie land, and may be converted 
 either to purposes of tillage or pasture, for which I 
 have seen no part of the Indian country better 
 adapted; the rest of it, with the exception of the 
 ponds of water, is covered with valuable oak and pine 
 timber. I observed, generally speaking, but two 
 marked varieties of soil on the prairies; that of the 
 best land is of a dark vegetable mould, varying from 
 nine to fourteen inches in depth, overlaying a sub- 
 stratum of grayish clayey loam, which produces the 
 rankest growth of native plants tliat I have seen in 
 America. The other variety is of inferior value, and 
 to judge from the less vigorous appearance of tlie 
 vegetation upon it, naturally more unproductive. 
 Botli kinds, liowever, produce abundance of grass, 
 and several varieties of red clover ffrow on the ricli 
 moist bottoms. In two, particularly, we saw several 
 acres of clover growing with a luxuriance and a com- 
 pactness more resembling the close sward of a well- 
 managed lea than the produce of an uncultivated 
 waste. Being pretty well assured of the capabilities 
 of the soil as respects the purposes of agriculture, the 
 
 .■■'"'/(•«.'» to Three Addremen, 10, writes the word Cammuaan, which certainly 
 l(?an3 toward Finlaysoii's ortlionraphy. Holduc says Skapits called the south- 
 •>• '. i;iid of Vancouver Island Ramnon. De Smct'a Or. Miss.. CI. 
 
 I 
 
DOUGLAS' REPORT. 
 
 climate being also mild and pleasant, we ought to b<.' 
 able to grow every kind of grain raised in England. 
 On this point, however, we cannot confidently speak 
 until we have tried the experiment and tested the cli- 
 mate, as there may exist local influences destructive of 
 the husbandman's hopes, which cannot be discovered 
 by other means. As, for instance, it is well known that 
 tile damp fogs which daily spread over the shores of 
 Upper California blight the crops and greatly de- 
 teriorate the wheat jjrown near the sea-coast in that 
 country. I am not aware that any such effect is ever 
 felt in the temperate climate of Britain, nearly con- 
 responding in its insular situation and geographical 
 position with Vancouver Island, and. I hope that the 
 latter will also enjoy an exemption from an evil at once 
 disastrous and irremediable. We are certain that 
 potatoes thrive, and grow to a large size, as the Ind- 
 ians have many small fields in cultivation which ap- 
 pear to repay the labor bestowed upon them, and I 
 hope that other crops will do as well. The canal of 
 Camosack is nearly six miles long, and its banks are 
 well wooded throughout." 
 
 About a league west of Camosun was a spot known 
 to the natives as Esquimalt;" that is to say, *a place 
 for gathering camasf.,' great quantities of which vege- 
 table were found there, where it was now well known 
 was a bettor harbor; indeed, Camosun could scarcely 
 be regard jd as a suitable rende/.vous for Avhalers; but 
 that did not prevent its being a bcttci- place for a fort. 
 
 ' As usual in such cases, wc find both of these naiiios mixed and nuitilatod in 
 a variety of ways by diflerent writers. Thus (Irant, Loud. Gcoij. Soc, Juki-., 
 xxvii. 272, and others repeating liis error, say the natives called Victoria Uar- 
 lior Tsoinus, 'from tlie name of the tribe which liven there,' which were the 
 Soiighies, and which name in fact he was endeavoring to pronounce. There is 
 ' a bay within three miles of Fort Victoria,' say two very intelligent gentlemen 
 .specially appointed to see aiul speak correctly. Warre and Vimtmnr, Jfrpt., 
 1845, ' called Squirnal by the Indians.' The native name of Cordoba, the Vic- 
 toria Harbor of the Siitil y Mcxicaiia, Viage, 38, is given by a Spanisli writer 
 Chachinmtupusas. Paul Kane, the artist, WandcriwjK, 209, writes most of 
 the names in the vicinity correctly; but he peoples the Songhio village with 
 Clallams, a scarcely pardonable mistake in one studying savages. I)ouglas 
 writes Esquimalt Iswhoymalth, which orthography, liowever correct it may 
 bo, is rather redundant for popular use. Tlio French Jesuit, Bolduc, Ik 
 iimet'8 Or. Miss., 57-8, calls the Songhies Isanisks. 
 
I! 
 
 M 
 
 90 
 
 CAMOSUX AND K8QUIMALT. 
 
 When once the shoals and covered rocks were known, 
 the channel would be found sufficient for the small 
 vessels of the company ; and as for whalers, the other 
 haibor was quite near enough for their not always too 
 pleasing presence. Little thought was then taken as 
 to which should be the great commercial port, or as 
 to where should be placed the future great commercial 
 city. Even should the station ever assume such pre- 
 tensions, Esquimalt would still assuredly be the proper 
 place, and Caraosun would still be near enough to it. 
 For the present, favorable surroundings, good open 
 lands, clear fresh water, and a beautiful periscope 
 were far weightier considerations than the accessi- 
 bility to shipping, which they did not care to have 
 too near them. 
 
 In reference to Esquimalt, Douglas says : " Iswhoy- 
 malth is one of the best harbors on tlie coast, beinjf 
 perfectly safe and of easy access, but in other respects 
 it possesses no attraction. Its appearance is strikingly 
 unprepossessing, the outline of the country exhibiting 
 a confused assemblage of rock and wood. More dis- 
 tant appear isolated ridges, thinly covered with scat- 
 tered trees and masses of bare rock; and the view is 
 closed by a range of low mountains, which traverse 
 the island at a distance of about twelve miles. The 
 shores of the harbor are iniggcd and precipitous, and 
 I did not see one level spot clear of trees of sufficient 
 extent to build a large fort upon. There is in fact but 
 little clear land within a quarter of a mile of the harbor, 
 and that lies in small patches here and there on the 
 declivities and bottoms of the rising ground. At a 
 greater distance are two elevated plains on different 
 sides of the harbor containing several bottoms of rich 
 land, the kigesc of which does not exceed fifty acres 
 of clear space, much broken by masses of limestone 
 and granite. Another serious objection to the place 
 is the scarcity of fresh water." ^" 
 
 '•Compare further MnrtirHs HwUorCa Bay, 35-7; Waddlngton'a Fraser 
 Mhifs, l,"}. ' Victoria may bo tlie farm, but Lsquimalt will be the trading- 
 port.' Seemanns Voij. Herald, i. 101. 
 
THE MATTER DETERMINED. 
 
 91 
 
 Such report dated the 12th of July beino- dnlr 
 njadeat Fort Vancouver on the retuni'of D^uS 
 after due consideration hy tlie factors and traders there 
 assembled, it was determined to onen operations at thll 
 point as earl,^ in the following spring' asprcttaMe! 
 
'1 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 FOUNDING OF FORT CAMOSUN. 
 1843. 
 
 Expedition fkom Foet Vancouver— Sourck of Agricultural Supplies — 
 The Cowlitz Country— Embark on the 'Beaver'— Visit to theClal- 
 lAMS — Anchor in Camosun Harbor — Beauties of the Surroundings 
 — ^Aboriginal Occupants— Selection of a Site — Two Points Attract 
 Attention — Location Settled — The Jesuit, Bolduc — His Confer- 
 ence WITH the Natives — The Fort-builders Begin Operations — 
 Portentous Signs — Bolduo Celebilvtes Mass — He Visits Whidbey 
 Island — Douglas Departs for Tako — Abandonment of that Post, 
 
 AND ALSO of FoRT McLoUUHLIN — ReTURN OF DoUOLAS Tl» CaMOSUN 
 
 WITH Reexforcements — The Stockade Erected— Arrival of the 
 ' Cadboro' — Ross Placed in Command— Departuhe of Douglas with 
 THE ' Beaver ' and the ' Cadboro. ' 
 
 The expedition tor establishing a post on the south- 
 ern point of Vancouver Island left Fort Vancouver 
 the first day of March 1843.^ It consisted of some 
 fifteen men, and was under the command of James 
 Douglas.'^ It had been determined that the posts of 
 
 ' As to the date of the first e.vpedition to Royal Bay for the purpose of 
 planting an establishment there, and of the beginning of the Fort Victoria 
 buildings, tlicre is a multiplicity of statements, although there is not the 
 slightest difficulty in reaching the truth, strange as it may appear, if one goes 
 to the right place for it. Thus Cooper, Maritime Matters, M^., 2, who ont? 
 would tliink sliould know, says ' the fort was commenced in 1842 and com- 
 pleted in 1844,' when in truth the site was no more tlian selected at the date 
 lirst mentioned, while for nearly ten years after the time last named they were 
 adding to the buildings. McKinlay, Narrative, MS. , 7 was quite near it for 
 him when lie dates the founding 1840. Grant, in London Oeog. Soc, Jour., 
 xxvii. 272, and Uazlitt, Brit. Cot., 157, copying him; Tolmie, Pu(fet Sound, 
 MS., 19, Fiiilayson, Hist. V. I., MS., 21, who was there and one of the 
 building party, give the date 1843. 
 
 ^ Of this expedition, which will be forever interesting and important as the 
 beginning of active permanent operations on Vancouver Island, I have two 
 accounts, of the highest order of evidence, both narrators being of the party; 
 one is the journal of James Douglas, written by himself, and the other a let- 
 ter of Bolduc, a Jesuit priest, to Mr Cayenne, published in De Smet'a Or. Miss. 
 
 (92) 
 
THE EXPEDITION. 
 
 93 
 
 Tako and McLoughlin should be abandoned, and the 
 men tlierc stationed should lend their assistance to 
 the builders of the new establishment; hence the small 
 immber of men brought from Fort Vancouver."' 
 
 First of all, arrangements must be made fou pro- 
 \isions. Unlike a regular fur-trading fort, the pro- 
 [tosed general depot on Vancouver Island could not, 
 in any considerable degree, sustain itself by hunting 
 and fishing. It was intended at once to pursue agri- 
 culture; but there could be but little raised the first 
 year, and while the first crops were growing the men 
 must eat. Therefore, Nisqually and the Cowlitz 
 Plains being of all the Company's farms the most 
 productive and accessible, it was deternuned to draw 
 supplies thence. A week was thus occupied in the 
 Cowlitz country,* and in the transportation of eflects, 
 and on the 9th the party reached Nisqually in the 
 midst of a heavy fall of snow. There the little black 
 /iearcr awaited them ; but it was the 13th before all 
 their effects were on board ready to start. Embark- 
 ing at ten o'clock on that day, and steaming north- 
 Avard through Puget Sound and Admiralty Inlet, at 
 dusk they came to anchor a few miles south of Port 
 Townsend.'* The water was still; over the sides of 
 the vessel fishing tackle was thrown, and soon a j)len- 
 tiful supply of cod and halibut w:is secured for the 
 next day's dinner. 
 
 WeijTfhing anchor the next morninijf, they ran into 
 New Dungeness, and landed ft)r the doiil>le purjxjse 
 of notifying the Clallams of their intended occupation 
 of Vancouver Island, preparatory to opening traltic 
 with them, and also to examine the neighborhood as to 
 
 ^ 'According to instructions from tho governor, Sir ftuorgo Simpson, tlie 
 trailo ;it Tako and the neighboring inlands was to be carried on by tho liettrcr 
 Kteamcr, as a trading vessel along tlio coast there.' Fiiiliti/son'n V. /., MS., UI. 
 
 *The first night, camped at the mouth of the Cowlitz; second night, slept 
 below the forks; third night, above the forks; fourth and fiftli niglits, at 
 Cowlitz Farms; sixth and seventh nights, at Mountain Plain; eighth niglit, 
 at north end of Grand Prairie. We may judge somewhat of their occupation 
 by their movements. Douijlas' Jotimal, MS., 120. 
 
 "At a place named Pointe Per-hix, formed by a projection of the Isle 
 Whitby.' Bolduc, iii De Smet's Or. Miss., 55. 
 
04 
 
 FOUNDING OF FORT CAMOSUN. 
 
 its resources. There was a plain of some two hundred 
 acres, eoiitainiiij^ chiefly granite bowlders, a stream of 
 water, and a large village of the Clallams, who in 
 autumn capture large quantities of salmon. In small 
 gardens on the plain the natives cultivated potatoes. 
 Their observations completed, they crossed Fuca 
 Strait to Camosun Bay, and anchored about four 
 o'clock just inside the entrance round Shoal Point." 
 
 It was indeed primeval in appearance. Before 
 them lay a vast ocean-bound body of land upon which 
 no white man now stood. Not a human habitation 
 was in sight, not a beast, scarcely a bird. Even the 
 distant murmur of the voiceless wood was drowned 
 by the gentle beating of the surf upon the shore. 
 
 There was something specially charming, bewitching, 
 in the place. Though wholly natural, it did not seem 
 so. It was not at all like pure art; but it was as 
 though nature and art had combined to map and 
 make one of the most pleasing prospects in the world. 
 So park-like in appearance was the region round and 
 back of the harbor, that the European first landing 
 would scarcely have manifested surprise had he en- 
 countered workmen, who, while subduing that which 
 was evil or ungainly, were yet subordinating art to 
 nature, and striving with their artificial changes still 
 to preserve nature's beauties. The fertile vales, warm 
 groves, and grassy slopes of the rolling plateau were 
 intersected by serpentine ribbons of glistening water, 
 and bound round by wind-chiselled rocks as smooth 
 and symmetrical as if placed there by design. These 
 gave the ground a substantial air, and a warning to 
 the encroaching sea, as if progress had specially pre- 
 pared the place, and the foundations of civ!li:5ation were 
 there already laid. Never danced cicavcr, purer water 
 in the sunlight than that which rippl; J in the coves 
 and bays around, and the Olympian Heights from this 
 
 *Some say that this expedition first entered Esquimalt Harbor, some 
 C6rdobaBay; botJi are in error. These sliores liad been previously visited 
 often enough to enable them to proceed at oucc to their objective point. 
 
VmcJiN WIU)ERNESS. 
 
 95 
 
 stalidpoint, with tlie glistenin«^ water for a foreground 
 anil cloud-eut midway above their base, a.s they often 
 are, seeineil translated lieavenward. Never were 
 mountains more aptly named than these, thanks to 
 tlie old trinket-huekster, Meares; for if there is any- 
 wliere a spot on whieh an American Jove might 
 fitly hold his eourt, it is here on these high up- 
 lifted hills, their base resting on clouds and their 
 white tops bathed in celestial glory 
 
 The aboriginal occupants of the domain round Ca- 
 niosun, by which native a[)pellation we are permitted 
 for a time to call what was afterward known as Victoria 
 Jlarbor, were the Songhies," whose chief village was 
 situati'd on the western side of the channel, on a point 
 about one mile from the entranci>. At the })resent time, 
 however, they had ft)rtified themselves within stakes 
 enclosing an area some one hundred and fil'ty feet 
 s<(uare, at the head of the harbor,'"* through fear of 
 the fierc-c Cowichins, who livjii a little north of Fia.^er 
 River, both on the island and on the mainland, and 
 \\ ho crept stealthily down the strait in their canois, 
 entered villagers at night, massacred the men, and car- 
 ried the women and children into slavery. 
 
 On the present occasion the Beaver liad scaivcly 
 come to anchor when two canoes were seim, and ac 
 tlie discharge of cannon savages appeared upon the 
 l)ank, confusedly moving hither and thither like the 
 uni'arthed inhabitants of a disturbed ant-hill. The 
 niglit ])assed (piietly, and tlie following morning saw 
 the steamer surrounded by a swarm (kf boats. 
 
 Chief now anionu' other considerations was wood 
 with which to build the fort, and ground to place it 
 on. For tlie former, early on tlie morning of the 
 loth of !N[arch, l)oui;las set out fiom the steamer in 
 a small boat and be<»"an to examine the shore dircctlv 
 north of tlie anchorage, where he found the trees 
 .^liort, crooked, and not at all suitable. On the soutli 
 
 ' Se« X<it!ir RaccM, i. 174-107. 297. 
 
 " IJoMuc says 'six iiiilos from the i«)rt, iit the extremity of the hay.' /)<• 
 Siiift'ti Or. MUs., 50. 
 
li ?P 
 
 !ii 
 
 I 
 
 96 
 
 FOUNDINCr OF FORT CAMOSUN. 
 
 side the wood was better, and Douglas anticipated 
 no difficulty in obtaining sufficient of some kind for 
 liis purpose. Small, straight cedar-trees, such as were 
 most desirable for pickets, being lighter, and of greater 
 durability underground than other timber of this 
 region, he found it necessary to bring from a distance. 
 
 Meanwhile, never indifferent to food supply, he 
 questioned the natives, and learned that pilchard, or 
 herring, came in April, and that salmon ascended Fuca 
 Strait in August, when large quantities were taken, 
 the supply of the latter continuing until September. 
 
 Where to place the proposed fort was the next 
 question. "There are two positions," writes Doug- 
 las m his journal under date of 15th of March, "pos- 
 sessing advantages of nearly equal importance, though 
 of difl'erent kinds. Number one has a good view of 
 the harbor, is upon clear ground, and only fifty yards 
 from the beach; on the other hand, vessels drawing 
 fourteen feet of water cannot come within one hun- 
 dred and thirty feet of the shore. We will therefore 
 have either to boat cargo off and on, and at a great 
 destruction of boats, and at a considerable loss of 
 time, or be put to the cxpenf-:e of forming a jetty at a 
 great amount of lal)or. Number two, on the other 
 hand, will alhnv of vess'^Is lying with their sides 
 grazing the rocks, wliich form a natural wharf where- 
 on cargo may be conveniently landed from the ship's 
 yard, and in that respect would be exceedingly advan- 
 tageous; but on tlie other hand, an intervening point 
 intercepts the view, so that the mouth of tlie port 
 cannot l)e seen from it, an objection of much weight 
 in the case of vessels entering and leaving port. 
 Another disadvantage is, tJuit the shore is there cov- 
 ered by thick woods to the breadth of two hundred 
 yards, so that we nmst either place the fort at that 
 distance from the landing-place, or clear away the 
 thickets, which would detain us very much in our 
 building operations. I will think more on this sub- 
 ject before determining the point." 
 
WLit^tjKm 
 
 BOLDUC, THE MISSIONARY. 
 
 97 
 
 In all which it is clearly evident the commander's 
 mind was dwelling more on proximate facilities than 
 on permanent advantages; for had he been aware 
 that he was choosing the site of a city, and not merely 
 locating a fort, such considerations as a view of the 
 entrance or a belt of bushes on the shore would have 
 weiuhed but little. 
 
 With the expedition was a Jesuit missionary, J. B. 
 Z. Bolduc, who claims to have been the first priest to 
 put foot on Vancouver Island; of the truth of which 
 supposition perhaps neither he nor any of those with 
 him were the best judges. However this may have 
 been, certain it is that Father Bolduc, on this same 
 15th of March, landed with swelling breast and head 
 erect, as fully bent on business as any there ])resent. 
 If we may credit tlie truth of the good man's state- 
 ment, the savages, with their chief, whose name was 
 Tsilalthach, at once recognized his apostleship, and 
 bowed submissive to that spiritual yoke which they 
 lioped would in its own mysterious way add to their 
 creature comforts. 
 
 Accom})anied by the commander of the expedition 
 and the captain of the steamer, the ]»riest directed his 
 steps to where the savages had congregated up the 
 channel, and was immediately embraced by six hundred 
 souls, which number swelled to twelve hundretl before 
 his dejnirture. Men, women, and children, all nmst 
 touch the hem of his garment, all must sliake hands 
 with him, and absorb in their being some of that divine 
 attiatus that flows from the Lord's anDinted. 
 
 ilepairinu, to the great public house of the village, 
 the i)riest harangued the people, and the chief ha- 
 rangued the priest: which was the more interesting 
 and instructive discourse 1 shall not attempt to deter- 
 mine. 
 
 •'0 man!" cried Bolduc, "red man, blind man, 
 beastly man; know you not of a creator, a heaven, 
 and a hell ? I knr v and I am come to tell j'ou, the 
 
 Hist. Buit. Col. 1 
 
01 
 
 FOUNniNd OF FORT t'AMOSUN. 
 
 ! Ml: 
 
 creator is such and such a character aw I shall describe ; 
 and he loves and hates such tilings as I shall tell you 
 are right aiid wrong." 
 
 "All that I know as well as you," returned Tsilal- 
 tliach. "Another told mo ten years ajjo." I UP'xl to 
 be bad; now I am good." 
 
 Lucky Bolduc! Lucky Tsilalthach 1 How wonderful 
 is knowledge, hidden as it is from the wise and prudent, 
 but revealed to babes ! 
 
 "You must be baptized," continued Bolduc. 
 
 "Baptize our enemies," said Tsilalthacli; "do not 
 baptize us; for all the Kwantlums and Cowichins so 
 treated died immediately." 
 
 "Then you can never see tlie master," replied 
 Bolduc. 
 
 "Well, baptize, then," cried Tsilalthacli; "wc have 
 soon to die in any event." 
 
 So Bolduc baptized until arrestea by slie<n' exhaus- 
 tion; and the sheep now gatliered into the fold were 
 ready for the slaughter 
 
 Next day, the lOth, having determined on a site, 
 which was nuiiib(>r two of his recorded cogitations, 
 Douglas put his men at work squaring timber, and 
 six others digging a well. He then ex})lained to the 
 natives,^" now assi'mbled in considerable numbers, tliat 
 he had come to build among them, and to bring tJiem 
 arms and implements, clothing antl beautifnl adorn- 
 ments, which they might have for skins Whereat 
 they were greatly pleased, and eagerly [tressed their 
 assistance u}»on the fort-builders, who were glad to 
 em])loy them at the rate of one blanket for every forty 
 pickets they would bring." 
 
 The 17th was Friday; was it their lucky or un- 
 
 ® Was it another first pviost, a RWcariti j:f sailor, or a siiponmtnrnl apparition ? 
 
 '"Tho 'SaiiioMi!,' Ill) uiilU tlium: which is liardly ho iu;ar 'Songhics ' as 
 ' Cainosack ' is to 'Cainosim,' 
 
 " 'Tlio ])ickets W'TC twenty -two foot hint; and throofoot in ciri'iimU'rcncf. 
 I also lent thi'iu thrco larj^u axes, ono h.ilt' s(piaro head, and ton hiill'-rdiiiid 
 head axos, to bo ri'tiirno(l licroaftor, when they had iiiiishodthe joh.' 7>o«,v/»i<' 
 Journal, MS., iL't ."). 
 
THE nativp:s. 
 
 90 
 
 lucky day ? Was that luminous streak which lingered 
 in the heavens after the day went out, shining brightly 
 there until the moon came up and frightened it away 
 — was the sign portentous of good f)r ill to this begin- 
 ning? And did it speak to the savage or to the civil- 
 ized? For five consecutive niglits it did not fail to 
 make its appearance, and was the wonder of the timo.^' 
 
 Sundav was th(> 19th, and Rolduc decided on that 
 day to celebrate mass. Douglas kindly placinl at his 
 disposal whatever he sliould wisli from the steamei', 
 besides supplying him men to aid him in his holy work. 
 A rustic chapel was improvised: a boat's awning serv- 
 ing as canopy, and branches (^f fir-trees enclosing the 
 sides. During the service the rude sanctuarv was 
 gnv(".'(i wifb the presence of the ccmimander, and two 
 ('.ii,hf^lj>- lies, by wliich term the polite Frenchman 
 dcsignati's the pious half-1 )n'('d wives of the Canadians. 
 No cathedral bell was heard that sabbath morning; 
 no soft and solenm peal fiung back by waving forest 
 on Georgia and Fuca straits; and yet the Songhies, 
 Clallams, and Cowichins were there, friends and 
 bloody enemies, in thick attendance, all anxious for 
 heaven after they should have received sufiicient of 
 some nearer and more present happy sensation. 
 
 Tlie Sonu'hies themselves wove soon enlisted in mis- 
 sionary service. Bolduc, desirous of carrying the gos- 
 ])i'l to Whi(lb(\y Is.'uUvl, after })ui'chasing a canoe was 
 (levoutlv paddled ilieut c bv Tsilalthach and ten of his 
 most ettic'; (It m,. rrior!-, <)i\ the 24th. Tlu; captain had 
 given him a c. uj^'Ism mkI had tohl him which \\i\y to 
 st(H'r, else tins vaan wiio knew !Ue road to heaven so 
 well M'ould have iO." ]ii;'. way on a little stretch of 
 opaque sea of twenty-seven miles. The first night was 
 spent on Lopez Island; tlu^ new eonvt'rts, securing an 
 ;il>undance of sia fi>od to gorge themselves Avithal, iHd 
 
 '- I)imi;l;is cvory (lay iiiiido a unto of it, pliiciiig it ' ihin soiiUi from tlio 
 pit itioii w(> <H'i'U|ii('() at tlio liincof its aiiiicarauci', ami cxtcmli'il from tlii-iifi' 
 III a I'ontiiiuoiis liiu' t' '.lie si iith-wcst imint of tlic liori/oii, foiiniiiij; an air of 
 viiicty tlc^rccs. It ■'. iiiiiisliod j,'ra'liially lowanl tlu' .soutliwi'st liorizoli.* 
 I'oiii/lim' joiinnil, M ■< i'."i. 
 
If 
 
 JOO 
 
 F()UNl)iN(i OF FOK'J' lAMOSUX. 
 
 Ill 
 
 iK^t find it necessary, at this juncture, ti) eat tlic mis- 
 sionary. The next day lie reached Wliidbey Island 
 in safety ; and pitching his tent beside the cross planted 
 there by Blanchet in 1840, before the sun went down he 
 had shaken hands with a file of savages, numbering, with 
 those so favored the following da}', over one thousand, 
 enough to i)ut to blush Ulysses Grant, the greatest of 
 American hand-shakers. Signifying his desire for 
 something better than a cotton house, two hundred 
 Skagits immediately fell to cutting trees, and in two 
 days a wooden building twenty-five by twenty-eight 
 feet, covered with cedar bark, the interior lined with 
 rush mats, stood at his ser* ice upon an adjacent hill; 
 in return for which the S'. sits were tauij^ht to sinof. 
 
 The l}d of April the good ; )nary tleparted from 
 
 these shores, directing his boat ; k toward Nisqually, 
 naively remarking that although the heathen here- 
 abouts iiladlv received the word, he was not sure 
 they fully cominehended it; for when he attemi)ted 
 to reform their morals they straightway relapsed into 
 indirt'erence. 
 
 The beginning of these important t)perations having 
 thus been made, Douglas connnitted his little force of 
 fort-buiUlej's to the honorahle mercies of the yet un- 
 maddened savage, and steamed northward, transacting 
 the usual business on the way. 
 
 Proceeding to Fort Tako, he took thence all the 
 goods and otluir articles worth the transi)ortation, and 
 jtlacing tluMu with the men on boaril the vessel, aban- 
 doned the place. A^ Fort Simpson he took on board 
 Roderick Finlayson, leaving there another officer in 
 his place. Droj)ping down the Milbank Sound, he 
 gathered in the stores and men at Fort McLoughliii, 
 and abandoned that post as he had done Fort Tako.'' 
 Then he returned to Camosun. 
 
 't ' 
 
 J 
 
 "'This coui'80 was adopted in conHctjufiuic of instructions having been 
 sent from Red River settlement in Hudson's Bay, tlien tlie head-quart<!i'8 of 
 <»ur governor, Sir (ieorge Simp.son, to estalilisli a tlejiot for wliah'rs on the 
 south point of Vancouver Island, as there were many whalers then visiting 
 theNortli racitic' Fiiilui/soii'-i I'. /., MS., '_'!. 
 
THE FOUNDATIONS OF EMPIRE LAID. 
 
 101 
 
 It was on the first day of June that the new 
 force landed from the Beaver at Caniosun. But Httle 
 pro<ifress hal been made in building since the de- 
 j)arture of the steamer, and tliere was as yet no 
 slieltcr for stores upon the shore. Carrying forward 
 to rapid conn)letion the few log huts already begun, 
 the goods were landed, and stored in them, the men 
 protecting themselves at night as best they were able, 
 until further buildings were erected for their accommo- 
 dation. 
 
 From the coasts of Vancouver, the neighboring- 
 islands, and the contisfuous mainland the natives 
 llocked in to sec the work that was being done, and 
 encamped on every side. Tliey were all well armed, 
 and were without their wive and children, whidi 
 st'cmed somewhat suspicious to tliu fort-builders. Tlu' 
 fur-trading force at Camosun now immbered fifty men, 
 j);ut of whom were from the abandoned posts of Tak»> 
 and McLoughlin, and j)art fi-om F U't Vancouver. 
 Tliis was almost too formidable an array, armed to 
 the teeth, and constantly on guard as tlicy were, fVn- 
 tlie natives to tliiidc of attacking; so they contente<l 
 tliemsclvi's with tlie }>iirering of sucji articles as provi- 
 dence threw in tlieir way, for they were tJiieves upon 
 |irincii)le. 
 
 Three months after the arrival of the parties from 
 tlic north, the stockade, with bastions at the angles 
 and store and dwelling liouses within, was conipl('te<i. 
 Wliile this work was in jtrogri'ss, the schooner ('(idhoro 
 arrived with supplies from Fort \"ancouver. ^[r 
 diaries Koss, wlio had been in chaigc^ of Fort Mc- 
 Ijongldin at the time of the abandonnuMit, being 
 senior otlicer, was placed in command, witli Mr Fin- 
 layson as second. Then in October, Douglas, })ro- 
 nouncingthc new establishment capable of self-defence, 
 departed with the livaver and tlie Cadhoro, and their 
 crews, midst loiig and lusty cheers from the shore. 
 Thus wc^re laid the foundations of a new empire. 
 
II 
 
 I 
 
 HI •III J" 
 III IP 
 11 11 
 
 S< H I141 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 AFFAIRS AT C AMOS UN. 
 
 1S44. 
 
 Dkatii of Commaxper llos.s — lloPKRirK ]'iNLAVS0N — Sketch of his 
 C'aukek — At Fokts Tako axi> Simpson' — BinLioriUAPiiu'Ai, Note ox his 
 Maniscriit — His Ciiauacter — First C'ak(;o ok Livk-stock — The Sav- 
 
 ACIES MAKE GaME OF THE CaTTLK— UeIJUESS DeMANHED AX1> REFtrSKD— 
 
 Wah Dei'lared— Tsouohila.m and Tsilalihach avith their Allies 
 ArrAi'K THE Fort — STitArEiiY of Finlaysox — Bl(h)uless Viotory — The 
 Pipe ok Peace is Smokek — ]>esii!iitions ok the Fortress— »\'arre 
 and Vavasoiu — Ueutholo Sf.kmax X — Fin layson's LEriEK— James 
 Deans — His Character and Maxisoript — Interestincj and Minute 
 Description of the Fort — Under Ordehs ok Douolas, Fort Camosux 
 WAS Bi'Ii.t wriHoirr a Nail. 
 
 In the spring- of 1844 Ross, the oiliccir in charge, died, 
 and Finlayson reigned in liis stead. Tlio first duty of 
 the new comniander Mas to despatcli to Nisqually a 
 eanoo with a messenger for Fort Vancouver, announc- 
 ing tlie deatli of Ross. Tlie return express brouglit 
 from ^EcLoughlin authority i'or Finlayson to remain 
 in cliarge, with a promise of another olticer to be sent 
 sliortly to assist liini in carrying on operations. 
 
 On the western highlands of Scotland was uorn 
 Roderick Finlayson, thus destined for a time to rule 
 this island. His father was an extensive sheep-farmer, 
 and in assisting him, no less than in attending the 
 parochial school, the youth was preparing for his 
 successful future. 
 
 At the age of sixteen years he left home and began 
 making his own way in the world. Crossing the At- 
 lantic on an emigrant ship in 18o7 to New York, he 
 there met an uncle who secured him a position as ap- 
 prenticed clerk in the Hudson's Bay Company, and 
 
RODERICK FINLAYSON. 
 
 io;< 
 
 reported himself at tlie office in Montreal. After re- 
 maining there several months he was appointed to 
 Bytown, a station on the Ottawa River. Thence in 
 1839 he crossed the mountains to Fort Vancouver, 
 where he wintered, hunting in the Willamette Valley, 
 •shooting duck where Portland now stands, and making 
 preparations meanwhile for an expedition northward 
 for the purpose of taking possession of the ten-league 
 sliore strip lately leased from the Russians. Thence 
 witli James Douglas in command of the party, of 
 wliichwere W. G. Rae, John Kennedy, and J olin Mc- 
 Loughlin, junior, in the sj)ring of 1840 he proceeded 
 hy way of the Cowlitz Jiiver, Nisqually, Langley, Mil- 
 hank Sound, and Fort Simpson to the Stikeen River, 
 wlicre woi'e left Rae, McLoughlin, and eighteen men; 
 Douglas, Kemiedy, and Finlayson, with tlie remainder 
 of the i»arty, proceeding in the steamer Beaver, which 
 liad hrouglit tliem from Nisqually to Sitka. 
 
 Ill June the party sailed from Sitka for the Tako 
 liiver, where they built a fort, which was loft in 
 charge of Kennedy, with Finlayson as assistant, aii<l 
 eighteen men, ] Douglas returning to Fort Vancouver. 
 Ai'ter a dreary winter Jit Tako, in the sununer of 
 1841 Finlayson was ordered to Stikeen to take the 
 place at that station of Mr Rae, who was sent to 
 Verba Ruena. There ho remained six months, Avhen 
 lie took liis place at Fort Shnpson as trader. 
 
 Upon the assassination of John McLoughlin, junior, 
 by his men at Stikeen, Finlayson proceeded thither 
 in a canoe to take connnand of that jiost, but on ar- 
 rival he found that Governor Simpson liad reached 
 the ])lace before him, and had provided for its gov(U'n- 
 nunt. Thereupon he returned to Fort Simpson, 
 where he remained tiirough 1842, and until he was 
 taki'ii thence by I)oui>'las to assist in establishinii' the 
 l>ost at Camosuu in the spring of 1843.^ 
 
 *Iu a inuuuHcriut of 104 folio pages, cutitlod llktonj of y'tincoutrr 
 Ixland and the NorthwcHt Cmtxt, h// lioiU'vkk Fiiilaysmi, are given tho primary 
 l.icts relative to the first establishmoiit on VancnuviT Island subsocjucnt to 
 the doings at ^rod'.ka, loiiin l:;ilf-ii';!*r.rv jirovioiis. Vart nf this nianusuript 
 
ill i'ii! 
 
 ill 'I 
 
 104 
 
 AFFAIRS AT CAMOSUN. 
 
 There can be no evidence more satisfactory to the 
 historian in regard to an incident or episode not con- 
 nected with contending factions, than the testimony de- 
 rived from frequent and close converse, pen in hand, 
 with the chief actor in the event. If besides being 
 upon the spot and ordering, or doing, and seeing done 
 all that was done, we have a witness, intelligent, 
 high-minded, of the strictest integrity, careful in his 
 statements, precise in the use of words, unbiassed, un- 
 bigoted, neither seeking praise nor fearing censure, it 
 were strange, indeed, if one seeking facts only could not 
 under such circumstances find them. Such a witness, 
 touching one of the most interesting and important 
 events of British Columbia history, namely, clearing 
 the ground for the future metropolis, and setting there 
 the stakes of civilization, we happily have, in this in- 
 stance, in the person of Mr Roderick Finlayson. 
 
 is in the handwriting of tlie author; the remainder was taken by reporters 
 from Mr Finlayson 's dictation in my presence, and while suljject to my inter- 
 rogatories. Ho who would investigate the early affairs of British Columbia, 
 more particularly matters relating to tlic founding of its most important 
 establishment, and which led to the building of the present city of Victoria, 
 is surprised at the absence of material. There was scarcely a post upon the 
 whole Northwest Coast of which I had not more information than concerning 
 the founding of Camosun, or Victoria, before I began to gather it from un- 
 recorded sources. Fortunately in Mr Fmlaysou I found the man before all 
 others for the purpose. Well preserved in mind as in body, clear-headed, 
 courteous, intelligent, and public-spirited, he patiently sat with mo day after 
 day and week after week, until I expressed myself satisfied. And to liim 
 his fellow-members of the commonwealth, and all who care for a knowledge 
 of its early incidents, may tender their thanks; for without what he has 
 given me there would be little to tell. It is wonderful, indeed, liow quicklj' 
 unrecorded facts drop out of existence; and what blind apathy even the most 
 prominent men sometimes display concerning most important matters which 
 have lain nearest them all their lives, but which did not happen to come 
 within the routine of their duties. When asked by Mrs Victor for incidents 
 of the early life of John McLoughlin, Mr Douglas replied that he knew noth- 
 ing of McLoughlin's early life. Half their lives had been spent in intimate 
 business and friendly intercourse; both were wise and prominent men, and 
 yet the younger knew absolutely nothing of the elder except what he saw of 
 him. Mr Finlayson has a most happy way of presenting facts. His style is 
 lucid, exact, and at the same time comprehensive. The chief incidents of his 
 long and prominent career seemed already arranged in his mind in well de- 
 fined sequence. His manuscript, though not as large as some, contains as 
 much information as many three times its size, and the importance of his 
 information is not exceeded by any. Mr Finlayson jpresentetf as fine an ap- 
 pearance physically as one not very often meets. Tall, well proportioned, 
 erect, and crowned with gray, with fine, full features, expressive at once of 
 benevolence and intelligence, his would have been felt as an imposing pres- 
 ence in any community. 
 
chakactj:r of finlayson. 
 
 105 
 
 y to the 
 not con- 
 lony de- 
 in hand, 
 es being 
 inf? done 
 :olligent, 
 ■ul in his 
 ssed, un- 
 snsurc, it 
 30uld not 
 . witness, 
 mportant 
 , clearing 
 ing there 
 ti this in- 
 
 by reporters 
 t to my inter- 
 ioh Columbia, 
 pst important 
 f of Victoria, 
 post upon the 
 in concerning 
 r it from un- 
 lan before all 
 cleiir- headed, 
 mo day after 
 And to him 
 a knowledge 
 ■what ho has 
 how quickly 
 iven the most 
 lattcrs which 
 pen to come 
 for incidents 
 e knew noth- 
 t in intimate 
 jnt men, and 
 lat ho saw of 
 His style is 
 iidents of his 
 1 in well de- 
 , contains as 
 •tance of his 
 J 6no an ap- 
 >roportioned, 
 re at onco of 
 iposing pres- 
 
 Every individual is composed of human qualities, 
 the worst having much that is good, the best much 
 tliat is bad. And the honest historian deems it his 
 duty to present, in every instance, without fear or 
 favor, without prejudice or feeling, botli pliases of 
 cliaracter, clearly and conscientiously. In rigidly ad- 
 lioring to tliis course, he must expect little else but 
 ct'iisuro from any quarter; for praise a man never 
 so long or loudly, once a fault is touched he or his 
 friends bristle with anoer in a moment. In the lives 
 of the best of us are some things which we prefer 
 sliould not be brought under too strong a light; the 
 worst of us do not relish the parading of our wicked- 
 ness, nor do we believ^e it true, or the statement just, 
 {before embarking in his too often thankless task, the 
 writer of history, if his work be worthy the lame, 
 must so incase himself in armor as to be wholly in- 
 different to attack, relying only on truth, and the 
 satisfacticMi of telling it, for his reward. 
 
 Applying this sentiment to the niatter in hand, I 
 Had nu'self at a loss in the consunnnation. Xo doubt 
 Finlayson has bad qualities; his })la(!e is not upon this 
 jtlanet otherwise; but unfortunately I have not Www 
 idile to find them. Though ah 'ays a leading man in 
 th(> conii)anv and in the colonv, ho has not been so 
 prominent as to have excited, to any general I'xtent, 
 jealousy or obloquy by reason of his position. Among 
 husiness men, among those who have met him almost 
 daily for a perit)d of forty years, or are intiinati* with 
 liis course and character, he is pronounced a shrtjwd, 
 practical, clear-headed Scotchman, who, though some- 
 times seeking office and assuming public duties, med- 
 dles little with his neighbors' affairs, but attends U) 
 liis own business, an<l does it so well and thoroughly 
 as usually to command success. Kind, ben(!Volent, 
 liouorable, and exceedingly courteous, showing him 
 sc^lf l)v instinct a gentlemen hi the hisfhest sense of 
 that much misapplied word, he possesses neither the 
 genius nor the weakness of McLoughlin, nor the chiv- 
 
i; iy*:-'i 
 
 r 
 
 ill 
 
 106 
 
 AFFAIRS AT CAMOSUN. 
 
 ulrous strcnnrtli or the cold calculating formality of 
 Douglas. He is not wholly self-abandoned in his well- 
 doing like the one, nor snow-capped, by reason of his 
 mond or jjolitical elevation, like the other. Being not 
 so crreat a man as either, his faults do not stand out 
 so conspicuously. 
 
 We will now crontinue our narrative of affairs at 
 Cyaiuosun. 
 
 When tiio Cadhoro and the Beaver sailed away 
 about their business the previous October, the lattt^r 
 proceeded to Fort Nisqually, and taking on board u 
 ear<>o of cattle and horses, returned with them to 
 ( 'amosuu. Tliereafter regular trip,; were made, and 
 soon C-amosuu became the home station vt' the little 
 steamer, wlience she departed on lier several missions. 
 
 Tlie cattle brought fi'om Nisc[ua]ly were chiefly of 
 Mexican origin, and wt>re wild and uiimana2feable. 
 When first turned loose from tlie steamer, witli head 
 and tall erect they darted lilther and tliitlier, and then 
 j)lunged into tlie thicket; and it was with no small 
 dIflicuUy tl'.at they were finally corralled and c-ontrolled. 
 In due i'nnv, however, a sufficient number for building 
 and farnilug jHirposes were subdued and brought under 
 the yoke, and wluni not at work were turned out to 
 graze, as were likewise the liorses and other cattle. 
 
 The savaws re<jrarded with Wv)iider not unmixeil 
 with contempt this new species of game trained to 
 do women's work, and tliereby rendered wellnigh un- 
 lit for the accomplishment of their high destiny, which 
 was to be killed and eaten. Besides, if this thing was 
 to be, what would wom<!n do; what would wives be 
 good for? Not only would they become idle, lazy, 
 anc- too proud to work, but they would so fall in value 
 as materially to aftect the wealth and standing of 
 those possessing six or ten. Their blood-thirsty logic 
 was convincing to their own minds at least, and m- 
 deed overpowering, notwithstanding the white men 
 liad warned them, under penalty of severe displeas- 
 
 1 III 
 
HOSTILITIES. 
 
 m 
 
 luo, to treat these civilized beasts with distinguished 
 consideration. 
 
 J', aumg tliose encamped in the vicinity of the fort, 
 ami who watched ojierations with as keen a zest 
 as any, was a hand of Cowichins, whose chief was 
 Tsoughilani, and wht) had come down from the nortli 
 on a plmiderino- expedition. 
 
 The horses and cattle of the fort-builders were 
 magnificent prey for these brigands, particularly the 
 work-animals, which were finer, fatter, and more 
 easily approached than the others. It was not often 
 the good gods sent them such abundant benefit at so 
 small a cost; and to decline them might seem ungrate- 
 ful. So some of the best of the work oxen and horses 
 were killed, and the Cowichins were filled to their 
 utmost content. 
 
 The day of reckoning quickly came. The fort- 
 Uuilders, having need of tlieir cattle, Avent out fur them 
 one morning, and found in place of tlieir faithful as- 
 sistants only blood and bones, the more valuable parts 
 of the carcasses being easily traced to the Cowichin 
 (•;iuip. Finlayson inunediately despatched a messen- 
 ger to Tsouijjhilam, di'mandiniif delivery of the ofl:\!nd- 
 irs, or payment for the slain animals. The savage 
 attempted intimidation, prt^tended ingenuousness, 
 tliough he knew well (niough he was criminal. 
 
 "\VhatI" exclaimed to the messenger the lordly 
 aboriginal, "these animals yours I ]3id you make 
 them ( Are these your fic'lds that fatten tliem ? I 
 thought them the property of nature; and whatever 
 nature sc>nds me, that I slay and eat, asking no ques- 
 tions, and paying no damages." 
 
 " These cattle were brouijlit from beyond the yreat 
 sea," replied the messenger; "they belonged to those 
 who brought them; and unless you make proper res- 
 titution, the gates of the fort will be closed ajjainst 
 
 VOU. 
 
 * Close your gates, if you like 1" exclaimed Tsough- 
 ilam, now thoroughly enraged, " and I will batter 
 
11!: 
 
 mm. 
 
 108 
 
 AFFAIUS AT tAMOSUX. 
 
 tlicm down! Close your <]fat('S forsooth 1 Think you 
 \vo (11<1 not llvo before the wliite man came? and tliink 
 you we slioukl die wi're lu? s\ve])t from tliese si i ores f 
 
 It was no idle threat that Tsoucfhilam thus made. 
 There were others in the neighborhood, bold chief- 
 tains with their warriors, not least amoni; whom was 
 Tsilalthach, the ij^reatest and l)ravest of the Sonj^hies, 
 who had watched these many da} s, with itching palms, 
 the good things carried in behind the palisades, and 
 who would not scruple in the least to attempt to 
 secure some of them. Though not exactly upon his 
 own domain, Tsous>hilam almost felt at home there ])V 
 r(>ason of his oft-repeated depredations. Ho might 
 set U]) a sort of claim by right r^f eoiujuest. At all 
 events, his right was as reasonable as was the white 
 man's. Sunnnoning to a council all the chiefs within 
 liis call, he said to them: 
 
 '* lieptiles have crept hither, rt-ptih'S with strangr 
 stings, whom it w«>re well to crush upon the spot lest 
 they sliould soon overspread the Avhole island The 
 reward for such labor may be found behind the pal- 
 isades. 
 
 Then arose Tsilalthach, cliief of the Songhies, and 
 said: "We and our forefathers have lived in happiness 
 ujum this island for many ages before the existence of 
 these strangers was known. AVe have eaten the fruits 
 of the earth, have bathed in the waters and in the 
 sunshine, have hunted our forests uncpn^stioned of any, 
 and have fought away our enemies manfully. Is all 
 now to be taken from us^' 
 
 The spirit of butchery was aroused. " We will 
 meet this new infliction," cried another, "as we have 
 met those in the past. We can do without bedizen- 
 ments; or, what is better, we can take them without 
 the asking." 
 
 Meanwhile within the fort watch was kept day 
 and night to prevent surprise. After a lapse of two 
 days, during which a large force had assembled n)un<l 
 the fortress, the threatened attack was made. Midst 
 
THK FOUT A'iTACKK!). 
 
 lOS) 
 
 SUV yolls aiitl terrifyiiitif antics, such as should put 
 to h.„lit a liost of liobgohhns, men, or devils, a shower 
 of musket-halls came })atteriiig down upon the I'ort, 
 riddlinjif the stockade and rattlin*? on the roofs of the 
 houses. Instantly Finlayson shouted his order that 
 not a sliot was to he returned, thougli it was with the 
 ntniost difficulty he could restrain his men. The sav- 
 ages conthmed tlunr fire for full half an hour, when 
 set'ing no pros[»ect of annihilation near, they rested 
 from their waste of anununition. Then the com- 
 mander of the fort ajipeared upon the parapet and 
 licckoned Tsoughilam within speaking distance. 
 
 " Wliat would you do?" exclaimed Finlayson. 
 -' What evil would you bring upon yourselves? What 
 folly with your peppery guns to think to demolish our 
 stronghold! Know you not that with one motion of 
 mv fin<;er I could Uow you all into the hay ? And I 
 will do it, too. 8ce your houses yonder ! And in- 
 .stantly ujx)!! the wonl a nine-pounder helched forth 
 wit^' astounding noise, a large k)ad of grape-shot tear- 
 in to splinters the cedar lodge at which it was 
 
 A hundred howls of agony rent the air, as if hy 
 tliat single shot all the women and children of the 
 island had been blown to atoms. 
 
 And so they would have been doubtless injured 
 somewhat had tluy been there, as many of their woe- 
 stricken husbands and fathers supiH)sed they were. 
 Hut the humane Finlayson had no desire to depopu- 
 late the isle, or even to injure a hair of a single abo- 
 riginal head. Before seeking a parley, and while the 
 bullets were falling thick around him, he had formed 
 a ])lan for teachino- them a salutary lesson without 
 (IdUig them mjury. He had ordered his interj)reter 
 1<> slip from the back gate and run for his life, as if 
 esca[»ing from a deadly foe, ar.d on arriving at the 
 lodges designated to warn the inmates to instant flight, 
 as the fort was preparing to fire upon them. Hence 
 no damage was done save the shivering to splinters 
 
110 
 
 AFFAIRS AT CAMOSUN. 
 
 ' II I 
 
 :wn<w 
 
 5i !i 
 
 of some pine slabs. And much good was accom- 
 plished, as the result will shoiv. 
 
 Some little time was allowed to elapse after the 
 firing of the shot, that the savages might have oppor- 
 tunity to gather somewhat their dusky senses. Pres- 
 ently a deputation of their principal men appeared 
 before the fort and requested a parley with the wliite 
 chief. Finlavson told them thev mitjht come within 
 the stockade; and as a guaranty of his good foith, lie 
 would send out two of Jiis men as liostages. The 
 oft'er was accepted, and tlie deputation entered the 
 fort. 
 
 Then Finlayson fully explained t<j them how easily 
 lie c(>uld destroy them if he would. He showed tliem 
 his men, his big guns and his little guns, and powder 
 and balls, and knives and swords. He assureil them 
 that he wished them only good; but he insisted that 
 those who killed the oxen sliould l)e given up for pun- 
 isliment, or the cattle paid for. They preferred the 
 latter alternative, and before night fur to the full 
 amount of the damage was delivered at tlie fort gate. 
 The JHpe of peace was then smokeil, and promises of 
 fri(!ndshii) exdiaiiixed. Next dav tlie natives asked 
 to see the great gun tried again; whereupon Finlay- 
 son told them to station an old canoe out in the water, 
 and pointing the camion at it he fireil. Away went 
 the ball, and after cutting a great hole in the boat, 
 bounded along the surfa/'e of the water tt» the oppo- 
 site shore. The savages' respect for civilized institu- 
 tions was duly increased. 
 
 iUit tlu^ white manV, laws as gradually revealed to 
 them were seldom ]>alatable. For exanii)le, not long 
 after the cattle-killinyf atl'air certain Skatjits from 
 \\'hi<Ibev Island came to Caniosiin to trade. Their 
 business doiu' thev started for their boats; but before 
 reachin*'' them tlu! Son<>Iiies fell u|>on the visitors and 
 strip]tetl them of their go(>ds; for between the Ska- 
 gits ai'd the Songhies, just as betv<>en France and 
 Gcrnianv, feuds had long existed. Xow, in tli(> bi'^ 
 
DESCRIPTION OP THE FORT. 
 
 HI 
 
 IS acconi- 
 
 hook of the fur-hunters is it not written that trading 
 skins is a sacred calhng, and that consequently the 
 l»crsons of skin-sellers are sacred? Therefore when 
 tlio Skagits returned with long faces to the fort and 
 told their tale, the connnander ordered the immediate 
 restoration of the stolen goods, under ]>onalty of his 
 displeasure and absolute cessation of trade, which 
 was done. Steal and butcher among y(»urselves, or 
 on any other occasion, as much as you will ; but at 
 vour peril touch tlij pilgrim who brings hither the 
 Liains we love. 
 
 The fort was situated, as we have seen, on the east 
 side of the hilet, directly opposite the chief village 
 of the Songhies, which was distant some four hundred 
 yards, and between which places was constant com- 
 numication by boat;.;. As usual, the cliiefs were ke[)t 
 friendly by presents and a judicioub balancing of 
 power by Mr Finlayson, for whom they encertained 
 tli(> Jiigiiest respect." 
 
 The scjuare enclose<l by the ciular ]»ickets, which 
 w ere eighteen feet above ground, was one huuilred and 
 fifty yards on every side, with two blov.'k-housi>s or 
 l»astif)ns at the angU's, and dwellings and storehouses 
 within the enclosure.^ 
 
 Althouijh building was not entirely over for several 
 years, the fort })ro[)er and tlu; usual building within 
 the palisades wwe well advanced during tins year of 
 1844. As there is no period in the history of a com- 
 monwealth j)ossessing a mon; kc>eii and lasting interest 
 than that of the; rude inci[)iency of its metropolis, I 
 
 '■' ' On tlui o])i)oHito Nido of tlio liarlior is .a larf^i' luitivd village; tlic ilis- 
 t.ii\co across is only KM) yards, ami oaiicics k('i'j> mi CDiistint (■oiMiiniiiicatioii 
 lii'twi'i'ii it and the fort. Certain supiilies to tiu^ I'liiefs ke(|i tiii'in in jjood 
 IniiMiir with their intrudiiij^ visitors.' The house.s of tho natives 'ari^ liuilt 
 Aitli solidity, the tdiinato rendering it nt^eessary to >f\iiird aji;aiiist .'he coM, 
 iiiil arraiiuo vitli somo dc^gree of order in streets or lanea M'ith jiassa ,'es rnii- 
 iiiiig 11]) lietweeii till ni Several families oeeiqiy the same lioiis(! oiie largo 
 >*lu'd, littli: lietter than an o[K'ri cow house or stahle in an iiidill'erei't inn, 
 tlie eomiiartnieiits or walls hardly ex<diidiiiv; the sight of one family f''oin 
 ■iiiotiicr. Siriniinii'n To,./. Hinilil, i. lO.V (i. See also A'ir/(C(' l!,\rin, i. \~ \ 'JdS, 
 
 "liiis is Mr KinliiysouH statement, lliil. W /., MS., ;U •-'. Other.s who 
 know less ahoiit it give otlior ligiireH. 
 
112 
 
 AFFAIRS AT CAMOSUN. 
 
 shall give the impressions of a few early visitors in 
 their own words. 
 
 Lieutenants Warre and Vavasour, wlu) were there 
 in 1845, report the 2Gth of October: "We visited the 
 Hudson's Bay Company's post, . . .where they have 
 established a fort similar to those already described, 
 a farm of several hundred acres, on which they raise 
 wheat and potatoes, and a depot of provisions, supplies, 
 etc., for the different trading-posts farther to the 
 north." And again the latter of the above-named 
 gentlemen says in a report to Colonel Holloway dated 
 the 1st ')f Marcli 1 84(5: "Fort Mctoria is situated at 
 the suutliern end of Vancouver's Island, in the small 
 harbor of Cammusan, the entrance t<^ whicli is rather 
 intricate. The fort is a square enclosure of one hun- 
 dred yards, surrounded by cedar pickets twenty feci 
 in height, having two octagonal bastions containing 
 each six six-pounder iron guns at the north-east and 
 south-west angles. The buildings are made of s<piared 
 timber, eight in numbor, forming three sides of an 
 oblong. This fort has lately been establislied; it is 
 l)a(lly situated with ngard to water and position, which 
 latter has bi-cn diosen for its agiicultural advantages 
 onlv. . . . This is the best built of the com pan v's forts; 
 it requires lotip-lioling and a ])latform or gallery to en- 
 able men to riiv over tiu; pickets. A tiitch might be 
 cut round it, but the rock ai)i)ears on the surface in 
 
 mai 
 
 aces 
 
 "4 
 
 HtMthold Secmann, naturalist on board It. ]\[. S. 
 Hcrahl, who visited the place in July IH4(!, says: 
 "The fort is a square enclosure, stockaded with poles 
 about twenty feet high, and eight <»r ten inches in 
 diameter, placed close togetlier, and seamed with a 
 crof ., |)iece of n«^arly ecpial size. At the tiansversi; 
 corners of the scpiare there ixvv strong octagonal 
 towers, mounted with four nine-])ounder guns flank- 
 ing each side, so tliat an attack l)y savages would be 
 out of the question; imd if defended with spirit, a dis- 
 
 * //niitf (\)inniniis IMiini'i In Thru' Aililfd.^fn. 7, 11 V2. 
 
LAYIN<; OUT A TOWN. 
 
 113 
 
 ere there 
 isited the 
 bhey have 
 described, 
 they raise 
 ;, supphes, 
 er to the 
 )ve-iiaiued 
 way ilated 
 iitiiated at 
 the sinall 
 I is rather 
 ' one huiv- 
 ^veiity feet 
 contaiuinj;' 
 i-east and 
 of stpiared 
 ides of ail 
 ihvd; it is 
 ion, whieli 
 idvaiitages 
 nv's forts; 
 |h>ry to eii- 
 ini,l»lit he 
 urfaee in 
 
 111. M. IS. 
 \\{\, says: 
 Litli poles 
 liiu'hes ill 
 [d Avith a 
 Irans verse 
 loetnufonal 
 ins llank- 
 kvould l)e 
 (lit, a dis- 
 
 I 
 
 <'iphned force without artillery would find considerable 
 diHieulty in fou'ing the defences. The square is about 
 one liundrcd and twenty yards, but an increase, which 
 will nearly double its len«j;th from north to south, is 
 contemplated. The building is even now, though 
 plaiti to a fault, imj)osing from its mass and extent, 
 while the bastions or towers diminish the tameness 
 which its regular outline would otherwise; produce. The 
 interior is occupied by the officiTs' houses, or apart- 
 ments they should rather l,>e called, stores, and a trad- 
 ing house, in which smaller bargains an' concluded, 
 and tools, agricultural im])leineuts, blankets, shawls, 
 ixads, and all the multifarious products of Sheffield, 
 Hirmingham, Manchester, and Leeds, are offered at 
 exorbitant ))rices." 
 
 "In lHo'_',"says Kinlayson, "the town of A'^ictoria 
 was laid out in streets, then bounded on tlu' west by 
 the harbor, on the east by the present Goveinment 
 street, on the south by the old fort, and on the north 
 l>y the present Johnson street. Outside of these 
 boundaries were the fields whic^i were under cultiva- 
 tion."^ This will enable the nader to locate to-day 
 the exact spot on which the fort stood. 
 
 Hut by far the best account extant of the [)lace as 
 it existed at an early day is that give:i me by my 
 friend ifanu's Deans," of Vancouver Island, who de- 
 scribes it as he first saw it in January 185,']: "The 
 bastions were of hewn logs some thirty feet in height, 
 and were connected by ])alisades about twenty feet 
 liigh. Within the palisades were the stores, num- 
 hered from one to five, ami a blacksmith shop, besides 
 
 '■• /•'iiiltii/soii'.i h/lti-.i, MS., Oct. 18, 187!>. 
 
 ''Si til. mint <)/' ]'iiiirniiitr Julmiil, MS., l>y Joinis Dvatin, A'ii'tdria, 1878. 
 Mr ni'iuis \V!i.s liorii at AriiiLstii'ld, HniMiiigtonshiiT, Scotland, on the ITtli ol' 
 •hiiic l.S'JT. Lcavinj^' LoikIoii tlio 17tli of August 18.VJ, on the II. 11. ('o.'.s 
 bark XiiniKiii Morritim, ho iirriveil at Victoria the Kith of .lanuary following. 
 Uritish Columbia ha.s Ix-en hin plucu <if rusiiiunce ever since. Thus, under lii.s 
 3«>iiunuou8 observation, society aiid the cnnnnonwealth have arisen and de- 
 veloped, anil being a close and intelligent observer, an original thinker, and 
 .'i fearless speaker, his uianuscrint constitutes no unimportant part of my 
 material for this por*iou of my history. I shall have occasion to refer to it 
 "li'uy times during the progress of this work. 
 
 11 1ST. llllIT. COL. 8 
 
114 
 
 AKKA1K.S AT fAMOSUN. 
 
 V< m 
 
 dininj^-hall, cook-liouso, and chapel. . . .The site of the 
 tort was ail oak opening. The ground, to the extent 
 of an acre, was cleared and enclosed by a palisade 
 forming a square. On the north and south cornens 
 was a tower containing six or eight pieces of ord- 
 nance each. The north one served as a prison, tlu- 
 st)uth one for firiny; salutes whenever the jjfovernor 
 visited any place officially. In the centre of the east 
 and west sides were main gate-ways, each having a 
 little door to let peoitle out or in after hours. On the 
 right, entering by tlio front or south gate, was a cot- 
 tage in which was tlie post-office. It Avas kept by an 
 officer of the <'onipany, a Captain Sangster. Next in 
 order was the smithy. Xext and first on the soutli 
 side was a large storehouse, in which fish-oil, etc., 
 were stowed awa}'. Next came the carpenter's shoj;. 
 ( 'lose to this was a large rt)om provided with bunks 
 for the company's men to sleep in. Next, and last on 
 that side, was a large building, a sort of barrack for 
 new arrivals. Between this corner and tlie east gate 
 were the cha])cl and chaplain's house. On the other 
 side of this jjate was a larijce building which served as 
 a dining-room for the officers; adjoining this were the 
 cook-house and pantry. On tlu; fourth side was ;i 
 tlouble row of buildings i'or storing fur previous* t<> 
 sliipment to England, and goods before taking their 
 })lace in the trading store Behind these stores was 
 a fire-proof building used as a magazine ft)r storing 
 gunjtowder. On the lowei* corner was another cottage 
 in which lived Finlayson and family, who was tlu'ii 
 chief factor. (Jn the other side of the front or west 
 gate was the flag-staff and belfry. The central part 
 of the enclosure was open, and was always kept clean. 
 Through this enclosure ran the main road leading 
 from the two gates. On one side of this road was ii 
 well in which a lamentable accident happened eailv 
 in the rush of 1858. This well was about thirty feet 
 in depth, down to the bed-rock, which dij)pcd sutl 
 denly toward the harbor, leaving, when the water got 
 
DOUGLAS AND FIXLAYSON. 
 
 115 
 
 low, tlio Upper i)art of it dry, wliilo at tlu; lower })art 
 there were tliree or tour feet of water. It was lined 
 witli stoiu'-work up to the surfaee, then covered with 
 wood. To tliis well the miners eanu; for their supply 
 of water, which was hauled up witli a rope and bucket. 
 Wliile one of them was haulinuf up water the rope 
 hioke and kt his kettk' fall to the bottom. In order 
 to save his kettle, he ga\(' an Indian a dollar to go 
 down and fish it up. The Indian went <lown and 
 stood on the dry part of tlie rock. After trying a 
 littk^ while, and unable to grap])le th:- kettle, in order 
 to help Jiim to recover it the miner swung himself 
 down by the rope. When about ten feet down his 
 t'fct struck the stone-work. In an instant the w1k)1c 
 wall fell <lown on the Inilian, who, p(K)r fellow, died 
 instantly, crushed to di>ath at the bottom. A nund>er 
 (if |)eople came and quickly recovered his bod}'. The 
 well was oidered to be tilled ii]), which was doni'. 
 Only one of all the old buildings now remains, which 
 is the store known as nund)er three. It is at present 
 used as a theatre" that is to sav in I S78. 
 
 ( Miaracteristic of Douglas was the desire to accf)ni- 
 piisli the greatest possible residts with tlu' smallest 
 means, a praiseworthy (juality if not carried to(» far. 
 During his wide experience he had often been forced 
 to this economy of capital, and M'hat he had done he 
 »t(ni[K'IKd otluTS to do. If a fort was to be built, 
 Donglas wt)uld specify the nund»er of men to be em- 
 jiloyed, the tools to be used, among which the nevt-r- 
 failing Canailian chopping-adze was always promini'nt, 
 if indi'ed it was not the only one, if I may except a 
 few augers, chisels, and saws. Finlayson had beeii 
 the pupil «)f J)ouglas, as Douglas had In-en th(> ])U\n\ 
 of Mcjjoughlin. 
 
 Under the iuHuenco of Douglas, Finlayson ind)ibed 
 similar ideas; so that when ordered to build Fort 
 ( 'ainosun without a single nail, ho did it. Strange 
 !ts it may appear, houses, palisades, and bastions were 
 
E|'i I 
 
 116 
 
 AFFAIRS AT CAMOSUN. 
 
 erected without the use of one iron nail or spike, 
 wooden pegfs alone being employed." 
 
 ' B(.'si(les Finlai/xonK I/iat. V. /., M.S., passim; Deans' Settlevient V. I., MS., 
 ])as.siiii; Doiii/his' I'oyni/e to the ^'oiihiirnt C'onxt, in Journal, MS., 120-7; 
 Holduo, in JJe Smet'a Or. Minx., flo-OS; ami Wtidtlimjton's Froficr Minen, ou 
 whose evidence this and the preceding chapter rest — I may infer to Emnn' 
 HiM. Dr., MS., 'JTit; Simp.soni* Or. Ter., 47; NIIc.h' Jierj., Ixix. 134; Svevmnu's 
 Vo;i. Ilcritld, i. 101-3; Maine 8 B. C, '2C>-!u; Kane's Wanderhvjn, 215; Guide 
 to }{. ('., 281-4; Martin's II. B., lU-."); (Irani, in London <>eoij. Soc., Jovr., xxvi. 
 272; MrKinUiy's Nar., MS., 7; Orerland Monthly, xv. 407; James Dontjlas, Jl. 
 B. Co. Er. If. B. Co. Claims, 40-01; Cooper, Mar. Matters, MS., passim; Ifaz- 
 lilt's B. C, 157, copied vcrhatini from (irant; Tohnie's Ptujet Sound, MS., 10; 
 /fon-ison's Bept., 30; Marjie's B. C, 58; Blanrhard, in House Commons Bept., 
 1857, 2tH), 204; Cooper, in House Comvions Bept., 1857, 208; Good's Britink 
 Columbia, MS., 2; Toil's New Caledonia, MS., 10. 
 
 Il 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 CAMOSUN, ALBERT, VICTORIA 
 
 1845. 
 
 EXTKRMTTIATION OF SaVAOE NoMENCLATURK — CaMOST'.N BECOXrES FlFiST 
 
 Alhkrt, and then Victoria — Food Siri'LV — Doislas' Moito, «iuEAr 
 Fnd.s from .Small Means — Wooden I'loi(!1is am> Roi'E ITarnehs A 
 More Liberal Economy Somktimk.s Prokitarle — Outward-hound 
 Siiirs from Enuland now L'omh: DiitEiTLY HniiEii — Wilu-im; Kt.EETs 
 — The Mission of the 'America' — Captain (Jordon as a Sportsman — 
 
 HosriTALITY AT FoRT VUTORIA — 'FlFTV-FOUR FoRTY OR FHillT '— >[oRF. 
 
 Vessels of War at Victoria — Also Surveyors and Ari'raiser.s of 
 Territories — The Northwest Coast not Worth FiiaixiNti for- - 
 ADVFiNTUREs OK Padl Kanb— Fokt Victobia IN Early IUys. 
 
 Back into the woods, you greased and painted red- 
 skins I Go! And take your belongiiii^s — all of them, 
 that is, all except what civilization would have. But 
 cliiefly take yourselves, your past, your future ; take 
 your names of things and places ; take your lares ct 
 pniatcs, take your legends and traditions. Begone! 
 Blot yourselves out! Why should you be remem- 
 bered ( What liave you done as tenants of this domain 
 except to occui)y, and eat and sk'e[), and keep it fresh 
 and virgin as God gave it 3'ou, until some stronger 
 hand sliould come and wrest it from you? Thanks, 
 g(Mitle savage; but go! And please do not die liere 
 under our cultivated noses. You need execute no 
 testament; we will administer your estate. (Jio! Be 
 forgotten! Be not! And let not your late home 
 breathe of your former being. 
 
 For the first two years of its existence, as we havx- 
 seen, the post at the south end of Vancouver island 
 was called by the native name of the place, (^amosun. 
 
 (117; 
 
!i 
 
 1 i; 1 ] 
 
 Ii! 1 " 
 
 in: 
 
 III i:', ; 
 
 1 ! ■ 
 
 '■j ' . ' 
 
 1 
 
 ' ! 
 1 ii 
 
 M'i: 
 
 
 
 Ii ' ' 
 
 tit 
 
 CA.MOSUX, ALBERT, VIlTOltlA. 
 
 It was HOW (leouictl advisable, not to say nocussary, 
 to eradicate all traces of nature and the natural man; 
 it was thought in better taste, with the levelling of 
 forests and the tearing uj) of rocks, to blast from 
 memory the sylvan race that once were masters there. 
 It happened there lived somewhere a man whosi* 
 name was Albert, whom it were well for the ailven- 
 turers of England to conciliate; therefore, in the year 
 of grace I 84;"), orders came from the London magnates 
 to damn the name Camosun, and call the place Fort 
 Albert. But even then tliey were not satisfied; for 
 behold, n[)on this planet there was one nnghtier than 
 Albert, even his wife, the queen; and so before the 
 year had expired Camosun was called Victoria, eacli 
 new baptism being celebrated by the usual .salutes and 
 ceremonies.' 
 
 Xo sooner were the stockade, storehouses, and 
 dwellings prepared than the people at Camosun 
 turned their attention to the production of food. 
 " Foi," sai<l Finlayson, "after the first year many a]»- 
 plications for agricultural produce from head-quarters 
 would be ascribed to want of energy on the part ot" 
 the otticiMs in char'>i> " and holdin»>' last to the motto 
 of Douglas, "great ends from small means," the 
 omnipotent adze was sharpened, and wooden ploughs 
 and harrows were made, tiie mould-board anil teetli 
 being of oak; old ropes obtained from the coasting 
 vesst'ls W(U'e used as traces for tlie lioi'ses to ])ull l»y. 
 Afterward, seeing how industrious and thrifty they 
 were, as a mark of h.is s[>ecial favor Douglas in^lulged 
 them in the e.vtravagance of a few iron ploughshares 
 
 FinlayHou wiys, J/!.i/. V. /., MS., 2fi: 'In the yc;ir IM'i tliu Uiuiie I'l' 
 CainoHiiii i(rcvi(m.><ly j^ivcii to tlio I'ort wii« cluingtMl to Fort Albert l)y onli r 
 from I'higlaiiil, unci tlio sui'ccodiiig your to that of Victoria. ' Tliis J slioiilu 
 regard at! tlic liigiicst autliority liiil I not find a hi^dier in tlic report of lleii- 
 tentants Warre and Vavasour, J/oii.ii' i)J'<'oiiimn,i.s lictHriiK to TInrc Aihlns :<<. 
 7, dated tlie 'JGtli of October 1S4."), in wliieli the j)o.st is |ilainly designateil 
 Fort N'ictoria. This may have been done witliout projior autliority, or ii 
 niiiy not have lioeu coinnioidy called by that name, or ba]>ti»!d into it lieforr 
 184(5. At most, the •li.'icrepanc;, in the time of the change of name involves 
 but a few monthu. 
 
(iKKAT KX1>S FROM SMALL MEANS. 
 
 no 
 
 loccssary, 
 Liral man; 
 
 (last tioin 
 iors tUero. 
 an whosi' 
 ]\c advou- 
 11 tlic year 
 I inaguatt's 
 place Foi't 
 tisfiod; for 
 rlitier than 
 luiforo tlu' 
 L-toria, eacli 
 salutes and 
 
 Kouses, and 
 ^t Camosun 
 jn of food, 
 av laaiiy ap- 
 ad-quaitois 
 
 the part of 
 .o the motto 
 ueaus," the 
 U>n ploughs 
 d and teeth 
 lie eeastnii; 
 to \»uU hy. 
 thrifty they 
 las iudulgc>d 
 »loUghshares 
 
 >t Albert l>y «>'-'l<'; 
 L ■ This 1 slioul'l 
 liic ni>oit of lii^^"- 
 1, 77/(W J«/'/cc.s •'■.■. 
 li.laiulv ilesiguiiU;! 
 authority, <"• " 
 lizetl into it hotor.' 
 of uiiiiie iuvolvos 
 
 iVtnii Fort Vancouver; and whetting their Scotch 
 ingenuity still further, they took the iron lioops from 
 old provision casks and with them lined the mould- 
 Itoards of the pKmgh and bound the wooden agricul- 
 tural machinery gricultural outhouses were built; 
 and urain was thravshed bv driving; horses ronnd a 
 ring in the barn. Flour was made witli a steel hand- 
 mill sent from Fort Vancouver. 
 
 i'erhaps a more liberal economy would have bettii' 
 Served the purpose, though it might not so well have 
 scrvt-d James Douglas. McLoughlin was making 
 ready to retire from the service, and remove from 
 Kort Vancouver to Oregon City the coming winter, 
 leaving Chief Factor ])ouglas first in connnand on 
 the Pacific. Tliis new post on A'^ancouver Island was 
 undoubtedly destined to great things. Mr (ilrant 
 savs: "As in sett) in IT there, no idea was entertained 
 by the Hudson's Bay Comj)any beyond starting a 
 fresh tra(ling-])ost with the Indians, the establishment 
 riMuained in ."fUifn quo until the j-ear 184!), when the 
 granting of the whole island to the com})any opened 
 out a fresh fieUl i'or their I'xertions;" but in this he is 
 mistaken. We know that the; com})any harbored far 
 more ambitious views for Camosun, or by the grace 
 of (iod, Albert, and Victoria, than the establishing 
 of an ordinary trading-]K)st there, thougli ]\Ir (Jrant 
 did not. The great men of the great monopoly were 
 \\h<»lly abk' to keep their own counsel, and those 
 ut^arest them, in point of time as well as of distance, 
 olten knew least i.s to tlu' project or [)oIicy revolving 
 in their mighty minds. 
 
 Had a trading-])ost ah)n(> been the nu>asure of their 
 expectations, Langley would have answered. At Lang- 
 ley were both furs and fisherii's; there was little local 
 trade on this south end of Vancou^■l'r Island. Xo. 
 the day was coming when ])rogres.s should demand 
 somewiieiv in this western noith a Ih'itish city. 
 Already the Americans were nj>on theni, and had 
 spoiled their st)uthern urounds. JNissiblv thev miijht 
 

 i'l4!!r:!. 
 
 120 
 
 CAMOSUN, ALBERT, VlLTOUiA. 
 
 nurse their western hyperborean game yet a century 
 or two as tliey had done in Kupert Land ; or, if hard 
 pressed, they might spare the island to civilization and 
 yet liold the mainland savage. 
 
 Howbeit, with metropolitan glories far or near, with 
 or without the assistance of the whale-catchers, this 
 new post would prove more than the usual trafficking 
 stockade. Therefore Douglas would begin his reign 
 with reform, and carry yet more tlian ever into rigid 
 practice his ])rinciple of the greatest results from the 
 least means. 
 
 Almost innnediately Fort Victoria became the sec- 
 ond depot of Hudson's Bay Company goods on the 
 Pacific coast, and shortly afterward the first. Out- 
 ward-bound ships from England now had orders to 
 sail direct for this port, and after landing here all the 
 goods destined for the coast trade, to proceed to the 
 (\)lumbia River with the remainder. Hence tlie sta- 
 tion rose rapidly in importance. 
 
 There were now three vessels in the company's ser- 
 vice between London and the Northwest Coast, the 
 Vancouver, the Coirlltz, and the Columbia. These ships 
 made yearly voyages, bringing outfits always twelve 
 months in advance, which enabled the fort to have on 
 hand one or two years' supply. The first to enter 
 Victoria Harbor direct from England was the Van- 
 couver in 1845.^ 
 
 A fleet of five American whalers dropped in at 
 Royal Bay in 1845 for supplies. And yearly after 
 that they called at Fort Victoria, until finally it was 
 found that tlie Hawaiian Islands offered a more con- 
 venient port of call. Indeed, the hope of Governor 
 Simpson to establish here a general rendezvous for 
 whalers was never fully realized. 
 
 Durintr this same year Juan de Fuca Strait was 
 honored by a visit from her majesty's ship America, 
 
 'The Vatienrnvr is reported at Victoria again in Novemln-'r 1840, ami iti 
 1847 tlie bark t'otniiiltin at Honolulu twenty-six ilaya from Vancouver Islautl. 
 
VISIT OP OORDON. 
 
 121 
 
 whose captain was Gordor, brother of the earl of 
 Aberdeen, tiien priine-iuinister of Enij;land. Knowing 
 little or nothing of Esquinuilt and Victoria harbors, 
 (lordon put in to Port Discovery, sending a despatch, 
 as lie was passing through the strait, to the officer in 
 cliarge at Fort Victoria to come on board his vessel. 
 
 Placing his first officer in charge of the fort, Finlay- 
 son returned with the messenger to the America, and 
 soon stood in the presence of the august commander. 
 A series of catechisings then set in, which lasted three 
 (lays, at the expiration of which, Finlayson, squeezed 
 of all information in his power to impart, was sent 
 l)iick to his post. Captain (iiordon aiul certain of his 
 officers accompanying him. 
 
 The object of the A)ticrivafi visit wns to obtain in- 
 formation concerning the coast, such as shoukl assi.st 
 tlic English government in settling the boundary 
 question then pending. To this end, while Finlayson 
 was yet on board, C{q)tain Parke of the marines, 
 and Lieutenant Peel, son of Sir Robert Peel, were 
 despatched by way of the Cowlitz to the Columbia, 
 to ascertain the value of that region to the subjects 
 of Great Britain. 
 
 As the time drew near when the rights of owner- 
 sliip and occupation must be finally determined, Brit- 
 isli statesmen asked themselves. Is the country worth 
 haviiiij? Further than this, is it worth fiyfhtinu: for? 
 These queries they put to the London management 
 of the Hudson's Bay Company, and the answers were 
 not satisfactory. The company cared nothing for the 
 value of the country, cared little whetlie-' England 
 should fight for it. Their interest lay in preserving 
 it as a hunting-ground. So long as that was done, and 
 they enjoyed a monopoly of the fur-trade, all was well. 
 If their plans wx-re to be spoiled, it mattered littK; to 
 them whether it was dime by the English governnuMit, 
 or by American settlers. When McLoughlin was 
 asked this question, he answered plainly that ho did 
 not think the country worth fighting for. 
 
CAMOSUN, ALHKKT, VH TlJUlA. 
 
 It was not t'VL'iy (lay tliat ln'otlitTs and sons ot'rarls 
 and baronets tlroppi'd in upon tlic quiet traders, and 
 all were well aware that Kni;land now cxpeettnl Fin- 
 layson to d(t his duty. First of all, the A7ncricas 
 ottieers were duly feasted, this heinjr a eustoni whieh 
 EuLrlish ijentlenien as well as American sava»;c8 de- 
 lijjfhted in. Fatted calves were killed, also swine and 
 poultry' ; and hunters were sent out for ^anie. To 
 native delicacies wire add.cil liouie i)rotluctioiis, which 
 wi'll cooked and served with the choicest wines and 
 li(|Uors satisfied the stomach and warmed the heart 
 into solemn ufood-fi'llowship. 
 
 It w\is really necessary the dinner should pass oti 
 well if the service was to escape disgrace, for when 
 bedtime came there were no sumptuous apartments 
 into which to show the quests. Eatinijj and sleepiniL; 
 were two <|uite distinct afl'airs at Fort Victoria. 
 There wi-re no wives, civili/ed or savage, in the offi- 
 cers' quarters of the fort; indeed, Fiidayson's was the 
 oidy bed, and that was a singh.' "ot slung against the 
 l)are walls. This was gisen to the ca))tain, while 
 tlie others sle[)t on the floor. 
 
 At the breakfast table next morning a large, fine 
 salmon was placed before the guests, smoking liot. 
 
 "What is that '" demanded the captain. ' 
 
 " Salmon," said Finlayson; "wo Lave plenty of them 
 liere." 
 
 " Have you flies and nxls :* '' 
 
 "AVe use lines and bait; the Intlians catch them in 
 nets ; we have no flies and rods '( " 
 
 " No Hies! no rods 1" resj>onded thepuz/led captain, 
 who, like many others, prided himself most on what 
 he knew least about, and could scarcely imagine a 
 greater disgrace to English sportsmen than the ado]>- 
 tion of aborifjinal customs in fishiui; or huntiuij. "No 
 flics ! no rods ! Well, vou have indeed turned sav- 
 
 ages. 
 
 Fishing in Fuca Strait being out of the question, 
 without the customary adjuncts attending angling in 
 
OI'INIOXS. 
 
 i-.':» 
 
 eh theiii in 
 
 Hiitisli trout-sti 
 and Hc('t<'s 
 
 ilonul, tlu! finest 
 
 sircjims, hor.scs wen* (Htlonui, u\v. tiiicst 
 tlic island allordcd. The Jiritisli sailors 
 
 wtif now to show their hoiii«^htcd oountryinou liow 
 dt'ff Mrri' stalked. 
 
 Hvi'ii nature, tlattei'ed hy the [)resoiire ot" the illus- 
 trious visitoi's, had put on h. or gayest aj)))arel. llidiny; 
 tortli u|>on the wiKl sward carpeted with ilower-', ])e- 
 twi'cn forests and tern-frini;"ed thickets, the rich green 
 of the liill-top foliage ]>luniing the illimitahle ))lue, tlm 
 dancing waters i»elow, and the fro/en sunshiui^ ahove. 
 the hreast of the honest fur-trader heaved somewhat 
 t \ultant over the island's loveliness. After waiting 
 in vain for sonu' e\[)ression of appreciation on the 
 pari, of hi conipani(»ns, he modestly asked, "Is not 
 tlii.v he.iutiful f 
 
 Kiidayson," n-jtlied (Jordon, '"I 
 
 vould not give 
 luc of the hleakest knolls of all the hleak hills of 
 Scotbuxl for tweiitv islands arraved like this in l»ar- 
 liaric glories." 
 
 Finlayson could not h»^li> asking himself what the 
 government meant in sending such an ass to set a 
 \ahiation on ^.1 e Xorthwest Coast. 
 
 L'resonily a tand of deer started ui>, the party pur- 
 ■-ued, and just as Gordon was ri>ady tt> shoot, the game 
 disappeared in a thicket whicji the mounted hunters 
 • •ould not ]>enetrate. The captain thereupon hroke 
 nut into new cursings, and demande<| how deer couhl 
 l)c shot in a country like this. 
 
 W 
 
 lave men who can average six a <lay, sai( 
 
 Finlayson. "and that without fatigue ; hut as the game 
 I'f the islautl is not yi't enclosed in park fenci's, and 
 ue caimot run it down through tliese thickets, we are 
 nhiiged to steal upon it imawares, which is easily <lone 
 hy those who understand it." 
 
 In a very had humor the sailors returned to th* 
 tort, and after a week of eating and drinking, which 
 iIkv most of all enjoyed, they wi-nt on hoard their 
 ^liip. ^leanwhile, accouipanied hy Douglas, who was 
 doing the honors in that quarter, Parke and Peel re- 
 
124 
 
 CAMOSUN, ALBERT, VICTORIA. 
 
 turned from the Columbia River, apparently as dis- 
 gusted with the eountry in tliat direction as Gordon 
 had been with Vancouver Island. When the expe- 
 dition returned to Enu^land, and made its intelligent 
 .'irid valuable report, British statesmen were amply 
 .•'.l)le to give the subject the clearest consideration. 
 
 And now while the cry of "fifty- four forty or fight'" 
 was ringing throughout the United States, and while 
 in England there was likewise no small excitement 
 relative to the interests of Great Britain on tho 
 Pacific, there appeared before Fort V^ictoria several 
 British vessels, ,vhich had been ordered from tlu; 
 south Pacific to guard British interests on the North- 
 west Coast. 
 
 These were the Cormorant, Captain Gordon — not 
 the (Tord(m of the former visit, but another of that 
 name; the Fixijard, Captain Duntze; the Cousiancc, 
 (^aptain Courtney; tlie Jnconstinif, Captain Shepherd; 
 and the surveying vessels Jlcrald, Captain Kellett, 
 and Pandora, Ca[»tain Wood. Thus again in 184G 
 Finlayson was called upon to dance attendance on 
 maritime magnijicos. Beef cattle were driviJii up for 
 tlie officers to shoot, and wild hors(!S for them t<> 
 break. Douglas and Finlayson were often on the 
 vessels to diimer, and the officers used to ask them, 
 "Why do you leave tlie Colund)ia? If we could only 
 be sent there, we would take the whole country i»! 
 twenty four hours." After these came the frigate 
 TlietiH and other V-..^sels. All tliese sliips found tlie 
 fortress of Victoria revellinii: in fat tliinjifs; nor were 
 tlie officers slow to })rovision their v«!ssels from the 
 stock of cattle and jtroduce there al)ounding. 
 
 Several of these ships were given some; little coin 
 mission other than tiie primary one of guarding Jiritis'i 
 rights and fi'owning on the obstreperous t;neroac]i 
 ments of the Americans. Thus Cjiptain Duntze of 
 
 "Tlmt is to say, if (Jroat Britain did not yield to tliu Unittd States pcact 
 alilo poHHesiiioii of all territory west of tlie lloeky Mniiiitiiiiis, lietwecii tin: 
 
 Co8S('s.sioiis of Mexico mi 1ln' soutii ami IliiM.sia on tiie imi'tli, whicli latter 
 uund waa latitude Tit 40', tiie Amurieani would lijjht for it. 
 
 S I 
 
SEYMOUR AND KKLLEIT. 
 
 125 
 
 Lly as dis- 
 ks Gordon 
 the ex[K'- 
 intelligent 
 jro amply 
 ration, 
 'or fight"' 
 and while 
 excitement 
 in on tlie 
 ria several 
 from tlie 
 ho North- 
 
 )rdon — not 
 icr of that 
 ( \msiancc, 
 Shepherd; 
 n Kellett, 
 n in 1840 
 ndanoe on 
 veil uj) for 
 tliem to 
 I on the 
 isk them, 
 ould only 
 country in 
 10 frigate 
 ound t]i<> 
 nor Wi-re 
 from th( 
 
 ittle eoni 
 i«X Jiritis'i 
 (MU'roacli 
 )untze oi 
 
 the F'mjard was directed hy Rear-admiral G. F. Sey- 
 mour, commander-in-chief of her majesty's fleet in the 
 s, tilth Pacific, and whose rei)ort to tiie admiralty was 
 dated on hoard the CoIliiKjirood, Valparaiso, 8tli Fch- 
 ruaiy 1S47, to "ascertain wliether coals could be sup- 
 jilied in sufficient quantities for the use of steamers on 
 (^)uadia or Vancouver Island," and Diintze accordingly 
 sent the steam-vessel Coruiorant thither. The result, 
 so fai' as its bearing upon the coal interest is concerned, 
 will I»e given hereafter.^ 
 
 Henry Kellett, (;ommanding the Herald and the 
 r<nt<lom, which appeared before Fort Victoria in July 
 IHtT), being tuu;u!'ed from deep su)Touiidin«ifs by the 
 (' mnorant, which was tlu>re before them, made a super- 
 ficial survey of Fuca Strait, and then sailed south- 
 ward. Subsequently Kcsllett became conspicuous by 
 three cruises to the Arctic regions, in search of Sir 
 .roliu Franklin. 
 
 Resides the war-vessels of the Pacific squad^o i, 
 whose officers were to leportoii the resources and joii- 
 dition of the country, as well as guard their govern- 
 ment's interests thert'in, a special commission of iixpiiry 
 was sent from Knglan<l by way of (^anada to ascertain 
 \( t more definitelv what the Northwest Coast was 
 worth, and how matters stood there. Two engineers, 
 lieutenants Warre and Vavascmr, were selected by 
 th(! governmc'it foi" this purpose, and tliey arrived 
 at Fort Vancouver in 1845 by the annual express 
 from York Factory, that year in charge of Chi«'f 
 r actor Ogden. 
 
 In addition to this commis.iion by the government, 
 these gentlemen were to perform a little sijcrct serv'ce 
 for the Hudson's Bay (\nnpany council in London, 
 wliich was no less than to act as spies on McTjough- 
 liii, esj)ecially in reftacnce to his intiircourse and deal- 
 ings with settlers from the United States. 
 
 1 States iK'ai' 
 
 <, llctWIMMl till' 
 
 which lattir 
 
 * 'Ah t witlidrtiw the Comiorant from the Northwest ('oast, on hearing;; <rf 
 thi^ arruiiguinunt of the Ontgoii i|UOMti(>ii, I pruHiiiiiti iioiio will l>u ru<iu.rt>d 
 Htiilcr prcMMit ciiciniiHtaiicoi for her inajeHty's nervico. ' Sq/iiinnr'n Itnrt. (• 
 Ailiiitii. i- .'*,,... ,o HoiiHT < 'omiimii* lielurm to Three AiHrvMHrH, 1848-U, 3. 
 
I'jr. 
 
 ( A.MOsrX, AI.HKUT, VKTOKIA. 
 
 P'V' 1,1 
 
 m 
 
 I <1<) not doubt tiitit these g'eutleimni port'ormed tlieii- 
 duties <'onsc'ientiou.sly. They exiimiiu'd tlie Columlua 
 River and tlie country soutli of it; they visited Puiifet 
 Sound and A'ancouvcr Ishvail, and made a lengthy 
 jvj)ort on its resounvs; tliey spoke of tlie coal, the 
 fisheries, and the tiniher; but they did not thhik the 
 country wortli fiir,ditini;- for. Their i'c[>ort coneernin»_( 
 ^[eLouo'hlin was likewise^ unfavorable, so nmch so 
 tliat they s -nt it otf secretly, witliout showing' it ti> 
 lilni, wliicli was contrary to cu.^toin, and suspicious 
 if \u)t insultin*^. On the strenij^th of this rc[)ort, the 
 London inanau'enient wrote ^tcLousjfhlin a letter of 
 reproof, which, though subsocpiencly a[>olooized for. 
 ](h\ to tlie inunediate resignation of that most valu- 
 a,l)le officer. 
 
 Travelhni«' was now iH'cominu: somewhat daniierous 
 along tlie middle ( 'olumbia, t'veii fni' the HudsonV- 
 Hiiy people, owing to animosities arising from con 
 llicting interests. As a rub', liowe\cr em-aged the 
 savages might be against Americans, tbi'ir faitii in the 
 liritish fur-traders remained unshaken. Ihit in 1844, 
 when J. W. McKay iirst came to Fort Yancouve!', 
 he found tliat tlie natives along some parts of the 
 rctute were not to be trusted. 
 
 After sj»en<lin!_, some time with Paul Eraser, wno 
 had established a post for the Hudson's Hay (.'om[»any 
 near the mouth of the IJmpipia and after being pres- 
 ent at several political meetings in Oregon, where, to 
 his no small amusement, he saw luuninated for offict 
 old servants of tlu! conipany, ignorant voyageurs, wliose 
 idc^as of government were but little ab(»vi^ those of a 
 grizzly bear, he was detaile(. to attend on the officeis 
 of tlie l^ritish gt)vernment in their examination of tin 
 country, to taki; charge of the baggage, and provide 
 animals, guitles, and («jui[)age. McKay tt^stifies that 
 with rt!gard to the Cowlitz country and the regioii 
 between tin? Columbia and Kuca Stniit, they declared 
 that it should be held at all )\azard. If by this he 
 
(•i;>, \uir.s VIEWS 
 
 moans that such was t! j goneral and final impression 
 expressed by the officers of the Aberdeen ministry 
 lu'ie investigating in 1845, that being the time of 
 wliicii he s})eaks, I can <»nly say tluit the weiglit of 
 ividence is against liim. Doubtless both British and 
 Americans deemed it shameful that any part of the 
 Northwest Coast should be given up to the other, 
 doubtless both would tak(( and hold all territory pos- 
 sible, witlu)ut actual wai- ; but when it came to fighting 
 tor the gravi'lly pl>ins (»f the Cowlitz and tlie rolling 
 Itunch-giass prairur. of eastern Washington, tliey <li<l 
 not tiiink'it worth the while. 
 
 liarly in 184(j McKay was sent to California to as- 
 certain what arrangements might l)e ma«le for obtain- 
 ing certain sup[)lies nearer than Knglan«l, in cast' tin- 
 larming (\stablishments on the ( 'ohunbia and the (^>w- 
 litz should be given up to the United Statis. 
 
 Tlieie were thoughts in I'^ngland that ]»erhaps bef«)re 
 long settlement by l^ritish subjects W(»uld begin i'l Brit- 
 ish Columbia; lor about this time we fintl S. Cunard 
 suggesting to the athniraltv, that in granting lands on 
 X'ancouver Island the crown might as well reservi' to its 
 own use the coal-mines already pri'gnant with promise. 
 
 Meanwhile such of the company's men as conld Ik- 
 spared from the business of the fort, as well as all 
 natives desirous of taking on civilization, were ke[>t 
 at W(>rk clearing lands ami istablishing farms. The 
 savages Were soon c'onvinced that in this instan<-e em- 
 phatically wisdom's ways wire j)eaee; so they turne<l 
 ill iuid helped the white nun i !id the men half white 
 lo work, becoming good bulh. k-<lrivers, and lu'ttcr 
 phmghmen than the Canadians <r Kanakas, to whom, 
 iiev 'vthcless, they gave freely of their women to wife, 
 all which tended to promoti; good behavioramong the 
 v!iriegutc<l retainers of the conunercial despots. The 
 natives were treated with strict fairness, Ix'mg pai<l as 
 well as other laborers wln>n they w»»rked as well. 
 
 rill • 
 
 iheir wages were from £17 to £25 per annam. 
 
128 
 
 CAMOSUN, ALBERT, VICTORIA. 
 
 Within three years after the beginning of the fort 
 there were under cultivation one liundruJ and sixty 
 acres, on which were grown wheat, oats, potatoes, 
 carrots, turnips, and other vegetables, with a con- 
 stantly inert Mjing conversion of wild lands. Then- 
 was a dairy furnishing an abundant supply of milk, 
 wliicli took tlie place, in a great measure, of beer, wine, 
 and spirits as a beverage. 
 
 ]^y the end of 1847 there were at this place two 
 dairies, each having seventy cows, which were milked 
 twice a day, the milk yielding seventy pounds of butter 
 to the cow each season. Thus the wild hunters, fish- 
 ermen, and fighters were fast becoming farmers and 
 dairymen 
 
 In this year of 1847, on the flat where now run 
 the most prominent business streets, where stand 
 the banks, the post-office, and the principal business 
 houses, threi> hundred acres were cleared and under 
 cultivation. The laiul was rich, ju'oducing fine pease 
 and })otatoes, and of wheat forty bushels to th(? 
 aciv, the most of whicli prodive was sent to Sitka. 
 Two llussian vessels came this year, and carried away 
 from Victoria Harbor over five thousand bushels of 
 wheat, beside beef and nmtton, payment for the 
 same beiiijif made with bills of exchanufe on St Peters- 
 buig. Fort Ijaiigley likewise cojitributod to the lad- 
 ing of these two s1ii[)S, the }>roduce being brought 
 thence to Victoria Harbor in small boats. Uj) to 
 the time of tlie bargain with the Jlussian American 
 Fur Comj>any, nothing like a foreign commerce in 
 any articles, other than those obtained hi the regular 
 fur traffic, was ever attempted on the Northwest 
 Coast. Although as a whaling dej)ot the establish- 
 ment at Victoria Harbor was attended with insignili 
 cant success, yet, as tlie Venice of the ntirthern wilds, 
 the home anchorage of the oidy steamer that had 
 '^v<'r puffed upon those waters, and the cliief commer- 
 <'ial port in British Pacific America of the liussian 
 American fur-traders, it fast budded into promise. 
 
VISIT OF THE 'HERALD.' 
 
 129 
 
 Two or three years lati^r saw dianges yet greater — 
 the seeds of a city, with new goods and new jargons, 
 with a cash trade for goods, as well as a fur-trade, 
 where nierehandise was sold for money by those 
 who had hitherto seareely known a dollar from a 
 ducat. 
 
 While the fur-traders were delighted over any- 
 thing which broke the dead monotony of tlicir lives, 
 and were specially pleased by the opportunity to en- 
 tertain their countrymen, they were not always grati- 
 fied with tlie result. Leading, as they did, isolated and 
 simple lives, and accustomed to indulge only in plain 
 words and honest purposes, they were often treated 
 somewhat cavalierly by their visitors, while using the 
 best means at connnand for their comfort and amuse- 
 ment. And when once the guests had turned their 
 l)ack iipon the place, they did n(jt hesitate to speak 
 their minds. Thus Seemann, writing for the officers 
 of the //ero/f/, says: 
 
 " There being no competition, the company has it 
 all its own way; it does not profess to suj)ply the 
 puhlic; indeed, although it does not object to sell to 
 pc()j)Ie situated as we were, yet the stores are for the 
 trailu in furs, to supply the native hunters with the 
 goods wliich they most value, as also for the use of its 
 own deperuh .ts, wlio, receiving little pay, art; usually 
 ill ileht to the comj)any, and are tlierefore nmcli in its 
 }«»\v'(>r. In fact, tlie people employed are rarely those 
 to whim r(>turning lioine is an object; tliey have 
 iMiistly boi'U taken from poverty, jukI liave at 
 
 a I 
 
 t vi iits food and clothing. Tli<^ W(uk is hard, but 
 with Jieahii and strength this is a bh-ssing ratiier than 
 otherwise. Wart of wliite womtMi jn>pt;irs to be the 
 
 and generally 
 iVoni which 
 
 (hawl'ack to tliis j)rospect of succ 
 
 I'Hils to conncH'tioiis with tlw? natives, 
 
 S[iriTig jialf-castes, who from tlie specimens we saw 
 
 a;>|icar t() inherit the vic(>s of both races; they are 
 
 active and shrewd, but violent and coarse, while 
 
 neither their education nor conduct admits theiu into 
 
 llisr. iiiiiT. cdi,. y 
 

 I 
 
 ! 
 
 ■jm CAMOSUN, ALBERT, VKTOKIA 
 
 the societv of the European settlt^rs. This must eu- 
 i^eiider a bad state of feehiij^, and niiglit he remedied 
 by takinj:; more pains witli the education and traininji; 
 of these liardy and enter})rising, yet more than half- 
 hrutahzed, jH'ojde, We felt (juite disgusted in seeing 
 one of thesi! half-eastcs, hearing as good a name as 
 any in Scotland, heating and kicking a score of Indians 
 <»ut of the fort witli as httle compunction as if they 
 IkuI hccn doi;s, sc(irnin»r tlu>m as natives, tho«<xl! his 
 mother had hccn taken from one of their tribe, and 
 liad been no more educated than they were." 
 
 Thus slowly toward a more illustrious destiny pro- 
 ceeded affairs at Fort A^ctoria. Thouirh no danjj^er 
 was api)rehended from the natives, watch was usually 
 kept at night inside the j)ickets, where the liourly 
 cry of "All is well!" told the conscious sleepers that 
 the sentinel was on duty;- for, failing to hear the 
 cry, the sleepers would awake. Thus silently aroused 
 one night while on a professional visit to this ])ost, 
 ])ouglas caught a Kanaka wacchman endeavoring t(» 
 imlock the door of tlu' storehouse, probably for rum, 
 but surely for n(» good purpose. Next m<»rning lie 
 was tied to a tree and given three do/en lashes, and 
 sent to work, nevermore to bo trusted. 
 
 The natural advantages of this lt>cality w-tc not 
 slow to be recognized, even by the aboriginals. Al- 
 though t>ach fitrt had its district," ami the inhabitants 
 of each district Mere expected to trade at their own 
 post, yet so nmcli more convenient was A'ictoria to 
 many points, and so nuich bettiT was the st<»ck of 
 g<MMls kept there, thattni^ trade of this stiition rapidly 
 increased beyond its K'gitimate dependencies. 
 
 '"This iiiioa tlu? authority of William John MaedoiiaM, sutiator, who wms 
 witii tlio company «'i;;ht years. //. C. Shfr/ns, MS., 30, 
 
 "For I'xamjilf, Ni.-iiually oxtiinU'il from tliu ( iichalix Ilivir toWhiilhiy 
 iNlaixl; I.aiii(h'y from Wliiilhcy iHlaml to MillHUik •Soiiiid; McLoiighlin Iroirt 
 Milliaiik Souml to thu .Skci'iia Uixcr; aiul SimpHoii from Ski'i'iia llivcr to tli" 
 Alaskan lioumlary. After Mcliouulilin wax aliamloucil, tiiu territory formci ly 
 iH-i'iipii'il liy that post was covorDil hy tlie ucigiihuriiig vHtubliahniuntM. /'<;/• 
 l,fi/.iii,i's l/iif. r. A, MS., ST. 
 
lis must eii- 
 Ijo runiodied 
 and trajninji^ 
 e tliaii halt- 
 ed in scoinj^- 
 
 a name as 
 "0 of Indians 
 I as if they 
 
 tliouorh liis 
 
 r tribe, and 
 e." 
 
 destiny pro- 
 i MO danyfor 
 was usually 
 
 the hourly 
 leepers that 
 :o hear the 
 itly aroused 
 ) this ])ost, 
 eavoriiiy: t(» 
 )ly for rum, 
 norning he 
 
 lashes, and 
 
 y Wire not 
 ,^inals. Al- 
 iidiahitaiits 
 t their own 
 A'ictoria to 
 lie stoek ot' 
 tion rapidly 
 ies. 
 
 ciiiitor, wlio WIS 
 
 viT to Whiillx y 
 [(■Lniighliii ii'otii 
 !ii;i lliver to tli" 
 •rritory foriiuil) 
 jlishmuiitH. /'<"■ 
 
 I 
 
 PAUL KANE. 
 
 -1*NcX^tg^*« - eo..on enough nZ 
 184G Paul Kane nuuoZd ti^ '* ''^' "^* «« ^^^en i 
 "-r from Canada K,^^^^^^^^^^ Slaving com ! 
 as Ins sole companions ^ti. '.^'""*-^^-^' ami mm 
 a tached himse/f in c:;;ssir ^irm^?". ^^^^^^'^^ '^^ ^ 
 -i ^Ir Lane and wife, I^fr Cii nl .T"*^'''"'' ^'^"'^''sted 
 ■serviee appointed to a wo.f. ' *\^'' '^ ^^^'^'^ in tlio 
 
 a'Hl sixteen men. '^'*'''" P''^^' ^^r MeGiJlivrav 
 
 J^ouglas ami O.^den ihn.. • , 
 
 I'"''^"^''nan in the fonn of ^^^^>. ^nnidred men. A 
 w|^ stationed in the river iXe T!^': ""^7 ^^^^^" 
 y^ Kane met McKinlav w lo /'•^- ^^^' <>'-^>y<>„ 
 
 ^^alla gunpowder story; u.dlo ',"" '''"^ ^^^"^ 
 
 !">^;;ilo recovered son.e st , ' I ''"^^'''''' <leseribin<r 
 '" Vnv Caledonia. He .^T \^T ^^'^^'^ -^t^^^'""-! 
 '^s Joss was serious t-f"^^ "^^*'. ^>ut <^'i'ee pounds .... 
 
 ;;jo..ti, the ...uz.]e of t 'tr '"■;".';'"' '" )■'""• '" I ' 
 
 '''""" to atoms. Scttiu" th ""•' V'^f' >™"W l^o 
 "">■ nearest him Wew Si'"-' ''■'"""l>'« i'iiuself, Z. 
 - - .."til all had Xne "o 3"; •■""'' "" ""^' ^ 
 ' ".,„e h,s turn, hung hi" hca/ * 'i' '""",' «'"' «''«' 
 
 '■' t','"'"'.'""' «'"tea ' ;S,,7";. t'K- coast k„„ . 
 ''"• fjirnis -jn.l . , • 'Sa(Ja'*le book.^ 
 
 ;:':,;i--^Hntsandtiow.;:i .nr^!.::''''->^'^'^!^^^ 
 
 ;;; H-'t heavy, n./i,;; J ;; a Huui^u 
 
 ^•"' Jiad ever y.-t been f n' K t' ^' '^'"•^ *^ 
 
 ly'n./,r!„,.. ... . "^ . ^" 'airlv ploU'dlod I.Mf ...1 
 
 :v^v/!.,S---""i:3r'^i'^:/"/^" 
 
 tl. 
 
 »*'d, but onl 
 
 IV 
 10 
 
 / '"'.y'v 7', ,• 
 
 n/ \„rth A 
 
 
 "I'riai. 
 
 .■"'«. •■■."M"t;;,s.; 
 
 from 
 'o)n- 
 
132 
 
 CAMOSUN, ALBERT, VICTORIA. 
 
 ii,;i",,'t 
 
 ■.■11 
 
 scratched. While trading in furs, attention was like- 
 wise directed to fisheries, Fraser River now exporting 
 annnally from one to two thousand l)arrels of salted 
 salmon. 
 
 When Paul Kane was there making his sketching 
 excursions in the neifjhborhood, findinjx clover abun- 
 dant lie supposed it "to have sprung from accidental 
 sieds which had fallen from packages of goods brought 
 from England, many of which are made up in hay." 
 Xot a very brilliant supposition; for so correct an 
 artist, not to say naturalist, should know wild from 
 tame clover without 8upi)osing. 
 
 " The interior of the island," Kane continues, " has 
 not been explored to any extent lixcept by the Indians, 
 who represent it as badly supplied with water in the 
 summer, and the water obtained from a well dug at 
 the fort was found to be too brackish for use. The ap- 
 pearance of the interior, when seen from the coast, is 
 rocky and mountainous, evidently volcanic ; the trees 
 are large, principally oak and pine. The timbers of 
 ji vessel of some magnitude were being got out. The 
 establishment is very large, and in\uit eventually be- 
 <om',> the great depot for the business oftlie company. 
 Tliey had ten white men and forty Indians engaged 
 in building new stores and warehouses." 
 
 One da^ , while sketching not far distant from the 
 fort, Kane discovered, stretched naked on tlie rocks, 
 the l)ody of a young female slave slain and thrown 
 to the vultures by her mistress. The artist recognized 
 the victim as a comely maiden whom he had seen a 
 few days before in perfect healtli. Notifying Finlay- 
 son, the two visited the lodge of the mistress, who 
 was accused of tlie murder. 
 
 "Of course I killed her. Why should I not? She 
 was my sUive," replied the wonuMi. 
 
 "She was far 1 tetter than you," replied Finlayson. 
 
 'Whatl" exclaimed the female, now furious with 
 ra'i;e, "I, the daughter of a chief, no better than a 
 slave I" and wrapi)ing herself in her filthy dignity, 
 
JAMKS BAY. 
 
 ]33 
 
 was liko- 
 [ixporting 
 of salted 
 
 sketching 
 ^cr abuii- 
 accidental 
 8 brought 
 ) in hay." 
 orrect an 
 wild from 
 
 lues, "has 
 
 c Indians, 
 
 tor in the 
 
 liW dug at 
 
 , The ap- 
 
 le coast, is 
 
 the trees 
 
 timbers of 
 
 ut. The 
 
 tually be- 
 
 company 
 
 1 
 
 onijrai'ei 
 
 from the 
 
 the rocks, 
 
 id thrown 
 
 recognized 
 
 ad seen a 
 
 g Finlay- 
 tress, who 
 
 not? She 
 
 Finlaysou. 
 i-ious with 
 ,cr than a 
 y dignity, 
 
 she .stalked from their presence, and a few days 
 tliereafter moved from that locality. Almost as in- 
 human in the treatment of her slave as are civilized 
 matrons in their treatment of outcasts, she was almost 
 as indignant as they when reproved by the voice of 
 liumanitv. 
 
 L(»ng after settlement set in, long after the tov.Mi 
 was laid out and city-building begun, the fort was tho 
 <hief feature of the place. "Upon my first visit to 
 Victtnia in 1849," says ]\[ayne, "a small dairy at the 
 head of James Bay was the oidy building standing 
 outside the fort pickets, which are now demolished, 
 i^ut shortly after, ujwn Mr Douglas' arrival, lie built 
 himself a house on the south sideof James Bay ; and Mr 
 Work, another cliief factor of the com])any, arriving 
 a. little later, erected anotiier in Rock Bay, above the 
 l)ri(ige. These formed the nucleus of a little group of 
 huildiiigs, which rose about ai-.d Ix-tween th(Mn so 
 slowly that even in 1857 there was l»ut one small 
 wliarf on the liarbour's edge." 
 
 At tlie time of his arrival in April 18G1, Good ol)- 
 s( rves: "The old fort of tlie Hudson's ]^ay Company, 
 together with several old buildings, all surrounded 
 with a strong picket palisade, still remained."^ 
 
 * Material for this part of British Columbia history is meagre. T\\c trMt)i 
 IN, tht;ri! was little going on at the time at Fort Victoria, to whicii this 
 rliaptiT is cliictly devotoiT, exi'i'jit the usual routine at such ostahlishnients. 
 My authorities are, Fiiil'ii/son'ti JI'iM. V, I., MS., 2.">, 32— Jl; Aiif/irnon'-i Hi-sf. 
 Xi>r//,i'r.it ('(Misf, MS., I'lO-lii; MrKai/'ti Jive., MS., '2-3; noicjliut' J'rim/,: 
 JdiiriKil, MS., passim; Coojyer'it M'lmlinie MntU'rs, MS., l-'J; JlrLniiijIilhiH 
 I'rirtKfi PiipriK, MS., sor. ii., l.'J; lirit. Col. Skrtd;:% MS., 'Jl-'i, :W-:J; ' 7'«x/'.< 
 jVc/r Cdlafoiiiit, MS., 21-3; MrKiiiloy'n jVir/*., MS., 8; I'tiiil Khid's Wniiilir- 
 iHr/i, '2W; Mniinix B. C, JiO; Mnrifsrillc Oil. Apjmil, Sept. 17, 187.'); Onynn 
 S]ifi-/a/oi; Nov. 'JG, 184G; Sundwhii J/il<ui(l jVcww, ii. 23; J/owinons Jffyt., 30; 
 lliidittH B. C, 'Jir>-I(>; London ThncH, Aug. 27, 1858; Houxe Vommona llrpt.. 
 If. Ii. Co. Afiiii-M, 1857, 208, 2".)0; (lood'n D. C, MS., 2; Fimlliii/H Dinrt., i. 
 4I7-I'.t; Wwldimftoii'ti Friwr Jiic. Milieu, 31; MacJiv'H V. I. luid B. C, 58. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 THK SHUSHWAI' t'ONSPIRACY. 
 
 1840. 
 
 Kamlooi'— TiiK ()i.i> FouT AM> THE New— TiiK Rom.vsce op Fur-trauino — 
 The Loudly AnoisiiiiVAi, and his Home— John Ton, Kixo of Kam- 
 
 I.OOP -IIlS PlIYSIQIE AND CrJARAC TEK— I^)LO, A Rt'LEB AMOSCJ THE 
 
 SiMsMNVArs — Who anhWiiat He was— His KiN<ii)o.M for a Horse — 
 Anntal Salmon Km-euitiox to the Fuaser— Information of the 
 CoxsriRACY — Loi.o Retires from refoue ma Friends — Tod to the 
 liEscTE —One Man AtiAiNsx Three Hpnored — Small-pox as a 
 Weai'on— A Skjnal Victory- Chief Nicola Meascres Wits with 
 Mb Tod — And is Foi nd Wanting. 
 
 ;!' 
 
 mi 
 
 i.:''l. I 
 
 John Tod reigned at Kamloop. Jolin Tod was a 
 cliit't' trader in the service of the llonorable Hudson's 
 Bay Company, and Fort Kandoop was the capital ol' 
 the Thompson Kiver district bordering on New Cale- 
 donia. The establishment was one of the oldest in 
 all the Oregon or Northwest Coast region, dating 
 back to the days of tiie dashing Northwest Company, 
 when with posts planted side by side, the two great 
 rival associations fought for the favor of the savage, 
 and for the skins of his wild beasts. 
 
 There were two forts which bore this name, tlic 
 old and the new, both situated at the junction of the 
 two great branches of Thompson Kiver with tluj 
 eastern end of Kamloop Lake, one on the north side 
 and the other on the south. Old Fort Kamloop was 
 first called Fort Thompson, having been begun by 
 ]3avid Thompson, astronomer of the Northwest Com- 
 pany, on his overland journey from Montreal to As 
 toria, by way of Yellowhead Pass in 1810. 
 
 Next upon the ground, after Thompson, was Alex- 
 
 (134) 
 
BL.VrK AND UOUCLAS. 
 
 135 
 
 0R-TKA1)TNG — 
 ^IMO OF KaM- 
 II AMOSf. THE 
 
 •on A House— 
 
 ATION OF TUE 
 
 Too TO TUE 
 
 ALL-rOX A3 A 
 
 Ks Wits with 
 
 iiiilor Koss, wlio in IMI-J comliu'ttd ojKTations there 
 111 lu'lialt'of Ast(»rs J^uific Kur Company. After tlie 
 •i»aliti«»ii of tlie XortliNVest and the Irtudson's Hay 
 
 •ojnpaiu 
 
 •s ni IH'JI, wi 
 
 find the iur veteran Jol 
 
 in 
 
 ^^^ Leed in chariLj*' of the Th«»nips()n Kiver distriet, 
 l"n» n ISii'J ti> ISiMi. Erinatinj^er presided tliere in 
 IS'JS, Avlien Sir (jeori'e Shnpson, the ilhistrious front 
 I if tlie fur traffi<' in British America, droppi'd in upon 
 the fort and liarangued the assenihled redskins, lie- 
 .seechinijf tlieni ti* he lionest, temperate, fru;,^al, to love 
 
 tl 
 
 u'lr 
 
 frii'uds the fur-traders, and aliovi* all to hiinj 
 
 ill piles of jH'ltries, and rt'ceive therefor the useful 
 Mild ma^nifieiMit trinkets whieh the honorahle adven- 
 tiiicrs of I']niifland trading- into Hudson Uiiy had 
 lieen at so mueh cost an<l pains to hrini^ them fi'oiii 
 St) far; aftti' which pretty ]»ie<'e <tfai-tless suhtlety the 
 4t»vt'rnor continued his )»erilous di-si-ent of Fraser 
 IJivcr. 
 
 A thousand thrilliuL;" and romantic associations 
 liaiin' round the ]»laee. It was tlici'e the company's 
 otlicer in conunand, Samuel Black, challeni;'e<l his 
 brother Scot and i>iu'st, J)a\id J)oui;;las, the wanih-r- 
 iiii;" hotanist, to \v^]\t a duel, hecause the hlunt visitoi- 
 one ni^ht, while over his rum and dried salmon, had 
 stiL;niatized the ]ionoral)K! fur-traders as not ))ossess- 
 ino' a soul ahove a beaver-skin. But the enthusi- 
 astic pujiil of Ifookei" preferred to fight another day, 
 and so took his departure next inorninj^ unharmed, 
 l>ut only t<» meet his death shortly after l»y fallin*;; 
 into a ])it at the Hawaiian lslan<ls while liomtward 
 
 l»ound. Likewise mav 
 
 we 
 
 *^y. I 
 
 »oor J]la<'k I For it 
 
 was hut a short time after this chivalrous disnlav of 
 
 ill* • • 1 •/ 
 
 lidehty to his company, that is to say, durintjf the 
 winter t»f 1841-2, while residinij; at thv old lort, that 
 lie was cruelly assassinated hy tlu; nejdiew of a 
 
 nendlv m 
 
 ighl 
 
 >orn»ir c 
 
 hief. 
 
 n 
 
 nainec 
 liavin»if cluirim'd his uncle's life awav 
 
 I \V 
 
 anquil 
 
 lor 
 
 It was Black's su<*cessor who huilt the new fort 
 n the opjiositu side of the river. The new estab- 
 
136 
 
 THK SHUSHWAP CONSPL^ACY. 
 
 ll';' 
 
 m- 
 
 
 lishment differed little from the later built fortresses 
 of the fur company; some seven houses, consisting 
 of stores, dwellings, and shops, were Liclosed in pali- 
 sades fifteen feet in height, with gates on two sides, 
 and bastions at two opposite angles. To the older 
 establishment, beside the compact and j)alisaded block- 
 house, were attached stockades for animals; for here 
 hundreds of fine horses were yearly bred lor the 
 transport service, which formerly was by boats from 
 Fort Vancouver to Okanagan, and thence by liorses, 
 in bands of two or three hundred, to Kamloop and 
 Fort Alexandria, on Fraser River, whence to Fort 
 St James canoes were again employed. It was 
 a sight never hereafter to bo repeated, two hun- 
 dred hor.ses laden with rich peltries, winding down 
 the mountains, through rugged passes and over the 
 waving plain, on toward the smoother highways of 
 commerce, along which are interchanged the varied 
 comforts of the world. Later, the route of the semi- 
 annual brigade from the districts of New Caledonia, 
 Thompson River, Okanagan, and the Columbia, was 
 from Kamloop to Fort Hope on the Fraser, and 
 thence bj'- boat to Langley and Fort Victoria on 
 Vancouver Island, now rapidly beoommg the metro- 
 politan post of British Columbia. Seven tribes 
 traded at this post when it was first built, namely 
 the gentle Atnah, the lively Kootenai, the chivalrous 
 Okanagan, the surly Similkaraeen, the fierce, vin- 
 dictive Teetjthe treacherous Nicoutamuch, besides the 
 always hospitable and friendly Kamloop. All these 
 nations were members of the family Shushwap. These, 
 however, were not all regular visitors, nor perma^ient 
 in their patronage. The simple-minded and ingen- 
 uous savage knew every trick of the trade, and where 
 opposition was, there were gathered his peltries. 
 
 The rough rolling surface of the Kamloop-Shushwap 
 plateau with its frequent depressions, is for the most 
 part open and grassy, with occasional patches of scat- 
 tering trees thickening at still wider intervals into 
 
THE FRASER HEREABOUT. 
 
 137 
 
 ri 
 
 forests, aiul all made bright ami eye-compelling by 
 an open sky and silvery waters, here dancing in 
 river-beds, and there in mirroring lakes softly and 
 silently bringing down heaven. The summers are 
 liot, the winters cold; the early spring enrobes both 
 plain and mountain in grass and flowers, and autumii 
 spreads before the phlegmatic aboriginal a bounteous 
 supply of food. Thompson River is sometimes seen 
 
 The SiiiTSHWAP ConNTRT. 
 
 elbowing its way among the rocks, but more frequently 
 it presents itself glittering between rich green borders 
 (tf alder and willow. Between Fort Kamloop and 
 the Papayou, or the Fountain wo will say, on Fraser 
 River, arc light sandy plains, with here and there a 
 gorge or valley running parallel with the river, a rocky 
 cliff, bounding a, valley covered with long grass, clumps 
 
I 
 
 ll 
 
 138 
 
 THE SHUSH WiVP CONSPIRACY. 
 
 of bushes and trees, all *j;rowi!.«^ wilder and more pro- 
 nounced as the rugged cliasni of the Fraser is a|>- 
 |>roaehed. Trap and basalt blurt's occasionally reaeJi 
 over the border of the lake into which the river 
 br()adens on leaving the fort, the plateau rising behind 
 in terraces. Everywhere the .scenery is bold and 
 varied, and the heart of man struggles ever outward 
 to meet it. And as many others before and since 
 have there ruled, John Tod reigned at Kandoop. 
 His kingdom was not extensive except in so far as 
 spa<-e was concerned. All above and below was his, 
 and on either side, surely as fai' into the wilderness 
 as hi^ sjiouid <-hoose to n'o. His sul)iects wei'e not 
 numerons, if we deduct the savages, the bears, and 
 the beavers; there were with him at the fort during 
 this s[)rlng of 184(1, besides the dusky motlur of his 
 three dusky little ones, (mlv half a dozen men and a 
 lialf-breed boy. 
 
 John Tod was n(»t a handsome man; neither was 
 lu' learned, nor polished, nor to any c(jnsidi'rable extent 
 dural)ly refined or remodelled by civilization. I le was 
 one of som»^ two tliousand Scotchmen, wju), coming into 
 America and tuiiiiiig themst']\(s out into primitive 
 pasturi's, fell l»ark .somewluit upon the «arly ways oC 
 mankind, and became what in the wilds of the Xortli- 
 wrst might be called Eurojiean saxages. Tall, bony, 
 and wiry, he did not, like Mcliough'in and Douglas. 
 |»rcseiit a phy^i<(ne at oii<-e p(.\\trful and cominanding: 
 Vet wliiii in tlie administratitiii of fur-tra<linu justici' 
 his right arm was driven <lown fr(»m the shoulder b\ 
 I'iglitfoiis wrath and with spasmodic force, the I'ed 
 nobl»;s of his su/»'i'ainty Irll before it like tenJ)in^. 
 Ther-e was u superstition alu'oad among the .savago 
 that they could not, kill him. I lad he not been huntctl, 
 starved, »'ut at, and shot at bv waniors wli(»se arm 
 and cunning had nevei- hitherto failed them '. Upon 
 a small lu-ck lising from sloping shoulders was st t 
 a head narrow and high, which a half-century of con- 
 stant i'xposure to the rigors of a New Calerlonian 
 
 i 
 
JOHN TOD. 
 
 l:{9 
 
 nore pro- 
 4or is ap- 
 illv read I 
 till! livoi 
 ii«^ hohiiul 
 bold ami 
 
 outward 
 [iiul siiiiT 
 Kanilo(»|). 
 so tar as 
 
 was his, 
 viMerni'SH 
 wert' not 
 M'urs, .11 r1 
 )rt iluriiiL; 
 u-r of his 
 U'li and a 
 
 'ithor was 
 hli' cxtrnt 
 1 [(' wa- 
 
 )nnn,!L!; into 
 
 jirimitivc 
 
 y ways ol 
 
 he Xortli- 
 
 'all, hon_\ , 
 
 DoiiL^las. 
 
 iMiandin'L; : 
 
 «> iustici 
 
 midrr \>\ 
 
 , the r."(l 
 
 t«'n|>ins. 
 
 savai4;«'s 
 
 II liunttMi, 
 
 liosc aim 
 
 '. Upon 
 
 1 was st't 
 
 y of r(»n- 
 
 al«>d(»niaii 
 
 cliniato had warped a little, and made otherwise awr} . 
 
 Tilt- liij[ht hrown hair was not lorijLj, falHnjif over the 
 
 shouldi'rs in carefully «(reased waves or curls, so coni- 
 
 iii(»Mly seen anion«^ the free trappers on frontiers; nor 
 
 was it short like a ])rize-fiijfhter's; it was «)f niodiuni 
 
 l( iiifth, sonu'what stiff, in places matted, and on the 
 
 \\!iol( tolerahly well kept in dishevi'Ued Hudson's 
 
 Hay respeetahility. Ahove a hroad, straight Seot<*h 
 
 iiitse, an<l high eiieek-l)<)nes, were glittering gray eyes, 
 
 wliicli ilaslH'd peipetual Inn an«l intelligenre. And 
 
 llu; mouth! Sujiport me, () my muse! What an 
 
 iipeiiing foi' gin and ehxpienee! Had the mouth hen. 
 
 small, the mighty hrain ahove it weuld have huist; as 
 
 it was, the stream of eoMmiuiiicat, on once set How- 
 
 iiig, ami evi'ry limh and lihre of the hody talked, tli<' 
 
 lila/ing eyes, the I'lectrified hair, and the wdl-poiscd 
 
 tongue ail (lancing attendance. It was a ti'iek the 
 
 t'ur-tradei's early fell into, that of copyii\g from sav- 
 
 agism its aids to declamation. Tod could no moi-c tell 
 
 his stoiT seated in a chair than ho could lly to .lupitfi 
 
 while chained to tlu* rock of (Jihraltai-; arms, legs. 
 
 and \crtehra' wer«' all hrought into re(|uisition, while 
 
 high-liucd infor'ination, homhed >vitli hroad oatlis, hurst 
 
 from his hreast like lava from Mtna. 
 
 Ihit although among eajlhs pretty ones, among 
 I he starched and veiu'cj-cd of hr'oailways and houlc- 
 \aiils. hisangular contour and disjointed gait Jiresen ted 
 anything hut an im[iosing appcaram , yet John Tod 
 was huilt a man from the gioun<i upward, and those 
 with eyes might see in him a king, ay, one every in<li 
 a king. 
 
 Xotahle n»»waml tor many years afterward through- 
 'lUt these jiaits was a whitewashed sa\age, a Shushwa|i, 
 likewise a king in liis way, christened hy the company 
 St I'aul, and hy tlu^ Catholie jtriists .lean Jiaptiste 
 l-o|o. 'I'h,> Shu.shwaps fre([uente<l Kandoop almost 
 as much as they di«l the lake that hears tlu'ir name. 
 Their |iassion was finery ; they loved it more than liipmi'. 
 Indeed, before the advent of the miners, beside who.so 
 
140 
 
 THK SHUSHWAl' (.ONSIMUACV 
 
 mud -colored clothoa tlio brij^lit vesturos of the iiativos 
 shone like the rainbow on a tliundor-ljidon sky, tlio 
 Interior tribes did not wallow in drunkenness lik(! their 
 relatives alonj^^ thi; eoast, but rather afteeted horses, 
 aiul a wanhobe in whieli Avere eons]»ieuous caps with 
 ^ay ribl)ons, seaih't legorinos, and red sashes, and for 
 th(! women bright-eoh)red skirts, and j^audy handker- 
 ehiet's tor tlie head. 
 
 Altliougli ]jolo liad been tlius <loubly liaptized, \u 
 was not yet wholly elean. Th(;r»' was mueh of the 
 aboiij^inal A<lam still in him; yet he was always ready 
 to s»'rve the god of the fur rompany, or of tin; mis- 
 sionaries, whenever he' <-ould innkr it pay ; i'vciythino 
 Ix'inn' »(iual. however*, he Kn't'ciicd liis «»wn. in i»l 
 
 Ig »((Ul 
 
 I' 
 
 piiy- 
 
 si(|ue he was larg(\ with fine bold leaturrs, u Koinan 
 nose with dilated nostrils In-ing promin»Mit. His 
 blaek <'yes disjilayi'd a mdaneholy euMniiig rathei 
 than frrocitv, thouuh at tinus tiicv woe restless 
 and piercing. 
 
 His permanent «lweHing was a snl»stantial lint 
 sitnated near the old fort, aiul in wlii<-h he lived and 
 reared liis fainii\ and rnle«l his nation long aftei' civil 
 i/.alioii liad filled tlie Kamloop Plains with tarme)-s. 
 Ills autlmiity ann>ng his peoph- was absolute; even 
 alter old age and sickness had sent him permanentl\ 
 to his Ik"<I, the naked sword and loadetl gun beneath 
 his pillow, or ever within his reach, were a terror {*> 
 the most distant inend»er of his tribe. He was a man 
 of intellect and iier\c as well as t»f peisonal iM<»wess. 
 
 1' 
 
 The <'ompany's trade Jaigon did not satisfy him in his 
 intetioujse with white men, and so he leaiiied ('ana 
 di.-in Kreneli, which he spoke fluently in later lite. 
 Some time a\'Ur the events recorde<l in this chapter, 
 lu'lieving sonuthing at fault about his knee joint, 
 thinking perhaps it n«'eded scraping, and having little 
 faith in medicine-men. red (»r white, little l>y little as 
 he could l>eur it, with his i>wn hand la* cut the flesh 
 away, bored through the bone, and kept t»pen for a 
 time the woutui by forcing water through it. He was 
 
10 natives 
 sky, thr 
 liko their 
 (I horses, 
 caps with 
 ■s, and tor 
 handker- 
 
 pti/ctl, h< 
 ell of thr 
 ays ri'atly 
 f tlu! mis 
 vt'rytliinu 
 III ])l>y- 
 a KoMian 
 «Mt. 1 1 is 
 nu' ratliLM 
 •I! rt>stl('ss 
 
 intial hilt 
 « livt'd and 
 
 IlltiT fivi 
 t'liniitr; 
 
 llltr 
 
 rvrn 
 
 lrinaiu'iitl\ 
 I hcliratli 
 tcnnr ft' 
 
 Iwas it nuiH 
 i»r(»w('ss. 
 
 llllM III 
 
 liii't 
 
 Ills 
 
 I ( 'ana 
 llat«'r lift'. 
 [s cliaitttT. 
 
 LIH'l'-jo 
 
 mi 
 
 IviMir 
 
 1 1 til 
 
 I littl 
 tlic W 
 
 »> lis 
 
 CSll 
 
 IH 
 
 II Inl" a 
 He was 
 
 \mjQ. 
 
 141 
 
 a great lover of liorses, and usually kept a score or 
 two for his own use. 
 
 Lolo's <lays were not few, nor did his name lack 
 rt'iiown; for twenty years hefore Tod's time ho had 
 lived there on friendly terms with tlie fur-tradors, 
 and for a dozen years thereafter his rusty old body 
 still enjoyed the hlossiiiLfs of sunlight. To the h(»iior 
 (»f the Hudson's Bay (Company's t»ffic«Ts stationed at 
 Kandoop, 1h! it said that in his old agt; tlioy tn^ated 
 r.olo not alone with kindness, but with rcspi-ct. A 
 (lutii'ul son to an aged parent could not have been 
 more considerate than was McLean in niinisterinir t«) 
 tlie whims and desires <)f this ancient sava«je. And 
 as for fame — who, frtim the Rocky Mountains to the 
 sea, did not know of Lolo { 
 
 Now, in this your 184G the two kings, the white 
 and the red, were in their prime; Tod was domineer- 
 ing and reckless, not kn»>wing tlu; name of fear, and 
 Lolo was net so wealthy in women and liorsis as 
 al'teiward. 
 
 One horse m particular, the be'st of a band of 
 (liifc hundred belonging to the fort, Lolo had long 
 •oveted. He would ^•(ve anvthin«; for that hors(', en- 
 
 (hire anv 
 
 hai'dsh 
 
 ii|>, kil 
 
 "'.V I 
 
 )ei's«ni. 
 
 Tod 
 
 was e<jiia 
 
 illy 
 
 olislinatc in his refusal to part with it; the savage 
 slioiild not liave the li«)rse; second best must sufiiee 
 tile niler of irilskins. 
 
 It was the ciisn Ml evi'ry spring or summer to send 
 a party from Kaniloop to the j'opayou. sevi'iity-six 
 mill's distant on h'raser liiver, near what was lat«r 
 known as the K(»uiitain, to jn'ocuic! for tlu; year's 
 siihsistiMK'e salmon there caught an<l cured by \\\v 
 natives. It had been agreed this year that, Lolo 
 should lead the party for the mutual beiielit of the 
 two soNrii ignties. 
 
 "Are your men ready r' asked Tod oiu' <lay. 
 
 "They lire nady," rt plied Lolo. 
 
 " llav«' the horses been driven in and hobbK-iir' 
 
 "Ves." 
 
14-J 
 
 TJIK SIlUSIIWAr CONSl'IRAtY. 
 
 i' 
 
 f 
 
 "The uion will leave day aller to-morrow, before 
 .layli^'lit." 
 
 "Very good." 
 
 The aeeond iii<,^]it after the departure of the expe- 
 dition, just an the ehief trader was ahout retiring, a 
 knock was heard at the door. Besides hiniself and 
 family and the half-breed lM)y, there was not a soul 
 aitout the place; every man was with the expedition, 
 and as the country was at j)eaee, oven the fort gati's 
 were not fastened at niaht. 
 
 '( 
 
 oine m, exciaimet 
 
 d Tod. 
 
 Slowly the dooropt-ns a few inches until the black 
 eyes of Lolo were see!i glistening at the aperture. 
 Though amazed beyond measure, and fearful lest some 
 misfortunes had ha))j»ened to the party. Tod was Indian 
 
 noiigh never to be thrown so far out of balance as 
 to manifest surprise at anything. He continuid to 
 l>tisy himself as if the unwelcome apparition at th( 
 door was but part of his jneparations for bed. Nevi'r- 
 tlu'less, wa\es of uncpiletness began to roll over his 
 l>reast, ready to break out in wrath or subside in 
 ri'signatii»n, as the cas(! might recjuire, for Tod was 
 not a patient man, nor slt)W of speech, nor soft of 
 words; and for all the rascadly redskins this side 
 <»f perdition he would not long remain the Siivage stoic 
 lint uj>on (M'casion, the Gaelic lion could play the lamb. 
 pro\i«led tlu- pt'riod of enduraiu-e wiTe reasonable. 
 
 Left to himself, the Shushwai* chief pushed open 
 thi' dooi- and slowly entered. For several minutes In 
 stood bolt njtright in the middle of the room, until at 
 length Tod mi>tioncd him tt» a seat l>eside thi^ table, 
 and shov(<d toward him [»ipe and tobacco. 
 
 " VoiU' family will Ik; glad to sec you," Tod final)} 
 remarke(l, won<le)ing more than ev«'r what had hap- 
 pen»>d to the party, and why he had returned, ami 
 cMT'sing in his hiail the savage conventionalism which 
 debased a mail from any maiiifestion of cnrit)sity. 
 
 "The sorrel horse 1 spoke tt) you about," repliid 
 
THAT SOIiUKI IIOUSK. 
 
 143 
 
 the cliief. "I slumld like to liavo that liorse, Afr 
 
 Tod. 
 
 The river has risen a little siiieo yesterday," ol)- 
 
 servec 
 
 1 To.l 
 
 "For twenty years I liavi' followed the fortunes <»t' 
 llic Hudson's Uiiy Company," eontinued Lolo. " 1 
 have shared my store of food with them, warned them 
 iif <lanii^ers, attended them in perils, an<l never hefop' 
 have 1 heen denied a recjuest." 
 
 Fill 
 
 y»)ur pipe, saul 
 
 1 T..d. 
 
 •/ 
 
 Vlasl my wives and little ones," still sii^diril tlit 
 
 savaire. "Though 1 am old and not afiaid to dit 
 they ari' youiij;' and helpless; what would heeonie of 
 them should tiiis evil iiefall; where will they 'j; 
 
 'o 
 
 What th(! devil is tin- matter {" now hhuted Tud, 
 thrown su<ldeidy hack by Lolo's j^ihherish fi-om \\\<^\\ 
 forest I'etieeiiee to the collVentiiHial sjieeeh of ehi'i>- 
 teiidom. " Who talks of dyiiijLj^ ^\'here are the njen ' 
 Why have you returned ( Speak I" 
 
 " .Nfatter I'UoULCh," answeretl the ehief, who now 
 (■hany;ed his tone from that of Avhininj^ lament to om 
 nCsurly eoneern, " When near our destination we met 
 a youn^ chief of the Atnahs, who, drawing' me aside, 
 iMlonned nn' that his father, who is a friend tif mine, 
 had entered into a eonspii'aey with llie ehiei's of sev- 
 eral other Shushwap trihes for the extermination of 
 the fur-traders. They had au^ree*! to open hostilities 
 hy tlu' «'apturi! of the ainuial Kandoo|> party just as 
 
 reached the Frasi'i'; an<l this wai"nin<^ was t;i\t'n 
 me that I mi^jht save mysi'lt'and mine."' 
 
 lere ai"e tile men and horses 
 
 1 h 
 
 W 
 
 I hid them as well as I eould hehind sonu> liusl 
 
 leS, 
 
 .1 little »>lf tlu' trail, telling them that I was n'oinu" to 
 hiMit a hetter (•am]»in|Lj-<^i'ound, and to let the animals 
 .;i;i/e theic until 1 retuiMied. I said iiitlhinL;' alioiit 
 the coiu;pi)acy, knowini;' that thi> attack would not he 
 made until the party reached the river, and that mv 
 III' II Would not I'emain shoidd they know olil. Time 
 \\ >s when I would not have turned my lta<k opon 
 
I 
 
 K 
 
 '■ : ' 
 J 
 
 I 
 
 :! 
 
 ma-'.'- ;'. 
 
 m 
 ■I 
 
 -.11 
 
 144 
 
 THK wSHU.SHWAP CON.SI'IKACV, 
 
 such a throat, but my iiiciulHliip and faithful services 
 arc no lonj^cr valuoil." 
 
 "Well, i^o to your family now, and let mo think 
 ahout it;" find so the eliief departed. 
 
 Was it true, or was it a trick on the part of Lolo 
 t;) ;,'et the horse? Tod was jL^reatly puzzled. There 
 ha<I uivii- liccn trouble with the; natives in this vicinity; 
 there was now no provocation that he knew of. And 
 yet it was a long ride for ho useless a (]uestion. Of 
 c(H(rst' if tliere was danger of an attack the chief 
 should not have left the party. As he thought it 
 over, tin' tradv-r's suspicions increased. 
 
 While fleep in these considerations as to what was 
 Iw'st for him to An, Mr T»)d saw the door again move 
 on its hing«'s, and liolo's head thrust in at the open- 
 inj;. "Will vou n<)t let me have the hor.se. Mr 
 
 Tod r 
 
 "No, damn you! go homci; and if y«>u say horse to 
 me again J 11 break tvery bonci in your l)ody." For 
 tin tradiTM patience had finally forsaken him. Hcj 
 was now almost sure that LoKi's only ol)ject was to 
 get the horse, and that the conspiracy story was 
 false; nt^vertheli'ss, tlie party must be looked after 
 immcdiatclv. How should he nuuun;«! it? His ])e()- 
 pie w«re all absent; there was not a whiti' man at 
 that mom«nt within seventy miles of him. For him- 
 self, his family, <.i' anything about the fort, the chief 
 tradei- did not fear the Shushwaji <'liief. As T.nio 
 
 liinix' 
 
 liad sjlid. hi" had been tl'Ue t' tl 
 
 e ( ompaiiy 
 
 for tweiitv years. The sorrel hors«' ho lon»;ed lor 
 with all a chiKls inti-nsity; but often it ha|ipened ti* 
 be neci*s.sjirv to denv tlu' childish covetin<jfs of tli. 
 aV»ori:^'inal, else his desires would run away with bin 
 and til. le uould be no living with him. Had not 
 T«»l krH»wn and trust*-' Lo|o imjilicitly he would not, 
 at - imeture li.ixe sjH>ken sharply to him as he tolii 
 lam li go jinim-. It was nwt a breach of etitjuette, 
 lioweN.r. for a mhitt- eJiief to speak ru<lelv or ev« ii t<> 
 
 culf or kick a icd ehiet ; bnt 
 
 WtH- 
 
 to the white rttan of 
 
A DESPERATK RESOLVE. 
 
 14S 
 
 ,' luvrsc to 
 ly." V«T 
 vim. lt^5 
 t was to 
 <tory was 
 lUi'd at'ttir 
 His peo- 
 f man at 
 For hiin- 
 
 ( oin]>aiiy 
 
 rS «)t' tie 
 
 \vill» liii' • 
 
 \.ml<l iH»t 
 IS he told 
 »'ti(iut'ttc., 
 
 |,1- I'V II to 
 ito IMkU of 
 
 .-| 
 
 low degree, the laborer, the voyageur, who insulted 
 a native nobleman. A king might bear a king's atiront; 
 not so a slave's. 
 
 At the seat of war, if war was to be, the position 
 of Lolo would be entirely different. It must be re- 
 membered that the conspirators were, likewise with 
 Lolo, members of the Shushwap family. The chiefs 
 proposing to unite for the taking of Kamloop wen- 
 till' heads of the several divisions of one family. Lolo 
 would be importuned, and perhaps in some degree 
 iuriuenced against his old friends. Even hens so 
 strong was his faith in him, Tod did not fear absolute 
 troaehi'ry. But after mature reflection he concluded 
 that he wculd rather undertake the management of 
 att'airs without the presence of Lolo than with it. The 
 cliii'f trader had his own way for the treatment of 
 such cases -a way always original and generally ef 
 fcctual. 
 
 Lolo was thunderstruck at tiie bold tone in which 
 Tod had denied his last rerjuest for the horse. The 
 Indian well knew of the truth of tl:o (■• nspiraey. Ife 
 kiK w , or at least he suppost'd, his fidelity and seivic. s 
 Would be of the first im[>ortance to tlu^ trader, i <>lati d 
 as lie was, and alone in tin; midst of niimen»tjs orgaii- 
 i/i'dand blood-thirsty eiieiiiies. Surely the Imrse would 
 not, be a feathvi's weight to him now, re;isoned Lolo, 
 whiii all the horses, the j'ort, and the ])roperty in it, 
 wife and children, and life itselt' lor the eliief well 
 kiH'W the trader Wt>uld not run away froni danger, 
 and that if he did not he would entalnly l»<' kilh^i- 
 \v< re in surh jeoj»anly. Tluirel'ore \\a> he eunfoimded 
 at Tod's rude and violent denial. 
 
 IJefoiv tin; doof had closi-d on the retfeatlnu- foj-ni 
 ol" the savage, almost before the projluu' wcrds ol 
 I' tiisal were out of his mouth, the trader lun' made 
 "I' his mind what to do. Calling the half-bj-. .-(l bov. 
 
 "i-'MTed hiiii to sai 
 
 hUe 1 
 
 wo o 
 
 t' the tle<'test liorsis in 
 
 th"' coi-ral. In as few w<»rds as possible lie expl. lined 
 
 the situation to his v. 
 II I -T iiiiiT. < ••! r> 
 
 Then he wrote a •••euerul 
 
I: I 
 
 M' 
 
 u t 
 
 i4i; 
 
 TMK SHUSHWAl' CONSI'IKAt V. 
 
 statt'ineiit of tlic case for luad-quarteis at Victoria in 
 ruse he slioulU iit'Vt'r retuiu. And shortly after mid- 
 iiiuflit, whilo liolo WHS asU'cp at liouu', tlio cliicf trader 
 and Ills l)oy woru on tiic trail for Frascr liiver, <^allop- 
 'u\*f over tiio «r|"()unil as fist as tlioir liorscs coukl carry 
 tluni. 
 
 \r«'an\vliilc tin- mind of tlu' chief trader was no loss 
 active tlian liis ImxIv. Here was a field for the «lis- 
 l»lay of liis l)ri;nhtest j^enins, Jiy slow decrees and 
 c(M)l ednsidetatioii hc had arrived at the eonelusion 
 that i^ilo had n(»t diceived him in rc«ifard to the con 
 spiracv. lie knew the Indian character thorouj^hiy: 
 iioi' was the cldef's fresh jiiea for the horse so wholly 
 ont of placo in such an emergency as in- had at first 
 rej^arded it. At all events, tlie safer way, the oidy 
 safe way, was to act as thoujj^h the reitort was true. 
 
 111! found no ditHcidty in reaching his men l>y noon. 
 They \\('»'e surprised to see him, had heaid nothiiiii; of 
 the thi'eatened attack, nor did he see fit at oiic(! to 
 eidiyhten tluiin. He merely ^ave ordi-is to j»i-epai'e 
 to move forward early the next mornin<4. The men 
 were accustomed to im|>licit ohedience. They couM 
 not understand why their ieadei- should he stiddeniy 
 f-it solicitous as to the condition of thcii' arms and tlu' 
 supply of anuMunition, seeing' no dani^tr portending. 
 Hut it was not their jirovince to question. 
 
 hy sunrise the |>aitv was on the ti'ail, moving at 
 tile usual pace toward the l''rasir. Some distance in 
 advance was T(»(|, ainnr; he juid told his men to keep 
 three huiidrrd \ai<ls Ix liiiid him, to march when lie 
 
 mai'clict'i, and stop when he s 
 
 tl 
 
 ley approa( 
 
 'hcd 
 
 topi 
 
 »C( 
 
 1. I 
 
 iv iinu; o( 
 
 I sii.all open pliiiii elicloscii m 
 
 •lock 
 thick 
 
 hrushw d iiiid hortlciing on the I'ivci-. 'I\)d mo- 
 tioned his men to hall while he rode slowlv forward 
 
 into tlie open space, apparently careless and uncon- 
 cerned as usual, hut with a glance which scrutinized 
 with intense interest every rock and sluui* ar»»und the 
 Presently his eye caught unmistakahle signs 
 
 a»" 
 
 O! .'ppoHition. 
 
INTO THE JAWS OF DKATH. 
 
 147 
 
 IS U<» U'SS 
 
 jreos ami 
 onclusioM 
 ) the (•«»» 
 i»rou«;l»ly . 
 so \vlu>ily 
 L(l at first 
 , thi! only 
 UH true. 
 11 l>y >ioo»\. 
 n<»tli'n>!:; <•' 
 
 ut otK'e t'» 
 to |)r(l»ar( 
 Tlie mt II 
 
 lirV f()ul<l 
 siKMelily 
 
 lis and tl>' 
 
 „,vtciulin;^ 
 
 liaovinjj; i»^ 
 Idistaiu-r in 
 icn to k'' 1' 
 |l, ^vlu•n In 
 liiu! o'cl*)*'^ 
 led in tl»i<"^< 
 Tod n»n- 
 [iv torward 
 iiid in\«'(>n- 
 isrrutini/«'d 
 [udund ill'' 
 
 Boliind tiie Imslu'S on tlio iiortJierii side of iho 
 t)]HHiWj^, and closo to the rivor, lie saw a lar«^o hand 
 oi' ainu'd and |)aintod savajjfos. Xo women or cliikh'cn 
 wore anionuf tlu'ni, whicli circumstance, hcycMid jtcrad- 
 \«nturc, sijjfiiifit'd mischief, Ahtady they had dis- 
 
 vered him. and were niovin*^ ahout excitetllv. The\- 
 
 <•(» 
 
 were kihed up for liyl't; and now tliey hran«lis]ie(l 
 tlicii' knives and jj^uns tlireateninj^ly. Ijo'o was li^lit; 
 iiiid tlie clilef trader vowe«l tliat if lie survi\ed that 
 day tlu' chief should have the horse. 
 
 ihit what was lie to <lo ? lie had not ten nu'ii, all 
 told. Canadians and Indians, iind hei'e were tlirre 
 liumlred arrayed against liim. Xor were tluy a foe 
 to l»e despisi'd, these ])owerful and active Siiushwaps, 
 t\(iyoii('of whom » ouUl handle the rille as will as 
 ;iiiy white man. ilow was he to co[»e with thcnH 
 ilrute force was certainly out of tin' question; hrule 
 courM'^-e here was powi-rless. And if intellect was to 
 lie kinn', Imw was white cunning' to circumvent the red ? 
 
 Then avose the mind of .John T(»d in the powei- ot 
 if-: iiiin'ht. 
 
 Tlif men. with the horses in t!.e icar, had hy this 
 time ;ippro;iched the openinLC, had seen (he saNjc^cs. 
 jiiiil h.ul witries.se«l th'-ir warlike demonstrations. 'I'hey 
 kii' w now why their leader ha<l ;.o unexpecte«lly ap- 
 p. ;ir< (1 iimony; them, and h.id hein .so singularly pre- 
 <><•( n|iic<| the ni'^ht hefore. Still with his f;i<'e t('V>ard 
 'he eiit'my, though he had now stopped his horse, 'j'od 
 iiiotiniu'd one ol" his party, (^eorj^e Simpson hy name, 
 tit ;itt< nd him. 
 
 ■■< Jeorye," said he, as the Canadian came up. " I'.dl 
 liarl-. (juietly with the horses, and if thin!.;s ^ni wron^; 
 uitli me, make the hest of your wa\' hack to the foit. 
 
 <io''" 
 
 The ora\i' fellow hesitated a moment to lea\'e his 
 
 Mi alone m sut h pen 
 
 D.mni vou, tro!" shouted Tod. in av 
 
 oice Wllleli 
 
 i.iii'4 ihrounh the woods, and nuule to rattle in their 
 hands the Weapons of the startled savay^os. 
 
% 
 
 ri 
 
 M 
 
 
 im 
 
 
 148 
 
 THE SHUSHWAP CONSPIRACY 
 
 And now to busincsB. 
 
 It w a inai'nificuDt animal that Tod bcstridcH, a 
 white mare, clean of Hnih, with flowing mane and 
 tail, a proud ste{)i)er, and strong and Hwift witlial. 
 The enemy, einergmg from the forest, gather on and 
 round a low knoll at the edge of the opening, and 
 there stand watching intently the fur-trader's every 
 movement. The battle begins; it is one man against 
 three hundred. There is little use for the usual 
 death-dealing machinery in such a contest as this. 
 Turning full front upon the glowering savages, Tod 
 put spurs to his iiorsc; and as he rushes on toward 
 them, they raise their guns. The hors( man ch»es not 
 flinch nor sla<;ken speed; but <iuickly drawing .sword 
 and pistol, he holds them aloft m one; hand, and with 
 the otiicr lifts hiy:h his y;un above his head. For an 
 instant only the murderous trinkets flash the sun's 
 light intt> the eyes of the astonished multitude; then 
 tlie ritlor hurls tliem all aheap upon the plain. Seiz 
 iiig till' rein wliicli hitlierto had lain neglected, the 
 rider next turns his attention to fi-ats of bors«'man- 
 >liiji. VV^ith head erect, eyes flasliing, and mane flow 
 ing, tlu! whiti' niai'e piances to tlie right, tlun to tlie 
 hft, and after ilescribing a half-circK-, chargi^ intn 
 their very nrnlsl. 
 
 \'erv stnnige, no doubt, and very silly, a <avahy 
 «'a|itaiM would say. Why did tht y not kill him ^ So, 
 indeeil, the 'cavalry ca|)tain would haxc bei'U killed, 
 and all his nun. Why did not those Mre who raised 
 their guns ^ Curiosity. Thus the interested ant<'lo|tr 
 will stan«l and be shot. They wished to see what tin 
 white man wouhl do next. Hundii-ds they had killed 
 belbre, and <'ould achieve a butchery any <hiy. Ihil 
 
 tl 
 
 lev «'oU 
 
 Id not have exciv tlav an hononihle chii 
 
 tr;Mlel' Upon his best mettle before tlu'Ul for tin ii 
 amusement. Well was it that Tod unilerstood ITh 
 role, and had the coolness and couragt; to phi}' it, I'oi 
 the least mistake was death. 
 
 There sat the tsmiling Scoti hman upon hi.^ pantinii 
 
OH, WOKsmi'FUL TOD. 
 
 140 
 
 M hit*' Htecd, ainulst tlu' tlii<'kost of thciu. T«k.I always 
 smilt'd in joy and in sorrow, and Ids snulo was enor- 
 mous. His anj^ry hmuIo was nioro fearful than his 
 itlis; th(' savanjos felt this, tItou<^di tluy couhl not 
 laly/.e the smtiini'iit. And now they saw his siuiK' 
 
 ai 
 
 was ant,nT, tlioujj^h he spoke them fair; they iK'<j:an t 
 he afraid, though tliey knew not why; hut tluy woul<l 
 kill him presently. 
 
 "What is all this.'" deman<led the chief trader. 
 "What is it that vou wish to dof" 
 
 l.ol 
 
 We want to sre Jj(ilt>," they replied. 
 
 Wl 
 
 lere is 
 
 o 
 
 Wl 
 
 IV eanu 
 
 yi.U 1 
 
 lere 
 
 All! then you navt; uat heard the n«'Ws. Lolo u 
 
 it iiol 
 
 lU". 
 tWS 
 
 I'our felh.w:' 
 What utwi 
 
 IliW 
 
 iKisr 
 
 '(•, We have heard lie 
 tiiey cried, ai^aiii fui'oi'ttiiii; their hloody pur- 
 lijulh'd in euiiositv 
 
 1 am sorry for vou, niv frieiuh 
 
 And 
 
 now Ills 
 
 >miie on the outside was, oh! S(» sad, thouy;li inwardly 
 
 lilitd hv tlie softest, liicllie.st ellUekh 
 
 T] 
 
 u> sma 
 
 11- 
 
 jiox is up(tn us; the terrihle, terrihK,' small-pox. It 
 was hroui;lit fiitni Walla Walla hy an Okanaj^an." 
 
 They well knew what tlu; small-[>t»\ was, and that 
 it lilted at Walla Walla and on the lower (^>lund>ia. 
 \Voi\s»( than death hey f»ared the seoui'j^e; the hare 
 i(l< a of it was horrihh^ to them. Tlu-y knew, likewise, 
 lit' Whitiiijiirs massacre, and the divine punishment 
 that had so (juiekly followi'd the olfeiidcrs. 
 
 "Av, the tlri'aded iliseasc is here," c(»iitimietl T<»»1, 
 i.i deep, sepuli'liral tones. "That is why I am conn-. 
 I cuiiu* to tell vou. I came to save vou. Vou are mv 
 IVuiids, my hrothei-s. You hiini; me fuis. I a-'wv you 
 Itlaiikits iiii<l «4uns wherewith U* jn'ct i'ood for your 
 tainilics, and I love you. Hut you must n«)t come to 
 Kaiiiloop until 1 jLjive you notice; else you will die. 
 Si'f, I have hioU'uht you medicine, for I would not 
 sec vdii ly in<r s«attere«l on the hank like yonder «almon, 
 "ttiii^, rottiii",'; ah! indeed, I would not." 
 
 Where now is the hattlc; who the victor^ W(Hi 
 

 IMAGE EVALUATION 
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 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
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 23 WEST MAIN STREII1 
 
 WEBSTER, NY. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
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160 
 
 THE SHUSHWAP CONSPIRACY. 
 
 m 
 
 by a trick ; you may say, a lie. Partly so. The uni- 
 verse is but a trick, however, and half this world a lie. 
 Flown to remotest regions were all thoughts of mur- 
 der, fire, pillage. Kill him! their best, their truest 
 friend? They had never intended such a thing. It 
 was other adventure they were dreaming of, they 
 could hardly tell what. "0, Mr Tod! Mr^Tod! save 
 us! save us!" 
 
 Not more than ten minutes were occupied in achiev- 
 ing this wonderful revolution of feeling. It was a 
 conversion which would honor any apostle or priest, 
 aided to the full measure of the miraculous by atten- 
 dant spirits. And now black was white, and white 
 was black. It was true, however, that the chief trader 
 would help them as he was able. Though they would 
 cheerfully have killed him half an hour ago, John 
 Tod would no more have revenged himself on them 
 ])y doing them injury than he would injure his child. 
 They were but children ; and if his boasted superiority 
 was real, he could afford to overlook so slight a fault 
 as intent to murder him. It was true, the small-i)ox 
 was abroad. It was true that in his pocket the chief 
 trader carried some vr^ccine matter. The Hudson's 
 Bay people were seldom without medicine. Business 
 still. Between his thumb and finger the fur-trader 
 held the will of that multitude as the will of one 
 man; but lest their erratic mind should change, it 
 nmst be kept occupied. It was not enough that 
 the white men should simply escape with their lives; 
 the yearly supply of salmon must be secured, and the 
 natives nmst be induced to sell to them, and that 
 speedily. Not a word about conspiracy and nmrder ; 
 not a word about wrongs and infelicities. Fear must 
 be kept alive, the threatening wrath of a mysterious 
 unseen power must be before them. Revenge is for 
 fools, for beastly idiots. 
 
 "You see yonder tree," pointing to an enormous 
 pine. 
 
 "Yes." 
 
THE GREAT PHYSICIAN. 
 
 m 
 
 "Cut it down." 
 
 Away flew their weapons, off went their clothes, 
 and as many as could stand round the tree were in 
 stantly at work hewing it down. The women now 
 oanic forward from their place of concealment, and to 
 these the trader next directed his attention. 
 
 "Do vou sec the smoke beyond the bushes'?" 
 
 "Yes;" 
 
 "There is my camp. Carry salmon thither, and sell 
 to my men." 
 
 Xever was the annual requirement more quickly 
 completed, nor the price less questioned. Presently 
 down came the tree, and the trader wishing' to gain 
 yet more time, that his men miglit get well on tlieir 
 way toward home, said, "Cut it again, four fathoms 
 from the Imt; then level the stump, and roll the log- 
 up to it." 
 
 The horses were now all loaded with salmon, and 
 Tod gave orders to his men to hasten with their pur- 
 chase back to the fort. The last task given to the sav- 
 ages was completed, and there being no further cause 
 for delay, the chief trader dismounted, and seated 
 liimsclf with royal dignity upon the stump, his feet 
 restiuij: on the log. 
 
 "Let fifty of the bravest and best of you strip each 
 his right arm." Only the foremost chiefs were in- 
 cluded in this category. "Go down to the river and 
 wash that arm," was the next connnand. Soon they 
 returned, and the trader, drawing from his pocket a 
 knife and the vaccine matter, began to vaccinate. The 
 knife was old and dull; the trader used it princi- 
 l)ally in cutting his tobacco and cleaning his pipe; 
 therefore strength as well as skill was requisite in 
 his rough surger}^ I will not say that the trader 
 derived no pleasure in thus driving the blunt blade 
 into arms so lately raised against him, for he was 
 human. Indeed, Mr Tod admitted to me, confiden- 
 tially, that when the turn of certain noted rascals, 
 whom he was satisfied were the head and front of 
 
152 
 
 THE SUUSHWAP CONSPIRACY. 
 
 1 ; 
 
 it 
 
 the conspiracy, came, he did cut away more than was 
 absolutely necessary, and did not perhaps feel that 
 solicitude for the comfort of his patients which he 
 ought to have done ; and if so be the arm — mark ! the 
 right arm — might not wield a weapon for ten days or 
 a fortnight, so much the better. 
 
 The trader was thoroughly fatigued before the 
 round was made ; and even then, as there was a little 
 of the virus left, he vaccinated another score. Then 
 he instructed them liow they were to carry aloft their 
 arm, and when the sore had healed, how with the 
 scab they might vaccinate the otliers. '' It was a 
 strange sight," says Tod, "to witness the Indians 
 going about with their arm upheld and uncovered." 
 As a matter of course, it would be fatal to handle a 
 weapon before the arm had healed. 
 
 And so the conspiracy of the Shushwaps ended. 
 Lolo obtained the sorrel horse, and Tod was worshipped 
 throughout that region ever after; for not a man of 
 the three hundred would ever after believe that he 
 did not owe his life to the cliief trader. 
 
 Another incident tliat happened the following year 
 I may briefly mention in this connection. 
 
 A band of Okanagans came one day to Kamloop 
 and asked permission of Mr Tod to camp close by the 
 fort. Nicola, they said, who lived some forty miles 
 south of Kamloop, near the lake which to-day bears 
 his name, was very angry with them, and wished to 
 kill them. The chief trader assented, stipulating 
 that they should behave themselves and obey the 
 regulations of the traders. It was a custom of the 
 company thus to balance powers aboriginal, taking 
 care that in the end they alone should be lords of all. 
 
 Nicola was furious when he heard of it, and swore 
 ill good stout jargon that white as well as red should 
 suffer for so unfair, so unholy an alliance. "A pretty 
 pass, indeed, things have reached upon these hunting- 
 grounds," he said, "when one cannot fight one's eiie- 
 
NICOLA'S PLOT. 
 
 1611 
 
 niies without this foreign interference." But he must 
 curb his impatience until better prepared ; for in the 
 weighing of these rude destinies, arms, and ammunition 
 were the strongest factor. So degenerate had become 
 the times, since the advent of skin-buyers, that with- 
 out these infernal implements little could be done in 
 the killing line. The Okanagans were well armed: 
 Nicola was short of guns ; and as the chief trader was 
 at present opposed to slaughter, he would furnisli no 
 weapons knowingly for that purpose. 
 
 Nicola Avas shrewd as well as energetic. His intiu- 
 CMce was not so widely extended as Lolo's, but witliin 
 his narrower area he was absolute. His w^arriors were 
 active, experienced, brave; moreover, he was rich, and 
 loved revenge The fort people lined furs; better 
 tlian revenge, religion, or other earthly distemper they 
 loved them; furs piled mountain high; furs without 
 end. 
 
 One day certain of Nicola's men a})peared at the 
 fort wishing to buy guns, which were given them. 
 Shortly afterward others of tlie same nation came, 
 and asked for powder, balls, and more guns, which 
 were likewise sold to tliem. The Okanaixans watched 
 tliese ])roceedings narrowly. 
 
 "Why sjiould Nicola require so many guns?" they 
 asked of the cliief trader. 
 
 "For hunting, I suppose; I do not know." 
 
 " No, they are not for hunting, but for us." 
 
 " If I thought so, I w'ould sell them no more; bold 
 and vindictive as he is, Nicola would hardlv dare 
 attack j)eople under my ])rotection, under the very 
 sliadow of the holy tabernacle of traffic." 
 
 "He will dare; he will do it. Tliose bullets are 
 for us, for our wives and our little ones." 
 
 Again came others from Lake Nicola, antl asked 
 for knives and guns, and nothing else. 
 
 " Why do you buy only arms and so nmch ammu- 
 nition ? ' demanded tlie trader. " You will leave none 
 for others." 
 
154 
 
 THE SHUSHWAP CONSPIRACY. 
 
 i 
 
 " We are going on a long journey, beyond the 
 Kootenais, to hunt," they replied. 
 
 "Ah! my friends; your hunt, I fear, is nearer home. 
 You wish to kill the Okanagans. I will sell you no 
 more weapons ; and you may tell that old fox, Nicola, 
 that if he, or any of his men, dare lift a finger against 
 any person within five miles of Kamloop, I will be upon 
 him in a way of which he has never yet dreamed." 
 
 Tliis being told to Nicola, in no wise tended to 
 assuage his wrath. Summoning his warriors, and 
 such of the neighboring chiefs as he could prevail 
 upon to hear him, he talked to them, ho harangued 
 them ; breath failing him, he rested, and then again 
 harangued, until at length the presence of the spirit 
 was felt, and the converts acknowledged it their duty 
 to capture the fort as well as kill the Okanagans. 
 " Refuse us, indeed!" growled Nicola, as he expressed 
 his thanks, "we will take w^hat we require without 
 the asking." 
 
 Surely enough it was reported shortly after that 
 Nicola was marching with a large force upon the fort. 
 As usual Tod had but a few men with him, not more 
 than six; for it was by the power of mind, and not by 
 physical strength, that the fur- traders everywhere 
 held dominion. Again was strategy Tod's only re- 
 source; for even his few men became so frightened 
 that they fled to the woods, a most unusual proceed- 
 ing in fur-trading annals. The Okanagans, of course, 
 retired to a place of safety, and the chief trader see- 
 ing himself thus left alone, sent his wife and children 
 with them. One only of his men, a Canadian named 
 Lefevre, returned repentant. 
 
 "I cannot leave you, Mr Tod; I would rather die 
 with you." 
 
 "No, you had better go; we are too few to fight 
 them. Had the others remained and stood by the 
 company's property, as they were bound to do, we 
 might hold the fort until assistance from Langley 
 could reach us; as it is I would prefer to be alone." 
 
THE GUNPOWDER FARCE. 
 
 155 
 
 Tod now bethought himself of the somewhat stale 
 gunpowder ruse. It seemed his only chance of sav- 
 ing the fort ; and he did not believe the trick had ever 
 been played in these parts. There was danger enough 
 attending it to make it deeply interesting to him, for 
 if he failed in the execution, or if Nicola suspected 
 that it was a trick, the fort was lost. Nicola was not 
 ii common native; he possessed a powerful will; his 
 intellect was keen; his hatred, when aroused, was 
 tigerish. But he was afraid of Tod; it is only the 
 dull and brutish savage that does not fear civilization. 
 Nicola was intelligent enough to know that the white 
 man, with his superior arts and appliances, held 
 the poor redskin at disadvantage. Another point 
 was greatly in favor of the fur-trader in the coming 
 combat: an officer of the Hudson's Bay Company 
 ^'cry seldom deceived an Indian. It was the leading 
 maxim of their policy to inspire confidence as well 
 as fear. "Did ever I lie to you?" roars Tod, as ho 
 heaps oaths and blows on the liead of an offender. 
 " Did not I tell you I would knock you down? And 
 there! I have kept my word," as the redskin drops 
 sprawling. 
 
 So that when the chief trader sprang from an am- 
 bush and caught one of Nicola's men who was recon- 
 noitring close upon what he now supposed the 
 deserted fort; when he drove the captive within the 
 palisades, and forced him to bring from the magazine 
 three kegs of powder, upon one of which the trader 
 seated himself, driving in the heads of the two others 
 with his heel; when he asked the affrighted savage; 
 for his flint, coolly remarking that he was now read}' 
 to meet Nicola, and any number of his men, for that 
 the power was at hand to blow into atoms the whole 
 earth from Kamloop to Okanagan Lake; when this 
 was done, I say, and the terror-stricken captive, as 
 a mark of benign favor was permitted to escape and 
 save himself, upon the solemn promise that he would 
 not reveal the plot to Nicola or any other person, the 
 
156 
 
 THE SHUSHWAP CONSPIRACY. 
 
 man believed it, and Nicola believed it, when his scout, 
 more dead than alive, returned to him and told him 
 all, as the wily Tod had wished, and well knew would 
 be the case. These credulous wilderness men had 
 never seen so great a mass of powder, and had no idea 
 of the effect if ignited at one time. If the little 
 a nutshell will hold can bring down a buffalo, three 
 kegs might bring the world down. What Mr Tod 
 had said, that would he do. Besides, if while the buf- 
 falo was being brought down by the nutshell of pow- 
 der he who fired the shot remained uninjured, might 
 not he escape harm, who, with three kegs, blows the 
 Avorld up? So Nicola made overtures of peace, which 
 the chief trader required should include the Okana- 
 gans. The following summer John Tod retired from 
 Kamloop. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 ANDERSON'S EXPLORATIONS. 
 1846-1847. 
 
 Necessity of a New Route between the British Columbia Seaboaki> 
 AND New Caledonia — Must be Wholly within British Territory — 
 Anderson Proposes Explorations — Authority and Means Granted — 
 Biographical and Bibliographical Note op Anderson and his 
 Manuscript History — Sets out from Alexandria — Proceeds to 
 Kamloop — Thence Explores by Way cf Anderson and Harrison 
 Lakes to Lanoley— Returns by Way of the Coquihalla, Similka- 
 meen, and Lake Nicola — Second Expedition along Thompson and 
 Fraser Rivers — Back by Kequeloose and the New Similkameen 
 Tkail — Report and Suggestions. _ 
 
 Meanwhile brains were active in the interior as 
 well as at Fort Vancouver and on the seaboard. In 
 1845 A. C. Anderson/ who was stationed at Fort 
 Alexandia, New Caledonia, then the lowest post on 
 the Fraser except Langley, became convinced that 
 the boundary line between United States and British 
 domain on the Pacific would be drawn, by the treaty 
 then pending, north of the lower Columbia ; in which 
 event, a route from the ocean to the interior, wholly 
 within British territorv, would become a matter of 
 primary importance. 
 
 ^ While at Victoria in 1878 I made the acquaintance of Mr Antlorson, and 
 spoilt nuich of my time with him iu studying Northwest Coast affairs. In- 
 dued, without tliat experic'.eo and the information then given me by Ander- 
 son, Tolinie, Finlayson, and others, I do not see how I couhl liavc written 
 « ith any degree of completeness or correctness a history either of Oregon oi- 
 of British Columbia. Anderson was the most scholarly of all the Hudson's 
 H;iy Company officers; Tolmie was keen and practical; Finlayson intellectual 
 i nd courtly. Sir James Douglas, Mr Work, and Mr Ogdea unfortunately 
 vere dead, but their respective families kindly placed at my disposal all tlie 
 information M'ithin their reach. I speak of all these gentlemen elscwliere. I 
 
 (157) 
 
158 
 
 AN I )ERSON'.S P:XPL0KATI0NS. 
 
 Acting on tliis conviction, Anderson wrote Governor 
 Simpson, in council at Norway House, Lake Win- 
 nipeg, asking permission to explore a route from 
 
 >:! 
 
 will give here only a brief biographical and bibliographical sketch of Mr 
 Anderson and his works. 
 
 The more immediate residt of my many interviews with Mr Anderson is a 
 niamiseript llixlory of Ihe Korlhweat Coant, comprising 'J85 pages, and cover- 
 ing the entire field of Oregon affairs to 184(5, and of matters relating to New 
 C'iucdonia and British Columbia to date. So far as pos.siblu, the needless 
 repetition of facts rdready in print was avoided. He as well as I knew well 
 enough what was wanted, and as neither of us had time to waste, M'e confined 
 ourselves pretty closely to inquiries into the domain of luirevealed facts. A 
 tiiousand important events are thus for the first time placed upon record, and 
 a thousand incidents heretofore but vaguely stated are explained. In style, 
 Mr Anderson is somewhat pompous, pedantic, and ditiusive in parading him- 
 self before the world, while in bringing into proper prominence the deeds of 
 Ills associates a false delicacy makes him painfully reticent. This is a habit 
 common to all the officers of the great monopoly, who, after living in deadly 
 fear of s])eaking of company affairs for a score or two of years, almost tremble 
 in their old age to set their tongues wagging over these eld-timo and sacred 
 secrets. But for his honesty, courtesy, his sound business sense, and dis- 
 criminating analysis of character, we may well forgive him a few superlluous 
 words and high-sounding sentences. Throughout the whole work, particularly 
 in the first pages, the facts are sadly jumbled, being tiirown together as they 
 arose in our minds, without regard to chrcmological or other order; but when 
 segregated from the confused mass, by the system of note-taking obtaining 
 in luy Library, and being brought iirto conjunction with parallel facts and con- 
 temporaneous incidents, almost every sentence is a jewel which finds its proper 
 li tting. To the personal work of M r Anderson are appended certain A iUoijrii]ih 
 Xo/cs 111/ the lute John Slwirt, written at Torres, Scotland, in lS-12, and consist- 
 ing of caustic criticism of a previous narrative by Mr Anderson. While that 
 work of Anderson's is as a wliole iiighly eidogized by Stuart, parts of it were 
 pronoiniced apocryphal, and other parts exaggerated. This indeed would Ije 
 tlie case with any work which could bo written, i'lace three or even two of 
 these old Hmlson's Bay men in a room to discuss general atl'airs in which they 
 liad all participated, and hot words if not blow s are sure to follow. In his 
 A'o/(.<, Stuart takes exceptions to the dark side only of Indian cliaracter which 
 .\nder.sou chooses to dwell upon, and to the boundaries Anderson yives to 
 New t'aledonia, which Stuart saj's are too limited, and the like. To all this 
 Audurson replies in sucli a way as to bring out the real state of affairs in the 
 clearest possUile manner. 
 
 And now for a brief biography, leaving details to their proper place in the 
 lii.stcu'y. Alexander Caidlicld Anderson, a native of t-'.dcutva, eilucated in 
 Jliigland, was a youth of eighteen, having served the Hudt-on's Bay adventurers 
 as clerk but one year when in 1832 he first appeared at Fort N'aneouver. 
 After participating in the founding of the posts at Milbank Sound ami on the 
 Stilvcen, in the summer of JSIi5 he was appointed to !Mi' Ogden's district of 
 New Caledonia, and leached Fort (»ef)rge about the l)eginniiig of Scptendjcr. 
 He Mas then despatched m ith a party by way of Yellowhead I'ass to Jasper 
 House to meet the CoUnnbia brigade, and bring back goods for the New ( 'ale- 
 donia district. Two months afterward he was appointed to the charge of the 
 post at the lower end of Fraser Lake, his first independent connnand. In the 
 autumn of 1S.S9 he was removed to Fort Ceorge, and in the spring of 1840 
 accompanied the outgoing l)rigade to Fort Vancouver, and in the autumn 
 of the same year was apponited to the charge of Fort Niscpially. In the 
 autumn of 1841 Mr An(lcrsou left Nisqually and passed the winter at Fort 
 Vancouver. Next spring he went with the express to York Factory, re- 
 
FORMER SURVEYS. 
 
 luy 
 
 ivcrnor 
 ! Win- 
 3 from 
 
 ;ch of Mr 
 
 lerson is a 
 ami cover- 
 ig to New 
 a needless 
 knew well 
 'c coutineil 
 
 I facts. A 
 -ecoril, anil 
 
 In style, 
 adiiig liini- 
 lie <lee(ls of 
 s is a habit 
 r in deadly 
 ost trendile 
 and sacred 
 ie, anil dis- 
 suiiertluous 
 [)articularly 
 ;lier as they 
 •; but when 
 ^ ol)taining 
 ctsandcon- 
 s its proper 
 
 II Aitloijn'pli 
 and consist- 
 While that 
 s of it were 
 1 would be 
 even two of 
 which they 
 iw. In his 
 iicter which 
 |(in gives to 
 
 To all thi;; 
 lirs in the 
 
 L)lace in tlu' 
 Jilucated in 
 lidvcnturcrs 
 IVaiicouvcr. 
 1 and on tlie 
 district of 
 ISeptendjer. 
 t to Jasjier 
 1 New ( 'ah- 
 large of tlie 
 lid. In the 
 Jug of 1840 
 Ihe autumn 
 ly. In tho 
 Iter at Fort 
 tactory, re- 
 
 Alexandria to Laiigley throuj^li a tract of country 
 tlieii practically uiikiiowii. His request was granted, 
 live men were detailed for the service," and the neces- 
 sary lioises and outfit provided. 
 
 The descent of the Fraser had been twice at- 
 tempted, and twice, after a fashion, made : once in 
 1808 by John Stuart and Simon Fraser; and once, 
 twenty years after, by Governor Simpson. It was 
 known to be unnavigable in part; it was then dcemetl 
 decidedly impracticable for boats. Some other path- 
 way must therefore be made, wluirc nature was less 
 (tppugnant. 
 
 tunie<l in October and proceeded to Fort Alexanilria, to tho charge of whicli 
 he had been appointed, and remained tliere till 184)S, liaviug meanwhile 
 been promoted. In that year he was appointed to ilie Colville district, suc- 
 ceeding Chief Factor John Lee Lewes. At Colville he remained, making an- 
 nual trips with supplies and bringing out tho furs to Fort Langley till IWol, 
 when he went to Fort Vancouver as assistant to MrBidlenden, and succeedeil 
 temporarily to the superintendence till ISM, when he retired from active 
 service. Marrying, he pa.ssed a few years near the house of his father-in-law, 
 .(ames Birnie, anil then purchased a home at Cathlamct. In 18.")8 he went to 
 X'ictoria to inipiire into the gold discoveries. Douglas urged him to accept 
 dtlice and bring his family and assist in the afl'airs of tlie colony, which he did, 
 since residing at Rosebaidi, Saanich, near Victoria. In bS7G he wa.s appointeil 
 by the Dominion government commissioner to settle tho Indian land <lif- 
 fereiices in British Colundiia, and continued to act in that capacity until the 
 cdinmission was dissolved in 1878. On his retirement from the Hudson's Bay 
 ('(iiiipany's service in 1853-4, he received two years' retiring furlf)ugh in ad- 
 dition to the usual retired interest, which continued for seven yenrs snbsc- 
 (|uenily. It was as chief trader that he left the service of the company, his 
 I oiiimission as chief factor being dependent on his returning to take charge 
 ol New Caledonia, where be had already passed a year; but the education of 
 his family demanded that lie shouhl resid<' nearer the conveniences of civiliza- 
 tion. In lS4()Mr Anderson made an exploration for a route from Alexandria 
 chiwn the Fraser V(dley to Fort Langley, ami in 1847 a similar survey from 
 Kamloop down the Tliomi)son to the mouth of the Nicola; thence Ijy way of 
 Lytton to Yale and Langley. The lines then traced afterward became the 
 main routes of access to tlie interior. In IS.IS, in order to obtain means for 
 transport of goods to tho newly discovered gold-diggings, he recommended 
 and directed the opening of a road from the head of Hani.son Lake by way o.' 
 bake Anderson to the crossing of the I'raser, whei'e Lilloet was afterwaril 
 leea.ted. Five liundred miners were cmployoii on tlie work, and tlie road thus 
 constructed was used for the tran:-.poit of all supplies, until the r(Kid along 
 the Fraser was made. In per.sonal .ii)peaiance, at the time I saw him, be 
 being then sixty-three years of age, Mr Anderson was of slight build, wii-y 
 make, active in mind and body, with a keen, penetrating eye, covered by lids 
 which persisted in a perpetual and spasmodic winking, brouglit on years ago 
 by siiow-lield exposures, and now become habitual, and doubtless as di:;agi'ee- 
 alile to him as to his friends. In speech lie M'as elegant and precise, and by 
 no means so verbose as in his writings, and in carriage, if not so dignified as 
 l''inlayson, his manner would do him credit at St .Fames. 
 
 -Their names were Edward Montigny, .1. K. Vantrin, Abraham Charbon- 
 nedern, Theodore Lacourse, and William l)a,vis. Anderson n Nort/uoext Co'ikL 
 MS., 124. 
 
160 
 
 ANDERSON'S EXPLORATIONS. 
 
 Anderson's journal dates from Kamloop, the capi 
 tal of the Thompson River district,' whence, on the 
 15th day of May 1846, they started, and passed down 
 Thompson River to Cache Creek, in the main by the 
 line of what is now the wagon-road. The first en- 
 campment was at the lower end of Kamloop Lake. 
 Crossing the Defunt River in an old canoe which 
 they found at hand, narrowly escaping being swept to 
 their death by an eddy into a boiling rapid in the 
 effort, they continued to the River Bonaparte which' 
 they found much swollen. Nearly the whole of the 
 I7tli was consumed in making a bridge for the men, 
 and finding a ford for the horses. At night they en- 
 camped at the Bivi^re aux Chapeaux.* 
 
 Through a cut in the hills they jiassod on next day 
 to a small lake, then to another lake, then to Pavil- 
 lion river and village on the Fraser, following which 
 southward they reached Upper Fountain at four 
 o'clock. In the early part of the day they ho.d 
 startled a village of natives, who, rushing to arms 
 midst terrific yells and fear-compelling antics, threat- 
 ened the party with instant annihilation. On An- 
 derson's riding forward and demanding what all the 
 uproar was about, they subsided into t!" ^ smallest 
 compass, saying they thought their enemies were at 
 hand. 
 
 Here the way was found too rugged for horses,^ so 
 
 ' ' I remember the old, compact, and well-palisaded fort, and the stockades 
 a little distance off, large enough for three or four hundred horses, for the 
 horse brigades for transport of goods in and returns out for the district, and 
 for New Caledonia, generally numbered about two hundred and fifty horses. 
 A beautifid sight was that horse brigade, with no broken hacks in the train, 
 but every animal in his full beauty of form and color, and all so tractable.' 
 Malcolm McCleod, in Peace Jiiver, 1 14. The New Caledonia and Thompson 
 River brigades wore encamped at Kamloop when Anderson set out. 
 
 * N<nv called Hat Creek. ' This stream derives its name from an Indian 
 habitation connected witli a large granite stone on its left bank indented with 
 several hat-iike cavities; it llows throujTh a very picturesque valley richly 
 covered with herbage, and bordered by hills sprinkled by fir-trees. ' Andef' 
 sou'.i Xcirthwest Const, MS., 125. 
 
 '' ' The proposed track passes over a mountain 1,500 to 2,000 feet high, the 
 summit of^ which even at this advanced season is still thickly covered with 
 snow, and obviously impassable save with snow-shoes. Indeed, there does 
 not exist the slightest possibility of a horse-road in this direction suitable for 
 our purposes.' Amlcrmns }\oi-tlnvst Coast, JIS., I'JS. 
 
DOWN THE FRASER. 
 
 IGl 
 
 capi 
 
 3n the 
 down 
 
 by the 
 
 :st en- 
 Lake, 
 which 
 
 v^ept to 
 
 in the 
 which' 
 of the 
 
 le men, 
 
 liey en- 
 
 ext day 
 Pavil- 
 r which 
 at four 
 ey had 
 ,o arms 
 thrcat- 
 n An- 
 all the 
 mallest 
 ivere at 
 
 jrses,^ so 
 
 stockades 
 laes, for the 
 ]istrict, ami 
 ifty horses. 
 |i the train, 
 tractable. ' 
 Thompson 
 
 ■i an Indian 
 lentcil with 
 Ulcy richly 
 Bs.' Ander- 
 
 hi high, the 
 Ivered with 
 1 there does 
 Suitable for 
 
 they were sent into the open country southward, to 
 the Vermihon branch of the Similkameen River, there 
 to await Anderson's return, and the party continu(^d 
 down the river, alternately on foot and by canoe. 
 Eni^aging several native lads to carry luggage, they 
 continued their journey next day and crossed Fraser 
 River at Lilloct. Anderson had hoped to be able to 
 follow Fraser River to its mouth, but this he now 
 found impossible. ** Precipitous rocks, ten to fifteen 
 liundred feet in height,'' he says, **rise on both sides, 
 and preclude the possibility of all progress by land, 
 save perhaps by scaling the craggy sides at some rare 
 points less precipitous than the rest." He concluded, 
 therefore, to strike westward by lakes Seton and 
 Anderson, and thence proceed southward by Lilloet 
 and Harrison lakes, whif^h was done. It was a rough 
 journey, but the natucs everywhere received him 
 with demonstrntions of joy, and lent him every assist- 
 ance, so that no insurmountable obstacles opposed 
 liini. 
 
 On the 21st, while in the vicinity of Lilloet River, 
 Anderson writes: "As far as my search extended, ] 
 did not see any favorable spot conveniently situated 
 for an establishment having the maintenance of a 
 horse-pasture in view. But it may be presumed that 
 should the idea ever be entertained, a narrower search 
 than the state of our provisions enabled me to insti- 
 tute would prove successful." 
 
 The journey by tJie line of lakes was made chiefly 
 in canoes obtained from tlic natives, though portages 
 Mere frequent. About noon on the 24tli, the party 
 foil upon Fraser River again, and at five o'clock the 
 same day reached Fort Langlcy. 
 
 Thus far Anderson was not particularly i)loased 
 witli his success, but he hoped to do better on his 
 return. Embarking at Langley, the 28th of May, in 
 company with a party from the fort who were asv .end- 
 ing the river for the purpose of establishing a salmon 
 fishery, they encamped the first night just below the 
 
 Hist. Biut. Col. 11 
 
162 
 
 ANDERSON'S EXPLORATIONS. 
 
 Chilakweyak.* The second c!;xy thereafter, at noon, 
 they reached the mouth of the Tlaekullum, just below 
 the Quequealla'' River, where the town of Hope now 
 stands. There Anderson and his assistants were left 
 by the Fort Langley party. 
 
 Andkuson's RouTEa. 
 
 Anderson had broufjht with him an Indian chief 
 as a guide to the head waters of the Similkameen, 
 and, plunging througli the Cascade Range, ho|)ed 
 for the best.** Over a high ridge, he continued his 
 march through a labyrinth of huge bowlders which 
 
 * Written by Anderson Chilwhacook. 
 
 ' Or as it is now called the Coqnilialla. On Trutch'a map Coquhalla. 
 
 '•This from all I coidd ascertain, botli at Kainloop and Fort Langloy, is 
 tlio moat probable if not only route by which it is likely wo may discover a 
 coinmunicatiou for horses, if such exist.' Anderson's X. Coast, MS., loS. 
 
SKAGIT RIVER. 
 
 1G3 
 
 seemed to laugh at these searchers for a horse-way 
 through them, and the baffled party beat a retreat. 
 Another defile'' to the northward was next attempted 
 and with better success. Returning to the Fraser, 
 Anderson engaged a boat, which carried them into the 
 Quequealla, where disembarking they took a south- 
 eastward course by land, and soon found themselves in 
 a broad, well watered valley. Passing out of this 
 into a defile, they examined the country carefully on 
 both sides of the river, and though rugged, Anderson 
 discovered a route through which he thought a road 
 might be built. Of tlie surface over which his 
 proposed horse-path should go, he gives a minute 
 description, so particular that from it a contractor 
 might almost make an estimate of the cost of con- 
 struction. 
 
 The first day of June, while groping his way slowly 
 among the craggy hills and unexplored streams of 
 this region, Anderson fell in with an intelligent Indian 
 from the fork of Thompson River. He was hunting 
 beaver, and being well acquainted with the country 
 Anderson engaged him under promise of a few charges 
 of ammunition and some tobacco to show him the 
 way. The party were now at the Sumallow'^ brand i 
 of the Skagit River, down which they proceeded to 
 the fork, and then up the north-east branch, or the 
 head- waters of the Skagit. Tlieir way wps for the 
 most part through a rocky, thickly wooded country, 
 the elevations and even some of tlio vallc ■^•s being 
 covered with snow. Occasional patches of grass wore 
 Ibund on which horses miglit food. Wending tlioir 
 way north-east toward the lieiglit of land, they leave 
 flic little river and ascend tlio mountain from whose 
 side 11 ic foi-est liad been [nivtially burned by the natives. 
 Arrived at the summit, a vast expanse of wliite lay 
 
 '■•It was lip tlio 'riaokulhmi ilcfile the I^aiigh/y guide first took tluiin ; now 
 Amlorson proposed to follnw up the Quecpciula. 
 
 '^'Tho Jndiiuia call it .Siinalaouch, or Simallaow, and way that it talk, as 
 nearly as I can ascertain, somewliero in the vicinity of JJullingliuni IJay.' 
 Amlrrsoh'n Xorlhicfst ('oftft, MvS., 144. 
 
164 
 
 ANDERSON'S EXPLORATIONS. 
 
 I'l 
 
 spread out before them," Close at liand was a small 
 lake having a striking resemblance to the Committee's 
 Punch Bowl at the sunmiit of Athabasca Pass. Here 
 their guide left them. 
 
 Missing a good Indian trail on account of its being 
 covered with snow, they wandered about, scarcely know- 
 ing where thty were. One of the party, Montigny, 
 lost himself while out exploring, and Anderson was 
 obliged to go in search of him. From Summit Lake 
 they followed, as best they might, its outlet, which 
 was a feeder of the Similkameen River, to Vermilion, 
 or Red Earth Fork, the appointed rendezvous, where 
 they found their horses. 
 
 Proceeding northward through a fine open country, 
 they reached the Louchamcen road, just above Rocher 
 de la Biche, which took them to McDonald River, 
 whence by Nicola Lake they continued their journey 
 with ease and pleasure to Kamloop, where they 
 arrived at eveninsc on the 9th of June. Thence An- 
 derson proceeded to Alexandria. 
 
 " This line," says Anderson, " in its main features 
 was afterward adojited for the government road, and 
 is the direct route of conmiunication witli the south- 
 western interior of British Columljia." It was the 
 intention that tlie trail from Kamloop to Hope 
 should be made suitable for horses. For, concludes 
 the journal, "a temporary establishment would of 
 course be required at the place where the horses 
 must remain, at the mouth of the Quequealla. Ac- 
 cording to all accounts, this vicinity aflbrds one of the 
 most prolific fisheries on Fraser River. The services 
 of a few men might thus be profitably employed in 
 the interval during whicli it would be necessary to 
 maintain tlie post. The boats necessary for the accom- 
 modation of tlie brigade were to be brought up by 
 tlie Laiigley peo[)le and Indians at the proper period, 
 
 "The I'iuiso was easily explained, hciiiy ' ascribablc to tho relative position 
 of the opposite Hi(le.i; tliat l)y wliiili mo asoeiuled has a soutlieni exposure, 
 lyiiif,' opei\, coiiseipieiitly, to the full iiititienee of the sun's rays, aided l)y tli'.' 
 iiouthcni winds, and ucc i:ci\-iii.' Amlcrsoiifi yorthwcttt <.'o(u4, MS., l-l'J. 
 
THE SIMILKAMKEX COUNTRY. 
 
 105 
 
 conveying' salt and barrels; the products of the fishery 
 to be conveyed by the same means to Fort Langley, 
 after the return of the brigade." 
 
 From Alexandria, Anderson wrote the board of 
 management at Fort Vancouver on the 21st, and 
 again on the 23d of June, giving the particulars of 
 liis proceedings and his opinion concerning the result. 
 By waiting until the snow melted, and the streams 
 swollen tliereby had subsided, he pronounced practi- 
 cable tlie route by way of the Quequealla and Lake 
 Xicola. Fearful lest the opening of a roatl by the 
 wliito men sliould the easier let their enemicis of the 
 Similkameen upon them, tlu; natives of Frascr Kiver 
 (lid iiot kindly regard the movement. Indeed, Ander- 
 son was informcxl by Blackeye, a most respectable abo- 
 riginal and an attache o^ Kamloop, that Pahallok, chief 
 of the Fraser liiver Indians, had tampered with his 
 fidelity by attempting to persuade him to misl(>ad and 
 thereby deter the road-makers from their pur[)OKe. 
 Some delay might arise therefrom, but no serious 
 trouble was apprehended. 
 
 It was an important matter, this selection of a 
 route for the main line of travel between the liritisli 
 ( 'olumbia sea-l)oard and the interior, and the stu- 
 })endous obstacles interposed by nature rendered it not 
 s(t easy of accomplishment. Anderson had learned 
 much in his late exploration, but yet he was not 
 llioroughly satisfied. Hence, in the following sum- 
 mer we find him examining Thom])son and Fraser 
 rivers between Kamloop and Langley, hiiving the 
 same purpose in view. 
 
 Setting out from Kamloop on the 19th of !May 
 L847, Anderson proceeds w^ith five men to Nicola 
 Lake, whence, following the Nicola Hiver by the trail 
 of the trading parties to its junction with the Thomj) 
 son, he sends back the horses, to meet him on the 
 Kraser near Anderson River, where there is a well- 
 known trail from that point to Similkameen. Tlu 
 
1C6 
 
 ANDERSON'S EXPLORATIONS. 
 
 I 
 
 weather is sultry ; several Indian camps are encountered 
 on the way ; the country is remarkable for its rugged 
 volcanic rock, wormwood, and rattlesnakes. Crossing 
 the Nicola in a canoe, on the 2 2d the explorers con- 
 tinue along the left bank of Thompson River, crossing 
 the streams on fallen trees until next day, when thej^ 
 reach Fraser River, and encamp near the Indian 
 village of Shilkumcheen, where now stands Lyttoii. 
 Here, contracted to a width of some sixty yards and 
 deepened correspondingly, the Thompson flows quietly 
 between ragged bounds of limestone and granite into 
 the Eraser. Soon Pahallok presents himself, and de- 
 livers a letter from Yale. Accompanying the chief 
 is a concourse of savages, men, women, and children, 
 a scampish-looking set of vagabonds Anderson calls 
 them, though exceedingly polite and affable. 
 
 Continuing along the left bank of the Fraser on the 
 24th, Anderson finds the road as well as the river-bed 
 exceedingly rough, and pronounces it impracticable 
 for a loaded horse brigade. Xor can Pahallok or any 
 native of that region point out a smoother way.^' 
 Still the natives at tJi') villages they pass receive them 
 with loud acclahns and bombastic oratory. At the 
 stream called Tumnmhl the aborigines are actively 
 employed in erecting a stockade for protection against 
 their enemies, and the superior death-dealing con- 
 trivances of the white men would be exceedingly ser- 
 viceable just now. Squazowm, a populous village, is 
 reached the 25th. The river banks in this vicinity 
 are wooded with cedar, pine, and plane trees, and the 
 hills which rise abruptly in the background are free 
 from timber in parts, aflbrding good pasturage. Herb- 
 age on the elevations is luxuriant, and the hill-sides 
 are decked with larkspur, red flowering vetch, and 
 the dwarf sunflower, which flaunts its glories in brave 
 contrast to the arid declivities so recently passed. 
 
 ^'^ ' In the vicinity of the village called Skaoose is a succession of rocky 
 liills, some of which are avoidable oy making a circuit, while others appear to 
 otl'er no sucli alternative. . The rocky passages extend for a long distance.' 
 Anderson's Northwest Count, MS., Ki'i. 
 
THE RETURN. 
 
 167 
 
 The horse-road which loads hence to the Similkameen 
 country, as well as the region between this point and 
 Nicola Lake, is well known to Montigny and Michel 
 Ogden, both of whom have traversed it; thoreforc 
 Anderson deemed it safe enough to order his horses 
 sent thither, and does not feel obliged to stop now to 
 examine it. The new road was but recently opened 
 by the Similkamcens. 
 
 Their way now lies along the Squazowm,'' which 
 they cross upon a fallen tree and follow for some dis- 
 tance, when they pass over to tlie Fraser. Anderson 
 iK)W seeks a suitable ])lace for a ferry across this man- 
 defying stream, passage by tlie left bank becoming 
 more than ever perilous, Kequeloose, near where 
 tlic suspension bridge has since been erected, is reached 
 the 27tli, and Spuzzum six miles below, which stands 
 on the right bank of the Fraser, and where Pahallok 
 proposes that the ferry should be placed. "The coun- 
 try is very rough," remarks Anderson, "and much labor 
 with many painful circuits would be necessary to com- 
 plete a road anywise practicable for horses." The ex- 
 plorers, after careful observation, think most of the 
 rapids hereabout can be run as safely as those of the 
 Columbia. Leaving now the rapids, their pathway 
 leads alonjif a causewav of cedar boards connectino- 
 several projecting points overhanging a precipice; t)b- 
 viously an exceedingly dangerous walk. Then after 
 crossing a stream they come on the 28th to the first 
 village of the Sachincos, where afterward the fort and 
 town of Yale were placed. After a hearty breakfast 
 next morning, on fresh salmon and potatoes furnished 
 by the natives, in hii-ed canoes they pass rapidly down 
 the river to LariL .v, , . 
 
 Returning, they leave Fort Langley the 1st of 
 Jul 
 
 lie. 
 
 having. 
 
 in addition to the canoes hired from 
 the natives, a large Northwest Coast canoe in which 
 Anderson proposes to attempt the ascent of the rap- 
 
 "Now, more appropriately tlian is always the case", called Ainlersoii 
 River, 
 
1«8 
 
 ANDERSON'S EXPLORATIONS. 
 
 ids to Kequcloose, wJiere he proposes the horse-port- 
 age of coumierce by proving the navigabihty of the 
 Fraser thus far, Tlie ascent of the rapids is begun 
 on the 4th of Juno, a rainy day, the natives offi- 
 ciating with the boat.^' Two portages are made with- 
 out much difficulty, when tlie boat is liglitcucd, and 
 taker by a hue through the swollen channel; then 
 crossing to the opposite side, the ascent was continued, 
 one Indian being in the boat and the others dragging 
 by the line. All goes well until tlie middle of the last 
 rapid is about reached, when the line parts, and the 
 boat swec})s swiftly down the current while a wail as- 
 cends from the bank over the perilous position of the 
 boatman. Fortunately, with the boat but half full 
 of water, he succeeds in getting it into an eddy, and 
 so comes to land. But he cannot bo induced to enter 
 it au'ain : so the canoe is carried with no small diffi- 
 (iulty to the head of the falls, where they encamp. 
 After paying the natives for their important assist- 
 ance, they continue next morning, breakfast at Spuz- 
 zuni, and reach Kequoloose at eleven. Leaving the 
 canoe in charge of Pahallok, they sot out over the 
 l)roposed horse-portage by way of Lake Nicola to 
 Kamloop, clearing the way with their axes as they 
 go, and reaching the horse rendezvous tlie 8tli. The 
 last day they had merely indicated the route by chip- 
 ping the trees, the natives under tlie superintendence 
 of Pahallok vmdertaking to finish this portion of the 
 road for them. The natives below object to the prt)- 
 posed change of route, and one of them threatens dis- 
 turbance, but is soon quieted. On the 10th, Anderson 
 leaves the party in charge of ^Montrose McGillivray, 
 with orders to continue the opening of tiie road to 
 Lake Nicola, and tlien to proceed to Kandoop in 
 time to meet with the horses of the New Caledonia 
 
 '* ' Cross to tho cilily at the foot; make a short portage anil reiimbark , , . 
 A surica of eddies conducts to a socoml porttagc upon tho same side, right as- 
 cending. . .Cross iind breakfast at the foot of the rapid formed like tho first 
 by a rock which lies near the left shore.' Andersons Northioait Cocmt, MS., 
 178. 
 
ANOTHER ROUTE. 
 
 IW 
 
 brigade at Okanagan. Anderson then presses on to 
 McDonald River and Kamloop, and thence proceeds 
 to Alexandria. 
 
 It would seem from these facts, taken wholly from 
 Anderson's journals and letters, that prior to these 
 ^'xpoditions no route between Langloy and New Cale- 
 donia was open ; uone practicable was known to exist, 
 the nearest approach to it beinsj;' that p<jrtion of an 
 Indian or horse trail fn)m Siniilkamcen to Ketpie- 
 loose, a point on Fraser River six miles above 8puz- 
 zuni. His first return route, by the defile of the 
 ('oquihalla and the Vermilion Fork of the Similka- 
 mecn, Anderson thouglit presented almost insurmount- 
 able obstacles; the snow alone preventing tlie road 
 fn)m being open for more tlian a brief [)eriod eacli 
 year. The second route, by way of Kecpieloose, lie 
 preferred, provided the rapids intervening iould be 
 overcome. Of the first he re})orts to the; board of 
 management: "I ha\e no oi)inion of its feasibility. 
 It is difficult to realize a conception of the ruggedness 
 of this extraordinarv res>-ion." And of the other route : 
 "Keeping in view tlie ol»vious disadvantages insepa- 
 rable from the route surveyed by me last sununt^r, as 
 being availaltle only for a comparatively brief season 
 of tlie year, I have no longer any hesitation in accord- 
 ing a decided preference to tlie route r(>cently exam- 
 ined by Avay of Kecpieloose. The series of raj)ids in 
 tlio vicinity of tlio tails, extending with intcirvals of 
 smooth water in all from two to three miles, presents 
 no insurmountable impediment to our pn^gress, from 
 the facility of making portiges if found necessary, as 
 they doubtless will be at the higlier stages of the 
 water. . . . For divers reasons I would suggest that the 
 N^ew Caledonia party, if intending to pass l)y the new 
 route, should not leave Alexandria Lefore the 2oth 
 May, timing their departure so as t^ reach Langley 
 about the 20th June, to admit of a oolay of ten days 
 there, and to depart about the 1st Jmy, a day or two 
 
170 
 
 ANDERSON'S EXPLORATIONS. 
 
 later than the brigade usually leaves Vancouver by 
 the present route." We shall see later the more 
 definite results of these observations; suffice it for 
 the present to say, that several lines were ultimately 
 opened, and tluit Anderson was finally led to modify 
 his first marked preference for the route by way of 
 Kequeloose and Lake Nicola. 
 
 Understanding that it was the intention of the 
 board of management to open the new route the fol- 
 lowing spring, that is to say, 1848, Anderson coupleil 
 witli Ills report tlic following suggestions: 
 
 A sufficient number of boats, similar to those used 
 on the Columbia, should be constructed during the 
 winter, either at Kequeloose or Langlcy, and if built 
 at the latter place, they should be sent to the ren- 
 dezvous at Kequeloose before the river was swollen 
 by the melting snow. A gauge at Langlcy would at 
 all times determine the state of things above, the rise 
 or fall of one foot at that point being equivalent to a 
 rise or fall of eight or ten feet in the confined channels 
 of the inferior regions. It would be well for tlie 
 brio;ade to time its return with the ascent of tlie 
 .salmon, as well that provisions might be plenty as 
 that navigation would be easier, owing to the abating 
 of the waters, which considerations apply to all the 
 lines of intercommunication as far north as Stuart 
 Lake. Likewise by making the annual departure 
 from Alexandria as late in the spring as possible, agri- 
 cultural opei-ations would be less interfered with, and 
 horses tlien would be in better condition. 
 
 Anderson concludes with a lengthy discussion, de- 
 tailing regulations which should govern the spring 
 and autumn expresses to and from Hudson Bay, the 
 use of boats and horses, and the introduction, where 
 necessary, of sledges and snow-shoes, an Indian mail 
 system, intercourse between posts, protection of prop- 
 erty, treatment of the natives, and the like, all emi- 
 nently practical and interesting, but which for lack of 
 space I shall not be able here to introdutic. 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 YALE AND HOPE ESTABLISHED. 
 1848-1849. 
 
 ESTAISLISIIMENT ON TIIK FUASKR AT THE LaNDIXI! OF THE SaCIIINCOS — JaMI.S 
 .\ri'llKAY VaI.K — CaISKS AViUCU Lk» Ti> THE BuiLDINT. OF FoilT YaI.K 
 
 Ohdeu.s (tivE.v Inteiuuk Tkadeus to Break tiieik AVay tiiuouoh to 
 LANiiLEV — Three Bhkiaoes Joi.v for That rrRPosE — The Roitk 
 
 C'hOHEN' not SaTISFACTOBV — AnIJERSON'm PrOI'O.SAI. — BriLDINli OF I'OliT 
 
 Jloi'E— A New Route Aitemited — It Proves Worse than tiik 
 First — .Tosei'H W, McKay ox tiie North Coast — Sharp PRACTrci; 
 i;r.TWEE\ Enolish ani> Ri'ssia\ Traders — The ' ( 'oxstaxce ' is North- 
 KRN Waters — Kffecis ]\ British Cohmria of the California Ooi.k 
 Discovery — Baos of ( Jolu-ucst at Fort Vit-roRiA — The ExcrrEMEM' 
 IV THE Interior. 
 
 Early in the sprinj:^ of 1848 a small post was 
 erected by the Hudson's Bay Company on the Eraser 
 River near a village of the Sachincos, and just below 
 the rapids ascended by Anderson the year previous. 
 Tlie establishment was called Eort Yale, in honor of 
 Chief Eactor Yale/ then in charge of Eort Langley, 
 and was the only point on the wild, weird Eraser 
 between Langley and Alexandria, a distance of some 
 three hundred miles, then occupied by white men, save 
 only the salmon fishery established below the Coqui- 
 lialla two years previous. 
 
 ' James Murray Yale entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company 
 when but a boy, in about the year 1815. For a long time lie remained a boy, 
 not receiving any promotion until fifteen years after the coalition, or twenty - 
 <ine years after entering the service; and to the day of his death, and long 
 afterward, he was known to the officers of the company only as Little Yale. 
 Though small of statue he was strongly built, wiry, and active, and as coura- 
 geous and enduring as a young Hercules. Indeed, his reckless bravery was 
 for a time rather against him than otliorwise, as it rendered him in a measure 
 untit for the staider duties attending promotion and partnership; but this 
 
 .< 171 ^ 
 
 II 
 
IT'i 
 
 YALK AND HOPE KSTABLLSHEl >. 
 
 One iniTiiediatc cause wliicli led to this establishment 
 was the Waiilatpu massacre, which occurred iu the 
 autumn of 1847, and the hostiUties which followed. 
 Anotlicr was the conclusion of the Oregon treaty of 
 184G, which not only placed the boundary hne several 
 degrees north of the lower Columbia, but left tlic 
 matt^'T' of duties on foreign goods in such a sliape as 
 almost to stop business at Fort Vancouver. To Brit- 
 ish subjects was reserved the right of freely navigating 
 the Columbia and passing over the ])ortages with their 
 goods, upon the same terms accorded citizens of the 
 
 y;;;'; 
 
 was afterward proved a grfiat mistake, or eko aa the i* i advanced in year* 
 
 111! clianj;ed materially, tor in all tlie company's Hi^rvivje there was scarcely a 
 hetter po.st-connnandcr than Little Yale. From boyhood, hardship .seemed to 
 mark, him for its own; his young hones were kneaded iu the trough of expos- 
 !U'e, and the .sword of ] )amoeles Heemed too often to hang from llie trees oi 
 the forest lie threaded. His lirst appearance in the arena of savage life while 
 yet a stri[iliMg is Kiguitlcant of the mans character and of his subsequent 
 career. It was at a time when feuds waxed warm between the brother skin- 
 buyers, each fearful lo.-:s the other should gain advantage. Tlie old adven- 
 turers of J''.nglanil had fully awakened to the fact that their more .shrewd and. 
 energetic rivals of tlie Is'orthwest Company v ere surrounding them iu their 
 operations, and if they would secure territory e(pial to their desires, they must 
 leave the .sliores of Hudson's Bay and take possession of it. S(» jiosts were 
 planteil along the Saskatchewan, the highest of which was then ildmoiitoii; 
 and as Ked Jliver blossomed under the benign smile of the Eail of Selkirk, 
 Ilia a.ssociate.s followed their more adviinturous opponents through I'oace River 
 I'as.s, and o[iened their eyes toward the I'aeific. 
 
 Just about the time Yale entered the service, John Clarlc, with one hun- 
 ch'ed men, set out for the Koeky Mountains, and beyond, for the purpose of 
 idanting new posts for the eircumventiou of the Northwest Company. Cer- 
 tain lisheries in the beaver country, upon whioh they had depended for a win- 
 ter's food supply, failed them, ami starvation stared them iu the face. Tiieir 
 rivals were there with food, and W(mld most eharitably have supplied them 
 on condition of tlieir renouncing allegiance so the old adventurers and joining 
 the Northwesters; but sooner than do this they would die. 
 
 And die they must unless relief should soon come. One day an Indian came 
 into their camp and reported that his people had been successful lishing, and 
 that they hud food. Though the Avay was long and perilous, a party, one <if 
 whom was the boy Y'ale, set out for the Indian camp. One after another fell by 
 the way, overcome by starvation and fatigue, and laid down earth's burden in 
 (h'spair. At length Y'ale's little legs began to fail him. A long tramp through 
 the deej) snow took him greatly at disadvantage. In tiiis, his lirst adventure, 
 he had bix'ome the pet and 'protajf of a stah\art old voyageur, who was as a 
 giant to this Jack, and Avho encouraged him by every means iu his power to 
 keep moving. But all was of no avail. The boy finally threw himself ontlio 
 snow and told his old friend to leave him there and to save himself. The French- 
 man coutinned a few paces, calling to his companion to eomo on and keep up 
 his courage. But finding it all of no avail, he retraced his steps, tearing his 
 hair, and swearing aa only a French Canadian can swear, meanwhile his big 
 lieart swelling, and as he came up to his now insensible little friend, bursting 
 into tears — the.so villanoiis voyageurs could sometimes cry like women — he ex- 
 claimed iu his doggerel French: 'Sacre! miserel C'est trop de valeur! Em- 
 
ICXPEDITION UNDEll MANSON, 
 
 173 
 
 United Status. But this, of course, did not permit tlie 
 Hudson's Bay Company to import goods free of duty. 
 So long as Fort Vancouver remained the distribut- 
 ing depot, imported packages must there be broken 
 and parcelk^d for the several interior and coast stations. 
 To pay tlio same tarift' on goods destined for British 
 Columbia traffic which citizens of the United States 
 were obliged to pay on goods sold in Oregon, was not 
 for a moment to be thoujjht of. Less was said in 
 Oregon about tlie terms of the treaty, as the cause of 
 hastening a change of base, than of the hostilities fol- 
 lowing: the Whitman massacre, which set bristlini; the 
 savages of the Columbia as far up as Walla Walla, 
 but the former rendered the opening of a route be- 
 tween the seaboard and the interior within British 
 territory as necessary as did the latter. 
 
 The building of Fort Yale had, indeed, been i)ro- 
 jccted before the outbreak of hostilities; the terms of 
 the treaty were amply sufficient to warrant the move, 
 as well as to hasten the opening of a new route, but 
 each several event carried its d' 3 weight. 
 
 However all this might have been, certain it is that 
 early in 1848 orders were sent by express fiom Fort 
 A^ancouver to the officers in charge of the interior 
 posts immediately to break their way through to 
 Langley, where supplies from head-quarters for the 
 several districts would be sent this year. 
 
 Acting on these instructions, a party, consisting of 
 tlirce briij^adcs, namolv, one eacli from New Caledonia, 
 
 banjuc ! EiMliarquu !' by which Littur inarhio exclamation tlio Canadians woro 
 Mout to t^ll liti-lo people to p;et on their hack, and seizing Yule hy llic ar;n, 
 1k! swung hi;n over hij ahoulder on tol.ii p:;ck, and sturdily marched forward. 
 'I'liat nijiifc they reached the Indian canij), where an alL'cting scene took place. 
 "vVe generally associate in our minds with savages o:dy blood-thirstiness, incr- 
 cde.;.,:ie.:n, and cruelty". To many native •women we;-c given by the creator 
 lieartj Hi humane and tender as to many white-;;kin;ied dames. At siglit of 
 tlie afUoch'ss youth, says Anderson, to who:n the tlj was told, 'thewr)inen 
 of the ca::ip lULLed to tcar3, ruslieil forward, carried Yale into their encamp- 
 ment, rub1)0 1 luj limbs to restore suspended circulation, fed hi:n with choice 
 brotlia, and in every way treated him as if he had been one among their ov.ii 
 children.' Wo may bo sure the boy never forgot that old voyageur or thoic 
 liiilian wonic:i. About 1870, after over half a century of continuous Hud- 
 son's Bay Company service, Yale settled near Victoria, and died there, leav- 
 ing auveral childi-en. 
 
174 
 
 YALE AND HOl'E ESTABIJSHED, 
 
 Thompson River, and Colville, after due preparation, 
 set out toward the end of May, selecting as their way 
 Anderson's return route of the previous summer. 
 Fifty men with four hundred horses, many of tliem 
 unbroken, comprised the party, wliich was under the 
 command of Donald Manson of New Caledonia, he 
 being senior officer present, Anderson, in charge of 
 the Colville district to which he had been recently 
 appointed, being second. 
 
 It is needless t6 recite the difficulties encountered 
 by the three brigades united under Manson. A small 
 party can often manage better in an untrodden wilder- 
 ness than a large one. In the present instance a large 
 band of heavily laden horses was no slight encum- 
 brance. Over the roughest part Anderson's formei' 
 journey had been on foot, and with the anxiety and 
 chacrrin attending the discomforts and curses of his 
 companions, his ardor for the new route began to 
 abate. 
 
 Nevertheless Fort Yale was in due time reached ; 
 and leaving there the horses, the party passed rapidly 
 down to Langley in boats. The return, which was 
 by the same route, was if possible more disastrous 
 than had been the journey down. The merchandise 
 carried back was more bulky and perishable than was 
 tJieir former cargo, and not only a large percentage 
 of the property was destroyed, but many of the horses 
 M'ere lost. 
 
 Tlie fact is, the course pursued by the united bri- 
 gades was over neitlier of the routes explored by An- 
 derson; or at all events, it w. ? over a portion only of 
 liis favorite road. He had e >ected to make Keque- 
 loosc tlie station on the river r the horses; but the 
 rapids had interposed objcctioi too formidable in the 
 minds of the management, an( heno Fort Yale had 
 been built below. The disasLrous results of the at- 
 tempt of the united brigades to open a road back from 
 Fort Yale turned attention once mcjve to Anderson's 
 exploration of 1 846, and to his return route of that year. 
 
ANDERSON ON KOUTEW. 
 
 175 
 
 After their return to Tlioinpsoii River, in August 
 1848, Anderson addressed a written communication 
 to his associates there })rescnt, Donald Alanson and 
 John Tod, which was subsequently forwarded to the 
 management, setting fortli the importance of adopt- 
 ing innnediate measures for the opening of tlie Simil- 
 kamecn route, which was his Coquihalla route of 184G 
 with certain modifications suggested by Okl Blackeye, 
 tlie wise and scientific savage before mentioned. 
 
 It appears that a party had been sent by Yale from 
 Langley the previous year to take a second look at 
 this section, more particularly to ascer+iin its condi- 
 tion in regard to snow, and a favorable report had 
 been made. The snow was not an insurmountable 
 obstacle, and a band of workmen with horses in ten 
 or fifteen days would be able to make the way pass- 
 able. 
 
 As to the route over which they had just passed, 
 tliere could be but a single opinion, and that a condem- 
 natory one. "The question of navigation," continues 
 Anderson, "as far as Kequeloose, where I last year 
 proposed the horse transport to commence, being 
 negatived, the whole scheme of connnunication thence 
 depending necessarily falls to the ground. The pru- 
 dence, not to say possibility, of extending our horse 
 transport beyond that point has this year been fully 
 tested, and needs no comment on my part. As re- 
 gard.3 the question of navigation, my opinions have 
 undergone some change; for though as before I tliink 
 it practicable to bring up Columbia boats by making 
 the necessary portages, further examination teaches 
 nie that it must be by Aery arduous degrees at the 
 higher stages of the water, and therefore unadvisalilc. 
 At low water, however, the rapids have beeri [)rove(l 
 to be safely navigable with loaded bateaux, one port- 
 age only intervening. These points admitted, 1 am 
 still constrained, however reluctantly, to withdraw 
 the proposal of navigation formerly advanced by me. 
 My recent experience of the pass in question con- 
 
176 
 
 YALE AND HOPE ESTABLISHED. 
 
 vinces me that no portage on a large scale could with 
 prudence be effected there during the summer season, 
 after the host of barbarians among whom we have 
 recently passed are congregated at the fisheries. The 
 risks of sacrificing both life and property — for it is 
 needless to attempt to cloak the matter — under cir- 
 cumstances where neither courage nor precaution 
 could avail to resist surprise or guard against treach- 
 ery, are alone sufficient to deter us from the attempt. 
 The losses by theft, in themselves nowise contempti- 
 ble, which have already taken place, are but the 
 prelude to future depredations upon a larger scale, 
 should the present system of operations be unfortu- 
 nately persisted in — depredations which it is to be 
 feared will be difficult either to discover in time or to 
 prevent effectually." 
 
 Anderson then prO|^osed that Henry Peers, as- 
 sisted by Montigny and certain natives, should be 
 appointed to the duty of making ready the new 
 route. 
 
 In view of all which, during the winter of 1848-9 
 another post was established a short distance below 
 Yale, on the left bank of tlie Fraser at the mouth of 
 the Coquihalla, to which was given the name Hope.'^ 
 
 It '■ 
 
 ^Better fortune was expected another time. The Reverend Mr Good ab- 
 surdly dates tlie establishing of Fort Hope 1840-1. British Columbia, M8., 45. 
 It is a jjurely random statement, and nnght with equal propriety have been 
 placed a hundred years earlier or later. ' Fort Hope, ' ho says, ' was remarkablu 
 for the extraordinary beauty and grandeur of its situation, the fort being a 
 very old Hudson's Bay Company station erected in 1840-1. From hence the 
 company's brigade carried supplies, and communicated for trading purposes 
 with stations on tlie Columbia and other parts of Oregon, by what was called 
 the Similkameen Pass, and they also connected with Nicola, Kamloop, and 
 Okanagan l)y the olil and well-worn brigade trail.' The author of British 
 North America, SS.*}, calls it in ISGD the second town in British Colundiia, 
 moaning the mainland, and 'next in importance to the capital,' being 'about 
 o:ie hundred miles up the Fraser, at the elbow where the course alters from 
 south to west. Here the miners stop both going to and returning from t'.io 
 upper country gold-diggings; and a number of Cliinese have taken up their 
 abode in the town. It is making rapid progress, and roatls are l)eing pushed 
 forward north and east of it.' See al.->o Grtii/'n Or., 43, and Barrett- Lcnnrd'x 
 Trawls, 148-9, which latter work calls the river the Coquiklum, and tlie 
 mountiiin scenery around it graiul ..nd beautiful, while adjacent is the village 
 of the Tumsioux Indians, though where he obtains such a name it is difficult 
 to decipher, i^m' A)ii/irsnn's X'^fli •■I'f CtHis/, MS., ITT). 
 
A NEW TRAIL CUT. 
 
 177 
 
 ;ould with 
 er season, 
 L we have 
 [•ies. The 
 —for it is 
 -under cir- 
 precaution 
 ist treach- 
 le attempt, 
 contempti- 
 e but the 
 ,rger scale, 
 )e unfortu- 
 it is to be 
 L time or to 
 
 Peers, as- 
 , should bo 
 V the new 
 
 of 1848-9 
 ,.ince below 
 lie mouth of 
 
 me Hope.^ 
 
 Liul ISIr Good ab- 
 \>litiiibia, MS., 45. 
 hriety have bueii 
 [' was remarkablo 
 the fort being a 
 From hence the 
 trading purposes 
 I what was called 
 L Kainloop, and 
 tuthor of JJrit:.'<li 
 ritish Columbia, 
 h\,' being 'about 
 |)urso altera from 
 turning from Vm 
 [ taken up their 
 ire being pushed 
 iBarrett-Lcn'trd'-i 
 liiklum, and the 
 Tnt is the village 
 [me it is difficult 
 
 Yale was the head of navigation on the Fraser, while 
 should the defile of the Coquihalla prov.e the most 
 advantageous passage to the interior, as was now be- 
 coming more than probable, to at least certain parts 
 of it, Hope would for the present be the more impor- 
 tant post. 
 
 In 1849 the New Caledonia spring brigade followed 
 the route of the previous year by way of Yale to 
 
 Yale and Hope. 
 
 Langley, the Hope road being not yet read'y^,"^but, 
 loturning, disembarked at Hope, determined at all 
 hazard to attempt the defdc of the Coquihalla. With 
 the briirado was brought a number of men from 
 Langley, and the whole force being sot to work, soon 
 cut a trail across the mountains, which dift'ered in 
 .some respects from Anderson's return route of 184G. 
 
 IIWT. Bnrr. Col. 12 
 
178 
 
 YALE AND HOPE ESTABLISHED. 
 
 l!---i 
 
 And this was the main route followed until 1860, when 
 the government road was made. 
 
 To Joseph W. McKay now in 1 84G was given the gen- 
 eral supervision of the north coast establishments, up 
 to this time under the more immediate supervision of 
 James Douglas. Proceeding northward in the Beaver 
 in October, as was usual for the general agent to do, he 
 stopped at the several stations, and made such changes 
 and left such instructions as seemed to him best. The 
 Russians he found aifable and polite, but tricky. " In 
 August 1847," he says, "a chief of the Stakhine Ind- 
 ians, whom I knew well and had reason to believe 
 perfectly trustworthy, told me that he had been ap- 
 proached by a Russian officer with presents of beads 
 and tobacco, and that he was told that if he would 
 get up a war with the English in that vicinity, and 
 compel them to withdraw, he should receive assistance 
 in the shape of arms and ammunition, and in case of 
 success he would receive a medal from the Russian 
 emperor, a splendid uniform, and anything else he 
 might desire, while his people slujuld always be paid 
 the highest prices for their peltries." 
 
 Taking his position at Fort Simpson in 1847, Mc- 
 Kay became practically dominator of that region, and 
 so remained for many years, although his duties did 
 not confine him tli.cre constantly. Traffic being king, 
 and McKay king, we are prepared to learn that the 
 Hudson's Bay Com])any were more successful in 
 tliose parts than the Russian American company, 
 that the former secured nine tenths of all tl\e beaver 
 and land-otter taken in the country drained by tlio 
 Stikecn, and that even on the coast north of the 
 river, and toward tlie country of the Chilkats and 
 Tungass, all strictly Russian domain, no small pro- 
 portion of the catch fell into the innnaculato maw 
 of the English adventurers. Armed vessels were 
 sent at various times by the Russians to break up 
 this traffic, but the trading canoes sent by the Eng- 
 
NORTH-COAST AFFAIRS. 
 
 170 
 
 jwhen 
 
 lie gen- 
 nts, up 
 ision of 
 ! Beaver 
 
 do, he 
 3lianges 
 b. The 
 y. "In 
 
 ine Ind- 
 believe 
 
 )een ap- 
 3f beads 
 le would 
 lity, and 
 ssi stance 
 
 1 case of 
 Russian 
 
 else he 
 be paid 
 
 |847, Mo- 
 rion, and 
 uties did 
 tng king', 
 that tlie 
 lessful in 
 ompan y . 
 <c beaver 
 Id by the 
 1 of the 
 kats and 
 nail pro- 
 ate maw 
 els wore 
 break ui> 
 the Eng- 
 
 lish company into the intricate channels and inlets 
 easily escaped encounter with a superior force. Even 
 American and other vessels which went thither to 
 trade on their own account were brought into requisi- 
 tion by the Hudson's Bay Company in turning the 
 tide of this commerce into their own channels and 
 away from those of the Russian company. 
 
 Toward the end of 1847, while the Chimsyans and 
 Tungass were indulging in hostilities, Shcmelin, on 
 behalf of the Russian company, made a visit to 
 McKay, who was then at Bellabella, with the object 
 of inducing him, if possible, to use his influence to 
 stop the savage feud which so greatly interfered with 
 trade. For while fighting not only were the belliger- 
 ents diverted from hunting, but such furs as they did 
 secure fell into the hands of foreign, or, as the great 
 monopolists designated them, contraband traders for 
 arms and ammunition. 
 
 While Shemelin was thus engaged at the house of 
 McKay, the two being then at dinner, a native re- 
 tainer of the latter appeared at the door, and beckon- 
 ing McKay without, informed him that a large fleet 
 of his canoes heavily laden with furs surreptitiously 
 obtained in Russian teritory, was entering the port. 
 
 What was to be done? It would never do at all to 
 let Shemelin know how his company had been robbed 
 by the honorable servants of the honorable English 
 company, and to parade the spoils before his very 
 eyes. Surmise was one thing, positive })roof quite 
 another. In his dilenmia McKay bctliouijht himself 
 of the Muscovite love of liquor, and iuwardh' thanked 
 Bacclius for the suggestion. Instantly despatching a 
 messenger to the approaching canoes to await his signal 
 outside the liarl)or, he returned to his guest. There 
 was loss than a gallon of rum in the storehouse, and it 
 took nearly the whole of it to stretch the enemy hors 
 de combat. But it was done; and while Shemelin lay 
 unconscious, and his men were feasting in a house at 
 some distance i'roni the scene of action, the expedition 
 
180 
 
 YALE AND HOPE ESTABLISHED. 
 
 landed, the peltries were speedily put out of sight, and 
 the canoes hidden in an adjacent cove.'' 
 
 After the arrival of the frigate Constance at Victoria, 
 during the summer of 1848, she sailed northward, call- 
 ing at the company's stations along the coast. The 
 natives everywhere were impressed by her formidable 
 appearance, for she was a fine ship, well manned and 
 appointed. Some time after licr departure, McKay 
 was informed that just then the Chimsyans, Tungass, 
 and Stikeens were conspiring to join in an attack on 
 the Europeans. Russians and English at one fell 
 swoop were to be swept from their shores. But after 
 an examination of the death-dealing mechanisms of 
 the Comtaiice, they thought bettor of it. Howcvei- 
 the truth of it may be, it is certain that all through 
 the following year these savages were restless and im- 
 pudent, and it was only by exercising the utmost care 
 and patience that the Hudson's Bay Company i)rc- 
 vented their outbreak. 
 
 ;t;u.; 
 
 There was little diftei'encu thus far Ijctwooii tlie 
 character of trade at Fort Victoria and that at otlui' 
 posts of tlie C()m[)any on the l.^acific, the general 
 routine of affairs becoming more and more similar to 
 business at Fort Vancouver, which establishment it 
 was destined in due time wholly to su^jersede. 
 
 The first startling innovation arose from the Califor- 
 nia gold discovery of 18-18, Mhich during the following 
 year stirred in the breastS of thousands the fires of 
 cupidity, and shook with monetary ague the financial 
 centres of the world. Fort Mctoria was then the 
 nearest and most accessible point, outside of San 
 Francisco, where miners could obtain their outfits. 
 True, th< y might have gone to Fort Vancouver, and 
 
 'The officer'^ nf tlu; Huvlsoii's Bay Company, not l(^s.s than Wasliingtmi 
 Irvinj,', love to dwell on tlio fonilnesH ot tlio KusMiana for limior, and how drunk 
 thi-y ubimI to gut on every i)0SHil)lu oeeasiou. How an intelligent and pioniin'rit 
 olUeer like ^IcKay rceoneiles hin aecu.-iation wlien he e.dl.-i tlm Russians iin- 
 U'iuciplcd and tricky witli this tstcjry, whieh he tells vitli unblushing gusto, 
 leave the reailer to judgv. 
 
 \ 
 
CALIFORNIANS IN A'ICTORIA. 
 
 181 
 
 did to some extent; but at the latter post the goods 
 had been raised in price by reason of United States 
 duties, and the stock was hkcwiso daily diminishing 
 there, while supplies were constantly increasing at 
 Fort Victoria. The custoin-houso regulations at San 
 Francisco were then not of the strictest, especially In 
 regard to miners' outfits. While at that point articles 
 not innnedlately desired could scarcely be sold at all, 
 such goods as were In dt^mand and of limited su[)ply 
 bore exorbitant prices. Hence many miners, })articu- 
 larly during the winter, when tliey could not work 
 their placers, found it more pi-ofitablo to take a 
 passage on a sailing vessel for the north coast, ami 
 there lay In their spring supi)ly. Instead of idling the 
 time in riotous living In any of the comfortless and 
 expensive towns of California. 
 
 It was a strange spectacle thus so suddenly pre- 
 sented to the staid officers of the lionoral)lc Hudson's 
 Bay Company, these curious characters on their sin- 
 gular errand, springing from so miraculous an event — 
 exceedingly strange, and it Is no wonder that the simple- 
 minded, methodical traders wore somewhat confused 
 by it. But though thus Isolated, knowing little of 
 what was going on In the great world without, and 
 accustomed to traditionary rote In their business 
 transactions, their instinctive shrewdness did not de- 
 sert them. 
 
 "These rough-looking minors," writes Finlayson, 
 "landed here from their vessels, which entered tbe 
 harbor early in 1841). I took them first to l)e piiates, 
 and ordered our men to prepare for action. 1, how- 
 ever, entered into conversation with them, and finding 
 who they were, was satisfied as to their friendship 
 for us. They had leather bags, full of gold nuggt^ts, 
 which they offered to me in exchange for goods. At 
 this time I had never seen native gold in my life, 
 and was doubtful whether to take It or not. Having 
 heard about pure gold being malleable, I took one of 
 the pieces to our blacksmith shop, ordered the smith 
 
182 
 
 YALE AND HOPE ESTABLISHED 
 
 and his assistant to hammer away at it on the anvil, and 
 finding that it answered the description by flattening 
 out as thin as a wafer, I offered to take it at eleven 
 dollars per ounce, in exchange for goods. This ofter 
 was accepted readily, and as I could not go back from 
 my word, the trade opened on this basis. I would 
 then have been better satisfied had they complained 
 of the low rate, but no complaints were made. I 
 therefore tliought I had made a mistake. I traded, 
 however, all they had, and was doubtful about the cor- 
 rectness of the transaction until the express I sent 
 to the Columbia River to head-quarters came back 
 with the intelligence that the gold was satisfactory, 
 and also the rate at which I had traded it. Other 
 factors followed, so that we had a good remittance of 
 gold that year to send to England, in addition to our 
 furs." 
 
 The Hudson's Bay Company, on and iu the vicin- 
 ity of the lower Columbia, were in a position to de- 
 rive great advantages from this gold discovery. Not 
 sr great, indeed, as if they had held their post at 
 ^crba Buena, yet their profits were very greatly 
 swelled thereby. Prior to 1846, they had placed a 
 post at Cape Disajipointment, consisting of a dwelling 
 and a storehouse, with which they claimed one mile 
 square of land; there was the fishing-station at Pillar 
 Rock, where salmon in large quantities were cured; 
 there were the granaries at Coweeman, where the 
 Cowlitz enters the Columbia, the warehouses and 
 wharf at Champoeg, and the mills above Fort Van- 
 couver; their cattle had increased abundantly, and 
 their farming lands had become widely extended ; they 
 had their own ships in which to send away their prod- 
 uce, and all under the most perfect system and the 
 strictest control.* 
 
 Anderson was appointed to the Colville district 
 
 - '')d yet Douglas teatified befoi-e tlie joint commission at Victoria, H. B. 
 
 O'- !- //. B, Co. Claims, 59, that 'the dividends on the general profits of 
 
 ^' .^ in! son's Bay Company were not apprccialdy aflfected bjr the discovery 
 
 '• i ;. ,;•' -M Tdlifornia; ' which, if triie, showd a large falling-off in the fur trade. 
 
 iL'i 
 
dfl 
 
 EFFECT OF GOLD ON MEN. 
 
 183 
 
 in 1848. 'It was there," he writes, "that I first got 
 notice of the discovery of gold in CaHfornia in a pri- 
 vate letter to Mr Douglas, who had just returned 
 from a trip to the Sandwicli Islands. Little excite- 
 ment, however, arose from this communication on the 
 ])art of any one; and in fact, Mr Douglas himself 
 seemed half incredulous of the report. A few months, 
 however, served to dissipate this belief, and before 
 the autumn of 1849 the whole country was ablaze. I 
 myself felt fearful on my return from Langley in 
 August of that year, lest every man should leave me. 
 By prudent management, however, and possessing, I 
 flatter myself, the confidence of my men, I contrived 
 to confirm them in their allegiance, and retained their 
 services until their contracts were fully expired, a 
 period of some two years. In this resjiect I was 
 exceptionally fortunate, for while my men, some thirty 
 in number, adhered to me faithfully, the other posts 
 lower down the river, including Fort Vancouver, in 
 which about one hundred and fifty men had been sta- 
 tioned, were almost deserted, and Indian laborers were 
 hired to supply the deficiency. 
 
 "It is almost impossible to realize to the mind the 
 intense excitement which at times prevailed. Gold 
 appeared to be almost, as it were, a drug in the mar- 
 ket, and more than one of the French Canadian ser- 
 vants who had left Vancouver under the circumstances 
 mentioned, returned the following spring with aecu- 
 nmlations varying from $30,000 to $40,000. It is 
 needless, however, to add that the large amounts of 
 treasure thus collected with so nmeh facility, united 
 with the habits of extravagance which the unexpected 
 possession of wealth engendered, speedily disappeared. 
 The men who had thus dissipated their possessions, 
 sanguine of their capacity to replace them with equal 
 facility as before, returned to California only to find 
 that the field of their operations was fully occupied 
 by others, who, in the mean while, had flocked in, and 
 that their chance was gone." 
 
184 
 
 YALE AND HOPE ESTABLISHLD 
 
 M 
 
 Mr Anderson would have been yet more confounded 
 had he known that at that moment, in the very dis- 
 trict he was then superintending, this precious metal 
 was so abundant as some day to cause a stir which 
 should rank among the prominent mining excitements 
 of the period. 
 
 When gold was found at Colvillc, the Hudson's Bay 
 Company had on Thompson River a small farm and 
 a trading-fort. As Fort Colvillc was situated some 
 twenty miles south of the boundary, that establish- 
 ment was removed northward across the line, in order 
 to avoid paying United States duties on English 
 goods. It was still called Fort Colville after its re- 
 moval. 
 
 rii'ii 
 
 ■ ' I 
 
CHAPTER XI. 
 
 ESTABLISHING FORTS RUPERT AND NANAIMO. 
 1849-1852. 
 
 A New Factor, Coal — The Existence of This Mineral Known from the 
 Earliest Times — Pacific Coal-fields — Discovery at Beaver Har- 
 noR — The Quackolls and the Fokt McLoughlin Blacksmith — Tol- 
 mie Api'eaiw — The Notable John Dunn — Wakre and Vavasour 
 Report the Discovery — Which Attracts the Attention ok Govern- 
 ment — Fort Rupert Built — Muir and his Scotch Miners Arrive — 
 Another Arrival — Examinations and Tests — Failure at Fort 
 Rupert— Discovery of Coal at Nanaimo Harbor — Another Black- 
 sjiriH SToitY — AIcKay to the Proof — Muik Moves from Fort Rupert 
 —Fort Nanalmo Built — Visit op Douglas — Minor Discoveries. 
 
 And now appears another factor in that progres- 
 sioual power which seems destined shortly to un- 
 dermine the sovereignty of the fur-traders in the 
 Northwest, and to drive thein still farther back toward 
 the inhospitable Arctic — coal ; a factor of civilization, 
 contributed direct by mother earth, second only to 
 agriculture, and although not so immediate or demon- 
 strative as gold, yet in truth far more potential. 
 
 The officers of the Hudson's Bay Company were 
 intelligent and observant men. It was part of their 
 profession to have their eyes open as they tramped 
 tlie forests, and the resources and possibilities of the 
 country whose sovereignty they swayed was never a 
 matter of indifference to them; hence, almost from 
 the beginning, they were aware of the presence of 
 coal in certain localities. But as they had no im- 
 mediate use for it, and as they were constitutionally 
 •ind corporately reticent, they said little about it. 
 
 '1861 
 
186 
 
 ESTABLISHING FORTS RUPERT AND NANAIMO. 
 
 All through the interior, all along the coast, on 
 both sides of Johnson and Georgia straits, on both 
 sides of the Columbia from the Willamette to the 
 ocean, in the Willamette and Cowlitz valleys, on the 
 coast and in the mountains of southern Oregon, in 
 eastern Oregon, on Queen Charh^tte Islands and the 
 mainland district of Nass-Skeena adjacent, at inter- 
 vals in large or insignificant quantities, coal croppings 
 were seen. 
 
 Wood being abundant and always at hand, and 
 charcoal being for the most part used by the company's 
 blacksmiths, there was little necessity for drawing 
 from the deposits around them. Indeed, it was found 
 easier and cheaper for such posts as did not burn 
 charcoal, particularly for those accessible to the ocean, 
 to bring from England the small quantity required 
 by the blacksmiths, than to dig for it; but where it 
 was known to be convenient, and natives could be 
 employed to bring it in, it was obtained upon the 
 spot. 
 
 The existence of coal in considerable quantities at 
 Beaver Harbor, where later Fort Rupert was estab- 
 lished, was made known to the officers of the Hudson's 
 Bay Company in 1835. 
 
 It happened in this wise: A party of QuackoUs 
 from the north end of Vancouver Island were at Fort 
 McLoughlin trading, when one day, being of an in- 
 quiring turn of mind, they strolled into the black- 
 smith shop, and stood watching intently the movements 
 of the smith, as he drew from the fire the incandescent 
 metal and hammered it into shape upon t*he anvil. 
 Presently they saw him take from a little pile near 
 by some hard sooty substance, and lay it on the fire, 
 which under pressure of the bellows glowed with 
 intenser satisfaction over its crackling food. Their 
 curiosity was more than ever excited. Crowding 
 round the furnace, they saw the black substance trans- 
 formed to living heat. Then they went to the pile. 
 
COAL AT BEAVER HARBOR. 
 
 187 
 
 and picking up some of the lumps, turned them over, 
 rubbed them in their liands, broke them, bit them, 
 then threw them down witli a questionable grunt. 
 
 "What is that?" they demanded. 
 
 "Stuft' to make the fire burn," answered the good- 
 natured smith. 
 
 "What do you call it?" 
 
 "Coal." 
 
 " How is it made ? " 
 
 "It is dug out of the ground." 
 
 "Where do you get it { " 
 
 "It is brought over from the other side of the 
 great salt sea; a six months' journey and more it 
 makes before it gets here." 
 
 Another more prolonged grunt, as of relief fol- 
 lowed this colloquy. Falling back before the sparks 
 which again flew from the anvil, they were sot)n in 
 warm and gesticulating converse among themselves. 
 Soon, however, their voices subsided. Then over 
 their sombre Cyclopean features gradually dawned a 
 smile, which soon stretched into a loud guffaw, abso- 
 lutely startling in a savage. And when to this they 
 added their former antics, now redoubled, the black- 
 smith stood amazed, and wondered if indeed they 
 were insane or drunk. 
 
 "White men are very wise!" they cried, in uncouth 
 irony. "The great spirit tells them everything, and 
 gives them strenssth for cunnings contrivances. The 
 red man knows nothing; he is poor, and the great 
 spirit is ashamed of having made him ; and yet he is 
 not such a fool as to bring soft black stone so great a 
 distance when it may be had at his very door." 
 
 The blacksmith stopped his work and called Tol- 
 mie and other officers of the fort, to whom the 
 Quackolls explained themselves more fully, telling- 
 how in different places in their country that same black 
 stone was found in hillocks at or near the surface, and 
 that the quantity of it was very great. 
 
 Word was sent to Fort Vancouver, and in due time 
 
188 
 
 ESTABLISHING FORTS RUPKRT AND NANALMO. 
 
 McLou*^hliu ordored the Beaver to stop on one of 
 her U|)ward voyages, at the place indicated by the 
 Quackolls, and ascertain the truth of their report, 
 which was done. Duncan Finlayson was chief factor- 
 in charj^e at tlie time, and of the party was Jolm 
 Dunn, wlio reports: "Mr Finlayson, with a party of 
 the crew, went on shore, leaving me in the shij) t<> 
 conduct tlie trade; and after some inquiries and a 
 small distribution of rewards, found, from the natives, 
 that the original account given at Fort McLough- 
 lin was true. The coal turned out to be of excel- 
 lent quality, running in extensive iiulds, and even in 
 clumpy mounds, and most easily worked all along that 
 part of the country."^ The place where the steamci 
 anchored was first called McNeill Harbor in lionoi 
 of her captain, and afterward Beaver Harbor after 
 the vessel herself. 
 
 Indeed, the first use the company found for coal, 
 except what little the blacksmiths required, was not 
 until after the arrival of the steamer; and even then 
 the necessity was not actual ; for we have frequent 
 and abundant proof that for several seasons after en- 
 tering the ser^/ice wood was employed for her furnac^u ; 
 
 ' John Dunn was a stupid observer, and an exceedingly desultory writer. 
 I give tliedato as nearly as 1 can decipher it. His hook, Jlintori/ of the Orcijon 
 TerrUory, was puldiahed in London in 1844. The information given is thrfwii 
 together in a confused mass, with but little regard to clironological or other 
 (ir:ler. The preface informs us that the writer waa eight years in the cmii- 
 pauy's service, but when he came to the coast and when he left it we are not 
 informed. Tlio Ganymede brouglit him, and he remained for a year after his 
 arrival at Fort Vancouver, in the capacity of assistant store-keeper. AihUt- 
 son inform us. Hist. Northwoit Coast, MS., 17, that Dunn was of the party 
 which went to establish Fort McLoughlin in 1833. Thsi': i?y many careful coiii- 
 parisons with reliable authors I am able in most iustai>ces *•. > determine about 
 tlie date of his several events. It is to be deplorii'J. that oii'- who should sutler 
 himself to write a book at all should perform the task .so y.>or\y. ' Mr Dunn's 
 book was written with the same view as his letters to liO Times newspripur, 
 namely, to draw the attention of this country to tiio value of Oregon and the 
 encroachments which the Americans made. Neither his disi)osition nor his 
 temperament admitted of his telling the Miiolo truth. Had he written hi ; 
 book himself, and had he not been compelled, according to his own statement, 
 to burn liis journal at Fort Vancouver by a regulation of the company prn- 
 liibiting their serviuits from retaining any record of what passes iTi the country, 
 liis liistonj of Ore<jon would be far more valuable than it is.' I'ariidiiifitt 
 Papers, 3d April 1849, 58. 'There never waa any such regulation.' «^^"' 
 Georye Siinpsoii, iu House Commons J.\-2)l. H. B. Co., 1857, 100. 
 
JOHN DUNN. 
 
 189 
 
 and oven after she began tluj use of coal, sucli use 
 was only partial. It was the custom at the several 
 stations to have wood in readiness on tlie an-ival of 
 tlie steamer, while coal was not ahvays convenient. 
 Thus duiini^ her first nortliward voyage in 1830 Dunn 
 writes : "At Fort JMcLoughlin we took on hoard about 
 twenty-six cords of wootl for fuel, which was ready 
 cut for us; this generally lasted us, when running on, 
 between three and four days." ^Vnd again on their 
 return trip they wooded at Milbank Hound. - 
 
 Lieutenants Warre and Vavasour report, the 2(!th 
 of October 1845, that "there is coal in the neiglibor- 
 liood of Puget Sound, and on tlie Cowlitz lliver; the 
 specimens used by the Hudson's ]]ny Coni])any were 
 obtained from the surface, and V\ere i)robnl)ly on tluit 
 account not found good."^ 
 
 Thus the attention of governiuent was directed to the 
 coal at Vancouver Island, and at his i-eijuest a report 
 was made to J. A. Duntr'e, captain of the shi]) Fi^'jctrd, 
 l»y Peter Skeen Ogden and James Douglas. Tlie 
 re})ort is dated at Fort Vancouver tlie 7th of 8eptem- 
 l>er 1840, and iiiay be relied ujion as containing all 
 luiowledgci of the subject up to that time. 
 
 Altliough the indications were that important strata 
 existed ah)ng tlie entire north-eastei'ii jtait of A'an- 
 I'ouvei" Island, namely, iVom Cape Scott, its northern 
 extremitv, southward to latitude 50" od', there was 
 niilv one spot known as the coal-mine, and this was in 
 \rcXeill Harl)or, in latitudt^ 50° IVf.' 
 
 Tliere tlie beds, wliicli were se])arated l)y layers of 
 sandstone, v/ere most distinctly visil)le upon the beaeli. 
 wliere, for a mile or thereabouts, the waves had washed 
 
 -' Williiiiii ri-;'.ser Tolmie claims all tl\e credit tUie liini in this coal discov- 
 1 ly at Beaver Harbor when he says, ( aiinilioii /'(tr'jlr I'liilirui/ lloultx, Int.: 
 'At the 11. ]J. post, Fort McLougliliii, Mill)aiik Soiiiul, having tor two yoai.-. 
 'iiiiteil the natives to search for that mineral, lie had the good fortune in l.S.H.") 
 to ascertain the existence on *he north-east shore of Vancouver Island of good 
 'litiuiunous coal, which w'as tested less tliau a year after ou board the coni- 
 paiiy's new steamer, Hearer, just out from London.' 
 
 ■ irn:iseCorii)»o}iH hctiirus to T/iivr A(/(l/'i'<si's, 7. 
 
 ' This according to the report, ard not in accordance with the facts. 
 
190 
 
 i:oTABLI8HINCi FORTS RUPERT AND NANAIMO. 
 
 
 ! 
 
 1^ 
 
 away the incuuibeiit mould, leaving the seams clearly 
 exposed, particularly at low water. Likewise a rivu- 
 let runninof eastward across the bed exposed the 
 strata tor three quarters of t. mile back from the 
 shore. The depth of the bed was unknown, as it had 
 been penetrated but three feet. Coal, however, had 
 been obtained by passing vessels, the natives for a 
 small compensation cheerfully lending their assistance 
 in loading.^ 
 
 There were a few men employed by the Hudson's 
 Bay Company at this time in opening this mine, hut 
 from lack of proper implements they made slow prog- 
 ress. The quality of the coal was not highly s[)oken 
 of. The substrata, however, were better than the sur- 
 face lumps, which exposure had deprived of their bitu- 
 men. None which they had been able thus far to 
 obtain could be used in the company's forges, but for 
 steam-vessels it had been found very serviceable. 
 Ogden and Douglas concluded their letter with the 
 suggestion that if the government intended making 
 available tliis coal for its navy, it would be necessary 
 to establish works, keep on hand a sup[)ly, and pro- 
 tect operations with a sufficient force from dejireda- 
 tions by the natives, who were there numerous and 
 bold. But first of all, the directors of tiie Hudson's 
 Bay Company in London must be consulted, after 
 wliich all would be plain and easy for the subordinate 
 officers on this coast. 
 
 Upon receipt of this letter. Captain Duntze dircctotl 
 ( 1. T. Gordon, commander of her majesty's steam-sloop 
 Cormorant, to proceed to McNeill Harbor and inquire 
 into the matter. Arrived at the mine. Cordon made 
 known his wishes to the natives through one Saiig- 
 ster, who informed him how to ju'oceed. A tub 
 which would hold abouc six hundred pounds was 
 
 ^ ' On one occasion when we employed them for that purpose, thoj broii^'lit 
 in npwiirils of tK) tons in a few day^, which they dug witli hatchets anil otlni' 
 inconvenient inipU'inents, and there in no doubt that with propi-r excavatiiiL; 
 tools they would have done the work nnich more expeditiously.' Letter <;/ 
 Ogden and Doir/lii.i, in /fousc of Cniiivwus Ixctiirn to T/inc AddreKi'es, 6, 
 
GORDON AT McNEILL HARBOR. 
 
 181 
 
 slung from the foreyard. Presently canoes laden with 
 coals appeared, which hourly increased in number 
 during the several days' stay of the vessel at that 
 port. As the canoes came alongside, each in its turn, 
 the tub was lowered and quickly filled. Each tub 
 was paid for as it was hauled up, in trinkets of little 
 value. In this marner sixty-two tons, at a cost not to 
 exceed four shillings a ton, including presents to 
 chiefs, were taken on board in less than three days. 
 
 Gordon then went ashore, and after digging a little 
 amongst the coal-beds, fell to naming things. In 
 lutnor of the first lord of the admiralty, the peninsula 
 forming the north-west part of McNeill Harbor was 
 called Ellenborough ; a cove eight miles to the north- 
 westward he named Baillie Hamilton's Bay, because 
 the secretary of the admiralty was so called, and had 
 patronage. A fine seam of coal was found at this 
 last-mentioned place, which Gordon surmised was con- 
 nected with those at McNeill Harbor. The quality 
 was pronounced fair for steamer purposes, and from 
 the appearance of the country the seams were thought 
 to extend well inland. All which information m 
 due time reaching Sir George Seymour, rear-admiral 
 commanding the Collhtgirood, it was by him for- 
 warded from Valparaiso on the 8th of January 1847 to 
 the admiralty. As the Oregon (juestion was now 
 settled, the Cormorant had been withdrawn from the 
 north, and to any other part of tliat station it would 
 l)c cheaper to ship coal from England. Nevertheless, 
 tlu'sc mines could but add imj)ortance to the isliind of 
 X'ancouver, and a box of specimens was sent forward 
 liy the Frolic lumieward bound about that time. 
 
 lounds was 
 
 Miglit it not be better for the fur-traders to tui-ii 
 loal-miners at once than to wait for otiier i-esults to flow 
 Irom the })ryings of government ^ True, they had but 
 little use for such an article at present; but California 
 might take some if '.' reports jiroved true that gold, 
 in paying quantities, had been found there, and that 
 
192 
 
 ESTABLISHING FORTS RUPERT AND NANAIMO. 
 
 Ir" 
 
 
 m 
 
 r 
 
 ' ^ r 
 
 a line of steamers had been cstablislied between the 
 east and west coasts by way of Panamd. Hence it 
 was determined in due time to open operations at the 
 northern end of Vancouver Island. 
 
 William McNeill" was sent thither in his steamer 
 Beai er, with orders to establish a post, George Blen- 
 kinsop being second in command. McNeill had often 
 been there, and knew the place and people well. Land- 
 
 Ft^XsaiiiiboIn 
 .1)1' ••-■'I 
 
 vinspyr Ho 
 
 y EJiiionto 
 
 
 XoiiTUERN Forts. 
 
 iug ;it .MeXt'ill Harbor, which I shall hereafter call 
 Jicavor Jiarl)()r, with forty men, whites, half-breed:-. 
 and Kanakas, durnig the hiunmer of 1849 work wa - 
 vigorously jjiosecuteil, wliich resulted in due time in 
 
 " Often mentioned in my lli'ilonj of the Northwest Coant as captain of the lni^ 
 Llama and tiic steamer Jlcufi r. He was a native of Boston dono into a Briti.-^ii 
 subjeet and Hndso .',s I'jiiy Comimny ollicer on the Northwest Coast. Ho once 
 took a run to London cuniniantling the conipany'd ship AVre/V, and was for a 
 time in charge of Fort Simpson. fSee Amhri-vn s Xorthwcst Coctf^t, MS., 70. 
 
MICHEL MUm. 
 
 m 
 
 a quadrangular stockade, with interior gallery, two 
 bastions mounting four nine -pounders, and the usual 
 storehouses, workshops, officers' quarters, and laborers' 
 cottages. The establishment was called Fort Rupert. 
 A smaller stockade protected the garden and out- 
 buildings. Although established more as a protection 
 in developing coal-deposits, Fort Rupert was never- 
 thclcr ; a trading-post. In this respect it was made 
 partially to take the place of Fort McLoughliu on 
 Milbank Sound, whence, although as we have seen 
 the latter post was abandoned in 1843, certain articles 
 yet remaining were transferred to Fort Rupert.'' 
 
 Fort-building was still in progress when in Septem- 
 ber 1849 the Scotchman Muir, with wife, daughters, 
 and so',«, arrived at Fort Rupert. Among these was 
 ]\Ii' iicl ')' vn at Kilmarnock in 1840, to whom I am 
 porso;.ali\ udebted for this account.^ 
 
 The cider Muir, with his family and a party of 
 luiueis, Wiis brought from Scotland by tlie Hudson's 
 Bay Company for the purpose of opening coal-mines 
 at this point. At the time of Muir's arrival, the na- 
 tives were engaged at Saquash cutting out surface 
 coal for the company. So inferior was the quality, of 
 loose and open structure as it was, and interspersed 
 with slate, that no remunerative market could bo 
 tbund for it. A shaft to the depth of ninety feet was 
 sunk by the Muirs, who, after further examination, 
 pronounced the seatM too small to be workable. 
 
 This shaft wa^ -ix miles from Saquash, and half a 
 
 ' Either Fort ilr], )U; Mi ) »: in never wholly abandoned, nltlioiigh it is dis- 
 tinctly so staled by "Ctrii: :;uf'iuii: ic=, or else it was abandoned and icoceupicd 
 :-cverul times. Wiitii-^ cf i: tH, F.' '.'..lyson, , '.J^ F. /., M.S,,'21, says: 'At'tei- 
 tlie abandonment of I'ort ?.l "■< -JiUn on Milbank Sound, tho Jlcavcr, with 
 the ollicers and men at that jjlate, with those fron> the fort at Tako, proceeded 
 to tlio south poiutof Vancouver Island, 'and built Fort Canioaun. Anderson, 
 Xort/nctst Coiw', MS,, 22, atlirms that 'the post at Milbank was afterward 
 abandoned; or rather transfcn'cd to ita present position at Fort Rupert, 
 liiit subsecjuentlv tho company found it advisable to rei'st^iblish a small 
 trading-post on tlio old site of Fort McLoughlin, which continued to bo oc- 
 cupied in 1878.' See further on Fort Rupert, lkti-reH-Lennnv(Vs Trarclx, C7-8; 
 dntiit, in Lnml. Geocj. Soc.,Jour., xxvii. 275; Michd Muir, in lintish Columbia 
 iihli-hcs, MS., 20; 1) ;«'« lAUIement, V.I., MS., 10. 
 
 "S^c IJrlt. Vol. o ■ -lirs, MH,, 20-.'). 
 Hist. Br i. ... i;i 
 
'Jwt' 
 
 ESTABLISMrN^^-^ FORTS ilUrKRT AND NANAIMO. 
 
 mile from the fort. Troubles aroi^e with the native's, 
 who demanded pay for the land or its product; aud 
 when the white men refused, the savages surrounded 
 the pit, threatening to kill all present should they 
 persist hi their robbery. Other c«)m}>]icarious arose, 
 in wliich Blenkinsop was unpleasantly conspicuous, 
 McNeill having departed, leaving him in charge." 
 The result was that, excepting the elder !Muir and 
 certain members of his family, tlie men all left for 
 California. 
 
 Society at Fort Kuport at this time was a little 
 startling to European crves. The day after the 
 Muirs arrived, there app. : tn the harbor sixteen 
 
 war-canoes, whose occupant, re exceedingly happy. 
 Victory had crowned ^leir recent efTorts against their 
 enemies, and sweet content sat on every barbaric face 
 there present. Not that the white new-comers had 
 never heard of war, nor joined in shout of victory, 
 but the American way was a trlHo dinbrcnt from tlio 
 European way. That was all ; but it was enough to 
 shock the sensitiveness of those unaccustomed to e'ylvan 
 slaughter. For instance, after landing and setting on 
 each of sixteen poles one human head, taken from 
 each canoe as a specimen, the warriors first learned 
 that their isle was honored by the presence of a wlii^e 
 woman, to whom it was the custom of her peopJo to 
 sliow courtesy. There was nothing mean about them. 
 Though tlie coal-diggers had refused to pay for wliat 
 they seemed to prize so highly, tlie elated redslvins would 
 freely give this female stranger of their spoils of war. 
 Inviting Mrs IMuir to the ghastly display, they begged 
 her to accept her choice of any two. Where would 
 be found in any primeval centre of civilization such 
 delicate attention, such marked consideration toward 
 
 » ' Young Blenkinsop w.-is then left in comnianil, but lie caused inuch dis- 
 satisfaction among the uiiner.s, pui,U.;g three in irons, or in jail, Ivcauao tlicy 
 would not Buhniit to liis arliitrary orders and unrcasonalde re'^ulalious, ■which 
 he endeavored to force upon them wiUiout authority.' Mitlr, in Jir'U. Col. 
 Sketches, MS., 21. 
 
C'OAlr-MINING. 
 
 105 
 
 a female visitor, from savarjkm? Their latest, best, 
 most higlil) prized possession, tlic bloody tropliy of 
 tlieir priceless success, tliey freely offered. Doubtle;:s 
 the simple-] lera-ted warriors, accustomed oidy to the 
 restricted killing of their foes, would have been as 
 overwhelmin'rly fhoclced on v/itnessin'^ the slaughtered 
 thousands of a European battle-field as was J^.Trs 
 !Muir on beholding these poor sixteen tropjiies of 
 aboriginal prov/ess. 
 
 Mr Gilmour continued t!ie first llmr shaft to tlie 
 depth of one hundred and twenty feet. Ho lihew;. e 
 instituted a thorough examination of the surface, and 
 finally arrived at the same co ^!u,;i;m, namely, that 
 co:d-minIng at Fort Rupert was a iliilure.^'^ 
 
 Governor Elanshard visited the place in !Marcli 
 ISjO. He reported the mines a failure, and said th;:t 
 the men could scarcely be induced ^.o work at r.ll, 
 being dissatisfied with tlie'r employers, and liaving f w 
 proper tools." Nevertheless, the ship England loaded 
 here this year.'" 
 
 It was well known that if at Fort Rupert coal-mining 
 could not be successfully c^iri'Icd on, tliere were otiK r 
 ])laces to try; or even here something mi[jht yet be 
 done. During the year 1851 more and better coal- 
 mining machinery, with some twenty-five practical 
 men, were brought from England in the ship Tory, 
 chartered by the company for that purpose, and landed 
 at Fort Rupert/' But this had been t)rdered and 
 
 '" ' jViiotnor bore was siuik directly at the hack of Fort Rupert to a (lej)tli 
 of 47.J f.ii,honi3. Two otlur boro j were sunk. I)ehiml Fort Rupert, towards llio 
 interior: one, sonic four niilas to I'.io north-west, where the borers were 8topj)cd 
 by loose quicksand at a depth of liO fathoms; another, two niiU's to the soiith- 
 wcst, totV depth of 4v) fathoms; again, ten miles from Fort Rupert, along tho 
 BKi-ciKist, two bores were sunk tlirou;^!! sandstone to depths of 47 ami 47 \ 
 fiithoms respectively, without any signs of worliablo coal; these were sunk 
 at some di.stance back from tho shore. Close totlie shore two pits wore 8u:ik, 
 one seventeen, tho other 3 J fathoms. Tho thickest vein struck did not exceed 
 nix laches.' (irdiit, in Loudon Geotj. Soc, Jour,, xxvii. 270. 
 
 " lilanshanVs Dvirpntches, 2. 
 
 ^■"Muir, in Brit. VoL Sl-vtchcs, MS., 22. 
 
 " Au oliicer on board this vessel was Herbert Georgo Lewis, who gave mo 
 tlio infonnation, this being bis second voyage from ]On;jland in tlio company's 
 Kcrvicc. Scei/>-t<. Col. Sketches, MS., 1, 2. 
 
19G 
 
 ESTABLISHING FORTS RUPERT AND XANAIMO. 
 
 \\ii : 
 
 the men brought out Ijcforc it was settled that there 
 were no seams worth wor];ing in the region around 
 Fort Rupert. The arrival of this reenforcement, how- 
 ever, was not inopportune, as we shall presently sec. 
 Prospectw were better at Nanalmo; and thitlior in tht; 
 spring of 1851 Muir proceeded with all his men and 
 mining machinery, leaving Fort Rupert in possession 
 of traders only. ^^ 
 
 The incidents attending the discovery of coal at 
 Nanaimo are not unHke those at Beaver Bay.'"' 
 
 One morning in December 1849, wliile Joseph \Y. 
 McKay, then prominent in the affairs of the Hud- 
 son's Bay Com]Dany on the Northwest Coast, was en- 
 gaged in the office at Fort Victoria, he was called 
 aside by the foreman of the blacksmith shop, wlu> 
 informed him that an old Nanaimo chief, from the 
 vicinity of v.diat was then called Protection Island, 
 had entered the shoo a short time previous to lunt; 
 his gun rcpau'ed. Vvliile ^raiting, and watching oper- 
 ations, he noticed the men replenishhig the fire wdtli 
 coal. Pickhig up some of the lumps, he observed 
 them closely, and finally remarked that there was 
 plenty of such stone where lie lived. Proceeding" 
 innnediately to the shop, McKay entered into con- 
 versation with the Indian who reiterated Avhat lie 
 had said to the blacksmith, giving further particulars 
 and with more exactnes;^. ^IcKay then said that if 
 he would bring liini some of the pieces of tlie stuff, 
 he should have a bottle of rum, and his gun repaired 
 for nothing, wliich magnanimous offer the Nanainn) 
 accepted. He was poor and feeble; the gun would 
 help to procure him food, and the rum would warm 
 his stiffened jouits, and dispel liis misery for a moment. 
 
 ** 'There are now no miners at Fort Rupert,' writes Orant, London Oc^n- 
 Soc, Jour., xxvii. 'J7t), in R;r4, 'ami the estalilishuieut cousista of twenty 
 oliiours aiitl men,' Hva aho JMtiix' ScUloiieut V. I., MS., 19. 
 
 i^That ono is uot taken from the other, I am satisfied. Jt)lm Dunn tell-* 
 his story, not without due regard to tlramatio effect it is true, but in a numiur 
 wliolly original. Mr McKay states his facts clearly, concisely, and I am very 
 sure, truthfully; nor is it likely that ho wa^ f '.miliar with Dunn's story. 
 
ANOTHER DISCOVERY. 
 
 197 
 
 Wliat (lid it matter if there were millions in it for 
 the white man ; civilization would soon get it in any 
 ovent, as it was getting everything else, and upon 
 terms equivalent, namely, a bottle of rum and a gun 
 repaired in return for a coal-mine. 
 
 The ancient aboriginal went his way, and the fur- 
 trader went his; and as nothhig further was seen or 
 h(>ard of the chief at the fort, little more was thought 
 of the Nanaimo coal discovery. But the old savage 
 had not forgt)tten his promise. All during t]\o cold 
 w inter he had lain sick, very near death's door, think- 
 ing of the rum, which did not greatly comfort him. 
 Reviving from his illness with returning spring, he 
 went to work, and surely enough one day early in 
 April he appeared in Victoria Harbor with liis canoe 
 loaded with coal. 
 
 It was hnmediately taken to the forge, and ex- 
 amined with no small cuilosity by all present. On 
 heiiig tested by the smith, it was pronounet^d of ex- 
 cellent quality. Then McKay remembered his prom- 
 ise. A Hudson's Bay Company's officer always keeps 
 his word. The bottle of rum was given to the na- 
 tive. 
 
 A prospecting party was fitted out at once; and 
 placing himself at the head of it, McKay landed 
 near where the town of Xanaimo now stands, about 
 tiie 1st of May 1850.^" Several days were then spent 
 in a careful examination of the country for miles 
 around After which, on the 8th day of !May, the 
 Douglas vein, which is still being worked at this 
 writing, was located by !McKay. And it was from 
 this very spot that was loaded the canoe of the old 
 
 ""Tlio coal at Nanaimo was firat discovered liy Mr Joseph McKay in 
 May ]Sr)0, wlio M^as directed to it by tlio Imliaiis of tliu iieif,'lil>()rhooil.' (Iniiil, 
 ill Liviihii OciKj. Soc, Jour., xxvii. 'J77. Tho |)artieuliirs of tlio discovery are 
 from Mr McKay liimself, furnished through Mr I'etrotf while on his expedi- 
 tion in my behalf to Alaska in 1878. Tho dictation was taken at Fort himii- 
 •son, and is entitled liccoUectiom of a Chief Tmilcr in the, l/uil.ion's limj ( 'oiii- 
 V'liiy, hij Joxriih WiUiam McKay. Tho manuscript is exceedingly well written, 
 clear, concise, and very interesting and iniportant. Mr McKay is remarka- 
 hly intelligent, anil besides, a most courteous gentlemen. A brief bio;jraph- 
 ical sketch is given elsewhere. 
 
198 
 
 ESTABLISHINa FORTS RUPERT AND XANAIMO. 
 
 chief who carried the first intelhfjence and the first 
 specimens of this famous mine to Fort Victoria. 
 
 On his return to Victoria, McKay made a circum- 
 stantial and favorable report, and it was forthwith 
 determined to make practical avail of the important 
 discovery ; but owing to other business, the mine was 
 for a time neglected. It appears that the natives had 
 first discovered a small seam al)out eight inches in 
 thickness, on the undulating sandstone surface af New- 
 castle Island; then on the opposite shore of Com- 
 niericial Inlet they noticed more of the black stuff, 
 whicli proved to be an outcrop of the same seam, wliich 
 at this latter point was but three and a half feet tliick, 
 though its general thickness was six or seven foet.^' 
 
 The natives took two hundred tons from Newcastle 
 Island by the 15tli of September. On tlie 17th, 
 Gilmour with ten experienced miners began a pif* 
 at tlie north-wx'st extremity of Nanaimo Harbor. 
 Another spot where the seam was six or seven feet 
 thick was struck, which was afterward worked in 
 several parallel galleries.^" 
 
 Muir arrived v.ith the men and machinery from 
 Fort Kupert in the spring of 1851, as I have before 
 related. The steamer Otter brought them thither, and 
 Douglas met them there. The machinery was landed 
 and set up, and temporary measures adopted for de- 
 fence. Muir's force was small, and should the natives 
 grow jealous or mercenary, as at Fort Rupert, they 
 could do little tliot year; ne\'ertheless they prospected 
 and dug heartily, wasting no time. 
 
 20 
 
 But it was not until 1852 that work was 
 
 begun in 
 
 •^h 1 
 
 i'i- 
 
 'iir 
 
 ^' Eight or ton inches of fire-clay ran through the centre. The dircctiou 
 of tlie seam was to the south-west, and tlie dip 45°. 
 
 "'A shaft of 50 feet passed throu)i;h 12 feet of alluvium, 8 feet of sand- 
 stone, and 30 feet of slate. Grant is loose in regard to dates. McKay, Ha'., 
 MS., 11, says 'the mine was not actually opened until August 1852.' 
 
 '■•* ' The scam hero runs nearly level, with a dip of only some seven degree.? 
 to the south-west; the greatest quantity of coal that has been raised from it 
 was at the rate of I'JO tons per week with ten regular miners.' Grant, in 
 London Clcoij. Sac, Jour., x.wii. 277. This was prior to 1854. 
 
 '^•' 'About 1851 Mr Muir staitod the Nanaimo coal-mines, which were suc- 
 cessful.' Muir, in Brit. Col. Skptcli<:<<, MS., 24. 
 
THE DOUGLAS ON THE GROUND. 
 
 199 
 
 tamest at Nanaiino. Arriving on the 19th of August, 
 after diligent search with pick and shovel, McKay 
 found the Douglas seam on a peninsula at the northern 
 end of tlie harbor, and the men were put at digging, 
 tills making the fourth place ^^ at which work was done 
 iit an early day. Satisfied with his investigations, Mc- 
 Kay erected a fortress, with all the necessary build- 
 ings, and called the place Fort Nanaimo."" Thus was 
 tlic new industry of coal-mining taken in hand at 
 Nanaimo by the fur company, ^^ d pressed forward 
 with uncommon energy. Before the expiration of 
 1853 two thousand tons were shipped from this i)oint, 
 half of which was taken out by the natives. The first 
 sent hence to San Francisco was in May of that year 
 by the sliip WiUiam. The company's price at Nanaimo 
 was then eleven dollars; at San Francisco the coal 
 brought twenty-eight dollars a ton.'^ 
 
 Ill 18o-'5 James Douijlas visits this mine in state. 
 Lea^•ing Victoria in the propeller Otter, with the 
 Mary Dan in tow, on the 18th of August he anchors 
 before Fort Nanaimo at precisely twenty minutes 
 jiast eight the same day.'* Early next morning he is 
 out examining the mine and buildings about the 
 fort. McKay and his men are highly complimented 
 by the chief "A prodigious quantity of work, for 
 the hands employed," he writes, " has been accom- 
 plished here; the place has quite the appearance of 
 a little village. The mines have cost a great deal 
 or labor and other outlay. The mine-shaft is now 
 
 I The directiou 
 
 lich were buc- 
 
 '■"' These were all the same scam of coal, which is called the Douglas ' 
 Grant, in London Gco;i. Soc, Jour., xxvii. 278. 
 
 '■'•'See Douglas' Primte Payers, AI.S., ser. ii. 50. Though not as pretentious 
 as some other cstahlishments, it is dignilicd by Douglas with the name of fort. 
 It might, perhaps, more properly he called a hastion, 
 
 ^■"For general description of mines at Nanaimo, aoo A^noltcrry's Geol. Jh'pl., 
 fi.">-7, in Parijic li. R. licpt, vi.; llorctzky'a Canada on the Pacific, 170; Itav- 
 linijs' Confederation of Brit. N. A. Provinces, l'J'2. 
 
 ^*It was with just such ponderous particularities that Douglas did evory- 
 tliing. After a detailed description of an msignilicant trip, ho conclutles in 
 tliese words: 'Made Lighthouse Point at .lusk, and came to an anchor off the 
 Fort of Nanaimo at 8:20 in the evening, having been 9 hours and 40 miautes 
 under weigh, ' Douijlas' Private Paiiers, M'.-i., sur. ii. 50. 
 
sod 
 
 ESTABLlSHlXei FOltTS RUPERT AND NANAIMO. 
 
 full of water; that called McGreggor's headings and 
 north galler}'' give the miners employment at present." 
 Thence he is pulled to Newcastle Island, and visits 
 the outcroppings, observes the perpendicular cliffs and 
 fine white sandstone in rescular beds and on edjje 
 underlying beds of conglomerate. The 20th he ex- 
 amines with much interest a salt-spring which rises 
 in the bed of a fresh-water brook, now nearly dry.''' 
 "The coal-field between Chase River and Newcastle 
 Island," he writes, "has been proved, it being Mr 
 Gilmour's opinion, founded on the trials he has made, 
 that coal may be found anywhere in that district." 
 The 22d, "walked from the establishment to the 
 coal crop at the head of Commercial Inlet, into which 
 a gallery sixty feet long has been cut." Thence to 
 Chase Kiver, where is a gallery of forty feet; and so 
 on. Leaving Nanaiuio on the 24th, he surveys the 
 coast to Valdes Inlet, and then returns to Victoria. 
 
 About this time, 1852-3, coal was discovered at 
 Bellingham Bay by two axemen, who were cutting- 
 logs for a saw-mill. In the up-toni roots of a fallen 
 trees, on the side of a bank, they first saw })iecos 
 which led to an examination of the grt)und and the 
 finding of a seam several feet thick. A claim Avas 
 entered, and shortly after sold at San Francisco for 
 $10,000.^^ Several companies were formed to work 
 this and adjoining claims, among which the Puget 
 Sound Mining Company and the Mamoosie Mine 
 were consj^icuous."" 
 
 Other coal deposits attracting attention prior to 
 
 "' ■ The spring yields about two gallons of water per minute, or 2,880 gallons 
 in twenty-four hours. It yields about a pound of salt to a gallon, which, at 
 sixty pounds to the bushel, would make a daily yield of forty-eight bushels of 
 salt.' JhtKjUts' Private Papers, MS., ser. n. 52. 
 
 "* ' Altogether about 140 tons of coal had been exported from Bellinghaiu 
 Bay up to 1st January 1854.' Grant, in Lomlon Oeog. Soc., Jour., xxvii. 3irj. 
 
 ^' 'Another bed a little to the north of this, belonging to Captain Fauutle- 
 roy and others, presented much better indications. Its thickness is sixteen 
 feeb four inches, and the coal brighter and freer from impurities than the 
 other. A small qiiantity got out here sold in Francisco tor $23 jier ton. ' 
 Oibbs, in Stevens' Pac. 11. P. Pept., i. 473. 
 
OTHER COAL DEPOSITS. 
 
 Ml 
 
 1854 wore those between Port San Juan and Cape 
 Bonilla;-** in the country back of Barclay Sound ;^ near 
 the coast west of Soke Inlet i^" at several points on 
 tl; western shore of Vancouver Island,^^ and on the 
 mainland opposite.^^ The deposits on Queen Char- 
 lotte Islands attracted attention at various times. ''■^ 
 
 ''** ' It is, however, almost worthless, as, though it croi)s out on tlie sea- 
 (■oast, there is no shelter for vessels near it.' (irntd, in Loud. Geoij. Soc., Jour., 
 xxvii. 285. 
 
 '•"" There is no truth in the reports which have been circulated of there 
 licing coal on Barclay Sound; tlio Indians, however, dcscrihe some coal as 
 existing iit Munahtah, in the country of the Cojueklesatuch, some three days' 
 journey into the interior, at the back of Barclay Sound.' Grant, in Loml. 
 (Icoij. iSof., Jour., xxvii. 287. 
 
 •^ ' Traces of coal have been found on a small river called by the natives 
 (^tuaachuka, which here discharges itself into the straits.' (Irnnf, in Loml. 
 (tcoij. (S'oc, Jour., xxvii. 284. Few of the seams were more than one inch in 
 thickness. 
 
 ^' ' At Nespod, a little north of Nootka, coal is reported by the Indians. 
 Ncspod is called Port Brooks on the charts. At Koskcemo, north of Ncspful 
 ,111(1 opposite to Beaver Harbor, a seam of coal two feet in thickness has also 
 liecii discovered.' Oront, in Loml. Geo;/. Soc, Jour., xxvii. 28S. (traiit's Kos- 
 kcemo is Quatsino Sound. See Jiichnrdnon, in Gcol. Sur. Cunada, 1S7I-2, 70. 
 
 "■^ 'Between Burrard Canal and Home Sound, i. c, on the southern shore 
 of Homo Sound, close to the entrance, a small seam of coal lias been found.' 
 Grout, in Loml. Geoij. Soc, Jour., xxvii. 314. 
 
 "^'As early as 18.52 the brig Ilccovery, Captain Mitchell, the vessel that 
 was once the Orbit, was there for coal.' Olipwpia Vluh Cour.i., AIS., 3—1. 'An- 
 tliracite is known to exist at ''kidcgate Island, Queen Charlotte Islands, and 
 a seam of tlie same kind of coal is seen cropping out on the mainland opnosite, 
 ;iliout forty miles distant. The extent of these deposits is not known, but 
 siiccimens have been sent to San Francisco wliich were of good quality, and 
 in 1871 there were 505 tons of it imxiorted.' MarJ'urluiw's Coal Hcgioiis oj 
 Aiinricn, 574. 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 CROWN PxRANT OF VANCOUVER ISLAND TO THE HUDSON'S 
 
 BAY COMPANY 
 
 1849. 
 
 Spirit op MoxoroLT — The AttVENTtTREUs of Enciland More JEALOca of 
 British Sdujeits than of FoREKiNEu.s— Colonization to be Retarded 
 BY Favorino rather THAN liv OrposiNO If— The Grant Solicited as 
 Early as 1837 — Woes of the Monopoly— F ..i^ure to Outain tiih 
 Grant at This Time — FrR-HUNriNG awd settlement Antaoonistic — 
 The Liquor Traffic — The Company Apply for the (! rant — Startlino 
 Proposal — Influence of United Stated Acquisitions on British 
 Pacific Territory — Piety a Plea for Power — The Fur-tuade and 
 Colonization AciAiN— The Drafc Perfected — The Mainland — Pre- 
 amble AND Grant — Conditions of Grant — Differences of Opinion 
 respecting the Wisdom of the Measure. 
 
 Now that the Northwest Coast between Fuca 
 Strait and the Russian possessions was wholly and 
 Indisputably their own, a vast territory without a 
 government, too vast and too important to be held 
 absolutely by a commercial corporation, while the 
 near south under the liberal policy of the United 
 States government was so rapidly being settled by 
 enterprising emigrants of their own Anglo-Saxon race, 
 it behooved the ligislators and rulers of England and 
 of England's colonies to cast a parental eye toward 
 this very far away and very wild and very little 
 Britain. 
 
 The history of the treaty of 1846, which determined 
 the dividing line between the possessions of Great 
 Britain and those of the United States on the Pa- 
 cific coast, having been given at length elsewhere in 
 ihis work,^ it would be superfluous to repeat it here. 
 
 ^Jlisiortf of the. Northwest Coast. 
 
 X 
 
SERIOUS QUESTIONS. 
 
 203 
 
 HUDSON'S 
 
 T' ^t event safely over, soon we see the hand of the 
 ] ler country again moving in Northwest Coast 
 ai.airs; this time, however, confining her interest to 
 her own pecuhar case, and in the capacity of patron 
 ratlier than that of champion. 
 
 Tlie question was what to do next. The country 
 north of the lately defined United States boundary 
 wafi a wilderness held by an association of British sub- 
 jects under sanction of the British government, which 
 had gone so far as to grant the occupants the privilege 
 of exclusive trade with the natives for a period ex- 
 piring in 1859. The question now was, Shall anything 
 1)0 done toward colonizing or settling the country, or 
 any part of it, before the expiration of the fur com- 
 pany's present privilege of exclusive trade, and if so, 
 what ? 
 
 It so happened that about this time, namely, in 1 84G 
 and 1847, the directors of the fur monopoly presented 
 themselves before Lord Grey, quaking with fear lesi 
 American marauders should pursue them beyond tlic 
 ->cw boundary, and spoil their traffic in British Co- 
 
 ubia, as they had already done in Oregon. Lord 
 
 .i3y lent a favorable ear; and from this beginning 
 arose important negotiations.^ 
 
 Since the charter of Charles 11. to Prince Rupert 
 in 1G70, the policy of the adventurers of England 
 trading into Hudson's Bay had been, to say the least, 
 exclusive. Not alone had they been fearful of the 
 intrusion of foreigners, but most of all were they 
 jealous of their own countrymen. 
 
 During the first half-century of their occupancy of 
 those hyperborean shores, they had been forced to 
 battle French soldiery invading by sea; some of their 
 forts had even been taken from them during these 
 encounters. And later they had frequently been 
 called upon to resist the encroachments of French 
 iur-hunters from Canada. Wars with hereditary foes, 
 
 ^ Compare IlansanTa Parliamentary Debates and Levi's Aniiah of British 
 Legislation, passim. 
 
»1 ■! '' 
 
 204 
 
 GRANT OF VANCOUVER ISLAND. 
 
 m 
 
 however, were never to be compared in point of hatred 
 and disastrous results with tho rivalry between them 
 and tlie Northwest Company. 
 
 So ill regard to settlement. The occupation of Ore- 
 gon by emigrants from the United States had given 
 them nmch anxiety, and they had exercised every 
 means, but always within the bounds of justice and 
 humanity, to stop this tide of population which would 
 prove the total destruction of their traffic in those 
 parts. Yet as in former encroachments and opposi- 
 tion, the government and the people of the eastern 
 American states gave them less serious concern than 
 their own. The cause was obvious. The dividing line 
 between the North American possessions of Great 
 Britain and those of the United States thciy well 
 knew their government would see })roperly (Uawn 
 witliout assistance from them. The bounds oi' thoii- 
 dominion fixed they could easilv loijulatc their Imsi- 
 ness accordingly. They entertained no serious feai' 
 of being cramped for territory. J hit wlieii iMiglaiui 
 herself should attempt colonization on the Pacilir. 
 well misTfht Eno'lish fur-hunters look to their interests. 
 
 It was now considered certain thiit United States 
 territory on tlie western ocean would be speedily 
 settled; that there would be within the limits ofsucli 
 territory, and as the result of such settlement, one oi' 
 more large commercial towns con<lucting trade direct 
 with the coast above and below, with the Hawaiian 
 Islands, and with China; and that between the eastern 
 and western seaboards there would be safe ami lre< 
 intercommunication. Witli so powerful and pro- 
 gressive a people as neighbors, and with an over- 
 crowded population at home, it was clearly evident 
 that so broad and valuable a rooion as the British 
 Pacific possessions could not always be kept solitary as 
 the game-preserve of a conmiercial monopoly. And 
 none saw this clearer than the monopolists themselves. 
 
 Yet it was not by opposing colonization by any 
 means, but rather by eiuM)urj.ging it, that the company 
 
 ill 
 
BEFORE PAllLIAMENT. 
 
 2M 
 
 would attempt to control affairs for a time longer. 
 If they could be constituted England's colonizers on 
 tlie Pacific, then miglit tliey colonize after their own 
 tasliion, quickly or slowly — very slowly indeed, if such 
 sliould prove their interest. Such advantage, indeed, 
 had not Ix^en overlooked in arranging the terms of 
 the last license of exclusive trade, the grant of 1838. 
 When in 1837 the company petitioned for a renewal 
 of that grant, they sought extended privileges. In 
 addition to a license of exclusive trade, they asked title 
 to the land for purposes of colonization, urging their 
 services in excluding settlers of other nations as a 
 reason whv they sliould have the management of set- 
 tiers of their own nation. 
 
 J^oth Sir J. II. Pelly, governor of the Hudson's 
 liay Company in England, and Sir George Simpson, 
 governor of the company's afl'airs in America, after 
 magnifying tJie hazardous eflorts of the company to 
 enrich itself, after lamenting the lieavy losses sus- 
 tained in keeping the country clear, alike of British 
 subjects and foreigners, after gently chiding their be- 
 nignant mother for neglecting tliat probx'tion which 
 it was tlu>ir chief joy to see withheld, begged a fresh 
 continuance of their misfortune, together with such 
 liold upon the soil as should in^rpetuate them. The* 
 profits arising from the business, said they to parlia- 
 iiieut, are no more than a fair return for the ca})i- 
 tal employed; and the services rendered the motiur 
 country in securing her this connnertH>, which other- 
 wise would fall to forel-'uers, demand further favors. 
 Hesides their twenty-two trading-dej)ots on the west- 
 <rn sloiKV thev liave in tlie nein['h[)orhood of the 
 ('olundtia large pastures fdlod M'ith stock, and grain 
 farms aftbrding abuiuhint supplies of every kind of 
 agricultural product, and it is their intention to aug- 
 ment such establishments so as to export n'ool, tal- 
 low, and hides, and at the sanje time to all'ord a quiit 
 home for retired servants of the company. Climate 
 and sod are all that could be desirijd, they continued, 
 
»;„■■ 
 
 200 
 
 GRANT OF VANCOUVER ISLAND. 
 
 but in order to justify the outlay necessary to the 
 full furtherance of the company's plans, protection, 
 that is to say, nioncjpoly, must be secured them; the 
 natives, body and soul, nmst be theirs, likewise the 
 soil, and every subject of Great Britain who dare in- 
 trust his keeninsx to their arbitrarv will. 
 
 Cunningly as these projwsals were advanced, in so 
 far as they related to proprietorship in the soil they at 
 this time failed. It was now pretty well understood 
 by England, after dreaming over it for nearly two cen- 
 turies, that the adv(mturers trading into Hudson's 
 Bay were not unduly anxious to make settlements 
 anywhere. In one instance only had they attempted 
 or permitted such a measure, and that was employed 
 as the deadliest engine f )r the breaking-up of a pow- 
 erful rival. The Ked liivcr difficulties had opened 
 the eyes of statesmin to the fatal effects of coloniza- 
 tion on hunting-grounds. It was becoming a pretty 
 well established fact that foxes, beavers, and native 
 liunters do not dwell long in apple-orchards. Savagisni 
 is essciutial to a game-j)rc serve a thousand miles square, 
 and settlement ;)f any kind is directly antagonistic to 
 savagisni. In a word, it was against the company's 
 interests to have their forests cleared, and their Indian 
 hunters demoralized by drink and civilized diseases. 
 This they had well known from the first, and had 
 managed their bushiess accordingly. Nor are they to 
 be specially blamed for adopting a self-protective pol- 
 icy, which is no less the first law of corporations than 
 of governments and individuals. 
 
 Notwithstanding the very n.atural desire to post- 
 ])one the day of their downfall as far as possible, tlie 
 Hudson's Hay Company were liot blind to the fact 
 that the ultimate destiny, indeed, the near destiny of 
 their I'acific coast, was colonization. It would soon 
 prove as vitally important to them as to the British 
 nation at large, in or out of Britisli America. Tlieir 
 very existence, the preservation of their liunting- 
 
 :' 'i 
 
ARDENT SPIRITS. 
 
 207 
 
 grounds to the northward, and between the ocean and 
 the mountains, would soon depend upon their ability 
 to guard their coast against the inroads of foreign 
 traders, who had always caused them much annoyance, 
 and were now becoming more troublesome. By these 
 lawless traders, many of whom were from New Eng- 
 land ports, the accursed taste for strong drink was 
 kept alive among the natives. So long as there was a 
 possibility of obtaining intoxicating liquor the Indians 
 would trade for little else. They were wild for it, 
 almost as insane in the desire as in the gratification. 
 From hundreds of miles inland past the doors of the 
 company's forts, they would bring their best skins 
 down to the sea-shore, and there hold savage saturnalia 
 as lojig as they lasted. There was no controlling thciii 
 or conu'olling business so long as rum was sold upon 
 the coast. It was as clearly to the interests of tlie 
 monopolists, or license-holders, to prevent this de- 
 moralizing traffic, as it was to the pecuniary profit 
 of transient traders visiting the coast to iiKkilijfe 
 ill it. 
 
 Not alone were traders from the United States 
 accused of selling liquors to tribes inhabiting British 
 American territory, but the Hudson's Bay Company 
 were charged with the like ofl'ence in disposing of 
 strong drink to the Indians of the United States.'* 
 However fatal the result to the poor Indian, the fur- 
 trading policy of the time w^as essentially retaliatory, 
 and although the truth of these charges was flatly 
 
 'The question in 1849 was mado one of official correspondence. On the 
 8th of December Henry W. Sibley writes Mr Clayton, asking a remonstrance 
 to 1(0 laid before the British govornnK'nt, to prevent the introduetion of 
 anient spirits into tlio Indian country. iT>, ^•••""ounces it 'a fact wliieli can be 
 "«t;il)lished by incontestable tes'iniony.' This letter was forwarded to 
 Ali))()tt i^aw icn':'»>. United States minister to Great Britain, who laid tiieconi- 
 pliiint before Lord Palniurston. Tiio matter was referred to the secretary of 
 state for the colonies. Finally Earl Clicy roccived ii tlat denial from Sir John 
 I'i'lly, and tiiero the subject rested. Since tiie IStli of Mny 184'J, v hen Sir 
 Cniirge Simpson and Adolplius Ktholin, governor of the Icusoi^in Aiuerican 
 i.iionies, signed at Sitka un agreement prohibiting the use of niiiiituous 
 lii|uors in the Indian trade of their respective territories, that region liad in a 
 iiu.'iiHure been free from this curse. But this agrcoment did not prevent resort 
 til the forbidden tiaiilo when competition with traders of o^her nationalities 
 rendered it necessary. 
 
208 
 
 GRANT OB' VANCOUVER ISLAND 
 
 denied on both sides, there is no doubt that both were 
 guilty. ^ 
 
 Again in 184G, when the much-agitated question of 
 boundary was being settled, the subject of coloniza 
 tiou was brouijht forward. As the right honorable 
 Edward Ehice, M. P., remarked to a select commit- 
 tee of the house of commons — "Being in possession 
 of the trade of the adjacent country under the license 
 . . . tlie company applied to Lord Grey for protection 
 in Vancouver Island, for fear of American marauders 
 disturbing their possessions there." Earl Grey replied 
 that the distance round Cape Horn was too far for 
 even tlie long arm of his government conveniently to 
 reacli, and that the company nmst protect themselves. 
 On tlie 7th of September a letter was addressed by 
 the company to Earl Grey, stating that their estab 
 lislimcnt on the south point of the island was annu 
 ally enlarging, and asking a grant of land. A lou^ 
 correspondence followed, and negotiations were begun. 
 Then for nearly a year, that is, from March 1847 to 
 February 1848, the matter rested. From the modest 
 first request, which was to be confirmed in the pos- 
 session of the island only, the ideas of the company 
 had gradually enlarged, until, as Sir J. H. Peliy ex- 
 pressed himself in a letter to Earl Grey, the 5th ol 
 ^larch 1847, the company were "willing to undertake 
 the <;overnnient and colonization of all the territories 
 belonging to the crown in North America, and receive 
 a grant accordingly." 
 
 It was this startling proposal, opening the eyes of 
 the government to the real designs of the conq)any. 
 which temporarily suspended negotiations. In Feb- 
 ruary 1848, with more modest mein, they again caiiir 
 forward with the assurance that "placing tlie whole 
 territory north of the 41)th degree under one governiiij^ 
 power would have simplified arrangements, but the 
 company was willing to accept that part of the ter- 
 ritory west of the Ilocky Mountains, or even Van- 
 couver Island alone; in fact, to give every assistance 
 
INEXORABLE NECESSITY. 
 
 209 
 
 in its power to promote colonization." In a subsequent 
 letter of the 4th of March the same writer goes still 
 further, and says: "In every negotiation that may 
 take place on this subject, I have only to observe 
 that tlic company expect no pecuniary advantage 
 from colonizing the territory in question. All moneys 
 received for lands or minerals would be applied to 
 purposes connected with the improvement of the 
 country. 
 
 Accompanying this truly disinterested offer was a 
 private letter of a somewhat differci.^t nature, which was 
 nothing less than a request that the privileges possessed 
 under the original giant of Rupert Land, giving the 
 adventurers of England power to establish colonies, 
 courts, and governments should l:>e extended over the 
 entire Xortlnvest and Pacific territories. The magni- 
 tude of the proposal at tliis juncture was alone enough 
 to insure its defeat. It was ut once decided by the 
 government that if a grant were made at all, it should 
 be confined to Vancouver Island. 
 
 Besides the tide of emijjration which since the 
 treaty of 184G was pouring into Oregon, the United 
 States had lately acquired California, and this alone 
 was more than sufficient to make that nation the 
 dominant power upon the Pacific, even should there 
 he no foundation in the reported gold discovery, rumors 
 of which were now reaching British Columbia and 
 England. .\nd if gold was plentiful in the Sierra 
 Foothills, might it not be found north of the 49th 
 parallel? Indeed, there had already been indica- 
 tions of the precious metal in this region. Where 
 tlien AtHild be the Hudson's Bay Company, with 
 its lar<'c and widelv extended interests, should the 
 I'aeilic coast bo brought into sudden prommence 
 before the world, as in truth it was even now being 
 brought? 
 
 * All thia was purely for effect, anil was, moreover, so palpably opposed to 
 the character and policy of the company, that none but the most simple minded 
 were for a moment deceived by it. 
 But. Bun. Col. U 
 
210 
 
 <;RANT of VANCOUVER ISLAND 
 
 It was well, as cautious and prudent business men, to 
 think of these things and to provide for them. And 
 the officers of the company did so think and so pro- 
 vide, for they wore shrewd, far-seeing men. For their 
 subsequent policy as well as for their past deeds, many 
 writers attempt to bring odium upon them. I see 
 no special cause for praise or blame in the premises. 
 They were not professional patriots like our congress- 
 men and state politicians; they were a conmiercial 
 corporation seeking to make money by every lawful 
 means, and I ha^'c failed to discover anything more 
 dishonorable in their dealings than in those of mer- 
 chants and monopolists generally. When a man or an 
 association of men raise the signal of money-making, 
 the less they talk of piety or patriotism hi connection 
 with their commercial efforts, the less they will be 
 regarded as hypocrites.^ 
 
 " It is in exceedingly bad taste, to say the least, for Mr Martin, who writes 
 as special advocate for tlic- company, to devote one of tlie five parts of which 
 his work is composed to expatiating on the 'Christian conduct and beneficent 
 policy of the H udsoii's Bay Company. ' Tlic fact is, tliere was not tlie slight- 
 est Clhristian conduct or beneficent policy about their business. Their occu- 
 pation was neither proselytism nor benevolence, but the fur-trade. As a 
 matter of course, there were religious and humane men among them— humane 
 I think they almost all were, and remarkably so; but in orthodox Christianity 
 tliey numbered many sceptics. Their lives were sucli as to engender thought, 
 and thought is unfavorable to faith. Away from the influences of form and 
 example, spending much of their time alone with nature, constant witnesses 
 of the diversity of beliefs in the surrounding nations, the servants of tlie com- 
 pany were apt to fall into an independent train of reasoning which led them 
 far away from the teachings of their childhood. So that I say for that time, 
 and as a class, the olticers and servants of the company were remarkably scep- 
 tical. In this part of Mr Martin's work the company itself can scarcely take 
 pride. It is made of prolix testimonials from church people who have received 
 favors from the corporation, and which a night's lodging would buy. Now, no 
 one has ever denied, tliat I am aware, that the officers of tlie Hudson's Bay 
 ("ompany were composed of high-minded, courteous gentlemen. I should call 
 them exceedingly liberal, both in money-matters and in ideas. Their respect 
 for the opinion of others, whatever might be their own, and their kindness to 
 missionaries of wliatever faitli or nationality, were proverbial. Thercfon; 
 when Mr Martin cites instances of courtesy extended to bishops and others as 
 examples of piety, he renders himself ridiculous. One of his first assertions 
 here is that the company 'have well fulfilled the objects for which their 
 charter was granted in 1G70,' which, if I read the record correctly, is simply 
 not true. Exploration was made only as they were driven to it, and then 
 more to conceal knowle<lge tlian to reveal it; settlement was absurd on the 
 face of it; and altliough profoundly iudid'erent as to the belief the savages en- 
 tertained regardhig the future state, and altliough missionary establishments 
 interfered in some degree with their traffic, tliey were not insane enough, 
 while dependent upon public opinion for their very existence, to bring down 
 
FUR-TRADERS AS COLONIZERS. 
 
 mi 
 
 A fur company is a bad colonizer. The adventurer 
 of England never professed to be a colonizing com- 
 pany. Before this they had never specially opposed 
 colonization, for, except in the affairs at Red lliver, 
 the question had never arisen, and that settlement 
 was made, as before remarked, not so much for the 
 sake of colonizing as for retaliation. Tlie company 
 liad never refused an application for land for purposes 
 of colonization, because none had ever been made. 
 
 Land held under license to trade, tlie company did 
 not ]>rctcnd to have the right to sell ; but Rupert Lan<l, 
 held under cliarter of Charles II., they did claim as 
 theirs absolutely, to hold or to sell as they should 
 elect. A portion of tlic territory west of the Rocky 
 Mountains miglit be colonized without interfering 
 with the fur-trade; lands suitable for agriculture are 
 not fur-bearing. 
 
 In all parts habitable to progressive man, the fur- 
 trade, from its very nature, was from the beginning 
 destined to diminish. In the United States and in 
 the southern parts of Britisli America, it is already 
 comparatively extinct. During the present century 
 tlie trade in North America has diminished three 
 fourths. The Hudson's Bay Company by restricting 
 tlie slaughter have, for a time, and in certain localities, 
 caused the game, instead of diminishing, actually to 
 increase, but it is only in latitudes too cold for civilized 
 man that we may expect the peltry trade to be perma- 
 nent. All this the company had long understood, and 
 therefore were well aware that Vancouver Island could 
 not lonof remain untenanted. 
 
 Again, though constitutionally opposed to settle- 
 ment, it was interference with the fur-trade that tlie 
 company feared more than the mere segregation of 
 
 upon their heads the indignation o{ the religious world l)y throwing obstacles 
 iu the way of heathen conversion, or of trt^ating with coldness or indiB'er- 
 eiico the messengers of the gospel. They even had their own paid chuulaiiis 
 at many of tlieir posts, but this was rather for form's sake. Evidently Mr 
 Martin in his extraordinary ardor has here given the corporation credit for a 
 virtue which they themselves never claimed. 
 
•212 
 
 flRANT OF VANCOUVER ISLAND. 
 
 M f 
 
 :U.I.. 
 
 any small part of thoir vast tlomain for purposes 
 of cultivation. Could colonial operations bo strictly 
 confined to the Island, the Mainland meanwhile being 
 under the absolute dominion of the company, more 
 particularly if there was money in it, the adventurers 
 of England would scarcely remain long averse to 
 doing good in that way. Tliroughout their long and 
 eventful career, never had they for a moment hesi- 
 tated to serve their country when the largest profit 
 was to be realized in so doing." 
 
 In 1847 certain complaints were made at the colo- 
 nial office ill London against tlie Hudson's Bay Com- 
 pany by Mr Isbister, lately returned fn^u a visit to 
 the territories of the company. The answers given by 
 the company to these complaints not being satisfactory, 
 the matter was r-efcrred to Lord Elgin, governor-gen- 
 eral of Canada, whose opinion as rendered seemed not 
 adverse to the gfovernment of the fur-traders. 
 
 The Hudson's Bay Company were now emboldened 
 to present their request in due form, and the following 
 year, the draft of a charter granting them the Island of 
 Vancouver was laid before parliament. Mr Gladstone 
 spoke against the measure, believing the corporation 
 uiuiualified for the undertaking. Likewise the public 
 journals, as a rule, were against investing the company 
 with these privileges, and the chamber of commerce 
 of Manchester sent up a remonstrance against the 
 proposition. 
 
 Two principal objections were urged: first, that the 
 colonization of the Island at the present time was an 
 unwise movement; and secondly, were it not so, the 
 officers of the fur comj;any were not the proper per 
 sons to undertake it. (Objections were made to certain 
 features of the pro[)osed grant. F'.)r example, it was 
 
 * ' I eupposo tlio Iludaon'a Bay Company discourage liaviiig any snttlonient 
 as far as tliey can, within their torntory?' asked the chairman ot the house 
 of commons committee of Mr KUico. 'The Hudson's Bay, like all otliur 
 ]ieo])le, would like very much to h: vc any settlement that was protitablc, ' was 
 the reply. 
 
 w: \ 
 
COMPLAINTS OF SETTLERS. 
 
 218 
 
 the intention to vest in the company tlie fisheries of 
 the Island, and it was said to be tlio purpose of Earl 
 Grey to let the provisions of act 1 and 2, George 
 IV., cap GG, regulate the administration of justice. 
 By this act, felony and civil cases involving over two 
 hundred pounds must be tried in the courts of Canada. 
 One of the chief arguments of the Hudson's Bay Com- 
 pany, in their effort to make it appear to the interest 
 of the British Government to continue the license of 
 exclusive trade in their hands, was that by so doing 
 tiie country might be kept in peace. It was not alone 
 to prevent competition with Canada that an act of 
 parliament was about this time pro])oscd, which should 
 enable the crown to grant the company a license of 
 exclusive trade, while the jMainland should be opened 
 to colonization, but also to hold the country from the 
 inroads of people from the United States. Unless a 
 monopoly was given to a particular class of British 
 subjects, citizens of the United States might trade 
 with the Indians the same as Britisli subjects. Ter- 
 minate our monopoly, they said, and you open the 
 country to the world. 
 
 In the house of commons on the I7th of July 1848, 
 the earl of Lincoln asked if the government intended 
 to make to the Hudson's Bay Company a furtlier 
 grant, giving tliem powers over Vancouv(!r Island 
 similar to these enjoyed over their other territories. 
 The under-secretary for the colonies replied that such 
 a measure had been talked of, but not yet determiniHl, 
 It was understood that tlie inquiry had been insti- 
 tuted through the instrumentality of the governor- 
 general of Canada, and, Lord Linccjln thought, merited 
 due deliberation. J^ord John liussell answered that 
 otlusr persons besides the Hudson's ]3ay (Company 
 were desirous of colonizing Vancouver Island, and he 
 did not deem expedient at that time such investiga- 
 tion as would lead to long delay. 
 
 A month later ISIr Christy remarked that he be- 
 lieved the complaints of those who had hitherto settled 
 
Ml 
 
 I 
 
 214 
 
 GRANT OF VANCOUVER ISLAND. 
 
 on lands ruled by the fur monopoly at Red River and 
 elsewhere to be well founded. The system of this cor- 
 poration was utterly opposed to colonization, and he 
 hoped this valuable island would not be given them. 
 Mr Hawcs replied that none of the many persons 
 wlio had expressed a desire to colonize, had offered any 
 security to settlers, as did the Hudson's Bay Company, 
 wliich already had a flourishiiiii; post on the Island, 
 with the exclusive right of trading with tlic natives. 
 The distance was groat, the climate and soil were not 
 attractive, and the expense of colonizing was beyond 
 the purse of any private individual; the scheme would 
 likely prove disastrous to all engaged in it unless 
 backed by some strong power. ]\Ioreover, the pro- 
 posed grant was only a grant of territory, not carry- 
 ing with it any right to rule. The government of the 
 Island was a matter totally distinct from this grant of 
 land ; it should be perfectly free, with a governor and 
 an assembly making and executing their own laws, and 
 collecting and disbursing their revenues, wholly inde- 
 pendent of the Hudson's Bay Company. But for all 
 this, the proposed grant should not be made until the 
 complaints of the Red River settlers had been in- 
 quired into. 
 
 The world had already had experience in colonization 
 by companies, said Mr Gladstone. The Hudson's Bay 
 Company was at once a trading and a land company, 
 exclusive and secret in the strictest sense, all their 
 affairs being conducted in a spirit of absolutism wholly 
 inconsistent with imperial concerns, which throughout 
 the vast British empire were everywhere open and 
 public. If he read the thoughts of the company 
 rightly, they would say, " Colonization is undoubtedly 
 a great evil; but if it is to be, it will be better in our 
 hands than in the hands of anybody else, for so we 
 shall be able to keep it down to the minimum." And to 
 this same end they had first asked for all the queen's 
 dominions west of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Although Mr Howard believed it most unwise to 
 
PELLY AND EAUL GREY, 
 
 216 
 
 confer the extensive powers proposed on a fur-trading 
 company, yet as California had lately been ceded to 
 the United States, it a[)peared to him a matter of 
 the highest importance that a flourishing British 
 colony should be established on the western Ameri- 
 can coast, in order to balance the increased maritime 
 strength of tlie United States in that quarter. Lord 
 John Russell explained that the company already held 
 exclusive privileges which did not ex})ire until 18f)9, 
 that they now held these western lands by a crown 
 grant dated the 13th of May 1838, confirming their 
 possession for twenty-one years from tliat date, that 
 these privileges could not be taken from them witli- 
 out breach of principle, and that if colonization were 
 delayed until the expiration of this term, American 
 sfjuatters might step in and possess tiiemselves of the 
 island, but Goldburn did not think the last-mentioned 
 event possible. 
 
 Earl (JJrey saw two reasons for making this arrange- 
 ment with the Hudson's Bay Company: no other 
 j)erHons were ready with the necessary cajjital for the 
 undertaking, and the fur conijiaiiy already possessed 
 the exclusive right of trade for a further period of 
 tleven years. The company were willing to vest the 
 appointment of governor in the crown." 
 
 When Sir John Pelly again brought the subject of 
 the grant to the attention of Earl Grey, proceeding 
 on the principle that he or his associates would not 
 derive any pecuniary benefit therefrom, but would 
 a[)])ly all funds accruing from the sale of lands or min- 
 erals toward the colonization and im[)rovement of the 
 Island, his astute lordship suggested that it might be 
 well to insert those terms in the grant, as they had 
 been wholly omitted in the original draft. The earl 
 himself, in a letter to Mr Hawes dated the 4th of 
 September 1848, would not hesitate to take the com- 
 
 *Tlie discuasion of this subject In parliament was very cxtendeil, and in 
 .ably reported in Jfansard'a Pariiamenii'ry Debates, ser. 3, c. 510-12; ci. 203- 
 305, 315, and 4G5-9 
 
I' 
 
 
 HidI PWHI 
 
 
 
 
 HKiy 'i 
 
 ■1 
 
 ire 
 
 GRANT OF VANCOUVER ISLAND. 
 
 pany's word for it, but "in order not to leave any 
 grounds for thc^ jealousy of their intentions, which it 
 appears from recent parliamentary discussions is en- 
 tertained in other quarters, he thought it as well to 
 introduce all these now well understood conditions 
 formally into the grant "^ The Hudson's liay Com- 
 pany could do no less tlian to admit these stipulations 
 mto the grant, since they had originally proposed tlieni 
 in the former petition which the government had 
 denied. Hence on the Uth of September Sir John 
 Pelly wrote Earl Grey according to liis suggestion. 
 
 On the 30th of October 1848, the privy council 
 conunittee for trade and plantations, to whom the mat- 
 ter had been referred the 4th of Se[)ti.'nd)er, reported 
 to the court at Windsor on the grant of Vancouver 
 Island, that in the opinion of the committee certain 
 amendments and further conchtions sliould be inserted 
 into the original draft; as, I'or exann)lc, the com})any 
 should not have the lish about the Island, and should 
 not retain more than ten [)er cent, and so on, which 
 report was duly a})proved by luirMojesty. Alth ugh 
 there was nothing embo(Hed in the charter to cliangc 
 the administration of justice, yot in tlie proposed 
 scheme of government now made public, a guaranty 
 was given that application should he made to parlia- 
 ment to vest in local tribunals the power of adminis- 
 tering English law, tlius removing from this colony 
 the restrictions of the act named. 
 
 *In regard to tlie reinuncration of tln^ company for tlioir services — frr 
 although they liatl expressed the intention of rei:eiving no pay, it was well 
 understood that in some shape they woidd certainly reeeivo pay — Karl (Jny 
 named ten pi r cent of the gross receipts from lands and minerals as a fair 
 conipensati(jn. The remainder he suggesteil 'should l)c expendeil cither in 
 sending out emigrants, or in providing for the cost of roails, and hiiildinus 
 and other necessary charges for the settlement of the Island. As the mIioIc 
 of these charges, and eveiy other expense connected with the occupation of 
 the Island is to lie provided for by the comjiany, according to the original 
 understanding that no pecuniary demand of any kind wiis to he made upon 
 her Majesty's government, it is ohvioiis that the company coidd not expect 
 under any circumstances to realize as profit a larger proportion of the i)ni 
 ceeds of the laud sales than I have mentioned, and that therefore the intro- 
 duction of an express stipulation to the above effect into the grant would he 
 attended with no real sacrifice of their interest.' Letter from li. Ilawen to Sir 
 John Pelhj, 4th Sept. 1S48, in lloiine Cuminoita Jtetunm to Three Adtlresscit, 17. 
 
ISLAND AND MAINLAND. 
 
 217 
 
 There was no provisicjii in the original draft that 
 any iH)rtion of the proceeds from the sale of lands, or 
 of the royalty reoeived from settlers for working 
 mines, should be expended for the beiu fit of tlie 
 settlers, Honce it threw upon the project quite a dif 
 f(;rent aspect when in addition to the restriction con- 
 cerning fisheries the grantees wore required t<J V xpend 
 nine tenths of all money so received in public im- 
 provements, reserving for themselves oidy one tenth 
 for tlieir trouble. 
 
 It was not at this time deemed advisable by tht* 
 govermnent to include the Mainland in this coloniza- 
 tion scluMue. There was work enough to do for tlu- 
 present upon the Island, and until a secure footing 
 should be established here, it was folly attempting 
 more difficult tasks. Upon the Island tin; natives 
 could be easily controlled; upon the adjacent coasts 
 colonists would be at their mercy. When all goes 
 well with tlie savage, he is indeju'iident and arrogant. 
 With a plentiful supply of fish for food, with fire-arms 
 and occasi< 'i.il copious supplies of spirituous liquoi's, the 
 natives .f II o Mainland would })rove very difficult of 
 management by colonists. The fur-hunters if left to 
 themselves could manage them. Tlu-y alone under- 
 stood tliem and were accustomed to their ways. It 
 Would be time enough to take the country out of their 
 hands when it was actually needed for settlement. 
 
 We liave already seen how in the forty-third year 
 of the reign of George II [. parliament j)asse(l an act 
 ext(jnding the jurisdiction of the provincial courts of 
 Canada over the British American territory adjoin- 
 ing, so that crimes committed in the Indian ti'rvi- 
 tories should be deemed offences of the same nature, 
 to be tried in like manner, and subject to the same 
 penalties, as if committed within the provinces of 
 ITppcr or Lower Canada. We have seen how upon 
 thu amalgamation of the Northwest and Hudson's Bay 
 companies in 1821, m order to secure to the utmost 
 
*-iJ 
 
 i 
 
 218 
 
 GRANT OF VANCOUVER ISLAND. 
 
 such favors as the united interests of two such power- 
 ful associations could conuiiand, in order to obtain 
 ofttcial i(>cojj;iiition, a renewal of rights, more clearly 
 defined territorial houndaries, and power more abso- 
 lute and determined, jiretence was made that tlie 
 terms of tlu; former act were ambiguous; in fact, 
 that deubts were enti'rtained whether the provisions 
 of the act of the forty-third of George III. extended 
 over all the territory granted by the charter, and it 
 was expedient tl>-it such doubts should be removed. 
 
 W'liei'e tlie power was not wanting, it Mas easy 
 enough to make out a jilausible case, and to have a 
 new act })assed. The act of 1H21 was entitled "An 
 act for regulating the fur-tro.de, and for establishing 
 a criininal and civil juiisdiction within ceitain parts 
 of North America." Jiy tliis act it was made lawful 
 ibr the crown to make* grants or givi' royal license to 
 any pers(»n or c()nij)any for exclusive traflic with the 
 natives in any pai't of North America specified, other 
 than in d<»m;iin before granted, or not a })art of Brit- 
 ish North American ])ossessions. At the same time, 
 the provisions of the act of the forty-third of George 
 111. were declaied extended over all the territories 
 before granted to the governor and com[)any of ad- 
 venturers trading into Hudson's B;iy. 
 
 We have see!i how on the loth day of May 18;>H, 
 t\w time tlu'ii drawing nigh when the liciiise of 1H21 
 should terminate, ai)]»lication was made lor a renewal 
 of that license on the ground that large sums of 
 money were being expentled in the trade which, if it 
 was to l»e abandon(>d so shortly, the c()m|)any were not 
 justified in <'ontinuing; and that the license was re- 
 newed, as asked for, another term of twenty-one year-, 
 making it ex|)irc in 1851). We have seen how on 
 the 15th of June 184<l the 41)th parallel was made 
 the dividing line between the United States and the 
 liritish American possessions, thus causing the com- 
 pany to move their operations back to the north of 
 that lino. 
 
TERMS OF GRANT. 
 
 219 
 
 Finally, with all this as a preamble, and in view of 
 the fiict that the letters-patent of Charles II. as ap- 
 plied to Rupert Land had been extended over the 
 western territories, so far as exclusive trade was con- 
 oorned, and the adventurers of England had built 
 i'oits at various points within that territory, and on 
 the Pacific slope, and on Vancouver Island; and be- 
 rauso it would conduce to the maintenance of justice 
 ami good order, and the encouragement of trade and 
 tlu! ])rotection of the natives," it vras determined to 
 vest in the company the property ii, the land of Yan- 
 eouvor Island for purposes of colonization, and on the 
 llJlh of Januar}' 1849 the grant was consuuimatcd. 
 
 liy the terms of this instrument the governor 
 and company of adventurers of England trading into 
 lludsf)n's Bay, and their successors, were given th' 
 Island, with the royalties of its seas, and all mines b'> 
 1miimIiio- to it. They were made Inrds and jjrop.ri'.'trr.s 
 nf tli(j land forever, tubject only to the domin .lion 
 of ilie ].)ritish crown, and to a yearly rent of seven 
 shillings, payable on the first day of every year. 
 VI ley were to settle upon the Island within live years 
 a colony of British subjects, for to this end alone was 
 the gilt made; and to dispose of land for purposes of 
 colonization at reasonable prices, retaining of all the 
 inonej-s recei^'ed from such source as well as from coal 
 or other minerals, ten per cent, and applying toward 
 [luhlic improvement upon the Island the remaining 
 nine tenths. Such lands as might be necessary for 
 a naval station, and for otlier government estal'lish- 
 nients, were to be reserved; and the con<j)any should 
 every two years report to the govermnent the number 
 
 •'It Moulil have been hotter for the in.njcsty of I'In'Tlnnd to li.ivi' said iioth- 
 ill" ;iliiiut the |)i'()tcction (if tlie natives in tiiis toniu'i'tion. It slmulil [uiva 
 I'll II liy this time will iinderstiKxl, tlie si;,'nilic!iiico of tiie term jiiotertion, as 
 iil'l'liril liy livilization to Havagism. Spain had f;ivi'ii full example. 'J'heonly 
 !-'ilit,iiy instance in all the two Americas, where the natives li:\d Keen uni- 
 I'lrriily and p< rnianently troatt'd with kindness, was hy the lliidsnn's l!ay 
 ''uiiipany themselves, and no further eonnnent on the eomparativo lieiuHits 
 whiih were to How in n|H)n them hy reason of colonization is necessary thuii 
 to refer tlio rcmlor to the inigcs which follow upon the subject. 
 
i" 
 
 
 220 
 
 (;IIANT 01' VAXCOUVllK IfSLAND. 
 
 of coldiiists settled in the Island, and the land« sold. 
 If at the expiration of five years no settlement should 
 have been made, the s^^rant should bo forfeited; and if 
 at the expiration of the company's license of exclusive 
 trade with the Indiana in IH51) the i^overnment 
 should so elect, it mij^ht recover from the company 
 the Island, on payment of such sums of money as 
 had been actually expended by them in colonization. 
 That is to say, the crown reserved tlu; riijht to recall 
 the grant at the end of five years should the coiii- 
 [lany, eithei- from lack of ability (»r will, fail to coiu- 
 nize, and to buy it back at the end often \'e;irs by th*^ 
 payment of whatever sum the company should have 
 in the nu-an time ex])end(.d. Kxcept <lurint»' hostili- 
 ties between (Jreat Jiritain and any ftreign power, 
 the conij)any should ({(^fray all exjUMises of all civil 
 and military establishnuMits for tlu; government and 
 protection of tlu; Island.'" 
 
 X*) small difh-rencc^ of opinion arose as to the wis- 
 dom oPth(! grant, and the act was consummated in tlu- 
 t'acf of strong ojiposition. The friends and tin; ein' 
 Miics of the measure arrayed themselves on either side , 
 and a war of words follow(;d. As a matter of course, 
 there was much exaggi'ration, and many missta<( - 
 UHMits, wilful or otherwis(>, wen; madi; on both sides. 
 Ihit out of thef///*r/.s' brt)Ught down by the cond)ataids 
 
 "Ainnn^; ollu i ]ilafes, a cpiiy i>f tliiMnnint. may In- louml in //oh.vc h/ C'rn- 
 wnii.'i liitiiniii /() 'I hrif AililfiyKi <, i;{"l(i. 'llio (iri^^iiial ilral't in in Miirlint 
 //ii)/si,ii'.i Jiini, l(iS. IJivsiilcs :i iii|iy of llw; royal grant ot N'aiicouvcr l-Liinl, 
 llu^ lliiKsi III ( 'iiiiumii,.i /'ihiriii/n '/'/irri- .\i/i/rix.^iH, ilatid n'.'<]itH;tivi'ly llu! Illth 
 of AiigiiNt IS4S ami till' (illi ol I'fliiii.iry inil Uii^' l-^t <it Mar* li IS-l'.t, conuiiin 
 (opici ;)i ailiiiiralty Ictti rx aiwl <ic.-<|)ati:liis; oui; from Sir (>i(ii:,'c Sfyiii'iur; niic 
 troiii f.iptaiii ,1. .V iMmt/i! ol (Ik; .sliip i'liijunl, ti; Coii.iiiaiiili'r (ioriloli ot' tlii' 
 'loo[t r.);-(/i()/v(i,/, dated 7tli of OclolnT isiti; KatiT from I'ctcr Sk'cii e;,'ili'ii 
 •mil .)aiiii;s l>oii;j[las to ('a|il.iiii l>iir'^/.i'-, ri|iort of liculoiiaiitH ^\'arn• ami 
 \'avaM)iii, Manli iSJli, n!s|K'itiii.i^ h.iiI, ilimatf, miiU'raU, ami liarliors, ail- 
 ilri'.-i.sfil to llio -orritary ot statu tor tin- coloiurs; ri.'|iort liy X'.ivasoiir, 
 Marcli INKt, aiMi'.'^si'cl to (41I0110I llolloway, Caiiaili; iii>.tnt( lions of tliu 
 ailinirai'y r»'.s|ic(|iii(,' tin; coal of Vancouver ]-.lari(l; corrisiioiHlciico lirtwii'U 
 llu; '.'oloiiial otlico ami tin; admii-altv; leUi'r.< from 15, llawis to Mr .loiiu 
 IVily: from Sii .lohu I'dly to Kiil (Ir.'j, the Kth ami l.'itli Si-pt. ISJS; trom 
 UawtM to r.Hv the 'JTlii of S, |.t, ami tlu; 2ritl' of Oct. 1S4S; ami from A. lUr- 
 clay to \\ llawi's ;{il Nov ISJS. AIho rcjiort from pfivy oouiicil tommittfu 
 for traile ami iilaiiiatioiiH on tliu grant of Vanuoiivcr l.sl:iiid, daUsd !ilstO>'t. 
 "MS 
 
MARTIN ASU FITZGERALD 
 
 221 
 
 2 lands sold, 
 nieiit should 
 sited ; and i f 
 
 of (.'xclusivi' 
 crovornineiit 
 lie company 
 )f money as 
 colonization. 
 !4lit to recall 
 Id the coin- 
 fail to coio 
 ve:irs l>v the 
 should have 
 rinii^ hostili- 
 eijii^n powei', 
 
 of all civil 
 rnment and 
 
 i To the wis- 
 inated in the 
 ,nd the em' 
 1 either side, 
 ^r of coui'sc, 
 ly misstafe- 
 
 hoth sides. 
 
 conihatanls 
 
 in Ildiixi' nf ('lim- 
 it \a ill Miirtin't 
 mcoiivcr l.^liiiiii, 
 iciitivcly tho Kith 
 li 1S41I, coia.iiui 
 ,'i' Scyiii'Uir; imc 
 ■r (l.inloii (il tlic 
 U T Skicii 0;j;(k'n 
 ants W'iirrc ami 
 ml liailiiirs. aii- 
 t liy \',ivas(>nr, 
 tiiic lion.s (if tliu 
 
 illllclH'l.' Ill tWil'U 
 
 ivis to Sir .liiliii 
 i|it. ISJS; Irom 
 1(1 Irom A. liiir- 
 
 Illicit coiiimittco 
 tlaUul olst Oct. 
 
 there is no diflieulty in irrivinLy at the truth, which 
 wiis .--iniply that the Hudson's Bay Company desired 
 to control colonization on the ]\icific coast; to press 
 or letard it as they should find it to their interest, 
 uiiicli persons interested in the settlement of the 
 countrv iH'eferred should be dom^ by those havm*^ no 
 idterioi' end to serve." 
 
 In the 7Vmcs' of the 27th of January 1841), a fort- 
 iiiylit after the ^rant was made, appeared an adver- 
 
 ViiKiiic; tlio iiifiss of "latter iiulili.Hlied in Ixiok.s and 
 
 1" 
 
 iilicalu, two 
 
 aiitlinr.s .stand ])iv( iiiiiu'ii,. ■ cliaiiipuiiis, oikj oii citiicl Hid(;, K .\I(;:iti;(iiiu!ry 
 il.irtiii, riif //iii/iiiii's liity 'i'lrrltonr.siiiiil I'ninouri'r.s f.-ilnii't, for tiio '•■ imiany, 
 ■mil .laiiii's K. I'itzm'rald, An Krainiinttioii of Ihi' C/inrti'i' ami /'ninii/iiiifi of I he. 
 Ilu'l.t'iti'.i 11(11/ ('i):ii]unij/, iri/.'i /'I'/in-iire. to thi' (1,-niit of I'ini'-oiinr's hlmul 
 iiiiiii^t it. .Sir Martin writes €avow<!dly to eiilij,diteii tlio world on Hir,lsiiii8 
 Kiy ('iiiniiauy atl'air.s. He K'^'cs, Hr.st, tins physioul fo.itiircs ./f the tcrntory; 
 liccdii.l, tlu! i'onstitutioii and workiiif^s of the coriioratioii; tliiid, tlnir ticat- 
 niL'iit (if iln! almrigiiics; fourth, tho conduct and jiolicy of tliii ' .iiini.iny ; 
 
 fifth, 
 
 •I" 
 
 ililications of tilt; conipany for coloniziiiL; Van 
 
 •r I. 
 
 d 'II; 
 
 liivt ]iart is made up lar^'idy of quotations; in fact, Mr .Martin iii.ikcs the 
 kuis.-iors do duty throughout the entire M'ork. In limf, the cimiitry is }4'M)d, 
 the system perfeet, the natives well treated, the conduct of tlie c'iiii|iaiiy 
 hciielie-.'Mt and < 'hri.-stian, ten thousand h.ilf lireeils testifyiiij; to *httir morality, 
 .Tnd to pn>V(! their (|ualilie.itions for colonizing N'aneouver l:^land, lie ijuotcs 
 ten lia;,'is from Wilkes, with scarcely a hreak — this, and to the lioinc nothing 
 more. Wilkes' testiinony goes to show that the ollicers of the lludscin's Hay 
 Ciinipaiiy were; intelligent, eiiteriirising, and liospitaMu gentlemen, w l;ii li ,is I 
 tiav(! Iiifore remarked no one has (.•ver denu-il With Martin's hocl. licfore 
 tiiiii, which M .supposed to lie all tho iiifoi illation and ai Liinncnts all alih' ad- 
 
 viicate enjoying the ]iatr(Uiage 
 
 .f t,l 
 
 10 companv an 
 
 1 lia\'iiig at h.'nd all 
 
 laterial extant for writing a good hook upon the suliject could ihimIhc", 
 Fitzgerald writes ( lladstoiK^ that there is little in the wmk t> iepl\ tn, ainl 
 what tlieic is, is 'neitlur fair or triu!.' lli.s repl.V is arranged in tlie follow- 
 ing order: First, he states .some n.'eent occurrences in connection wilh tho 
 
 suhjcct. Next III! examines th(! validity of the maiits made to tl 
 
 lo ((.nipany 
 
 lit various times, which he pronounces from the lirst invalid. Then he .speaks 
 ct till' iiiliiieiice of the charter on I'.ngland and America, and on eoloiiizatini'. 
 Until these writers are extremists Mr Fitzger.ald leans .is iniicli too t.ir 
 toward one side as Mr Martin llol^s toward the othci. It i* lictucen the tvo 
 
 I'lat the truth lies. Tin 
 
 i^'inal grant of (liailcs II. was undoiililcdly in 
 
 ;did; liiit (piict occupation for om^ or two centuries was siiielv .siitlicienl to 
 
 give tiie iiiisiicssor 
 
 titk 
 
 e as claimed, which was owiicishi|i in tlies( 
 
 111, liilt .ilwaN s 
 
 siilijcct to the crown of Fiiiiland .Mr Fitzgenild's work is tai the ahh r of 
 till' two. AN'ith ungloved hands he strips the suliject o! its falsities; c.xiio.dng 
 die siiliterfiiges of special pleaders with nicreiless scveritv ; and W'.'r(^ In^ not; 
 a special [ilcider himself, his work would iviiry iniicli widght. The ditl'irciicc 
 hel'\',;(Mi these two writers was this: While Fit/jerald stood up to a sipi:ire, 
 taaioy light, .Martin played the juililic fniil, not only endeavoring to iiiaki' oik; 
 tliiii'_' appcii- another, liiit 'isserting unliliishinuly that one Ihi ig was aiiother 
 A just caiisi' mcds no such 'itcrary tiukiiy as that employed hy .Mr Martin 
 I ilo Hot say his '.Miise was not i> pist one 1 do not think the llii . .'ii s Bay 
 eiiiiipaiiy werv, specially to Ik! Iil lined lop .nlitaining the grant or lot what 
 tdllnwcd F.iilti'vy made .■loiiiu mistaliesas well as tlii! coiiipany. I only say 
 with respect to .Mr Slartin and his liook, that ri;,dit or wrong liu injured lint 
 '.■iiii.io liy resorting to bold deuuit. 
 
U\ I 
 
 222 
 
 CRANT OF VANCOUVER ISLAND. 
 
 tiscment stating the reason why this act should not 
 have been consuniniated, or at all events, not until 
 the charges then stantlinf^ ajj;ainst the company hail 
 been tliorouirhly investigated and the matter decided 
 whether f.dditional power would be safe in their 
 hand 
 
 s. 
 
 12 
 
 " Mr Finlayson says, V. Land Xorf/mr^f ('uttui, M.S., 26, tliat it was only aftci 
 Uritisli iiieii-<)t'-w;irlia<l visiti'il K.s(|uiiiuilt liar'M)riliiriiH:j the Oregon (lin[mtt:.siii' 
 liSKJ, tliat the gDViTiiinoiit lid'aine alivo to tlio iiiiportiiiife of tlie I.slaml, 'iiml 
 in ortlur to eiialile tliciii to estaMisIi courts of jii»tici', oU'ori'il tin; Lslainl of V in- 
 t'ouvor to the Huil.soii's Hay CVmipany, in foe-tiiii|>lo, on fomlitioii of cohmi/iiii^ 
 it at (irst for ten years from 1849, reserving to themselves tiie riijlit of aiJiioint- 
 iiig tlie governor.' Si'C also liritixh Xurth Ainerim, 'J'.'.S, wliero the grant 
 is ealk'il a lease; Mtifl'n!« llmhinni* Boil, jiassiiti; W'lK/iliini/nn't Frasir JlhuK, 
 30; (I'nnit's /)(■,«•/•'";>. V. I., in Lonilim diiyj. Snr., Jour., x.w ii. 27- .'<; //o/.c 
 Cotiiiiioii.1 L'tjil. J,''i'\ i>ar. l)48-.51; Soiijmhi^ l'2s:i A, ]li:!."i 41. l(;C)(i-74, IS-IT-S; 
 Mayi"n-il, 41.J4;; liliin.luird, 5102, f)14y-.")."i; EliUr, r)S:U-(!7, rjlK)(>-:5;i; <*//////■ 
 ]na Clii'i Cours,, M.S., 1-IS); Lawirnn'x I'i'jif., 1; Cooyers Maritime JiliUltrn. 
 MS., :i, 4; Tod's Jlitt. New Cakdonia, MS., 21-2 
 
 ' 1| ! 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 THE COLONY OF VANCOUVER ISLAND UNDER HUDSON'S BAY 
 
 COMrANY REGIME. 
 
 184!)-1859. 
 
 TnosrEiTrs and Advkutiskmknt idi: Colonists— Qualifications of the 
 Company for Colonizing — Ohjkitions Raiskp — Tiif.v were Fi;r- 
 ti:aiii:i;'<- Amj YET TiiKV had Ships and Money — The I'i-cet Socnd 
 
 I'OMIANY WOILD HAVE A SlIAKE — No EasY MaTTEII TO I'l.EASE AlL — 
 
 Land, One Pound am Acue — The Scheme a Fokeokdained Faih he 
 — I'liii E OF Land Too Ihcn- The (ioi.D i-iei.ds ok Cai.h'oisnia One 
 Cause OK THE Faih i;e— Vancouvek Island in rAiii.iAMENi- TheEaih, 
 OF Lincoln, Lokd Eloin, and Mu (Jladstone on tuk Situation— New 
 Attitude of the Hudson's Ray ( 'omi'any in Relation iothe Natives. 
 
 Upon the sii,'nin«^ of their j^raiit, tlie company pul*- 
 li.^hed a pro.sJ)cctu^■., aiid advertised for colonists.* In 
 the prospectus tlio })rico of land to settlers was fixed 
 at one pound an acre, and for every luuulred acres 
 bouncht at this rate the [)urchaser \vas obliged to con- 
 vey at his own expense three families or six single 
 men." 
 
 The qualifications for the colonization of Vancouver 
 Island posse, .sed hy the adventurers of England over all 
 other pir.sons or powers — if indeed they possessed any 
 sueh advantiigis as before intimated — may be bric;Hy 
 suninu;d up as follows : First, capital. AToney was rc- 
 (juired from some source to convey colonists thither, 
 
 'This tlieir enemies said was doiio more for display than with honi'st iii- 
 toiit. In any event, it woiilil ho a lonvi'iiiiMit arj;iini(.iit to liavo at hand fur 
 tliL ]iiii()ose of provHig nt, any time that tiio fiiihiro of the Hclu'inc was thnuifih 
 no fiiiilt of tlieirs. 
 
 - ' It is needless to ofTirconHnent on tlieso itn]i(i1itiuand auiciilal n'giilations, 
 wiiinat tiioHaniu tiniehoth in Oregon ami ( ahiornia, Mhi-regoM was itliuiidant, 
 l.uid was {luri'hascd at six shillings per acre. The fai't was, tlm Hudson's Riy 
 Ciimiiiiiiy wanted to keep ha<'k emigration for tlie sa'ie of the furs and other 
 pi'tty traflic with the natives; and so far as aiiti-eiv!li/ers they Huei'eedeil.' 
 CiinimitlM Xeir FA Ihriulo, 35. S»!o also Fiiiltii/snii's Hint. V, I., MS., 'JO; 
 Ciioju-r, Mar. Maltern, MS., 3-4, ealls the prospectus a nuTo sliani. 
 
 ( •.'•ja ) 
 
224 
 
 UNDKll HUDSON'S BAY fOMl'^VNV'S KlXilMK. 
 
 Ir' 
 
 to protect tlicin from the savai^cs, and to provide 
 slu'lttr and the moans of subsistence until they should 
 be able to provide for themselves. This capital the 
 corporation liad at its command, and were willing to 
 employ it for that purpose. It is true, the crown could 
 have supplied tlie means; but if with relief from the 
 res[)onsibilit3'^ and care of the settlement, the expendi- 
 ture of ])ul)lic money might l>e avoided while the oh- 
 ject was attained, it was surely an argument in favor 
 of the persons willing to undertake the scheme on 
 these terms. Second, organization. The Hudson's 
 Bay ( 'om})any W(>re there upon the ground with ono 
 of the most complete connniTcial systems in the world. 
 Third, experience. For more than a century and a 
 half they had occupied tliese northern realms. Tliey 
 were familiar with the country adjacent and its 
 ca|)abi]ities; with tin* natives, ami how to control 
 them.^ 
 
 On till! other hand, it was claimed that the company 
 liad been recreant in former trusts, that they had maii- 
 age<l their affairs so as to return to them the greatest 
 profit without regard to tlieir ].!()niises, and that tho 
 additional power now given them was of a nature to 
 tenii)t tlu'ir cupidity beyond the stittch of average 
 commercial integrity. 
 
 Already was tlieir grasping, overreaching disposi- 
 tion manifest in jnitting forward a draft Avitii scarcely 
 a binding jMovision in it, except that which niadi; tho 
 land their own. They were fur-traders, and fur-trad- 
 ing was directly oi)posed to coloni/ation. Tliey were 
 monojxilists, and monopoly is but a species of tyr- 
 anny. It is to that very end that monopolies are 
 
 'Mr Martin's lino of arguniPiit in attoniptinjr to prove tlio superior fltiic-^n 
 of tlio H\iiU<iir.s ]liiy (."(Hiipiiiiy ti.r tiii.s tni.st in uiii(pic. In the tirst placi'. In' 
 ((iiott's tlio iiioncy tlicy liiul inaile, twenty millions sterling, in somewhat li-< 
 than two centuries, which poeket-stulling lie ealls cnrieliiiig Knglaiul. Tin n 
 lie (juotes tho Keil Uiver colony, which was not eonduetetl hy the eoiii]i,iiiy, 
 and which was a failure, iiml tlie I'uget Sound Company, which was nut tin- 
 Hudson's H:iy Company, and also a failure. Next ho (|uotes what \N"illi''.i 
 says of tliu forts and fort life, missionaries, McLoughlin and Diniglas, tlu' f.in" 
 at Fort Vaneouver, California hor.ses, the Cowlitz farm, all interesting in tluir 
 wny, Imt having little, so far ai I can see, to do with tho suhjeet. 
 
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES. 
 
 ) provide 
 icy should 
 ipital the 
 willing to 
 own could 
 • from the 
 c cxpeiuli- 
 ile tlie ob- 
 it in favor 
 schome on 
 
 Hudson's 
 J with one 
 t the world, 
 tury and u 
 ms. Tlu-y 
 it and itji 
 
 to control 
 
 ho company 
 •y had nian- 
 IlIio ijjreatcsl 
 nd that tlu^ 
 I nature to 
 )f avoran'u 
 
 iuiT disposi- 
 th scan-ely 
 I made tlie 
 (1 i"ur-trad- 
 They were 
 ies of tyr- 
 lopolies are 
 
 o HUiieriiir (Uiu'-^h 
 he tirst l'l:i»'>'. 1'" 
 I) soiiii'wiuit l"--* 
 Kiiglrtixl. Tliiii 
 l)y tlic coini'iiiiy. 
 hich was not ih^- 
 ,t.'sw\iat\V>ll<''^ 
 Donglas, tlu' {•"■m 
 toresting i» "»'"" 
 
 lljt-'Ot. 
 
 m 
 
 made, that a few may reap advantage to the exclusion 
 of the jnany. 
 
 Further than this, by the terms of the grant as it 
 now stood, a premium was offered to mismanagement 
 and rascality. There was probably never made so 
 irrational an agreement by an English minister pn>- 
 tlissing to have his wits about him.* It was well 
 niuK-rstood at that time that the com}>any were ojt- 
 posed on general principles to have their business 
 broken in upon by settlers. Tlio grant would enable 
 them to suppress settlement ad lihiftnii. Again, the 
 government might buy the Island liaek in five or ten 
 years, by refunding to the company what had ])een 
 expended. 
 
 Xow the company had at command shi})s, forts, 
 servants, and all the appliances of <'olonization. Any 
 business man will readily uncK-rstand that the company 
 fould make a feint of coloni/ation, or begin settlement 
 in ai>})arent good faith, to the best of their ability, and 
 in so doing, in transmitting passengers, and in j>ro- 
 viding for the wants of the colony, could easily charn'e 
 to acct)unt a hundred thousand pounds for that which 
 did not cost them twenty thousaiwl ]>ounds, and 
 which, indeed, NNould have cost the governmiMit under 
 its own management all that the company might so 
 charge. With shijts of their own in regular com- 
 munication with England, and an abundance of land 
 at their c«)ntrol, the additional ex])enses of coloniza- 
 tion would 1)0 insignificant, and scarcely felt by them. 
 This was the advantage the c. mpany had by being 
 on the ground with an ohl I'stablished l»usine.ss and 
 cx[)crienced servants. It is a well-known fact that 
 private individuals or corporations will do almost 
 anvthint'- more economicallv than i»ublic officials. It 
 IS now a pretty generally settled }>rinciple that the 
 
 'Of Earl Grey 'h iniNnianagi'iiiciit Mr Fit/geraM and dtlirr.s Hjioak in tin 
 Ntrmigi'st turniM. 'The minister lias imMii'ly iluelaroil liy this edmliict that 
 III' IS iKmscssed of no tlistiiiet guiding iirinci]iles in respect to coloni/.atinn. 
 I.t't the i>ul>lie judge whether sueh a minister is tit to preside over the vast 
 ntloiiiiil interests of this enii)ire.' FUziji'iuiliI'!) V. /., 'JOO-7 
 Hist UltlT Coi.. l"i 
 
220 
 
 UNDER HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY'S REGIME. 
 
 ii! 
 
 m 
 
 III. 
 
 public is a thing to be fleeced, and that no stain of 
 dishonor attaches to a wasteful expenditure of the 
 people's money; so that the company had but to 
 make a pretence of colonization, write down large 
 sums against the colonization account, and impose 
 upon the colonists until their situation should be un- 
 endurable, and so force the government to take the 
 Island oft' tlieir hands, and pay the money charged in 
 the account; most of which would be profit; the re- 
 mainder having been faithfully employed to the best 
 ability of the monopolists in retarding settlement. 
 Here wns apparent the far-sighted wisdom of Earl 
 Grey.'^ 
 
 There was yet another reason wliy the colonization 
 of Vancouver Island might pcrhai)s bo better per- 
 formed by other hands. The Puget Sound Agricul- 
 tural Company, though not identical with the Hudson's 
 Bay Company, was closely allied to it. The former 
 was simply a distinct association of some of the nitiii- 
 bers of the latter. The ofticers ^>r the fur company 
 were the persons j)rincipally interested in the agricul- 
 tural company; the Puget Sound Company being 
 rather a farm than a colony. There remained only 
 the lied River settlement as a sample of fur-company 
 colonization, and this was a failure. Serious charges 
 were preferred by the settlers at Red River against 
 the governor and rule of the Hudson's Bay Company, 
 and the imperial government was begged to interfere. 
 The ]Iudson's Bay Company I'rankly admitted that" 
 the Red River colony was a failure, but claimed that 
 it was none of their doings, but the private scheme ol' 
 Lord Selkirk, and never should have been undertaken. 
 The colonists there were sujj'onntlrd liv a wilderness, 
 
 •'''Then; is sti-onj,' ie;i.';on to Huspcct,' says Fitzgerald, 'that the company 
 iicvor dill iiituiid to coloni/o any ]iart of their territories. They never ino- 
 posed to do so until it Mas inevitable that it must lie done by s-omo one; and 
 tlieir whole conduct Ku;.'i,'ests the itiea of a deisiro to j^et jiossessioii <>f the 
 countiy only for the purpose of keepin;,' otheis out. 1 )riveu out of this de.sipi 
 by public opinion, they havi; iindi rtaken to colonize or to give back the 
 island to the crown, to be <li.spo.sed of to those who will do so.' This was 
 Avritten ininndiatcly after the grant was made. 
 
A TRYING POSITION. 
 
 > stain of 
 B of the 
 1 but to 
 ft'ii large 
 1 impose 
 Id be uii- 
 takc the 
 luirgcd in 
 t; the rc- 
 3 the best 
 ittlcment. 
 n of Earl 
 
 (Ionization 
 letter per- 
 il Agrieiil- 
 3 Hudson's 
 'he former 
 ' the nieiii- 
 r company 
 he agricui- 
 )any beini;' 
 [lined only 
 r-company 
 as ohar!;t-s 
 er against 
 Company, 
 interfere, 
 litted that' 
 limed that 
 schemo of 
 mlertaken. 
 Iwilderness, 
 
 it tho company 
 ['hoy never rio- 
 boiuc one ; iiml 
 |)ssession <it' <^1"' 
 lit of tlu« 'l''''''r''' 
 mvc IuhU the 
 so.' Thia vaa 
 
 with difficult communication with the world without, 
 and little market for their produce. The colonization 
 (»f Vancouver Island would be a totally different 
 matter. Already there was no inconsiderable trade 
 between the Northwest and Russian American coasts 
 and the islands of,the South Sea and Asia. Moreover, 
 the lands of the Puget Sound Company, since the 
 treaty of 184G, were within the territory of the United 
 States. The affairs of the association were not in a 
 vcrv flourishinjx condition. Now if with one stroke 
 they might dispose of their lands and improvements 
 ;it a good price to the United States, and at the same 
 time secure a good footing in the most favorable })art 
 of an island set apart for colonization, thus forcing 
 settlers, should any come, to subdue wild lands adja- 
 cent and beyond their limits, thus greatly enhancing 
 the value of their own, it might surely be a good thing. 
 
 It was a difficult undertaking, this of the fur-traders, 
 exceedingly difficult, at once to please England, to 
 please the settlers, and to please themselves. England 
 would wish to see this rod:- bound, forested isle 
 speedily converted into fertile fields and flourishing 
 settlements, where her prolific poor might find hap[)y 
 homes and her manufacturers good customers. Tlie 
 settlers would like each the best and largest piece of 
 l.nid upon tho Island. If their farm was not upon the 
 main street of the metropolis it should be at least in 
 the suburl). They should be furnished for little or 
 nothing with everything they re(|uired; they should 
 not l)e expected to perl'orm much labor, for they could 
 have lived at home if they had labored hard; the 
 climate should not be allowed to breed diseases; i\iv 
 land with sliijht tillac^e shoidd vield abundantly, and 
 a really market should be always at hand. .Vs ini- the 
 coin[)any — those who had been lords of the wilderness, 
 would now be nothing less than dominators of the new 
 suhjugation society. Again, while there were many 
 iinj)lied obligations which the conijmny were expected 
 
UNDKK HUDSON'S BAY COMrANV'S KK(iIME. 
 
 t'aitlifully to perforin, the govorniiiciit did r.ot hesitate 
 to impose duties which were not found written in the 
 ii^rant. As a matter of course, the crown would ajv 
 point the j^overnor. It liad been stipulated that the 
 land should be sold at a fair price; but what would 
 be a fair j)ricc a shillinj^ an acre, or two guineas an 
 acre ? The company made known their ideas, and then 
 it was that Earl Grey thought a pound an acre about 
 the rinht fiLCure, thouirh on what ground is not statctl. 
 That Mould be assuredly cheaj) as compared with tin 
 price of land in England, but it might be called dcai' 
 in a country where five bottles of rum would buy a 
 s(j[uare mile. It might lie thought high considerin;^ 
 its cost, which was simply the taking of it. 
 
 The fur-traders knew well enough that this alone 
 was sufficient to kill the scheme. As they were iiow 
 situated, it really made little difference to them 
 whether it should prove a success or a failure; l)ut it 
 the latter, it would be as well for the fault to lie at his 
 lordship's door as at their own. The company claimed 
 that the .scheme, from the very nature of things, was 
 a foreordained failure It was a fine thing for tlie 
 government io thr(>w the expense of settlement ujton 
 them, but in due time they began to realize that tiny 
 never should have accepted the charge. There weic 
 other restrictions imposed l)y Lord (irey e(jUidly 
 fatal to success. Not only was a coh)nist recjuired tc 
 jiurehase the land at a high prict^ l)ut he was obliged 
 to ci'eate other colonists. To obtain a footing in A'an- 
 couver Island, the emigrant nuist be comparatively 
 a rich man, and rich men preferred to remain in I'^ng- 
 land. Besides the heavy cx})ense of bringing out liim- 
 self and his family, if he had one, hi order to obtain 
 a title to the waste lands of this far-away island, 1m 
 must bring out other men or other families." Another 
 
 IIUI 
 
 " FitZjjerald 8a}'3 'three fainilius or six single men.' fJrant says five siiiL'l 
 II, ' being at the rate of emo man for every twenty acres; 
 
 tial ci)niing_ out was alloweil to imrchase more than twenty acres. ' yM<'-n;i- 
 
 Si»\, Jniir., X ' 
 
 tion V. 1., in London Giruj. 
 
 txvu. 
 
 no single iiidiviil 
 
 y acres. ' J>ixrri]> 
 
 Hlauslianl, in Ifounr Cimi 
 
 mona Uf\it., 287, says tliat ti\\; 1 itmiiT-i must he lirought out from K.iigl:i 
 
 
A POUND PER iiCRE. 
 
 229 
 
 serious drawback was the anomalous condition of polit- 
 ical ati'airs, cngondered by impolitic admixtures of in- 
 tei -^sts, wherein the antagonisms of monopoly and free 
 1(1 islation were constantly being brought face to face, 
 which will more fully appear as the history pro- 
 ceeds. 
 
 The charge of a pound an acre as the price of the 
 liiiid, not to mention the condition coupled to it of rc- 
 • [uiring the buyer of every one hundred acres to place 
 upon tlu! Island five men or three families, was ab- 
 surd. In the first place, the Island did not otter the 
 finest attractions in the world as a place of settlement. 
 It was far removed from the mother country, and t]\v. 
 time and expense of reaching it were great. Thougli 
 no farther north tlian England, it was off the main 
 lines of circunmavigation. The surface was rocky, 
 ami in places heavily wooded, there being compara- 
 tively little good agricultural land. The market for 
 [iniduce was neither present nor secured. The pio- 
 n( tr would have difficulties enough to contend with, 
 were the land given him together with a bonus of a 
 pound an acre for preparing it for cultivation. Indeed, 
 tar better land at that very moment was being given 
 away in Oregon, where the climate was warmer, the 
 market nearer, and the government as free and as 
 favorable. Without impediment and without restric- 
 tion, upon exactly the same footing as a native of the 
 Lnited States, by simply declaring his intentions of 
 becoming an American citizen, a subject of Great 
 Britain might settle upf)n any unoccupied lands south 
 of the 49th parallel. Insteatl of five hundred dollars 
 
 lor every one hundred acres purchased. ' For every one hundred acres tlic 
 imrchaaer Wiis lM)und to import four persons.' Coojut'h Mtir. Matters, MS., ;i. 
 A story is told of J. M. Swan, who, it is sJiid, ou consulting with Dougliis, 
 ('ciIvIUl', and Finlaysou, iu relation to the terms of settlement, M'as informed 
 tlwit for every twenty acres purchaaed cue male a<lult must settle on the 
 "ground; to secure one hundred acres, a man nuist have four male servants, or 
 tlirco marrietl couples. 'But I have neither servants nor wives,' said Swan. 
 ' I hen get natives, was the reply; ' tliree Siwash men ami three Si wash women. ' 
 I'liis report, tliough unreliable, was circulated south of the border to the no 
 ^iiiall amusement of those who were securing their land without money and 
 iliiiost without stipulation. Oli/mpia Club Cmvs., MS., 1-19. 
 
[ i 
 
 UNDER HUDSON'S BAY lO.MPANYS REUIMK. 
 
 Ill money, and the trouble of bringing six or more 
 ])ursons to the coast for cvtjry hundred acres secured, 
 tliree hundred and twenty acres were given liini, or 
 if he could boast a wife, to the two were donated 
 aljHolutely and for nothing tlie magnificent area of 
 six hundred and f(>rty acres. Strong, ind«H'd, must 
 be the patriotism «)f the pioneer to deny himself thesi* 
 advantages in order to maintain allegiance to the 
 mother country.^ 
 
 Nine tenths of the pound per acre, it is true, went 
 to puldic improvements, and so add(>d to the value of 
 the land; but seed, stock, and the implements of and 
 aids to husbandry are of far in(»re impoi-tance to tlie 
 struggling frontiersman than governnii'nt instituti»)ns. 
 Almost all the pioneering in the United States has 
 been done beyond the pale of goverinnent. It is true 
 that settlers upon the public d(»main of the United 
 States have suffered from outrajjfesand lawlessness far 
 more than settlers upon ]^ritish American soil; but 
 unlike the latter, the former svhile clearing their 
 lands and strui^ijling for subsistence have not l)eeii 
 Iturdeni'd in building institutions or supporting gov- 
 ernment."* 
 
 Failure to colonize, among other things, was charged 
 to the gold-fiekis of California. Finlayson, Anderson. 
 and others complain of the rush from the ranks oi 
 both agriculturists and traders. Grant says, of four 
 hundred men l)rought out by the company during the 
 first five years two fifths deserted, one fifth were sent 
 
 ' Says Mr Ellice, referring to Lord ( Irey's restrictions: ' Any perso*. accu.s- 
 tniiicil to the settlement of land must know that if you take a pou^id from :i 
 man wlio comes to settle in a wild country, you take from him all the little 
 capital which he wants to establish himself on the land. The laud is uf no 
 value to auylMnly until it is c\iltivated.' Jloune Coihiiioiih Ji'^t., 3.'{4. 
 
 " 'Of the money arising from the proceeda of the sales of thatlu::<V l^- '>''■ 
 in every pound sterlinjj was to be applied to the benefit of tiie colony, ;«idy 
 ].'<. G(l. in the pound being reserved to the company to rcmuucrato them, as it 
 were, for their undertaking the agency of the disposal of the land. ColoiitHti 
 were to be allowed to work any coal they might And, on paying to the company 
 a duty of 28. dd. per ton, and a duty ot lOJ per load wag to be paid on all 
 timber exported Grant's Descrtnt. V. /., in Loml. Oeog. Sor., Jour., xxvii. 
 272-3. ' A settler was restrictetl in various ways in his operations, whicli also 
 tended to keep back the progress of the settlement.' Finlayaonn V. I. ond 
 Northwest Codxl, MS., 26 
 
 ;:!..') 
 
EFFECT OF THE COLD MINES. 
 
 to other posts, and the rcniaimler W(»re employed on 
 the Island. Adniittinj^ this, which I do not doubt, I 
 cannot regard the excuse as a valid one. The onmipo- 
 tt lit magnet of the Sierra Foothills drew settlers from 
 Oregon, hut in due time they returned, bringing with 
 thini newlv found friends. So would it have been 
 with regard to Vancouver Island, iiad general relations 
 thtit' hi'cn happy. The love of nationality within the 
 linust of an Knglishman is strong and enduring, and 
 many, williiig for a tiniu to ci'.dure foreign rule, would 
 not for twice what they might make renounce tlieir 
 native allegiance, or live long under any government 
 liut their own. After the first flush of yfold-y;atherin<>- 
 liad passed it was supposed the mines wen^ exhausted, 
 and when the miners were returning to their homes 
 tlien, had the attractions been strong enough, maiiv 
 wlio had learned to love the excittiments of pioneering, 
 and who still would chcjose to remain British, would 
 liavc taken ]tassage tf) Victoria with their little ca})ital, 
 and there have ^nade themselves homes; so that in 
 tlie end California would have proved a great gatherer 
 of settlers for Vancouver Island, as she did for other 
 parts of the north Pacific "oast. 
 
 Several did go from California, and returned disaj)- 
 ]K)inted ; among others a Mr Chancellor, sent by a com- 
 pany of Englishmen whom he left still digging while 
 awaiting his return. His report being unfavorable, 
 they abandoned the project which they had formed of 
 settling in the Island. It was as early as December 
 1849, while the mines were flooded and mining was 
 regarded as an extremely hazardous business, that 
 J. 31. Swan visited Victoria and would have secured 
 places for himself and others as colonists had the terms 
 been regarded as favorable." Probably Blanshard 
 himself did as much as any other one man in prevent- 
 ing emigration from England, for being dissatisfied 
 
 I 19, 
 
 •Seo Blanshard, in Houne Commona Rept., 289; Oli/mpia Club Convn., MS., 
 9._ ' Tliere are thousands of penplo in tho nuigliborhood of San BVancisco 
 
 Jind in California who would gladly go to a Britisli colony, provided it was 
 under a new administration.' CoojHr, i;i Jloiisi- ComtiioiiK llejit., 191. 
 
2:tt 
 
 UXDKR IIUUSOS'S UAY COMPANV'S RKdIMK 
 
 m^ 
 
 w 
 
 liV 
 
 
 II 
 
 I ■ 
 
 with liis rcrt'})ti()U and treati'iont there, naturally his 
 reports and lottors home were colored accordhijjfly. 
 
 T(» sum up the case, we see that colonization under 
 the crown j^runt of X'aneouver Island t«) the Jludsons 
 I^ay Company was u failure. The causes, we have 
 likewise seen, were several. Stripjted of the cant and 
 cunnini^ in which lcL:^islatois, fur-traders, and settlers 
 alike inwrap[»ed the subject, the naked truth presents 
 itse'lf in the forms followiiiiic. The primary object of 
 the impiTial government was to save itself trouble 
 and exi)ense; the field was n<»t sufficiently enticinn;- to 
 excite either the cupidity or the ambition of politicians. 
 There wei'o no spoils. While tlu^ settlers had abuu- 
 dant cause of eomplaint, and as a cla-;s such peojiK 
 complain with or without cau.se, the fur-traders de- 
 sired, first of all, to hold the country in their own 
 hands as hitherto. They preferred no C(»lonization at 
 prt'.seut. When it nmst come they j)refen»-'d to con- 
 trol it. Could settlement be confined to the Island, 
 and the Mainland still be kept by them iiitact as a 
 Lcame-preserve, it would make but little ditlerence witli 
 them; but they well knew that for many years the 
 Island would not support a lar^'e population, and when 
 once the limited agricultural fields were tilled it would 
 >pe<'dily overflow on to the Mainland. 
 
 And almost innnediately the grant was nm(h' tin- 
 crown npentt'd it. Jii'fore the end of the year J^oid 
 KIgiu had instituted further investigations into the 
 complaints made by the Ked Kiver settlers, to the 
 dis})aragement ttf the t)fficers of the Hudson's Jiay 
 ('omjiany; and on the Gth of February 1841) the 
 Earl (»f Jiincoln asked in parliament that the new 
 charter or grant of Vanc()uver Island might be laid 
 on the table. The attorney-general and solicitor-gen - 
 • ral were asked their ojtinion whether the company 
 could hohl land at all as a crown grant. 
 
 In the house of conmions the 22d of February ^Ir 
 Hume remarked, that since the occupation of Cali- 
 
 i 
 
(.'OKl'OliATlON COLON IZATION. 
 
 foniia by the United States Vancouver Island lin.d 
 htconiu more valuable than ever, far too valuaolo 
 t<» tiiiii; away on a fur conii)any, winch would do 
 Il..tlau!,^"' 
 
 In till' house of commons, the earl of Lincoln, on 
 the lUth of June 184D, made a lenuftliy speech which 
 sliowed that tlie hostility manifested from the first 
 tDWiird the jLJfrant of A'ancouver Island had in no wise 
 (Hiuinished. J le believed the measure a national <hs- 
 aster, and the jiarties to it culpable in a hi<,di de<;ree. 
 The course ])ursued l)y the j^'overiinient was wholly 
 informal, and what was done should be revoked, C< •<>- 
 iii/ation l»y absentee proprietary cr)mj)anies had always 
 |in>ved a failure, and were liively always so to ])rove. 
 Witness the colonies of Virj^inia, Massachusetts, ( ai- 
 olina, South Australia, and otiiers, l*enn, as a »nr- 
 |Mnation sole, managed well enough so hm;:,' as he 
 wiis on the i;round, l>ut disaster followed closely on 
 liis absenee. The superintendinif power of colonies 
 should rest only in the imperial «jf(^vernment. These 
 fur-traders were not oidy eomnuu'cial monopolists, 
 I lit in their transactions were despotic and secret, {iinl 
 tlierefore the very worst persons to whose care to in- 
 trust a tender infant colony. 
 
 in short, the leii^ality (►f the powers of the fur eoni- 
 |>aiiy in the matter of colonization occu]>ii'<l the atteii- 
 lii'ti of liritish statesmen durin«4 the jL,'ri'at(;r part ot" 
 the year 184U. The company presented no objections 
 to the fullest inouiry, thou^^h t!>ey ooi< rare tiiat the 
 (lecisicjn should ue ultimately in their favor. In the 
 house of commons, the oth of July, wluin the sub- 
 ject was aijain opened for discussioii, ]V[r (Gladstone 
 remarked that for Sir J«)hn IVily and other ottieers 
 '•t' tlie company he entertained tiie hiii^hest ri\speet. 
 hut that he was opposed to the system as ai){tlied to 
 «t>l()iii/atio!i. Aj^am, on the 1st of Aui^ust 1850, 
 -Ml' (Jhulstone demanded an iiujuiry into the rijjfhts of 
 the company over its territory in America. And so 
 
 " /A KM. (/•./% r.trl. D<k, 3.1 H.T. oii. 30.1, 704, 11 CO 71. 
 
II r Hi 
 
 984 
 
 UNDKU HUDSON'S BAY COMrANVS KKtilMK. 
 
 'il 
 
 iiiattt;rs went on; the sottlers complained, tlie states- 
 men talked, and the fur conn)any ruled." 
 
 On the whole, aflairs in Vancouver Island, under 
 fur-tradini^ colonization rule, and up to tlie time (»t' 
 the <>(>1(1 diaeoverv, were jnanatjed ahout as mitflit have 
 lucii ex})ecti'd. There were no Hajj^rant otienci's, no 
 <»utra<'i'ous wronj»s, and there was much kindness and 
 liunuinit}'. 
 
 As a matter of course, tlie settlers and the fur- 
 traders ((uaii'elled. They had not hetni human, else. 
 'I'he id .a of vestiiiL,^ in a connnercial company suprenK- 
 power, makm)^ it l<>rd of the soil and of the lives <»f' 
 men. and then expectinjj^ fret; and intellii^ent suhjects 
 of a liheral and enlii^litened L^^overmni'iit to place theii- 
 necks volnniarilv under the yoke as colonists, would 
 never for a moment haNc! heen entertained hy a wise 
 and thouij^htful statesman.'" 
 
 The ]iudson's Hay CVtmpany were sound enou<,di 
 and content cnou<di t]irou<;hout. Fur-trudin«j was 
 their ciiief ohject. They did not care to colonizi-, 
 unless there was nuniey in it. Whatever the result, 
 they kncnv as husiness men that they had driven a 
 l^ood har^ain with the crown, and, notwithstiindin^" thi' 
 assertions of Edward EHic(> to the contrary hefore the 
 select conmiittee, whichever turn atlairs took, they 
 could make it profitahle. 
 
 Sh<»uld coloni/ation succeed, they wouhl find thrii- 
 reward, as 1 have said, in hrint^inj;- out settlers, in 
 furnishini^' them su|»|>lies, in securin<^ the hest hinds, 
 an<l in developinij;' the coal-nnnes. 80 far as the Island 
 alone was concerned, they could undoubtedly make 
 ni<»re out of it in this way than in holdinjjf it as a hir 
 jircserve. On the other hand, should colonization ful, 
 th<'y W(»uld not oidy have the country all quietly to 
 themselves a<^ain, hut they might collect from the 
 
 " //<fHXfnv/'/i Purl. D<h., M 8or. ciii. .140-04; cvii. 1.1155-62; cxii. fl.M7-H. 
 SiWi' h'lyiMtir, Ixxii. Vf74, 201: Ixxiv l.'iT. U77; I'olywmnn, v. 110; vi. 1'-''-'. 
 
 '- ' Miiftt KiigliHli j>cii|p1i' (ilijci't to Im uiiiliT iiiiy >{<>vi'riiini'iil i'X<'ci)t tli« 
 rottl trdu HritiHli gnvonimont.' Cimyrr, in lli»i>»> Coiiiinoni l'')'l., iSH). 
 
THE UfSUAL COMMEKCIAL POLICY, 
 
 235 
 
 ciowii wollnij^h whatever sum tlieir consciences would 
 pciinit tlieni to charjjjo as expenses of tlio failure. 
 
 True to their princi[)les, nioro Machiavellian tliaii 
 patriotic, the company continued business nuieh att( r 
 tlit^ usual way, and nmcli a5 most other shrewd and 
 rt'spt'ctahle merchants would have done, careful to 
 tultil tlieir obligatitms, in the letter at least, to the 
 MONcnunent and to settlers. 
 
 Xor weie tliey sj)ecially tyrannical in their treat- 
 iiitiit of settlers, or disposed, as a rule, to take undue 
 advantaiic of their necessities. Their own interests 
 uiidouhtedly commanded the company's first att«'nti(»n ; 
 tlure were indiviiluals always to ()e found in new and 
 small societies who rendeied themselves ])arti<'ulai'ly 
 i»linoxious, whose chief delight was to hreed trouble 
 and stir up si.rlle, on whom the corporation, in self- 
 defence, was oblio'od to lay its stroniL,' lian<ls; but thi'st! 
 (■(tiitiny;encies satisfied, tiio fur-traders were disposed 
 til treat al' '*>on justly and liumanely, to walk circum- 
 ^pecti}' Im;!'!' the world, uphoKling the di«^nitv of 
 their government, with all its time-honored institu- 
 tions, and commanding the respect and confi«lence of 
 all good men. 
 
 The lot of the setth'rs, however, was by no means a 
 hap[»y one. Obliged to pay a high price for land foi- 
 the most ])art difficult of cultivation, and far removed 
 I'min the protection of the fort, they were exposed to 
 privations, disease, and dangers. 
 
 As setth^rs scattered themselves about tlm Island, 
 the Jludson's Bay Comjiany felt obliged to modify 
 their treatment of the Indians. Not that they were 
 more strict with them, i)ut h'ss so, more conciliatory 
 I ntil the wliite po[)ulation became stronger it was 
 lint eonside!i'd wife to arrest and punish a native 
 ollender; else tfien; would sundy be retiiliation, and a 
 liloody and disiistrous stiito of things, akin to tiiat 
 then priivailing over the United Stiites l)order. 
 
 And here again the company displayed their consum- 
 
•230 
 
 UNDKii HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY'S HF^iilMK. 
 
 ■ i 
 
 mate knowledge of Indian character, and their cool- 
 ness and discretion. The native offender was by no 
 means passed unnoticed, but instead of general butcli- 
 ury the tribe was prevailed upon to send in the crimi- 
 nal, who would usually escape with a reprimand or 
 even after being won over as the white man's friend, 
 would carry home with him a present. This tlie set- 
 tlers called bribery, or premium on crime; yet the re- 
 sult shows the wisdom of the policy, for though the 
 nations of this region were as tierce as any describe*! 
 ill all this history, tlure are no massacres or outra<j^('s 
 to record. "Many sleepless nights have I spent," 
 said Mr Douglas, "in my anxiety for the safety ot 
 the colony." 
 
 This forbearing policy, which effectually dissipated 
 the clouds of contention which now and then menaced 
 the Island, was quite marked. For examjile, when in 
 the spring of 1853 a shepherd was killed by a native, 
 the captani of the Theiif found the governor in no wis(; 
 disposed to turn the ship's guns on innocentand guilty 
 alike.>=« 
 
 In 185G an Indian who fired at a white man evi- 
 dently with intent to kill, woundhig the man, but not 
 mortally, was tried by a jury, the governor acting as 
 judge, found guilty and hanged. The offender was 
 apprehended by the assistance of a force sent from 
 the Trincomalce. 
 
 Should the question be nsked, whether on tlu; 
 whole the Hudson's Bay Company had been a bl«>ss- 
 ing or a curse to the country, the reply would depend 
 upon the view taken. Undoubtedly the lives of the 
 iiativ(>8 have been pn)longed by the guardianship and 
 <'are of the company. The seeds of destruction have 
 not been so rapidly sown by civilization. The country 
 has l>een kept longer a wilderness; development has 
 l)ocn retarded. 
 
 '* ' Captain Kupor, wlin woh in ci)ininan<l, hail to write soverol lottcni Ix!* 
 fi>ro ho could prevail on DotiglaH to not.' Cooper, in Jloitse Connnonn Hiyt,, I !•■'•. 
 
 •« T 
 
liOT OVER -ANXIOUS. 
 
 If it is better to keep the savages in their original 
 state as long as possible, to preserve for them their 
 forests and their game, to place in their hands the 
 incans of obtaining food with greater ease and safety, 
 if it is better to keep back settlement, to keep out 
 white men, and use the domain only as a preserve 
 ibr iiir-bearing animals, and as a hunting-ground for 
 savages, then the c'oinj)aiiy has been a blessin"-. If 
 it is better to send the natives more swiftly To de- 
 struction, to let in upon them the dogs of dovelop- 
 luont, rapine, disease, and speedy externiiuutioii, in a 
 word, to throw open more rapidly the land to settle- 
 iiitiit, then the monopolists have been a drawback. 
 
■J u 
 
 < 1 1 
 
 1 : t ' 1" 
 
 \i i is ! 
 
 CIIArTER XIV. 
 
 TWO OIUCIN'AL ClIAKACTERS. 
 Tub DocTOit and tiik Divink UonKKT J. Stainks— A Man of Fkills— 
 
 Ills InTKUVIKW with TIIK KiMi ol'TIIK If WVAIIAV ISLANDS — TlIK Man 
 
 Mista!:kn ,'•< II riii: M.\srr.i: Ills Ai;i;ivai. vr \utoki \— Men — pAiisfis 
 
 AM> .SciKiOl,-TKA<HKU— Miss SlA INKS A MiiST i;STIMAllLK LaIA— QUAUUKL 
 
 WITH Tin: CoMi'ANY— Jdins thi) .Skitlkus' Faitiun— Hk CL'LTIVATKS 
 SwiNK— Tin; Skiti.i.ks Stkai. his l'ius~ll(ir Lirn: viKiss— His Sah 
 Fnd— TiiK Docrou (."ou'XisT — .Ioiin iSkdasiian 1Ii:i,mc'ki n — IIis I'liv- 
 siQi u AND CiiAUAcrKu — KiTKUH roi.rncfl— AciKi'Ts Oi'Kici-: UNi)i;u nil. 
 (•iiVEPNou— L)k,covKiis Ills Mistake— Amj Ukoo.mks a Sn'ronri-.k oi 
 
 Tin: MoNOI'OLISTS. 
 
 WiiH.E yet the colony v/hh youni;', there appeiUid 
 tipon the ;<ceno two iiu;n (4' uiarkod iiidivichuUity, a 
 (loetur arid a divhic. Oiu^ uiulertttok to cure uicuV 
 bodies, and the other (heir , souls; both dealt in (ho 
 unseen and unknowabK ; hence, tho ideas and ethics 
 of neither could be di.s|)id(d. And each carried () 
 ci)n.<istent «-onclusions, more nearly than is generally 
 the case, the tenor of his own teai'hin<^s; ("or the di- 
 vine died, and so perhaps nii^hi sei how much at' all 
 he had been sayin^T ^^"^•'^ true, whi! iiie doctor lived. 
 
 The namo «'l' the cK'rijyman was Robert J. Staini's: 
 lie siLjned himsell' of I'rinity I lall, ( 'ambriilj^e; and Ik- 
 came ti> till' country in IS ll*. in tic b.iik C't'/u. hi'n, 
 us clia{)lain fur the comjjany at Fort ^ ictoria. 
 
 "lie was a man fidl ol' fiills," says Finlayaon, \\h<> 
 ei»«jlwavo' d ( ' ree ivi him politely and treat him 
 kindly, kmi vvlitsr jMtience was sorely tried by hiiu 
 Hi wa^' insutl rably conecited. without briuLj at ali 
 shall.. w -pal- .1. H'- well ku'W tin- diHereiic"' between 
 liiniself iuid tki! i\»uim<»u human herd, aud he wa^ 
 
THE REVEREND STAINES. 
 
 239 
 
 (letcnnined that others should know it. Ho was not, 
 indeed, tho first clergyman to make the mistake of 
 attempting to browbeat the company's officers in the 
 name of his master, and to his own disccmifiture. 
 
 Barbarians, ho thought, should know him at a 
 glance, even barbarian kings should delight to do him 
 hoiiiago. On the way out from London tho shi[» 
 tniuliod at the Hawaiian Islands, and Staines wrote 
 tlif king, intimating that he should bo [)leased to <lo 
 Ills lurgid-bloodcd majesty the honor to call on him. 
 The king replied tiiat ho should be glad to see him. 
 Staims ilelightc'd in display, and here was a rare oj)- 
 |nirtunity. Unfortunately that glitter which cajtti- 
 vatt's the barbaric mind, liis profession would not 
 |irnnit him to sport ui)on his own ]>erson. IJut there 
 was a ])oor lellow wliom lii- called Iiis servant, and 
 lie might b(! madc^ to bear tlu; master's burden o!' 
 priile. Hence, aii'ayliig himself in the sombre robes 
 I'f religion, he illuminated his man in gorgeou.-. livery, 
 and so presented himself in tho royal apartments of 
 his ILiwalian majesty. On entering the room wiiere 
 waited his visitor, the king's eye x .ught ihc da//,ling 
 vestui'e (»f the at t eiulaiit , and rushing past the master, 
 lie seized the hand of the servant, and sh(»ok it with 
 warm, pathetii' resjuct. 
 
 ^^r Staines was a m.wiied man. and ]ii> wile was 
 with him: and hii\\> \er he may have felt callc<l upon 
 
 a "'ood 
 
 . o- 
 
 t > tight e\ il a> I'oiind in fur-traders, he wa^ 
 liu:<han(l, and Mrs Staln< > stood true t<t him. 
 ,i;cther (hey labored, for they W(>re l>oth hard-worUers, 
 teaching, preaching, and linishingg«'nei'ally what tin ir 
 creator had leftundonein tin ir litiK> world. TogetlK r 
 
 Vict 
 
 o 
 
 na, t 
 
 lev taiiLrht. 1 he tirs( si 
 
 ■hool 
 
 in t 11 coll iiiv 
 
 ')) the liud.->on's l>av servan' > wer»-' s.ld»)i.i without 
 
 children. 
 
 At this time there were no streets 
 
 (•CM 
 
 tuute 
 
 Ml 
 
 linlayson; "tin' traliic cut up the thoroughfares so 
 that evny oiH had to wear sea-boots to v ade through 
 till' mud and mire. Jt was mv duty to riei'i\»' the 
 
240 
 
 TWO ORIGINAL CHARACTERS. 
 
 clergyman, wliich I did, but I'elt ashamed to see the 
 lady fomi' ashoro. We had to lay planks through t\\v 
 mud in order to got them safely to the foi-t. They 
 looked around wonderingly at the bare walls of the 
 Iniilding, and expressed deep surprise,^ stating that the 
 <om[)any in England had told them this and that, and 
 had promised them such and such. At all events the. 
 n t( >n)s Wire litted up as best could bo done. Mr Staines 
 had bi-en guaranteed .t'.j40 a year for keeping a board- 
 ing-school, iind .£200 as chaplain. The services were 
 <'arri('d on in the mess-room of the fort, which was 
 made to serve for almost every purpose. Jlere also 
 was erected a temporary ])ulpit, and })rayers wen^ heltl 
 every Sunday. At tliis time Staines ])urcliased som.' 
 huid on the same conditions ;is othei's. But he ion 
 b(>came nmch dissatisfied with tilings, with J)ougla> 
 and his administration as governor of tlu' colony.'"' 
 
 Like manv others with whom the eompanv had 
 to deal in those days, and by whom they were ofttMi 
 severely and unjustly censured, Mr Staines wa 
 possessed of qualities more angular than aniiali!'/. 
 liidoubtedly, he in his turn had much to try hi- 
 |iatience; all pioneers have. He would not whollv 
 ignore the powers of darkness, nor even attem[)t to 
 overcome them, but rather on occasion allied himselt 
 with them, glad of a.ssistanec from any quarter. 
 
 He (>arly quairelled with the company, accusing 
 them of failure to keep their promises with him, more 
 particularly in the matter of prices of goods, which, 
 he had been assured before leaving London, should ho 
 lurnished him at servants' rates, that is, at fifty jht 
 cent on cost, instead of which, he was in realit}' charged 
 in some instances two thousand per cent profit." Ilenee 
 Mr Staines found it hard to ask a blessinjjf on their 
 
 ' I'idiisly Hwenrini:; nt I'inlnjson in their hearts, ax travellers sometimes 
 awi'iir lit a way-side iiini{i'cp<!r. 
 
 - l-'iiil'ittnoii'x Ili/it. r. /., MS., 5'2-;{; Aiidernoti's Hist. NorthotU Coast, MS., 
 lO'-'; Vooiter'K Mm: Md'hr-^, MS., 8. 
 
 ' For exiiiiiiile, lifty oiiitH for ii sahnoii wliieh tlio company would obtain 
 from the IndianH for iv peimyworth of trinkets out of their shop. Coo^'er'n 
 .'..'.». .'•.(r/frv, MS.. S 
 
THE CLERGYMaJTS PIOS. 
 
 241 
 
 mercenary souls; and although obliged to do so twice 
 or thrice every week, or forfeit his pay, inwardly he 
 cursed them. But to the company his blessing and 
 his curse were one. It was out of regard for public 
 sentiment, to which even the most powerful monopoly 
 cannot aftbrd to be wholly indifferent, that the fur- 
 traders tolerated gospel ministers, rather than in the 
 expectation that the arm of omnipotence would be 
 through such means swayed more especially in their 
 interests. 
 
 At an early day Mr Staines joined the settlers' 
 faction, and waged open war upon the company, still 
 continuing, however, his heavenly ministrations. But 
 with his own people he was not always at penect 
 peace. 
 
 Though brought hither as a bird of paradise, his 
 phunage was never wholly unruffled. His learning, 
 acquired at Cambridge at no small cost of time and 
 money, was given him in order that he might do 
 good. Now to the fur-traders he had no disposition 
 to do good, but rather evil; the settlers were not 
 much better, but he must begin his work somewhere. 
 The savafjcs needed cleansinjx within and without as 
 much as any, but that was not exactly in his line; 
 besides they were so like swine. 
 
 All ! swine — pigs — pork. Hero was an idea. There 
 was ah'cady a sufficient number at work improving 
 the savages, and his own race was cultivated too 
 niiuli already; every white man he met there carried 
 too keen un edge, so sharp, indeed, as to be dangerous. 
 Improved hogs might tend to nullify the effect of 
 human greed. 
 
 So tlic Reverend Staines affected swine. Throw- 
 ing to the winds all scruple, all the refined sensibility 
 o{' which ho so lately made parade, he gathered from 
 every quarter the finest breed, and prided himself on 
 his piggery. He strove to interest ship-masters in 
 I'ork, and brought the subject to the attention of his 
 larishioncrs. Success crowned his efforts. In less 
 
 Hut. Ubit. Ool. 16 
 
H 
 
 i: r 
 
 212 
 
 TWO ORIOINAL CHARACTERS. 
 
 than two years tlie Island was well stocked with a fint' 
 breed of pigs. 
 
 But as riches increased so also did the good man's 
 troubles. His swine would stray into by-ways und for- 
 bidden j)ath.s, and the settlers regarded tlieir visits 
 with no inward displeasure. They rather liked the 
 parson's pork. As now and again a fat favorite dis- 
 appeared, the anger of the chaplain rose within him, 
 for ho knew his pigs were sure to come home unless 
 they were roasted. 
 
 IVocuring from a neighboring justice a lettre de 
 cac/xl, he saddled his Rosinante, the beast on which 
 it was his custom to make his round of visits, and 
 sallied forth armed for the right. Not only would ho 
 gather into the fold his stray pigs, but he would pun- 
 ish severely those whom he suspected of enticing them 
 from paths of rectitude. Endless litigation followed. 
 On C)ne occasic^n the parson himself narrowly escaped 
 prosecution and imprisonment by an enraged parish- 
 ioner, whom he had accused of stealing his pigs.* 
 
 Finally matters with the settlers grew dady worse, 
 and it was resolved to send Mr Staines to England, 
 to remonstrate with imperial powers upon the injus- 
 tice of so tyrannical a rule. It was easier to obtain a 
 promise from the reverend gentleman to go than to 
 get him started. His habit of procrastination in this 
 instance cost him dear, not to mention the loss to the 
 (!olonists thereby. 
 
 The vessel which he was to have talcen, and which 
 would have carried him safely to San Francisco, sailed 
 from Soke without him, as his pigs were not yet all 
 provided for. A lumber-laden craft, however, left the 
 same port shortly afterward, and on this Mr Staines 
 embarked. But scarcely had the ship left the strait, 
 when off Cape Flattery a storm struck her, throwing 
 
 *Thi9 character is not in tlio least ovenlrawn. These facts and othors 
 for wliich I liave not space wero given mo by FinlaysoD and Anderson, and jmr- 
 ticuliirly hy Caj>tuin Cooiut, who kiiuw Uie eccentric parson well, having com- 
 mand of tiiu siiip wliii-'h brought liini to this country, and who lived near him 
 un terma of intimacy during his stay in the island. 
 
DEATH OF STAINES. 
 
 '243 
 
 lier on her beam ends. In.staiitly she was water- 
 loggi'fl and at the mercy of tlie waves. Most of the 
 crew were at once swept overboard. Mr Staines, who 
 was below, cut his way tlirough the side of the ship. 
 1 [is cabin was flooded, and without was the wild waste 
 of tumultuous waters. And there the poor man re- 
 mained, between the lowering sky and the lowering 
 sea; there he remained till he died. So the only sur- 
 vivor of the wreck reported when rescued by a passing 
 ship, and then himself expired. 
 
 Thus much for the unfortunate divine ; the doctor 
 is of quite another species. His name is John Sebas- 
 tian ITelmcken, and he turns up first among the coal- 
 iiiiners at Fort Rupert in 1849. He differs from his 
 friend the Reverend Stuines in many respects; and 
 first of all he can in no sense be called divine, even by 
 tlie widest stretch of irony. He had not been long 
 upon the Island before he found his bread buttered 
 on the Hudson's Bay Company's side of the disputes 
 then raging, while Staines was the ciiampion of the 
 indei)endent settlers. 
 
 In l)ody no less than in mind the doctor was one to 
 command attention. Short and slightly built, with a 
 huge head, always having on it a huge hat, balancing 
 itself upon his shoulders; with deep, clear, intelligent 
 eyes, in which there was self-confidence and critical 
 discrimination, but no malice; with a wide-spreadinj 
 and wi'll-projccting m(jutli, holding in it the ever 
 presctit cigar, and given to much laughter; with a 
 kind heart that gave the lie to many of his words and 
 actions — there has never been a man in British Co- 
 hunl)ia who, with an exterior so impenetrable by a 
 stranger, has for so many years maintained the respect 
 and confidence of the community, who has made more 
 friends, or performed more acts of unparaded charity, 
 than John Sebastian Helmckcn. In more paths than 
 one — in the pursuit of politics and medicme, in the 
 [uirKuit of wealth, honor, and distinction — he won the 
 success he so richly deserved. 
 
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 244 
 
 TWO ORIGINAL CHARACTERS. 
 
 At a very tender age Helmcken had harbored in 
 his breast political aspirations. In boyhood he had 
 thought of himself as born to something, and he had 
 not long been among the savages and miners of Fort 
 Rupert before he arrived at the conclusion that he 
 was born to rule. He was sure he could rule, for if 
 his subjects would not obey him he would punish 
 them with physic. In such society he surely might 
 aspire to shine as a great medicine; in a government 
 so Utopian as to have an office for every citizen, surely 
 he might obtain one. Time with him was no object; 
 he had little to do ; eight coal-miners thus far were all 
 who could be legally compelled to take his drugs, and 
 the natives had no confidence in him, preferring their 
 own physicians, whom they might righteously kill 
 when they failed to cure. He had time enough; he 
 could attend to the affairs of her Majesty's govern- 
 ment in those parts as well as not, and he thought he 
 should like to do it. 
 
 As Helmcken, unlike Staines, declined to leave the 
 Island under any consideration, as he declined to die 
 in the service of his country or in any other service, 
 and as we shall meet him occasionally in the course 
 of this narrative, it is not necessary for me to dispose 
 of him Anally in this place. We shall see how he be- 
 haves in office, for office he obtained — office, the delight 
 of his heart. The tidings of his first appointment 
 pleased him hugely. His commission came to him in 
 the form of a letter from the colonial governor, of 
 which ho immediately broke the seal and read. It 
 was enough to win him to the cause of the corporation 
 for life. Here, indeed, was a new future opening up 
 to him, with endless and brilliant possibilities, the 
 thoughts of which engendered high aspirations, and 
 were attended with such thrilling satisfaction as those 
 only can appreciate who have themselves been thrown 
 upon the border-land of civilization, and have seen the 
 light of liberation thus breaking in upon them through 
 the wilderness. To one who has buried himself in a 
 new country, resolved there to remain, the develop- 
 
JOHN SEBASTIAN. 
 
 245 
 
 ment of himself and his resources depending upon the 
 development of the country, it is a great satisfaction 
 to him when he is first made aware that ho is not 
 always to remain buried. Thousands and hundreds 
 of thousands, during the pioneer periods of American 
 settlement, have thus gone down into their graves, 
 lost to themselves and to their friends, lost to time 
 and to eternity. 
 
 Now, in the incipiency of colonial government on 
 Vancouver Island, Helmckcn was the devoted parti- 
 san of the Hudson's Bay Company. And though he 
 was not exactly the kind of a man that they had im- 
 agined him to be, in reality he was of much higher 
 and more lasting benefit to them than if ho had been. 
 What they thought they wanted, and did not want, 
 was a gnarled knot of human nature of so coarse and 
 unpleasing a texture as to be oppugnant to every feel- 
 ing of refinement, egotistical, boorish, never suspect- 
 ing the low order of his cunning, affecting irony, but 
 achieving only buffoonery, fit to wait on Aristophanes 
 or Rabelais though Juvenal or Lucian would none of 
 him, making up at table in wine and loud laughter 
 what he lacked in wit — such was the kind of instru- 
 ment on which the fur-traders would like to play their 
 new tune of colonization. 
 
 All the better was it for their purpose that he 
 should practice a profession, a business that was 
 neither law, divinity, nor commerce, but one which 
 would bring him in contact with people everywhere, 
 with those of both factions, when factions should 
 come. Luckily for them, ho had been taught to mix 
 and administer physic, in which he now succeeded well 
 enough; for, having no competitor, whether he killed 
 or cured his proceedings were deemed regular, and his 
 patients lived or died by the book. 
 
 A short time sufticed to show him that office under 
 the colonial governor was not his element. Though 
 openly friendly, the representatives of Fonchurch 
 street and of Downing street were secretly opposed. 
 And volatile as might be John Sebastian by nature, 
 
246 
 
 TWO OBIOINAL GHABAC7IEBS. 
 
 he could not serve and satisfy these two masters. 
 Love, avarice, and ambition all beckoned him away 
 from imperial affairs, fleeting and fading as they were. 
 Therefore, as her majesty's presence on Vancouver 
 Island was at this appeal ing a somewhat shabby affair, 
 the little doctor returned to his origiral allegiance, 
 and soon turned himself out of oflSce. 
 
 It so happened, as we have seen, that both of these 
 men, the doctor and the divine, were brought hither 
 by the monopoly, whose servants they were; only the 
 clergyman would not wholly renounce his master in 
 heaven, would not at all renounce himself for them, he 
 who was inferior to no being of whatsoever caste or 
 cahbre on this or any other planet. And so he went 
 his way, and was swallowed by great waves of ad- 
 versity. The doctor, on the other hand, after a brief 
 departure from the traditional paths of fur-trading 
 rectitude, returned to the easier pursuit, and to his 
 pursuit proved faithful to the end, receiving to wife 
 a governor's daughter, with all attendant honors and 
 emoluments. 
 
CHAPTER XV. 
 
 SETTLEMENT OF VANCOUVER ISLAND. 
 1849-1857. 
 
 What ark Settlkr.s? — Not Fur-traders — NciR Coal-mixers — Nor yet 
 
 THE NOOTKA DIPLOMATISTS — TllE ^L\lNLANlt .SOT lN(.'Lr:)ElJ I.V THE COL- 
 ONIZATION Scheme — The ^[okmons Cast an P'vk iroN the Island — 
 Woman, Red and White — Tue Monopolists Seize McKenzie, Skin- 
 ner, McAuley, AND Parsons— Bona Fide SETTLEsts Oblioed to Taki-; 
 What They can Get — W. Coh^uhoun Grant— J[is Skttlement ap 
 Soke Harmok — Lease to Thomas Monroe — Grant Sells Soke jo 
 the MriRS — James Cooper, Sailor, Trader, and Aorici'lturist— 
 Builds One of the Many First Vessels — He Takes t p Land at Met- 
 chosin — Thomas Blenkhorn — The ' Harpooner,' ' Norman Morrison,' 
 AND the 'Tory ' Bring Setplers — The Town of Vkioiuv Laid oi r — 
 Wails from Fokp Victoria — James Deans Arrives — Baillie and 
 Lanuford — Prooress of Settlement, 
 
 The first white men in British Columbia were not 
 settlers. To win the favor of the savages, and not to 
 exterminate them, was their object. In obfainino' 
 the skins of fur-bearing beasts their profit lay; and 
 tliat this source of profit might continue, it was to 
 their interest, while drawing as largely from the for- 
 ests as possible, to preserve tlie country in a state of 
 nature, and nurse the game when' it Ix'gan to fail. 
 Tims the fur-traders were diametrically oppcjsed t(» 
 settlement, as I have said before. 
 
 Nor could the coal-miners properly be called set- 
 tlers. Their purpose was solely to disembowel the 
 cartli of its wealth, not to colonize the country. It 
 is only when men appropriate to themselves a portion 
 of the soil with the view of subduing, imj»roving, and 
 I'crmanently cultivating it for the benefit of 'themselves 
 
iur 
 
 9iS 
 
 SETTLEMENT OF VANCOUVER ISLAND. 
 
 ■i li 
 
 and their successors, tliat settlement in tlie true sig- 
 nification of the term begins. 
 
 There was thouglit of colonization at Nootka, but, 
 it was transient. Astor entertained visions of settle- 
 ment at the mouth of the Columbia, keeping the sur- 
 rounding country meanwhile as a hunting-ground. 
 Wyeth thought to settle, trade, and build a city, 
 beginning operations by establishing Fort William on 
 Sauvd Island. The originators of these and other 
 like schemes were doomed to disappointment. Tlu; 
 hour of permanent occupation had not ja^t como. 
 The opposers of settlement were too strong for sucli 
 efforts. It was only when the stomach of tlie great 
 monopoly began to feel cravings for something ilsc 
 than purely animal food, began to see profit in feed- 
 ing their fur-hunting brethren of Russian America, 
 that they allowed their hunting-fields to be in any 
 degree marred, and their servants to reclaim a few 
 fertile patches of ground for their own more proper 
 feeding. Thus settlement was permitted to begin in 
 a small and primitive way in the vicinity of the sev- 
 eral forts, and by the French Canadian servants of 
 the company in the Willamette, Columbia, and Cow- 
 litz valleys. 
 
 Nor, from their own, and from a commercial stand- 
 point, were the fur-traders wrong in opposing to tl 
 latest possible moment the inroads of agriculture upc 
 their fur-bearing domain. Their protestations of in- 
 difference, in political circles, as to the progress of 
 settlement, their denials of harboring any desire to 
 retard the permanent occupation of the country, might 
 be taken at their worth. Years before the consunniin- 
 tion of their fears tlu^y saw that their traffic on tlic 
 lower Columbia, and south of it, was doomed. And 
 when finally by the infiux into Oregon of emigrants 
 from the United States they were driven back beyond 
 the 49th parallel, only what they had long known to 
 be the inevitable was upon them. 
 
 It will be remembered that with the removal «»f 
 
 10 
 
EUROPEAN MARITAL FASHIONS. 
 
 249 
 
 head-quarters to Fort Victoria the transport for the 
 j\Iainland interior was established by way of Fraser 
 River, furs being brought on horses down to Hope, 
 and thence by boat to Fort Victoria. Outfits for New 
 Caledonia and the other interior districts went out by 
 the same route. Yet in 1847 there was not a single 
 white man on the Fraser between Langley and Alex- 
 andria, save at the salmon fishery below Hope. For 
 some time yet the Mainland was destined to be kept 
 solemnly aboriginal. 
 
 As early as 1845 the Mormons had their eyes on 
 Vancouver Island as a haven of rest, Nootka being 
 their objective point. Even before the homely hard- 
 ships of agricultural ventures, the Island began to look 
 upward, began to put off that conventional prostitu- 
 tion which had so long been pronounced respectable 
 by commercial considerations, and to array marital 
 matters in the white robes of Christian purity. Mc- 
 Loughlin had been reviled by Beaver for living in 
 open adultery. Mrs Beaver would not permit her 
 petticoats to come in contact with those of Mrs Mc- 
 Loughlin for fear of defilement ; so after soundly cud- 
 gelling the clergyman for his impudence, to make up 
 for past defects the chief factor had himself married 
 to his wife ; was, in fact, married to her two or three 
 times over. 
 
 And as the light of parliament now dawned upon 
 this dark western wilderness with ever increasing 
 lustre, at the heels of many another officer of the fur 
 monopoly dangled the tawdry vestments of aboriginal 
 love unsanctified by any European formula. All this 
 must now be changed, and the Island must put on con- 
 nubial purity. Those who had incased the polluted 
 lilood of their ofispring in dusky coverings must re- 
 pent and be baptized, then sit in social sackcloth all 
 their days. But for those who had overcome, white 
 wives should be the reward. 
 
 From the Hawaiian Islands in 1848 came Mrs Gov- 
 
m 
 
 m ■• 
 
 ' .1 ; 
 
 \M 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 2S0 
 
 SETTLEMENT OF VANCOUVER ISLAND. 
 
 ington, of blood pure and etiolated skin, the aurora 
 borealis of feminity, who reigned resplendent for forty 
 years and more. Others from England followed; there 
 were the Langfords, the Skinners, Mrs Staines, and 
 Mrs McKenzie; and so aboriginal wife-taking went 
 out of fashion forever. Miss Burnie, Anderson's 
 wife's aunt, arrived from Scotland in 1851.^ 
 
 Among the first acts of the company was to work 
 out for themselves a tract of land comprising ten 
 square miles^ round Fort Victoria, and to have it sur- 
 veyed. The whole Island had been granted them, but 
 for purposes of sale and colonization. This ten-mile 
 tract they desired to reserve; this they would hold 
 and not sell. 
 
 Not that the company entertained the purpose of 
 paying at once into the colonial exchequer the pound 
 per acre to make good their title, unless it should be- 
 come necessary for them to do so, and unless they 
 should clearly see profit in it at that price. However 
 it should turn out in the end, they had the power at 
 this time to hold it, and to refuse to sell it at any 
 price. And this they did. When Mr Blanshard 
 returned to England in 1851 there were two or three 
 of the company's former servants located within the 
 tract; not more. 
 
 Great indeed were the monopolists in whatsoever 
 direction greatness was the fashion; if in fur-trading, 
 half the world was too small for them; if in farming, 
 they would be the largest farmers in British Colum- 
 bia. All the Island and Mainland were theirs, and 
 
 • 'Rev Mr Staines, who was also school-master aa well as chaplain to the 
 company, arrived at Fort Victoria from England about 1849, and remained 
 until ahovit 1853. Mrs Staines, his wife, was probably tlio first English lady 
 who landed on Vancouver Island.' Anderson's Hist. Northwest Coast, MS., 
 102. 'Mrs Covington, now in Victoria, was the first white lady here.' Fin- 
 laysoii's Hist., V. /., MS., 90. Grant, Lond. Geofj. Soc, Jour., xxvii. 281, 
 says that Mr and Mrs Staines were there in 1854. 'Mrs Annie Muir, wife 
 of John Muir of Solse, died Feb. 18, 1875, aged 73 years. She came to thi ■. 
 country in 1848, being the second white woman who landed in the province 
 of British Columbia.' Olympia Traitscript, !M;u'cli C, 1875. 
 
 "This according to Blanshard, House Commona liept., sel. com., 1857, 207. 
 Grant including the Puget Sound Company makes the quantity much larger. 
 
THE rU(4KT SOUNP COMPANY'S TRACTS 
 
 I'll 
 
 all the j)(>wcr; were they idiots that they should not 
 liave a door-yard to Victoria Harbor and fort? By 
 no uieans.^ On thu most fertile spots the two great 
 coiiipanios planted farms, one at Craigflower, one at 
 Lake Hill, and so on, and brought out men from 
 England to work them. In 1853 the Puget Sound 
 Company had under cultivation and in charge of three 
 hailiiis, twenty-five acres of their open patch of two 
 liundred acres lying bctwct'u Yii-toria and Esquimalt. 
 
 Skinner's fai'm, McKenzie's fai'in at Craigflower, 
 AEcAuley's farm, and Langford's, were settlements 
 made under the auspices of the Puget Sound Com- 
 [»any. Parsons' bridge was built, and there a saw 
 and grist mill was erected for the company, Parsons 
 superintending the saw-mill part of the structure, and 
 George McKenzie the grist-mill part/ The remains 
 of the mill were visible in 1878; by the freshet of 
 1854-5 the wheel was washed out, and the property 
 was otherwise badly damaged. Two or three families 
 besides several single men lived at Parsons' Bridge. 
 
 And because the company was great, if for no other 
 reason, the settlers early threw themselves into an 
 attitude of antagonism. They seemed to understand 
 from the first that they had the monopoly to fight, 
 and if no wrongs had already been committed, they 
 would do battle for those which were sure sooner or 
 later to be perpetrated. 
 
 Their standard complaints were the original terms 
 
 "Ou my arrival in thi! Island all the laud in the neighborhood of Victoria 
 .iimI Esquimau, which comprised some 40 square miles, and contaiueil nearly 
 nil ,the available land then known, was reserved 1)> tlie Hudson's IJay and 
 I'uget iSoiind companies.' Oraiit, in Loud. (ko<j, Sor., Jour., xxvii. '273. 
 Writing to Lord (Jrey, tlie loth of June 18.10, (fovernor Ulausharil says: 'The 
 lludsou's Bay Company have commenced a survey of tlie land reserved to 
 themselves, which is bounded l)y a line drawn nearly <hie north from the lu;ad 
 iif Victoria Harbour to a liill marked on the chart as Cedar Hill or Mount 
 l>ougla3, and thence ruiniing due east to the Canal de Arro. Tlie extent is 
 Intimated at about ten miles square, A tract adjoining of similar extent is 
 reserved for the Puget Sound Agricultural Association. . .This last contains 
 tlie liarbour of lilsrpumalt. . .Tliere is no water near; the water reipiireil for 
 tlie servants ;>i the Hudson's Ray Company is brought from a distance of two 
 miles, and during summer and autumn they are kept on allowance as at sea.' 
 Hf'hithiird's Dexjinfchen, 2. 
 
 ' Di„n.i' kifUkiutiil V. I., MS., 19; Brit. Col Sketches, MS., 25. 
 
252 
 
 SETTLEMENT OF VANCOUVER ISLAND. 
 
 ' f 1 
 
 'i! n K 
 
 of colonization, the grasping disposition of the Hud- 
 son's Bay and Puget Sound companies in appropriat- 
 ing all the best lands, the fear of the Indians, the 
 absence of properly constituted courts, the withering 
 influence of monopoly on colonization, and the failure 
 to have been admitted into the Canadian reciprocity 
 treaty. These were the permanent troubles, besides 
 which was a multitude of near and transient woes 
 which well nigh overshadowed all the rest. They ob- 
 jected to the "truck system" as they stigmatized the 
 company's time-honored mode of barter; laborers or 
 any who had dealings with the monopolists being 
 obliged to receive pay in goods in lieu of money, 
 and at whatever prices the company should choose 
 to fix.** 
 
 There was one vessel belonging to the company 
 which made voyages between Victoria and the Ha- 
 waiian Islands several times a year. This ship would 
 take freight from Victoria hence, but would not as 
 a rule bring goods for settlers from abroad to Vic- 
 toria. The open land was first appropriated, where 
 neither milling nor shipping facilities were required, 
 this being less expensive to prepare for cultivation 
 than timber land. The open land was usually fertile, 
 and capable of producing from twenty-five to forty 
 bushels of wheat to the acre. Wheat was sown in 
 October, and among the best fields in 1856 were Old 
 Bay Farm and the farm of Mr Ross. The price of 
 wheat depended on the will of the Hudson's Bay 
 Company. They might give for it a shilling a bushel, 
 or ten shillings if they pleased, or they might not take 
 it at all." 
 
 The first and only bonajide settlement for several 
 years under the crown grant, and independent of the 
 Hudson's Bay Company, or not an offshoot from it, 
 
 ^Deana' Settlement, V. I., MS., 3. 
 
 • Mr Grogan asked what was done with the wheat in caae the company re- 
 fused to buy it. 'A great deal of it ia in stacks to this day,' Mr Cooper replied, 
 'there being no market fur it.' Home Commons RepL, 203. 
 
GRANT AT SOKE HARBOR. 
 
 '253 
 
 f the Hud- 
 
 appropriat- 
 
 ndians, the 
 
 e withering 
 
 the failure 
 
 reciprocity 
 
 )les, besides 
 
 iisient woes 
 
 . They ob- 
 
 matized the 
 
 laborers or 
 
 olists being 
 
 L of money, 
 
 ould choose 
 
 tie company 
 md the Ha- 
 s ship would 
 rould not as 
 •oad to Vic- 
 iated, where 
 ire required, 
 r cultivation 
 ,ually fertile, 
 ive to forty 
 was sown in 
 56 were Old 
 The price of 
 udson's Bay 
 ing a bushel, 
 ght not take 
 
 t for several 
 ndent of the 
 oot from it, 
 
 ;e the company rc- 
 Ir Cooper replied, 
 
 was made in 1849 by W. C. Grant.' Hearing of the 
 new colonization project, he sold his commission as 
 captain in an English cavalry regiment, and fitting 
 out a small colony consisting of eight persons, he 
 placed them with all his effects on board the ship 
 ILirpooner for Vancouver Island, by way of Cape 
 Horn, coming out himself by way of Panamd. The 
 Ilarpooner arrived in June 1849,** and the eight agri- 
 culturists and colonists with all their belongings were 
 brought wholly at Grant's expense. After a careful 
 examination of the country in the vicinity, he chose 
 wliat he regarded as the most favorable spot avail- 
 able, which was at Soke Harbor, at the head of Soke 
 Inlet, distant from Fort Victoria, south-westerly, some 
 twenty miles.® 
 
 Grant would have preferred settling nearer the fort, 
 where his little colony would have been less isolated, 
 less open to attack from the savages, and nearer the 
 source of supplies; but by the outspreading of the 
 
 'W. Colquhoun Grant was a captain of tlie Scota Greys, 2d Dragoon 
 Guards, and lieutenant-colonel of Turkish cavalry contingent. Ho waa a 
 nuiii of no ordinary natural ability, to which were added high intellectual at- 
 tniuinents, as is clearly sll0^vn by a Description of Vancouver Island, w 'itten 
 ill 18.14, read before the London Geographical Society the 22d of Juno ,'857, 
 and printed in vol. xxvii. of the society's Journal, 2G8-320. This article, which 
 is accompanied by an excellent map, I have often had occasion to quote in 
 tliis history. As I have before remarked, it covers the whole field of gec;.'ra- 
 pliy, geology, ethnology, and natural history, with a masterly applicati( n of 
 science to an entirely new domain. In describing a trip around tho Island, 
 ho gives particulars of the prominent features coming under his observation, 
 describing the harbors, their natural advantages, tho amount of available 
 Laid, with statistics touching climate, resources, and coal and trade prospects, 
 and an account of the natives. This statement of Grant, printed by so re- 
 spectable a body as the Geographical Society, carried great weight in England, 
 and influenced in no small degree the subsequent investigations of parliament. 
 
 "Finlayson, Hist., V. I., MS., 48, says that the fii.st colonists arrived in 
 1S51, but ho makes the statement erroneously from memory, (irant makes it 
 indisputable when he states, Lond. Geo;/, ilor.. Jour., xxvii. 27.3: 'In June 
 I H4',t, the first batch of colonists under tliis system arrived, and they consisted 
 of oiglit men brought out by myself; and from that day to tliis' — he was 
 w riting in 1854 — 'not a suigle other independent colonist has come out from 
 tlu; (jld country to settle in the Island; all the other individuals who have 
 taken up land having been in the employ of the company, and brought out 
 to 1 he country at its expense.' 
 
 '■'I i rant's distances were greater than those of later measurers. He says, 
 London Geog. Soc, Jour., xxvii. 273, that 'Matchousin, distant eleven milea 
 Ironi Victoria, was pointed out to me as the nearest imclaimed spot on which 
 I rould settle; not approving of which, as there was neither a harbour nor 
 mill-power there, I was recommended to proceed to Soke, distant 20 milea.' 
 
ri 
 
 254 
 
 SKTTJJ'-MKNT OF VANCOUVKlt ISLAND. 
 
 tiifri' 
 
 mil 
 
 skirts of till.' fur monopoly, and of those of its sister 
 association wliilom of Puget Soiiiul, ho was obhgtd 
 to butaku himself to the wilderness beyond their 
 sacred precincts. 
 
 Soke Harbor was large, larger than either Victoria 
 or Es(iuinialt liarbor. It was well shciltered; and 
 though the entrance was intricate, vessels could waip 
 in and out, or having a south-west wind they could 
 enter without difficulty.^" The soil was good, capable 
 of producing any tiring grown in England or Scotland, 
 and the a])original occupants, sixty nrale adults in 
 number, were peaceful. On the whole it was the best 
 he could do. Accordingly he selected there a tract of 
 land, built farm-houses and barn, and erected a saw- 
 mill at the mouth of a small stream flowing into the 
 harbor frorrr the north-east. Thirty-five acres wcri! 
 soon under cultivatioir, and a snrall stock of cattle, 
 horses, pigs, and poultry rejoiced over that act of the 
 British parliament which resulted in giving them so 
 much to eat with so little effort in obtaining it. 
 
 There ff)r two years resided the retired captaiir, a 
 solitary coloirist; he who lately figured so conspicuously 
 in the drawirrg-room and on parade, now reduced to 
 the abject rulership in a solitary wilderness of eight 
 farm-hands with their attendrut pigs and poultry. 
 "Being a patriotic Highlander, says Finlaysorr, "he 
 had formed the idea of establishing a Scotch colony, 
 and intended bringing out a Gaelic school-master arrd 
 a Scotch piper." Becoming tired of such a life, in 
 1851 he leased his farm to some of his men, Thonras 
 Munroe and others, and took his departure from the 
 Island. The laborers left to themselves speedily be- 
 came demoralized, so that returning after a time to 
 find his farm neglected, the land lying uncultivated. 
 and most of the property destroyed, the disgusted 
 
 '•Tlie ship Lord Weiiter7i, drawing nineteen feet of water, loaded there in 
 the Slimmer of 1853, litfore f4rant's article was written. This vessel was 
 w recked shortly afterward at Achosat a little north of Clayoquot. 
 
THE MUIRS, McKAY, AND COOl'EU. 
 
 869 
 
 ciiptain sold the establishment for what lie could get, 
 and abandoned tlie country." 
 
 The purchasers of Grant's establishments at Soke 
 wore the Muirs, Michel Muir behig still there when 
 1 visited V^ancouver Island in 1878, at which time 
 the original sixty natives had been reduced by civili- 
 zation, disease, and rum, to five.^" 
 
 ])uring the summer of 1850, Joseph W. McKay 
 Wiis commissioned to explore that part of the island 
 lyiiii;' between Victoria and the newly discovered coal- 
 uiiiies at Nanaimo, with a view of o])enin|L*' the country 
 to settlers. Several tracts w^ere designated; but if 
 tlio monopolists could not occupy a single ])oint on 
 Island or MamJand without the protection of j)alisa(!rs 
 ill 1(1 armed bastions, how was the solitary agriculturist 
 to ])lough his field and defend his family? 
 
 James Cooper,'^ in 1851. brought out from England 
 in sections a si. all iron vessel, which, on arrival, lie 
 ])ut together in \'ictoria. Many call this the first 
 vessel 11 any manner constructed or 'aunched from 
 
 " Saiiuiul Hancock, Thirteen Years' JiesUknce oit the ^^orihwc.tt Co'ix(, MS., 
 'J17-)S, wild, I)y stress of weather, was thrown iipon (Jrant in his iierniitago 
 liufdi-e his departure in 187)1, reports him 'a most generous gentleman.... 
 iiavim; around him three or four servants, and amusing himself as liest he 
 cdidil.' In ISoO, besides Fort Victoria, there was but one small settlement 
 at Soke, jfoii.sc Cotittiioiis ]'<]>t. Set. Com., 18")7, '204. 
 
 '-'Sookewas the first place from which piles and spars were exported. 
 (San Francisco, Shanghai, Australia, Hong Kong, Sandwich Islands, South 
 America, and England, wer<> points of oxportation. ' Mirlicl Mnir, in Brit. 
 Col. Sh'/rh,:^, MS., •_'-!. 
 
 '■'Mr Cooper entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company in 184-1, 
 as master in command of a vessel sailing between London and Fort Vancou- 
 ver. In 1849 he was captain of the bark ('olniiihln. At the time I met him 
 ill 1878, he impressed me as a pleavuit Fii^ilish gintleiuen, with a mind more 
 tlian ordinarily subject to the war|> of fintuiie; consistent in his dislikes, 
 Mhicli Were lasting, harboring from year to year liis hatred of the Hudson's 
 bay (/dinpany with unwavering persistency. He soon left the service of the 
 ('uiii[)aiiy and became a .settler on Vancouver Island. Visiting England in 
 ]Sr)7 lie gave evidence against the company before the house of eomnions' 
 silict committee. 'Notwithstanding over twcnty-tive years have passed,' ho 
 saiil to nie, 'and any harsh feeling on my part may fairly be consitlered to 
 liavu vanished, I state with all candor that ditUeiilties experienced by myself 
 ill the early struggles of settlement in this country may be attributed to the 
 iiidiiopoly and adverse interests of the Hudson's Bay Company.' A plain 
 man, Captain Cooper told me a plain, unvarnished tale, but his amanuensis, 
 a young person of more pretensions than parts, .so cloudc'. it with high-sound- 
 ing worda as greatly to obscure the blunt old sailor's inea..uig. 
 
2S6 
 
 SETTLEMENT OP VANCOUVER ISLAND. 
 
 the Island, but they forget Nootka." It was employed 
 during the seaso.; of 1852 in trade at Fraser River, 
 where the owner bought cranberries and potatoes 
 from the natives for the San Francisco market. The 
 Indians gathered cranberries, which grew in large 
 quantities on the delta at the mouth of the Fraser 
 River, supplying the vessel at the rate of seventy-five 
 cents a barrel. These berries were sold in San Fran- 
 cisco at a dollar a gallon. 
 
 It was a new industry, and was not regarded with 
 any degree of favor by the Hudson's Bay Company, 
 which still held a license of exclusive trade with the 
 Indians on the Mainland. It is true that this license 
 referred more particularly to the peltry traflfic, but 
 the company were jealous of any interference in that 
 quarter, and threw every obstacle in the way of any 
 kind of commercial intercourse with the natives of 
 the Mainland. ^^ Soon after Captain Cooper had opened 
 this traffic, Douglas sent instructions to the officer in 
 charge at Fort Langley, to buy all the cranberries the 
 Indians could gather, and pay such a price for them 
 as would keep other traders away. 
 
 Cooper took up land at Metchosin, seven miles 
 from the fort, and became a settler under the crown 
 grant, being the first defection from the Hudson's 
 Bay Company's service in that direction. He farmed 
 three hundred acres, and called himself a colonist from 
 
 " The owner, indeed, says it waa tho first on the Pacific coast. Cooper's 
 Mar. Matters, MS., 5. But we may surely count half a dozen before this, as 
 at Neah Bay, Astoria, and elsewhere on tho Columbia, and on the north coast. 
 It is unsafe to call a thing first unless one is sure that nothing was before it. 
 
 >* * To show how entirely dependent settlers were upon the Hudson's Bay 
 Company: I found it necessary to apply to the company for the purchase of 
 barrels, originally intended as salmon-barrels, for tho purpose of holding the 
 cranberries traded for on the Fraser River. Should I fail to secure such barrels, 
 the time, labor, and expense I had been put to, to collect such cargo, would 
 be lost. I had no thouglit, however, that a refusal would be made, coiisiiioi - 
 ing that to speak within bounds, the company had at that time at least a 
 thousand barrels on hand, the prime cost of which to them would not cer- 
 tainly exceed thirty cents each. . . .No barrels could be bouj^ht elsewhere 
 
 I therefore applied to the company to sell me one liundred barrels. . .when, 
 after much apparent concession, the favor was accorded to mo of being allowed 
 to purchase one hundred barrels at three dollars each cash.' Cooper's Mar. 
 Matters, MS., 5-6. 
 
GRANT AND BLENKHORN. 
 
 257 
 
 1851 to 1857, by which latter date he had arrived at 
 the conclusion that the term signified little. High as 
 ran his expectations, he was doomed to disappoint- 
 ment as an agriculturist. Unlike Grant, he did 
 not run away and rail, but railed and remained, and 
 when last I saw him was still reviling the monopolists 
 who had tricked him in the cranberry trade, and had, 
 by their baneful breath, stifled his attempts at Met- 
 chosin.^" 
 
 Cooper's partner at Metchosin as well as at the 
 Fraser Delta was Thomas Blenkhom, pronounced by 
 Fitzwilliam before the select committee to be one 
 of the most energetic settlers on the Island. Before 
 coming hither he had been up and down the world 
 somewhat, had lived some time in Australia, possessed 
 a mind of wide range, and well tried by experience. 
 Blcnkhorn also carried on a lumber trade with San 
 Francisco, and was in most ways an estimable man. 
 
 Besides Grant's agriculturists, the Harpooner, 
 which arrived in June 1849, brought out eight coal- 
 ininers to work the company's property at Fort 
 Rupert. There were also on board two laborers for 
 the fort farm. In 1850 the bark Norman Morrison 
 arrived, bringing eighty immigrants; in June 1851, 
 the Tory came into port with one hundred and twenty 
 hired laborers, about one quarter of whom, with some 
 coal-mining machinery the vessel brought, were sent 
 to Fort Rupert." The Tory returned by way of 
 Honolulu and Shanghai, carrying tea to England. 
 
 Mr Blanshard, the first governor, states that when 
 
 '"After Grant cameCooper.'BaysFinlayson. Hist., V. I., "MS., iB. 'Hetoo 
 liad sanguine hopes. . .These two settlers who might be said to have complied 
 wilh the first conditions, spent all their means, and the venture proved en- 
 tirely unsuccessful.' See also Cooper, in House Commons liept. sel. com. if. li. 
 AfairK, IS')?, 190. Fitzwilliam, in ib., 119, states that ho purchased the land 
 from the Hudson's Bay Compajiy. 
 
 '' ' Some have already been sent to Oregon, and some toother posts of the 
 company. No preparation had been made hero for their reception, beyond 
 erecting a couple of log-houses, or rather sheds. In these the renainder are 
 luKldlcd together like cattle, as I have seen myself, to the number of thirty 
 111' thirty-five in each shed, men and women, married and single, without any 
 kiiid of screen or partition to separate them.' Jilamhard's Dexpatches, 12, 
 Hut. Bbis. Col. 17 i 
 
258 
 
 SETTLEMKNT OF VAXCOUN'KK ISLAND. 
 
 
 r; II 
 
 lie retiiriu'd to England in 18G1, besides the officers 
 and servants of tlie Hudson's Bay Company, tlieri' 
 were about thirty settlers on the Island. Of these, 
 some had formerly been in the service of the com- 
 pan}^ but had withdrawn their connection, bought 
 land, and haO. become agriculturists or stock-raisers. 
 Januis Deans says that m 1852 there were in the 
 vicinity of Fort Victoria but st!ven independent set- 
 tlers, three of whom had formerly been in the com- 
 j)any's service.^"* 
 
 The town of Victoria was laid out in streets in 
 1852, the western boundary being the harbor, the 
 eastern, the present Government street, the southern 
 the fort, and the northern, the present Johnst(jn 
 street.^^ Two trails led from the fort; one to the 
 Songhies' camp, and on to McAuley Point, and 
 through McKenzie Plains to CraigHowcr and Colwood. 
 the other connecting with the town and also with Col- 
 wood, but })assi ng round the north sides of Victoria 
 and Esquimalt arms, and ci-ossing the former at Qua- 
 niassin, that is to say, Seatangle, at the present bridge. 
 When James Deans arrived, early the following year, 
 where the city now stands was thick brush, with 
 intervening cultivated patches. Besides the fort then' 
 were but twelve houses witliin the pn^sent city limits. 
 
 Again, on tlie KJtli of January, 185.S, appeared the 
 Norma)) Morrison, with two hundnxl additional colo- 
 nists, who had iMigaged themselves to the company for 
 five years, the reward for such .service being land te 
 the regal extent of twenty-five acres to laborers, and 
 fifty acrt^s to tradesmen, payable at the expiration of 
 the term. It was a noble enterprise, well worthy the 
 
 '" Their nainea were .hinu's Yates, Jiiiues Cooper, R. Anderson, R. Scott, 
 James M. Ri'iil, W . 'J'lKmipson, and (uutrge Deans. Iham Settlement, V. /., 
 MS., 4. See also liril. < \<l. Shtehex, MS., 'J. Resides tlieahuve, we find sigiuvl 
 to a settlers' ju'titiipii t<i (ioveriKir Hlansluird the names f(f the Miiirs, at Soke, 
 Mieliel, Arehihahl, Andrew, Robert, and .Tohn, senior and junior; Thomas 
 Blenkhorn, "letelio^-in; 'J'liomas Munroe, .lames Sanjjster, K. J. Staiin'^, 
 William Fraser, .John Mdire^or, and William MeDonald. In his estimate of 
 thirty, Blanshard was as nsual vague and undeeided, though there may have 
 huen laborers enough to make up the number. 
 
 ^^' FhtUiyiion's Letter.'*, MS,, l.Sih Oet. 1871). 
 
JAMES DEANS. 
 
 269 
 
 the officers 
 )aiiy, there 
 Of these, 
 f the coiii- 
 on, bought 
 ,ock-raisers. 
 vere in the 
 eiideiit set- 
 11 the eom- 
 
 11 streets in 
 harbor, the 
 he soutlierii 
 it Johnston 
 one to the 
 Point, and 
 lid Col wood, 
 iso with Col- 
 , of Victoria 
 iiier at Qua- 
 isent brido-e. 
 lowing year, 
 brush, with 
 he fort there 
 t city limits, 
 ippeared the 
 litional eolo- 
 eoinpany for 
 eing land to 
 aborers, aiul 
 xpiration of 
 worthy the 
 
 Icrsoii, It. Scott, 
 Sdlli-mcuf, I'. /•. 
 ve, wo liiiil si^Tioil 
 ; Mu'.rs, iit Sivku. 
 1 junior; Tliom;i.s 
 'H. J. Staiiii^ 
 la his cstimuti' ot 
 h there may have 
 
 (!onception of honest merchants and the management 
 of parliament, this seizing lands without pay, expel- 
 ling the natives, then putting men to subdue it who 
 should take as pay an infinitesimal part of the land 
 which their own hands had made of value. 
 
 zVmong these arrivals was James Deans, before men- 
 tioned, who came out as laborer, and after a few^ weeks* 
 
 
 ./"(Ill rl,- Frli'd .s(r.\v 
 
 South End op Vancoi'ver Island, 1853. 
 
 service in the company's store was .s jt to work on their 
 larm at Craigflower, where he remained half liis term, 
 serving the remainder among the sheep at the Lake 
 Hill station. 
 
 T. F. McElroy visiting Victoria in September 1853 
 in company with Captain Reid and daughter, of the 
 Island, was met on lanchng by .Viuh-ew ^Inir, who 
 
260 
 
 SETTLEMKXT OF VANCOUVKll ISLAND. 
 
 ■\ rn 
 
 introduced hiiii to Mr Finlayson aiul WiHiain Atkin- 
 son, after which lie proceeded to Esquiiiialt, where 
 the United States surveying steamer Active, Captain 
 Alden, was anchored. McElroy states that James 
 C'oo})er was residing there at the time, though Michel 
 Muir affirms that there were no settlers at Esquimalt 
 m 1855, and that the first houses were built where the 
 navy-yard was subsequently placed. McElroy, an 
 American, was delighted with Staines, who scourged 
 hift own countrymen more thoroughly than any for- 
 eigner could have done. Next, the colonial academy, 
 conducted by Robert Barr, was visited; afterward 
 Thomas Baillie, whose residence was five miles from 
 the fort. 
 
 At the end of 1853, besides the 17,000 natives'" 
 there were on the Island, men, women, and children, 
 white and mixed, 450 persons, 300 of whom were at 
 and between Victoria and Soke, 125 at Nanaimo, and 
 the rest at Fort Rupert. Up to this time, in all, 19,807 
 acres and 16 perches of land had been applicrl for 
 under tl^'i grant, 10,172 acres being claimed by the 
 Hudson's Bay Company, 2,374 acres by the Puget 
 Sound Company, and the remainder by private per- 
 sons."' At first a deposit of only one dollar an acre 
 was required from purchasers, but that system was 
 soon abolished, and settlers were required to pay the 
 full price of the land, one pound per acre, before 
 occupying. At the beginning of 1854 not more than 
 500 acres in all were under cultivation; and of this 
 all but 30 acres at Boke and 10 acres at Metchosin 
 was worked by the monopolists." Three miles distant 
 from the fort, Baillie farmed for the Hudson's Bay 
 Company, while the lands of the Puget Sound Com- 
 
 '"' Adopting <; rant's estimate. Sen also linttrnys V. I., 8. 
 
 '' Sixteen settlers occupied 1,C1)G acres, two roods, and sixteen perches; 
 KTH unoccupic<l acres were claimed l)y absentees. ' Altogether," says (Irant., 
 ' including the fiir and farming numopolists, there are 5;} different claimants 
 of land, about .SO of whom may bo said to be bona Jide, occupying and im- 
 proving their land.' 
 
 "This is (^.rant's statement, and reduces to iusiguiticaaou the oflforts of 
 Cuuper with liil* 300 acres ^laintv)d. 
 
CAPTAIN LANGFORD. 
 
 261 
 
 canco the efforts of 
 
 pany were worked under four bailiffs. The fur com- 
 pany had upon the Island 2,000 sheep, 1,700 of which 
 in 1858 were at Lake Hill farm.^' 
 
 Langford, after whom Langford Pl-.ins and Lang- 
 ford Lake were named, was a Kentish fanner and 
 whilom English army officer, who had been induced 
 to enlist as he supposed in the service of the Hud- 
 son's Bay Company, which treated its servants with 
 some kind of decency, and besides was reliable in 
 money or rather trafficking matters, for there was no 
 such thing there as money. He was to open a farm 
 for them on Vancouver Island;''* but on arrival, to 
 his infinite disgust, he found himself a servant of the 
 Pugct Sound Company, and for his quarters two log- 
 huts of one room each, one for himself and family, and 
 the other for his men. 
 
 A petition from the settlers was presented in the 
 house of commons, the 9th of March 1854, by Sir 
 John Packington, who stated that the same was 
 signed by residents of the Island, each of whom gave 
 his place of abode and professioa, and that he enter- 
 tained no doubt that it had issued from the greater 
 part of the respectable inhabitants of the Island. 
 After reciting the contents of the petition, which 
 stated that the five-years' grant to the fur-traders was 
 about to expire, that the high price at which land 
 was held, and the unsettled form of government, re- 
 tarded progress, and which concluded by praying par- 
 liament to provide a remedy, Mr Packington asked 
 whether the connection of the company with the 
 Island was about to cease, and whether it was the 
 intention of lier Majesty's ministers to establish a new 
 form ol f., . /ernment for Vancouver Island. To tliis 
 Mr Peel replied that the connection was not about to 
 terminate, and that the government had no power t<» 
 remove the company unless it could be shown that 
 
 "Deans' SeUlemetit, V. I., MS., 24. 
 
 "So Captain Langford aaaerted, House Commons Rept. .lel. com. H. B. Co. 
 .Ijl'iiirs, 1857, '290-7; Imt it would socm that such stupidity on Ids part 
 iiiurited but littlo better treatment tlinii ho received. 
 
 tl 
 i 
 
SETTLEMENT OF VANCOUVER ISLAND. 
 
 W \ 
 
 I' 
 
 no settlement was establislictl on tlie Island, which 
 hypothesis the petition itself disproved. The com- 
 pany were simply proprietors of the Island in trust 
 for the settlers, and there need not necessarily be any 
 connection between the company and the governor of 
 tlie Island. It was true that the commission of gov- 
 ernor was now held by an agent of the company, but 
 it was open to the imperial government to appoint an 
 officer independent of the company, at any time they 
 sliould so please. 
 
 Earl Fitzwilliam urged the same measure in the 
 house of lords on the 12tli of June. The Duke of 
 Newcastle said that the government would bear it in 
 mind, and advanced the now somewhat stale argu- 
 ment that it was the gold excitement in California 
 which liad prevented speedier settlement; and so the 
 petition was laid on the table. 
 
CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 GOVERNMENT ESTABLISHED. 
 
 1850-1852. 
 
 James Douglas Nominated by Sir John Pelly foii Governor — Earl Grey 
 Refuses to Appoint IIim— Richard BlansiiardCuosen — ITis Arrival 
 AT Victoria — Reaiks his CoMJitssioN — Visits Fokt Rupeut — Relative 
 Attitudes of the Governor and the Fur Oompanv— Rhlkii of the 
 Queen's Wilderness — Settlers and Subjects — No Material for a 
 Council — Nomination of Coitn(;il Postponed John Sebastl\n 
 
 HeLMCKEN Al'POINTED MAGISTRATE AT FoRT Rl PERI— TuE MuRDERED 
 
 Deserters— Character of BL.VNSHARD--nis Unpleasant Positiun — 
 Heavv Expenses and Ill-health— What the Settlers Think of it — 
 Blanshard Appoints a Council, Resigns, Shakes the Dust from his 
 Feet, and Departs from the Island — James Douglas Appointed 
 Governor. 
 
 While yet the grauting of Vancouver Island to the 
 Hudson's Bay Company for the purposes of coloniza- 
 tion was in progress, six months and more prior to the 
 consummation of the act, the draft of a governor's 
 commission with instructions was made out, tlie only 
 things lacking for a fresh departure in the much-loved 
 line of domineering being a governoi- and a govern- 
 ment. 
 
 In a letter to Sir John Pelly, dated the 31st of 
 July 1848, Earl Grey intimated that the chief oflicer 
 of the Hudson's Bay Company might now, were he so 
 disposed, express Jiis opinion as to the proper person 
 to be recommended for the office of governor which was 
 his privilege under the grant. Sir John i\id not hesi- 
 tate to avail himself of his lordship's perniission, and 
 nominated for that office James Douglas, whoso name 
 appeared in a late report among certain papeis laid 
 
 (2C3 ) 
 

 264 
 
 GOVERNMENT ESTABLISHED. 
 
 I '' 
 
 before parliament, relative to the Island. The reasons 
 given by Pelly for nominatin*^ Douj^las were that he 
 was a man of property, a chief factor of the fur com- 
 pany, and a member of the board at Fort Vancouvei' 
 for the management of the company's affairs west of 
 the Rocky Mountains. This appointment Sir JoJui 
 did not intend should be permanent, but merely an 
 expedient to bridge the time until the colony could 
 afford to pay a governor not connected with the com- 
 pany. Meanwhile the writer availed himself of the 
 opportunity to submit to his lordship the names of 
 certain persons qualified to hold commissions of tlu' 
 peace under act 1 and 2 George IV., cap. 06. His 
 list comprised about all the officers of the company 
 there at that time.' 
 
 In reply to this letter, Earl Grey saw no objection 
 to the appointment of a chief factor of the company 
 to act as governor as a temporary arrangement, a) 
 though he apprehended that the issuing of a tern 
 porary commission would be attended with additional 
 expense. 
 
 This idea of Earl Grey, like others of colonization 
 conceptions, was, to say the least, singular. A man 
 upon the ground, with no additional expenses, no es- 
 tablishment to keep up, would, according to his economy, 
 cost more than would suffice to send out and support 
 one specially appointed for that purpose. And if there 
 should be additional expense, it would not fall upon 
 the crown, but upon the fur company. The fact is, 
 Earl Grey never for a moment intended that Douglas 
 should then be made governor. He had other ends 
 in view. It suited his purpose, however, to give tliis 
 answer. As regarded the names proposed for com- 
 missions of the peace, he had no objections to them, 
 and promised to take the necessary steps for their ap- 
 pointment. 
 
 'Their names were A. C. Anderson, John Tod, W. F. Tolmie, John Work, 
 •fames Douglas, R. J. Staines, P. S. Ogdeii, A. McKinlay, J. M. Yale, RiehanI 
 (rrant, Donald Manson, (!. T. Allan, John Kennedy, and Dugald McTavisli. 
 
RICHARD BLANSHARD, 
 
 265 
 
 colonization 
 
 It was a most politic provision on the part of the 
 oompany, their right under the new charter or grant 
 to nominate the governor, leaving it with the imperial 
 i^rovernmcnt only to accept or to reject their choice. 
 Xaturally the first consideration in such selection was 
 a willing instrument, not too wise, nor yet wholly a 
 fool, for some fools are exceedingly stubborn. 
 
 Earl Grey certainly did well to decline Douglas; it 
 would have been a most impolitic measure, and one 
 by means of which his enemies might have made him 
 nmch trouble. What then should be the next move? 
 Tlie earl at length intimated to his friends of Fen- 
 church street that, as there were many members of 
 parliament opposed to the grant, and who would do 
 uU in their power to frustrate the harmonious work- 
 ings of colonial affairs under the fur company, it might 
 1)0 as well in this instance for tlie crown to nominate 
 as well as to appoint ; at all events, the company would 
 lose nothing in the end by waiving their right under 
 the grant, in this first instance. 
 
 The fur magnates expressed their unbounded confi- 
 dence in the good judgment and fair intention of their 
 noble friend of the government office, as well they 
 might. If they could not have Douglas, if some noodle 
 was required for a figure-head — for they knew that 
 no very able or sensible man would assume the office 
 nnder the circumstances — they could easily, even under 
 the cloak of courteous consideration, make it so unct)m- 
 fortuble for him that he would not long remain. So, 
 when the name of Richard Blanshard was suggested 
 l)y Earl Grey, never having heard ill of him, never 
 having heard of him at all, Sir John Pelly offered 
 no objection. The friends of his lordship's friend« 
 knew him, and that was sufficient. 
 
 In his subsequent intercourse with the fur-traders, 
 Blanshard was very precise on this point; he gavt; 
 tliem constantly to understand that he did not belong 
 tr» them, but to England. To her majesty alone he 
 owed his appointment, and to her he should do his 
 
,11 
 
 OOVKKNMKNT KSTABUSHKD. 
 
 duty. His relations with the fur company ditTerciI in 
 no wise from his relations with any other inliabitants 
 of the Island ; he had no special relations with them. 
 
 Governor Blanshard arrived at Victoria on the 10th 
 of March 1850. From Panamd, tlie December pre- 
 vious, he had written Earl Grey of his arrival at tliat 
 port, of tlie non-appearance of Admiral Hornby, com- 
 mander of the Pacific squadron, and of the absenci' 
 <»f any means of conveyance in his long coastwise 
 journey. And now having reached his destination, lie 
 miglit as well have never come. Except tlic paHsadcd 
 square, which shut out more welcome tlian it enclosed, 
 there was little to govei.i but seals and savag(>s, 
 abundantly able these many centuries to manage their 
 afl'airs without the aid of her majesty's deputy. 
 
 But faithful to his trust, Blanshard would do what 
 he could. He had been sent tliither to rule, and tlie 
 rocks and the sea or whatsoever had ears should hear 
 from him. 
 
 Landing, he read his commission and proclamation. 
 And that he might not be wholly dependent upon tlio 
 almost tenantless isle for an audience, he begged Jolm- 
 son, captain of the government vessel Driver, which 
 had carried him there, to listen to him. The captain 
 kindly consented; likewise Gordon of the Cormorant, 
 with his officers in full uniform; the officers and ser- 
 vants of the Hudson's Bay Company also lent their 
 presence. The reading was in the mess-hall of tlio 
 fort; and the sterile ceremony over, those present gave 
 three cheers. The newly installed governor of this 
 wilderness then returned to the vessel, there being no 
 government house, inn, or other lodgings upon the 
 land to receive him. Douglas was on the ground, 
 ready to nullify with his superior powers any unfavor- 
 able influence arising from the antagonism of Lord 
 Grey's governor. 
 
 For some time thereafter the government head- 
 quarters of Vancouver Island were migratory. Being 
 
A FLOATING GOVEENMENT. 
 
 267 
 
 (111 hoard the Driver, wherever that vessel went the 
 government was obliged to go. The Driver set out 
 to coast the Island, to visit Fort Rupert and many 
 other points of interest. Thereupon the government 
 concluded that its first duty was to survey its domain 
 tind minister to the benighted of distant parts accord- 
 ins: to their new necessities. At Beaver Harbor the 
 "ovcrnor looked into the workinjj of coal, which was 
 tluTi attracting the attention of the Hudson's Bay 
 Company, but he seems to have entertained no ver}^ 
 high opinion as to the quantity or quality. He insti- 
 tuted a searching examination into the condition and 
 wants of his subjects at this point, who, besides the 
 savages and the eight miners, consisted of the oddity 
 doctor and the mine-manager. Then he returned to 
 Ills capital. And yet he was not happy. 
 
 Blanshard was to serve without pay. Had Doug- 
 las been confirmed, no expense wquld have been laid 
 on the government; and this was used as an argu- 
 ment why another should so serve. This of itself 
 shows that neither Blanshard nor any one else enter- 
 tained a very high opinion of Blanshard's worth, else he 
 would never have been ais.ied to serve his country for 
 nothing, or if so asked he would certainly have de- 
 clined. A thousand acres of land had been promised 
 him before leaving London, which promise the com- 
 pany construed into the use of a thousand acres, and 
 not a full title in fee-simple. Now we all of us know of 
 what value the use of a tract of wild land in a far-off 
 out-of-the-way region might be to a penniless poli- 
 tician, and who would be eventually the gainer were 
 he so foolish as to attempt to improve such land. 
 Such recompense was worse than no pay at all. 
 
 His peregrinations over, the governor deigned to 
 accept a bunk in the fort while a small house, offices, 
 tuid garden were being prepared for him outside tht; 
 palisades.*^ Then he desired to know where were his 
 
 " ' The piece of ground whereon now .itand the buildings known as the 
 Bank of British North America, Barnard's Express office, the Adelphi sidoou, 
 
268 
 
 OOVKRNMICNT ESTABLISH KI >. 
 
 thousand acres of land; whereupon a rocky eminence 
 two or three miles away was pointed out to him, wliero 
 a tract had been set apai"t for govermnent use in that 
 vicinity wher- the government house now stands. 
 Thousands of pounds would bo necessary to make tin- 
 place respectal)ly habitable, and it was no wonder th» 
 governor's heart should quail, or that a huge disgust, 
 should take possession of hhn. 
 
 In April 1851, the governor was notified by tlie 
 managers of the Hudson's Bay and Puget Sound 
 companies, that they were about to oc-cupy some land 
 on the Island, and tliat the sum of four thousand 
 pounds sterling was to be expended on public build- 
 ings under the governor's direction, but subject to tlie 
 approval of the monoi)oly management. Tlie build- 
 ings were to be erected near the fort. "Unless tlie 
 colony is intended to be merely an enlarged depot of 
 the Hudson's Bay Company," writes the governor, 
 "which I do not conceive was the intention of her 
 majesty's government in making the grant of tlie 
 Island, it will be a waste of public money to expend it 
 in the way they indicate, as the buildings will then 
 bo surrounded l^y their reserves, which they are neither 
 prepared to use nor sell." 
 
 The governor recognized no relation to the Hud- 
 son's Bay Company other tlvan that usually existing 
 between ruler and subject. That the company held 
 the contract for colonization, together with a monopoly 
 of the soil, was nothing to him politically. It miglit 
 aftect appointuK^nts and freedom of legislation, but it 
 could not change the natural attitude^j of crown gov- 
 ernor, crown colou , and fur corporation. 
 
 On the other ha ( 1, the company cared nothing for 
 the governor. As heir noble friend Lord Grey had 
 taken the trouble t appoint him, and the appointee 
 
 and the Colonist office becav ' the site of the government buildings. Tlic 
 well in front of the Colonist o .ce is still known as Governor Blanshard's well, 
 having been dug for his excellency's accommodation. Bril. ColonM, Aug. S, 
 1877. 
 
THAT THOUSAND ACRES. 
 
 had taken the trouble to come so far over the two 
 iricat oceans, they would treat him politely, that is if 
 1 10 would be humble and behave himself; but as for 
 liis governing them, that was simply ridiculous. He 
 might issue all the mandates he pleased, but ho would 
 give little force to his authority without appeal to the 
 chief factor, to Douglas, to the very man who had 
 opposed him for the office, and who even now was in 
 fact, if not in name, governor of the Island. 
 
 Great indeed must have been his desire of ruling 
 this wild island of the north-west when he was willing 
 to accept the commission as governor, without salary, 
 and pay his own expenses. True, there was the prom- 
 ise of Sir John Pelly, of a thousand acres of land, 
 such as he should anywhere seh^c. This, at a pound 
 an acre, was a thc!usand pounds to begin with, and 
 when settlers should flock thither, as he was sure they 
 would, and a civil list should be formed, and fat colo- 
 nial revenue should roll in from land sales and royal- 
 ties on coal, then the whilom liberalityand disinterested 
 services of the first governor would be remembered, 
 and a comfortable consideration would be awarded 
 hiui, and he would be the father of his country for 
 many years to come. Moreover, his thousand acres 
 of land, from ono thousand pounds in value, might 
 increase to twenty thousand. Then who should say 
 that honor was not profitable? 
 
 But alas ! for human hopes. Sir John Pelly was 
 t,'overiior only of the London part of the Hudson's 
 Bay Company. Mr Douglas, who acted as agent for 
 the sale of the land on Vancouver Island, knew noth- 
 ing of Sir John's promise, which Mr Blanshard had 
 failed to secure in writing, knew nothing of thousand- 
 acre gifts, and referred the simple-minded governor 
 to England for the fulfilment of the promise. Mr 
 Blanshard then begged one hundred of the promised 
 thousand acres, that he might occupy them as a settler, 
 if they should not be given him as governor. But no. 
 The promised thousand acres, he was finally told, were 
 
if' I -Ml 
 
 • ij 
 
 •270 GOVERNMENT ESTABLISHED. 
 
 intended for the nae of the governor only while he 
 was upon the Island. He might select, subdue, and 
 beautify the tract for his successor, should he so 
 please, but he could not sell nor pocket any of the 
 proceeds of it. 
 
 This is Mr Blanshard's side of the story. The gov- 
 ernor might easily have misunderstood Sir John, or 
 the latter may wilfully have deceived him. However 
 that may have been, the company assuredly had no 
 right to give land to the governor, or to any one 
 else, unless they chose to pay for it themselves, and 
 that in this instance they were not likely to do, as 
 Blanshard was not their choice for the office, and they 
 were evidently not disposed to go far out of their way 
 to make his stay in their isle pleasant. 
 
 This we shall see amply demonstrated as we pro- 
 ceed. The Q-overnor's passage out cost him three 
 hundred pou ids. Of this the company paid one hun- 
 dred and seventy-five pounds; and this was all he 
 ever received from them. When he returned, a Brit- 
 ish sloop of war carried him to San Francisco, and 
 thence he paid his own passage to London. During 
 the time he spent upon the Island his living cost him 
 eleven hundred pounds a year, and for such articles as 
 he was obliged to purchase from the company he paid 
 what was called the cash price, which was the price 
 charged to strangers, and about three hundred per 
 cent over London cost.^ 
 
 Nor did the governor's troubles end here. In- 
 deed, they had only just begun. He liad been in- 
 structed before sailing for this region, upon his arrival 
 to nominate a council. But whom should he nomi- 
 
 • ' The price of everything waa reflated by that in California; uuil as the 
 gold fever was then at its height, living there was of coursiMxtremely oxiioii- 
 aive. . .They had three several prices in the Hudson 'r IJay Company's storrs 
 ;\t that time, one for the superior officers of the cotniiany, another for the scv- 
 Mints, and a third, which they called thuir ca.sli |iiiri\ ,it whicli tliey so].! tho 
 goods to settlers. . .The olficers received their goods at thii'ty-threc per cent 
 incrwiso upon the cost price; the .servants and inferior ollicers, varying from 
 fifty to one hundred.' liUinshard, in House Commons Hepl., '288. 
 
AT BEAVER HARBOR. 
 
 271 
 
 >nly while he 
 i, subdue, and 
 should he so 
 3t any of the 
 
 >ry. The gov- 
 Su" John, or 
 m. However 
 iredly had no 
 r to any one 
 emselves, and 
 cely to do, as 
 ffice, and they 
 b of their way 
 
 id as we pro- 
 st him three 
 paid one hun- 
 ts was all he 
 irned, a Brit- 
 ^rancisco, and 
 Ion. Durinty 
 ving cost him 
 ich articles as 
 ipany he paid 
 vas the price 
 hundred per 
 
 here. In- 
 
 lad been in- 
 
 on his arrival 
 
 iild he nomi- 
 
 ifomia; and as tlio 
 extremely oxihmi- 
 / Company's stoics 
 iiotlier foi' the sei - 
 liich tliey soM the 
 rty-threc per cent 
 ccrs, varying from 
 '288. 
 
 iiate? At Beaver Harbor McNeill had informed him 
 tliat there were ten thousand natives thereabout, who 
 were fast disappearing, notwithstanding the sale of 
 spirituous liquors had been prohibited, and the pro- 
 liibition for some time past enforced. These might 
 do, for lack of better material, as subjects, but they 
 were hardly fit to take part in regulating the affairs 
 of a highly civilized colony. The council should be 
 selected from settlers, but as yet there were no set- 
 tlers there. Few of the fur-hunting fraternity pos- 
 sessed the landed property qualification necessary to 
 entitle them to vote for members of assembly; and 
 even had they possessed the requisite qualifications, 
 the council so chosen must have been wholly drawn 
 from the ranks of the Hudson's Bay Company, whom 
 it was the governor's determined purpose to control, 
 instead of being controlled by them. 
 
 His position was certainly anomalous. Made gov- 
 e)'nor of a colony which was no colony, ho was sent 
 to a wilderness to control settlers not yet arrived, 
 and who, should they ever be so unfortunate as to 
 reach that shore, would, in his opinion, find pre- 
 carious subsistence.* Nor was an immediate arrival 
 of settlers at all likely. In his dilemma he concluded 
 to ask further instructions of his government. The 
 material interests of his empire would scarcely suffer 
 in the mean time. 
 
 For the colliers at Beaver Harbor, who had mani- 
 fested a bias toward lawlessness, the governor thought 
 l>(>st to appoint a magistrate, and, as there was no one 
 else available, ho named for that office Jolin Sebastian 
 llclmcken, the newly arrived doctor, tov.honi I have 
 taken occasion to dlude before, then domiciled at Fort 
 Rupert. 
 
 In vain the governor had hoped tliat one coming 
 
 ' 'Tlu! quantity of uriiblc land, or land tliut can bo made arable," he writes to 
 Karlftny, the Stli of April JS.IO, 'is, so far as I can ascertain, exceedingly 
 I'miteil throiK.'liout the Island, wliicli consist.') almost entirely of broken ranges 
 (if rocky hills intersected by ravines and valleys so narow as to render them 
 useless for cultivation.' Blawhard's Ihapiitchea, '2. 
 
II i , 
 
 ill 
 
 I 
 
 1 I 
 
 272 (lOVEKNMENT ESTABLISHED. 
 
 fresh from the mother-country, "a atranger," as ho 
 expresses it, "to the petty brawls that have occurred 
 and the ill-feehngs they have occasioned between the 
 Hudson's Bay Company and their servants," would 
 be free from the contaminating influences of selfisli 
 interests/ But this was, perhaps, too much to expect 
 of any man. In the evolution of civilization, even- 
 handed justice never flies west. At all eventt;, the 
 governor soon repented of his choice. He had made 
 the appointment contrary to his better judgment, being 
 impelled thereto by the necessities of the case.° 
 
 Meanwhile, time hung heavily on Blanshard's hands. 
 Set down upon the bare roclis of this mist-enveloped 
 isle, with the only white people on it, those on whom 
 he was dependent for everything, for subjects, foi' 
 society, and for creature comforts, opposed to his rule 
 in all their interests, he felt himself to be utterly 
 powerless and forlorn, and could scarcely realize that 
 he was governor except by taking out his commission 
 and reading it to himself occasionally. 
 
 During the summer of 1850, a case occurred at 
 Fort Rupert, while yet John Sebastian wore ermine, 
 which casts dark reproach, both upon the Hudson's 
 Bay Company and the officers of tlie imperial gov- 
 ernment, and which tended in no wise to reconcile 
 Blanshard to his anomalous position. 
 
 *The governor promptly acknowledged his mistake. Writing of limi 
 from Fort Rupert, on the l!)th of October ISilO, he says: ' Tiie only causes 
 are between the Hudson's Bay Company and their servants; and, as being a 
 paid servant of the former, he cannot be considered an impartial person.' 
 Again, on the '20th of March 1851, being then at Victoria, he states tliat Mr 
 Helmoken having been called upon since his arrival here, ' to give up, or 
 furnish copies of, his official correspondence wlnle magistrate, to the Hudson's 
 Bay Company's agent, who thus used his authority over Mr Helmckon ns 
 chief factor in tlie company's service, has quite confirmed me in my opiiiinii 
 of the impro})riety of making appointments among the company's servants.' 
 Blaushitnl's iMfpatrhfiS, 4, 9. 
 
 " ' As there are no independent settlers, all cases that can occur requiring 
 nuif^isterial interference are disputes between th'^ representatives of the Hiul- 
 soa s Biiy Company and their servants. To appoint the former magistrates, 
 would be to make them judges in their own causes, and to arm tliein with 
 additional power, which few of them would exert discreetly.' Blanshanl'a 
 Deapaiclua, 3. 
 
CALIFOKNIA GOLD. 
 
 S7S 
 
 i 
 
 gcr," as ho 
 ve occurred 
 jctwecn tlie 
 ,nts," would 
 ;s of selfish 
 3I1 to expect 
 ation, eveu- 
 evontb, the 
 [e had made 
 ^uient, beinji' 
 case." 
 
 liard's hands, 
 st-enveloped 
 )se on whom 
 subjects, lot' 
 ;d to his rule 
 o be utterly 
 Y realize that 
 s commission 
 
 occurred at 
 
 wore ermine, 
 
 le Hudson's 
 
 mperial gov- 
 
 to reconcile 
 
 Writing of liuii 
 ' Tlie only causes 
 „s; antl, aa bciiij; a 
 impartial person.' 
 hostatoathat Mr 
 _), • to give up, <;!• 
 «, to the Hudson s 
 Mr Helmcken as 
 me in my opinio" 
 mpany'a servants.' 
 
 an occur requiring 
 atives of the liuil- 
 )rnu'r magistrates, 
 to arm them witl> 
 jetly.' BUm^hard's 
 
 The sHip England, on her way from the southern 
 coast to Fort Rupert for coals, stopped at Victoria foi- 
 sailors, the vessel being short of hands. The Cali- 
 fornia gold excitement was everywhere raging, and 
 sailors willingly risked their lives to free themselves 
 from service. From one of the company's vessels 
 then lying at Victoria, three men deserted to the Eng- 
 land, which then continued her way to Fort Rupert, 
 Meanwhile notice was sent to Rupert of the deserters, 
 who thereupon became frightened, left the England, 
 and took to the woods, intending to join the vessel 
 at another port. Indians were sent in pursuit with 
 orders from Blenkinsop, then acting for the company 
 at Fort Rupert, to bring in the deserters dead or 
 iilive. Four days afterward the Indians returned and 
 claimed the reward, saying that they had killed them 
 all. It was true. The sailors had been shot down in 
 till' forest by savages set upon them by an oflficer of 
 the Hudson's Bay Company.^ Blenkinsop gave direc- 
 tions to have buried the bodies of the murdered men 
 where they lay, and let the matter be hushed, but 
 ^luir insisted that they should be interred at the 
 fort, and it was done. Very naturally the colliers 
 were furious. They did not hesitate to charge the 
 Hudson's Bay Company with having instigated the 
 murder, and they refused any obedience to the officers 
 of the company or to Helmcken as magistrate. The 
 governor had no force whatever with which to appre- 
 hend the murderers, and no people from whom to draw 
 a force. Says Blanshard, * the only safeguard of 
 the colony," by which term the governor dignifies the 
 revolted colliers — for of a surety the Hudson's Bay 
 Company were always their own safeguard — "consists 
 in the occasional visits of the cruisers of the Pacific 
 
 "Two conflicting stories were in circulation at once, which, being traced 
 to the same source, raised suspicions of foul play, and caused the report that 
 1 have previously mentioned, viz.: that the unfortunate men had been mur- 
 (It'ied by order of the Hudson's Hay Company.' Letter, Governor lUavahiird to 
 tliivl Orel/, 10th Oct. 1850. Michel Muir, who was at Fort Rupert at the 
 time, contirtn.s what (loveruor Blonsliard said. /Ml. Col. Sketclies, MS., 15, 10, 
 Hut. Kbit. Ool. 18 
 
(GOVERNMENT ESTABLISHED. 
 
 i*';^! 
 
 .squadron, wliicli only occur at rare intervals, and for 
 short calls." 
 
 Fortunately for the governor's desires, on the 2 2d 
 of September 1850, about a month after the murderous 
 affair, H. M. S. Dsedalus, Captain Wellesky, arrived 
 at Victoria, when the governor went on board and 
 l)roceeded at once to Rupert. 
 
 Now mark the course of justice pursued by the 
 officers of the imperial government. Instead of pro- 
 ceeding against the instigators of the nmrder, and 
 iuresting the officers of the Hudson's Bay Company. 
 as they should have done, they direct the lull force 
 of their vengeance against the natives. Helmckcii, 
 the newly -fledged magistrate, cognizant of the whole 
 affliir, and well knowing who were the guilty i)ersons, 
 and what hand he himself had had in it, goes to the 
 Xewittee camp, twelve miles distant, and loudly de- 
 mands the surrender of the murderers. The savages 
 acknowledge the nmrder, but plead that they were 
 only executing orders. Truer to themselves and to 
 the right than were the white men, they refused to 
 give up the perpetrators of the deed, but offered to gi\e 
 up the pro}>erty paid them by the white men for the 
 commission t)f the crime. This did not satisfy the 
 European justice-dealers. Servants of the Hudson's 
 Bay Company had been slain by order of the officers 
 of the Hudson's Bay Company. Some one nmst be 
 punished ; and as thc}'^ did not wish to hang themselves, 
 they nmst find victims among their instruments. As 
 the magistrate was unable to accomplish their purpose, 
 VVellesley sent a force under Lieutenant Burton, in 
 three boats of the Dwdalus, against the Newittees. 
 Finding their camp deserted, Burton destroyed the 
 Aillage, and made a bonfire of all the property he coukl 
 find. The following summer, H. M. S. Daphne, Cap- 
 tain Fanshawe, arrived. Meanwhile the Newittees 
 liad rebuilt their village, supposing the white moti 
 satisfied with the injury already inflicted. One day 
 while holding a potlacli, and being at peace, as they 
 
DISMAL <;UBKKNATC)RIAL PROSPECTS. 
 
 'J75 
 
 hrlieved, with the white men, the Daphne's boats, 
 under Lieutenant Lacy, crept into their harbor, and 
 announced their arrival by a discharge of musketr}-. 
 Men, women, and children were mercilessly cut down, 
 persons innocent of any thought of wrong against 
 tlieir murderers, and their village again destroyed. 
 Then tlie Z)ap^7<e sailed away. Justice was satisfied; 
 and Blenkinsop and the rest of them went about their 
 work as usual. 
 
 By this time the reader can judge pretty well the 
 cluiraoter of the colonial governor. First we cannot 
 hut regard him as a good, honest man, but assuredly 
 not a very shrewd one. In fact he did not claim worldly 
 wisdom or any special clearness of intellect. Name 
 and position were primary considerations witli him. 
 I f slielter and food came with them, well; if not, there 
 would still be greatness to feed on. Befoi-e the house 
 1)1' connnons select committee, five years after his 
 ivturn from the Northwest Coast, the ex-governor 
 could not tell whether the grant of the Ish.nd had 
 hcen made in 1848 or in 1849, he thought during tlie 
 former year. On his way out he lost his commission 
 jiapers in the Chagres River, and seemed every way 
 the son of misfortune. 
 
 Yet he was very nmch of a gentleman, and a strictly 
 conscientious man. His position at Vancouver Island 
 was a most trying one. The ill-feeling of the com- 
 jiany toward him, added to ill-health and lack of funds, 
 stripped his position of its dignity, and degraded him 
 to the level of a conmion practitioner in arbitrating 
 the disputes brought before him. . Vs he had been 
 called to the bar, he was coijnizant of the law and 
 itumliar with the practice. As there were no means 
 of paying a recorder, he was obliged to administer jus- 
 tice himself, and when he wanted a constable ho swort; 
 one in. 
 
 Ncnv he could but ask himself why he had accepted 
 this miseral)le ])ost. He had had experience as a colo- 
 
27ti 
 
 GOVERNMENT ESTABLISHE1>. 
 
 W I 
 
 m 
 
 nizer in the West India Islands, in British Honduras, 
 and in India, and ho saw no reason why he should not 
 succeed in the newly granted isle. But he soon learned 
 to his cost and sorrow that 1 o was not wanted. A 
 governor was sadly out of place there at that time, 
 worse than a supernunierar3\ There was nothing for 
 him to do but to act as ordinary magistrate, and de- 
 cide disputes between the company and their servants. 
 
 This was exactly wdiat the Hudson's Bay Company 
 did not desire. Of all things they abhorred interfer- 
 ence. They were not accustomed to it. Absolute 
 obedience on the part of subordinates had been the 
 basis of their internal economy for the past century or 
 two, and to have now a magistrate come between 
 them and their servants, w'ho seemed suddenly to find 
 themselves surrounded by discomforts, and the vic- 
 tims of alleged impositions which they had never be- 
 fore thought cf, was unendurable.^ 
 
 Hitherto he had regarded himself as a man oi .jonic 
 pret-'nsions, and under ordinary circumstances would 
 not be likely to forget himself or his mission. To be 
 governor of a crown colony, though his domain were 
 barren rocks, and tenantless, was to snuff the atmos- 
 phere of royalty, and dwell beneath the shadow of 
 the crown. It is sweet to rule, to dominate oui- 
 fellows, to walk as gods among men, to s' j the object 
 of even the hollow forms we know their adoration to 
 be, and our governor was by no means above tlu^ 
 average man in this respect. He had come far from 
 home and friends for the poor privilege of being called 
 ruler of this wilderness; but never in his life was his 
 presence so insignificant, or his infiuence less felt. Hi' 
 was here a nonentity, and of all his liege subjects the 
 least. 
 
 It was the irony of delegated rule, this planting of 
 
 * ' Were there many of those disputes ? ' aoked Viscount Goderich of Mr 
 Blanshard. ' A great many, ' was the reply. ' On wliat ground ? ' ' Discon- 
 tent among the servants.' ' At being ill-treated by the company ? ' 'Tliev 
 considered themselves ill-treated; tliat they had been brought out there umlrr 
 a dt'lusidii, and had been j)roiniaed many things which vcro not fidlillcil. 
 BUiiishard, in J fotue Commons Ji<2>t-j i28U. 
 
AWFUL IRREGULABiTT, 
 
 277 
 
 a poor man upon these distant and inhospitable rocks, 
 with dominion over them. Though backed by the 
 greatest nation on earth, he was more helpless than 
 the seventh wife of a savage. Nature was there, 
 whence man draws all his arts of governing, but he 
 was least of nature's subjects. 
 
 Yet in all things Blanshard was as straightforward 
 as the historiographer Yu, of whom Confucius wrote 
 that when good government prevailed in his state he 
 was like an arrow, and when bad government pre- 
 vailed he was like an arrow. The qualities of mind 
 and heart he might have displayed had opportunity 
 been his, it is useless for us to speculate upon. There 
 was absolutely nothing here for him to do, and like 
 a sensible man he saw it and determined to resign. 
 There was no glory to be obtained in so inglorious a 
 situation. The months passed by and no settlers ar- 
 rived, no sales of land were effected, and no coal had 
 been found which promised profitable returns. A line 
 of steamers had been put on between San Francisco 
 and the Oregon country, else the facilities for com- 
 munication with home and the busy world were of 
 the most meagre and unreliable description. To add 
 to the governor's unhappy forebodings, gold had been 
 discovered on the Spokane River, and there was now 
 every indication that the Scotch colliers and fur-hunt- 
 ers would hasten thither en masse, leaving him with- 
 out a solitary subject. 
 
 Although the temper of the governor was kept 
 continually stirred by petty slights and innuendoes, 
 there was but one open rupture between him and the 
 head of the fur company, which, considering the irri- 
 tating circumstances under which they were placed, 
 speaks well for both these gentlemen sides 
 
 The circumstance I allude to was the illegal sign- 
 ing of a ship-register upon a change of masters. It 
 appears to have been the custom of the Hudson's 
 Bay Company, and admitted under the navigation 
 
278 
 
 GOVEiiNMENT EST.VBLISHED. 
 
 <fft?'' 
 
 I If I 
 
 iKi: 
 
 act, in tlie absence of a crown officer, for the chief 
 factor to sign the registers of sea-going vessels. 
 
 One day tlie newly appointed master of the Hud- 
 son's Bay Coiupany's schooner Cad^oro brought Blan- 
 shard the register of the vessel, remarking that he was 
 not at all satisfied with some alterations which had 
 been made, and asked if the company's servants pos- 
 sessed the right to make such alterations. The gov- 
 ernor replied tliat they did not, at the same tiiii-! 
 telling him that if he would bring him the register liu 
 would sign it. 
 
 Next day the Cadboro put to sea, the master not 
 having again seen the governor, and the register haviiii; 
 been signed 1 )y Douglas. On the return of the schooner, 
 the oovernor summoned the master and Dou<das into 
 his presence. Botli promptly appeared. The mastci' 
 was then ordered to produce the register, which he 
 did, whereupon the governor pointed out to him tliat 
 it had been illegally signed. With this admonition tlu; 
 governor bound them in their own personal secui'ity 
 to appear again if called upon, and then discharged 
 them. As Blanshard left the Island shortly afterwarc I 
 this was tlie last of the affair. 
 
 On the 18th of Xovember 1850, Blanshard wrotc^ 
 Earl Grey tMo letters, in the first of which he askrd 
 leave to visit England to attend to private affairs; in 
 the second he tendered his resignation, and solicited 
 an immediate recall from the colony, on the ground 
 of continued attacks of ague, remarking, also, tliat his 
 private fortune was "utterly insufficient for the nieic 
 cost of living here, so high have prices been run up 
 by tJie Hudson's Bay Company, and as there are iin 
 independent settlers, every requisite must l)e obtaiut d 
 from them." 
 
 His next despatch under date February 3, 1851. 
 embodies a report of occurrences on the Island siiur 
 his arrival. The only real land sale was that to Grant 
 at Soke, and lie had assigned his title to the Hudson's 
 Bay Company. Tod, a servant of the company, had 
 
BLANSHARD RESKJNS. 
 
 •-•Tfl 
 
 ploughed a few acres near the ft)rt, but fearful lest 
 his title, held only by verl);il agreement with Douglas, 
 should nevor be secured to him, he became alarmed, 
 and ceased operations, leaving unfinished a house that 
 he was buildhig. "With the exception of a Canadian 
 who has squatted near Rocky Point, then^ is not 
 another cultiv-ator on the Island." He had written 
 fSir John J?elly requesting information concijrning 
 the Puget Sound Company reserve, but had received 
 no reply.^ 
 
 In his despatch of the 12th of Fel)ruary, lie ro- 
 ports on an account <jf the Hudson's Bay C'ompany 
 against the colony i)resented for his approval, and 
 which he signed with a protest/" The public seal 
 
 1 discharged 
 
 " ' This traot contains, I am iuforuieil, nearly thirty scjuare niilos of the bust 
 jjiirt of the Island, and tlify aro already attempting to sell small lots to their 
 nun servants at {greatly advaneed rates. I consider this an extremely iint'air 
 iiidceedinj^. The terms of the grant of the Island exiinjssly .state th it "all 
 l;inils shall be sold except such as are reserved for pnlilic purposes," and in 
 c(iiisideration of the trouble ami expense tliey may incur, tlie Hudson's Bav 
 Cdiiipaiiy arc allowed the very handsome remuneration of ten per cent on all 
 Sides they may effect, and on all royalties. Not satistied with thi.s, they are 
 •grasping at the whole price of the land, by monopolizing tliis vast diotrici,, 
 iiiu'. iiig it a fn!e gift to tliemselvcs, and then selling it for tlieir own j)ri)tit, a.s 
 tlii^y aro attempting to do. In proof of tlii.s, I may mention that an Englisli- 
 iiiuu of the name of Chancellor arrived here from California a few weeks ago, 
 with tlio intention of settling. The agent oflfercd to sell him land on tlu? 
 "company's reserve," which he declined, as he preferred another i)art of the 
 Island, but found so many dili'culties thrown in tiie May that he at last pro- 
 iKiiiiced tlie purchase im])racticable, and is leaving the colony in <lis','ust. Ho 
 tolil me that lie was the forerunner of a party of several liritish sulijects 
 at present in California, who were merely waiting for his rcjiMrt to dec'dc! 
 whither they would settle in Vancouver Island or the UnittMl Stati's.' Jilnii- 
 
 '" ' The account asserts that they have.expended ^'J,?.?!), of whicli ^'2, 1. SO are 
 tiir j;.i(i(',s paid to Indians to extinguish tiieir title to the laml about Victori;i 
 and Soke harliours, the remainder also for goods paid to Indians for work 
 diini' for the colony, provisions ami amnnmition for the same Tnilians. The 
 receipts amount to .^1.489, from which ten per cent is to be deducted, accord- 
 ing to the ciiarter of grant to the Hudson's Bay Company, and consists en- 
 tirely of royalties on coal for the last two ye.irs; land sales there are none, as 
 I liavepreviou.sly informeil your lordsliip. ()n examining the account, 1 fomnl 
 that tor the goods paid to the Indiini; a price wa.s cliarged three tini' .s a ; great 
 as wliat they are in the haliit of paying the#i at for thi-ir own work; respect- 
 ing this, and some inaccuracies I detected in tlie account, 1 adilres.sed a lettiT 
 to tlie agent; he corrected the error.*, but made no alteration in the piices, 
 ami in the course of the conversation gave me to understand tliat tlieydid not 
 ex]iect the charter of grant to im renewed at the expiration oi the live years, 
 •1 uiii.iry KSr)4, and that they would be entitled toa reimbursement of their e\- 
 piaditure. At this rate, they may continue for the next three years, payinu: 
 away a few goods to Indians to extinguish their claims to the soil, a i I liy at- 
 
280 
 
 GOVERNMENT ESTABLISHED. 
 
 !, 1 
 
 of the colony of Vancouver Island, and her majesty's 
 warrant and sign-manual authorizing and directing 
 its use, were transmitted by Earl Grey to Governor 
 Blanshard, arriving in midsummer 1851. 
 
 Before sending in his resignation, Blanshard recom- 
 mended the home government to impose duty on the 
 importation and manufacture of ardent spirits, the 
 dangerous tendency of whose introduction was just 
 then freshly appearing in the demoralization of the 
 natives about Fort Rupert, and the riotous tendencies 
 of the colliers at Beaver Harbor. This liquor was 
 not supplied by the Hudson's Bay Company, which 
 treated the natives with every consideration, better, 
 some said, than their own servants. But being brought 
 thither by merchant vessels visiting the coast, it was 
 impossible to prevent the inhabitants of the Island 
 from obtaining it. Nor, indeed, could the government 
 have prevented it had the suggestion of the governor 
 been promptly acted upon. 
 
 Blanshard had suffered much from ill -health, as 
 well as from poverty; else, perhaps, he might have 
 fought his fate longer, if he had thought the place 
 worth fighting for. There had never been the slight- 
 est chance for him from the day of his appointment. 
 Being strong in London, being absolute upon the 
 Island, the monopolists were sure to prevail. And 
 they knew it from the first. Earl Grey might pre- 
 tend to drive, and Blanshard might amuse himself at 
 playing governor, but all this time the fur-traders 
 were manoeuvring for their man, and before Blanshard 
 had resigned, although Douglas had not then his ap- 
 pointment, yet he had received a letter from the Lon- 
 don office stating that he had been recommended, and 
 would undoubtedly re^jeive the appointment. 
 
 On the 3d of April 1851, Earl Grey wrote Gov- 
 ernor Blanshard, saying that her Majesty had been 
 
 taching an ideal value to their goods, they will at the end of that time appear 
 as creditors of the colony to an overwhelming amount, so that the foundatiou 
 will be laid of a colonial debt, w hich will forever prove a burden. ' Blanshard'^ 
 Despatches, 8. 
 
PROVISIONAL ( OUNt ' I T. 
 
 m 
 
 •^rarumsly pleased to accept liis resiijf nation as gov- 
 ernor of tlio colony of Vancouver Island. Whereat 
 Ulanshard was also graciously pleased, and tlie now 
 tlioroughly fagged officers of the Hudson's Bay C'oni- 
 waiiy were most of all graciously pleased. 
 
 Blanshard received this welcome intelligence in 
 August. His successor had not yet heeu ap])ointed, 
 l)ut it was now well understood that ])ouglas would 
 1k' the next governor. As lie deemed it necessary to 
 leave the little authority he had swayed in official 
 liands, on the 27tli of August Blanshard nominated 
 a })rovisional council, subject to the confirmation of 
 tlic imperial government, consisting of three members, 
 .Fanies ])ouglas, James Cooper, and John Tod, to 
 Nvhom he administered the usual oath. Then in the 
 slii}) J)(q)hne, on the 1st of September 1851, he turned 
 liis hack forever on what had proved to him a most 
 uiifurtunate isle." 
 
 " ^\'lu'Il the settlers learned what hail been done, they <lirected the follow- 
 ing' iduiinunication to tlie governor: 
 ■ 'I'd /ii.< E.nrllt'iirif liirliitril Bliitinhnvil, EMjiiire, Gori'rnor of Vnwouvfr IhUhkL 
 
 ' M.iy it please your excellency: We, tlie undersigned, iidiahitants of 
 \'an(.ouver's Island, having learnecl with regret that your excellency has re- 
 higiii'd the government of this colony, and understanding tiiat the goveru- 
 iiuiit liiis been coinnutted to a chief factor of the Hudson's Biiy (."onipany, 
 cuiinot hut express our unfeigned surprise and deep concern at such an ap- 
 piiiutnient. The Hudson's Biiy Company being as it is a great trading 
 '"Illy, nnist necessarily have interests clashing with those of independent 
 colonists. Most matters of a political nature will cause a contest between 
 tiie agents of the company and the colonists. Many matters of a judicial 
 nature also will undoubtedly arise, in which the colonists and the company 
 or its servants will be conteiuling parties, or the uppi^r servants aiul the lower 
 stTvants of the company will 1)e arrayed against each other. We l)eg to ex- 
 jiri'ss in the most emphatical and plainest manner our assurance that impar- 
 tial decisions cannot be expected from a governor who is not only a inember 
 of the company, sharing its profits, his share of such profits rising and falling 
 as they rise and fall, but is also charged as their chief agent with tlie sole 
 representation of their trading interests in this Island and the adjacent 
 coasts. 
 
 ' Furthermore, thus situated, the cf)lony will liave no security that its 
 public funds will be duly disposed of solely for the benefit of the colony in 
 gi'iicral, and not turned aside in any degree to be .ipplieil to the private pur- 
 \Hisus of the company, by disproportionate sums being devoted to the im- 
 provement of that tract of land held l)y them, or otherwise unduly employed. 
 Under these circumstances, we b^g to acrpiaint your excellency with our deep 
 sense of the absolute necessity there is, for tlie real good and welfare of the 
 colouy, that a council should be immediately appointed, in order to provide 
 some security that the interests of tlie Hudson's Bay Company shall not be 
 
28'2 
 
 GOVKKNMENT KSTAHLISHKD. 
 
 fe" 
 
 For twenty years subsequcJit to 18"J4, John Mc- 
 Loughliii, as fliiL'f factor of the irutlson's Bay Coiu- 
 auy, residing at Fort Vaiifouvor on tlie Ct)luiiil)ia 
 "iver, was sole tloiiiiuator of the Northwest Coast. 
 Then, as I liave elsewhere said, because of Jiis human- 
 ity toward distressed emigrants, or as the Loiuhtn 
 management might ex})ress it, because of his undut; 
 familiarity with United States settlers, and in order 
 
 lloweil to outweigh aiicl niiii those of the cohiny in gciiera.l We, who jdiu 
 I expressing these sentiments to your excellenoy, are unfortunately liut a 
 ery small number, but we resiieetfuUy beg your execUoncy to eousitler tliat 
 we, and wo alone, rciircsent tlie interr ts of t\w Island iis ii fr 'o anil imlc- 
 penilent British eolouy, for we eoustituie the wliole body ot the independent 
 Hittlers, all tlie other inliabitants being in some way or other so eonnectiMl 
 with and eontrollccl by the Hudson's Bay (Company as to be deprived of free- 
 dom of aetion in all matters relating to the publie afl'airs of the eolimy, smiie 
 iudeed by their own confession, as may be proved if necessarj'. And we fur- 
 ther allege our firm persuasion, tjiat the untoward inlluences to wliieli we 
 have adverted above are likely, if entirely unguarded against not only to 
 prevent any increase of free ami indejiendeut colonists in tlie Island, but pos- 
 itively to diuiinish their present numl)ers. 
 
 ' We therefore hundjly request your excellency to take into your gracious 
 consideration the propriety of appointing a council befoi'e your excellency's 
 <leparture; bucIi being the most anxious and earnest desire of your excellency s 
 most obedient and liumblo serviuits, and her nuijesty's most devoteil and loyal 
 subjects. 
 
 ' James Yates, Robert John Staines, James Cooper, Thomas Monroe, Wil- 
 liam McDonald, James Sangster, 'John Muir, senior, William Fraser, Andrew 
 Muir, John Mcdregor, John Muir junior, Michel Muir, Robert Muir, Archi- 
 bald Muir, Thomas Blenkhorn.' 
 
 The comnuinderof the Dapline, in return for the hospitality extended him 
 at Fort Victoria, charged the company, an behalf of the imperial government, 
 with Blanshard's passage to Panama, the governor, as before stated, paying 
 out of his own pocket his expenses from that point to England. A hill 
 amounting to £47 15«. had likewise been presented to Blansluird for the ex- 
 j)enses of the DmdaliiK in lier trip to Fort Rupert. 
 
 Cooper, Maj; Mnftcrx, MS., 4, states tliat Blanshard remained on tlie 
 Island eighteen or twenty months. Grant, LoiiiL ilroij. Soc, Jour., xxvii. .'^-'O, 
 says he remained 'little more than a year.' Blanshard liimsclf calls it, //mi.^t' 
 Commons licvt., II. Ii. Co. Affitirs, ISoT, 'nearly two jears. ' It is safe enough 
 to date his departure about September or October l.'i.")l ; his last letter Avritteu 
 Karl (rrey from the Island was dated the ;>(}th of .\ugust. Fiiildi/doH'i 1114. 
 r. /., MS,, 47 et passim. Finlaysonwas on tht ground during the entire resi- 
 dence of ( rovernor Blan-shard in the l.<laml. i ooper, M"i: Matters, MS., 4, 
 says 'the expense of living was so cnormims]-, in excess of tlie Huds(m's Hay 
 Company's representations, and eveiy i,»'>,v.'.lc difticulty being thrown in liis 
 way, . . .he was forced to resign.' The sutuers naturally sympathized with the 
 discomfited governor. Says Grant, Loml. Geo;/. Sor., Jour., xxvii. 320. 'His 
 loss was very much to bo regretted, as he was a gentleman in every way 
 •jualitied to fulfil the duties of his position with credit to himself, and with 
 prosperous results to the country. ' The Dexpatc/iv.i of Governor Blannlutrd to 
 the Secretary of State, 2('»th Decendier 1849 to 30th August 1851, subsocpiently 
 printed at the government office, New Westminster, contains all the letters 
 sent to Earl Grey ])y the governor during his stay upon the Island. 
 
DOUOLAH APPOINTED GOVERNOR. 
 
 '2h:\ 
 
 , John Mc- 
 i Bay Com- 
 i(j Coluuiltia 
 iwfst Coast, 
 f liirt hunuui- 
 tlic Loiuloii 
 »f' Ills undue 
 uid in order 
 
 i.l Wc, who jciiii 
 iforttiniitt'ly Imt ii 
 y to cdiisitlur tliat 
 i-( a fr e ami iinlc- 
 tl tho iiidepfiitliMit 
 othur so counuctiil 
 e iloprivuil of fnc- 
 f tlio colony, solium 
 ary. And wu lur- 
 eiicea to whioli wo 
 i^aiust not only to 
 he Islantl, but \>os- 
 
 iuto your gracious 
 u your excellt'iu y's 
 jCyourexeelU'iify's 
 t ilevoteil anil loyal 
 
 Hiias Monroe, Wil- 
 ini Frastr, Aiiilnw 
 o1>ert Muir, Ardii- 
 
 lity extended him 
 perial fioveruiiRut, 
 'ore stated, paying 
 Euj^land. A hill 
 iluird for the ex- 
 
 remained ou tliu 
 
 Jour., xxvii. H'iOt 
 i:lf calls it, //""«'• 
 
 It is safe euougli 
 ! last letter writtou 
 .. /''//(/",'/«"' "■ ^/''(• 
 ring the entire risi- 
 . . M'ltti-rn, M.S., 4, 
 ■ the Hudson's Bay 
 jiug thrown in his 
 npathized with the 
 
 xxvii. 320. 'His 
 nan iu every v>ay 
 
 himself, and with 
 iK'nior Bloiixlici'l 'o 
 1851, suhs^iuently 
 aius all the letttis 
 
 Islaml. 
 
 to weaken him in liis jjositionand pave the way toward 
 liis final overtlirow, the supreme power on the Pacific 
 was vested in a board of maua«^oment, consisting of 
 (I lief factors McLoughlin, Douglas, and Ogden. After 
 tlie retirement of McLouglilin, Douglas and Ogden 
 niutinued tt> manage matters as a board, with their 
 111 ad -quarters still at Fort Vancouver, Finlayson 
 nicanwhilc remaining in charge at Fort Victoria. 
 
 Ill midsummer 1849, nhie months prior to the ar- 
 rival of Governor Blanshard, Douglas comi)leted the 
 removal o^ the company's head-quarters to Fort Vic- 
 toria, ami took up his permanent residence on the 
 Island. '^ Subsequently he erected for his family a com- 
 modious dwelling on the south side of James Bay. 
 Dugald McTavish was k^ft in charge at Fort Vancou- 
 vir, Finlayson assumed the position of chief acc(juntant 
 at Fort Victoria, and the affairs of the company still 
 continued to be administered by chief factors Douglas 
 and Ogden, who constituted the board of management 
 the Pacific. '•'' 
 
 on ine 
 
 Thus under this mighty pressure of gnat-straining 
 and camel-swallowing passed the first two years of 
 attempts at colonial rule on Vancouver Island. In 
 Sei)tomber 1851, James Douglas was made governor 
 of the colony, and took the oath of office the fol- 
 lowing November. Thus at last were united in one 
 person the authority and interests of the Hudson's 
 Bay Company and the authority and interests of the 
 folonial government. Wiser iu his day than Blan- 
 shard Doutjlas succeeded in securinjif to himself a 
 salary of eight hundred pounds a year as gcwcrnor of 
 tlic colony in addition to his emoluments as chief fac- 
 
 '-It was about the middle of June that Douglas with his family reniovt.l 
 til Victoria. An obituary notice in the Rrit'mh ColonUl, of 8th Aug. 1877, 
 places the elate of his arrival ' a few months after ' that of ( loveruor lilanshard, 
 and others give other dates. But Michel Muir, M'ho lauded in June 1849, 
 status that Douglas ".ame from Fort Vancouver with Ins family four ilays 
 after his arrival. Brit. Vol. Sketr/ics, MS., 21. 
 
 '■'''/v(^f, iu //. B. Co. Er., If. B. Co. <'hbih->, 107-9; Fiiiiiys.mK Hist. V. I., 
 M.S., ;«; Bi-it. ColoiM, Aug. 8, 1SG7; JlcKinlay'-i A'kc, MS., 8. 
 
-Ill 
 
 284 
 
 OOVKUNMENT E.STABUSHED. 
 
 tor of the Hudson's Bay Company. From tliis tiiiu' 
 up to 1859 he continued to fill both positions. 
 
 And now all is serene a«;ain throuffhout this rejrioii, 
 The fur-traders have triumphed. They have obtaim d 
 not only a crown grant, but a crown government. On 
 Vancouver Island thoy are the crown; and until tlic 
 settlers sliall become stronger than the ^ ompany, tlieii' 
 absolutism is assured. The next chapter I devote to 
 the life and character of James Douglas. 
 
UW'iTI 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 JAMES DOUGLAS. 
 
 >iiKTH ANTt FnrrATiov — Entkks TiiR Skkviok of tiik Northwest Comvany 
 — FiaENusHip OK McLomiHLiN — Opvortunitv — What Hk hhoi'i.k 
 Know — His Likk in Nkw Calkdoma — Ovkimome bv Love — Meets am> 
 AUuKiES Neua Connolly — Establishes Fokt Connolly — His Atien- 
 TioN TO Business and HIS Strict Obeijience — ■RFfOMEs Chief Tkahek 
 —Then" Chief Faotor — Visits California — Ait'oitntant and (Jen- 
 
 EUAl. SrPERINTENUENT OF FoRTS — AcTlVE IN THE EsTABLISllINO OF 
 
 FouT Victoria — His Coldness toward Emigrants — Quarrels ^VITH 
 McLoitiHLiN — Removes to Victoria — Is Made Goveunor — And 
 Knidiited -Visits Eukopk -I'liYsigiUP. and Character — Douulas 
 and McLoughlin Compared. 
 
 James J3ou(iLAs was born in 1803 at Jamaica. His 
 latlicii' M-as a descendant of the earl of Angus, the 
 lilack Douiilas of Scottish historv: his mother was a 
 Creole. At an early age he was taken by his father 
 to ]janark, Scotland, where he was educated. He 
 was scarcely seventeen years okP when he entered 
 tlie service of the Northw.'st Company as apprenticed 
 clerk, and was sent to ]^^)rt William, on Lake Supe- 
 rior, where IVIcLoughlin was then stationed. 
 
 Upon the coalition the following year, Douglas was 
 about to retire to Scotland in ( unpany with two dis- 
 satisfied brothers then leaving t!.. s«'rvici>; but he was 
 jxi'suaded by McLoughlin, who had taken a fancy to 
 liiui^ to remain. 
 
 'Tills aeooriling to Mrs llarvpy, L{fi' McTiomjUtn, MS,, 37. Waddington, 
 FruMT Milieu, 33, says lie was only fourttuui yoars of ago wlion ho left Kii>.'- 
 l.iiiil. Imt this authority is not relialile. Aitioiig tho many iiotices ami testi- 
 iiiciiiials extant of locul M-riters ami speakers, one would c.\])c('t to tinil 
 Miiiii'tliing conccriiintr the early careor of such a man; eveu the family aruhivea 
 MX singularly sil . i this regard. 
 
 (285^ 
 
JAMES DOUGLAS. 
 
 *l: 
 
 "Stay with nie, iny lad," he said, "and you shall he 
 to 1110 as a son." 
 
 &o when McLoughlin was appointed to what was 
 thtni termed the Ct)lunil)ia Department, he wrote tl it- 
 directory requesting that Douglas might accompany 
 him, which request was granted,^ an J young Douglas 
 made ready to cross his Alps. 
 
 Here, indeed, was opportunity. Look at it. Xiiic- 
 tcen years of age, full of youthful vigor and enthusiasm, 
 the friend and companion of the chief factor in com- 
 mand upon the Northwest Coast. In such a countr} , 
 at such an age, and under such conditions, we shall 
 see in due time how he availed himself of tli em. 
 
 McLoughlin was determined his ]^rotccje should en- 
 joy every advantage, consistent with his duty to tlic 
 service, which might tend to his advancement. And 
 this might best he accomplished, not by confining tlio 
 young man too closely to office and warehouse work, 
 or to one particular or permanent thing, but by giving 
 him a succession of duties which should finally makci 
 him proficient in all. 
 
 He was already a good accountant, one of the l)est 
 in the service, and thoroughly familiar with tlie 
 French Canadian idiom. It was now for him to be- 
 come familiar, in all its minutest detail, with the pon- 
 derous and most perfect machinery of the united 
 companies. He should know not onlj the kinds and 
 cost of trading goods and fort supplies in London, and 
 the expenses of transportation to the distributing post 
 on the Columbia, and thence to the several interior 
 stations; the kinds, and qualities, and prices of furs; 
 the rules of the company in regard io traffic, presents, 
 and credit with the natives; the wages and duties of 
 the men, and the allowances due them : but he should 
 become familiar with the vast country over which his 
 
 *My very good friend, John Tod, .AV?m Cakdonin, MS., 4(5-7, who toll iin! 
 all he knew, aiul somewhat more, respecting lii.s former a.s»ociiito ami oliirl, 
 liriiiga Douglas to America in or before 1811, at wliich time he was ciglit 
 year^ old; and this assertion he backs by the remark, ' Mr Douglas rcmaiiHil 
 east <>t' the mountains at Fort Eel;', Athabasca l)istrict, for live or six years,' 
 bringing liini across the niountaiuij in 1824. 
 
CONNOLLYS UAUOUTER 
 
 287 
 
 (lilef held sovereign sway; he should kiiow its config- 
 uration and climate ; its mountains, plains, and valleys ; 
 its forests and prairies; its lakes and rivers; its fruits 
 and animals, and plants, and all its possibilities. Most 
 of Jill, he should study well the aborigines, witli whom 
 ]iis predecessors and superiors had taken so mucli 
 trouble to establi,s]i conurercial intercourse. Some- 
 tliiug of their languages he should know, that he 
 niiglit personally converse witli them. Of the bent 
 of tlieir minds and passions, tlieir present wants and 
 future hopes, their intellectual endowments, and, so far 
 ;..> possible, of their several idiosyncrasies he should 
 make careful analysis. 
 
 To this end it was expedient he should spend scv- 
 onil seasons in the field; and first of all in New 
 Ciludonia, then tlie Siberia of the company, and the 
 i'i> st distant department of McLoughlin's dominion, 
 1 ' lorth-coast establishments not having yet been 
 f"U:id(M]. Therefore, instead of taking him at once 
 to licad-quarters at Astoria, he gave him in charge of 
 Jiuncs Connolly, a jolly Irishman, who with his family 
 iiiid twenty-four men crossed the mountains from York 
 Factory in the autumn of 1824, with sup[)lies for New 
 Caledonia. Mr Connolly succeeded John Stuart in 
 tliese parts 
 
 The young Scot was by no means averse to this 
 iiiTangoment; for while studying life under now con- 
 ditions, ho might study lov(!, which was likewise new 
 to Mm, and exceedingly comforting. James Con- 
 nolly had ii aaughter, a blushing half-breed beauty, 
 tlic.i SOU": tirt on years of age.^ How should a bold, 
 J!';.;]i^| ri' '(] 'handsome j^oung man but find favor in 
 li'Toyi^? 1, .w '•■.b)uld a warm-Iicarted, lovely, an«l 
 modest malu.^r' but find favor in his? Her pnjsoncu 
 ^woetened toil; Ills presence made smooth to lier the 
 
 How many tliousands of 
 
 luggedest mountain-trail 
 
 ■^Tlii'so ])articulnrH I got from Mr Tod, Xnr ('itlihmin, !N[S., jtaHsiiu, wlm, 
 i h'.i iiu'iiiory innvo.s not trt^iiclicroiu — for lio wii.s very old wlicii Iio yiivo inn 
 liH ilictiitinn — muy ho couuti'd correct, for lio \v;i8 tliero at tin time, anil re- 
 I'itud onlv ihat came under liio own oliservation. 
 
288 
 
 JAMES DOUGLAS 
 
 ■ -l 
 
 volumes of uuwritteu romance are there in the early 
 doings upon this weetern slope; tales of love as dee|i 
 and true as ever mailed knight carried beneath his 
 armor, true tales of daring venture, with mingled 
 failure and success, more thrilling, more noble, more 
 difficult and self-sacrificing than any fiction cudgelled 
 from prolific biain/ 
 
 John Tod was then at McLeod Lake, having 
 crossed the mountains in 1823, and was in charge of 
 McLeod Fort for a period of nine years. Connolly 
 and Douglas went first to I'ort St James on Stuart 
 Lake, and the following year the latter was left for 
 a time in charge of the post. It was here, and at 
 this time, that Douglas played his first bloody tragedy 
 in which the i 'thn was the murderer of certain of 
 Yale's men, yoj 'onnolly and Douglas the execu- 
 
 tioners, the latti i nishing the performance by 1)0- 
 coming priibtner — all of which I have fully given in a 
 previous volume.^ The courage and coolness displayed 
 in this encounter with the savages brough i the young 
 man fame and favor not only among hi- associates, 
 but among the natives themselves. 
 
 Connolly as well as Douglas had much to learn 
 about the natives ; first ot all, that there was as much 
 difterence ui their individual and tribal character as 
 IS found among the civilized nations of Europe; and 
 next, that environment affected man here as well as 
 elsewhere. There was a vast dift'eretice between 
 mountaineers and the dwellers upon the sea-shoro, 
 between hunters and diggers, boatmen and horsemen, 
 fish-eaters aiil beast-eaters. It happened on one 
 occasion, as Connolly was descending the Columbia 
 with eight bateaux, the proud and chivalrous Noz 
 Forces gave him a lesson. On reaching the Dalles, 
 his boats being lightly manned, he eng.iged the na- 
 
 ■ 
 
 * Totl, j\>»' CalfdoHiii, WS., 28-82, gives a gniphic piftiiro of what In- lalls 
 RohiiiBon Crusoo life in this region at the tiiii'', Tlni skins of elk or -Hirr 
 animals served as clotliew, and their meet for food; or if otlier sources failtd, 
 they did not hesitate to sacrifice the dogs that drew their winter slcdgCH. 
 
 •" Sec History Nortliwcfl Coast. 
 
AMONG THE NEZ rEIlLitS. 
 
 289 
 
 tivi's, for so iiiucli tobacco, to assist him at the port- 
 age. Their work being well and promptly done, they 
 liastily came forward in a body for their pay — so 
 lias ily and in such numbers, in fact, that Connolly 
 Avas frightened, and dropping the promised tobacco 
 oil the rocks, beat a rapid retreat to liis boats. The 
 savages paused, and cast toward the Hying trader a 
 look of ineffable disdain. 
 
 ''Arc white men thieves and murderers that they 
 think all others so?" exclaimed the chief, swelling in 
 dignity and stature as he spoke. "Go! we scorn 
 you, and will not touch your trash!" 
 
 Saying wliich, the Xez Perccs turned loftily away, 
 leaving the tol)acco on the rocks. Upon seeing this, 
 certain l^douses, fishing in the river near by, did not 
 scruple with hot hasti; "^o sweep the stones of the 
 precious weed to the last slired. 
 
 Under such developing environment the course of 
 true love ran rapidly «nd smoothly. There were no 
 i'actious intluences at work in lorm of oppugnant l'ath(>r, 
 suhtly scheming mother, rival lover, or heavy villain, 
 so essential to the orthodox love-story. James Doug- 
 las was glad to win tlie love of Xelia Connolly, and 
 she was equally glad to give it him. Wlien he asked 
 licr to be his wife, she had not tlie remotest idea of 
 (Ki'linino-. nor- had )ier father. So the}' were counted 
 man ami wife, and began the half-century of serene 
 happiness which foll< wed in the rugged region of 
 New Caledonia. AVhen Beaver, freshly bleached by 
 St Peter's successor, ariived at Fort Vancouver with 
 a church-bouno wife, theal)original marriage ceremony 
 was denounced as devilish, and beside this innnacu- 
 late pair all wives there were only concubines, and 
 their progeny bastards, with whom it were disgraceful 
 to associate. And so for the sake of peace, Douglas, 
 among others, was remarried l)y ]^eaver in 1837 or 
 18 as." 
 
 ''Uiiberts, liecoUfftiom, MS., 57, says 1839; but in this instance ho tlocs 
 ui't ri'colleet correctly. 
 
 Hist. Brit. Col. 19 
 
980 
 
 JAMES DOUGLAS. 
 
 l.'li 
 
 i.4iii 
 
 Near the western limit of New Caledonia in 182G, 
 Douglas built a post which he called, in honor of liis 
 wife's father, Fort Connolly, on Bear Lake, some- 
 times called Lake Connolly at the head of a branch 
 of Skecna River. 
 
 After several years of this kind of service, many 
 incidents of which I have detailed elsewhere, and in 
 which persistent fidelity to business and temperate 
 conduct toward the natives were ever manifest, 
 Douglas was called to Fort Vancouver, where ho 
 proceeded with his family in 1828, there to render 
 his friend and patron the more immediate assistance 
 which the increasing requirements of the service 
 seemed to demand. There he rose rapidly, and soon 
 stood second only to his chief in all the Northwest 
 Coast, if not at once in name, yet ir power and im- 
 portance almost immediately. 
 
 There was an abundance of time and opportunity, 
 however, to become proficient in all the minutest de- 
 tails of the service, and this not in theory alone but 
 in practice. He revised and greatly improved the 
 system of accounts which required all the posts of 
 the Pacific to make annual returns to Fort Vancouver. 
 Several times he took charge of the York Factory 
 express, which duty was by no means unaccompanied 
 witli difficulties and dangers.' 
 
 In 1830 he was made chief trader, and two years 
 after, chief factor.^ Much of his time was now eni- 
 ploycd in selecting sites and superintending the es- 
 tablishing of posts. Annual visits of inspection were 
 
 ' ' Sir James used to be one of the clerks who went across with letters. Mr 
 Anderson went once; Dr Tolmic went once, but he went to England to visit 
 his country. They used to have a little difUculty with the Indians, but not 
 much.' llarvcifs Life, of MrLowjIdln, MS., 4. 
 
 " I take this date from McKinlay, Narmtive, MS., 8, and Finlaysou, ///■'*/. 
 V. /., MS., 30, who agree. Anderson, Northu-fxt Coaxt, MS., 25, says tliat 
 it was ill 183.} he was made chief trader. But the time is not at all essential, 
 Tuhnic, Picjet Soinxl, MS., 2, saw him in 1833, when 'he was second in com- 
 mand at Fort Vancouver, where he acted as accountant.' He was now fast 
 becoming famous for his geographical and practical knowledge. In Hci'^H 
 U, S. to l[. B. M. Treaty of Wnsh'imjtou, 21, he is pronoimced 'one of the most 
 enterprising and inquisitive of men, famous for his intimate acquaintance with 
 every crevice on the coast;' a high compliment from such a source. 
 
A NOBLE DEED. 
 
 i^'JI 
 
 da in 182G, 
 onor of his 
 jakc, sonic- 
 )f a branch 
 
 rvice, many 
 icrc, and in 
 temperate 
 [• manifest, 
 ', where ho 
 c to render 
 e assistance 
 the service 
 ly, and soon 
 ) Northwest 
 ,ver and im- 
 
 opportunity, 
 
 minutest de- 
 
 iry ah)ne hat 
 
 iiproved the 
 
 ,he posts of 
 
 Vancouver. 
 
 ork Factory 
 
 accompanied 
 
 d two years 
 s^as now em- 
 ding the es- 
 Dection were 
 
 s with letters. Mi' 
 o England to visit 
 Indians, but not 
 
 a Finlayson, 7/''-'- 
 dS., 25, says that 
 lot at all essential. 
 vas second in cdiu- 
 He was now fa-t; 
 R-ledgc. In neiJn 
 id 'one of the most 
 
 [acquaintance willi 
 I, source. 
 
 made to the several stations, both of the interior and 
 of the seaboard. In the summer of 1840 he was up 
 tlio coast on important business; in the winter of 
 1841 2 he visited Cahfornia, a full and interesting 
 account of which is given in liis journal. 
 
 There is something sublime in that quality inherent 
 ill noble natures which cannot overlook a duty, even 
 though its performance leads toward death. 
 
 In fording the Nisqually River, while en route 
 northward in April 1840 to take possession of the 
 tciritory leased from the Russians, and to build Fort 
 Tako, Lasseites, leadhig man of the party under 
 Douglas, was swept away and carried some distance 
 down the river. Just before reaching a drift of logs 
 iiiid debris, under and through which the furious 
 \\ titer was surging, threatening instant destruction to 
 ;u)\' on whom it nnght once lay its grasp, he caught 
 till' end of a fallen tree and held to it as his only hope 
 of life. 
 
 Even to those accustomed to daily dangers, and to 
 prompt unflinching action whenever a conu'ade needed 
 licl}), the position of Lassertes was so perilous, the 
 (Instruction of whomsoever should attempt his rescue 
 ISO })robable, that tlie bravest of these brave men 
 drew back appalled. The air and water were icy 
 cold, so that the limbs would be quickly benumbed. 
 U'liding to render effort powerless. Fear fell upon 
 till' < ompany Lassertes was growing every moment 
 wiaker ; he was apparently a doomed man. " The 
 contagion weighed upon my own mind," says Doug- 
 las, "and I confess with shame that I felt not that 
 cheeri'ul alacrity in rushing to the rescue as a,t other 
 times." 
 
 Douglas soon saw that if he did not make the at- 
 tempt no one would. It were easy enough to hold 
 back, to dally, to seek for means less venturesome than 
 sucli extreme personal peril, that man's life was not 
 worth half as much as his own: no blame could bv 
 any j)ossibility ever be attached to lum; let him go. 
 
i:'.»'j 
 
 JAMES DOUGLAS. 
 
 T 
 
 J i- " : 
 
 i V 
 
 He could not do it. His nature was not made of 
 such stuff. "Even then," he writes hi liis journal, "I 
 could not allow a fellow-creature to perish without an 
 effort to save him, while the inactivity of all present 
 was an additi<jnal incentive to redouble my own exci'- 
 tions. With a sensation t>f dread, and ahnost hojx - 
 less of success, I puslicd my horse by spur and wliij) 
 nearly across the river, sprung into the water, and 
 rushed towards the spot where the nearly exhausted 
 sufferer was clinging, with his head above water, to 
 the end (jf a tree that had fallen into the river. Upon 
 its trunk I dragged myself out on all fours; and great 
 was our mutual joy when I seized him firndy by tlie 
 collar, and with the aid of a canoe that arrived soon 
 after, landed him safely on the bank, where a blazing 
 lire soon restored wjirmth to both. And to my late-^t 
 breath may I cherish the remend)rance of Lassertes' 
 providential rescue from a watery grave, as I could 
 never otlierwisc have enjoyed tranquillity of min<l. "' 
 Which sentiment, supplementing such an action, tn 
 mo is fragrant with the highest nobleness of soul. 
 
 Durinijf the earlv part of his career he was riijjid in 
 liis obedience to the orders of his su[)eriors, and in 
 manifestations of res})ect toward them; and in later 
 vears when he began to rule, he demanded the same 
 respect and obedience from others.^ 
 
 10 
 
 ;h W 
 
 ^ Domjlim' JoKi-niil, MS., 4, 5. 
 
 •^ As well to iiUbrtl tlio plainest insight into the chciracter of this remarka- 
 ble man as to clear myself from any possible charge f>f captious eriticisiii in 
 regard to him, I give the following extract from the Ijook of Matthew .MaciU', 
 a per.sonal acquaintance and countryman of Douglas: 
 
 ' Tiicre is a resident in the country who, in con.sideration of his past ollicial 
 relation to it as first governor of British Columbia, deserves passing notici; in 
 this place. I refer to Sir James Douglas. This gentleman is completely un- 
 known in England, except at the colonial ofiice and to a few directors ol tlie 
 Hudson's Bay Company. But being a local celebrity, the reader may nut ob- 
 ject to be introduced to so interesting a character. In stature he exceeds six 
 feet. His countenance, by its weather-beaten appcivrance, still tells of inany 
 years spent ia fur-trapping adventure in the wilds of the interior. Intro- 
 duced at the age of iifteen or sixteen from the West Indies, the reputed place 
 of his birth, into the service of the company, and deprived, during the greater 
 part of his life, of the advantages of society, except tliat of Indians, half-breeds, 
 and persons like himself occupying humble situations in the employ of tlu' 
 •company, eve»y jiraise is due to him for not being indiflferent to mental mil- 
 
JOINT MANAGEMENT. 
 
 •J!I3 
 
 lot made of 
 journal, "I 
 L without an 
 F all y) resent 
 ly own extr- 
 Iiuost 1k>ih'- 
 ar and whip 
 ! water, and 
 [y exhausted 
 ve water, to 
 iver. Upon 
 s ; and ^reat 
 irmly hy tlie 
 arrived seen 
 ere a blaziiijj; 
 . to my latest 
 of Lassertes' 
 3, as I could 
 ty oi mmd. 
 an action, to 
 J of soul. 
 
 was rigid in 
 'riors, and in 
 
 and in later 
 led the sanio 
 
 ;cr of this rciiiarkii- 
 [iptious criticisiu in 
 )t' Matthew M^uiie, 
 
 II of his i)ast ojlicial 
 j8 passing notice in 
 n is completely un- 
 i;w directors of tlie 
 reader may nut ob- 
 iture he exceeds >ix 
 , still tells of iiKUiy 
 le interior. lutm- 
 1, the reputed place 
 during the proutLT 
 .dians, half-bree(ls, 
 the employ of tiu' 
 •ent to mental 'lu- 
 
 Both before and after 1843, Douglas was active in 
 choosing a site and establishing Fort Victoria. When 
 tlio board of management was organized in order grad- 
 Uiiliy to relieve John McLoughlin of his rule preparu- 
 toiy to his final di.scharge, Douglas was a mend)er. 
 Before the retirement from the Hudson's Bay Coni- 
 [laiiy's service of McLoughlin in 1845, papers were 
 signed by himself and Douglas jointly, showing that 
 tlie latter was gradually coming to the front. These 
 Wire troublous times for McLoughlin, and they were 
 
 tuio in those mountain solitudes in whieli the ilower of his manhood was 
 [las.^cd. The stutilinessof I'.is porstin, of which he always seems proudly con- 
 siioiis, and his natural force of character, suggest the relleetion to an oliserver, 
 liiiw vastly more agreeahle would have been liis address, and jiowerful tlic in- 
 ihuiue of his character and aliilities, had he enjoyed in early life a liheral edu- 
 tatiiiii and intercourse with persons of relinement and cultun^ De (,>uincey 
 iksciilics tlie Well-known .l>r I'arr as the Biniiingham Dv .Jnhnson, an e.\i)res- 
 siiiii .signifying tliat the former was out an electro-plated imitation of the latter. 
 I'he a|i[ilication of this remark may he left to the reader in reference to tliu 
 pretentious deportment of Sir James. His cfl'orts to appear grand, and even 
 uugust, were ludicrously out of proportion to the insignificant [population lie 
 govmuil, nnndjei'ing less than the inhabitants of many a country town in 
 lIiiL'land. When he spoke to any one within the precincts f)f the government 
 liniisc, liis Quixotic notions of his othce, which he evidently tlmught splendid, 
 [iioiiiptcd him to make choice of the scs(|uipedaliau diction he employed in 
 iii.s ilcspatches. The angle of his head, the ollicial tone, the extension of the 
 iiaiiil, the bland smile which never reached beyond the corners of his mouth, 
 all tiicse still' and artitleial arrangements were carefully got up and daily re- 
 pr;ited by him, under the dehusiou that the public imagined him to be natural 
 aiul a perfect IJrunnnell in politeness. His manm^rs always gave one the im- 
 ]ircssiun that to make up for early disadvantages lie hail I'eligiously adjusted 
 iiis \\iii)le ))caring to the standard of Lonl (.'hestertield, and it is needless to 
 Niy hiiw amusing was the combination of his lordship and this ilignitied old 
 fiir-ti'a[iper. 
 
 'His attitude toward the olhcials serving under his government was aus- 
 ten and distant. This he had aeipiireil nnilcr the sort of military vnj'iiir ob- 
 sitvimI liftween the ollieers anil se-rvants of the lliuhion's 15ay ( ompauy. I 
 liavd heard magistrates adilresseil by him in a pompous manner that no Jlng- 
 lisli gentleman would assume toward Ids portci". But Sir .(aiiRs solemnly felt 
 that tin; machine of state could only lie kept in motion l>y his delivering coiii- 
 iiiaiiil-i, with licad erect, and with that rotund and p(rem[itorY utterance whieli 
 at ouec lietrayed and excused vulgarity, lie was I'arely visible at his desk <u' 
 ill the street without being arrayed in semi-military uniform; but the climax 
 ft his extravagance was probably capped l)y his being followed perpetually, 
 wlieilier taking an airing in the country or going to visit, by an imposing 
 •inlerly, duly armed and in unifoi'in. In so small and practical a town as 
 \ ietoiia, the temptation of the local wits to satiri/o so preiiosterous a spectacle 
 was irresistible. I'etty diplomacy was a passion with Sir James, doubtles-i 
 ilevildjied from his youth, in the wlieedling mode of transacting business with 
 tile Indians adopted by the Cf)mpauy in the interior. He never sent av.ay 
 any supjiliant for governmental favours without hohling out some hope, 
 which, at the same moment, he in numy cases determined to frustrate, A 
 taviirite plan of his with any wlmni lie tiiua sought to keep in good humor 
 Was to exhaust their patience by expedient an<l indetinito postponement of 
 
il 
 
 ivA 
 
 
 ■:4 
 
 JAME.S DOUGLAS. 
 
 the darkest in the niemory of Douglas; for it was 
 then he first deenicd it liis chitv to present himself as 
 a barrier to tlie liluiral dealings of jMcLoughlin, and 
 a supporter of the mijre merciless policy of his com- 
 pany. When McLoughlin had fairly left Fort Van- 
 couver, however, and Douglas was fully installed 
 as liis successor, he returned to the old and wise 
 ways which liad heen characteristic of Northwest 
 Coast management since 1824, wliich increases tlio 
 suspicion that Douglas was not just then whollv 
 
 the object dcsircil.' If I might he allowed a Yankee's ramlom guess I shouM 
 s.'iy that Mr Mactie liimself was one of those ilisappointed office-seekers upon 
 whom Sir James so iiiiprolitahlj' smileil. 
 
 After Douglas hail assiimeil the duties of governor of Vancouver Island, 
 t!ie Americans across tlie liorder used to ridicule, not always with the ln:>t of 
 taste, what they regarded in him as unwarranted jiomposity. I herew ith 
 extract the following inmi ihi} ()ti/iii]>i<i, Cliili ('(ninrnii-loiir, MS., <)-]H, wliieh 
 tliougli exaggerated to the Ijordcr of the hurlesijue, nevertheless contains a 
 tincture of truth: 
 
 '.Mrl'Ivans — Tlie oM governor used to walk the streets of Victoria ]iro- 
 ccded, about as far as from here to that door, by a big Scotchman with ,i 
 drawn sword. Ynu have si.'en that, haven't you ? 
 
 'Mr liillings— Yes [lauglihigj. 
 
 'Mr Evans — I have seen that. I saw it the very first time I went to 
 Victoria. 
 
 'Mr Hillings — It was Lieutenant IJowdon, now chief of police. 
 
 '.MrKvans — 1 went one time into Jlibhen & ( 'arswell s bookstore, and 
 Douglas and this man came in afti'r me. Tlicnext day, about the same tiiiif, 
 1 Went to the photograph saloon on a little idley tliat turns otl' from (ioverri- 
 meut street, and there he Went into tlie lower story as I went iijistairs. 1 
 made some remark aboiit it, and a man told me tliat that M'as always the 
 case with the governor when lie went out about live or six o'clock. 
 
 ' Mr Billings — That is what Mason t( lis me. Lieutenant Howden was the 
 luad of his bo(iy -guard, lie was a large man, weigliiug '2(i0 pounds. 
 
 ' Mr JIvaus — 1 have talked with Douglas wlicii he was governor wnder tlio 
 appointment of Queen \'ictoria, and governor by virtue of his being cliii f 
 factor in charge of the Hudson's IJay Company's atl'airs. The last time I was 
 tlierc, when lie was chief factor in charge, was when the Russian ofiicers 
 taken from Tetropavlovsk had a reception given them. Captain I'ease, of th^' 
 revenue cutter Jiff Ddr'm. had a reception, and these ollicers had a reception. 
 
 'MrTarlicU — After he was aiipoiuted governor under tlie (pieeii, he liad 
 a paid servant. This man IJowden was brought out, and Sir James took him 
 as his servant; but I never saw him going with a broadsword. 
 
 ' Mr Kvans — lie was a great big fellow, and walked five or six feet ahead 
 of him. 1 have seen it as many as fou. . five times. He was there walking 
 ahead, in uniform. 
 
 'MrTarbcll — This man came out with Moody, ami was detailed from 
 that ser\-ice. He was a servant of Sir James Douglas, after he was governor, 
 and after he M-as knighted. 
 
 'Mr Evans — I was a great admirer of Douglas, and I thought that this was 
 a good deal too much hundmggcry. So I made fun of it in my way. It v:is 
 remarked that that was the usual way; that the governor never went out 
 otherwise. My recoUeciion in regar<l to the matter is, that when he \va» 
 
8UI'EUSE1)K.S McLOUOflLIN. 
 
 2tt3 
 
 time I went t^ 
 
 tnu.' to his most generous instincts, that he was not 
 iit all grieved to have ^leLouglilin out of the way 
 and hiniself hi his place. I do not say that he acted 
 a dishonorable part in the accomplishment of this re- 
 sult. Call it legal or commercial honor, and I do not 
 tliink he did act dishonorably; but on the other hand, 
 ]iad their })ositions been reversed, McLoughlin never 
 would have permitted the London directors to frown 
 out of office his superior because of actions too noble 
 for the digestion of the corporation. ])ouglas not 
 only permitted it, Ijut assisted it, and then gathered 
 the spoils. 
 
 With himself high chief, and Peter Skeen Ogden 
 secriiid in connnand,'^ Douglas not only ably followed 
 up the system of farming and general business ar- 
 rangements originated and so long successfully ])rae- 
 tised by ^[cLoughlin, but he became suddenly kind 
 to tlie emigrants, and in short benevolently committed 
 all those crimes of eharity for which McL(JUghlin had 
 luen dethroned. 
 
 Jxoutes liaving beiMi opened to the interior by way 
 of Fi-aser River in 1848, and all being prepared for a 
 full transfer of the head depot from the Columbia 
 
 nu duty it was: "Make way for the governor, i)lea.so." There was much 
 cti'oniimy. Douglas himself \v;is the greatest man to staml on dignity you 
 ever saw. 
 
 ' Mr Tarhell — O, of course when you went into his oilice lie wanted you 
 111 take your hat off the moment you went into tlie door, 
 
 ' Mr I']vans — He had a man tliere with the liagpipes. 
 
 ' Mr IJillings — Tliat was on the occasion of a recei)tion. 
 
 ' Mr Kvans — Well, I guess the ohl man always adliered to tliat. 
 
 ' Mr fciwau — It was a national trait; most Scotchmen are foinl of the bag- 
 liil'es. 
 
 ' Mr ]']vans — I am a great admirer of Douglas. I think ho was a great 
 stiiicsman, and 1 tliink it was an unfortunate thing that they .supidantecl him 
 at the time they did.' 
 
 Tlie simple fact of tlie matter is, tliat (iovernor Douglas had a servant wlio 
 siiiiietimes accompanied his master, armed, and he may ui>on ocoa.sion liave 
 cx|ji!)ited liis weapon to (>pen the way through a crowd. Victoria during the 
 ilush tunes was lilled with a rough element, not too much in love with rigor- 
 oii:i rule, Althougli punctilious to w hat Americans might call a fault, 1 am 
 Vi ly sure that he possessed, too much sound sc-nse ever to have played the 
 liulloou, or to have nuulo himself ridiculous in the eyes of intelligent, fair- 
 miiidcd men. 
 
 " Says Jesse Applegate, Vicirs n/Oreijon History, MS., \'.\: 'Visiting Fort 
 Vancouver annually for supplies, I ther<3 met Mr Ogden in 1845. He waa 
 tiu'ii second to Mr Douglas in command.' 
 
290 
 
 JAME.S DOUtlLAS. 
 
 1 
 
 1.;.. 
 
 iwM 
 
 llivor to Vancouver Island, in 1849 Douglas removed 
 with Ills family to Victoria/" In 1850 he retired from 
 the service of the Hudson's Bay Com[)any, and dis- 
 posed of his entire interest in that concern." 
 
 We shall see in the succeeding chapters of this 
 volume how James Douglas behaved as governor of 
 Vancouver Island, and governor of British Colum- 
 bia, which latter jiosition he held until 18G4, wluii 
 he made a visit to Europe, and how he condueti d 
 himself in the many trying positions in which he was 
 placed during a long and eventful ])ul)lic service. lu 
 1859 he was created C. B., and knighted in ISd.j. 
 He died at Victoria the 2d of August 1877, at the 
 age of seventy-four years. 
 
 The world unites m according tlu; highest ])raise to 
 Douglas as well as to ]\[cLoughlin. It is the histo- 
 rian's duty, however, to incpiire further, and note in 
 the persons brought before him the distinguishing 
 characteristics which make every individual to dilKi" 
 fre)m every other individual. IV'rhaps we may rciu-h 
 the inner temple of the Douglas tabernacle the more 
 elfectuallv by placing him beside the man ho most re- 
 semblcs, and then marking the diiference. 
 
 The lives of both were essentially material. Pos- 
 sessing high mental and spiritual capabilities, they 
 were without moral companionship or intellectual 
 food; yet tlieir intellects, like their bodies, seenud 
 healthful, fresh, and vigorous. Their minds were 
 fashioned, to a great extent, by the same early pro- 
 ce[)ts and the same commercial training. Then later 
 there were the same interests, ambitions, and disci- 
 pline, the same fort life, forest travel, and primitive 
 domination, which for a score or two of years were 
 
 '■^ McKinlay, Xarnif/re, 'Mfi., 8, statess in his bungling waj' thattliis iimvo 
 was made 'in 1847, ujion the retirement of (fovcrudr Blanshanl, who li.iil 
 been appointed from Knghmd, and whoso office expired on aeeoiiiit of tho 
 transference of Vancouver Island to tlie Hudson's Bay Company by the Brit- 
 ish government. ' 
 
 ^^ Di'patition of JamcA Dowjlds on hihalf of the Ifuihons Bay Conqxini/, 
 If. B. Co. Claini.t, 49. 
 
TWO MAGNIFICiLNT MEN. 
 
 '297 
 
 , removed 
 
 ,ired from 
 
 , and dis' 
 s 
 
 's of tliifi 
 iveriior of 
 h Coluiu- 
 5G4, wluii 
 conduct* d 
 c\i ho "Was 
 rvico. Ill 
 [ ill 18(;;J. 
 77, at tlic 
 
 t ])ralse to 
 the liisto" 
 id note ill 
 in<jfuishni!4' 
 il to ditlVr 
 may reach 
 ! the more 
 c most I'l- 
 
 ;'i 
 
 r 
 
 O.S- 
 
 al 
 
 ities, they 
 ntelleetual 
 js, seeiiK'd 
 hids Wiie 
 
 early prc- 
 Ihcu later 
 
 and dlsci- 
 
 primltivo 
 
 rears were 
 
 tliattliis iiiiivo 
 iluiril, wlu) hill 
 
 lu'c'omit of tlio 
 ,ny by the 15iit- 
 
 Boy Coiniiiiii!/, 
 
 their constant environment, and entered largely into 
 tlie composition of their character. Wo can scarcely 
 conceive the powerful intiuenee of the iron rule of a 
 coiiunercial corporation on the plastic mind of youth, 
 which fashionin»>; power is increased tenfold in this 
 instance hy its isolation and absolutism. More than 
 intuition, tradition, and early education all combined, 
 tlie Hudson's Bay Company made its servants. The 
 vcrv first thinur for a novice to do on enterimx the 
 service was to creep into the ever-ready mould, and 
 tlic quicker and more effectually he fitted himself to 
 it, the more useful and successful ho became/* 
 
 Standing a})art, both of tlioso men ])resent a dis- 
 tin;4uished front; botli are lavishly praised by their 
 contemporaries. I need not re})eat hero what has 
 litcn said of ^McLoughlin. Uurnett, once governor of 
 Oregon, and one competent to judge dis})assionately, 
 jM'onounces Douglas '*a man of irreproacliablc char- 
 iutcr, . . . of very superior intelligenci', and a finished 
 (^liristian gentleman;" and further: "In hi position 
 ef governor of British Columbia, ho was censured by 
 ]\fr John Nugent of California, as I must tliink, witli- 
 out sufKcient cause. Errors of judgment Governor 
 ])iiuglas may have conunitted, as almost any man 
 would have done, at times, in his trying i)osition; but 
 lie must have radically changed since 1 knew him, if 
 lie knowingly acted improperly." ^^ Grover of Oregon 
 
 ^* 'I was sorry to hear of Zonulas' death,' says the uarruloiis oM Oregon 
 siiitliro, 1 );iiiicl Waldo, ( 'ri/i'/iu^, MS., pussim. ' 1 thought a lieap of Idm. ilu 
 vas :i mail horn to command men — a martial fellow. Ho never gave an evasive 
 answer. . .McLoughlin and Douglas were a good ileal alike. Tlie doctor wuuhl 
 flatter you a little; Douglas would not. I do nut Uiiow Imt Douglas was just 
 as liheral. He trusted everybody jii^it the samo as the doctor did, after tlio 
 doctor went out.' One of the most intelligent and fiiir-nunded of Oregon's 
 liioueers, Enrli/ D<i>/s, MS., 2, thus writes: ' I recollect very distinctly tiie 
 dill'crenco in our personal intercourse with Governor McLoughlin, who was 
 thru tlio chief faetoi", and Sir .lames Douglas; lie was then Mr l>ouglas, and 
 sccciiul in command at Vancouver. The latter was adevoted believer in Vie- 
 tei'iiis right to all she could maintain, wliile the other rose above that. Doug- 
 las would do M-liat a civii gentleman was compelled to do towards assisting 
 the jidor emigrants, and nothing more. The one was cold, and showed Iiy liia 
 iiiauuer that he diil not wish the Americans to come here, wliile the other 
 was warm, Iiearty, and friendly.' 
 
 ^^ Btirnett's Recollections, MS., i. 94-5, 27.3-4, 298, 301-3. 
 
 Mi 
 
iLi 
 
 m 
 
 298 
 
 JAMES DOUGLAS. 
 
 says lie was very judicious in settling difficulties with 
 the American miners in 1858; that on one occasion, 
 when a little war was liable to be stirred up in regard 
 to rents, licenses, and water rights, he proceeded to the 
 mines in person, and made public speeches which in- 
 duced that rough element to settle their afiairs peace- 
 ably.^« 
 
 The author of* a pamphlet published at Victoria 
 in 1858, and who seems to me somewhat hyper- 
 critical, remarks : " So far, his acts, though tardy, 
 have been judicious and liberal, considering circum- 
 stances and tlie many difficulties he has had to con- 
 tend with."^' 
 
 Another writes: "The long service of Sir James 
 Douglas to tlie Hudson's Bay Company, his intimate 
 actjuaintance with the various tribes of natives, and 
 his knowledge of the requirements for developing the 
 resources of tliis tlie most im[)ortant colony of Eng- 
 land in the Pacific, rendered him at that epoch 
 eminently qualified to fulfil the duties of governor of 
 our Xorthwest An)erican possessions. I have no ob- 
 ject in bepraismg him other than a desire to record 
 niy humble sense of his eminent merits. But such I 
 know to be the verdict of all unbiassed men who had 
 tlu3 advantage of living under his wise and able ad- 
 ministration."'- 
 
 These are stronger testhnonials even than those of 
 countrymen and partisans, of which I have many. 
 
 " He performed the duty of governor of the two col- 
 onies," ,^ays one, ''with exceeding prudence and great 
 success." "* " He made himself popular 1)V cimtributing 
 to the ofeneral u'ood feelinix existiriir amonir the set- 
 
 tlers," remarks another."^ He "\vorl 
 
 iced his 
 
 way 
 
 gradually up to the highest rank by perseverance, 
 sobriety of conduct, and earnest application to l>usi- 
 
 "'• (f'mir )•','< PiihOc Lifi', MS., fir>-6. 
 " WivldhritnnH Friisrr MIih'm, ;$(5. 
 ^^ /'oolf'\t Qucoi r/nirlotfr IMiinil, 6(5-7 
 ^'' Aiii/criioii'n jXorf/iirts/ Cniisf, MS., 02, 
 '^"Gooil'n Jiritinht'oluiiibi'i, 1. 
 
PERSONAL APPEARANCE. 
 
 ncss."'^^ Malcolm McLeod testifies: "Hewas an offi- 
 cer eminent for his skill, energy, and daring, and his 
 compeers ranked high in those qualities, for the ser- 
 vice then was one essentially militant, and extremely 
 
 U" 22 
 ous. 
 
 Saj's Mr Cridger^ "Governor Douglas treated the 
 
 Indians with the affection of a father. This coupled 
 
 witli his justice and firmness gave him unbounded 
 
 iiiiluence with them. AVhen they came from the 
 
 iii>rth in such numbers as to cause serious apprehcn- 
 
 sii)U, ho achieved by his personal authority wliai 
 
 under another might have cost blood, and induced 
 
 tliem to return. At the time of the influx of mAd- 
 
 miners in 1858, when some ten thousand men M'ero 
 
 (. iicampcd in Victoria, whose population at that time 
 
 iii'glit be some tlirce hundred souls, he conferred with 
 
 tlieni as a father aiul a friend; met and counselled 
 
 tliem on tlie eve of their various expeditions; and on 
 
 one occasion, when th(>v were beino- misled, caused a 
 
 ]( tier to 1)0 printed and circulated among tlicm, signed 
 
 31. F. — miner's friend — with the happiest losults." 
 
 ]\[ore were superfluous. 
 
 In personal appearance l)ouglas was little less 
 ]) euliar than McLoughlin. Botii were striking, grand; 
 iiiiywliere in the world, in an American forest or a 
 J.ondon thorouLihfaro, in a tur-tradimr fort or in a 
 legislative hall, either would have attracted notice as 
 something out of and above the ordinary n)an. 
 
 Six feet and more in height,"' l)ut so admirably 
 ]ir(>j)ortioned that one would not imagine him so tall 
 mitil one stood beside liim; eivet in his carriage, 
 ]ii( iisured in his movements, but natural and graceful 
 Y\itlial, Douglas had not his like in all the Northwest. 
 
 ■^> Fwloi/xoir.^ Hist V. /., MS., .m 
 
 '^- Mrhoiiiiltl's I'ltirc liirir, V-M. 
 
 '■'■' (liiiriiiierixtir.t oj' JditicM I )niiijlii.'<, AIS., 3-5. 
 
 "' Ai)j)l('j,',ito, r«(ra, <h; Hixt., MS., lit, .says scv':>n feet seven inchos; but 
 tlii.t \v;i.s eviilcntly a Ihjmoih liniiiin: Many liavo plai'Ml his lieiglit at six foot 
 t^ix or sevuu inches, but Fuilay»ou, LvUei\i, MS,, places it at six tuot. 
 
m 
 
 JAMES DOUCJLxVS. 
 
 Toward the end of his life his long face seemed to 
 grow longer, his large features and high forehead to 
 assume yet more massive proportions, and the always 
 firm and earnest purpose which his eyes and mouth 
 presented, to deepen into seriousness akin to melan- 
 choly. 
 
 McLoiighlin's was a very handsome foce, full and 
 well proportioned, with exquisite features, e3'es, nose, 
 and mouth not too large, tlie whole exceedingly pleas- 
 ing, fascinating, denoting no great powers either of in- 
 tellect or intelligence, but with paramount mtegrity 
 of purpose and will enough to enforce it. 
 
 It is an exceedingly delicate task to press a closer 
 analysis in tliis instance; anil yet I see palpable 
 differences in these chiefs so singularly alike. 
 
 And first, and most salient, their predisposition. 
 McLouglilin was one to l)e loved; ])ouglas one to l)e 
 respecti'd. Throughout his wliole career, ^IcLoughliu 
 displayed a broad benevolence, an artless consideration, 
 for his fellow-man of whatsoever creed, ('ok)r, or nation- 
 ality. Tliis generous temper was from a native si)i'ing 
 which poured fortli purest kindness as the bird its 
 song, bi'<'ause it could not helj) it.'"' JJouglas was kind 
 and just; but his benevolence was not always nntinc- 
 turetl by policy, nor his sympathy by selfish interest. 
 Fort life was in many respects like that of a feutlal 
 
 ''■' llciw bnundK'ss must 111' tin' liniiiim kindnoss of n. rrdiipd nature 'wliii.'li 
 umli Tu'oi's trial liko tlic fulldwiiij^ vi itiiotit ever susjirctiiiL;' it to l)o a dial! 
 S|i('akiii^ of tlii^ wi'V- of Mi'ljoiigliliii, tlio widow of Slclvay w lio was \">t mi 
 till' '/'I'nijiiiii, Mrs Wilson, (iri'/nii S/:if,;'i<.i, MS., I'.l ■_'!, savs: *Tliounii lii^ 
 Avifo ^^■ls a lialf-lircfd of tlio Ojiliway nation, coarse, hi'nt, fiit, and tlaliliy, hi! 
 tii'ati'd lit'i' liki! a in-iiu'css. In imldic and in jirivato he was as loyal to Irh' 
 as if slio had hccn a dauLihtrr if (^MiotMi Victoria. . .He would .snllri' no indiL;- 
 Iiity or s!it;ht to her. Mis lino haiiclsoirie form ln'sidi' tlu'iiiu'orsi'tcd li;;uro of 
 the old Indian woman [priscnU'd a strani^i' contrast, as .she waddlcil lu'sidu him 
 liko a lioing iif aiiotlicr s|ii'i'ii's. Mis j^allantry to her kiuw m> liotiml. On 
 state oi'ca.sions, stiai;;lit as an arrow and maunilici'iitly ap[iari'lli'd, hi' woidd 
 Miami like ii sjilendid statue, while this female idiori;;inal rolled out lietoi'' 
 liini in plain ehfthes mid no liuure w hatevi'r. ' in a eountry where le;;al m ir- 
 riaj^e was not the rule, ho was thiiee married to his wife, if we may li('lii'\e 
 Ji'diu lis' ItW., MS., (id, oiieo 'at Fort William hy a Mr MeKeii/ie, ami afler- 
 wanl hy .Mr I)oii),das ' in his eajtaeity of justice of the iieaee, 'at Vancouver, 
 uml a^aiu hy Archhishoj) lUanchet.' 
 
COMPAUATl VE CHARACTERISTICS. 
 
 court. Both tliGSo factors were strict disciplinarians,-^ 
 to svliich they had been trained from youth, and with- 
 out which they could not have held their position. 
 Before those who looked up to them as su[)erior 
 huings, they were the embodiment of a commercial 
 polity, of commercial probity, of commercial success; 
 to wliich business policy the individual must surrender 
 liimself v.iiolly: body, ftimily, and life itself ])otli 
 ])osst-sscd i^reat powers in tliis and other directions, 
 but tlie autliority of Douglas was of sterner stufl' 
 tlian tliat of McLoughhn. Botli were men of prac- 
 tical sagacity, possessing minds of penetrating iiisight, 
 but while one reached conclusions quickly, as if by 
 intuition, the other was slower, and pondered well 
 Ix'fore opening liis mouth. 
 
 Douglas was the stronger; !McLoughlin tlie purer. 
 ^EcLoughlin was weakened by his good (jualities; 
 ])ouglas was strengthened by his l)ad ones. Sin 
 s.Muetimes breeds unhappiness; so do noble actions. 
 Far more misery has l)een engendered in the breast 
 ot" middle-aged respectability by benevolent acts than 
 in the breast of viilany by vicious acts. Intempei'ate 
 gt-nerosity and injudicious trustfulness drove ^Ic- 
 Jioughlin into unliapjty old age. Douglas can boa>'. 
 no unhappy old age. 
 
 Douglas was possessed of a cold, proud, formal 
 egoism, M'hoUy a[)art from the warm and ;^< m-rous 
 
 iipathies of ^IcLoughlin. His sluggish impulsi ^ 
 
 ^•' ' - . . . . 
 
 wore in the right direction, but they must all be 
 
 niiide to pli^y within the hard, passionless limits of 
 
 conventionalism and aristocratic tradition. 
 
 McLoughlin was in temperament CJaelic; he was 
 
 '■'"'Both the iloctor and Houglas,' Bays Rolierts, Itcrolli'iiioii.i, MS,, (!."), 
 ' Mt'i(! tliscii)liiianaiiM, iind tlioir nuoi'i'ss was liigoly owing to tliat. I've olti'U 
 Itciii aniuaeil to see liow oourtoous J)ougla.s coiild hv. to the roughest jtioneor, 
 and even forco outward wyndiols of rusjiect from nii'u wlio liad jirohahly 
 ^liiiwu as much to no one before. . 'I'lic eajitains often liatl to resort to tliu 
 doctor or Doughia; the latter was niueh the tirnier.' I cannot agne with 
 vliat I lind written in Coiii}>loii'n Fortn ami Fort L{/'v, MS., '2, where Me- 
 l<ougl\liu is mentioned as one whose 'name will go down from generation to 
 !''iit'ration, when Sir James Douglas will he lost.' MeLoughliii's name will 
 always live; at the same time, that of Jai.ies Douglas will never die. 
 
fKtt 
 
 JAMKS DOUGLAS. 
 
 
 lively, social, hospitable. He could be diplomatic, 
 but not deceitful; hence his diplomacy often fell to 
 the ground. Douglas was hard, lethargic; more re- 
 served and hauglity, less charitable, more unbending, 
 presenting a moral outline of stony rigidity; one who 
 thouijht much of himself, which the other seemed 
 never to do. Their constant association made them 
 in a marked degree conformable in character, to the 
 im})rovement of one of them at least. Though con- 
 forming in the main to tlie rules of his commercial 
 order, McLougldin's life was plainly one of imi)ulse 
 and instinctive action. He would do no wrong bo- 
 cause his company connnanded it. The ideal of oljli- 
 gation was outlined in his mind as distinctly as was 
 Mt Hood V'cfore his physical vision. 
 
 McLoughlin loved what was genial, noble, honest; 
 Douglas loved what was imposing, successful, honest. 
 The former more than the latter was confined to the 
 humdrum duties of a prosaic life, and yet we find in 
 the factor of Fort Vancouver far more of sentiment, 
 of warm, tender, all-enfolding sympathy, than in his 
 more stiff and stolid subordinate and successor. 
 
 Douglas venerated the institutions under which he 
 was born, the conventionalities imder which he lived, 
 and thence proceeding, soon learned to venerate him- 
 self, which im[)ortant figure he never for a niomeut 
 lost sight of. Without knowing it, the comings and 
 goings of McLttughlin were directed by a spirit of 
 magnanimous disinterestedness. 
 
 That one could drop early instilled traditions and 
 adopt another faith, as McLoughlin is reported ti> 
 have done, shows at least independence of thought, 
 and, to some extent, freedom from sectarian l)ondage. 
 Douglas never changed his religion ; nor could he, any 
 more than the leopard could change his skin. De- 
 prive the one of his church ceri'monies, and his reli- 
 gion was gone ; whereas the })ractical piety of the other 
 shone out from the depths of the wilderness thron;j,Ii 
 every act, and a thousand miles away from ritual. 
 
JOHN MiLOU(mLIN. 
 
 m 
 
 book, or priest. The loyalty of Douglas was to the 
 full letter and spirit of the law; McLou^-liliii lived in 
 the loyalty of liis divine iiiaiiliood, and tliougii obedi- 
 ent to the law, was yet above it. 
 
 The truth is, if I must confess it, ^NTcLoughlin's 
 piety, like Tolniie's temperance, was a garment for 
 occasions, and not to be worn if it interfered M'itli 
 more practical matters. 
 
 For example, while prayers wore beinfjj solenndy 
 read on Sunday in the u,reat hall of Fort Vancouver, 
 business was sometimes going on as briskly as evi-r. 
 An expedition was ])orha]'s on the tapi.'i, when, in tlie 
 open s[)ace without, saddle-horses were being lassi>ed 
 from a band of two or three hundred S(piealing, gal- 
 lo}mig animals, the thundering of whose hoofs, no 
 doubt, added solcnmity to the responses. So Tohnif, 
 thounh i)rofessing strictlv total abstinence before his 
 sor.s, l)eing a physician, took the liberty of prescribing 
 i'or himself liberal potations when in other company. 
 xVnd yet ]\[cLoughlin was pious, and Tolmie temperate. 
 Douglas was of the strictest sect a pharisee, abound- 
 ing in meaningless forms more hollow than he him- 
 self imagined forms could be. Forms to him were 
 indeed not forms, Init actualities; shadov.'s were more 
 substantial thinefs than the unseen substance that cast 
 the sliadow. 
 
 ^rcLoughlin was of (juiek ])erceptions. Glaicing 
 <i\ ir the accounts of an adventure, he could tell vou 
 the profit or loss and the cause of. either before 
 anotiier had fairly begun his calculations. D(»uglas, 
 on the other hand, was slow, methodical, exceedingly 
 careful, and he never would be hurried. His work 
 Would 1)0 done, and to have it well and jiroperly done 
 lie was willing to make any sacrifice of [)ersonal com- 
 t'Tts or j)leasuro, but he nmst have tini(>. He' pon- 
 dered a matter long, but once resolved, he smete with 
 vigor ami effect. 
 
 Hoth wore men of dignity and lofty bearing; but 
 the awe McLoughlin sought to inspire was for the 
 
304 
 
 JAMES DOUGLAS. 
 
 fh 
 
 great corporation represented in him, while the pom- 
 posity of Douglas sprang rather from personal pride. 
 MeLoughlin was not only the wealth, the property, 
 and ])rotit of the place, but he was the law, the mor- 
 ality, and tlio religion of a vast area occupied l)y 
 every shade of savagism and civilization, which, witli- 
 out proper and enforced example, juust quickly re- 
 solve into cliaos. Douglas worshipped his God and 
 his king, and endeavored to do his duty; but yet lie 
 always reserved a full sliare of adulation for himself. 
 
 In bent of mind, in carriage, conduct, and tlie man- 
 agement of aflairs, Douglas copied closely from liis 
 master, McLoughlin; so closely, indeeil, so hone.'^tly 
 and faithfully, that the imitation almost equalled the 
 original. Although they diftered in many resju'cts; 
 although Douglas M'as cold and calculating, even 
 as ^[('Loughlin was Marm-hearted and benevoh'nt; 
 although the virtues of ])ou<>las were manufactured, 
 while those of McLoughlin were s})ontaneous; al- 
 though ])ouglas was civilization's courtier, while ^Fc- 
 Loughlin was nature's nobleman — yet they were nuitli 
 alike; so alike, in fact, that there could have been no 
 iitter successor to [McLouofhlin than Dou<;las. ]^otli 
 were able, honest men, both obedient to the call of 
 the higher i)o\vers; yet while the highest power that 
 Douglas recognized in the affairs of lousiness was the 
 voice of his superior, ^[cLoughlin used to listen to 
 the voice of humanity, and recognize something nobler 
 in this universe than obedience, even though the edicts 
 were thundered by the miixhtv men of Fenchurcli 
 street. 
 
 Alter some forty years of service, the only reproach 
 ]\[cLoughlin's directors could cast upon him was tliat 
 of too nuK'h kindness to settlers. The company 
 wanted no interlopers; neither did McLoughlin want 
 them, and he used every effort to discourage tjnir 
 coming. But once there, his humanity would not let 
 them die of cold and hunger. 
 
 Sec the poor emigrants as they come stragglin*,' 
 
POLICY, POLICY, POLICY. 
 
 305 
 
 down the river, staggering under fatigue and starva- 
 tion! Tliey are not pleasing specimens of the outside 
 l)usv world, they are neither educated, intelligent, nor 
 oeiitlciuanly ; they are coarse, uncouth, dirty, haggard, 
 raufgod. They are ground-tillers, who frighten away 
 tlic game; they are aliens, who would usurp the terri- 
 tory. They are improvident, foolish, and had much 
 1 totter have remained at home. They bring discom- 
 fort, sow discord among tlie natives, and are exceed- 
 ingly unprofitable every way. But thoy are men; 
 sutfcriug, sorrowing men. And this is enough for 
 McLoughlin. He sends out bateaux, gathers them 
 in, l>rings them within the palisades, foods, clothes, 
 and comforts theuL Warmed into manhood under 
 liis benignant sympathy, they yet lack every means 
 of sup[)ort — seed, supi)lies, and implements of agricul- 
 ture. But ]\IcLoughlin's company does not desire 
 the soil disturbed; neither does McLoughlin. Yet 
 lie credits them, these strangers; and when his direc- 
 tors comi)lain, he tells them to charge it all to him. 
 I'orish factorships and fur corj)orations, he cannot see 
 lulploss human beings starve. I tell you this Cana- 
 dian Scotchman was tlie very Christ of Xortiiwest oc- 
 cuiiatioul 
 
 Now, Douglas likewise was humane; to the children 
 of tlie forest he was as a father. But Douglas was 
 an exceedingly just man. He was kind to the settler, 
 to the miner, to the poor of every caste; but he 
 was scrupulously alive to duty. No earthly power 
 could make !McLoughlin disloyal to his humanity; 
 no earthly power could make Douglas disloyal to his 
 '•(inipany. 
 
 "My father always liked him," says Mrs Harvey.-' 
 "Toward the last something happened; I do not 
 know what. I could not learn what it was. He 
 was against my father in something, and my father 
 was very angry about it." 
 
 ■' Li/<- qf MeLouijhliH, MS., 3 
 Hist. Ukit. Coi,. 20 
 
306 
 
 JAMES DOUGLAS. 
 
 We know what it was. In the unpleasant diseiii?- 
 sion liotwcon IMoLoughlin and the London directors 
 relative to assistiriiX cniiixrants, Doutjlas took sides 
 ajT^ainst his old friend and benefactor, and so made 
 capital with the company. Douglas himself soon be- 
 came ashamed of his conduct, and repented; and after 
 !^^cLout1fhlin's retirement, lie pursued the righteous 
 policy of his predecessor. But this was not until 
 after the London directors had become ashamed of 
 their conduct — for there was really no profit in it, it 
 being impossible to prevent immigration by any such 
 means. After this exhibition of his heart to his patron 
 and superior, McLoughlin saw in Douglas what he 
 had never seen before, and never after that were they 
 the same to each other. 
 
 In all this Douglas made no mistake. The com- 
 pany remembered and rewarded him. He was a 
 model man for the company. McLoughlin's mistakes 
 were all errors arising from the nobleness of his nature. 
 Some men are too coldly calculating ever to make 
 mistakes. Obstinate and rigid as he was in his high, 
 aristocratic policy, Douglas was ever free from any 
 unworthincss; he lacked the sweet weaknesses of hu- 
 manitv, whence unworthincss is engendered. To be 
 a little faulty is lamentable; but to be absolutely free 
 from ftiult may be more lamentable. For virtue, 
 concrete and absolute, is unnatural, and to be un- 
 natural is crime ai^ainst nature. Douglas wouKl 
 be a party to no virtuous disloyalty: no, not for 
 his soul's sake. If less than his superior in innate 
 nobleness, he wt)uld be the greater in outward ap- 
 pointment. 
 
 Until selfish interest interfered, Douglas cherished 
 for McLoughlin a filial affection. But within tlie 
 breast of the youncfer man there did not dwell suffi- 
 cient kindly feeling or generous sympathy to permit 
 a sacrifice of self-advancement. His path of honor 
 always lay in the direction of his conn)any's interests. 
 Douglas could satisfy the requirements of a merciless 
 
COLD AND HARD. 
 
 :io7 
 
 b discus- 
 directors 
 lok sides 
 so made 
 
 S(^on be- 
 and after 
 rin^liteous 
 not until 
 lianied of 
 it in it, it 
 
 any such 
 his patron 
 
 what he 
 were they 
 
 The com- 
 ic ^vas a 
 s mistakes 
 his nature. 
 r to make 
 ■ his high, 
 from any 
 tscs of hu- 
 To he 
 utoly free 
 or virtue, 
 to be Un- 
 as would 
 lo, not for 
 in innate 
 itward ap- 
 
 wi 
 
 cherished 
 ithin the 
 
 dwell sutti- 
 
 f to permit 
 of honor 
 
 s interests. 
 
 a merciless 
 
 corporation better than McLou<^hlin; for McLough- 
 lins duty was always on the side of charity, while 
 t]u> charity of Douglas was made subservient to 
 duty. 
 
 In guile ^McLoughlin was an infant; in ever>i;hing 
 covert or cunning he was unsophisticated. He had 
 spint his life, or at least the greater part of it, among 
 responsible men, whose words were single, whose 
 assurances signified something. They were business 
 associates, business brethren, strict in their dealings, 
 slower to promise than to perform. Thus the cold, 
 keen world and the darkest side of humanity had 
 remained hidden from him. He had not found it in 
 the forest or in the camp. 
 
 He had never met many bad men, except among 
 classes so far below him that their wickedness excited 
 his sorrow ratht-r than his auijer. The natives were 
 thieves, liars, and murderers, some of them ; yet even 
 these it was the policy of his company to trust, be- 
 cause in giving them credit they derived profit. 
 Surely there could not be among white Christians 
 ('•reater villanv than among these scalping heathen. 
 Alas! it was forced upon him to know before he 
 die<l that there were worse men in the world than 
 savages; that there were, even among those who 
 claimed to be upon a !)etter footing with the Al- 
 iiiiglity than were some others, men more cunning, 
 more treacherous and vindictive, greater ingrates and 
 scoundrels, more diabolically wicked, than the aver- 
 ago aboriginal. 
 
 The incoming settlers to the Northwest Coast wcx'e 
 i)i a class totally different from any McLoughlin had 
 hitherto seen. They were well beaten and battered 
 uwn of the world. Many of them were conscientious 
 iuid honest; most of them were pecuniarily irrespcm- 
 >ihl('; too many were unreliable in thoir word; some 
 tew were downright dishonest. Few Hotspurs, few 
 Mercutios, were found in the ranks of the Hudson's 
 Bav adventurers; all here were under inexorable 
 
8Q8 
 
 JAME.S DOUGLAS. 
 
 commercial rule; one must look away upon the moun- 
 tains, among the camps of the free-traders for Mer- 
 cutios and Hotspurs. 
 
 It is scarcely to be wondered at; it is exactly what 
 we should expect, when the single-hearted ruler of 
 Fort Vancouver, now well past middle age, was brouglit 
 into jarring relationship with such an element as this, 
 that by some of them he should be badly treated, 
 sadly imposed upon ; that after the most disinterested 
 kindness he should be cheated, vilified ; such being tliu 
 way some have in cancelling obligations. Douglas 
 might boast fewer enemies than McLoughlin, because 
 he had granted fewer favors. 
 
 During the last years of his life, McLoughlin sonic- 
 times showed signs of impatience, of which he was 
 afterward hejirtily ashamed. When much excited, ho 
 would rub his stomach, swear hotly for a moment, and 
 in the same breath beg God's forgiveness. It was 
 laughable, except to one who knew the man and tlio 
 occasion. Yet with all his injuries he did not become 
 a misanthropic Timon. In the singleness and noble 
 purity of his soul, he could not but believe that most 
 men were honest; he could not believe that men are 
 as bad as they are, and he never regretted havinii; 
 befriended the unfortunate. To the end he was gentle 
 and tolerant, though his sensitiveness to ingratitude 
 and wrong was often manifest. 
 
 Now, if in order to detect some slight flaws in 
 the grandest and most faultless character of British 
 Columbian history, it has been necessary to view it 
 by the light of one of the grandest and most faultless 
 characters of any history, it only shows our more just 
 and lively appreciation of the man. To the proper- 
 minded writer of history, it is indeed refreshing to 
 find the central figure in the early aflairs of a colony 
 or commonwealth so worthy of the proud pedestal on 
 which it is his greatest pleasure to place him. Neither 
 Douglas nor McLoughlin ever did a base or ignol 
 act; and side by side, even as in life they were so oft^ 
 
 tie 
 
 en 
 
LET BOTH BE PRAISE 1>. 
 
 30S) 
 
 found, their names shall forever stand unsullied in the 
 annals of the great Northwest.^ 
 
 ^The life of James Douglas is in truth the history of British Columbia 
 {roni its boginiiing, through all its early changes ami vicissitudes, down to 
 abriut 1875. I have in this chapter only outlined the salient characteristics 
 of this remarkable man, for a fuller knowledge of wlioni I must refer the 
 reader to the other parts of this volume, scarcely a page of which is not af- 
 fcctt-'d by his influence. My authorities for this chapter are: Doiujlas' Prmtle 
 J'lilM'rx, latacr., MS., passim; Dowjlfts' Journal, MS., passim; iMuijlas' Pr'i- 
 riite I'djiers, 2d ser., MS., passim; Hurveifa Life of John McLotujhUn, MS., 3(5 
 ft sc(i.; McLowjldinK Private Papers, ser. i., ii., iii., MS., passim; Fin- 
 I'li/Mim IJist. V. I., MS., 30-3, 67; Anderwn's NortlnncKt Coanf, MS., 14, 
 •J."), 5l)-03; Tolmiea Piiijet Sound, MS., 2; McKinlui/'ii Narrotit'e, MS., 
 tj; Good's Brilixh Columbia, MS., 1; Grovers Puhlic Life, MS., G5, G*!; Oli/mjiiit 
 r/>i/>t'onvs., MS., 9-13; Jid>erts Rec., MS., 57, Go; Burma's Itcc., MS., i. 94-5, 
 -'7;M; McLi'wl's Peace Rieer, 25; Wilkes' U. S. Ejpl. Ex., iv. Sol-!); Address 
 and Jfeiiiorials v]>oii the Retlrenienl of Sir James Douijlas, passim; Refill/, 
 U. S. to H. B. M. Treaty qf Washimjton, 74; Waddiw/ton's Fravr Mines, 35 G; 
 If. B. Co. Er., II. B. Co. Claims, 49; To-t's A'em Cahdonia, MS., 4(i 7; 
 Eriiiis' Ilixt. Or., MS., 279; Cridije's Characteristics of Jaiiics Domjlas, MS., 
 3-5; Waldo's Critii/ues, MS., 13-14; 27th Coiia. 3d Sexs., ]f. Rc],f.' Com. No. 
 ,?/, i. 5G, 57; Or. Puli. Rec, MS., 4; Comptons Forts awl Fort Life, MS., 2; 
 B'icm's Mcr. Life, MS., 20-1; Ma-'s' Pictures, MS., 20; Petti, iroecs Or., 
 MS., 1-G; Sartons Or. Ter., MS., 131-41; Minlos Earl;/ Ifal/s, MS., 2; 
 WiUoii's Or. Sketches, MS., 19-21. The biographical notices given by the 
 Iiulilic press iu different parts of the world upon the occa.sioii of his (luatli, 
 of wliich there are too many even to make mention, are remarkable not only 
 I'lir tlio information they do not contain, but for the remote distance fruin 
 truth of the statements given. 
 
H J 
 
 CHAPTEK XVIII. 
 
 THE ISLAND UNDER DOUGLAS. 
 1851-1859. 
 
 llKfONCILIATIOX OK AvTAOONISTIC ELEMENTS — TlIK TkkMS OF SeTTLE^FKNI' 
 
 Unjust am> Imi-olitk; — The Inaugukatiox of Goveknmext rui.:MA- 
 TURE — No Government BIT THE Best Goveknmkni — Continuance or 
 TUB Domination of the Monoi'oly — The Puoet Sound Company- 
 Provisions OF THE t'liowN Grant in Regard to Government — Exii 
 ration of the First Five-vear Term and Renewal — The Okficks of 
 Governor and Ma(iistuate at First United — iLLEo^vLrnr of Delkuat 
 iNii Imperi.vl Authority to a Colonial Governor in Coincil — 
 Organization of a House of Assembly— Farcical Performances ok 
 THE First LEoisLAroas — The Wild Beasts and Savages Sukvive the 
 Result— Touching Disi'lav of Family Affection in the Manumi.a- 
 TioN OF Government Affairs — Douglas Compelleu to Relinquish 
 Some Portion of his Honors and Emoluments. 
 
 With the in.iu<j:uratIon of James Douiilas as cole- 
 iiial governor, two of the oppugfiiant elements which 
 (luring the past two years had riiHied the usual serenity 
 of tlic Island were harmonized. The manau-ement 
 of Hudson's Bay Coinpaii}'' affairs and the rulership of 
 the colonial g(5vernment being vested in one person, 
 faotor-in-chief of tlie commercial monopoly and rep- 
 resentative of the queen's authority, it only remained 
 for him to reconcile to himself differences between 
 tlie company and the crown according to jiolicy or 
 conscience. The third element, the colonizers, was, 
 fortunately for the peace of tlie Island, insignificant 
 at the first, and was now since the inauguration of the 
 new governor rapidly diminishing. If there was too 
 little governing south of the 49th parallel, north of 
 that line there was now altogether too much. Upon 
 
 (310) 
 
TOO MUCH (JONKltXMKXT. 
 
 •Ml 
 
 tlu! devoted head ot* the poor settler, surrounded by 
 jtulous savages and under the niost arbitrary and 
 iii>ane reHtrictions that ever enianatt^d from a free 
 « >■< tvernment favorinj; fr(>o cohmizatlon, rested the iucubi 
 (if nioiiarcliy and monopoly. Not alone nuist the 
 pound per acre for wild, ancl thus far worthless, land, 
 .stolen from the savages, be paid the imperial govern- 
 ment, but to the re'presentative of the government as 
 the representative of a crushing moi!o2)oly must the 
 settler go for every necessity, every article of comfort 
 or form of requirement, paying therefor often two or 
 three hundred per cent on London cost; to this same 
 hydra-head he nmst carry his produce, and receive for 
 it whatever the company might please to ]»ay. Wlio 
 among nineteentli-century Englishmen would leave his 
 li;ii)py English home with all its hallowed memories, 
 and take up his residence in tliis far-away noiih-wcst 
 wilderness only to breathe "-o stifling an atmosphere 
 as tliis? Nobody. And so Douglas traded skins and 
 ruled, though he ])resently had few subjects except 
 Ills own hired servants. 
 
 He had now, I say, only to reconcile to his policy 
 oi' conscience any infelicities arising between imperial 
 ai-I commercial interests, but I do not say that Doug- 
 1i- ras disposed to deal unfairly in regard to cither 
 trust. He was wise enough to see that self-interest 
 l.ty in equitable adjustments. He was wise enough 
 to see that henceforth throughout this domain com- 
 uureial power must diminish and imperial power 
 advance. The combined sovereignty was not beyond 
 liis capabilities, yet both were not essential to his 
 permanent advancement. He could live upon the 
 emoluments of his chief factorship, or upim his salary 
 as governor. At present the two ((tmluned were bet- 
 t( f than either singly; he would be true, so far as hi 
 him lay, to the interests of both; but ready at any 
 time to relinquish either. When reUnquishment be- 
 came irresistible, he would let fjo the lesser and hold to 
 tlic greater; which would be permanently the greater. 
 
311! 
 
 THE ISLAND UNDER D0U(;LAS. 
 
 and which the loss, his discriminating judgment and 
 clear foresight hud already told him. 
 
 Between 18j1 and 1856, in the absence of settlers, 
 the duties of imperial rule were light. The monop- 
 oly, having everj'^thing its own way, managed matters, 
 in the main, to suit its own interests. Whatever was 
 to 1)C done for England on these shores, that Douglns 
 did well and faithfully. The tranquillity of tlie nortli- 
 ern fur-fields was somewhat disturbed by the Indian 
 hostilities soutli of the border, but Douglas was too 
 well v'irsed in aboriginal traffic to permit op(.!nruptui(i 
 witli the natives so long as h(3 could have tlieni to 
 himself, and away from the demoralizing infiuence ot 
 strang(>rs. 
 
 During this time the Hudson's Bay Company, to 
 all intrnts and purposes, enjoyed monopoly the same 
 as if there had been no colony and no colonial govt ni- 
 ment. There were no merchants on tlie Island, no 
 manufacturers, no miners, other than the adventurers 
 of ]"]ngland, for none could compete with them. TIhiv 
 was no money on tlie Island; all business was barter. 
 Tliere was no inti^rcourse with the mother country (.r 
 wich the world, except through the medium of tlio 
 mono[»oly. 
 
 ]]ven in agriculture, in practical manipulation, at 
 least, there was also monopoly — gra.iping, oversliadow- 
 ing, merciless monopoly. With nearest aiid best lands 
 secured, and every resource at con'mand, whatever was 
 recpiired ibr home consumption and more, whatevt r 
 could be profitably exported to Ilussian America, tlic 
 ] lawaiian Islands, or elsewhere, the Paget Sounil ( 'oni- 
 pany could furnish at prices below what would be cost 
 to the distant and isolated settl«T. 
 
 In <jfran;ing the Island to the fur company for col- 
 onization, it had been stipulated by the crown, anions' 
 other conditions, that at the end of the fifth year from 
 1849, unless certain progress in settlement wis made, 
 the charter should revert to the imperial government. 
 
OVEKREACHINfi. 
 
 ni3 
 
 And now, says Finlayson, owing to the hesitation of 
 colonists to come forward, "tlie company began to get 
 anxious." They l)egan to see tliat there was such a 
 thing as overreaching themselves in continuing too 
 far the exclusive system. They were in no haste to 
 colonize, but they could not hope always to hold the 
 halance of power if there was no settlement. Hence 
 they released some of their reserved lands, influenced 
 some of their servants to become settlers, and made 
 fresh efforts to induce fainilies from al)road to make 
 tlie Island their home. To give further color to their 
 liroceedings, a number of the officers, Douglas an<l 
 Work, Tod, Tolniie, and Finlayson, bought wikl lands, 
 jiiiyiiig therefor the one pound per acre. The ]*ug('t 
 Sound Com))any appointed ba'.Hfis, who, besides a 
 sakiiy of sixty pounds a yeur, were given o"e quarter 
 of tlie farm profits, with liberty to draw j^oods fVoni 
 <lu' Hudson's ]^ay Com]>any stores at fost and ex- 
 penses cliargeable to the farm account.^ 
 
 It must not be su})])osed tliat su*']i )f the officers 
 .111(1 servaits of the JIudsou's l>ay « omi)any as liad 
 liecome landholders and settlei's on Vancouver Island 
 shared with the London manairement the desire for a 
 
 ' ' Tlic cnni])any object to liringing the gomls of Hcttlors into the i.il.iinl, 
 Imt iiiit to tiikiiij; gomls away; tin: iiihrt'iico being that tticy object to aiiy- 
 tliiiitr bke <;oin])etitioii.' < 'ait] hi; in /loiiii' n/ Cwn. A'ljit., II. J{. l'i>., 1S,"i7, -'U. 
 'I'hii Ituvereiid Staine.s ' became liiueh dissati.sliiil witli things, witii Mr l>iiu^'- 
 las aiicl lii.s acbninistratiou un govei'Tior of thi' eohiny, others joined with hiii, 
 le^iflini; to a diviision among tlio setUers. And now a jiortioii ol' the Hudson's 
 Kay Comiiany truik'rs also I)eean>e dissatislird witli tlie cimrse of Mr hoii^^las 
 anil lii.s ollii'ers. Tliey coni^ilained that tile j;ovei nor could not lio jnstiee to 
 liiitli |iartie.s; that tho cliit^f factorsliip shouM be sejiarati! ami di.stiiiet from 
 tile govi rnorshiii; that tlie good;H for fLir-tiadin;;' |iuriMise.s were transferred 
 til the I'ugi't Sound Com] aiiy'.s eohiny at cost and. cli:irges, whereas they were 
 wortii seventy-livo l)er ••ent on the prime cost, for ea h, in the o|(eu n ari.et. 
 This was the complaint of the eiim|iany against the representatives of t!iu 
 ciiliiiiy, and they wished for a seii:iration.' /■V///"//.<i)/''.'( I'. /., MS., o.'l 4. 
 'There are Homo (jueer stories alloat respecting tiieso tinu's; such us enii- 
 graids brought out and imprisoned on their aoival for not ehc using to vorli; 
 •if others perein|it<)rily forbidden to loeati^ on certain lam's, o- the company 
 Would not protect them; of r-'speetable emigrants coming ewr to obtain the 
 necessary information and settle; am' having in disgust; of Workmen lloi^gid 
 for trilles; of a miner having Ids skidl cracked with a blacksmith's haninii r 
 by a foreman of the company at Nanaimo, and receiving a compensation in 
 land or money to make him hold his tongue; of agreements subscribed on the 
 Island, promising never to speak ill of the criinpany, etc. Some of these 
 stories have boou probably exaggerated.' WiuliUinjton'b Fiiuer Muk'k, 34, 
 
314 
 
 THE LSLANi> UNDER DOUULA.S. 
 
 y.'i 
 
 IVt: 
 
 m 
 
 '■'!l!i 
 
 ^1 
 
 ofHitinuance of fur-trading rule. The settlers' i>ctitioii 
 tt> parliament, made in the autumn of 1853, to which 
 I have before alluded, askin*^ that the company's grant 
 should not be renewed at the expiration of the tivo 
 years' term ; that the Island should be taken under tlie 
 innnediate management of the iiiiperial government; 
 that a governor and subordinate functicmaries should 
 be a]>pointcd and i)aid by the home government; that 
 courts of justice should be establislied ; that the execu- 
 tive council should be se[»arate from the legislatisc; 
 that a majority of the legislative council should ho 
 elective for four years, by such of tlie colonists as held 
 not less than two hundred acres of land, and the house 
 of assendtlv to consist of nine mend>ers, to be selected 
 every three 3'ears; that tlic elective franchise, now 
 enjoyed only by persons holding twenty acres of land, 
 should be extended so as to include })ersons occupying 
 houses or }»aying rent to the amount of ten pounds 
 per annum, or owning fanning lands to the value (tf 
 ten i>ounds, or city laiuls to the value of twentv 
 ]>oun(ls, and that the })rice of }>ublic land should be 
 r<(h:ced to ten shillings an acre, payable in five annual 
 instalments, with interest at the rate of live per cent 
 \n-v amuim the petition to parliament, I say, asking 
 these thin<>s, was siLined not onlv bv Stjiines, (iraiit, 
 Muir, l^lenkhorn, AVier, l^angford, Atkins-jji, Hall, 
 Sang tcT', Yates, Hawkins, Wilson, Kussell, Downie, 
 ]*eny, ^[cKay, Humphreys, and otluTs. directly oj)- 
 ]><)sed to the Hudson's Bay Comjiany in almost all 
 their interests, but by the highest company oHicials 
 tiiemselves, by every member of the govej-nor's coun- 
 cil, even by Tod, Cooper, Finlayson, Tolmie, Work, 
 Keimedy -all, in short, except tlie governor, his fam- 
 ily aiul ntore ijn.nediate )(>tainers. 
 
 No disloyalty to the CMmpany was attached to this 
 proceeding; it was only an expression of opinion that 
 at the expiration of the present live years the interests 
 of tlie government and the company should be wholly 
 distinct. They saw that Douglas, in his present 
 
EXriRATlON OF THE TEltM. 
 
 m 
 
 anomalous j- ^sition, was doing justice neither to liim- 
 j^oit', liis cou'p-iny, nor his iijovernnient, and the quicker 
 t'lesc several interests were segregated, the better for 
 iill concerned.^ 
 
 The truth is, these shrewd Scotchmen saw nothing 
 for themselves in the present arrangement. They 
 (duld manage the affairs of the company as well, or 
 1 litter, untrammelled by imperial forms. It was well 
 (■iu>a"j:h for Douglas, with his eiuht hundred pounds a 
 M iir salarv as governor, but the otliers were now 
 hind-owners and settlers as well as fur-traders, and 
 tlifsc n v interests were rapidly assuming pro}»urtions 
 ji;;rainount to the older ones, (jroverning could never 
 lt( profitable to them unless England was willing to 
 uav something for the satisfaction of immberinn' anion*; 
 lur colonial possessions the Island of Vancouver. If 
 till.' government of the colony was to be borne 
 mtirely by the colonists, they had better be without 
 it. for the natural wealth of the country they could 
 gather themselves. 
 
 Hitherto under the grant of IHth .)f January 1841), 
 giving absolute lordsliij) and ju'oprietorship of the 
 Island, its lands and minerals, at a yearly rental of 
 stveii shillings, witii the privilege on the jmrt of the 
 (iitwii of nsuming possession at the expiration of five 
 yr.us by reimbursing the fur company its colonial ex- 
 l»i'nsi's, little had been done in the way of governing. 
 There was, indeed, no special need of a government; 
 ill the absence of settlers, the old relations i)etwe».'n 
 Indians and Europeans Mere the bi'st, and these could 
 he maintained by the fur-company alone; the imperial 
 l>ailiament was powerless to ruU> American savages. 
 Tliev n»ight exterminate, but thev <'ould not n'overn. 
 
 As the ex|>iration of tlu> term of five years covered 
 I'V the grant drew nigh, the fur-ti'adeivs saw thatuidi'ss 
 they would lose their coloni/ation charter something 
 must bo done. A series of })lausible i-xcuses might 
 
 'Thin iliicuniuiit with all tli« Hijjuaturox is too IciiiJttliy to give here; it may 
 Im' found ill full ill the (>lyiii]>iit Colunihkin, Oi't. i.".*, IS.'li, 
 
316 
 
 THE ISLAND UNDER DOUGLAS. 
 
 4 (it 
 
 be framed, which, if backed by sufficient of tlie right 
 kind of influence when placed before the government, 
 would be all-sufficient. First, they had carried out 
 the re(juirements of the charter; therefore it was no 
 fault of theirs that colonization had thus far failed; 
 .I'ld finally, it was the fault of the government in 
 making such ahsurd conditions. These weighty ex- 
 cuses at length prevailed, and in 1854 the Hudson's 
 Bay Company succeeded in obtaining from the Brit- 
 ish government another agreement granting them 
 Vancouver Island for purposes of colonization for 
 another pc^riod of five years. 
 
 We have seen how Douglas began his colonial reign 
 as cliief of the provi.sional council a}»p(»inted by Blan- 
 shnrd just before taking Jiis dr'parture, James C(H»piT 
 and John T(»d being the other nuMuhers of the council. 
 After having been nuule governor in the autunm ot 
 IS;") I, seeing no inunediate necessitv for anv chanur. 
 ])ouglas continuetl to achninister iniju'rial authority 
 by the aid of a I'ouncil, adding only the name ot 
 Bodi-riek Finlayson to th(> former number."' 
 
 Thus goverinuei>t affairs «lrifted on till 1854, wlirii 
 endt'd tlie five vears' term of the grant,' afti-r whicli 
 the name of Jt>hn Wi>rk was substituted for tluit ot 
 James ( 'oo[>er as nuMuber of council. 
 
 Nor was it difficult for the company to obtain au 
 exttMision. They pointed to their jieaceful reign, to 
 the altsence of crime on the Island; they expressid 
 their willingness— nay, their earnest desire — to a<loi>t 
 any means the govermuent might suggest for the 
 extension of colonization. And so the grant was 
 renewed for anotlier five years; and the Huilson'sl^ay 
 
 TiHipor, Miir. MdHti'i. MS., 1-28, says that tlio nvr>wt'il olijoct to be ao- 
 ci>iii|i1i.sIkmI liy tlit> foriiiatiiMi of tliis (.■iiuiit'il was to Imlil in chock the auto- 
 criitic i>uwtr of tlio MikIhoh's ]ia\ ('oiiii>aiiy. If tliis wcio tlio ival iii.stca'l 
 of tlif jinti lulcil iiiii-|iosc — and, a.s 1 take it, it watt real with Hlaushanl, and 
 jiix'tcinK-il liy .some otiurs — it wiia iiiiinifci'itly no loss puurilo in its couceiilMii 
 tlian farcical in execution. 
 
 « 'In \SruV says Deans, Srftli'iiinif. V. /., MS., 14. ' MrTod. MrFinlaysoii, 
 and ('ajitain Coojmt formed tin; council.' So .Mr Fiidayson, JJlal. I'. /., M^-, 
 fiO, ' Wiu i4>[ioiutcd to tUu cuuucil which stood in 185'J-3,' 
 
KENEWAL OK CUANT. 
 
 3n 
 
 Company, with Douorlas chief factor and governor, 
 coutiuued to rule A'ancouver Island until 1851). 
 
 Soon after this arran^^enient was made, however, 
 till' question bei^an to arise in the mind of J^ritish 
 statesmen conversant with the principles of colonial 
 l;iw. whether the crown, in a settlement of Enijflish- 
 iiK II. could legally convey authority to make laws to 
 jMiv council or leijfishiture not elected whollv or in 
 jiait hy the settlers themselves. 
 
 Upon the founding of the colony of Vancouver 
 Island, Governor J^lanshard in his commission and in- 
 structions was directed to sunnnon general assemldies 
 of tVeeholders, qualified hy their ownership of twenty 
 a< ns of land, with whose advice ami the advice of his 
 (iiinnil, to consist of si'ven memhers, he was to make 
 laws for the good government of the })eoplc. 
 
 Governor J^lanshard's commission contained an(^ther 
 clause, introduced for the ]iurpose of permitting the 
 governor, if imssihle, to form a legislature which 
 should ])rovide for the immediate necessities <»f the 
 ci>l(»nv before an assend>lv could he convened. This 
 <lause empowered the governor to make laws with 
 the aid of his council ahme. The governor, at his 
 discretion, should divide the Island into electoral tlis- 
 ti lets, fix tiie numhei' of repres(>ntatives, and exercise 
 the usual power of proroguing or dissolving the as- 
 M uiltlv at i)leasuri'. The leyislature thus constituted 
 should have power to make laws, levy taxes, and regu- 
 late the affairs of the Island, always subject to the 
 ajiproval of the crown. It was the intention of the 
 iiiijurial government in these instructions, no doubt, 
 that an assembly should be formed as soon as ]>ossible.^ 
 We have seen iiow, by the high j)rice of land, the 
 I'lf sence of an overshadowing monopoly, and the at- 
 
 ■' ' I am couviiicod as well by tue eeneral tenor of tlie (loeuiiicnts theiiisclven 
 MS \<\ tlie iiiformtUioii whicli 1 liiiV'Tieen alile to obtain of the iiiteritioii nf lur 
 in ijisty's* ^overiiineiit in Irarniny lieni, tlint it Wiis then eonteniidati'il that 
 Mirli n.sseuililiex sliouM l>u suninioneJ ua soon on it Hlionlil bo nractioulilu tu Ju 
 hi>,' lAtl>our/nrt'« DcitpaWh to Oov, IhiKjlan, i!8tli February 18i)t5. 
 
THE ISLAND UXDKU IMHULAS. 
 
 tractions over the border, coloi. atiou had been iv- 
 tardod. We liavo seen tlio difficulty, the impossibility, 
 of suinnioninj*' an a-^sendjly of freeholders, chiefly for 
 the reason that there were no freeholders to sununon. 
 Or if there were landholders, l)einof mostlv servants ot 
 the Hudson's Bay Canii)any, it was not legarded as 
 I'xactly the tiling to organize a popular tribunal solely 
 from the ranks of the monopoly. 
 
 Hence it was that Governor Douglas, for some time 
 after I^lanshard had resigned, deemed it advisable t<> 
 act on the power a})}>arently given him to manage 
 matters with the atlvice of his council onlv, and to 
 ]iass such laws as the exigencies of the time n><juiretl. 
 And this action on the part of (Jovernor Douglas nut 
 the entire approval of the im[)erial governn\ent. 
 
 But at length the time had come when the true 
 spirit of English law must be given free play, even in 
 this far away and still almost tenantless isle. If it 
 were true that the ciowu could not legally confide the 
 law-making power to a governor in council, then the 
 clause in his commission on which the governor relie(i 
 was unwarranted, and his acts under it invalid. 
 
 At all i'vents, it appc^ared best that steps should be 
 taken to establish a legislature for Vancouver Island in 
 accordance with the spirit of the English law. Hence 
 on the 28tli of February ISitG, Lal)ouchere, secretary 
 of state, writes Governor Dougl is, instructing him 
 without delav to call toi^ether an assembly accordinu' 
 to the terms of his commission and instructions. 
 
 l^V the ninth clause of his instructions, the sjfovernor 
 had ]>ower to fix the number of representatives, and 
 if he should deem it essential, to divide the Island into 
 distj'icts, witii ] Killing-places in each. To the asseml)ly 
 thus sunnnoned, the govei'nor, with the advice of his 
 council, might suggest such measures as 'teemed to 
 him ri'cjuisite. Among the first steps to be taken l>y 
 tlie assembly, the secri'tary suggested that the a<l-^ 
 of the government already performed without tht 
 authority of an assembly should be made valid. 
 
A LEflLSLATURE. 
 
 319 
 
 been 10- 
 )ssibilitv, 
 hiciiy for 
 summon. 
 Tvants ot 
 ''ardetl as 
 nal solely 
 
 -iomc tinu' 
 Ivisable to 
 o mana)j;r 
 Iv, and to 
 i> nHjuir* (1. 
 DUijlas mit 
 lent. 
 
 n the true 
 av, even in 
 i^le. If it 
 confide tlu' 
 .1, then tlio 
 rnor relu'd 
 alid. 
 
 s should 1h' 
 L'l* Island ill 
 AV. Hone*' 
 i^, secretary 
 uetin^- liim 
 y aeeordin,u' 
 
 tions. 
 
 The maintenance of a constitution on the model of 
 liii'^er colonies, \vitli a liouse of re})resent{itives and a 
 council, Laboucliere goes on to say, in so small a com- 
 iiiuuity mi<^ht be inexpedient for tlie ])rcscnt, and pc-r- 
 liaps for years a smaUer body miglit satisfactorily 
 jK rinnn tlie recjuisite functions of government. Such 
 a iMxly, however, could be organized oidy by enactment 
 of a legislature authorized by the commission, which 
 would be ail assembly .acting with the g()vernor and 
 
 his enUUcil. 
 
 That is to sav, a h^uislature mii;ht be formed umuT 
 the ])rovisions of the commission, aud when thus legally 
 constituted, it might, ft)r convenience or for purposes 
 ot' economy, surrender its powers into the hands of 
 a singk' power as had been done successfully else- 
 where. 
 
 "I leave it to you to consider," continues Labou- 
 cliere, "with the advice of the local authorities, the 
 luunher and projjcr qualitications of the mend)ers oT 
 such a single council; but in the event (»f your deter- 
 iiiining to introduce the elective principle into it, a 
 certain pi'oportion, not less than one third, should be 
 imuiiiiated by the crown. The power of assenting to 
 oi- iu>gativing, or suspending for the assent of the 
 crown, the measures passed by such a council should 
 he distinctly n^served to yourself. And it is very 
 essential that a constitutional law of this descri})tion 
 should contain a proviso reserving the initiation of all 
 money votes to the local government. An atlditional 
 reason in favor of the cours(> which I now prescribe, 
 namely, that of calling together the assembly, and then 
 it" the legislature so created think ])roper, establishing 
 a siiiipliT form of government, is to be found in the 
 t iivunistance tliat the relations of the Hudson's Hay 
 ('oiii|»any with the ci-own must lu'ci'ssaiily un<leigo 
 iv\ i^ioii before or in the year liS.V.). The j)ositi()n and 
 tuture government of Vaiu'ouver's Lsland will then 
 unavoidably j)ass under revii'W, and if any ditticulties 
 should be ex]>erienced in carrying into execution any 
 
320 
 
 THE ISLAND UNDER DOUGLAS. 
 
 present instructions, a convenient opportunity will be 
 aft'orded for reconsidering them." 
 
 To these instructions Governor Douglas, on tlio 
 2"2d of May, thus replies: " It is, I confess, not Avith- 
 out feelings of dismay that I contemplate the nature 
 and amount <^)f lahor and responsibility which will bo 
 imposeil upon me in the process of carrying out the 
 instructions t-onvtyed in your despatch. Possessiii;^ 
 a vcrv slender knowled<;e <jf legislation, without h<ni\ 
 advice or intelligent assistance of any kind, I approurli 
 the subject with diftidence, feeling, however, all the 
 encouragrment which the kindly promised assistance 
 and si!))port of her majesty's goverinnent is calculated 
 to inspii"." 
 
 While u^'^rsc to universal suffrage, or to making 
 population the basis of representation, the governor 
 (hcnied it expedient to extend the franchise to all 
 j)ersons holding in the colony a fixed property stake, 
 that class being more numerous than the other, and 
 having e(j[ual iutc;rest in the ])ermanent welfare of the 
 colony, lie therefore asked permission of the iui- 
 ])t'rial government to extend the franchise so as to 
 give the re[)resentation a wider basis, but was told in 
 nply that it was thought best, for the present, not to 
 alter the commission, but to convoke the first assembly 
 in stiict accordance with its provisions, and then bring 
 before that l)odva measure for extending the sufiVage. 
 The council at this time eonsisted of John Tod, senior 
 niend)er, James Cooper, Roderick Finlayson, and Joliu 
 i\ I'ant. Calling a meeting of the council, the governor 
 laid before it tlie secretary's instructions concerninLj 
 the summoning of assemi)lies of the freeholders, and on 
 the 4th and 'Jth of June the same were duly consid- 
 ered. The result was a proclamation issued the Kitli 
 of June 1850, dividing the Island into four electoral 
 districts, apportioning the number of representatives, 
 and appointing returning officers for each." 
 
 "Tlic four districts wore as follows: Victorica to be represented hy three 
 members, Aiulrew .Muir rutuniiiig olHeer; Esijuitnalt and Metcliosiii, two inciii- 
 bers, H. W. O. Maryary reiurniiig otiicer; Nunaimo, one niemlwr, C E. Stii:irt 
 
ELECTION 
 
 321 
 
 Dy will be 
 
 ,s, on the 
 not with- 
 he naturi' 
 ch will 1)1-' 
 ig out the 
 Posscssin;4 
 thout legal 
 I apin'oiieh 
 
 er, 
 
 all tl 
 
 le 
 
 , assistant -e 
 i calculated 
 
 to making 
 le governor 
 chiso to all 
 perty stake, 
 e other, and 
 plfare of the 
 of the ini- 
 ise so as to 
 was told in 
 esent, not to 
 rstassenihly 
 i then bring 
 the suflragi'. 
 Tod, senior 
 n\, and John 
 he governor 
 J concerning 
 |lders, andou 
 duly consid- 
 ed the K'-th 
 lur electoral 
 [resentatives, 
 
 
 
 iresented 1>y throe 
 Itchosin, two iiuni- 
 Inlwr, C. E. Stuiirt 
 
 Seven members were to be returnea, wnose qualifi- 
 cation was the ownership of freehold estate to the 
 amount of three liundred pounds or more.' Tlie prop- 
 ( ity (pialilication of voters jh niained as fixed by 
 tlie 'governor's connnission, twcntv acres or more of 
 fneliold land. "There will be a diliicultv in findin"^ 
 pinpcrly (pudified representatives," writes Douglas to 
 Lahouclierc, " juid I fear that our early attiMupts at 
 ]r 'islatioii will make a sorry fiLrurc; thouuh at all 
 events thev will have the i-tfect Vou contemiilati? of 
 unloving all doubts as to the validity of our local en- 
 actments." Following the examjile of JJritish Guiana, 
 the agents of the absentee freehold proprietors were 
 allowed to vote in })lace of their jn'iiicipal.'^ ^^'rits 
 calling a gi'Ueral assenddy of freeholders for the pur- 
 ])i)se of electing mcnd)ers to serve in the gt'iieral assem- 
 l)ly were made returnable the 4th of .Vugust f<»llouing. 
 ]']leeti(>ns were duly held according to notice; and in 
 tliree of the districts the electors were so few in mmd>rr 
 that tlie returns were little more than mei'e nt)miua- 
 tiniis. In N'ictoria disti'ict, however, there were no h-ss 
 tliaii five 1 i\al candidates, wli** liercelv contested for the 
 limior of mend)crshi[> of the first house of assembly ol 
 A'aiicouver Island. And thus wer<^ chosen "seven fit 
 and discreet persons," into whose hands the destiny of 
 the nation was for the time being eonfuled.'' 
 
 r(t',niiiii;4(illic( r; Suko, ouo iiu'iidKr, .Inliii Miiii-, Juiiini', ii'tuniin^iollii'cr. Vic- 
 t'lru ilistrict L'oiniiriicil tlu^ tiniiitry viist of tln' Nictm ia Arm atnl of a line 
 nniiiiiig ill ii iiortliuily iliivitiuii tnwanl Saaiiiili, so as ti> iiKliido I'firs Farm; 
 lv'|uimalt ili.strict, llio oountryi'a.st of Vic-tniia Arm, ami iM.stol' rcildiT liiiy. 
 iiuluiliiiL; McKcii/U' .s ami tliu lai'iiis Mfst of l'iil|ii(it « JiiviT; Snki; distritt 
 liiiiii I'liMur Hay to Ottur Jlivul, tlu' lu.ullaml ImwhkI Sokr; Naiiaimo ili.n- 
 tiirt .simjily tlif town. Tin.' ritiiriiiiii,' oH'n'iT ul' each district was at the Mamu 
 tiiiu' dircitcd to give notii'o mIuii and mIh re tln' ]ioil Nliould lutalirii. 
 
 ' ' To liavc tixt'd mpoii a liigluT st.iiularil of i|iial;lic'atioti woidd liavc dis- 
 i|M:ililic(l all till' jiri'SL'iit ri'ini'si'iitativi's, Icaviii;; no ilisjio alilc [ii'rsons to n'- 
 jil tie tlium, and it a]i|i('ari d to me imiiolitif a- \\rll :in uiironstitutioiial to ilis- 
 li'ii-o alto-ctliir with thu innjicny c(ualilication.' Litli f j'ruia Jhniijlm in 
 /."'.■„•/(. /r, datid •-'•Jd. Inly |.S.")tj. 
 
 " 'Tho goviTiior laiil I'own a.s a jirim'i|li' tliat tlic custom or j'racticc oli- 
 sirvid in Kiiglaiid .sliin " a.s f.ir as possililc, lie adopti'd in tlii.s coloiiN in 
 friiiiini,' the rules lor eleetn)ns.' Miim/i <;/' 'oin/c//, ilth .luiie l.S,")(i. 
 
 ' riieir names were .loliu Muir, Soke disti'iet: 'I'homas Skinner and .1. S. 
 II ! leken, i;M|uinialt distriet; .lo!in !•". Kennedy, Xaiiaimo district; J. 1>. 
 r iiilierton, .lames Vates, and K. K. l.:i:i.;;onl, N'lctoria district. 
 in.sT. iJKIT. Col,. 2i 
 
%» 
 
 THE ISLAND UNDER DOUGLAS. 
 
 The august body convened the 12th of August, 
 and the first house of assenihly was declared open fur 
 business. "Tlie afliiir passed off quietly," wrote tlio 
 governor, with a naivete which, in a less unsoj)histi- 
 cated statesman, might be regarded as siircasm, "and 
 did not appear to excite much interest among the 
 lower f)rders."^" Then followed the yjovernor's address, 
 which, thoujjh a kind of congratulatorv wail, was dr- 
 livered in a dignified and impressive manner." 
 
 '• Who tho lower orders upon the; Island at this time were, I am at a loss to 
 kno^^', unless we should seek them amongst the oily Indians, or Parson iStuiiius' 
 pigs. 
 
 "Hcrewitli I give the governor's adilrcss in full: 
 
 ' OfntleiiKH of (he Lriii-<lalU-c VutiHfU ainl of the. Ifotue of Ansemhly : I con- 
 gratulate yiiu iiiKst KiiR'CTi'ly on this UK-'morable occiision; the meeting in lull 
 convention of tl:c f;;ener;il iissenihly of Vancouver's Island, an event fraii^lit 
 with consequences of tlie utmost importance to its present and future inlialii- 
 tauts, and rcmarlcahlc as the tir.st instance of representative institutions l.ciiig 
 granted in tlie infan-v of a liritisli colony. The history an<l actual positimi 
 of tliis colony arc niarki'il hy many other rcmarkalile circumstances. Callcl 
 into existence by an act of the supreme government, inniediately after tliu 
 discovery of gold in California, it has maintained an anhious and inccssiiut 
 struggle with tlie disorganizing etfects on labor of tliat discovery. ltiiin)te 
 fr>)m every other IJritisli setth'mcut, with its connnerce trammelled, and nii t 
 liy restrictive duties on every side, its trade and resr>urees remain umlcvcl- 
 oped. Self-supporting, and drfraying all the expenses of its own government, 
 it presents a striking contrast to every other colony in the Uritisli empire, uihI 
 like the native pines of its storm-lteaten promontories, it has acquired a .slnw 
 but hardy growth. Its future progress nuist, TUider pniviikiice, in a great 
 measure depend on the intelligence, industry, and enterprise of its inhahi- 
 tants, and upon the legislative wisdom of this assembly. 
 
 ' ( Jentlemeii, I Icmk forwanl with conlidence and satisfaction to the aid ainl 
 support whicli the executive power may in the future expect to derive fmni 
 your local experience and knowledge of the wishes of the people and the 
 wants of the country. I feel assured that, as public men holding a solemn 
 and niomentims trust, you will, as a governing principle, strive with one accord 
 to promote the true and substantial interests of the country; autl tliat lUir 
 legislative labors will be distinguished alike by prudence, temperance, and 
 justice to all classes. 
 
 Mlentlemen, I am happy to inform you that her majesty's governmeiit 
 continues to expres.s the most livel}- interest in the progress and welfare of 
 this colony. Negotiations are now pt-nding with the govennnent of tho 
 United States, which may probably terminate in an exten.->ion of the reci- 
 procity treaty to Vancouver Island. To show the connnercial advantages cou- 
 iiected with that treaty, I will just mention that an impost duty of thirty 
 pounds is levied on every one hundred pounds' worth of IJritish jiroduee wliich 
 IS now sent to San Francisco, or to any other American port; or in oilier 
 Words, the liritish proprietor pays as a t;ix to the United States nearly tin; 
 value of every third cargo of lish, timber, or coal which he sends to any 
 American port. Tho reciprocity treaty utterly abolishes those fearful im- 
 posts, and establishes a system of free-trade in tho produce of IJritish col- 
 onies. The effects of that measure! in developing tlic trade and natural 
 resources of tho colony can, tlierefore, be hardly oven.itiniated. The coal, the 
 timber, and tho productive fisheries of Vancouver's Island will assume a 
 
 I ! 
 
GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. 
 
 323 
 
 August, 
 Open for 
 vrotc the 
 isopliisti- 
 sm, "ai»(l 
 \\o\\\f the 
 
 1, was dt- 
 .11 
 
 am at a Iohs to 
 L'araou SUi"*;^ 
 
 xmnhln : I <•""; 
 
 muuting m nill 
 
 n event frau-Ut 
 
 il futuro iiili^ilii- 
 
 istitutioiw''^'."'? 
 [ actual position 
 
 stances. t'>ll''l 
 iliately after the 
 lus and incessimt 
 ;.)VtTy. K'li'";" 
 w\\i'i\, :""} "".'^ 
 remain uihUvlI- 
 )\vu ^iiveruiiiciit, 
 itish cnil'ii'c, i»"'l 
 ;u'.[uireil a slnw 
 ,L me, in a j^nvit 
 lise of its inliiilii- 
 
 loutothcaiauua 
 {■t to derive frniii 
 ^jeople and ln"' 
 Ih.AdinK' a soU'i'iiJ 
 . witlioneaccdi'l 
 try; and that our 
 |teu>i>eranci', an'l 
 
 Lty's noverinncut 
 Ls and welf:'.n' "f 
 T-ernnient ot 1U<! 
 Imou of live refi- 
 ll advanta-es cou- 
 It duty of tlui ty 
 [,h produced null 
 
 U.rt; or in oil"''' 
 States nearly tin: 
 |l,e sends to any 
 Ithose fearful im- 
 L of British onl- 
 Lde and ludund 
 La The coal, tbo 
 lid will assume a 
 
 The first legislature would scarcely be called a wise 
 oi- imposing body of uicii, or the representatives of a 
 powerful state. Exclude the rocks, trees, and sav- 
 
 vahiP before unknown; while every branch of trade will start into activity, 
 and become the means of pouring wealth into tlie coiuitry. So unbounded is 
 tlio reliance which I place in the enterprise and intelligence possessed by the 
 juciplo of this colony, and in the advantages of tlieir geograpliical iwsition, 
 that with equal rights and a fair fuld 1 tiiiuk they may enter into a successful 
 competition with the people of any other country. The extension of the 
 reciprocity treaty to this Island once gained, the interests of the colony 
 will become inseparably connected with the principles of free-trade, a system 
 which I think it will be sound policy on our part to encourage. 
 
 ' Gentlemen, the colony has Ijccn again visited this year by a large party 
 of northern Indians, and their x^rcscnco has excited in our minds anotun 
 reasonable degree of alarm. Through the blessing of God they have been k< |>t 
 from committing acts of open violence, and been quiet atid orderly in their 
 deportment; yet the presence of large bodies of armed savages, who have 
 never felt the restraining influences of moral and religious training, and who 
 arc accustomed to follow the impulses of their own evil natures more than the 
 dictation of reason or justice, gives rise to a feeling of insecurity which must 
 exist as long as the colony remains without military protection. Her Majes- 
 ty's government, ever alive to the dangers which beset the colony, have 
 arranged with the lords commissioners of the admiralty, that the President 
 frigate should be sent to Vancouver's Island; and the measure will, I iiavo no 
 doubt, bo carried into effect without delay. I shall nevertheless continue to 
 conciliate the good-will of the native Indian tribes by treating them with jus- 
 tice and forbearance, and by rigidly protecting their civil and agrarian rights; 
 many cogent reasons of humanity and sound policy recommend that course to 
 our attention; and I sliall, therefore, rely upon your 8U[>port in carrying such 
 measures into cfi'cct. Wc know, from our own experience, that tho friend- 
 ship of the natives is at uU times useful, while it is no less certain that their 
 enmity may become more disastrous than any other calamity to wliich the 
 colony is directly cxiwsed. 
 
 ' Gentlemen of the house of assembly, according to constitutional usage, 
 wit'i you must originate all money bills; it is therefore your special pro\-inco 
 to tonsidcr the ways and means of defraying the ordinary expenses of tho 
 ^'o\ < rament, cither by levying a customs duty on imports, or by a system of 
 iliiot taxation. Tho poverty of the country and tho limited means of a popu- 
 lali' in struggling against tho pressure of numberless privations, must ncces- 
 .siiily restrict the amount of taxation; it should, therefore, be our constant 
 .still ly to regulate the public expenditure according to the means of tlie coun- 
 try, and to live strictly within our income. The common error of running into 
 spitulative improvements entailing debts upon tho colony, for a very uncertain 
 advantage, should be carefully avoided. The demands upon the public revenue 
 vill, at present, chiefly arise from the improvement of the internal communica- 
 tions of the country, and providing for the education of the young, tho 
 en ctinn of places for public worship, the defence of the country, and the 
 aihninistration of justice. 
 
 'Gentlemen, I feel in all its force the rcspon.'<il>ility now resting upon 
 lis. The interests and well being of thousands yet unlwru may bo alleetcd by 
 our (Icci.sions, and they will reverence or condemn our acts according as they 
 ai\' found to influence, for gootl or for evil, the events of the future. 
 
 (Jentlemen of tho house of the assembly, I have appointed Chicf-jnstico 
 Cameron to administer the oath of allegiance to the members of your liousc, 
 ami to receive your declarations of qualification; you may then proceed to 
 choose a speaker, and to appoint the oiBcers necessary for the profier conduct 
 of tlie business of th'i house. Ja.mls 'Dougl.\s, Governor.' 
 
324 
 
 THE ISLAND UInDER DOUflLAS. 
 
 f'i > 
 
 i. f 
 
 'Ml 
 
 aijfca, the wild hcasts and AkIios from tlieir constitut'iiry, 
 niwl tlioro was little left.'- IikK'('<1, that the forest 
 Avus not failed ii|>oii to fui'iiish Soloiis was ahimst a 
 wonder, foi- the liat had n'oMt; forth that there should 
 he a eoloiiy and a i^ovennnent, an<l search the Ishiiid 
 tliroUL^h, not ni(»i'e ilian six or seven nii-n nii^ht he 
 foinnl eligihle foi- the iinpoitant trust, and these must 
 he returned hv one or two voters each. There were 
 then upon the Island hut ahout twojumdred and fitly 
 white meJi, althou;j,li there had heeii more. Nfost of 
 these Were servants of the Hudson's J >ay Company, 
 and few of them were liuu'.-owners. 
 
 J. S. ILelmelu II was ihosen speaker, and took his 
 scat smilinu' audihlv. J^efore tin.' heavv work of the 
 day was laiily un(h'i'taken. tlie machinery of govern- 
 ment was lirouiiht to a stand hv reas(.n of (luestitnis 
 heiuijj raised as to the ]iroperty «|ualifications of two 
 of the menih-rs, and tlie validity of the election ef 
 one, thus lea\ iiiiL>' an ethcient force of hut three meiii- 
 hers l)esides tlie speaker. 
 
 .\<4'ain the i^overnor i'ound himself in a dilenniin. 
 To one of the immortal sevcji, (»l:jections had het ii 
 raist'd purely from jtarty motives. J'ossihly these 
 might he <piicted or »»verrul;d. "In the territor;:!l 
 iHovermnt nt of the United States," writes Douj^las to 
 J^ahouchcre the -JOt]! of Au'j;ust, "tJie })ractice in 
 such cases is for the n'o\ernor to ^rant ci'rtificates of 
 (jualification to a majoiity of the memhers, wlio then 
 |)rocee(l to eoiistitute the house; hut r am not certain 
 if sucli a eouise Would he in harmony witli ]*]nnlisli 
 law; nevei'thele.-s, if the house should a])peal to me 
 on tht' suhjeet. 1 will have recourse to tliat (-'X[)edi( iit. ' 
 
 J3ut hap[)ily the novernoi' was sa\ed from pursuing' 
 HO (questional »le a course. After adjourning i'rom day 
 
 '■^ 'There was a faniical aff.iir in tlic sliapi' of a Icgi: laturo lumse of assiia- 
 1»ly, wli. lU two iir tliii (• viitcr.i iitiinu'd as many iiiuiuln'is to tlii' lioiisi'. As 
 tluTo was no rivciiiic to cxjicihI and no ]Miwir conci'ihd to the lion.se, tin '-v 
 Irjci.dativo cH'ortx coulil only l>r and wvw almriivc . Tlii.s asscndily died a 
 natural death in IH.V.t.' ('ixijnr'n Mar. Mn'f'i-i, .MS., 1'2. .^''le also t'oojui's 
 tiitiniouy before the selei't eomniittee. J/oitsi: Com. J'cpt., 19l\ 
 
LEGISLATIVK PROi EKDI NGS. 
 
 tt) day, lueaiiwliilo |)ra('tisin;jf to tlic V)cst of tlieir 
 uiR'iilijjflitouod ability tlic political jj^yratioiis and •genu- 
 flections most I'ft'cctivc on such occasions, party dittcr- 
 ciici's wt'jo adjusted in so far as to admit of tho 
 fiamin}^ of a conunittoc, which j)roceeded at once to 
 iiKjuire into tho qualitic-atioii of memlK'rs »'lect. Tho 
 return of ACr Laiiijcford was declan'd void, on the 
 oround of his not posx-ssinj^* sufficient property, and 
 .1. W. ^TcKay wjis » lected in his plac»'. 
 
 Hv the l;{th (jf Xovenihcr, after nnmherloss vicissi- 
 tudes, the house declare(] itself ready for serious husi- 
 iiess; and therc^ was nothini^ of more somhre concern 
 than the wavs and m. ans of monev-raisin!jf: so that 
 at first the financial capahilities of the colony and the 
 detail of tlie ex}H'n<litui'es oeeu|)ifd attention. On 
 tho 18th of J)ecend»er a hill jiassed the assend)ly and 
 was carrietl to the council, i^rantini^ the sum (»f one 
 hundre<l and tliirty pounds for tho payment of tho 
 sifvants and the defrayini^ of tin- ordinary ex]>enses 
 el" the house. '* f am now preparing' a hill for iiu- 
 pusiu;^,- a custom duty on im[»oits as a means of nieet- 
 i.iH' the ti'dinary ixpenses of tlie oovernmeiit," writes 
 DoU'jlas on the Dth of Januarv 1 S57 ; "hut the suhiect 
 must he ajiproaehed with caution as tlu'rc is a very 
 ''lUeral feelinu" i'' hotli council and assemhlv a<>'ainst 
 taxation undc'" any form, and I am prej)ared to eu- 
 inunter much clamour and opposition in i^irrying so 
 '.:ii]t()pular a measure throui^h the house.*' 
 
 .V French dancinjj^-master in a l?arisian s((l(ni could 
 not ha^■e heen more ])ainfully ]»olite th;ui were these 
 hhisterinn' Scotch and Ijij^lish fur-hunti'rs in this 
 Western wilderness, ijowevcr far short of its im- 
 perial ujodel the inci])ient n-oNi-rnmcnt mi^ht fall in 
 points of learniujn" and intelliu'eni-i-, dignity and cour- 
 tesy should not he wantiiii^'. Scarcely a messa<j;e is 
 tiansmittcMl hetween the son-in-law s[)eaker and the 
 tlither-in-law jj^overnor unless accompanied hy fulst)mo 
 flattery. 
 
 Tho governor se^lds"^^r Sjieakt r and CJentlomon 
 
320 
 
 THE ISLAND UNDER DOUGLAS. 
 
 ; m v^-. 
 
 «l 
 
 of the House of Assembly" a dry document on finance ; 
 on receipt of which it is resolved first of all, "that the 
 thanks of this house be presented to his excellency 
 the governor i'oi- the communication." With more 
 insignificant detail the governor "highly appreciates the 
 complimentary message," whereupon the legislators 
 immediately resolve "that the speaker bo requested 
 to thank his excellency the governor on behalf of this 
 house for the information so courteou.sly and i)romptly 
 afforded," which, as usual, constituted the burden of 
 the communication. But the climax of public 
 affection is reached when, on tlu 10th of December 
 18o(), on the receipt from the fatliei'-in-law of an 
 abstract of the income and expenditure of the colony, 
 the son-in-law "on the part of tlu; house of assembly 
 begs respectfully to acknowledge the i-eeeipt this day 
 of a gracious coinnnuiication and an abstract of the 
 income and exitenditure for the yeai" 185G from his 
 excellency the g«)vernor, and to inform his excellen<y 
 that the house of assembly unanimously resolved that 
 the thanks of this house be presented to his excellency 
 the governor for the same." Surely this man's merri- 
 ment was only exceeded by his family affection. Xor 
 is it at all difficult to perceive in this connection who 
 was the government.^' 
 
 They were, tbrsooth, a happy family, these fui- 
 hunting legislators. The Douglas was all in all. 
 lord [>aramount, d(miinator, imperial viceroy, and fur- 
 traders' factor-in-chief Work, Finlayson, and Tod, 
 chief factor, chief trad«M', and ancient pensioner, 
 respect ively, of the Hudson's Bay Company, com- 
 prised both secret council and hous«> of lords. The 
 seven wi.>!0 men, represi-nting the seven districis 
 of the Island as a house of assembly, were in their 
 several vocations almost wholly of the monopoly. 
 Jlelnicken was staff doctor of the company; IVni- 
 
 ^^llHurn to an addrrf^* of the Iloiioral/l'' the J/inme of Common*, ilatoil 'J.')tli 
 no \sri7, for Cnpim ()/' hrtrnrlM of any /trujmtrhe^ iIkU havt Iteen receitri/ lnj 
 
 li 
 Juno ISIV, for Coph.t if krtrurt* of any lhnJH^Irh<'^ Ifml hait lieen rccchri/ li>j 
 her MiijrHty'ii Seen tar;/ <f Slitlc for thf roliniif, on the sutijrrl of thr rntiiltli'<li- 
 mrni of <> /{rjirftiftifatitf AimfVifily nl Vancouver'M Itilund, 
 
END OF SECOND TERM. 
 
 327 
 
 hi-rton, surveyor and ardtiit attache; McKay, clt^rk of 
 tlio company; !Muir, t'ornur .servant of the company, 
 jiiid fatlier of tlie sherifl'; Skinner, aj^ent of the l'u«jfet 
 Sound Agricultural Company; Kennedy, a retired 
 ollicer of the conij)any appointed l>y the «:;overnor and 
 council to represent the district of Nanainio; Yates, 
 l>y the grace of the comjtany, merchant. 1). Cameron, 
 l»roth«"r:in-law of the <^overnor, was chief-justice, antl 
 A. C. Anderson, retired chief trader, was collector of 
 customs. 
 
 After the performance of their important duties, 
 wliicli a[>[)ear }»rincipally to have hoen provision for 
 the jiayment t)f their own expenses, the lirst house of 
 assembly lapsid into oblivion." 
 
 Thus the <;overiunei.t of Vanc()UV(>r Island con- 
 tinued until 1851), at which tiuK; terminated tin; sec- 
 ond five y(!ars of Hudson's ]iay Company colonial 
 domination. J)uring his term of «»(Hce, four distinct 
 and often antauconistic interests looked to J)ou!^las as 
 their head; namely, the Itudsons J^ay ( 'ompany's fur- 
 trade, the colony of VaucouNor Islaml, the Puget 
 Sound A<;ricultural Com{)any, and the Xanaimo Coal 
 
 Con 
 
 [.any 
 
 It was impossible for him to do justice t<> each <»f 
 these several trusts. Xo man eai serve two masters. 
 No honoral»le man will permit himself to serve as a 
 nianat;er of a corporation, or of a eemnioiiwealtli, 
 where his fullest capabilities are imt permitted free 
 play m the jn-rformaiu'e «»f Ins duty to shareholder or 
 eitizen. ])urim; this cntir • term it v,as obviouslv im- 
 jiossible'for ])oUj;las to throw his entire stren<i^th and 
 influence upon the side of every one of his several 
 e|>pu<i^nai\t trusts, and he should have lonj; sini'e le- 
 si^ned, or rather he should ne\ei* have accepted moi-e 
 than one of them at once. ]iut he loved the p«twer, 
 
 "'Tliis t(Mik jiliicc in •lu'.y, twd yrarH a^'o,' wiyK Alfml W.iiMinj^ton, 
 writing' iii IKAH, 'iuul tiolxxly i-aii till iin', nor ili> 1 Im'Iuvi' il is kimwii, wlu'U 
 till! axNciiilily iH to 1)0 n'iii'w»'il, \iiilc.ss it Im at ilit! will <il' llif t^nvii'imr.' Tliia 
 •i'*'*Lml)ly ilicd a luitunii ilciith in is.V.t. ( miytr'n Mm: Malttis, MS., VI. 
 
'fr ^M 
 
 3i.»8 
 
 THE ISLAND UNDER DOUGLAS. 
 
 and lio loved the oiiioluinonts. For a veiy j];Tcat man 
 i)r a vory aiid)iti(>us man, the whole of this north- 
 W(>st wilderness, and all tiiat it contained, was at hi'st 
 a small s()V(>rei*^nty, whieh, to cut into ])arts, sonio 
 o^ them wellnigh h<jllow, were an exceedingly petty 
 business. 
 
 But the time had now come when he must rdin- 
 (juish his hold on .some of his several trusts. He must 
 erase either to hi' I'aetor or govern* »r.''' Thus the ease- 
 was i»ut hcforo him hy liis com|);niy. Jt was not dit- 
 ficult to dctormiiic which ])ow(r was in the ascendant. 
 Thci'cfoi'c Douglas chose to aliandnn tratlic, and hold 
 to rulcrsliiji. The icsult was, that in this year of 
 IS.V.) the management of the several associations was 
 given up, an<l the go\-ei-nors]iip retain«(l, Douglas 
 ahandoned i'oi-ever all interest in the lludson's i>ay 
 Company, and AXdrk, Tolmie, and MeTavish hecaiiie 
 the lU'W hoard of management. With the ivtinMiieiit 
 of McJjoughlin and Douglas the glory of the corpor:.- 
 tion departed from the J'acitie."' 
 
 ' i^i 
 
 '■"'I'lit' fiir-(r:i(lf was tlir coniimiiy'H i-oinmcrcial o]>('rntioiis ]irn]>('r; tlio 
 I'ugit Siiuiiil ( '(iiii|iaiiy «.iH ili.->liii(t alio^illur, alilmu, li .■iiiiiM' lit till' niiil^nii's 
 li.i\ ( '(iiiijiaiiyN I'liiccis liildiiLJtil ti> (lii-t fiuiiiiaiiy likiw isc. Tlu" coal ruiiiiiaiiy 
 was I'arrinl uii liy hliarrlmlilcrs cii' tin- cuinp my, in wliicli tin' ollicers Iutc lial 
 imtliiii); ti> ilo. 'I'lusi' liiur intrioht.s wri'f umUr tlu' Mi|nTiiili'n(li'iii'o of Mr 
 I'l'iiLilas uiuil is.V.t, vlii'ii 111' liail tii«(\<r his I'liimi'i'ticui \v itli tlio niii!>iiii's 
 hay ('iim|iaii\ altot;ctlui'. lie liail lii-i c-lmiii' ti> ri'inaiii \\illi tlio Odiiniaiiy cr 
 I'l-idiin' jj;ii\ irimr ol tin inhmy.' /•' /(Aiyn/i','* I', /. nm/ \. IT. ('., MS., .">."). 
 
 '" My aiillmrilii's for tliis tliaptrr arc: /imrjli.^' I'liniU /'a;x/-.y, .MS.. 'J. I 
 Her. ;U ViO; r,^,ji,r'.i M'lr. Mn/lnx. MS., ]•_', I."!;' / V;(/.fv>.,//\ Hist. \'. /., .Ms., 
 ■•>> 7. •">'•; J'l'il ■< \i ir < '■itii/iiiiiii, MS. il'j. ]jot it 1h! oln'riii'il tliat on rry iiniii- 
 licr of tlie lirst I'lmiicil Iuti' gives in lii.s I'viJi ui'c, .ill lii'iiiu' in iiianiiscrijit, 1 
 iiiuy fiirtiu'r iiit'ii'iuii i\\v. Siiii Jtrninri/ino (t'lKirilinii, .Ian. 1 1, iSikS; Jlrit. ChId- 
 iiiJ, .\]iril t, 1S77; Viiinri i Si nn/iin/. An;.;. S, I'i77; }i i"/iliiiiiliiii .1 Fnixir 
 .1//;('.<, ;{.">; AV.'w, in //iiiixr i \,iiiiiiitiiH /'i]>l., II. It. Co., 1 S,"i7, .'{.■(■l ; ( 'hhjh 1; in /'/., 
 I'.Ki; I'iiiliii/'.s hiriii., i., ;>;iil, 1K(; CiirinniUW Akc AY Doni'/n, ',V,\; tuul M-- 
 Jhmolil, ill liril. Col. Sblr/n.H, MS., :t(». 
 
jrcat man 
 lis north- 
 as at best 
 irts, some 
 idv pcttv 
 
 «~ w A. V 
 
 lUSt IH'lill- 
 
 He must 
 IS the <'USL' 
 as not <lit'- 
 asrrndalit. 
 , and hold 
 lis vi'ar o^ 
 iations Avas 
 1 )ou;j,las 
 Ison's \\\\\ 
 isli hft-atiu' 
 
 l\'lir»MUrlit 
 
 he eol'por;.- 
 
 ons iiroper; tin' 
 uf till' lluil-im's 
 n> iiiul civiniiaiiy 
 illiccl's lu'iv li:i'l 
 lU'iicU'lu'O (if Ml" 
 ih till' Hii.l-.iu's 
 tliii i'(iiini;iiivor 
 
 c, MS.. :..■>. 
 
 /',t,h/w, MS.. 'J.l 
 
 / ./. r. /., MS., 
 
 Itl^it t'viry iiicin- 
 
 iiwimis<'iiiit. I 
 
 ISlJS; lirit. Colo- 
 
 (hii'iliiii'-t /•';•"«)• 
 
 ; r...ij";', ill I'f-, 
 
 „, :j;i; iiii'l .'/'- 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 THE JUDICIARY. 
 
 1853-ia59. 
 
 The Questions of Vancouver Island Government and Justice in Home 
 I* ^iiiCAL CracLEs — There is no Money in it — .^Vnd Therefore They 
 lAY Safely re Left to Themselves — Blanshard, the Fik.st (Jov- 
 ERNOR, Likewise the First Jcuoe— Di)cul.\s as a Man-tamer and 
 Measurer of Retribution — The 'Thetis' and the 'Tuincomalee' 
 Expeditions — Bloodless Victory over the Cowiohins — Tuk 1>ri(;ht- 
 E.ST Virtue of James Doui;l.vs— David Cameko.v ^Iade CiiiKK-JtsTicE— 
 Ilia Antecedents, Dcties, and End — His Suiokssors, Nkkdham and 
 Beubie -Revenue— Land and Liquor — The Miuhty Power ok Rum. 
 
 Naturally among the iirst questions arising* in the 
 iiiiiuls of office-holders, hut more especially of office- 
 st.ckcrs, when it became certain that the grant of 
 ^ iVH' Aivcr Island to the Hudson's Bay Company 
 would be consummated, were, How is the new colony 
 to he governed? How is justice to be ailministered 
 there? We have seen the Iirst rjuestion answered in 
 the persons of Mr Blanshard and Mr Douglas. The 
 otlier required more delay and further legi.slation; for, 
 as matters now stood, the law recpiired oU'enders on 
 the British Pacific coast to be sent to Canada for 
 trial. This would no longer do, now that Vancouver 
 Island was a colony. Therefore, when in the lioiise 
 (if commons on the 27th of Man-h I84'J, Mr (i lad- 
 stone asked the under-sei-retarv for t\\o colonies if 
 ii was the intention of the govei-nnu'nt to inti'oduee 
 during that session any bill i'or altering an}' existing 
 statute touching Vancouver Island, the answer was. 
 None, except to establish there courts of judicatuiv. 
 The bill was accordingly introduced on the 'Jjth of 
 
 f^ 
 
■■ f ! 
 
 m 
 
 I'j -» 
 
 l.>il! 
 
 i m 
 
 iH 1 
 
 Mh ;b'l 
 
 ) I 
 
 I ! 
 
 i I 
 
 i! 
 
 330 
 
 THE JUIUCIAUY. 
 
 June. It was supported by Earl Grey, and bocanio 
 a law. 
 
 In sujiportinjx in the house of lords the bill lor 
 the athninistration of justice on Vancouver Island, 
 Karl (jrrey remarked that it Mas the object of the im- 
 perial jjjoveiinnent to reserve judicial power to tlic 
 local h'jLjislature of the Island, with right of ai)peal 
 from the eourts so constituted to the privy council. 
 N»» poHticid power was given by the grant to the 
 l[udson's Hay Conij>any. The gt)vernor niiglit l)o 
 selected by the company, but their choice nmst be 
 approved by the ci(»\vn. It was not }»roposed to enter 
 immediately upon K'gislation and taxation, but tlir 
 • •overnor miubt summon a le<fislative council wlieii- 
 ever ther»> were sulKcient colonists to make it advisa- 
 ble. As an excuse for the grant in the first inrstanee, 
 he said that it was necessarv tliat tlie rit^hts of tlie 
 <'rt>wn should be tletined at once, that ivgular authoiity 
 should bo planteil there to i>revent irngular t>ccupa 
 tioti, ami, if the govi'innu'nt were io do all this, it 
 would prove expensive. The result was that <juit(> a 
 little econ()nru'al delay happened l»efore Knglish gold 
 was spilt for N'ancouvi-r Islaiul government or justice.' 
 
 Ju^tice under Knglish law was first administered 
 on Vancouvir Island bv ]iichard J^lanshard, the first 
 governor. As there were no colonial funds, no im-aiis 
 of i)aying a recorder or other administratt)r of justice, 
 the i'overnor was oblij-cd to act in that «'a])acitv." 
 And so under Douglas, mitil legislators couKl be cou- 
 veneil, MJio .sliouM provide the nu'ans of paynu'iit fnr 
 judges, and sheritfs, an*! the usual parajtlu-rnalia t' 
 
 ^ Jlitii-'tiril'H Piirlinmi iit^in/ / hhiiti.i, 3il sor. t;iii. 1371; fvi. l(M'ni-82. 
 
 '■' ' So tliat Jim wii-f uiivcniiir iiml jtiHticc t ' iwkc'<l U»hO>iu'V. : ' liinl ynu fHii- 
 st;il>lL'«?' * Vcs,' riplicil Itliii.oliiti'il, ' wlu'iilwiiiiti'iliiodiistaldo 1 swKi-i' our.' 
 JtmiM' Coiiiiiioiii Ji'i]'/., II. J{. i'li., 1S.">7, '-.10. 'Tlicy liiiil no courtH ter tii.il 
 Mi'st of tlu! iiioviittaiiiH. (iovt'i-iior Itlaiisliai'il m'iih tlii! lirxt to institute c'oui't.s 
 lii'i't'. Ho liiniMflf iisi'il to aiijinlicatu in cani-M. In oufcaMU li>>i-aniu into oi'l- 
 lision with tlie latu Sir .laiiicH iKiu^las in a matter in conneetion witli xliip- 
 
 Iiiii^r, anil in wliieli tlm pinver of Mr Mon^las Mas eillnl in i|ueMtiou liy Mr 
 llin^lianl. Tlie latter Kfateil tliat Mr OouuI.ih in the earn! linl no authority 
 to a< t. .Mr |)iiii;{tas wan Miiiiiiiioiieil liefnre Mr HlanHJianl, Ami this va.s tliu 
 lirst tiniu that Kngli.sh law was fell here.' /■'Iiiliti/noii's V. /., MS., IIX). 
 
THE VOLTIGEURS 
 
 am 
 
 \ becaiiK' 
 
 B bill for 
 5r Island, 
 jf tlio ini- 
 t-r to tilt' 
 
 ,y couiuil. 
 lilt to tlic 
 might bo 
 a must Ito 
 [>(l to I'littr 
 II, but tlir 
 moil ulu'ii- 
 i it advisii- 
 ^t instant i', 
 vbts of tin- 
 irautlunity 
 liar ooc'U\'ii- 
 all this, it 
 hat «iu>t»^ 'I 
 n;j;lish ii'il'l 
 or iusti<»'.' 
 ministtrrtl 
 •«l, the tirst 
 s, no nu'uiis 
 !• »)f justii'i', 
 t cauacity." 
 
 uhl he »">i- 
 )aynu'nt f«'V 
 ihernalia < 
 
 um;.\-8'2. 
 
 ll.lt! 1 «W.'tV OIK'- 
 
 oourtH for tml 
 , institute C.MUtS 
 lu'i'Jiiiio into I'l- 
 (■i-tiim with ^lll^• 
 
 iim-ntioii Ity ^''' 
 
 Ji;i.l no lUlthi'lilV 
 
 lAn.l tliix wiw ^1'" 
 IMS., 100. 
 
 law courts, justice must bo administered by the gov- 
 ernor iu council. And in the place of sheritis and 
 standing armies, a mounted police, called Toltifjntrs, 
 was organized from among the settlers and servants 
 (if the company.^ 
 
 I'p to 1857 tlierc was but one constable upon the 
 Island. There was no military force, if we except the 
 Villi ii/vurs, so that settlers scattered about the country 
 Wire at the mercy of the savagis. Yet outrages were 
 ixtrt'inely rare, thanks to the uniformly wise and hu- 
 mane management of the Hudson's l^ay Conii)any in 
 this regard. Still, an occasional disphiy of sui>erior 
 power Wiis not without wholesome eiVect. In the t>n]y 
 two instances of trouble occurring jirior to this time, 
 the natives had been induced voluntarily to give u;> 
 othiiders to punishment by the aj)pearance of men-of- 
 war, on one occa^sion by the Thetis, and on another by 
 thf Trint'omalvc. 
 
 In JX'comber 1852, one of the company's shepherds 
 Piter J^rown, at Christmas ]lill, was killod by two 
 natives, one of whom tied to Cowichin, and the other 
 to Xanaimo. The settlers were greatly alarmed, 
 fiarl'ul lest the terrible Cowlchins should annihilate 
 them, which, indeed, they might ca.sily do. Kuper, 
 ta|itain of the war-vessel Tlu'fix, lying at Ks((uinialt, 
 vohniti'ered assistance, ^\hich Douglas gratefully ac- 
 ci'ltted. A force sufticient for the puqutso was taken 
 tVniii the Tliciis, and placed on board the com[>any's 
 Vessel, Jin'orcn/, which was then, the 4tli January 
 If^.").'., towed by the steamer round into llaro Strait, 
 Douglas being in command. 
 
 Anchoring olf the Sjmnich village, .Douglas went on 
 sliore and began to talk to the heathen. The offend- 
 ns were not here, but the governor took this occasion 
 t'l iiii[)art a healthful lesson. He told those pi-eseiit 
 
 'Tlio MottlcrH were much annoyed liy rnttlo-tliii'vos, 'wliicli waa iu fiU't tim 
 iiri^'iu of tliin orKiuii/^itioii. Cows ^Mrt' Mlmt witliiu I'iill of 1 ui.'v. 'Oiio 
 ! iiiiiif lout tliirty -six lu'iul of iMttlr in tlirt'i' NiNirs." Ih ails' Si ttUiiunt W /., 
 M>., I,-.. 
 
33'2 
 
 THK .lUDIClAllY. 
 
 U ■ i 
 
 !i:M 
 
 11 
 
 I 
 
 of Queen Victoria. anJ tlu- Britisli parliament, of luw 
 and love, <;un|Mt\V(ler and nerdition. He assured tluiii 
 if white men injur«'<l then: tliev should have reditsH. 
 undif tin V injui('<l white men they should he punished. 
 Then, with his hlue-Jaek<'tsand marines, he proceeded 
 to Cowii-liin. airivins:,' thereon tlu' niornin«j; of the (Illi, 
 and tlirowiii}^^ the village into quite a flutter of e.\- 
 eitemcnt. 
 
 Tlie usual demand was then nuuh", that tlu mui- 
 d'-rer sh(»uld he delivei-ed Up. 'I'l. ehief asked time 
 to e<tnsidei-, wliieii. as I )onM|iis <lesin'd toaNoid hlddd- 
 shed, was granted, A meeting' was apjiointed I'm' 
 tinal eoni'ei'eiiee iie\t day on sliore, the saNa^es heiii'^ 
 afiaid to tiu^t themselves among thi' rollitjtnrs and 
 others on hoard. 
 
 .\t the apjiointed time the fu-'-es iV»»m the vessels 
 I.Mided, the ( 'ttwichin ehiet". with a few attendants, 
 reeei\inL:' tlieni: on a kimll a tent was |»itehe»j. ami 
 the white men wailed the attendaiie.' of the ri -t. 
 The chief ad\ised tlu' witluh'awaj of the tiMop> ,i 
 littl(! out of sii^ht, lest his jM iiple shoultl lie at'iaid In 
 land. This was«lone. and yet nearly an houi" elaj)se(l 
 hefo?'e any of lliem apjieared. Then twoeanoes w. iv 
 set'ii niakiii!.;' their way (piietly out of the river Al'hi 
 them soon came si\ others, larger ones, all in ;i line. 
 I'adv!!in!4 slowly alon*:; the shcire. ehaiitini;' their war 
 Sony, <iinm<iiin^' on their cannes, and whooping liki 
 deinuns, they pasx'd l»y the cMuneil ground and lamltd 
 a little heyond ; then rushinu' up the hill, shoutinu and 
 (•lasliin;^ theii' arms as il t'» shaki- with terroi- any 
 army dai-ini.;' to opj>i»se them, they .stood ^l.irinjn' fere- 
 eiously ;if. t he inti nder->. 
 
 It was with dillienlty Diniylas eould restrain his 
 men tVom liriny; «_;radually the savages heeame (|uieter, 
 howe\«'r, and tin n tlie\ prudueed tin mardei"<r aniieil 
 and ]»ainted from head ttt f«»ot. A i;r;tndiltM|nent *\<- 
 fenc«' was then made hy ilu> ])ris(»ner, which wonld 
 have done honor to nnv erinnnal lawvi r, vhe hurdi ii 
 «tf which was that he was whoUv imioeent. Alter 
 
rUXISHMKXT OF CKIMK. 
 
 333 
 
 iii,»if }mrlc'yin,u, he was finally lianded over to the 
 wliitu UU'M, to he tried at N'ictoria. 
 
 Moi'e tatheilv advice was now in 
 
 Ol'll 
 
 or. 
 
 ni- 
 
 tniiiu'd tlieni tluit the wiinlc couiitry NvaN a possession 
 dl' tiie Hrilisli Clown," writi's J)i>unl;is, tliou^di iiow 
 III (iiuld reconcile such a stati'meiit witli his piiyer- 
 li(iul< |)rece|>t, 'I'liou shalt not steal, which with sii- h 
 (li triMiincil jK rsistence lie endejivoi't'd always to in»- 
 piiss n|>on thcii' minds, the unsojihisticatcd sa\ane 
 (ulild not tell. Nevertheless. I'or the toliaeco whicli 
 wiis to follow, they jtroinised loyally, and whiti' a,nd 
 ltd cjich Went lii^ way. 
 
 On till' l()th,tlie expedition aj»peared hel'ore \a- 
 naimo and denuuided a conference, whicli was proin- 
 ixil loi' the t'ollowiiiL'' day. Meanwhile |)(>ii^las 
 (II It red tweiity-oiie rolfi'i/rin's mider McKay to eon- 
 ci al thenisiKes dui'ini^' the ninht in a canoe near the 
 nil of the Xanainio hM\tr, and when t!ie natiNcs 
 •lllMed ahoUt the \cssel. should the other cl-iliiinal 
 
 mill 
 
 asst 
 
 lint lie fortlieoinin'4, to search the vilhiLi'e for him, 
 
 W hlle the 
 
 •hief, 
 
 wln» 
 
 was the fatlii'.- of the niurdi I'er. 
 
 wtiild lie sei/ed. and kept on hoard as Iio>iat:"e for 
 tilt ir Nafety. MorninL;' came, and with ii the >a\a'^es, 
 liiiii'4iiiin' to the llidn," pies of \alualile peltries in 
 lit 11 of the murderer. Hut thev were informed that 
 ipi amount of preperty could hiiv the man's ac(|uiital. 
 Tile arnuMl hnats proceeded to the xiHa^'e. Tlieri- 
 all was deserted. .NhddlliL;" tlielMx lv( s as coinfortalile 
 as |io,ssilile, thonu'li witiiout destroyiiiu' anytliinu', 'lie 
 wllte men jiatiently awaitid cmiiIs, and wt re finally 
 rewarded hy the nuirdeier lieiii-_;' i;t!i\i'i'ed into thtir 
 hands without hjood.died. 
 
 Surely iiothiiiijf could he more noMe than coinhict 
 liuc this oil the jiarl of tiie ii'overnt>r. It wntdil lia\i' 
 hi fii so easy, so K-ss tr\ iiit;' to jk-uuiio' and ili^nitv, 
 t' have ni\('n the Word to fire, and so to haNc mowed 
 • l"Wn a hundred innocent men for the crime .)f the 
 eiiennilty. ■' ( Ml one or t wi> occa-ions." writer I )ou<^r. 
 las to Tod, imme(liatt }y at'tt r tin capture "f the first 
 
334 
 
 THE JUDICIARY. 
 
 ! !•: 
 
 criminal, "the affair had nearly taken a serious turn, 
 a misfortune wliioh could hardly have been avoidud 
 had it not been for the i)erfect arrangenients of Lieu- 
 tenant Sansum, and the admirable temper and for- 
 bearance exhibited by the force in cireumstauccs 
 infinitely more tryinjuf to bravo men than actual con- 
 Hict . . . Tlic surrender of a criminal without bloodslitd, 
 at tlie re([ui.sition of the civil power, by the nioht 
 warHke trilie on Vancouver Islantl, is an epocji in 
 the history of our Indian relations whicli uuj^urs for 
 the future peace and j)rosperity of the colon3\ Tell the 
 settlers to be prudent and vij^ilant; but at the same 
 time entreat them to dismiss those idle terrors ni 
 ("owichin invasion wliich have so often distressed 
 tJieir minds." Arrived at Victoria, the Indians under- 
 went a form of trial, and were executed.* 
 
 Not loni;' afterward a white man was shot, but not 
 moi'tally, at Cowieliin, and soon the <jfovornor was 
 there anain with tlie TriiwoiiKthr towed by the Olt( r. 
 Vet mon; peremptory conduct on botli sitles marked 
 tliis occasion. The natives refused to give up the 
 cul[)rit, and desired to fiLj'ht. TlioULfh consi(h'rate and 
 humane, theii; was none braver or more determined 
 than Doui^las. lU^ would not liarm the poor saNaj^es 
 if lie could jiossibly avoid it; but he would have the 
 ofi'eiider and satisfy justice if he swept the Island int" 
 the Sea. 
 
 The governor landed his I'orces, and each side dr* \v 
 up in battle-ai'ray ; the red with tremendous and fearful 
 !n)isi', the white with mountain-howitzer and nuiskel. 
 Douglas beckoned the chief forward, and a parley 
 ensued, but without favoi'able result. The white men 
 then eneampi'd whei'e they were. Next morning the 
 governor stood before the Cowichin village, still in 
 the interests of })eaee and humanity. Behind him were 
 the muskets and howitzer ready pointed awaiting his 
 signal to fire. Instead of the chief, the nuu'dcrer 
 
 * DowiUui' Private Paptm, 2d Hcr., MS., 31-4; Dmim Seltteintut I' i 
 MS., 14. 
 
BLANSHARD ANb UOUiJLAS. 
 
 333 
 
 liiiiist'lf, armed and painted, came out, hesitated a 
 moment, tlien quickly raised his <(un and pulled the 
 tiionrer. It misseil tire, else the jL^overnor had ja'ohably 
 liceu slain. And yet he did not ^j^ive tlu" sii^iial to 
 lire. Coolly and calmly he stood his i^fround, while 
 till' savaj^cs seized and bound the oftender, aiul handed 
 liim to the rrovernor for justice. The trial took j>lac«> 
 immediatelv, and the Indian was hansjed there before 
 ,ill his people.'"' 
 
 Such was the administrati(»n of justice duiin.!.^ the 
 first years of the Douglas rule. But the jroveiiior did 
 111 it relish it. In his less diLjnified days he had fought 
 Indians and hunted cruninals to his heart's content. 
 And now to contiimc in hnnself the offices of sherilf, 
 judi^t', and executive, too'etlu'r with a do/en otiiers, 
 was more than he cared for. Miuht he not mak«' a 
 juili^e even before legislators were convened, and alter- 
 ward u;i't ufovernment to sanction the proceeding, and 
 tli(! c(»l<»ny t<.» [)a^ the cost^ 
 
 There was, aliout the time of this last occuinnce, 
 lit ( 'ou'icliiu on.vl)av)(l ( 'ameron, Hudson's Hav Com- 
 paiiy clerk, and sui)ermtendent of the coalnunt'S at 
 N'aiiaimo Hi' was'i Itiother m-law of the yfovernnr — 
 it IS wouih'rful hew [)rt»liHc was the I'amily when ttlHcis 
 
 Wt 
 
 •w vacant, but 
 
 we 
 
 must also bear in mind how 
 
 scaiitv was suitable jrovcrnmu" material at this time. 
 Ibie was an opi)ortunity fot a little stroke of busi- 
 1USS. And it was all business, civili/mg, christian- 
 i/.in^', c(»lonI/ing, and go\i'rnino What sliall I '^ain 
 liy it.' was the question and that not in lu'aAcn or 
 lii'ieal'ter, but lu re *.ind now 
 
 ( ameron nad been brought up a draixn*; he once had 
 iliarge of somebody's estate m tlie West Indies, and 
 111' now received from the .'ompany (.lie liuiKh'ed and 
 til'ty pounds a year for his ■;( rvices. Thougli he Uiiew 
 
 fettUmt lit • I 
 
 ' 'Court WtniM Hnmotiincn bo liold a* wliuh ImliaiiH wiro tiiinl. Kl.';;i;iiig 
 ■♦siiiiu'tinicM iiilli('t('ilu|)iiiiiliv. iiativrM. wli' Ji tliry iliciiifd viry tliMjjnii'cl'nl, 
 ■ 'Ir.itli-i^njualty WiM iiillictcd on liiiliiiiis. Mr/Joiiulii, iii /Int. <'ol, Skili/ns, 
 
TllK .lUDlClAUV, 
 
 •iU 
 
 T ■ 
 
 in)t]iln«;' of law. never havlnj^ Irh'U i'alUd to the l»;ir, 
 yet lie iiiinlit make a most ex<-elleiit judm', IteiuM 
 Iji-otliif-'m-Iaw to tlie kiiii;*. In civil eas«'s, at le;i>t. 
 ^vhel•e Immaii life was not at stake, he mijjjlit seiv-. 
 Well eiiouj;li; the eom|»aiiy lu-iiij^- iilways one of tin 
 pailies ill such suits, all he had to (h) was to (lecid* 
 in laNor ol" the <-om|iaMy. 'I'he matter of salaiy was 
 woitliN' ol' «'oiisideratioii; hut with his i»av as clerk he 
 minht li\ e : it woidd eost nothiniif exti-a to a<'t asjudije; 
 there was jioiior in it. the tiist ehief-justiee ot' tli- 
 (•(»l(»ny, and all that; he.^ides, it w<tuld not do to lit so 
 important an ofliec ^u out of tiie family or out of" thr 
 coni|iany. Su|i|>ose sonu' hir' wi^;' ha\inL;' a knowled'^e 
 (d' law and a mind of his o\ n should eonu- out tVoiii 
 England aiinrd with the authority of delcrminiii'^ 
 hire, theie, e\ciy where, what miinht and what mii;! t 
 not he done, one wiio miLjht even jinsunie to instruct, 
 the governor in his duties, and |>re>crilM' limils to tlic 
 ]»ower of the moiutpoly. Il Would lie I'earful; elitail- 
 in^'. hi'Sidcs. heavy expenses upon the colony I'ol' the 
 luxurv of a cuise. 
 
 N 
 
 s 
 
 nice 
 
 iilaiishard's da\', matters were not 
 
 hun^Ieil. Appoint ('aiiieron; m i t;-o\criimeiit torati'V 
 the appointment; then let him serve without pay I'T 
 tlu' present, trustin!^' that ail will coine out jirolita- 
 
 hlv in the end. .\nd so it was done 
 
 Tl 
 
 le SUplt \\\r 
 
 court of ci\ il judical me of N'aiicouxer Island wa- 
 cr»ated, and the <lrapei- hecaiile chief justict- of tin 
 coloiiv." 
 
 L'ules to he ohselNcd in (he siqu'clUe coUlt fif tin 
 
 adniunstration ol justice in ci\ il cases were su 
 
 ihmitti 
 
 i> K 
 
 \v 
 
 IS tiiiTc any ili.Hsati.-.fai'ti<>ii cnju'cs ( 
 
 .lat tliu tiiiu'of I 
 
 lis a|H>iiiiitnii'ii; ? 
 ' ."sLroiiu ri'.ii"ii- 
 
 ii.skc(l Mr rliristy lit Mr< 'imi|ii r luioii' tiio m Ifit (■iniiiiiiUrf. 
 
 htiaiii'iM Wire iiiailt! !>> |»titinn t«i tlienuvfrimr, aii<l li.v pet i lion tn tin' Ih'w- it 
 
 ('OilllllllllS, w 
 
 IS till! rcplv llnllil' ( ■ 
 
 -I I :•),!, II. n. Co., is.-.T, •_';)•.•. -v. 
 
 Hi'lUi'i-.s at U.il ItiviT III isr.l |i('titiiiii till! n-iiiiival ol tiin ri'i-nnl.T, Ailaiii'l'liorn, 
 bcoitisi. Ill lii-i laviTin^ tint fur riiiii|iaiiy in liis ili'i'isinns. I'nlilinU, in //.. ;!ili. 
 Mrt'iiniH'i ju'fiiri' till' si'ici't I'oniiiiilti'f rriiiarki'<l of Mr Staines: 'llnwaqi r- 
 oiiiiil most vilily, f lulirvr, nivsill', tliioui_'li the iiistiiiiiiiiitality of tlii^ Mi' 
 
 < 'aiiiri'on. tor liu wan a 
 
 iiiii'iit inity t lire 
 
 lu-, i; 
 
 .M 
 
 I- Stai;u'S. ^\a^ in 
 
 iloiilil olinoMouM to till' aiitlioritu's, an. I lio wa.s porsecuti-'il on that ari'oiiiit. 
 
 li 
 
 c«„iiiioiis I'rjif., II. li.r,,., i,s:.7, nci, 
 
DAVID CAMKUOX. 
 
 Xil 
 
 l,H»-, 1 •••»'<;-; 
 i, Jit lta>t, 
 iolit scrvv 
 tut' of tin 
 i to <l«'<'i<l» 
 sularv Nva- 
 as cli'i'U li«' 
 I't asju(l.i' 
 tier of til 
 (1(» to ht >" 
 !• out ol" tli»' 
 1 ku(i\vlt'tl-v 
 lo out fi"in 
 ,1,'tcnniiiiii;^ 
 wliat iui;j,lit 
 r It. liistriK't 
 liniioS to tlu' 
 nful; riilail- 
 »loii\ for th'" 
 
 woro uot sn 
 
 iriit to ratify 
 
 |liout i>;»y for 
 
 out in-o'.it:!- 
 
 riio sujii' '•'■'■ 
 
 Island \\a> 
 
 StlfO i'\' tin 
 
 [•ourt foi- til'- 
 IT sulduiUfil 
 
 his iqnioiiitim'iit ' 
 
 I. • Mroiiji ri'-ii""'. 
 
 |iioliti>l'.i''li<'"-„"'" 
 1, -- •> >■> • 1 ,1' 
 
 inl.r, A.l.imTli"r., 
 1,/,/,/v//, in /'..:•'"■ 
 li,u->*: 'llcwa-l' ;■ 
 IntalitV ol till- Mi- 
 ll !■ St:iiiu'«, «•■'■' "", 
 I oil tlial iica.uut. 
 
 |M 
 
 liv Cliiof-justirc Caiiicroii to tlu; ooycnjor and coun- 
 cil, and w«'iv aj>|>rovt'd tlu' ITtliof Fclnuarv iHf)?. A 
 (•u|>y of tlicHo rules was transmitted to A[r Labou- 
 rjiere for final a[i[>roval, an<l proclaination made of the 
 same on Vancouver Island.' 
 
 Cameron reci'ived his nomination from J)ouj^la.s in 
 IS.);!.'* and his a[>|iointment was eonlii-med hytho colo- 
 nial olliee ahout the end of the year, at which timo lie 
 was still at Xanaimo, Karly in 1S.")4 he toctk up his 
 residence at Victoria, where he remained lo the day 
 of his death.'' ( 'ameron was suj)erseded hy Necdliam 
 ill ISj8, he hy licij^hic! in l«Jl>. 
 
 Hut ay^oviriuneiit caiuiot ht; carried on I'orever with- 
 out moiuy. It iiad lu-en stij>ulat«'d that the j>roceeds 
 iVoiii tli(^ sah' of |)ul>lic lands mii^Iit Ik; devoti'd toc«)lo- 
 iiial develo|tment, lit-fore leavinj^ the Island, (Jov- 
 enior Jilanshard had luen informed hy the J I udson's 
 Hay Comjiany that no salaries would he jiaid puhlic 
 otiicersoutof the proceeds of land sales. Such salaries 
 must Im! raised either hv taxes or duties. " This is, in 
 fart." ri'inarked the irovi^rnor, repudiating: tin; clause 
 ill their Ljrant which hiiuls them to jtros ide, at their 
 
 ()\V 
 
 n ex|»enst>, all nt'ce.ssary civil and military «stal)lisli 
 iiients; their own arran!.jements tend to prevent a tax- 
 payiii^' population settlini^ here; and that the harhors 
 shall he <»|>en to all nation for the pui'|)os»'s of trade is 
 liiniiiiiiently put forward in the prospectus they have 
 
 "11 
 
 itiitlished, 
 
 After the departure of |{lanshak<l, liowever; after 
 ■\(ry element and per.sou ohn(»\ious to fur-tradiii;j; 
 
 traditions 
 
 had I 
 
 teen remove* 
 
 I. wh 
 
 lell all revenue* leVhM 
 
 d 
 
 and collected should fall into the pockits or honorahh^ 
 clerks, traders, and l'aetor« — there was no longer < lues- 
 
 '' llniixf nf Vommonn Itrturii* to nn .{ihlrrK-i, ilatrcl .Fmic •_'.'), I.S.'»7, IH. 
 
 *- TIiIh iK'uoriling to (.'iMipcr. Kiiilaysmi <l.it<-i Im ,'i|)|)i>iiitiiii'iit 'ul'tiT tlic 
 'I'l'iiture of Bliinshiir.l.'H.i.v in IS.VZ //«<. I'. / , MS., lOf). 
 
 'Me iliecl at Boliiioiit, V. I., tlio 14th <>f May IHT'J. (tlijiiijiui Trmi-irrijit, 
 '-'.".th May l«7i». 
 
 '" ' Mr Nouilham wum then kiuKhtvd ami a|i]M)iiitc(l to a Hiinilar poMition in 
 till island i>f Trinitlail, West Inilies." Finlai/MouH V. I., MS., 101. 
 
 ^^ liluimhitrd'ti PfiijxUe/ieM, 11. 
 lliKT. ](HiT. Col. 22 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 
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 1.6 
 
 
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 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporatioii 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 873-4503 
 
 A 
 

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 £>< 
 
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 ^ 
 
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THE JUDICIARY. 
 
 tion as to the right disposition to be made of the pro- 
 ceeds of land sales." 
 
 Some revenue might be secured from sales of land 
 if settlers would come forward and pay their pound 
 per acre; but if the lands did not sell, the privilege 
 was of little avail. Was there no other agency 
 whereby patriots might secure profit as well as honor 
 for their services ? Yes : there was rum. As a civilizer, 
 rum had been always king. Whoever heard of tlie 
 accomplishment of great things in the new world — of 
 conquests, conversions, pacifications, and occupations — 
 without the aid of alcohol? White men and red men 
 both loved it, and would lay down their life for it. 
 Let this stimulant, then, do what every other stimu- 
 lant failed to accomplish ; let whisi:ey energize where 
 philantrophy, enlightenment, and progress could not 
 inspire. Let justice be supported by the emoluments 
 of vice, and let the noble institutions of Europe be 
 planted in America with empty rum-barrels for their 
 foundation. So, by order of the governor in council, 
 liquor-dealers in Vancouver Island were made to pay 
 each an annual license of one hundred and twenty 
 pounds. At the time when the first house of assembly 
 met there were four of these licenses on the Island, 
 one held by the Hudson's Bay Company, and three 
 by retail dealers. 
 
 By paying this annual license, keepers of public 
 houses might freely import liquors and sell without 
 further restriction. There were no duties on spirits 
 or groceries, and on this license liquors might be sold 
 in any quantities or to any persons except Indians. 
 No license was required to sell any article except 
 spirits. And although this license was by many 
 deemed exorbitant, yet if there had been no more un- 
 wise provisions in colonial regulations, as colonization 
 goes, immigrants would have been more than usually 
 fortunate. By this means, in duo time, the sum of 
 
 •'^ ' The revenue of Vancouver Island prior to 1858 arose principally from 
 the sale of land.' Finliu/iionn J lint. V. I., MS., 84. 
 
REVETNUE AND EXPENDIITJIIE. 
 
 339 
 
 he pro- 
 of land 
 ■ pound 
 rivilegc 
 agency 
 lS honor 
 jivilizer, 
 1 of the 
 orld — of 
 ations — 
 red men 
 fe for it. 
 ir stimu- 
 ze where 
 ould not 
 oluinents 
 arope be 
 for their 
 council, 
 e to pay 
 twenty 
 assembly 
 e Island, 
 ,nd three 
 
 one hundred pounds per annum was provided for the 
 chief-justice." 
 
 For the year ending November 1, 1855, the public 
 expenditure of the colony was £4,107 2s. 3d The in- 
 come from all sources, including duty on licensed houses 
 and sales of public land, was £693 2s. lOd. Among 
 the items of expenditure were government premises, 
 £7 15s. lOd.; surveying department, £683 18s. Id.; 
 roads and bridges, £1,388 5s. 5d.; Victoria Church, par- 
 sonage and chaplain, £1,362 17s. 5d; public schools, 
 £320 4s. lid.; poor-rates, £10 10s. Sd.; administration 
 of justice, £100; jail expenses, £30 9s. 2d.; militia, 
 £81 8s. Sd. From land sales were received £334 17s. 
 C)(]., and from duty on licensed houses £340. 
 
 On the 6th of December 1856, the house of assembly 
 asked the governor what the revenue of the colony 
 might be. The reply was, "that the house can exer- 
 cise a direct control only over the revenue raised in 
 the colony through the act of the general legislature. 
 The revenue derived from the tax on licensed houses 
 is therefore, I conceive, the only fund absolutely at 
 our disposal; the proceeds arising from land sales^ 
 royalties, and timber duties being remitted and placed 
 to the account of the reserve fund in England, which 
 is, however, also exclusively applicable for colonial 
 purposes, with the exception of ten per cent allowed 
 by virtue of the charter of grant to the Hudson's Bay 
 Company." The revenue received from licensed houses 
 was, in 1853, £220, in 1854, £460, and in 1855, £340." 
 
 Incipa 
 
 "And now, besides the £150 as clerk, Cameron 'receives also another £100 
 per annum from what is called the license fund. Tliere are heavy licenses 
 fnim the publicans; they pay about £1*20 per annum. I believe that gives an 
 income to th'i colony of aoout £400 or £500 per annum, and he receives £100 
 out of it.' Coop'-r, in Ilott.'ic Commons licfit., JI. B. Co., 1857, 19.3, 
 
 '* Between the 12th of July 1855 and tlie 10th of October 1856, there were 
 sold of public lands 2,1.37 acres. 'The extent of nnimprovablo rock,' says 
 William Cr. Smith, secretary of the Hudson's Bay Company, in his statement 
 rendered the governor, the Kith of October 1S.")(>, 'added to the allowanco 
 made for roads, somewhat exceeds 8.37 acres, leaving 1,'299 acres, three roods, 
 and 20 perches chargeable to purchasers; on which £512 llx. C(/. has been 
 ahoady paid in, and there remains payable by annual instalments the snm of 
 t'787 O.*. lOiI.' la addition to above, £0,193 was received from the Hudson's 
 Hay Company for lamls purchased or reserved by them. Up to the 19th of 
 •bdy 1855, the total amount received from laud sales was £6,871 O*. 4(1. The 
 
;» 
 
 1,1 
 
 m 
 
 THE JUDICIARY. 
 
 An appropriation for £130 passed the assembly the 
 18th of December 1856, and was approved by the 
 council and governor the 14th of February 1857. 
 The items, all of which were to be paid out of the duty 
 derived from licensed houses, were as follows: £50, 
 to be placed at the disposal of the governor, to pay for 
 copying documents for the use of the house; £10 to 
 Robert Barr for services as clerk of house; £5 to 
 Andrew Muir for services as sergeant-at-arms; £25 
 for salary of clerk of house for 1857; £15 for salary 
 of sergeant-at-arms and messenger for 1857; £20 for 
 heating, lighting, and furnishing house of assembly 
 for 1857; £5 for stationery for members of assembly.^" 
 
 The truth is, government on the Island thus far, 
 with the sole exception of the legally appointed 
 governor, who could have performed all the duties of 
 that office equally as well had he been only chief 
 factor in charge of the Hudson's Bay Company's 
 affairs, was mere sham. The council was a sham, in- 
 competent to ordain; the chief-justice was a sham, 
 the hireling of the monopoly, knowing no law; and 
 the legislature was a sham, for there never had been 
 given, by act of parliament, sufficient power to con- 
 stitute a legislature. All that had been done was 
 ■done by the power of the crown. The colony was 
 first ruled by a governor in council, which government 
 soon came to a standstill because it proposed to levy 
 duties on spirits, or issue liquor licenses, when it pos- 
 sessed no authority; then it was that an abortive 
 attempt was made to set up in the Island a free legis- 
 lature. 
 
 moneys received by the Hudson's Bay Company were remitted to London. 
 By the 10th of October 1853, they had remitted £3,577 5s. 2d.) the Puget 
 Sound Company had piaid in London £2,574, and £120 had been paid by W. 
 C. Grant and J. Huggins in London. Home Commona' Returns to an Address, 
 14. 
 
 " Minutes of Council 14th Feb. 1867 in House Commons' Returns to an Ad- 
 dress, 19. 
 
CHAPTER XX. 
 
 THE GREAT GOLD EXCITEMENT. 
 
 1858, 
 
 Gold ! Hail All-powerful and Most Worshipful ! — Its Presence not 
 Secretly Known to the Jur-traders — Discovery on Vancouver 
 Island — On Queen Charlotte Islands — On Skeena River — In the 
 Cascade Mountains of WASHiNCiTON — At Colville — At Kamloop — 
 On Thompson River — On Frasf.r River — The Tidings Spread— The 
 MvrrER Laid before Government— Effect on California — Rush to 
 the Mines — Routes and Methods of Transportation — Whatcom 
 versus Victoria — Trail-making — Overland Expeditions — Licenses 
 AND Imposts — Effect on the Fur-traders. 
 
 High above all principalities and powers, above 
 religious fanaticism or love of empire, above patriot- 
 ism, philanthropy, family affection, honor, virtue, or 
 tilings supernal or infernal, there now arises in this 
 Northwest wilderness an influence which overshadows 
 every other influence, which shrivels into insignifi- 
 cance fur companies, licenses to trade, pounds per acre, 
 settlement, skins of wild beasts or lives of wild men, 
 missionaries, governors, parliaments, houses of assei - 
 bly, and even rum. 
 
 Here history begins anew. It is as though notii- 
 ing had been ; as though all was present and to come. 
 
 Amongst the many sins charged upon the Hudson's 
 Bay Company, by the hungry horde that invaded their 
 territories during the wild excitement of 1858, was 
 one in effect that the existence of gold on the upper 
 Fraser and elsewhere had long been known to the 
 company's officers, prior to that unwelcome appear- 
 
 (S41) 
 
342 
 
 THE GREAT GOLD EXCITEMENT. 
 
 aiice, and that such knowledge had, through motives 
 of policy, been kept secret. 
 
 While it is not of the slightest importance to any- 
 one, least of all to those then upon the gound in 
 search of the metal, how long fur-traders had known 
 of its existence, if of that pestiferous crew there are 
 any now living to whom the fact that such previous 
 knowledge did not exist can bring comfort, let them 
 henceforth possess their souls in peace. It would 
 surely seem the last thing of which sane men could 
 complain, for had such knowledge been published, 
 where now would be their chance? Rather let them 
 thank the good traders for keeping the secret. 
 
 The fact, however, had not been known.^ Reticent 
 as were the traders by law and by instinct, they could 
 not long have kept secret a knowledge of the existence 
 of any large quantity of precious metal, even had it 
 been to their interest to do so. And as to their inter- 
 est, when such knowledge was almost sure to spoil 
 ft^rever their dearly loved hunting-ground, how could 
 those doubt who were unaware how near their end 
 the company were before the great gold excitement, 
 how a renewal of their exclusive trade license had 
 already been refused them, how great might be their 
 harvest with all their superior facilities of men, ships, 
 fortresses well stored with goods, of organization, 
 capital, familiarity with the natives, and knowledge 
 of the country, should the region rapidly fill with 
 energetic humanity ? 
 
 But although gold on the upper Fras5r was not 
 uncovered to any one long prior to the so-called 
 Fraser River excitement, its existence in supposed 
 inconsiderable quantities elsewhere in British Colum- 
 bia had been openly and for some time known. The 
 silly suspicion of the miners, that the knowledge 
 
 ' ' No suspicion of the fact ever existed, as I can personally aver. Indeed, 
 it was not till after a considerable interval, and after mush careful research by 
 experienced miners from California, that the riches of the Cariboo mines were 
 ^SirtiMy dfiveloped.' Anderson's Northwent Coast, MS,, 116, 
 
EARLIEST GOLD INDICATIONS. 
 
 343 
 
 existed and was kept secret, never was true of any 
 part of the country, or at any time. 
 
 When during the summer of 1850 Joseph W. Mc- 
 Kay was exploring for farming lands between Vic- 
 toria and Nanaimo, on Vancouver Island, he found 
 in various places particles of gold, but nowhere in 
 sufficient quantities to warrant further investigation. 
 Nevertheless, it was a gold-field that he had found, 
 and mines were worked there subsequently.^ 
 
 During this same year, the mania for gold then 
 raging in California having penetrated savagedom, 
 a native of the Queen Charlotte Islands appeared at 
 Victoria with a bag of specimens.^ 
 
 Writing Earl Grey the 29th of March 1851, Gov- 
 ernor Blanshard says: **I have heard that fresh speci- 
 mens of gold have been obtained from the Queen 
 Charlotte's Islanders. I have not seen them myself, 
 but they are reported to be very rich. The Hudson's 
 Bay Company's servants intend to send an expedition 
 in tlie course of the summer to make proper investi- 
 gations."* The brigantino i/uro/i was despatched ac- 
 cordingly, ostensibly to trade, but really to search for 
 gold. Failing in which, and for want of something 
 better to do, the men broke up part of a quartz ledge, 
 
 X) mines were 
 
 ^ In August 1858 there was quite a flurry of excitement in Victoria respect- 
 inj,f the presence of gold in that vicinity, as if it were then a new thing. ' One 
 account asserts positively that five ounces were taken from diggings south-east 
 of Victoria, . . .while another changes tlie location to a nearly opposite point." 
 Virtorla Gazelle, Aug. 19, 1858. Rumors increased, until within a week after- 
 vard gold was everywhere — under the governor's houses, at Silver Luke, at 
 Saanich, and at Dead Man's Creek. ' It has been found back of Nanaimo, 
 ami is known to exist on other islands in these waters.' Vktoria Gazette, Aug. 
 2i). 1S58. 'One location about twenty miles from Nanaimo is now, 1878, 
 being worked by Chinamen.' McKai/'s Reenlleetions, MS., 11. 
 
 ^ 'Gold had been discovered in Queen Charlotte's Island in 1850, but only 
 in small quantities.' lirititi/i. Coliimhia and Vancoiirer Inland, Vll, by Wil- 
 liam Carew Hazlitt. This little book, a lOiuo of 247 pages in yellow boards, 
 was published in London in 1858 with a map to all aiipuaranco much older 
 in its compilation than the text. Mr Hazlitt is evidently a journeyman 
 author, whose wages were too low to warrant good work. His book is mostly 
 extracts, well selected, and from widely extended sources, the original parts 
 being desultory, and lacking both preciseness ami consistency. 
 
 * Bkmsfuird's Despatches, 10. The governor was not very definite in his 
 iduas of metals, or precise iu his use of words. 
 
814 
 
 THE GREAT GOLD EXCITEMENT. 
 
 and carrying the pieces on board their vessel, re- 
 turned in triumph to Victoria. Again on the r2th 
 of May, Blanshard observes: "Reports are current of 
 gold having been found by the Cowitchin Indians, in 
 the Arro Canal, but they are so vague as scarcely to 
 deserve notice." 
 
 Rowland of the sloop Georgina from Australia had a 
 mate named McEwen, who had been in the service 
 of the Hudson's Bay Company. In one of his expe- 
 ditions to the north, McEwen professed to have landed 
 on Queen Charlotte Islands, and to have chiselled some 
 gold out of a quartz seam. This was exhibited l)y 
 Rowland and McEwen at Olympia in the autumn of 
 1851. It was their opinion that if they could organize 
 a company and go to the spot in sufficient force, they 
 could load their vessel with gold. An expedition was 
 fitted out at Olympia, which sailed in the Georgina in 
 November 1851. Being forced to come to anchor at 
 Neali Bay, on account of bad weather, the Damcms 
 Cove, Captain Balch, was encountered at the same 
 place. Balch was out on an oil and fur-trading ex- 
 pedition, but on learning the destination of the Geor- 
 gina — in spite of the mystery that surrounded it — ■ 
 he followed the sloop northward.^ The unfortunate 
 endinij of this venture is ofivcn else where. In the 
 summer of 1851, the Hudson's Bay Company, with- 
 out further showing, despatched the brigantine Huron 
 with a number of men, who had experience in mining, 
 to the spot indicated by the native who had brought 
 the specimens to Victoria some time previous. They 
 spent several months prospecting the islands, and 
 though they failed to find placers at the place indi- 
 cated by the native, after considerable searching along 
 a quartz outcrop they succeeded in finding a good 
 ledge which showed free gold in nearly every speci- 
 men. They were not prepared to undt rtakc quartz- 
 mining operations; and as it was now late in the 
 season, they gathered about half a ton of specimens 
 
 * Weed's Queen C/uirlotte Island, MS., 9-19. 
 
QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS. 
 
 345 
 
 and returned to Victoria, intending to resume their 
 work on the ledge better prepared the following 
 spring.^ McEwen's specimens seem to have come 
 from the same place, and not improbably they were 
 obtained from the same native. It was in a little 
 harbor on the west coast of Moresby Island, the 
 southern island of the group, subsequently known as 
 Gold Harbor, also as Mitchell Harbor, named after 
 Captain Mitchell of the Recovery. 
 
 In the following spring of 1852, Queen Charlotte 
 Islands witnessed the arrival of numerous expeditions. 
 There were five vessels in Mitchell Harbor at one 
 time; and the hills were full of prospectors. A party 
 of miners from the Nanaimo coal-mines, taken there 
 by the Una on behalf of the Hudson's Bay Company, 
 was well provisioned and provided with every requisite 
 for blasting on a large scale. The whole ended in dis- 
 appointment. A quartz vein seven inches in widtli, 
 traceable for eighty feet, contained in some places 
 twenty-five per cent of gold, but the hope of loading 
 vessels here with gold was forever abandoned. 
 
 In the Fort Simpson journal, the 8th of April 185'2, 
 is found written: "This day ona of the chiefs from 
 Skenar River that arrived here yesterday brought a 
 few small pieces of gold ore to the, fort; also two 
 largo pieces of quai'tz rock with a few particles of 
 fjold ore introduced. The chief. . . tells me that it 
 would take me seven days to go wliere the gold is to 
 be found and return back to the fort. I am told by 
 others that we can go to the place in two days, or 
 forty-eight hours, by trail. The chief tells me that 
 tlic gold is to be seen in many places on the surface 
 of tlie rock for some distance, say two miles. This is 
 a most important discovery, at least I think so, and 
 may prove more convenient for us to work tlian the 
 diggings on Queen Charlotte Island. I shall go or 
 send to have a look at this and examine this new dis- 
 covery so soon as possible. I gave the chief that 
 
 ^McKay's Recollections, MS., 12-15. 
 
340 
 
 THE GREAT GOLD EXCITEMENT. 
 
 II 
 
 brought the rock and ore a larger canoe, value five 
 elk-flkins, which pleased him much. We showed him 
 other civilities. I hope the company, and myself also, 
 will reap some benefit from this discovery, as I have 
 ten children that would be much pleased to finger a 
 portion of the precious metal. Who knows but this 
 discovery may prove more valuable than the diggings 
 in California." To which prayer the sailor McNeill 
 affixed his initials. 
 
 The 24th of the same month the fort scribe enters: 
 "Pierre Lagrace with his son and four Indians had 
 started in the morning to visit the place where gold 
 has been found at Skenar River. They had not pro- 
 ceeded far when the steamer was seen in the distance, 
 and they turned back, together with four other canoes 
 which had also started for the river on a trading excur- 
 sion . . . We were most pleased to hear that all our 
 friends to the south were well, and that the Recovery , 
 one of our vessels, had gone to Queen Charlotte 
 Island to hunt for and obtain gold. Captains Mitchell 
 and Stuart and Dr Kennedy were the superior officers 
 of the party, in all forty souls." 
 
 May 5th: "About noon Chief Factor Work with 
 Pierre Lagrace, Quintal, and four Indians started in 
 a canoe for Skenar River to examine the gold re- 
 gions said to exist up that river. They will probably 
 be absent about fourteen days." Punctually to the 
 hour Work returned and reported no gold on Skeena 
 River, and his journey a failure. 
 
 The 8th of May word came to Fort Simpson from 
 Kennedy on board the Recovery, that "two American 
 vessels are lying in Mitchell's Harbour, viz., the Tepic 
 from Liverpool, and the Susan Sturgis from Nisqually. 
 The vein had been worked out by some vessel, and he 
 had no hopes of obtaining gold. Six more vessels 
 were expected soon from the Columbia and San Fran- 
 cisco. The Recovery had been leaking both at sea 
 and in harbour. This will be another bad speculation 
 in my opinion," concludes the Fort Simpson journal- 
 
 I 
 
SKEENA RIVER. 
 
 m 
 
 keeper. Nevertheless, Kennedy wanted more raining 
 tools, an outfit of which, with beads and cod-hi)oks, 
 was despatched by canoe on the 12tii, and cliarged to 
 tlie account of the Recovery. Letters rece'ved the 
 Kith reported that "no gold had been procured by 
 blasting," and that "the American vessels had all 
 
 'o' 
 
 iroiie away quite disappointed."' 
 
 Another chief, arriving at Fort Simpson on the 5th 
 St-'})tcuiber from Skcena River, reported gold. Chief 
 Factor Work was fast catching the fever. For these 
 many years furs alone had filled his brain. Now he 
 found room for metals. It would be so pleasant to 
 have his old ajje made mellow with tjold. The natives 
 of Xass River had brought in specimens of various 
 uu'tals from their country, and thither, on the l;3th. 
 Work set out in a canoe to see what he could make 
 of it. If, indeed, another California might be found 
 in the north, how happy would be the Hudson's Bay 
 Company! Nevertheless, Work returned from his 
 adventure unsuccessful. "Nothing like gold was seen 
 during his cruise," writes the anxious father of ten 
 children. 
 
 Thus years before the great excitement, all along 
 the coast, from Fuca Strait to Skevna River, were 
 thought and talk of gold; and when men looked for 
 it, they generally found evidence of its presence. 
 
 George B. McClellan in 1853 found gold in con- 
 siderable quantities, as he expresses it, on the military 
 
 '•Fort Simpson Journal, MS., 1852. See also Compton's Abori<jina[ Brit. 
 Col., -MS., GO. William M. Turner elaborates to the extent of seven pages in 
 i\\ti Oirrlaml MoMhly, Feh. 1875, a statement to the etl'ect that in Fel). 185*2 
 one Jack McLean, a Scotch sailor, once in tlie service of the Hudson's Bay 
 Cdiiipaiiy, arrived at San Francisco, ami reported goM at Engletield Harbor, 
 CJueen Charlotte Islands. The fur-traders were then there, he said, gathering 
 tlic' metal, and jealous of any intrusion. On liis way down lie had been 
 ^vrecked. On the evidence of sonic specimens he showed, sixty-five persons 
 embarked at San Francisco the 2!)th of Marcli on board the brig Tvpir, Cap- 
 tiiiii Lortt. Arrived at Englefield Harbor, they were soon overhauled by tlie 
 first mate of the Recovery, who informed them tliat they were within British 
 dominion, and that they were requested to depart from that coast. To wliich 
 tliL'y gave an impudent answer, and pushing ashore began prospecting. Tlieir 
 inunhood and independenco thus vindicated, after a month's stay they returned 
 whence they came. 
 
848 
 
 THE GREAT GOLD EXCITEMENT. 
 
 road survey through the Naches Pass in the Cas- 
 cade Mountains, between Walla Walla and Fort 
 Steilacoom, and in his Northern Pacific Railway ( x- 
 plorations at Similkameen, his men panning it out at 
 the rate of two dollars a day. Alfred Waddingtoii, a 
 former Mariposa miner, saw in 1854 an Indian cliitf 
 in the Colville country who had placer gold in his 
 possession. 
 
 Henry De Groot, an indefatigable explorer, pros- 
 pector, and writer upon mining developments, havinn^ 
 visited British Columbia in 1858, states that Chief 
 Trader McLean at Kandoop procured gold-dust from 
 the natives in that vichiity as early as 1852, since wlmh 
 time more or less gold has been received from the 
 natives at that and other posts, though not cnouuli 
 to awaken a suspicion in the minds of the traders that 
 paying diggings existed in the country; and that 
 various parties at different times prospected tlic 
 banks of the Thompson between 1855, the date of tlnj 
 discovery of the Colville mines, and 1858. It was at 
 Nicomnien, on tJie Thompson near its junction with 
 the Fraser, according to some authorities, that tlio 
 first gold was found in paying quantities in l^ritisli 
 Columbia. Chinese and Indians were engaged in 
 mining at that place in favorable seasons as lute as 
 1 87G. The account of the first discovery at Niconuneii 
 was very circu istantially given by Douglas in liis 
 diary under the date of August 14, 18G0, without 
 stating tlic date of the discovery. " Gold," he writes, 
 "was first found on Thompson River by an Indian, a 
 quarter of a mile below Nicommen. He is since dead. 
 The Indian was taking a drink out of the river; having 
 no vessel, he was quaffing from the stream, when lie 
 perceived a shining pebble, which he picked up, and 
 it proved to be gold. The whole tribe forthwith began 
 to collect the glittering metal." ^ 
 
 Mr Finlayson says gold was first found in crevices 
 
 ^Dmmon on Mines, 40; Douf/las' Private Papers, Ist sen, MS., V24:-5; 
 HazliU'aB. C, 127; De Groot's B. C, 13. 
 
THOMPSON AND FRASER RIVERS. 
 
 Ml 
 
 d in crevices 
 
 ser., MS., l^i'^i 
 
 of the rocks on the banks of the Thonip.son River. 
 McLean, tlie officer in clinrj^e at Kamloop, inspected tho 
 ijround, and then sent down to Victoria for some iron 
 sjtoons for the purpose of digging out the nu,i,''gets. 
 The spoons were sent up as requested, and ^IcLean was 
 instructed to give every encouragement to the natives 
 to liave them procure and bring in tlic gokl, and toob- 
 tiiiii all that he could. Shortly afterward, an Amori- 
 cuii named Adams, a miner of some experience, began 
 ■washing for gold on the Fraser. He g'athered a small 
 lia"' full of fine dust, which he exhibited, accordinijf to 
 !Mi' Finlayson, on Puget Sound and at other ])laces. 
 The news so attested went from mouth to mouth, and 
 spread rapidly tlirough Oregon and California." ^[r 
 Anderson states that the first intimatici.' the Hudson's 
 ]]ay people had of the existence of gold in the interior 
 was in 1855, when Angus McDonn^d, dork in charge 
 at Colville, "wrote down to Fort \ ancouver that one 
 of his men, while employed hauling firewood, had al- 
 most undesignedly amused himself hy washing out a 
 pannikin of gravel on the beach near Colville." Par- 
 ticles of gold were found, which excited curiosity and 
 invited further search; parties went out to prospuct, 
 and at the north of Pend d'Oreille River near the 
 houndary, diggings were found which were moderately 
 remunerative. According to his account, it was in 1 857 
 that the existence of gold was ascertained near the 
 mouth of the Thompson, and it was the exaggerated 
 report of this discovery reaching California, he believes, 
 tliat caused the great rush of 1858.^*^ Douglas noticed 
 a later coinmnuication of McDonald's in a letter to 
 Labouchere of the colonial office, dated Victoria, 
 April 10, 1856, in which he states that according 
 to ^McDonald's report from the upper Caledonia 
 district in March 1856, gold had been found on 
 tlic upper Columbia in considerable quantities, the 
 daily earning of persons then employed in the dig- 
 
 ^ Finlnyson's V. I. and Northwest Coast, MS., 56-GO. 
 liuro confused with McDonald's. 
 
 ^'> Aiiderawi'a Hist. Northwest Coast, MS., 117-18. 
 
 Adams' doings are 
 
 
8B0 
 
 THE GREAT GOLD EXCITEMENT. 
 
 h ir\ 
 
 m 
 
 I 1 1 
 
 gings being from ten to forty dollars to the man. 
 James Cooper testified before the British parliamen- 
 tary committee investigating the affairs of the Hud- 
 son's Bay Company in 1857, touching the particulars of 
 the discovery, expressing the belief that it was highly 
 important, and that there would be a great rush into 
 the country. His language was prophetic, for it was but 
 twelve months later when from thirty to forty thou- 
 sand people came into British Columbia from the soutli. 
 
 Waddington affirms that some Canadians from Fort 
 Colville went over to the Thompson and Bonaparte, 
 and tlicnce to the Fraser above the Big Falls. They 
 prospected on their way, found gold almost every- 
 where, and concluded to tarry among the natives on 
 the Thompson in order to try their fortune at mining. 
 It was the report of the results obtained by these men 
 which induced others in the season of 1857-8 to em- 
 bark in mining; and results exceeding expectations, 
 the news was spread over Puget Sound and thence 
 carried to San Francisco. De Groot's version is that 
 in the summer and autumn of 1857 a number of per- 
 sons from Oregon and Washington territories, familiar 
 with the operations at the Colville mines, accom- 
 panied by a sprinkling of Canadians and half-breeds, 
 formerly in the Hudson's Bay Company's service at 
 Colville, made their way to the junction of the Thomp- 
 son with the Fraser. They found several rich bars in 
 that vicinity, and worked them with good success. 
 He also states that it was the news of their success 
 which caused the Fraser River excitement. 
 
 McDonald and Adams, two partners who were 
 engaged in mining on the Thompson and Fraser, in 
 1857-8 brought down some of the first gold from the 
 bars where the first profitable workings were carried 
 on. At the mouth of the Fraser, McDonald killed 
 Adams and secured his gold, which he carried to 
 Olympia, and there displayed it." 
 
 " Wothfliii/toi's Franc I' Mines, 5; Dp O root's B. €., 13, referring to Wiul- 
 diiigtou's second party. Douijhs, iu Coriiwaltis' iV. El Dorado, 351-4; Vooycr's 
 
QUESTION OF OWNERSHIP. 
 
 861 
 
 The officers of the fur company at Victoria were 
 well informed at the same time of the mining opera- 
 tions that were going on in the valley of the Fraser, 
 and its tributary the Thompson, but not coming in 
 contact directly with the miners who emerged from 
 the mountains in the spring of 1858 with the evi- 
 dences of the auriferous wealth of the great river of 
 British Columbia, or for some other reason not ex- 
 plained, they did not realize fully the importance of 
 the facts, nor anticipate the effects that might be pro- 
 duced. Douglas, in a letter to Labouchere, dated 
 Victoria, December 29, 1857, speaks of the Coutcau 
 mines, so named after the natives of the Thompson 
 and Sliushwap countries, as having attracted atten- 
 tion. "The auriferous character of the country is be- 
 coming daily more extensively developed," he writes, 
 "through the exertions of the native Indian tribes, 
 ^vllo, having tasted the sweets of gold-finding, are de- 
 voting much of their time and attention to that pur- 
 suit." 
 
 The product exported through the agency of the 
 Hudson's Bay Company, from October 6, 1857, to the 
 end of that year, and supposed by them to be all that 
 was carried out of the country, was three hundred 
 ounces. Douglas mentions the fact in the same con- 
 nection that the reported wealth of the Couteau coun- 
 try was causing much excitement in Washington 
 Territory and Oregon.^^ At Olympia, Ballou, Gar- 
 field, and Williams, as partners, were merchandising 
 during the winter oi 1857-8, and more or less gold 
 came to them from the Fraser. The specimens showed 
 them by McDonald particularly attracted their atten- 
 tion, and the attention of others. ]3allou (loul)ted 
 the report of the company's officials, that the gold was 
 mostly found by the natives, on the ground tliat more 
 would then have been realized. Deeming the discovery 
 
 Mnr. Matfciii, MS., 11; BnllotCs Aih\, MS., 3. Tlie alleged killing of Adams 
 rests wlioU)' on Ballou 's opinion. 
 
 '- Dougliw to Liibouchiire, in Coniwaltia' N. El Dorado, 347-54. 
 
352 
 
 THE GREAT GOLD EXCITEMENT. 
 
 of sufficient importance to outweigh all other con- 
 siderations of trade, Ballou, accompanied by Jolm 
 Scranton, Governor McMullin, Secretary of the Ter- 
 ritory Mason, and several others, early in the sprin;^ 
 went to Victoria to ascertain what the Hudson's Bay 
 people knew about the matter. They contirmed all 
 the reports. Instead of going to the gold-fields, Ballou 
 proceeded at once to San Francisco. Having under- 
 gone the excitements of the southern mines, and sub- 
 sequently of the northern mines of California as an 
 exi)ressman, he conceived the idea that whatever 
 might be the merit of the mines, there was certain 
 profit in the express business, and hence he forthwith 
 started Ballou's express from San Francisco to the 
 Fraser liiver mines/^ 
 
 The state of knowledge of the mines, and the facts on 
 which the gold excitement was based, may be further 
 deduced from the official acts and tlie correspondeiieo 
 of Governor Douglas. Christmas week, 1857, at Fort 
 Victoria, had been enlivened by the sul)stantial com- 
 munications, accompanied with gold-du!st, that were 
 received from Chief Trader McLean at the post near- 
 est the forks of Thompson River, the results of the 
 washmgs by the Indians already referred to. On 
 the same day that he despatched the information to 
 the colonial office, December '20, 1857, Governor 
 Douglas issued a proclamation declaring that all the 
 gold in its natural place of deposit belonged to the 
 crown, referring in particular to the gold found within 
 the Couteau country, embraced by the Fraser and 
 Thompson districts. This proclamation " forbade all 
 persons to dig or disturb the soil in search of gold 
 
 '■' llillnii'.'i A<Ii'., MS., S. Billy Ballon, aa ho was callnd, was a wild wiiif, 
 ii l)ir ■ Ki'aiiiod ailvoiituriT of French dosoeiit, who since 184(i had lieun llo.it- 
 i g .ilxmt tho inouiitaiiiHaiid shurosof tiiu I'acilic. Bugiimiiig with tiie Mi'xi- 
 c ii war, lij passed Ihroujjh a pioiieor exj)uriuiice in California and the Smnul 
 coll ilry ln'foro going to British Colundjia. He was much hroken in henltli 
 will) I 1 too'; Ids dictation at Seattle in 1878, and died sliortly afterward. Mis 
 information was certaiidy as varied as that of any man I ever met, and iio 
 g ive it nie in good faith, yet while I have no reason to douht his word, be- 
 fore placing implicit coutidence iu an important statement, I should prefer to 
 see it vorilied. 
 
SPOLIATION OF THE MAINLAND PARK, 
 
 353 
 
 )tlier con- 
 by John 
 f the l\i-- 
 tlie spring 
 Ison's Bay 
 itirmt'd all 
 •Ids, Ballou 
 iug under- 
 !S, and sub- 
 irnia as an 
 b whatever 
 was certain 
 le forthwith 
 3VSCO to the 
 
 1(1, was a wiM f' < 
 fc4() haa lieeu ll.>:it- 
 luim with the NU'Xi- 
 luiaamlthoSou.u 
 I hroken ui hcaltli 
 llv afterward. Mis 
 i evermet, an.lho 
 
 flouht his w..r. , be- 
 T, I should prefer to 
 
 until authorized in that behalf by her majesty's colonial 
 government." Douglas acknowledged in his commu- 
 nication of December the 29th to Labouch^re, that 
 he had no authority to make such a proclamation 
 in regard to a country beyond the jurisdiction of his 
 government, but pleaded in excuse the fact that he 
 was invested with authority over the domain of the 
 Hudson's Bay Company, and that he was the only 
 1 eprcsentative of her Majesty within reach. A license 
 of ten shillings a month was demanded, in virtue of 
 which persons were permitted to mine under pre- 
 scribed limits and conditions. 
 
 On the 14th of January 1858, Governor Douglas 
 rc])ortcd further news from the mines to the colonial 
 office. " From the successful result of experiments 
 made in washing the gold from the sands of the tribu- 
 tary streams of Fraser Biver," says Douglas, " there 
 is reason to suppose that the gold region is extensive, 
 and I entertain sanguine hopes that future researches 
 will develop stores of wealth perhaps equal to the 
 gold-fields of California — the geological formations 
 observed in the Sierra Nevada of California being 
 similar in character to the structure of the corre- 
 sponding range of mountains in this latitude." On the 
 Gth of April he wrote to Labouch^re " that the search 
 for gold up to the last dates from the interior was 
 carried on almost exclusively by the native popula- 
 tion, who had discovered the productive mines, and 
 washed out almost all the gold, about eight hundred 
 ounces, thus far exported from the country; and that 
 they were extremely jealous of the whites digging for 
 
 " In addition to the diggings before known on 
 Thompson River and its tributary streams, a valuable 
 deposit has recently been found by the natives on the 
 bank of the Fraser River, about five miles beyond its 
 conriuenco with the Thompson; and gold in smaller 
 quantities has been found in possession of the natives 
 as far as the great falls of the Fraser, about eighty 
 
 I: 
 
 Hut. Bbit. Ool. 33 
 
 UH 
 
t ^ 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 \l 
 
 854 
 
 THE GREAT GOLD EXCITEMENT. 
 
 miles above the forks." Seventy or eighty Ameri- 
 cans had gone to the mines without procuring licenses. 
 By a despatch dated April 19th the arrival of George 
 Simpson, bearer of despatches from Chief Trader !^Ic- 
 Lean, was announced, bringing news from the forks 
 of the Thompson, to April 4th, which was very flat- 
 tering, but not supported by a large return of gold- 
 dust. "Simpson reports," says Douglas, "that gold 
 is found in more or less abundance on every part of 
 the Fraser, from Yale to the forks, but I presume 
 those diggings cannot be very productive or there 
 would have been a larger return of gold."' 
 
 '14 
 
 And here begins the infection which spread with 
 such swift virulence in every direction. Though 
 Cooper considers it "almost imposible to trace the 
 origin of the gold excitement," it seems to me we have 
 it plainly enough before us. It is noised abroad that 
 gold abounds in British Columbia. Then men every- 
 where throughout the world begin to study tbccir 
 maps, to see where is situated the favored isle that 
 guards the auriferous Mainland. California is to be 
 outdone, as the rivers of British Columbia are larger 
 than those of California. The glories of Australia 
 shall pale before this new golden aurora horealis.^'' 
 As in California the precious metal was most abun- 
 dant near the sources of the streams, and was thought 
 by some to have flowed in with the streams from t!io 
 north, so in the north, it is now expected, may be fouii! 
 the primitive source where the deposits were origi- 
 nally formed. And so the settlers on Vancouver Island, 
 on the Cowlitz, and on the Columbia, leave tlicii- 
 farms; then the servants of the monopoly fling olT 
 allegiance; the saw-mills round the Sound are soon 
 idle; and finally wave after wave of eager advent- 
 urers roll in from the south and east, from Oregon 
 
 ^* Douglas' Official Correspondence, in Comwallis' N. Z/7 TJomrfo, 343-30'?. 
 *' Wculdinijtoti's Fraser Mines, 5; Anderson's IJist. Northwest Coast, MS., 
 llG-17; Cooper's Mar. Matters, MS., 14. 
 
PROGRESS OF THE FE\*ER. 
 
 355 
 
 Amcri- 
 licenses. 
 'George 
 ,der !^Ic- 
 ;lie f(3rks 
 rery flat- 
 
 of gold- 
 hat gold 
 •y part of 
 
 presume 
 
 or there 
 
 read with 
 Though 
 trace the 
 le we have 
 broad that 
 nen evcry- 
 .udy tl\cir 
 1 isle that 
 ^ia is to be 
 arc larger 
 Australia 
 
 jiiost abuli- 
 as thought 
 is from the 
 ^ybe fouu'l 
 were orii^i- 
 Lver Island, 
 ieavc their 
 hy fling off 
 ]d are soon 
 •er adveut- 
 ,m Oregon 
 
 ^ado, 343-301, 
 
 oest Coast, sl^., 
 
 and from California, from the islands and Australia, 
 from Canada and Europe, until the third great devil- 
 dance of the nations within the decade begins upon 
 the Fraser. 
 
 Ellwood Evans remarks that the newspapers of 
 Oregon and Washingtori Territory continued silent 
 in regard to the existence of gold in the Northwest 
 until March 1858, not believing that it would ever 
 be found in quantities sufficiently large to attract im- 
 migration in that direction. Gold, said they, had been 
 reported as found by the Northern Pacific Railroad 
 exploring parties in 1853. It was reported, and by 
 some surmised to exist, in large quantities on the bars 
 of the Upper Columbia, but the metal was not forth- 
 coming in quantity, and not really believed in. The 
 matter failed to excite the attention of the Hudson's 
 Bay Company till Angus McDonald reported the 
 Colville excitement to Governor Douglas March 1, 
 1856." On the 5th of March 1858, the Olympia. 
 Pioneer and Democrat, one of the first papers published 
 in Washington Territory, announced the rumors of 
 " Reported Gold Discoveries," brought from Victoria 
 by the schooner Wild Pigeon. March 12th the same 
 journal contained "Good News from the Gold Mines" 
 of Eraser River. March 26th it had an account of 
 "The Gold Regions of the North, Highly Favorable 
 Reports." April 9th there was " Further Encourag- 
 ing News." April 16th there was a spread of "Late 
 Rehable and Confirmatory Tidings." The San Fran- 
 cisco Herald, on the 20th of April 1858, recorded 
 that the excitement was fully equal in extent to that 
 which arose in the Atlantic States from the reports 
 of gold discoveries in California in 1849. At one leap 
 British Columb'.a had become the rival if not the peer 
 of California herself. 
 
 The Fraser River excitement began and was spread 
 from Puget Sound. Captain Prevost of H. M. S. Satel- 
 lite, stationed at Esquimalt, on the 7th of May 1858 
 
 ^^ Evans' Fraser River Excitement, MS., 12-20. 
 
336 
 
 THE GREAT GOLD EXCITEMENT 
 
 If 
 
 IJ 
 
 wrote to the admiralty office that the excitement was 
 much greater in Washington and Oregon than on Van- 
 couver Island, several hundred persons having at tliat 
 time gone to the Fraser River mines from Puget Sound, 
 where all the vessels were lying deserted by their 
 crews." These vessels were the ordinary means of com- 
 munication with San Francisco from that part of the 
 coast carrying 1 umber. Douglas' announcement in 1 8 5 G 
 had been received abroad with comparative disbelief. 
 Xo sooner was the fact of the existence of gold uj)oii 
 the Fraser in paying quantities established beyond a 
 doubt, tlian a logical effect worked itself out upon tlie 
 Californian mind. Action as prompt as the idea was 
 the result. An excitement arose tliroughout society, 
 which caused an unparalleled exodus. To the Cal- 
 ifornia miner the deduction followed naturally tliat 
 the history of California was to be reproduced. Tlie 
 foundation of the idea was clearly expressed by Douglas 
 in his despatch of January 14, 1858, the extension tu 
 the north-west of the same mountains and geological 
 formations, a fact well known in a general way from 
 the reports of the Oregonians and Canadians who Juul 
 been to the California mines. Only the additional 
 fact was net-'ded that the Fraser was another Sacra- 
 mento, to lead logically to the clearest demonstia- 
 tion that a s^rcat ij^old area was washed and sluiced 
 by the Fraser and its tributaries. Vague as were 
 the ideas touch inu' where or how the gold would be 
 found, whether in the Cascade canon or on the slopes 
 of the Rocky Mountains, there was needed no further 
 evidence than that to remove every doubt touchini]; 
 the vast importance of this discovery. In the blind 
 hopeful way of the gold prospectors, it seems to luuo 
 been anticipated that the richness of the sands of the 
 Fraser would be found in some proportion to the size 
 of that river. Doubtless many who made this ven- 
 ture reasoned more accurately — that the discovery 
 was simply important in a degree proportionate to the 
 
 " Cormmllia' New El Dorado, 365-6. 
 
 H:! 
 
EFFECT IN CALIFORNIA. 
 
 357 
 
 uicnt ^vas 
 n on Yan- 
 ng at that 
 ret Souiul, 
 ' by their 
 HIS of com - 
 )art of the 
 jnt in 185G 
 
 disbelief, 
 gold ui»on 
 
 1 beyond a 
 it upon the 
 tic idea was 
 out society, 
 ^o the Cal- 
 :urally that 
 Luced. The 
 , by Douglas 
 extension to 
 d geological 
 al way tVoiu 
 ms who ]uul 
 e additional 
 
 )ther Saera- 
 denionstra- 
 
 and sluict^d 
 ;ruc as were 
 )ld would be 
 3n the slopes 
 )d no further 
 dbt touching 
 In the bliu^l 
 oems to have 
 sands of tlie 
 m to the size 
 Eide this ven- 
 ,he discovery 
 tionatc to the 
 
 area of the new country to be opened by the mines, 
 and made accessible by the valley of the Fraser. 
 Untold auriferous wealth in connection with the great 
 commercial and agricultural region of British Colum- 
 biu with its European climate, though predestined for 
 discovery under the developments of time with the 
 necessary conditions thereto, justified these hopes 
 without rewarding the energy and enterprise of the 
 adventurers of 1858. 
 
 In California, the seaport of San Francisco was 
 almost in the gold-mines; the mines were near the sea, 
 with no intervening difficulties. A different kind of 
 test was in reserve for the mining industry in the 
 north, where the lofty sierra, and five hundred miles 
 of distance, and much geographical and geological 
 exploration had to be undergone, with trials and fail- 
 ures, before all the conditions of general prosperitv 
 to miners and traders could be fulfilled. Nor w^as it 
 all misfortune that was in store for those who vent- 
 ured blindly in search of profitable gold-deposits ; for 
 how could the knowledge be obtained without chance 
 to open the door, or action to seize the prize under 
 impossible conditions? 
 
 California was now rapidly losing population. Men 
 of all classes abandoned their occupations in the inte- 
 rior, and followed the crowd to San Francisco. Money 
 was borrowed at exorbitant rates of interest to be 
 advanced on goods for British Columbia. It was not 
 strange that the first fair opportunity would be seized 
 by the journals of San Francisco to stem the current 
 by giving to the northern regions under the guise of 
 the mistake of the IVascr mines, the worst possible 
 name. The whole of California in April 1858 was in a 
 ferment. Business in the interior was deranged, and in 
 many places broken up. Hundreds too impatient to 
 wait for the steamers mounted horses and hastened 
 overland, especially from the northern counties of 
 California, making the distance in eighteen days. 
 While towns in the interior were being deserted. 
 
 
 M 
 
358 
 
 THE GREAT GOLD EXCITEMENT. 
 
 San Francisco derived the benefit of the influx and 
 of the outfitting of the miners, and the shippers re- 
 joiced at the prospects of the Fraser trade. Shrewd 
 store-keepers in the mountain counties hurried down 
 to estabhsh themselves in San Francisco.'^ 
 
 During April and May, the rumors more or less 
 fabulous of gold discoveries in the north continued 
 to circulate throughout California, and Oregon and 
 Washington territories. Vessels left San Francisco 
 carrying three times the number allowed by law. Jolm 
 Nugent, special agent of the United States, estimated 
 that in May, June, and July, twenty-three thousand 
 persons went from San Francisco by sea, and about 
 eight thousand more overland — safely thirty thousand 
 or thirty-three thousand in all in the course of the 
 season ; and that out of these there returned before 
 January 1.859 all but three thousand.^" None were 
 too poor and none too rich to go. Young and old 
 and even the decrepit. Some out of restlessness or 
 curiosity; others for profit or prey. "In short," says 
 Lundin Brown, "never in the history of migrations 
 of men has there been seen such a rush, so sudden 
 and so vast."^" 
 
 I'] k 
 
 ^^CornvyaUii' X. El Dorado, 11-18. Says the Nevada Journal of May 14, 
 1858, editorially: 'The spirit of '4i) is partially aroused, and quite a largo 
 number will probably leave the country in quest of adventure in tlio far 
 north .... Nine years experience has taught us never to be iu a hurry to 
 chase new and marvellous reports to their source. We have found it rarely 
 pays.' C C. Roberts, a correspondent of the Bulletin, from Grass Valley, 
 June 7, 1858, says: ' The Fraser excitement had the effect to augment the ditti- 
 cultie-i experienced by the quartz-mining interest, by drawing away a great 
 number of tlie underground hands, and l)y increasing the rate of wages, so 
 that many of the mills and mines had closed; and it Avould inevitably, if the 
 rise of wages continued, close the rest. ' 
 
 ^^Nwjenfs licpt., S-'dh Coinj., 2d Scss., II. Ejc. Doc, 3, p. 3. 
 
 ^ Broinns Essay, 3, 4; Conimillis' N. El Dorado, 11-18. One of the best 
 
 I tainted pictures of the time was published in the Overland Monthly of Decem- 
 )er 18G9, hy Mr Wright. The worm-eaten wharves of Sau Francisco trembled 
 almost daily, he saiii, under the tread of the vast multitude that gathered to 
 see the northern steamer leave. The crowded stages landing the people from 
 the mining counties of California at Sacraniento and Stockton; the spirit of 
 speculation rampant at Victoria and Whatcom; the helpless and confused 
 mass of humanity swayed hither and thitlier by each conflicting report from 
 tlie gate of the Cascades in British Columbia; the towns of canvas at Victoria, 
 Whatcom, Lancley, Hope, and Yale; the upturned craft found among the 
 islands of the beautiful Haro archipelago, constituting the only record of 
 
THE GRAND RUSH. 
 
 359 
 
 iflux and 
 
 ippers ro- 
 
 Shrowd 
 
 •ied down 
 
 re or less 
 continued 
 'egon and 
 Francisco 
 aw. Jolin 
 estimated 
 
 thousand 
 and about 
 ■f thousand 
 irse of the 
 ned before 
 S'one were 
 ig and old 
 lessness or 
 hort," says 
 niigrations 
 
 so sudden 
 
 rnal of May 14, 
 d quite a large 
 turo ill the far 
 in a hurry to 
 found it rarely 
 _ Grass Valley, 
 igment the ditti- 
 ig aAvay a great 
 ,te of wages, so 
 evitably, if tlie 
 
 )ne of the best 
 mthly of Decern- 
 ncisco trembled 
 hat gathered to 
 the people from 
 n; the spirit of 
 IS and confused 
 ing report from 
 jvas at "Victoria, 
 und among the 
 only record of 
 
 The first load of four hundred and fifty adventurers 
 left San Francisco on the steamer Commodore, on the 
 20th of April 1858. Between April 20th and June 
 9tli, twenty-five hundred miners, mostly from the in- 
 terior of California, had taken passage by steamer from 
 Stui Francisco; and it was estimated that five thou- 
 sand more were at the same time collected in Puget 
 Sound, on their way to the Fraser. Governor Doug- 
 las, in a letter to the head-quarters of the Hudson's 
 Bay Company in London, dated Victoria, April 27, 
 1858, speaks of the arrival of the Commodore on the 
 25th. The passengers were well provided with tools. 
 Said Douglas : " There seems to be no want of capital 
 or intelligence among them. About sixty were Brit- 
 ish subjects, sixty Americans, and the remainder Ger- 
 mans, French, and Italians.""^ On the 27th, the 
 Pacific Mail steamer Columbia landed eighty more 
 passengers at Fort Townsend, all bound, says Doug- 
 las, for the Couteau District. 
 
 The Fraser River excitement was encouraged by 
 tlie steamboat owners, who coined money as long as 
 it lasted. At first the crowds that came to Victoria 
 went from there to Whatcom, under the belief that 
 the great town of the north would spring up on the 
 Mainland. They brought plenty of money to invest 
 in land and other speculations, as much as two millions 
 of dollars being at one time deposited in Victoria. 
 The only safe in the country was owned by the Hud- 
 son's Bay Company, so that the money passed through 
 tlie hands of Mr Finlayson, the treasurer of the com- 
 pany. It was presented in sacks, which Finlayson 
 
 many too impatient for inaction, who had been swamped in the sudden storms 
 and trCfacherous tide-rips, reported by others who had wandered for weeks 
 aiiiiiiig tortuous passes, and at last returned to Victoria, not caring to venture 
 aiross the Georgian Gulf; tho toil against the rapid current of the Fraser 
 by tlie bolder and stronger, towing f'eir boats along tho sliore, climbing over 
 fallen trees, creeping under hanging bushes, and becoming from slieor neces- 
 sity almost amphibious; tho mosquitoes; tho riiHes and whirls of tho un- 
 known stream, which carried them liack half a day's journey, when they were 
 obliged to cross — all these matters and more are told as they can be told only 
 by one who liad seen. 
 
 '^Dowjlas, in Comtoallis' N. El Donulo, 3G1. 
 
3G0 
 
 THE (JREAT GOLD l-IXCITEMENT. 
 
 li[ 
 
 refused to receive unless they were sealed with tlie 
 names of the owners, as it was impracticable to count 
 the money. When any one wanted money, he would 
 take out his bag, get what he needed, and return it. 
 Not an instance ever occurred of complaint, says Fin- 
 layson with pride, of supposed loss.'"^- To the staid 
 and plodding officers of the Hudson's Bay Company, 
 the advent of the thirty thousand "half-wild Califor- 
 nians," distributing themselves broadcast over their 
 j>ossessions, caused a degree of uneasiness of mind 
 amountinsf to a commotion. "The rouijii-and-tumblo 
 rascals," said McDonald, " had not come for nothing;" 
 and their notions of meuin and tuum did not appear 
 to them to be very well defined. 
 
 This army of gold-seekers that besieged Fort A^ic- 
 toria threatened the suj)remacy of the crown as W( 11 
 as the stability of the territorial claims of the Hud- 
 son's Bay Company on the Pacific Coast. The miners, 
 three thousand of whom arrived at Victoria in one 
 day, encamped in tents around tlie fort. In rt>gard to 
 the general orderly character of the pilgrims, there is 
 cumulative testimony from all sides, notwithstanding 
 the fact tliat the jealousy and the unreasonable exac- 
 tions of the Hudson's Bay Company, practically in 
 charge of the government, met the strongest opposi- 
 tion, and called forth the unqualified animadversions 
 of the miners. In order to quiet the difficulties thus 
 arisinjTf, and to remove the restrictions au'ainst the ini- 
 migration of Americans, John Nugent was finally sent 
 to the country as commissioner and consular agent 
 by the United States.-^ The stringency of the laws 
 
 ■'■' FhilaiMon'.-i V.I.andX. IF. 6'on.s<, M.S. , 5C-G0. 
 
 ^■'California iimst liavo been pretty nearly emptied of loafers and ganil tiers 
 during the Fraser Kivcr excitement. ' Sniithers ' was depicted as one of tlio 
 typical cliaraeter.s of the time by a sketch in the Morniixj Call. Ho liad come to 
 California at an early period, and had wonderous tales to tell of '49 and ""lO, 
 and of the times wlien he was a millionaire; but 'the great conflagratiou of 
 1851 had done the business for him completely,' and ho could no longer get 
 trusted in San Francisco for a drink. A large number of the gamblers that 
 came to Victoria did not like the appearance of things on Vancouver Island, 
 and crossing over, established themselves at Whatcom. When that town came 
 to naught in consequence of the successful navigation of the Fraser by steam- 
 ers to Yale, they removed in a body to the latter place. 
 
ARRIVAL OP VESSELS. 
 
 m 
 
 witli the 
 to count 
 he would 
 return it. 
 says Fiii- 
 the staid 
 I!ompany, 
 d Cahfor- 
 )vcr their 
 ; of mind 
 nd-tuiidilo 
 nothing ;" 
 lot appear 
 
 Fort A'ic- 
 ^'11 as W( 11 
 the I[u(l- 
 'he muK'i'!^, 
 iria in one 
 1 regard to 
 s, there is 
 istanding" 
 able exae- 
 ictically in 
 est opposi- 
 ladversions 
 ulties thus 
 st the iui- 
 finally sent 
 ular agent 
 • the laws 
 
 rs and gaml>ler3 
 
 id as one of the 
 
 Ho had coiuc to 
 
 of '49 and 'M, 
 
 conflagratio" of 
 
 no longer get 
 
 J, gamblers that 
 
 ncouver Ishuul, 
 
 that town eame 
 
 raser by steam- 
 
 united with the general good sense of the miners had 
 the effect to deter the many doubtful cliaracters — 
 gamblers, thieves, and swindlers — that Hocked into 
 the country in the hope of obtaining rich spoils from 
 the industrious and unsuspicious, and force them to 
 (juit the field. Perhaps the scanty product of the 
 F raser River bars, in comparison with those of tlie 
 American, the Yuba, and Feather rivers, had some- 
 tliing to do with their graceful yielding to the stern 
 authority of Mr Justice Begbie. 
 
 Nearly all the Californian emigration was landed 
 at Victoria, in consequence of Governor Douglas re- 
 fusing to grant permits and mining licenses elsewhere. 
 A large quantity of shipping, both sail and steam, 
 enlivened the aboriginal quiet of A'ictoria and Es(|ui- 
 Hialt harbors. From the middle of Ajtril 1858 for 
 several months, while the excitement was dailv in- 
 creasing, not oidy at Victoria but in San Francisco, 
 the lialcyo!! days of '41) appeared to have come again, 
 and fresli dreams of wealth floated through the minds 
 of multitudes. In the fortnight between the 5th and 
 •JOth of June, there arrived at Victoria from San 
 Fi'ancisco the ships Gcorfjina, a new craft under an old 
 name, and tV MlUiam Berry, the barks (iold Hunter, 
 Adelaide, Lire Yankee, and }[adonna, the schooners 
 (iiidietta, Kosfiufh, and Osprej/, and the sl(X)p Cnrleir. 
 Besides these, the steamers Republic, Commodore, Pan- 
 ama, Cortes, and Santa Cruz landed i)assengers and 
 freiolit durino- the same fortnight, makinsj in all a 
 contribution of about six thousand souls within the 
 period named. 
 
 The return of the steamers to San Francisco was 
 awaited by crowds impatient for news. The Panama 
 and Pacific had returned to San Francisco on the 
 oth and 8th of June, from which time there was no 
 fresh intelligence from the mines until the 19th, M'hen 
 the Republic returned, several days earlier than was 
 expected, amidst intense excitement along the water- 
 front and at the hotels. When on the 2 2d, 23d, and 
 
 in 
 
3C2 
 
 THE GREAT GOLD EXCITEMENl. 
 
 'km 
 
 24th of Juno the steamers Repuhlic, Oregov, and Com- 
 modore sailed respectively, there were twenty otlier 
 sailing vessels lying at the wharves announced for 
 immediate despatch. Some of the smaller sailinir 
 vessels went to Fort Langley, stopping at Victoriji 
 only long cncmgh to get the necessary permits. First- 
 class passage l)y steamer was sixty-fixe dollars; steer- 
 age passage thirty-five dollars; by sailing craft tlio 
 rates were from twenty-five to sixty dollars. To tliu 
 20th of June Cornwallis estimated that fourteen 
 thousand eight hundred persons had embarked at San 
 Francisco by steam and sail."* All that the adven- 
 turers desired was to be landed as near as possible to 
 the mining region on the Fraser, but the considera- 
 tions which governed the shippers modified the gen- 
 eral desire. 
 
 Fort Victoria was the head-quarters of the Hudson's 
 Buy Company, of the government of the country. Situ- 
 ated on Vancouver Island, with sixty miles of inland sea 
 to be traversed to the mouth of the Fraser, ana eighty 
 miles to Fort Langley, the entire immigration would 
 have souuht the Mainland for a landinjjf. An Anieri- 
 can port would have been preferred, other things being 
 equal. As opposed to Victoria, Port Townsend was 
 first chosen by the representatives of the Pacific Mail 
 Company ; but that was not satisfactory to the miners, 
 who found themselves left unnecessarily remote from 
 their destination. Then Whatcom was made the 
 objective point, being conveniently situated for a land 
 route to the diggings. Dense forest, however, ol)- 
 structed the way, and a trail had to be cut, requiring 
 botl time and money. The Fraser itself was inac- 
 cess ble, it was thought, for ocean -vessels; or what 
 wa^ quivalent, tlie owners of vessels did not choose 
 to i ur the risk of going np to Langley. Above 
 Lant -.^j it was not expected that river steamers 
 coulu go far enough to be an object to the miners. 
 
 '"A. lerson'a Northwest Coast, MS., 277; Cornwallis' New El Dorado, 
 141-51 
 
WHATCOM ANJJ VICTORIA. 
 
 363 
 
 ieii) El Dorado, 
 
 TIk' general inquiry was for canoes from the most 
 convenient port. Under tlie specious cover of Ameri- 
 can patriotism, Whatcom obtained tlio ascendency ; 
 Victoria being only called at to jjrocurc the official 
 documents prescribed by Governor Douglas to admit 
 the miners to the freedom of the country, which sanc- 
 tion it was charged was granted only at Victoria for 
 till' purpose of l)ringing business. But it is doul)tful 
 wliether Victoria would have gained the ascendency 
 so soon, but for another circumstance more potent 
 than the government regulations. It was found that 
 tlie Fraser could be navigated all the way to the dig- 
 gings, so that the trail from Bellingham ]^ay, which 
 \viis cut in order to avoid the navigation and landing 
 fiom shipboard in British territory, was at once dis- 
 carded. 
 
 Steamers now began to run directly from Victoria 
 to tlio mines, leaving Whatcom aside. So long as the 
 miners were dependent entirely upon canoes, What- 
 com had continued to hold its own under the prospect 
 of the speedy opening of the pack-trail and i)roposed 
 wagon-road. ]^ut the trail was not opened s<K)n 
 ciiougli; much lews the wagon-ro.ad through the canon 
 of the Fraser, which alone could have presented 
 claims in competition with the lower Fraser and gulf 
 of 'jcorgia navigation. The mud-flats of Whatcom 
 being objectionable, also, the annex called Sehome 
 soon took the place of Whatcom, and the buildings 
 of the town became tenantless witli the departure of 
 the loose population to Yale. Some of the longheads, 
 as they were called, then went to Semiahmoo, and 
 two paper tow^is were laid out on oj)posite sitles of 
 the bay; but the Fraser travel could not be beguiled 
 over land to Semiahmoo merely because tlie distance 
 "Was short. Whatcom was early in the field as a pro- 
 sj)ective town, as the earliest mining below the Fraser 
 canon was carried on by people from Puget Sound, 
 wlio went to the mines and sent out their gold by 
 way of Whatcom. In March or the beginning of 
 
 I 
 
864 
 
 THE GREAT GOLD EXCITEMENT. 
 
 April 1858, while the Fraser River was at its lowest 
 stage, parties of Canadians and others from Puoot 
 Sound had managed to get up the river, and wero 
 working some of the richer bars below Fort Yale. 
 Some of these even continued their operations beyond 
 the forks of the Thompson. They made their way 
 alongf the shores of Pu^ijet Sound in canoes. The cur- 
 rent to the mines from Puget Sound did not follow 
 tlic route by way of Vancouver Island until business 
 of every sort was running in a well-established groove 
 to Victoria. 
 
 The first body of miners that struck out from Vic- 
 toria in April crossed the gulf in skiffs, whale- 
 boats, and canoes. Numbers of these were believed 
 to have perished, as the craft employed were mostly 
 makeshifts constructed by the miners themselves. 
 At that time all American steamers were jealously 
 excluded from the Fraser. Inadequate steamer com- 
 munication was carried on by the Hudson's ]i'iy 
 Company. At length, Douglas, on the payment of a 
 royalty for every trip, permitted American steamers ti > 
 enter the river; and the Sea Bird, Surprise, UmafiIJa, 
 Maria, Jvnfcrprise, and others began rumiing, usually 
 from Victoria to Langley and Hope. Their use, by 
 the inHowhig and outgoing miners, proved the death- 
 blow to Whatcom. However, even after the steam- 
 ers afi'orded abundant facilities, many of the miners, 
 finding the twenty-dollar fare too high, continued t() 
 make thvAV own boats at Victoria, and to navigate 
 them to Yale. In July, nearly all the miners had 
 left; the majority, so far, in boats built l)y themselves. 
 One authority states that hundreds of them were 
 never heard from after leaving Victoria, and were 
 supposed to have been drowned in the tide-rips, or in 
 crossing the water."'' If they escaped the dangers of 
 the uulf, or the currents and counter-currents of the 
 
 2' Waiblinijlnx's Fni.'irr JH/z^w, 5-10; TarhrlVs !>., MS., 2; yu;init\i f.'n't. 
 Kv. Doc. r.ii, ikUk Coiiij., L.'(/ Si'M., 2; Fiiildi/nou',''' ]'. I. mid N. W. C'onxf., M'"' , 
 r>G-(iO. Nugent say.s 'tlio fn-iiiht per ton from Victoria to Hope, 100 milis, 
 was ^0, and from Hope to Yule, 20 miles, §20.' Xiiijetd's Jiept., 4. 
 
ROAD -BUILDING. 
 
 Haro archipelago, it was only to encounter the swift 
 current of the Fraser, with its occasional sedgy bor- 
 ders, and its whirls and rapids between Hope and 
 Yale. Thus, over many a manly heart so lately filled 
 with hope, rolled the waters of oblivion. By mid- 
 summer, the miners had crowded all the bars of the 
 Fraser as far up as the Thompson. They climbed 
 back and forth over the cliflfs above Yale, carrying 
 tlicir own supplies upon their backs. At length a 
 petty Indian war broke out, which drove thom all 
 down to Yale.^° The absorbing topic of the time was 
 the solution of a problem calling for all the energies 
 that were developed by the stirring days of the ex- 
 citement — how to transport supplies to the front. 
 
 It soon became obvious that it was necessary to 
 have this done in the cheapest and most expedi- 
 tious manner. Some returning miners were guided 
 by Indians, from Lilloet through Harrison Lake and 
 river, and over the Douglas portages, where a pack- 
 road leading into the interior could be constructed at 
 a comparatively moderate cost."'' In order to open a 
 trail along this route Douglas hit upoii the following 
 expedient: There were five hundred miners at Vic- 
 toria on their way to the mines. It was proposed 
 that in consideration of a deposit of twenty-five dol- 
 lars by each person accepting the terms, and an agree- 
 ment to work upon the trail until it was finished, the 
 Hudson's Bay Company should transport them to the 
 point of commencement on Harrison River, feed them, 
 and at the conclusion of the work furnish them there 
 with supplies at Victoria prices, or return the money 
 if dcs'-^ed. The length of trail to be opened, includ- 
 ing the lakes, was seventy miles. No difficulty was 
 experienced in getting the miners to accede to this 
 proposition. The money was paid in, and the work 
 
 •^ 21allap.latneU Mrat Victoria Directory, 14; Waddington' a Fraser Mines, 
 22-4. 
 
 "'Spence in Vowell'a B. 0. Mines, MS., 27, asserts that it was tho first 
 route utilized for the transportation of freight by animals. Early doings of 
 course are now ignored. 
 
THE GREAT GOLD EXCITEMENT. 
 
 tij! 
 
 executed under the arrangement. It was really a very- 
 pretty by-play between credit, cooperation, and labor. 
 When the work was done, though they had given the 
 company the use of twelve thousand five hundred dol- 
 lars, and their labor, they all received their money back, 
 tlieir passage being a sufficient reward for their labor, 
 while the company was left with a valuable piece of 
 toll-road, worth much more than the transportation 
 and provisions had cost them. Those who became 
 tired of the bargain before the trail was completed 
 disposed of their scrip to others for what they could 
 get, and wont their way rejoicing. Disagreements 
 arose at the end in regard to the delivery of the sup- 
 plies promised in lieu of the money deposits, the miners 
 claiminjjc that the freiiifht should be delivered at the 
 upper end of the seventy miles, while the company 
 claimed the agreement required of them only to do- 
 liver it at tlie lower end. This point was compromised 
 satisfactorily to both parties by delivering it in the 
 middle. Beans at the time were worth one and a half 
 cents a pound at Victoria, five cents at Port Douglas, 
 the lower end of the trail, and one dollar a pound at 
 the upper end. 
 
 Nearly all the provisions on the Fraser above the 
 canon in the sunnner of 1858, with the exception v)f 
 the little packed on the backs of the miners and 
 Indians, was brought there from the upper Columbia 
 bv the half-breed traders of the Colville countrv. 
 Between the gulf of Georgia and the interior pla- 
 teau there were only trails, and in their competition 
 for ])0})ular favor the partisans of each declared the 
 other iuq)raeticable.''^~* That from Whatcom striking 
 the Fraser at Smess, twenty-five miles above ]jang- 
 ley, was subsequently used for local travel from Puget 
 Sound. The movements from Oregon to the Fraser 
 mines went east of the Cascade Mountains, striking 
 the Fraser near the mouth of Thompson Kiver. 
 Though an effort was made in IMinnesota, where the 
 
 '•<* OverluHtl J'l-om Minnoiotd to Frtmr liinr, 45-7. 
 
FROM THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 367 
 
 Frascr excitement was also felt, to inaugurate travel 
 by way of St Paul and the Saskatchewan River, 
 none but trappers and explorers of the hardier sort 
 ventured the route till a later date, the current from 
 the Atlantic States flowing through the established 
 channels to Oregon and California. Two notable in- 
 land expeditions from Oregon may be cited as ex- 
 amples of numerous others. Owing to the dangers 
 iVoni hostile Indians it was necessary to organize and 
 to travel in force. 
 
 David McLaughlin's company made their rendez- 
 vous at Walla Walla early in July 1858. In ten or 
 twelve da3^s one hundred and sixty men were gath- 
 ered, all well armed with revolvers, ninety rifles and 
 twenty-five other heavy arms being in the party. 
 They had about three hundred and fifty horses and 
 mules. Before starting, Mr Wolfe, a trader from C V)l- 
 villc, arrived at Walla Walla and informed them of 
 the hostile attitude of the natives along the pro- 
 posed route, advising a thorough military organiza- 
 tion. Four divisions were accordingly formed and 
 placed .under the command of James McLaughlin, 
 llambright, Wilson, and another. The Walla Wallas, 
 Palouscs, Okanagans, and other tribes were hostile. 
 The party passed through the Grand Coulee to Okan- 
 agan. On their way over the Columbia plains a 
 German who lagged behind was seized by the sav- 
 ages and killed. Two or three days' travel after 
 crossing the Columbia near the boundary line on the 
 cast side of Okanagan River, the whole party was 
 attacked by the Indians in force, posted on a hill be- 
 hind rude fortifications on each side of the road where 
 they had to pass through a canon. McLaughlin dis- 
 covered an Indian's head peering over a rock before 
 tlie filing began. The men took promptly to their 
 work and fought till night. None of the animals 
 stampeded, but were retired in good order with the 
 trains to the plateau below. While the riflemen con- 
 tinued after night- fall in possession of the ground 
 
 I . 
 
 I > 
 
3C8 
 
 THE GREAT GOLD EXCITEMENT. 
 
 facing the Indians, a detachment prepared rafts to 
 cross the river, the intention being to Hank the do- 
 fences and formidable fastnesses which the Indians 
 had evidently prepared for then). 
 
 Hurley, Evans, and Rice, all three Californians, 
 were killed, and seven others were wounded, but re- 
 covered. In the night the Indians set fire to tlio 
 grass, and the gold-hunters set counter-fires without 
 either of them succeeding in burning the other out. 
 Next morning the white men proceeded to bury tlicir 
 dead, and discovered that the Indians liad abandoned 
 their stronofhold. It had about a hundred breast- 
 works, each made to shelter one Indian, and wns 
 occupied at the time of the attack by eighty savages. 
 Two or three days after, the party was again attacked 
 on the west side of the Okanagan lliver. A hun- 
 dred mounted warriors rode down upon them, trying 
 to separate the company from their animals; tlieir 
 I urpose was anticipated, and prevented. After some 
 further trouble and parley, they made a peace with 
 the hostile tribe, the Okanagans, and the gold-hunters 
 continued tlieir march without delay. Xotwithstand- 
 ing the peace assented to, immediately afterward sixty 
 head of Wolfe's cattle were stolen by the Indians, 
 and a detachment of McLoughlin's men surprised 
 two of them engaged in jerking the beef from tlie 
 slaughtered cattle. They were taken along as prison- 
 ers, but at this juncture Chief Trader MclJonakl 
 from Fort Colville came up with a train bound for 
 Hoi)e, and at his request tlie Indians were discharged. 
 The same Indians afterward robbed a Spanish paelver 
 who had been left in the rear attending to his animals, 
 and the savages with hostile and thieving intent 
 continued to follow them to a point within three days' 
 march of Thompson River. They came upon tliat 
 stream twelve miles above its mouth. 
 
 Joel Palmer and thirty-five others, among them 
 P. H. Lewis, went to the Fraser mines from Port- 
 land with wagons, also following the inside or plateau 
 
INTERIOR TRAFFIC. 
 
 route. The company encamped at the Dalles, and 
 departed thence in July, driving their own teams all 
 the way through to the Thompson. There were 
 nine teams, each consisting of three or four yoke of 
 oxen, the majority of them belonging to Palmer. 
 Four 'boys' from Yreka, California, were the coop- 
 erative owners of one of the teams. Provisions c(mi- 
 stituted the cargo, three thousand pounds to the 
 wagon. The route was by way of Wallula and Okan- 
 agan to Kamloop. 
 
 Steamer loads came from California to Portland 
 ajid fitted out at that place for tlie inside route. Com- 
 panies of four hundred and five hundred men accom- 
 panied by pack-trains, moving more rapidly than was 
 possible for the wagons without a road, overtook and 
 passed Palmer's train on the way.^ The latter, under 
 Palmer's experienced generalship, found occasion to 
 make use of all the arts of travel in the form of the 
 organized semi-military expeditions developed in the 
 Oregon emigrations of 1842-8. At the point of rocks 
 twelve miles above Priest Rapids, the country was 
 found impracticable for three quarters of a mile on 
 the east side of the river. Wagons and frciafht were 
 accordingly conveyed around this in canoes. At 
 Okanagan the Columbia was crossed in the same man- 
 ner, the cattle swimming. Two canoes were lashed 
 alongside and placed endwise to the bank ; the wagons 
 were then rolled or lifted into them empty, and the 
 freight was stowed in the bottom or in the wagon- 
 beds, as was most convenient. Three wagons and 
 tlieir contents were taken ovjr at one time in safety 
 by four men, one each occupying the bow and stern in 
 both canoes.*' 
 
 When the expedition reached Okanagan Lake it was 
 
 '^^ McLnughlin'a Ex., in Oregon StiUemuui, Sept. 28, 1858; Lewi-t' Co>il Din- 
 corcries, MS., 13-15. 
 
 ^^ Palmer, in Oregon Statemnan, Feb. 14, 18G0. Palmer wrote a four-column 
 article giving the results of hia expeditions of 1858 and 1859, and making out 
 tli.it in carrying freight to the mines the route could compete with the roada 
 iiieu oKisting along Ifrusor aud Ilarriaou rivers. 
 MlsT. Brit. Col. 24 
 
Mm f 
 
 m 
 
 THE (JKEAT (lOLD EXCITEMENT. 
 
 found necessary to build rafts in order to pass sonio 
 difficult forest-covered country, cut up by ravines. 
 Wa<jfons and frtiijj^ht were taken upon several lar<.,fc 
 rafts, j)oled and towed aloni^ shore with ropes, while 
 the cattle wore drivpn, und(>r the direction of ex- 
 ])lorors, to a point where tho country was more open. 
 J*alnier had a party of men In advance all the way, 
 explorini^ and makinij^ a road, or cutting- timl)er as fjir 
 north, on his second trip in 1851), as Alexan(hia, and 
 later to Lightninj^ Creek, wlu-n^ he t!stablished a 
 tradini^-post and sold out his oxen for beef*' 
 
 •31 
 
 Douglas' frequent conununications to the colonial 
 office, touchiuLj the _u,old discoveries in British terri- 
 tory, Itift the oDvernment juepared for action as soon 
 as the news of the break inii»-out of the Fraser excite- 
 ment and the exodus to the north had reached 
 England. On the Hth of July, Sir C. R Lytton, 
 secretary of state for the colonies, brought the matter 
 before the house of connnons in i'.n form of a bill lor 
 the efovernment of 'Nt^w C^aU'donia.' Lord Lvtton 
 in pri'sentino- this bill did justice to the subject in an 
 able si>eech, pointinof uut the imj)ortance of the new 
 liff)ld-tields as a part of the British possessions in 
 North America, and of the empire in its future com- 
 mercial relations on the J*aciric.''" One of the earliest 
 communications of Douola^- had raised the question 
 of takine^ advant;i_o-e o\' the o()lil exciti>ment for revi-- 
 nue. Before tlu; Fraser excitement had fairly betiun, 
 in Di'cimd)er 1857, he had prescribid a monthly tax 
 of ten shillinj»s upon every miner, afterward incnvis- 
 ini»- the amount to Hve dollars, thouoh the country was 
 not under his jurisdiction as jn'overnor of the colony 
 of V^ancouver Island, and the Hudson's l^ay Company 
 had no rights in tlu; territory, beyond their lict'iise 
 to trade. If the motive and the exceedini^ of his 
 authority as the nearest representative of the crown 
 
 " Palmer* Waqon Traim, MS. , n.'t. 
 «CV«HJa//«V .Vfw AV Z>om</o, 11-18. 
 
DISCOVERY OF OOLD. 
 
 371 
 
 were not approved or deisiiied a sufficient excuse in 
 the premises, lie wrote to Laboucliere in the colonial 
 tlc'[)artinent, it would l)c easy tor ]>)uglas on receivin<:; 
 tlie colonial secretary's reply to jH^rinit the iniiH'is' 
 license to hecoine a dead letter. But as the license 
 iuid other similar acts in regard to the Mainlan<l wen? 
 ul'terward continued in force, it would appear that the 
 tcmjioiary assumption of authority by Douglas wjis 
 o\ (U'looktid, if not approved. 
 
 Additional exactions of the same kind were im- 
 posed upon the iidlowing masst:s before the erection 
 of the jVIainland region into a colony. J^esidi^s tlie 
 six and twelve dollars 'sutferance' for every open and 
 decked boat or canoe; that enteretl the mouth of Fraser 
 Ivivc!!', collected by the gun-boat Safclllfc, tin; treasurer 
 of the Hudson's ]iay Com[>any, Finhiyson, who ofli- 
 ciated at the same time; as customs officer and treasurer 
 of the colony of Vancouvi'r Jsland, exacted a ten per 
 c(!nt ad valornii tax ujion the supplies of the miniTs, 
 coiiipiising goods of every kind that went to the 
 mi lies.'" 
 
 Where domination was so autocratic and so reti- 
 cint as that exmcised by the fur-traders under the 
 l)(»uglas n'fjunc, the purest motives were not always 
 ;isciil)C!d to the Hudson's Hay ('om|)any for theii' acts. 
 Hy th(! miners it was thought that the company was 
 averse to their taking [)ossi'ssioii of the territory; that 
 they preferred to hav(! the natives Hnd the gold aixl 
 hiiiig it to them with their furs, receiving therefor 
 IH'oods at exorbitant prici's. 
 
 lOhvood Evans and John Xugcnit both appear t<> 
 liiive had the idea that the; Hudson's Jiay Com- 
 Jiiuiy officials knew of the (existence of the gold in 
 till' valley of the Fraser for several years before the 
 Fiaser excitement; that they must have had sonu;- 
 thiiig to do with creating and <'xciting the rush, but 
 that thvy judiciously held back till a certain time, 
 uiid then unscrupulously fostered the excitement to 
 
 ■"Finl<iy:ton.i r. r. >indB.C.,UH.,r)ii-(iO. 
 
 yMyHHIII 
 
372 
 
 THE GREAT GOLD EXCITEMENT 
 
 I 
 
 V 1 
 
 1) 
 
 the utmost.^* But it is not difficult to interpret 
 the motives that governed their action under the 
 progress of developments, without indorsing these 
 clashing opinions, or attributing to them unworthy 
 motives. Douglas had reason to fear the American 
 invasion, for he had seen Oregon pass out of the pos- 
 session of the company and of the crown by a similar 
 peaceful invasion. 
 
 That the company preferred, were it possible, to 
 hold the Mainland with its furs and gold exclusive, 
 there can be no doubt; that they resorted to dishonor- 
 able measures when they saw the inevitable upon 
 them is not true. Like any other bloodless and mer- 
 cenary association, when they saw their fur -field 
 despoiled by invaders whose presence they were 
 powerless to oppose, they turned to the best account 
 they were able their facilities for transportation and 
 trade, which was unquestionably their privilege. As 
 I have before observed, I can but regard the oflBccrs 
 and servants of the Hudson's Bay Company upon the 
 Pacific Coast, in points of integrity and humanity, as 
 far above the average corporation monopolist. 
 
 In California it implied not merely the loss of popu 
 lation and revenue, but of business and of commercial 
 supremacy. At first the reports were considered 
 doubtful, and only a few of the most venturesome 
 went to investigate for themselves; and when they 
 were confirmed, sceptical writers still cited Gold 
 Lake, Gold Bluflf, Kern River, and all the other 
 total or partial delusions of their day. When the 
 news was received in a reliable form, and from persons 
 well known in California, all agreeing that there Avas 
 really much gold in the sands of the Fraser, and that 
 it existed in extremely fine particles, though accom- 
 panied by the warning that the high-water season 
 
 ^* Evans' Fraser River ExcHement, MS., and Nugent's Rept. Ex. Doc. cxL, 
 S5th Cong,, 2d Sess,, both attribute a great deal to the manipulation of tli< 
 company. 
 
THE ORTHODOX THEORY. 
 
 373 
 
 was just commencing, which would render the bars 
 of the rivers, the only good ground so far known in- 
 accessible for several months, every old miner in Cali- 
 fornia undei.:}tood the significance of the fact. The 
 theory so well understood in every gold-mining 
 country in the world, of fine gold necessarily coming 
 from a coarse-gold region, furnished the plain, unvar- 
 nished, and all-sufficient cause for the unparalleled 
 st impede. Adolph Sutro at the time called attention 
 to the fact that the information received from Frasor 
 River alone did not suffice to produce the extraor- 
 dinary result; but that the miners had learned to 
 place implicit confidence in the theory of fine gold, 
 the fineness corresponding with the distance travelled, 
 and that the bars of the Fraser were understood by 
 thoni to be nothing else tlian the farthest tailings of 
 a sluice, where only sucli particles were found as were 
 minute enough to be carried away by the waters. It 
 was concluded by many of the most intelligent miners 
 and prospectors of California, that there must be an 
 extensive gold-mining district in British Columbia, 
 perhaps hundreds of miles above the bars yielding 
 the fine gold.'^^ 
 
 I have already shown that to test this theory was 
 not a matter of years, but the season rendered it im- 
 possible at this time. 
 
 For some time past attention had been directed to 
 the Fuca Strait by geographers, but more particularly 
 to Puget Sound, by that portion of the Oregon en i- 
 
 ^•' SiUro's Rerkno qf Fraxer River ami the Oold ProxpeclH cf New Caledonia, 
 ill S. F. liulletin, Aug. 27, 18r)8. Fiiuliiig the water high over the bars, tho 
 iiiiiiera hatl pressed on to Yalo and eiicoimtored otlier insurinouiitahio ohsta- 
 des, the great Fraser a foaming torrent heniiiied in by perpendicular rocks on 
 t'itlier side. Tlio timid turned hack and denounced tho tlieory as fiction. 
 Otiiers waited through dreary months; but a daring few, with a fortnight's or 
 a mouths provisions strapped on their l)acks, climbed the rocks anil slopes of 
 the Fraser cailon seventy miles fartlier to La Fontaine, where they found 
 good diggings, but only to prospect them before they were obliged to hurry 
 l)ack to avoid starvation. 'Fraser River,' says Sutro, 'has been put down aa 
 a humbug by tho majority of the California people, and why ? Have tliey 
 carried out their original intention to explore the country above ? No, they 
 liavo not.' Compare Wri'iht's Cariboo, iu Overland Monthly, Dec. 1809, 524, 
 for information of this motive. 
 
874 
 
 THE GREAT GOLD EXCITEMENT. 
 
 gration which was imbued with commercial traditions 
 or influenced by nautical antecedents. Under the act 
 which initiated the Pacific Railway explorations by 
 the engineer corps of the army between 1853 and 
 185G, Governor Stephens of Washington Territory 
 led one of the best executed series of explorations 
 over the line of the proposed Northern Pacific Rail- 
 way, terminating on Puget Sound. Notwithstanding 
 the existence of gold in California, it was believed 
 by many that Puget Sound was to be the terminus 
 of the great future trunk railway of the northern 
 states.^ 
 
 The immediate effect of the gold excitement was to 
 lay the foundations for the Canadian Pacific and North- 
 ern Pacific railways as commercial enterprises, eacli 
 of which had, however, to await the more permanent 
 kinds of mining development before the superstructure 
 could be properly carried forward. Evidently the 
 final great value of the discovery of the new gold- 
 fields in British Columbia to the colony, to the Do- 
 minion of Canada, and to the Empire of Great Britain, 
 consisted mainly in the crowds of adventurers that 
 were attracted into the country, from whose energetic 
 proceedings permanent developments were to follow 
 in many ways. 
 
 Communications for trafl^ic and general intercourse 
 thus sprang forward at a bound, and the country was 
 
 '" In the midst of the Fraser excitement, California newspapers quoted 
 Lieutenant Maury's opinion on the subject. The great telegraphic plateuti 
 on wliich the Atlantic cable was laid was reported by Maury to extend around 
 the world, the Minnesota divide between the gulf and Arctic waters forming 
 a portion of it. Tlie whole country between Lake Superior and Puget Sound 
 was claimed to be loss barren and less rugged than the country south, and 
 coal as well as timber was known to exist in abundance on Puget Sound. 
 Maury sliowed that the course of a ship from China to San Francisco, ' until 
 she gains the offings of the straits of Fuca, would be the same as though she 
 ■were bound into Puget Sound or the Columbia River, ' and that the nearest 
 way from China, Japan, and the Amoor to the Mississippi Valley was by way 
 of Puget Sound. Attention was also directed by Maury to the isotherms, and 
 wind and ocean currents of the north-western Pacific coast. See Neviula 
 Journal, June 11, 18.58, and Letter to President of St Paul Chamber of Com- 
 merce, Jan. 4, 1859, in Eawliim' Confederation, N. A. Promncea, 217. 
 
POSSIBILITIES. 
 
 375 
 
 transformed as by magic from staid savagery to pan- 
 demonium. Agriculture, and shipping to carry away 
 thu products of the soil iu exchange for the many 
 returns of commerce, became a possibility for the 
 great Northwest, and in virtue thereof Vancouver 
 Island, commanding the north Pacific coast, was dis- 
 tinctly outlined as the England of the Pacific. So 
 far as could be seen into the immediate future, it 
 then appeared superficially that only gold and silver 
 were wealth. What varied experiences or revolutions 
 this country would have to undergo before its wealth 
 in the precious metals should be fairly realized, or its 
 metals become precious in fact by the fulfilment of 
 their special and only precious function, the setting 
 in motion of human industries, were at that time as 
 undefined as the shadow of the moon. 
 
 
m 
 
 :i 1 
 
 i i 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 DEATH OF THE MONOPOLY— THE COLONY OP BRITISH 
 COLUMBIA ESTABLISHED. 
 
 1837-1858. 
 
 Shall the Chartef be Renewed? — Discussiox op the QrE.STioN in Pai:- 
 
 LIAMENT — REFEItRED TO A SELECT CoMMirrEE — WlIO Tui.NK THE C'lIAU- 
 TEIi SHOULD NOT BE RENEWED — GoLD AS A REVOLUTIONIST — DoUOI.A.S 
 
 Stands by for England — Late Fur-factors— Duo ald MoTavisii— 
 William Charles — The Hudson's Bay Company's License uv 
 Exclusive Trade with the Natives of the Mainland Revoked— 
 Reitrchase of the Island of Vancouver by the Imperial Gov- 
 ernment — Change of Company Organization — Canada Purchases 
 Rupeut Land and the Northwest Territory — Liberal and Hu- 
 mane I'oLicY OF the Company in Regard to Gold-seekers and 
 Speculators 
 
 Nations die ; worlds grow old and perish ; and so, 
 thank God, sooner or later must every monopoly. Xot 
 that the honorable Hudson's Bay Company now 
 foils, becomes defunct, or otherwise disappears. It 
 is only that branch of the association which might 
 well be labelled tyranny and despotism that is now 
 doomed. The adventurers of England trading into 
 Hudson's Bay, trading on and between three oceans, 
 holding as a hunting-ground for wellnigh two cen- 
 turies an area equal to all Europe, must now step 
 down from the royal pedestal on which they were 
 placed by Rupert and Charles, and become as any 
 other adventurcife trading in any other region. In a 
 word, the company's exclusive license to trade, now 
 expiring, is not to be renewed; the country between 
 the Rocky Mountains and the sea is to be thrown 
 open to settlers, and the Mainland is to be colonized 
 
 (376) 
 
THE EXPmmO CHARTER. 
 
 m 
 
 and have spread over it the mother-wing even as hith- 
 erto it has Deen extended over the Island. 
 
 Wo have seen how in 1821, when after a rivalry 
 which well nigh consummated the ruin of both, the 
 Northwest and Hudson's Bay companies united their 
 interests, parliament granted the new association the 
 exclusive right to trade for furs in the region west of 
 Rupert Land for twenty-one years, and how in 1838, 
 four years before their term had expired, their license 
 was renewed for another twenty-one years, which lat- 
 ter term would expire in 1859. 
 
 Three or four years before the expiration of the 
 trade license under which they held control of the 
 Mainland, the Hudson's Bay Company began manoeu- 
 vring for continuance of power, and during the winter 
 of 1856-7 the directors flatly asked the government 
 for a renewal of their license. If they were to retire, 
 tlicy should know it; and if the imperial government 
 was to take charge of affairs, they should have time in 
 which to prepare for it. The claims of the company 
 were then laid before the ministers, who referred the 
 matter to parliament. 
 
 On the 5th of February 1857, Mr Labouch^re asked 
 in the house of commons for the appointment of a 
 select committee to consider the state of those British 
 North American possessions which were under the 
 administration of the Hudson's Bay Company, or over 
 which they held license to trade. 
 
 Labouchere said that although the extensive re- 
 gions referred to were for the most part adapted only 
 to fishing and fur-raising, yet, besides containing great 
 mineral wealth, there were large districts fit for agri- 
 culture, and for the support of industrial populations. 
 Imperial policy, justice, and humanity alike prompted 
 government action. Although by reason of long 
 occupation under royal charter, their ciaim to Rupert 
 Land might be deemed valid, it was not so witli regard 
 to the region west of the Rocky Mountains, their 
 "l^^enure to that district being the result of a royal 
 
 ilti \ •! 
 
378 
 
 THE COLONY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 It! 
 
 m 
 
 l| i M : 
 
 license givin*; them exclusive trade with the natives, 
 and this license would now soon expire. So far as he 
 knew, the coni})any had performed its obligations t(j 
 the government, and throughout their whole domain 
 the twelve hundred servants of the company had 
 treated the three hundred thousand savages under 
 them witii due legard to humanity. 
 
 Mr Kocbuck remarked that he did not like to see 
 a country such as the United States grow so great as 
 to become insolent, and dominate the rest of the 
 world; therefore settlement should be encouraged in 
 Canada in order to balance this power. ^Ir Adderhy 
 thouglit every one would anticipate with eagerness 
 the expiration of the company's license which should 
 open the whole country to settlement. If England 
 did not do it, American squatting, and annexation to 
 the United States, would be the result. The giving 
 of Vancouver Island to the fur-traders was the oreut- 
 est blunder a colonial minister ever committed. For 
 Nootka Sound Mr Pitt had risked a Spanish war. 
 The country should be free from the grasp of the 
 monopoly, lie thouglit, at any hazard. 
 
 Edward Ellice^ next rose, and remarkcid that the 
 
 'EJwaril EUice, mcTnlior of parliament, ami for half a century or more a 
 proiiiiiient partner in tho Northwest and Huilson's Bay companies, in his tes- 
 timony before tlie select committee, iilfected to regard colonial affairs with iu- 
 tliti'erenee, and the government of colonies as detrimental rather than othcrwiso 
 to the interest of fur companies. If Canada coveted the management of Red 
 River affairs, he thought there wouhl bo no difficulty in coming to terms with 
 the Hudson's Bay Company. The company were then in possession of Van. 
 couver Island, l)ut were very ready to give it up; if the government did not 
 deem it advisable to avail itself of the services of the company, it had better 
 assume the management itself. It was a wise move, he thought, on Lord 
 Grey's part, particularly in an economical point of view, the granting or tho 
 Island to tlie company. In answer to the question, ' Do you think that tho 
 right of exclusive trade by the Hudson's Bay Company could be rendered com- 
 patible with the territory being given to a colony?' EUice replied: 'AVhy 
 eliould it not be so? It is compatible with the government of this country, 
 and it would be compatil)le with the government of a colony. I do not think 
 that it should exist one iiour longer than the colony, or the legislature or 
 government of that country, thought it for their good. The Hudson's Bay 
 Con:pany have no claim to it; it is not like the Hudson's Bay territory. 1 
 may add that beyond the Hudson's Bay company being paid for their 
 outlay, which payment they are entitled to under the agreement with tho 
 crown, I do not think they have any claim upon the public on the west side 
 of tho Rocky Mountains, otherwise tho.n as you may ttiink it for your interest 
 to employ them.' House Commons Bcpt., 33G. Up to this time tho company 
 
\e natives, 
 
 far as he 
 igations to 
 jle domain 
 Lipaiiy had 
 Lgcs under 
 
 like to see 
 so great as 
 est of tlie 
 !OU raged in 
 r Adderhy 
 . eagerness 
 lich should 
 [f England 
 lexation to 
 riie ffivinij 
 
 1 the great- 
 itted. For 
 )anish war. 
 asp of the 
 
 that the 
 
 titury or more a 
 
 ies, in his tos- 
 
 ifi'airs with iu- 
 
 thau othenviso 
 
 g(!ment of llud 
 
 to loriua with 
 iscssiou of \'au. 
 rnmeut <litl not 
 
 it had better 
 lUght, on Lonl 
 granting of tlio 
 think that tho 
 rendered coni- 
 •eplied: 'Why 
 f tliis country, 
 I do not think 
 
 legislature or 
 Hudson's Bay 
 y territory. I 
 paid for their 
 nient with the 
 
 the west side 
 ir your interest 
 e tho company 
 
 PARLIAMENTARY DISCUSSION. 
 
 379 
 
 honorable gentleman knew nothing of what they were 
 discussing, else they would know that northern North 
 America was wholly unfavorable to colonization. 
 Then, should the present benignant rule of the Hud- 
 son's Bay Company be withdrawn, how would they 
 oovern, how would they hold the eountr}^? Throw it 
 open to free-traders, and you would speedily see as bad 
 a state of things as has ever obtained on the United 
 States border; and surely the imperial money-vaults 
 must be overloaded when statesmen are so eager to set 
 u|» and koep in motion civil and military machinery 
 for the oc)vcrnment of a wilderness of savages and 
 wild beasts. On behalf of the directors he might say 
 tluit the company were ready for the fullest investiga- 
 tiin and the fairest adjustment. 
 
 For the five hundredth time in public, the history 
 of tlie company was reviewed and their doings dis- 
 cussed by Mr Gladstone, who favored investigation 
 and equitable and amicable adjustment. Others fol- 
 lowed in similar strain on one side and the other; 
 
 hi expended in bringing out settlers and coal-minors, and in performing 
 t'l'' tithor obligations of their trust, according to tlieir account, eighty 
 thousand pounds. All was outlay; there was no return. I'olitically tho 
 Ishuid was an interesting possession; its position was superb. Opportunity 
 V as there for investing money in improvements to an unlinuted extent. Rocks 
 might 1)0 turned into palaces, forests into gilded temples, and the land and 
 the water become alive with industry. But the wealth requisite for all this 
 \\;iis not to be found in the Island. Like the mother country, it must have in- 
 ttrest elsewhere to become great. ' The sooner the public reenter into pos- 
 session, and the sooner they form estal»lishmcnts wortliy of the Island, and 
 worthy of this country, the better. Krom all accounts which we liear of it, it 
 is a kind of England attached to the continent of America.' EUke, in Iloum 
 CviiiiiioDn lieyt., IW.l. Either the company were now in reality becoming tired 
 (if liieir bargain in regard to the Irland, or else, foreseeing tliey could liold it 
 11(1 hinder, they protended to lie tired of it. liut their actions did not always 
 iucdi'd with their expri '-ed sentinients. All that was to be made out of this 
 ciihuii/ation scheme they '. ,id made, some of them thought. And in a pccu- 
 iiiiiry point for the'iiseU us they had done well. There was profit for them 
 ill loiiueetion witli .lii^ir other business, in carrying emigrants in tlieir own 
 vcsriels, provided there were any to carry, in manipulating land sales, e.fpecially 
 in .setting aside the bi'st part of the Ldand for themselves, anil in performing 
 Viiiiims little duties for the government. An account like this with the 
 giiverninent WiOs exceedingly convenient in many ways; it grew on their books 
 <(sily and naturally, antl assisted the company in carrying out its plans iu 
 many ways. But now all had been done that there was to do. The settle- 
 luint had been l)egun, but the settlers were dissatistieil. Tho plan was in 
 t;a't a failure. Clearly it was now to tho interests of the company, so some 
 <it them arjjUed, to give up the Island ami get their money back. 
 
380 
 
 THE COLONY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 after which the vote was taken, and the motion sus- 
 tained.^ 
 
 The governor-general of Canada was notified of the 
 intention of government to institute this inquiry, in 
 order that an opportunity might be afforded that 
 colony of giving such information and advancing' 
 such opinions as they might deem proper. Accord- 
 ingly Chief-justice Draper was commissioned by the 
 government of Canada to watch proceedings, "^he 
 legislative assembly of Canada likewise appointed 
 a committee of their own to investigate these same 
 affairs, a full report of which was laid before the par- 
 liamentary committee. The law-officers of the crown 
 were freely called upon from time to time during the 
 investigation for their opinion respecting title and 
 vari(>us points connected with the company's charter 
 
 After sitting for nearly six months, the pron ^juti i 
 of parliament occurring in the mean time, and jvX 
 jecting twenty-four witnesses to the most sear ci in-- 
 examination, the c<jmmittee found the territory over 
 which the company exercised rights to be of three 
 descriptions: the land held by charter, and called 
 Rupert Land; the land held by license, called the 
 Indian territory ; and the land held by crown grant 
 for purposes of colonization, which was Vancouver 
 Island. The wishes of Canada, the committee said, 
 to annex such territories as were available for settle- 
 ment should be met. The Red Riverand Saskatchewan 
 districts should be ceded to Canada. The connection of 
 the Hudson's Bay Company with Vancouver Island 
 should be terminated, and means provided for ex- 
 tending the colony over the whole or any portion of 
 the Mainland. Such portions of the Hudson's Bay 
 Company's territories as were not required for settle- 
 ment, it would be well to leave in the hands of the 
 company with their present rights of exclusive trade 
 with the natives.^ 
 
 'See HnnmnVs Parliamentary Debates, 3d ser., cxliv. 21C-41; oxlv. 07; 
 Levin Annals uf British Let/ishUion, iv. 224-39. 
 
 " The rusult of the labors of this conm;ittee ia a folio volume of 547 pages, 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
DEATH OF THE MONOPOLY. 
 
 m 
 
 3tion sus- 
 
 ied of the 
 iquiry, in 
 ded that 
 idvancing^' 
 
 Accord- 
 id by the 
 gs. ""he 
 ippointcd 
 ese same 
 ) the par- 
 ihe crown 
 iring the 
 title and 
 3 char<"er 
 ore ^Juti: n 
 anu jI'J. 
 seai'cl- in:," 
 tory over 
 
 of three 
 lid calk'd 
 illcd the 
 \vn grant 
 aucouvcr 
 itee said, 
 or settlo- 
 atchewan 
 lection of 
 3r Island 
 for v\- 
 ortion of 
 on's Bay 
 'or settli'- 
 h of tlic 
 live trade 
 
 41; cxlv. '.IT; 
 of 547 pages, 
 
 mi 
 
 Indeed, the company had no objections at this time 
 to the government assuming control of the whole 
 country, provided the license of exclusive trade with 
 the Indians on the Mainland was left them. There 
 was little danger of an immediate influx of settlers, 
 unless some excitement should spring up like that 
 which did in fact follow ; so that if the expense and 
 responsibility of protection could be thrown upon the 
 government, while the profits of trade should be loft 
 exclusively with them, nothing would suit them better. 
 
 If gold should be found in any quantities on the 
 ^lainland, as it was even now talked about on the 
 Island, that region would be lost to the fur-trader in 
 any event. Even were the government willing, a 
 reckless, promiscuous population would not long sub- 
 mit to the arbitrary rule of a private corporation. All 
 til is the company foresaw, and shaped their policy ac- 
 cordingly. 
 
 And now suddenly in these primeval shades each 
 man finds himself in a whirl of unrest. The cold 
 and barren desolation of New Caledonia is all at once 
 transformed into a field of glittering promise, of prom- 
 ise so radiant as to draw innumeraljle human bats 
 from every quarter into it. The position of Douglas 
 
 oiititled Report from the Sihrt Committee on the Hudson s Bay Comjxini/, to- 
 ijilher with the Proccediinjs of the Committee, JIini(/e.i of Eviiienre, Ajijiem/ij; 
 tinil Index. Ordered hij the Ifoune of Commons to he Printed 31 Jxly unit 11 
 . I uijiiat 1S'>7. The cominitteo consisted of niiietecu persons, as ff)ll<>w»: Henry 
 I ralxniehfcre, chairman; Messrs (jrladstone, lloelmck, Lowe, Grogau, (lref,'s(in, 
 Fitzwilliam, Giimey, Herbert, Matheson, Blackburn, Christy, Kinnaird, 
 K'lice, Viscounts Godcrich and Saiidon, Sir John Pakington, and Lords Kus- 
 •R'll and Stanley. The committee sat from the ISth of February to the ."list 
 of .Tuly, and examined 24 persons, namely, John Ross, J. H. Lefoy, .Tohu 
 ilac, iSir (Joorge Simpson, William Keruaghan, C. W. W. Fitzwilliam, Ahx- 
 I' 'I' r Isbitior, G. C*. Oorl)ett, Sir John Richardson, J. F. CVofton, Sir George 
 li.i.'k, James Cooper, W. H. Draper, David Anderson, Joseph Maynard, A. 
 K. Roche, Davi.i Herd, John Miles, John MoLoughlin, Richard Blansiuird, 
 William Caldwell, Richard King, James Tennant, and Edward Ellice. The!<o 
 gentlemen 'were all either experts in Hudson's Bay Company atl'airs, or had 
 l)oen in some way connected with the company. Some of tliem were accident- 
 ally in London at the time, some were there by appointment, and some were 
 permanent residents of England. There were among them those both in favor 
 <if a continuance of the license system and those opposed to it. A large 
 mass of valuable evidence was drawn from those wituesscin, of which I have 
 made free use in writing this history. 
 
' n 
 
 382 
 
 THE COLONY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 becomes an exceedingly important one. The north- 
 west fur-fields seem doomed. Beside this tempest, 
 the occupation of Oregon was summer quiet. What 
 shall the governor say to these panting new-comers; 
 what shall the chief factor do? The company, with 
 the license of trade as its only weapon, cannot hold at 
 bay the hungry thirty thousand. They must be per- 
 mitted ingress, else they will obtain it without per- 
 mission; they must be overawed and governed, else 
 they will riot in lawlessness. Months must elapse 
 before action here can be directed by imperial powers, 
 and meanwhile to hesitate is to be lost. 
 
 In this emergency, as he is the chief and almost 
 i>ole representative of the British crown on the North- 
 I ' '^oast, Douglas determines to act for his govcrn- 
 mc a matters pertaining to the JMainland, as best 
 he ma,y, until definite instructions reach him. He 
 will levy contributions for the benefit of his govern- 
 ment on those entering the domain for its treasures, 
 and maintain order among the uncouth comers to the 
 best of his ability. 
 
 As from the depths of primeval slumber affairs now 
 awake to the wildest activity. There is no further 
 need of anxiety over the absence of colonists. Who 
 would have thought as the company were bringing 
 out here a farmer and there a coal-miner, religiously 
 entering all expenses in t ■ o colonization account to 
 be presented to the crown on that fearful day of reck- 
 oning, to see so soon these thirty thousand thus madly 
 j)ressing forward, well nigh burying both company and 
 crown beneath their too heavy presence? 
 
 Head of the Hudson's Bay Company affairs on the 
 Pacific coast, after the retirement of Douglas, was 
 Dugald McTavish, chief factor in charge, with Tohnic 
 and Finlayson as associates, the three comprising tlic 
 board of management. To the succeeding manager at 
 Victoria, Mr William Charles, I aui indebted i'or 
 many favors. In ransacking foi me the company's 
 
THE NAME. 
 
 333 
 
 e north- 
 tempest, 
 . What 
 -comers; 
 my, with 
 t liold at 
 it be per- 
 lout per- 
 med, else 
 st elapse 
 il powers, 
 
 id almost 
 le North- 
 is govcrn- 
 d, as best 
 liim. He 
 s goverii- 
 treasures, 
 iers to the 
 
 fairs now 
 lo further 
 
 5. Who 
 
 bringing 
 cligiously 
 ccount to 
 y of reck- 
 lus madly 
 
 pany and 
 
 rs on the 
 
 i?, was 
 
 li Tohnie 
 
 ing- the 
 
 anager at 
 
 bted ioi" 
 
 ompany's 
 
 archives, in briiiging from distant posts the fort jour- 
 nals, and in the generous sympathy he has ever ex- 
 tended to my work, he has won my lasting gratitude.* 
 
 When the investigation of the attitude and conduct 
 of the company was first approached, the question with 
 the imperial government was whether the exclusive 
 license to trade with the natives of the Mainland 
 should be revoked at the expiration of the term 
 granted the company for the colonization of Van- 
 couver Island. The publication of the gold discovery, 
 and the influx of population, however, put an entirely 
 dilforent aspect upon aftairs. The fur-trade in its 
 ancient proportions was at an end, and the prevention 
 of demoralization and disorder was as essential to the 
 company as to the crown. It was better on both 
 sides that cJ^ exclusive rights of the monopoly on the 
 Mainland should at once and forever cease. 
 
 Ilencc on the 2d of August 1858 parliament passed 
 an act to provide for the government of British Co- 
 hunbia, by which name hereafter should be designated 
 the territories between the United States frontier on 
 tlio south and Simpson River, now Nass River, and 
 the Finlay branch of Peace River on the north, and 
 between the Rocky Mountain summit and the sea, in- 
 cluding the Queen Charlotte and all other adjacent 
 islands, except Vancouver Island, and investing tlio 
 queen, by order in council, with power to appoint a 
 governor, provide for the administration of justice, 
 
 * Dugald McTavish was senior member of the board of management fi'om 
 IS.'f) till November 18(i3, when he was called to England. lie was a nephew 
 of .'ohn George McTavish, and brotluir of William McTavish, who, prior to 
 tlio transfer of tho ncth-wcst territory to the dominion government, was 
 governor of Ilndson's Bay Company ailairs at Hod River. Dugald McTavish 
 came to the Columbia in 1840, and was stationed at dilTercnt times at Fort 
 Viiiicouver, the Hawaiian Islands, and Verba Uuena. Ho died in his batliiiig- 
 I'oiiiii in ^lontrcal, about 1S73. He 'was a bachelor who could at any tiiiio 
 start upon a j(/urney at a halfdiour's notice. An excellent accountant, an 
 ollice num. and had long l>ccn manager of the Hudson's ]jay Company's ailairs 
 at tlie Sandwich Islands. He was a clear-headed, able man, small, stout, 
 coiii|)actly built, largo hoad, largo jierccptive organs, dark complexion, largo 
 liglit eyes, a very practical man, ni;t much imagination about him. Sold out 
 Yirba JJueua for a song before the gold excitement, as agent for tho company. ' 
 Tolniica Hist. Puget Sound, MS., 51. See also Ander8u7i,''a Northioest Coa.it, 
 ilS., 82-3. 
 
384 
 
 THE COLONY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 make laws, and establish a local legislature. One 
 month later the license of exclusive trade granted the 
 Hudson's Bay Company for twenty-one years from 
 the 30th of May 1838, with right of revocation re- 
 served, in so far as it covered the territories com- 
 prising the colony of British Columbia was revoked. 
 James Douglas was appointed governor of British 
 Columbia, his commission for Vancouver Island being 
 renewed. 
 
 This is the last of the great monopoly as such. There 
 is a vast mercantile machine in fair running order 
 which still offered great advantages to the old associa- 
 tion, but there are here no more exclusive privileges 
 for them. Their million or two of square miles of 
 domain, with their several hundreds of pacified nations, 
 are now free, nomiiiaily and actually open to any 
 others of the British nation for purposes of hunting, 
 trading, or colonizing on the same terms as at presiiit 
 enjoyed by the late monopolists. But for some years 
 in certain back parts of this region, such is the in- 
 fluence exercised by the company upon the natives, 
 such the advantages of their established posts, their 
 knowledge of the country, their facilities for commu- 
 nication, that this abrogation of their former rights 
 makes but little difference and is but little felt. Com- 
 petitors sometimes enter the field, but almost as often 
 wirndraw baflfled. In the more proximate precincts, 
 however, in mining and agricultural settlements, and 
 about some of the northern seaports, where inter- 
 lopers and squatters now begin in a restricted way 
 to plant themselves, their autocratic rule rapidly de- 
 clines. By law they are now simply subjects of 
 Great Britain, possessing no more rights than other 
 subjects. 
 
 A letter was directed to Governor Douglas by John 
 Work and Dugald McTavish, chief factors, under date 
 of November 24, 1858, calling the governor's atten- 
 tion to an accompanying list of claims, consisting of 
 fourteen forts, including New Fort Langley, with the 
 
THE GOVERNMENT TAKES VANCOUVER ISLAND. 
 
 33J 
 
 surrounding lands, asking that the same might be in 
 due time confirmed to them by her majesty's govern- 
 ment. 
 
 With the expiration of the term of the company's 
 exclusive licens(.' to trade with the natives of the 
 j\Iainland, the i'.nperial government repurchased the 
 company's rights in the Island of Vancouver for 
 £57,500, the last instalment of which was paid the 
 Gth of October 1862. An indenture of relinquishment 
 of rights was executed on the 3d of April 18G7, the 
 company retaining, besides the fort property, certain 
 town lots and farming lands amounting to several 
 thousand acres. 
 
 By 1863 the Hudson's Bay Company's stations in 
 British Columbia were reduced to thirteen, as follows : 
 Fort Simpson, W. H. McNeill in charge; Fort 
 Langlcy, W. H. Newton; Fort Hope, W. Charles; 
 Fort Yale, O. Ailard; Thompson River, J. W. McKay; 
 Alexandria, William Manson; Fort George, Thomas 
 Charles; Fort St James, Peter Ogden; McLuod 
 Lake, Ferdinand McKenzie; Connolly Lake, William 
 Tod; Fraser Lake, J. Mobcrl}-; Fort Babine, Gavin 
 Hamilton; Fort Shepherd, A. McDonald. Among 
 the above traders are many names long familiar to us, 
 but which at this day belong mostly to the sons of 
 those we first knew. In Fort Victoria and other posts 
 on Vancouver Island the amount invested in 1856 was 
 £75,000. 
 
 In 1871 the organization of the company was 
 changed; there were more factors and traders and 
 fewer clerks, and lessened operations and expenses. 
 Ill fact the association now partook more of the nature 
 of a copartnership than of a corporation. Meanwhile, 
 Canada purchased the company's right to Rupert 
 l^and and the Northwest Territory, and out of the 
 purchase made the province of Manitoba. 
 
 During the incipient stages of the government the 
 Hudson's Bay Company were of far more use to the 
 government than the government was to them. "At 
 
 Hut. Bbii. Col. 25 
 
 1 
 
 
389 
 
 THE COLONY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 this moment," writes Douglas to Lytton the 20111 
 Octohcr 1858, "I am making use of the Hudson's 
 ] )iiy Company's establishments for every public ofRcc, 
 and to their servants, for want of other means, I com- 
 mit in perfect confidence the custody of the public 
 money." 
 
 It was but human nature for the foreign rabble, 
 gold-hunters from California and elsewhere, to ciy 
 down the Hudson's Bay Company, cursing it as an 
 all-devouring monopoly, and holding up the fairest 
 transactions as atrocious tyrannies. 
 
 How ignorant and unreasonable men arel Had 
 they not been blinded by wrath and stupidity these 
 wise ones might have seen that now for the first 
 time on the Northwest Coast, the Hudson's Bay 
 Company had ceased to be a monopoly. It is but 
 fair to say that in this emergency the company 
 behaved liberally, nobly. Never at any time did 
 they seem to desire to take unfair advantage of the 
 necessities of others, but employed their power and 
 position to keep the prices of supplies within reason- 
 able bounds. 
 
 Undoubtedly they reaped a rich harvest, as was 
 their right. Their system of trade was attended by 
 large accumulations of merchandise, a year's supply 
 or more being kept always in store against emergency. 
 When they saw the incoming multitudes they replen- 
 ished their forts from their abundant resources. Know- 
 ing the country, and being provided with means of 
 transportation, they were assuredly in a condition to 
 compete with any. But the Scotchmen were slow 
 and careful by nature, and it was against fur-hunt- 
 ing tradition to advance prices at once five or ten 
 fold. And the only way the hot speculators, who 
 were the loudest in their denunciations of the com- 
 pany, could carry prices to the desired height was 
 first to exhaust the company's supply by buying it, 
 and so control the market for the season, which was 
 in many instances done. Douglas even went so far 
 
POSITION OF DOUGLAS. 
 
 387 
 
 10 20111 
 udhfon's 
 c office, 
 , I com- 
 3 public 
 
 rabble, 
 , to cry 
 it as an 
 3 fairest 
 
 i\ Had 
 ty these 
 the first 
 m's Bay 
 [t is but 
 company 
 time did 
 Tc of the 
 3wer and 
 n reason- 
 as was 
 
 as to refuse permits to steamboats charging cxor- 
 l)itant freights." 
 
 It could scarcely be expected otherwise than that 
 ] )ouglas and the company would eventually quarrel. 
 The monopolists were grasping upon principle, inordi- 
 nately grasping, for had they not before this been fre- 
 quently dissatisfied with the half of North America? 
 They had quarrelled with McLoughlin, their best man 
 on the Northwest Coast, quarrelled with him because 
 of his innate nobility and manhood, which could not 
 descend to the plane of their mercenary abasement; 
 and now they quarrelled with their second best man, 
 because he could not perform impossibilities, because 
 ho would not risk his position and popularity with 
 the imperial government. He had been made gov- 
 ernor of two colonics, with a double salary. Lytton 
 bad praised him, though he had early warned him 
 not to allow the fur-traders to get the better of him; 
 and he would not give him as much of the mother's 
 money as he would like. But Douglas as usual held 
 fast to the stronger; as in the troubles between his 
 old friend McLoughlin and the company he had stood 
 by the company, so now in the disagreements between 
 tbe company and the government regarding the lands 
 claimed round the forts, and expenses of colonizing 
 Vancouver Island, Douglas stood by the government. 
 Ho stood by the government because, first, it was 
 right, and secondly, no fur-trader could knight him. 
 
 ^For revocation of license sec B. O. Acts and Ordinances, 1858. 'The 
 company had obtained a charter for Vancouver Island on condition of pro- 
 moting its colonization ; but it being evident that they Ycro unable or un- 
 willing to do this the license was withdrawn, compensation being made them 
 for the amount they had expended in the attempt, amounting in all to £100,- 
 000.' British North Am., 254. This writer is somewhat confused in his facts. 
 Sec also Ohjmpia Club Convs., MS., 19, 20; Deans' Sctlkment, T. /., MS., 5 ; 
 Tachi's Northwest, 63; Waddington'a Fraser Mines 20-7; llouard and Bar- 
 netCs Dir., 1803, 144; U. S. Ev., II. B. Co. Claims, 78: Finlayson''s V. I., 
 MS., 103; Tarbell's Victoria, MS., 4; Douglas' Private Papers, MS., 1st scr. 
 90-108. A copy of the relinquishment of rights may bo found in Langevin's 
 Itept., 237-40. For discussions of the Hudson's Bay Company's affairs in tho 
 colonies see Victoria Gazette, July 7, Aug. 31, Sept. 2-5, and Oct. 5, 1858; and 
 for discussions in parliament see Hansard's Par, Deb., exlviii. 1260-9, 1368; 
 cxlix. 1494; cli. 1788-1844; cUi. 1676-7; clxvii. 497-9, 1404-12. 
 
CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 GOVERNMENT OF THE MAINLAND. 
 
 1858-18G3. 
 
 Authority at Victoria Disrhcardkh hy tiik First Comers — Dorciivs 
 Looks into Affairs — What tiik Nativks Think of It — Douglas as 
 LA^v AM> Magistbatk ^LvKKit -Indian Wars — Ovkktures ok iiik 
 Impkrial Kovkkxmknt to Doici.As — Kkvknuk — Loan— PuRi.ic Lanhs 
 — MiNER.s' License — The British Cry Economy — I'l rnxo TiiiNiis i\ 
 Order — The Unauthorized Acts ok Douglas Lkgai.ized — Arriwi, 
 OK British Vessels ok AVar — Men of Authority Aitear — The Unh i;i> 
 States Represented — Inauguration* of the Governor at Langlev — 
 The MdoDV-McflowAN Akkrav — New Westminster Founded — Offi- 
 cers OK TIIK New (Juvernment — Smu ogling. 
 
 In tlie bogiuiiing of Ma}' 1858, information roaelicil 
 the fac'tor-fjovernor of A'aiicouver Island that swaiiiis 
 of small craft from the United States shores, laden 
 with passent^er.s, arms, and merchandise, were entti- 
 ing Frasi'r liiver in violation of her majesty's customs 
 laws, and to the damage of the honorable Hudson's 
 Bay Companj'. Wherefore, on the 8th of this montli 
 he issued a proclamation warning all persons that any 
 vessels found in British northwest waters after foui- 
 teen days, not having a license from the Hudson's 
 Bay Company and a sufferance i'rom the customs offi- 
 cer at Victoria, shoukl be declared forfeited, and lie 
 called on Captain Prevost of H. ^I. S. ISateUite f'«ir 
 men sufficient t onforce the measures proclaimed. 
 
 Then the factor-governor proposed to the agents of 
 the Pacific !Mail Steamship Company that they should 
 place steamers on the route; carry Hudson's Bay 
 Company's goods into Fraser River, and no otlicis: 
 carry no passengers except such as had a gf)ld-miniii:4 
 
 (388) 
 
COMMKRCIAL MEASURES. Ml 
 
 license and permit from the Vancouver Island govern- 
 ment and compensate the Hudson's Bay Company by 
 the [)aynient of two dollars for each passenger carried 
 — if so the Pacific Mail Company might monopolize 
 the traffic for one year. It was certainly very pret- 
 tily arranged, and no wonder Douglas hoped, in 
 writing to Lord Stanley the 19th of May, "from its 
 so thoroughly protecting every interest connected 
 with the country," that it would meet his approval. 
 
 The factor-governor would do this for- his company 
 and his country if he could; for ho was now con- 
 \ inccd that it was impossible to keep closed the gold- 
 fields against foreigners, and there remained as alterna- 
 tives whether they should enter and help themselves 
 t'lec of duty, or be made to pay for the privilege. 
 
 Although invested with no specific authority to act 
 fur the imperial government upon the jMainland, 
 James Douglas was the man to whom all looked, 
 lioth in England and in America, as the one to as- 
 sume control of afiairs in tlu.' present emergency. As 
 governor of Vancouver Island ho was the nearest to 
 I' lasor River of any representative of the queen, and 
 as chief fur-factor he had exclusive right of access for 
 the purpose of trading with the natives. It was but 
 natural and right, therefore, that he should regard 
 the interests of his sovereign in the premises, as well 
 as those of his company. 
 
 With the orinfinatinff and executing of much that 
 was wise, and which permanently remained, there is 
 little wonder that ho fell into some errors. For exam- 
 ple, in his declaration that no goods should be carried 
 to the Mainland except by or for the Hudson's Bay 
 Company, and that no shipping, save the company's 
 vessels or those sailing under the company's }. 'mis- 
 sion, should carry passengers thither, he Sv'Ji.vsvhat 
 overshot the mark; he forgot that it was only exclu- 
 sive trade with the natives that his company could 
 claim, and that so long as strangers did not so traffic, 
 their right was as full and free to go anywhere and 
 
800 
 
 fiOVI'.RXMKNT OF THE MAINLAXI*. 
 
 !"l 
 
 take whatever tliey slioukl please as was that of +ho 
 fur-tradeis. 
 
 Very sound in many matters, however, was Am 
 practical mind of the factor-governor. He knew he 
 should 1)0 safe enough in asserting the dominion of 
 the crown over the gold-fields, in declaring all lands 
 and minerals the property of the government in foe ; 
 though what kind of righteous robbery that should 
 be, others besides savages might wonder. For whore 
 was the European sovereign who ever yet had taken 
 offence at the assertion of his rights to American 
 lands or gold, by whomsoever made? 
 
 He stationed the Satellite at the mouth of Frasor 
 River with revenue officers on board to collect toll 
 from thove filtering the territory; he called tlio 
 Plumper to assist in enforcing his regulations, and 
 em])loyed the company's vessel, the Otter, in the gov- 
 ermnent service; and he notified the fur-traders at 
 the several posts along the boundary to watch inroads 
 in that direction, though in all this he was wrong, for 
 he had no right to enforce a tax for enterii ^ tlio 
 country; any one might enter, only, until t oni- 
 pany's exclusive license should be annullc, ..^ma 
 might trade with the natives; and as for the license 
 duty which he saw fit to impose on miners, that could 
 be legally collected from those who actually did mine, 
 and not from those who simply entered the domain. 
 But to govern this rabble, so he argued, would cost 
 money, and the rabble themselves must pay the 
 charge ; at all events, he would try it, though, as a 
 matter of fact, he was soon checked in this proceeding. 
 
 Early in the season Governor Douglas went ov( r 
 to the Mandand to see for himself the workings of 
 this wonder. Ever alive to the maintenance of peace- 
 ful relations with the natives, he made that matter his 
 special care. And he acted none too soon; for how 
 could this uncouth, obstreperous element from the 
 purlieus of civilization be turned into quiet aboriginal 
 
ATTITUDK OF Till': N'ATIVKS. 
 
 891 
 
 liuiitiiig-i^roumls without collision with the natural 
 Idids of the (loniuiii? 
 
 Tliu siniplo savages behoved the gold their own; 
 thcv were not ver.sed in tlie laws of Christian nations 
 tliat made might right. In their own crude way, they 
 were well aware that they must defend their domain, 
 else their neighbors would take it. But this was 
 savagism, in which wore no betterments inculcating 
 })recepts of love and honor and happy future rewar-l 
 conjointly with rum and strange diseases. The fur- 
 traders had taught the natives to regard them as 
 fiiends who had come amono" them to do them ijood, 
 to bring them blankets, and guns to kill the deer, 
 that thereby they might the more comfortably pro- 
 vide for their families They paid for w^liat they got, 
 and dealt justly wdth them; so that they had come t<» 
 regard the Hudson's I3ay Company as their friends 
 and allies. With regard to strangers it was quite 
 diilerent. 
 
 Those who came into the country by the route east 
 of the mountains struck the Fraser at two points, 
 namely, Lytton and the Fountain. There they began 
 tt) dig for <>fold without a license, and there Dounlas 
 found them, and made them pay,^ The natives knew 
 and cared nothing for any license imposed by others ; 
 it was they who nmst have })ay for their gold, or for 
 their sticks or stones should foreigners desire such ar- 
 ticles, even as they had always received pay for their 
 furs, and if white men would not treat them fairly in 
 the matter, they would fight for it. 
 
 Meanwhile l)oufjlas ascends the river in the Otter 
 with the Satellite's launch and uiu: in tow. At Fort 
 Langley, where it was thought })robable might be 
 
 -Palmer, in the Oref/on Statesman, Feb. 14, ISCO, chiirgea upon Douglas tlio 
 motive of securing to liis company the trafhc which wouM accrue hy forcinj,' 
 the foreign .nining population, so far as possible, to enter through the front 
 gate, namely, ))y way of Victoria, rather than of obtaining revenue for the 
 gnvernment. In this, however, I must differ from liini. 1 Knil nothing in 
 the conduct of Douglas to warrant the suspicion of any desire on his part to 
 favor unjustly citlier the company or the government one a;^ainst the other. 
 See Papers B. C, pt. i. 1-15 et seq. 
 
802 
 
 GOVERNMENT OF THE MAINLAND. 
 
 I ! 
 
 i| 
 
 the Maialand metropolis, he finds speculators seizinr^ 
 lands and staking out lots.^ Sixteen unlicensed canoes 
 are there, which he takes into custody, but releases 
 them, and grants passes on the payment of five dol- 
 lars for each canoe. The owners of certain merchan- 
 dise for trade, found there, fare worse, their goods 
 being f ^ized and held as contraband. With a warn- 
 ing to the squatters against their illegal and fruitless 
 proceedings, he continues his journey toward Fort 
 Hope on the 27th of !\[ay, stopping frequently to 
 converse witli the excited people who pass and repass 
 him on the way."' 
 
 J^etters are received from !Mr Walker, in charge at 
 Fort Hope, saying "that In<lians are gcitting plenty 
 of gold, and trade with the Americans. Indian wages 
 are from three to four dollars a day. Letters from 
 i^'ort Yale dated ISth inst. state that tliere arc mineis 
 working two miles below Fox't Yale, who are making 
 on an average one and a half ounces a day each man. 
 The place is named Hill J^ar, and employs eighty 
 Indians and tliirty white men. Pierre Maquais lias 
 built a log-house and ntocG below Fort Yale, and 
 another store altout five miles beyond the fort. York 
 has put lip a log boarding-house a short distance 
 l)eyond the fort." Thus the fur-trade is forever 
 ruined, the natives themselves having cauLifht the 
 gold infection as l»adly as others. 
 
 liefore tlie (pieen's authority roaches them, after 
 the old Calil'ornia fashion the miiuu-s of Hill I^ar 
 inaugurate self-government. On the l*lst of May are 
 posted laws rt>gulating mining claims on tltat bar. A 
 claim consists of twenty -five feet frontage; one man 
 
 '-' ' ScviT.il aitiilio.itioim for jTct'iiiptions of liiiul rights wore made hy par- 
 tii's (Icsinius ot settling oil Fraser ivivcr. Kofuscil to I'litcrtuiu tiie saiil aji- 
 plications for want of autiiority. I liink wc ought iiiiiiu'iliatcly toooiniiK'nn; 
 tho sale of laud, for if wu refuse to make sales, jieople will sijuat on every 
 part of the eountry, and there will he a great ditlieulty in ejecting tlu'iii.' 
 /Hiin/ oj' (toll/ l)isi'or<r)i on. Fnmrr Itirn; ill Jhvu/lim' Pri'iitf I'lijur", .MS., 
 I.st ser. JK). .Iaiiie.s li. liay staked oil' l.LHM) acres, tiud hegau selling lots. 
 VirUria (iiiziUf, Sept. 14, KSr)8. 
 
 "He is iiiHcli i'terested in returns from tiio mines, and his diary is full ot 
 statistics on that suhjeet. 
 
EXPEDITION OP DOUGLAS. 
 
 393 
 
 can hold two claims, one by preemption and one by 
 purchase, provided he works both; any white man 
 caught stealing, or molestin;^ Indians, shall be punished 
 as a committee of the miners shall direct ; he who sells 
 (ir gives spirits to the natives shall for the first offence 
 ])ay one hundred dollars, and for the second offence 
 shall be driven from the bar. For mutual safety a 
 captain and two lieutenants are elected and endowed 
 with power absolute. And of this first meeting of 
 law-makers thereabout, P. H. Furness is president, 
 and George W. Tennent secretary. 
 
 Arriving at Fort Hope on the 29th, Douglas makes 
 his hcad-quartors there. Owing to the mineral dis- 
 coveries in this vicinity, Hope is now the most impor- 
 tant place on the Mainland, and serves foi* present 
 and i^ractical purposes as the capital of the country. 
 It is here the queen's representative sets up his little 
 government, and publishes a plan lor establishing 
 order and administering justice on Fraser River. 
 
 Douglas nov,' calls at the several mining -camps in 
 the vicinity. Gold is everywhere plentiful; more 
 plentiful the minors think than formerly in California; 
 strange some one should not have found it before. 
 Provisions are scarce ; pork, coffee, and flour each 
 one dollar a pound, and that with the fur-trading 
 posts so near. 
 
 At Fort Yale lie meets a number of chiefs, Copals 
 • if Spuzzum, Tellatella Quatza of the falls, and Lay- 
 koutum of Sposun, and converses with them upon 
 the strange destiny so suddenly falling upon t\\v'w 
 country. To keep any of his men he is obliged to 
 raise their wages ten pounds per annum, but where 
 this sum could be duof out of the ground in a single 
 (lay, the increase of wages proved a temptation only 
 to tlie more stolidly virtuous. As revenuo-olliccr 
 lor the district of Yale he appoints an Englishman 
 mining there named liichard Hicks, with a .udary of 
 £40 a year, to be paid out of the revenue of the 
 country. 
 
394 
 
 GOVERNMENT OF THE MAINLAND. 
 
 I ■■ ,i 
 
 ! I 
 
 At Hill Bar, besides creating George Perrier, a 
 British subject, justice of the peace, he appointed 
 Indian magistrates, who were to bring to justice any 
 members of their tribes charged with offences. For 
 this atom of authority every chief was ready to sub- 
 scribe himself a slave. 
 
 Other things were also talked about at this camp at 
 Hill Bar. The natives were now threatening to sweep 
 the country of the white men, whose presence became 
 every day to them more distasteful. Bands were 
 arming at various points, and no small tumult had 
 been raised at this bar. Douglas called up the sav- 
 ages and lectured them roundly ; to the white men ho 
 talked as plainly; then he went his way hoping all 
 would be well. 
 
 But all was not well. Within a fortnight a hun- 
 dred natives appeared at Robinson Bar, armed, to 
 fight the eighty white men there. Some half-breeds, 
 who felt themselves aggrieved in the settlement by 
 the miners of a dispute about a claim, retired in 
 wrath, and told the Indians that the white men had 
 prohibited all but themselves from working there. 
 When they were assured to the contrary, they laid 
 down their weapons and went to work beside the 
 white men in apparent poace; but the stripped and 
 headless bodies of prospectors and straggling miners 
 that came floating down the Fraser, told of the in- 
 auguration of a new era in British Columbia society.' 
 
 The Oregonians and Californians who came to 1 he 
 mines by the plateau route in July encountered tl : 
 alternative of returning, or fighting their way throuj^li 
 the hostile tribes on the Okanagan,^ while the Hud- 
 son Bav traders from Colville were moving throuiirh 
 the same country and encountering the same bodies 
 
 * Victoria Gazette, July 20, 1858; Papers B. C, pt. i. 10; Good's B. ( ., 
 MS..r)7-8. 
 
 * Mr Tucker, fonnorly of Tehama, California, at Yale Auj^. 17th, reported 
 that ho imd left tiio Dalles with a party of 100 men r.nd 400 animals, iiml 
 that they ha<l a severe fight with the Indiana near Fort Okanagan, tliite 
 whiti'8 being killed and six wounded before the Indians were beaten off. Vic- 
 toria Gasette, Aug. 24th, 1858. 
 
INDIAN HOSTILITIES. 
 
 395 
 
 Good's n. ( ., 
 
 of Indians unmolested." In the canon of the Fraser, 
 (lis{)utes between wliite and red frequently arose about 
 caiiou transportation and mining-ji^round, and in con- 
 se(|uence of the scarcity of the means of subsistence. 
 The strife led to retaliations, and there came a time 
 wlion, through evil counsels, possibly derived In' 
 affiliation from the plateau, it appears to have bet n 
 ileoided u))on by the Indians to forci))ly arrest the 
 advance of the miners above the cauon. Demonstra- 
 tions in force had been made by them on several occa- 
 sions, but open hostilities were prevented for some 
 time through the personal interventif»n and influence 
 of ( fovernor Douglas, with miners as well as Indians. 
 Finally, about the 7t]i of August 1858, two Frencli- 
 nun were killed on the trail above the Big Canon, and 
 when the news reachid Yale, a party of forty minns 
 organized immediately, under Captain Rouse, and loft 
 with packs im their|b;icks to force a })assage to the 
 forks. At Boston Bar they were induced to com- 
 bine with the miners who had gathered there t(t tlie 
 number cf one hundred and fifty. On August 14tli. 
 the hostih3 Indians were encountered near the head of 
 Big Canon, and a three hours' figlit ensued, wherein 
 seven braves were killed. All the Indians in this 
 ]iart of the canon, whetlu-r hostile or ])oacoablo, were 
 thereupon driven out, and the company returned to 
 Yale." 
 
 'Mt does not follow that the officers of the Hmlson's Bay Comiiany couh- 
 tiiiiiiK'i'd the hostile attitude of the Indians, nor were tliey suspfiti'd ol dniii^' 
 So. On tlie contrary, it was through their intluencu tliat an Indiau w.ir was 
 avdidi'd (in tlie British side of the lioundary line. Ou the American side, 
 Mvi'vc ciiL'agenients took jilaee hetween t'olonel Steptoe and the Indians of the 
 upinT ('oluuil)ia, M'ho were actuated liy tiie feeling that the Americans, liring 
 w'tili I.-,, ,1,.' 'wvf nierely trailers, should he opposed, and prevented from 
 oci'iiiyiug the crtuntry. 
 
 It is evident that the Indians were not prepared for a commencement of 
 general hostilities at this time. Their ciiastisement had hecn hasti'ued hy the 
 overt acts of a few thieving and liuliting hraves, who, relyiug on the gemr.d 
 'li-i^llcction among the Imlians, haiT imposed upon the miners to a degree th.it 
 lieeiiine uuhcarahle. Tiiree accounts were puhlishol of the expedition alter- 
 wai'd, varying somewhat in details. Que announced the return of the last of 
 till' litle company, on the IDth, bringing in as prisoner the chief Copals. Smitli, 
 tlie expressman, attrihuted the immediate cause of the light near Boston Biir 
 tn a nil (hery committed ou r.n Irishman at Spu/zuin, ami he reported tiiat 
 tell Indians, one white man, and a white woman, from Hill's Biir, were killed, 
 
tm 
 
 GOVERNMENT OF THE MAINLAND. 
 
 Meanwhile the miners came flocking into Yale from 
 tlie surrounding camps, and on August 17th over two 
 thousand attended a meeting to consider the manner 
 of dealing with the Indians The majority were in 
 favor of a demonstration in force, partially to overawe 
 the renegades in the camps of the well-disposed Ind- 
 ians, but mainly to reopen communications, to exact 
 assurances of good behavior by every eftectivc peace- 
 able means, and to chastise such bands as they mii>]it 
 encounter which could not be dealt with in any other 
 manner. This policy found expression simply by the 
 election of its reprjscntative, H. M. Snyder, to a cap- 
 taincj', and by the enrolment, under his cimmiand, 
 on tlie 17t]i and 18th, of the largest number of men. 
 A minority were in favor of teaching tlie Indians ;i 
 severe lesson of tlie sort just administered by Captain 
 House; and for their conunander they elected Captain 
 Graham. ^ 
 
 Over one hundred and fifty men were enrolled, 
 three fourths under the leadership of Snyder, and of 
 his aid. Captain John Centras, who represented tlie 
 French Canadians. Without deciding u[H»n a plan of 
 cam])aign, the whole party «et out the same day, jnn- 
 vided in ]>art with arms from the Hudson's J^ayCoin- 
 ])any's establisliment a. id carrying a few days' provision. 
 They camped for the night at Spuzzum nuicJurfa, 
 where the force was increased to nearlv two liun.h'ed 
 men from among the large number of miners wlio had 
 abandoned tlie upper bars to seek refuge here. Snyder 
 now called a meeting, and represented the necessity fur 
 united action in order to carry the expedition to ;i 
 speedy and .successful close. He also pleaded in favor 
 of conciliatory measuri's, and after some discussion, 
 he managed to overrule the blood-thirsty policy of 
 
 lifter whicli tlic Indian ciiinps ^^■^^r^^ liiirni'il. According to .T.inics Stewart, vliw 
 Iiiilians weru killed, one of tlicin a chief, several were wounded, and llirn' 
 taken prisonerM. (juite a nund)er of i)aekages of powder and lead, mniposiil 
 to liavo Ijeen furni«lied by the Chinese, were found in the Indian e.iiiiips. 
 Three rnncherld'i were hurned above the Big Caflon, and two belov.'. Siii/il(.i'>i 
 Letter from Yidv, Auj,'. 17th, in Victoria, (inzcttc, Any. 24, 1858. 
 
CAPTAINS SNYDER AND GRAHAM. 
 
 397 
 
 CJialiam, and to gain an almost unanimous approval 
 tor Ills own plan. By this vote he was practically 
 recognized as commander-in-chief of the expedition.^ 
 Snyder now proceeded with the main portion of 
 the expedition to Long Bar, where a treaty was made 
 with the most troublesome of the trihes, who })ro- 
 fessed a desire for peace. Five natives were there- 
 upon sent with a white Hag down througli the canon 
 to (rraham's party, whicli was met four miles above 
 wlivre tliey had promised to wait. Graham took the 
 Hiig, tlirew it on the ground, trampled it under foot, 
 and <'ami)ed on the spot. During tlm night an attack 
 was made on the camp, and (;lraham and his lieuten- 
 ant fell at the fii wt fire. This act is supj)osed to have 
 been prompted by the outrage on the Hag," and may 
 
 *'Onc report divides tlicm into four eoiiipanica: CaptJiin Snyder's, witli 51 
 ini'ii; Captain Centras', witli 7- men; (.'aptain (iraliairi s, willi L'O men, ninstly 
 iiiiiii Whatcom; and Captain (Jalloway's, with about the saino niitiil)er. 
 AnotluT account j,'ives SnyiU'r 75 men, and mentions two otlier eompanie.^ of 
 'Jil Mien each; all of whom left Yale on the 18th with live days" iirovisions. 
 Tin; organization, iu the manner of an army of foreigners coiumanded Iiy a 
 f(iiii:,'rifr, was not wholly to the liking of the cautious Hudson's 15ay nun at 
 Vale, wlio characteri:;ed Snyder's expedition as a inol» acting without autlior- 
 ity ir. T. (I., Yale, Aug. 'JSth, cor. Victoria (l,r.ttt<; Seiit. 1, KS5H. 'J'!u! 
 Vh-iiiria (litT.ittc of August i;5th gives the captains now as Snyder, Cridiam, 
 and Vates, anil places the total force at ID-t men. A little liclow the Spuz/um 
 rnnr/ifri I, Snyder fell in with some Indians, and persuaded the ehii'f to tall 
 thiui all together to have a talk. He with Ceiitrasand an interpreter accom- 
 ]iiiiic(l the chief down the river two miles, when the latter ga<-e a whooji. and 
 instantly about 70 Indians emerged a.s if l)y magic, out of the rocks. 'I'luwo 
 Will' peacealilo Indians, simjily ahirmed at the attitude of all'aii's, and in 
 liiiling. 1'lu'y wc^re delighted witii Snyder's reassurances, and hound them- 
 .-■t Ivis to kei[> the peace. At the rnnrhiria Snyder's command iiiund .">iM) 
 white iiii'ii, the greater part of whom had come dow n the livir on acciiunt of 
 the Indian dillicidties. From this point tlie force was inei'cased to IS,) men 
 ia all, wlio proceeded toward tho J5ig Canon, ^'all■. Virforia (luzilti', Sept. I, 
 1 \"iS. 
 
 '■'Tlie tirst report as published by the Viclnna <!(izittc, Aug. 25, 1858, says 
 that at the riiiir/irria near China liar, Snyder ealhd tngillicr L'O;) Indians, 
 Minle a treaty with them, and left a letter for<lraliam inuirming him ol tlio 
 I ii't. On till! '20th (Iraham arrived at tiu! same place, Snyder's connnand 
 having gone on. The Indians hoisted a wliite lla,L', and showed (iraham the 
 I'tter. riie p.irty camped at the ninr/irriii with four or live nun out as siii- 
 li'ies. At night they were suddeidy attacked, and ( iraham and his lii'Uteiiant 
 wi iij killed at tho tirst lire. Tile news of tlii-' so far inaccurately related 
 I vciit as it reached Yale and Victoria was iu the lirst few days exaggerated 
 iMtii a general massacre. All but two of (iraham's nun were reported kiilid. 
 A (iiTuiaii who escaped into tiio liushes Wiis said to have witnessed the Ind- 
 mutilating .'W of tin; bodies, and throwing them into tho river. In con- 
 
 tiriiiation of tho alleged massacre, sixtei^n of tho bodies, many of the 
 
 m 
 
 ipituted, Were rcporteil to havo been pickeil up along tho river, including 
 
mr 
 
 
 
 398 
 
 GOVERNMENT OF THE MAINLAND. 
 
 account for the fact that only the leaders were killed. 
 At China liar, Snyder's command, August 19th, 
 adopted a resolution, the matter having been duly 
 submitted to tliem, that in consequence of the report 
 believed b}' many that the Chinese had been selliii<i; 
 amnmnition to the Indians, if not inciting them, the 
 former should all go below, while they were assured 
 possession of their claims as soon as peace could be 
 estal)lished. Snyder's party left on the 20th, accom- 
 panied by the chief of the tribe above the Big Canon, 
 Boston liar and all the bars above the ranchcrkt were 
 found deserted. Nineteen miles above China Bar an- 
 other tribe was brought under regulations by a treaty. 
 On the 2bst two more tribes signed treaties of peace, 
 and shortly afterward Snyder's command fell in with 
 Spintlum, a noted Thomj)son Iliver chief, accompa- 
 nied by six other chiefs and three hundred Indians, 
 and speeches were made which were considered veiy 
 sensible on both sides, regretting the ovei*t acts of 
 the bad white men and bad Indians. On the 2*Jd of 
 August, Snyder and Ids men reached Thompson ]{iver, 
 made treaties of peace with several additional tribes. 
 and at 2 p. m. on that day they began the return man K, 
 impelled thereto chielly by the lack of provisions, 
 Yale was reached on the 2r>th. Five chiefs of those 
 with whom treaties had been concluded accompanied 
 the party voluntarily, Snydi-r ph^dging himself i'or 
 their safety. Two thousand Indians in all had sub- 
 mitted between Spuzzum and the Forks. 
 
 In the course of the whole cam[)aign thirty-one 
 Indians were killed, nearly all by the ritie company in 
 
 the Iwdics of Johnson of Whatcom and Miller of Yale, From a later iictimnt 
 it apiteared that a jtarty of Indians who wore reiurniii;,' from a scout at II r. m., 
 antl unaware «tf the treaty formed, tintliiig (iraham'ii company eainpi il iinir 
 the roiir/icria referred to, at once tired upon them, hut that the friondly Inil- 
 iauH whom Snyder had met the day heforo as promptly interfered. Of tln^ 
 cif^ht iKxlie.s of white miners that were taken out of the river on the I'Jtli ami 
 5J0th of Augii.st and later, some were drowned, and only part of them wrii! 
 headless. Vtctorin ddzHtt; Aug. 2(5, 18.58. This unfortunate event, instead of 
 still further rousing the Idooil-thirsty minority composed chiefly of thoWli.it- 
 com men, tendetl rather to conciliate them to the peaceful puliuy of iSuydcr, 
 whose plans were no longer interfered with. 
 
SLAUGHTER OP THE INNOCENTS. 
 
 399 
 
 ere killed. 
 :ust 19th, 
 been duly 
 the report 
 en selliiii:; 
 tliein, the 
 re assured 
 c could be 
 th, accoiii- 
 V\^ Canoii. 
 •hcria wnv 
 iia Bar an- 
 >y a treaty. 
 s of |U'ace, 
 fell ill with 
 ', ac('oiii[)a- 
 d Indians, 
 dered viiy 
 ert acts <»f 
 the 2"Jd of 
 ^iH)n lliver, 
 )nal trilKs, 
 urn niardi, 
 provisions. 
 Is of tllosc 
 conipanicd 
 iniself ior 
 had wul»- 
 
 thirty-ono 
 [ompany in 
 
 l.-itcr aciniiiit 
 lout at II r. M-. 
 
 Cilllllll'll III'"' 
 
 Ic frioiidly liiil- 
 Iferftl. Of \U>' 
 liitho I'Jthaail 
 I of them wm: 
 lent, iiisteiul nf 
 lyof tho^Vllat• 
 ley of feJujiKr, 
 
 their onslaught at the beginning. The Indians killed 
 utro innocent, the killing of white men was traced by 
 Snyder to the Big Cafion tribe, enemies of the tribe 
 hclow, whose rancherias had been burned by the riHe 
 ((mi|)any,'" 
 
 No sooner had the expedition returned than the 
 iiiiiiers were again at work on their claims; and the 
 trail was again crowded on the 2yth of August with 
 individual miners carrying their packs up the river 
 towaid Lvtton." The Indians above Yale were re- 
 jiorted to be quieter, frendlier, and more accommo- 
 dating in the first week of September fidlowing the 
 campaign than they had been at any time since the 
 ni)ld excitenuint liegan. The Indians ahmg the Fraser, 
 iii(h'('d, proved themselves useful ever afterward in 
 kfcping order among the miners, by rendering a.ssist- 
 ance in the arrest of gandders and other outlaws who 
 ui>on occasion saw fit to move out of the reach of the 
 local magistrates.*'^ 
 
 1 )()Uglas wrote tlie colonial office, August 27th, that 
 lie proj)osed to make a jouriuy to the front himself, 
 accompanied by thirty-five sajtpers and nuiu-rs, and 
 twenty marines from the ^uiiU'de, though lu; con- 
 sidered that force "absurdly small for such an occa- 
 sion." ]^ut as the occasion for it had ])assed, the 
 si;l(liers and sailors were not called into action at this 
 time, nor until January 1851), when arose the Mc- 
 (lowan ahirm, to be hereafter describe<l, of which the 
 incsint suddtni dmclopment of armed forces may have 
 laid the foundation in part. 
 
 " I'liriiit,' the jirogrcssof tlio cainpaigii and for tliroo wccUh in Auynxt end- 
 in ; with tlio ri'tuni of Snyder's exiH'illtion, tlio iHiilie.i of wliito mm in a 
 iiiuiT (ir li'ss mutilated and only partially rocogni/al>lu condition were daily 
 li lud out of tiio river and picked up along its lianks. In the origin of these 
 iliiiiculties it was conceded tliat the whiten wtTo not free from Manic. On the 
 111 tlie men marche<l .'J8 miles over the worst part of tho canon trail under 
 
 I- nici'iitivo of hunger, their provi.sions having hy that time entirely give 
 I. Yale cor. Virtoiia (InziUi; Sept. 1; also Aug. UG, 27, '2K, ]8.")«. 
 
 ^^I'litnria (lazitk; Aug. 2t), 27, 28, and Sei.t. 1, 7, 18r>8. Tho Yale coi 
 ^Iinndiiit, 'T. W. (J.,' of the (lazcUr, Aug. 2sth, dated tho start ami rei,urn 
 
 Snyder's expedition a day later than tue otlicial report, which I have as- 
 iiii'd to l»e correct. 
 
 '-.W/a/('sC'arWoo, MS., 19. 
 

 i»» 
 
 400 
 
 GOVERNMENT OF THE MAINLAND. 
 
 In the mean time Douglas had returned to Victoria. 
 On the 9th of June 1858 James Yates, fur-trader, and 
 five others, petitioned him on behalf of the public, 
 who had met four days before, to remove the restric- 
 tions imposed upon trade by the fur company ; but ho 
 refused. As the miners were suffering for food, he 
 permitted the Surprise and the Sea Bird to make 
 each one trip, and for the present no more. 
 
 In July, Sir E. B. Lytton, secretary for the col- 
 onies, writes asking Douglas in case he is appointed 
 governor of the Mainland at a salary of £1,000 j)cr 
 annum for six years, if he will sever his connection 
 with the Hudson's Bay and Puget Sound companies. 
 Lytton likewise proposes to send out an engineer 
 officer with two or three subalterns and one hundred 
 and fifty sappers and miners, to survey the parts (if 
 the country most suitable for settlement, designate 
 where roads should be made, and suggest a site lor 
 the seat of government. Lytton further insists on 
 kind treatment of the natives, and that no jealousy 
 be shown Americans; he susxijests a council of advice 
 to be formed partly of British subjects and partly 
 of forciixncrs. 
 
 Although t'.iO revenue collected by impost was con- 
 siderable, it was regarded as too small in the present 
 emergency by Douglas, who asked the home govern- 
 ment ilrst for money, and next to guarantee a loan. 
 Both of these requests were at first refused, but 
 finally permission was granted to borrow one hundred 
 tliousand pounds at six per cent. 
 
 Among the first suggestions of the colonial secre- 
 tary, was that public lands should be sold, and towns 
 laid out, and the lots disposed of. Douglas was net 
 slow to act on the hint. He sent Pcmberton and had 
 town .sites surveyed beside the forts of Langley, Hope, 
 and Yale. 
 
 The government price of land, except town sites 
 and mineral lands, which were to be sold by auction, 
 was fixed at ten shillings an acre, half cash and half 
 
DOUGLAS" SECOND SURVEY. 
 
 
 in two years. The miners' license was five dollars 
 monthly. 
 
 Lytton never failed to instil into the mind of Doug- 
 las the colonial principle of self-reliance. A youth- 
 ful and vigorous community must find moans to 
 defend itself, to govern itself, and to improve itself 
 The mother would hold over it a ready protecting 
 liand, but the child must learn to walk by itself Any 
 course tending to engender ill-feclinijc, or to bring 
 about a bloody conflict between the government and 
 the adventurers should, if possible, be avoided. But 
 in the event of the failure of pacific measures, and the 
 inability of the colonial government to maintain order 
 and defend itself, England's sword would always lie 
 ready. The infant Colony should not burden itself 
 Avith debt; the officers should work together in har- 
 mony; free ro])rescntative institutions should be es- 
 tablished, but in this as in all things precipitate action 
 should be avoided. The electoral franchise should be 
 framed to suit the community. 
 
 In a second visit Douglas arrived at Fort Hope 
 the od of September in the steamer Uiiud'dla, and was 
 received with demonstrations of re«pect. The governor 
 was much interested in the cutting of a road from 
 llojie to Yale. Ho saw Spintlum, chief at the Forks, 
 as the place at the junction of Fraser and Thompscm 
 rivers was then known, then the objective point of the 
 ^•i)l(l-seekers, and after making him a present instructed 
 him how he should treat the miners. For tlie estab- 
 lishment of public government meatiures wore taken 
 on the Gth in the appointment for Fort Hope of one 
 justice of the peace, two regular and ten special con- 
 stables; for Fort Yale, one sub-commissioner, ten 
 troopers, and ten .special constables; for the Forks, 
 one sub-commissioner, ten troopers, and a warden of tiie 
 river. He committed Kiiiir for the murder of Eaton'^ 
 
 "7>OK.7?a.s' Private Papers, MS., ser. i. 103. A case of stabbing arisiiiir out 
 of nil old quarrel. King was convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to 
 tiiuisportation for life. Victoria Gazette, Sept. 10, 1808; Pa^i:^, JJ. C, pt. ii. 4. 
 Bi8T. Kbit. Col. 20 
 
402 
 
 GOVERNMENT OF THE MAINLAND. 
 
 
 on the testimony or six witnesses from Hill Bar, and 
 visited Murderer Bar, On the 7th Douglas gave 
 directions to lay out the town of Hope, granting titles 
 to lots by sufforence, terminable at one month's notice, 
 tlie monthly sum of ten dollars paid by the occupant 
 to be considered as part of the purchase-money wlnn 
 valid conveyance was made.'* 
 
 Wednesday, 15th September, "met the people and 
 read them a short address," Douglas writes. "Gave 
 notice of the opening of court to-morrow. Granted 
 permission to occupy town lots. Tl»e document issued 
 is not a lease at all, but simply pci-mission to occupy 
 the land on certain conditions ... If administered with 
 economy, a very moderate sum will be required to 
 meet the expenses of the government. The chief ex- 
 penses will be the salaries of the different officers, and 
 some necessary improvements, such as court-houses, 
 roads, etc., which will cost a considerable sum, and 
 providing public buildings. Tlie revenue of the country 
 will fully meet that, and soon yield a large excess for 
 other purposes." Douglas was attended at this time 
 by George Pearkes, crown solicitor, who presided at 
 Fort Yale, bringing several offenders to justice. B. 
 C. Donnellan, formerly of the police force in San 
 Francisco, was made chief of police there, and P. B, 
 Whannell justice of the peace. At Lower Fountain- 
 ville, a trader, Alexander McCrellish, was appointed 
 police magistrate. 
 
 The 4th of September, the governor proclaimed 
 at Fort Hope lliat any person convicted before a 
 magistrate of selling or giving spirituous liquors ti) 
 the natives of Fraser River or elsewhere would bo 
 mulcted in the penal sum of from five to twenty pounds. 
 Aliens might hold lands, subject to forfeiture by the 
 crown at any moment, for tliree years, after whieh 
 time they nmst become naturalized British subjects, 
 
 '* 'Front street to \to 120 feet wide, the other main streets to be 100 fii t. 
 !iii(l the cross streets to be 80 feet broad.' JJouglaa' Private Papers, MS., scr, 
 i. 102-3. 
 
WAYS AND MEANS. 
 
 40S 
 
 or lose their lands, or convey them to British subjects. 
 Tlic 2 2d of December, to defray the expenses of the 
 new government, Douglas imposed by proclamation 
 at Victoria a duty of ten per centum on all articles 
 not otherwise specified, entering British Columbia." 
 The port of Victoria, which was free, as concerned 
 Vancouver Island, was declared the port of entry for 
 British Columbia, and a collector of customs was ap- 
 pointed. 
 
 On the 4th of October Douglas answered Lytton, 
 agreeing to withdraw from the Hudson's Bay Com- 
 pany, promising to sell his Pugct Sound stock, and 
 to accept the office of double governor. But £1,000 a 
 year was too ridiculously small a salary for so high an 
 office, he said. He supposed the government wished 
 its chief officer to live in a manner befitting the posi- 
 tion, which would cost, he estimated, at least £5,000 
 per annum. And for general purposes he thought 
 parliament should grant the new gold colony either 
 as a gift, or as a loan, £200,000. 
 
 In reply Lytton talked economy as usual; hoped 
 that the colony would want nothing given it outright 
 by the imperial government but the governor's salary, 
 wliich for the Mainland and Island should not exceed 
 £1,800, except, indeed, the excess be raised by the 
 ctjlony, in which event England was not at all par- 
 ticular how much he got. The imperial government 
 Would advance the money to pay the engineers sent out 
 from England, but it mu;.>t be in due time refunded. 
 
 In the main the secretary sanctioned the unauthor- 
 ized proceedings of Douglas; he acknowledged his 
 difficulties and praised his zeal. Nevertheless, he 
 warned him against the use of his authority as gov- 
 ernor for the profit of the Hudson's Bay Company. 
 
 'HHour jiaid 2,'*. hi. a, barrel; bacot, 4ii. 2<I. per 100 lbs.; spirits, 4.s'. 2</. a 
 gallon; wines, 2.<. Irf. a gallon; iile, G.^i /. a gallon; beans and pease, G^d. per 
 100 lbs.; b.irloy and oats, G\d. per 200 lbs. Coin, quicksihor, fresh meats and 
 vegetables, timber, hay, wheat, books, and Ijaggagc were free. The duty on 
 spirits was a-lvanced the following year to C.s. '6d. 
 
 : 
 
 I 
 
r! 
 
 41 M 
 
 (tOVEllNMKNT OF THE MAINLAND. 
 
 
 :iil 
 
 In tho first flusli of tlie Fraser River discovery, and 
 while yet tlie liallowed exclusiveness of the coiiipany 
 was not seriously disturbed, Douj^las proclaimed tiiat 
 for vessels other than their own to navigate the 
 Fraser was an infringement (»f the rights of tli<' 
 ♦•onipany. This Lytton Hatly denies; the rights of 
 the company extended to I'xolusive trade with the 
 natives, and to nothing else. So when Douglas 
 ordained that the l*aciHc ^Nfail Steamship C(Mnpaiiy 
 sliould carry tho Hudson's Bay Company's goods and 
 no others, and passengers having a miner's license 
 and no others, the secretary said no; men might wish 
 to go there for other puri)osi'S than to mine or trade 
 with the iiativi'S, and the fur company nmst not ]nv- 
 vent them. Miners' licenses were well enough, hur 
 they must he required of those intending to mine. 
 
 On the 17tli of October there arrived at Esquinialt 
 H. B. M. ship (iiwijes, three decks, eighty-four guns. 
 and seven hundred and fifteen men, in which Aduiiial 
 J^aynes came from Valparaiso to command the naval 
 Heet which was to guard the newly found wealth of 
 Britisli Columbia. Th admiral called on the <'n\- 
 ernor, and the ^Satellite fired her guns; then all -"as 
 calm; arid in the forest the wild beasts revelled iii 
 unwonted freedom, while savage and civilized alike 
 scrand)led for gold. The (ra/^^/^'S sailed for Vulpaiiiix* 
 in December. The steam frigate ^fh'ibiuw, Captain 
 Hornby, and the steam corvett*; Pleiades, Captain 
 ^[ichael de Coucey, anchored in Esquimalt Haihnr 
 on the 14th of February 1851); also the ship Thunxs 
 ( 'ill/, with government stoves. 
 
 On the 8tli of November Chartres Brew, of the 
 Irish Constabularv, who had served with distinction 
 in the Crimea, came to Victoria under appointment 
 to organize a constabulary police in British Columbia. 
 Joseph T>. Femberton was colonial surveyor, under 
 whose auspices was established a land-office at Vic- 
 toria, where districts were laid out, and one-hundred- 
 acre sections offered at fixed rates. Pemberton was 
 
ANOTHER NOTABLE EXCURSION. 
 
 405 
 
 nominated surveryor-gcneral of the Mainland, but the 
 c()h)nial secretary made other arrangements. W. T. 
 U. Hamlcy was appointed by the queen collector 
 of customs for British Columbia, and later (t. H. 
 Cary was sent out as solicitor-general. Travaillot 
 and Kicks were nominated assistant commisioners 
 of crown-lands at Thompson River and Yale, and W. 
 H. Bevis revenue officer at Langley. 
 
 Owing to the large number from California, Oregon, 
 and Washington among the ranks of the gold-seekers, 
 it was deemed advisabh; by the United States govcni- 
 nRiit that a connnissioner, or special agent, should l)e 
 a[t|)()inted, the result of which was tlie sending of 
 John Nugent to British Columbia. 
 
 At c dinner given him on the eve of his depart are 
 by liis rountrvrien at the Hotel de France, Victoria, 
 the loth of Xovcmbcr, Mr Nugent paid a high com- 
 plinient to Captain Prevost and his officers of the 
 ^<a((llitc, who, while true to the interests of their own 
 government in guarding tlie peace of the ^lainland 
 clui'ing tlie heat of tlie gold excitement, had not been 
 unmindful of those of the subjects or citizens of other 
 govi-rnnu'iits. Tlie United States steamer Activeh-dd 
 taken her station in Victoria Harbor the 2d of Au- 
 gust previous. 
 
 Again, on tlie 17tli of Novcmb(>r, in company with 
 lieur-iulniiial Bayni s, David CanuTon, chief-justice 
 of Vancouver Island, and ^Matthew B. Bi'gbie, chic f- 
 justice of British Columbia, embarked on board If. 
 B. ^[. steamer Hatdlitc for Fraser Kiver, the (HUr 
 attending. At the mouth of tlie River was moored 
 the Hearer, and at Langley the Jiecorcn/, now turned 
 into a revenue-cutter by the Hudson's Bay Company. 
 Arrived at Fort Langley, Begbie and others holding 
 •imperial appointments took tlie oaths of office, and 
 Douglas was sworn in as governor of British Columbia, 
 rroclamations were read revoking the Hudson's ]^ay 
 Company's license, indenmifying past irregularities, 
 
 I 
 
ill 
 
 *i!S"~'l 
 
 406 
 
 GOVERNMENT OF THE MAINLAND. 
 
 I 
 llfl!: 
 
 and adopting English law. Guns were fired, flags 
 flaunted, and amidst a drizzling rain mother England 
 was delivered of a new colony. 
 
 Thus the Mainland wilderness, called by the fur- 
 traders, according to its respective parts. New Cale- 
 donia, and the districts of Thompson River, the 
 Columbia, and the like, was erected into a crown 
 colony under the name of British Columbia,^® with for 
 a time the governor of Vancouver Island its governor, 
 and the capital of Vancouver Island its capital, Wil- 
 liam A. G. Young acting as colonial secretary. 
 
 Such acts as had been performed by Douglas, or by 
 his order, for the collection of revenue and the maiii- 
 tenence of order while the country was 3 et without 
 law or established government, were by proclamation 
 of the governor made valid. English law was then 
 declared in force in British Columbia, and the gov- 
 ernor, by proclamation, was enabled to convey crown- 
 lands. 
 
 After Hope, Langley was for a brief period distin- 
 guished as the capital of the Mainland. The former 
 site of the old fort and the land about it was sur- 
 veyed by Pemberton and Pearse, and laid out as a 
 town, to which was given the name Derby. On the 
 25th, 2Gth, and 2l)th of November the lots, sixty- 
 four by one hundred feet, were sold by auction at 
 Victoria at an upeot price of one hundred dollars. 
 Adjoining the town site were ten square miles of 
 land reserved by the Hudson's Bav Company. The 
 sale occupied three days. About 400 lots were 
 sold at from $40 to $725, aggregating $G8,000, a 
 pretty sum for a piece of swa?npy wildf^niess; but 
 Derby was at this tune to be the capital of tht' 
 
 '•Soveral names wuro HUguusteil l>y varinuH jiersoim for tlio MaiiilaiDl. In 
 pai'liauient, UiiiiHanl'i* I'nr. JMi., ili. 1,*M7 8, I'ac'itica was proposetl. Soini' 
 tlmuglit the tixteusif.ii of the term New t'aletlniiia over the Mainlaml .Jtiipro 
 priate. But the name C'olumMa, from the advent of the Northwest Compaiiy 
 to tlie present time, had been the favorite apuellatiou for a largo ami promi- 
 nent j>art, anil often at a distance for the whole, of the Northwest Cootit, uml 
 BO British Columbia became the favorite. 
 
MOODY, GOSSET, AND CRICKENER. 
 
 491, 
 
 Mainland, and play the Sacramento to Victoria's San 
 Francisco." 
 
 Richard Clement Moody, colonel of royal engineers, 
 was sent out by Secretary Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton, 
 September 1858, as chief commissioner of lands and 
 works, and office for the sale of public lands and the 
 direction of public works, with a dormant commission 
 as lieutenant-iTovernor of British Columbia, to ad- 
 minister the government of the colony in case of the 
 incapacity or absence of the governor. He was also 
 cliiof in command of the royal engineers destined for 
 ]^ritish Columbia, his second being J. M. Grant, who 
 arrived at \^ictoria with the first detachment of twelve 
 men on the 8th of November ; the main body coming 
 round Cape Horn in the Thrmcs City. Among tlie 
 ortieers were H. li. Luard, A. R. Lempricre, H. S. 
 ]*{ihnor, and Siddell, surgeon Moody's regimental j)ay 
 was £330, and his colonial allowance £1,200, making 
 .l'l,r)30 per annum. Begbie's salary was £800. At 
 this time Moody was onior officer commanding all 
 lier majesty's land forces in British Columbia and 
 A'ancouver Island. It was expected that the royal 
 eiii^ineers would act in a militarv as well as in a civil 
 t'ii[>acity, as occasion recjuired. Among thorn were a 
 few experienced in cavalry and artillery tlrill wlio 
 mlglit form a nucleus for further increasing the mili- 
 tary force of the colony by enlistments of disappointed 
 Jlritish gold-seekers, should occasion require. Those 
 wlio came with Grant were first stationed a F^angley, 
 and material was furnished >vith which to build them- 
 selves houses. 
 
 Moody arrived Christmas-day, took the oath of 
 oftiee, Cameron administering it the 4th of January 
 1H59, and domiciled himself for the time l)eing at 
 Victoria, With Moody came W. J)riscoll (Jossct, 
 treasurer of British Columi>ia, and B. Crickencr, 
 
 ' 'Proveil a, failure, ami many perMons lost money piircliaHiii); lot.s wliicli 
 turned out of no value.' FhiUtjiHoit m V. I., MS., (iO. TcuilorH were askcil in 
 •lamiary for liuililing a oliurcli, pai.ionuge, court-liouae, anil jail at l^m^luy, 
 vliit'li naturally exulted the [Hjojile to exi>eot great things of the place. 
 
 
408 
 
 GOVERNMENT OF THE MAINLAND. 
 
 ni 
 
 afterwards chaplain at Yale. The Plumper, Captain 
 Richards, formerly there in 1857 to determine the 
 point at which the 49th parallel touchtd the sea, and 
 the boundary line thence to Fuca Strait, had since 
 assisted the Satellite in her duties, and was in the 
 present emergency generally useful. 
 
 The rumors of the miners' disturbance at Yale, in 
 which figured Edward McGowan, of inglorious im in- 
 ory, brought the Plumper to Derby only to find that 
 Moody, with twenty-five of his engineers, had gone 
 before in the Enterprise. Between the fiery justici' of 
 Bogbio, who was present, and the span-new arms (-t' 
 tli*^ engineers, the roughs of Hill Bar had notliiiiijf 
 to say, and soon her Majesty's forces were permitted 
 to fall back to Ho[)e, where they found the Plinitper 
 awaitinii' them. 
 
 The story is told in this wise, and begins back with 
 the o[R'ning of this memorable season of 1858. Tlio 
 b<Hin(lMry line not being then clearly plain in tin- 
 minds of some, there were those who believed. (»)• 
 aifeeted t(» belio^■e, that the lower Frasor, including 
 j^angley and Hope, were in United States territory. 
 Tlu! fur niono})oly, the restrictions on shij)j)ing, the 
 duties on goods, and the tax on miners luul rendered 
 the government at Victoria very unpopular amoUL,' 
 the adventurers, who were accustomed to think and 
 act for themselves. On various occasions duriny; the 
 spring and summer, in a s[)irit of bravado rather than 
 of open resistance, the incomei's had quietly delied 
 the autliorities, who in return held the rude strangers 
 in some little awe. Xot that Douglas entertaineil 
 any fears as to tlie result in case of war. In various 
 w .ys 1r' held the mineis at a disadvantage. Besides 
 the fore<> which at any moment might be brought 
 from the British men-of-war at the mouch of the 
 river and at Victoria, he couM have cut off theif 
 suppli(>s of food, and have turned in upon them leu 
 thousand savages. But such measures were not for a 
 moment to be thought of; Douglas and Lytton were 
 
 ^ 
 
LAW IN THK MINES. 
 
 Captain 
 Qine the 
 
 soa, and 
 lad since 
 s in the 
 
 Yale, ill 
 (US nifni- 
 find that 
 lad gone 
 justice i)t' 
 arms ot' 
 nothiiiL,^ 
 (crmittcd 
 Pliuiijx'r 
 
 )ack with 
 
 38._ The 
 
 11 in (lie 
 
 ioved. (»r 
 
 inchidiiig 
 
 :c!iTitorv. 
 
 )iiig, till.' 
 
 roiiik'ivd 
 
 r among 
 
 link and 
 
 [ring the 
 
 icr than 
 
 y (h'tied 
 
 t rangers 
 
 crtainod 
 
 I various 
 
 Besides 
 
 brought 
 
 I of tlu^ 
 
 off theii' 
 
 hem tell 
 
 not tor a 
 
 on were 
 
 l)oth decidedly opposed to bloody encounters except 
 as a lost resort. 
 
 Acting with his accustomed promptness and pie- 
 cision fortunately, American ideas were not allowed 
 lielligerently to germinate in British Columbia; so 
 that the present incident, dignified at the time by the 
 \vt)rd 'outrage,' was the only occasion of a combinetl 
 military and naval campaign in the settlement of the 
 country. 
 
 Hill Bar was now the richest and njost populous 
 mining camp on the river, and the head-tjuarters in 
 the nature of things of the opposition element. This 
 consisted, firstly, in village rivalry, and secondly, in 
 the ascendency of the foreign element, which pro- 
 tested a«jainst the onerous restrictions iiv whit-h 
 Douglas liad aiim;d to i)reveiit the country from being 
 i|uite overrun and rided by tlio Americans. Yale was 
 ('(tiiservative and commercial; Hill Bill was inhabited 
 cxchisivelv bv miners, and was consiMiiieiitlv radical, 
 if not rexolutioiiarv, rcijfardle.ss of cvervthiiiLj in fa<-t 
 but gold, witli fair play as its single ten«'t serving as 
 a c(»de of law, Untler such conditions, nothing beyond 
 a pretext was wanting to creab^ an event character- 
 istic c»f the situation. First then' gr«'W up a rivalry 
 iii'tween the magnates who served as magistrates 
 • if the two places. Jn J)e«'ember I8r)8 the resident 
 magistrate of J fill IJar, IVrrier, took occasion to claim 
 jinisdietioii ovei* a prisoner named Farrell, fiom tlu' 
 liar, wliom his constable had arrested for an otftnco 
 "itinmitted at Yale. He was incarceiated at Yale by 
 the rival magistrate, Whamiell, who in the exerci.sj! 
 of his judgment and prerogatives considered it also 
 \\U duty to arrest and to incarcerate for eoiitem[>t of 
 <'»ui-t the arresting constable of .lustice IN-rrier, and 
 to refuse to give u[f either of his prisoners. 
 
 Tt) enforce the majesty of the law, as administert d 
 at Hill J:Jar, Justice I'errier thought proper to swear 
 in special constables from the J^ar, to recover his own 
 constable by force, antl to bring the original prist>ner, 
 
410 
 
 GOVERNMENT OP THE MAINLAND. 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 Farrell, ""vith the rival Justice WhanncU, under a 
 charge of contempt before the court at Hill Bar.''' 
 Among tlie specials so sworn was a miner from Hill 
 Bar, who had attained some notoriety as an object 
 of attention from the Vigilance Committe of San 
 Francisco, an ex-judge of California, the redoubtable 
 Ned McGowan. 
 
 The posse from Hill Bar, under the leadership of 
 special eonstiible Kelly, effected the removal of tlio 
 three prisoners. Whether from his notoriety as u 
 rough, or the part enacted by him as a special 
 constable, McGowan was made out to have figuncl 
 conspicuously in the affair, but further than counte- 
 nancing the transaction, and guiding it within lawful 
 bounds, such does not appear to have been the fact. 
 Meetings were held both at Yale and at Hill Bar 
 for the purpose of supporting their respective jus- 
 tices. At Hill Bar one liundred and fifty men placed 
 themselves 'under arms' in the cause of magisterial 
 dignity as represented by Justice Perrier. Farrell 
 was tried according to law at Hill Bar, and fined 
 seventy-five dollars; the Yale constable vas released, 
 and Justice Whannell was adjudged guilty himself o\' 
 contempt, and fined fifty dollars, and then allowed to 
 return to his bench at Yale. The outraged magis- 
 trate of Yale next invoked the aid of the armv aixl 
 navy. Desj)atches were sent down the river to tuc 
 
 "*Tlio p.'irticularsof tlie origin of this early caae of inutiuil oontemi)t in tlie 
 k'giil liistory of the colony are as foUowH: Farrell and Itiirnii, two miners from 
 Hill Har, on the '2i)th of Oeci^nilxT 18.")8, went to Yalo and got drnnk. Tiny 
 M-ent into a harhor's shoii, M'liere tln^y fell into an altereaticrti wit)', ilio pro- 
 prietor, a colored man named lliekHon, wiio was severely beaten by a pistol 
 in the hands of Farrell. Complaint having been made before .lustiee Whan- 
 nell, warrants were issued for the arrest of the offenders. The Vale constabli' 
 not being able to make the arrest, tlie Hill Bar constable, Hieks, belonging to 
 I'l'rrier's eonrt, arrestt^d the miners, and brought them before Justice VViian- 
 nell at Yale, but saying soinetliing whicli oli'endcd Whannell, was him.oclt' 
 locked up with liis prisoner. Justice I'eriier then issued a warrant for the 
 urresb of Justice Wliaiinell for contempt. Kelly, the 8iH,'cial who was ile- 
 jmted for the service, along with Medowixu and others from H ill Ikir, miinap'd 
 the iiusiness so M-ell tiiat no violence was done, nor was the letter of tlit; law 
 transgressed. MeOowan took caro to participate in the procee<ling8 only as 
 adviser and siiectjitor. Tlie diiiiculty arose from the overbearing manner, 
 and perhaps alsi, tlio want of legal knowledge, of the justice at Yale. VUiorin 
 O'azcUe, Jan. 8, Tl, 185<J. 
 
ON THE WAP, PATH. 
 
 411 
 
 effect that the notorious ex-judge, an outlaw o.^ the 
 worst character, was at the bottom of it rM, and the 
 ringleader of a dangerous body of men of his own 
 stripe, and of American sympathizers who had vio- 
 lently rescued a criminal from the clutches of the 
 law at Yale. Hill Bar was reported to be the liead- 
 quarters of " as desperate a gang of villains as ever 
 went unhanged."'* The gold commissioner at Hope 
 notified the governor, who applied to Colonel Moody 
 of the army, and to Captain Richards of the navy, for 
 assistance in the maintenance of the law. Stories 
 were rife of the deeds by which the supposed ring- 
 leader of the incipient rebellion had gained his noto- 
 riety. Several companic of marines, sappers, inin(TS, 
 and police were sent to Hope and Yale tt) unra^■el tlie 
 farce. 
 
 Early in January 1851), Moody started from Lang- 
 lev with the company of engineers stationed there, 
 nuinbering twenty-five, who had just arrived in the 
 colony, forming the advance guard for the scene of 
 action. Prevost, of the Plumper, sent a party to 
 sui)port Moody, and lieutenants (toocIi and Mayne 
 embarked with a Imndred marines and sailors from 
 tlie Plumper and Satellite, taking also a field-piece. 
 This detachment proceedi'd as far as Langley in the 
 Plumper, ]Moody having gone on in llie steamer Kn- 
 Urprm, the only steamer on the river at the time 
 oapable of navigating above Langley. iStayiu^ was 
 sent on with despatches from Kiehards, recpiesting 
 instructions. The police force under ]irew joined the 
 excursion. 
 
 a^[r Yale, the Hudson's Bay Comjiany's oflicer in 
 
 '• Victoria GnwUe, Jan. 11, IS.')!). A later iasuo of tli« H;iin<» jonnial, o:i 
 Jail, iritli, gave tlio traiiAMctiim ({uito a ilitlcront coloritiK, iiiui tlio Rir a Ix't - 
 tcr ii:i!!iv. .l,\8tiu() iVrricr camo out in a <lefeiiov of 1 1 ill liar a.s an iiiiUMiially 
 onlirly place, and exnlaiiiuil further that it was by tliu iiiHiiliouH ailvii-e of an 
 iuiliviilual not nainea that Whaiuiell hail ooniinittiMl the iietH which <.'aUH*-il 
 till' (lirticulty. This person iiroeeeilcd down the river after the ilenonenieiit 
 in tin; courts, aiul 'hy his lying ami drunken r-itorts wherever he Htonped on 
 liis way to Victoria, cauuitt serious aluriii.' Vorrier'a letter, in Virtoiti 
 (i"vtlv, Feb. 1, 1839 
 
4\'2 
 
 (iOVKIlNMENT OF THE MAINLAND. 
 
 cliargc at Fort Laiigley, supplied Mayne with a 
 eanoc and niiio stout paddlers, four half-breeds uiid 
 five Indians, under the command of Mr Lewis. Be- 
 fore startinjjf, Mr Yale harangued the crow to impress 
 them with the importance of the service, and presented 
 each man with streamers of bright red, blue, and y«l 
 low ribbons, which were attached to their caps as a 
 substitute for war-i)aint. Travelling through the niglit 
 in midwinter, among tioating blocks of ice, tlie Indians 
 chanting dolefully to the movement of their paddles 
 as they passed the miners' cabins on the shore, the suc- 
 cessive cam[)s were startled and the sleei)ersavvaken«'(l 
 to conjure visions of nuirder as the only probable 
 cause for such a movement at such a tinu;. 
 
 The gold commissioner at Jlope was surprisi-d ;it 
 tlie promptness with which his re(|uisltion for troops 
 had been lionored by the governor, and was ajtparcntly 
 a littlt! end)arraKsed, having learne<l in tlie mean time 
 that the rebellion was exaggerate<l, and that the fctl 
 ing of the mining population at Yale and elscwliiiv 
 had In-en Ljrosslv misrepresented. Lt^avinijfCii-aiit and 
 the engineers at Hope, Moofly, I^egbie, and ^la\ m 
 accompaniid the conunissioner in his canoe; to Y.dt 
 for a pa)iey. 
 
 The town was «piiet, and ^[oody was surpris(;d on 
 entering it to nn-i t a reception the most cordiid, 
 accompanied by lusty eheering. Finding the situa- 
 tion peaceful, and the next day heing Sunday, ^[oody, 
 ills', ad of "projecting redoubts antl parallels, pt i- 
 formed divine service in the <'ourt-house — the first 
 occasion of juiblic Christian worship in i\io town of 
 Yak'. Jiut after church IVIoody cr(>ssed the j)atli 
 of NedMe(«owan. The consecpience was, that Mc- 
 (jlowan said something and did something which was 
 constiued as insulting, as an unprovoked assault u|)oii 
 the majesty of the law re[)resented in the person of 
 Moody. Probably it was: Xed was fully cajmble of 
 such tlnngs. Finding sundry other suspicious circiiin- 
 stances significant of insubonUnation on the part ol 
 
NKI) THK UBUiUITOUS. 
 
 m 
 
 with a 
 oeds uihI 
 /is. Bts 
 ) impress 
 )resontt<l 
 
 and y<l 
 aps as :i 
 tiieni<«lit 
 ) Indians 
 • paddles 
 , the sn<;- 
 Lvvakened 
 
 probaltlc 
 
 [)rised iit 
 or troops 
 )])ar«'ntly 
 lean tiiiif 
 
 tilO feel 
 
 Isewliciv 
 
 I rant and 
 
 I ^layn( 
 
 to Yalr 
 
 )ris(!d (111 
 eordial, 
 le situa- 
 , ^[ood\ , 
 els, p« r- 
 tlio first 
 town of 
 he }>ath 
 ,hat Mi- 
 ll iel I was 
 
 Lult U[>oH 
 
 )erson ot 
 ipahle of 
 s «'irenni- 
 i part of 
 
 ^[cGowaii's fricndw, Moody directed Mayne to drop 
 (juiekly down the river at niglit and order up the 
 forces. The utmost precaution was taken to maintain 
 secrecy. Allard, of the Hudson's Hay Company's es- 
 tahlishment, liad a small canoe launched in the dark- 
 ness an«l taken a mile down the river to a point on the 
 rin'ht hank, where Mayne end)aiked. The lattiT was 
 afraid oven to lij^lit his pipe until he had passed Hill 
 I Jar, fearinuf that ho would he stopped hy the mf»l). 
 Hut the miners had the advantage of him in this 
 movement, being well awan; of it, and <(>nsiderahly 
 amused thereat. To the surjnise of every one, how- 
 ever, Grant and the whole body of engineers ap- 
 peared at Yale the next morninu: bv davlit»ht. The 
 ll(»tilla of canoes lay bows op beneath tlu' bluH'. 
 When the sleeping diggers awoke, the atmosphere 
 ajtpeared lM>Hig<'rent. Meanwhile, Mayne sped on to 
 liangley on boanl the Knftrjiri.sc, arriving th(> same 
 afternoon. 
 
 At nightfall tlu^ Kutcriyrixc was turned u)) the 
 riv(T with the niariius, sailors, ])olice, and the tield- 
 |»iece on boanl. At Hope tlu; otKcer in charge re- 
 ceived despatches from Moody to the effect that only 
 the marini'S were to Ik; .sent on to Vale. 
 
 When they arrived at Vale the next morning they 
 foimd the war was ovtir. XLcdiowan, having cnjoyt'd 
 the sensation, pai«l the gohl eommissioner a formal 
 visit, tendered a gentlemanly apohtgy lor his assault 
 on Moody, ])rov«'d satisfactorily that he had lucn 
 acting only the part (»f special constable under the 
 nrdcis of tlu^ magisti'ate, committed himself frankly 
 into the hands of justice foi* making' the assault under 
 sMpposetl provocation, and [>aid his fine. With chai- 
 acteristic impudt-nce, be then took upon himself to do 
 the honors of Hill Jiar. ( 'onductinn' l)e<!bieand Mavne 
 over the diggings, he washed some dirt for thcii' en- 
 lightenment, and joined by a dozen others, gave them 
 a champagne collation, which all enjoyed. And so 
 the affair passed off. l*errier and his constable were 
 
414 
 
 GOVERNMENT OF THE MAINLAND. 
 
 '-• 'i 
 
 li 
 
 I 
 
 ;!■ 
 
 Vi'i 
 
 dismissed from office for straining a point of legal 
 dignity.** 
 
 The fears of Douglas, concerning the danger to Im' 
 apprehended from the unchecked life of the early 
 mining ]>eriod in these parts, appear to have been 
 allayed afUr the event just described. In his de- 
 spatch of January '2'Jd to the c-olonial office touching 
 the " outrage at Yale," he testifies to the fact that 
 the Americans and other foreigners had developed a 
 stati' of feeling of the best description. "Their num- 
 bers," he says, "are now so nmcii reduced that the 
 danger of insurrectionary movement on their part is 
 not imminent." 
 
 Mcdiowan's career in this part of the world was 
 brought to a conclusion l)y shooting at a man at Jlill 
 l^ar, but though he missed his mark, he remembered 
 the cut of Bcgbie's features, and deemed it valor to 
 depart, which he did, escaping across the boundary.'' 
 
 On his way up the river. Moody had closely scru- 
 tinized the banks with a view to the best site for the 
 metropolis of Jie Mainland. He did not like Derby; 
 perhaps because of its distance from the imfutli of 
 the river, of the swampy character of the ground 
 thereabout, of the difficulty of approach l)y sea-going 
 vess((ls; perha)>s because Douglas had selected it, and 
 the Hudson's liay Company liad ten scjuare miles of 
 
 ''" Miii/m't li. C. , 58-70. DougliiH said Wliaiiiicll was not properly suppnrtcil 
 liy tlie l"'ort Villi! policf, M'lio fell away at tiu; first apiioaranue of (laii^ci'. 
 Di'spatfli .(an. H, Ih.'iK, to tlio colonial otlico, in IJ. Col. /'hjmth, ii. .Vi li. 
 Tin- niovoint'iit from Mill liar was oviik-ntly orj^anized and timed with a viiw 
 of pri'Vunting tiir chances of a collision. 
 
 " Maync coninu'ntM appreciatively upon Mdiowan's gentlemanly traits 
 and on his pnhlished Miitoliio^raphy \\ liile at Hill Har he was tiie owm r 
 of a rich claim, and i)o]iidar anion..^ his fellows. Not havin;; citiier the l^ve 
 or fear of Itruish rule in his 'leart, he was a character f)l»noxious to tlie 
 authorities at this ;<nictnre. <t the course of this ditiicnlty he hail also a 
 personal altercation w;t!: *.i. W. I'liifer. See \' if toiiti <iiiZ)'H>\ •hui. '2^2, 1S.'>.S, 
 and ill St; II I'mnfitio lUiUitin, Feb. 'J8, 18.V.(, article entitled 'Ned MctJowaii 
 and his eoloiiy,' in whieii a writer speaks of the judge as ' lord of the manor,' 
 ■who 'entertains on liehalf of his sulijects all distinghished strangiTs. . .p"i'- 
 Hoiial like or liislike of tile host is not considered . . .pledges the ((ueen's healtil 
 in chaiiipa;;iie. . .Tliere was a row Imt Met towaii apologized and pledged him- 
 8j!f a^auist any reenrreiice, ' 
 
V 
 
 FOUNDING OF NEW WESTMINSTER. 
 
 415 
 
 of legal 
 
 rcr to bo 
 he early 
 ivo been 
 . his (Ic- 
 touehinin; 
 faet that 
 kreloped a 
 leir iiuin- 
 that the 
 r part is 
 
 'orkl was 
 II at Hill 
 iR'inbend 
 b valor to 
 )un<hiry.-' 
 
 iSol}' 8<-'l'U- 
 
 ^ tor the 
 Derby; 
 mouth ttl' 
 jTrotiiul 
 
 sea-goiii'j; 
 I it, aixl 
 
 ee 
 
 ileh t»t' 
 
 lU 
 
 rly suiiportcl 
 
 .•c (if liaiin^i'. 
 
 'l■■^, ii. •"'■"' ''■ 
 
 with a viiw 
 
 •manly traits 
 IS til*' iiwini- 
 ,lier till' 1"V.' 
 ixious t" till' 
 V liail also .1 
 an. '2'2, lS.-»i. 
 •d Mt'«io\v,iii 
 it tlif iiiaii'T, 
 inj{(;r». . -l'"'- 
 u«'L'irnlit'altli 
 |l>U!ilgt'<l hiiii- 
 
 land in reserve adjoining it. Of what avail were the 
 r(»yal engineers with their technical training if they 
 could not see further into the mysteries of forest- 
 taming and empire-building than common fur-traders i 
 
 On the north bank of the river, just above the 
 tlilta, a high beach had been noticed, a l)each which 
 was thought a fitting place for an imperial city. The 
 iil)i)roach from either direction was magnificent, and 
 any siiip that could enter over the bar at tiie mouth 
 (if the river might moor beside its wharves. True, 
 the expeust! of city-building there w<>uld be greater 
 than at I)er])y; the former spot was high and thickly 
 f(»refste<l, while the latter was low and open; but surely 
 !:;(»ld was now plentiful enough to allow them to choose 
 the best. 
 
 So that when the Plumper dropped down the 
 fjcream some fifteen miles from Deiby t<; the beach 
 hel'ore mentioned, it was determined that both from 
 Ideographical and stratcjgical points of view, this was 
 the best })lace on the river. The men therefore wei'c 
 jiiit to work cutting trees, and soon a field of stumps 
 ii|»|M'ared which outnumbered the houses built for 
 twenty years and more." To this imi)erial stum|)- 
 lield was given at fiist, and until her majesty should 
 indicate her royal pleasure, the name Queeiisborongh; 
 li\it when such })leasure was known, it was called New 
 Westminster.-'' 
 
 Notice was given by the governor tlij 14th of F«'b- 
 niaiy 18;V.), that it was intended innnediately to lay 
 nut, on the north bank of tlu^ lower Fraser, the site 
 et' a city to be the capital (»f liritish (Columbia, the 
 Ints to be sold by auction in April, one fourth of them 
 tn bf reserved in blocks for purchascTs in other ]>arts 
 "f her majesty's dominions. Purchasers of lt)ts in 
 
 ■" ' ))r Campliell ami I went to examine a part a little north of where the 
 liiwu stands, ami ko thick was the hush that it took uh two "hours to force our 
 w.i.v ill rather less than a mile and a half.' MitynrH Ii. ('., 7-. 
 
 -'On the '2()tii of .Inly IS.W, it was jiuldicly iiroclainn-il tliat tiie town liere- 
 t'.tMi'r known as (juuunaboruugh or Queunltorough uhould be hereafter cuUecl 
 N' w Westminster. 
 
«1« 
 
 (lOVEUXMENT OF THE MAINLAND. 
 
 1i 
 
 P. 
 
 1:1 
 
 11 
 
 II 
 
 Derby the Xt)veinbi'r previous were at the same time 
 informed that thiy might surrender such h)ts and 
 receive their equi'ak'nt in Queenshorougli |)ro|toitv. 
 Ah'eatly a revenue otticer was stationed near C^ U'»'ii>- 
 borough t(M-ollect tolls from those failing to tall fur 
 tliat purpose at \ ictoria,'' and from the 15th of Juiif 
 tlie port of Queensborough was the publicly declarti I 
 j)ort of entry. 
 
 lleturning to A'^ictoria, the Plumper spent a week 
 .surveying the harljor; then on the 10th of A]>ril she 
 sailed for Xanaimo, crossed thenct! to tlic mouth (if 
 the river, rnibarked from her the marines hroughr 
 out by the Trihioic, and with twenty engineers landtd 
 them at Queensborough, which place was already th»' 
 military hejid-<(uarters of ]^ritish Columbia. l*it(hiii.r 
 llicir tents a mile ea.st of tlu! town site, they joined in 
 the work of clearing, (irlm as was the pleasure of in- 
 exjierienced axemen in felling trees, that labor w;i> 
 light as comjKired with removing the logs, stump-. 
 and the network «>f roots which the centuries had 
 been v, ('avin<if under<jround. Nevertheless a cliurdi. 
 a treasury, and a court-house soon disputed posstssiun 
 with the bears; also dwellings, restaurants, stores, and 
 wharves 
 
 25 
 
 An<l so affairs c<mtinued until the first gold flush 
 had ])ass(<l away. Moody took up his residence at 
 Xcw Westminst«'r, built the government house thtir. 
 o]»enetl roads, and sold lands, J)ouglas s[)ending mi»>t 
 of his time at \ ictoria."'" AEore gun-boats were want' d 
 
 ^'Opi'ii hoats not carrying lifiuors, imr nioro than 4(M) ll>t. of iirovisioiis i'i>r 
 each pii.s.si'ngri-, and not having; I'luarcd at Victoria, wcrt; now allowcil to jia.-s 
 up tliu river liy ]>a\ ing forty Hliillings, and livu MliillingM for every pa.-'*<iii.''T. 
 
 ^■'Tlie Kale of t,tiiccn.sliorougli lots did not take place until the 1st of .luin, 
 at wliii h time l.'tv! lots tiO liy l.t'2 feet fouml purchasers at prices from S^I li' tn 
 .^jl.HT.") earn, agi,'ngating over .^4(),(HtO. This for the first day only; at tin- 
 second ilay's sale an etjual nnniher of lots was disposed of, hut at lower priie.i. 
 ]'irti)ri(i tldzttti; June 15, l.S.">lt. 
 
 ■^"For the government of the colony of British Colunihia the following' [irn- 
 visional appointments were made hy (itivernor Douglas, between .laniiary I 
 and June M), 18.VJ: Stipendiary magistrate and justice of the pea<'e at t^neeii.<- 
 horongh, W. K. Spaulding; at Langley, Poter O'Reilly; at Lillnct, Tlio'iiaj! 
 i;iwyn; at Lyttou, H. M. llall. High-sheriff at Port Douglas, Charlei s. 
 
INCOUl'ORATION iW THK MhmtOl'OLIS 
 
 417 
 
 by T^ouffliis, and tlie T('rniii)/(iuf, Tojtazc, uinl Clio wore 
 i»rilorc(l to join tlio nortli-wcst sijuudron. 
 
 In iL'j^ard to revenue and I'xpenditure, tlianks to 
 tlie |)aternal precepts of the sfcretarv of the (polonies 
 L'vrv ineul<"atin!^ Helf-suj»[)ort and eeononiy, tlieso wcie 
 well niannued. Ineludinij; niinin;^ anil sjjirit licenses, 
 (ustoins duties, and sales of lands and town lots, 
 and after l»«iyiiig f'«>r road-ltuildin*; and <»tlier ]tul)lie 
 wuiks, extra ]»ay for services performed l>y the Safrl- 
 lllc and the J ItuiijK'r, <((»vernnient evpcditions, and 
 salaries of niaj^istrates and otlu'r ofti< ils, there was a 
 halanco on the 8th of April I 8j'J of over £8,000 in 
 favor of the colony. 
 
 Sniu<»;<^lin<; was pra<'tised lari^ely from the; first ap- 
 •e of the <'()ld fever. Particularlv alony the 
 
 praranc 
 
 I'nited States border it was found impossible, where 
 all was hurry and lu'lter-sk«lter, and j^oods were carried 
 oM men's backs as well as by horses and canoes, to pie- 
 vt lit lart,^e <|uantities of merchandise from jiassini,^ tlu' 
 liiM- untaxed. So "jfreat bi'came this contiaband traf- 
 lie, that a serious commercial depression which pif- 
 vailed at New Westminster in the wiiit<r of IHOO I 
 w.is char^rd directly to it. This view of it, however, 
 the i^ovirnor did not take, but thought it rather the 
 result of over-importation. 
 
 J 11 the sununer of 18(50 the inhabitants of Xew 
 Westminster asked the privilege of incorporating their 
 town, appointing nmnicipal ofticers, taxing themsrlvcs, 
 and im[»roving the metroi)olis. 'i'lu^ ])oweis of tlu; 
 (iiuncil, which was to consist of si v«'n nn-mbcrs, wire 
 liiiiited on the one side by the conunissicjuer of lands 
 
 Nicdll. At Flirt Vail!, asHistant K^l'l coiiimis.sioin'r, K. H. SaiuicliTs; cliitf 
 tli'ik I'oloiiial «cori!tary'n olliix', CliaiU's (hmhI; i-hirf clerk <'l tiio treaKury, 
 •liiljii (doin'r; I'li'rk in tho oii.stniii-liuii.sn, W . II. McCrra; rii;i.strar of tlic 
 Miiiri'iin' court, A. I. Bu.ililiy; revciiiu' ollicor at I^aiiglcy, CliarUss WyMf. 
 Oilier olliccrs wurc apitoiiuHl at other times aii<l iilacu.s as necessity seciiicd to 
 <li!iiiaiic|. Ciiloiiial oliiccrs resiiling ut New Westiiiiiister in the autumn ol 
 \SM Were U. i'. Mooily, lieutenant-governor, military commaniier, ami com- 
 luissioner of laiuls ami workH; Matthew H. li«'j;l)io, jmlge; Cliartres Hrew, 
 • hief ins]:)ector of police; W. 1>. (ioNset, treasurer; F. <i. Clamlct, assayer; 
 ('. A. Itiicnn, inciter; VVyiiiond ilanilcy, collector of custoiiiH; W. R. Spaultl- 
 iiig, postmaster. 
 
 JIisT. Brit. Col. 27 
 
418 
 
 GOVERNMENT OF THE MAINLAND, 
 
 IP 
 
 "I, 
 
 Ml! 
 
 1 
 
 ami works, and <>ii the other by the tax-|)ayors. Tin- 
 pr()iK)S('(l tax for eadi of two years was two per cent 
 on tlie assessed value of town property. The j^ov- 
 crnor reeonnni-nded the measure, and it was iliily 
 [iroelainied at Victoria on the HIth of July 18G0. To 
 itii, it was ordered that uiion notice <j;iv(ii 
 
 Iiro( 
 )e^r 
 
 rni w 
 
 ever' man should fell the trees on his own lot. 
 
 \y ctoii asked Douijlas what thev should do witli 
 
 the 1 
 
 nOians, aii< 
 
 lift 
 tl 
 
 MC 
 
 !ia<l not hotter settle them in 
 
 •linion, 
 
 and 
 
 VMla<»»s, and jjfive them law, taxation, re 
 woik. DoUi^las answered yes; that is the hest that 
 can he <lone with thiin, hetter than the United 8tat» s 
 way, that and a land ivserve with <-ivili/.ed self-siip- 
 
 portmn" savau^es. 
 
 Th 
 
 le natives themselves, had tl 
 
 IHV 
 
 been asked, miujht have solvi'd t]\v dilliculty better 
 than any kin<;<lom t)r republic, better than any min- 
 ister or i^'ovcrnor in Christendom. "Jict us alone," 
 tluy would ha\e siiid, "or, if you will not, what mat- 
 ters it bv what rules of stranijulation you rob and 
 
 a. O *■ 
 
 nmrder usT'-' 
 
 ■-' Furtlii'.- I'l'forono may he mado to D>' CoitmtM, fl<ii\ B. C., MS., jiai^r'iiM; 
 < 'oojHr's Mil,-. Md/fir-^, MS., l;{-)7; Ol'inqihi ('lull Cnitr.i., M.S., IK; (lixul.^ 
 li. i '., MS., (•.:•; AV.»;/s' />'(.>'(• Ilirir, MS, 'l'J-*JO; Ltninn'iii'x AV;-/., I ; MrToii.^li'.t 
 1>']K, iKi.ssiiti; Jl. li. <\t. Ei:, ill 11. H. Co. Cluimti, 5<S; /IowiOim' ,1 (/<//•< .<.« .< ((//'/ 
 Mr„>., .")l; AiuKiU liril. /.<;!., viii. ]M'i; Ji. ('. .\fh •mil <),:, IS.'iS 7(»; //<'«• 
 xiii-i/'k /'iir. /)</,., I'li. i:n7-«; fliv. .")'."_' 5, vc.to f4'-','.KW lor su]iii<irt of jjovcni- 
 iiiuiit, IIS!>-'.».") ami 1401; clx. i:Ui:M, .t;i."),(K)l» iiioi-f v.itcil iiiiilst iimdi 
 griiinliliiii.'; clxiv. KtllS; clxvii. 4'.Mi-7; cl.vxii. ."il4 17, wln'i-o coiiipbiiiits 
 ai;ailist goVLTiiiinjiit otliecrs of VailcouviT l.slaml an; iiiti'i>chu;cil; Fur I at' 
 Amiii/, J]ij}., 17; Mr/k>iiiil<ri B. C, 374-7; ('(UkU'm llixt. Kinj., viii. iV.'."); 
 ('iiniinitlls S^iir Kl J>or<iil(>, !.'{; .MiiUiiinlniiK's I'irsI \"n\ l>ir., \'2; Br'il, ("I. 
 Jitiif liiHiks, iia.s.siiii; Vii-loriii (•'iizHli; .lulv "JS, Sopt. '2\ '.i, .'$<>, Oct. 1, ami 
 Nov. IS •_'.-), )!S.-,8, an.l Mairli U), May h, 14, 17, lit, ami .luiiu 4, IS.V.l; 
 Jlil>l,<u.t (.'ii!,/,- li. C, 1; /}. ('. <'<)/()»yV, May 19 aiul Dec. 'A', 1871; T<i>il<»'^ 
 Biit. ,4/»., I.'l, 14; /liinrt/.-Lcnniiri/'i Tnir., '2<M-'M1; Mwjii's B. ('., v., xiii.; 
 (•'or. <l>izA.Uv, 18G;{-4; Tolmk's ('. /'. liailway JioiiU; Jul.; Turbcll'n Vklurin, 
 MS., 5. 
 
•S. The 
 
 Mie };'<»v- 
 'a^s duly 
 iGO. To 
 .'o jjjivcii 
 t. 
 
 do with 
 ■ them ill 
 ;i(>u, and 
 )t'st that 
 •a states 
 
 St'lf-Sll]'- 
 
 had they 
 tv hotter 
 any miii- 
 
 IS al<»!K', 
 
 rhat luat- 
 . rob and 
 
 MS., jiaf^r'iiii; 
 4., l'.»; '>'<x«/'i 
 1; MrTiiii^li'i 
 I (/<//•(. i.-'< mill 
 Is.'iS 70; //"«■ 
 
 H-t 111' M,,\ (Tll- 
 
 iiiiclst iinuli 
 ;! ciinipliiiiit'* 
 U'lul; t'lirliK 
 |,,/., viii. ">-■"'; 
 i-_'; liril. '■■'. 
 Dct. 1, aii.l 
 
 uiio 4, IV.'.l; 
 1871; 7'".'//"' < 
 ('., c, xiii.; 
 lt»'(< Vkl'irhi, 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE. 
 
 1856-18S0. 
 
 JusncE wrraouT Form — Inapopration of tue Judiciauy Systkm — 
 JpRisDicnox OF Camadun Courts Withdrawn— Peaukes Drafts a 
 Plax for the Mainlani) — Lytton Eefers tue Matter to Beobie— 
 The Gold-fields Act— Appointment of Mattuew Uaillie Beouie — 
 Ox Unitino the Courts Disestablisued and Rkokgaxized — Need- 
 ham Declines to Rktire — Two Courts both Scpuemk— Cilvracikh 
 of Begbie — He Assists Douglas in Organizing Government— Jus- 
 tice at Cariboo— Jurors Rebuked — Stipendiary Magistrates — 
 Justice at Kootenai and Metlaiik-vti^vh — Convict Labor — ^Nobles 
 ALONG the Border — Vigilance Cojimittee. 
 
 We have seen the forms of justice, or rather justice 
 without form, as administered by the factors and 
 traders of the fur company, by poor Blanshard who 
 could not afford to keep a judge, by the petty justices 
 of the Island and Mainland, and by the brother-in- 
 law, Chief-justice David Cameron, And must we 
 confess it, that although far-reaching and strong 
 enough, justice hitherto has been barely respectable, 
 appearing oftener in elk-skin than in ermine, and quite 
 frequently with gaunt belly and tattered habiliments. 
 Now we come to the refined and assayed article; no 
 more retired drapers, but a genuine judge, stamped 
 sterling by her Majesty's commissioner, and bearing 
 upon his brow nature's most truthful impress. 
 
 The administration of justice under a formally con- 
 stituted judiciary began with the order in council 
 of April 4, 1856, wherein her Majesty created the 
 supreme court of civil justice of the colony of Van- 
 couver Island with a chief-justice, registrar, and sher 
 
 (il9) 
 
V: 
 
 h 
 
 4-M 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICK. 
 
 itf By patent from the n^overnor, the functions of tlir 
 clncNJustice were extended to criniiiuil eases; lie acted 
 also as judge of the vice-adniiridty eourt of A'aii- 
 (U)uver Island. Prior to the establishment of a lei^ns- 
 lative council and assemhly, the stt'itutory laws, as 
 Avell as the common law of Enj^land, were in force. 
 Of the supreme court, there were two branches, tlif 
 supreme tribunal and the summary or inferior court, 
 tiio latter havinj^ orij^inal jurisdiction in sums n<it 
 exccediii!^ fifty pounds. On Vancouver Island tlinv 
 was a j)oliee ma<jfistrate and constabulary force, and at 
 Victoria, Es<juimalt, Xanaimo, and Barclay Sound 
 there were in all six or seven persons holding com- 
 missions as justices of the peace; in 18()2 there were 
 tiiree practising barristers, and four ])roctising .solici- 
 tors. In the province of British (Ndunibia, in 187i3, 
 there were three supreme court and five county judges. 
 
 The act <»f parliament of the 2d of August is.lS, 
 authorizing the estal»lishment of a colonial govern- 
 ment for the ^[ainland, ammlled the jurisdiction nt 
 the courts of Canada, which had hithei'to extendeil 
 over this region. 
 
 ( )n being asked to draw up a plan for a judiciary m 
 Frascr liiver, (ieorge Pearkes, crown solicitor of ^'an- 
 couvcr Island, appointed by Douglas, proposed a sii- 
 ])rcme court with a chief-justice and two puisne judges. 
 Iiolding 7//,9/ j>r/».<? and a.ssi/c; in the several districts, 
 a registrar, a district judge presiding at tiie coui't n| 
 <piartcr-si>ssi(»ns, two or more justices of the peaiv. 
 a high-sheriff for each district, and an efficient con- 
 stabulary, l^eing referred to Lytton for his aj)i)rti\al, 
 the secretai-y for tlu^ colonics remarked that it ap 
 peare«l well adapted to the purpose, being sim))le and 
 practical, but tliat Hegl)ie had by tliat time airivfd, 
 and that it might as well be refi'rred to hiui. 
 
 iVcting upon the suggestion of Ijvtton, made the -id 
 of Septend)er 1H.')S, on the .'{1st of August following; 
 was instituted bv proclamation at Victoria the gold- 
 fields act of 1851), under which gold eommi-ssioiicrs 
 
GOLD COMMISSIONER. 
 
 4l'l 
 
 ilin«»; coni- 
 
 injjf solici- 
 
 niSSlOIRTS 
 
 appointed by the governor might grant licenses to 
 mine for one year for five pounds, which gave the 
 miner holding it the exclusive right to his claim during 
 the time covered by the license. Leases of auriferous 
 lands might likewise be granted by the gold commis- 
 sioner for a term of years. 
 
 In .so wild and extended an area, with population 
 drifting hither and thither before whirlwinds of ex- 
 citement, the creation of this office was a most wise 
 and l)eneficent measure. Such an office properly fille«l, 
 and its duties ))roperly enforced by the l^^nited States, 
 
 would have saved t<» society rume of the worst features 
 of the California '41) Infern;). 
 
 In tht absence of otlier imperial authority, execu- 
 live or judicial, the gold commi.ssioiier was both gov- 
 
 1 indi 
 
 II. 
 
 e was uuanlian of ''overiimei 
 
 crnor and j 
 
 interests and custodian of government property witliin 
 
 Ins )uri 
 
 sdicti 
 
 on. 
 
 I 
 
 I s 
 
 ueh jil 
 
 ices, w 
 
 here one but not 
 
 both the offices of gold conimlssioner and Justice of 
 the peace wi're filled, the former fulfilbxl all the func- 
 tions of the latter, and ricr verm, a])peal being hail to 
 the supreme court from [»enalties beyond thirty days' 
 iiripris(»nment t>r a fine of twenty pounds. Alining 
 disputes were cUtei mined absolutely by the gidd com- 
 missioner, who, without a jury, was sole judge of law 
 .111(1 facts. In the larger districts, mining boards were 
 instituted, consisting of six or twidve niendtfi's, (dccted 
 l>y the {'vrv nuners, with ])ower to make and execute 
 mining regulations, subject to the ai)proval ot' t!ie 
 govi-ruoi. 
 
 I'nder the g<dd-lields act of I8")i), it was ordaiiud 
 
 loss 
 
 hi. 
 
 that mining claims must all be, as nearly as | 
 rectangular in tbi-m, mark.d by four pegs, the si/.', 
 when not otherwise l(»cally establishe<i, to \n\ for dry- 
 .li'igings twenty-live by tldrty feet, .ir if bar-diggings, 
 a strip twenty-five feet in width acr<.)ss tin? bar fr.»m 
 lii;.;h-water mark down int.> the liver; (|uart/, claims 
 <'M. lumdred feet along the seam. The first diseoM-r.-r 
 of a mine was entitled to two elaim.s, or, if a party «d' 
 
422 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICK. 
 
 'II ; 
 
 lli 
 
 irMiii 
 
 - ( .: 
 
 I!,; !i 
 
 lill 
 
 four or five wore first discovcrors, tlu-n a claim and a 
 lialf tacli. Claims must l>o rojjfistorod, and could only 
 bv li'ijally transferred l)y entry at the <jfold commis- 
 sioner's office. Ditch and leased aurifiTous lands were 
 under seven s[tecial ro^-ulations. 
 
 Simultaneously with the appointment of Doujjflas 
 as iTovernor of the Mainlan<l, tliat is t(» say, the 'Jd 
 of Si'jitemher 1858, a conunission was issued hy the 
 imperial j^ovirnment to ]Matthew l^ailTu- Be«^d)ie as 
 chief-justice of liritish C\>luml)ia, sii" which time 
 to thti ])resent writiu'j;, throujjfh all the vicissitudes of 
 ct>nsol illation and confederation, he has <-ontiimed to 
 hold it. 
 
 It was proclaimed hy the jj^overnor at Victoria tlie 
 Hth of June ISol), that this should he the supreme 
 <'ourt of civil justice, with jurisdiction in ci'iminal 
 cases as well. IJe^hie was ;it first conunission»'d only 
 for the ^fainland, and early in 1800 he took up liis 
 residence at Xew Westminster; hut after no sinidl 
 talk amoni«' tlu> maixiiates of tin* three <jovi'rnments, 
 home and col(»nial, he hecame cliief-justicc? of the 
 wht»le of British ColumhiM, supersediiiL,^ Xei'dham iit 
 \'ictoria, where he d'terwaril resided. 
 
 Accompanied hy iiis hin'h-sheriff, XieoH, and hy liis 
 cl(>rk and re.i;istrar, l?ushi)y, the 2Hth of March IBJ'.*, 
 !Mr Justice JJej^bie hei,'an a notuhle journey, notahlr 
 hy reason of the shortness of the journey, and for the 
 len!j;tli of its descri[»tion.' A report of the trip was, 
 addressed to (Jovernor Diumlas, who sent it ti» the 
 duke of Xewcastle, wh(> i;avi' it to the uft'OLTraphiciil 
 society peojije, who jtrinted it, which, when dt)ne, 
 noihinn" more remained to he said of it; for the infoj' 
 mation it contains, however inten-stinj^ at the tim» , 
 is of little ])resent or permanent viduo. 
 
 David Cameron was ]« rmitted hy act of the I Ith of 
 ^far.'h 180 t, tt» retire from the judiciary «»f Vancou- 
 ver Island on a pi-nsion of five hundred pounds ster 
 
 ' It iH'cnpit'M clcvi'ii iiiiyi'M (if tin' /.nni/on Widij. Six'., Jimninl, xxxi, 2H7 •l'^- 
 
MATTHEW BAILLIE BEOBIE. 
 
 423 
 
 linjjf per annum, to be paid out of the general revenuo 
 of the colony. 
 
 A little tracasscrie attended Needham's rctiro- 
 ni'nt. The act of union terminated the court offices. 
 N< 'tice to that effect was served, among others, i>n Ucg- 
 hit and Needham, but accompanying Bcgbie's notice 
 Nvas his commission as judge of British Columbia. 
 Nt'odham toi)k exceptions to Governor Seymour's 
 abolition of the ofHce of chief-justice on the Islaixl, 
 ami appealed to England, and for a time h(^ managed 
 tt) sustain himself in his position. An anomalous .s*tate 
 of afllairs ensued. For a time there were two dis- 
 tinct judicial establishments, with nothing roordinate 
 or subordinate between them; each was indcpendi'iit 
 of the other, and n(>ither ])ossessed jurisdiction further 
 tli;m before the uiiit>n. IJei^bic! was the commissioned 
 jiKJge of British Columbia, and Needham was liojd- 
 iiig court upon the strength of what was, jirior to 
 the union, chief-justice of Vancouver Island. The 
 source of the trouble was in the framiii''' of the 
 union bill, which, while consolidating every other 
 hranch of the colonial government, left the courts as 
 distinct as ever. The Island office was fuially in due 
 form abolished, and Sir Matthew reigned alone 
 
 Probably more than to any one jiersou the com- 
 monwealth of British Columbia owes obligation to 
 Mr Hegbie for its healthful ordinances, for the wise 
 iiiwl liberal provisions of its govermnent, and for the 
 jiiniost uid)roken reign of peace and order during his 
 lung term of office. Nfoi-e than any person I have 
 met in my long historical pilgrimage lVon\ l)aricn to 
 Alaska, he was the incarnation of just ice, the embodi- 
 niciit of that restrainini; inllucjice \vhi<*h society is so 
 strangely forced to jdace uj)on its members, a man 
 nitist truly sims jtcur vt satis irprin'lic. Setting aside 
 lii> early training, his education, which gavi- him 
 ,L;ivat advantage over hi-" asNociates, an<l placii i; him 
 upon the plane of inherent manhood, there were none 
 t" match him. Physically as fearless as Tod, .Mc- 
 
424 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE. 
 
 r- 'i'j 
 
 Tavisli, or Yale, in that highest attribute of human- 
 ity, moral courage, ho far Hurpassed Douglas. 
 
 Ih Htudying the requirements of the colony, in 
 maturing plans for the Jidministration of affairs, ami 
 in bringing in and punishing offendijrs, Mr BogKic 
 was ever active. '* Although invested with the very 
 important office of judge," wrote Lytton to Douglas, 
 "lie will ncvcrtluilcss have the kindness, f<»r the ptcs- 
 ent at least, to lend you his general aid for the rf)ni- 
 pilation of tlu; ni'cessary laws," wiiicli was efficiently 
 and faithfully done. For, reporting to the eail nt' 
 Xewi'ustle the 2()tii of January liS(>0, the governor 
 says: "The day after the arrival of Mr liegbie, tlie 
 judge, hi! accompanied me to ihitish Columbiu, and 
 after his return to Victoria, he was of tiie greali st 
 assistance to me in discharging the functions (•!' 
 att(niiey-general, which otHi-e he kindly fulHlle«l with 
 the concuii'ence of her majesty's govi'rnini'nt. Sint c 
 the ai rival at N'ictoiia \)\' tlu> attorney-general, Mr 
 Jjeghie lias passed long [teriods in and lias iK-en nu 
 ciivuit over the gi'catir jioition of ihitish ('oIunilt"a, 
 and his personal <'onnnunieations to me ujx)!! his ict in ii 
 have l)«in most valuable, and have assisted ine niate- 
 rially in framing laws, and in adapting the general 
 system of government to the actual rinjuirements of 
 the people." 
 
 lie was an eecentiic man, but his eccentiicities 
 se»'med always to take a sensible ilireetion. I iilike 
 Xeedliam, be came to th»! colony whil- \et his luaiii 
 was acti\»' and his tbouulits oi-iyinal and iVesJi, and 
 before being wholly and hopelessly bound to the ser- 
 vice of foolish traditions, lie was an ardi-nt lovt r >•[' 
 music, and also of athletic spoit.s.' 
 
 it is inqiossible that such a man should live witiieiit 
 
 'On till) 'JlUli of .fiinuary IHrtl* tlio Vietnria I'liilliiuiiioiiic SiM-ii.ty wn* <'i- 
 gaiii/uil, witli till' I'liicf-jiiMtiro a.H )ii'<'r.iili>iit; Siliiii l''niiikliii, vii'i'iii'i-siiliiit; 
 Artliiir l>. UiiNliliy, Hi'i'i'i'liiry; Ali'XiiuiUr I'". Mam, trriutiiii't ; .lulm lliily, run- 
 
 illli:t<ii'; ailil AllUllMtilH I'l'liilirrtdll, A. ( ', AlliIrt'Hiiii, .liiK<'|iii I'urtrr, .l.liiH'H 
 
 Jx-iuli. H. W. I'lsirN)', l^iiiiili'y Fruiikliii, uiul Jiiiiica F. Cruwly, iliri'< im's, 
 I'icluriii <t'iiZiUi, l''t;li. I, lMr»W. 
 
D. G. FORBES MACDONALD. 
 
 425 
 
 making enemies. Every bad man was his enemy. 
 Every sycophant ; every pohtieian whose airbition was 
 greater than his honesty; every coward who dare not 
 uiaintain the right in the face of pubhc opinion; every 
 schemer for personal profit or advancennmt at the 
 expense of pubhc good — these and the like were his 
 natural opponents. With Douglas, who loved too 
 well at times to try to reconcile public polity to j)er- 
 soual caprice or interest, and at other times would 
 ijriKue legal forms altogether, he was not always ou 
 the best of terms. As to the succeeding governors, 
 who were most of them professional [)oliticiaiis, serving 
 for [)lace or pay, ho troubled himst^lf but little about 
 them. His own duty was always plain, and hv did 
 it; and the service he rendered was a lit se<|U(l to 
 thiit so well begun by the Hudson's ]?ay (V)ni[>any. 
 Considering the circumstances surrounding the bigin- 
 ning, the unruly wild nun and the unruly gold-gath- 
 I rtis, society during theso iiicij)ient stages was, 1 say, 
 a marvel of order and »)be«lien('t; to law. 
 
 It is truo that when iawKss u\cn first flocked in 
 along the Frasci', and began shooting natives afUr 
 tlii'ir old fashion, with as little com[)un('tion as iUvy 
 wiiiild shoot deer, the Indians re'taliated, and between 
 tlir two there wi r»' manv nuu'ders. liut when tlu; 
 niiiicrs found by cxpcrienci! (hat crinios connnittt'd 
 ujioii the person of a sjivagc^ were as sv. iltly ;ind as 
 scMvi'ly punished as were crimes (joniniitted by sav- 
 ages, tliey were more careful how they threw iUv'ir 
 shots about. 
 
 ! have found no one more ready to find fault w <th 
 the a<lniinistration <»!' justiee, as indeed with most 
 ether niattiU's in the early days, than D. (i. l-'orlxs 
 Maedonald, who with many initials of honor to his 
 I'.iiiie wrote a book'' on this eountry in I H(»«, elegjuit 
 enough in tvpogiapbv and paper, but noj wh(»ilv 
 tnitliful. 
 
 ' l!ritlnh (olumhia ami Viiuv(iUVi'i''» IhUiihI, i-imii<rliiii',i <i dfticriptioii ••»' Ihmf. 
 ilijirntlnifiiii, i'tc. Till! lMH)k i-oacl'od a tliinl 'tlitiini in |H»i;i. A larir ami 
 much iiioiu trIiubW authority wiys; ' ']'hc pcojilo aro u lau-ubi<ling ixtiplv, 
 
Iflfn 
 
 420 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OP JUSTICE. 
 
 " How is it that crime is on the increase?" he ex- 
 olairas. " Neither Htb nor property, female chastity, 
 1 louse nor home is safe from the depredations of the 
 many villains who sojourn there." " Because," he an- 
 swers, "puni: liniont is invariably over-lenient!" Were 
 it any oilier writer I should regard his words as in- 
 tended irony. Bcg'oie over-lenient! The man is ditli- 
 cult to please, and were he once on trial before Sir 
 ]\Jatthew, as he deserved to be, he would erase i'nmi 
 future editions the lies he has told, in which case, in- 
 deed, there would be little left of his book. 
 
 When we consider for hov many unknown centu- 
 ries the savajxes had been rijj^itintj their own wrongs, 
 how reveng(^ with them was the highest form of jus- 
 tice, how widely scattered they wer(\ and so compara- 
 tiscly little under the influence of white men, it is 
 wonderful how <|uickly they were brought to place 
 theuiselve;' under restraint, especially where white men 
 were concerned. 
 
 (*. A. Bayl(>y, coroner at Nanaimo in 1853, was 
 coi'-nizant (if as manv cool nnirders among the natives 
 as one often tiiids in Christendom. "Indian law pre- 
 vailed for many yoars," he says, " until the colony had 
 f nined a legislalivt^ and executive council, and the 
 coloni.sts felt they had tlu' power to enforce the laws." 
 
 'fhe natives wei'e qtiite curious as to what was going 
 on amoug llu^ white men, an<l woidd ol'len come from 
 a (listaiu'e and in large numbers to see the strangers. 
 They eanje down iVoni Queen C'harlo<t(> Islands dur- 
 ing .summer, in bands of \'nm\ live to iifteeii hundred; 
 and the little colony at Fort Victoria, near whi<'li 
 th* y encamped, was seriously I'rightened by them in 
 
 criiiU! of any Hvrioim inoinotit lieing .ilni<>.st uukuown. I i-lioultl tliink it (|uitc 
 within ll)c iiiarU. that not nioro thnn •• w \h-v cnxi it tliu Imliini |M)]iuluti(in of 
 tliu iipjMT 1 •)untiv i»i'« f>'<«tnil in mir priMonx. M-liieli «|H>akH vohiiiii'ii in bchiili of 
 tlifir iVKiKvl for fuw, aiui may In- wiiil to Ih.- in pari attrihnUilih', liist, to thiir 
 ndiiiifalifo m.uuiv' ■•K'oi iiiiiltrthf UnilHoii's Hay ('"mpany"* r<i/i«i(' . wcond, to 
 till' iiiiiuiriMl mliniiiistralioMof juHtici'; iiiul thiri! to thti'tloi'tH niaihi in thiir 
 bfhaif l>\ th« various iiUHMonary cntcrpriKCH whii h liuvu tiofii ciiKa^'i-il umlcr- 
 takmu to pi"»)inotc th«ir t«MK>Ht welfuiv.' (!ihkI'» llwt. It. <' , MS., I III. 
 
INIHAN KILL1N<!. 
 
 427 
 
 e?" he CX- 
 3 chastity, 
 ons of the 
 se," he an- 
 tit!" Were 
 Drds as in- 
 lan is ditH- 
 bcfore Sir 
 :)rase IVom 
 jh case, in- 
 
 )\vn coiitu- 
 vn wrongs, 
 ►rni of jus- 
 3 compara- 
 
 incn, it is 
 it to place 
 
 white men 
 
 1853, was 
 
 he nativcis 
 
 II law j^re- 
 
 poloiiy had 
 
 , and the 
 
 tlio laws." 
 
 wast'oiiii' 
 
 otne from 
 
 HtranL((rs. 
 
 .'Uids diir- 
 
 hundrod; 
 
 ■ar which 
 
 ►y them in 
 
 tliiiik it iiiiito 
 |MiI)iit:tti(in (if 
 •a in bvliali of 
 
 , lili<t, to their 
 
 'Ml' . H«'con<l, to 
 iiiiiiIk in tluir 
 
 n><u/if<l unik'i- 
 
 <.. IKJ. 
 
 isr)4. The Haidahs wen; fierce and in had repute; 
 t!i<y had <aptured numy wliite men, iiaini^, th<> ship- 
 hiiilder, and J^enjaniin (lihhs, and othors from a 
 r lilted States vessel, and hold tlu-m as slavos until 
 i;iiis()med. On this occasion, J)onL!:lusi'alh'd hiscoun- 
 ril to sit upon the matti'r. an<l loaded tho fort iirnns; 
 hut the Haidahs did not moan mischief now. 'I'hey 
 eiily happened to remeinher tiiis sunumr wiiat their 
 old \varri«>r-nod J^elus had ](y\\*x a^^o told tht'in of the 
 
 CO 
 
 iiinj.^ of whit»! njen witii whom they should shake 
 hands and ira<Ie. 
 
 During the Knisi'r excitement the sa>an"s as well 
 jis others swarmed at N'ictoiia on theii- wy to and 
 f'nMii the mines, and so great was their love for the 
 |ii>illigat«' life of civilization, that it was only hy moral 
 
 >ii;:sion and force eo 
 
 tml»ined that thev ccuild aKva\ s h 
 
 lli(|l|ce( 
 
 1 to 1 
 
 novo on. 
 
 'I'l 
 
 ley weic n<'t. long m learning 
 
 iiow to dig I'or gold; «>!•, having it, h«»w to dissipate it, 
 I have noted the indivi«hial issues, seldom hloody, 
 hit ween the white fur-huyers and tin- red fur- 
 si'licrs that spi'ang from this interc(tiu'se up to the 
 tiiiu> of .settlement, TIm-ii came the alfair ending in 
 tile apjK'araiice of I )oug!as with a vessel <»f wai" at 
 
 ( 
 
 e\VI( 
 
 hit! in 185:). 'i'he lirst old-fashiomd American 
 
 iiiassaj're in the interior of Ihitish ( 'olumhia was that 
 oil Kra.ser Jiiver in 1S.)S, when, if we may credit 
 \\ addingtctn, the miners iVom ( 'alifornia surprised and 
 massacred thirtv-threi umoeeiit pi-rs(His uf a iViiiidly 
 tiihe.* 
 
 rile liiig Siri.^s llui/, ( 'aptain Weldeii, of San Vr 
 
 an- 
 
 ci-eo, on the way from J'ort ( >r( hard to \'ictoiia, put 
 into Xitinat Sound ahout the .'Mst ot' .lanuary ls.V.>. 
 Ne\t day several h'liulfed .savages appeai'ed, .sei/.f«l 
 
 aiK 
 
 I .str 
 
 ipjtei 
 
 ri 
 
 I th 
 
 NeS.st 
 
 1, and held the caiitain nud 
 
 'Vowill, V/z/JH:/ Dhf,-i,-t n. '■., NfS , 31 •_', stntts that mi Hum nrcaKJon 
 lillv iiii'ii iiimIit ouv SiiyliT, I .\in<'i'ii'aii. iilkIc iIic unsluiiii^jil, ithij thit ^ii'.it 
 Biilli'i-in^' fiiUt'Mc'il tile !>iiro\ oi-H III tlic ni.tM.nri', iiiwliiiliail tluir i.^hI v\.iit 
 <li'>lii.yt'(l. Killnn, .!</»■., MS., I".', utlirin^ tliut tin' IniliiiU'- liiMt kili< 'i wliitu 
 111! II, iinil that the shiunhtcitHl uiiih'r SnyiUr riiiinlH'ii'cl fi^lituun, ainl llial 
 thM wuH tlic (inly luihiui w.iv llicrc. 
 
n 
 
 i 
 
 ! 
 
 ! 
 
 428 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OP JUSTICE. 
 
 crew prisoncrH for several <iays, they at length luckily 
 escaping with their lives. The Satellite immediately 
 went nn«l recovered the brig and cargo, which was of 
 liiinlHT, but everything that could be carried away 
 
 was missing 
 
 Seventy canoes from Queen Charlotte Islands with 
 six liiiii(lred Ilaidahs on board entered Victoria Har- 
 bor oil the 30th of March. And these wore but tlu; 
 vangujird of a general convention reported by tlio 
 ftteanier f/ihoiichere as on the way hither. They iii- 
 t'aniiud luiir rinlayson's farm, and the whole town 
 turned out to see them. The company consisted of 
 men, women, and children, with their effects. A 
 second nrrival the 'Jlstof April increased the nunilur 
 to thirteen Imiidr^d. A few of them had a veiy little 
 gold-dust to sell. Besides the Ilaidahs, there were 
 S(ik<ens, ( 'iiimsyjuis, iJell.icoolas, and other savages, 
 numbei'iiiy; in all at tin- encampment threc^ thonsaiid 
 persons. 'I'lieir \isit was t(( them a[)[)arently \tiy 
 pleasant ; they traded a little, drank a gn-at deal, ami 
 if there be anything worsi- they did that too. A'ic- 
 toiia grew uneasy under the association, and inviti d 
 tlu' redskins to leave. 
 
 A |taity sent out in Ih(l4 by Waddington to open 
 a trail iVoni Ihilte Inlet acro.ss the ('hilkotin plains 
 toward KortAlexandiia, was attacked tlu- .'iOth of A | nil 
 and thirteen out of s<!Venteen slain. Intt-rferenee with 
 their women on the jtart of the white men had ><• 
 exaspei-ati'd the Chilkotins that they resolved to rid 
 tlu'niselves of the evil by the most dii'eet means. A 
 puek-train under McDonald, en route from iM-ntim k 
 Arm to Kort Alexandria was attacked three weeks 
 later hy the ('hilkotins at Xancootioon Lake. Three 
 Were killed and several wounded, 'flu' savages took 
 the train woith ."<.■),()()(), and committed other murdeis 
 in the vicinity. 'I'lu' marines at New Westminster, 
 and volunteers from Victoria ami elsewhere, set o'lt 
 immediately and caught a jKirtiou only of the niiii' 
 deiers, and with the lo.ss of McLean of the Hudson > 
 
WAULIKK SCKXES. 
 
 420 
 
 Bay Company. The criminals caujjflit wore tried and 
 
 liaui^ed.'' 
 
 Ill the autumn of tliis year, Ca|>('lia, cliief* of the 
 Ahousets, dt'('oyi'<l the tradinj^ scliooncr K'nniji.^licr to 
 the sliore near Clay oquot, i»ri't«'ndin«^ that hr liad sonjo 
 oil to sell. Then Ca[)eha anil his warriors kilhMJ the 
 (■a|itain and rrcw, and plundered the vessel. II. M. S. 
 JhniKfdtinn and Admiral Dennian in tlu' Sii:l(j has- 
 tened to the spot and demanded the oflenders, and as 
 tiny i'ailed to appear, openeti fire and destroye<l several 
 ^ illaiTi'H. Yet on the whole Capeha r(^<^ard«'d his l»usi- 
 iirss op«'ration as a success. The r//o the followinjif 
 yeai' was ohlijjfcd i-o throw a shell into a native villaj^e 
 lit ar Fort Kupert hef'ore the inhabitants would j»ive 
 ii|i a munlei'er. 
 
 These events are the nearest approa<-h to war 
 Ik twe«'n tlu! natives and the settlers of Hritish 
 ('uluml)ia that I have to record. The sava'^cs louuht 
 each other lu.stilv, and it was some time l>etor»' tlu^ 
 law thought hest to intert'ere. Even the siiperretined 
 race sometimes saw thint^s in a violently (liH'erent 
 iiiaiiiier. Then' was what was called in local annals 
 tlic (irouse Creek War, whi«'h was a dispute hetweeii 
 t'le Canadian Company and the (Jrouse Creek Flume 
 ( 'uiiijuiny. 
 
 Sdiiie j-round <'laimed hv the (Jiouse Creek Flume 
 (I'liipany was in the early pait of the season of lS(i7 
 'jiiiiijted' hy the Canadian ('oiiipany and held in 
 vitijation of the oi'dei's of the sliniH'. 'j'liat ollieial 
 acci >!•( I in«i|v organized at Williams Creek a small arm\' 
 of several do/en men, armed them with such weapons 
 and such nerve-and-muscle-iLjeiiei'atinLj e(|uipments as 
 tlie service! rcjpiired, and marched over the niountain- 
 tiail like Lochmvar. The ( 'anadiansdoi^t^edly rtfiised 
 to suirendi r. (iovernor Sevmour then went into tli<' 
 licld and succeeded in (ompromisiuii; matters so tar as 
 to arran<^e for a new trial. John (jlrant, the hi'ad of 
 
 "nonrit R, C, MS., .in -42; fi.niln/'M V. /., MS., 5<J-7; U'hnnjx;'^ 
 .VJ Ci; Virton.i r/ii-oiiictr, Miiy 14, IHlVl; IWthml Ai/i:, Miiy •-•!, 18(4. 
 
 Manhi, 
 
4:tt) 
 
 AIJMIXISTUATION OF JUSTICE. 
 
 11 
 
 : (M^ 
 
 i;t 
 
 the Canadian (\»inpuiiy, wuh meanwhile committed Uj 
 ]>rison for tline uioMth.s lor contempt; the remainder 
 of his rehellioiis company hein^ let oii* each with two 
 days' imprisonment. Sevt.'ral months later Jud«;e Need- 
 ham decided the ease adversely to the elaims of the 
 Ci\nadian ( '(»m()any." 
 
 The n iners of Cariboo did not like Mr Justice 
 |{("'l»ie's method of eoiistruiny their mining; laws; so 
 they met in mass-meetinj^, the '2'Ad of June 1 H(W», and 
 <lenounced him, after which thev felt better, althoM<di 
 the chief-justice still lived. It was the lar«:;i'st nm- 
 <*ours(! ever ctdivt'ni'd in the colony, they .said, and 1 
 may add, the most Ibolish. Jt was the pi'culiar way that 
 IJeiL^bic ha<l of setting" aside the verdicts of their juries 
 and the decisions of their ^old eommissioneis when 
 manifestly illi jual and absurd that they did not like. 
 lie was aibitrary, partial, ami dictatorial, they said, 
 an<l tluy (hsin-d his removal and a coui't of apjiral. 
 Xevi'rtheh'ss, simultaneously with the publication (»f 
 these p!(»cecdini;s, comes the report of the foreman <»f 
 the ijranil juiv of Cariboo, who "is hi«'hlv i)l<'a.>td In 
 notici' t\\v absence of all crime in tht; (.listri<'t," which, 
 indeed, was the stereotyped clause in all jj^rand-jury 
 re|>orts throughout thc^ country all throuj^h Jiej^bie's 
 entire term. Jle was loudly complained of by a certain 
 (•la.ssat XewWestmiiistt'r, Lilloet, and X'ictoria; nevti- 
 thele.ss he continued his course, I'etaiiied his place, and 
 was finally kni!^lite<l in ri'coi^nition of his ,servier>, 
 as he richly desi-rveil. 
 
 Be<d»itj was almost as jjfoodas a viijrilance committee; 
 sometimes (pi ite as j^ood; ofttimes evi!n better. There 
 
 « rirtorlii Coloitisf, .Tilly '2;\. Au^. (!, i:«. 'JO, '-'7, Sipt. 10, Oct. 1, S, \..%. .j, 
 IHr>7; .\<ir H'lstiiiiii-^ti r ( (iliimliiKii, May II; /». ( '. K.ninir., .Inly *J7 iili'l Au){. 
 *.'N, ISti7. .Si't> also, tor till' ((Mu'cii ( 'hurliitto litliitiiU'rH ami otiii'i' liiiliaii troiil>Ur«, 
 VifUtiin fr'.c.//., i. No.-,. 1(», 'J7, '.'it, :<l» •_', :»."), 44, 4(i, iV.I, aiiil t»l. INVS, ii. :?.»; 
 llouM- Coin, h'ljit., II. Ii. Co., 1S.")7, !'.(-; CiirilHHt Sinliiirt, i. I; Olyinyiii I'imifr 
 iiwl Ihmtx-iiil. .M.inli IH, l,S.V.); C,liiil>. Mmsii., Sl/i Idyt., ."«>: (iiu: <liiZ)l/-, li. 
 No. 8; Sprout'^ .S<-iiiis, <»; roinll':! Miii. iHsls., MS., 'M 'J; liril. Col. .SLrt ■>,■<, 
 MS., •?.•; OI,/,;],iaCl„l,Co„r'<., MS., l.i l."); Dmm HMttintiU T. /., M.S., -JO 4; 
 JhiiKjUiH Printtc Poiia-n, MS., '-M Hur. 34-0. 
 
DIRECT JUSTICE. 
 
 481 
 
 v't'io in his rulings tlio intensity antl directness which 
 K iidur popular tribunals so terrible to evil-doers with- 
 out the heat and passion almost always inseparable 
 tVoni illegal demonstrations. Altlumgh in common 
 with jurists generally he placed law before justice, 
 siilleiing the guilty to escape and go in search <it* 
 t'mtlier prey provided they could not be convicted by 
 the book, yet he never was so blinded by the book as 
 to take wrong for right because the law affirmed it. 
 And ho would sometimes do right even in spite of 
 the liiw. 
 
 All through his long and honorable career he was 
 more guardian than judge. He was not .satisfied to 
 sit upon the bench and with owl-like gravity listen 
 to tli(! wranglings of counsel hired for the defeating 
 of the law's intention, and with much winking and 
 blinkinij to decide accordin}; to law and then lto uneim- 
 ccrnedly to dinner. He felt the peace and gond- 
 liiliuvior of the whole country to be his immediate 
 care, and woe to any constable or magistrate derelict 
 in liis duty in bringing criminals to justice. Babine 
 Lake was no farther from his arm than Government 
 street, and an injury done an Indian or a Chinaman 
 was as sure of prompt punishment as in the case of a 
 wliite man. 
 
 The consequence of it all was that never in the 
 pacification and settlement of any section of America 
 have there been so few disturbances, .so few crimes 
 against life or property. And when we consider the 
 clashing elements that came together just as Begbio 
 reached the country, the nature and antecedents of 
 these wild, rough, and cunning men, it is wondei lid. 
 First of all there was the savage, physically unweak- 
 eiied thus far by contact with Europeans, though in 
 iiiihtl subdued somewhat by the more comprehensive 
 iiitclhgi'iice of the shrewd Scotchmen. TIkj country was 
 his, and ho was as tierce and as ready to fight for it as 
 f'Ver, The fur-traders were their friends, but these 
 interlopers who seized their lands and robbed them of 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
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432 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE. 
 
 their gold were their enemies whom it were righteous 
 to kill. The ancient professional prospectors and dig- 
 gers with whom the gold-fields of the north were plen- 
 tifully sprinkled, were many of them but little higher 
 in the scale of humanity than the Indians. Aniono- 
 them were many despicable men who regarded the 
 natives as brutes whom to kill was no crime Add to 
 this the presence of intelligent and good men who 
 were the real dominators of the realm, and scatter 
 them over a wilderness area of five hundred miles 
 square, and we may form some faint conception of what 
 it was to hold the inhabitants in order. And yet the 
 intensity of character and personal influence of the 
 chief-justice were everywhere felt. His presence per- 
 meated the remotest parts of the country like that of 
 no other man. When once it was understood by sav- 
 age and civilized alike that justice in his hands was 
 swift, sure, and inflexible, the battle was won. No 
 one cared to kill, being sure he would hang for it. 
 
 It is not often we hear from the bench such refresh- 
 ing words as frequently fell from his lips. They puri- 
 fied the atmosphere, so that even Ned McGowan 
 found it somewhat stifling, as we have seen. "There 
 were not many of that class on Fraser River," said 
 Billy Ballou. ''They soon cleaned them out there. 
 Old Judge Begbie soon made them understand who 
 was master. I saw a fellow named Gilchrist," he con- 
 tinued, "who had killed two men in California, on 
 trial there. He killed a man on Beaver Lake, in the 
 Cariboo country, who was gambling with him. While 
 sitting at the table a miner came in, threw down liis 
 bag of gold-dust, bet an ounce, and won. Gilchrist 
 paid; the man bet again, and won again, flippantly 
 inquiring of the gambler if there was any other game 
 he could play better, as he drew in the stakes. Gilchrist 
 took offence at the remark, and lifting his pistol shot 
 him dead. Gilchrist was tried, and the jury brought 
 in a verdict of manslaughter. Turning to the prisoner, 
 the judge said: "It is not a pleasant duty for me to 
 
RIGHTEOUS JUDGES. 
 
 433 
 
 have to sentence you only to prison for life. Your 
 crime was unmitigated murder. You deserve to be 
 hanged. Had the jury performed their duty, I might 
 now have the painful satisfaction of condemning you 
 to death. And you, gentlemen of the jury, permit 
 me to say that it would give me great pleasure to see 
 you hanged, each and every one of you, for bringing 
 in a murderer guilty only of manslaughter." 
 
 Sproat tells some good stories emanating from his 
 experiences as magistrate in 1864, one of which was 
 an attempt at an inquest at Alberni over the body of 
 a native shot unintentionally to death, while stealing 
 potatoes, by a pea-loaded gun in the hands of an 
 American. Determined to close their eyes to the 
 facts, the jury first brought in a verdict of "worried by 
 a dog," and when returned from a second attempt, 
 found "he was killed by falling over a cliff." The 
 American was finally sent in charge of a constable to 
 Victoria, but effected his escape. 
 
 The stipendiary magistrates, or county-court judges, 
 at the time of confederation, were A. D. Bushby, 
 New Westminster; W. R. Spaulding, Nanainio and 
 Comox; P. O'Reilly, Northern Mines; A. F. Peni- 
 bcrton, Victoria ; E. H. Saunders, Lilloet ; H. M. 
 Ball, Cariboo. Salaries, from Ji^2,250 to $3,400. 
 
 An act was passed by the province of British Co- 
 lumbia March 2, 1874, for the better administration 
 of justice, but failed to receive the governor-general's 
 confirmation The county judges did not apj)rove of 
 a certain provision of this act wliich enabled the lieu- 
 tenant-governor in council to appoint the times and 
 places at which court should be held; hence they 
 ]>ctiti(med against the act. An act enal)ling the lieu- 
 tenant-governor to divide the country into county- 
 court districts was passed the following year. 
 
 There were other righteous judges in the land; and 
 in due time the people began to like justice anil hate 
 bribery and corruption. Those who cared least for 
 popularity became the most popular. On his way 
 
 Hist. Brit, col. 28 
 
434 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE. 
 
 across the country in 1872 Grant talked with theni 
 about itJ 
 
 Since 1874 the influence of the mounted police of 
 the Northwest Territory has been felt alonar the bor- 
 der. Numbering in all about three hundred, and cs- 
 tabHshed in camps of from fifty to seventy-five men, 
 their presence in those wild, thinly peopled regions 
 was most beneficial. They wore the scarlet uniform 
 of the British army, and made it their business to 
 protect at once border settlers and travellers from hos- 
 tile bands of natives, and well disposed natives from 
 white ruffians and liquor- sellers. This was a Cana- 
 dian rather than a British Columbian institution; the 
 nearest port available on the western slope was about 
 one hundred miles from Kootenai. 
 
 Shortly after taking up his residence at Metlahkat- 
 lah, Duncan, the missionary, was requested by the 
 colonial government to act as magistrate. It was 
 an exceedingly strange mixture, both of duties and 
 material, that this man found himself called upon to 
 encounter. Here was law and barbarism, divinity 
 and demon ism, incoherently mingled until the poor 
 fellow scarcely knew his own mind. The liquor traffic 
 troubled him exceedingly, and also the retaliation prin- 
 ciple of the natives, who murdered the last murderer, 
 in theory at least, ad infinitum, until none were left 
 to kill. Three Indians murdered two white men. 
 The natives gave up two of the murderers, a life for a 
 life being their idea of justice; the other, after six 
 months, gave himself up, was sent to New Westmin- 
 ster to be tried, and was acquitted. This was brought 
 about by the magistrate by means of his religious 
 influence. 
 
 ' ' There isn't the gold in British Columbia that would bribe Judge 
 O'Reilly, was their emphatic indorsement of his dealings with the miners. 
 They descri) ed him arriving as the representative of British law and order 
 at Kootanic, immediately after thousands had flocked to the newly discovered 
 
 fold-mines there. Assembling them, he said that order must and would be 
 ept, and advised them not to display their revolvers unnecessarily, ' ' for, boys, 
 if there is shooting in Kootanie thero will bo hanging;" such a speech was 
 after the miners' own hearts, and after it thare were no more disturbances in 
 Kootanie.' 
 
POPULAR TRIBUNALS. 
 
 486 
 
 Convict labor began to be utilized in 1859. The 
 jail at Victoria was then the general receptacle for 
 Island and Mainland, and in it were some sturdy fel- 
 lows with nothing to do but to attempt escape. The 
 chain-gang system was then adopted, and finally a 
 penitentiary was built. To George W. Bell belongs 
 the honor of being the first white man hanged on 
 Vancouver Island, which was done on the 5th of 
 November 1872, for killing one Datson the previous 
 May. 
 
 It was perhaps more difficult than might be im- 
 agined for a person to commit a the^t or a murder, and 
 escape the country. Obviously his way out by water 
 was difficult, for every movement on the coast was 
 watched. Then, throughout the interior, the natives 
 wore always ready to lend their aid, as of old, in 
 catching criminals; and they constituted a widely 
 extended, swift, and sure police. 
 
 In the immediate vicinity of the United States bor- 
 der it was more difficult to maintain order. Horses were 
 plentiful. No man so poor that he could not own one ; 
 or if he was, he might steal from his neighbor. Hence 
 to place himself, if not beyond the reach of justice, at 
 least where justice soon became entangled in difficul- 
 ties, the offender had but to mount and ride southerly. 
 On Perry Creek, where in 1871 was a customs station, 
 a case occurred, insignificant in itself, but illustrative 
 of the times and place. A merchant received one day 
 some hams in bond, on which he had not the money 
 to pay the duty. A hungry miner swore he would 
 have a ham; the merchant offered no objection; so 
 attended by several comrades, he proceeded to the 
 edifice called the custom-house, kicked open the door, 
 and carried away a ham. Swearing in special officers, 
 Carrington, the constable, after a show of figlit on the 
 part of the offenders, succeeded in arresting them and 
 conveying them, ironed, to the jail at Wild Horse 
 Creek. Haynes, the Kootenai judge, being absent, 
 Carrington, after waiting a while, started with his 
 
436 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE. 
 
 HI 
 
 prisoners for Victoria, intending to commit them there 
 for trial. But meeting Haynes on the way, the party 
 returned, and the prisoners were finally discharged 
 on condition of their leaving the country. 
 
 I have often been assured, and by those who should 
 know, that there never was a case of popular or illegal 
 hanging in British Columbia. Sir Redmond Barry 
 made the same statement to me regarding Australia. 
 I am satisfied that my informants were in error regard- 
 ing both countries.^ A mob may sometimes cat<h and 
 hanj; a man, makins; little stir about it. A han"riiiir 
 scrape at Jack of Clubs Creek in the Cariboo country 
 in 1862 is mentioned by R. Byron Johnson in Very 
 Far West Indeed. While the writer cannot be called 
 a very truthful or reliable man, judging from all tlio 
 circumstances, I do not think this story is wholly 
 fiction. 
 
 While Johnson was absent from his claim, liis 
 partner, Jake Walker, engaged a man at Williams 
 Creek to help him sink his shaft a few feet lower. 
 One day, while Walker was in the shaft and tlio 
 hired man at the windlass, the latter deserted liis 
 post, robbed Walker's cabin, and leaving the owmr 
 in the ditch to die, make tracks across the mountain. 
 Contrary to the villain's expectations, Walker suc- 
 ceeded in climbing out. The first question witli 
 Walker was then whether he should pursue the man 
 alone, and kill him, or summon the neighbors to his 
 assistance. He chose the latter course. The man 
 was caught, brought back to the cabin, and there 
 tried by the miners, and executed.* 
 
 In my Popular" TribnnaU, i. 644-51, I have given several cases of arlii- 
 trary justice, a native, however, being generally the victim. 
 
 • My authorities for this chapter, which I am obliged to make brief, arc 
 Allans Cariboo, MS., 19; Finlaysona V. I., MS., 101, wliich says of IJeglnc: 
 ' He dealt out justice with a stern and vigorous hand, and was a terror to 
 evil-doers, especially in the gold excitement of '58 and after years;' Balloii's 
 Adv., MS., 10, 11; VawelCs Mining Districts, MS., 3-6; Deans' Settlement V. 
 I., MS., 14; Waddington'a Fraaer Riivr, 20; Grant's Ocean to Ocean, 315-16; 
 Jlnyea' Scraps, iii. 66; Olympia Standar-d, Nov. 16, 1872; Consolidated Larm, 
 B. C, 1877; Lond. Oeog. Soc., Jour., xxxi. 243, 247-8; Victoria Gazette, Dec. 
 30, 1868; Victoria Direct., 1863, 179-«9; Mister's Proposal, passim; Heviaed 
 
AUTHORITIES 
 
 4S7 
 
 tT'^'^iaS.' ^^71; Goi;. <?^<te, Aug. 9, 1873; Cariboo Sentinel, June 25 and 
 July 2, 1866; Pernbertm^s V.I., 128-9; Nanaimo Free Press, April 22, 1874; 
 forbe^ Essay, 32; CoUmut, Jan. 19, 1864; Apr. 10. June 11 Dec 11 ISfifi 
 Nov. 26 1867; Jan. 30. Aug. 29, 31. Sept. 2. Lc. 17. 1869 Feb 9 Auir 24* 
 1870; Feb. 22. Dec. 30. 1871; Dec. 18, 1872; July 28 Aug 6 10 12 15 fs' 
 25, 29 Sept 26 Oct. 10. Nov. 4. 1875; Marc/4, JuneVNov. 15. isje- 
 CoMution Sup Court Acts a„d Or 1858-70; SpnHit's B. C, 32; Sessional 
 
 cases of arbi- 
 
CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 FRASER RIVER MINING AND SETTLEMENT. 
 
 1858-1878. 
 
 New Devetopments in the History of Mining — Character of the Minks 
 — Mining Towns — Sluicing at Hope and Yale — Routes to the Dk;- 
 oiNGs — Steam on the Eraser — Boats Ascend to Hope and Yale- 
 Extension OF Mining Area— Rush to Lytton — Roads — Prospectors 
 Push Northward — Bars Named — Field — Region Round Lilloet — 
 Fountain, Canoe, Quesnel, and Thompson Mines— Quartz on Cherkv 
 Creek — The Mines of the Eraser Valley — Character of the Dry- 
 diggings — Terrace Composption— Gold Distribution and Yield. 
 
 It is as necessary to tell what the Californians who 
 sought gold on the Fraser River did not find, as to 
 tell what they did find; that is to say, what failed 
 them in their expectations, and what they found nevv 
 which will profitably illustrate the mining history of 
 the coast. 
 
 First of all, then, the forbidding grandeur of the 
 Fraser canon overwhelmed them, and drove thou- 
 sands of them southward no richer than they came. 
 Nevertheless, despite this reaction, the country was 
 settled ; towns were built ; and in the course of sev- 
 eral years after the Fraser excitement, mineral re- 
 sources and lines of transportation were developed in 
 the great northern interior of the Pacific slope, which 
 were destined to assume a national and continental 
 significance. The temporary drawbacks were due to 
 the physical features with which the advancing tide 
 of population had to grapple. No road nor trail prac- 
 ticable for animals existed along the Fraser canon 
 during the early stages of the gold excitement, so that 
 
 (438) 
 
THE FROWNING FRASER. 
 
 439 
 
 it was quite impossible to follow up and to support 
 any large number. Hence all but a few fell back 
 until the completion ' of the road, which Douglas 
 caused to be opened through the western rim of the 
 high plateau. 
 
 The twenty thousand who went to Fraser River 
 from California in 1858 were warned that the bars 
 wlicre gold was reported would remain inaccessible 
 oil account of the high water until after midsummer, 
 and that to wait for the opportunity to mine in that 
 Avilderness would be costly, to say the least, and might 
 l»c death.^ But reasoning from their experience in 
 California, too little importance was attached to this 
 feature of the new mines, as it was concluded that in 
 tlie mean time the ravines and the smaller tributaries 
 could be more or less profitably worked. But here 
 arose the first and most grievous disappointment. 
 Tliey found no ravine diggings like those in the 
 mountain counties of California, with gold lying in a 
 concentrated form on tlie bed-rock, and the latter ex- 
 posed by the eroding streams. Such of the higher 
 bars of the Fraser as were accessible, including the 
 Hats occasionally forming the banks of the river, and 
 ])rospected in the early stage of the mining excitement, 
 lliilcd even to yield the prospects of the American and 
 Yuba rivers. It was almost entirely fine gold dis- 
 tributed in thin streaks of gravel and sand, and 
 through the benches and terraces of the hills and 
 valleys running back often far from the river. That 
 fine gold was also found concentrated in really rich 
 deposits in some of these bars is beyond a doubt, but 
 it consisted of thin layers or lenticular patches, covered 
 
 'Frasor River ia <at flood height annually in Juno and July. ArrotrsmifJi^'i 
 Miip of B. C, London, 1859. Its gold-bearing bars are really aucessiblo to 
 advantage only for a few months in tlie autumn. After November the fi-osts 
 set in, and miuing can be followed only at intervals during the ■winter. After 
 tlic severe ■\"co ther and before the snowa ai o melted, between February and 
 April, there were two months of favorable mining season. Altho\igh there is 
 liiw water about the 1st of January, both the climatic conditions, and where 
 •liiicksilver is used, the amalgamating conditions are unfavorable at that time. 
 •Simple and well known as were these facts by the settlers, the miners of 1858 
 p;iid dearly before they became acquainted with them. 
 
440 
 
 FRASER RIVER MINING AND SETTLEMENT. 
 
 frequently by very heavy masses of barren g'^ound. 
 In this respect it was comparable to the higher ground 
 deposits of the ancient rivers of California, the profit- 
 able handling of which rendered indispensable an out- 
 let grade and the use of the hydraulic pipe. On tlie 
 Harrison and other tributaries coarse gold was to bo 
 found. 
 
 Before the river fell, thousands had left the country 
 under the conviction that the water would never fall 
 sufficiently, or that they had seen enough; yet the 
 di<x(jin<ifs were overcrowded when this event took 
 place, notwithstanding the fact that the size of the 
 claims was limited to twenty-five feet square. Those 
 who had no claims, or whose claims were worked out, 
 advanced uji the river, clambering over the rocks of 
 the canon in the direction of the fork of the Thomji- 
 son, where there was room enough for all who could 
 ol)tain supplies. The greatest number were employed 
 between Hope and Yale, but among the best diggings 
 were those at the Fountain, six miles above the great 
 falls, and for some time the northern limit of mininsf.^ 
 From Murderer or Cornish Bar, four miles below 
 Hope, innumerable bars, sionifying simply accessible 
 river-bottom formed by the angles in the current, were 
 prospected, and most of them worked, for a distance 
 of 140 miles along the Fraser, and along the Thomp- 
 son to a point fifteen miles above the mouth of the 
 Nicola.^ Nearly all of these were wiped out of 
 memory as the inhabitants migrated and the traces 
 of their existence were washed away by the recurring 
 floods of the rivers; so that a few only have found a 
 permanent place in the geography of the country. 
 
 The first place above Langley which contained gold 
 in appreciable quanity was Maria Bar, between tlio 
 Sumas and Harrison, followed by Murderer Bar, four 
 
 ^ A few of the adventurers penetrated to the Canoe country in latitude 'A" 
 30', named after Canoe Creek, a tributary of the Fraser, where Simon Fraser 
 in 1808 left his canoes. Nuijent, in U. S. Ex, Doc., iii., 35th Comj., Hd Si:-<.<.; 
 Allan's Cariboo, MS., 1-4. 
 
 * WiuldinijtoHS Fniaer Mines, 8. 
 
GOLD-BEARING BARS. 
 
 441 
 
 miles below Hope, and subsequently known as Cornish 
 Bar.* Between these existed other bars which were 
 disregarded at first, owing to the fineness of their gold. 
 Tlie localities above Hope arc given as Mosquito, or 
 Poverty, Fifty-four Forty, Union, Canadian, Santa 
 Clara, Deadwood, Express, American, Puget Sound, 
 \'ictc)ria, Yankee Doodle, Eaglo, Alfred, Sacramento, 
 Texas Hunter, Emory, Rocky, Trinity, Hill, Casey, 
 Yalo.'^" 
 
 It was observed by Douglas that the bars grew 
 riclitr in ascending order, Hill Bar being the bc^t, 
 and appearing to bear a resemblance to some of the 
 river bars of California. Discovered early in 1858" 
 by Hill, an American, it progressed so rapidly tliat 
 in September Douglas laid out a town here on the 
 system followed at Hope. Two months later, the l)ar 
 proper being worked out, the bcnclics were resorted 
 to, and in 1859 a ditch was constructed at a cost of 
 twelve thousand dollars, which yielded a monthly 
 jtrofit of fifty per cent. This ground also declined, 
 and tlie population was transferred to Yale.' 
 
 In June 1858, the miners were distributed between 
 Langley and the canon thirty or forty miles » bove 
 Y;ilo, and advancing in successive stages toward the 
 Folks, where it was known that the authors of the 
 Fraser excitement had been mining successfully dur- 
 
 * 1 >ougla8 found 125 men at work here in September 1858, and doing fairly. 
 I'rimtr Papers, MS., i. 103; Tnttck's Map of li. C, 1871. 
 
 •' To these may be added Cameron B;ir, which was discovered by Thoniaa 
 Sjiuiicu, a steamer striking tlie bar and revealing the goM to liini. Vowcll'n B. ('. 
 Miiifn, MS., 20-7. Waddington'a list of bars is the most complete, as given 
 ill Virtoriii Gazette, Sept. 15, 1858. Douglas records a shorttT list at the same 
 tiiiK', \\i Primtte Papers, MS., i. 104-5. Tndrlis Map, 1871, locates Ameri- 
 can lirst, then Emory, and Texas Bar last and next to Yale. Vornwallis' X. 
 El Dorai/o, 285. O'Reilly, the gohl commissioner in I S(!0, mentions also Trafal- 
 gar and French bars, and by Cornisli Bar, below Hope, lie places I'rospect, 
 UliR! Nose, and Hudson bars. Ji. C Papers, iv. 10. Several of the bars 
 cannot lie exactly located. 
 
 " It was here that the first discovery of gold upon the lower Eraser M'as 
 made, Emory's and Union being found next, followed by Chapman's and Bos- 
 tdii, above Yale. Alhn's Carilioo, MS., 1-4. Waddington names Hill iia 
 the richest, then Emory, Texas, and Puget Sound; the jioorest as Eifty-four 
 Forty, Express, and Yale. Virtoria QazeMe, Sept. 15, 1858. 
 
 ' Soon every vestige of Hill Bar was gone. CornwalUs' N. El Dorado, 195; 
 Douylus' Private Papers, MS., ser. i. 103-4, 106; Howe's Col. Empire, i. 131. 
 
FRASER RIVER MINING AND SETTLEMENT. 
 
 ing the winter and spring, till scarcity of supplies and 
 high water obliged thein to retreat. By October, 
 according to official estimates, a population of ten 
 thousand was distributed along the river. The num- 
 ber between Cornish Bar and Yale, in November, 
 was four thousand, Hope contained four hundred 
 
 The Lower Minino Region-. 
 
 more, and Yale thirteen hundred.* In Hope district 
 an ounce a day was common wages, while some miners 
 earned two or more ounces for weeks together; so 
 that most of those who had been engaged with rock- 
 
 ^Douglas, in B. G. Papers, ii. 29. Waddington counted early in Sep- 
 tember 800 rockers actually at work between Hope and Yale, and doing 
 well. Victoria Gazette, Sept. 15, 1858. Smith, of Kent and Smith's express, 
 reported to the same paper, of Aug. 20th, that Puget Sound Bar had 40 rockers 
 and 120 men at work; Texas Bar, 8 comi)anies, who were partly sluicing and 
 
SLUICES, DITCHES, AND FLUMES. 
 
 443 
 
 crs on these bars up to Yale, returned at the close of 
 the season of 1858, with from two to four thousand 
 dollars clear of expenses. 
 
 Toward Yale sluicing entered largely into mining 
 operations, and the yield rose as high as twenty-five 
 dollars a day to the man, although the general aver- 
 age was considerably lower. Occasionally rich strikes 
 were made, and created more or less wide-spread ex- 
 citement. In October 1858 the benches at Yale 
 developed some coarse gold, and the miners were with 
 difficulty restrained from digging away the town.° 
 
 Sluicing yielded about twice the return obtained 
 with rockers, but as this method involved considerable 
 preliminary and often costly labor, the wooden p;;!, 
 
 Sn, and rocker retained the favor of the majority, 
 any places, particularly the benches and higher 
 ground, could not, however, be worked advanto .; ously 
 without ditches, and these came into use quite early 
 ill the seas.i .f 1858. Between Cornish Bar and 
 Hope alone there were thirteen ditches in operation 
 ill November, and more in process of construction.'" 
 The yield of forty sluice-heads in April 1859 was six 
 thousand dollars a day, and the ditch company at Hill 
 Bar received five dollars a day from forty claims." 
 
 making §15 to $40 to the hand; Sacramento Bar, 15 rockers; Emory, 36 
 rockers, averaging $6 to $8 to the hand; Hill, 100 rockers and 400 men, 
 averaging $10; Yale, 9 companies, averaging $15 to $20 to the man. 
 
 "The consequence was, however, that garden leases on the left bank 
 between Hill Bar and Yale v.ere refused, and the ground held for mining. 
 Douylas' Private Papers, MS., ser. i. 105-6. In May miners here made an 
 ounce and a half a day. Id., 90. Victoria Gazette, Sept. 15, 1858, classes the 
 Yale diggings among the poorer. Five sluices here yielded in August $25 a 
 day to the hand. Id., Aug. 24th; and on Aug. 13th the 150 rockers yielded 
 723 ounces. Id., Aug. 25, 1858, Macfie'a V. I., 240. At Cameron Bar nineteen 
 miners made each $75 a day for three weeks. VowdVa B. C. Mines, MS., 26-7; 
 Comwallis' iV. Eldorado, 203-15. At Hill Bar the men were making from 
 82.50 to $25 a day. B. C. Papers, iii. 9, etc. Ten ckiims, each with 20 feet 
 frontage, produced in June, July, August, and part of September, $30,000. 
 Duii'jlas' Private Papers, MS., i. 106. Eight of these companies were making 
 $15 to §40 a day to the hand. Victoria Gazette, Aug. 20, 1858. 
 
 ^" Some cabins erected in connection with one of these enterprises received 
 the name of Mariaville, after the steamer Maria. Victoria Gazette, April 1 9, 1 859. 
 
 " Four men sluiced out $4,000 in six days. Douglas, in B. C. Papers, iii. 
 9. At Hudson Bar, just below Cornish Bar, a flume a mile in length was in 
 operation in April 1859; and still further down the river was a wheel 30 feet 
 in diameter, used in raising water for a sluice which paio. ^ve dollars a day to 
 the man. Victoria Gazette, April 19, 28, 1859. 
 
'iili ' 
 
 I'll I 
 
 i 
 
 44i 
 
 ERASER RIVER MINING AND SETTLEMENT, 
 
 In the spring of 1860, the Hope district was still 
 occupied by o^er two hundred miners, who were mak- 
 ing an average of six dollars a day on old ground/- 
 This rate was approximately maintained for a long 
 time, chiefly by means of sluices, since the ground all 
 alonjr the river was in a sense inexhaustible. The 
 winter of 1876-7 was particularly favorable for sluic- 
 ing. The operations were desultory, however, and 
 the field was left more open for Chinese and Indians, 
 who followed improved methods, and continued year 
 after year to dig up the bars and enter into the benches. 
 Already in 18G1 two thousand Chinese were digging 
 around Yale.^* 
 
 During the first half of 1858, Langley was regarded 
 as the head of steam navigation, and consequently as 
 the centre of Fraser traffic, to which the Otter and tlio 
 Sea Bird were making regular trips from Victoria. 
 Deterred by the passage rate of twenty dollars, canoes 
 ventured also to cross from Victoria and other points," 
 and proceeded up the Eraser direct to Hope and Yale, 
 while steamer passengers were often detained at Lang- 
 ley for want of boats. This inconvenience induced tlio 
 steamer Surjmse to try the current above, and on Junt; 
 4th she reached Hoi)e without difficulty, transferrin^' 
 by this coup the head of steamboat navigation to tlio 
 latter place. But this was only for a while, shice tlu' 
 feat of the Surprise was surpassed on July 21st, wlu'u 
 
 *•' The official report for the spring gave Victoria Bar 40 men, earning.' SI^ 
 to .95 a (lay; I'ugct Sound, 50 men, $\i to §5 a day; Frcncli, 15 men, §10 to 
 §12 a day; Trafalgar, 9 men, §5 to §7 a day; Mariaville, 10 men, $4 a day; 
 Union, 20 men, §4 to §5 a day; Cornish, lo meii, $\i to .54 a flay; Prospect, () 
 men, §4 a day; Blue Nose, 8 men, §4 a tlav; Hudson, 30 men, $8 to §10 a 
 (fay. Ji. C. J'<ipi-r.s, iv. 10. 
 
 '^if. V. Piqwr.'i, iv. 40. In 18(55, the Cliineso between Hope ami Yalf 
 were making §2 to §5 a day. Mdcjic'n V. I., 240-1. A company of Indians 
 took out §1,800 near 18 Mile Post in the spring of 1877; and some San Fran- 
 cisco capitalists applied for extensive terrace grounds opposite Yale. Jiq>t 
 Min. Mines, 1872, 400-7. 
 
 "On July (), 1858, 50 boats with 400 miners left Victoria for the Fraser. 
 Victoria Onzetle, July 7, 1858. T) j following night there arose a gale v.hiili 
 caused much fear for their safety. M., July 10th. On July 13th anotluT 
 tloet of 75 boats left Victoria. Id., July 14th. 
 
ENT. 
 
 RIVER NAVIGATION. 
 
 445 
 
 'ict was still 
 o were mak- 
 •Id ground. ^^ 
 [ for a lono; 
 iG ground all 
 stible. The 
 jle for sluic- 
 owever, and 
 and Indians, 
 itinued year 
 the benches, 
 v^ere digging 
 
 vas regarded 
 scqucntly as 
 Jtter and tlu' 
 >in Victoriii. 
 )llars, canoes 
 pier points," 
 10 and Yale, 
 cd at Laiin- 
 
 induccd tlic 
 and on Juno 
 
 transferrin <;• 
 ation to tlie 
 
 c, since tlio 
 
 21st, when 
 
 men, earninp §3 
 
 15 men, .?10 to 
 
 men, $4 a <lay; 
 
 (lay; Prospect, li 
 
 lien, $8 to $10 a 
 
 Hope anil Yalo 
 pany of Indians 
 
 some San Fran- 
 )sito Yale. J{qit. 
 
 a for the Frascr. 
 nae a gale v.hii'li 
 ly 13th another 
 
 the American boat U7natilla succeeded in reaching 
 Yale, and made this the steamer terminus. In an- 
 nouncing this triumph, Douglas informed the colonial 
 office that he had licensed two American Acssels to 
 ply on the Fraser. He also claimed the merit on 
 behalf of the Hudson's Bay Company of having laid 
 in large supplies and tools for the miners, and of sell- 
 ing them at barely remunerative prices; and yet, a 
 month later, the papers were complaining of the mo- 
 no[)oly in Fraser trade and navigation in the interest 
 of the Hudson's Bay Company. ^"^ 
 
 Canoes could readily come u[> to Yale near the falls, 
 but beyond this the difficulty and danger of the jour- 
 lu y were appalling, even at low water. The obstacle 
 consisted in the rapids of the lower canon, four miles 
 above Yale, and in those of the great canon, eighteen 
 miles below the Forks. The route by land along the 
 Fraser, from Yale to Quayome, afterward Boston 
 ]iir, was a mere goat-track with inclines of thirty to 
 thirty-six degrees, and with yawning precipices.**' 80 
 long as the miners had to carry everything on their 
 back through these canons, partly for want of horses, 
 mining was necessarily retarded; for travelling to 
 and fro with heavy loads was a sc^vere task on 
 energy, time, and labor, and this was besid<\s in- 
 ternipted by the snow and cold which set in with 
 J)e('einb('r, 
 
 At Spuzzuin, six miles above the Fraser falls and ten 
 miles above Yale, an old horse-trail formerly reached 
 the river from the Siniilkaineen on the plateau, and 
 followed the Kequeloose River for six miles. It had 
 hi'cn opened in 1847-8, but was abandoned as iui- 
 ])ra('ticablo, chiefly on account of the break caused by 
 the falls. When the miners came into the field the 
 
 '•''/?. C. Pafters, i. 2;»; Victoria Gmcttc, Sept. 2-4, 18r>8; Cnniintllh' A'. 
 I'll Dortiilo, 170-4. Tho EnterprtKe anil J/dciVr raised the freights in October 
 from Victoria to Hope to 5!>t>0 a ton. Vir/oria Oazfttf, Oct. Id, 1».")8. 
 
 "Lieutenant Mayno declares it the roughest trail he ever travelled. li. C. 
 I'lilH-rs, iii. 40. Justice Begbie, who went up this way in April 1859, and 
 returned by Harrison River, remarks on this roughness. Id., 17-24. 
 
m 
 
 FRASER RIVER MINING AND SETTLEMENT. 
 
 
 route up the Fraser, first used by theni, followed the 
 old Kequeloose horse-trail away from the river some 
 distance, and then descended H'long Anderson Kiver 
 to tlie Fraser at Boston Bar. From five to eight 
 days wore usually expended between Langley and the 
 falls, and thence onward, according to the load. 
 
 Anothc. route for which great advantages were 
 claimed was by the Whatcom and Smess trail, con- 
 tinuing along the Fraser to Hope, and thence across 
 the mountains and along the plateau to Thompson 
 River, by which it was possible to reach the mines 
 above the canon independently of canoe navigation 
 and canons/" 
 
 The acliievcment of the Umatilla decided the ques- 
 tion in favor of the more direct road along the west 
 side of the Fraser, and the marches then on the 
 Hojie and plateau trails were transferred to it, when 
 the part between Yale and Spuzzum was opened for 
 pack-trains in August 1858. At Spuzzum a bridge had 
 been constructed by Frank Way, and a mile above 
 he conducted the ferry which could carry ten loaded 
 animals. Although the road was not yet quite clear, 
 five hundred mules were on the way, and the first 
 train reached the Forks September lOth.^^ Pedes- 
 trians still preferred the foot-trail along the bluffs, and 
 in 1859 a ferry was established at Boston Bar, which 
 enabled them to pass by Spuzzum. This trail had 
 
 blocked by snow early in 
 
 the disadvantajje 
 
 of being 
 
 ''Some miners from Whatcom reached Hope 1>y this trail about tlic first 
 of July; but theywere reported as sorry-lookiug objects, their clotlies torn to 
 rags, and they were represented as 'cursing the Whatcom trail.' The lirst 
 party to reach the forks of the Thompson by this route came in August IS-'iS. 
 They were also represented as complaining of the route. But these reports 
 came through the Victoria press, actuated by jealousy, perhaps, of a ri\;il 
 and outside route. Tlie partisans of the route declared that it was as easy as 
 it was direct. The trail had been cut for ten miles into the wood and tlu'ii 
 abandoned. Bai/li'i/'x V. I,, MS., 42. 
 
 '"The trail to Spuzzum was opened by 60 volunteers. In September it 
 was opened to the ferry. The freight by the first train was 40.^ cents a pound 
 from Yale to the Forks. Victoria Gazette, Sept. 1, 15, 18i)8. Many could ill 
 aflford this rate, and as the water fell they ventured to tow canoes through 
 the cation^ at the risk of life and property. Seven men were drowned whdu 
 I^ouglas was at Yale in October. Ji, C. Papers, ii. G; Waddingto/i'a Fraser 
 Jiiver, 8. 
 
ROUTES TO THE MINES. 
 
 447 
 
 the winter, a difficulty averted by the opening in 
 Xoveinber of the Harrison-Lilloet road. 
 
 Another route to the upper country in 1858 was 
 the ^IcLouglihn trial by way of Priest Rapids, fol- 
 lowed by the regular Oregon packers. It was more 
 direct than the Palmer branch, and ascended the 
 Siniilkameen to Red Earth Fork, whence it struck 
 across a divide to Nicola Valley, reaching the Thomp- 
 son at Nicaomeen, thirteen miles above its mouth.^" 
 The oldest travelled route on the plateau beyond this 
 was the brigade trail of the Hudson's Bay Company, 
 which connected at the Forks with the Hope-Spuzzuni 
 trail, and passed northward by way of the Fountain. 
 It had been brought into use on the abandonment in 
 1847 of the Columbia River route.-*^ The land and 
 water route opened between Harrison River and Lil- 
 loet l)y October 1858, became for a considerable time 
 tlic main line for traffic with the upper country, ]^y 
 October 18 GO, a new and easier road, practicable dur- 
 ing winter, was opened between Yale and Lytton, and 
 it needed only the Cariboo excitement to set in motion 
 the transformation of the trail into a wagon-road, the 
 cutting and blasting for which began at Yale in 18G2. 
 The road was gradually extended under different con- 
 tracts, and by 1864 the era of freight-wagons had set 
 
 in 
 
 21 
 
 Above the little canon at Yale, mining was prose- 
 cuted to a considerable extent even in 1858, notwith- 
 standing the difficulty of transporting supplies; and 
 Boston Bar and Lytton rose to be geographical points 
 of note. Boston Bar lay at the mouth of the An- 
 
 "5. C. Papers, i. 79-83, 
 
 ^"William Hutchinga of California travcllcil \>y it in July 1S58, on his way 
 fmm Hope to tho Fountain. In May the trapper Wolfu led 'M> Oregonians ti» 
 tlio saino place by the old Colvillo brigade trail. Vkloriu Guzi'ltc, July !.".•, 
 lS-)8. 
 
 ^' Replacinc tho pack-trains, which had charged $1 to $l.r)Oa]>ouud freight 
 to Cariboo. Tlie operations on the trail had been under the direction of 
 SiTgoant McCann; these were under Captain (Jrant, K. E. Fiiilttj/soiis ['. I., 
 MS., Gl; Victoria Gazette, May 5, July 7, Sept. 10, 1858; Ji. V. Directory, 
 lbG7, 203. 
 
,| .!:r 
 
 448 
 
 FRASER RIVER MINING AND SETTLEMENT. 
 
 derson River, midway between Yale and Lytton, and 
 was the representative camp of the uunavigable por- 
 tion of the canon. It was often referred to by its 
 Indian name of Anayome. The buildings were pleas- 
 antly situated on a low flat, and a ferry connected with 
 the rich island bar on the opposite side. BetwcL'u 
 Xale and Spuzzum, known also as Rancheria, were 
 named Wellington, Sailor, Pike, Madison, Steamboat, 
 Humbug, Surprise, AVashington, and Kelly bars; and 
 between Spuzzum and Boston Bar, the ferry, Chetman 
 or Chapman, Steamboat, Cross, and Nicaragua bars.'' 
 At all of these places mining was at first almost en- 
 tirely confined to the river-bed, and within six inclies 
 of the surface, so that the deposit did not last lon<;-. 
 Similar strata existed beneath, but they were not so 
 readilv found, nor so accessible on account of tlio 
 water, combined with much barren ground. Most 
 claims yielded early in 1858 twelve dollars to the 
 man, but Sailor diggings were reported in June as 
 the richest, and averaging one ounce, thousch four 
 ounces were not uncommon."^ Before the completinu 
 of the mule-trail above Yale, mining was necessarily 
 interrupted by intervening journeys for supplies, and 
 in A :gust the Indian campaign brought it to a stand- 
 still for a short time. In November 1858, the po|)U- 
 lation of the district M'as three hundred, who carried 
 on tliolr mining throughout the winter, and made 
 good wages, although the ground had frequently to 
 be thawed by fires."* 
 
 "Pi^iTO Maqiiais of Hill Bar lia<l also a store fivo miles ahovo Yale, ami 
 York kojit a boariling-houso a short distance from the town in May IS.'S. 
 Doiijldti' Prir '/e Payers, MS., scr. i. !)0-l. At the nim'h'ria were G or 8 \\\\x- 
 ■warns with 200 Indians. The ferry was one mile and Cross Bar 1) miles ahovo 
 it, i:i the h'g canon. Virforid <!a:.itlc, ^lay ">, IS.")!). 
 
 -^ Don^l IS heard in Juno 18^/8 of 3 men here who had saved nearly 9 ounces 
 a day to the hand; '2 otiiers had made 4 ounces a day each with a rocUi r. 
 For'.;, Hour, and coCee sold at %!l a pound. 7>o»;//(w' Prinxte, Pa}H'rs, MS., h;ir. 
 i. 92-ii; B. C. Pnyif-t, i. 13. MeCaw got 50 ounces from Indians, with nu;,'- 
 gcts of i'.i to ^4 in wei;:ht. Oirrldiid/rom Miiinvsola to Fraser, 40. At Nii- 
 aragua Bar 5 men showed §118 an a day's yiuKl. y^ictoria Oazvttc, Mav 5, 
 ISijy. 
 
 "$25 a day. Virforia Gazette, May 5, 7, 1859. In March 1859, 3 men took 
 out S10,(XK). /'/. Two men came from Boston Bar in April with GOO ounces 
 of uuot, wadhud out during the winter. B. C. Papers, iii. G. 
 
ON THE THOMPSON. 
 
 449 
 
 The prevalent impression that the country at and 
 beyond the confluence of the Thompson was rich and 
 contained coarser gold, had attracted many to Lytton 
 A party of miners returning from the Forks reached 
 Victoria in April 1858, and reported one hundred 
 and fifty men at work there, while as many more 
 wore on the way to the place."^ The mule-trail from 
 Yale not being opened yet, the Forks were precari- 
 ously situated from want of supplies, and several 
 miners returned to Yale empty-handed in conse- 
 quence, though the diggings were believed to be rich. 
 The Hudson's Bay station at the Forks being the ob- 
 jective point of all those who advanced beyond Boston 
 Bar, and the depot for the miners who reached the 
 Forks, was itself so far reduced in June and July 
 1858, that the company's men were glad to avail them- 
 selves of berries for food, while the miners all along the 
 river above Boston Bar were reported to be actually 
 starving.'-' The transportation difficulty was over- 
 come in September, when the mule-trains and express 
 companies poured into the camps, and mining was 
 entered upon with spirit, chiefly within a circuit of 
 six miles from Lytton. Before the close of the year 
 some of the high branches were prospected, and found 
 to yield coarse gold up to five-dollar lumps. In 
 Januarj' 1859 a hundred men were digging around 
 Lvtton, and averaging eight dollars a day. Favorable 
 rc})(»rts were freely circulated by traders and others, 
 and early in 1859 the influx from the lower country 
 l)egan on a large scale. By March 24th it was re- 
 ported tliat three hundred boats, carrying an average 
 of tive miners each, had passed Yale, and were try- 
 inj^r tc '^"^rk over the rapids during the low water. A 
 still larger number proceeded by land, so that upward 
 of three thousand persons had entered the Cascade 
 region before the end of the month.'^'' Many of these 
 
 " Douglas, in Coriiwallia' N. Eldorado, 304. 
 '■'« Post, in Victoria Gazette, July 14, 1858; B. V. PaperK, iii. ."ia. 
 " DoiKjlas, in B. C. Pupern, ii. 02; iii. 0; Victoria Gazette, Feb. 5, 1859. 
 Hist. Brit. Cor,. 39 
 
450 
 
 FRASER RIVER MINING AND SEiTLEMENT. 
 
 i ,';l 
 
 remained round Lytton, which, in October 1858, had 
 already attained to fifty houses or tent-dwellings, and 
 promised to advance rapidly. 
 
 Determined to further its prospects, Douglas, in 
 September 18 GO, despatched a party to seek a route 
 in the direction of Van Winkle Bar and Lilloet, 
 and granted twenty-five hundred dollars for opening 
 the I'oiid to Bonaparte River by way of Hat Creek. 
 His object was afterward attained in a more decisive 
 manner by the construction of the wagon-road along 
 the Thompson to Cache Creek, which branched to 
 Cariboo, and commanded the entire area between 
 Kamloop and Okanagan Lake. In September 1800, 
 Douglas found two hundred white and five hundred 
 Chinese miners in Lytton district, yielding a license 
 revenue of four thousand dollars. In 18G4 several 
 companies were still taking out considerable sums 
 from the river-bed at Kanaka Creek, tv>'elvc miks 
 below Lytton, and at other points, the dirt being 
 secured while accessible, and washed afterwards."^ 
 
 We have now ascended the Fraser to the borders 
 of the region referred, to by Douglas, in hisdespatelii's 
 at the bcijinnini:: of the cfold excitement in British 
 Columbia, as the Couteau minino: countrv."" At 
 Lytton the Fraser receives the waters of the Thomp- 
 son, a large river, which after draining the soutlunu 
 sides of some of the Cariboo parallels of the Rocky 
 Mountains, traverses the northern plateau, containing 
 the earliest found placers in the Fraser River basin. 
 Here the stream of prospectors pressing inland iu 
 the spring of 1858 divided; but owing to the larger 
 extent of the river bars, and profitable ground on the 
 Fraser, the great majority continued up the main 
 artery. In April 1858, both bank and river mining 
 were in progress between the forks of the Thompson 
 and the Fountain, and miners were reported to bo 
 
 ^* At Dog Creek some miners claimed that they couhl take out S250 a clay 
 each. Weeklif Colonist, January 10, lo(J5. Dow/Ian' Primte Papers, ^l!i.,\'22-'.\. 
 
 '''^ Couteau, a knife. In the earliest mining on the Thompson croviciug was 
 tlono with knives. 
 
FOSTER AND OTHER BARS. 
 
 451 
 
 making from eight to one hundred dollars a day, the 
 average being from nine to ten dollars.** 
 
 By November the number of those engaged in 
 mining between this point and the Fountain had 
 greatly increased.^^ Mormon Bar, Spindulen Flat, 
 Cameron Bar, McGoffey Dry-diggings, Foster Bar, 
 Willow Bank, and the great falls were localities in 
 order between the Forks and Cayoosh, afterward 
 known as Lilloet, at the junction of the Harrison 
 River route with the Fraser. Robinson's Bar and 
 French Bar were between Lilloet and Bridge Biver, 
 and a few miles above that were upper Mormon Bar 
 and the Fountain, the limit of extensive or profitable 
 mining in 1858, Wing-damming was tried at Mormon 
 Bar, and succeeded well, even after the bed had been 
 worked for some time. Ditches were also introduced 
 at several bars with success, particularly at McGof- 
 fey Dry-diggings, where the benches were reported 
 very rich. Lumps were obtained here weighing from 
 fifty cents to twelve dollars, and at the falls coarse 
 gold was found in considerable quantity i;p to six- 
 ounce pieces " 
 
 Si 
 
 ^^ London Times, cor. from San Francisco, May 19tb, quoted in Overland 
 from Minnesota to Fraser Itiver, 39. A miner who arrived at Victoria on May 
 Sth from these diggings, estimated the total number of miners on the Fraser 
 at 1,000. 
 
 ^' Three thousand. Douglas' Despatch, Xov. 9, 1858, in /?. C. Papers, ii. 29. 
 
 '■At Monnon Bar, five and a half miles above the Thompson forks, Com- 
 missioner O. Travaillot reported in July 1858, that a single rocker obtained in 
 Light davs $830 from the bed of the river, another $800 in twelve days, and 
 ii third J!248 in live days. B. C. Papers, i. 19. During the winter of 1858-0 
 two little wing-dams were constructed, from which several parties took out 
 ^'4,000. lu May 1859 the same parties dug a ditch to wash the bank. Curioso, 
 lioston Bar, May 6th, cor., Victoria Gazette, May 17, 1859. Spindulen flat, fif- 
 teen miles above the Thompson forks, and named after an old chief, averaged 
 from §8 to §10 a day to the man in May 1859. A small water supply was 
 obtained from a little stream. Victoria Gazette, Jlay 7, 1859. Cameron Bar, 
 toil miles below Foster Bar, paid well with rockers iu 1858. Early in the 
 sapling of 1859 a company of eleven men brought iu at great expense a ditch 
 upon a, flat opposite the bar, half a mile long by three hundred yards wide, 
 ■\vhcro it was necessary to sluice ofT ten feet of surface ground before the pay 
 (lilt was reached. Foster Bar cor., May 5th, Victoria Gazette, May 17, 1859. 
 At McGofl'ey Dry-diggings, three miles above Cameron, and seven miles below 
 Fostor Bar, was a wide flat overlooking a cafion, on which McGofl'ey and Com- 
 pany had sluices, and were washing ofi six feet of surface dirt to reach the jmy 
 stratum. This was said to be rich, and the company were reputed to bo taking 
 out fortunes. At the great falls the Indians, in May 1858, were said to be 
 
452 
 
 FRASER RIVER MIXING AND SETTLEMENT. 
 
 11 
 
 Foster Bar was one of* the earliest and best known 
 localities. Here Cornwallis and his party in July 
 
 1858 washed out with rockers, in six hours, from 
 three to five ounces of gold each; and the Indians 
 at the same time were carrying in skin pouches from 
 $1 00 to $500 worth of gold-dust. In May 1865 there 
 were still some sixty miners at this place, working 
 chiefly with rockers, and making from $3 to §8 a day, 
 while a sluice company was averaging $8 to the man. 
 This bar was noted for the only case of open resistance 
 to the authorities that took place during the whole of 
 the Fraser excitement in 1858. A man named D. 
 Brown being charged with some criminal offence, 
 jour of the miners posted themselves in a log-house 
 and undertook to defend their companion against 
 arrest. A severe fight ensued, in which Brown was 
 shot, and the pa-^t-y was forced to surrender.^ 
 
 Some distance ."bove Foster Bar lay the Indian 
 village of Cayoosh, where miners had been occupied 
 long before the Harrison River route transformed the 
 place into the trading town of Lilloet, which by May 
 
 1859 boasted of several houses and a number of tent- 
 buildings. With the opening of this route mining 
 sprung up at several points along its course, for the 
 loam on Lilloet River covered a bed of clay which 
 was associated with placers ; while quartz veins cropped 
 out along the banks of Lilloet Lake, and extended 
 through the entire ridge to the Fraser at Lytton. 
 The yield on Lilloet River was not very alluring, how- 
 ever, and varied in March 1859 from $2 to $4 with 
 
 digging out great quantities of geld with the simplest of all implemeuts— 
 mere sticks. IV. C. Johnson's Statement, in Douglas' Private Papers, MS., i. 99. 
 Thirty miners from the great falls returned for provisions to Yale in May 
 1858, and reported to Governor Douglas that they had been making from 
 $\0 to $S0 a day in coarse gold. Dowjlas' Despatch, June 10, 1858, in I>. C. 
 Papers, i. 14. At the Willow Bank, a locality near the falls, Cornwallis' 
 party, in July, found in the gravel of the river-bed half a dozen nuggets 
 weighing from four to six ounces. Cornwallis' N. El Dorado, 203-215. 
 
 '^Douglas' Despatch, Dec. 24, 1858, in £. C. Papers, ii. 46. A miner 
 pursued hence a partner whom he accused of absconding with the joint 
 snvincs. He found and shot the man at the mouth of the Fraser, in May 1858, 
 and thereupon escaped across the boundary, but was arrested at Whatcom. 
 Cornwallis' N. Eldorado, 203-15; Victoria Gazette, May 17, 1859. 
 
LILLOET AND VICINITY. 
 
 453 
 
 the rocker, and $5 to $S with the sluice. These 
 rates were still obtainable in 18G7, when sluicing was 
 carried on by several parties.'* 
 
 Some of the most successful mining operations on 
 the Fraser from June 1858, and throughout 1859, were 
 witnessed between the great falls and the Fountain, 
 including the Bridge River, which entered the Fraser 
 a little above Lilloet. At Robinson Bar, near Lilloet, 
 about one hundred miners were engaged in June 1858, 
 making from $80 to $90 a day each during the first 
 four or five days, after which the yield fell to $5 or $6.^^ 
 
 At French Bar, close above Lilloet, the prospects 
 justified the construction of two ditches, each a mile in 
 length, which were worked in the beginning of 1859 
 by a dozen miners. Their receipts in jMay were from 
 eight dollars to twelve dollars, while rockers made 
 about half of this amount to the man. Here a ferry 
 crossed the Fraser to Fort Behrens, and connected 
 with a trail to the Fountain.^^ Bridge River, .so named 
 from the bridges constructed hy Indians as well as 
 white men, became popular in 1858 from the discovery 
 of some coarse gold, not exceeding one and a half ounces 
 in size; but it was soon found that the chief yield was 
 scale gold, which required great care and much quick- 
 silver. The river was prospected to the Cascade Moun- 
 tains, wing-dammed, fiuined, and mined in the bed as 
 well as in the bank; and although the diggings were 
 shallow, the prospect, as reported by Bishop Hill and 
 others, was so encouraging that the fliith in their pro- 
 ductiveness became abiding;. Nuo^cnt estimated that 
 it possessed suitable placers for fifteen hundred miners. 
 A little town was founded here by Frai:er and Davis, 
 
 '* X. Wrxtminxter Eramhwr, July 6, 1SG7; Douj las' Private Papers, MS., 
 i. !IS 9; B. C. Pnper.-^, ii. G7. 
 
 ^" Hutchings, iu I'ictoria Gazelle, July 29, 1S5S. Cornwallis records that 
 w liL'u he reached this point in July 1858, another party had already diverged 
 many miles iu the direction of the coast mountains toward the south-west, 
 wiiure it was reported they had found good diggings. -V. El Dorndo, '203-15. 
 Ki'ference was hero made probably to Cayoosh River and Anderson Lake. 
 At Horse Beef Bar, three miles below French Bar, miners were digging out 
 iu February 1859 from |!2 to 86 a day. 
 
 ^" Lieutenant Palnier, iu B. C. Papers, iii. 47. 
 
454 
 
 FRASER RIVER MINING AND SETTLEMENT. 
 
 which in May 1859 contained seven business houses 
 unci several tents.'' 
 
 Impressed with the common behef that richer phicors 
 miglit be found farther up tlie river, the government 
 fitted out a prospecting expedition under Andrew J. 
 Janneson, which started from Lilloet August 7th, and 
 ascended the south fork of Bridge River for seventy 
 miles above its junction with the main stream. Here 
 was found a slate nmch resembling tliat of Williams 
 Creek in Cariboo, with stream placers. 
 
 The pay dirt was from three to five feet deep, and 
 resembled the deposits of so many other places already 
 described in not occurring on the bed-rock. Quartz 
 veins and indications of silver were found everywhere, 
 and on Gun Creek, a tribn+ary of Bridge River, fifty 
 miles by the trail from Lilloef, fine gold placers were 
 discovered, yielding from six to fifteen dollars a day. 
 One feature of the entire region was the abundance 
 of black sand in the bed of the river. A map of tlio 
 country explored was made, and exhibited at A'^ictoria, 
 
 The Chinese formed a large portion of the influx 
 to the new field, and soon became the chief holders 
 of claims, carrying on quite extensive dam operations. 
 One of their wing-dam claims yielded hi 1806 $55,000 
 to a party of twelve. Ten years later the Indians 
 were in almost exclusive possession, and still securing 
 fair returns.'" 
 
 The Fountain, or Fountains, a few miles above 
 Bridge River, at the mouth of Fountain Creek, on 
 the left bank of the Fraser, was so named by the 
 
 ^' It stood a few hundred feet from tlie mouth of the river, where this 
 firm had replaced the Indian bridge by a 40-foot toll-bridge, costing $1,450. 
 NtKjeut's Report, in U. S. Ex. Doc., Ill, 35lh Coixj., i.'(l SeM.; Victoria Gazettt; 
 May 28, 1859; B. C. Papers, iii. 35. 
 
 »8 Victoria Colonist, Oct. 17 and Oct. 24, 1865. 
 
 ** Brown s Emny, 35. The Chinese had costly fluming works thirteen miles 
 above Lilloet, on Bridge River, in Nov. 1805. Victoria Colonist, Nov. 28, 
 1805. ' Nodules of pt re copper ' (copper pyrites) were found in the bed of tlio 
 stream. Rawlimja" ConfedenUion, 117; N. Wedminiiter Columbian; Victoria 
 Colonist, April 7, 1866. A family of Indians took out in March 1876 $1,500 
 ten miles below Lilloet. Min. Mines Rept, 1870, 423. One of the largest 
 nuggets found in the Fraser country, ^\0 in weight, was obtained on this 
 river in January 1859. Victoria Gazette, Feb. 8, 1859. 
 
 38 
 
TlIK FOUNTAIN. 
 
 455 
 
 Fit'iicli Canadians on account of some natural fea- 
 tures of the vicinity. It was the ultimate camp of 
 the nunin<]j emigration of 1858, and had in 1859 
 licconie a village of half a dozen log-huts and two or 
 three large stores scattered over the lower of two 
 vast terraces that swept around the base of the moun- 
 tain behind.'"^ Its mining consisted in 1858 of dry- 
 diggings, thirty yards from the bed of the river, 
 wliich yielded remarkably well/^ The auriferous de- 
 posit came evidently from the hills, for a ])arty of 
 eight persons averaged two ounces a day to the hand 
 with rockers, thirty feet above the highest water level 
 ill tlie river, and finding the ground rich from the 
 level of the stream to an altitude of eight or nine 
 liundred feet, they threw up a ditch seven miles in 
 length, which was completed before the coming of 
 frost in the autumn of 1858. In the first five days' 
 washing, before they were interrupted by the frost, 
 the company took out of the sluices one thousand one 
 liundred and ninety-eight dollars.*' 
 
 In 187G the placers were still yielding a little gold, 
 and the sixty Chinese then engaged on the river banks 
 Avere making about two dollars and a half a day. One 
 of them had just constructed a ten-mile ditch from 
 tlie Fountain Creek, one third flumed, at a cost of 
 fourteen thousand dollars, and was delivering five 
 hundred inches of water along the left bank of the 
 Fiaser.*^ Above the Fountain on the Fraser were 
 ])ay Bar, Haskell Bar, Big Bar, and Island Bar in the 
 Canoe country, and British Bar and Ferguson Bar, ex- 
 
 different 
 
 *° Bvi/hlc, ill B. C. Papcr.i, iii. 17-24; Mm)ne, in Id., 35. 
 
 "Douglas inentioiia in liis despatch of July 1, lH'tS, that five diffc 
 rdokcrs M'ero each averaging at this place 447 a day. B. C. J'apcm, i. 19. 
 
 *^ Walter Moberly, who visited this ground in the winter of 1858-9, was 
 of the opinion that tlic river gold, at the Fountain in particular, wa.s rusty, 
 and came primarily from the hills and mountains, then from the terraces and 
 lihiffs in slidos, and did not travel far. JUoherly'n Jonrnei/, in Victoria Oazr/le, 
 I'ol). 17, 1859. Opposite the Fountain, on tiie right bank of the Fraser, was 
 the upper Mormon Bar, where rockers in May 1859 were saving from $4 to 
 $12 to the man, an<l sluices, $\G to $25. B. C. Papers, iii. 48-75. 
 
 " The season for hydraulic mining lasted from March to November. Miii. 
 Mines liept, 1870, 422. 
 
4.-0 
 
 FRASER RIVER MIXING AND SETTLEMENT. 
 
 tending for ov^cr one hundred and fifty miles to the 
 mouth of Qucsnel River and into the Canoe country, 
 and forming the stepping-stones to Cariboo. The 
 Canoe country so designated from Canoe Creek, in 
 51° 30', is described as beginning fifty miles above the 
 Fountain, and extending indefinitely to the north, over 
 the undulating plateau, through which the Fraser cuts 
 a deep channel." 
 
 In 1858 this region was scarcely touched except by 
 prospectors. In May and June 1858, Aaron Post, a 
 miner from El Dorado County, California, penetrated 
 alone to near Chilkoten River, one hundred and sixtv 
 miles above the mouth of the Thompson, prospecting 
 on every bar, and finding plenty of gold. His pro- 
 visions giving out he had recourse to berries, and 
 occasionally to horse-flesh, obtained from the Indians, 
 though ho reported them as generally hostile."" Sev- 
 eral prospectors followed in the footsteps of Post, and 
 although none were able to remain for want of provi- 
 sions, yet all brought gold and good reports. The 
 opniing of the southern roads brought to this region 
 a fresh influx of permanent diggers, who made from 
 five to sixteen dollars with rockers on the various bars, 
 with occasional rich discoveries. It was not rare to 
 find })laces above high water which yielded better 
 than those below it, but tlie bars remained the chief 
 resort during 1859 and 18G0. At Island Bar, so 
 named from the island formed here at high watrr, 
 w^erc several parties who in December 1858 had each 
 from eight hundred to three thousand dollars' worth 
 of dust, yet this autumn had proved a hard time, for 
 want of supplies, and numbers had been compelled to 
 depart.*" 
 
 ■" The origin of the amo Canoe Creek is thus accounted for by A. C. 
 Anderson. In 1807 Sin ■ Fraser of the Northwest Companj', after descend- 
 ing the Fraser to this ce, here caeheil liis canoe and travelled on foot to 
 the upper Tcet village, the site of Fort Yale. His Canadian voyagcurs 
 in referring to the cache v led the village there Lf I'aiiot, and the stream I. a 
 Riviire duCanot. I'icloru. ■azetie, Feb. 1, 18.}9. 
 
 ** PoDl's IStiitemeiit, in I toria Gazette, July 14, 1858. 
 
 '"At Day Bar, two m ;s above the Fountain, worked by Captain iJ.iy 
 and four others in the wi er of 1858-9, the pay averaged from $8 to §10 to 
 
QUESI.EL RIVER 
 
 m 
 
 The bars above Alexandria, as far as the mouth of 
 the Quesnel, and also those of Quesncl Kiver, were 
 first occupied in the spring of 1859 by the advancing 
 prospectors, who wandered restlessly from bar to bar, 
 looking further all the while for coarser gold and moie 
 of it. As early as May 1859, rumors began to reach 
 Bridge River of rich discoveries in this direction; 
 vague as tliey were, they travelled fast, and attracted 
 enough attention to induce many persons who wore 
 arriving at Bridge River oi route for the lower 
 Fraser to hesitate and turn back/" 
 
 Late in the season of 1859 definite reports came 
 that the search for gold had proved successful on tiie 
 Quesnel; and in 18G0, by the time tlie i)ioneers of 
 the column reached Antler ^^reek, six hundred white 
 miners were said to be engaged on tliis river, making 
 from ton to twenty-five dollars per day, and occasion- 
 ally turning up nuggets weighing from six to eiglit 
 ounces. Simultaneously with these developments, sev- 
 eral bars above Alexandi'ia were brought into promi- 
 nence, and mining advanced so ra})idly that this very 
 year a gold commissioner was appointed, who stationed 
 himself at Williams Lake. 
 
 At British Bar, al)out fifty miles above Alexandria, 
 tlie yield was so promising as to induce six Cornish- 
 men, in Novemher 18G0, to open a ditch five miles in 
 length. At Ferguson Bar, three miles higher, sixty 
 dollars to the man were made for some time, and the 
 sand overlying the pay streak was found sufliciently 
 rich to justify the construction of a four-mile ditch, 
 ut a cost of $12,000. Tliis region continued for years 
 
 the man, ami was better above liij,'li-watcr mark tliati lielow; the hirgest 
 Jiioec of gohl taken out weighing eight dolhirs. Vitlorin (I'lizif/i; Feb. 17, 
 Is,")',). Lieutenant Palmer staU-.s t'lat in May IS,")!) roukiTS here were aver- 
 aging from §8 to §12. £. C. I'opvr.f, iii. 47. H:i*k<:ll Har, eii^htecu niih'.s 
 alicivo the Fountain, yielded from $!(> to $\'2 with rockers, and .'ji(j to i'"M iit 
 shiicing; and Big Bar yielded at tlie same time from 5=.') to i^i with rockers. ./(/. 
 *' Victoria Gazette, Miiy'28, IS")!). 'Curioso,' my aiithority in this instaneu, 
 Weighs in his own mind the points in fjvvor of going to these new diggings, 
 being satisfied apparently that 'some few claims ' might lie ricli; but he de- 
 scribes the route as much more difficult and daUgerous than any so far experi- 
 cn;;e(l, while the country was so far removed from the base of supplies as to 
 rciuicr tlij venture extremely hazardouij. 
 
'\ '\ 
 
 408 
 
 FRASER RIVER MINING AND SETTLEMENT. 
 
 to give empnyment to miners, and occasional ricli 
 strikes served to keep up the interest of prospectors.*^ 
 
 Thompson River, . the principal tributary of the 
 Eraser, and the first to disclose its auriferous ground 
 after the announcement of the discoveries on the 
 Columbia, had a comparatively insignificant mining 
 record after 1858. Early in the Fraser excitement 
 the small nuggets at Nicoutameen, ten miles from the 
 mouth, attracted much attention; but the supply ap- 
 jiears to have been soon exhausted. 
 
 The whole course of the stream lay in a gold-bear- 
 ing formation, but the yield never equalled that of the 
 Fraser, nor was the mining population ever extensive, 
 and the towns of Cache Creek, Kamloop, and Sey- 
 mour grew up rather as transportation depots than as 
 mining villages.'*'' In 1858, Wanquille River, on the 
 north sh' j of Kamloop Lake, was prospected for 
 some forty miles, and found to promise from five to 
 six dollars to the man with sluices. Mininj; here 
 attained a greater degree of permanency than else- 
 where along the Thompson, and cradling and hill- 
 digging were for several more years carried on by 
 whites, Chinese, or Indians. The discovery of coarse 
 gold in pieces up to three quarters of an ounce in 
 weight, and of a layer of pay dirt three or four feet 
 in thickness, above the level of the river-bed, caused 
 an increased activity in 18G1, with a larger yield.'"* 
 Several other parts of the Thompson, though less per- 
 
 ■''^ Black water tributary, 45 miles from Quesncl, created a brief excitement 
 in 1870. Victoria Colonist , July 20, 1870; B. C. Papers, iv. 41; Marjie's )'./., 
 24:}-4. 
 
 *' Victoria Gazette, Jan. 2r>, 1859; Overland from Minnesota, .39. 
 
 ''"Tlie Cliinese were averaging §7.15 each in June 18G1. Brown's Essai/, 
 34. In I8G7 forty men were at work liere, many of whom settled down ami 
 cultivated gardens. Cnarso gold was the chief attraction, but preparations 
 vere made to work the hill-diggings. jV. Westminster Esaminer, July 10, 
 Aug. .", 1807. T,ater still the mining population consi8te<l of about 50 C'hiua- 
 inen, who were reported as taking out half an ounce to the man near tli< 
 mouth of the river. Dawson on Mines 40. In 1870 there were 20 Chinese 
 miners with claims, yieldinc $7,000 for the season. In 1877 only a dozen 
 remained, earning §3,500 for tlio season. Min. Mines Rept., 1870, 1877; B. V- 
 PaiKrs, iv. 55. 
 
ENT. 
 
 THE UPPER COUNTRY. 
 
 459 
 
 )asional rick 
 Drospectors.*^ 
 
 tary of the 
 rous ground 
 ries on the 
 cant minin<' 
 ' excitement 
 lies from tlie 
 16 supply ap- 
 
 a gokl-bear- 
 [l that of the 
 er extensive, 
 )p, and Sey- 
 spots than as 
 liver, on the 
 ospected for 
 from five to 
 ^lininof here 
 
 than else- 
 
 g and hill- 
 
 rried on liv 
 
 ry of coarse 
 
 Hn ounce in 
 
 or four feet 
 
 jed, causeil 
 rger yield.''" 
 gh lews per- 
 
 hrief excitement 
 Murjies V. J., 
 
 .39. 
 
 Brown H Eftxai/, 
 ttled down anil 
 nit preparatiiins 
 mine?; July 10, 
 about 50 C'hiaa- 
 a man near t\\v 
 rcro 20 Chinese 
 77 only a dozen 
 7(5, 1877; B. C. 
 
 manent, yielded good returns. At one place five men 
 were in 1859 making nearly three hundred dollars 
 a day with the sluice, while others obtained ten to 
 twelve dollars with rockers. In September 1860, 
 two hundred Chinese were digging near the mouth 
 of the river, and in the autumn of 18G1, one hundred 
 and fifty miners were reported at work not far from 
 Wanquille River, making sixteen dollars a day.®^ 
 
 The Upfeb Gold Districts. 
 
 The deposits on the north branch of the Thompson 
 came first into notice in 18G1, when a tributary from 
 the east, twenty miles above its mouth, was mined to a 
 small extent and yielded eight to ten dollars a day. At 
 the same time the Indians found coarse gold above the 
 junction of the Clearwater, and on the Barri6re Riv- 
 er a community of French Canadians was making as 
 
 ''^Douglas' Private Papern, MS., 1. 122-3; liawUnga' Confederation, 110; 
 B, C. Papers, iii. CO. Seven miners on Lake Kamloop were in 1804 earn- 
 ing $10 a day. Afacjie'a V. /., 243. 
 
 jTiiUttaitiiii'""' 
 
Illll in 
 
 III 
 
 
 460 
 
 FRASER RIVER J^IIXINO AXD SETTLE:SIENT. 
 
 "■it 
 
 11! 
 
 ¥l li 
 
 i; ^1 
 
 much as fifty dollars a day."^^ In that creek rich quartz 
 and alluvial diggings were reported in the summer of 
 1869, and regarded as a rediscovery of the spot whore 
 a Swiss miner ten j-ears before claimed to have found 
 some ledges.^^ Besides these localities, Moberly 
 Creek, Adams River, Shushwap River, and Cherry 
 Creek received considerable attention during the Bisr 
 Bend and upper Columbia excitements, between 
 18G4 and 1867. In 1864 Factor McKay bi ought the 
 news to Victoria, that all along the Shushwap and its 
 tributaries four to five dollars a day could be made with 
 the rocker. This pay was also obtained on the Cherry 
 Creek tributary, better known for its silver ledges. 
 In 1869 a quartz-miner from Nevada opened the 
 Cherry Creek silver-mine, without making any very 
 substantial developments; and in 1876 the company 
 of I. Christian was workinij an eifjht-foot vein whicli 
 yielded one thousand five hundred dollars in a month 
 and a half, while at the same time Bissctt discovcretl 
 a ledge of gold and silver ore, five feet in thickness, on 
 the north branch of the Cherry. The following year 
 new placers of coarse gold were found on a hin'Ii 
 bench further up the creek, yielding twenty-five cenis 
 to the pan, so that between quartz and placer dr- 
 posits. Cherry Creek continued to stand high among 
 mining localities.''* 
 
 Moberly Creek, on the upper Thompson, was 
 brouojht into notice at the commencement of the Biij 
 Bend excitement, by W. Moberly and Mountaineer 
 Perry, who examined it in 1865, and gave a good 
 report. On Adams Lake, and Adams Creek, ex- 
 tending into Shushwap Lake, there was found in July 
 
 •*' Factor !McKny of Kamloop reported in 1804, that seven or eight niiles 
 from tlierc some CaniiiUans were making ^40 a day. Victoria Wcekli/ Colonial, 
 March 129, 1804; liattiiiigH' Vouj'ede.raiion, 115-10; Map, in U. O. Papers, iv. 
 -|4. 
 
 -'■' The Swiss died, says the record, without making them known. Victoria 
 Wcekhj CohiiisI, July 31, 1809. 
 
 **The Chinese were making from §4 to $10 in 1876. Victoria Daily Coh- 
 vist, Nov. 10, 1870; May 18, 1877. Victoria Weeklif Colonist, March 29, 1804; 
 July 24, 1809. 
 
CHARACTER OF DEPOSITS. 
 
 m 
 
 lountainccr 
 
 Iknown. Victoria 
 
 1SG6 a bed of gravel eight feet in thickness, yielding 
 from three and a half to four dollars a day.^^ The 
 Thompson River bars continued on the whole to yield 
 steadily throughout the decade of 18G0-70, and Talie- 
 stn, Evans, and others estimated the annual product 
 at from twenty thousand to thirty thousand dollars.^ 
 
 Tliroughout the Fraser and Thompson placer dis- 
 tricts the operations upon the bars led into the banks ; 
 aiul tliese on the Fraser and its tributaries consisted 
 of benches rising in successive levels behind each 
 other to great altitudes. At first, all the remunera- 
 tive gravel-beds a little above the level of the river 
 wore called dry-diggings, a classification wliich im- 
 plied that the earth had either to be carried to the 
 river to be washed, or that water had to bo carried to 
 tlio ground in ditches. This class of diggings did not 
 receive much attention until the deposits accessible 
 by the natural sluice-ways of the country were nearly 
 exhausted ; yet the line of demarcation between bench, 
 bank, and river-flat diggings, where sluicing was car- 
 ried on, was scarcely perceptible, as the river occa- 
 sionally rose above them all. The term 'dry-diggings' 
 came to be applied after a while more jiarticularly to 
 tlio higher ground, as equivalent to bench-diggings, 
 Avhicii were never touched by the flood-waters, and, in 
 lAhort, to the terraces of the Fraser. The terrace de- 
 posits of the northern plateau covered many thousand 
 sijiuire miles of territory, following not only the river 
 Viilkys, but extending far back over the plains, and 
 Hanking the mountain ranges of tlie interi(»r; and 
 tliey cimsisted of tlie more or less rich gravel and 
 sand so eagerly sought for by the river, placer, and hy- 
 
 ''■'Tliia was underlaiti by a solid blue cement, said to resemble deposits on 
 Williiims Creek. From ten feet down the cement contained plenty of quartz, 
 wiHlioil travel bowlders, Bulphurets of iron, and black sand, with every intli- 
 c.ition of good placer ground. Fifteen miles below this, seven Frenchmen 
 Were engaged at sluicing in the summer of 186G. ' Ji. D.,' iu Victoria Wechly 
 VoloniM, Sept. 18, 18(56. 
 
 '•''(hrrliiiid Monfhlt/, March 1870, 262; Yale Euamhwr; Virtori>i We.vkly 
 Colonist, April 24, 186«. 
 
 illMttl)ll»K 
 
nil I 
 
 ii 
 
 Jl 
 
 '. 
 
 ill 
 
 468 
 
 FRASER RIVER MINING AND SETTLEMENT. 
 
 draulic miners. It was not long before the intelligent 
 miner became aware that the river diggings must 
 soon yield to these extensive terrace and lake-sliorc 
 deposits, for the bar formations were different from 
 those of California streams; tliey were recent, made 
 since the formation of the bars, while the bed-rock 
 contained nothing of value. Bright prophecies were 
 indulged in touching the yield of the higher benches; 
 buc the change was, on the whole, not to the taste of 
 the diggers, and terrace operations form so small a 
 portion of mining on the middle and lower FrastT, 
 that in omitting the narration concerning them the 
 incompleteness of the record is scarcely observed. Yet 
 there is in reality no subject more vital to the mining 
 history of these districts. 
 
 The gold of the river bars consisted of fine Hat 
 scales, comminuted by long-continued liannnering 
 between bowlders during its transport from the origi- 
 nal sources. All the gold found below Yale was so 
 fine that even with the use of blankets in the rockers 
 there was a loss of about half, and with the use of 
 amalgamated coi)pcr plates and quicksilver there was 
 still a considerable loss."'' The abundance of tliis 
 fine n'old in the river-beds of the j]freat Columbia and 
 Fraser was not unjustly regarded by the Californians, 
 when the discovery was first announced to them in 
 1858, as evidence of untold wealth in these river 
 valleys. 
 
 Ninety per cent of bhe gold extracted during the 
 first year of mining in the Fraser basin was fine gold, 
 which had been distributed by river, lake, and ice 
 agen(ues, and finally concentrated at different points. 
 Moberly's observations at the Fountain traced tlie 
 deposits from the dry -diggings into the higher ter- 
 races, and a number of transient geologists, travellers, 
 engineers, and scientific ex})lorers have followed simi- 
 lar investigations, the principal of them being aUat'}tr'< 
 of the army and navy, stationed for a time at the 
 
 *' Wiuldinfjton'n Fraser MIiim, 41. 
 
VARIATIONS ACCORDING TO LOCALITY. 
 
 m 
 
 3 intelligent 
 
 served. Yet 
 
 colony ;^^ but the results were detached and incom- 
 plete, and before the beginning of the geological 
 survey no systematic attention was given to tiic sub- 
 jeet. The mining operations simply proved the fal- 
 liU'V of the Californian idea that the river itself had 
 eiirried the gold from some extensive placer basin a 
 long distance above, and the terrace or lake detritus 
 completely batfled the pursuit of its sources. 
 
 While the fine gold could be found along the Fraser 
 from its sources to the sea, the coarse gold, indicatir.;:^ 
 the origin of the particular tine gold on tiic middle 
 anJ western plateau, coincided in its distribution witli 
 the slaty rocks of the And<.^rson lliver and J^oston 
 Ikr series, recurring in spots of undetincd area along 
 tlie principal streams. ^^ Beyond the region of the 
 iUK-ient plateau, lake, or lakes, described by Begbio 
 and Selwyn, far up in the slaty mountains of Cariboo, 
 coarse gold was finally found in quantity witliin tlie 
 leach of practicable mining operations — in the beds 
 of the ancient streams, meandering ])eneatli the 
 howlder clays and the ice-marked gravels of the 
 modern river-channels. It has been asserted tliat 
 tlie auriferous sections of California and of the Fraser 
 do not bear any resemblance to eacli other; but on 
 LiUoet Lake the eye readily detects many of tlie 
 characteristics of the California gold-regions."" In fol- 
 
 "" Doctors Forbes, Brown, and Rattray, Lieutenant Mayne of the navy, 
 and Lieutenant I'alniLT of the army, made ollieial ve[)orts. l)e(lroot, Ri','^- 
 liii', Harnett, Sproat, and in fact nearly all the writers on JJritisli C'olunihia, 
 tiiiK'hed paragraphieally on the sulijeet. 
 
 ■''•'/>(( H'.soH on Minis, ;{(). Scale and dour gold were found along the wliole 
 course of the Fraser without regard to the formations over whieii the river 
 ]i.issed. Coarse gold was foun<l hesiih's at t)ie localities of '^,'icoutanieeii, ( J reat 
 i'"al!s, Briilge River, etc., already mentioned, also at ■'''iika Flat, near J^ytton, 
 and from that point down to Roston Rar. /(/., Hi. iJeghie and Silwyii in their 
 reports lioth noted tlie occurrence of slates alon,thiH portion of Fraser River. 
 
 '"' '( 'urioso,' an intelligent and experienceil Californian, who witiiesseil and 
 iloscrihed in a series of letters the mining in progress hetween Yale and (ho 
 i'oUMtain in ]Sr)8-l>, stated, in summing up, that tlie tine Hat scales found in 
 tile river were ' precisely sinular tr) those found in nearly every [iirt <>f the earth 
 wished inindreds of feet ahove the pres(!iit bed of tiie river, ' in from one to 
 liUy colors to the pan. 'This,' says the correspondent, ' sustains tlio theory 
 tliat tlie bars are tlio resnlta of lieavy Ifvndslides, tlio lighter soil of whicli is 
 tikeii almost entirely away by tlie current.' The formations at Nicaragua 
 IJar proveil this to lie ;i fact. The I)ar3 previously worked paid a second timo 
 
 iTi II ki II II 11 1 " 1 
 
464 
 
 FRASER RIVER MINING AND SETTLEMENT. 
 
 lowing the Lilloet River to Harrison Lake, the Cali- 
 fornian is at home. Quartz, so scarce on the Fraser, 
 here abounds; and the hills are of that reddish gravel 
 with a blue clay from which so much gold has been 
 extracted in California. B'^idge River, which yielded 
 so many nuggets, traversed the same formation. 
 
 Dry-diggings first received particular attention 
 between Hope and Yale about the middle of Octobci- 
 1858, when it was observed that they extended along 
 both sides of the Fraser to the foot of the mountains,'^' 
 Among those that were successfully worked in 1858 
 and 1859, named in ascending order, were Emory Bar 
 and Hunter Bar diggings, seven miles below Yale; 
 Bond dry-diggings, five to seven miles below Yale; the 
 Prince Albert diggings, four miles below Yale* the 
 benches at Hill Bar; the George dry-diggings, three 
 miles above Yale; the benches at Nicaraijua Bar in 
 the great canon, a little below Boston Bar; McGof- 
 fey dry-diggings, seven miles below Foster Bar; the 
 benches at Cameron Bar; Hovey bench-dig- Ings on 
 the left hand of the Fraser, eight miles below the 
 CO ifluence of Bridge River; and those at the Fountain 
 already described. Bond, tlie George, Hovey, and 
 the Fountain dry-diggings were worked in the autumn 
 of 1858; the rest in 1859. At Lytton, and at many 
 other places not mentioned, bench-diggings were trietl 
 in later years at times with rockers, but as a rule the 
 benches were found to be unprofitable without the use 
 of water delivered in ditches, a want which could not 
 always be supplied in a country where the rainfall 
 itself was rather light. 
 
 for working. . The operations of the miners were almost entirely superficial, in 
 heiiig conlined to the bars and immediate edges of the banks. Victoria Oazvttr, 
 Juno 16, 1S,")9. A correspondent of the London Times in 1863 also described 
 fully, and dwelt largely upon, the fine gold contained in the terraces extendin;^ 
 along the whole course of the Fraser from Hope to Alexandria. Lundin 
 Brown described the gold of the Fraser 'as remarkably fine,* incapable of 
 being saved without quicksilver, and as ooming from the terraces. Brown a 
 Eumy, 28. It was associated with black sand not unlike that of the Australian 
 diggings. McDonald's B. C, 91-2. Specimens of the black sand of the 
 Fraser were described by Dr James Blake. Procecdimji Col. Acad. Sciences. 
 *^ Waddintjton's Fraser Mines, 46-7. 
 
 »; H 
 
T. 
 
 , the Cali- 
 de Fraser, 
 lish gravel 
 1 has been 
 ich yielded 
 tion. 
 
 attention 
 of October 
 ided alono- 
 lountains.*" 
 ed in 18o^i 
 Emory Bar 
 slow Yale; 
 vYale; the 
 • Yale* the 
 fings, three 
 ^ua Bar in 
 ir; McGiot- 
 T Bar; the 
 lig^.ngs on 
 
 below the 
 e Fountain 
 
 [ovey, 
 
 and 
 
 ihe autumn 
 |d at many 
 were tried 
 a rule the 
 »ut the u^^e 
 could not 
 he rainfoll 
 
 ly superficial, in 
 Victoria Gazette, 
 alao described 
 tacea extoiuliu^ 
 idria. Lundin 
 p,* incapable of 
 rraces. Browni 
 1 the Australian 
 sand of the 
 \ad. Sciences. 
 
 COARSE AND FINE GOLD 
 
 Coarse gold was much more frequently met with in 
 the terraces than in the river-beds; and the yield by 
 sluicing ranged from four to twenty dollars a day to 
 tlie man. At Prince Albert diggings the extensive 
 terrace or table-land, which rose sixty feet above the 
 hii^hest water level of the Fraser, was pronounced 
 liighly auriferous, and extensive enough to give em- 
 ployment to four thousand miners, allowing each 
 tw(>nty-five feet frontage and five hundred feet depth. 
 Shafts were sunk in October 1858, and as there was m> 
 water on the ground, several companies organized to 
 hrino; in ditches. ^IcGoftey disjcmnLjs were amouijcthe 
 richest in coarse gold, the pieces weighhig from fifty 
 cents to twelve dollars."'" 
 
 ]\Ir Justice Begbie was one of the first to comj)re- 
 heiid the nature of the terrace detritus as observed 
 during his journey to Lilloethi April 1859. To him 
 tlie terraces recalled the Grampian formation in Scot- 
 land, and he traced in them the shores of a former lake 
 covering most of the country brought into notoriet}' 
 by the Fraser mines, and extending from Boston l^ar 
 to some miles above the Fountain, a distance of eii>htv 
 or ninety miles. The tine <xold phenomena of the river 
 
 "-/?. C. Pnpert), ii. 27. Hond-diggings, discovered by T. Bond, early in 
 1S,">8, and located on the hij^her portion of lluntor IJar, yielded coarse gold, 
 .siHiie pieces wcigliing six dollars. Victorid (liizttlc, .luiie '2.'), ISoS. At Hill 
 and ilniory bar, the Iiar-diggings were abauiloned after 1S5S, ami iu Mardi 
 IS.'iit the miners began to construct ditches for sluicing the benches or table- 
 lands. jy.odiUiH Dis]Hiti-li, March 10, 18r)0, in li. V. r<i}»r.t, ii. (17. Tlio 
 Oidigo ilry-diggings yielded eight dollars a day wilii the rocker, and twenty 
 dolliii's at sluicing. JhiUijldK' I'rinile I'njifiv, -MS., 1st ser., ]().")-(). On the 
 Iiiiili terrace at Js'icai'agua IJar. l.">0 feet above the river, some miners were in 
 April KS.")"J engaged in bi'ingiiig in a ditch. Virlitrld (iazitlc, .May 7, IN.'lt. 
 1 lie gold was a dirty yellow, rather coarse, not water-worn, yielding .'?10lt a 
 d.iy to the sluice. Jonah Yale, May 'J4th, cor. Virforia Oaziiti; May 'M, bS.")'.l. 
 Tlio bar itself was at the same time paying handsomely. At (.'ameron ]{,ir 
 till' sluicing, partly by costly Ibimes, was conducted at a considerable altitude, 
 and yielded four dollars a day to the hand. Virloria (/icr^c, .Inno 14, IS.'i'.). 
 -NbiidU'ey dry-diggings Were fifty feet above the river, and contained Inmii.s 
 ot gold from 50 cents totl-.i'jO in value. Hovcy diggings were I'J.") feet aboMj 
 tlie river, and yielded, iu the fall of 18.")8, 148 ounces of sh.it gold, in tiiri'o 
 Weeks' time, to tea men using four sluices. DowjUis, in B. (\ Pim-v^, ii. ;<!•. 
 Tile rocker-diggings at the P\)untaiu were rich to an altitude of S0() or St(M) 
 feet. These devi'lopments established pretty conelusively that the sources > if 
 tlie lino river gold were in the terraces; but it existed there in a less concen- 
 trated form. 
 
 Hist. ]!rit. Col. 30 
 
mi 
 
 '" if 
 
 4GG 
 
 FRASER RIVER MINING AND SETTLEMENT. 
 
 i ' ^' i. 
 
 above and below the outlet of the ancient lake, ho 
 compared to the results of the M'orking of a rocker; 
 remarking that all the gold found between Hope and 
 Yale was transported 'Hour gold,' not a 'scale' iiaving 
 ever been found below Yale; while at Lvtton eightv- 
 five per cent of the gold found was scale gold, and 
 but fifteen per cent Hour gold."'' The material of 
 the terraces was shown by others to be neither more 
 nor loss than the ordinary detritus of the surrounding 
 country — loam, gravel, sand, and more or less water- 
 worn bowlders. Milton and Cheadle, who were in the 
 country in 18G3, conceived that there were three suc- 
 cessive tiers of terraces, representing, as in some other 
 terraced countries, three successive epochs of elevation. 
 They described them as universally impregnated with 
 fine gold, and remarked upon their co-extension with 
 the bunch-grass country of the plateau.** 
 
 The odium of the 'Fraser humbug' has been out- 
 lived. It is not necessary to do more than refer to 
 that title, proclaimed as it was in 1858 and 1859, likt' 
 a political shibboleth without fairness and for a single 
 object — to turn the tide of emigration. But the dis- 
 
 • 
 
 "^VA ('. Pafcfx, iii. 17-20. Begbic expressed lii's belief that the benches 
 might pay iiiulor a suliicicmly large system of mining. The terrace deposits, 
 fr(Mii 100 to ],(K)0 feet in tliickness, eontained in las opinion not a spadeful nf 
 dirt that was not auriferous. Whenever beueh-digging.s have been worked, 
 said the eorrespondent of thi' London Thnvs, Victoria, .Ian. 20, 18G2, ' Wwy have 
 paid Well, but they have been neglected for the placer-diggings.' With an 
 aliundaiu'o of water, and of timber for Humes, an inviting field here opened 
 itself for I'jiglish capital. J/nzli/t'n Citrilino, l.'iS— 1.'5. 
 
 *'* X<irf/iiri.-<t P<iK,s-ii<je 1)1/ Li I ml, SSi). ])r Robert Brown's scientific exaiiii- 
 nation and descrij)tion was the first comprc'hensivo treatment of the subjeit, 
 and lie assunie<l thiit the terraces were formed by the successive cutting away 
 fif the barriers of interior lakes. Loud, (tco'j. Soc, Jour., xxxix. 125-G. Tlic 
 prairie character of so much of the terraced interior he showed to be due to 
 c .•■.parative dryness, caused either by scanty rainfall or by the porosity of 
 the soil, niodilied by prairie fires and other local causes. Jd., 127-9. This 
 •was also the belief of Newberry, promulgated in his Or'nfmof Pntirks, Tmiif. 
 Am. Scii'iitijtc. Axxoi'hUion, Bufl'alo, 18G(i; and of Foster, in his M Usix.siirpi I'ul- 
 If'!/. Hector's stutly of the terraces of the Columbia, in connection with tlie 
 I'alliser expedition in ISGi), extended through two or three years of explora- 
 tion, anil were very valuable. Miiiiiii/ in the Umtcr C'obunhia Hirer jinsin. 
 Selwyii made a comprehensive rcxitnii of the whole subject, and added a gninl 
 deal from his own observations made in a journey from \'ictoria to Ycllow- 
 hcad Pasa iu 1S71. Canada ileol, Sitrrci/ /'qiort, 1871-2, 54-(5, 
 
RUSHES AND REACTIONS. 
 
 409* 
 
 b lake, ho 
 a rocker; 
 Hope anil 
 le' having 
 on eighty- 
 
 ofokl, and 
 laterial < »t 
 thcr move 
 irrounding 
 less water- 
 A^crc ill the 
 
 three suc- 
 5oine otlKr 
 f elevation, 
 nated with 
 iiision witli 
 
 , been ont- 
 in refer to 
 . 1859, like 
 'or a singli' 
 lut the dis- 
 
 iat the benches 
 jrrace (loposits, 
 )t a spadofnl nf 
 le been worked, 
 l8G2, ' they hiivo 
 ligs.' With ail 
 lid here openeil 
 
 [icntitle exauii- 
 lot the sulijeot, 
 cutting away 
 ^. ]>J5-G. The 
 pel to be ihic to 
 the porosity of 
 [, 127-9. This 
 P/v»'/vV-», Tram- 
 y'i.t.-iiMqrpi Val- 
 Iction with the 
 irs of exjilora- 
 |i Hirer Bai^in. 
 aiMed a f,'oi"l 
 ria to YeUiiw- 
 
 appointments experienced by the thousands who went 
 to Fraser River, and failing to be successful returned 
 in inisfoi'tune, are worthy of a candid record in the 
 history of the times, while a picture of the wave of 
 depression into which the colony was plunged belongs 
 to the history of the country itself. British Coluin- 
 1 )ia was called the Land of Hopes Unfultilled."'' Thirty 
 tlioLisand Californians rushed north to Victoria, and 
 as hastily returned. A large part of this migrating 
 population being moved by incentives of trade and 
 spi'culation, incidental t«) the mining discoveries, came 
 no nearer to the mines than this port; but those who 
 ai>j)roched them did so at the very worst time, when 
 the river bars, then the only diggings looked for, were 
 e(Aered by water. They found themselves further- 
 more in a wild country, aftbrding none of the com- 
 forts and conveniences of a miner's life in California, 
 tl;e greater part of it being beyond the reach of sup- 
 plies and almost untrodden. 
 
 To the natural diiiicultics wei-e added the illiberal 
 restrictions of trade enforced by tlie governor and 
 oilicers of the Hudson's Bay Com])any,'"' who allowed 
 no trading with the Mainland and interior to be cai- 
 licd on by the merchants of Victoria and Whatcom 
 till after midsummer. The only exception to their 
 own monopoly of the trade of the mines was the pcr- 
 missuni ufranted bv (loveriior IJouulas to several 
 ])arties to sell fresh meat and vegetal)les. The coii- 
 st'([uence was, that even the departure of the miners 
 from Victoria into the interior after the lirst rush 
 had the eflect of making Victoria dull. 
 
 The foundering of the steamer Brother Jonatlian 
 olF Crescent City, July 8, 1.858, with the loss of many 
 (»r lu'r passengers, was a shock which gave the final 
 iiu[)ress to the idea that the rush had continued too 
 
 '" Wriijlit, in OrrrliOiif MoiiMif, Deceniher 1S()0. 
 
 '"'Sonio attribnted the hard times to the fact tliat the f.'oM-dust was kept 
 
 mt of circulation by tlie company's reeeivin;,' it for floods, wliich were only 
 |iiiiil for liy bills of cxchanue on IjOiidoii. ('nrniiutUW AVw El Dormlo, 300; 
 
 ( 
 
 piiiil for liy bdls .. _- - - 
 
 Vitildiiujtons Fnvsvr Miius, '_'2-4; Browii'-i Essay, 3, 4. 
 
4C8 
 
 FRASER RIVER MINING AND SETTLEMENT. 
 
 long. The immigration suddenly stopped ; and more : 
 in a few months the adventurers were nearly all back 
 again in 'God's country,' as they called the sunnier 
 regions of the south,**' full of bitter denunciations 
 of the route, the country, the resources, yet knowing 
 no more, after their return, of tlie extent and wealth 
 of the mines than they knew before leaving in quest 
 of tlicm. It was argued that the deposits on the 
 lower Eraser must be small, and if the hcud-wators 
 contained greater wealth, the remoteness, Indian diffi- 
 culties, want of supplies, and the short duration of 
 the mining season, would forever make them inferior 
 to California as a mining resort. 
 
 After the river fell there was a reaction, for a largo 
 immber had with commendable patience remained t 
 await this event, and now that the gold began to How, 
 the departures were not only clieckcd, but a fresh in- 
 flux took place. The yield did not come up to tlicir 
 expectations, however, and in November 1858 tlie 
 winter exodus set in, a hundred persons leaving Vic- 
 toria every wcck.*^ Good, deputy minister of mines, 
 who had access to every source of information, placed 
 the total yield for 1858 at $500,000, and for 1859 at 
 $1,000,000, while the known exports were $390,2(;5, 
 the respective years. To this one third may be added, 
 to include what had been carried away by private 
 hands. The number of miners actually employed in 
 
 o 
 
 " Victoria Gnzetle, Sept. 9, 1858; Overland Monthh), M.ay 18(59, 410. Huu- 
 ilreds were rotuniiiig to Victoria with but little gold, and were leaving the 
 country, to the dismay of the store-keepers. Business was dead. Woddimi- 
 ton's Fraxcr Mines, 38. In July and August the San Francisco newspapers 
 were filled with the folly of the northern exodus. ' The mania,' said the Jiiil- 
 to(« of July I'itli, 'exceeded all bounds of reason and priidenco.' HungLT 
 and despair had now overtaken them. Hundreds who liail left good eniplny- 
 ment were unable to return. When Nugent arrived at Victoria as consular 
 agent of the United States, he found ' multitudes in a state of actual starva- 
 tion,' and was obliged to send numbers of persons to California at the piililic 
 expense. TarMl's Victoria, MS., G; McDonald's B. C, 121. Througlinut 
 the rnontlis of August and September the Victoria Gazette contained frecjucnt 
 admissions of the depressed condition of affairs. Vide Aug. 10, Sept. 25, 2!t, 
 1858. 
 
 ^B. C. Papers, ii. 39; Lewis' Coal Discoveries, MS., 13-15. It was lianlly 
 just, perhaps, to compare the fields of British Columbia with California bcforu 
 her deposits had been fairly opened. 
 
GOLD YIELD. 
 
 4G9 
 
 1858 was assumed to be 3,000; in 1859, 4,000; and in 
 
 1860, 4,400. The highest estimates were those given 
 by McDonald, who had the benefit of the books of 
 McDonald and Company, and who claimed to have 
 based his calculations on the returns of the bankers, 
 the express companies, and the surveyor-general. 
 He placed the yields of 1858 and 1859 at $2,120,000 
 and $1,375,000, and the total population in 1858 at 
 17,000; in 1859, at 8,000; in 18G0, at 7,000; and in 
 
 1861, at 5,000 — one sixth being British subjects. The 
 United States consular agent Nugent, on the other 
 luiiid, thought that the entire yield from May to 
 October 1858 did not exceed $500,000; while the 
 number of miners employed during the first three 
 months could not have been less than 2,000, and dur- 
 \\\\X the remainder of the season 10,000. Lcavinor the 
 iirst three months out of the question, he figured the 
 average earning of each miner at $50 for the season, 
 against $350 expenses. Waddington estimated the 
 yield till October at $705,000, and the investment of 
 labor and capital in steamers, wharves, Ijuildings, real 
 estate, and various improvements at Victoria and 
 l']squimalt, with native and imported capital, at 
 
 si,o(;o,ooo.''' 
 
 "•'Alfred Waililin;j;ton made an attempt to show that the yichl of the 
 FrasL'P iiiiues during the first six months was as good as that of California and 
 Australia. During the same period, at the coinnicncement of their mining 
 history, California had made a showing of $240,000, Australia, .^725,000, 
 iind Fraser Rivlt, 3705,000; allowing for only .^00,000 as a circulation in the 
 Frascr mines in October ISoS, though ho thinks this must have been nearer 
 .•?'_'.")(), 000, at SoO apiece, among 5,000 miners. l'cnd)erton, another author- 
 ity, states that the total product for that year amounted to §!l,4',)l-,2Il, and 
 for the following year to .*;2,000,000, or a total for the Iirst t%\'o years of at 
 least $3,000,000. The number of miners actually at work at any time during 
 this period could not have exceeded 3,000 — the number of miners' liot'nses 
 issued indicating only §2,000 — which makes the average anmuil earnings of 
 each miner $500. Pvmhvrton's B. C, 36-41; Vic an-.., April ]!), June !), 1S,")9. 
 The number of working miners in California in lS(iO was estimated at 200,000, 
 or one third of a population of 000,000; the yield being ,<!.")0,000,000, or .?250 
 to each miner. Dou^'ias reported 10,000 foreign miners on the Fraser in 
 August 1858, and upwards of 3,000 as actually engaged in mining. li. C. 
 I'lqicrs, i. 27, 41. Douglas wrote in February 1858, that Thompson Kiver 
 had then produced an ascertained export of. 500 ounces, ami probably 500 
 ounces more which re'-..ained in private hands. Coniirdlli.s' X. El Donvlo, 308. 
 The amount of gold-dust bought by the Hudson's 15ay Comj)any at Laiigley, 
 up to May 25, 1858, was C4Sij ounces. Dowjlnn Private /'aptrs, MS., i. 91; 
 
470 
 
 FRASER RIVER MIN1N(} AND SETTLEMENT. 
 
 Whatever figures arc correct, it is certain that tlie 
 pcold shipinerits were small in coniparisou with those 
 
 of C^ilitoniin, .'ind herein wns found a stron 
 
 L,'' ar'ijfii- 
 
 nient a^-ainst the valui^ of the mines. Tlu; ])n)('ess of 
 de[)o{)ulatIon and the stagnation in trade <'oiitiinied 
 throiiL^hout IHiVJ and 1 800. Of tlie thousands who 
 had suddenlv made Victoria a citv, oidv alumt fifteen 
 liundred remained. Affairs tlu'n readied the lowest 
 
 c'hl). There was hut little husii 
 
 d 1 
 
 ness, and Jt'ss \\\ pros- 
 pect. " Let us look disaster in the face," couns'.'lh'd 
 the mentor of the local tlaily, as he reduced his issues 
 and omitted the title of daily."" Tlu^ depression con- 
 tinued foi- some time aft<'-; liopeful intimations canic 
 at the close of 1800 from the fork of the Quiisnd, 
 followed hy a jjjradually increasiniL!^ flow of dust, which 
 estahlished hoyond a doubt the existence of rich 
 placers in tlie country."^ 
 
 The historv of minin<^ on the middle and westt>rii 
 plateaux was lienceforth chief!}' statistical in char- 
 acter.'"' Enough had been found and accomplished 
 
 U. S. Er. Doc. ;;/., .l-,ih Cnii;/., M Sr.^.i.; MrDnmUl'^ ]i. C, 82; J^•/^ J/;;» s- 
 Ji'ijif., 1875, 1. Tho 0/,Vy arrive.l at Victoria, May S, IS.kS, witli ^.H-NiMH) in 
 j,'ol(l-(lust, ami .S'J(),()(K) was tlio listimatcil rcci'iiits at Wliatuom (hiring tin; 
 week. Orciiniiil j'rdiii Jlliii/i.'iotii, 4()-'J; \'!rforlii d'nyt/i , Aug. '20, I85f>; ^iilrm 
 An/iix, Sfjit. 4, iS.")S. 
 
 '" Virlnr'iii (h'~<ttf. On May '28, ISJjO, tlio editor observed that the pay of 
 tlireo to iive (h)llar.s a <lay oti'ore<l i)y average claims was too even ami low to 
 attract tlio gamhling spirit of Calit'oriiiaiis. Tiio government was severt'ly 
 rated for its unwise regulations concerning land, roads, ami mines, wliicli it 
 ■was alleged had repelled Americans. 
 
 ^'This was owing partly to tlio remoteness of the mines, anil partly to tlie 
 want of hopefulness and energy amoi'.g a not over-prosperous community. On 
 the failure of the Big Bond excitement the editors were imly too reatly to 
 morali/c. 'We are experiencing a season of depression and misfortune only 
 equalled hy the disastrous years of l8.")',)-(i0. (Quartz-mining was recom- 
 mended as a remedy. Virtorlfi Wirkli/ Colonist, i^iitt. II, 18(i(j. 
 
 ^'- Wells, Fargo, and Company shipp'id from \ ictoria in 1S,")8, .S3H7,70.">; in 
 ISoil, ?S'23,4S8; and in 18()0, §1,'_".)8,4()(}. A'lon Francis, in U. S. Comiwrchil 
 SiiitUlrn, 1803, li)4. All of that b'iipipcd m ,8r>8aud ] 8.J1) was Eraser River 
 gold, hut a large part of the shipment-i in 18li0 came from Qiiesnel Forks in 
 the coatines of Cariboo. A. V. Ai'iii-r.-i' n augments these tignrcs to cover 
 the total export, thus: for 185!>, %i,l". 1,339; 18()0, .«!l,3().3,32i». Amlcrson'i 
 J'Ji.i(ti/, appendix, iv. Charles Crooil, deputy minister of mines, gives us the 
 amounts actually known to have been exjmrted by the express com])'.ny and 
 banks in 1858 at P!K),2(;5; in 1859, at $1, '21 1,304; and in 18(iO, at $1,(571,410. 
 To these figures he adds a third to include the estimated amount carried away 
 by private liauds, making the total amounts, for 1858, $.V20,353; for bS.")!*, 
 $l,(il5,072; and for 18(J0, ,%»,'228,543. The largest yield was in 18(54, §3,73"',- 
 
EFFECT OF (}> Ll> DISCOVERY. 
 
 471 
 
 hat the 
 
 II tlioso 
 if argu- 
 
 'ocess of 
 )iitiiiiUMl 
 ids ^vllo 
 t fifU'i-n 
 c lowi'st 
 
 ill pros- 
 luns'.'lli'd 
 lis issiu's 
 siou ('»)n- 
 »us caiiu' 
 Quesiu'l, 
 ^t, wliicli 
 
 of I'icli 
 
 I Avostcrn 
 in diiu- 
 un)lislu'(l 
 
 ; Mill. Mill! -I 
 
 h !?:!r),(HH) in 
 
 I (hiriiij; till! 
 
 l!So8; iSaleiii 
 
 it the pay of 
 
 III ami low to 
 
 uH s(!vcri'ly 
 [us, which it 
 
 Lartly to thu 
 luuuity. Oil 
 loo roaily to 
 [fortune only 
 Iwas recoin- 
 
 |s.W,7t>r); in 
 
 Cnmiwrci'il 
 •Vaser River 
 licl Forks in 
 Ires to cover 
 Aiulerxoii'' 
 l^ives us till! 
 -null ny ami 
 ,§1,()71,410. 
 larrieil away 
 ]• for IS.V.t, 
 504, §3,7:!.-', • 
 
 cluiiuG: the Fraser inininuf (kivolopmonts to evolve a 
 i^ovorinuciit; to open a road into the interior; to lead 
 the way into several lieh and lasting' niininiij reunions; 
 and to suu^jL^est at once overland ('«)ninuinieation, and 
 confederation with ( anada. lentil in the |)roL,ni'ss of 
 development the new conditions foreshadowed shouhl 
 he finally hrou^ht ahout hy the coniinenoeini'nt of a 
 railway throuu,h the Fraser pass to the Cascadi; 
 .NFountains, the dawnintjf of a lU'W era in niininy' and 
 iimnis'ration had to ahide its time. 
 
 S.'O, .iftiT M-hich it lUrliiicd to !? I. SO."". 74!) in 1S7:1; it roM! ai'iiiii to .S'2,474,. 
 !MI4 in IH7.'>, and thtii fi'll oil' a sicoiiil tiiiif, Min. M'uiim I!i)>I., IS7.V i!S77. 
 Till' nuiiihcr of jicrsoiis fiijiaj^i'il in mining tlunng this tfst pfrioil- no dii- 
 fiiiiitly t'stimatfd l>y \\';iddington and IS'um'nt — was ]>l:i('t'd liy (idud at 
 '.'.(KM) 111 KS.kS, ;{, UK) ill lS.".it, and :{,'.)00 in ISC.O; wliil.- tlio editor of the I'/V- 
 liiihi (lir.itlv, Mari'h 10, IS.V.), fstimatcil tho iniiiiii:,' ]io|iiilatiiiii in M.inli |S,V.) 
 a> lii.^ii lis 4,<H)0, and tho antiiipated niiiiini^ jKundation in May fullnwiiiLr, 
 .-)..'i(M). Till! lattir authnrity dofs not ilistinmii.sh lutweeii tln! iiopnlatiiiii in 
 till- minis and those ai'tually engaged in mining, a faet whieh may aeemint 
 fur the diserepaiicy. In 1S(U) the iii)])ulatioii of N'ancouver Islaml was etli- 
 lially estimated at o.OOO, and the Mainland at "),fl<)0. Curilioo (lobl-jiiliU, (i'.K 
 Thus it apjiiars that the tendency of the gold discoveries on the Mainland 
 was to settle tlie Island ".-.ther than tlie Mainland e\en from the eomnieiiee- 
 lueiit, the jiojiulatiou of the Island prejionderatiiig over that of the .Maiidan 1 
 also in later years. Viih' chajiters oil Railway, In ISCiI the Lomhni Tiim.-i' 
 e(irres])()ndt!iit estimated that ;i.")(H) miners were working in the Fniser and 
 Cdliimliia hasins exclusive of Carilioo, where lie allowed on general testimony 
 ].■")()() more, or r),000 ininer.s in all. Mai/in'M li. ('., -W'l. (Jood's estimate for 
 that year was 4,"J(H); from Mliieh data it may he inferred that .several tliou- 
 saiid miners were still distrilmted along the Fraser as high as Fort (leorge, 
 ami along Bridge River, Thomiisoii River, .ami others of the lower Fraser 
 trihutaries. Along the Fraser they were earning from .*;{ to .'?1.") jier tlay, and 
 siijiiiosed to 1)0 averaging !»."> a day. TIihk' cor., in Ihr.litt'n ('nrHino, lli.S-4I}. 
 Ill 1S71 Lilloet district yielded .s'|."i,0()(); Vale and Lyttoii districts together, 
 81 lO.tHK), scarcely a tenth of the total yiehl of the iirovinee. Retweeii .sl.'),()(l() 
 and .S'JO,()(l() was annually coiitrilmted to the wealth of the province hy the, 
 Indians mining on the hars of the Frailer and Thom[ison at low water in 
 winter, hodies of them heing seen at work cradling at favorahle times during 
 the coldest Weather. I'irforin W'nl.li/ ('itli)iii.<t, Nov. 27, lS7l'. In isy.") the 
 statistics collected hy the deputy minister of mines showed that ol) Chinese, 
 engaged on liar-diggings in Lilloet district, washed out .s,")(),0(M), while in 
 l.ytton district 'JO Chinese and two white men took out oiilj- .S1,0((0. In the 
 Vale district only four Chinese were einployeil, getting .SSOO. In 187() the 
 Lilloet district, including Rriilge River, had (JO Chinese at work, hut pro- 
 duced only S'2r),(XH); wliiTo the Yale ami Hope districts had two white and 
 nine Chinese miners who obtained .s'.), 1 14. The latter in 1S77 employed thieo 
 white mea and 13 Chiuuso, who obtained §12,000. Min, Mines Ji'iil., 187.") -7. 
 
CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 GOLD IN THE CARIBOO COUNTRY. 
 
 C.uiiiioo Region — Its I>ErosiTs — New Mining Era — Golden Dreams- 
 Early Developments — Roads and Mountain Trails — The Great 
 Prospectors — The Influx — Quesnel River Mines — Horsefly and 
 
 QtESNEL L.KE — KeITHLEY and ITS ToWN — HaRVEV AND CUNNINGHAM 
 
 Creeks — Antlek Creek Riches— Grouse Creek. 
 
 m 
 
 i; 
 
 !' Ir 
 
 On the head-waters of Fraser River tlie»mmmg 
 operations previously confined to tlie beds of the main 
 rivers spread in 18G0, 1801, and 1802 over a lar^-e 
 area of elevated country wliich was somewhat iii- 
 <lefinite]y desiii'nated as the Cariboo Re^ion.^ It mav 
 bo described in ^•enei-al terms as situated between 
 the head-waters of the main Fraser and its principal 
 tributary, the Thompson, upon the inner or western 
 ridges l)ranching from the Rocky Mountains, in latitude 
 52° to 54" north, five to seven thousand feet aV)ove tlu' 
 sea." In the heart of the New Caledonia of the fur- 
 traders, its principal river, the Quesnel, and doubtless 
 a portion of the country itself, was more or less known 
 to them as far up as the lakes of the Quesnel. Tlis' 
 
 ' Douglas said in regaril to the ntvme given to the rejzion by the iiiiiu r-i, 
 projiei'ly it shoulil lie written C<trth<iiij\ or reindeer, tlio cimutiy liaviii^ lutii 
 ho named from its luinf,' tliu favorite liau'it of that speeie.s of the deer kind. 
 JJniii/ld'!' J)(!i<ya/</i, Sept. ](i, 18(jl, in JJi'zli/t'x C'lrihim, 117. Cirj'-li<riif(<\vi'r- 
 ox) appears to have been tlio original. This was corrupted in its application 
 to the large species of reindeer inhabiting llritlsh America. 
 
 ^ r.ieutenant H. S. I'almer described this mountainous region as consistiiii,' 
 of .steep downs, clotlied with tolerable grans, and dotted with small jiiiii^ 
 plantations, etmtrasting on account of their bareness .tith tho valleys aiil 
 lower slopes in a manner so marke<l as to have received the title of tiie 15iiM 
 Hills of Cariboo. Lnnd. (Itmi. Sor., Jour., Sept. 1S04, 18(). The samo region 
 ■vvas described by K. .M. |)awson as a 'high level plateau,' averaging from 
 r),()()Oto 5,r)00 feet in altitude, and entirely covered, more or less thickly, with 
 drift or detrital matter concealing the greater part of the rocky substratum. 
 JJitirsoii on MiiiM, 0. 
 
 ( -in ) 
 
GOLD-MINING GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 473 
 
 OLDEN Dreams— 
 
 LILH — The (tKKAT 
 
 I — Horsefly and 
 AND Cunningham 
 
 ' the* mining 
 i of the main 
 over a largo 
 r)nie\v]iat in- 
 on.^ It may 
 ted between 
 its principal 
 I' or Avestei'ii 
 IS, in latitude 
 t a hove tilt' 
 of the ill I'- 
 ll d doubtless 
 les.s known 
 icsnel. Tlic 
 
 II liy tlic iniiur-;, 
 itiy liavinj^ ln'cii 
 if tlie iluir kiiLil. 
 
 in its application 
 
 gioii as cuiisistiiiL,' 
 with small jiiiii' 
 
 tho valluys aiil 
 title of tho B;iM 
 The sam'3 n'^'inii 
 
 averaging t'luni 
 less thickly, witli 
 )cky substratum. 
 
 ( •JT'J ) 
 
 Hudson's Bay fort of Alexandria and the old high- 
 way of the traders along the Fraser were in full view 
 of the Cariboo Mountains, and but forty miles distant. 
 These forts and lines of communication were estab- 
 lished and held by the Canadians in the peaceful 
 routine of their traffic for fifty years before the gold 
 discoveries; yet the region had received no general 
 distinctive name. 
 
 The appearance \ipon the forest plateau of the upper 
 Fraser in 1859 of a new and stranu;e order of white 
 men, whom the Indians, by this time well accustomed 
 to tlie fur-trade, may be supposed to have distin- 
 guished as the dio-crcrs, introduces a new area of ex- 
 ])]oration and occupation. The new-comers devised 
 tor its geographical titles, in their own peculiar way,^ 
 under which the regions and the localities in question 
 wore at once brought prominently Avithin the field of 
 industry and of history. The Cariboo region seemetl 
 in the autum of 1860, when the first intimations were 
 received of mining about the fork of tiic Quesnel, to 
 1)0 as remote and as difficult of access as the arctic 
 legions. Impressed with the belief that the coarser 
 gold of the country would be found higher, a hand- 
 ful of miners' had this year penetrated along the main 
 and north branches of the Quesnel to the Quesnel and 
 Caril)oo lakes. Launching their rafts, they voyaged 
 along the winding and extended shores, prospecting 
 the tributary streams with varied adventure and suc- 
 cess. The particular scenes, cliaracters, and incidents 
 (if their progress must l-o left to the imagination of 
 the reader. The ])enci) of the artist will in a future 
 (lay picture the wild beauties of these lakes and valleys. 
 From Cariboo Lake was visible, a short distance to the 
 Westward, a group of bald mountains, subsequently 
 known as the Snowshoe, and ]\[ount Agnes ]]ald 
 
 ^In tho early goM-mining geography of British Colunil)ia, sixty miles 
 alinvu the Thompson River country began tlio 'Canoe Country;' to tiio nortli 
 of wli- ' vasthe 'Balloon Country; ' aiulbeyonil that figain was the 'Cariboo 
 Com.' ' — terms of an intletlnite character, yet generally used. J/ittelCa Jltiiul- 
 liook of Miniiuj, S. F., 1801, 100. 
 
 riiUMMXMI 
 
474 
 
 GOLD IN THE CARIBOO COUNTRY. 
 
 Mountains. Behind these the prospectors were now 
 penetrating. This was the core of the auriferous 
 slate country, wkence radiated the four great rivers 
 of the Cariboo region, the Bear, Willow, and Cotton- 
 wood rivers, and the north branch of the Quesnel, 
 hitherto unexplored and unnamed, but destined to 
 bee Dine famous through their respective tributaries, 
 
 TuE Oaridoo Countrt. 
 
 Koithlcy, Antler, William, and Lowhce creeks — insig- 
 nificant streams issuing from the same Bald Mountain 
 group. A year later they were the sites of the prin- 
 cipal mining-camps of the Cariboo region, known 
 throughout the world; and the Snowshoe and Mount 
 Agnes Bald Mountain chain, like the Sierra Nevada 
 of California, the main range of the country, was 
 
DOUGLAS' REPORT. 
 
 475 
 
 were now 
 auriferous 
 reat rivers 
 nd Cotton- 
 3 Quesnol, 
 estined to 
 :ributarics. 
 
 5i..ii«i.»i' 
 
 t.liii.v 
 
 
 l^ 
 
 cs — insij^- 
 Vlountaiu 
 the priii- 
 a, known 
 id Mount 
 a, Nevada 
 itry, was 
 
 rendered familiar to the sight of men in places where 
 solitude and the wild animal had reigned from a pri- 
 meval day.* 
 
 In August 1859, Governor Douglas was able to 
 reijort to the colonial sccrctarv that ''the nowlv ex- 
 plored tract of mining country about Fort Alexandria 
 and Qucsnel's River' possessed "more of the general 
 features of a gold country than any yet known part of 
 British Columbia."" This conclusion was simply a 
 reflection of the opinions expressed by miners, who 
 luul reached the Quesnel Fork diggings, touching 
 the character of the Cariboo Mountain region in 
 its relation to the gold in the rivers; abundance 
 of coarse gold having been found in the diggings, 
 where it was evident it had remained in tlie vicinity 
 of the oold-bearinij rock. Here were mountains of 
 gold-bearing slate, looking familiar to tlie Califor- 
 nians; yet the diggings were not in all respects like 
 tliose of the gold regions of California. It was a})- 
 parent above all that this auriferous slate formation 
 was more extensively develoi)ed than in tlic Cascade 
 ^Mountain l)order of the ])lateau. There was no inuni'- 
 (.liate geological connection between the fine gold of 
 the Fraser mined in 1858 and the coarse gold discov- 
 ered in tlie mountains of Cariboo;'^ yet there was an 
 actual and an historical connection as well as continu- 
 ity. It was partly the theory concerning the origin 
 of til • former that led t(^ the discovery of tlie latter. 
 Mi'iing romps and mining distr'icts on the Fraser and 
 it trihitaries, just as in California aiid elsewhere, 
 •Vi r.: Movitably abandoned at a certain stage, under 
 t!ie /-'ippi.'sioion that they were exhausted, and Fraser 
 
 S^llv. t' \\ asatch Mountiiiiis of Utah ami tlio Bitter Root Mountains 
 of l(l:iliii, tliu range waa tlie western nieniher of tiie system of tlie Jloeky 
 Minintains. In British t'oluinhiau latitudes this mountain ranue jierfornieil 
 the noteworthy funetion of giving origin to the gi'eat IhmhIs of tiie Coluniliia 
 and I'raser rivers, which, Uowing to the luirthwanl hehind it, hcnt around to 
 tlie southward after hreaking througii the gohl-liearing range, and then 
 striuk over the jilateau, in courses (juite simihir, to the sea. 
 
 ''It'.sjHifrl,, (latc.l Aug. '2:i, 1 «.')!», in /i. <'. l',i)»TX, iii. 50. 
 
 ^ ' Fine gold will not travel far without the aid of sonic earthy Huhs'^-anee.' 
 7'(r»(,';'(t Lixturvn. 
 
■l;1 
 
 I 
 
 476 
 
 GOLD IN THE CARIBOO COUNTRY. 
 
 River afforded a direct and speedy route for prospec- 
 tors and their rear-guard in search of new and richer 
 deposits on the plateau and within the parallels of the 
 Rocky Mountains, so that the movement across the 
 plateau from its western to its eastern flange was 
 accomplished at a comparatively early day. In the 
 course of a few years there was disclosed to the world 
 a counterpart of California, equally rich, and extend- 
 ing at least from the Horsefly branch of the Quesncl 
 and the Clearwater tributary of the Thompson at the 
 south, to the Cafion Creek tributary of the Fraser in 
 the north-west, over two degrees of latitude, in tlie 
 direction of the range. But a new lesson was to Ijc 
 learned ' >)' the gold-miners. Hitherto the surface liad 
 bec^n ski; . ' with the aid of rocker and sluice, and a 
 few insigni. t liydraulic enterprises had been uudti- 
 takci' on the benches; Ijut in Cariboo, the mystiiy 
 and art of deep [)lacer-mining in its true terlmical 
 sense were to be practicallv studied miuI unravelled liv 
 means of shafts and drifts, i)umps, ami hoisting nia- 
 chinery. On tlie Fraser, as in tht Cohuubia ItiviT 
 basin, the richly concentrated goltl leads of tlie aneiciit 
 rivers lav in l)uried channels below the level of tlir 
 modern streams, and drifting underneatli the clay 
 strata in search of tliese deposits became in Carilxio 
 the main feature of mining. Exceptionall}' raised 
 strata on the streams had in se\ ''al cases reveaKd 
 the ricjier leads l)elow; but this indication was not 
 always found, nor was the lead eontiiuious. Peculiar 
 diflicultios were encountered in following the winding's 
 of the buried channels, ccMifused and obliterated as 
 they vere by the later glariol action, which had, also, 
 fretjuently modified or altered the courses of the 
 modern streams. From Yale to Lilloet, from Al'X- 
 andria to the Quesnel River, the miners only left one 
 kind of deposit to enter upon another. Thus the 
 'Fraser River humbug' was, nevertheless, a continued 
 mming operation; it was a repetition of the liistoiy 
 of gold-mining in California; and the i.ransition on 
 
EFFECT ON -VaCTORlA. 
 
 477 
 
 the Fraser, in view of the remoteness and inaecessi- 
 bihty of the diggings, was as speedy as it was suc- 
 cessful. 
 
 Tlic significance of the discoveries in the Cariboo 
 countr}^ did not become apparent at Victoria until 
 very near the close of the year 18G0. After the sea- 
 son of depression and depopulation which had been 
 t'X}»crienccd almost from the connncncement of mining 
 on the Fraser, everything had the ajjpearance of 
 pi'oniature death and dissolution in the colony. But 
 in Xovember 18G0, with the return of the successful 
 miners from the fork of the (^uesnel, came bags of 
 nuggets which revived the fainting hopes of the trading 
 comnmnity by the sea. These were the assurances 
 that the country :'as safe. Hesitation in regard to 
 erecting permanent >uildings at Victoria gave place to 
 confidence," and the town gained its footing for a sub- 
 stantial growtli. Had the government been able to 
 retain the twenty thousand Americans and other for- 
 eigners, whom they feared, to this time, wliat stridis 
 of development might have been made on tlie road t<» 
 tlio Rocky IVfountains in the north! What an aspect 
 might have been given to coinmercial developments 
 on the North Pacific had the first railway to tlie 
 llocky ^Mountains l)een completed in J^ritish territory! 
 
 Fraser River and Cariboo l)ecanie as famous nnd 
 as widely known throughout tlie world as Sacramento 
 J'i\er and Ballurat, and minei's from California and 
 Australia were emphatic in their declarations touch- 
 ing the comparative merits of Cariboo.^ AVith a po])- 
 ulation of fiiteen hundred people, the district sitipited 
 
 ' Mur/lr'.'i V. [. ami. U. <\, 73. 
 
 *■ 'There were big iiiiiu's ill Cariboo. Tlie Cunningham claim yieldoil six 
 (luiicca a (lay to the hand.' Lurii' Conl J>l-i., -MS., Id. 'A coniparisim of 
 tlie retiirnH, says Lit^uteiiant J'almi'r, '«itii tiiose of the most notorious 
 <li.striets of California and Australia, encourages the heliof that the aurifrrous 
 rii'iies of Cariboo are the greatest hitherto discovered.' Lnml. (lai'i. Sur., 
 Jour., KSlU, 171. Tho richest poiiioiis of California in its most paliny days, 
 said Major Downio of l)ownievillu, California, were as nothing comiiarcd 
 with what ho had seen since he left Victoria foi'Cariboo. Viiioi-ia Daibi I'lrs", 
 Oit. ]."), 18(jl, (pioted in J fnzlitf'iCiirilioo, l.'{4. 'Never in tiie iiistory of gold- 
 iiiiuiiig have tliuro been 8uvh fubuluuti »unis umuissed in so incredibly tihort a 
 i*pacc of tiino,' 
 
478 
 
 GOLD IN THE CARIBOO COUNTRY. 
 
 to Victoria Vicfore tlic cud of the season of 18G1 two 
 inillious of dollars. Though the opportunity which 
 had proniisotl to place the Fuca ports on an equal 
 footing with the harbor of San Francisco was lost, tlie 
 developments now made showed what might follow at 
 a later dav, when the Canadian l*acitic I'ailwav should 
 ])lacc within the great Fraser basin a large popula- 
 tion ; and the reports of its great mineral resources 
 were not onl}' apparently but really and undoubtedly 
 justified. 
 
 The fii'st effect of these discoveries was to prod 
 
 luce 
 
 i ': 
 
 anotluu" movement of population from Calilbrnia and 
 Oregon into the basin of the Fraser. The abundant 
 yield of gold this time created a 'stampede' for the 
 new mines, which held out with every elenu'nt of 
 genuinent'ss. based as it was upon known develop- 
 ments ratlier tlian on a fanciful or imperfect and 
 illogical de(hiction from mining exjieriences in Cali- 
 fornia; and altliough comparatively insignificant in 
 luunbers beside that of 1858, the influx carried a pui- 
 pose which left its mark upon the countiy. From 
 lS(if to ISfJa, inclusive, the innnigration continued;' 
 and the losses to the country in conseipience (d' tlie 
 abandonment of the lower Fi-aser after a temporary 
 occupation were recovered in all but poi)ulation. 
 
 During the first sunnner following the Fraser ex- 
 citement, while mining upon the ri\'er bars was still 
 at its height, small (.letatdiments of ])rospectors from 
 the Canoe Countiy and the Balloon Country, above 
 Fort Alexandria, found their way a distance of ninety 
 miles u}) Quesnel Kiver, and worked succ(>ssfully upon 
 its bars.'" 
 
 Xumerous letters weri^ received at Yale exhausting 
 every power of persuasion to induce miners to join 
 their covfrcns on the Quesnel, especially at Quesnel 
 
 '•''A far grciitiT stiiinpodo that that of tho Fraser cxcitumciit. ' /)<(Ih-' 
 Si/tli'iiicii/. V. /., MS., (1. 'Tlie l)i;Nt yi'ars of Cariltdo wort! ill KSIi.S, lS(i4, atnl 
 ISli."!. After that was a gradual dei'liue.' A linn's CiiriUx), MS., 11. 
 
 ^"Dowjliut' Jh'tipatc/i, Aug. i-'.'l, IS."',), ill JI. ('. Pnjicrs, iii. 50. 
 
THE RUSH OP 1861. 
 
 m 
 
 Fork, and at some localities on the southern tributary 
 called Horsefly River. During the same season of 
 1859 the north fork of the Quesncl was ascended to 
 the little and great Cariboo lakes; but no striking de- 
 vi'lopments appear to have been made in that quarter 
 imtil the following summer and fall. While a number 
 of miners, led by Rose and McDonald, proceeded 
 to the head- waters of the Bear River, and there de- 
 veloped rich ground, others continued up the north 
 lork of the Quesnel to Cunningham Crock, to mako 
 almost equally great discoveries; but the excitement 
 for the season was not fully started till tlie finding in 
 January 18G1 of the extraordinarily rich prospects 
 on Antler Creek, about twenty miles from the mouth 
 of Kcithley Creek, constituting the principal attrac- 
 tion ill the rush of 18G1. The news spread fast; all 
 who could go to Cariboo, or to the Cariboo lakes and 
 their wonderful tributaries, went at short notice, until 
 about one thousand five hundred miners from the 
 coast, from Oregon, and from California had crossed the 
 (.livide separating the waters of the Quesncl from Dear 
 lvi\cr, and speedily overflowed into the adjoining 
 vWcY valleys of the Willow and Cottonwood, around 
 the Hanks of Bald Mountain." 
 
 " il/((r/-'',>' r. /. amlB. C, 74; Malhindnimi's li. C. Dircctoni, IS0.1, 201. 
 It \\a» llic reflux to the scalioard of the successful miners on Kcithley and 
 llarvcy creeks in the full of ISCO, and the exhibition of their gold nt Vic- 
 toria says Allan, that started the Caiihoo excitement. Allan's Varihoo, MS., 
 3-4. During this lirst rush to Cariboo there was enough travel for a titno to 
 crowd to sullbcation the steamer Entcrjtrlsc, the only boat nt that time ply- 
 ing liotwecn Victoria and the Mainland. I'roni Yale the men carrieil their 
 fo !(1 ;iud blankets on their back, ('niirtrrci/'n Miii., li. ('., MS., ■'!. On Antler 
 Crcik thi'i'o were a few score of men in the autumn of lS(i(). Is'otwithstanding 
 the sc crecy the discoverers endeavored to maintain, the discoveries were so 
 t('iii]iting that when the news reached the Quesnel a rush took i)lacc to Antler 
 in ilii' middle of the wintcrof KS(!0-1. Up to its falls, live miles below th<! little 
 t'aiiliiM) l,akc, the north branch had been found to contain more or less gold. 
 Then there wasablaidv in ascending the valley of that stream, where sc.ii-cely 
 anything was found. Hut the discoverers of the diggings at Antler ( 'rirk, 
 not cnntiMited with these results, on their way thither had crossed the lower 
 Cariliiio Lake to the mouth of Kcithley Creek, and ascended that stream 
 into (he midst of the Ikld and Snowshoo mountains. From this point tlicy 
 Were able to sec to the northward in the direction of the descent of Antler, 
 or Hear Kiver Valley. The route from the fork of the Quesnel, taken by the 
 l)ody of pioneers who in the autunni of l.SOO followe<l the discoverers to Antler 
 iivik, was up the left bank of the north branch to Mitchell's bridge. Mitchell 
 
hi 
 
 ill 
 
 
 m 
 
 GOLD IN THE CARIBOO COUNTRY. 
 
 One important result to the country was the ini- 
 petus given by these discoveries to road-buildino, 
 arising from the necessity of carrying sup|)Hes into tlio 
 mines. Botli governments and individuals assisted at 
 this, and l)eft)re the close of 18G1, efficient pack-trails 
 gave free access to all inn)ortant mining localities.'' 
 Incited by the discoveries on Keithley,. Harvey, Ant- 
 ler, and Cunningham creeks in the spring of 18 01, a 
 number of miners wandered farther in various direc- 
 tions to prospect. First Grouse Creek, forming witli 
 Antler Creek the head-waters of Bear liiver, Mas dis- 
 covered to be equally entitled to attention, and lioiii 
 the head of this creek the valley of William Creek, 
 on the head-waters of Willow liiver, was not only 
 visible to the enterprising explorer's, but within easy 
 reach. The same ridge, culminating in Mount Agnes, 
 disclosed to them on looking westward the valKys 
 of Lightning and Lowhee creeks, tributaries of Swift 
 and Cottonwood rivers. Nothing was wanting but 
 the disa])pearance of the snows to enable the pros- 
 pectors to descend these several valleys, and to com- 
 plete the series of discoveries which in the course of 
 that notable season made most of them famous/"^ The 
 actual mining developments of 18(11 began with the 
 arrival of additional forces from every mining distiict 
 in the country, forming at the end of !JiIay a })opulatit>a 
 of from one thousand to one thousand four hundretl 
 
 luiule bloaks aiul windlass, and built the piers of the bridge witliout a.s.sist- 
 auoe, a work rctlucting great credit upon liiiii for both skill and jiersevenuici'. 
 Thence the trail followed the riglit l)auk to little or lower Cariboo Lake, 
 distant from Quesnel Fork twenty miles. Crossing lower Cariboo Lake, it l.l 
 to the mouth of Keitidey Creek, ascended that .stream for live or six iiiilis, 
 and struck north-east through the IJald, Snowshoc, and Swift Rivermountaiiis. 
 JS'imI, in B. C. I'apir.i, MS., iv. Ttl. 
 
 ^-Jf>izlit\i Citrihoo, lli>; Ximl\f Jiept., March 18G1, in B. C. P<t2^,'r.i, iv. 
 51-'J. See also Tnitrli's Majh Freight from Yale to Quesnel Fork in If^til 
 was $1 per pound. Tliencc to Antler, before the comj)letion of the pack-trail, 
 the Indians carried provisions in the early part of the season of 18(il for S't 
 cents to $1 per pound. By July the trails were opened, and pack-traiiw 
 reached Antler, reilucing the price of provisions to 55 and 65 cents a i»ouiul, 
 and of beef from 50 cents to 20 cents a pound, li. C. Diredon/, 18ti3, 201. 
 
 '^On the completion of the Cariboo wagon-road from the mouth of the 
 Quesnel to Lightning Creek in 1865, there was a reversal of the order in which 
 the several streams became known to the world. 
 
CARIBOO IX CALIFORNIA. 
 
 481 
 
 ,s the iui- 
 l-buildinj;, 
 iii into tlu' 
 assisted at 
 |)ack-tiails 
 localities.^- 
 rvey, Ant- 
 of 18()1, a 
 ious diii'*'- 
 :'inin*;" a\ itli 
 ^•r, \vas dis- 
 j, and iVoiii 
 am Cni'k. 
 ,s not only 
 ^vithin '-iisy 
 unt A;4iK'S, 
 the valli'vs 
 OS of Swift 
 antin;^" hnt 
 c the \-r»>s- 
 md to eoni- 
 course o\' 
 .us.^^' Tl.r 
 1 with tlio 
 n;j; distri<'t 
 population 
 Lir hundnil 
 
 without .-vssist- 
 k1 jiorsi'VLr:iuct'. 
 r (.'aiiljixt L:iki', 
 •il)oi) Lake, it U'l 
 livo or six iiiiUs 
 Uveriuouiitiiins. 
 
 <\ /•((})'''••'-■. i^> 
 lel Fork ill I'^'il 
 )f the pack-trail, 
 ,11 of IStil I'.M- N.> 
 ami iiack-trams 
 
 cents a itouml, 
 ,/, 18(i», 201. 
 le mouth ot the 
 10 order in which 
 
 miners, a large portion of whom were occupied with 
 tiansportation trade in its various branches, and in 
 road-making. Further accessions later in the season 
 fuinished a total prospecting, exploring, and actual 
 niiuing population of about fifteen hundred." The 
 country now for the first time became known as Cari- 
 boo. This was simply the extension to the entire 
 ifo^ion explored, of the name of the Cariboo Lakes, 
 situated on the north fork of the Quesnel, from which 
 tiic explorations may be said to have started. 
 
 The Fraser excitement was never a more universal 
 topic of conversation in California than was Cariboo 
 at Victoria in the autumn of 18G1; it seemed hardly 
 n edible even to those who had been accustomed to 
 SIC rich diggings and lucky strikes. The news spread 
 iluther, and tliousands of people from California, 
 Canada, England, and every other quarter of the 
 ^lohe ascended the valley of the Fraser early in the 
 season of 1802. Owing to the unexpected distance, 
 and the difficulty of reaching Cariboo before the com- 
 pletion of the wagon-road, many turned back without 
 entering the mines, while others consumed on the way 
 the provisions intended for the relief of tho.se who had 
 wintered in the mines; consequently there was almost 
 a famine at Cariboo.^' 
 
 Exploration in 18G2 was, nevertheless, vigorously 
 prosecuted by an actual mining poj)ulation estimated 
 at five thousand in Cariboo district. Although extend- 
 ing over an area of fifty miles scjuare, the operations 
 were chiefly in contiguous ground, and resulted in the 
 
 " Lomloii Times' cor., quoted in Cnrilioo GoU-Jidd.% 49-52. At tlie end of 
 i\w. sejiMoii of I8(>1, the TIiiick' eorrespondeut nioditiud Homewhat his previous 
 ligureH of 1,400 at the eiul of May, and gave the total number of actual miners 
 ill tlie (Jariboo district, including yuesuel Fork and fifty miles below, during 
 till' whole season, at 1,500. Lomloii Times, Feb. 6, 18(52, in Mnyne's B. ('., 
 442. He furnished no estimate of the proportion engaged in trade and trans- 
 portation, but loft it to be inferred that tliese were to be added. P -obably 
 the l!irg(!8t number of miners actually at work prospecting and mining at any 
 one time during the season ot 1801 never exceeded 1,000; while the general 
 Work of exploration under consideration engaged the whole 1,.')0(). In June 
 K**!)!, Douglas estimated the total population at I,.'V}0. B. C. Pupern, iv. B(J. 
 
 ''Miners and prospectors togetlier were obliged to travel out after pro- 
 visions, paying one dollar to cme dollar and a half per pound. 
 Hist. Brit. Col. 31 
 
482 
 
 (lOLD IX THE CAltlllOO L'OUNTR\. 
 
 production of a total yield from Cariboo thus far of 
 about $3,000,000." 
 
 Of the lieroic deeds of the early prospectors there- 
 is evidence on every hand, but such exploits were of 
 every-day occurrence in the pioneer army that was 
 advancint^ upon the strongholds of the country under 
 the pressun; of the <^old mania; and it was not the 
 
 '*The American coiihuI ustimated the total initiing ixiimlation of British 
 ( 'oluinbia for ISfi'iat ir),0()(), three fourths of tlie people being from C'alit'oriiia, 
 Oregon, and Wiishington. Allt'it Frnnrlit, in l\ ,9. Cotnmerdul lid., 18(i'J, 14,S. 
 Discoveries continued to lie made as ainattcr of courHt every year after JStll, 
 hut they were of local rather than of geographical iiiiportanue, and i)ertaiii(i! 
 chiefly to mining developments, in localities henceforth having a history of 
 their own. The three principal niiniiig-camps in 18(>'i were \\'illiam, Li^ht- 
 inng, and Lowhec creeks, employing a total niunhcr of ."), (MM) miners, ('(mi- 
 tcrry'n Mill., B. C, MS., 10. BVom these local discoveries important miiiiuj,' 
 developments were made in all directions. On Last C'lianee Creek, atrilm- 
 tary of Lightning Creek, hill-diggings wtire found early in KSi;2 which 
 were deemed highly important; Van AVinkh^ ]>avis, Anderson, and oUnr 
 gidches in the same neighhorhood were sueeessfully worked, and on Kiiiiis, 
 Lowhee, Nelson, Sugar, and Willow creeks, simihir tli'vc^lopmeiits were md<\v 
 the same season. Ji. V. JJlrcrtonf, 18(W, 2(1*2. Up to \SM tlie list of rii lur 
 creeks developed hy sinking shafts into the deep cliannels eml)raeed lv(itlih\, 
 (roose, Cunningham, Lightning, J.ack of t'luhs, (Jrouse, Cliisholm, Sovcreij;ii. 
 Last Chance, Anderson, Fountain, Harvey, Nelson, Stevens, Snowshoe, Cali- 
 fornia, Thistle, Sugar, Willow, McCallum, Tahahoo, Conklin, Lowliec, ami 
 William creeks, etc. Miicjie's V. I. mid li. C, ]4(!. A series of letters written 
 in the autumn and winter of 18()l-2, l»y JJonald Fraser, the Lonuon Tiimt' 
 correspondent, pictured the discoveries and excitements of the preceding _>i';ir 
 in somewhat roseate but not overdrawn coloring. Fraser simply omitted tin- 
 dark side of the picture; and he was i>articularly blami'<l l>y the English arrivals 
 for speaking prematurely of the stage-eoaclies on tlie proposed wagon-ioail, 
 when it appeared, to their grief, after travelling 7, (MM) miles, that a walk ni 
 4(M) or 5()0 nnles farther, carrying a load, would l)e necessary to lini>Ii the 
 journey. Allann Corilioo, MS,, 8. In all several thousand Uritisli siil)ji'it>. 
 from England, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, wtsre induced by tluM' 
 letters to undertiike the journey to British Columbia in the spring of ISti'J. 
 Macfie vouched for the sub.stantial correctness of the statements made by 
 Donald Fraser. V. I. and Ji. C, 75. Some of the British immigrants brought 
 M'ith them placards of a speculative transportation company, circulateil in 
 England, where tickets were sold for Canlioo direct, picturing tiie stai;( ■■ 
 coaches that were to carry them from Yale. But the holders of such tiekitti 
 ascertained as soon as they landed in America that there were no ai-raM^i- 
 ments to make good the promise. On the way from Yale to Cariboo tlu n 
 were comparatively few houses, so that provisions had always to be canieil 
 at leaat from one to three days. An overland party from Canada by way nf 
 Y'ellowhead Pass, late in I8G2, ■ ' ndoned their horses at the head-waters 
 of the Fraser, and turning tliem l.)0se, built rafts to float down the river 
 to Fort George. Four of the party, not caring to venture on so perilous a 
 journey, turned back, but not finding the horses, they finally nnciertook to 
 reach Fort George on foot, two of the Ilennie brothers perishing durini; a 
 snow-storm. Those on the raft soon entered a cafion where a number of tlnin 
 were drowned. AHaiCt Cariboo, MS., 15-18. In 1862, V. H. Lewis and otln r 
 Oregoniaos went to Cariboo overland by way of Okanagan. Lewis' Coal Dii-, 
 MS., 16. 
 
 I, Ilium II xu 
 
THE HEROIC IN O OLD-MINING. 
 
 453 
 
 cu.stoiii of the time to dignify the search for the sor- 
 did metals with any title of he?oisni. Yet had such 
 deeds been performed in the name of war, science, t)r 
 iL'ligion, doubtless their stories would have been told, 
 and the names of the heroes [)re«erved and honored. 
 The prospector's fame depended upon his success in 
 fiiidinj^ gold; and it was restricted to the small circle 
 tliat shared in the benefits of the discovery, to be lost 
 si^ht of as soon as the last nuggets })arted company 
 with him. The romantic and tragic extremes seemed 
 iiiiturally united in his career, but otherwise tiian as 
 jiiospectors and discoverers, the lives of Keithley, Mc- 
 J)<)nald, Rose, Dietz, and Cunningham were blank, 
 and might have been fitted to any imaginar}' previous 
 or* subsequent career belonging to the scene. Kose, 
 an American, and McDonald, a Canadian from Cape 
 Breton Island, are credited by Governor Douglas as 
 tlie greatest of the discoverers in Cariboo. McDon- 
 ald worked hard for three years, and amassed con- 
 siderable wealth, with which he came down to Victoria 
 to recruit himself Kose left sjiortly after this dis- 
 covery in (juest of nisw mines, and was found in the 
 woods dead from starvation. William ])ietz, the dis- 
 coverer of William Creek, the richest stream of all, 
 survived till 1877, only to die a i)auper at Victoria. 
 Keithlev, who mive his name to the first discovered 
 ol the rich creeks of Cariboo, held a valuable claim at 
 Quesuel Fork in 1800-1." 
 
 '' Kiiitlilcy's claim at Qwesnel Fork was on the hill-side, ami was one 
 III' tile richest iu that vicinity. B. C. Ptijitiv, iv. 50. Kcitliley (,'rcek, the 
 lir'st discovered of the characteristic ricli creeks of Cari])oo proper, was 
 iinly twenty miles distant. In regard to the discoverers of Antler Creek, an 
 riitry in Donglas jonrnal made at Lytton, June 5, 18l!l, mentions that 
 'Rose, an American, and McDonald, a Canadian, are the two great pros- 
 jicutors who have discovered tlie Cariboo diggings.' Douijlnx' Primte Pn^icrii, 
 -Ms., l.st ser., 14(). In a despatch to tlie duke of Newcastle, written on his 
 roturn to Vancouver Island, ho said that 'the Cariboo gold district was dis- 
 covered by a line athletic young man of the name of McDonald, a native of 
 tliu Island of Cape Breton, of mixotl French and Scotch descent, condiiniiig in 
 liis personal appearance and character the courage, activity, and remarkable 
 Jiowers of endi. ranee of both races. His health had suffered from three years' 
 iiMistant exposure and privation, which induced liiin to repair with his well- 
 tunuil wealth to this colony for medical assistance. His verbal report to me 
 is interesting, and conveys the idea of an almost exhaustless gold-field extend- 
 
 ,l|li II II !>>)»> 
 
: 
 
 
 484 
 
 (iOLh IN TIIK CAUIBOO CUt'NTRY. 
 
 • Tlio luirtl,slil[)s of cxploratif)!! umlerijoiio in thcfst- 
 reiiiotu and iuh'lC('c1 regions uftoidt'tl t'i('(|U('nt cxann)le8 
 <»t' the miracles that can be ^vroUlL;llt l)y tlie will ovei' 
 the boily. From Quesnel Fork, the hi<;liest point in 
 tlie basin of" the Fraser Kiver where supplies could he 
 delivered by nutans of })ack-animals in 18(10, journeys 
 of several months were undertaken throuu^h tangled 
 forests, rui^^ged canons, and over lofty mountains, bur- 
 dened until late in the sprin_i( with snows. The pros- 
 pector ventured hundreds of miles, in tlie face of 
 starvation, into a country which contained little game, 
 and was scarcely- visited even by Inilians. The ad- 
 venturer of the Hose type threw himself into the 
 mountains witli reckless abandon, risking body and 
 soul in their fastnesses, and trusting to the genius 
 of tlic region to take pity and guide him into tlic 
 subfluvial caverns lit up by the yellow light he loved 
 s<j well. 
 
 The miner, like the sailor, had glimpses of nature in 
 supernatural moods. Hv learned the lesson of a soli 
 tary man's helplessness. Fancies and superstitions 
 took hold on iiimin one form or another. Alone witli 
 his thouij^hts sometimes for davs and weeks tosjfethcr 
 delving in unfamiliar surroundings, under the infiu 
 
 iiig tliiMUgli the ((uart/ ami slate toriiiatidiis in a iiorthcrly direction from Cari- 
 liiio J^akf. ' li. < '. I'lipi r.t. iv. 'iS. Ko.sc w as one ul tlie most ailveiiturous of tlu' 
 pioneers. .Milton ainl C'lieaille, Wliynijier anil oljiers. all tell the same stories 
 «)1 tlie tirst-nanud author, only dill'ering troni honylas in calling him a Scotch- 
 man. \\ lien tiie crowil rushed in upon Rose, McDonald, and l)icty., on 
 Antler Creek in 18G0- 1, Kose and J)ietz left in search of new dig;^''.;{^s. jvusi 
 disa])peared for months. J Lis ahsence gave no concern to his friends, anion;; 
 whom similar prospecting journeys into the wilds were of every-day occur- 
 rence. Finally, another party of prospectors happened to follow his track 
 far into the wilderness, and came upon his bocly in the woods. Near it 
 on the hranch of a tree was hanging his tin cup, on which was scratclicil. 
 with the point of a knife-ldade, the legend, ' iJying of starvation, liosc' 
 K, W. PiiM. Ill/ Lmid, 'M'A-'y; W/ii/iiijiir'-i Alo.ikd, 85. William I>ictz, tlio 
 discoverer of the diggings (ui William Creek, ascended Bald Mountain from 
 Antler Creek early in ISlil, and was the lirst to report the position of tliu 
 valley of Willow Kiver. lie afterward prospected its head-waters, hut witli 
 little success, and announced the (liscev-ry of gold on the stream callcil 
 A\ illiam Creek hy some, and Huml)ng Creek by otiiers. JJiet/ died a pau]Kr 
 at Victoria in 1877. Another of the earliest miners on William Creek, wlin 
 Itecame wealthy as the owner of the Black Jack mine, was at Victoria in tli' 
 winter of 1877-8, dcpcudeut oil charity tor his daily broad. Allans Carilimi, 
 MS., 11. 
 
THE QUESNEL AND HORSEFLY. 
 
 48S 
 
 3 ill tliu^v 
 ■j cxaiiH)lLs 
 J will OVlT 
 it point ill 
 
 ;S could 1)1; 
 
 ), j(»urucys 
 j;li tunglitl 
 itaius, bur- 
 
 Tliu l»r(is- 
 liu faru of 
 littlu ji,aiuf, 
 . The ad- 
 if into tlu' 
 ; l)ody aiul 
 
 the genius 
 111 into tlu' 
 lit he loved 
 
 L)f nature in 
 
 >n of a soli- 
 
 u])erstitioiis 
 
 Alone witli 
 
 together 
 
 the infiu 
 
 octioii fromC'ari- 
 ■uturous (if till! 
 tliu same sUirii'-i 
 ng liiiu fi Sciitcli- 
 aiul Diutz, on 
 
 1 friends, uiiioiij: 
 !very-ilay dccur- 
 follow liis^ track 
 woihIs. Nt'ar it 
 
 was scratclit'il,^ 
 arvatioii, llnsc. 
 illiain 1 >it!tz, the 
 
 MdUiitaiu fnii:' 
 
 position of IIh! 
 waters, I'ut with 
 le stream calU'l 
 ;tz tlio'l ii I'liuF'' 
 liani ("reek, wIim 
 t Victoria in tli'- 
 
 AUaa's Cariboo, 
 
 ence of natural objects, encompassed by the evolu- 
 tion imps of the dark canon, the elevated region, the 
 lonely lake, the unknown stream, not unfreqiiently his 
 dreams or haps of a trifling nature formed his sole 
 mental pabulum; and the imagination found wing hi 
 the direction of his desires, often shaped by some 
 creed spiritualistic. Hera, the goddess who loved 
 Jason and all his crew of adventurous Greeks, would 
 keep an eye on his fortunes also, and would lead him 
 straight to his goal, as among the thrice worshipful 
 of the Argonauts. In some of these men a mental 
 or moral bend due to prior life, furnished the tragic 
 woof that ran through their web of romance, forming 
 its most essential part. Everything had gone wrong ; 
 there was no human remedy. All that could bo done 
 was to throw themselves away, to give themselves 
 wholly over to wickedness, since the worst fate staring 
 them in the face might be modified and tcjiupoiarily 
 or partially escaped by the aid of the appreciative if 
 not pitying spirit of evil. Whatever th ir fancies, 
 scores of venturesome miners were lost; some never 
 more to be heard of. 
 
 Having accounted for the settlement of Cariboo, 
 wc are prepared to survey the history of the several 
 creeks in detail. At Quesnel Fork, the Fraser River 
 miners worked during the larger part of the season of 
 1859, and this was the first point, aside from Fraser 
 River, to develop into a permanent camp. Quesnel 
 Fork had an important geographical position, and 
 was easily reached by the plateau trail from William 
 Lake. It was the point of divergence in two or three 
 diflerent directions, chiefly along the north and south 
 forks of the Quesnel, the latter branching into Horse- 
 fly River, and formed the supply depot for the Cariboo 
 region during the discovery period, and even after- 
 wards to some extent. The mining-cainp here was 
 beside the centre of an extensive mining district, 
 with tunnels, dams, and water-wheels, and as such it 
 
486 
 
 GOLD IN THE C^VRIBOO COUNTRY. 
 
 18 
 
 early Sussumed the dignity of a village or town. 
 Though much of its prestige departed on the com- 
 pletion of the Cariboo wagon-road, by way of the 
 mouth of the Quesnel, its permanency and local im- 
 portance were sufficiently well established to maintain 
 down to 1875 three well-filled stores doing a large 
 business with pack-trains, and two butcher-shops, 
 besides the usual miscellaneous establishments of a 
 mining town ; but the white miners had by this time 
 abandoned the diggings to Chinese, who were content 
 with the less yielding bench deposits." 
 
 The enterprising men who worked the bars of the 
 Quesnel in the summer of 1859 were most successful 
 in the valley of the main stream or south branch, 
 opening into Quesnel Lake. Proceeding on rafts along 
 the shores of that lake, the}' came to a larg<3 river 
 entering from the south, which was named HorseHy 
 River. They ascended the stream until it branched, 
 and on the smaller tributary, Horseliy Creek, leading 
 to Horsefly Lake, they disccfvered the richest placers 
 
 '*H. M Ball reported to CTOveruor Douglas imderdate of Lytton, Dec. IS, 
 1859, that at the fork of the Qiiesiiol a.nno miners had struck the 'Mtu' 
 lead,' a depoHit t)f auriferous gravel, ' well kuowii in Califoruia.' It w;i8 most 
 extensively developed, wrote }lall, at Horsefly River, and was supposed to 
 cover large aresis of country. B. C. Papers, iii, 1)3. lu tlie wintiT of 
 18(>0-1, during the low stage of the water in Quesuel River, mining wiis 
 carried on actively and successfully in the bed of the river at the i'"iirks. 
 Several coi ipanies constructed wing-dams and water-wheels, extracting con- 
 siderahle nnantities of gold from the river in that manner. Ihe river fornuTJ)' 
 ran in different channels through the alluvi;d llats, and at ditt'erent U'nhIs 
 along the benches. Good prospects were obtained on the benches 100 to l!(M» 
 feet above the river, which it was supposed would reuinucmto a large body 
 of miners under more favorable conditions in the future. Kcithlcy and 
 IHUer had a claim on the hill-side, sixty feet above the river. This wa.s 
 discovered in 1800, and proved, after some tunnelling iu search of the loail, 
 remarkably rich. Afterward the lead appeared to have been lost. Aiw/, in 
 /?. C. Pi'iurs, iv. .W. 'Both branches of the Quesnelle,' wrote DonaM 
 Fraser, in tlie midst of the Cariboo excitement, 'are highly auriferous. Tlu! 
 returns for last summer, 1801, were that nine out of ten of the claims paid 
 over an ounce a day to the haud...T)ie diggings nuist be r.'ch to have k- 
 tained any miners so close to Cariboo, where fortunes were made in tlic courMe 
 of a few M'ceks.' Lomloii TimeiC roi:, I'inieoiiirr /ultnnl, Jan. 20, ISli'J, in 
 Jiiiwliwit' VonJ'i'deriition, 117-18. 
 
 '•In 1875 no white men remained in tlio diggings, nor in the district in- 
 cluding Keitnley Cnaik. In order to work tlie largo flat back of the village 
 of Quesnel Fork, a ditch a mile in hugth was constructed in 1875 by t'l' 
 Chinese, who anticipate<l that the ground M'ould yield them from $3 to $<• a 
 day each. Hare, in Jlin. Miim Rqit., 1875, 13-14. 
 
COQUETTE AND fEDAR CREEKS. 
 
 487 
 
 c or town.''^ 
 on the coin- 
 way of the 
 Lud local hii- 
 1 to maintain 
 oing a large 
 utcher-shops, 
 <hnients of a 
 bv this til IK' 
 were content 
 
 c bars of tlic 
 jst successful 
 juth branch, 
 )n rafts along 
 I large river 
 led HorseHy 
 [ it branched, 
 reek, leading 
 ?hest placers 
 
 »f Lyttou, Dec. IS, 
 
 struck the 'Mill' 
 
 uia.' Itwiisiuost 
 
 WHS Buppo8e<l to 
 
 [ii tlie wintir ol 
 
 »iver, milling w;i.s 
 
 ur at the Forks. 
 
 . extracting con- 
 
 Lhe river foriiurlj' 
 
 it ditlerent IcxAs 
 
 enches 100 to l!(H> 
 
 rate a large body 
 
 Keithli'v iiutl 
 
 river. This wii.s 
 
 iarch of the kail, 
 
 en lost. A'iwl, ill 
 
 wrote DoiiaM 
 
 auriferous. 'I'lu! 
 
 the claiin.i paiit 
 
 r.'ch to have re- 
 
 lade in tlic ooursc 
 
 aa. 20, 18l>2, in 
 
 the (libtrict in- 
 ck of tlie villas:!- 
 I in 1875 by tii. 
 
 from $3 to $<i a 
 
 found up to that time in the basin of the Quesnel, 
 hearing a close resemblance, if the declarations of 
 Cahfornians could be trusted, to the 'blue lead' 
 gravels in the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada. One 
 j)arty of five miners working near the close of the 
 season of 1859, with two rockers, took out one hun- 
 dred and one ounces of gold in a week; after whidi 
 they were obliged to abandon their operations on ac- 
 count of the severity of the weather.^ 
 
 Owing doubtless to the common difficulty here en- 
 countered for the first time, in reacliing and following 
 the bed of the old channel, mining failed to be perma- 
 lu'iitly profitable on the Horsefly and the region lying 
 to the northward of Quesnel Lake. After 1867 opera- 
 tions came to a stand, to be revived for a short time 
 only in 1870, when some good prcspects created a 
 lusli. This failed to realize the expectations formed, 
 and the district nilapsed into oblivion. From Ques- 
 iii'l Lake to Fraser Kiver, at the mouth of the Ques- 
 nel, extending all along Quesnel River, there Wi'-s 
 supjtosed, from innumerable developments, to be a 
 i^ood hydraulic mining country, which in the future 
 would prov(> to be valuable. On the south branch, 
 lielow the outlet of Quosnel Lake, mining continued 
 to be prosecuted, and in 1872 a Chinese ccmipany was 
 .supposed to be still making ten dollars a day to the 
 man.'"' M(>anwhile developments had been made at 
 C'lHjui'tte and Cedar creeks, pointing to the exist- 
 
 "*/j'rt//',y /{>)w/, l>(>i;, 18, 185J)', in Ii. ('. Pnfxrs, iii. OX It was rouorttid 
 liofori! till' close of JSiVJ that they had Htiuck the idcntioul 'lilue leaif,' pre- 
 soiitiiig tlic same indications ot an almndance of gold, and extending ni a 
 (lirri^tion nearly north and south across Horsefly < 'roek, with a lateral extent 
 of nearly ten miles. This 'blue lead ' was traced 'a di,stance of thirty miles.' 
 .\it flic indiciitions of the upper straUv were said to be similar to thoMC of the 
 Mile lead in California, the first gohl stratum being found at a depth of twenty- 
 five feet. Tliero was a false Ik.'(1- 'ock of 'biistard talc,' which the miners did 
 not understand. The whole country to the sontliward of (jhiesnel Lake was 
 fiiiind later to contain deep gri'vcl deposits resembling tlie Iiliie leads. /Arc. 
 mil's l.iituriK, Itt); /hiirson oil. Mines, 41. 
 
 '•'They worked on a bench of the south fcrk of the Quesnel. (JO feet abo>-!; 
 the river, bringing water upon their ground by means of a wlieel. l'(irilnm 
 Siiitiml, Aug. \'A, l.S7'J. B»'ing easier of «ci.ess than William Creek, with 
 I'i'tteri'liiiiateaiid longer season, anil perhaps less exjvn.Hive to work, these ilig- 
 jiiie^M were considered to have importiint ailvantagc^i. //(iriutJ's Ln'/tiirs, '2S(. 
 
«8B 
 
 GOLD IN THE CARIBOO COUNTRY. 
 
 I III " 
 
 : riii 
 
 ence, probably throughout the entire basin of Ques- 
 nel Lake, of a widely extended and important placer 
 region. The Cedar Creek diggings proved to be val- 
 uable, yielding steadily as well as largely for sonu- 
 time. The Aurora claim, with flumes and sluices 
 costing $8,000, yielded, mostly in 1866, $20,000; thf 
 Moosehead claim, costing $2,000 to open, paid $7,000 
 the first year; the Barker claim, also located in 1866, 
 and costing $7,000 to open, paid $2,000 in a year; 
 and the Discovery claim was yielding, in SeptemboT' 
 1866, $15 to $20 a day at a jwint where it was shallow. 
 In August 1867, the Aurora was paying one hundred 
 ounces a week, and other claims from $10 to $20 a 
 day to the man.'^ Coquette Creek failed to respontl 
 to the prospects first obtained in 1866, and was chiefly 
 given over to Chinese.^ 
 
 On the north branch of the Quesnel there were de- 
 velopments not unlike these oii the south brancli,'-^ 
 
 '•'■■' Victoria Weekly Colonial, Juue 25, 1868. Cetliir Creek was first ascetideil 
 by a pro8t)ectiiig party in 1SC2, but was abandoned until 1865. In 186(i 
 a party of miners from William Creek obtained there a prospect of $11!), 
 causing a rush. Id. In September 1867 both the Aurora and Discovery were 
 averging $20 a day to tiio man. Carilioo Sentinel, Sept. 26, 1867. The 
 Discovery company, which had taken out several thousand dollars, ex- 
 pended that amount further upon their claim. A few miners still work- 
 ing in Juue 18G7 were taking out from $5 to $20 a day. The pav dirt 
 was from 6 to 8 feet thick. V isionary Califomiaus pronounced it to be tliu 
 ' blue lead ' tliat had paid so well at William Creek, ' commencing on Homu- 
 fly Creek, aud running direotly through this section.' The Aurora Company. 
 in July, 1867, completed a flume 2,000 feet in length, dumping into Quesufl 
 Lake. Some of the ground on the bed-rock yielded $2.25 to the pan. A/., 
 July 30, 1867. 
 
 '* The discovery of Cov\uette Creek was creilited, together with that «if 
 Oilar Creek, to J. E. Edwards, one of tlie prospectors of the Aurora claim on 
 William Creek, in 1866. Victoriii Coloimt, July 28, 1866. Another a«i 
 thority states that Coquette Creek was originally opened by a Curnishniun, 
 presumably Edwards, who lost the lead, whereupon it was sold to the 
 Chinese. JTarnett's Lecturf^t, 29. No prospects were found by tlie conipans 
 ia the opening made by tliem on the supposed bed-rock, which it was rooonlcH 
 resembled an ash-pit, a cut 60 feet in width having been >tluieed acroMS the 
 creek to test it. For twenty days expended in accomplishing tliat work thiTc 
 was a yield of oidy $52, Victoria Colonist, Sept. 25, 1866. Liinng and Company, 
 after pros|)ecting at another place for a month, also abandoned their grouiul. 
 /(/., Dnilij, Got. 1 1th. The pertinacity of the <'hine8e in 1867 again attraiteil 
 white men to the creek, but without pnxlucing any important results. 
 
 "Black Bear Creek in the same range of mountains as Cedar and Coijiu'tti' 
 creeks, but on the opposite side, draining into the north fork of the Quusnwl. 
 was mined by a discovery company in 18t)7. Tliey sluiced int«) a blue clay, 
 finding coarse gold. Victoria Coloniet, Aug. 6, 18G7. 
 
GENERAL MININ(J UKVELOPMENT. 
 
 489 
 
 ti of Ques- 
 tant placer 
 1 to be val- 
 j for sonit' 
 md sluices 
 !0,000; the 
 )aid $7,000 
 ed in 1860, 
 in a year; 
 September 
 as shallow, 
 ne hundred 
 [) to $20 a 
 to respontl 
 was chiefly 
 
 re were de- 
 h branch,"^ 
 
 t8 first ascended 
 1865. In 18ti(> 
 ospect of $119, 
 Discovery were 
 2G, 1867. The 
 1(1 dollars, ex- 
 lers still work- 
 
 The pay dirt 
 ed it to lie the 
 icing on Horse- 
 irora Company, 
 ig into Quesnel 
 
 the pan. /'/., 
 
 with tliat of 
 urora claim on 
 Another a«- 
 (.'ornislinian, 
 ! sold to the 
 tlie company 
 t was recorded 
 iced across tlie 
 liat work tlieri' 
 and Conipaii} . 
 their ground, 
 gain attraeted 
 reniilts. 
 and C'oipiette 
 f the QuwsnMl, 
 ,o a blue clay, 
 
 particularly on the right-bank tributaries, tiie Keith- 
 ley, Snowshoe, Harvey, and Cumiinghain creeks, 
 draining the eastern slopes of the Bald Mountains, 
 iiiid whereon modem erosions had laid bare, for short 
 distances, the deeper channels of the ancient streams. 
 When the bed of the north branch was prospected in 
 1859-60, it was found to contain profitable placers as 
 far up as the Cariboo lakes,"' but here in the absence 
 of gold-bearing soil at the surface, want t)f success 
 liad the effect to throw back the advance upon Cari- 
 boo proper for that year, so that Keithley, Harvey, 
 and Grouse creeks were not worked until the autumn 
 of 1800. 
 
 On Keithley Creek mining was so successfully 
 prosecuted in 1860 that several stores were erected 
 tliere/^* and near its mouth the town of Keithley came 
 into existence in 1861, as supply depot for the entire 
 rcjgion of the north branch of the Quesnel.''' The gold 
 on tlie creek consisted partly of solid nuggets paving 
 tlie bed-rock within a few feet of the surface. A party 
 of five men, in June 1861, divided one thousand two 
 hundred dollars between them as the product t)f u 
 single day's labor, and their daily average for sonH> 
 
 '-*In the spring of 1862 preparations were made on a largo scale lor wing- 
 damming at diflferent places; hut u\ early tliaw raised the waters of the hike 
 and river, sweeping away all the dams anil water-wheels, thi- result of several 
 inoutha of hard work in the coldest part of the winter, li. < f)irirfi)n/, ISOIi, 
 200. The north fork was rich down to the bridge, where tie- trail from (Ques- 
 nel Forks crossed it. Below that point the climate changed. llarwU's Lrr. 
 Iiiren, 27. 
 
 '•"Two store Imildings were erected near its month at lower Cariboo Lake; 
 another store was built and opened by Davis in advance of the first-meni- 
 tioiieil six miles up the stream, on the line of the picmeer trail. Alinl'ti lie- 
 )mrl, March 27. 1861, in B. C. Pajicni, iv. 50-1. Keithley wa.s reached by 
 Cominissioncr x'fiud in the winter of 18<)0--1; eros.sing over (.'ariboo Lake, lit; 
 found the two store buildings not yet oceupied, while Davis' stoi-e was already 
 a centre of ♦raiie a,i::l Uiining. Many thou.sand feet of lumber M^ere whip- 
 sawed and ready in March 1861 at tlit! latter point for thuning the bed of 
 Keithley Crock. 
 
 '" In June 1861, the town of Keithley consisted of three grocery stores, a 
 liakery, restaurant, butcher-shop, blacksmith-shop, and several tavern."., kept 
 in tents and log houses, lieef cattle were driven to that point from Oregon. 
 There were, in June 1861, 200 men in the creek, of whom To were engaged in 
 mining, Cnrilioo Ould-Jivlilx, 5;t-8. In 1875 it still supported three or four 
 stores, one of them kept by a Chinaman. J/iir>; in Mhi. Miin'-i Hint., 1875, 
 b<. It continued until recent years t<i be the principal mining and trading 
 IKiint in the vicinity uf the Caribou Idkes. 
 
400 
 
 GOLD IN THE CMUBOO COUNTRY. 
 
 time was said to be a pound weight of gold. In Sep- 
 tember iSGl, several companies were making from fifty 
 to one hundred dollars a day to the man in the bed 
 of the creek, and one Imndred dollars in the dry-dig- 
 gings on the hill-side. Flumes were built of enormous 
 size and length, and numerous wheel-jmmjis were set 
 in motion.'-'* In 18G7 the lead was lost; yet tlu; 
 Chinese on the creek continued to make money, the 
 claim at the mouth of the creek paying from twelve 
 to sixteen dollars a day to the digger. After lS7b 
 the yield fell oft'.^ 
 
 Harvey and Cunningham creeks, also tributaries 
 of the n(jrth branch of the Quesnel, and discovered 
 in tJie autumn of 18G0, received no attention until 
 the Antler Creek excitement in 1 801, and were not 
 entered upon in larger force till 18G4. t)n Harvey 
 Creek the conditions and history of minhig resembled 
 those of Keithley. Droughts and ticjods and other 
 serious difficulties of deep mining stood here also in 
 the way of develo[)ment; so that the stereoty})ed 
 verdict of exhaustion was passed upt)n it in 187(). 
 On Cunningham Creek, a stream about thirty miles 
 in length, a number of claims were taken up in the 
 middle of February I8G1; and in the foUowing yc;u' 
 the deep diggings were prospec\ed to some extent, but 
 abandoned as unprofitable. 
 
 In 18G4 further developments were made whicli 
 surjirised the old mincirs who were acquainted with 
 the ground. Four of the white men made a dis- 
 covery near the mouth that the old bed of the 
 creek was not IxMieath the present stream, but in 
 a deep channel parallel to it, a hundred yards 
 
 ''"*The lumluT \v:is supplied by a saw-iuill cninpldtcd in Septeinltor. This 
 was a mill ' iii itxelt, luniiMhiii^'luinlicrat '_^■^('t■llt.^ a focitautl upwards. Loiiilim 
 T'hikk' rm: Virttmn, Nov. Ul), 18U1, in Curihao (lold-jieldx, ol-S. .lu.st'pll 
 I'attcrsoii and Itrotlior iiiloniied (rovenuir l)(iiij,'l;i.s that tlio iiiinerHat Ktuthley 
 C'rork ill 18<il were making from two to tlirei; oiiuccsaitay. houijlas' Dvqiiili'li, 
 Oct. 'J-l, 18(J1, ill //irMt/'.'< C'trihon, ]-_'4. 
 
 -^ llnnult'x Lirfitrrs, '21. Tho creek was protitalily w<irked as l.itf as 
 1877, Imt till! In'st ground w;w lidievcd to ]tv wcrkcd out. Ki'itliUy Crock 
 v.ia always Mulijuct cither to a tlrougiit or a llood. Miii, Miiicn Neid., ]Sli<, 
 iiO; 1877, 399 
 
VERY MANY CREEKS. 
 
 401 
 
 aside.'" The deeper they went into this channel the 
 richer they found it, and in one day four hundreil and 
 sixty dollars apiece were ojjtained. The result was, 
 that about two liUTidred miners located fresh claims 
 (Ml the creek, many of tliem yielding well.*" The ex- 
 citement continued tlirouuhout 18G5, and then fol- 
 lowed another decline, the result of failure in tracing, 
 or working the deep lead.^" 
 
 Antler Creek, tlie original objective pt)int of the 
 g(»]d-seekers wlio ex})l()red Cariboo hi 18G1, was the 
 first in that region to attain a decided reputation after 
 Keitliley Creek, and the first to establish the char- 
 acter of the Cariboo region. Its fame, like that of 
 Keitlile}^ and William creeks, also rested upon the 
 tircunistance that the present stream had in one or 
 more places cut down into the ancient channel. The 
 London Times' correspondent wrote tliat the bed-rock 
 was found paved with gold. Every shovelful con- 
 tained a considerable quantity, in some cases as nmch 
 as fifty dollars. Nuggets could bo picked out of the 
 soil by hand, and the rocker yielded fifty ounces in a 
 few hours.*' The secret of tlie wonderful riches of tlie 
 deposit in Antler Creek was too important to be kept. 
 It drew all the venturesome members of the popula- 
 tion domiciled in the neighborhood over the dangerous 
 winter trail (►f the Snowshoe IVIountuin in the months 
 of January and February 1861.''^ A single log-cabin 
 
 "^ I litre, in Miii. Minen n<i>t., 1870, 42(); Nhidx, in/?, C. Papern, iv. 51. 
 Tlioy liail found that the cliaiuiel worn in tlio luMl-roek. under tlio present 
 utri'iun had a rim on one siilolHiynnd wliich the liud-rock fell otfintoa deeper 
 old channel to a depth then unknown. 
 
 •" Virtoria Wevllii Coloiiiil, Sept. ti, \HM. The jiroprietors of the Ken- 
 tucky elaini engaged in grouml Rliiicing, took out $750 one day in 18(15, and 
 SI.CHM) the day following. J,l., July 11, 1805. 
 
 ■"'^vV 'iotoria company employing twenty men erected cowtly machinery 
 uiiou tlie creek in lS7(i, for the piirpo.se of exploring the deep ground, hy all otli- 
 crs NO far unsucce8,>«fully attempted, lioivmn, in Miii. MiiKu /{ijif., 1870, 418. 
 
 ■^•^ M(trfii:'s V. 1. iind li. (,'., 1244. The dixcovcry was made ho late in the 
 
 autiunn of 1800 that on the morning following it a foot of huow liad covered 
 the grouml, and notiiing could be (lone at mining until the Hpring of 1801. 
 H Wy/i/, in Oirrluml Monthbi, Dec. 1809, 5U0. CommiMHioner Nind testitie.s 
 
 m a narrow 
 
 tiiat the hed-roek was but a short difitaneo under the Hurfaee 
 v.dhiy. U. (\ /'ii}>,'rx, iv. 51. 
 
 ■"^Oold ComnuHxioner Nind, who wiw called to settle mining disputes here, 
 arrived ut Antler Creek uurly in March, and found the snow six or seven feet 
 
492 
 
 GOLD IN THE CARIBOO COUNTRY. 
 
 
 III 
 
 I Hi; i 
 
 built by Rose and McDonald, the discoverers of the 
 diggings in the fall of 1860, was at this time the only 
 evidence of settlement, but by June ten houses and a 
 saw-mill had risen, and during the foUowhig months 
 mining was at its heighti Eleven companies wore 
 working with large profits, and individuals wore mak- 
 ing as much as $1,000 a day, while the yield of tlu- 
 several sluice and flume claims was GO ounces a day 
 to the man, and the daily aggregate of the cfeck 
 during the summer of 1861 over $10,000. Much of 
 the ground yielded $1,000 to the square ft)ot. Tlirco 
 quarters of a mile below the town of Antler two part- 
 ners were said to have obtained from 40 to 60 ounces 
 a day each, with the rocker.""^ 
 
 The town of Antler grew as if by magic, and counted, 
 in August, twenty substantial buildings, comprisiiin' 
 stores, whiskey-saloons, and dwelling-houses, sur- 
 rounded by a much larger immber of tents,** yet the 
 conmiunity was on the whole remarkably sober, la^ - 
 abiding, and quiet.'^ 
 
 tleep, and the miners living in holen, which they had dug in the snow, subsist- 
 ing nn the scanty supplies carried in ovi-r the Suowshoe trails. Tlie cmii- 
 nussiouer wiis ocunpiea six days in ascertaining the claims to ground, uml 
 everything w.os finally settled witliout disturbance, for ' English law, ' it was 
 maintained, uorhl not be traneigressed ' with the same impunity as California 
 
 C. P, 
 
 fJXTS, 
 
 iv. 60-1. 
 
 law.' Ninii, i 
 
 •* Water .a selling at 50 cents an inch. Tinies^ cor., in Variltoo Golil- 
 JieUlx, 53-8. In a leader of Feb. 7, 1801, the lioudou 7V//i«v» summariznl 
 the developments on Antler Creek from May to September 1801, anil ])oii,iM 
 Eraser's statements as correspondent were reviewed, and accepted as trust- 
 worthy. A miner unnied Smitli was spoken of as liaving obtained 'A\ ponihls 
 of gold per day with the rocker. Otlier claims working with sluices wen; 
 reported to bo yielding regularly us nuich. Quoted in McDomdd's B. t'., 
 110-15. SnuiU claims on Antler Creek yielded from 100 to V.Vi ounces ;i 
 day. In 3 weeks' washing one oompaiiy of 3 men obtained ^3,3U0; anotlit r 
 of 3 men, $.')7,500; still another of 5 men, $'20,000; and another of men, 
 $28,000, in the same period. Loiulon Tiinv«' cor., in jlncjic'a V. I. ami B. ('., 
 *244-5. Governor Douglas vouched for the authenticity of the statenii'iit 
 that 4 men obtained regularly from 10 to 37 ounces a day, or from 4 to iU 
 ounces each. Id. 
 
 *^Cnr'd>oo Oold-Jieldn, 55. A Spanish nuiletiter, when asked in regard to 
 tlie merits of the Carilwo mines, from winch he liad recently r turned, re- 
 plied that ho had doubts iiutil he had seen the gaming-table at Antler Creek. 
 Tlireo miners gambled away 1^27,000 at a sitting. 
 
 " Begbie wrote to the colonial secrefciry in September 1801: ' I never wiw 
 a mining town anything like tliis. Tliere were some hundreds in Antler, all 
 Hol)er and quiet. It was Sunday aftennHin. Only u few of the claims v< '<- 
 worked that day. It was us (juivt as Victoria. . .They told me it was liku 
 
COMPAIIATIVE YIELD. 
 
 40.'l 
 
 As in tlie case of Keithloy Crook, and as any one 
 mij^lit have anticipated had the facts of the limited 
 rxtont of the old channel laid bare hy erosion been 
 understood, there was difficulty and disappointment 
 ill store. Expectations had been raised which could 
 not be realized at that time, though the conclusions 
 in regard to the wealth of the creek had been entirely 
 correct. After the shallow part of the old channel 
 was exhausted, the problem of working the buried 
 portion was encountered, and without systematic work 
 the lead could not long he followed.''** The declension 
 can 10 about gradually. In 18G7 the town of Antler 
 was deserted, and only a few men remained on the 
 cieek, cleaning up, for the second tune, the old gn)und. 
 
 Grouse Creek was mined to a limited extent in 
 l8(>l-2, and then abandoned until 18G4,'^" when the 
 Heron claim was located upon it. After an expendi- 
 ture of .$150,000 the Heron claim yielded $300,000. 
 Inder the supposition that the ground was worked 
 out, it was then sold for $4,000; but on cutting an 
 outlet 18 inches deeper the claim continued to yield 
 tV<tni 80 to 100 ounces a week throughout the i-nsuing 
 season.^" The creek was again abandoned until ISGG, 
 
 I'Hliforniii iii '49. Why, you wuuld liavu 8ucii iill thuse follows rutiriiig tlruiik, 
 ;iii(l jiistols au<l l>aro kuivcii iii every hiiiul.' //. L'. I'ajHTH, iv. 61. 
 
 "* III 18(>4 a lu'il-roi'lc llimie company Wiui formed at Antler. Tlio company 
 «il>tiiiu('d a tea veiira' lo.usu of sixteen and one half utiles of tlio creek, in- 
 chuliiij^astrip of ground 100 fi-it in width along thooroek, with the intention 
 of introducing hydranlio mining. No heavy nu^ohanical appliances had liecn 
 used on tho creek up to that tii'io. Murjien V. I. ami li. C, 245. Incouncc- 
 tiou with the mining operations on the creek, and tho proHpeeting that mnih 
 iloiie for the recovci-y of tho lost lead, tlio fact was di'veloped, ana remarked 
 iip<iu, that on tho one Hido of tho creek there M'as nothing but lino gold, while 
 oil tho otlier side it wiu» all coartto. At tho head of AntliT Crock, formerly 
 tliu continuation of Sawmill Flat, extended a plain many inilca in thooppoHitu 
 tlircctiou, and it was supposed that the oxtcnsivo area emhraced l>y thcNi) 
 physical features was fornicrly thositoof a great lake. Tho nioi-o ancient 
 stream or deep chaumd of AnUer Creek w;is supponvd to liavo come, much 
 like llio present creek, from tho mountains at tlio west. Its gravels M-crc a 
 ]iiirti(in of an auriferous fomintion extending to (iron«o (.'reek. //<iriieft'n 
 lATfiiirs, 27. 
 
 ^"Ik'causo three mon in 1801-2 would not investigate properly their in- 
 ticrests, having lost faith. J/<irmtf'x LirtimH, 24. 'ifui creek is onlv live 
 mill's eiuttof William Creek, running ]>arallel to it, and draining with Antler 
 and William creeks tho eastern slope of tho Agues liidd Aroiuitaiii. 
 
 *• Victoria Colomt, Jan. 21, 18(18; IlarneU's Lcduitu, 33. 
 
494 
 
 GOLD IN THE CARIBOO COUNTRY. 
 
 wnen the lead was rediscovered ; and the Heron, Dis- 
 covery, and other claims yielded from $15,000 to $20,- 
 000 to the share," raising the creek to the dignity of 
 one of the principal mimng fields in Cariboo for tlio 
 ensuing season.*^ In 1867, thirty-five mining companies 
 were at work; a saw -mill was in operation; and two 
 respectable villages sprang up in the valley/' 
 
 Rich strikes, alternating with failures to keep the 
 leads, varied the history of Grouse Creek throughout 
 subsequent years. Bear River, emptying into tlie 
 Fraser above Fort George, had numerous lakes and 
 former lake-beds along its course, but beneath their 
 recent and ancient sediments the miners do not a\ 
 pear to have found any old channel 
 
 44 
 
 *^ Allan's Carilxx), MS., 10-11. 
 
 *■■' Miiny »>f the claims were yielding from ^.'> to $50 a day. Victoria WeekUi 
 Cohuixt, Oct. i>:J, 18«i(;. 
 
 *^A chartor Wiis procured for a Insd-rock tiume company, but this was suit- 
 BUi|ueutly revoked, and, as a result, many additional claims were lnuateil and 
 recorded upon the creek. During 18(57, some Frenchmen were washing out 
 .*i4 to §t» a clay witli tlio rocker, while sluicing in California fashion paid from 
 §10 to $12, and hydraulic work ^20 to §25 a day. Jlaniett's Lectures, 24-5. 
 The Heron Conipfvny, in March 18(i7, paid a dividend of ;^S00 to the share; 
 and tho Full Rig Company a tlividend of $200 for a week's work. Carilnx) 
 Seiitini'l, March 30, 180/. These companies worked out the lead for a thou- 
 sand feet on the channel, while above and below them it could not he found. 
 In May 1807, the BlackhaM'k and Canadian companioa were seeking it by a 
 tunnel and incline. The Water Witch Company sank a shaft near tho centre 
 of the creek, and drifted into deep ground, causing an excitement, but it 
 proved to be only an nndidation like that in the Hard-np Company's tunnel. 
 VlHoi-id Voloiii"/., May 7, 1807. There were two distinct leads, the more an- 
 cient lieing aside from the present channel. From tho boundaries of the 
 Heron au«i Hard-up claims, at the lower end of the diggings, the creek con- 
 tinued in a series of Hats wliere tho channel was never founiL 
 
 "In 181JS), a 'new creek ' w;is reported '75 to 100 miles north-east from 
 Cariboo,' which was much lower than the Carilwo diggings, had been burmd 
 over, and •was overgrown by small tind)er. It was said to prospect 12^ cents 
 to the pan at the surface. Victoria Colonist, March 10, 1809. 
 
CHAPTER XXYI. 
 
 Victoria Wevlchj 
 
 MmiNO IN CARIBOO. 
 
 1863-1882. 
 
 Riss OF William Creek — Rich Discoveries — Large Yield— DiOLiins — 
 Deep Mining — Martsvillb Lead — Drainage Operations — Rioh- 
 FiBLD — Mosquito and Mustang Creeks — Outskirt Placers — Light- 
 ning Creek — Van Winkle — Decune and Revival — Lowhee — 
 CaSon Creek and its Quartz — Character of Cariboo Veins — Sum- 
 hart of Yield — Cariboo Life — ^Ths Low and the Intellectual. 
 
 William Creek has a history in many respects 
 similar to that of Antler Creek. Its first-discovered 
 rich deposits were shallow, and in the bed of the 
 present stream, above the canon. Below these dig- 
 gings was a flat, supposed to have been the bed of a 
 former lake, in which the channel sank and was lost. 
 Here the problem of working the deep ground by 
 means of shafts and pumping, was for the first time 
 systematically attempted, and profitably solved. The 
 crossing of Snowshoe Mountain by the inflowing 
 prospectors of 1861, and their descent into the bfc\sin 
 of Bear River (Antler Creek), thence into the basin 
 of Willow River (William Creek), changed the centre 
 of operations from Keithley to William Creek, and 
 with it the approach from a circuitous to a mo'.e 
 direct route into the Bald Mountains of Cariboo. On 
 the completion of the road along Lightning Creek, 
 in 1865, Barkerville on William Creek became the 
 principal distributing point for the Cariboo region, 
 the aggregate product of which amounted in seven 
 years to $25,000,000. The creek received its name 
 from William Dietz, a German who prospected upon 
 
 (495) 
 

 \ 
 
 406 
 
 MINING IN CAKIBOO. 
 
 the head-waters of Willow River, and was the first in 
 the spring. 
 
 The discoveries in the summer and autumn of 1861 
 of the astonishingly rich lands on William/ Lowhee, 
 and Lightning creeks gave an immense impetus to 
 further prospecting.'' 
 
 A rush at once set in, and claims were worked in 
 the shallow ground with great success, for the gold 
 lay thickly studded in a layer of blue clay consisting 
 of decomposed slate and gravel, which in some cases 
 gave prospects of over $G00 to the pan. In the 
 State claim this layer was six feet thick, and had a 
 top tripping which ranged from a few feet to three 
 fathoms in depth. Others had less difficult ground to 
 work, and the yield was rapid, amounting in several 
 claims to over 100 ounces a day for the season. The 
 Steele party was reported to have obtained in t^^•(> 
 days 387 and 409 ounces, and in two months $105,000.^ 
 
 'The name of Humbug Creek, at first applied to thitt most famous of 
 Cariboo streams on account of its supposed worthless character, was soon 
 abandoned, and the proper name of William Creek gained the ascendency 
 to which it became ]ustly entitled when the first noteworthy discovery was 
 made at the Cafiou. Three seasons elapsed before the richest deposits found 
 in the deep ground of William Creek were fairly developed. 'B. x).,' Barker- 
 ville, Oct. 23d, cor. of Victoria Weekly Colonist, "Nov. 7, 1865. 
 
 ' Thomas Brown, an American, also laid claim to the discovery, and to 
 having located the first claim. Douglas' Despatch, Oct. 24, 1861, in HazUtl'it 
 Carilmo, 124 It was months, says a writer from the spot, before any authentic 
 news of these discoveries reached Victoria. Reports came first that great 
 quantities of gold were being obtained in a small stream near the summit of 
 tiie mountains; no names being then attached to the localities. The daily 
 yield was said to be first 20 oz., then 50 oz., 100 oz., 300 oz., and at last 400 
 oz. a day, to four or five men. Many of the companies were reported t(i 
 have so nmch gold that they were obliged to detail men to watch it day and 
 night. At Victoria these rumors were not confided in until the gold began 
 to arrive. Ragged miners finally came to the sea-coast, staggering under tliu 
 weight of their summer's accumulation. Mules were loaded with the jnt- 
 vious metal. Men were paid $20 and $50 a day to carry the gold whicli tlic 
 owners of it had not the strength to bring alone. Wright, in Overland ^^orUhbj, 
 Dec. 18C9, 520-7. 
 
 'Governor Douglas took down from the lips of Mr Steele, an American, 
 the following statement in regard to the Steele claim in 1801: Their claim 
 did not prospect so well as some of the others, and it was furthermore a tlilli- 
 cult one to work, having from 8 to 18 feet of stripping overlying the aurifei'- 
 ous dirt. Tlie latter was a blue clay layer 6 icet m thickness, contain- 
 ing decomposed slate and gravel. A space of 25 by 80 feet of t)iis gronml 
 produced in two months $105,000. A sluice was con8tructe<l, and four adili- 
 tional men were lured to clear away the tailiug. JtawUngs' Confedernthin, 
 118. In tlie f:iU of 1801 Dawson and company took out of their claim uu 
 
WILLIAM CREEK. 
 
 407 
 
 the first in 
 
 mn of 1861 
 1,* Lowhee, 
 impetus to 
 
 ( worked in 
 JT the gold 
 y consisting 
 I some cases 
 tn. In the 
 , and had a 
 ;et to three 
 It ground to 
 g in several 
 eason. Tho 
 ,ined in two 
 IS $105,000.' 
 
 1 most famous of 
 Eiracter, was soon 
 [d the ascendency 
 ,hy discovery was 
 !8t deposits found 
 'B. !>.,' Barker- 
 Is. 
 
 [discovery, and to 
 
 ' 1861, in HazUtl's 
 
 fore any authentic 
 
 first that great 
 
 )ar the summit of 
 
 lities. The daily 
 
 ,, and at last 400 
 
 |Were reported to 
 
 watch it day and 
 
 il the gold began 
 
 jgering under the 
 
 [ed with the pro- 
 
 .e gold which the 
 
 ^verlami y.<M^i^il< 
 
 Lie, an Americim, 
 1861: Their claim 
 thennore a ditli- 
 llying the aurifui- 
 ■ickness, contain- 
 It of tliis grouiul 
 tl, an<l four ail<li- 
 L' Confeihrath'ii, 
 \t their claim on 
 
 Toward the close of the season of 1861, all previ- 
 ous discoveries were exceeded by the developments in 
 the rich ground lying fifty or sixty feet under the fiat, 
 below the * Caiion.* To the Barker Company belongs 
 the credit of having sunk the first paying shaft into the 
 new deposit, and in honor of this event the nucleus 
 of a town which here sprang into existence was named 
 Barkerville. Supported by the underground mining, 
 tlie town grew rapidly in population, and maintained 
 for years the position of the principal town in Cari- 
 boo.* The Diller Company were among the next in 
 order to bottom a shaft into the deep ground, wash- 
 ing out in one day, it is said, two hundred pounds of 
 gold, the largest yield recorded for one day in Cari- 
 boo."^ A number of claims were located all over the 
 flat, and by means of the systematic drifting and tun- 
 nelling introduced in 1862, and carried on through- 
 out the year, the old channel of William Creek was 
 traced for a considerable distance beneath the surface. 
 Some claims yielded 100 ounces and more daily, dur- 
 hig the season, three taking out $100,000 each between 
 October 1862 and January 1863. The Cunningham 
 turned out over 600 ounces a day on several occasions; 
 the Caledonia yielded at one time from $5,000 to 
 $G,000 a day ; and the Cameron and Tinker were not 
 far behind." 
 
 William Creek $600 in a single pan. Abbott and Company tf)ok out $900 
 iu one panful of dirt obtained three feet under the surface. I/nzliU'a Cariboo 
 Oold-jivbU, 153-8. 
 
 * It was destroyed by fire in the summer of 1868, but by the end of Sep- 
 tenilier 40 new buililiugs liad risen. Gowrnor'a Despatch, dated Sept. 16, 1868, 
 in Cariltoo Senlincl, Se^jt. 29, 1868. 
 
 '' Allan /I Curilioo, MS., 10, 11. Mr Allan, as editor of the C(tril>ooScti/hiil, 
 wiiH in a position to know the fact, and ought to be good authority. That 
 amount ecpials 2,400 ounces, at $16 worth §C^,400. 
 
 ^Cottrlney^n Miiu B. C, AIS., 6. The Cunningham Cxaim averaged $2,000 
 a day tliroughout the season. It had a frontage of 600 feet. On several occa- 
 sions 5'2 poiuuU of gold were taken out of it in a day. The bishop of British 
 Columbia witnessed the taking out of 600 ounces, or 50 pounds, from one day's 
 work. Tlie Adauia Company in 1802 paid $40,000 eacn, clear of expenses, to 
 three partners. Bmwn'a En-iaif, 30-1. The claim of William Dietz, tlio dis- 
 cnvurer, proved to be one of the poorest on the creek; but generally the claims 
 whii'li were first worked at a depth not exceeding 12 feet yiulded remarkable 
 ritiirus. T. Emm, in Oifrland Mont/ily, Mareli '8^0; B. (\ Directory, 1863, 
 '202. 
 
 Hist. Brit. Col. 32 
 
Uis 
 
 mining; in <'akiiu)0. 
 
 Lai-^c ;i> WHS tlii! yirld «»f' IH()'2, tlic followliiii; 
 HtJi.soii j>r<»vr<l rvt'ii iiioro ))r(»s|u'r()us, uiid roccivfd 
 
 tl. 
 
 ip[ 
 
 •Uati 
 
 KMi or till! y;()l<lt'M your 
 
 1(K 
 
 cconliiiuf to 
 
 Arjicfio, the crct'k was tli<M woi-kimI ovit an ana of 
 scvi'ii miles, and of tho nuim-rous claiins alutut 10 
 y'uldtd liaii(ls(»ii!(ly, whilo al>out 20 prodiicod steadily 
 
 I 
 
 K'twicii 7') and 400 ounces a day. l*alnier states tliat 
 
 tin; eliiel' owner of the Cameron <-laim went honu 
 with ."-^l.iO.UOO saved l)y liim in one year, and Miltot. 
 and ( Ilea' lie witnessetl tlie ])roeess id'ekianiiii^ up from 
 a day's wasliinLf in the llaby, of '110 ounces, while 
 they r<»und tlie Cameron yielding; Trom 40 to 112 
 ounet's daily/ A numlxr of elaims wore only nuichin^'' 
 the hi'd-roelv in I8G4, and obtaining the usual ridi 
 jn-ospects, ilw. Wake U[» .lake Company, for instance, 
 wasliini;- j2 ounces frt)m a paidid (»f dirt. Other 
 claim ai;ain were yielding even better than before, 
 as tlie Kricsson, which opened in 18(13 and turned out 
 an average weekly amount of 1,400 imnces during tlie 
 summer. I ii 18(55 this claim paid nearly twice as large 
 dividends as before."* 
 
 ^Tlii- aviTiij;o toiil yirlil of the claiinsi ( Williiim Crt'ok was not 1. -s 
 lliaii 'J,((iM) oiiiit'(!s. 'I'lircii jiartniTH of tlio Ifa.d C'uiry Coiniiaiiy iliviiUiil 111'.' 
 {iiiiiiuU troy, tilt! result of ii Niii!.;lt) day's WiiHliing. I'lilimi; in l.oiul. ilctxj. Soc, 
 Juki'., xxwiii. l'.!| '_'. 'Ill IStl.'t iilioiit 4,(KM) wero ungageil on tiiis orcik.' 
 Mdc/li'n v. J., 'JIS; XorfMirtMt l'ii.-<Miijf hif l.iuid, '^T^. 
 
 '" 1 11 lS.;i I tail iiis says ;,lu! flaiiii pai.l'j^S.CKM) to tho Hliarr, or a total of .?<.M),- 
 (KH> clear of cxiieiises; ami 'li ISii.") tliii iliviileniU wero !?l I.IKK) to tiiONliare; Init 
 of tile aliose tlie goveiiiiiuiit received ^'>,(K)0. lhmijl<i.t' /'rlrufi: /'kjic/w, MS., 
 i. I."il •_'. Iliniiill'x /.irhiiix, \'2. For wvuil HUfOOSsivo M'eekM tlio followiii;; 
 yield was ir|(iiiN il from tlio Mriessoii elaiin: .Iniio 17, lSl>4, ".M)0o/., .*ll,HMt; 
 Jlliie'Jt, ISCt, tilO,,/,, !*I(),1'M»; .llllyl, 1S(U, l,4(tO o/., .*'_>•-', 4«H»: .IlllvS, IStil, 
 I, !»•_>(•) o/., .SfO.SlC; .Inly lo, I.S(i4, l.'jr.f. o/.., §-JO,(HUi; July •_"_», 1S(;4, I.IKM) 
 o/.., .t-'O.SlK); .liilv '-".I, !S(hI, 2,(><M)o/,.,!*-H,!l'J0; In all M),()4'-» ounces, %!l(»,(i7l.'. 
 r/./„W<f (■<./(.//;..V,".liuie -Jl, May •_'4. lS(i4; J/«r,-y!/V'.v I'. /., '2W. Wake up .like 
 claim was sold in IS.i? ior !?!()!). Curi/KH) Siii/hitl, ."day '2'\, IS()7. Tho .Adiiiis 
 C'omiiaiiv ha<l yiildrd, no far as known, in all !?.')0,lM)() to 100 feet; the Stii Ic, 
 $l'_'(»,(MHi fioni\sO fe.t; tli.! Dillcr, !8y40,0;K) from M feet; tho l'uniiiiij;li.iMi, 
 ^•-'TO.tHH) from WH) feet; the Hums, !?14(),()00 from 80 feet; tho Canadian, 
 !?IS(>,0;K) from I'JO feet; the Neversweat, .?1(X),000 from ll'O feet; the 
 Moll'att, .'^•'.lO.CKM) from 50 fuet; Uio Tinker, $120,000 from 140 feet; tlir 
 Watty, ):<i:!(),(KM» from 100 feet. In addition t(» those already naiiinl 
 vero the Hirkir, Baldhead, (irier, (irilliii, \Vils(»n, Heauregard. Kil'V, 
 i'ameroii, I'riiiee of Wales, and many others, whoso fame went throii-li- 
 out tho world. Cnnr/iirirH I' imjxr/im Artt'uhtn Vomjtitny, ijuotcd in Mni-jh'i 
 I'. /. twd li. (\, '-US; MtDoiialU'x Ji. I'., 110; fialem ,St(Ue.imnii, Nov. -':!, 
 
LiVBOR AN1> KKTUKNS. 
 
 400 
 
 Despite tliir^ HlM)\vin<;, the fact« could not bo tlis- 
 i,nilH«'(l that tlio exeiteiiieiit wa.s over, aiul that the 
 miners were dhninishin^ in nunihor. Of the fifteen 
 hundred fonnin«if the cstiniated jtopulati >n of William 
 (^ree)- in NovendnT 18(14, half only remained through- 
 out the winter, and the fornn r mimber was not made 
 up again. For this there were good reasons. The 
 huge yield eame ehirtly from few claims, while the 
 larger number had returned but a shall share. Tho 
 sliullow dii'i'inj's which formed tlu^ attraction for the 
 girat majority were now pretty well worked out, and 
 the Indications for locating deeper claims on the more 
 cisily worked ground were becoming less sure. The 
 tust of working the deeper claims was a further draw- 
 hack, and as the mim^rs were now chieHy interested in 
 this class of ground, it bevame a momentous question 
 to solve the pro'.lem of <'lieap and elective operations. 
 
 The gr«'at difiiculty, the How of water, had liitherto 
 liccn overcome with the aid of the limited water-power 
 of William (*reek, and with the home-made wooden 
 |>uni[>s of small capacity. But these moans had failed 
 in several operations, such as drifting the meadows 
 hclow Jiarkervillt!, which had been undertaken on an 
 xteiisive scale coveriny; a distance of three milt^s." 
 The Artesian Company wliich had obtained a twenty 
 vcars' h'asi' of one half mile of jj^round three eijjhths 
 of a mile in width, below ]3arkerville, proposed under 
 ( 'rawford's direction to pros[)eet by meansof an aitesian- 
 wtll auger bringing up a panful of tlirt at eacli raise; 
 hut th(^ How of water was not (hsposed of ])y this scheme. 
 Adit levels or bed-rock flumes with powerful steam- 
 punips aj»peared to bo the oidy eff(!ctive nieans. In 
 1 SO;"), accordingly, a costly 'bed-rock Hume' 1,000 feet 
 in length was laid, at a first cost of ^120,000, com- 
 
 c 
 
 'Ami at a cost of suveral liiiiulrtMl tluniHaiid dollars. This work oxt«'iiili><i 
 iiuiii Marysvillu to tins junction of William tJrcek with Willow Kivcr, a tlis- 
 t.un'»! (if tiircc miles, wIhto a formrr lakf, or scries of lakes, was siijiitosed to 
 lin )• existed, <lisi;hargin){ its waters into .lack of Clubs Lake, l>y the western 
 ''!■« i>f the Island Mountain, instead of hy tho eastern, as at present. Mnrjie'n 
 C. /. iiHil H. (• . -JW. 
 
;i 
 
 ! 
 
 BOO 
 
 mining; in LAKIBOO. 
 
 inencini»' at the Caium, Uolow the Black Jack tuniul, 
 and several companies be<;an washing into it with a 
 j^reat increase of forces, taking out some coarse gold, 
 including a thirty-seven ounce imgget.'" Among the 
 claims most successively worked at this time were the 
 Conklin (iulch and Ericsson companies; the former 
 being reported aw taking out an average of 127 ounces 
 a day, and the Ericsson from DOO to 2,000 ounces a 
 week." 
 
 Although the decline of the district was a conceded 
 fact after 1805, there were in 18(57 still over sixty 
 j)aying claims, apart from the Hume companies and 
 hill claims. Some of them had been producing foi' 
 six years, and were still producing remarkably well, 
 the potjrer {»aying wages of frt)m eight to ten dc ilars 
 u day to the hand. The Cunningham, California, and 
 Tontine claims stood each credited with a yield up t(» 
 18G5 of $000,000.'- 
 
 '" A (litih foiniilcte.l from .Tiu;k of Clubs Crcok in 18f4 ata costof .?20,0()0 
 w;i« usf'.l ill cotiiu'otioii with the rtuinc. The ditch oiiturprise HuB'ereil uiidt r 
 legal (litliciiltii'.s iliiriiig 1805. Cnrilioo St'iiliiu'l, (juotetl in Virtorin Wiiil/i 
 f'nliiiiitil, .hily 4, IS(i'>. Tilt! tluniu had not liccn long in ojuTiition wlnri 
 William Crrek exjicrieiieed a tlooil which rcHulted in great injury to imitrovc- 
 nientH of cvrry sort, fsiti^ciully at ( 'anieronton. A/., Sept. I'.t, ISOr- Mi' 
 (ieiitile in Octolier IHIi.') photograplu'd most of the iiromineut claims ami 
 Imihlingsat liarkervillc. A/., Oct. M, )S()."). 
 
 ''This was in .luui! and .Inly 18(15. I'iiforin <'oloiii«t, .Inly 4, 25, iSti.'i. 
 One day l,'.h!(» oun''OH were washed out. M/ii/iujmt'm Alnnkv, .'14. 
 
 '-.•\n idea of tlie costs and individual iii'otits in the years l8t»*2-7 may he 
 olitaiucd from the following statistics: The Cunninghani claim altove t!:.- 
 Curioii, located in I8(>l, with tour interests, cost !?l<H),0()0 to work, and yieldul, 
 up to lS(i.">, !i!5(M»,(M»(>. The Tyack claim, htcated in 18(11, had four interests 
 
 anil paid fr .i<l(> to .*-»(» a day. The ^'alifoniia, located in 18(il, cost .*ir.(l, 
 
 r.)'> to work, and yielded, up to I8(i5, !i*.'i()(»,0(M). In ISdd and I8(i7 thiscliim 
 was still [laying from i?l5 to:|ftK)a day. The Hlack .lack, located in 18(»'J, \* itli 
 (i interests. g;ive in '2 years .ft!0(t,(KK», under a total expenditur- of ^")(».(HK) 
 for work at !JI(» a day. In 18(>7 it was worktMl uf a hydrjuiiiu claim. I ln' 
 Tontine, located in I8(i4, with 4 interests, cost up to i8(>5 inc'usivi! .^KM),- 
 (NK) for devehipmt^nt and working, and yielded ^')()0,(KIO. Tiie Diet/, lo( ,it. .1 
 in 18(»4, paid good wages stea<lily. These were all ahove the Caflou. lii'l.iw 
 the I'afion mining was lieguii in 18(>:i at tlu! month of Stout (iuL'h 'I'lic 
 claim of High Low .lack, located in IS(i4, with ti interests, itaid in.lunc ISii? 
 SI-.IHX) to tile share. Tin- rioneer yielded as well. The Alturas, locatcil in 
 IS(U, with 8 inleri'sts, paid oil' in 5 weeks, tluring 18(i(i, an indehtediicHN of 
 gi'ACKK). On t)ie TaftV.de claim 5 shafts were ' lost ' hefore the diaiii,i|.'i' 
 used by the miners lie' iw was ttxtended to its boundarieii, Jt cost !*;M),(KKI 
 to ojien, and yieldei' iinally from 1(H) to 'HW ounces ner week, tlnnnll's l.n- 
 turvH, 12-1". T'tio deepest shaft in the vicinity of William Creek, or Mohawk 
 Gul' i., wuH 134 fuut, without reaching the bed-ruck, or leiit> than half tli<' 
 
BENCH CLAIMS 
 
 Jack tunnel, 
 to it with a 
 coarse gold, 
 Among the 
 inie were the 
 ; the former 
 »f 127 t>unces 
 )00 ounces a 
 
 IS a concecli;(l 
 11 over sixty 
 unpanies and 
 producing tor 
 larkablv well, 
 bo ten cU liars 
 California, and 
 a yield up to 
 
 atacostof .*!2(MMMI 
 )ri«e Hutt'eri'il uiuli r 
 
 ill VirloiitI iVnilil 
 
 ill <>iH'r;iti(m wlnii 
 iiijurv toinipriivr 
 
 |.t. !'.», IStif- Ml' 
 niiiii'Ut cliiims ami 
 
 July 4, -Jr), KStl"). 
 
 •I'lrs 18()iJ-7 iiiiiy If 
 
 a claim iil«)vu t!;. 
 
 work, anil jit'lilrd. 
 
 Iliad four iiitcn-its 
 
 III 1.S«>1, i'oct*l''l>. 
 
 iiiid IW>7 tliiMiiiiiii 
 
 (I'iiU'd in IWi'J, vith 
 
 iiulitui- of *.'«t>."'<Hl 
 
 Iriv.iiic clllilll. 'I" 
 
 1(5 iiii-'usivi' !?IIHI. ■ 
 
 Till! I>i«^t.z, li».il"l 
 
 ;li«! Caflnli. Ii''l'« 
 
 ■itout (iuLh Tlir 
 
 , uaiil in.luiii' IsiiT 
 
 AitnraH, locattil m 
 
 [ill ilKlflltlMllU'HS I if 
 
 Lforo tlir (IriiiiiiiUi' 
 Im. It o(.st !?:W>,IHMI 
 .■I'k. Iliiniitl'" '■"' 
 iCi-Duk, i>r Mi"!!.'"'^ 
 Ie88 than lialt tin 
 
 The bed-r(K'k tlrain constructed in the lower })art 
 of William (^reek was damaged by the high water of 
 IS()7, and as a result the product of one tliir«l of the 
 lust claims on the creek was lost for the season, all 
 the clahns dependent upon it lying idle from June to 
 ])tcember 18(17 Great pri'cautions were taken to pre- 
 vent a recurrence of such a misfortune. High bulk- 
 heads were erected round th«J mouths of shafts, and 
 ii general bulkhead was proposed for the protection of 
 till' town <>f Barkerville. By the end of January 1 8(18 
 the repairs were v/ell advanced, and provisions being 
 coiujtaratively ch ;ap, operati<»ns were renewe<I with 
 good prospects ft. r the ensuing season, aided to a great 
 extent by the mining board which had been formed 
 here in 180(1 with twelve mend)ers. In 18(17 a strike 
 was made by the United (\)inpany on the Kreiich 
 and Canadian creeks, which revivea to some extent 
 the hopes formed of tlu-m as earl; as I 8():{ 1, owing 
 to their proximity to the suppose d fountain-head of 
 tJK' William Creek deposits.'" IkMU'h oi' hill claims 
 wen developed the same year hetween KichHi'ld and 
 i\\v Canon, but suftered greatly foi* want of water.'* 
 During the prosperous days of William (Jreek, the 
 
 licptli of tliu i-iclicHt (litpoMitH ill AuHtralia, ami this faot wiih lu-lil uii as an 
 aigiuiiciit auaiiist tlioso who iKigaii to tli;s|ioiul. yirtoria Co/om/V, Nov. 7, 
 hii.'i; AtliiiiM CiirilxH), .MS., 10, II. .Vftcr IS(;!> tlio hwal iiiiiiiiig history wiw 
 fully ivcoriliul liy thi; jirosperoiis though not very long-livml I'liriUii) Sintiwl, 
 IhiIpIisIumI liy AliiXaiiilcr Allen at the town of lUrkerville. .\ eoiii|ilete liHt 
 III tli(^ ooiiijiaiiio.'^ working u|)on William Criiek, with the nuiiiher of shares, 
 iiaiiii's of toremeii, anil what the}' weru iloiiifT, was (iiihlisheil iu the iiiimlier 
 Im- May 'J8, IHUCi, ami cojiied in the I'iHoriii. hnilij i'lditiiiM of .hiiie ••<, I8(i(>. 
 
 "Three iiuiiilreil oiinees were taken from one slii:t of tiiiilur in a liill 
 tiiniecl liy the Ullittul Culiiliaiiy. These creeks iiad heeii prosjieeteil during the 
 winter of IStlli 4, under tlieln'lief that from their iiositioii in the liald Muuntain 
 tin > must he near the fcmntaiii-heail of the rieii deposits uf William, tirouse, 
 :mi|.iaekof Cliihseieeks. yiftitrinWnklii ('<il«iii.-i,V\\>. I-, -•">. ISliT, In tiiiMihl 
 I'liirand I'oillt claims the Chinese in IH(i7 extracted iiJtlO.IHK) from a small 
 iiivice. < 'arilioa S<'iiliiiil, Oct. 14, IS(>7. Conklin (!uhh w is stakecl anew on 
 Ixitli nidi^s, and from one side to the other a immlM'r of I uiiikIs were run under 
 the lull-siclea for the iuir|iose of striking the rich ehauiiei worked hy the 
 I'luti'd Coiii]iaiiy. VirUtria hnilii CoioiiiM, Keli. I'.'t, IS'.iT; >'i</< I'lnuniwr, .Ian. 
 I, ISllH. 
 
 '' \ hack ehannul wa<t discovered iti .liini! IS(i7, !ttN) feet in the hill liehind 
 till jiciwnie claim, and tlu^ West Itritain Company in the same vicinity hot- 
 tinned a shaft at the depth of 47 feet, oht4iiiiiiig a prospect of ^'J.,JU to tliii 
 iKiii. I'iitoriii M'ld/// C()Ai/((V, .luiie II, LS(t7. 
 
I I 
 
 502 
 
 MINING IN CARIBOO. 
 
 gold deposit was traced in paying quantities down 
 the stream to beyond Marysviile, several miles below 
 Barkerville. 
 
 Wherever tlie dee[» ground had been prospected by 
 means of shafts — usually about sixty feet in deptli — 
 it i)roved remarkably good, yielding from ten to 
 twenty-five cents to the pan But here, unfortunately, 
 »>ccurreil the excess of water, after tlie gravel was 
 reached, which prevented the shafts from bt-ing worked; 
 and with the failure of the district the village of Marys- 
 viile was deserted. This, and the similar fate wliicli 
 overtook the Meadows, add* 'd to the gradual exiiaus- 
 tion of the available and profitable grountl on Willian: 
 Creek, proved a heavy blow, not for the creek aloiif, 
 but for the whole of Cariboo. From 180.'{ to 18(')7 the 
 deep ground on William Creek had been the main- 
 stay of Cariboo, as the latter wtis the main-stay of 
 British Columliia, and mining was j)n>s|»erous in pro- 
 pi>rti»Mi to the engineering skill brought into play, the 
 pr«)blen> being simply one of gaining access to the gold 
 deposits in the old channels. It was eviilent that llie 
 late engineering methods had not answeri'd the pur- 
 j)ose, anil that a still more ett'ective system of drainaj;*- 
 nmst bt; adopti'd to overcome the obstacle in llie way 
 to this rich grt>und. A deep cut wjis proposed for 
 .sluicing the old claims along the whole l«ii«^th of Wil- 
 liam Creek, from tlu; ( Wkhi to the Mead»>NVs.^' 
 
 Jiut nothing was dont> for a hmg time; finally soiin' 
 San Fi'aiK'isco capitalists obtaini'd a leasts of ground for 
 four miles along the creek for twenty-one yeais, and 
 the Jane and Kurt/ Company in (S7() ertu'ted powt i- 
 ful steam-pumping machinery, on a scale hitherto 
 unknown in the eolonv. A shaft of one hun«lred and 
 twenty-fi' e fi'et was sunk, partly in rock, and drifting; 
 
 "* Till) tirxt ]inMic pro^iuH.il ni ii hi'Ik'hio fur driiinint; tlio Mi'iuliiws wiih i. I'li' 
 in IMM, HiiKp'Hliiii; tliat t\w ^ovt'riiiiiriit mIiduIiI ^riiiit a l<>ii^ l<sit«- tit f;ri>iiii<l 
 (■<|iiiklliii^ 4(MI rhtiiiiM, I'arli .'lO \vvt Whit', ainl t'.\ti'ii<liii^ at'i'iiN.< the valliy: iIh' 
 i>i'ti[iiiHt>il i.'t>iii|)aiiy jHiyiiif,' SlOtt t't)r I'at'li I'laiiii. Vklorin WnUji ' '(*((i;i/</, (•■ i. 
 M, l^'(>8. TliiH i>i'<t)i<i".ilitiii wuH Hiiliiiiitt(3il til II iiit^ftiiiK '*' tliu iiiimrs on 
 William (Vet'k, I'ut >va-< uliji't'ti'il tn im tin- gnmiitl tliat it wtmlil iiutiiii[i<'li/.i; 
 t<M> lurgu Mi ui'uii. III., iluly 17, l8(iU. 
 
rilOSl'K(TIX( ; KXPKI (ITIONS. 
 
 
 Ix'i^a i ill tlio (liroctioii of the old cliaiiiitl, wlildi was 
 striu k after a run of on(> ImiMircd and fortv feet, vidd- 
 iii^' a j»roHj»t'('t of t\v»'nty-tiv(! iloHa's, Inllowcd l»y i;"ood 
 returns. 'I'lic water soon coniix-llod a sus|)riisioii of 
 ojicrations, but tlicy were roncwed in .luiie 1.^7;!, with 
 a tliiitccn-iiu'li jtunn), and a new douliK' sliall was 
 >uiil<."' Xo important result followed, liowrvrr, and 
 
 till 
 
 in l.s7() the Meadows <lraina«j;e (|Ui'stn>n was s 
 suhjeet of an'itiition.'' 
 
 In IH(>l)ther«^ had heen aeonsiderahlf iinpnivmient 
 ill the niiniuix interest; Harkei'villc as^uniid Micater 
 II' [)(»rtanee than it ha<l I'njoycd l>cfoi>' the fnc of 
 ISdH; |>ros|)oetini;' expeditions cann' |iroiiiiii(iit!y !»<'- 
 fnretho [»uhlic, and t|uart/.-niinint;' lici^an to he thought 
 of Anxwij^theelaiins still worked with sueccss in I ^7(1 
 Nwre th(»sc of the F()rest IvoHe and l>laek .lack eoiii- 
 paaies, which had eomnieneetl hydi'auhr iniiiiii^' in 
 the hill, at tlu' foot of tlu! ('anon, htloii'^iiiL; t » tho 
 same series of ijrravel dcjiosits tliat formed the ca^t sido 
 of till" ereek ahove it.and where the former eomitaiiN had 
 
 "''Tlif j;ovt'riiiiit'nt griiiiti'il tlu'iioi lr;i«f fur 'J| yfiiv, with tlif jMivilfgi' of 
 rxti'iiiliiiK it till- 10 years llicnMlttr. I'. S. rn„ii„'rri'/'U /.'./., |s7(), 'SM. Tlii> 
 
 li'^l^r WilH si^'lU'iloil tlu' |>ayill<'llt(>l' II ImllUrt III' Srj.'l at tile riilllliK'lli'i iiiciit, ami 
 S'jriO a.s rental annually tlieieatter; the ^niiiinl e\t>ii.liiij{ iVniii tin? Rillarat 
 elaiiii to Mi(si|iiit<> ( 'reek. !i (listaiiee ot 4 iiiih-s, iMU' mile or lens in \\ iilth. 'I'lio 
 iiiiii|iatiy a^ireeil tnhuilil a .saw-niill ainl a t<n-slanii>>|iuir!/.inill, eti . Virfuriii 
 W'riUii < 'itliiiinf, Ann. .'{, IS7(t. Kil),Mr heuilney ma^ie mui'Vinh fur the i-mn- 
 tiieiKetiient (if olxratiiiiiH. /(/., .Inly •_•(), I.s7t). 'I'lie eapital eiii|iliiyicl liy Knrta 
 aiicl l.ani' was a In in t ST'i.'XK). This was all the caiMi.il iii\e-.|iil hy Aniiiiiaii 
 riii/ens ill this |inivinee, e\ee|it a I'lrtaui tliietualiiiu aiiioiiiil li\ a l>i:tiieh ullii'O 
 el the liini 111 Weils, Kar;;ii, ami t 'c>nii>aiiy. hniil h.'k^ii'ni, I'liilid S/hOh 
 ( iiiiinl 11/ i'iiiiiriii, in (iiDiiiiirriitl liil., |S7I,(»4I. I,.invevin, (ho Canuliaii 
 iMiiii.ster of imlilii! works, visiied the Meailows in Is7l. 'I'hi' uinuml, he 
 Ka\s, \ lelileil larm'ly lieiiire it w lus ahamhim il tiie lirst time. The ea|iilal of 
 the eoiniiany was noniiiially !^ri(H),(NN>. /,.in./» i-iriw A'.;)/. /'//'.. \\ nrku, |.S7-, 7. 
 Alter eighteen months of Work the Laiie ami Kurt/. <'oiii|i:imv siis|ien>leil 
 olirratiolis on aeeolint of the iiu'leaseil <|ll.llliil> ..I w.iler. ( 'ntii'in n-u'l A'./, 
 I^T'J, 4',t.'i; Cii rilHMi Si n/iiii I, No\ . 'J, 1^7'J. Alter a nOui t eoMHiiliuu ilny lie'jaii 
 |i>iiii|>mi; ik^aiii, .liiiie L>7, l^7i'>. wilh thirleeiiiiii h |iiiin|>~. .iml ilriiiieil the 
 wiirk-i ^'rikilualK . A new ilonMe slialt was sunk; .i iliteh .t m.h' in leii^lli 
 Vis eniistnieteil iiiiiler a eoiitraet I'V llolroy>l aiel ( 'oni|i in\ . mil i s.tw-inill 
 «as eiiiii|i|eteil, I'liii'iiiiSiiiliini. .1 line I'l , *J^, l><7!t. 
 
 '' A heil Idek lllime was e.iii iilend neeessary l« o ainl ;• loll miles in lellfjtll, 
 ami eoslinn .*s|."tO,(HKI. This sln.nhl start on ii ^ri.le Iroiii the I ills of VaJU-y 
 ' rei k ami striki' the lieil roek ol William ereek at the ihpth ol 70 leet from 
 the Niirlaee, olieiiiin; to miners tlie most vai.iaMi' |iortli>li oi the eieeU lietWeiMl 
 llie Uallarat elaim ami the ('anon, emliiaeiii^ the town of Kirkerville. Uidi-iiih, 
 111 M'l,. ,l/„„w A'.|./., 1S7«, W'^. 
 
504 
 
 MINING IN CARIBOO. 
 
 ill 1871 already obtained rich yields.**^ Tlic Black Jack 
 Company constructed a ditch a mile in length. Hy- 
 draulic minin<>^ was also proposed for the west side of 
 William Creek, where *^food prospects had heeu fountl 
 at Mink G ulch. The shallow diggings above the Canon 
 were still worked, and the bed-rock laid bare for mili\s 
 with moiv or less success. A costly yet profitable 
 bed-rock Hume occupied the ground nearest to the 
 Caiion. The representative settlement of this upper 
 section was liichfiekl, tlie only other collection of 
 houses along the creek, besides Barkerville, dignified 
 by the name of a town, and consisting of the court- 
 house or government building, a saw-mill, and a dozen 
 other buildings. 
 
 In 18G5 the government granted $2,500 for an ex- 
 pedition to jtros[)ect the Bear Iliver country, and to 
 the north-east of William Creek, but seven weeks' 
 search fiiiled to develop anything of value, and the con- 
 clusion was formed that further prospecting must be 
 directed to the north-west. Among the prospecting 
 movements, therefori', wliich in I8G7 were made from 
 AV'illiam Creek in search of new fields, several took 
 the direction ^A' William Kiver. On this route lay 
 Mosquito Creek, five miles below Barkerville, wiii* li 
 had been ])ros|>ected in l8();3-4, and had now six com- 
 ])anies at work. Their receii)ts for the season were 
 ^1,000 and upward, the Minnehaha and Kocking yield- 
 ing from twenty-five to fifty ounces per week. In 
 18G8, the !Minnehalia returned three hundred and 
 twenty-four ounces to one pick in a week.'* To the 
 north-west lay Sugar Creek, where the coarse, well- 
 washed gravel deposits lying on a iiard blue slate weie 
 found to vield fairlv. Four miles beyond this, L'r- 
 quhart and party nanu>d Mustang Creek, and took u|) 
 a discovery claim, which, in September 1807, yield* d 
 
 '*Tlie Fori'«t Host', in 1871, i>r(«liieeil in a week, iluriiif^ Lmgovin's visit, 
 203 ounces, iiiul in anotlitT wt^ek i!45 «mnc«m. Lamjivin'x lityt. I'nl>. Works 
 1S71, 7. 
 
 ** //.irmn'H Lrrliirii, ISC.7. 21: VHorht Woili/ Coloiil>,f, Hv\>t. 3, 18(57. nn.l 
 March 31, 1608; CurUHM .>)iutiml, Aug. 11), Out. J4, lt>(i.'i. 
 
THE BAL1> MOUNTAINS. 
 
 lit. 3, 18«7. !iii>l 
 
 iVoin eiglit to ten dollars a da}' to tho maii.^ The 
 nport hereof attracted more ininers, and fine gold was 
 found upon all the bars of Willow liiver, whieh ran 
 longitudinally through the rieh rocks of the Bald 
 ^[ountain zone ; one company sank a shaft in search 
 of the deep gravels, hut after descending s«>nje fifty 
 foct, with alternate drifting along a pitching bed-rock, 
 the water compelled them to abandon the work. Good 
 prospects were found, however, and eftbrts M'cre made 
 to form a company with more funds, wherewith to 
 prosecute the search for the deep deposits ; but the 
 miners failed to respond."' 
 
 In the region east of the Bald Mountains were 
 several other less [)rominent creeks and gulches, as 
 ^[cArthur, Steven, Begg, Whipsaw, and ]*ate, mined 
 ill 1875-7,'" besides considerable rivers which remained 
 undeveloped on account of their remote situation. 
 Ill the list miyfht be included the di!j:«j:in«'s on Clear- 
 water, and the upper north Thom[)S(»n, referred to 
 ill a preceding cha[)ter,'" and rediscovered by the 
 piuUers of Selwyn's liocky Mountain geological ex- 
 [tloring party."* The position of the latter region 
 upon the map indicates an area of still wholly un- 
 
 ''*Vtiril)oo iSi'iitiiiil, Sept. .5, 18(>7. It was also c.ilictl Ik'iiviT CriM-k on ao- 
 ciiuiit of tiio iiiiiiit'rous ItoaviTs. The gravol-<leiio«its, at tiiiios only cijlit fot't 
 ilnji, anil lying njjon a hanl l)lno slatis reseniliU'd tluiso of Sugar lYoi-k, with 
 an altiindanue of water. Curilioo >Siiiliiict, <|Uote(l in Vkt.oriii Coloiiint, Sept. 
 •2:1, l>Sti7. 
 
 '^^ Ctirilioo Soidml, Oct. 7, 1S(17. SiiltHi'riptionH were niailo in iSOS to tho 
 rxtent of 5!«<>,(KK), where the matter renteil. i"ho iiitrntion was to sink shaftH 
 :iiiil tlien drift nntil the main deci* ehainid was found. Virlnrin Dniti/ ( 'dIihiM, 
 .I:mi. 7, KS(i8. The Hehenie was revived in IS"-, in the form of a iiro))osition 
 tnr a grant of mining gronnd, and in Au^iixt 1K7-, resolntions were iiasseil at 
 lltrkirville recommending the (iroject, with the eoiidilion that honds shoidd 
 l)>' ^;i\t'n hy the company for flu^ performancu of eertiiin work. Viiioria Col- 
 oiiid, Aug. 18, 1S7"-'. 
 
 '''-Neo taliular tttatoment of elaims, yield, and population, note .*)(), this 
 thai'tcr. 
 
 ''Mentioned bydov. l*ongla.s, as rejmrteil liy the Indians in IS(!1, anil 
 liiratcd im his mining map. /iriti.-/i ('obniiliia l'ii}iir*, iv. .')4. The Oir pros. 
 l"i ting e.\j>edition in May 1^(>."» ascended from Kiindoop as far as tlie torks 
 111 lin' Clearwater, without linding anything «>f value. CkiU'ih) Si iitiii< I, Sipt. 
 ;tO, I SI).-). 
 
 ^'l>onald McFee, an old t'alifornian ami Carihoo miner att.n'hed to ,Sel- 
 «\ii's party, rept)rted '\t\^ iliggings' yielding eiKirse gold titty miles from 
 (K.irwater liiver, in the same range of mountains that striktr throtii{h llu^ i 'ari- 
 hou mines. C'ooiki/'h /{iivrt, .'iept. 'SM, in \'kti)ria J)aily Ctloiii"!, Oct. 8, 1871. 
 
ll 
 
 ■1\ 
 
 J If 
 
 irii 
 
 rm 
 
 MINING IN CARIBOO 
 
 (Icvolopod iiiiiiinij^ comitiy in tlio Cariboo zone, twice 
 tho siz«' of tliat liitlirrto < upicd l»y tlio iniuors, not 
 to nicntiv)!! the region witliin the Koeky Mviuutains 
 [>roper. 
 
 Crossing to the western slopes of tlio Cariboo Bald 
 Mountains we Hnd the ]>rineii>al mining, district upon 
 the l^ightning and Swift lliver blanches of Cotton- 
 wood liiver, and the niost important camps on \ an 
 Winkle and Lowhee creeks, with a history parallel to 
 that of Antler and William cre<'ks. The valley nf 
 Ijightning Cieek was explort>d early in 180I by thni' 
 pn »spectors, Hill (\inningham, Jack Hume, and Jim 
 Bell, who first descended to Jack of Clnbs Creek, 
 and thi-nce struck southward over the fori'st-covered 
 mountains. The hai'dshijis encounteivd in descendinn- 
 the steep banks of the creek evoked fioni Cuimingham 
 the expn'ssion, "B«tys, this is lightning;" whereupmi 
 his companions jocosely accept«*d this as the name 
 of tlu' stream.'"' After a rough Journi-y tlu>y weif 
 obliged t<» fall back upon tlu'ir base of supplies at 
 Antler (^reek, without discovering the riches which 
 sh(»rtlv afterward placed Jji«>htnini'' ( *i'eek amoni»" the 
 famous localitii's of (.'aribdo. 
 
 In July I HOI Ned Campbell and his com]>anioiis 
 ojH'ned a rich chiim several hundred yards above tlie 
 site t»f till- town ot' \ an \\ inkle, known as the second 
 canon, from which tlu'V tool, out st vi;nteen bundled 
 
 ounces m tliree«lavs was|im<j 
 
 di 
 
 A «!reat rush followrd 
 
 I 
 
 .loh 
 
 •.vans. 111 
 
 .1// 
 
 .)// 
 
 // 
 
 |S7.\ 1(1. 
 
 11 
 
 lis Htiirv Kvaiis. tli 
 
 liiiiiiii)i siirv»'\ cir (it Linlitiiiiii; ( rfck, ilmilitlcss olitaiiu'il troiii tlic ivjilnnrs 
 ♦ IiciiimIm's. T.iln'slii Kvaiis \aiii's IIk' acfiiiiiit l>> attriltiif inn "•'" r<Mi;iik tn 
 tlif iK'cui TiiH'i' lit iiiif lit till' ti II itic tliiiiiilirstiiriiH ('iiiiiiiiiiii at rtrl.iiii scasmn 
 
 ill tlit^ 4 '.'ii'iiMiii Miiiiiitaiiis 
 
 T. h'rn 
 .1.1 
 
 ill n,irt<iii,l Miiiilliln. Mairli |S';(», 'Jii'J. 
 
 -'' IJiill, till' assistant giilil iiiiiiiiii.>.siiiiiir, ic[iiiitiil tlial Nrd ('aiii]ilirir« 
 I'laiiu yii'Mfil !KH( (iimcrs iHu- ila\ . .">((0 miiicfs lui .iiiitlur, ami H(H) uiiiiriw nii 
 ii tiling .lay. Ih.Kjl.iH />< sjHifrl,,' {hi. -Jl, iMll. in /!. C /•((;«/•>■, iv. Cil. Tin' 
 ii|it'iiin^ nf ('aiii|iiii ll's claiiii o.wt .y_'.">.(MK>, Imt it yii'l.l.'.l .<|IK».(KK) in tin..' 
 
 itli 
 
 h 
 
 SS<tlf, 
 
 :u. Til.- .1 
 
 i-iotivii'v was nil (i 
 
 latt 
 
 M" 
 
 lli't- (nlli- 
 
 iiaiiy'n jii.'iiii.l, I'livi'i-inn Ned < 'aiii|ili)'irs aii.l llic Wliittliall I'liiiii ailj.iiniiii; 
 liiiii". whi'li yi.l.li'il !*'jit<MHH» tnuftli.r. ' hrrl.iii'/ M«ii/U;i, .Manli ISTO, -.'li'.'. 
 It wa.s r.']iiirt.'il that N.'tl raiii|ilii II an. I liis Irit'iiiU tonk out two unit. 'is to 
 tlio |iiinl'nl, ami wartlii'.l nut .>I.IO() in a .lay, iilliiiwt IM mihiii uh tlicv i'mn- 
 int'iii'cil Iti wnrk. l/irjif/'s i'lirilnn), \'2'>. 
 
LAST ( IIANl K AM) LKiHTNINO 
 
 m 
 
 )ue, twice 
 iners, nt»t 
 Ii)uutains 
 
 iboo Bald 
 trict 11] toll 
 (f (.'ott( ni- 
 ls on \ an 
 parallel to 
 valU'y I't' 
 I l>y tlirrc 
 , and Jim 
 il)S Crei'ls. 
 
 st-C-OVl'Vctl 
 
 K'HcondiiiL;' 
 
 mninijfliaiH 
 
 ^vheroui>"ii 
 
 tlu' naiiir 
 
 tlu>v WClr 
 
 U|>|»li*'>i at 
 
 ics whirli 
 
 noipj; tlif 
 
 nnpanioii^^ 
 abovi' tlic 
 
 in* second 
 huiidud 
 
 1 t'ollowi ll 
 
 ry Kvaiis. till' 
 
 till' iNJllol' I'- 
 
 tlu^ rciiiiiiU t'l 
 I'lrtaiii siMsiiiK 
 ivli 1S70. 'Jii'J. 
 Ill Caiinil" W'-" 
 
 :«H» ..\iii<i 1 "II 
 
 s, iv. til. 'I'll'' 
 
 O.tMH) in tinv 
 
 SiM-iiri' Cni- 
 
 laini ;iili<>iiiiiii; 
 
 nh ISTO. •-Mi-J. 
 
 two llUlll'i ■- to 
 
 as tlifv I""'- 
 
 this discovery, particularly to Xiin WiiikU? Creek, 
 wliere 2,000 \'vet at the lower end yielded from }:<|00 
 to $250 a day to the man, through the st'ason. ITp 
 the creek the K-ad disappeared. The total product 
 of this stream in Octoher 1870 was }?jOO,1M;4 from 
 l,()00 feet of j^round runninj;' with the creek, and 
 varying from 200 to ;500 feet in width. 
 
 The diggings on Last Chance Cre«'k, another trib- 
 utary of Jjiglitning Creek, ntar Van Winkle, were 
 likewise opened in ISCtl. The ])is»-oveiy Company, 
 'oiisisting of four men, toidv out forty pounds of gold 
 in one ilay, and the yield that season, fiom half a 
 mile (»f the creek, was at least .^2r)0,000. 'I'he Chis- 
 JKilin, JJavis, and Amh-ison tributaries, lu'ar tin; same 
 place, yielded also (juite a (juantity of gold from their 
 
 shallow 
 
 ])art.- 
 
 Tl 
 
 le 
 
 St 
 
 ■cond season on l^iiihtninuf 
 
 Creek yielded com[>aratively little, for tin; giavel, 
 hting loose and porous, was diihcult to woik, though 
 the [say deposit was only from eight to thirty feet 
 1m 'low the surface.""* 
 
 From Eagle Creek t(» the Water Lily «-laim every 
 loot (»f ground was (»ccupied, and shafts were sunk in 
 many ))laces; but they all proved misu<-ci's,s|'ul owing 
 to the ineth<-ien«'y f.t'the draining machinery, and aftei- 
 tW(» more seasons of disasti't)Us trial, in the autumn of 
 IS()t they w«'re all abandonc<l. In I .S70, the Spi'uce, 
 then called the Davis, as well as the Hoss, Lightning, 
 \ all WinkK', \'ancou\«'i", and \'ict(»iia companies re- 
 >umed Work by sinking shafts into the «leep channel, 
 aii<l with the aid (»f improvrd ma< hlnei'v and methods 
 
 thf water was «'ontrol!ed. 'i'lie last thr 
 
 I'e com|»ani» 
 
 situati'd below the; town of \'an Winkle, effected their 
 ohji'ct by sinking through the bed-roek at the sltle of 
 thi' creek, and tluMice diifting into the channel. At 
 the same time a costly 'bed-rock «hain' was ojtened 
 at the lowe»' end of tlii' diggings. The «le\ elopnieiits 
 made undeig!'onnil at ilitferent times provetl the e\- 
 
 i>. 
 
 Mi, 
 
 '(iirMoii oil 
 tiiiirn's tjssii 
 
 ,,, -M. 
 
 7; Jii/iii Kraiis, in Min. Miin'i /I'ljit., IsT.'i, 10. 
 
I fi 
 
 ' '\ 
 
 5U8 
 
 MINING IN CARIBOO. 
 
 istciice of separate old ehanncls at different eleva- 
 tions, consequently of different aj^es."" 
 
 As a result of this successful en«,nneerin;4; feat fresh 
 localities were opened fcjr a distance of five miles along 
 the creek, and gold be^MU to flow an^ain to some 
 extent, tlie total yield of thirteen claims amounting 
 in Xovemher 1875 to $2,17i),272, of which the Vic- 
 toria produced ^«!451,G4-J, the Van Winkle $;3G3,983, 
 and the Vancouver $274,190.*' But this showing was 
 by no means so atitisfactory as it seemed, for it (embraced 
 only the successful companies, and did not point out the 
 expenses, which were vtsry larire, amounting in many 
 claims to from ^40,000 to" $7 01000.-" 
 
 Quite a iiund)er of fortunes were paid out, in fact, 
 on inefficient machinery, and in battling with excess- 
 ive difficulties of ground and water to reach the ricli 
 strata from which a few were drawing large returns, 
 while others were doomed to comparative disappoint- 
 ment. Both the expenditure and the yield served, 
 however, to resuscitate the district, and by 1875 tlic 
 diggings and towns on Lightning Creek, Van Wiidvli', 
 and Stanley liatl t;iken the first place in Cariboo for 
 production, pros[)erity, and population, while William 
 
 '■"Tlie Butcher and Discovery ciaiiiis were on a bench at a coiisiilenililL' 
 hei^lit above tlie present cliannel, ojipiwite the Sontli WalcH claim, workiiii,' 
 below it. Similarly tiiu Dunbar and Kl I )4>ra<lo deposits were on a iiigb beach 
 of the bed-rock opposite the I'erseverance and Koss claims, working the (lcc|» 
 oiiaunel. 
 
 ""In nine months tiieVan Winkle, A'ictoria, and Vancouver mines almu' 
 yielded about iiJoOO.OOO, of which $*218,'2(!'2, came from the Van Winkle. 'J'liu 
 whole of William Creek during the same time produced only §«)8,(K)(), a third 
 of which was extracted at Conklin (Julch. The total amounts yielded liy 
 the thirteen leading claims fnun the renewal of mining operations to Novcin- 
 l>er 1, 1875, were api)roximately as follows: Dutch and Siegel mines, now tlic 
 I'rescverance claim, $13(),(HK); l)uid)ar, ^'K),(KK); Discovery and Butclui, 
 *1'20,(KM); Campbell and Whitehall, !«;l'(H»,0(K); South Wales, .^141,5:11; ].i,i,'lit- 
 ning, $l"):i,SM)-_'; I'oint, $i;<(),()2r); Spruce, %i!>!>,!M)8: CostcUo, l?-J<),47»i; VuKaii, 
 ^")<>,t»5r>; Vancouver, .t274,lSH); Victoria, !5!4r)l,(;4l»; Van Winkle, .*:{ti;{.il.s:t; 
 total, ^2,l71»,'-'7*2. Miii. Mhivx HcjU., J87.'>, II. In 1871 the South Wales C.hm- 
 pany produced during the last three weeks of Aug. ;W8, Hl.'i, ami 250 nunn s 
 of gold resiM'ctively. htiii/rrhi's Hiftt. I'lih. Workx l)<]it., 1872, 7. Duiiiil; 
 1872 a number of claims ou Lightning Creek continued to yield handsoiiiil\. 
 /-*. Erkvtein, U. S. I'oiixul, in ('omiiwiriiil liiL, 1872, 4W5. 
 
 ^'Onc third of tin; money would have been enough in most cases had tlji^ 
 companies jiossessed machinery of suHicient capacity at the commenceiuint, 
 but they were mostly poor, coping with enormous ditficulties in their 8trugi;lu 
 fur existence. John Em nx, in Min. Minvti livjtt., 187<), 11. 
 
LOWHEE t KEEK. 
 
 BOB 
 
 rent eleva- 
 
 y feut fresh 
 miles along 
 n to some 
 amounting 
 cli the Vic- 
 ^ $:3G3,98:5, 
 howing was 
 it embraced 
 »oint out tlie 
 iig in many 
 
 out, in fact, 
 with exccHS- 
 ich the rich 
 irge returns, 
 .' disappoint- 
 •ield served, 
 by 1875 tiic 
 l''an Winkli', 
 Cariboo for 
 lile William 
 
 [it a coiLsiileni'ili' 
 H (^laiiii. wiirkiiin 
 (Ml ii liigli ln'iicli 
 |wiirkiiit; tilt ikt'l' 
 
 kiver iiiiiic's aluiic 
 [ill Winkle. T\iv 
 
 .*»)8,000, a tliinl 
 [units yieldcil liy 
 latioiis to Ncviiii- 
 ^l mines, now thu 
 
 •y and lintilni, 
 J.*14l,r>:{l; Lii,'lit- 
 |.*20,47<i; Vuli-.iM, 
 
 ■iiiklc, «!:«■':<.'>:'; 
 
 luitli Wales Ckim- 
 p, and '-'50 tmiirn 
 isT'J, 7. I'liiiii^' 
 lield handsonitly. 
 
 |)8t cases had tlit^ 
 1 eoniuieiieei-.iiiit, 
 I in their stni^'gli-' 
 
 Creek, witii its principal town of Barkerville, had falleu 
 into decay. The southern branch of Cottonwood Kiver 
 liad also a rich district on Lowhee Creek, one of its 
 lK;ad- waters, which at one time promised to rival Wil- 
 liam Creek. Among its first locators was Kichard 
 Willoughby, an Englishman, who from July to Si'p- 
 ti'inber I8(»l worked a (daim having a blue slate bed- 
 rock within four feet of the surface, and obtained as 
 much as 84 ounces in one day, the latter yield being 
 >i; 1,000 a week. The Jordan and Al)bott claims were at 
 about the same tinit; proilucing 80, DO, and 100 ounces 
 daily,"'" and Patterson with his brotlier took out ^10,- 
 000 in five weeks, one day yielding 73 ounces, puitly 
 ill nuggets up to ten ounces in weight. Notwith- 
 standing these and other good yields, the creek did not 
 attract the attention that might have been expected, 
 jiartly owing to the rich discoveries elsewhei'e, and 
 tlieir greater accessibility to travel. The develop- 
 ments of 180.') -4 excited a little more interest when 
 the Sag(!-Miller claim, for instance, yielded for a con- 
 siderable time at the rate of .'500 and 400 ounces a 
 day. After being workfjd profitably for nearly two 
 seasons, it still continue<I to yield 80 «»unces daily. "^ 
 
 The de[)osits were evidently not of even value, for 
 ti:e mining })opulation, which was ne\X'r very large, 
 It 11 off ijfraduallv after this .season, and little t'flbrt was 
 madi^ to bring in water for sluicing pur]»oses. Tim 
 X'uughan-Sweeni'y ditch, carrying (Uie hundred and 
 • ighty inches from Stony ( rulch, partially supplied this 
 want in the autumn of I8(»r), but the following si'ason 
 (lid not prove sufficiently reinuii('rati\(\ and in 18(57 
 most of the claims were allowed to fall into the hands 
 of the (^himise, whose t-arnings could never In; asci'i- 
 taiimd.''^ (^ihon Creek, a sn)all tributary on the left 
 
 •'-' Patterson f-nnul 1!)5 ounces, the result of a day's work hy four men. //a:- 
 lilt's Cirilxw, 124 ■• Doiii/l'is' l),.-<v<ttch, Sept. 10, 18(11, in Ii. r. I'nyirs, iv. .">«. 
 
 " Mxrfii's V. I. ■,,!<//{. C., '24'X 
 
 '*Thi; Calaveras I'ompany in A'ljjust IStiT washeil out l(K) ouiifes in 4 
 il.iys. Another ohtained "m oiinees in a week. l'nril)imSiiil'ni<l, Sept. .'<, 1807. 
 'I'Ipiv whs in 1800 ii population of 50 white men and 'il (..'hiiie.su on the creek. 
 Atw Wvntmiiuiter Herald, July 24, 18(i0. 
 
t 
 
 ' 
 
 ■I 
 
 m 
 
 b 
 
 rtlO 
 
 MININc; IN CAllIBOO. 
 
 bunk of tliL' Fraaer, midway between the mouth (tf 
 the Quesiiel and Fort Goor*;e, formed the extreme 
 north-western limit of the Cariboo region. Prosper 
 tors were probably acquainted with the creek at an 
 early date, but the first reports of tlio;gini,^s were made 
 in 18G5.'''' The following season Hixon's party of 
 five men ascended it for twenty-six miles to a small 
 tributary which was named after the leader. 01)tain- 
 ing good prospects, they fonncxl two companies and 
 brought in ditches to work ground which yielded 
 from forty to sixty-five cents to the pan.'^ 
 
 In 1 807 the whites abandoned the main creek to 
 the Chinese, and occupied Fery Creek tributary, 
 when- the shallow diggings yielded from six to eight 
 dollars a day.^" Canon Cri'ek tributaries were still 
 occupied in I 875, and worked with the aid of ditches.'*' 
 Although the yield was unimportant, the .stream 
 excited some interest bv the indication it jxave of 
 strata formations diflerent from those of central Cari- 
 boo, as exemj)lified by false bed-rocks.'"' Of still 
 greati-r interest was the discovery by Hixon's |>arty, 
 in IH()('), of gold (piartz, which was soon found to 
 
 ^■''Thc approiirli t<» the Cafton Creek appears to have been inailu liy \v;iy 
 of Willow IxiviT, a.t tlu' diggings when fi^^^t reporteil were (k'»erilied to l»e ' t<ri 
 mili'« from licavcr I'a.^M. Ten men were on the grounil in 18()i>. Canlxnt 
 .Vi ///(■/'(/, iiuotoil in Victoria W'nk-l;/ Colnnitl, .]u\y 4, ISti."). 
 
 ^'' Finiling good ground, they at first worked the hanks <if Hixon (.'rerlv 
 while the water was hij;ii. Tiie riciiness of tlie plaeers discovered was siitli- 
 eii'iit to ena!)lo the owners of claims to pay wages of 5=10 a tlay. Tiie placii 
 mining operations licgan liy finding prospects of ^1 and .^l.'J.J to the pan. lu 
 a plact; '2'j feet hy 10 leet .^Tfi was taken out in one day. IlciiU. of Wtthlimi 
 mill llijon, in Virtnria CiAuniM, .Inly 'A, 'M, 1N()(5. 
 
 ^' The main ereek was occupied hy l.'rtf Chinese. Ciirilioo Scntitirl a.\i>\ tlu^ 
 Mrtori'i Colon is/, .lulv 2:}, ISOT. 
 
 ^•'' Russian ( 'riM'i; does not appear upon the record till IST."). It is descrihc •! 
 as located nine miks nortii of fleaver I'ass. A prospect M'as olitaineil tluii' 
 in the autumn of IST-i which was deemed siitlicii'nlly good to justify lirinj,'iii:,' 
 in a ditcli, wliich was duly completeil ready for the hydraulic machiniiy. 
 (\iril)oo Si'ii/iiu'l, March '27, 1875. 
 
 '"On all of till' lower part of Hixon Creek, including the Blue Lcail «orii 
 pony's groiiml, and half a mile beyond to the Oo-aluNul ( 'ompany's grounil, 
 the ' bed-rock ' was a ' soft sautlstone,' supposed to have gravel under it. I •' ■ 
 t.oria Coloiii.-it, July ;{|, I8(»(>. On Fery (..'reek there was al-o a 'false 1" ■!• 
 rock," deserih""' as a kiml of lava. The miners never penetrated thi-oni;li 
 these .setlinientary strata, but contented themselves with cleaning up tli'' 
 ' seraggly ' gold of local origin which the creeks had eoneuntrated upon tlicir 
 surfaces. /</., .luly '.'3, 18G7. 
 
THK SHOUl' sKASOXs. 
 
 511 
 
 't'litiml inul till 
 
 ixttiiul Oil all .sides, some of it in u[>[>jiifutly wt-ll 
 dcfinoil k'tli(i'8 so as to justify a systematic devclop- 
 iiicnt thoroot'.*^ 
 
 Among tlu! elements wliicli <jfovernod mining events 
 ill the Cariboo region wer<' the eonijtarative inaecessi- 
 l)ility of the diggings, and tlie sliortiii-ss of the (jpeii 
 season, alternating' with tiie 'close season,' the severe 
 winter; but it has l)een seen that wherever a suflicient 
 diiiinage could, be provided by bed-rock drains, or by 
 means of sutticieiitl} pow«'rful itum})ing machinery, 
 the conditions of the countiy permitted und' iground 
 work, and to this tlie severity of the climate proved 
 no obstacle. So rich were the concentrations on the 
 bed-rock of the old channels, that drifting for them 
 was indeed ])rofitablo to a degree j)robably never 
 (■(jualled in any other gold-mining country. They lay 
 in heaps at the angles, and in crevices and pockets, on 
 thi' bed-nuk t»f the burie<l streams; but in tlie smaller 
 sti'i'ams particuhirly the leads were subjeet to abru[)t 
 changes in level and direction that batHed th«' most 
 fxperienced. This inequality of distribution, caused 
 partly by glaciers and slides, was in many easts more 
 apparent than real/' however, tlie ditKculty >alling 
 simplv for svstematic wt)rkini'- and a sufficient expeii- 
 
 • liture of money. A layer of day e\ cry where cover- 
 ing the ileep cliamiels protected the subHuvial drifts 
 along the old beds, fmm what would otherwise have 
 amounted to an extraordinary and ruinous iiiHux of 
 
 *"Iii IStiCi al)out JS.VH) wr.rtli of coarse CafKiii Cnik ;.'olil, wliicli had 1)C'0U 
 litilo suliji'ctcil to the action (It Mater, was exhihiti'l at the liitiik of Uritish 
 
 • 'liiiiiliia 111 N'ietorii. It was r.litaiiieil from a streak three feet l)eh)W tliu 
 Milt, ii-e ami Mas iiiixcil M'ith fia.:iiieiits of (|uartz. Virlorii. ('')liiii'<f. M.iy 'Jll, 
 
 \^M. 'i'lie ijiLirt/ hdges for M'liieh tlie ereek afterM'anls heeame noted Meru 
 ii>ro\ereil hy llixoii's Jiarty tliree miles !•• lnw their diju'iie^s. Itiymi. nj' //i.roit 
 tii./ii,/,/,' S}iii!'/hfj, in Vii-t„r'iii W'lii/i/ Col'iiiist, .\\\\y 'A, ISimJ. 
 
 "If tli(! streams had run in exactly tliu same chatmels as they did Mheii 
 till' ;;cilcl came doMll. the matter M-ould have heen sinqile eiioin.'h, lint >:reafc 
 iliaiiiics had taken place since then. The chanires hero refi'rred to Meru duo 
 lnrtly to the slides M'hicli had chaiiued the jiosition of the stri'aiiidiciis, hut 
 tiny Were nioru conimonly, jierhajis, the result of ;;laciers occiipying tlio 
 canons after tlio old eonecntrations had heun deposited. Mi'in/i (iitil ( '/iciulle'a 
 A art/nn'<f I'asait'je l»j Lund, 30b. 
 
f 
 
 ii 
 
 5 
 
 512 
 
 MlNn:»;. iS CARIBOO. 
 
 wator, and reiulereu umlergrouiid placc'r-ininin^ alto- 
 «^i'thor inii>ractic'al)le. On William Creek, and nearly 
 everywhere in Carilxm, the pay sstrata consisted of bliu 
 clay, with various admixtures.*^ 
 
 In connection with the difficulties mentioned eauu- 
 this, that the rich deposits were, as a rule, from twelve 
 to one hundred feet beneath the surface, under the 
 he<l8 or banks of streams, fre<[uentlv rumiint^ throuj^'li 
 swami)s and lakes, and on the beds of former lakes. 
 Su<*h a state of thiny^s could not fail to render the field 
 unattractive to individual adventurers, sinee pnispeet- 
 injif witliout abundant resources became unprofitable.'" 
 
 These «^ravel-tleposits on the hills jijave rise to the 
 reiterated hopes of developments like those of the oltl 
 river hill-unravels of California, but they often proved 
 vain," because the altitude of the j^ravel-layers was not 
 thesame. Insome instances, as on William ( Veek, there 
 were two distinct leads with different (jualities of gold, 
 
 ''On sinking a Hhaft thrnugh tliu ulluvial ilcpoHitx nf the strcain-lteilM nf 
 Carniiio, tli(! iiiiiuT eonicM to a clay Htrutuiu wliicli in soiiietiiueH ait iiiucli 
 as 3 fuot in tlii>'kiu-H8. 'Tliis Htratiiin of clay was a ^'reat heiictit to tlm 
 iiiiiiurs, liciiij^ a prott'ctioii a^aiiiHt water.' Uinlcr tlio clay Wiw tlio older allu- 
 vial (U'poHit varying froiu 'J inchen to 18 feet in tliickneuH, in which lay the 
 gold, /■'ifi/'s (I'olil Si'iiri'/ii'x, MS . 2, 3. The pay dirt on William Creek wa.s 
 generally from H to .') feet in thicki<OHH, and was worked out in low galleries. 
 MHloii mill Clii'iuHvH Xorf/iiifxl PiMMirir hif Luinl, 37H. In the Steele claim ou 
 WilHim I'reek it Wiuj feei thick, and cuiHisted of a Idiie clay mixed with dc- 
 com]ioHed slate and gravel. /)oii<il<in, in Riiirliiii/M^ I'lm/nli'm/ioii, 118. The gold 
 in ('aril)oo wau found ' in the bluiHli clay wiiich is on and in tlie Hlaty liottom 
 8ouietimcM as far (is a foot deep; streaks of yellowish clay are also fimnd, whieli 
 are sometimes very rich.' /{roii'ii'.t Kmmiuj, 'J'J. On William ('reek it w:i.s 
 'scattered through hard blue clay in pieces weigliiug from 50 cents to!*.').' 
 It cost ahout §4,000 in 18(i"i to sink a shaft to thuLed-roek, less than 100 feet. 
 i'unrtiieijn Min. It. ('., MS., (i. 
 
 '''Much faith was entertained amcmg the miners in the richness nf the deep 
 
 ?;round on Willow Jliver, .lack of C'lulis, .\ntler, Cnnningiiam, and otln r 
 avorahly situated creeks; and claims that were well openeil in many instanos 
 paid steadily as nuieh as $000 a day to the man. The Niison ( 'ompany, on 
 the other hand, expeiuled $:M),000 to teat tiie <le'-.p ground on Antler Creek 
 up to 1875 without suicoss. Ju/in lioirroii, in J/.'/y. Miiwn Jlrpl., 1875, 1'2. 
 
 **The great problem of tinding gold in tlio hills was solved this ytar. 
 wrote 'li. I).,' Biirkerville cor., Oct. '2'M, in Virlorin WirUi) Cdloninf, Nov. 7, 
 18G5. Another writer more definitely expressed his Wlief that hill-ilig;:nigs 
 wouhl he found along a supposed ancient "itrtjum running from the H.dd 
 Moimtains across the head ot McCallum (iuleh thi'itigh the hill on the isi^t 
 side of William Creek, thence to the middle or upper portion of Coidiliii 
 (inlcii, Iieliind the line of tiie United and Aurora claims, and <»n to the Fnn.-it 
 Hose and I'rairie Flower claims at the Meadows, formerly a lake, or one of a 
 scries of largo lakes. IlanicU'ii Lvctuns, lU, 17. 
 
PRODUtT. 
 
 ni3 
 
 ling alt<t- 
 
 ,cd of bluc 
 
 nuitl cam*' 
 mi twi'lvi' 
 uikUt till- 
 r tliroui^li 
 nor laki's, 
 ;r the fiulil 
 > prosncM't- 
 irofitablc/'' 
 riso to tli«' 
 of the «»1<1 
 ton provi'd 
 3rs was not 
 I reek, there 
 ios of gold, 
 
 8trcain-1 Kills cif 
 
 itiiiU!H iiH imicli 
 
 l)eiu'tit to tlii^ 
 
 tlioohleriillu- 
 
 which lay tin; 
 
 iaiu Cnrk m;i.s 
 
 I low galleries. 
 
 lst«Hlc claim on 
 
 Imixuil with ili- 
 
 118. Thej^ol.l 
 
 n! slaty liottoiii 
 
 lo fouiiil, wiiieli 
 
 Ofck it was 
 
 cunts to !*•"). ' 
 
 than 100 flit. 
 
 less of the ilicp 
 
 litii, ami otlit-r 
 
 liiaiiy instances 
 
 li ('onii)an.v, on 
 
 |i Antler t'reek 
 
 1875, 1'-'. 
 
 fvil this yi'ii;- 
 
 ^>lolli'<t, Nov. 1, 
 
 It hill->ligj;ii>H^ 
 
 Ironi the HiM 
 
 liill on the ea>t 
 
 lin of L'oiikliii 
 
 |i t<»the Forest 
 
 He, or one uf a 
 
 Itelow the level of tho present stream,** and it was 
 observed in most mining operations upon tho gohl- 
 Itearing creeks of Cariboo that the paying ground 
 was usually limited to an area of a mile and a 
 half to two miles along the centre of their course, 
 or within that area, at least tho principal mining was 
 (lone, urdike that of the gold-bearing streams of Cali- 
 fornia, which paid throughout from source to mouth.*" 
 The rocks of the Bald Mountains, consisting of 
 inetamorphic clay slate traversed by broad bands 
 impregnated with auriferous quartz, were indeed only 
 a s{ini[)le of numerous other zones in the slaty gold- 
 hearing rocks of tho northern j)lateau, to be brought 
 into prominence as soon as the progress of devolop- 
 iiitnts would permit*^ — dovclopmonts which during the 
 two decades commencing with the discovery of gold in 
 Jhitish Columbia were retarded chiefly by the great 
 cost of supplies and transportation. 
 
 Among those who went to Cariboo in 18G1, oiu; 
 tliini, according to Macfio's estimate, made iinh^peii- 
 (kiit fortunes, another third netted several hundred 
 jMHiiids sterling, and the remaining third returnetl 
 from the mines wholly unsuccessful.** A.11 who were 
 
 *''Tho one coiitair.^d jjolil alloyed with a gon<l deal r' silver, tho other gohl 
 of a Inyher color v.ul much purer — iKith hattered ai d worn to such a degree 
 as to imiily transportation for some distauce. The gold of Lowhoo Creek 
 was less worn than that of William t'reek; that of Lightning Creek was more 
 HO, and found in smaller particles. Milton ami ChauHrH Noiihiifnt Panaiuie. hy 
 l.iiwl, ;{(i7-8. A talih; of assay.s of gold from difl'erent jKirtions of Card)on, 
 iiiaile Ity Agrell at Portland, Oregon, in 18(51, showed the average to he $\ti 
 to tlie ounce, Hazlitt's ( '(iriltoo, IIW. The gold from the several creeks of Cari- 
 Ixio differed, however, lioth in appearance and value. On William Creek it 
 wassin(K>th, water^worn, and largely alloyed with silver. On Lowhee Creek, 
 live miles distant, the golden particles had a more crystalline structure, were 
 exceedingly pure, ami worth §"- an ounce more than on William Creek. Lieut. 
 I'litiinr, in /.oiiil. Oiioij. Sor., Jour., xxxiv. 101. 
 
 *''Thi9 'singidar and rcliahle fact' wa.s attrihuted to glacial action by the 
 im'al ol)ser%'ers, some of whom supposed that the old deep channels were 
 eriHlcd hy the action of ice. There Wiis no regidar stratitication v( the gravel 
 as in California. Tho clay of tho liuttoni varied from light blue to very dark. 
 AUaii'H ('itrilmo, MS., }). 
 
 *' Murchison, ForlKJS, Hector, Bauernian, Selwyn, and I>awsou have writ- 
 tiii more or less about tho position of these rocks in connection with their 
 gc'lil In'aring character. 
 
 ' M.i.-ji,"H V. I. and B. C, 74-5. 
 Hist. Bbjt. Col. Si 
 
. 
 
 i M 
 
 514 
 
 MININf} IN CARIBOO. 
 
 interrogated by Governor Douglas in October 18()1, 
 ill regard to tlie amouiit of their earnings, mentioned 
 ^2,000 as the lowest, while many had made $10,00() 
 in the course of the suinnier. Rose and McDonald, 
 the first discoverers, both declared that in their opinion 
 the new diggings were at least as rich, and probably 
 ri(rher, than those of California or Australia; and 
 Major Downle, of Downieville, California, went so 
 far as to say that there was nothing in California to 
 be compared to William Creek; while Lieutenant 
 Palmer (quoted experienced Califoniian and Australiiui 
 miners to the effect that on William Cretk more i;(tld 
 had been extracted from an area of three miles than 
 from a corresponding space In any other country/" 
 
 General statistics show that in twenty years a totid 
 product «»f between $^0,000,000 and $40,000,000 was 
 obtiilned from half a dozen principal creeks witliiii 
 a region of rotten shale less than fifty miles squarr; 
 and the average po]>ulatlon for the same [Uirlod was 
 probably about 1,500." 
 
 ** Linitcnniif Pnlnin; in fMul. Ofotj. Soc., Jour., xxxiv. 190; Dowjliui' I'ri- 
 nttr I'lijHin, MS,, i, 14(1. •Iiulgo llcjjliio, writing from QiuiHiu'l fork.H muli i 
 iliito <>t S)'|it. 2"), I8GI, Hiiiil, ill rcgnnl to tlio qiiantitv of golil-diiMt in tli>' 
 IijiikIs of till- iiiiiuTM: * I Imvc no <loul>t tliiit tliuri^ ix littn; Hlmrt of a ton l\ i'li; 
 lit till! ilitlcrcnt crcrkx. 1 lit'iir tluit A1il>ott'H anil Stcclt^'s <'lainm (Williain 
 (.'rt'fk) ari' workin){ ln'ttcr than ever tU)to4()iiouiiilHa>lay «!ai;li. Tlicy rt'cknii 
 rit.'li I'laiinH ax oftrn liy poumlH r\H ouni'cH now; it nuiHt lie a {HNir claim tliit 
 in nicaHui-fil liy "lollarM. . .Tlit! gold in a inTfcct nuiNaneis on they liavn to carry 
 it to their claims every morning, and wateli it while tlicy work, and carry ii 
 iMick again — HomctimcH an mnch oh two men can lift — to their calmiH at ni^'lit, 
 anil watch it whilo th'y hIccji. ' //. (', Pujh r.t, iv, (50. Tho ilctailed Mtatciiients 
 of rich yiehls from individual clainm, which have heen i|notcd in the jireseiit 
 chaMter, eimld lio multiiiiiei' indetinitdy, and in moMt iiiNtances vcrilinl 
 iM'yond i|iieNtion. .lulew Pery iinc of iho miners, iiil'ormed tlie writer that in 
 thu month i>t .St'ptendter or Octuher IHiU )■(• saw taken out of one claim |IU 
 llw. of gold, the rcHult of tweidy lumrM' work. Fi ry'n Hold Sun-flu m, MS., •_'. 
 
 ''•The )io[>ulation of Carihoo in .luly IH(iI waH CHtiniated liydovernor hniiL'- 
 Ion 
 
 J HIT |i<ijiiiiiii Hill iM \ <ii iiMiii 111 *i Illy I <^i I Wtin t'nLiiiiai.i'ii ii v i ■!>« t'l ik'i i 'om^. 
 
 an at l,.')00. liriiish I'ohiinliin /'njur/i, iv. ,">■'{. 'I'hat wan the tiguro acceiitiil 
 >\ the /jiiiiilttii 7V//11.4' I iirres|iiinili'nt witii independent Hourcim of inforniiitinii, 
 Jt wax at ienHt iloiilileil and prohalily iiu.idrupled during the next few yiar'i, 
 U. S. C'ouHul FranceM in |.S(»'J estimated tiin total numlierH in the country, '»■ 
 eluding CarilxM., at l.">.(»00, whde .Mr KerygneHHcd at 'JO,(K»0, both exaggi nti •! 
 Iigurt>a. In INO.'i, 1 find Wwii'dhniMl givcH tiio total of Carilioo inincrHat I, .'IS.', 
 of which l,(MH> were on William (n'l'k, ti.S on l.ouliee, (10 on HuruH, 15 on ( 'mi' 
 ningham, 'M) on Antler and SteVeiiM, KM) on Lightning, and I'.l) mom on otii' r 
 creeks, i'irhirin H'ri /(•/// fo/d;//'*/, Oct. HI, 1805. The records of tlio niitiiMti 1 
 of niiniiH nhoweil tiie total population of ('arilmo, inelinling children, fenwil' -, 
 iuid t'luucHo, tolmvo hccii, in 1875, l,;«)5, in ISTti, l.'-t)*-', and in 1877, I,:''". 
 
COST OF HUPl'UES. 
 
 SIS 
 
 tober 18 01, 
 , incntioiuMl 
 ule $10,000 
 MrDouald, 
 heir opinion 
 id probaUly 
 itraliti; and 
 ia, went so 
 ]!alif()rnia to 
 Lieutenant 
 I Austral! Jill 
 k more <;ol(l 
 ! miles tluiii 
 ountrj'.*'' 
 years a totul 
 000,000 was 
 veks witljin 
 liles squan-; 
 L' period wius 
 
 00; /)oi/<//.w' I'ri- 
 Hiii'l forks niiilrr 
 
 ^Illll-lluMt ill till' 
 
 rt of a toil lyiiiK 
 (■lniiim (Willi.iiii 
 Tlicy rcckmi 
 HKir claim tli;>l 
 iry liav»! to carry 
 lik, ami carry it 
 rcaimmat iii),'l>t. 
 ailcil HtatciiH'iits 
 il ill tlio ]ir<sciit 
 Hlaiiccs viritiiil 
 11! writer tliat in 
 >f r)iii! claim KM 
 Sitiri'liis, MS., 'J. 
 liovcriior Kiiiii:- 
 !• ligiiro ai'cijitcil 
 I'M otiiiformatiiiii. 
 next few years. 
 , till! ooiiiitry, in- 
 liotll exaggirateil 
 I miiuTKat l,;W'>, 
 iiiriiM, ir>oiH'tiii- 
 H) mori! oil otlii r 
 i of tlio iiiiiii'<ler 
 liililrcii, fcnmlrs, 
 
 .1 ill 1877, l,:i''i- 
 
 i:ll 
 
 i IM 
 
 1 
 
 V( 
 
 ir 
 
 ■til 
 
 A 
 
 tl 
 
 >■ 
 
 After 18C.1 the facilities for transportation were 
 MTeatly improved. In the winter of 1801-2 freijjfht 
 l)y dojjj-sleds between Alexandria and Antler alone 
 was 30 eents a pound, and flour sold at Quesnol forks 
 tor $72 a barrel, beans 45 eents, and bacon 08 cents, 
 a [)ound. On the completion of the branch wajjfon- 
 roiid in 1805, frcij^ht from Yale to William Creek was 
 ivduced to 7 and 12 cents a pound, according to the 
 
 Tlio winter pniinlatinn in 18C4-5 wiia lictwcen 400 and 500 on William, ami 
 iiiiiii .'{() to 40 on I^iowlicu Cruok. A/., .Ian. 10, ISOn. Alumt 1,000 perHonM 
 wiiitereil in ami alxmt t'arilifMi in 18(50-7. Miiiiiiij ami .SV;V';////r> /'/v^ai, ,I,»ii. 
 I'J, ISO". Tlio >,'ol<l jimiluut of Caril)oo in I8»il wius OHtiinatc'd hy tlm I'irtorin 
 hnili/ /'riM at J'J.O^W.OOO, ami hy the LoiuIoh 7V/h(.v) corrcHiiomlcnt at ^J,'-"*.)!,- 
 Hl'.l. The latter figure wax olitainod liy CHtiinatincf that then! More 4(K> claim 
 uwiicrs who cleared ijMiOO.OOO; 7'.> niincrH who c!a*;;mI .«i!tL>0,(WO; and ^O-.M 
 lalmrerH at if7 a day, M'hooo share wax ;J7(i4,72{); t>;.il, ^2,'J0I,40D. In I.S7I, 
 Laii^cvin, the Caiiadiari mininter of {mitliu workft, ]ilaccd the total yieM of 
 «aril"M>at?l.047,'J4.'». .{ijif. Piih. IVorh, IHI'2 '. After 1875 the HUti.ttieal 
 ir|iiirt.i imliliNhed liy the. iiiiniHter of milieu fiirniHluid anthcntie lij;iireH which 
 showed a eon«ideralilii rtMliiction; for 187.">, I*7<i0,'i48, tif which ?.')(K>,000 canii! 
 triiiii Lightning Creek; for I87(», S44H,84!<, .showing a falling oti', ehiclly in 
 l.i;;lit,iiiiig Creek; and for 1877, ^404,77-. The fnllnwing Htinimary is eom- 
 |iihd fniiii the tJihular Hheetfi'acconipanyiug the reports of 187.'>-7, giv ing the 
 Itrodiiet of uooli crouk: 
 
 MTNKS IN IIIK (AUIlKdi KISTUK T. 
 
 CRKBKN. 
 
 Mt'titnlnR. 
 Iliinis 
 
 .Scl.MIIl. 
 
 IW. 
 
 1««. 
 
 W77. 
 
 a is 
 
 '■> I a I if I 2 
 '.i 3 if {2 I •£ 
 
 - — 4, 
 
 3 if 
 
 y » « 
 
 HI 
 i« 
 
 Ciittoiiwrxxl B 
 
 swittK . In 
 
 William Xi 
 
 iMiikllii (iiileli. . . I 5 
 
 St.. Ill, (iiiii'ii. 18 
 
 <tr..ii^<M'reek I ( 
 
 Viiriiii|.< CreeliK- .is 1 
 
 l.'.\vlii'i<, .lack ol > !ul)H, I ' 
 
 M..M|iillo. McArth.ir, ,' 
 
 Antler J '20 
 
 .V. iiiid S. Korks (jiiCHnvl 
 Ki'illilfyCreek 
 Harvey, SnoWklloc, etc 
 
 Totall 
 
 H^ 
 
 i«m 
 
 192 117 
 
 11 24 
 
 »Ms,r.27 mi 
 to,oyO| .'i 
 
 nooo' It 
 
 3,!t00 
 
 «8,7tU) r, 
 ■ii.jmi 1 
 
 4,'JOO ■! 
 •1,111 l> 
 
 afi,400 I 
 
 (aj 
 40,040 
 
 in.itia 
 
 , -HW 172 iflSViaOt. 
 
 f (I') 
 
 (i 
 
 188 iX^ 
 
 j«76A,aU| 
 
 2'24,071| ym-iv. 
 
 (■1) 
 
 i»c^W,0t7 
 
 82,4fi0 
 
 I 
 
 ,lN4a.837 
 
 (oj 
 
 .18? 
 
 Ki i: 
 
 ify,;**! 
 
 "I 
 
 20,W0 
 .♦4W,77i 
 
 Hi 
 
 'a) Inrlinllnn bIko (liinnlnBltani, Ht(nen», IIcrkh, and Whlji Saw rreeki.. 
 I'i llH'liuliii({ CiiiillerM, llniKi.n, IJoeliiiiii, l>n\ Is, I'elers ( iifnui, iniil IichiIwim 
 rrci'ks, 
 
 ' ■) In. Iiidlim I'Hte Creek. 
 
 (il) I'li'liiilinu rerkiiiN (iiiluh, l.«iil(.'lianee, AiulvrMiii, Chinliulm, l>n\ i>, ( luilter, 
 Mill Cftnou crcoku. 
 
 ilUIIOIX"'*' 
 
i H 
 
 urn 
 
 MINlNf} IN CARIBOO 
 
 sc^ason, and prices in Caril»o<> becanio lionccforth not 
 only more moderate, but were better regulated, wliilf 
 capital and labor stoml comparatively secure.^' Ot 
 the nien wh<» explored, mined, traded, and lived in 
 the Cariboo region during the period described, twci 
 thirds were British subjects, accorditig to ]3ouglas' 
 estinmtcs for 1863-0, but the rest were as cosmopolitan 
 in mixture as the early inHux to California.''" 
 
 Fortunes and misfortunes commingled made these 
 people generous and hospitable in a high degree, 
 always ready to share with an impecunious friend (»r 
 stranger, while as a mass they wen* probably tlu 
 reckless and ungodly creatures that the Reverend 
 Mr Brown depicts them. '"^ The (»ld and well-known 
 classic and thne-honortHl traits of tin- animal man 
 came to the surface once more, developing characters 
 that fitted into the remote and isolated forest and lake 
 country of the far northern cordilleras. "I know ef 
 no place in the world," says a witness, "where more wit 
 is recpiired, or where a larger amount of small cunning; 
 is the shicqna wm for getting on in life, than in Cari- 
 boo." Without 8500 to buy into a good claim, ami 
 without the necessary judgment to buy shn'wdly, a 
 man had a hard battle to avoid ruin."'^ Winter life 
 had its noteworthy features. During tlu' first few 
 
 ''III NdVfiiilxr IS(»4 wa^jcM at Tiirkcrvilli' wito ?I0 a day; llmir wan W'l 
 cuiitH a iiiHiiul, l)ai'i»ii .W I'l'iitM, |Hitatiii'H 'JO »'c<nts, Murjir'n I'. /. nml It. I'.. 
 -.VJ. 'riiONo jirici'H wtTO rarely aitproat'lu'il after thoo imph'tioiiof tlm wajioii- 
 riiail. Ill tli« Hpriiif; of |St>r> tlio iiitrtHluctidii of tlio ikw Irri^lit tarid lixikiii:; 
 ti> till' <'iiniiilt'tii>u (if the wajjim-mail wan made tlio ni't-iuiioii for a * conuT ' in 
 lloiir, c'i^arH, Hii^'ar, cliaiiiiiagnc, I'to., every piireliiMaltlu nrtiele of wliiili wm 
 liou^lit ill from the Hiiiall dealerH. The MuiImoii'm Riy ('omp.iny in tlir 
 liirxoii of Mr riiilayHoii mad<* arrangemeiitH in lHr>7 for o|ieiiiiig Htorcs at 
 <,Mii'Hm'lnioutli ami liitrkervillo, Xfin WiMtininKhr K.i<iiniiin\ .luiio 5, IStiT; 
 J/dzlitt's CiinlnHt, 11"). 
 
 ■" l'rli'':ti' /':!)» r.i, MS., i. I.Vi. The following lint of HhareholderM of tlui 
 KricMHoii ('oiii]iaiiy, on \\ illiain (.'reek, though not altogether an iiiilex of jin- 
 
 ;i: a: tit :o ^ a.^ ..i ai ..:.. i ;..;.. ..f aI . 
 
 ■*■"""'• •••r'-'v » • •' " •••••••i. »^.^».», uii.'..^i> ...-w <->v.'^. v« ■ ...» ^ 
 
 prevailing nationality, will s./ve to hIiow tite varied origin of tliocomiininit) : 
 .John NeUon, fori'inaii, Norway; .lohii Taggart, Ireland; Ale.x. Krii'MMoii, 
 Sweden; I'eter I'lrifMnon, Sweden; Alex. .MiKeii/ie, Si'otlaiid; K[ilirHiin Harper, 
 4'anaila; K. H. Milt, Canada; Ihtvid <irier, Wali'N; Kvan l>aviN, WahiN; ili'lin 
 I'erriii, CnitetlStikteH; Samuel ThompNon, Norway; I'eter I'eterHon, heiimark; 
 \V. .J Miller, Unitud Sfaitosj CliarluH Taft, United SUteu; M. Smith, Uiiilcil 
 ^" .teH. 
 
 "* Fifth /ffjx. rot. MiMM., I8ft3, «: Courtw/M Min., B. (., MS., II. 
 
 ''* I'iioIi'm (Jiiiiii (Viiirlotfr Ixlmnl, London, !.S7t», ilH. The u)ii« and ihiwim 
 
 StttteH 
 
MININCi LAWS. 
 
 617 
 
 ctbrth not 
 ,tod, whil«' 
 !urc." ()t 
 (I lived in 
 •ribc<l, two 
 ) Doufjjlas' 
 sniopolitan 
 
 52 
 
 iiadc those 
 jjh dej^rof, 
 s t'rieud or 
 i)l)al)ly tilt 
 ! Revorond 
 well-known 
 luimal man 
 rharm-tors 
 
 Ljst and laki' 
 "I know of 
 •ri^ more wit 
 tall eunninii 
 lan in Ciir\- 
 elaim, and 
 shrewdly, a 
 Winter lite 
 Hrst t»xv 
 
 liv; (\tiur w.iM ;W 
 I'l . /. itii'l /'• ''•- 
 Liiiof tlx! wap.ii- 
 
 n.ir a 'iMirmr' m 
 Vlf «'f wl"''!' ^*''-'' 
 •,>iiiii.iny '" *'"' 
 tjii'iiiiin Htori'n at 
 [,•, Juno r», t^'t'T; 
 
 lin hoMcFH of tlio 
 
 Ir MX iii'lf' "f ''"' 
 If tliocoiiiiiumi'y: 
 
 1 Ali'X. Kri<-!*^|'"<. 
 JKi>l»riiitnll.irii.r, 
 
 JviH. WhIoh; .l.'tm 
 
 |t.rwm, l>»;iiiniirk: 
 
 \\. Hiiiitli, t'liitu'l 
 
 I MS.. 11. 
 
 ii)m Will •I"*'"' 
 
 years of mining, in 18(>1 and 18G2, under»jfround 
 working had not yet l)egun, and as it was too eold to 
 work in the mountain <'reeks, many of tiie miners wlio 
 retainetl tlu'ir oal)ins on tiio Fraser retired tliitlu'r to 
 work the bars during the low water of winter, while 
 others who had money made it a rule to spend the 
 reason in Victoria or San Franeiset>, often in reckless 
 debauchery.'^'' 
 
 Falling into the custom of the country, originally 
 from necessity, the mining laws provided for tbe 
 'laying over' t)f all claims during the inclement soason, 
 under which arrangement miners were permitted to 
 absent themselves without losing their title. Although 
 work underground st»on became a common winti'r 
 occupation,'* yet one third or om; half of the popu- 
 lation continued to leave for the wintir; friMgbting 
 
 T life, tlic glnrioH of huccohh, ami tliu (Kiwcr uiiil iiulitiiiuiiiiahility i>f }{ol(l aru 
 ;iptly (lepiutuil in tin following wriif. 
 
 1 kciit a Imtly make n )>trlko~ 
 
 III! looktMl a null' liinl' 
 An' liHil H clan o' followtTH 
 
 AiiianR a iivody Iwinlo. 
 Wlinnc er lii>'(l t-ntvr a »Hlonii 
 
 Vou'J Hi'o the liMrkt'c)) smile— 
 IIIn lt)ril!ihl|t'H liiiiiililu MTviiiii. i)c 
 
 Wltlumlathot'tiiu' Kiiilv! 
 
 A twal' nioiitliN pant an' a' In uano, 
 
 KhUI) frcvnilH an' lininilv Ixittlo; 
 An' noo the ituir hoiil'H loit hIhiio 
 
 Wi' UDcht to wucl hU tliruttio! 
 
 .Intmrii' LfUfr (o Sttwnic in t\fi . ,TnimA Amhrsnu, William (Voek, 1H(»8. 
 
 " A Ciiriltnonian, h.iviiiK iniuli; ^U),()OU or ^O.IMK) in tin- hciimoii of ISO'J, 
 uriit to Victoria to enjoy liiiuMelt'. At u HiiliHin hit treateil all \\v rniitil \'nil tu 
 all llio eltanipa((iie liu coulil make tlittni drink. The >'haiii|iat;ne iulil nut luiig' 
 I'Ht, all of tliu eoMiiiany gathered from witliin ami from without liein;; unahle 
 tcii'oiiHiimu thulMirKee|>er'HHto>'k, Our man then ordcri'il e\<i'y ^:\aah remaining 
 III the eHtalilixhment to Ih! tilleil, and with ono grand HUeep nt liin imiic Heiit 
 tliiiiii Miiiniiing oB thooounti'r. Still the chamiiaf^'ne held out. To win hix vie- 
 tory iiver the lawt hamiHT he jumiied n)iiiii it, iiittiii^ hi.-> xhiti.s. ILiviiii; xtill 
 a handful of gold {lieeeH with hiiii, Ih' walkicl up to a lar^e ii.irror Nvnith ncxeral 
 hundred dollam adorning one end of tlut room, and to |irove that ^oM wanHov- 
 eri'iun of all tliingM, hu ilaHhed a Mhower oi his heavy pieeeH into the faee of 
 Ills own imiige, HJiivering it to fragmentH. The next year he was workiiiu an 
 
 a laliorer. Milton nml ( imulli , .\'iiitliir,.st /'il.tmhif lilj /.ilii'l, .'I7l>. Thrre olher.-i 
 
 with 'an enormouM Ing^apMif gold 'reieivid on their arrival at San Frammeo, 
 III |N(iH, Hpeeial notiee troni the lu'WMpaperM. They were Kraser Kivir miiierH 
 I'l \bM, From Hill liar tliev had gone to William Creek to wurk iiu.siiiieKt. 
 tiilly for Ruventeeii moiitliM; tiut linally they took out .<■.'.■>(»,( KM) in two moiitliM, 
 aiiil their elaim wiu« Htill g<Nid for ^KNIitday to thohhare. ,s'. /'. Hiilli fin, Ht>\it, 
 '.'. lS(i;i; F'ni'Hdold Sntirlim, MS., .'{. 
 
 ''Thu following eompanieH on William Creek worked tlirou^hont the 
 VTiuleruf liMiU-7, with giHMl HUceeNM; tliu Caleilouiil, Lttt Chaiue, I aiiieroli. 
 
MININd IN CARIBOO. 
 
 '\ i: 
 
 ceased; the mails were periodically interrupted by 
 snows, and even the newspaper hibernated till sprin<^. ' 
 
 The remainder set about to make themselves com- 
 fortable tor the season, and their snugly thatchul 
 and mud-plastered loj^-cabins, with large cheerful tir<- 
 places, aided to impart to winter life in Cariboo a social 
 and hospitable cast, not equally developed in more 
 southern latitudes."'^ With sociability came a peaceful 
 intercourse which became nioreand more manifest by 
 the gradual disuse of carrying weapons, which hud 
 been the custom, on the road at least, in early days."'" 
 
 Gambling followed as usual in the wake of tl.t- 
 diggers, and piles of gold might be seen changiiii,' 
 hands over green tables tt> the strain of merry music, 
 particularly at such jilaccs as Antler and William 
 creeks. A check was early placed on this vice, but it 
 continued, nevertheless, to Hourish in private.** 
 
 Priiic)^ iif Walt'H, Kangmni, Wiilo Wi!,>it, lluuriettii, and Fiirwanl, Well Mary 
 Ann, Hi'oUM!, Ihitcli Kill, IV!uli% Stviuliiiitii, mid Six-Utvil I'vtu. Tlio ForcKt 
 I^iHtt w.'iH workuil ihiriiig tlio >rruiiter piirt of tliu winter witli u rocker, ami 
 <l('t'lure«l a iliviileml, after paying tlio wageH of 11 men, of ^140 to tho Hharc 
 i'nrilHHi Srntiiiii, May (i, IS(i7. 
 
 '' yV»,'.S'<///i/«7aniioiiiiet'<l Oet. '28, lS(i7, that the mining Heauon wan alioiit 
 tn eloHU, although a few coiimanii!M were still at work iiiiaer tho ilrawliarks 
 (if frosty weather, and that tliu puhlieatiuu of tho paper would auuurdiiigly 
 1m- HUHiiended until Hpring. 
 
 •* Many were the ' yariiH ' evoked l>y the wild xurroundingH and the daiic- 
 ing ttaineH. On a lonely mountain trail near IWkerville, in I8(>'i, an iiiexjili- 
 faille traniiiing down of the niiow whm olmerved liy tho piutiera-hy from tiim' 
 to time. No one had ever Hoen or iMien ahle to trace in thcHU pliouomeiia any 
 eoniiection or a^^i'iiey of tlexh and lilood; hut near tho Mpot fay a Mhiirt li>^, 
 and tho HiKiw hail no Hooiier ohliterated the Higna than liunian fiMitHteps n'- 
 app'.^ared, and the lo^' wax found in a ditlerent poHition. An inveHtigatmn 
 
 >g wax found in a ditlerent poHition. 
 wiut tinally held, and diHi'loHed the Hiiiiplu fact that the tramping waa iirodiu'i' 
 
 I ....«_;.. ..!.._ : i ..e :.... 'im.:.. i; ;i . i 
 
 liy an eei eiilric flergyiiiaii, in (ineHt of exereiiie. This diMcovery Hpoileci ;i 
 congenial mystery. Vi<-Utria llVil///' 'o/ooiw, .March HI, I8()fl. Tin limu'liali.i 
 claim on MoNiiiiito (Julcli, William ('reek, gained tho notoriety in iSU? <>l' Im'- 
 ing haunted by a ghoMt. Loiiu, weary, and eoMtly ilelviiigH l>y tho ]iliii'Ky 
 individuaU of the eomiinny iiad failed to develop anything. At hist tin y 
 Htriiek the had, taking out ei;^ht ounces of gold from the liottoni of tiieirMli itt, 
 and tho ghostly ineideiitx were forgotten. CifrilnM) Sciiilml, Sept. 'A, I.Sti7. 
 
 ''•In tho milieu pro|ier, noliody went armed, even in the early days. 'Iln' 
 ciiHtom of carrying weapons fill into ilisnse with the disaiiitearaiice uf 'llie 
 ehiiik of i.ioney and tho sound of gamlilers' voieea ' in pu hi io places, Firift 
 
 Holil SnirrhrM, ,MS., I, '.». 
 
 "As lato an 18(W, our llarkerville poet made mention of tho fact that— 
 
 AiiiaiiK the liiitiilerM llvln' here, 
 
 'I'liert's Imrely leu iier eeiit 
 TImt hiniii the vice o eiinlH an' dire, 
 
 Much ia tho natural bout 
 
 Jtamet' l.iiiir to Havmir. 
 
MININfJ SOCIETY. 
 
 519 
 
 c fact tliat— 
 
 Missioiiarios did lujt fail to obst^rvo that minors were 
 iis much in need of tlioir sorviccs an tlic nativon, and 
 us early as 18G1 clerj^ymen hogun t<t visit Caril)o{) 
 t!Vory summer, under the auspices of the Columbia 
 mission of the Episcopal chun-h. But the fi«^ld proved 
 unprofitable, since the miners contributed but lightly, 
 ;ind it was abandoned aftt^r a few years."' (Ine cause 
 of the failures lay doubtless in the lack of good female 
 iiiriuen(!e. Not a single married woman livi^d in Cari- 
 1mi(> even as lato as 18G7, and the sex was r«'presented 
 iiiiTely by a few single females, and some of tlieui dis- 
 jvputable."'" Ii» the absence of so essential a comple- 
 ment to respeetid)le society, the less refined i>li^asures 
 iiiiturally predominated, and the time not devoted to 
 ifambling was often spent over the bottle at j»ri\ate 
 caiousal or at public dinners, and with the votaries of 
 Ter[)8ichore, gathered in the teaiples of the hurdy- 
 i^'urdies, on whose lives hung many a whisper and 
 many a romantic tale."^ 
 
 A relieving feature of Harki;rvillo was the public 
 reading-room, wliich in IHdo was already comforta- 
 l>ly fitted up, and well patronized. ITere also the tal- 
 <iited portion of the conununity (Milivt^ned ti.e long 
 winter nights with publiir debates, recitations, plays, 
 and musical perf(>rmanees for thv* amusement of them- 
 sijves and the rest." 
 
 "'Tlio Ili'v, U. ('. Liuiilin Drown livt-d for mine tiiiiti during 18(i'2-3 in ii 
 iiijiht'o rul)iii ill < 'imtiirontoii, Williiini e'nsek, HuH'erinjj; grout Iii;nlMlii|is. I-'inil 
 iii^' tliu niint-TH Honutwiiat iniUU't.'reiit to religion, iiu iittiickcl th<t guinMcrM in 
 tliiir tli'UB, Imt wii« ultiiiiati'ly olilipMl to witli<!r;i\v tmni the lifM unsiu'cess 
 till. Bivirii'n Kmhuii, ii;i.sHini, and h'ijili Itijil. <'ol. MiKsimi, !8(iH, 0-7. 
 
 '■' TaUh liiyl. Vol. Mksion, 18G8, 'Jo ti. 
 
 "^ ntdiiiie !in! tlu' liurdifN O! 
 T'lO (iurniiin Imrdy-i^unlie.s ()! 
 Thu diitU'st hour tliat t''t!i' 1 Mpcitt 
 Wiia diincing wi' tlio iinrdi(!ii (>! 
 
 Ji mill s' l.iltrr to Siiiriiii- 
 
 "* A manuscriiit wjM'kly nt'W!«i>a|H'r ronilni-tt d liy MiL.o'in and Andciwon 
 in iMiO, anil rcaii on tlicsr ixtMHrnnN, ^avc j^nat sati^l.K tion, and allordt'd 
 nuiuli aniUMuinont. I'ii-torin M rcil7</ To/ohm*, A[iril H, IH(iO. 
 
CHAPTER XXVII. 
 
 Ul»PKR COLUMBIA MINKS. 
 
 1864-1882. 
 Columbia Rrv'ER DKiH>arrs— FtNK-(ioi.i> Tiif.ory— AsriF.ST Rtvur-hf.ph— 
 
 EaULY DutlllMlS - KOOTKNAI KXCITHMKNT — \Vll.l> HoKHK CuKKK 
 SasKATCIIKWAN EXTKHmON — PkKKY CkEKK — HyDUAI'LH'S — SuiUMil'l 
 NATE DlSTKKTH, KoilTV-NINK CkKKK, MtMtVIK RiVKH- lil<l HkM' 
 
 RoirTEs AMI Inki.ix Fhentii, Mci'ri,i,<MU, ANi> Carnes Ckkkks 
 Later Exi-umATios — Kxtext ok the Aluikekoi .s Rwiios— Trurai k 
 Oravelh — RixK Creek — Okanaoan ash Similkameen DiHTRrcrs. 
 
 The littlo flurry of tlio fur-hunters round Colvillf 
 over the sprinklinjr of j^old alon«; tlie aborip^inal liiyli- 
 waya, so Ion*;- familiar to tiu'in, in a measure ))assr(l 
 away, or was absorbed l>y intensor interest elsewhc ir 
 until 18(14, when it finally beeame respectably (;|ti 
 deniie. 
 
 Concerning this northern retjfion, into which as by 
 a divining-rod they had been led by their (ine-<j;»>l(l 
 theory, California's wisi* ones werr somewhat ]>uz/l<'<l. 
 Howt'ViT true their speculations, which appoan-d, in 
 deed, to ln' founded «)n fa<-t, they scenu'd Iutc at tin 
 north to fail in their apjtlication. \ jKutial knowl 
 edy;e of the fu'ts had raised in the brt'ast of tliirtx 
 tlumsand ii(t|Hs of slui»'in«; fortuuts (»ut <»t' the riv« i 
 banks of tlu'sr northern iatituths, di'stin»'d to be it.il- 
 ized tmly by a tew of the more patient. 
 
 For here was to them an unknown aud compit \ 
 scatterinij of irold-bcariiiLj rocks, where the lU'Wer ;iinl 
 obliT tjfravels ba<l bmi r«>distributed by tl'e ic»' aiLrencv 
 of the drift peiiod. Hen- w»re uiicieijt river-bc.l> 
 uruli'r ti falsi- Utl-roek i>f bowlder, clay, and ancient 
 
COLVILLE MINES. 1 
 
 river erosions dcepor than the modern. Such ancient 
 river gravels as were found were not eap|)ed in all 
 cases or preserved by volcanic matter. If they were 
 s(i preserved and tapped by modern streams, there 
 was the drawback that the whole country was cov- 
 (•red by a mantle of drift, hiding the lead from tht; 
 judspector. If found, it was not provided with an 
 outi«'t j^rade into the modern canons; .so that minin<j^ 
 had to be done under«fround with the aid of jmmps 
 and Jioistinsjf machint'ry. The ri<her jjfold-bearinuf rocks 
 wen^ remote fr(>m tlie coast, beyond rum't^cHl mountains 
 more dithcult to overc«>me than tlu' Sierra X»'vada of 
 Culifoniia. It was not jtossible for tlu^ prosj)ectors, 
 uiidei" such conditions of transportation as «'xist«'d in 
 J >iitish Columbia from 1858 to 1 808, to remain lonijf 
 ill the mountains muU'r heavy costs for their .sui)plirs. 
 The search was checked from tin* neccssitii's of tlu' 
 case; yet the expectations which filled the country ii. 
 lsr>8 proved n»'<'essarily to thosi; who insisted on find- 
 iiiii thiniifs otherwise than they were, an infaituation 
 so stupendous that between Keni Kiver and Gold 
 lilutfs there never had been its e(jual. 
 
 Mention has ln'en made ot' the fin<lini; of jjfrains of 
 i,'nl(| on the bank of the (^tjumbia at ('»»lville in IS.');'), 
 ■iiul of tlu' prospectinuj exp»'ditiou in the siinu' s/ason 
 l'\ AiiLfUs jSIcJ)onald's nun, tindini^ moderately remu- 
 nerative di«4'<j^iiiii,s at tin- mouth of the IVnd d'Oreille, 
 Hear the luMnidary line; also ot" the eonummieation of 
 nKiiMJas to the edjoiijal oth<'e in I8.")(» aniiouiieini;" the 
 uorkiMijf of di«jjuii|os in th' upper (\>Iunil»ia district 
 > ieldiny; froir ti'U to forty dollars a day to the man.' 
 l)iMin«*the Fraser liiver excitement in 1 8a8-'.>, atten- 
 tion was tliverteil tVoin the u)>per ( 'ulnnibia. and for 
 several yeais little was <lon. ilien ; but the lir>t tlush 
 e\tr, tlevi'lopnuiits aboNeColvilleon the ( 'olumbia an<I 
 
 ' S(.(« rluii). x\., tliiM vnlniiU'. 'Tlii'i \ ioinity,' H«yx Kiws I'.rnwiii', ' liim at- 
 lintrtl iiiiu'li uttciitioii iiM :i m>lil-iiiitii' ; r«-i;iiiii Hiiict- |S,>4. Mnn ml l,'iMiiiif-rn, 
 Ikti'.l, .ViS. 
 
522 
 
 Ul'I'KR COLUMBIA MINK ;. 
 
 its tributaries liavo a history parallol'to that of tlif 
 Fraser, aiul after I8(il to that of Carihoo, wludi 
 overshadows all but the Kootenai and W\<x licnA 
 exeiteineiits.' Some rieli speeinieiis of (juartz wv.w 
 brouijfht to Victoria in 1851) by members of the Brit- 
 ish boundaiy eommission from the liead-quarters of 
 Kootenai River. The placer gold in the l»asin of 
 the up})cr Columbia was found on the bars and banks 
 of the streams l)etween latitude 4U and oT, compris- 
 inif, j^eiurally, shallow dii^gini^s not very rich, but 
 extending over a lari^e area, ^liners haviii'C jjfraduallv 
 worked up the valli-y of Kootenai lliver, rich dig- 
 gings were at last discovered not far from the boun- 
 dary line, which gave rise in 18G3-4 to the Kootenai 
 gold-mining excitement. Kemote fr«>m Victoria as 
 was this portion of the country, its mining operations 
 Were betttr known in, and were in fact tributary to, 
 Oregon; yet many Victorians went thither, and some 
 trade was carried in that direction in later times, not- 
 withstaniUngthe inconveniences of the route. But tlif 
 Kootenai excitement was much less felt at Victoiia 
 than was subse(jui'ntly that o ' the liig Bend country.' 
 Wild Horse C'ret'k, or, in the eaily vulgar. Stud 
 Horse Creek, tlu' centre of the K<»oteMai mining dis- 
 
 ■'()ii tlif iliNCovt'ry of tin' Fl'iuser iiiiiics in IS'iS, ;ill Imt a fiw <if tliosc wlio 
 li:iil Ih'I'U jiroviuusly mining oii tlitCnlnniliia liivor itars transfi'iTfil thi'niHolvi's 
 inti> tilt' valley of tlio Kru.str, ami tlio i'(in«f(jut'ni'e \v;i« that ilivclojinii'nt:* in 
 tlu' Coluinliia lia.-sin wtri' arri'stcil Cur M'ViTal years. Ot what waMilnnc in 
 this district between the Cnlvilli' uinl Kimtenai exeitenieiits tlie iiiitsiiie wurM 
 hearil littlo or imthili^. ('aril)n<>, as an extension of tho Fraser exeitiiiient, 
 made, uimli all the hiose |iii[mlatioii of tiie nortli-west, a seeonil draft wliieli 
 was nut t" 1)0 resisted. \\'a.-.hi(e and F.smeralda alon>^ at this time ftirnislieil 
 liehl enough fur ull the sjiare population and capital that Califuruia could 
 all'ord. 
 
 •'The Kootenai mines were almost inaci'essilile, remote, and hidilen in .1 
 romantic valley within tiie parallels of the Uocky Mountains, 70 or 75 uiili'S 
 aliovo the 'I'dliacio plain.-i. The other ilistricts of the upper Coliimhia, Ok.iii- 
 aj^an, and Uock Creek, were also heset hy unusual dilticultius of eommuriii i- 
 tion from the directioiv of the Fraser. All the streams ainl mountain ranj.'!-! 
 of the nothern plateau, tho latter often forest-covereil, had to ho I'rossed in 
 succession. From the lower Colundiia tluy were moru remote, and separat^'l 
 hy a wall of no small magnitude the houndary line, for it was the settli 1 
 policy of till' j;overnment at X'ictoria to Mock the w,iy alonj; this line as lir 
 as possible east of tiie Cascade Mountains, in order to keiji tho territory and 
 Its trade within thu control of the iiolitical uml comuiurcial cupitul ol tlic 
 l>ro\ iucc. 
 
KOOTENAI DIOfJINOS. 
 
 ")•-»» 
 
 it of tlu' 
 M>, whirl 1 
 
 irtz weir 
 
 tlio Brit- 
 lartors «>t" 
 
 Imsiii of 
 iiid hanks 
 , tMJinpri^- 
 
 lich, hut 
 •gradually 
 
 rich dii;- 
 thc houn- 
 
 Kootenai 
 icUiria as 
 operations 
 hutary to, 
 
 and some 
 timos, ni»t- 
 Buttli.' 
 t Yittt)ri;i 
 
 ; country." 
 
 <j;ar, Stud 
 .dniuL? dis- 
 
 Iv of thiiso will. 
 
 11 il tllflllHflvi H 
 
 ]\il<>liiiii'iits in 
 
 |t was iloiu' in 
 
 (lutsiilc WKil'l 
 
 !r I'Xiitiiiit'iit, 
 
 1,1 araft wliiili 
 
 iiuf I'uniislic'l 
 
 filitoruiii loiiM 
 
 ll huliU'ii ill a 
 (to i>r "5 iiiil"'^ 
 |liiiiil>ia, Ok.iii- 
 If comimiiii' '• 
 lumtaiii rail,::' •< 
 1)0 orossiil ill 
 ami si-paiat'-'I 
 lis tlif Slttl.'l 
 liis line a.-- In' 
 tcTiitciry aii'l 
 |cai)iul ot til': 
 
 trict, discovered in 18G3, and wliich in 1864 l)ccanic 
 the site of an important canij>, was a small trihutary 
 of the Kootenai River coming from the main Rocky 
 NEountaiii range, fifty miles north of the houndary line. 
 This name arose from the abundance of horses in tlie 
 district. By May 18<54, 400 miners had distributed 
 themselves along the bars and canons oi' the creek, 
 and more were on the way. Prospects were obtained 
 there of $1 to the pan and of 25 cents to the shovel ; 
 nuggets were found in the gravel weighing from .^2.50 
 to ^78, and ordinary claims were paying ^20 to ^.'iO 
 a day to the man.* The excitement grew, and in 
 August, Hudson's Bay Factor McKay reportt'd 5,000 
 miners in the district, for whom provisions were being 
 rushed in from the Dalles. This report was doubtless 
 exaggerated, for in Novendjer it was asserted that 
 only 800 to 1)00 renmined, 500 of wh«)m pn'ferred to 
 winter in the diggings,'' and trace the distribution of 
 the gold-bearing rocks in the northern Rocky Moun- 
 tain region.* 
 
 Mining experience in the Kootenai country the 
 first year developed the fact that sluicing could be 
 carried on for nine months in the year. Hill tunn«'ls 
 were in progress during the winter where i)ay had 
 Iteen struck, and Birch, the colonial secretary, who vis- 
 ited the region, reported veiy hopefully in regard t«» 
 these hill deposits, one of which yielded dollar nug- 
 gets and prospects of seventy-five cents to two dollars 
 a pan. Several c«)mi)anies late in tlu' siason of 1H04 
 stiuek i)ay also on Toby Creek, and now Fislieiville, 
 thi' name given to the priiiei|)al camp o\\ tlie creek, 
 h»;gan to figure in the chronicles, though the place was 
 
 * Ihiirson on Minis, IW; Ji. ('. Dinrtori/, IStl,'?, "JIK); /{rou-ni'i Miii. h'l^imini, 
 li.VJ; Allaii'n CiiriUiO, MS., II, I'J; WtiUn W.'Un Slal,.-:„i.ui, All>;. I. ">. '-'•-'. I.S(i:i. 
 
 ' KiMitciiai liatl almost tU'iinimlatfil the Hoisr cnuiitry. .1. A'. Hiililli '« l.<iii r 
 III Hill livachji, I'irlorin ('oloiiiil, .luiu' 'JIS, Aii^, !(!, lS(i4. 
 
 'Two nKi<U to tile iiiincM loading rt'siu'otivuly fruiii the ColiiiiitiM ami Ti-.i- 
 xiT inisai'n were constnictoil the xame yoar, in i'oii»i.'i|iu'no«' of tlic rii.sli. 'I'lu' 
 liist Wiuj a wugon-rnail louding from ("olvillo to Poml irOiiiilc, fioni wliioli 
 point the Oregon a|i)iroiu-h wan l>y a niuli'-trail to Wild Horse Crook. 'I'lio 
 lludHon'H l^y ('oni|iany also oponoil a rough trail fmui Hope liy way uf Siiuil- 
 1> iiiiooii, Rock Creek, aud IViid d'Orcillo. 
 
UPPER COLUMBIA BONES. 
 
 more often referred to under the general name of 
 Kootenai. Diggings were also reported on the raaiii 
 upper Columbia, eighty to one hundred and twenty 
 miles from Kootenai, paying from four to eight dol- 
 lars a day ; and at the crossing of the trail to Hope; 
 there were others said to equal Wild Horse Creek.' 
 
 In the early part of the season of 18G5 Fishervillc 
 had a famine, but this was remedied by the arrival of 
 the first supplies as soon as the roads were cleared ol' 
 snow.* Reenforcements also arrived, and by July a 
 thousand men were said to be camped on and round 
 Wild Horse Creek. The gold commissioner reported 
 forty or fifty claims being worked on the creek, pro- 
 ducing from one to three ounces to the hand with nug- 
 fets weighing several ounces. The Wild Horse Creek 
 )itch, just completed at a cost of twenty-five thou- 
 sand dollars, was carrying two thousand inches of 
 water, and aflbrding facilities for working a hundred 
 claims.' During the summer there was quite a stam- 
 pede to Helena, in the Blackfoot country, and to the 
 Saskatchewan and Big Bend, but many returned in 
 October to work the well yielding though shallow sur- 
 face diggings of Kootenai.*" 
 
 ' Fred. White, in Victoria ColoniM, Sept. 6, Nov. 22, Dec. 27, 1804. During 
 1804 J. C. Ha3mca otFiciatcd as gold coininissioucr. In 1805 ho was auccccilud 
 l>y Mr O'Ruilly. Tlio favorablu comlitioiiH for agrieulturu and stock-raising 
 together with the plcn^ingBccniciiMiiect of the terniced valley of the Kootenai 
 gave to the region attmctioim and lulviintagea over niuny other miuiug dis- 
 trictH in British <J<)Iuin)iiu. Famin were esttihliHhcd on the tenuccs, oiul irri- 
 gation wua resorted t(j in places, tho\igh this was not necessary on St Joscpli 
 t'mirie. 
 
 'A letter from Wild Horse Creek, dated May 4th, mentioned tliat provi 
 . sions were very scarcis the miners living on hare, marten, and tish. All tlir 
 lX)wdor and shot and lishduMjks in the camp were sold; those who hud n 
 nuiined in the diggings were shut up uU winter with inadetjuatc supplier. 
 When the tirst provisions airived potatoes sold rapidly at$l a pounu, and tlniir 
 at 811.25. 
 
 "Mr Dewdney estimated that there were n thousand men on Wild Horse 
 CreekattliocndofJulv. VoweWn It. i'., MS., l.^j Vic. Col., Dec. 27, Istil, 
 June G.Muly 18, Aug.8,'l805; C'nr;6oo,SV///;«(/in/(/., Juno 20, 1805. Mr Ljon, 
 a trader, reported in Oregon that Kootenai rivalled Cariboo; two men iiml 
 taken out sixty pounds of gold in two days. 
 
 'T<'c<o)'ia (Ai'oniV, Sept. 19, 1805; Wmt Colitmhianin Virtorin Colunlnt,}iw. 
 7, 1805. On the dry torraoed plains of tiie motmtain valleys bunch gnws gnw 
 in abundance; and the Indians having l.irgo herds of hor-ses they readily wijil 
 them to the miners, so that almost tn-cry onu owned a horse, and could iiixm' 
 freely about. This led to a 8tat« of nlTairs very unsatisfactory to the gold 
 
TOWARD THE EAST. 
 
 525 
 
 The Blackfoot and Saskatchewan countries ha<l for 
 some time been reputed rich in gold, and a large 
 number of miners was attracted to them, not only 
 from Kootenai, but from Cariboo and other districts." 
 A. G. Smith and several others, who in 18GG went to 
 Helena in Montana, worked successfully until August, 
 when an excitement was created about the Saskatch- 
 ewan diggings, which fanned into action the general 
 desire to prospect the eastern slope of the Rocky 
 Mountains, opposite the upper Columbia. Smith set 
 out at once with seven others, for Edmonton, by way 
 of Kootenai Pass, and arrived there safely in thirty- 
 eight days, despite the hostile Indians. The gold 
 deposits were found scattered for a hundred miles above 
 and below Edmonton upon the Saskatchewan bars, but 
 these could be worked only for a short time in the 
 spring and autumn, when the river was low and the 
 yield was merely two dollars a day or less, with 
 rockers." 
 
 In 1866 Fisherville was pulled down for the purpose 
 of working the ground on which it stood, and the 
 operation is said to have been highly renmnerative. 
 
 coinmiaaioncr, who was also tho niugistmto au<l pcnoo officer of tlie ilistrict. 
 if tho lawless adventurer fell into trouMc with tho anthuriticH he lia<l only to 
 Hitilillo hia horse and escape across the iMumlary hito Idaho, or acrosH tlio nioun- 
 tiiiiis into tho conntry oi the Blackfcet. A «legree of freedom bordering on 
 outlawry was the consequence. The route travelled from Victoria to Koo- 
 ti'iiiii in 1805 was jiartly by steamer ria Portland to White KluH's, thence by 
 hiiiil to Colvillo and on by the wagon roa<l oiicuod in 18(W from there to Tend 
 .roieillc. Voweli'a U. V. MiiH.^, MS., 1-.1. 
 
 " Sweeney of Carilxx) went tliere and wrote Iwick that lie had made more 
 iiioucy in tho Blackfoot rejjion duriiij; tlio .scn.soii 'tlian anylnnly ever did in 
 t'iuiboo.' Victoria Colonist, Oct. 'M, 1.S<m. 
 
 " The Blackfeet were very troubleaonie away from tho fort, and it was 
 iliclarod that they IukI killed i.s many as-SOrt of <lic <iver-ventur«some miners 
 .iiiil prospectors in the neighborliood of the Elk Kivci- and Fort lienton |)aM.se8. 
 Smith returned by the northern pass ami reacht^d New Westminster in April 
 ls(i7. One of tho memlH-Tsof 'Alobeily's party of explorers for thi^ railway, 
 wlm went to tho Kocky Mountiiins in .lune 1871, made a nioii! thoi-oiigh ex- 
 ploration of the gold-bearing country aromul Fort Kdiiionton, and re|K»rtcd 
 lli:it the gold extended lifty mih's west and for I'oui- liunilrcd niiles to 
 till! cifSt ol the fort, all the luirs of the Saskatchewan within that area con- 
 t'lining auriferoua deposits. This was nearly all fine gold, but the tributaries 
 •tere also auriferous, and promised to contain heavier metal, while it was 
 fxpc:;tcd that quartz veins wtndd l>o discovered near tin,' foi-t. X< ir H'mt minuter 
 KxaminerarulVo/.umhiannuoUHl in Virturid^'olonisf, May 1,7, It^uiCawpbelVt 
 h'fpt., in Collingwood BuUeti'i, quoted in Victoria CohniM, May 11), 1872. 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
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 (7V'i) 871-4503 
 
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 UPPER COLUMBIA MINES. 
 
 The 
 
 soon 
 
 leave 
 
 Hydraulic mining was carried on extensively after the 
 completion of the large Victoria ditch, and yielded 
 well; yet the prospects in general were not suffi- 
 ciently bright to retain the large mass of miners, 
 diggings, though extensive, were shallow and 
 exhausted, and white miners were content to 
 them to the less exacting Chinese. ^^ 
 
 In 1868 mining gained a fresh impetus, and several 
 claims sold by Johnson, the expressman, in 1866, for 
 $75 were now resold for $1,200, while the whole hill 
 near Fisherville was covered by fresh locations of 
 mining ground. 
 
 14 
 
 Chief among the discoveries in Kootenai district 
 next to Wild Horse Creek, and twenty miles from it, 
 was Perry Creek, a branch of St Mary's River, some- 
 times called New Kootenai mines. It was opened iii 
 1867 by Dan Kennedy, Little Sullivan, and a half- 
 breed named Frank Perry, who had been fitted out 
 by the miners on Wild Horse Creek to make locations 
 in their behalf. The three men took out $225 in five 
 days, obtaining occasionally thirteen and eighteen dol- 
 lars to the pan in coarse gold resembling that of Koo- 
 tenai. Still coarser gold with larger yield was found 
 above on the creek. So far as prospected at the end 
 of the season of 1868, the ground generally yielded an 
 
 " Voweliy B. C. Mines, MS., 1-3. C. Oijpenheimer brought $20,000 of dust 
 to Victoria in September 18G6. He reported that claims had changed hands 
 at high prices, and that there were 700 miners at work in the diggings in 
 August, when he left. Victoria Coloiiint, Sept. 4, 1866. Later in the season 
 parties from Kootenai rej)orted tliat tlie Chinese were bidding for claims, 
 and that many of the miners had sold out for $1,000. The Chinese wiro 
 bidding high for everything else about the town, ami almost entirely takiiij; 
 possession. Id., Nov. 1*0, 1866. In 1867 a nund)er of miners at Kootenai 
 organized a prospecting expedition on a large scale which started on the 1st 
 of May, and followed up Kootenai River for the purpose of prospecting tlio 
 head-waters of that stream in the Rocky Mountains. Umatilla Columhia I'n «, 
 Oct. 17, 1867. The company were well provided for an extended cainpaij;ii, 
 but I find no record of the result. 
 
 **Dove and Company carried on hydraulic minii-g extensively, clearing 
 up on one occasion, about midsummer, $1,400 from three days' workini;. 
 ( 'aptain Wilson in the Cafiou was making from ten to twenty-hvo dollars a 
 (lay in 1869. The Price, (Jriflith, Saunders, Schroedcr, and Dove claims wiru 
 all profitably emploj'cd. Indicative of general developments was the uomiilu- 
 tion of a saw-mill by Wood, who was also preparing to erect a flour-mill, 
 
NEW KOOTENAI. 
 
 627 
 
 after the 
 d yielded 
 not suiR- 
 ers. The 
 and soon 
 ; to leave 
 
 nd several 
 
 1866, for 
 
 whole hill 
 
 cations of 
 
 lai district 
 es from it, 
 iver, some- 
 opened in 
 tnd a half- 
 fitted out 
 :e locations 
 225 in five 
 j-hteen dol- 
 lat of Koo- 
 was found 
 |at the cud 
 yielded an 
 
 I $20,000 of (lust 
 
 changed liaiids 
 
 the diggingH i» 
 
 r in the suii-sou 
 
 ling for claims, 
 
 p Chinese were 
 
 [entirely taking 
 
 ra at KootiMi:ii 
 
 rted on the 1st 
 
 Prospecting tlio 
 
 U^oliimhia I'riA", 
 
 Vied camiiai};!!, 
 
 lively, cloaring 
 Idays' working. 
 ly-fivt! doUais a 
 T)ve claims wi^ru 
 vos the coiniilc- 
 . flour-mill. 
 
 ounce a day, though two out of the eight claims 
 opened this season gave one hundred dollars daily to 
 the man.^® 
 
 As soon as the news spread, a large rush took place 
 and a town was formed composed largely of the popu- 
 lation from Fisherville and Wild Horse Creek. About 
 one hundred and fifty of the arrivals of 1868 wintered 
 in the mines while the rest prepared to return in the 
 spring with the still larger influx which then took 
 place.^^ At first the blue clay was regarded as the 
 bed-rock for the auriferous gravel below the falls; but 
 this was penetrated during the winter of 1868-9 by 
 a number of shafts, and gravel was struck which paid 
 in the poorest claims eleven dollars a day to the man, 
 and frequently three times that amount. In 1869 fif- 
 teen to twenty miles of the creek had been staked off 
 chiefly with the expectation of securing a share of the 
 deeper rich deposits; but this met with almost general 
 disappointment. Only a few favorably located shafts 
 reached a rich yet dry stratum, while the rest were 
 driven out by water." 
 
 Good prospects were also found in 1868 by the 
 packer McGraugh on the divide between the Koote- 
 nai and Pend d'Oreille rivers, and in 1869 a new 
 camp was located on Mooyie River, a stream running 
 parallel with Perry Creek, and debouching into Pea- 
 vine Prairie Lake. At its mouth lay bars four or 
 
 " The gold first found below the falls, was like cucumber seeds and only 
 four to six feet from the surface, in a layer of gravel resting ou a clay bed 
 about four feet in thickness. Above the falls the gold was found on the bed- 
 rock, and sevei'al parties in November took out from $110 to $156 in a day. 
 Victoria Colonist, Oct. 24 and 31, 1868 ; Daioson on Mines, 38. 
 
 '^ Victoria Colonifit, Dec. 20, 1868, containing quotations from the Walla 
 U'nlla Statesman ; H. B. Ward, in Victoria WeeMy Colonist, March 27, 1869. 
 
 " Victoria Colonist, April 24, 1869. The Hough Company in May took out 
 ?l,r>00 in 2 days from a space 8 feet square beneath the clay. W. J. Church, 
 ill WiiUa Walla Union, May 22, 1869. McGuill's claim, the iirst one below 
 the falls, took out $18 to $20 a day to the hand in July and August, and the 
 Discovery Company $20 to $.'J0. All the claims in fact from the falls to Jack 
 Tay's shaft were working profitably. Tay's shaft was down 40 feet, and like 
 the other deeper claims had great trouble with tlio water. According to 
 some of the miners the ground was spotted. Pari/ Crci-lc, Aug. 2; Victoria 
 Colonist, Aug. 22, 1869. R. Finlayson, however, reported in 1870 that none 
 of them had oeen able to bottom a shaft yet. V^ictona Colonist, June 10, 1870. 
 
UPPER COLUMBIA MINES. 
 
 five miles in extent which yielded from two and a 
 half to eight dollars a day to the hand, and thence 
 to St Joseph Prairie, over a large area, the prospects 
 showed three to five cents to the pan. Ditches were 
 projected the same year for working the ground. 
 Aided by the discoveries made from time to time, 
 Kootenai had managed to maintain a prominent posi- 
 tion as a mining district, chiefly in the hydraulic 
 branch, for which it enjoyed better advantages than 
 Cariboo; but in 1872 Mr Vowell, the new gold com- 
 missioner and magistrate for Kootenai, reported the 
 principal mines worked out, with the exception of 
 those on Wild Horse and Perry creeks, which still con- 
 tained some of the rich deposits; but, reasoning by tlic 
 Cariboo and other developments, miners still believed 
 that the district would maintain itself, particularly 
 as the deposits resembled the latter developed cement 
 strata which had yielded so well in California.^ 
 
 18 
 
 i'l 
 
 *" Walla Walla Statesman, Oct. 9, 1868. It was stoutly maintained by tlie 
 nowsi)aper8 at Victoria that the Kootenai and other mining localities of tlio 
 Selkirk, Gold, and Purcell ranges, here forming the inner parallels of the 
 Kooky Mountain flange of the plateau, comprised rich and extensive jductT 
 fields, and tliat 5,000 or even 10,000 nnners could readily find profitable 
 employment in their stream-beds and gulches. Generally speaking, the claims 
 had hitherto paid six dollars and upward a day to the hand. Daily Colonid, 
 Jan. 19, 1809; Sj.)ro(it^s B. C, 70. If unlucky explorers failed to make their 
 fortunes on the new creeks, this was not a sufficient reason for declaring the 
 field exhausted, for it was shown by similar experience in Cariboo that thu 
 main deposits were seldom reached. The gravel and pay-dirt of the Koote- 
 nai region appeared to the miners diflferent in many respects from the super- 
 ficial auriferous gravel of California. The latter was friable and easily 
 worked, wliilo that of the Kootenai mines, as exposed by the hydraulic hose, 
 was like the cement worked in California at a later date, only with larger 
 outlays of capital. The value of the deep ground on Perry Creek remained a 
 mystery. Though the Purcell, Selkirk, and Cold ranges, together with the 
 main Rocky Mountain parallels, were all proved to be gold-bearing, tiio 
 favored formations were but imperfectly traced. Between the widely dis- 
 tributed gravel formations of the terraces, or benches, that might be worked 
 profitably by hydraulics, and those which obviously could not no so worked, 
 trial had failed to develop any satisfactory distinction. The terraces of the 
 Kootenai and upper Columbia rivers, like those of the PVaser, constitutd a 
 noteworthy scenic as well as mining e.nd agricultural feature of these mnuntaiii 
 parallels. Tliey are wide ancient river valleys filled to a great deptii w itii 
 more or less auriferous detritus. Benches rise 600 feet above the streams 
 and 4,000 feet above the sea in successive steps to what is tlie ancient filleii- 
 up river valley level. Though the streams have sliiieed down to great deptliM 
 into the gravel and lighter detritus, they have not yet, it appears, peiiotraten 
 to the l)ed-rock as in California. Air llector of Palliser's exploration vis- 
 ited this country and described its terraces in 1859. He afterward visited 
 
SALMON CREEK. 
 
 529 
 
 Impressed with this .belief, prospecting was largely 
 pursued, particularly in 1874, under the stimulating 
 impulse of government appropriation, designed to 
 encourage new developments. Good prospects were 
 obtained on several streams, such as Sloken liiver, 
 emptying into the Kootenai a short distance above 
 its mouth, but they were not of sufficient importance 
 to check tlie decline. In 1875 Kootenai yielded only 
 $41,000 from the bench and creek diggings, and two 
 tliirds of this came from Wild Horse Creek, the 
 remainder being from Perry, Weaver, and Mootsai 
 creeks, containing in all twenty-rught claims, many 
 of them supplied by costly ditclies, and worked by a 
 total mining population of forty white men and fifty 
 Chinese. In 187G most of the white men left the 
 district, and the total yield dwindled to .$25,000.^" In 
 1877 the total yield increased to .$37,000, obtained 
 from twenty-five claims on Wild Horse, Perry, and 
 Palmer creeks, cluetly by Chinamen. During this 
 year a trail was cut by a govermnent road party to 
 connect Kootenai with Fort IMcLeod on the eastern 
 slo[)C of the Pocky !Moun tains, and to open a jjath 
 tlirough regions where gold had previously been 
 1'uund. 
 
 lleturnini; to the earlier years of jnininfj; in the 
 u]>l)er Columbia l)asin, let us glance at the otlu^r 
 mining localities which have a history subordinate or 
 |i;u'allel to that of the Koottniai region. Salmon 
 (.'reek, emptying into tlie l*end d'Oreille near its 
 
 the liydruulio iiiiiiiiig re^'idii in Yulia ;iii(l Xcvaila cniintii'H, California, ami 
 !■ iiNuktid ni)oii ' tliu great similarity 1)et\vei'ii the Hiiperticial iKjiosits of tlio 
 f iiiioim gold country and tlioso Avitliin tiio British torritory to tlio iiorlii, 
 Mliifli,' lio coiitiancH, •encourages me to assert tiiat tlio vliolo country uji to 
 tilt! Kootenai Kiver and the hase of the lloeky Mountains, wherever the 
 
 i vm (iiieiies weru couijiniua, iiowe\ur, lo « asn ine 
 Horso Creek, namely, the Victoria and the Hang, the latter hy a Chinese eoni- 
 p.iuy, delivering (iOO and 300 iuchcti of water, respectively. Mnt. Mines Jicpt. 
 1S7."., l-l(i; 1870, 4'J4. 
 
 IIIST. nillT. COI,. 31 
 
680 
 
 LITER COLUMBIA MINES. 
 
 junction with the Columbia at Fort Shepherd, waa 
 wing-dammed in September 18G5 by John Thornton, 
 ahas Jolly Jack, and coarse bright gold obtained. 
 Bars on the creek as well as on the main Columbia 
 were at the same time worked by a great number of 
 Chinese; and Forty-nine Creek, ninety miles from 
 Colville, was a cause of excitement in March 1807. 
 About twenty miners wintered at this place in 18GG-7, 
 and reported that the diggings were not only easily 
 reached, but extensive and readily worked, ,vitli coarse 
 gold like that of Kootenai yielding six to eighteen 
 dollars a Jav to the man.^*^ 
 
 TJie bars of the main Columbia above Colville had 
 been mined to some extent for several years before the 
 Kt)otenai and Big Bend excitements attracted nmlti- 
 tudes from a distance. At the time of the Kootenai 
 excitement in 18G5 there were several hundred Chinese 
 at work upon them above Fort Shepherd, and doing 
 well according to all accounts."^ 
 
 As early as February 18G5 a person brought news 
 to Victoria that extensive diggings had been found 
 "about one hundred and seventy miles north of the 
 old Kootenai district, equal in richness to the best 
 known in Cariboo."^' The report was not lost, for arri- 
 
 ^'' Those who wintered on the creek worked bench diggings contaiuiiig 
 coarse gohl from the surface down. In one instance two ounces were taki'u 
 from a single prospect hole in the hank. Forty-eight t'reek, near by, was 
 also rcporte<l rich, and quite a number of boats left Ff)rt Colville for the two 
 creeks in March 1807, followed soon after by nearly one hundred ])ers()iis 
 from Portland. During the summer another excitement and rush was crcatt'<l 
 by the report that twelve men had early in the season found ricli diggings in 
 the basin between the high mountains forming the southerly continuation of 
 Kootenai Valley, on botli sides of tlie boundary line aiul southward as far as 
 I'end irOreille. Four of the discoverers, Allen, Moore, Ahern, and Anthony 
 Cavanaugh, returned t(t the Spokane l)ridge for a(hlitional supplies, whence the 
 information spread. On their way back to the mountains they were murdeicd 
 by the Indians. They had eighteen luirses and a large quantity of supplies. 
 In tlie excitement wliich followed the announcement of tlie discovery, a con- 
 siderable force of miners was directed into that country. Victoria Coloni-^l, 
 Sept. 17, 18(57. 
 
 '■" So absorbed were they that Dcwdney found it impossible to engage more 
 than seventy-five to work upon the Kootenai trail at seventy-five (h)llars a 
 month. Victoria Colonist, Aug. I'l, 1805 Findlay Creek diggings, fifty iiiilrs 
 north-west of the town of Kootenai, were discovered in 18G5, a short time 
 before the rush of that season was started by some half-breed miners from 
 Colville. 
 
 ■■"* Victoria Colonist, Feb. 14, 1805. Some prospectors who returned to 
 
ROUND BIG BEND. 
 
 531 
 
 vals at Victoria from Colvillo in June stated that two 
 Imnclred men had ascended the Cohimbia to Big Bend, 
 and that the river had ahnost the appearance of the 
 Eraser in 1858, laden with canoes, boats, barges, and 
 scows. At Dalles dcs Morts good diggings were said 
 to exist, and on the creeks emptying into the Columbia 
 the yield was twenty -five cents to one dollar and a 
 (|uarter to the pan. The excitement had begun, and 
 it was expected that thousands would enter tlu; 
 country during the summer.'* 
 
 The centre of attraction became known as Big 
 Bend, named after the great bend of the Columbia in 
 latitude 52°, where the river turns from a north-west- 
 erly to a southerly course after breaking though tho 
 Selkirk range. The mining district was, however, a 
 short distance from the bend where several small 
 streams came down from the western slope of these 
 mountains. The first discovered to contain rich })lacers 
 were French and McCulloch creeks, branches of Gold 
 Creek. W. S. Stone was despatched thither as ex- 
 pressman, and on arriving at French Creek in August 
 lie found the ground staked oft* for two miles, one hun- 
 dred and twenty men, including many ' fifty-eighters,* 
 being employed on the various creeks. The pioneer.s 
 were four Frenchmen who had settled on French 
 Creek early in the spring of 18G5, and obtained sixteen 
 dollars from eleven pans of dirt. All the bai's along 
 the Columbia to Big Bend were found to yield well in 
 coarse gold not unlike that of Kootenai, but here all 
 
 \\'iillii Walla about the same time reported the upper Columbia diggings a.s 
 'liunibug.' W(tUa Walla StdtMiimii, March 10, in Virtorht Colonist, March '28, 
 lS(i5. Both of these parties travelled in winter, the former reporting the 
 climate as 'splendid.' It will be seen from tliese authorities that Big Bend 
 was probably discovered by persons who descended tho C'oUunbiii from 
 Kootenai. 
 
 -^ Perry, 'tho well-known explorer,' reported that sevond !!iiiici'a iiad 
 taken out $700 apiece in a very short time, and ho himself was saiil to be 
 making .^100 a day, obtaining as much as SiJ^ to tho pan. Tins was at tlie 
 lioint where tho Shusliwap trail struck the Columbia, and (iO men were work- 
 ing there. W. Robertson M'rote in June that 18 boats had ascended the Co- 
 himbia that spring, and that the diggings mostly aimed for were '250 miles 
 above Colville. Victoria Colnmhian, quoted in Viflnri i Colniiist, duly 11, 18GE; 
 ''ariljoo Sentinel, quoted in Victoria Colonist, Aug. 1, iFuly 4, ISGo. 
 

 UPPER COLUMBIA MIXES. 
 
 trace of the metal was lost."^ 11. T. Smith, who acted 
 as irokl commissioner for the Bijj Bend district in 
 18()5, left there in November and reported to the 
 jT^overnment at Victoria that the known vield of Frencli 
 Creek for the season was $32,000 ; of McCulloch Creek, 
 $2,700; and of Carnes Creek, $;], 000 ; but on account 
 of the gold exjtort tax tlien in force, it was understood 
 tliat not half of the gold taken out had been reported.^' 
 Flooded streams and tlio lack of provisions and mining 
 inq)l(;ments had besides retarded tlie work of the season 
 materially, but during the coming year it was evident 
 that efforts would be made to forward supplies to 
 meet all demands, for tlie colonial government was 
 o[)ening a trail from Kamloop by way of Sliusliwup 
 l^akc, and a steamer was building above Colville to 
 navigate the upper Cohunbia. 
 
 In tlic spring of ISdO miners began in fact to Hock 
 in, and Portland was doing a large business witli these 
 districts.'"*' Finding that the trail would be inadequate 
 to compete with Oregon roads, the government im- 
 proved the Shushwap route early in the year, and the 
 Hudson's Bay Company built a steamer, the j\[artln, 
 
 ^*rrom Fort Shepherd it was reported September 2, 1805, that on Frciicli 
 Creek they liad hottoiiied Home shafts without success, and that there was 
 iiotliing ill the cmiitry to eat hut ' Uoiir sti'aiglit.' Virtorin Wfcliii CoIowkI, 
 Aug. li"), and Sept. IS), lS(i5. On the ]'.)th of Scjitemher there were 9.") iiuu 
 on t!ie creek, mostly eiigaj^cd in wiii^'-daiiimiug the stream. The I.a Flt'ur 
 ( 'diupany drifted into the liill-side and took out i5.")()0 in two daj.s. Tlie gravel 
 for some distance ahove llie hed-roek jirosjieetcd lietween two and twilvc 
 dollar.s to tlie pan. Id., Oct. U), 18.1."). ()ne third of the miners at ]5ig Ik'inl 
 (luring the season had come from Colville and returned there in October In 
 M'inter. 1(1., Dee. 4 and 12, ISii"). 
 
 '-'Kootenai was said to he eompai'atively abandoned in Novemlier ISCi.'i 
 on account of the more attractive features of the liig Bend diggings. If the 
 Bcasoii kept open it was certain that boats idled with miners would contiiuu^ 
 to go \ip all winter, and in any event there would be a great rush in iSlanli. 
 lir'd'sk Colli III hi III, (juoted in \',(/orlii Dinij Co/nnisf, Jan. ]">, 18()ti. li. 
 December the Vktoria t'ohiiist, Dec. 4, lS(i,"), urged that they should t;ik'' :i 
 lesson from the Americans by advirtlsing the miner:d wealth of the countiy. 
 and begun by pnuiouncing Big Bend the greatest gold-mining region yt 
 discovered on the Baeilic coast. 
 
 -" Victori I Voloiii.tt, Dec. Ti, IStJ"), April 10 and 24, ISiiti; (hrijon Sl'/enimiii, 
 ?*lareli 23, ISdti. The attention of the mining population winterim^ < t Port- 
 land was divided between Big Bend anil Blackloot, pre[ionderating ii. favor 
 of the fornu'r. A Dalh's correspondent mentioned that numbers were daily 
 crossing the river at that point, travelling on horseback for Big Bend by way 
 of Okanagau and Kamlooji. 
 
STEAM NAVIGATION. 
 
 533 
 
 r\io acted 
 istrict in 
 il to the 
 )i' French 
 cli Creek, 
 u account 
 nderstood 
 •eported.'" 
 id mininijj 
 the season 
 as evident 
 applies to 
 nicnt was 
 Sliushwa]) 
 :olville to 
 
 ict to tiock 
 witli these- 
 inadequate 
 tnment ini- 
 Lir, and the 
 o Marl ill, 
 
 lat on Fii'iu'h 
 lat there v:is 
 
 were D.") ni'U 
 
 The l.a FKiir 
 
 Tlie gravel 
 
 ) anil twelve 
 
 at Big ]5enil 
 
 iu October to 
 
 foveniher IMi.") 
 jiniis. If tlie 
 vvoulil continue 
 •iisli in I^iareli. 
 15, KSIU;. li. 
 Hhouhl taki.' :> 
 if the country, 
 ling region yt 
 
 ■(/()/( Slili'-'<iii""< 
 iteriiK^ i t Tort- 
 rating' il. l':ivor 
 hers were iliiil.V 
 r Ucutl byway 
 
 which on May 27th hosj^an to make senii-wcekly trips 
 on Shiishwa)) Jjake to Seymour, eharijing ten dollars 
 Tor tares and twenty dollars a ton for freight."' Sey- 
 mour on Shushwa[) Lake rose rapidly in conse(jU(>nce, 
 and contained in Api'il about twonty huildinos. Quite 
 a munher of miners had arrivod before the openino- ol' 
 navigation, tlrawing hand-slods over the ice, and early 
 in June tlu're wert^ five hundred men waiting here for 
 the creeks to fall and for definite news from the mines. "^ 
 The disaster to the steamer LaltDUvhcre caused a 
 ris(! in the lares and freights from San Francisco to 
 Victoria, and aided to throw the N^ietoria route into 
 the shade for the year, while White's steamer, Fortij- 
 ii'nir, and other boats plying regidarly betwtsen Col- 
 vilie and J)eath Ka})ids, rendered tin; approach by 
 way of Portland so easy as to attract even Victoria 
 ti-ade.'"'' At Dalles des Morts, tlie head of steamer navi- 
 gation, quite a nund)er of American busine^sH houses 
 opened trade with the miners; near the mouth of 
 (iJold Iliver the town of Kirbyxille was stai'ted, and 
 Homano's lund)er-mill began turning out lumber in 
 Ma}' ISGO at S^l'io a tliousand feet, offering facilities 
 hotli for mining and building operations.'*" 
 
 ■'The lake eoutaineil many boats whieli were brciu^ht into us(^ in npposi- 
 tiou to the steamer, carrying passengers for two ami a half ami frciuiht U<r 
 lifteen dollars. There were two lari'e eanoes at the terminus of tlie roail to 
 ediivry ]iassengei's over Siiushwap Jj:ike to Seymour. Ih're and at Kamlini|) 
 a:i iibundance of jiro'.isinns was aniiduneed to be in readiness for tlie miiu's. 
 \'if/<iri(i Coloiii.d, April 17, lfi(>(i. N'ietorian.s ailvertised and plaeanieil the 
 new mines on every wall, and esjieeially the route Ihereto by way of N'ietoiia 
 and Kaiiiloo)), whih; the I'ortlaiid journals diil tlii'ir best to eouuteraet them 
 by easting discredit on tiie JJritish Columbians and their route. \'irti>ri" I'nl- 
 o'iii.-</, April L'li, May 1, lSt;ti. 
 
 '■"A character named Thousand I)og .loe, alias Tcllias, had a siven-ilog 
 team and a toboggan with which he eari'ii^l su|i|)lies to the Hig Hend Mines. 
 
 -'•'The /'(i/V//-;//«(' made lier tirst triji from Colville to l>eafli Jxajiids w ith S't 
 piissengei's but little freight, and arrived at the latter ]ilace Apiil '_'('), INIili, 
 being ten clays iu mahiug tlie trip up tiirough the ice, taking passelig' is for 
 S'J") and freight at .V-'OO a ton. She paid for h<'rself tin^ lirst si'asou. ]'!'■/, ,rii(. 
 Coloiiisf, Ajiril 7, IStiti; A'( »' ]\'r.i/,'iiiii-ifcr K.iiiiiiiiki; Sept. 'J."), l.S(i7. I'rom 
 Dalles des Alerts freight was carried in boats. There was but one mail io 
 tl:e Kootenai mines from Victoria for six months, owing to tiie fact that th<; 
 legislature of 18(»8 failed to make tho usual arraiigiunents with .lohnson, tlie 
 1 xpn^ssman and mail-carrier. In the season of ISli'J the service was restorcil. 
 Vii-tonii Coloimt, Sept. 22, 18(i9. Farming was by this timi! carried on here; 
 to a considerable extent. 
 
 •'"' Supplies were dragged in boats through the rapids to Wilson's landing, 'J."> 
 
f ' 
 
 Ulllll 
 
 534 
 
 UPPER COLUMBIA MINES. 
 
 The particular advantages claimed for the Big Bend 
 mines were that they were easily reached and at first 
 easily worked, while the gold was widely scattered 
 and provisions cheap, so that miners could live on 
 eight dollars a week. Dupuy's hill claim on French 
 Creek was reported to have yielded $2,500 in a week, 
 the Discovery GO ounces in one day, and the Shcp 
 Bailey .$1,500 within a few days. But although 
 many claims yielded richly, and the field was exten- 
 sive, yet the population of Big Bend district at this 
 time, estimated by some into the thousands, was too 
 largo for all to obtain a share of the treasure and the 
 disappointed ones were apt to declaim against the 
 country.^^ 
 
 By the middle of June the lead had been tapped 
 on the crock for u distance of one and a quarter miles 
 from the town, and it became apparent that the better 
 diggings were not shallow, as had been at first 
 assumed, but required expensive work, parti}' on 
 account of the large bowlders in the bed of the dec[) 
 channel. This gave a further impetus to the largo 
 exodus which had already begun, and in October 18GG 
 the failure of the Big Bend diggings was bruited far 
 and wide by those who had returned unsuccessful. 
 Provisions now became scarce, and entire camps lived 
 for weeks on a little flour and beans. But for the 
 services of the steamer Forty-nine they would have 
 perished. A number of parties were doing well, 
 
 miles further up the river; thence they were packed on the shoulders of carriers 
 to Gold River, a distance of three miles, and boated up the river to the mouths 
 of the several mining creeks. At French Creek there was another portage of 
 two miles to the stores. On the 19th of May one of these boats containing 
 23 persons came down over the rapids. Being overloaded and carelessly man- 
 aged it capsized and all but five were drowned. 
 
 ^^Westminster Columbian, in Victoria Colonist, May 22, 18GG. Seven nicu 
 who had remained on French Creek through the preceding winter sank a shaft, 
 but at a depth of twenty-eight feet they were flooded out. By the end of 
 May fourteen companies were preparing to wash. In Orr's claim an (iight- 
 ounce nugget was found in deep ground. Ji. Cameron in Victoria Colonist, 
 June 7 and 14, 1860. Monroe and Company on French Creek washed up in 
 one day in June nineteen ounces. Victoria Colonist, June 26, 1866. On the 2d 
 of July a flood on French Creek destroyed ail the wing-dams, wheels, and 
 sluices. Id., July 24, 1866. 
 
CHARACTER OF DEPOSITS. 
 
 lig Bend 
 1 at first 
 icattcred 
 live on 
 1 French 
 1 a week, 
 ho Shop 
 although 
 as cxtcn- 
 3t at this 
 5, was too 
 c and the 
 ainst the 
 
 en tapped 
 irtcr miles 
 the better 
 1 at first 
 partly on 
 " the deep 
 
 the large 
 ,ober 1 SGG 
 jruited far 
 jsuccesst'ul. 
 
 ,mps lived 
 
 it for the 
 [ould have 
 
 ,ing well, 
 
 iers of carriers 
 • to the mouths 
 tber portage of 
 kta containing 
 farclessly man- 
 Seven men 
 Ir sank a shaft, 
 iBy the end of 
 llaim an (iight- 
 ttoria ColouisI, 
 Iwashcil up ill 
 1. On the 2a 
 ••vhccls, and 
 
 however, and in August the Thompson Company 
 took out between $2,000 and $3,000 in a week, the 
 Eidge Company seventy-nino ounces, and the Guild 
 Company fifty-nine and a half ounces one week and 
 seventy-one ounces another week. The Black Hawk 
 tunnel on French Creek excited particular attention, 
 and as the two men working it took out in one week 
 twelve ounces of gold, the experiment was considered 
 isuecessful.''- In regard to the results for the season, 
 Mr Oppenheimer estimated the total returns of the 
 district at $250,000, and yet the season had, in his 
 opinion, been particularly unfavorable to mining opera- 
 tions. Of this amount French and McCulloch creeks 
 yielded each about $100,000. A. G. Smith on his 
 return from the Saskatchewan early in the spring of 
 18G7 passed through the Big Bend district and found 
 that a hundred miners had partially or wholly win- 
 tered on French Creek alone. But the prestige of 
 the district had departed; the deep ground, still 
 sought by a few, was doomed to wait for more favor- 
 able conditions in a new era, and surface mining was 
 continued as the only resource throughout the season 
 of 18G7. Some of the claims paid from six to eleven 
 dollars to the man, but as a rule the miners who 
 reached New Westminster in the autumn expressed 
 themselves dissatisfied with the returns.^ French 
 Creek declined rapidly, and in 1869 only thirty-seven 
 men were reported at work there, partly in deep dig- 
 
 '-The same men obtained $112 from the Ijenchcs in four and a lialf days, 
 and a nugget of $38 was also found. W. L. Wade of Walla Walla reported 
 in November 1800 that 1,000 men were in the mines on French, McC'uUocli, 
 and Games creeks, and tlic bars of the Columbia between Gold and Carnca 
 creeks — a far too high estimate according to other accounts — and that very 
 few made expenses, the only two creeks that paid being Frencli and McCul- ; 
 loch. 'On all the streams npon which gold lias been discovered,' said Wadc, 
 ' the bed-rock — which was generally expected to prove rich — is so dccji that 
 it cannot bo reached without better appliances for protection against water. ' 
 More than three fourths of those who came down with Wade were unable to 
 pay their fare on the Forty-nine. Fifty men remained on French Creek in 
 hecember 1866; the Discovery and the Half-breed claims continued to pay, 
 and also the Wingdam and Black Hawk. Victoria Colonist, July 10, Sept. 18, 
 Nov. 27, and Deo. 11, 1866. 
 
 3' New Westminster Examiner, Nov. 13, 1867. 
 
I 
 
 136 
 
 Ul'PEll COLUMBIA MINES. 
 
 gings, though it was still maintained that six dollars 
 a day and Uj)wards could l»c madi; in the district."'* 
 
 McCulloch Creek was but a reproduction of French 
 Creek. It yielded as much as one hundred dollars a 
 day to some claims, while the Clemens Company took 
 out in 1S()5 from twelve to thirty-five ounces daily; 
 and in connection with the coarse gold nuggets ranging 
 from twenty-tivo dollars downwards, fragments of rich 
 (juart/ were found in the .creek-hed helow."'' A few 
 men wintered on the creek in 18(^5, while their part- 
 ners went to C^olville for supplies, and a little town 
 arose which in June 18()(» counted half a dozen log 
 huts. In the spring shafts were suidv, hill-side tunnels 
 were worked, win<jf-dams constructed, and tail-rac( s 
 cut. As on French Creek, the presence of large 
 l)owlders proved a serious hinderance and rendered 
 many claims worthless. The lower mile and a halt* 
 of the creek was considered of no Aalue, hut above, 
 particularly in the gravel beds, it was yielding steadily 
 from four to six and e\en tweh e ounces a day. As 
 the creek was ascended the coarse o-old increased into 
 regular nuggets, one of which resendtled a j)late, and 
 weighed two hundred and fifty-thn-e dollars. A num- 
 ber of miners persevered in the main object, which Mas 
 to penetrate to tb bed-rock, and this was found by 
 some at six feet, but others sank even sixty feet with- 
 out reaching it, and weri eventually f(jrced out l)y 
 water. ^^ 
 
 •'* Tlio Wolsh hydraulic was at work whilo the watur lasted, but ceased 
 <>liorati<)ii3 ill June on aocouiit of the ilryiiess of the season. Tlie winter ni 
 181)0-70 wa.s mild and open, so that the Bailey Company lost but tliree work- 
 ing days during the season ending March Ittli. A steady yield avergiii^ 
 much over laborer's wages continued to attract the small nuuing population. 
 I'irloria Volotii.if, May 7, 1807; Jan., .luly, 18()1); Ai)ril 1870. French I'reek 
 had been tlio ricliest, and in many other respects the representative, creek ni 
 the district, tlio Half-breed claim, its most famous spot, yielding as it diil 
 JrlOO a day to the man, tiiough not regularly. 
 
 '^* Vonrll'ii Jirlt. Col. Mines, MS., II, I'J. This creek went also under tin' 
 name of Clemens Creek after tho Clemens Company. On one occasion i?l<l."i 
 was obtained in a single pan. In common with French Creek, tins wiis 
 reported and believedjat the time to be ' the biggest discovery on the coast.' 
 Victoria Colomut, Dec. I'J, ISti;'). 
 
 ■"•There were a dozen companies at work in August 18G(5, extending a mil' 
 and a half above the town, but most miners were awaiting the result of tlif. 
 
A HUXDUKD CUKEKS. 
 
 -..•»7 
 
 t dollars 
 
 f French 
 dollars a 
 liHiV took 
 L'S dailv ; 
 h ran^iiiU" 
 ts of rich 
 ' A few 
 leir part- 
 Ltle town 
 lo/AMi lou' 
 .0 tumn-'ls 
 tail-rac'(> 
 of large 
 rendertHi 
 lid a halt' 
 ut ahovc, 
 o- steadily 
 day. As 
 fased into 
 )late, ami 
 Aiium- 
 hioli was 
 found by 
 oet with- 
 1 out hv 
 
 P, but ccasiil 
 I'lic wiutor ni 
 three woik- 
 plil averj,'inL; 
 poimlatidii. 
 ji-ench CfLTk 
 live, crook oi 
 lig as it dill 
 
 Lo umlor tlif 
 V'casion 8 HI'' 
 Lk, this WHS 
 lu the coast.' 
 
 killing a iiiik' 
 Icsult of tho. 
 
 In niidsuninier McCulloch Creek was said to have 
 a popluation of 120, while French Creek had 150, 
 and the entire district about JJjO. Tlie J)art Coni- 
 |>any's claim had a shaft 40 feet deep, in tlie i)ottom 
 of whicli $200 in coarse gold was obtained, wliile the 
 Discovery Coni})any found a prospect of 322 to the 
 pan."'' Half-way from here to the l^])p(>r Arrow 
 l^ako, on a little strc^ani running parelh'l to (}ol<l 
 Uivcr, Hank (^irnes in the spring of iSOf) prosp(>ct«'d 
 a small creek named after hin), and obtained from i'our 
 [)ans of dirt three dollars and thirty-s(nen C(^iits of 
 coarse <»()lil. A rush followi-d this discoverv, and 
 Carnos Creek was occupied nearlv sinudtaneouslv 
 with French Creek, GO miners l)eing rep( i'.^<l on tlie 
 ground in tlie autunm, sulfering somewliat fiv-m a lack 
 of provisions. Tiie de})osits were declared identical 
 with those of French and McCulloci crocks, bill 
 Robert Nobles, one of the membei's oi' the (Vuihoo 
 ComjKUiy, who prospected the bed of the cret !: in the 
 autunm of 18(15, satisfi(>d liimself that ili<^ diggings 
 'v'ere even d(K>per and the Ix'd-n.-k still UK^re uiiattain- 
 ahle.""^^ The shallower gi'ound, liowev(tr, offeied a fair 
 thou":h limited field, which was worked for some tinit; 
 l»y a small number. 
 
 (iliurations of the Yalo Company, M'ho liad sot out with tho ileterininatiou of 
 rxplorins,' the gutter of tho deop ground. All tho luipos of tho orook nstid 
 u|ioii thoir suoooss. Tlioy wore down oO foot in Auj;ust lSii(), puuipiiig with 
 llu! aiil of a wheol, and liually thoy slruok a pitohiiij;' lioil-rock. I'i'-f'iri'i Col- 
 uiiM, Aug. 28, Oot. 10, 18(!(). llouco thi'y drifted toward tho deep ground 
 ;ind sunk throo Mind sliafts. From tho List of those they drifted a.^ain, and 
 Were in tliroo sets of timlur wlieu tlio tlnw ef water oMiued thorn to retire. Xrin 
 i\'i-4iiiiiisfi'r L'.idiiiiiK'i; (Sept. '2'), IS;!7; Wallii \\'iiU<i Sidlc.-tniiin, Aug. li). ]8()(1. 
 
 '" A bateh of $!!iO,OUO of gohl-dust was tak( u Inmi here to Walla W.dla by 
 .1. Kauflfmann. Virforiii ('oloni-^f, July I?, 1 !, Aug. 11, I'idi); M.iy 7, IStiT. Abevo 
 tlie canon tho country is opo:i, having gentle slopes not unlike tho.se of Mink 
 ' iuleh oil William Crook, wliieh theso mines wore thought to resemble. On 
 pirt of First Flat in tlii* open country tlio creek was found to ti'averso a 
 [liuoo of high bed-rook wiih jiatehes of gravel, having probilily been foreed 
 iisido from tho deep channels by a slide. The gohl was of a blaekisli brown 
 Ime, colored by the o.xi.le f)f iron with wliieh tho gravel wa.<i impregnated. 
 •15.1).,' in Virforla Colonist, Sejit. IS, ISGti. 
 
 "■^ />airsoii on JliiicK, ;UI; Vh-lorid I'idoimt, April 24, .Juno 7, 18GG. Mc- 
 Donald and Company attempted it in ^May 18(Ui, and reaohed a depth of 45 
 t'l't without striking bed-rock. A miner wlio arrived at Yale in tlio spring of 
 IS()(i, with some gold directly from (Ernies Creok, reported tlio existence of 
 rich buudi or baiik diggings with many small inggots weighing up to .^1 1. 
 
038 
 
 UPPER COLUMBIA MINES. 
 
 Fill! 
 
 11 
 
 it i 
 
 Oil tlie bars of tlic Columbia twelve miles above 
 this creek, Hank Carues in the same spriiii^ found four 
 men at v ork with rockers taking out fine gold resem- 
 bling tliat of the Eraser, at the rate of one hun- 
 dred dollars a dav, and in 18(50 the bars al)ove the 
 Arrow Lakes were occupied by miners wlio managed 
 to ol)taiii a living, and even to make ten dollars a (hiy. 
 lint these deposits could be worked only a short season, 
 as tlie river was liable to rise over them at any time. 
 Tlie district held out through the usual vicissitudi>s of 
 partially abandoiu>d cani})S until IHTl, and oven in 1878 
 tlu>re were a few miners and })rospectors who appeared 
 to have settled, taught l)y tlie logic of tlie facts brought 
 out ill tlie ])ig ]->end rush that there was Avealth in 
 the district if it could only be reached.'''' Carnes 
 asserted that he had ])rospected the Columbia from 
 the head-waters of the Kootenai to Carnes (^reek, and 
 had always found color. Prospecting and mining had 
 indeed, with more or less success, been followed on 
 the east side of Selkirk jMountaiii and also at Moberly, 
 Cherry, and other creeks, on the west or Gold Range 
 side of the river. The gold-bearing tract of the Sel- 
 kirk ran<>e which formed tlie Bit>' BtMid district 
 extended evidently for at least seventy -five miles along 
 the western slope, and whatever its value, the failure 
 of the district must be a':tributed chiefly to the flow of 
 Avater, i)reventiiig miners from reaching the deep 
 g'round under the clay which was everywhere reported 
 to exist in the Big Bend as well as in the Kootenai 
 tlistrict. ^[uch of the shallower oTound had been 
 condi'iuned as spotted before it was fairly tested, and 
 till! i-arly prosjiects on the surface at French and ^fc- 
 Culloch creeks were regarded as the only decidedly 
 rich yields. 
 
 The milling developments in the C(>lunibia basin, 
 as well as those made in the Fraser liiver basin after 
 the excitement in 1801, were not unnoticed by scien- 
 tific men. A correspondent of the I/yndon Times 
 
 »» VownCs B. C. Mines, MS., 10 !•_'; Victoria Coloim', July 3, 180(i. 
 
GOLD EVERYWHERE. 
 
 539 
 
 jiiosented evidence on which lie ventuivd tlio o[)ini()n 
 that the whole inouiitaiii system of British C'oiunihia 
 Avas auriferous as f\ir as the Stikeen River, "the Ioml;- 
 ( st stretch of continuous inland oold-producinijf country 
 vt-t discovered in the world," from which incalculable 
 advantaire must result to the colony as well as to 
 the mother country. Sir Roderick JVEurchison also 
 expressed the ojunion, hased upon oroui'raphic data, tliat 
 tlio auriferous matrix would he found to extend alon^,' 
 tlio slo[)es of tiie mountains of ^he whole eordillrra 
 system, including the plateau hetween the Cascade and 
 iiockv rano'es. The ])lae(n' diij^niuLifs he showed were 
 uiideniahly hut ihe alluvial deposits l)roUL>ht down from 
 ili(!sc mountains hy the streams.'" This was contirmed 
 liy numerous developments, amoni*' them the diii^^tj^iiiLjs 
 at liock Creek in the centre of tlie plateau on the l)ouu- 
 (lary line. The upper Columbia and its tributaries 
 iti euttin*^ throuijfh the o'old-bearini;" belts of the i)la- 
 tt au had revealed tlu; fact that tlie wholi; country imt 
 ciivered l)y comparatively recent formations was au- 
 rit'i'rous, but outside of the deep and ancient cliannels 
 ZDiies were disclosed oidyin afew localities rich enough 
 to })ay. Rock Creek acquired a reputation in the 
 siuumer of 18()0, and a considi>rable population flocked 
 in, formin;^ a town and mining lK»th in bench and creek 
 diggings. One or more ounces a day were often ob- 
 tained, and during the season of 18(51 a party of white 
 iiK'U Secured twelve thousand dollars, besides ex]ienses, 
 the average earnings a day beuig seven dollars to 
 the man.^^ The Cariboo excitement caused Rock 
 Creek to be almost abandoned in 18()2, and for sev- 
 iial years little was done in f)r heard from it. Contem- 
 li'M-aneously with the ]Tig Bend excitement, however, 
 
 *" li(iirl!iiij.-i' Coiijiilcrti/hii, IIS; Maijiii's Brilixli Coliniiliin, 441-2. 
 
 '' About a iiiilo from ita iimutli the I'lvok (liggiiii,'^ jiaiil froiii oiu! to two 
 iiuiift's, ami soiuotiiMis oiio huiidrod dolLirs a day to tlio Iwiiid, tlio lioiiolios in 
 iiiu iii.stiiiK'o yielding an ounoo a day for tho soa.son. It was olisorvod that 
 llii' Iio.st diggings occurred where the crook had cut through a liolt of soft rook. 
 I'liirxon on Xliiics, 41. To the history of tho crook lK'lonj,'s tiio shooting dur- 
 iiiua (lis])ute, in July 18()1, of David ]J;irr liy P'rank Porter, who escaped ucrosu 
 tlic frontier. Mf Donald' x Brltixh. i'olumliid, \S0. 
 
1 
 
 I 
 
 .a.. ,i„ 
 
 r>4() 
 
 UPl'Ml COLUMBIA MINES. 
 
 tlic report .spread tlmt ricli tligginjj^s liacl again bcnn 
 found, and the place reci-ivrd greater attention/' 
 
 In 18G8 tlic bed-rock flunie was conn)]eti'd, Avliicli 
 enabled tbe liolders of claims along the creek to take 
 ■>ut from eigbt to twelve dollai's a day by ground- 
 sluicing. During tbe season of 1^70, tbe company 
 op-, rating tbe flume in tlie bed of tbe creek took oul 
 six tbousand dollars at tbeir first clean-up ; and baviiig 
 as yet barely toucbed tbe edge of tlu! pay-dirt, wbicli 
 consisted of a layer of iiravel and sand twelve fet't in 
 tbickness, tbey exi)ected in Auijfust to take out tbrec 
 times as mucb.'*'' 
 
 J)escending still fartber towai'd tbe inner flank of 
 tbe C^ascadi' Mountains, I find a I'ecurrenco of tlic 
 T^ock (^-eek developments. Along tlic Okanagaii 
 brancb of tbe Columbia, not (»nly on tbe (>ast side as 
 far as ^[ission Creek, but also on tbe west side at 
 SimilkametMi, ])lacers (>xistcd wbicb wwv tbe scen( s 
 I if cxcitenu-nts durin!"' tbe (.'arliest da\s of niinini>' in 
 llritisb Columbia; and on the AVasbington sideof tln' 
 boundary around J^ake Cbelan, a large area of counti y 
 Avas found to contain ([uait/ xcins and local [daceis. 
 Along Okanagan l»ivec, tbe (l('[)osits were scattcicd, 
 and in mo>t cases woi-ked fbi- but a short time, cbielly 
 pei'baps, from want of water. ( )ut of ninetei'U streams 
 falling into ( )kanagan Lake, seven Avere, in I Sfi 1 . found 
 to be gold-bt-aring. and Mission ('reck, (lowing into it 
 from tboeast.bad }ila.ct>is\vhicb yielded in f Hr)l>-(iO bot li 
 (in(> and coarse gold, at tbe rafe of I'roni two to forty 
 doliai'sji day to the man.^' Xenr l'\>rt ( )kanagaii, sixty 
 
 '-'III Manli ISlii!, 14 wliitcs ;uul 40 (liiiujsu \\oiv ;it WdiU oii the cii i k 
 l;;iiiil;ill iiiul ('iiiiiiKiiiy wa.slicil .^1 1 out <il' iOlt liiU'la'ts of (lilt, iiinl in l.^'s II 
 till! lii'iliiick Klimu! ('i)iiiiiaiiy lit 7 lut'ii was milling Huci.'i'sstull\ . 'I'lic lly- 
 (liaiilic < '(>iiij>aiiy nf ;> iiirii was iiiaUiiij; in lS('i'.) tVoin i; S to SlO a day. Mi'-id, s 
 tlii'sc, 'J;t Cliini'si' \vt fi- iMgaui'il in sluicing, lic/nri'i i'oloiii.-'l, Aiiril 7. ISiili; 
 Jmio ."), ISd'.t. 
 
 ^■'Tliry Miro iiiiiili troiiliK'd witli (juiiiksanl. luit iiia.sti'ri!il it. J{(i(uir;aL' 
 80,000 fi'i't of IuiiiIht for tlu'ir (ipi'ratioiis in I.S71, 't Avas tlio iiitriitinn of t!ii' 
 cdinjHiuy to cTiit a .>»aw-iniU in tlu' ini'an tinii;. Tliioo coiinianit's of ("liim -■( 
 Woro at work on tlio itci k iiiaking .*.'! a day to tlio liaiiil. I'/r/orln ('dIoh'xI. 
 .Inly •-'7, 1S70. 
 
 " In 1S77 Mfl>ougall iind Coniiiaiiy wcro making, on Mi.ssiou (ViH'k, Irmii 
 U'n to liltt'cu iloUars a i!ay to \'.\f Ikui'I. Jhiir.ioii on .]fiii<s, 41; Loml'^n 
 
THE OKANAltAX MINES. 
 
 541 
 
 miles south of the boundary liuo, a population of 
 twenty-six minors wore in 1801 dividiniif their tinio 
 In'twoon ujininij: and luisl)andrv, avoranin'jc four dollars 
 a tlay in tlio diggini^s. The small population tlion in 
 tlie valley consisted mainly of French Canadians and 
 ( atholie missionaries. On Similkameen llivor, en- 
 tninu' the Okana<>'an at the boundary line, ijfold was 
 found'*' in sharp, unwashed particles, which in IHGl 
 yielded some miners one ounce a day, but on an ayer- 
 'A^sy the rocker produci-d four, iive, and eight dollars a 
 day each to the t\vo hundred miners then said to bo at 
 work in tlio digijfiuLJ's: one hundred and iifty of these 
 wc'i'e Chinese, who soon oi)tained almost solo posses- 
 sion; but they also abandoned the ])lace giadually. 
 in the spring of 18<!(), however, a little excitenu'nt 
 again attracted a number of them from ] [ope, and in 
 Srptend)er, betwi't-n forty and fifty wore at work, 
 making good wages. ''^ 
 
 The year 1800 witnessed the crossing of tlie west- 
 eiu rim of the ])lateau by bodit^s of miners, moving 
 eastward in British Columbia as well as in ( 'alifoinia. 
 An observer from the remote stand[)oint of histoi-y 
 ctiuld have then seen at the same instant excited 
 iiiimrs sluicing in the canons at Gold Hill, Similka- 
 meen, Cariboo, and i*ike's Peak — tlu^ Kocky Moun- 
 taliis having l)een first reached from thc^ west by ihi> 
 eastwarxi-llowing current through tin' inviting valley 
 
 7V,, I V, cor. .1:111. i-'O, ISti'J, in /^^("•///(;/.^■' ('(infuli nilioii, 111; I'. S. Min. S/ii- 
 
 /if':', i;a;s, r.C)>s. 
 
 '■ .\ ilKsnu'tor known as .Tackass .lolin ^n-osju'i'tfcl Siniilkanu'i'u liivcr in 
 ISiiO aiil \vinj^-ilani:iu'(l a poi'tion if it. AttiT \\oi'i;i:ii; tw'o ilay-i, anil ta!;ing 
 mi! .' ',{). tho w attT rose ami ilrovo liini out. .lolin (lii')i wi nl to S:ilino:i l;i\ i-r, 
 l!'i (', 111 u'Atoot, anil Koolcnai in tnin. In OctohiT ISlKi, ln' ii'tni'ui' I lolhi' 
 Mil' 111' lii-i pi'i'vious mi t'ortnnrs liy llooil, anil \n fourtcisi day <, u-.iiiiili'il ami 
 aloiu', lie \\:u!n'il out .t'.'OO. A party of tluvi' nun rngaj;i'il in shilling took 
 nut ; L'l ) in tlii'L'c iliys. I'irfoii i Cnhnlst, Fdi. ,'>, ISliT. 
 
 ' TliiTi' was I'l'iioi'tiil to 1)1' a ' lal ;i' Ix'.l-roi'k ' also in tlii-i u'i'ouml. umlri'- 
 laiil liy a lu'il of ).;ravi'l. Vir'ori" ( ','liiiii.^f, M ly '-2, Oct. 'J. ISHd, in li'tirr ; from 
 1 1 HI"', ilali'il May ISthaml S.iit. 'J.")tli rri|H'<'t iv. ly. Similiiami'i'ii ami O'^aiia- 
 ^ri rountrii's wore a'lmitti'il tiy liotli I'al iirr a nl M lyno to jio-i-i's-i sui'i'iior 
 aiivauta:'i's in agriculluro an \m 11 as niinia;;. 'Il'o mim'-i iiciu',' o|i|iosit • llo|)i', 
 til y ro'ill l>o I'lai'lii'il from tlu're liy a 'J.'')-iiiili' waiton-roal to tin' Irail of 
 •'^'. ■".\t Kivi-r, ami tlu'ni'o liy trail, 'rii,' artirlcs ri'ii'iiriiij; tiati ;|iortation by 
 \v :.;ii'i w ri' larg' ly su)i|)lii' 1 to tlm I'onntry at that timo frmn llio Anii'riuiUi 
 "siilo of thu line. Jiuwliiii/s' Vonjhlintdon, 114; Mnyiir'n li. <'., .'Wit. 
 
r>42 
 
 UPPER COLUMBIA MINES. 
 
 of the Fraser. But no sucli p(ipulatioii coukl be in- 
 duced to cross the Cascades in the north as veenforced 
 the camp upon the croppings at Virginia and Gold 
 Hill, otherwise it niiolit have puzzled the historical 
 prophet witnessing the operations of 18()1 to deter- 
 mine wliether mining in the northern interior should 
 not liave liad an equal prominence in the folloAving 
 decades. In subsequent years a like metalliferous 
 country was developed with the same series of geologi- 
 cal formations. But quartz bonanzas, unless exceed- 
 ingly rich, were not wanted by the men, who with 
 pans, shovels, and rockers clind)ed over the Cascades 
 hi the north. What they wanted was simply placrr 
 gold. Had they found anything more, there existctl 
 no lines of travel nor hives of population within reach 
 of these outlying districts that could pour in thv 
 necessary additional forces, machinery, appliances, and 
 capital for exploration underground. To follow the 
 deposits in that direction, however strongly they might 
 have been indicated, was clearly out of the question. 
 The day of roads, of machinery, and of cheap supplits 
 had not yet come. Between 18(50 and IHdCI Washoo 
 and Keese River were taking their first lessons in 
 silver mining. When the most su})erficial bars and 
 placers had been worked, the lid of clay in the ancient 
 channels was reached; when machinery, capital, and 
 skill were recjuisito to proceed further, the wandering 
 fortune-hunters betook themselves to other fields. All 
 the evidences of decay, failure, recklessness, and ruin 
 which pn^sented themselves to the vision of the aftn- 
 comers, oidy assisted to render the stereotyjied but 
 superficial and not final verdict — exhausted. 
 
 i n 
 
oukl be in- 
 s voeiiforci'd 
 Lx and Gold 
 10 liistoririil 
 1)1 to dcter- 
 cTior sluiuld 
 he follow in;j; 
 uotalliforous 
 !S of goolo;4i- 
 dess exceed- 
 n, wlio witli 
 tlio Cascades 
 dimply idat'ir 
 there exisU'd 
 withui ivaili 
 pour in the 
 l>pliaucea, and 
 L\) fohow tlio 
 rlytheyinii;lit 
 ' the question, 
 dieap supplies 
 18(')(; Washoe 
 •st lessons in 
 loial bars and 
 lin the ancient 
 f, capital, and 
 [he wanderinii' 
 „r fields. All 
 |iess, and ruin 
 11 of the aftei- 
 reotyped but 
 ed. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 COLD DISCOVERIES IN THE FAR NORTH. 
 
 18(51-1882. 
 
 Omin.-;ca Countuy — Pk.\( k River riiosPECTEn — Govf.rnment ExrEPnios — 
 X'uosrErriNO Chase — Vitai e <'|{Ek.k — Omink.ca Overkated — <!ekman- 
 SEN Cheek — Si.riciNC, — Mansiis and Lust Cheeks I'im.av Rivek - 
 The Skeena and «.\)ast rt.AtEHs— VHosrEcis ok Sivitlk.ments— Caitsk 
 OK Decline — The Stikeen Explohed— Thiiiekt'.s Disidvehy— Cas- 
 siAK Pi-ACEHs — Dease Lake Tkiih takies. 
 
 Bkyoxd Fraser liiwr basin the plateau of the Cor- 
 /(illera continues northward in two prinei[)al HaMu;i'S 
 l)ordered by slaty jj^old and silver-bcnirini^ mountains 
 similar in character to the Bald ^[ountains of ( 'ariboo.' 
 1 1 descends ijraduall v toward the sea at J^eriny Straits, 
 forming for sixteen hundred miles the trough of Yukon 
 I liver. Between the Fraser and Yukon river basins 
 tlie Oinineca and (^assiar mining districts, repn'sent- 
 iug the northward nu)vement of the miiung [)opul;i- 
 tion of the coast, came into existence soon afk'r the 
 sottleinent of (.\iriboo, each rising along a great river, 
 wliicli interlacing its head-waters on the plateau with 
 tliose of anotlu'r gre;it river of the opp<»site (>astein 
 slo[)e, aflbrded a broad avt'iuie for the prospectors and 
 traders who began to occupy this region. 
 
 Oinineca," the nai:;e givi'ii to the mining district of 
 
 Sk 
 
 eciia ai 
 
 id 1^ 
 
 eai'e 
 
 u 
 
 iver sec 
 
 tioi 
 
 1 of 
 
 th 
 
 V 
 
 at 
 
 eau. 
 
 tlU' I 
 
 Tlio identity in iixis or striko was not traw.'tl to a niocty. Some thought 
 iiiuutaiiii drained hy tlio Finlay and Oinineca Iiranehes of 1 
 
 e.H'O Jiiver 
 
 Were tlio continuation of the mountainous eountry exjdored liy Hlaek and 
 I'l'Mton cast of Carihoo, if not of tiio Carihoo IJald Mountain Kanue. ('(irilmii 
 Sri.lliirl, Oct. 2;«, 18GU. 
 
 •'After a species of whortleberry growing there and forming a Htaple arti- 
 cle of fodd of the Indians. Mackaizk o/ Ifw lliidsou Hoy <'<)iii]iiniii, in Vtrlorht 
 ('■iloiii-^l, Jan. 8, 1870. 
 
 ( .". i;; ) 
 

 rl 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 : I. ■ 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 ; 
 
 1 
 
 
 J * 
 
 
 ' •1 i 
 
 
 I'l ^ 
 
 
 jnl 
 
 1 
 
 iiitWillll 
 
 844 
 
 ({OLD DISCOVERIES IN THE FAR NORTH. 
 
 may be described as 1.500 to 2,000 feet lower than 
 the Cariboo section, and more gentle in its undulations 
 than usual with mining districts on the coast, yet a 
 cold, cheerless, and barren region.^ It nevertheless 
 presented noteworthy and attractive features, and 
 was the earliest portion of the Pacific slo]>e visited 
 by English settlers from the north Atlantic coast. 
 
 Peace lliver* cleaving the liodvy Mountains to their 
 base led Sir Alexander ^Fackenzie and his Canadian 
 voyageurs into New Caledonia, or Oniineca, in the last 
 century, and after 180(5 tlie country was permanc>nt]y 
 occupied by the fur-traders. J^y the Peace and Skeena 
 
 ^ At Oniineca diggings proper, situatod near the lioad-watcrs of tlio IVacr 
 and Skeena rivers, llio country resembled (i>uesnel nioiitli in Fraser llivi i- 
 basin, a thickly voodeil jdateau region, free from higli mountains and of ea^y 
 transit. In regard to the climate and agricidtural value of the country, 
 accounts did'ercd. The ColoiilM described it as ' free from the extremes of cohl 
 and heat,' winter setting in at the end of October, ami ending alxmt the iMIli 
 of Aiiril, the snow in exceptional winters attaining a depth of only three feet. 
 ]5y April jr)th the whole country was open and the Hudson's ]>ay C'om[iany 
 usually despatched tlu'ir winter collection of furs down the Fraser River. 
 I'otatoes and turnips llourished; but cereals liad not been brought to perfec- 
 tion on account of the early fidsts. ]..ieut. H. S. rainier, on the other hanil, 
 Avriting in ISd-t, said: 'All that portion fof Rrili.sli t'olnndiiaj lying to l!ie 
 north of the .')4th ])aralkl remains, and is likely to remain, an uninliabitcd 
 wiUb'rness. ' From the Hudson'.siiny Company's .servants we barn that all liough 
 not entiri'ly devoid of attractive features and occasional jiafehes of good soil, 
 tills portion of the colony is on the whole cheeiless an<l uninviting, and 
 i'speiially ill adapteil for Ihe occnjiation of man. Aloreover, its high l.ititiido 
 and extreme elevation and tlie ri;;(irous eliniatic inlhiencei to which it i.< sidi- 
 jeeted are elements little likely to encourage its fpeedy development. Loii'l. 
 Hco'j. So<\, Jdiir., vol. I'll, J7J-I!. The country along I'eaec; River, above l!ii^ 
 junction sif Finlay River, resendiled that of the I'ra.ser at Alexandria, and 
 tiiough farther north it Mas all much lower and not so culd a ennnli'v as Cari- 
 boo. Ji. ('ill. D/rirfiirif, ]Si','.\, 'JlM 5. JIarnian, a jiartner of the Northwe t 
 Company, stationeil at Sti^wart Lake in ISII, made mention repeati'c.ly In 
 Ills joui'nal of the soil lieing good in places. I'lU'nijis and potatoes jlantcd In 
 181 1 proiluced well. 'The hd'A in many ]ilaces in lU'W Cileiionla is tolciaMy 
 good. 'Tlierc is not a niontli in the whole year,' he aihls, ' in vhleh water 
 does not congeal, though the air in tlie daytiiiu?, in summer, is warm, and we 
 even have a few davs of sultrv weather, llarnuiii'a Jour. (Andover, 1' 'JOl, 
 1 IT, 'JIS, 'J.-.T, 2l)'J; ioitylCt Ji. C. Jlinci, MS., i;i-M; I kioria Dally Cohiil-i, 
 Fel). -j:!, 1S70. 
 
 *'J'iie name of Peace River was derived from ' Peaeo I'oint.'a landmark 
 on lower I'eaee River a !;liort di.slance aliovc it.i outlet in Alliaba.sea Lala', 
 where a jieaee had been eonelndi'd between the '"■'nisteneaux and lieavir 
 Indians sonu! time lieforo Sir Alexandt'r Mackcn/ie's exploration, its ]ii'i)]icr 
 Indian name was also the name of tlie eimiitry through which it ran — Unjigali 
 country and rher — tlie ownershii) of which was in dispute and was settbd at 
 tlie time and ]ilaee mentioned. Tiiese facts were stated ]>y Mackenzie's inter- 
 preter, from which it is to be inferred that the name of I'eaeo J{'"er wa-! alnaily 
 111 use among the fur-traders at the time of Mackenzie's famouti journey to its 
 source ill 171)2. Murl-tiirlvK \'oii., I'J.'t. 
 
PEACE RIVER. 
 
 545 
 
 Nver than 
 idulations 
 ist, yet a 
 rertheloss 
 ires, and 
 pc visited 
 coast, 
 lis to their 
 Canadian 
 in the last 
 nnanently 
 nd Skeena 
 
 •s of the IVaci' 
 I Frasur Uivcr 
 ins anil of •-'''>■ 
 f the country, 
 xtromes of ^'M 
 al.out tlio l.Stli 
 (inly tliri'o fi'it. 
 1 r.ay t'onipany 
 I Frascr Rivir. 
 mglit to |)urfcc- 
 tlu' other hand, 
 ^il lyin^' to tl;c 
 ui iiuiuhahitcil 
 ,thatiiU!um^!i 
 s of Jiooil i-ioil. 
 ninvitini,', ami 
 :s hii.;h l.ititiuK' 
 hit'h it i-i Mih- 
 pnient. I.iiirl. 
 \vv, iihovc t!u' 
 oxandria, ami 
 intry as t'ai'i- 
 tlio ^'oi-thwo t 
 i-c[)catoi,ly lii 
 ,.()i_'s jlantfil ill 
 nia i-i toliTal.ly 
 n whioh \vali I- 
 warm, and uc 
 nilovei', V ->ll. 
 J)iuli/ Colivii-^l, 
 
 t,' ii lanilniark 
 lluihara ],a'.a', 
 IX anil JJiavc r 
 |[in. ltd piopiT 
 i-an — Uu.;.i:;:ili 
 was .scttli'il at 
 ckonzio's intor- 
 •erwa-t already 
 , journey to in 
 
 river route, the continent is traversed at the lowest 
 altitude existing north of the isthmus of Teliuantopcc 
 in a line tlie most direct from tlie north Atlantic to 
 China, and tlio discovery of gold ])lai'(>rs uj)()n ]*eace 
 IJiver and in Omincca foi-cshadowcd the cstahlisliment 
 of a new city on tlie north Pacific coast, ^v■hich might 
 ^onle day lay claim to the terminus of the Canadian 
 Pacific railway.'" On this line tlie metalliferous axis 
 of the Cordilleras was intersected, and i'ound to he 
 iontinuous in all its force to a high nortluTn latitude. 
 'I'lie evidence of pr()S})ectors estahlished the t'xistence 
 of from ein'ht t<> twenty dollar diu<»in<'S.'^ Even if 
 tlie diggings were remote, the climate severe, and the 
 summers sliort, here lay a vast extant of still su])er- 
 ficially prospected country wliich possessed, and would 
 he likely hereafter to maintain, the character of attract- 
 ive "poor man's diggings."' Tlie development of 
 mining in the ()miiu>ca region must also IxH'ome a 
 means of ])opulating the houndh'ss agricultural legions 
 of tlie nortli-west territory of Canada adjt)ining. 
 
 The first discoveries north of Fraser Iliver basin 
 Were made during the summer of 18(]1 on Peace Iliver, 
 hctween the source and the passage through the llocky 
 ^lountains. Two miners named J'^dward ( arey and W. 
 Crest left Quesnelmouth in the spring, simultaneously 
 with the movement U}»ou Cariboo, and ])roceed(>d by 
 way of FortCJeorgo to Fort 8t James, theiici! iollow- 
 ingthe Hudson's J Jay Company's trail over the ])ort<tge 
 to jMcLeod Fort. During the high water of June 
 
 '' T. Ki'(tHK, ill (htrldiiil Mont/ili/, March ISTO, 2(i4. Mr llvans rceoi^'ni/cd 
 tlie Yellowlicail or Li'athcr Pass as a rnlini,' jioint from the railway to tin; 
 I'liea .Sea, hut saw in tlie river system of t)iiiiiieca the foreshailowiiig of a rival 
 tenninns at the moutli of the Skeciia River. 
 
 "After the discovery of gold in (.'alifornia ami on Frasi-r River the Incliaiis 
 fiei|uently hnuight nuggets and gdld-di'st (to the value of wliich their atteii- 
 tiiiii was then for the iirst time dircctt'd) fi-uni their liunling-grounds to IIk^ 
 lliidsDu's Ray Company's ])osts in the 1' aci: River, Omini'ca, and Cassiar 
 lej^ion. 'Viewed in the light of re<'ent discoverii's,' said thi; < 'olmiisf, during 
 tlic excitenieiit these Indian linda hecaiiio of interest. Vktoria Wcili/ l.'olo- 
 "'■-/, .Fan. I!), 1870. 
 
 • /''. /'((;/(', ill Victoria Daily Colonint, Aug. 8, 1871; /'/., Weekly, April 6, 
 1S70; Sitrml's li. ('., 7ti. 
 
 IIisT. Bkit. Cor.. 35 
 
540 
 
 GOLD DISCOVERIES IN THE FAR NORTH. 
 
 tlioy doscendotl Peace River for two hundred miles, 
 passin<»' througli the canon, lieturning at low water, 
 they prospected all the bars and brought with them 
 to McLeod one thousand dollars in dust, the result of 
 a few days' washing at one point. The largest day's 
 work performed yielded ^75 to each.** After W'intering 
 at Quesnelmouth they repeated their journey in 
 18()2, accompanied by Peter Toy, Joseph Oates, and 
 Ezra Evans, and obtained from fifty days' washing 
 each ^1,200. Nearly all the bars yielded from ten 
 to fifteen dollars a day to the man, those on Einlay 
 liiver for twenty miles from its mouth being the best. 
 Five others followed them to Peace Pivcr the same 
 season, four of W'hom workinijf tooether took out in 
 twelve davs nearlv $1,000. The i>-old was d(!scribed 
 as scaly surface gold, somewhat heavier than that of 
 the Eraser His or bars.^ In January 18(!3, Bell, Ciold- 
 sniith, and thret others left A'ictoria for Peace Iliver 
 and obtained half an ounce a day to the man on almost 
 every bar down to the junction of Einlay Iliver. No 
 excitement api)cars to have resulted from these dis- 
 coveries, owing chiefly, no doubt, to the deveh)pments 
 in the Cariboo country, which overshadowed every- 
 thing else for the time. Influenced by discoveries on 
 the main or southern branch of Peace River, a party 
 of Cariboo uuners reached Fort St James in 1804, and 
 taking a different route, followed the canoes of tin' 
 Hudson's Bay Company north, through Stewart and 
 Tatla lakes, to a point opposite the head-waters of the 
 Omineca tributary ; thence striking over the Peak or- 
 Blue ^[ountains, they entered the Peace River basin 
 and mined till the following year, returning home with 
 four or five thousand dollars. One of the men, 
 Michael Eoy, remained behind and mined successfully 
 
 "Oil a 8iui(l-1>iuik of Fiulay Rivur about throe miles above ita mouth, thoy 
 found a hiyer of hhick saml overlying gravel which yielded three to four ouiiwm 
 a day to the hand, tlie whole being covered by five or six feet of hmse sand: 
 want of provisions oldijjed them to leave their ground and continue up the 
 river to Fort St .John. Virtoria Wcikly t'ohmst, S'eb. 23, 1870. 
 
 »Ji. Col. Directory, 18G3, 204-5. 
 
OMKNICA RIVER. 
 
 547 
 
 tor five years, reiiiittiiig several thousand tlollara to his 
 daiiLjliter.*" 
 
 Ill 18(')8 Huinplireys, Gaykml, Evans, and Twelve- 
 toot Davis struck xVrrtic Creek. llunn)lireys rc- 
 turned to Qucsnclinouth tlie sanii^ year and endeavored 
 to form a prospretinji^ P'^i'ty to riMnain in tins fields 
 tlirouffh 18(>!)and 1870. In this cflort he was aided 
 hy Mieluu'l Byrnos and Yitalle La Force, two ex- 
 plorers in the employ of the Western Union Telegraph 
 ( 'ompany, wlio had wintered on the head-waters of 
 Ominera Kiver in 18()8-D. Traders and others, in 
 \ iew of the depressed condition of affairs at (^arihoo 
 and Kootcniai, also favored the search for a new gold 
 tield, and l»etwcen government and private aid twenty- 
 two hundred dollars was made up to di^fray the v.\- 
 jtenses of the ex[)edition. The choice for leadership 
 tell Upon ]3yrnes, with Humphreys and l^a Force as 
 lieutenants, and ICawkins, (h'ant, Kelley, and several 
 others as mend)ers of the com[)any; the expialitiou 
 hi'iiiu known as the 'oovernnuMit partv,' to tlistinijuish 
 it from the 'Chapman j)arty,' which followed in the 
 same direction. Both left Quesnelmouth in the hc- 
 ginning of IMay f 8<il), and were not heard from until 
 Octoher, when news arrived from the government 
 ix[)cdition reporting an important discovi^ry. Soon 
 alter, however, all of this party except La Force and 
 Kelk'y returned with unfavorahle re[)orts. ]^yrnes 
 stating that after leaving Bulkley house at the north 
 end of Tatla Lake, June Dth, they turned tcnvard the 
 head of Finlay River, distant fifty miles, in a north- 
 easterly direction, over a iliflicult route!, on the 2 1st 
 they found gold on a small creek, and took out thirty- 
 tive ounces from 800 feet of ground. " There is a 
 narrow range," said the report, "of hlut; and yellow 
 talcose slate, with innumerable small veins of <piartz 
 
 '" Mwmwliili) fiir-triulcrs coutiiiuud to ic'i«)rt rich digging's in tiiL-i n'gi«ni, 
 ainl iJavis iiiul Johns, who in lS(i() iiiid lS(i7 tnidotl tlii'ough tlio country for 
 furs on their own account, brought with tiicni to X'ictoriii a coiiMidcriililo 
 i[uiiatity of gold-dust which tliey had obtained. Victoria U'ciklif VolonUt, 
 J'cb. i>3, 1«70. 
 
f)iS 
 
 GOLD DISCOVERIES IX THE FAR XORTH. 
 
 intersecting it — general course from north-west and 
 south-east. . .This ranj^o is cut off at the south fork 
 of the Finlay branch (Omineca River) by a moun- 
 tainous range of granite," and ought to be prospected 
 the next season, for a rush of miners at this time, it 
 was ui'ged would be unadvisable. The party found 
 also a few pieces of native silver and some indications 
 of copper. To their particular friends the leaders 
 made a more favorable report, and Humphreys, after 
 depositing on his own account in the assay office at 
 B.irkerville seventy ounces of gold-dust, immediately 
 returned to Peace River with several companions and 
 a stock of supplies. These circumstances cast a sus- 
 picion on tlie integrity of the leaders of the govern- 
 ment party, whose discoveries were claimed to be 
 public property; while this was under discussion at 
 Quesnel and JBarkervillo, a letter arrived, wherein 
 Ogden, tlio Hudson's Bay Company's agent at Stew- 
 art Lake, stated that the members of the govern- 
 ment part}" on their way back for supplies had de- 
 posited $2,500 with him, and that if tools had been 
 obtainable at Stewart Lake, they would not have re- 
 turned to Quesnel until the end of the year ; one of 
 the party having admitted, while under the influence 
 of liquor, that they had taken out $8,000 in thirty- 
 five days. 
 
 Some of the Barkerville miners promptly de- 
 patched two men, Kane and Sylvester, to follow the 
 returning leaders to the new diggings and ascertain 
 the truth. Leaving Quesnel October 30, 18G9, they 
 took the telegraph trail to Fort Fraser, reaching Fort 
 St James in advance of the ex-government party, 
 which had gone by boat up the Fraser and Stewart 
 rivers. Another party of pursuers from Quesnel 
 led by Black liad overtaken Byrnes' boats near Fort 
 George, from which point onward there was a race 
 between them, in which Black with his light boat had 
 every advantage. They arrived at Fort St James 
 November 27th, and the Byrnes party now became 
 
AUt'TIC CRKKK. 
 
 r)4!> 
 
 still more enraged at tiiulinjjf themselves not only inter- 
 cepted, but uiiniasked. Still ;uu)tlier party from Qut>s- 
 ncl, known as Buekley's, was f'ollowiii*;- Ity water. 
 Before reachinuf tlie mines Byrnes' }»arty overtook 
 Sylvester and Kane lyinuf in wait for them, and their 
 'intrigues and dodsji^es' to elude the ])ursu(>rs were 
 uiiavailiniif. At len<j^th the matter was compromised hy 
 an ajj^reetnent under which the discoverers were permit- 
 tt'd to stake off their own claims first. The pui'suers 
 were now led to the south of the Omincca Mountains 
 — referre<l to in tlu^ governnuMit party's ie])ort as con- 
 sisting of granite — instead of to the iiorth ; to the 
 Omineca tributary ov south branch, instead of the 
 north or main fork oi' Finlay lliver; and to Vitalle 
 Creek, where the mining had been done." Kane 
 learned further in i-euard to tlie doiui^s of the u'overn- 
 mental i)artv durinu' the i)reci'dini'- sunnner, tiiat thev 
 liad joined forces with (Uia])man's party, and while 
 some of them went over to Arctic Creek, discH)vered bv 
 llum[»hi'eys in hS(;8,the majority remaiiuul on Vitalle 
 Creek, which was nuicli richer — tlu^ total sum taki-n 
 out being $S,000 — and a, third division Avas kept con- 
 stantly engaged in carrying provisions from Tatla 
 jjake. It was finally explaint^l that the motive^ for 
 tlie secrecy was the supposed existence on X'italle 
 Creek of a wondirful silver l(Ml!»e which they desired 
 to discover and secure; before a rush S(>t in. 
 
 The confirmation of the rumors thus [)resented, 
 tog(!ther with the remittance of some gold, set in full 
 action the excitement which had been roused by the 
 mystery surrounding J^yrnes' movements,"' and it Mas 
 
 "Reports of Kauo and Sylvester in Carihoo Scnfiin'l, Dee. 11 and 1(>, 18()!t. 
 Syivi'sttT reiiiiiiiuHl in charge of the Ailair elaiiii on N'italle ( 'reek, while Kane 
 ri'liii'iicd to Carihoo and re[iorted these results of tlieir expeditioii. Kroiu 
 l''ort St .lames tliey hail traveUed hy hoat hy way of Stewart, Treinhh', ami 
 Tatla Lakes to the lauding on the north-east side, l(il) miles from i'lirt St 
 •lames, and thenee in live days' journey over the mountains to N'italle Creek. 
 yirloria nWUi/ColoiiM, Feh. '-M, KS70; Jhiily A/., Dee. Ul, KSCilt; Carihoo 
 Snitimt, Get. 'J7, ISCJi). 
 
 '-In addition to the gold produced in 1S()'.) giving rise to the excitement, 
 Mr Linhart brought down to Victoria 00 ouucoa iu January 1870. Victoriit 
 Wnkly Colonist, Fel). '2, 1870. 
 
"! i 
 
 j: i 
 
 an 
 
 CIOLD DISCO VKUIKS IX THK I'AK NORTH. 
 
 prophesied at one timo that three fourths of tho popu- 
 hitioii at AVilHam Cn-ck wouhl have for Oinineca in 
 the followiiijL^ sin'iiiLj; as it \vas, a coiisiderahh' flow 
 of miners from Cariboo and other portions of l^ritisli 
 (Columbia, and even from Cahfornia, sot in for the 
 diggin<jjs, uith Vitalle Creek as tlie centre of attiac- 
 tion. Tliis creok. named after A'itahe La Force, wlio 
 Jiad been directed liy trap})ers to seek for L;'old up(»n 
 it, was ah'eady fully occujjied l)y \'italle and liis (^ues- 
 uohnouth associates, besides a iuunber of others, and 
 the yield was already falling oil".'"* The first work 
 had 1)0011 done one and a quarter miles from its numtJi 
 ill from two to four fet't of ground, a depth which in- 
 creased further up. Oiu; tenth t)f the metal found 
 was native waslu'd silver, partly in nuggets wi>ighing 
 as much as three ounces, Joliii Adair obtaining thirty- 
 five ounces thereof in as many days.'^ 
 
 A number of diggers had remained on the creek 
 during the winter of 18(>l)-70, but the mining opera- 
 tions were not generally successful. Black and ^Ic- 
 ^tartin and others bottomed a .shaft to find only 
 'color,' while Sylvester and Company struck slum 
 and water on a sliding bed-rock at a de[)th of twenty- 
 five feet, which obliged them to abandon their shaft.'' 
 This was certainly not encouraging to the new ar- 
 rivals, and many turned back at once, while others 
 ])assed on to the lower tributaries.'" Black with 
 thirty or forty others prospected the adjoining valley 
 
 ^Killan'sCtrlhoo, MS., 12, 13. 
 
 '*Wht'n they cca.sutl to liml silver thoy ceased also to fi ml gold. I/istoni 
 of the Peiirc Ji'irir Mhii'.% in Vicloria Wtrkli/ C.'nlotit.'<f, Fel). '2'i, 1870. -Mr 
 Ogdeu at Stewart Lake purchased lii8 ounces of Vitalle Creek gold from the 
 government prospcctii'.; party wliich was worth ., 17..">0 the ounce. It wa.s 
 mixed with lumps of s ver worth a ' hit.' /'/., Ajiril li, 1870. 
 
 ^'■^ CarUioo ISoitiw I, i Victoria Wv<klijColoiii-tt, July '20, 1870; /'/., Aug. 17, 
 1870. 
 
 •"No sooner had ti ?rowd overrun the diggings than munhors started 
 back, ahandoning their lims, and in .July and xVugust between 100 and l.")0 
 miners remained in the . mtry with the determination to give the ground a 
 fair trial. Peter Davis i I a party left Omineca .Tune '28th, and returned by 
 way of Skeena River an Nanaimo by canoe. Tliey reported that only fom- 
 clanna M'ere paying smal' vages. A small piece of ground below the Discov- 
 ery claim paid nine ouni i in one day, after which the yield was light. J'.''- 
 toria Wceklt/ Colunist, July 27 aiul Aug. 17, 1S70. 
 
t;KKMAXSKN. 
 
 RSI 
 
 of Silver Cnvk in ISTO, fiiKliiiii: only two-aiid-a-lialf- 
 (lollar <lijjfgin«;s; l)ut oHht inospcctors wcrt! more suc- 
 cessl'ul oil (litU'reiit stivains, aiul later in the season 
 a consulcral )lo (luantitv of "jfold was taken out. in the 
 jiMnri-eirate, a })arty of liftoen Chinese niakinjj^ $7,000 
 in three weeks, and ahout one hundred miners pri'- 
 l>ared to carry on their operations durin<^ the v/inter/' 
 This added zest to the inij)ulse, and in US71 the 
 Oniineea excitement attained its heiij^ht. By the mid- 
 dle of June, it was reported that eii;ht hundred ani- 
 mals had crossed Fraser Kiver at Quesnel, mostly 
 with ])rovisions, and that nine hundred men had 
 arrived at the di,;j;<j^inijfs, hy the Fraser and Skeena 
 routes.'"* C)[)erations were actively prosecuteil, and 
 creek after creek aloui,^ tne Omineca achieved mort^ 
 or less notdtiety for a time, as Arctic, Quart/, Man- 
 son, Slate, Skeleton, Lost, and various others, partic- 
 ularly ({ermansen, which now l>ecami> the leading 
 creek in the district. It was named after James ( ler- 
 mansen,"^ who discovered the first gold on the ci'eek 
 in July IS, 1870. Good shallow diggings were found 
 lor three miles, usually within four feet of the l>e<l- 
 rock, yielding twt>nty-Hvi^ cents prospect to the pan, 
 ill clean coarse gold lying on a layi-r of sand twt) i'eet 
 htiu'ath the gravel in the IkhI of the creek. Cust 
 reported that everybody o)i the creek was making 
 from 810 to three ounces a dav, and hv October .'ii^70,- 
 OoO had been taken out. Lumps of silver were also 
 found, the largest weighing $'-)00, and the country 
 around was seamed with (piartz. Cermansen Creek, 
 
 '•In tlio wintor of 1S70-1 several ooiiiiiaiiies wen; niiiniiij,' tiiiiui'ls <iti 
 M.iiisDu Creek, and SO to U)0 miners wiiitereil in tlie several creeks. A do/en 
 siiuulit the forks of tiiu Skeena for winter ([iiarters tlie same .season; ami 
 aliiiiit three dozen doscemled tliat river still further to Woodcock's Landing. 
 Vh-ioria Wt'dli/ Coloiiiif, Dec. 20, 1871. 
 
 ''Sylvester, expressman, in I'drilxm Siiifinil; \'irtori<i Dnihi ('oUmi-<l, June 
 2"), 1871. In May 1871 ihei„- were 8(M> miners on (ierniansen L'riM'k ami more 
 arriving daily. /(/...TulyO, 1871. O'Reilly wiis the first goKl commissioner; 
 tiien followed Vowell. 
 
 ''••Uormansen was a native of St ]*a\il, Minnesota, who came in KSCdJ to 
 IJritisli Columbia by way of Saskatchewan River with cattle, lie mined 
 with a party on Peace River in 18G8 and made ^00. Victoria Wcfkli/ Colo- 
 hl-t, Dec. 14, 1870. 
 
552 
 
 GOLD DISCOVERIES IN THE FAR NORTH. 
 
 : ;i; ii 
 
 in fact, surprised many by its superiority over the 
 other streams.^" 
 
 At the junction of the creek with Omineca Hiver 
 rose a settlement spoken of as Germansen Creek town, 
 or as Omineca, which during the winter contained 
 eighteen inhabitants, but by the summer of 1871 
 counted twenty substantial wooden houses comparing 
 favorably with those at Barkerville. It was like this 
 town the centre of trade for the district, supplied 
 partly by the Skeena River route, by way of Babine 
 and Tiitla lakes, but chiefly from Quesnelniouth 
 through Port St James, whence a trail led direct to 
 GcTiuaiisen Creek, skirting Nation Lake. Competi- 
 tion being great, freiglit from Yale was only eighteen 
 cents in 1875, and Hour had been sold as low as twenty 
 cents a pound. "^ 
 
 Life alone ditfered from Cariboo in being more iso- 
 latt ' and remote Tliose wlio remained over winter 
 were entirely cut off from the rest of the world, since 
 the season in temperature if not in duration approached 
 the arctic in character. The rampant life of the flush 
 pc riod in Cariboo and California found less congenial 
 soil for germination in Omineca, and although saloons 
 and cards flourished, the hurdy-gurdies never pene- 
 trated thither." In 1871 most of the miners in tlu' 
 district concentrated on the creek, and some good 
 yi(>kls were reported. Three men near the mouth took 
 
 ™ )('. jr. Flty/cntli/, (loirriiment Ai/nit at, Port St James, Oct. 24, 1870, Lit- 
 (<i; ill Viclorid tVcckli/ (Wo/z/V, ])ec. 7, 14, 11S70. Some of the olaiiiiH paid 
 !?ij0 a (lay to the liaiul. In tlio Froiicli Company's claim aliovo the t'afloii a 
 2'.t-ouuco nuggot was foiiiul. Pat Kelly's Cnupany made from SIO to §30 a 
 <lay to tlio mail. Varrisiiomlctifc, in lil., Nov, 30, IK'O. 7, 1870. Anotliur 
 largo wati'i'-woi'u uiij,fi;ut, weigliiug '1\\ ounces, was brought to Victoria by 
 Mr (iuiclion. LI., Dec. 21, 1870; Cariboo Sentinel, in /'/., Nov. 10, 1870; 
 I'ort ToiriMiiil ArijKs, Aug. 1, 1871. 
 
 ^' Freight from Quesnel to Maiisoii Creek was from 10 to 15 cents, anil Ihnu- 
 was solil lierc for from 20 to 40 cents a pound. I'ai/e, in Jlin. Iliiit'.t Jfejil., 
 1875, 10. 
 
 ■^"Saloons, cards, fur-hunters, miners, and Hyilah squaws iorycnre: ditches, 
 ilrains, log-cahins, and stick forests for scenery, tliese made up what was 
 regarded as the somewhat miserable picture of the town of Manson Creek, ns 
 ween by Captain Butler in 1871. The important personages of the town were 
 (Irahame, postmaster, and Rufus Sylvester, expressman. Butler's Wild North 
 Land, 30'i-Si Lawjevin 8 Jfept., 1872, i)-10. 
 
CLAIMS AND YIELD. 
 
 553 
 
 out ten ounces a day to the man, and Kelly's party, 
 »vorking six miles above the Discovery claim in the 
 bed of the creek, obtained one hundred dollars a day. 
 But the majority taade little or nothing, either because 
 the rich de[)osits were in patches which had fallen to 
 the few, and were now nearly worked out, or because 
 tlio lead could not be followed. When in the course 
 of the summer rich discoveries were reported on Man- 
 son River, fifteen miles farther down Omineca River, 
 ii <>eneral stampede ensued.""^ Germanscn Creek re- 
 sunietl, nevertheless, its position as the centre of the 
 district upon the collapse of the rival excitements. 
 Hydraulic mining was applied to the thirteen claims 
 ill operation in 1875, half of the wliolo constituted 
 number worked in Omineca. Several of these paid 
 fail 1 V with the aid of winu'-dams and bench-sluices, the 
 best yielding $(5,200 for the season, but others suftered 
 not only from exhaustion, but from floods, and th.'ii 
 IVoni a want of sluice water, and were abandoned."' 
 
 !^[anson Creek diggings, fifteen miles east, and run- 
 ning parallel to Cirerniansen, were discovered in July 
 I; 71 by R. Howell, formerly of the royal engineers, 
 and yielded about twenty dollars a day, ineluding nug- 
 U'ots, some of them eighty and one hundred dollars. 
 Two hundred miners were engaged on the creek dur- 
 ing the season, working the surface of the creek-bed, 
 or sluicing on the hill and beneh ground; but there 
 was also a deep channel like tliat on William Creek, 
 
 -' During tho last woek in August the cruek yiddud S10,()()0. I'lti/r oiid 
 111 III. iu Virtoriii Dttil'i Colon iM, Aug. 8, Oct. S, 1S71; Litiiijevins h'cpt., 187'-, 
 >; Voiirirnli. <'. Miiw.-i, MS., ];{, u. 
 
 '-''I'lio cruok laiiui^ paid will cimugh until Juui", wiioii a lldiid hurst \\\)tin 
 till! canip and Maalu'd oul; all tlu; wiiig-danis. At'tiT tlioso wt'i-e it'iiaired iiuly 
 a iiKinth irniiinod fiU' workin,,' 1r'Io:i' tlu; long winter .si't in. Tiio Koyuton 
 ( '(imii:iny tlu'u lost the l)i(l-riiok a;ul with it tlifir X)ay. The < lood-as-Auy 
 ' iiinpiny oI>taiue<l good pay, although tho lead was spotted. Tiie hill claims 
 nwued hy tho same company ]irospected exceedingly well, hut the water sooh 
 iiii short and a sliile Idled tiieir sluices. The Morri.son Conipany paid h'ss 
 tlim ,'?;{ a flay du. ing the s'eason. Tho Kim Rock ('oni[)any, a hydraulic 
 claim having a hank from 'JO to 50 feet iu height, paid hetter than any otiier 
 I laiiu, yielding .*!(»,'J0O for tiie season. Tho scarcity of water succeeding a 
 tliiod hrcd disc(mragcinent, and the Reliance, Marshal, ami Discovery claims 
 Were ahandoned, wlulo several others were sold to tho Chiuoso. /'. P(t(j°-, in 
 J///(. Milieu lii'iif.., 1875, 15; Diiwson oii, Jliiia, 38. 
 
r ! 
 
 Ii i 
 
 ' 111 
 
 I' 
 
 i 
 
 H 
 
 554 
 
 GOLD DISCOVERIES IN THE FAR NORTH. 
 
 wlicrein two companies sank shafts to the bed-rock 
 with profitable results. On the north bank of the 
 creek, near the mouth of Slate Creek, thirty lots were 
 laid out by Commissioner O'lieilly a's the nucleus of a 
 town, and several substantial houses were erected l)y 
 traders and otliers.^ The creek proved patchy, yet 
 manaued for some time to retain the second rank in 
 the district as a gold-producer. In 1875 nine com- 
 panies were working it, four of which were located on 
 the slate tributary, but the Ibllowing season only two 
 remained."" 
 
 Lost Creek was for some time thought to be one of 
 the most nourishing of mining localities, the Irwiii 
 company of five men having washed out, in one week 
 in 1871, 102 ounces, and another company $500 to the 
 man. The creek was discovered by a company of 
 Cariboo miners who sajik 50 to 70 feet and obtained 
 large pay They remained here until 1875, when 
 their dividend for the season amounted to only $210."' 
 
 Among other locations made known l)y the prospec- 
 tors who overran Omineca was Skeleton Creek, whicli 
 received its name from tiie discovery in 1871 of the 
 skeletons of tliree white men supposed to have died 
 from cold or starvation."^ A 'new creek' staked otf 
 five miles S(juth of Vitalle Creek was never deenird 
 worthy of a name. At Black Jack Guhli, five miners 
 in 1871 made about $200 a day continuously. At 
 Elmore Gulch the ^Manhattan Compan}niined profita- 
 bly in 1874, but the following season proved a failure 
 for want of sluice water."'' 
 
 -■'' Sliito Creek, <i trilmtjiry of Mansoii Creek, had in 1871 a mining popula- 
 tion t)f 50 men, who were making ^'rom Ijio to i>'20 a day. J.atiiicnii'n Ji'tjiL, 
 1872, 8-10, 88. 
 
 -'^ Mill. Miiici^ Jicpt., 1875, 15; Dairxoii on Miiic.% .S8; F. Pcije, in Vktorin 
 Daili/ ColoiiM, Aug. 8, 1871; Voirdl'.'i li. V. Mliien, MS,, 1«, 14; Allan's Carl- 
 Imo, MS., \'2, 1.'5; Jferre, in dtrUioo Si n/hicl, Aug. 17, 1872. 
 
 ''' Tlu-eo hundred feet above tlieni, wliere the ohl ehaniiel ran deeper, se\ - 
 eral vain attempts were ma*le in 1S71 to lind bottom. Puyc, in Mi n. Miii<< 
 Ii'cpt., 1875, 15; Jfirrc, in Cm-i'ijo Snitiml, Aug. 17, 1872. 
 
 ■'*' Virforia Jhvhj Cnloimf, Oct. 8, '.SJl. 
 
 -"•• The New Zealand Company's idaiin paid «'X])enses in 1875, and was pn- 
 jiared for winter work. Pmjc, in Miti. Mines Jlvpt., 1875, 15; Lainjedn's J'ljif., 
 1872, 8-9. 
 
SKEENA RIVER. 
 
 655 
 
 Fair prospects were found on the bars of Omineca 
 and Finlay'" rivers near their confluence, and the latter 
 stream was in 1870 prospected by a party a hundred 
 miles from its mouth, revealing promising bar diggings 
 as far as they went, some yielding seventy-five cents to 
 the pan.^^ At the head-waters of Nation River from 
 thirty to fifty miles south-east of the central Omineca 
 diggings lay a cluster of auriferous creeks, which had 
 been visited at one time by Peace River miners, and 
 were supposed to be rich f^ but no developments 
 worthy of note appear to have been made.^ Parsnip 
 River, further down, and Peace River itself west and 
 east of the Rocky Mountains were found to contain 
 gold placers, though unremuuerativc so far as their 
 accessible deposits were explored.** 
 
 The mining on the bars resembled that of Frascr 
 River, the gold being fine and found in thin sheets, 
 deposited and buried again, by massive sediments ot 
 the river, out of sight of the bed-rock. The valley 
 further resembled the Fraser in having a lake or fresh- 
 water tertiary formation basined within it containing 
 liixnite coal.'^ 
 
 O 
 
 Tlie first arrivals quickly exhausted the shallow river 
 bar deposits, and operations soon dwindled to noth- 
 ing. On the Pacific slope of the auriferous range, 
 represented by Skeena River and its tributaries, min- 
 ing was never carried on to any noteworthy extent, 
 
 '" This stream was named after James Finlay, one of the Northwest Com- 
 pany's fur-traders, who in 1768 started from Michillimackinac and penetrated 
 to Nipawee on the Saskatchewan in latitude 434° north, longitude 103° west. 
 Mnchmic's Voif., xi. Ho was stationed and engaged in building a fort on 
 Lower Peace River in 1 792. Jd. 12,5. 
 
 " Peter Toy, Evans, and others prospected up Finlay River to the cafion, 
 a distance of eighty miles, and found goUl on all tlie bars, in some places as 
 much as seventy-fivo cents to the pan. Just below the cafion a branch joins it 
 from the soiith, whereon Toy obtained line gold for a number of miles. Paije, 
 in Mill. Mines Itfpt., 1875, 15; Victoria Weekly Colonist, Dec. 7, 1870. 
 
 ^■Qiiemel, March 20, 1870, cor. Victoria Wcckhj Colonist, A]iril G, 1870. 
 
 "Alexander Fraser and a party prospected the head of Nation River in 
 1870. Victoria Weekly Colonint, Aug. 17, 1S70. 
 
 " Parsnip River and Peaoo River oast of the Rocky Mountains carried 
 free gold. Dawxon on Mines, p. 39. 
 
 '" Tiutch's Map of British Columbia indicates coal at tho mouth of Trout 
 or Piinais Rivers near latitude 55". 
 
1 ii 
 
 'fii 
 
 550 
 
 GOLD DISCOVERIES IN THE FAR NORTH. 
 
 although prospects were found of so encouraging a 
 nature as to induce parties to overrun the Babine and 
 the country between the Nass and Skeena riv(!rs; 
 yet the Omineca excitement itself was somotiiui-s 
 referred to on account of its geographical position as 
 the Skeena River excitement. Near the coast, Mof- 
 fatt of the Hudson's Bay Company found at Moft'att 
 River, fifteen miles north of the Skeena and twelve 
 miles south of the Nass, an extensive deposit of l)laek 
 sand containing gold of the size of number four shot, 
 and the steamer Wright early in 1871 reported the 
 discovery of new diggings at or near the same 
 locality.^" 
 
 Omineca district certainly failed to justify the ex- 
 pectations formed of it in more than one respect; 
 the peaceful conquest of the country by tlie goM- 
 scokers' predecessors, the pionc!ers in quest of furs, 
 had been unattended by immigration; for seventy 
 years the country had ivmained without roads or 
 other notable improvements beyond tlie erection of a 
 few trading stations with gank'ns, and the perfectiiin' 
 of natural routes of communication by cutting trails 
 over portages brtweiMi the canoe termini. Mucken/ic 
 neither saw nor heard from the Indians of the exist- 
 ence of tlie precious metal in tlie bars of Peace liiver 
 during liis laI)orious ascent of that stream. With tlie 
 new inHux of miners a new era was to l)e expected. 
 Towns would 1)0 ))uilt, pack-trails and roads would l)o 
 opened into tlio mountains and outlying districts, 
 fields would l»e planted for the sustenance of the 
 connnunities liencefortli dependent directly upon the 
 resources and identified with the history of the coun- 
 try, and Omineca would become the nucleus for settle- 
 ments extending evi>n east of tlie Rocky Mountains. 
 For the first time in the liistory of the country, the 
 imaginar}' line of Fifty-four Forty, tJie shibboletli of 
 the party in power at Washington in 1845, assumed 
 
 ^^ Vic/oria Weiklij Colonist, Aug. 17, 
 MS., p. .T 
 
 1870, Feb. 22, 1871; B. V. Hhvkln 
 
OmXECA GOLD. 
 
 557 
 
 the definiteness of realty, though its actual signifi- 
 cance was simply that of the natural water-shed 
 boundary between the Fraser and Peace river basins, 
 rendered noteworthy in being crossed by the advanc- 
 ing wave of population of the Pacific coast. Beyond 
 +hat water-shed no other power than England ever 
 c aimed dominion. But these visions melted away as 
 soon almost as they were formed, and with them the 
 fame of the pioneer prospectors of whom nothing of 
 note is recorded thereafter."" 
 
 The season of the great influx proved unfavorable; 
 the water remained so long at a high level that only a 
 few weeks' work could be done, and the yield as a con- 
 sequence was not very attractive. Langeviu estimated 
 the product for Omineca in 1871 at $400,000 dis- 
 tributed among 1,200 people, and Ireland, the express- 
 man, at $80,000 or $90,000 only, up to September, most 
 of which had passed over to the traders, he said, to 
 pa}' for supplies which owing to the length and diffi- 
 culty of the route were very dear.^^ Besides climatic 
 and geographical drawbacks including freshets and 
 the subsequent dwindling of sluice water, there were 
 obstacles in connection with the tracing of the lead 
 and the separation of the metal. A peculiarity of the 
 
 ings on Omineca River was that native gold and 
 
 \l; B. C. .S7(.*/"-'. 
 
 '■ Samuel Goldsmith, one of the Peace River miners of 18C3, resided at 
 Biirlurvillc in 1S70. Victoria Wcekhj CoIonUt, Feb. '2.1, 1870. Peter Toy, one 
 of tli(> jiioneers of ISOiJ, was still minini; in the fall of 1 SCO on the bars of 
 I'inl.'iy Piivcr. New Wtnlmiiislcr Exainiiwr, May 11, 1S07. 'Peace River 
 Siiiiih' was a resident of the town of (Itrinansen Creek in 1871. Duller s Wild. 
 }\(:rth IauhI, 1)07. ' Bill Parker, .Fim May's companion to Peace River,' was 
 ftt Colville, W. T., in ISOo and ' very well oil'.' Victoria Weekly ColoiiiM, Aug. 
 
 1, isi;,-). 
 
 ""Lan^evin gives $.100,000 as the known y'-rld and adds the remainder. 
 Pull. Woks JJejit. llcjil., 1S7-, 8-10. In Octol or I'JO miners returned on tho 
 Ottcrto Victoria with only 810,000. Some asciihed tiie general want of success 
 to tlic lateness of the season, to higli water, and the great cost of jirovisions. 
 Six or se\en hundred men still remained in the diggings in Octolier, wiiilo 
 200 01- ;J00 were making' preparations to remain over winter. 1). EcLstiiu, in 
 V.S.Commerrial I'll., 1871,040; Victoria Dailii Col mist, Oct. A, 1871. (ieorgo 
 lic'iit arrived at Victoria in October witi» §3,1)00 of Omineca gohl. Iil., Oct. 
 S IS71. On tlie steamer Otter in I)ecend)cr, 3.1 of the piwsengers were 'flat 
 hiolic' and had free passage. Some of them pronounced Omineca a failure, 
 wiiilo others spoko favorably of the diggings. Victoria Weekly Coloniist, Dec. 
 2."), 1871. 
 
 VI it;l 
 
558 
 
 GOLD mSCOVERIES IN THE FAR NORTH. 
 
 silver ran together in the placers, worn by fluviatile 
 agencies into particles and nuixijets of the same size. 
 Tile gold resembled that of Keithley Creek in size, 
 shape, and weight, but was not quite so bright."'" Tlie 
 silver was not alloyed vith the gold but nearly puic, 
 worth Ji^20,000 to the ton, and usually water- worn and 
 rounded though occasionally rough. Tlie admixture 
 was found on aiuilysis to be a small ])ercentage of 
 m(>rcury, consequently a native amalgam.^'* 
 
 Ten })er cent of the metal M-aslied out of the placers 
 on Vitalle Creek was silver, and when the miners 
 ceased to find this metal they also ceased to find gold. 
 Although tlie field was large, the deposits were too 
 patch}' and thin to afford satisfactory returns to all; 
 nor was there sufficient inducement to pursue di-cp 
 n)ininij to anv extent, although deei)er channels of 
 older streams liad been found here as elsewhere. All 
 this could not fail to accelerate the exodus which set 
 in on the approacli of winter, and in 1872 the re- 
 maining population of Omineca receiveu a com])ara- 
 tively small accession. The yiekl for the season was 
 estimati^d by tlie gold commissioner at $8 a day to 
 the man. The miners decreased in number year by 
 year, and in 1875 there were only (58 persons left, who 
 produced from 2(j claims $32,000." In 187G the yield 
 was so insignificant that the minister of mines Id't 
 the district entindy out of consideration, and aftt'r 
 this onlv a few miners remained striviiuj; to vkv. out 
 an exist(Mice during the short season allotted.*" Oiiii- 
 neca was not, however, the oidy hope of this northcin 
 region, for beyond it had risen another mining field,'' 
 
 '" V'uiona Diiilii ColonM, Nov, 4, ISOl). It was rich orango iii color liko 
 thiit of LoLch River. Id., March i», 1870. 
 
 ♦" Vir/oria H'tcki/ Coloiiinf, March 2, 1870; Dawson on ^^n<•s, H-lf). 
 
 ■"Oil (rcrinaiiseii Creek in 1875 there wore 13 claims; on Slato Creek, 4; 
 oil Alansoii River, Lost Creek, etc., 9; total, 'JO cliiinis, employing 41( white 
 anil 10 Chinese miners. All were bar and creek <liggings. Mia, Miiua liiyt., 
 187"), 14, 15; SproiU's B. C, 70; (,'iwle Ji. C, 1877-8, 94-5. 
 
 *■' Voireir.'i n. C. Minos, MS., 13, 14. 
 
 *'Ever since the (^neen Charlotte Lsl.and goM excitement in 1851-2, sli,i,'lit 
 gold-tinds had heen reported from there at intervals, which tended to ktrn 
 tliis region before the public, without causing an actual muvenieut of guKl- 
 
 
CAS81AR AND STIKKKN. 
 
 559 
 
 iuviatile 
 Line sizi\ 
 in 8*17.0, 
 ■J^ The 
 rly \mn', 
 A'orn and 
 dnuxtuie 
 nitago of 
 
 \o placers 
 10 minors 
 iind gold. 
 
 ^voro too 
 lis to all; 
 vsuo dt'oj) 
 lannols ot 
 lorc. All 
 ^vllioll sot 
 r2 tlio ro- 
 , ot)nipara- 
 scason ^vas 
 a day to 
 •r year Ity 
 
 s loft, \vlio 
 |g the yield 
 
 inines lott 
 and after 
 
 to eke i>ut 
 
 Id."' ^^»"'' 
 IS north 0111 
 liing field," 
 
 L in color liU^' 
 
 L u-ir>. 
 
 Islato (.'rofU, »; 
 Lying 4'.t wluU' 
 
 L 1851 -'2, sl'.J't 
 
 Itciule.l to U.'f}' 
 
 ^roiueut o£ goU'- 
 
 which promised t(^ more. than compensate for her de- 
 cline, and tliis was the Cassiar district, also known as 
 Stikeen Kiver district, since the first gold excitement 
 li;i(l centred on tiiis stream. 
 
 In the autumn of 18G1 a French Canadian l)y the 
 name of Cluupiette ascended the river with some 
 Indians for one Imndred and fifty miles, and found 
 !^()od prospects which continued to improve during the 
 additional forty miles of his ascent. Every har showed 
 more or less of the gold which resembled that of 
 Fraser River in behig fine and difiicult to wash on 
 tlio lower bars, while it increased in coarseness toward 
 tlie head-waters. The valley st)il was also everywhere 
 impregnated with specks to an altitude of 2,000 feet. 
 The I'oports hereof created no little excitement, and 
 despite the attractions of Cariboo, over 800 men sot 
 out for the district in the spring. Only a little over 
 lialf the number had the courage, however, to face 
 the hardships of the ascent to the gcdd-fiold, and their 
 (xpoctations hardly met wnth the results that they 
 dosi'rved. Of the bars below the canon only C ar- 
 l>oiitor 13ar proved good, the average yield being from 
 ton to twenty dollars a day, though a few miners 
 iiiado as much as three ounces ; but in the cafuMi nearly 
 100 miles in extent and on the north branch, the 
 jiatoliy coarser gold again prospected ton to fifteen 
 dollars a day in a number of places, while the head- 
 waters looked most ]iroinising; still the averagi^ pay 
 was not large, and the mining population remained 
 small, partly for want of ready communication and 
 su[»jdies. The river despite its sloughs and currents 
 provod navigable during several months of the year 
 fnr liglit-draught steamers as far as Shakesvilli;, 170 
 miles from its mouth, and to this point the FIi/i'ikj 
 
 Ml k( is; but in 1859 a nugget, partially composed of quart/ aiul weiuliiiif,' 14^ 
 iiiiiiccs, valued at ^50, waa ohtaiuud from the iHlander-s ami exiiibited at 
 Victoria. An eflbrt was then iiiado to form a prosjwetiiig exiieditioii to tlio 
 isl.iiid; to which the Hudson's Bay C'oinnany lent their aitl; hut a Miillicinit 
 imiiilmr of uieii failed to subscriho towards it, and it was ahaudouod. i'ktoria 
 <■' rj'tk', March 2*2, May 3 and 7, 1859; B. V. I'njyer/i, ii. 70. 
 
060 
 
 GOLD DISCOVERIES IN THE FAR NORTH. 
 
 I !'^ 
 
 I ■' 
 
 Dutchman, Captain Mooro, iiiade several trips; but 
 the canon which bci^an twenty miles beyond this i)laoe 
 could not be entereil by canoes even during low water, 
 except at frroat risk. This part of tl\e country was 
 besides arid, owing to 'the summer droughts, and lilli-d 
 with waslied gravi'l hills and masses of lava and ba- 
 saltic rocks, producing m)thing but straggling bushes. 
 Lower down, however, timber existctl suitable for 
 boat-building.'" Tlie eiforts to establisli a gold-field 
 did not, tlierefore, achieve success, and mining was i'ov 
 years followed only by odd prosj)ecting parties. 
 
 In 1872, however, the intre[)id Thibert wlio luui \vl\ 
 Minnesota in 180D with one companion on a l)unting 
 expedition in this direction, found gold in the Kocky 
 ]\Iountains on one of the j\[ackenzie tributaries, near 
 Dease Lake. After wintering on Stikeen Hivi'r tlu y 
 returned in c()m])any with one INIcC^dloch^' to J)ease 
 Lake to j)ros}tect its creek waters, anil found a deposit 
 vieldino; as much as two ounces of rouu'h m)ld a dav. 
 The gold lay on a slate orbed-rock or black rock within 
 one or three fV'et of the surface. On one creek, named 
 after Thibert, the party took up thive claims, and ia 
 the course of the season they wevv joined by some 
 thirty men who all wintered on the ground. (Jood 
 pros[)ects we'o also obtained on JJease Creek, which 
 enters the lake near Thibert's outlet, and up Laird 
 liiver on ^EcDame and Sayyea^** tributaries. 
 
 Iveports of these finds were eagerly listened to hy 
 the desponding miners in southern districts, and dur- 
 ing the following seasons a large influx took place, 
 so that in 1875 about one thousand men were oecujiicd 
 in the district chiefly on creeks named.'*' On ] )eas(' 
 
 ** rorfl,ui</ Ihilhlhi, Feb. i;$, Jiin. 15, May 7, July '21, 1874; Wall, Wrik 
 Iiitii., Fol). '_'(), 1S7-4; Ji. V. Diirctori), 1SG3, LNW-S; I'ictoria Vdoiii.H, •\m\. 
 5, IS;!'.'. 
 
 ^■' Tlie C'ilssiiir gold iiiinos were discovered by another niau named Mot'idL m1i, 
 who sul>.se(juuutly lost his lit'o in the pursuit, uu I uUier.s who crossed over limu 
 the other side of tlie Rocky Mouutaias. VoiirWs Ji. ('. Miiirs, MS., It. 
 
 ■"'Named after its discoverer. Mhi. J///kw />')}>/., 1S75, 7-9; li. C. Onhi'; 
 1877-8, OO-l; Oli/myin Echo, Sept. 8, 1874; Tarhdl'.H IV., MS., 8, !». 
 
 " 'Tlie population estiiTiated here I eoneludo to he alxnit 801) whiles, Ml 
 Chiiuimen, and 'JOO lndiuu.i exclusive of the t'assiar natives, /. c, in tlio 
 
SAYYKA CREEK. 
 
 501 
 
 trips; but 
 [ this place 
 low water, 
 Duntry ^v^s 
 s, and iilled 
 tva and ba- 
 Ino- buslus. 
 iui'ta\)lc I'or 
 a o-old-iii'lil 
 lino- was I'll' 
 rties. 
 
 .vlu) had left 
 )U a liuntin;.;' 
 11 the lloel<y 
 utaries, near 
 1 lliver they 
 \i*'' io ])easc 
 And a deposit 
 1 gold a day. 
 k roclv Nvithiu 
 creek, named 
 kainis, and in 
 ned hy SA)inr 
 Lund. (-MhhI 
 ICrcek, which 
 nd up Laird 
 ;ies. 
 
 Istenod to hy 
 icts, and dm- 
 V took place, 
 jverc oeeujiied 
 On Dease 
 
 |l874; W'ltl" "';'"" 
 \orki ColoiiiM, .1 !"• 
 
 InaincaMcCull."!", 
 lo crossed ovoi- 1 r.'iii 
 ir-S MS., It. . 
 1 7-9; n. V- <■"""' 
 IMS., 8, 9. . ^,. 
 Vut 8(K) wluU's ^1' 
 Lives, (. <■., 1'^ ^''^ 
 
 and Tliibert creeks nearly all the miners were doing 
 well, taking out from one to three ounces to tlie man, 
 wliile some claims were yielding even better. MoDame 
 Creek was occupietl by about three liundred miners, 
 I)ut tlie ground was more patchy, and the dams had 
 heen more exposed to slides and freshets; those, how- 
 ever, who liad maintained their dams were turning 
 ouj( as mucli as two hundred ounces a week, and 
 proving the richness of tlie creek. 
 
 ( )n Sayyea Creek the return averaged ten dollars 
 a day in coarse gold, with nuggets welgliing m^arly 
 thirty dollars, and tlie most glowing anticipations 
 were formed. The value of the ground was perhaps 
 hest demonstrated by the returns, which for 187o 
 amounted to nearly $1,000,000, and for 1874 to Imt 
 little less.'*"^ This result did not fail to liave its effect, 
 tor the next season witnessed an influx still larger 
 than before, amounting to fully 1,700 men, a great 
 part of whom came with no definite purpose and 
 remained idlers, while the nvst assisted in extending 
 the district by means of nc'W developments. By this 
 time it had been learned from the damaiio effected bv 
 tlie early sunmier floods that the early spring with its 
 low water preceding the freshets was the best time for 
 working the diggings, despite the trouble in cutting 
 
 niiiiiiij,' portion of the <listriot. ProlKil.ly 2()0 wliitcs may bo aililod to tlu' 
 iilidvo estimate and form tlio total population of t'assiar.' JIlii, Jliiwjt Ji<]>t., 
 IST."), 5. 
 
 ■"■ 'It is now wull I'staldislu'd that IK^asc, TliiluTt's, and MeDanio's ereoks 
 liavo yielded in two seasons nearly S'J,0OU,(M)0, and tiio two latter streams 
 "ill, undoul>tetlly, produce far more in the future tlian tliey have yet done. 
 Tlircu otiier streams have been prospected, tributaries of iJeaso lliver and l>c 
 l.i'iid, and gold in paying; (juantities has been found upon each.' Andrews' 
 claim on Dease Creek yielded 500 ounces in one Meek, and on McDamc Creek 
 tlic Discovery Comjiany washed out 170 ounct^s in one week and 200 ounces 
 tlic next. On (Juartz Creek, a trii)utary of Mcl)ame,'iMr McLoughlau and 
 liarty of two others, for one day'a wasliing took out S.")0. Some have great 
 f.iith in these creeks, while others doid)t tlu'ir richness. There arc sixteen 
 men at present prospecting those creeks, Tlio gold obtained is of a rough, 
 net Water-worn api)earanee, and quartz veins may bo traced in various places 
 in th.it vicinity.' On Sayyea Creek, Sayyea's party of four took out ' for 1 15!, 
 (lays' work, 77 3-10 ounces, making an average to each nuin per day of .*;10.80, 
 nearly. The gold abstracted therefrom is coanso autl seems to bo of excellent 
 (|uality; some pieces weigh, respectively, .¥28, !?l 8, ^17, and a number of pieces 
 •average about $10.' Min. Mincn li'rj'f., 1875, 4, 7. 
 IIisT. BniT. Coi,. 83 
 
562 
 
 GOLD DISCOVERIES IN THE FAR NORTH. 
 
 y 
 
 Si I 
 
 I ■ 
 
 !■' 
 
 ice and rcmovinj:^ siiow/" During the winter tunnel- 
 ling was the rule and the dirt was collected for sum- 
 mer washinij. Owing to the extreme cold it was often 
 necessary to thaw the drift.'" By this season unfortu- 
 nately much of the old ground on Thibert, IMcDame, 
 and other creeks had been skimmed of its riches, and 
 the now discoveries failed to prove of any extcMit, so 
 that the yield for 187G fell to a little over -3500,000.'^^ 
 Among the new discoveries were Snow Creek, a 
 tributary of the McDame, which yielded as nuu^h as 
 $50 a day to the man, but for a time only; the Tako 
 country, 100 miles north-west of Dease Creek, and 
 the head- waters of the Stikeen, which promised to 
 afford an opening for the many disappointed men. 
 The diggings on Sayyea Creek on the other hand, 
 which held out so many hopes, dwindled into very poor 
 ground, and the Liard itself had raised great expec- 
 tations in 1875, by turning out a nugget of seventeen 
 dollars, but the prospectors who were led by this iind 
 came back disheartened in the following season. ' 
 
 *' ' Tho damage on Deasc Creek so far has 1)ccn immense; tlio melted snow- 
 coming down that course in torrents, tore away all tho wing-dams, tho tim- 
 bers of which lie iloating on Dease Lake; a much to bo regretted loss of iiurdy 
 miners' enterprise and industry. The damage, I am of opinion, Jj-lOjOOO 
 would not repair. ' Min. Minen llept., 187">, 4. 
 
 '" ' So extreme is the cold that it is found necessary at times to roll lai'^'o 
 heated bowlders into tho tunnel's mouth in order to thaw out the frozen grounti. 
 In one tunnel of 120 feet at 40 feet down, the ground was found to be frozen.' 
 VoiccWa Jirit. Col. Mines, MS., 17. 
 
 6' Deaso Creek, $1GO,.100; Thibert Creek, $1.19,720; McD.ame Creek, 61 li'-- 
 700; total, §403,720; to which may be added 20 per cent for other groiiiul, 
 making a total of §550,474 for Cassiar district. This amount must bo dis- 
 tributed among perhaps 1,800 men. 'Some ;{.")0 on Dease Creek Chinamen 
 included, about 400 on Thibert Creek and its tributiiries, between 700 and SOO 
 in the vichiity of McDame Creek, and several parties prospecting in other 
 portions of the district. ' ' Tho unexpected, and from the results of tho past two 
 seasons, tho unjustifiable rush to Cassair this spring in a measure accounts for 
 the general depression which aflccts alike tho miner, tho merchant, and the 
 packer. Such an influx instead of helping tho district has had the contrary 
 cflect.' Min. Mines Kepi., 1870, 411-12, 410-17. 
 
 ^■- 'On Quartz Creek a great deal of prospecting is being done, but as yot 
 no definite idea can bo formed as to its richness or otherwise. A discovery 
 has been made in a place called Pleasant Valley, about two and one half niihs 
 from Snow Creek, and very nice gold taken out. It prospected §22.50 to 1 ID 
 buckets. On McDame Creek very few creek claims have been prospected, 
 owing to the amount of water constantly in that stream.' Min. Mines llrpt., 
 1 870, 412. A number of miners returning with considerable gold from Cassini-, 
 including Gold Commissioner Sullivan, sank witli tho steamer /*ocj/i'c in 1S70. 
 VoweWs B. C. Mines, MS., 15. 
 
11. 
 
 iter tunncl- 
 Dtl for sum- 
 it was often 
 on unfortu- 
 ,, !McDamc, 
 
 riches, and 
 y extent, so 
 
 .$500,000."^^ 
 i\v Creek, a 
 
 as niu(^li as 
 r; the Tako 
 
 Creek, and 
 promised to 
 Dinted men. 
 other hand, 
 to very poor 
 ^rcat expec- 
 of seventeen 
 
 by this find 
 ncr season.'- 
 
 ; tlio melted snow 
 ig-ilams, the tiin- 
 ttcd loss of liiirdy 
 opinion, $oO,m) 
 
 imca to roll liiriri' 
 ;lic frozen pronnd. 
 und to be frozen.' 
 
 !une Creek, !?H!i>.- 
 for other grounil, 
 unt must bo dis- 
 Creek Chinamen 
 ween 700 and NOD 
 pccting in cthti- 
 Itsof thcpa-sttwo 
 isuro accounts fill' 
 lorchant, and the 
 had the contrary 
 
 done, but as yot 
 ISC. A discovery 
 md one half mih s 
 cted $22.50 to MD 
 been prospected, 
 ][in. Mines I'rpl., 
 old from Cassia r, 
 cr Pacijic in ISTO. 
 
 A HUNDRED GOLDEN STREx\MS. 
 
 The natural result was that the population for 
 1877 did not exceed 1,200, about one tliird of whom 
 were Chinese; but the prospecting was carried on 
 ivcn more vigorously than before, with good results, 
 and the excellent showing of the benches on Thibcrt 
 as well as McDame creek gave {)romise of a bright 
 I'uture, and tliis was the more a matter of congratu- 
 lation, since the creek claims had not only been pretty 
 well explored, but were accessible for only a very 
 short season. 
 
 The north forks of the McDame also assisted to 
 restore to this creek its prestige, as did the discovery 
 on the Walker tributary, entering near its mouth, of 
 twenty -dollar prospects in granulated gold. Gold 
 (jutirtz had been found on this main creek, largely 
 mixed with copper and lead; and on the Liard a lode 
 of argentiferous galena had been explored to some 
 extent; but the failure of the (juartz operations at 
 Glenora on Stickeen head-waters showed that the 
 miners were not as yet prepared for this branch of 
 mining. 
 
 The yield for the season was placed at $500,000, 
 and this, in view of the smaller number of miners and 
 the severe Ireshets, which rendered the creeks un- 
 workable till the middle of August, may be regarded 
 as more favorable than the result for 187G.''" The 
 supplies for the district were in part brought by way 
 of Fort Eraser, but chiefly up the Stickeen and by 
 pack trains. The centre of trade was at Laketown, 
 on Dease Creek, where several substantial business 
 houses had risen, and whence quite a fleet of boats 
 
 " ' Dease Creek, $81,300; Thibert Creek, .*!173,700; McDaino Creek, S144,- 
 HOO; amount taken out of which no deliuito returaa could bo procured, say 
 .'?45,000, which, with the sum of $o5,000 allowed for the probable yield from 
 the di^to upon which the statistics wcro completed rmtil the 31st of Deccnd)er 
 next, will bring the gross amount to §-iyi),S30. Deaso Creek suffered most 
 from the incessant rains, and the returns from that creek arc in conseijucnee 
 fiir below what they otherwise would have been. Tho majority of claims in 
 that creek have been transferred to tho Chinese.' Min. Minis Itepl,., 1877, 
 400-1. Cassiar as a consequence assumed greater strength, and the following 
 season the population again approached tho figure of 1870. VoweU'a li. <J. 
 Mines, 10; Ji. V. OnlUe, 1877-8, 88-90. 
 
tu 
 
 (lOLD DISCOVERIES IN THE FAR NORTH. 
 
 tl(>partocl every week over Dease Lake in tlie (lircction 
 of the various creeks and rivers conneetini; with its 
 waters/* In 1877 the jjfold eonnnissit)uer was abk' 
 to report tlic opening of land I'or tlio cultivation of 
 cereals and vegetables, with results that promised to 
 render the district independent in some degree of out- 
 side markets.'^"' 
 
 ■'* ' Prices in IST'T at Liikctowu were: flour ]>rr Hi., '2'> ocnts; bacon per ll»., 
 f)() cents; sugar per 11)., 4."> cfiits. In 1S77, Hour jicr l!i., 1!0 conts; hattoii 
 ju'i* 11>., 45 cuut.><; Hugiir inr Hi., 4.') cuut.s.' Miii. MiiiM Jti}>l., 187."), 5; 1S77, 
 402. 
 
 '■'Tlio lakes anil strcaina were bcsiilcH rich in fish, ami gaino abounded. 
 Voirdl's B. C. Mill's, MS., 21; Miii. Miiicn Ufjit., 1877, 4(V.'. 
 
CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 COAL. 
 
 CoAL-iiKARiMi Formations K.\sr anh Wksi— Cai.ikoknia, Ouk.oon, a".i> 
 \VAsiiiX(iTo\ Fir.i.ns CiiMrAnr.u — ISitrrisii Commiiia Coai.-iikakim; 
 FoKMATioNs — Bni'MiNois, LuiNii'K, AM> Antii KAi'iir. — Ukown's 1,o- 
 
 CAMTIKS— K.niAKIiSON's TltOI (ill — 1?F.AVKU 1 1 AKllol! — (^tlATSISO 11 A K- 
 
 I'.ou— Nanaimo — Till'. Nanaimo Coai. ("oMrAW — TiiK VAsrorvKi; Com- 
 
 I'ANy — TlIK WKM.INtil'ON CoMTAN V— riUKIKKSS OF DkVKLOI'MKM' Al' 
 
 Nanaimo— Dinsmiik's Aovkntikks — 'I'iik Nanaimo Stonk yiAuiiv — 
 TiiK Hakf.wooi* Mink — \\'ouKiN<is or tiik VANcofviiK t.'oi,i,ii;uv — 
 
 QUF.KN (.'llAUI.OTTK IsLANIW ANTIIKAri IF.— A r IKMI'TF.O Dl'.VFLOFMKNr OF 
 TIIK MlNK.S — r>IiO\VN ANI» UiCHARIWON's Vi.SIIS — ( "l,.\rilFI' AN1> IsiIKi;- 
 
 wook's Anai.vsf.s — C'oMox anu Bayne Soiini> — Dkvfi.oi'mknt.s — l>is- 
 
 COVKKIKS ox TIIK MaINLANH — MINISTERS* IIEI'OKT.S — SlATLTORy ReuU- 
 
 i.ation.s — Sum MAI v. 
 
 In connection with tlie establishing of forts Rupiit 
 and Nanaimo^ I liave given a full account of the 
 larliest coal discoveries in British Columbia. I wil] 
 iK>\v briefly glance at later developments, bogging 
 the reader meanwhile to remember tliat it is tlic 
 history of coal and the development of the coal inter- 
 ests of the country rather tlian technical descriptions 
 (»r analyses tliat I am attempting to write. 
 
 The coals and lignites of western North America 
 are found, as a rule, in formations diiferent from those 
 ill which tl ley occur at tlic cast; tlie secondary and 
 tertiary rocks, at various liori/.ons, in tlie west, taking 
 the place, as coal-producing formation, of the carboii- 
 it'erous strata of tlie east. 
 
 B( tween California and Alaska are three distinct 
 coal sections behmging to three distinct geologic for- 
 mations respectively; the tertiary, tatending thrt)ugh 
 
 'Seo ''hapter xi., this volume 
 
 ( m:, ) 
 
!i: 
 
 666 
 
 COAL. 
 
 Oregon and Washington; the cretaceous, covering, 
 for the most part, Vancouver Island ; and the cretaceo- 
 jurassic existing chiefly in Queen Charlotte Isilands, 
 California has little to boast of in the way of coal 
 deposits of economic importance. True, in the Coast 
 Range, and in many places along the Sierra Foot- 
 hills, from one end of the state to the other, coal is 
 found scattered ; but usually in such small quantities 
 and of such poor quality or so unfavorably situated as 
 to be of little value.^ Actual developments in Oregon 
 are not so far in advance of those in California, as are 
 the possibilities of Oregon superior to those of Cali- 
 fornia.^ Expectation, however, seems thus far pri- 
 marily to have been directed to Washington and 
 British Columbia, and that with fair success.* The 
 rule seems to be that as we follow the coast nortli- 
 ward tlie quality improves.'^ 
 
 In Britisli Columbia only we find thus far bcarinu' 
 coal the throe formations; on A'ancouvcr Island and 
 the coast adjacent, two tertiary rocks with bitu- 
 minous coal and lignite, and cretaceous rocks witl: 
 
 ^Ja'oii of till) Monte Diablo ficM, the only ono wuitli has thus far assunu.l 
 any c-dn.siilerahlo doyroe of (inanciiil importance in th<! f^tatu, W. A. (ioodyLNU-, 
 after (lovotinj^ sjonio sixty pagos of his Coal Jliiii-i of Ihc ]\'(k/i'i'» Con.'it to it- 
 (luscriptiiin, liiially conuhuloa 'that the days of tlie old ^\t Dialilo nuncs arc 
 luunhcrcil.' LikewioO as to Orcuon, which in respect of niinural fuels In- 
 regards as next least iu importance to California, ho devotes consideiaMi 
 .•^^)ace, althoiigli the only mines worked witli profit, ho says, aro at Coo.s Ha\, 
 and t!ic.-c aro not of extraordinary value. This was a safe assertion, thf 
 Coos Hay mines lieing the only ones in Oregon upon whieli work to any ciiii- 
 sideralile extent had lieen done at the time of his writing. 
 
 ^No (hmlit tlie opening of mines on tiie lower Columhia lias been retarileil 
 by I'ortland eapitalists, jealous of the building of a new metropolis in tliai 
 (juartir. I\Iauy liave expressed the opinion that the coal resources of Orej;<iii 
 aro iipial to those of Washington. 
 
 ■■ 'It is umpiestionably to the mines of Washington Tomtory, and of Brit- 
 ish Columbia, tliat this i'acilio Coast must look hereafter, both for its chii I 
 domestic ami its nearest and most relialdc foreign snpiilies of that indi.spens.i- 
 ble necessity of all civilized communities — a good article of coal.' Voinlyvai'- 
 Coal Mliifx of the WvMtrn Coit.ft, p. 1,")!}. 
 
 ''In tlie endeavor to establish the comparative value of fuels for steaiii- 
 raising purposes, the United States war tlepartment give the following est i 
 mate: One cord of good oak Wood was found ccinal to 1,8(X) Itis. Nanaime, 
 'J.'JOO U)S. IJoUingham Bay, 2,4!H) ll.s. Seattle, 'J.'tOO II'S. Rocky Mountain, 'J.li'Kl 
 Itis. Coos Bay, or2,()()0 IKs. Monto Diablo coal. The average composition ei 
 \'ancouver Island coals as deilueed from liis analysis is given liy Harringtuii 
 as follows: Water, 1.47; voli;'.;! combustible matter, hIow coking, 'J8. 1!), fast 
 eokiug, 32.(1'.>; llxed carlm :, ; 1 w ci<';'!i;j, Cl.O.'i, fait cokiii;;, C'J.iV); usli t).'.".l. 
 
iiKli 
 
 KIND AND QUALITY. 
 
 5t)7 
 
 coiupitsitio" "' 
 
 bituminous coal, and on Queen Charlotte Islands 
 lower cretaceous, or cretaceo-jurassic rocks holding 
 anthracite.*^ 
 
 Robert Brown locates the secondary coals of Van- 
 couver Island in the following order, proceeding north- 
 ward: In the Chemanis district near the river of 
 that name ; ^ at the De Courcy Islands, on one of which 
 a seam two feet in thickness was found; at Nanaimo, 
 where cretaceous coals attain the fullest develop- 
 ment; at Baynes Sound and vicinity; at Sukwash, 
 near Fort Rupert, and across the Island, following a 
 coal basin, to Quatsino Sound.^ 
 
 James Richardson, on behalf of the geological sur- 
 
 *The most scrutinizing and able exposition of British Columbia coals, in 
 my opinion, is given by (ieorge M. Dawson in the t'ttiinillaii I'acijic llailinvj 
 llcporl, reprinted in pamphlet form. Of western authracitic coals lie says : 
 ' X'aluable coal deposits may, however, yet be found in the carboniferous for- 
 mation proper of the far west; and where, fis on some parts of the west co>st, 
 the calcareous rocks of this age are largel}' replaced by argillaceous ami are- 
 nacecms beds, the ])roliability of the discovery of coal is greatest. I believe, 
 indeed, that in a few localities in Nevada, coal shales, used to some extent as 
 fiul in the absence of better, are found in rocks supposed to be of this agr. 
 The <liscovery of certain fossils iu 187(5 in tlie limestmcs of the lower Caciie 
 < reek group now allow these, and probably also the associated (piartzites and 
 iithrr rocks to be correlated witli this period; and it is worthy of mention 
 tiKit black shales, witli a considerable pireentage of autlu'acitic carbon, occur 
 ill cnnuection with these in several plaee.i, and may yet l)e fo\ind iu some parts 
 <il tlieir extension, to become of eeonomie value. Mr liicliardson has also 
 toiiiul snudl fragments of tnu! anthracite in rocks which are very probably of 
 this age, on the shores of C'owitchiu IJay; and inland, seams of anthracite, with 
 ri!,Mrd to wliich nothing certain is yet known, are rc])orted to exist.' And 
 ai^aiu: ' Hocks of the same age with the c(ial-be:u'ing st'ries of the (i>neen C'::ar- 
 lotto Islands are pndjalily present al>o on the Mainland, Mhere fossils indicat- 
 ing a horizon botii somcwliat ili^hcr an<l a little lower iu tlie geological scale 
 have already been found, and appariiitly occur in dili'erent pai'ts of a great 
 iiinformabli! rock .series, thougii this cannot yet be eoulideiitly stated. 
 Tiiese rocks are extensivi'ly devehiped on tiio easti'rn llauk of the Coast llange, 
 near the head-waters of Ixith l)ranches of the Jlouiatlico, and pvobably occur 
 ni considerable force, with a similar relation to tlii:. axis of disturbance 
 tiiroughout its lengtli, as tlie t ■ ilorations of last summer iiave led to the di:i- 
 nivcry of rocks near the same li^ izon, on the lltasyoiico and Salmon rivers, 
 IU latitudo T)'-'" oO'.' l>'ur.<;,i o/. Mhir^, 17-111; A'r;.. C^in. I'uc. U. J,'., 1.S77, 
 
 •Ji.'7_-:u. 
 
 ' 'Coal has been bore I for livrc; but I am not aware that, so far as the 
 sinkings have progressed, the seams liave liCeu jiasscd tiirough.' Ilnurn's Cunl 
 l-'idi/x, 10. This was prior to iMi'.t. Tlie same paper is given in the Tninyiti'- 
 li'iii.t of th<' L'tlniliiiiyh (Itnl. ,Sor., \ShS-\). 
 
 "See Brown's map in I'lli ruinnnH Oioij. MitthciluiKjcn, ISd'.t, and Aiiini- 
 ri'lttj ('hdit, No. 17 ly. ' Jt is no exaggeration, imleed, to say tliat coal exists all 
 along the shores of lioth colonies; and when any of th.e inlets beconu! of sulU- 
 'ient importaiico to make the work remunerative, tlure is no doubt it will be 
 four ' '.• working position and sullicient (piautities.' Malm's B. C, 3b0. 
 
'W 
 
 i VI 
 
 COAL. 
 
 vey of Canada, examined the southern part of the 
 eastern shore of Vancouver Island in 1871. Between 
 Cape Mudge and within fifteen miles of Victoria 
 there appeared to extend a narrow trough in which 
 coal seams were apparent in twelve or fifteen dif- 
 ferent places, in five of which were held divers claims 
 by their respective companies. 
 
 At Coniox Harbor several claims, prominent among 
 which was that beloiitjinu: to the Union Coal Mininij 
 Company, were taken up about 1870." Xf)rth-wcst 
 from the Union and not far distant, several seams 
 were discovered and reported by P. J. Leech in 1804. 
 Sixteen miles from Comox Harbor, in the same direc- 
 tion and near the coast, was a seam four feet in width. 
 Near Comox was the Beaufort mine, where was good 
 hard coal, the seam being three feet and more in 
 width. It was situated on the left bank of ]:JradIry 
 Creek, down which, half a mile, a seam appeared, and 
 half a mile further another seam. These were dis- 
 covered by Henry Bradley, one of Richardson's men, 
 and upon examination proved to be from one to two 
 feet wide. Westward from the point last named, one 
 and a half miles on Trent Kiver, was a seam nine feet 
 in thickness. Xot far distant were the Perseverance 
 and the Baynes Sound claims.^" To the Comox Basin 
 ]ie gave a length of sixty-four miles, or if limited to 
 Kc>okooshun Point and the Qualicuui Kiver, forty 
 miles. 
 
 
 I have elsewhere in this volume noticed the first 
 intelligence conveyed by the natives to the officers of 
 
 ' Here is ' tin iilinost; pcriicndiculiir cliff, which rises on the north side of a 
 sniall brook, trilmtiiry to tlie runthicii Uivcr,' where occur cual seams in 
 iU'.jcen(Ung sections. ' None of tlic seams iit tiii.s h)cality have yet l>oeii tuiciii'il 
 for protluetive working;.' I'irlninlsoii, in I'ij)t. (liol. Sur. ('(Uimlii, 1871-2, 7(1 7. 
 
 '"'On the coast no rocks are seen fnmi the path leading to the Hayius 
 Sound claim all the way to Qualicuni Kiver, a distance, in u general hhiiUi- 
 eastward course, of sixteen nules. ]5ul on 1 )eninan Island, lying on the nortli- 
 cast side of Baynes Scnnid, tliere is a continuous exposure for ten miles, wliii li 
 is nearly the whole leugtli of tlie i.^ilaml, in an escarnment rising up from ten 
 to seventy feet, ami running pretty much with the strike. Jiic/iantnoit, ia 
 Jiept, Geol. ISui: Canada, 1S71-2, 71). 
 
BEAVER AND NANAIMO HARBORS. 
 
 569 
 
 the Hudson's Bay Company of tlio existence of coal 
 in the vicinity of Beaver and Nanaimo harbors, and 
 the knowledge of outcroppings elsewhere. Work at 
 Rupert was begun but soon ceased, the deposits being 
 too scattering, but at Nanaimo coal-mining developetl 
 into large proportions. The coal at Fort Kupert still 
 continued to attract the curiosity of strangers. The 
 Plumper in 18G0 gathered specimens whicli were pro- 
 nounced by Mayne " quite equal to the Nanaimo coal ; 
 and the Indians brought some from the Mainland 
 opj)Osite, which was also very good," 
 
 Some work was done at Quatsino Harbor by tho 
 Hudson's Bay Company, but the seam opened being 
 but eighteen inclics in tliickncss, the venture was 
 soon abandoned as unprofitable." 
 
 The Hudson's Bay Company contiimod to work 
 the coal seams of Nanahuo, under the designation ot" 
 the Nanaimo Coal Company, until 18GI, when they 
 sold the mines to a luimber of iMigli.sh gentlemen, 
 wlio associated under the name of The Vancouver 
 ( 'oal j\[ining and Land Com[)any, Limited,'" the mines 
 lliereafter l)ecoming popularly known as the- Van- 
 couver Colliery, The company's land embraced G,00(> 
 acres, A marked ini[)rovement in working the mini's 
 was soon discovered under the new company. New 
 machinery was brought from iMigland; new shafts 
 were sunk; the facilities for loading vessels were in- 
 creased by wharves, jetties, and barges. The Douglas, 
 Xi vcastle, and Dunsnmir veins were now all success- 
 fully "V(.)rked, the first mentioned particularly so, with 
 '•'^..^lant improvement in the (juality, until competent 
 jii i',;ed pronounced the J)ouglas vein but little inferior 
 t> to bst Welsh coal.'"' From the Dunsnmir mine 
 
 ^^ PemJiertons V. /.,4V. M'o.il has liccii found in tliin inli't of tlu; s:mic 
 cl\aracti.T apparently as that at Kurt Uupcrt and Nanainm, and will hoijio day 
 lii^ Worked to advautaj,'e. ' Forhvn' IJ.isoii, ilO. 
 
 '-CaiMtal £100,000 in 10,000 sliaroVof tlO eacli. Directors, lion. Mr Jus- 
 tice Halitmrton, (JeorgcCaniplK'll, C. W. W. Fitzwilliam, .hwepliy Fry', Janu h 
 ^'. II. Irwin, and Trideaux ScUiy. Resident manager at Nanaimo in 18().'{, 
 I'. .1. Niiol; and in 1877, Mark Rate. 
 
 ^^ Jlownrdnndliwmtt's Dim-L, 18C3, 144; JfMen'itB. C. f7(/iWr, 3.17; /)'»»*•- 
 "M on Mints, I'J. 
 
11 
 
 870 
 
 COAL. 
 
 tiiat is to say Dunsmuir, Digglo, and Company, or 
 the Wellington, situated three miles south-west from 
 Departure Bay, several hundrec' tons were taken 
 about 18GG-7. 
 
 Under the management of practical men and an 
 abundance of capital, the works at Naniamo progressed 
 favorably. Indeed, it is noticeable than whenever the 
 Hudson's Bay Company stepped aside from fur-trading, 
 failure almost always followed — instance the early 
 efforts at the Red Kiver settlement, and the agricul- 
 tural speculations of the Puget Sound Company at 
 the Cowlitz and Nisqually." 
 
 When on the coast, the steam-sloop Plumper coaled 
 at Nanainio in December 18o7/'' Mayne re})<)rts along 
 the sho] '+i'o colliery buildings, and about a dozen 
 remarkabr by houses inhabited by the miners and 
 
 the few Hu< i- I's Bay Company's officers here. There 
 is a resident doctor in tlie place, who inhabits one of 
 these houses, and tt) the left of them, stands the coni- 
 jiany's old bastion, on which are mounted the four oi' 
 five honey-combed twelve-pounders with wliic'h tlio 
 great fur company have been wont l;> awe tlie neigh- 
 boring Indians into becoming respect and submis- 
 
 sion 
 
 " 10 
 
 '* 'They ini.sinanagoil afl'airs at Nauaimo, certainly.' Jfai/iii'.i B. (^'., SS'J. 
 Koportiiig alumt KStiO, Nicol, tliu iiiaiiagor, remarks: 'We have got the cual 
 ill ii htire nearly live teet tliick. 1 have now fnlly proved I,OtK),tM)0 tons. A 
 shaft 50 or 52 fathoms deep will reaeh tlie coal; di;- . iu 7; a very good woiii- 
 ing seam. 1 have no donlit tiiere is another seam underlying this one, of au 
 inexhanstihle extent. 1 have got the oiiterop iidanil, ami from dip to .striK''. 
 I am sure it is about 30 fathoms below; so tiiat by eontinning the same sh.iti. 
 if neei'ssary, another largo seam eontaining millions will lie arrived at; Inii 
 the tirst seaii will last my life, even wiLlx vi':y large uorks. ^\'itll abmit 
 
 .t'5,l.tK) or i'S (XK) I could get alcng will, and start a business doing fi' 
 
 0(),(X*') to IIH),000 tons a year. The prii e is *J5.<. to 'JS.-i. alongside the ship.' 
 Says ilaucrmanu, geologist of the bounda-y expedition: 'Two seams of eo.il, 
 averaghig six or eight feet each in thiekneiis, oeeur in these beds, and an; e\- 
 tinsively Morked for the supjily of the steamers running between Metoriaaihl 
 Fraser Kiver. The coal is a soft blaek ligidte, of a dull earthy fraeture, intn - 
 spersed with small leidieular bands of briglit crystalline coal, aii<l reseiuMi s 
 .some of the duller varieties of coal pro<lueeil in the south Derbyshire ami 
 other eeutral coal-lields in Kngland.' 
 
 '■' ' Tlie only spot in the lslan<l wliere the coal ia worked, ulllunigli it appears 
 in si'veral other jilaees.' Jfdi/nc'n B. (.'., '^7^. 
 
 "'Ho eomphiiiiM that the eoal was ' excessively dirty.' A lineent ('f Nanaiiiio 
 is given by .Mayne, Brit. Co/., ;(5, sliowing the fort and the coiil-works witii 
 the row of cottagi's on (he ban!;, an I .i vessel loading coal at a wharf. 
 
rKO(iUE.SS AT XANAIMO. 
 
 571 
 
 Captain Richards of the Pliim2)cr, reports to the 
 governor of Vancouver Island in October 1858: "A 
 good pier has lately been built, alongside of \vhieh 
 vessels may lie and coal with great facility. As much 
 as one hundred and fifty tons have been taken by one 
 vessel in a day, and several vessels together might 
 take in the same quantity. Several thousand tons 
 arc ready for shipping, and the miners easily keep 
 tliat quantity on hand." James Hector, geologist 
 under Palliser, 1850, writes: ** Already it is exten- 
 sively used by the British navy on that station, and it 
 was found to require only a slight modification in the 
 method of feeding the fires to make it highly effective 
 
 » 17 
 
 as a steam-generator. 
 
 Pemberton sa"s there were fifty buildings and two 
 sieam-engines av ^Tanaimo in 1800. Accortling to 
 Forbes tliree mines were being worked in 18(52, New- 
 castle Island, Number Three Pit, and Parkhead Level 
 and Slope.^** 
 
 For the further advancement of the coal interest 
 tlius cverywiiere a])pearing, an ordinance was issued 
 in 18(59, under wliich b}'" si)ecial license any person 
 (ir association might seek for coal I'or the time tlesig- 
 iiated, and it' successful obtain a crown grant for the 
 land under certain conditions. The ])rospi'eting license, 
 fi'r v.'hich a small i'ee vas paid, entith'd tlie holdci to 
 exclusive rights 'tf search within prescrilx.*] limits. 
 'Die desired grant of land was obtained on these tt>rms, 
 I'ollowing And(>rson: "For any (luantity up to and 
 including one thousand acres, at the price of five dol- 
 lai-s ])er acre, jn-ovided always that on pi-oof to the sat- 
 isfaction of the government tliat the sum of S 10,000 
 lias be(>n biMieficially expended on any land held under 
 [trospecting license for coal, a grant of one thousand 
 
 '"See London Qwtr. Jour., Oco'/. Sm:, Nov. 1S(>(); MrlhtiKild'.'^ Jl. ('., 
 
 ;m'.) 7:i. 
 
 '''From which thivo iiii'ics for tho year ciuliiij,' Api'il KS(i(), ]l,4.">.") tmn 
 "iTi! tiiki'ii hy IT.'J vi'SHi'ls; till! yiNir t'ullowiii;,' i;t,;iOit tons \\cro riii.si'il. 
 Vnrr ,i\\ (If .S7; nuiiihcr tit iiu'ii at this tiTiio t'iiii>hiyi'il I I'S. Soo /•'urhi.i' L^sai/, 
 IS, •_•(>, o7-8, li'J; Haltiaif.t V . I., «!>, ItJ'J; JlrJk>ii<'ild's Lniuir, b). 
 
572 
 
 COAL. 
 
 acres of the land held under such prospecting license 
 shall l)c issued to the company holding it without pay- 
 ment of the upset price of such land. In other words, 
 they receive virtually a bonus of $5,000 in considera- 
 tion of the preliminary expenditure of the larger sum." 
 
 " When I was in the bush," writes Robert Duns- 
 nmir to H. L. Langevin, minister of public works, 
 "in the month of October 1809, not exactly for t\w 
 purpose of prospecting for coal, but being thorouglily 
 acquainted from past experience witli all the coal 
 formation in this country, I came across a ridge of 
 rock, which I knew to be the strata overlying the 
 lowest .seam tliat had as yet been discovered here. A 
 sliort time afterwards I sent two men to prospect, and 
 in three days discovered a seam of coal three anil ;i 
 half feet in thickness, tliirty feet below the tops of 
 tlie ridge, dipping south-east one foot in six. Aftci' 
 procui'ing from government a right to further pros- 
 pect, 1 sunk aslope ninety-seven and two-tliirds yards 
 in t];e seam, and mined therefrom about 500 tons, 
 twenty-tivo tons of which were taken on board of 
 H. ]\[. S. Boxer for trial. The same quantities weie 
 taken from the Vancouver Coal Company's Douglas 
 Pit and New Castle Mine." 
 
 Andrew Watt, the engineer of the Boxer, made a 
 lengthy report which pronounced in favor of the 
 J3unsmuir.^'* In several other places Mr Dunsnuiir 
 found coal, once among the roots of a fallen tree, under 
 which was a valuable seam. His estimate of the yield 
 of his field was 7,000 tons to the acre. 
 
 When at Xanaimo in 1871, Richardson found 1]. 
 E. Emery raising gray sandstone for the new mint 
 building at San Francisco from the quarry opened on 
 their claim by the Vancouver Company,'^" who wen 
 
 '" ' With Diinamuircoiil the throttle M-as nearly wide open, with New Castle 
 and Douglas from one tliird to one half open.' Tlio lirst made less soot aii'l 
 less dirt tliau the others. Lduijcrin's B. C, 12. 
 
 ^^ ' iSix hlocks for pillars had lieeii prouureil from the ten-feet bed, oiio of 
 which was heing dressed into shape for use. When finished, the lengtli ot tlio 
 pillars would be 27i feet, with a diameter of 3 feet 10 inches. Mr Emery was 
 
VAXCOUVER, HAREWOOD, AND WELLINGTON. 
 
 working with small steam-engines tlie two seams on 
 Newcastle Island, where little had been done for some 
 time past. Piled on the wharf wer3 several hundred 
 tons of coal, whence an occasional schooner or steamer 
 was supplied. The main works of tliis company, how- 
 ever, were at Xanaimo, distant from the Newcastle 
 Island works two miles. Here work has been more 
 continuous for the past twenty years tlian on New- 
 castle Island, 40,000 tons being taken out in 1870 
 against 14,000 tons in 18G0. Ilichardson places the 
 area of the Nanaimo coal-field, which includes several 
 minor and unworked seams, at about ninety stjuare 
 miles, having a length from Gabriola Island to the 
 IXmsmuIr claim of sixteen miles by a breadth of six 
 miles 
 
 Sproat returns 241 miners in 1872, the entire pop- 
 ulation then numbering 1,000. Wages at tliat time 
 were from one dollar for Chinese and Indians to four 
 (If)llars for white men per dicm.'"^ 
 
 Early in 1874, T. A. Bukloy began operations three 
 or four miles back of Nanaimo, on what was afterward 
 known as the Harewood Coal Mine, w^hich holds land 
 to the extent of nine thousand acres. Cameron Island 
 ill Nanaimo Harbor is the point of shipment for this 
 mine. 
 
 In 1877 there were three companies at work in 
 the Nanaimo district, the Vancouver, the Wellington, 
 and the Harewood, the first working two seams, six 
 and three feet in thickness respectively. The Wel- 
 Fmgton Company worked one seam nine and a halt' 
 feet thick, and held another six feet in thickness. 
 They had three wharves, with all the faciliticvs fi)r 
 loading vessels. The Harewood seam was five or six 
 
 ui 
 
 also quarrying flag-stones from the 12-fcet Tied, from which are ohtaiiRMl very 
 I'ven-surfacud slabs, from one to six inches thick. One of tlie latter tliiiliiu-i.i, 
 wliicii I measured, was ten feet square.' lUchardmn, iu licpL O'col. Siir. Ccu- 
 'III", 1871-2, 84. 
 
 ^' 'The coal shipped l)y this company during the ten years ending Hl.st 
 Kucotnher 1872, reached 330,395 tons, nearly one half of which was for the 
 Sim Francisco market.' Sproot'a B. (,'., 78. See eX&o Andersons lioin. of the 
 Wint, 84, and app., ii.-iii. 
 
674 
 
 COAL. 
 
 feet tlilck.^^ From the Vancouver and \Vcllin<::fton 
 mines coal was carried to the wharf by short steam 
 railways ; the Harewood mine used an elevated wire 
 tramway. 
 
 Under a judiciously combined system of capital 
 and labor Nanaimo has developi^d into a busy incor- 
 porati'd town. Beautifully situated witli brij^'lit skies, 
 pure air, and seaboard attractions and utilities, with 
 schools, churches, nuuiicipal council, and meml)er of 
 parliament, it presents little of that sooty, opaque 
 appearance, cither physical or moral, so common to 
 the colliery villages of Enjjfland. From the first tin- 
 Vancouver company, of which the manag'cr is some- 
 times mayor, as was the case with Markliato in 1877, 
 adopted a wise and humane policy, selling lots at low 
 prices so tliat the poor might have a home, and 
 encouraging settlement and improvement by various 
 means. 
 
 A trough of coal-bearing rocks had been conju- 
 tured in regard to Queen CI larlotte Islands not wholly 
 unlike that before mentioned on Vancouver Island. 
 It is said to extend from the northern part of Morseby 
 Island northward eighty-four miles. Besides tlic 
 Queen Charlotte Company's mine at Cowgitz, in 
 Skidegatc Channel, for some time past anthracito 
 has been known to exist at Cumshewas Harbor, and 
 !Masset at the northern end of the islands. 
 
 Bobert Brown, botanist of the British Columbia 
 exploring expedition, visited the Queen Charlotti' 
 Islands in 18G6 in company with a party of miners 
 who went thither to examine the coal deposits of that 
 
 ^'' ' Tho coal is worked, I believe, on the pillar anil stall system, though iiiirts 
 of tho seam liavo Iteeu so steeply inclined as to require stoping. Tlie ihIikim 
 einployuil are whiti's, C'iiinese, ami Indians. Mr Good states tho uunilirr of 
 each for tlio year 1875 to be as follows: whites, 396; Chinese, 170; Indians, 
 i")!; giving a total of 023. The wages earned by tho whites vary from twn 
 dollars to live dollars a day; by the Chinese and Indians, from one doll:u' i'> 
 «);ie dollar and a half.' Tlio total output of tho Nanaimo mines for 187') "an 
 1!:),145 tons; for 187G, ]4!),I87 tons; price at tiie mine, live or six doUu's; 
 v( Sau Francisco, ton doUar.i. J!"'in\i Guide B. C, 98; Dawson on Mhi"<, -0. 
 
QUEKN CirARLOTTE ISLANDS 
 
 lort steam 
 vatod ^vire 
 
 of capital 
 busy iucor- 
 ri<^lit skies, 
 iliVics, ^vitii 
 iuoml)er <>t 
 )ty, opaque 
 common to 
 ho first the 
 vcr is some- 
 lato in 1877, 
 f lots at low 
 home, and 
 t l)y various 
 
 [been conjec- 
 s not wholly 
 uver Island, 
 of Morsehy 
 Besides tlio 
 Cowgitz, in 
 anthracite 
 
 Harbor, and 
 
 it 
 
 jh Columbia 
 
 n Charlotte 
 
 •ty of miners 
 
 osits of that 
 
 Istcm, thongln'^irt'' 
 Iping. Tho imiKis 
 Itcsthc uunilii'iM'i 
 fieae, 170; lixli^'"^' 
 Itea vary from U" 
 [from one doUiu' t" 
 Imines for 187') w;!-! 
 Kive or six «l"ll'''j;j:"' 
 Vwson oil M>iii-; -'■'■ 
 
 section. At Skidegate Bay where was then the chief 
 diivelopiucnt ho spent several weeks. " Two rival par- 
 ties of miners were there prospectini!;," he says, "and 
 one of tliem had driven an adit into the hill-sido some 
 two or three hundred feet above the sea-level.""' 
 
 Tliese early prospectors were at first unsuccessful. 
 Xow and tlien tlie pick would strike a block of good 
 anthracite,^* but for tlie most part it upturned only 
 "a material not unlike wet or damp gun[)owder." 
 l^ater tliey were more successful, so much so that a 
 coni])any was formed at Victoria, called the Queen 
 Charlotte Coal Mining Company, whicli began opera- 
 tions there, but were obliged to abandon them (»n 
 account of the irregularity of the deposit. 
 
 liichardson was there in 1872, and reported that 
 the best seam, which for GO or 70 f».'et had a tliicknc^ss 
 of six feet, was lost in shale and linustone. Tliere was 
 another bed of good anthracite, two and a half feet 
 thick, and many smaller seams discovered in various 
 directions. This was on the north side of Skidegate 
 Channel. On the south side, fourte(>ii miles south- 
 east from Cowgitz, where the Queen Charlotte Com- 
 ])anyhad opened their mines, the existence of anthracite 
 was reported by the natives.'^ " Xothing can bo better 
 
 "^ ' lloro tlioy li;i(l goiio tlinnigh a ;;ri'at l)i'tl of coarse! cnnfrloiiicniti-, a fiiif 
 liaril slato wlioii tlio coal waa ri:aoln'il. Tliid c(iii;;l()iii('rat(! was in every 
 H's|ie(;t similar to tliat associated with tiio Naiiaiiiio <?()al-ticlils; but tlio slate 
 was jKiculiar.' Broii'iist'oal Fkldt, 1.'0. 
 
 ■^' At the goveruiiieiit assay otlice, New Westminster, an analysis made liy 
 ( laudot showed carbon, 71.-0; moisture, "). 10; volatile eomb\isiii)le matter, 
 17. "27; asli, (i.4;i, which bringH it close to I'ennsylvauiaautliracite. Tiie chief 
 ( ii;4ineer of tho United States navy, B. F. Islierwood, gives as the result of 
 Ills ex](eriments at the Marc Island navy-yard, on some of the coals of the 
 Mcst and east for tho purpose of ascertaining their relative strength and 
 ei'Diiomie vaporization under various coiulitions of combustinn, among other 
 vuhiablo information, tho relative weights of steam obtainable from eijnal 
 liulivs: From a cubic foot of IVnnsylvania anthracite, at a slow rate of com- 
 bustion, 471.51 ll>s. ; (^)ueeu C'harlotto Islands anthracite, 3(ii).:!7; Welsh, 
 i'MM.iVJ; Rocky Mountain, .Monte Diablo, Coos Bay, and Seattle, SID.OS; Bel- 
 liiigUam Bay, 371.8(1; Nanaimo, Ii7'J.('>4; Na?iaimo coke, l',t'J.47. See Ishcr- 
 
 VllOll' 
 
 ,s' /'(port, in Ex. Dor. i* 
 * This would give an c 
 
 tVo. ;.w;, 1871-2, JdSi' 
 
 '</ (■ 
 
 iiiij., passu. I. 
 
 give an extent of at least twenty mili's to the coal-bearing 
 stnita which have tlnis been partially examined, and tlie facts iuentioncd indi- 
 liiti! a general presence of coal in it, however much wliat may be considered 
 the same seams may vary in their distances from one anotlier on tlio strike, in 
 liieir thickness and their rpialities.' liicharditon, in d'rol. Siii: Citnw/it, 1872-3, 
 
«7ft 
 
 COAL. 
 
 or more substantially constructed," reports Richard- 
 son, "than tlio wharf, the houses, tramways, inelinos, 
 dunipini^-slieds, and tunnels of the Queen Charlotte 
 (yoal Miiiini;' Company, and it is nmcli to be regretted 
 that their tlforts have not been more successful." 
 
 ExtensiM^ deposits were reported discovered on 
 Skeena Kiver by Downie in 1859.'-*' "I saw seams 
 of coal to-day," writes an cxj)lorer on Simpson lliver 
 to Governor Douglas, "fifteen feet thick, better than 
 any mined at Vancouver." 
 
 The coals of Baynes Sound and vicinity are pro- 
 nounced bv some better than that of Nanaimo, but 
 the liarbor facilities are much inferior.-' Before 1 8(!9 
 this region had been thoroughly prospeeted. 
 
 The Baynes Sound Colliery ('onq)any, Limited, 
 liaving 5,000 acres of coal lands, began operations ten 
 miles south-east i'rom Comox in 1870. By the expira- 
 tion of the followintj year, a narrow-uiiaLie trannvav 
 from the mine to tide-water, three and a half miles, 
 liad been constructed, with a locomotive, rars, and a 
 wharf with two shutes."^ A saw-mill was built, a town 
 site surveyed to which was given the name C^uadra, 
 and a store, driidiing-shoj), hotel, and post-offiee erected 
 for the acconnnodation of the dozen settlers who were 
 there in 1877. 
 
 At Burrard Inlet, coal was found by Henry N. 
 
 ^^ 'Tho Skeena River i.s s.iitl to piiaa through an extensive coal formation, 
 with coal hiMls 3 to 35 feet thiek. This may, however, he lignite.' J)aii:ion 
 on Jliiic.f, 44. 
 
 '•'' 'Tiie coal here is of hotter quality than at Nanaimo, and iiroiluces ex- 
 cellent colee.' Jiroirit'sCcxd Fields, 13. * The Comox area has prohahly a greiitir 
 extent of iiroductivo measures, aiul may eventually become more important 
 than Nanaimo.' Dniivon on Miiie-% 20. 
 
 '" 'The mine Is opened from tho hank of a small river, adit.or level free, 
 from whence tho coal is delivered '-o bunkers near tho mouth of the adit. 
 From the liunkers it is let into the c; rs and delivered on shipboard without 
 being again handled. Tho bunkers already constructed have a capacity of 
 12,000 tons. There are two coal-seams being worked, one overlying the othci-. 
 The lower seam is seven feet thick, and the upper one six feet. I'lie coal in 
 tlie upper seam is very similar to the Douglas seam of Nanaimo, while that 
 in tlie lower seam appears to ditfer from all the other coals as yet discovered 
 on the Island. It is a dense hard coal, free from sulpliur, gives a deuso 
 hard coke, and requires a strong ilraft to ignite it.' B. C. Giihle, 1877-8, 107. 
 
Ricliard- 
 , inclines, 
 Charlotte 
 reoTcttcd 
 
 vercd on 
 aw scams 
 son llivcr 
 jtter than 
 
 y arc pio- 
 luiinio, but 
 icforc 18(;«.) 
 
 ', Limited, 
 
 ^rations ten 
 the cxpiia- 
 
 •o tramway 
 lialf miles, 
 pars, and a 
 
 milt, a town 
 no C^uadra, 
 ttiec erected 
 s who were 
 
 Henry N. 
 
 icoal formation, 
 liiguitc.' Jhiirson 
 
 liul produces CN- 
 
 |rol>al)lyiv great, r 
 
 ! more imvortaut 
 
 idit.or level free, 
 
 louth of the a.lit. 
 
 lipboard without 
 
 [vo a capacity ot 
 
 Irlying tlic otlur. 
 
 let. The coal 111 
 
 iaimo, while that 
 
 lis yet (liscovorcil 
 
 Ir uives a deiiso 
 
 Ide, 1877-8, 107. 
 
 OUTPUT AND ITJCES. 577 
 
 Peers; and in 1859 six bal,^s, taken by the Plumper 
 from the outcrop from a ]>lacc which was called Coal 
 Harbor, were |.ronounce(l by the cns]fineer of fair 
 quality. Coal was likewise seen in the delta of Fraser 
 liiver, but even if the bed was of any importance the 
 water could scarcely be excluded so that it could be 
 worked. "" 
 
 The minister of mines reporting in 1875 is pleased 
 to notice the increase of the output of that year ()Vi>r 
 the year previous. He places the yield for 1874 at 
 81,000 tons, and that of 1875 at 1 l'o,000 tons. All 
 the coal-mines then beins::^ worked in British Columbia 
 were at or in the vicinity of Nanaimo. The diamond 
 drill was broujj^ht into recjuisition in searching for 
 fresli seams bv an enijfineer brou!»'ht from Kni>la>id 
 for that })urp()se. 
 
 In 187() tire broke out in the AVcllington mine, 
 causing some damage. The Baynes Sound and Hare- 
 wood mines that yi-ar began putting their coals in 
 market, and the price throughout the province gener- 
 ally was reduced from ten and eleven dollars to eight 
 (Idllais and seventv-five Ci-nts. 
 
 The depression of the market at San I'ranciseo, 
 with other causes, resulted in the cessation of oi)ei'a- 
 tionsattho Ifarcwood in 1877; notwithstanding which 
 the output for this year was 15,000 tons more than 
 that of 1 876. 
 
 Hy act of the legislative assembly, April 18, 1877, 
 th(> coal-mines of liritish Coluniliia were ]>laccd undei' 
 stilniicntand healthful reuulations. ]3v this act women 
 and girls are not allowed to work luider ground, nor 
 any boy under twelve years of age; and when a hoy 
 inidiT fourteen is employed by reason of tin' thinness 
 of the seam, or from any other cause, tt) work bt'low 
 ground, he shall not so work more than live tiays of 
 
 '-"' MfBonald is quite mistaken when ho says, Bri/,. Col., rti), 'The lirst 
 (liscovtry iiiatlo of this mineral in British Colnmhia,' mcaiiiii;^' tlurchy the 
 M;iiiilaiicl, 'was at Burranl's Inlet, six miles troui New Westminster, uhout 
 tliiee years ago.' 
 
 lUsT. Brit. Col. 37 
 
I '' 
 
 ! S 
 
 578 
 
 COAL. 
 
 six hours each in any one week. Wages must not be 
 paid in a liquor saloon; persons paid according to 
 quantity raised might nominate their own check- 
 weigher; single whafts were prohibited, except in 
 opening or proving a mine or other specified cases. 
 Tlien the act tells how a mine shall be divided into 
 parts; how examiners for granting certificates of com- 
 petency to managers, and how managers shall be ap- 
 pointed, and in which a[»pointment the greatest care is 
 to be taken by the board and by the minister that only 
 competent, experienced, and temperate j)ersons shall 
 be selected. Annual returns nmst be made to the 
 minister of mines; notiee nmst be given of all acci- 
 dents; and when a mine is abandoned tlie grounds 
 must be fenced. lns[»ectors were to be appointed wjio 
 should make theii* ammal rejKut; and provisions were 
 made for the regulation of arbitration, and the holding 
 of coroners' incpiests on accidental deaths. Pages of 
 rules and penalties follow, rules concerning ventila- 
 tion, fencing, stations, withdrawal of men in time of 
 danger, safety-lamps, blasting, water, man-holes, roofs, 
 slides, signalling, working shaft, machinery, engines, 
 breaks, gauges, barometei', wilful damage, inspectio 
 by both employers and employed, and so on at lengtl 
 
 Summarizinjx the results of coal and linnite disc()\ - 
 cries in British Columbia to 1877, we liave, beginniiin' 
 on the coast at the north, the reported discoveries ot" 
 Downie on Skeena Iliver; the specimens ot anthra- 
 cite brouglit from Masset, the anthracitic seams devel- 
 oped at Cowgitz, and the anthracite reported by the 
 natives on the south side of Skidegate Channel, all 
 on Queen Charlotte Islands; the bituminous coal at 
 Beaver Harbor, near Fort Bupert, and at Quatsiiiu 
 Sound; specimens brouglit by the natives to the 
 Plumjicr while at Fort llupeit, from the Mainland 
 opposite; the discoveries and developments in the 
 Comox, Baynes Sound, Valdes Inlet, and Nanainio 
 districts; on the north side of Cowitchin Bay and the 
 
SUMMARY. 
 
 ft7(» 
 
 interior; specimens mentioned by Brown from the 
 (^hcmanis district, and from tlio l)e Courcy Islands ; 
 the head of Alberni Canal; at Saanich, a ver^' infe- 
 lior quality; at Soke, a shallow horinsjf passing? throu«^h 
 one inch of coal, near the coast west of Soke Iidet 
 and back of Barclay Sound; sjK'cimens shown by tiu- 
 natives at Nitinat; at Burrard Inlet, in the delta of 
 tiio Fraser, and between Burrard Inht and Howe 
 Sound; in which vicinity in the flat lands thin seams 
 of lignite, probably of upper tertiary formation, ap- 
 ])ear; ftirther back, on the lower Fraser, particularly 
 near Langley, thin seams of bituminous coal are found 
 l)robably in lower tertiary beds; on the Chilliwack 
 Kiver, five miles from the Fraser, Dawson reports 
 bituminous coal of good quality; also at the junction 
 of Nicola and Coldwater rivers, and at several otlui- 
 jilaces on the latter stream ; on the north Thompson 
 River, forty-five miles above Kandoop; in the vicinity 
 of Jjilloet; lignite at (Tuichon Creek, near Nicola 
 Iviver; on the south branch of the Similkauieen above 
 tlu! Passyton, and again four miles ab<)\e Vermilion 
 Fork, and on the north branch of the Similkameen, 
 three miles above Ver)nilion Fork; more lignite at 
 the Cold Spring House on Lightning Creek; on the 
 Fraser between Soda Creek and Fort Ccorge, and at 
 (^uesnel ; coal on Bear Kiver nc^ar latitutle 54°, on 
 Peace and Pine rivers, described in Selwyn's Ke])ort, 
 IS75-G; on Simpson Kiver ; lignite on Parsnip ]{iver; 
 on the lower Nechaco River, east of Fraser Lake ; 
 on the upper Nechaco, south-west from Fraser Lake, 
 and on the streams Blackwater, Chilaco, Nasco, and 
 Punchaisco.^" 
 
 '"Those desirous of investigatinf; furtlicr tlie coal iiiton.'st of tlio \orthwoat 
 Coa.st iiiiiy consult J/cA'((//'.v AVc., MS.,10, 1 1 ; Doi/'jlu-i' />r/r<i/c Pnpci-.-i, }>]>>., 
 -M scr., 5l)-«; Di'iiii.sSiHlcniciit V. !., MS., •_>(); //. ( '. Sbf''/,,.-:, MS., passim; 
 M'u-j'arlniic'i I '(xil licjiom of A ni., passim; ( 'oniirnlU.t' Scir El Dormto. 4.'5,\vliioli 
 wiys: 'Coal abounds over the whole of tlie north-eastern territory, that is to 
 sHy, from Cheslaker's, lat' '.lule 50° 3<)', to Cape Scott at its southern extremity; ' 
 H'mtxbi'n Canada on the Pndjic, 170; Punfii: Railroad licjiort.t, i. 473, and vi. 
 •>- 4; House Commons Rfturn-ito T/nre Addresxe-i,!; Blan-ihurd, \n Ifoiise Com. 
 /l'';|^, 28(5 ; Dunn's Or. Ter., 24() : Orant, in London Oeni/ntp'tiral Soriefi/, Jour- 
 ikjI, .\xvii. 275-315 j Victors All over Oreijon and Washin-jton, 337; Reyt. Com., 
 
■ t 
 
 680 
 
 COAL. 
 
 27th Cong., 3d Seas., H. Reft. SI, 35, where Mr Baylies says in 1842; 'Coal in 
 prodigious quantities has already been discovered;' Wilkes' Nar. U. S. Ex- 
 ■pW. Ex., iv, pasfim; 34lh Cong., 3d Seas., U. S. II. Kept. 171, i. 2; Ex. Doc. 
 No. 20G, 42d Cong., 2dSess., JI, llept., 206, x.; U. S. Commerce Stat., 18C3, 
 193; Mai/ne'a ri C\, 35, 379-82; Gray's Hist. Or., U9; Goodi/ear'a Coal Mines, 
 passim; Ji. C. Directory, 1863, 50, 142-3; Pemberton's V. /.,43-8; Forbes' Essay, 
 18, 20; Macilonald'a Lecture, 50; Rattray's V. I., 89, 1C2; Macdonald's D. C., 
 37, 3G7; Dawson on Mines, 17-27; Guide B. C, 18,7-8, 4, 49-50, 97-109, 330, 
 Imray's Sailing Directions W. Coast iV. Am., 278; Gonaol. Laws, B. C, 1877, 
 401-96; Statutes B. C, 1878, 59; Rept. Min. Mines, 1875-6, and 1877. passim; 
 Sjiroat's B. C, 6, 22, 77-9; Anderson's Dom. West, Si-G, app. ii., iii.; Flem- 
 ing's Rcpts. Sur. Can. Pac. Railway, passim; Brown'a Coal Fields, passim; and 
 Langevin's B. C, 11-13, 86-7, 129-31; Compton'a B. C, MS., passim; Victoria 
 Colonist, Aug. 16, 1364, July 17, 1866, March 22, May 17, 1871, Jan. 29, 1873, 
 April 22, 1874, etc.; Victoria Standard, April 23, 25, May 8, Juno 1, Aug. 19, 
 Nov. 19, May 14, 23, 1877; British Columbian, Jane 5, 1867; Seattle Tribune, 
 Feb. 23, 1877; Mining Mag., i. 309-10; Com. Rel., 1868, 293-7; and Bayky's 
 V. I., MS., 11-14. 
 
 Among other works consulted in the preceding chapters may be mentioned 
 B. C. and V. I., by W. C. Hazlitt, and The Great Gold Fields of Cariboo, 
 with an Authentic Description of B. C. and V. I., by the same author. The 
 former, which is compiled from various authorities, and consists largely of 
 quotations, gives brief sketches of early voyages, of native life and habits, 
 of tho resources of the country, and of the gold discovery. In the latter wo 
 have a well-writieu account, containing all the reliable information then ac- 
 cessible to tho author, who was not a resident of cither colony. Both vol- 
 umes appear to have been written mainly for the information of intending 
 cmigranti. V. I. and B. C, Where They are. What They are, and What 
 They may Become, by A. Rattray, M. D., Edin., R. ^., is a cleverly written 
 little book, which shows that its author has been at somo pains to inquire 
 into the conuitiou and prosj^ccts of tho two colonies. Prommcnce is given, 
 however, to V. I., and the object of tho work is apparently to display, in the 
 most favorable liglit, its advantages for settlement. As indicated in the titlc- 
 pago, the subject-matter treats, not so much of what had been, as of what 
 Mas to be; and comparing, as I turn over its pages, tho colored lithographs 
 of Hope and Yale, 1 cannot but admit that the predictions of tho author have 
 already been measurably fulfilled. When and after tho gold excitoincnt 
 brought the mainland into piomiucuce, the journals of tho I'acilic coast wcic 
 teeming wiMi par.i.graphs and articles touching tho Kl Dorado of Uritirli 
 America, though before 1853 I iind but scant reforcuco to ritlu-r colony. Fui- 
 items and comments, see, among others, S. F. Bulletin, July I'J, Dec. 5, IS.Vi; 
 "Mireh 22, ISr.G; Apr. L'4, May 7, IS, June 3, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12', IS, 10, 21, '22, l^.', 
 •JS, 30, July 2, 3, 6, 7. 8, 9, 12, l.">, 10, 17, 19, 23, 20, .TO, Aug. 2, 7, IS, 19. 2;;, 
 21, 27, Sept. 1, 2, 3, 0, 7, 9, 17, 25, 29, Oct. 1, 4, 12, 13, IS, 23, JO. ;iO, Nov. 
 -', -1, 5, 10, 12, ].•!, 17, 22, 23, 21, 29, .'50, Dec. 0, 8, 9, 20, 21, 22, 21, 27, 28, :!(•, 
 :il, 1S5S; Jan. :!, 11, 12, 1.3. 11, 19, 20, 29, Feb. 15, 17, 28, March 3, S, 10, 17. 
 21, 2.-), 29, 30, Apr. 1, 15, IS, 23, 2S, ;iO, May 12, 13, 11, 17, 18, .30, 31, Jum 
 10, 11. 13, 14, 21, July 13, 1.-), 29, .30, Aug. 1, 11, 2."), 20, 8cpt. 30, Oct. 1(», 
 Kov. 30, Dec. 14, 23, lS59; Apr. IS, July 0, Aug. 20, Sept. 2V, Oct. 18, 20, 
 ISGO; May 31, Juno 11, 14, July 2, 15, Sept. 2, Oct. 17, ISOl; Jan. .30, Manli 
 5, 22, 31, Apr. 4, 21, May 9, 10, 13, 20, 27, June 9, 14, 21, July 1 1, 10, 22, 2i;, 
 An-. 1, Oct. 13, 23, 27, 31, Dec. 15, 1802; Feb. 10, 23, March 12, 23, .30, Apr. 
 20,'^27, May 19, Juno 29, July II, 21, Aug. 3, Sept. 9, 19. Oct. 7, 21, 29, Doc 
 10, 1803; Apr. 25, Juno 10, 30, Julv 19, Aug. 9, 10, 27, Sept. 6, 12, 20, 27. 
 Oct. C, 10, 13, 14, 24, Nov. 1, 15, 22, JSOi; Jan. 12, Feb. 3, March 4, May .M, 
 .luno 19, Julys, 1805; Feb. 14, Apr. JO, May 8, Juio 11, July 3, Aug. II, 
 ."^cpt. 1, 1860; F'eb. 1,1809; March 24, Apr. 20, Juno 17, 1870; Juno 22, July 
 13, 1871; Jan. 8, 29, Feb. 11, Sept. 4, 2."), 1872; Oct. 1, 1873; Apr. 5, 1S7S; 
 Apr. 7, 1879; Alta, May 17, Uwl; Jan. 27, Juno 30, 1857; M.iy IS, June 7, 
 8, Aug. 2, 12, 25, 20, Sept. IS, 2(1, Oct. 3, 21, 22, Nov. 4, 30, 1858; Jan. .'). 11, 
 
AUTHORITIES. 
 
 581 
 
 n 1842: 'Coal in 
 ' Nar. U. S. Ex- 
 '1, i. 2; Ex. Doc. 
 nerce Slat., 1863, 
 lear^s Coal Mines, 
 S; Forbes' Essay, 
 [acdonald'a B. C. , 
 )-50, 97-109, 330, 
 jaws, B. C.,\^Ti, 
 and 1877. passim; 
 pp. ii., iii.; Fl^m- 
 '*cM«, passim; and 
 .passim; Victoria 
 571,Jan.29,1873, 
 1, Juno I.Aug. 19, 
 f; Seattle Tribune, 
 13-7; and Bayletfs 
 
 may be mentioned 
 Fields of Cariboo, 
 amc author. The 
 consists largely of 
 ,'0 life and habits, 
 , In the latter we 
 formation then ac- 
 colony. Both vol- 
 lation of intending 
 hey are, and What 
 I a cleverly written 
 10 pains to inquire 
 ommenco is given, 
 y to display, in tho 
 Idicated in the titlc- 
 d been, as of what 
 ;olored lithographs 
 I of the author havL 
 ,0 gold excitement 
 ,! Pacilio coast wcio 
 iDor.ido of Briti.<li 
 either colony. l''<''' 
 ily !•-', Dec. 5, 18.V>; 
 1-2; IS, 19. 21,1!.;, 'J', 
 
 'u--.2,7,isi9.;j;;, 
 
 S, U3, 2(5. 30, Nov. 
 1,22,21,27,23,30, 
 
 , March 3, S, 10. 1 . , 
 7, 18,30, 31, JuiH' 
 Kept. 30, Oct. H», 
 ,t. 2V, Oct. 18, 21 >. 
 SOI; Jim. 30, Man Ii 
 [July 11, 10,22.211. 
 
 'rch 12, 23, 30, Apr 
 Oct. 7, 21, 29, Dec. 
 lept. 5, 12, 2t), 2,, 
 i, March 4, May 3(i, 
 , July 3, Aug. 11, 
 870; Juno 22, July 
 873; Apr. 5, 1S7«; 
 ; M.iy IS, J""0 " 
 I, 1853; Jan. 5. H, 
 
 14, 20, 21, 27, 31, Feb. 15, 10, 17, 21, 24, March 1, 4, 5, 9, 17, 19, 25, 30, Apr. 
 
 I, 3, 11, 15, 17, 21, 25, 28, 29, 30, May 10, 13, 14, 10, 18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 27, 
 30, 31, Juno 11, 17, 25, July 13, 14, 30, Aug. 4, 11, 27, Sept. 2, 20, Oct. 11, 
 14, 15, 31, Nov. 3, 14, 30, Dec. 11, 24, 1859; Jan. 25, Feb. 4, 19, March 5, 
 Apr. 4, 13, 18, May 21, June 13, 20, July 4, 18, 27, 30, Aug. 1, 5, 7, 9, 14, 
 20, Oct. 1, 19. 22, Nov. 8, 11, 23, Dec, II, 22, 29, 1800; Feb. 7, 8, May 23, 
 .rune 17, 18, July 11, 21, Aug. 8, Sept. 9, 23, Oct. 8, 11, 22. Nov. 3, 25. 1801; 
 .rune 25, Aug. 2, 25, Oct. 14, 21, 1802; Jan. 22, Apr. 24, June 9, 19, 30, July 
 
 II, Aug. 10, 20, Sept. 7, Nov. 10, 1803; Ju;y 19, Nov. 2, 1804; Jan. 20, Apr. 
 !i. May 22, July 3, Aug. 10, 20, Dec. 0, 10, 1805; Feb. 20, Dec. 28, 1800; 
 Apr. i2, July 29, 1807; March 25, 1809; March 24, July 15, Dec. 3. 1871; 
 Aiiril 15,1877: Call, Jan. 12, Apr. 19, Juno 24, July 19, Aug. 10, 11, 20, 
 Sept. 13, 27, Oct. 0, Nov. 13, 1804; June 1.3, 18G5; Feb. 8, March 20, May 
 2(;, Juno 13, July I'J, Aug. 2.-S, 1807; Feb. 27, March 1, Apr. 30, July ir>. 
 Aug. 9, 20, 30, Sept. 18, 19, Nov. 24, 1868; March 5, 1870; Jan. 4, 1871; 
 Nov. 7, 1872; Feb. 13, June 2.5, 1874; Jan. 2.3, 1878; Times, Juio 4, 1807: 
 -May 10, Juuo 25, July 20, Sept. 2, 5, 1868; i'eb. 17, March 10. 22, 30, Apr. 
 28, Oct. 14, 23, 1809; Ilei-ald, Apr. 23, Juno 10, Sept. 0, 1858; March 31, 
 Nov. 10, 1859; March 5, Apr. 20, May 9, Dec. 13, ISOO; Ml ch 10, 12, 1809; 
 Pout, Sept. 15, 1873; Jan. 7, July 25, 1878; Chronicle, Jan. 5, 20, 1809; July 
 10, 1871; Golden Era, March 15, 185/; Aug. 27, 1865; Mercantile Gazette, 
 June 19, 1858; Sac. Record- Union, Aug. 10, 1855; Feb. 27, Apr. 9, 16, May 
 22, .Sept. 17, 135G; Jan. 22, Feb. 5, Apr. 5, 12, 21, 23, May 24, 28, June 8, 9, 
 10, 11, 12, 19, 22. 23, Sept. 27, Oct. 18, Nov. 24, Dec. 29, 1858; Jan. 3, Apr. 
 19, Juno 21, 25, 1859; March 21, Apr. 30, Aug. 22, Sept. 27, 29, Oct. 9, 1800; 
 March 9, Apr. 29, Juno 1, Sept. 24, Nov. 9, 12, 10, 21, Dec. 12, 1801; jNIarch 
 3,5, 1802; Portland West Shore, July, 1879; Standard, Sept. 7, 1877; West- 
 ern Oreoonian, Jan, 10, 1878; Pioche Record, March 14, 1873; Tuscarora 
 Times-Review, Feb. 10, 1878. 
 
CHAPTER XXX. 
 
 UNIOX AND CONFEDERATION. 
 
 18G3-1871. 
 
 A Lkgisl.\tivk CorxciL Okgamzed rou British Columbia — Inaugural 
 Address of Goveknou Dofolas — A Meek Response — Separate 
 KrLKRs Appointed ki>r tiie Two Colonies — A Copdiai. Leave-taking 
 — Review of Doiglas' Administration — Regime of Fisederick Sev- 
 Mori:— ExcE>MVE Tax.\tion — Union of tue Colonies — The British 
 North Aaiei;k'a Ait — Anthony Mtsgrave Governor — Bkitisu 
 
 CoLnMBIA A l'l:OVI.ME OF THE DOMINION — A LEGISLATIVE AsSEMPi^Y 
 SCBSTITCTKl' ri>KTllE COINCIL — CONDITION OF TIIE PROVINCE — InHIA.'. 
 
 Policy of the United States and of Great Britain. 
 
 Those ainon;:^ my readers wlio may chance to liave 
 lived ill a British colony have probably observed how 
 little there is to relate concerninij the fjovernment of 
 that colony, and how void of interest is that little. 
 There are of course the usual changes (»f administra- 
 tion, the usual squabbles in the legislature, some of 
 them as disgraceful as any which occur at Sacramento 
 or Salem, or wheresoever else amateur law-makers 
 lay burdens on the people, and contend in unseemly 
 phrase for the people's spoils. As a rule, however, 
 though with many exceptions, the colonies are lightly 
 taxed. They pay no tribute to her Majesty's gov- 
 ernment; they do not even pay for the support or 
 expenses of the troops or vessels of war sent forth 
 for their protection;* and they object very strongly 
 and decisively to too much amateur legislation, 
 especially when it touches their pockets. In brief, 
 
 * Except tbo so-called colonial allowance of sixpence a day made to the 
 troops. 
 
 ( 582 ) 
 
 m 
 
LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL. 
 
 583 
 
 most of the British dependencies are virtually re- 
 |)ubhcs, with the privilege of becoming at any time 
 actual republics, and have, free of expense, the pro- 
 tection of Great Britain, while the governor wields 
 little more authority than does in the mother country 
 the queen of England, who cannot obtain, except from 
 her private revenues, a sixpence wherewith to pur- 
 chase her breakfast, unless it be voted by parliament. 
 
 But in 18G3 Vancouver Island and British Colum- 
 l)ia were merely colonics in name. During the regime 
 of Douglas, and for several years thereafter, it can- 
 not be said that responsible government existed cither 
 on the Island or on the Mainland. In the former 
 there was, as we have seen, an elective house of assem- 
 bly, but its vote could not remove the executive 
 officials, as was the case in other colonics. The 
 legislative and executive functions were vested in the 
 governor and his council, whose acts were ternu'd 
 ordinances, and had almost the force of statutes in 
 ])arliament.^ On the ^Mainland a legislative council 
 was organized by authority of a royal order, duted 
 tlie 11th of June, 18G3,'^ and consisted at first of 
 thirteen members,* of whom five were govcrnnuMit 
 officials,^ five were magistrates appointed by the gov- 
 ernor, and the remainder were elected by t' c j)eopK', 
 certificates being issued to them on the reporting of 
 tlieir names by the returning officer. 
 
 The council met for the first tinio at New West- 
 minster on the 21st of January, 18G4, nine members 
 
 ^ />e('o.wios, ]\ I. and Brit. Col. Govt, MS., 19. 
 
 Hm)!' copy of this orilcr, bco Jour. Lr<j(Kl. Council, D. C, 1SG4, 4-5. 
 
 ^Tlio mcinhcra for the lirst session were Arthur N. Bircli, colonial secre- 
 tary and presiding member; Henry 1'. 1'. Crease, attorney-f,'encral; Wymond 
 O. llamley, collector of customs; (^hartrea Drew, Tctcr OUcilly, I'ldward II. 
 .Sanders, "enry M. IJall, and I'liilii) II. Xind, niai,'i.stratcs fur Xcw West- 
 niinstjr. Cariboo, ialo and Hope, Lyttou, and Douylas; and Jcjshua A. 1!. 
 Jlonur, Robert T. Smith, Henry Holbrook, James Orr, and Walter S. Wack 
 for their respective districts of New Westminster, Yalo and Lytton, Doug- 
 las and Lillooct, Carilioo East, and Cariboo West. Durin;^ this session a 
 resolution presented by Mr Homer praying that a legislative assembly be 
 organised was negatived by tlio casting vote of the presiding member. 
 
 'The colonial secretary, attorney-general, treasurer, chief commissiouer 
 of lands and works, and collector of customs. 
 
 I 
 
im 
 
 UNION AND CONFEDERATION. 
 
 •; • I 
 
 being present. In his opening address Douglas con- 
 gratulated them on this first step toward representa- 
 tive government and popular institutions, which, ho 
 declared, her Majesty had withheld during the in- 
 fancy of the colony, only from a sincere regard for its 
 happiness and prosperity. He urged on them a vigor- 
 ous [)i'osccution of the public works as a measure of 
 vital importance to the colony, and one that would 
 give to the waste lands of British Columbia a value 
 which they did not then possess. With a view to in- 
 crease population and encourage settlement, he had 
 thrown open the public lands to actual settlers on the 
 most liberal terms, and had done his utmost to en- 
 courage mining and every species of enterprise that 
 tended to develop the resources of the country, though 
 the result of these measures had not, as yet, answered 
 his expectations. The Indian tribes, he said, were 
 quiet and well disposed. Reserves, embracing village 
 sites and cultivated fields had been set apart for them, 
 their area in no case exceeding ten acres for each family, 
 and this being inalienable and held as joint prop- 
 erty.*' Appropriations were recommended for reli- 
 gious purposes, and for the establishment and su[)port 
 of schools, though it was far from his wish to estab- 
 lish a dominant or endowed church in a colony to which 
 people of all religious denominations were invited, lie 
 promised soon to lay before them a communication 
 from the secretary of state for the colonies, with pr 
 posals for opening telegraphic and postal communi 
 cation between British Columbia and the head 
 Lake Superior. Finally he laid before them an esti- 
 mate of the expenditure for the past year, amounting 
 to £192,860,'' while the revenue for the same period 
 was but £110,000.' Meanwhile bonds had been 
 
 * Though aa iudiviJuala they hail the samo right of acquiring and holdhi^ 
 land by purchase or occupation aa other classea of her Majeaty's sul)jccts. 
 
 'Of which £83,937 waa for public roada, £12,650 for redemption of roail 
 bonda created in lS(i2, £15,288 for public worlia, buildinsa, and transport, 
 £13,725 for iutereat on loans and sinking fund, and £31,G15 tor the civil cstab- 
 liahment. 
 
 •Of which over £55,000 waa obtained from cuatoma duea. Macfies, V. I. 
 and B. V. 
 
 o- 
 
 OI 
 
GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. 
 
 685 
 
 glas con- 
 prcscnta- 
 vhich, lie 
 r the iu- 
 rtl f<jr its 
 iiavigor- 
 easure of 
 at would 
 ia a value 
 iew to ill- 
 it, lie bad 
 ers on the 
 ost to en- 
 ■prisc that 
 ry, though 
 /answered 
 said, were 
 ling village 
 t for them, 
 ach ianiily, 
 oint prop- 
 d for reli- 
 nd support 
 h to estah- 
 [ly to which 
 Ivited. He 
 inunicatiou 
 
 [ with pro- 
 communi- 
 tc head of 
 am an csti- 
 [amountiug 
 imc period 
 had been 
 
 Lg and lioWing 
 Pb subjects. 
 Imption of roa.l 
 land transpoit, 
 \ the civil cstal)- 
 
 Macfien, V. I- 
 
 created and loans contracted to the amount of £65,- 
 805, leaving still a deficiency of £17,055, in addition 
 to a sum of £10,700 due to the imperial government 
 for the expenses of the royal engineers. For 18G4 
 the outlay, including the debit balance, was set down 
 at £107,910, and the income from all sources at £120,- 
 000, thus leaving a balance of £12,090; but this, it 
 was explained, made no provision for the mainte- 
 nance of a gold escort, or for the expense of pubhc 
 works. Asking the advice of the members whether 
 it was expedient to undertake such works during the 
 current year, and if so, how their cost should be de- 
 frayed, the govrnor took his seat.^ 
 
 Thus did the lordly Douglas give to the colonists 
 of British Columbia a foretaste of the blessings of 
 representative government. At this date the white 
 population of the colony was probably loss than eight 
 thousand, and of this number a large proportion was 
 of the migratory class. To lay on them, at this early 
 period in their history, a tax exceeding §120 per cap- 
 ita was a measure unheard of in the history of British 
 colonization, and one that elsewhere would at least 
 have provoked much angry discussion. But not so 
 among this staid and dutiful assemblage. The s[)eoch 
 was received with profound respect; the oath was 
 administered by Mr Justice Begbie, who declared 
 the session duly opened. His excellency then took 
 his leave; and after some unimportant business, the 
 members adjourned, presenting, threu days later, an 
 humble address, wherein they expressed their earnest 
 resolve to act in concert with the governor to the 
 best of their ability. 
 
 There is a refreshing simplicity about the early 
 sessions of the legislative council, and one that con- 
 trasts strangely with the stormy incidents of a later 
 [H'riod. On the 5th of February this body went into 
 committoo of supply, and on its rising, a few minutes 
 
 •A copy of lua addrcsa will bo fomul in Ii!., 18(54, 1-4. 
 
580 
 
 UNION AND CONFEDERATION. 
 
 '\ ■■ ' 
 
 later, the presiding member^'' reported the adoption 
 of a bill of supply, amounting to £135,639, for tlio 
 service of the ensuing year, together with a recom- 
 mendation that it be now read a first time. The 
 question of the first reading being then put to the 
 council, it was so ordered, and the bill was read ac- 
 cordingly. A few minutes later it was read a second 
 time, and committed; reported back without amend- 
 ments; passed to a third reading, the standing orders 
 being suspended; and thus, probably within the space 
 of an hour, the supplies were voted, an additional 
 sum of £80,700 being granted during the session by 
 varicnis resolutions." 
 
 The term of the governor's commission for Van- 
 couver Island expired in September 18G3, and for 
 British Columbia one year later. Partly on account 
 of his free-handed disposition of the public funds, how- 
 ever, and also with a view to sever the last link that 
 connected them, directly or indirectly, with the Hud- 
 son's Bay Company, many of the colonists, both ol' 
 the Mainland and Island, had already petitioned for 
 the appointment of separate governors,*^ and before 
 the close of 18G3 it was ofticially announced that 
 tlicir request would be granted. That, nevertheless, 
 Douglas was still supported by the wealth and intel- 
 ligence of both colonies, is sufficiently apparent from 
 
 '"In the absence of the colonitil secretary, the chair was occupied by tliu 
 attorney-general. 
 
 ^'Joiu: Lfi/isl. Council, li. C, 1804, l.'l; sjiecnh of Gov. Seymour, in Id., 
 
 iso:., ;t. 
 
 '^As early as October 1858 a iictition, signed by 117 residents of Victoria, 
 was forwartled to Sir JJulwer Lytton, praying for the removal of Douglas. 
 The inlitiiiners asked that 'an Kuglisii gentleman, free and independent of 
 any interest save tlic public welfare, may be appointed by her Majesty's go\ - 
 ernment.' J)c Cokhios, I'. I., and Brit. Vol. Govt, MS., -">. Amor Dc Cosmos, 
 a native of Nova Scotia, came to Cal. in IS.j.l, removing to Victoria in 1SJ>, 
 whore he began the publication of a newspaper in the autumn of that year. 
 Ho commenced his public career by drawing .ip tlic petition above rcfernd 
 to; and though on principle opposed to the government as it then existed, 
 was elected a member of the second legislature of \. I. From his Vonrii- 
 inrutA of Vancourir Inland and liriliih i'oluinbiu, MS., I have gathered itoni.^ 
 of interest extending over tlio period between tlic founding of Victoria ami 
 the confederation. In the opening pages of his MS. is an account of vai iou.i 
 newspapers published at Victoria, between 1858 and 1S03, of which mention 
 will be made later. 
 
SIR JAMES DOUGLAS. 
 
 587 
 
 the addresses presented to him by the people of Van- 
 couver Island, at his oflScial leave-taking in Septem- 
 ber, and by the people of British Columbia a few 
 months later. The former was signed by all the 
 bankers and professional men, and nearly all the lead- 
 ing merchants of Victoria, while to the latter were 
 appended more than nine hundred signatures." But, 
 as he declared, it was his earnest desire to withdraw 
 from further public connection with the colonies, and 
 this desire he had long ago intimated to the secretary 
 of state. In fact, it may be doubted whether Doug- 
 las was ever really willing to accept office as governor. 
 In doing so he added nothing to his income; on the 
 contrary, it is probable that the increased expense of 
 his establishment made him a loser thereby; while 
 in freedom from harassing cares the position of 
 governor under the Hudson's Bay Company was in- 
 iinitely preferable to that of her Majesty's represent- 
 ative in the colonies. 
 
 By the October mail arrived a number of the Ga- 
 zette, in which appeared the announcement that Doug- 
 las had been knighted. A few months later, after 
 beinff feasted and flattered to more than his heart's 
 content, ho bid farewell to the settlement which he luul 
 founded in 1843, as a mere trading post, with little 
 certainty that it would ever become the metropolis of 
 a thriving and ambitious colony. As he proceeded on 
 foot, accompanied by his staff, from the government 
 house to the Hudson's Bay wharf, every llag-stafF in 
 the town was decorated with bunting, the citizens 
 raising their hats as he passed, and manyof them join- 
 ing in the procession. The steamer Enterprise, gayly 
 tlcikcd with colors, awaited his arrival, and as he 
 leached the foot of the gangway, the cheers which had 
 
 '^Copiog of them will bo found in Atldr. ami Mvmor. Sir Janice Doii'jla.i, 
 ;!, I!_'-;{. The former enclosed a memorial, and the latter was iu tlio form of 
 an ;iiM"css, both to bo forwarded to the iluUo of Newcastle. Addresses were 
 presinted by the legislative council and asscnd)ly at Victoria, and by tlio 
 legislature at New Westminster, for which see /t/., 18 '20; Jour. Lerihl. 
 Council, B. C, 18G4, '20. The government olBcials, the iuhabitauts of Yale 
 and Hope, and others, also forwarded addresses. 
 
58S 
 
 UNION AND CONFEDERATION. 
 
 \f i 
 
 greeted him along his route burst forth with redoubled 
 volume, the multitude thronging round to grasp him 
 by the hand. As the vessel moved off, the band sta- 
 tioned on board the O^^er struck up the tunc of AuM 
 Lang Syne, and a salute of thirteen guns was filed 
 b}'' the Hudson's Bay employds. Then followed tlh 
 strains of the national anthem; and thus was Sir 
 James Douglas, K. C. B., sent on his way to tin 
 Mainland, there to be again banqueted, toasted, and 
 plied with addresses, and then to retire for a whil 
 into private life at his home in New Westminster." 
 
 Twenty-two years had now elapsed since the native- 
 of Camosun had first seen the calm waters of thcii 
 harbor ruflflcd by the little steamer on board of which 
 Douglas came and determined the site of the present 
 city of Victoria. During many of these years he had 
 controlled the affairs of the great monopoly in the 
 north-west. How skilful had been his manageuiei.t, 
 how mild his rule, and how judicious his policy, the 
 reader is well aware who has followed his career 
 throughout the narrative which I have laid before 
 him. If his administration as governor is open to 
 censure, the faults which he committed are such as 
 detract but little from his fame. That he was lavish 
 in the expenditure of the public funds, laying upon 
 the infant colony burdens greater than it could boar, 
 cannot be disputed; but this outlay, incurred mainly 
 for opening roads to the mining districts, then the 
 main source of wealth, and without which Victoria 
 would have remained a village, must be regarded rather 
 as an investment than as a tax on the industries of 
 the people. Insignificant as were then the British 
 possessions in the north-west, remote from the mother 
 country, with which there was no prompt communi- 
 cation, except through foreign sources, with a sparse 
 but heterogeneous population, composed largely of 
 
 '*A description of tho fOtes and banquets iiold at Victoria and New West 
 minster, witli tho addresses and memorials presented by tho citizens .'iimI tlio 
 comments of tho press on tiic occasion of Douglas' rrtiroment, will bo found in 
 AUilr. and Mcmor. Sir Jamcn DoiujUih. 
 
GOVERNOR SEYMOUR. 
 
 580 
 
 Americans, impatient of British rule and imbittered 
 by the disputes incidental to the San Juan difficulty, 
 without the moans of competing with older and more 
 favored communities — amid all these difficulties the 
 colonies had developed with a steady and stalwart 
 growth. And to none was this result so largely due 
 as to him from whom we will now take our leave, 
 quoting in conclusion a few words from his reply to 
 an address presented by the citizens of New West- 
 minster — words uttered in no spirit of vainglory or 
 boastfulness : "This is surely the voice and heart of 
 British Columbia. Here are no specious phrases, no 
 hollow or venal compliments. This speaks out broadly, 
 and honestly, and manfully. It assures me that my 
 administration has been useful ; that I have done my 
 duty faithfully; that I have used the power of my 
 sovereign for good, and not for evil; that I liavo 
 wronged no man, oppressed no man; but that I have, 
 with upright rule, meted out equal-handed justice to 
 all." 
 
 Toward the end of April 1864, a few days before 
 the close of the first session of the council, Frederick 
 Seymour, successor to Douglas on the Mainland, ar- 
 lived at Now Westminster. Seymour had formerly 
 held office as governor of British Honduras, whore 
 Ills health had been seriously impaired, llv. was a 
 man of mediocre ability, of no great force of character, 
 somewhat timid and over-conservative in policy, and 
 apt to place too much dependence on those by whom 
 ho was surrounded; one who might liavo reigned with 
 '•rcdit in a settled and j)rosperous connnir.iity, as 
 among the sugar-planters of Belize, but was ill litted 
 lor the control of a young and ambitious colony. The 
 fask which he had now before him rofjuired the ser- 
 \ ites of a more capable ruler, and this lie soon made 
 apparent to the members of the council. Broroguiiig 
 that body, on the 4tli of May, he remarked that lie 
 I'und himself obliged to C(.)nsi(ler a measure involving 
 
500 
 
 UNION AND CONFEDERATION. 
 
 i I 
 
 the wliolc iiiianciul arrangements of the colony; an- 
 other proposing to regulate its paper currency ; a third 
 affecting its internal navigation; together with some 
 twenty resolutions, many of them of grave import, 
 and involving a considerable expenditure. As to most 
 of the important measures, especially those concern- 
 ing the supplementary estimates, he deferred his deci - 
 ion until the winter session, or reserved them for lui 
 Majesty's consideration. He gave his assent, howevti', 
 to the inland-navigation ordinance, and to resolutions 
 for the survey of a road from the moutli of the C^ues- 
 nel to C\iriboo, together with an extra exj)eiuliture ol 
 £40,000 in that district. He also assented tt) several 
 others wherein no outlay was involved, among them 
 being regulations for the postal service, for amendiiiL; 
 the customs duties, for declaring the legal rate of in- 
 terest, and for registering documents relating to real 
 estate." 
 
 On the 21st of October a proclamation was issued 
 (hssolving the legislative council, "for divers good 
 tauses and considerations," and a week later a notiic 
 was published, containing a list of the new appoint- 
 ments, eight out of the thirteen members of the former 
 council being reelected.'" At the opening session, 
 hekl on the 12th of December, the governor stated 
 that only £135,039 out of the £210,400 voted for the 
 public service of 1804 had been expended, the dis- 
 bursements for the current month being estimated at 
 £8,000, tims showing an expenditure less by £72,000 
 than had been sanctioned. Meanwhile, however, the 
 revenue had fallen short of the estinuites by some 
 £13,000. Under an act of the previous session, a 
 loan of £100,000 had been authorized, agains't whieli 
 thev had drawn but £20,300, the remainder bein.r 
 available for the service of 1805. Amoni; the items 
 
 '■'' Also to ordinances rcliitin,i» to patents, facilitating tiie formation of joint- 
 stock iiiiiiiiii,' conipanii's, ami for tin; ri'liuf of certain naval unit military si t- 
 tlers. Spoei:li of Frcdericii St'vnioiir, in ./u»;-. Lkj'isI. Coiiiiril, Jl. ('., 1804, •11). 
 
 "'Tiie names of tlic nK'nihers will lie foiind in A/., 1S(m, after tlic tabic of 
 contents. 
 
COLONIAL AFFAIRS. 
 
 SOI 
 
 of expense for the j)ast year was one of £10,000 for 
 the suppression of the CliilUotin massacre,'' of which 
 Seymour ^ivcs a detailed account in his address, lie 
 rcj^rets that several needed improvements liave been 
 tlehiyed through lack of funds, amoni^ them beini,' the 
 t'stablishment of a light-ship at the mouth of tho 
 b'raser. Finally lie calls the attention of the council 
 to certain resolutions passed by the assembly at \'ic- 
 toria in favor of a conditional union with British Co- 
 lumbia under one governor. Ex[)ressing his own 
 views on this subject, he remarks that, while it would 
 he better for imperial interests that Gieat Uritain 
 should be represented west of the Kocky Mountains 
 hy a single ruler,'^ he does not think that at present 
 Ihitish Columbia would j^ain by the suufujested chan''f, 
 and advises them to consult only tht'ir local interests. 
 At the next meeting the council res[)onded, as usual, 
 ill meek and lespoctful phrase, and the business of the 
 session commenced. 
 
 Thus did the colonial ship of state sail forth «>ii 
 these untroubled waters, her course .seldom disturbed 
 hy the faintest breath of popular discontent. Most 
 of the measures brouij^ht before the council were ini- 
 tiated by the attorney-general, those which [)assed to 
 a third readinvj and received the governor's sanction 
 relating mainly to municipal alKiirs, [)ublie imi)rove- 
 ments, and matters of local interest.'' 
 
 Let us turn now to Vancouver Island, where, as 
 will be remembered, the iirst term of the legislative 
 assembly expired in 18j'J. To the mention already 
 made of this assembly'"" theie is nothing worthy of 
 
 "Tlio crowii iTfusod to rcfiiiid any part ot' tliis sum. 
 
 '" As in ciiHO of war, ill wliicli ovuiit tin; oliictT in fomniaud of tlio naval 
 foirua niiylit ho seriously fnibarrasHcil liy tln^ oonllKtini; jxiliiy of two gov- 
 •mors. 
 
 "'rabies, showing the progress of the various iiills introiliu'cd, will he 
 I'liiiid fiir each year in Jour. Lf'jM. Couiiril, IJ. ('., facing' p. I. See also 
 Ciiiisul. Stilt, lint. Col. (ed. 1877), passim; Actn and Oriliu. H'e.stt'rn ('oL, 
 IS.")S-70, passim. 
 
 '"'Sco pages 22-7, this vol. 
 
 I 
 
UNION AND CONFEDERATION. 
 
 'W 
 
 ! i! 
 
 note to bo added, except that the members stoutly 
 refused to n;rant supplies, or become responsible for 
 debts incurred by the Hudson's Bay Company. When 
 the second legislature met, in 18G0, the connection 
 between the colony and the company having then 
 been dissolved, the question was again brought for- 
 ward, Who was to pay the debts of the latter? It 
 was resolved that, as the former assembly had in- 
 curred no responsibility, the present one won^.d adopt 
 the same policy, and leave the company to settle its 
 claims with the home government. 
 
 For the year 1861 the legitimate revenue of the 
 colony was £25,291; for 1862, £24,017;" for 186a, 
 £30,000; and for 1864 it was estimated at £37,704. 
 The receipts for the last of these years were increased 
 by sums due from British Columbia, advtcnces to 
 crown agents in London, balance of loan, and other 
 sources, to about £77,000, while the expenses were 
 SL't down at £59,062, of which £15,616 was for pub- 
 lic works and buildings, and £10,360 for roads, streets, 
 ;uul bridges. It is worthy of note that only £1,000 
 was devoted to educational purposes during this year, 
 while the appropriation for police and jails was abo'it 
 double that sudi.'^'^ 
 
 In 1864 the \diite population of Vancouver Island 
 was estimated at about 7,500, or somewhat less than 
 that of British Columbia, the rate of taxation bein<4 
 nearly £8 per capita, as against £24 in the latter col- 
 ony. The principtd sources of revenue at this date 
 were from land sales and liquor licenses, from a tax of 
 one per cent on real estate, and from the sums col- 
 lected under the trade licenses amendment act of 
 1862.'^^ By the provisions of this act, merchants and 
 
 *' The reason for the slight decrease of this year was that the iiist.ihneiit s 
 due 1)y farmers on hind purchased from go^■crn^lent were jjostjioncd on ar- 
 coiint of losses sustained during au unusually ecvcro winter. Alacjtc'/i I'. /. 
 
 '-Tor the administration of justice, £7'21 was voted; for the mail service, 
 £'2,',Hi0i for light-houses, £1,400; and for charitable allowances, £ooU. /(/., 
 
 siy. 
 
 ""The real estate tax produced £]^,OCiO; trade licenses, £5,Q1G; liq lor 
 licenses, £4,800; and land sales. £0,nS2. A/., lUS. 
 
ECONOMY. 
 
 r.93 
 
 toutly 
 )lo for 
 When 
 lection 
 r then 
 ht for- 
 jr? It 
 had in- 
 i ndopt 
 jttle its 
 
 3 of the 
 
 )r 18G;}, 
 
 £37,704. 
 
 ncrcasod 
 
 Lances to 
 
 [id other 
 
 ises were 
 
 for pub- 
 strcots, 
 
 y £1,000 
 his year, 
 as abont 
 
 ler Island 
 less than 
 lion hc'iwA 
 ittcr col- 
 this dati' 
 La tax of 
 liunis ctA- 
 it act ot" 
 liants a\ul 
 
 Jioucil on ii'-- 
 miarj'i>'''i !'• '■ 
 
 [mail scrviio, 
 
 Is. i:ouO- Id; 
 
 [j,5lC; Uq lor 
 
 traders were required to pay an annual assessment, 
 varyiii<^, according tc a jjfraduateil scale, I'rom £2 a 
 year for those wliosc sales were less than £200, to 
 £G0 a year for those whose receipts exceeded £100,- 
 000. For bankers and auctioneers the license was 
 £50 a year; for lawyers and real estate agents, £10; 
 for civil engineers, architects, surveyors, and proprie- 
 tors of billiard-saloons, £5. 
 
 In one of the most distant portions of the British 
 empire we have now two colonies mustering together 
 .some twelve or thirteen thousand white inhabitants, 
 paying on an average under tliis crude system of tax- 
 ation nearly £19 a year per capita, or at least eight 
 times the rate levied in the mother country, witli lici- 
 arniy and navy, her peers, lier princes, her [)aui)ers, and 
 her frightful incubus of debt. Under such conditions, 
 the extinction of the two colonies was but a mat- 
 ter of time. It did not follow that because Great 
 Britain had placed lierself in the condition of a coun- 
 try squire, whose estates though heavily encumbered 
 were not hopelessly encumbered, her youngest off- 
 spring sliould thus follow her example. J^oans foi- 
 British Columbia were barely negotiable in the Lon- 
 don market,^' and could be placed only at excessive 
 I'ates of interest. Moreover, her sister c(;l()ny, sepa- 
 rated by less than twenty leagui^s iVom tlie JMainland, 
 was undergoing a severe financial dejirc^ssion, oeca- 
 sioned in part by over-trading and s[>eculation. Some- 
 thing must be done in the matter, and at least tht; 
 expenditure for the civil list might be curtailed. 
 Wlien, therefore. Captain Kenned}-, successor to 
 IJouglas at Vancouver Island, landed at Victoria in 
 1 804, liG was received with every manii'cstation of 
 loyalty, enthusiasm, and respect; but his gratilication 
 was somewhat modified by the announcement that 
 his salary, and that of other officials, had been struck 
 
 °*Tho total debt of British Columbia in 1867, <lediictin,£( sinking fiiml in< 
 vestments, was ?l,002,i)S3; of Vancouver Islauil, §'J9;},ti"J8. Jour, Lcgisl. 
 Council, U. C, 18G7, app. xvii. 
 Hut. Bnn. Col. 38 
 
594 
 
 UNION AND CONFEDEUATION. 
 
 from tlie cstiniates i'ov iliu year by a unanimous vote 
 of tho logislatuic"' 
 
 TIk! cstinuitos i'or the civil list of this year were 
 proposed by tho duke of New<astle, iiis jLjraco inti- 
 UKitiiijjf tliat the ciowu lands, then about to bi' con- 
 veyed by the J[(id,son's Jjay (.\»ni[)aMy to tho home 
 i;-ovi'niMtent in ruiKidation ordainis, slioidd be assigned 
 to the h'i;islatur«', and that iVoni tlte prtx-ceds <»!' sales 
 the salaries of the ^ovei'nor and otht^r ollicials shoulil 
 \h) paid. JJut th(! sales fi'oni crown lands foi- (hr 
 pi'(.!vi()ns year had anioinited <»nly to .1' 4,500, \vhil<' 
 thi! necessary expenses of j^'overnnient were .I'oOjOOO. 
 The pro|)osilion of his i^rai^e was of coui'se njectetl, 
 whereupon her iSrajesty's government decideil to unil,e 
 the two col(»nies, though probably somewhat against 
 tlui will of the pei>ple of liritish Columbia. In \ iew 
 of the facts that have been stated, however, it does 
 not a[)pear that the ministiy wen; t«) blame in the 
 matter. A yearly expenditure of .l"G'.),000 for the 
 mere civil list of the two colonii's, with their handful 
 of inhabitants, was a somewhat no\'el phasi; in tin 
 |»rogress of JJiitish ('(►loni/ati(»n. 
 
 According to tlu; piovisions of the union ret, enli 
 
 tied the iJiitish (\)lumbia a( t of I.SGd, the auth«»rity 
 
 of the executive government and leixislatun'of Jhitisli 
 
 ( 'ohnnbia was ijxtiuided over Yancouv«'r Island, llh 
 
 number «>f mend)ers of tlu; legislative council beiu- 
 
 incieasiMl to twenty-three'. "^Ihe existin>jc oi'dinaMce.^ 
 
 • . . . 
 
 wi^'e to i-«!main in forci; until otherwisiMletermined hy 
 
 law, e\<'ept that those I'elating to the customs iivi 
 
 nues of IJritish (-olumbiu were to be extended t ' 
 
 Vancouver Island, and that i'; tlu^ governoi- ucre 
 
 vested all powei's as to the a[>pt»intment of waj'ehous 
 
 ing ports, and of warehouses in such ports, togethir 
 
 with all matters relating thereto. Nothing contained 
 
 in tho uct was to take away or restrict the authoiii \ 
 
 " Kcnnrcly -, aa o\ti-"int'ly t'cmrlciiiH in niaiiiu'i, uniiu'W lint <il' ii ll.itli'ii i, 
 niul nil «'xr«'''.i'lit HI It'll kiT; liiit tlio |p»'ti|ilo hoihi iiIincivi'iI lluit IIh'x' « . ic ali'u! 
 O'^ iiuHC chai'iii'li'i'iMtii'M ho |i<>hsi'ssi'iI, In Iriitli, tlitin \\:^n at tins ilalu liltli 
 for a govcniur to do fxcipt to Ik; ioiiiIiouh. EHioU'h Ii, < '. i'olili' ■<, .MS. 
 
 4 4» 
 
KNI> OF TIIK VANCOUVER COLONY. 
 
 505 
 
 JUS 
 
 vote 
 
 :»ar were 
 lice inii- 
 , bo fon- 
 l\o lionu' 
 
 s ol' saU's 
 lis shoulil 
 i for tilt 
 00, Nvliil'' 
 
 Xijr),ooo. 
 
 . n'jiM'tt'il, 
 .(I to uuitf 
 it :>t;:uii^t, 
 III vii>\v 
 i-r, it tU'(>s 
 ino ill tlu' 
 )0 for tlu' 
 r'w haiull'i'l 
 uso ill til- 
 
 11 ."ct, cnti 
 '. ;illtlit>lit.V 
 M»r Jiiitisli 
 Ihlaiul, til'' 
 
 nicil Uciii,'-; 
 onliiuiiK'. .. 
 
 Miuiiu'^l li.v 
 tonis rc\" 
 
 s, ti)i;vth' r 
 ^f (•(mtiiint'tl 
 " juillit'i'i'} 
 
 tins iliilo liUlt 
 
 of the j^ovojiior to make lou^iilutious Ibr the peace, 
 or(l(T, and jjf«)o(l i;-ovoi-mmiit of the two eolonii's, 
 .jthei- lu'loro or al'ttr tl»e union. '" This act, which 
 licars (l;i(t! thi^ (Ith ot" August, 18GG, was proclaiincd 
 \>y th'! L;-overnor on the I7th of Novenihei* in the 
 same year,''' untl tlieneeforth the colony of Vancouvci- 
 Island ceased to exist, the attorney-general, a lew 
 weeks later, introducing a bill for assimilating its 
 hiws witii those of iJritish Colund)ia. 
 
 The confederation, or rather the legislative union 
 of Upper aid Lower Canada, was a measui'e first 
 mooted in U'J'J, and one that took eflect in IHH. 
 \evertheles^•, the parly contests between the iidiab- 
 ilants of the two regions, diviilvnl as thi;y were by 
 lace, religion, and interests, beca.ne so bittei* that, ;i.s 
 I lie I'eader is aware, matters jame to a <l»\'id-lock. 
 Hence the iilea of a legislativv! miion of all tlu; Jiiit- 
 ish American colonies, though reserving to each its 
 iiidividnality and its loca! government. Moreover, 
 he tiangers to which tluy were afterward exposetl 
 liy the possible i.ssues of tl^e civil war formed an ad- 
 ilitional incentive tt) their union. Tlnis it was that, 
 llie leaders of the several nartii's i)ut asi«h' theii- 
 
 issues and agi'eed to mak(! conunon causi-, li> which 
 the home govermnent responded bypassing the Hril 
 i>h North Anu'ii«'a act of 1807, wherebv the cold- 
 ;iic.s could unite at, will in a confederation to he 
 known as the Donnnion of ( anada. 
 
 After tlu! pas,-.ag(; of this act nout; were molt; eagii- 
 to he admitted into the confederation than the peo|)l(' 
 of Ih'Jtish (/ohunbia; but. this was not, yet, to be. ( )n 
 tlie 17th of Deci'mber, I. SOS, the legislature met foi 
 llie lirst, time' at Victoria, accoi'dii'g ti» the (\ pressed 
 (iesiro of the colonists, including (he re.->idt;nts of the 
 
 Aft Ji) ami ill) I'ii-I., in Joiir. Lfiji^l. (' 
 
 <7, /;. ('., isti 
 
 I •_'. r.v 
 
 lliis act, 'Jl and '2'1 Vict., to proviilo for tiu> govcrunuiit of H. C, autl -ti an. I 
 ~i Vict., to dutiiio till) lioiuularies of tho colony, nntl for otlit'i- piirpo^c^, wcro 
 ri'iK«ulo»l 
 
 iries 
 I'Vr copy of piuclainution 
 
 /./. 
 
:>96 
 
 UNION AND CONFEDERATION. 
 
 mainland, though very much against the governor's 
 wish.* His excellency remarked that it was his 
 pleasing duty to state that the colony did not appear 
 to bo in a condition to create despondency; that by 
 unmitigated economy he had reduced the expenses of 
 government by §88,092, and that he had never taken 
 upon himself "to appoint a higher officer than a con- 
 stable." They must wait, however, for admission as 
 a province until the intervening territory under con- 
 trol of the Hudson's Bay Company^" should havo 
 been incorporated. 
 
 The people of British Columbia did not want sueli 
 government. They would very much have preferred 
 such a ji'uler as Douglas, with his courtly mien, and 
 even with his reckless disregard for the credit of the 
 colony, to this negative and timid magistrate. Though 
 his lavish hospitality may have saved him from being 
 unpopular, at his decease, which occurred in June ot 
 the following 3'oar, there were few wlio sincerely 
 mourned his loss.*' In his successor, Anthony Mus- 
 grave, C. M. G., who held office until the 1st of July, 
 1871, or, as it is known, tlie first donn'nion day, tlu 
 people gladly recognized a. governor whose tact, de- 
 cision, and ex[)ei'ionce fitted him for the control of men. 
 
 •'* Seymour's .iJilrcsij to tlio council on the ))rop()iC(l t'liaii'ic of the sent ni 
 govi I iHiiont is i-iinitly pitiful. It conrliidcs: 'JIo tiuHts tliiit no iininodi.itc 
 action may he nrgcil iipon liim,' Imt, slioiilil any I'C jc'(|iiircil. 'liowiil lninil/l\ 
 I'ccoinniouil to tlic (jucen that liu anil lii.-s tiiic'tc.-i.idra in oili(:u liu cdmnianiUil I ' 
 rcsi(h^ porinanintly in tho {ircso-.tt oaja'.al of tho coUjny.' Juiir. Lcij'tnL Couk 
 ril, li. C, IStiT, ti'-'. To this tho IhisIir'-s men, tavnicr.s, Tuinirs, etc"., ol 
 tilt! island anil niainlanci ic-'iiundcil that \ ii lotia was tlic must fiiiitaMc .«i"'i. 
 A ',H!titinn t'l thi< imri'ort V. as .'i,L,'iucl Iiy TO ii'^idcnt^^ <if \(\v WLv-lniinslri . 
 Anion;^ tlu- 1.107 iidialntants of \ai:cuuv< r l-^hunl w lio intitioni'd liiscxnl 
 lency wiic W". .1. Maciiouald, mayor oi Victoria, and lioiKriclv rinlaysi ii, 
 cluif factor If. It. Co. Froia Ihe nmiiilnnd th(? total nigiLiturcs niinilicii i 
 84"_'. /'/,. ft|>. x\ j. In tho legislative council a resolution wa.i jiasscd, liy ;..i 
 ulllnnat \x' Aotc of II to .">, Iliat Victoria was tho most suitahlo jilaco for tla- 
 scat of leu'i.slatnrf. /./.. iJStlS, ll-l'J. 
 
 "Mauitoha. 
 
 •"'Seymour clicd on Ixtaril II. M, S. S/Ko'i-onhoiil; while on at ip to tin' 
 northern ]iortioi) of tlie colony. ('im/i)r'n Maiilinte MnUif, MS., 'Jl. If \vc 
 <an believe Mr Klliott, lie spent all his salary ami iuipaired his private furtniH 
 liy hh foolish hospitality. In Urili-h < 'ohimhia Polilks, hy A. (', IJliioH, MS., 
 I have Ijcen furnidiod with .-i hricf nketch of the ciiaracteristies and career ft 
 the rnlera of H. C. .incl \'. 1., troin the regitne of (Jov. .Seymour to that <f 
 4<ov. Truli'li, with some incidents in the political annals of both colonics. 
 
GOVERNOR .MUSGRAVE. 
 
 597 
 
 (ii his inaugural ailthcss, ^lusgravo expressed his 
 conviction that, under certain conditions, which lie 
 thoupfht it would not he difficult to arrange, the colony 
 might derive substantial benefit iroui tlie union, and 
 that with the advice of his council he had prepared a 
 scheme which he would cause to be laid before them; 
 that, while the views of her JMajesty's government 
 had been clearly and foi'cibly expressed on the niatter,""' 
 there was no desire to urge the union, unless it were 
 ill accordance with the wishes of her Majesty's sub- 
 jects. The resolutions presented by ^fusgrave were 
 adopted with but slight alterations."- 
 
 A delegation was sent to Ottawa to lay before llu; 
 dominion government the resolutions adopted by the 
 council, to explain the views and wants of the colony, 
 and to ascertain how far they eouM be fulfilled. In 
 Iiis address at the opening t»f the session of 1871, the 
 governor laid before the legislature the report of the 
 |nivy council of Canada on the subject, remarking 
 that tlui terms accepted were as liberal as the colony 
 could fairly expect, and in some respects more advan- 
 tageous than those submitted by the colony. ] le 
 then>fore recommended them at once to pass an 
 address to her ^lajesty, in accordance with the j>ro- 
 visions of the ]3ritish Xorth America act of 1S()7, 
 |iiaying for admission."" 
 
 ■"Sec Jniu: Lri/isl. Couinil, I!. C, 1S7S, '2S <>t ^(-4. Ou tho '.Mtli o[ 
 .\]iril, ISGH, nil nddross to t\w ([iiooii wasi niovcil, in wliicli tliu foiulitii.ii.s {>f 
 tlif union wcic Liid <lo\vu ill a isomcwiiat liiuli-liaiulcil in;iiiiii'r. ;\'i !iiii(iiil 
 iiiiiitvas ciiriicd, in vliich it was tlcclarcil tlnit, wliilo tim eoniiL'il \\:nin 
 favcir of till) n;iion, they woro uitliout siilliiii'iit iiiforniutiou and i'\|ii'iiiiui- 
 iif tlio ]iractical working nf conlcdiiatiim in tlio Nuilli Aiiu'ii''aii iiro\iiiii's to 
 I'll justilicd in ik'finin^' tlio terms f>n wlddi s^iicii a union woidd lit' to tliiir 
 adviintagc, , 
 
 °- In a ilcs|mteh to Gov. Mnst;ra\i, dated Ang. U, ISO'.), Karl Granville 
 ■^tati ;) that till) queen would ]irohali! y be iid\ ised l)erore Ion;,' to is-mo an order 
 111 eoiineil, ineorporatinij in tlio dominion all the liritish juis^essioiis in N. Am. 
 "itli the cxce|)ti(ni of li. ( '. 'Ihe iiiustion tin rct'oi'e jireseiitid itself, whether 
 this single coiiiny tiliould ho «'\eluiled. On that <|m'stion the eolonists did not 
 Jipjiear to iio unaliiinons; hut, jildijini,' from his deNpatelns, the jiiexailinu' 
 opinion iippeared to 1)0 ill fiivor ot uni >i. He had no hesitation in statin;,' 
 that siicii was also tho opinion of hei Miijostv's K"^'^''''""'-'"'- ''^"'''- ''"/'"'S 
 Ji'i'. I '..!., 1881, 1.19. 
 
 ^'Joitr. L'ljiHl. ('ou)icU, B. C, 1871, '2. For proposed and accepted terms, 
 sec6't*«. I'aj)ir<, JJrit. Vol., ISoii, 140-3. 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
598 
 
 UNION AND CONFEDERATION. 
 
 According to the terms of the union of British 
 Columbia with Canada, the latter was niaile liable 
 ior the debts and obliij^ations of the colony existing at 
 the time. British Columbia, not having incurred lia- 
 bilities equal to those of the provinces then constitut- 
 ing the dominion, was to bo entitled to interest at the 
 rate of five per cent on the difference between her in- 
 debtedness and that of Nova Scotia and New Bruns- 
 wick, pro rata of their population.''* For the support 
 of her government and legislatui-e a subsidy of .*i^35,00O 
 a year was to be ])aid, together with a grant of eighty 
 cents ])cr capita of tlie inhabitants, then estimated ai 
 GO, 000,^^ such grant to be augmented according to the 
 incrc^ase in population until it should amount to -lOO,- 
 000, after wliich the grant should not be further in- 
 creased. The dominion was to provide an eflicient 
 mail service I'ortnightly by steamer between Victoria 
 and San Francisco, and twice a week between Victoria 
 and Olyiupia, the vessels to be adapted for the con- 
 voyance of freight and passengers. Canada was to 
 assume and defray all charges incidental to the ser- 
 vices which, by the British North America act of 
 1807, i)(>rtain to the general government, as tlie salary 
 of tlie lieutenant-governor, the expenses of the su 
 preme and district courts, of the customs,'"' the postal 
 and telegraph services. Pensions were also to be prt> 
 vided for those whose position and emoluments woulo 
 be alfected by these changes. 
 
 British Columbia was to be represented in the sen- 
 ate of the dominion by three members, and in the 
 commt>ns by six, this representation to be increased 
 
 ^* 111 1871 tho in(l<'1)ii;ilue8a of Novii Suotia ami New Brunswick was §27.77 
 per Iliad. I'liis pn'visioii \va3 altcrcil in tiio iciiiis of tlui union not, nssontiil 
 to March '2, 1S7I. wlicrcliy H. C. was to reocivo I'roni tlio (ixiiiinioii govern- 
 ment from tiino to tiuio sums of money not to exceed tlio diHereiu.o lictwcen 
 the actual ticht and tho iillowi d delit of the province. Mc^xdijc ni. to Tfiitin o' 
 llnii'U Act, TiS. 
 
 '••Tliis is prohably nn exaggeration. In a work iiisued hy tiie agcnt-geti- 
 era! of tho province in London, eontainin!:; much reliublo and well-eondeustti 
 iiifoniiation, and entith-cl Jlrit. i'ol. lii/onn, /or Emiijrantu, tlio population, 
 iucliiding Indians, id e^^tiinatcil in IS72 at 4>'},(KK). 
 
 '*Tiie cu«toii;8 and fxciso duties wero locontinuo iu force uutil the I'ttciliu 
 coast was conncoteil by rail nith ( aiiada. 
 
UNION WITH CANADA. 
 
 609 
 
 Lil the Tttcilio 
 
 from time to time under the act of 1867, the pro 
 visions of which were to apply to British Columbia as 
 fully as if that colony had been one of the provinces 
 ori'^inally united under the act. 
 
 And now follow the most important clauses in the 
 Mi^rcemcnt, portions of which I present tt) the reader 
 verbatim: "The government of the dominion under- 
 take to secure the commencement sinniltanoously, 
 within two years from the date of the union, of the 
 construction of a railway from the Pacific towards 
 ilie Kocky Mountains, and from such i)oint as may 
 l>o selected cast of the Rocky Mountains towards the 
 l*acilic, to connect the seaboard of British Columbia 
 with the railway system of Canatla; and further, to 
 secure the completion of such railway witiiin ten years 
 from the date of the union. And the government of 
 Hritish Columbia agree to convey to the dominion 
 government, in trust, to be appropriated in such man- 
 ner as tlie dominion government may deem advisable, 
 In furtherance of the construction of the said railway, 
 a smiilar extent of public lands along the line of rail- 
 way throughout its I'utire length in British Cuhnn- 
 l>ia, not to exceed, however, twenty mil(\s <in each 
 side of said line, as may be appropriated for the same 
 purpose by the dominion government from the public 
 lands in the north-west territories and the province 
 "t" Manitoba. . .In consideration of the land to be so 
 conveyed in aid of the construction of the said vail- 
 way the donunion government agree to pay to ]Jritish 
 ( 'olumbia Irom the ilate of the union the sum of 
 ."?100,00() per annum, in half-yearly ]>ayments in ad- 
 vance. The «lominion gov(>rnment shall guarantee 
 the intei'cst lor ten years iVom the date of the com- 
 pletion of the works at the rate of live per centum 
 per annum on such sum, not exceeding X'lOO,v)U(t 
 sterling, as may be reipiired for the construction of a 
 lirst-dass graving-dock at Esquimalt."^' 
 
 " By llio tonus of uniuu ampiulnicnt m-t, assented tc Miir. 2, 1S74, Britisk 
 Columbia wjis to receive from tlio iloiuiniou goveriiiiieiit i,'.>0,000 towiml tho 
 lonstructiou of tho dock in lion of intere"* Missayr nl, to Trrms of Union, C.'J. 
 
600 
 
 UNION AND CONFEDERATION. 
 
 M f^ 
 
 The care of Indians ai, I the nianagonient of lands 
 reserved for them were to be assumed by the domin- 
 ion government. Tracts of such extent as it liad been 
 the custom of British Columbia to appropriate were 
 to be conveyed for that purpose by the local govern- 
 ment to the dominion government as they might bo 
 needed, and were to be held in trust for the use and 
 benetlt of the natives. 
 
 Finallv, the constitution of the executive and Iciris- 
 lature was to remam as Jt cxiotcd at the tmie of the 
 union, until altered under the authority of the British 
 North America act, it being understood tliat the do- 
 minion would consent to the introduction of responsi- 
 ble government when desired by the inhabitants ol' 
 Britisli Columbia, and that it was the intention of the 
 governor, under the authority of the secretary of state 
 for the colonies, to amend the constitution of the legis- 
 lature, by providing that a majority of its members 
 should be elective, the province having also the right 
 of specifying the districts ft»r which the first election 
 of members for the comnjons should take place."" 
 
 It was provided that on the presentation of ad- 
 dresses I'rom the legislature of British Columbia and 
 the Canadian houses of parliament, the union should 
 take eflect on such day as her Majesty might appoint. 
 On the 20th of January, 1871, an address was adopted 
 by the former, without i\ dissenting vote, and the 
 above terms and conditions having been previously 
 agreed to by a committee of the privy council of the 
 dominion after considerable discussion with delegates 
 sent from British Columbia,'^" the measure received 
 the queen's consent and the union was consummated. 
 
 No time was lost in taking advantage of the clause 
 in the terms of confederation relating to the establish- 
 ment of responsible government, which was in fact 
 provided for before the agreetnent had received the 
 
 '"The full text of the agrconient will also bo found in Jour, Legisl. Council, 
 li. a, 1871, 14-16. 
 
 ••Trutch, Hchnckon, ami Cair.iU. Id., 4. 
 
COXSTITUTION ACT. 
 
 601 
 
 iuiporiul consent. At a iMoctin<; of the t'ouncil, liold 
 on the 12tli of January, 1871, it was resolved that the 
 i^overnor ho requested to transmit to tlie house, in 
 accordance with his inauijural address, a bill increasinyf 
 the number of elective members and excluding nomi- 
 nated members, so that responsible government should 
 (ouje into operation at the first session of the legisla- 
 lure subsequent to tlu union with Canada.'*'^ On the 
 1 4th of Fcbruar^'a bill received tlic governor's signa- 
 ture, entitled the constitution act of 1871, whereby it 
 was provided that the legislative council sljould be 
 abolished and a legislative asstHiibly substituted in its 
 stead, the latter to be elected once in four years, and 
 consist of twenty-five members, chosen by twelve 
 il(;ctoral districts.** No public contractor, and no per- 
 son liolding office whereto a salary or emolument <A 
 any kind was attached, payable from the revenues ot 
 the colony, was eligible as a member; though members 
 ot" tlic executive council were eligible, provideil they 
 wore elected while holding such office, 'i'he latter 
 were to be coniposed (»f sueh persons as the governor 
 might select, not exceeding five in number, and in the 
 lirst instance wuie to include the colonial secretary, 
 the attorney-general, and the chiel" conunissioner of 
 lands and works. The powers of the executive were 
 to remain in force as they before existed, so far us 1 hey 
 wei-e unaltered l)y the constitution act, or l)y the Brit- 
 ish North America act,^'^ or by ordii- <»f her Majesty 
 ill council, or by act of the Ih'itish parliament.*' 
 A month later an act was passed, entitled the (^nali- 
 
 ^"/il., 1871, 0-10. Tlio resolutiou was iiiovod liy Mr Iloli'.uUcii. 
 
 *' Afterward iiicro;is(ul to i;i. 
 
 *• l>y this act it was prctvidiul that the chief in.ngistrati! of the colony .siioidd 
 laiiiv as lieut-^;ov., uiid Lo aiipointi^d by tho gov.-^'eii. of L'aiiMil.i, liis rc.s|iiinsi. 
 Iilo advisers lieilig llio atty-gen., who also held ollico as colonial sc( it t.iiy, (Ik; 
 iiiiiiislci' (if linaiice, uiid tliu chief coiiiinissioner of lands and woilis, 'I'liiis it 
 will lie seen that tiio composition of tho execntivo council v.a-t altcnd liy I hu 
 iiiiislitiitioiiaet, though tho alterations mado in its j)owcrs were of slij;lit, iin- 
 imitancc, thu principal one being that uo part of tho revenue of tlie colony 
 .-linuld be paid out from tlio treuaury except by warrant over the governor 3 
 tigiKiture. 
 
 " For text of tiio constitution act, sec Ads Lrgisl, Council, It. C, 1871» 
 .\ o. 3 of 34th Vkl. 
 
 
fli~ 
 
 UNION AND CONFEDERATION. 
 
 fication and Registration of Voters act of 1871," in 
 accordance witli the provisions of which no person 
 could bo elected a member of the legislature who had 
 not been a resident within the colony for at least one 
 year })revious to the date of his election, or who was 
 a minister of any religious denomination, whatever 
 might be his nuxk or title. Concerning the franchise, 
 the regulations were unusually restrictive, when com- 
 pared with those of other British colonies, in some of 
 which, as in New South Wales, suffrage exists in its 
 simplest form, six months' previous residence being tlu' 
 sole qualification. In British Columbia the elector, if 
 a British subject, must be able to read the Englisli 
 language, or, if a foreign-born subject, the language of 
 his native country, and must have resided in the colony 
 for six months before sending in his claim to vote. ] It- 
 must possess a freehold estate, situated within his 
 electoral district, of the clear value of $250, or a lease- 
 hold estate of the annual value of $40, or be a house- 
 holder or lodger occupying premises or apartments 
 rented at the satue valuation, or pay for board and 
 lodging at least 62C0 a year, or must hold a duly 
 recorded preemption claim or mining licens(\ flie for- 
 mer of not less than one hundred acres." 
 
 Thus was British Columi)ia fairly launched on her 
 
 ^'Tliis being the sliort title, the net, in cdiniiion with many otiiera passed 
 l>y tlio legislature, li:iving a longer title for ita heading, Miiich reads in tliis 
 case, 'An act to amend the law as ti) tlic (jualilication of electors ami of elec- 
 tive nienibers of the legislatuie, and to provide for tho registration of persons 
 iiitillcd to vote at eleetion.s id' Kuch nieniliers.' 
 
 '•'/(/., IS71, A'u. lJi>/J'/f/i I'irt., p. '2. No foreign-born siil)jeet who liad 
 renonncid his allegiance or lieconie n citi/en of a foreign state could be M'yis- 
 tered under tlio provisiouM of this aet until ho had ag ilu taken tho oatli of 
 allegiance to her Majesty. With regard to aliens, the regulations were the 
 wmie as those existing in tho dominion, as provided in cap. (JO, .'tist Vii't., 
 iSiiS. After an uninterrupted residence for three years, an alien who iiail 
 taken or I'aused to bo tiled tiie oatiis of .alhigiancc and residence became en- 
 titled to a curtifieate of naturalization, and enjoyed all tho rights of a natural- 
 liorn subject. Tho only charges wore '25 cents for tho certilleatoand ;"»() cents 
 for reei (riling. An all en -born woman when married to a liritisli subject !"■• 
 eanio theri'l)y naturali?:ed. On tho 2'2d <'f March tho election regulations a>'t, 
 1871, received tho governor's signature, its provisions relating mainly to the 
 appointment ami duties of returning ollicors, election clerks, and poll clerks. 
 For text, huo Ads Lf<jl4. Council, li. (-'., No. 13 of 34fh Vi't. Five days 
 later tho Corrupt Practices Troventiou act was passed, ' to prevent bribery, 
 treating, and undue influcneo at elections of members of the legislature.' 
 
COLONIAL PROGRESS. 
 
 71,** in 
 
 pcrrton 
 rho biul 
 jast one 
 k'ho was 
 liatevcr 
 audi i SIN 
 ici» fo\u- 
 
 somo ol" 
 sts ill its 
 )eing thy 
 jloctor, il' 
 
 ! English 
 iguago ol 
 ho colony 
 otc. li'' 
 ,-'ithin his 
 31- a leasi - 
 3 a liouso- 
 partmcuts 
 )oard ant I 
 a a duly 
 tho for- 
 
 od on her 
 
 otUere vassol 
 1 rcaila i" ^'''^ 
 ■3 anil of i-'l^'* ■ 
 tiou of persons 
 
 Ibject who Iwiil 
 Toulil l>o >''"-'^, 
 
 jpll tllO Olltil I't 
 
 liions woie Hk' 
 
 1^0, :ust Vi't . 
 
 Jalion who li^'l 
 Ico becniiie t n 
 laof a natural 
 Ioantir.Ociiits 
 \\\ suhjt'i't 1»'- 
 IguUitionsix't. 
 [mainly to the 
 lul poll cUiK^- 
 It. Five Uiiys 
 Tvcnt bribeiyi 
 Igislature.' 
 
 career as a province of the dominion under the forms 
 (if responsil)le govt'nniujnt, and with a prospect of 
 heeoniing at no very distant day one of the most val- 
 uahle of England's colonial possessions. Since the 
 close of the Douglas regime tlie linancial status of 
 the colony had materially improved; her deht liad 
 h('t;n extinguished by the terms of the confedera- 
 tion, while her exjienditure had been greatly reduced, 
 the ap[)ropriation for the service of 1871 being $017,- 
 ,135, or some $25 per capita of the white po[)ulalinii. 
 then estimated at about fourteen thousand, as against 
 s;)0 for 18013. Meanwhile, as we have seen, loads 
 liad been opened to the [»rincipal mining districts, and 
 public works had been j)ushcd forward viL,'on)Usly. 
 Though slow of growth compared with other gold-be;ii- 
 iiig regions, in pros[)erity and industrial enterpi'ise tiie 
 province con)pared not uni'avorahly with many ]>or- 
 lions of the l*acitic coast. Her cereal eioits livalled 
 in quality those of California, and her ro(»t crops were 
 not inferior to those of Oregon. On her }iastuies 
 were raised sheep and cattle whose ilesh was not ex- 
 celled in flavor by the stall-fed beef of Aberdeen and 
 the South-Down mutton of En<>land. ^lanufactuies 
 \veio not inconsiderable, and were expanding year l)y 
 year.*" The value of exports, including, besides gold, 
 twenty-one articles of home production, was estimated 
 for 1870 at $1,848,803, and of imports at $l,r)0."),SO'J, 
 liaviuLj a balance of trade in lavt)r of the eolonv 
 amounting to }?24-,Ul)l.*' Labor was in fair demand, 
 at rates fully equal to those j)revailing in California;'' 
 and a thiifty mechanic could save I'rom each < lay's 
 wages the price of an acre of land. 
 
 '"Jn ISTI tlioro wt'i'c in varicms )i:irta of tlio iirDvinci' 11 (<!i\v-niillH, 11 
 llouiiiij; mills, 3 breweries, II (listilleries, '2 tanneiiis, '_' sa^li faL-tnru'tf, a slii|)- 
 yiiril, an iion-fou > 'ery, a soap factory, and a beet-8U;,'ar factory. Ji. ' '. Injunu. 
 
 ./''/• i'.,iiUjf., .'t;i-4. 
 
 '■ iMiiinj; IS7I, -i>- vessi'ls intereil tlio jiorts of '{. C'., «itli an ai.',i.'re>.'nlL' 
 t,iiiii;i_'i) (if l.'n,t)!Mi. Clearanecs numbered iVsri, tlieii tonna^o iK'in;^ l"_".>,Nit. 
 
 ^'Ciii'l^iontei-s were paicl §;j to §4 a day; masoii.><, painters, plastiieiK, and 
 lihu ksiiiiiliH, ^.'t.riO to $4; cooperH, cabinet-makers, tinsmiths, ami wheel- 
 «ii;^litrt, §1; common laborers, ^'J.oO a day; and farm laborers, ^20 to $10 jier 
 iiiiiiiili, with lioard. 
 
eM 
 
 UNIOX AND CONFEDERATIOX. 
 
 „ I, 
 
 I. fi 
 
 P 
 
 Not least amouj^ the noticeable features in the 
 records of the colonial authorities is their kindly 
 treatment of the natives; and iu later years the num- 
 ber and extent of Indian i-eserves/" which were seh'oted 
 not because they were uninhaliitablu by white men. 
 but with a view to the preservation of the <lifterent 
 races, on sites well adapted to agriculture and <,aaziiiL;, 
 and well supplied with timber and water. In I8(j(i 
 the native population was estimated, as we have seen. 
 at 30,000,*^ and in 1871 it was about the same num 
 bcr.'^^ At the latter date Indians were lar<>ely em- 
 ployed in the interior as laborers, herders, and farin- 
 hands, those wiio understood how to treat thorn beinL; 
 j^lad, in return i'or their services, to feed and house 
 them, i»aying them besides $20 to $30 per nxtntli. 
 Some ol' them displaced ability as artisans; ;iome wer> 
 engaged mi placer mining on the Thompson and Frasei' 
 rivers, antl not a lew had farms and cattle of tlieii- own. 
 
 *■' For location of resorvi'S in ISGi-.*], .see li. ( '. Iiiil. Lniid Qnfstion, •_'(!, iJ!)- 
 30; for description of Kainloop, Sliusliw.ip. ncs I and "_', Aiianis Lake, and 
 Lower I'rascr Uivir reserves in 18GG, sec /(/., ."S-l>, 41-.'{, 47, '>\-~\ i'orKktteii 
 of fcion^ibli reserve and list of other reserves in 1S09, /(/., tJl-H, 1('m-()(!; {•'{• 
 libts, location, andarc;iin 1871, Id., '.).">-(l, 101-U; funorrespondenco relutiiii; 
 to reserves in 187;{-.">, Jour. Lcijixl. ^Iss., 1S7j, app. (iUo-SO; lor Itr/d ( 'vtn. E.i. 
 < 'o"H';(V eoncerninj; reserves iu l87r>, ^i.s*.'. J'ajicrs, Itrit. Vol., 1870, pp. •"'7-7-. 
 lOj-oi'S; forpapcr.s ielatinj{ to reserves in 1877, Id. 1877, 4.S3-4. For iiiissioii 
 on Naas Itiver in l.Sd'J, .sec li. C. Ind. Land (Juedioii, G.'i. In 187.'l-4 ^j4,0(K) 
 was appropriated by govt for llic expenses of reservations. Id., l."J4. 
 
 ■"'Sec p. 7"», thid Vol. 
 
 ^'Chittenden estimates the Indian population of B. 0. in 1882at35,0(K), tln' 
 Haidahs and Cliinisyans being among the most jiopuloiis tril)C3. Trairls hi II. 
 ('. and Ala.sta, 12-l.S. For report on the c(mdition of tlio Kootenai Soiiiid 
 Indians in 188.'!, sec Ses'i. Pcqiivn, D. C, ISSt, p. 3-."). The outbreaks thai 
 occurreil among Indians before the gold discoveries were not, as wo have sci m, 
 of a formidable nature. The more importimt ones that occurred later iiavr 
 already been mentioned. Sec p. 420-1), this vol. For Indian troubles at^^^l 
 couver Island in 1850, sco<9a<T. Union, Oct. 4, I8.'iG; for massacre of miners \t\ 
 Indians at Nicola lliver, iS'. /'. Bulletin, Oct. o, 1858; for murders by Indian^ 
 in 1S5!(, /(/., March 8, 185!), Savr. Union, Nov. '23, 1S50; for depredations aii' I 
 disturbances in 1870, S. f. BnllHin, June 13, July 13, Nov. 22, 23, lS(iO; N. 
 /' Alia, Juno 13, July 3, 1800; Sacr. Union, June 21, July 1.3, 1800; forout- 
 rages in ISOS, ^V. /'. Alia, Juno 28, 18G8. In 1872 there was an Indi.'in out- 
 break at tho Forks, during which anumbcr of white men were massacred. /(/., 
 July 23, 1872. In lS7t) an uprising was feared in tho Kandoops distriiL 
 among the Nicola Indians. For an account of this aCFair, sto Brili.n'i Col"- 
 iiist, Dec. 13, 14, IG, 18, 28, 31, 1879. For Ind. murders in 1884, sec S. I. 
 f'lill, Jan. 12, 1884. Small-pox among Ind., S. F. Bulletin, Jan. 22, V-^KV. 
 I'ietnrin Chronicle, in iSVtor. Union, Jan. 24, 18G3; <S'. F. Times, Sejit. 30. 
 1SG8; S. F. Call, Juno 28, 1808, Nov. I(i, 1870. In the last of these years two 
 tltirds of an entire tribe were swept away. 
 
CHAPTER XXXI. 
 
 THE SAN JUAN ISLAND DIFFICULTY. 
 
 1854-1872. 
 
 The Arcbifelaoo db Habo— San Juan Island Occufied bt thk Hud* 
 son's Bat Company — Customs Duks Demanded for th' United 
 States — Commissioxeks Api-oixted — Tiikik AncrMEMs -Indiam 
 Tboubles— The Affair op the Hoc— A Mimtarv Post Ehtabmshed 
 BT General Harney — Arrival of British Men-of-war — And of 
 the U. S. Steamer 'Massachusetts'— Protest of Docolas— Hau- 
 mky's Reply— Landing of U. S. Troops— Casey's Trip to Esqui- 
 MALT— Its Besult— a Compromise Offered by Lord Lyons — Atti- 
 TUOE of President Buchanan — General Scott Ordered to the 
 Pacific Coast — Negotiations — Harnrt Recalled — Arbitration and 
 Decision. 
 
 Since the treaty of 1846 the people of British 
 Columbia and those of the United States had each 
 1 ogarded the group of islands forming the Archipelago 
 (le Haro, lying between the continent and the south- 
 ern end of Vancouver Island, as belonging to tlioni, 
 according to the first articles of that compact, which 
 leads as follows: "From the point on the 41)th par.il- 
 lol of north latitude, where the boundary laid down 
 ill existing treaties and conventions between (jrieat 
 Ih'itain and the United States terminates, the lino of 
 liniindary between the territories of her Jiritaniiic 
 AFajesty and those of the United States shall he <'oii- 
 tinued westward along the 49th parallel of north lati- 
 tude to the middle t)f the channel wliich scparutes 
 ilie continent from Vancouver's Island; and thence 
 •outhcrly through the mithlle of said channel, and of 
 l'\ica Straits, to tiie Pacific Ocean; provided, how- 
 ever, that the navigation of the said chamiel and 
 
 ( 6C5 ) 
 
606 
 
 THE SAN JU/X\ ISLAND DIFFICULTY. 
 
 straits, south of the 49th parallel of* north latitude, 
 remain free and open to both parties." 
 
 A reference to the map of this region shows a pas- 
 sajxe about seven miles in width between the archi- 
 ])olago and Vancouver Island, known as the Canal do 
 lliirc). Between tiie i.slands a[)poar numerous small 
 passiit^es, and betwi'cn the <^r()Up and the mainland, 
 another channil Its.s tluin huh' tUv width of Canal do 
 llaro, known ns I'osario Strait, lying some distance 
 
 Archifelac.o de IIaro. 
 
 to the east of the point in the n^.lddle of the channo! 
 at the 49th paralkl. The archipelago consists of Sun 
 Juan, as the Spaniards had named it — Bellevue, as 
 the Enghsh called it — Orcas, Lopez, Waldron, l^Iako- 
 ley, Decatur, Shaw, and several smaller islands. 
 The largest, San .Fuan, contains about .lO.OOO acres.' 
 
 'li<;pt of U. I[. Cr<isl)iu, ii: //. I.'.i: /!•>■. 7^, xii. 7, Mtn <'oii<j., 1st .S'(.«., 
 
BEGINNING OP THE QUAPwREL. 
 
 007 
 
 About the time that Fort Victoria was Ibuiidod, 
 and wliilo tin; govoriuncnts of Great Britain and iho 
 United States knew but little of the actual hydrog- 
 ra[)hy of tiie region, and were discussing the line of 
 actual boundary, the Hudson's 13ay Company took 
 possession of San Juan, by placing upon it a few of 
 1 heir servants in charge of their herds. On the other 
 hand, the Oiegon legislature, in 1852, organized 
 Whidbey Island and the Haro Archipelago into a tlis- 
 trict called Island county, which became, by the divis- 
 ion of Oregon in 1853, a part of Washington. 
 
 In 1854 the collector of customs for Puget Sound, 
 I. N. Ebey, first camo in conflict witli the Hudson's 
 I Jay Company, the latter having recently imported u 
 large number of sheei), cattle, horses, and hogs, and 
 j'laced them on the island of San Juan, for which 
 customs dues were demanded by the collector. Ebey 
 found on the island (Jharles John (Jriffin, a clerk of 
 the company and a colonial justice of the peace, who 
 rlaimed it as liritish territory, and who at once noti- 
 I'lL'd Governor J)ouglas of Ebey's pretensions. The 
 latter repaired to San Juan harbor in the compan}'^ 
 steamer Otter, bringing with him the collector of 
 (Mistoms for the i)ort of Victoria, ^Ir Sankster, who, 
 noing on shore, demanded Ebey's busi '.ess on the 
 i>kui(l, of which he was bluntly inforn.ed. Sanksti-r 
 then Ljave notice that ho should s( ize all vessels and 
 arrest all persons found navigating the waters Mcst of 
 liosario Strait and north of the middle of the strait 
 I if Fuca. To this Ebey re|)ru'd that ho should leave 
 upon the island a deputy collector of customs, who 
 would dischartjfe his duty, and that he trusteil no 
 persons would be so rash as to interfere with its 
 performance. Sankster tlien suggested that ICbey 
 nIiouIcI <xo on board the Uticr and confer with (jjov- 
 rriior Douglas, which invitation was declined. Sank- 
 ster then carried the British lla<j ashore, hoisting it 
 
 Olympia Transcript, July IS, 18G8; MHton\t San Juan, l-t-'JS; <SVm. Uoc, S9, 
 i., iUth Cong., 2d Ses»., geographical mcinoir, witli maps. 
 
h 
 
 I , ;.|, 
 
 60S 
 
 THE SAN JUAN ISLAND DIFFICULTY. 
 
 over the quarters of the company's servants, Ebcy at 
 the same time flincfinjj to the breeze the United States 
 revenue flaj; which he carried in his boat. Sankster 
 then landed a boat's crew from the Otter, and pre- 
 pared to take up his quarters on the island, while 
 Governor Douglas returned to Victoria. Ebcy the 
 next morning swore in his deputy, Henry Webber, 
 in presence of Griffin and Sankster, and left the 
 island, fully expecting that Webber would bo arrested 
 and taken to Victoria.'* A writ was indeed served on 
 him,' but as he refused to obey, the colonial author- 
 ities refrained from pushing the matter further. 
 
 The same year the property on San Juan Island 
 was assessed by the officer whose duty it was to ap- 
 praise the property of Island county; but the colloc- 
 tiou was not enforced until March 18, 1855, when tlir 
 .sherilV of Whatcom county, Ellis Barnes — San Juan 
 and the adjacent islands having been attached by tlic 
 loLl^iwlature of 1854-5 to Whatcom — seized and sold* 
 thirty or more of the sheep belonging to the Hudson's 
 J>ay Company at auction.'' These proceedings caused 
 Governor Stevens in 1 855 to address a communication 
 oM the subject" to the secretary of state, who instructed 
 him that the territorial officers should abstain i'roiii 
 all acts on tlie disputed ground calculated to provoke 
 
 '^Oh/inpi<i PloiKcr (tiiil Ihnt., Miiy i:i, IS.'tl. 
 
 ' Till) JSriti.sli colciiii.il nutliDiities, call the ai'clii[ieIn;,'oSun Jiiaii county. 
 
 *I iiiii iiiili l)U'il ti) IClwiioil I'lvaiis till' II Miliialilo cdllcclion of papers (jii llii; 
 'Northwest IJoimdary Intwccn (Jivat llritaiii niul the United Staler,' in « liiili 
 I liiul, ]). It.'Sri, n Htatunicnt of tlieso (»;cnrri'ni'C8, taken from thn /'ir/niiinnl 
 ICA/'/ of July ID, iStiO, und copioil into tlio XatioitiU J iilelliijeiicii; Washm ■ 
 ton, I). C. 
 
 "For this si'i/.nre tlio coinjmny Buhscfpicntly jtroHcntnl a elaini of al" i.t 
 $1.',(MM), 'I'lie liill made ont liy (irillin av!1h fur '.U imported rams, \vliich wi iv 
 Bci/ed ami Mil. I, estimated to l>e worth §;t,7.")l). 'Ihe remainder was for In i , 
 siist.iined in cont^eiiuence of Shcritl' Ikirnes' violent acta in driving' the xlic |i 
 into liie woods, and the cost of eolleetini,' such as wcro not nlto;:elht r h ■' 
 'ilie American nut horilien state that (Irillin himself caused the Hlici'p t.l ■ 
 dis|»i rsed in order (o e'. ado a si'i/ure, and that tlioso taken wero u liaml \\l i !i 
 till y lonnd in a corral in n ri mote part of the island. 'I'lio men w ho ai ■ ' in- 
 
 Iianii d the slierilt' win; Mr Cuilcn, county eommisttioner and a;;ent ot ili" 
 'ugct Sound Coal jMinini; Company, K. (.'. Kitzhuj^ii, ailerwanl lieiit-ei.l of 
 volunteers and associate justice, and two others, who hecamo purely. Hers, iit 
 low iiriics, of the company's blooded stock. .S'. /'. Alt't, July 1(1, 180J; !!• 
 Ec hor. 77, '.', .W/A <'i''i<i., /'' StsM. 
 •Suo Wanh, Juiir. Coiiiiri/, l.s.VI, 101. 
 
JOIXr OCCUPATION. 
 
 coo 
 
 Sbcy at 
 i States 
 ankstcr 
 nd prc- 
 \, while 
 Ibey tlic 
 W'cbber, 
 left the 
 arrested 
 ervctl on 
 I author- 
 
 icr. 
 
 ,n Islaiul 
 
 ras to aii- 
 
 hc colloc- 
 
 whcn till! 
 
 Sail Juan 
 
 eel by the 
 and sold* 
 Hudson^ 
 
 |j<rs caused 
 
 lunicatioii 
 instriut»'d 
 ain iVt'Ui 
 o provtil^' 
 
 mm county. 
 
 papers on t! '■ 
 
 ;vl,.t<,'invh.'l' 
 
 111.! Hirliiii'""' 
 
 lor, Wauluir.; 
 
 Maim of rtl"><it 
 „^, which wi !<• 
 ■ \vii8 fi>r 1" ' ■ 
 viiij,' the hIh' 1' 
 Oto-Hhtrh •' 
 
 ,10 nli<'.'l> '"';■ 
 
 ,,al>anil\\l i '■> 
 ,11 \\lli> 11(1. in- 
 I a^.nt <il l!"' 
 ^nl lii'iit-i''l of 
 pr.rch;.rti'i-s "ti 
 
 y :u, ihoa; li' 
 
 conflicts, "so far as it can ho done without implying 
 the concession of an exclusive right over the premises," 
 and that the title ouc;ht to bo settled before either 
 party shouivl forcibly exclude the other. He prom- 
 ised, moreover, to notify the British govermncnt, and 
 to have the boundary established at an early date." 
 Deputy Collector Webber remained on San Juan 
 Island only about one year, when fear of the northern 
 Indians forced him to leave it. lie was succeeded by 
 Oscar Olnoy, whose stay lasted but a few months for 
 the same reason, and who wan replaced by Paul K 
 IIuIjIks. Each of these Amcrijcans was compelled at 
 (Hlferent times to seek the protection of j\Ir Gritlin, 
 <lirk of the Hudson's Bay Comp;;-^', and ]>ritisli 
 iiia'istrato on the island. This was aivvays cliit rfully 
 ivndered, but tho >'on)pany never did anything to pre- 
 \t'!it the recurrence of these incursions from the north 
 coasi, which tended to frighten away American set- 
 tlors. 
 
 Th(! shoritFof Wliatcitm county continued regularlv 
 I • ini[)oso taxes on the island, but wiiliout again eu- 
 I'liviiig tlieir collection, until in 185'.) Ihcy auiMunted 
 1 > .^1);];"). The customs inspe>ctor ])ursued tho same 
 romse, merely taking account of t!io goods landitl and 
 ve-sels arriving. In IS.VJ tho I [ndson's Bay Coiupanv 
 h.il on San .)nan Island, i>csides (Jrillin, eigldoen 
 
 ■ MUtniCaSan Jiinn I4aiiil, .'30-7. 'I'liis lonipilation, ina(h! hy Viscount 
 Miltciii, mill puhlislii'd lit .1 time \s\Kn tho himnclary (|Ui'stion w.im almut to hci 
 uliiiiiilcl Id !ul)itnUii)n, is viihuiKlo as a c olhcti'tn ut il<ntiMK!nt.-', imt ;i f an 
 n nnitiit i:* wiUiout fiircp. 'llio ailvanta!.'o itclainii'il uw tho i^iilii of (inal 
 I', iiaiu w.iH in poinlinjf fuit il. , lil,iii<lrnjoI' .\iiu'rii;m cxploiur^, w ho, hy thrir 
 < "iiir.i, f^'avo \M'i;lit ti) fT' Uiiii 'i ilaiin. l\ir exainiilc, l''ii'in'>ni,'H iiiapHaif 
 .•iiM:n.'ci| ns proof, v htn I'^ii'^iimnrH aciiuainlanro wilh ric/rt Soiiiiil ^v;;' no 
 ):i.al.L'r tiiaii MiltouK l(o;ii hinii,' lioivoweil from other aiiUioritii'^, anil thosi; 
 ly no means ,:oriec:t AeLiinlin;.' lo ,1 ;,;/. rM.i'n //(.»'. A'. IT. ' '•■a ', MS., ;;|- 
 'i, Willies, inapiivato letter to him in ISII, j;avo iiu ojiiiiinn whieli wuiiM 
 li.i'O j,ono far ill net llin;,' tlio nrhil ration in I'avor of (ireal I'liiUiin iia'l it heon 
 |:i. ill evidriue. Tho pcoph) vlio nettled tlio eouniiyand (".[ilorccl cxery 
 iiii'k and corner in ciinoes !;iu\v more alioiit it than tho ho-eall' d ixidorera ut 
 tli.iL timo could Know; lieiuu; J.ord Miltoii had Imt little to re^t Ids jiiil^^nn nt 
 >il"iii. ,Seo Milton's Nrui Jiimi Walt f J!t>nn<>(ii<f (^hir.ilivli, hnwdim, lS(i'.». Aw 
 I'lllier Work til. Ill Milton's, tind le:s valiialjle, i.^ Uiliiliiiii.^ Iittim n llir I'nilt'tl 
 Sin'm n,,,( X,,rlliiri^t HiiiUh Annri'i, \>y .lame^ \V. '{".lyl.T, \VaMliin;.iton, 
 l^<>-', a mere coiii|iilalioii, w iiliout jiid;.,'iiuiit or fiiieo. 
 Hj.tr. liuir. f oi,. o'J 
 
fttO 
 
 TUK SAN JUAN ISLAND DIFFICULTY. 
 
 ;^^ 
 
 kii 
 
 servants, three of whom only were white, and these 
 were naturahzctl citizens of the United States. The 
 American settlers numbered twenty-nine, chiclly men 
 who had drifted thither from the Fraser Hive- mines, 
 or, not being able to reach that district, had decided 
 to take land claims instead, the northern couniit , 
 of Washin'j-ton leceivinij about this time considerabh 
 accessions to their population from thcj same source. 
 
 The correspondence between tlie United States and 
 Great Britain, on tlie subject of the north-west boiiii 
 dary, had led, in 185G-7, to the appointment of coin 
 missio-.ici-s by each government, to examine into uy 
 furnish the data upon which the lino should be drawn 
 througli the straits east of Vancouver Island. Tin 
 eonunissioners on the part of Great Ih'itain wc:v 
 Captain Prevost and Captain llichanis ol" the [loyal 
 Navy; on the part of the United States, ArchibaM 
 Campbell, assisted by Lieutenant John (*. Parke an i 
 (George Clinton Gardner of the t(»[)(>graphical engi 
 neers, ami John F. Taylor and George P. liond as- 
 tronomers. Prevost left JOnglaiid in J)ecend)er 185C>, 
 in 1[. !M. S. Satclh'ti\ arriving at Esquimalt harbor in 
 June 1857, Richards I'ollowing in 11. M. H. J'luiu/irr, 
 wliii'h did not arrive foi- several months latiM*. Tin 
 United States commissioner had placed at his eoni 
 mand the surveying steanujr Actirr, anil the \iv\s 
 Juiitiitfcroi/, and arrived at Victoria about the saiii« 
 time with Prevost, the first mi^eting taking ])lace oti 
 board the.SW/<'////(', June 27tli, when tliecoinniissioners 
 agreed as to their initial [)oint of survey. 
 
 At a meeting which took place inSemiahmoo Pay' 
 in ()ct<»ber, Prevost state(l tliat he had vcirilied thr 
 general accuiviev of tiie United States coast survey 
 map of IS.")!, and would take this chart as the uii. 
 
 'Tlicro is a moniunent of iron oii tlio iiorMi slioro of Sfiuiiilmio') I'ly ' 
 feet lii;;l», 4J iiiclicii H'Hiriro at tlio top, ami (5 iiiclics Mi|u;ii'e at tlio lu«i 
 pliii'C'il llurc ti> iii;u U the l>oiiii>l;iry liiiu. On tlio iinlli «iilo uro tlio w i.; 
 'Treaty of \Viisliiiii;t<iii,' uiul on llui Hoiith Hiile, Miiiiu !.'>, ISUl.' M ■■ • 
 IJ'.mA. '/',<•., M.S., xxii. 10. See also /.'. ('of. SLtrhtx, MS., 'Jl; Coii-j. t,.o'n 
 IS-Vh-O, ii., ni>. l.">-2;>; Ur. An/HM, Nov. '2'.), lS."<(»j //. Lx. Doc, jiii 100, ^/'i 
 
 ( 'Ollij., .Ill Si •!!. 
 
A BOUNDARY QUESTION. 
 
 911 
 
 these 
 The 
 
 f men 
 
 uincf:, 
 
 L^ckled 
 
 uuiu'-; 
 
 ,erablr 
 
 uree. 
 
 :csaiul 
 
 bboun 
 
 if coin- 
 
 inl») "' 
 ; drawn 
 
 1. Thr 
 
 11 wer 
 
 . Iloyai 
 L'ohibiiM 
 U'ko an 1 
 ul en;^i 
 )()iul :> - 
 
 cr IS.')''. 
 
 arbor In 
 
 V. Tl" 
 lis f<ii!i 
 he bii; 
 he sa'.i. 
 place oil 
 issioiiti'-^ 
 
 Loo Ikiv 
 ilied tii« 
 It, surv<} 
 the oil' 
 
 Ilimoo T'ly ' 
 lut tUo I'ifi'' 
 
 via.' ^Vw-.w 
 
 i. 100, i""* 
 
 upon which tlie general line of bounilary should be 
 iletermineil, leavinjjj t . . correct tracinijf of the lino to 
 lie carried out by tlu; .surveyint^ officers. But when 
 it eanu- to the iliseu.ssion of the treaty of 184(], Pre- 
 voist argued that the llosario channel would answci 
 the lan^uatjc of that instrument, while Caniijbell eon- 
 tended for the Canal do llaro. 
 
 At a meeting which took place the 27th, l*r^\(>^^t, 
 lornudated hi.s views as follows: "By a careful e(»ii 
 sideration of the wording of the trea( v, it would seem 
 distinctly to provide that the channel nieidioned should 
 possess tiiree characteristics: 1st. It should sepaialc 
 the eontinentl'roin Vancouver's Island; 2d. It should 
 admit of the boundarv line being carried thron<T:h th< 
 middle of the ehannel in a southerly dircM'tion; ;Jd. 
 It, should be a navig;djk! channel. To these tlirv> 
 pt'culiar conditions the ehannel known as llosarii' 
 Strait most entirely aiiswers." The arguments broughl 
 forward are too lengthy f»)r even a review in thest 
 pages, and arc moreover immaterial. 
 
 Cam})beirs answer was, in substance, that the liin 
 of boundarv described in the treatv began at th' 
 »l)th jtarallel, in the nuddle of the channel wdiich sop 
 arated the continent from Vancouver Island, whieh 
 point was clearly west of the Ito>ari() Sti'ait. As i>. 
 ilii' boundary line rtnming ctxitinuously in a southerl 
 direction from this [>oint, or any other, that was im 
 p'>-^sil)le. If it followed the Kosario Strait it defleeti'd 
 Well to the east, and when it canu; to the strait <>l" 
 FiKM its coiu'se was north of west. The term 'soutli 
 t'llv' could, therefore, be; used t>nly in a txeneral scnsi . 
 liosario channel was not the main ciianmd that sc[i:! 
 rated A'ancouver Island from the continent, but oii' 
 \vhi( h sojiarated certain islands i'roin certain other 
 idatids, as did another navigable chanm 1 through tli< 
 archipela«^o. And as to the navii/ability of the tw^^ 
 ' liamicls, they w<'r'j both pronctunted good; l>ut tlx 
 Canal de Ilaro was, according to the latest surveys, 
 "thi widest, deej>ost, and best chaimel," besides being 
 
612 
 
 THE SAN JUAN ISLAND DIFFICULTY. 
 
 
 Hi 
 
 I 1; 
 
 I 
 
 H: 
 
 a much shorter coiiiniunioation between the gulf of 
 Georgia and the Pacific Ocean tlian that by the way 
 of llosario Strait. 
 
 This narrowed the discussions down to what wws 
 in the minds of the framers of the treaty when it was 
 (hawn uj); it being reasonably clear, from Campbell's 
 ]K)int of vitw, that the deflection of the boundary line 
 iron I the 49th parallel was a concession intended bi 
 avoid cutting oft' the southern end of Vancouver 
 Island, and thereby greatly injuring it as a British 
 possession, but one that did not give to that govern- 
 ment any right over the archipelago to the cast of il, 
 which belonged to the continent; and the language of 
 the plenipotentiaries was quoted in su[)port oi' this 
 position. 
 
 Here was in fact the whole of the argument; mid 
 although it was long drawn out in voluminous conv 
 spondcnce, it never amounted to anything more, 'flu 
 IJritish colonial authorities brought forward the elaiin 
 of priority of occupation, tlu; ]ludson's Bay Company 
 having kept iheir herds uj>i)n it ever since the eslah- 
 lisjnnent of Fort Vietoria in 1813; but as the treaty 
 <tf Is'lG nban(htni'(l to the Unitod Slates all soiiih i>\' 
 the -lOtli ]>arallel, except ilio southein i»ortioiior \ ah 
 <ouver Islam!, it was claiiued that })iior oecupanry 
 could not alVeet, the title, although prior occupali';:! 
 of an island in the niid.st of an archipelago constitiitt - 
 title in international law. Two years were spent iii 
 a disenssion which t(>rmiuate<l in nothing, its laes! 
 noticeable result being that it strengthened \\u 
 ieeling of American ownership ain<Mig tlie people <•; 
 Piiget .Sound, and led to a settlement of Americaii- 
 to the nund)er of twenty-nine, as I have said." I: 
 the nieaii time the survey was compiett'd from th' 
 gulf of Georgia to the Columbia IJiver, and tli' 
 line marked l»y stone monuments at a distance '' 
 twenty miles ajiart, a ti'ail being cut through li.' 
 
 * IiDHHi'.i S'luiriilr^, lS(i-!M . I'm- ii jiail iiiiiiir luvoiuit of the bouiiilaty sur- 
 vey, BfO //. /,'r. J)()r. ,s/;, .rlii. ^..', J"'/* ( oii'J., uU HtHK, 
 
INDIAN TUOUllLES. 
 
 613 
 
 licavy timber for the |)laeiijg of iron monuments at 
 intervals of one mile. l)urin<^ the progress of the sur- 
 vey the town of Scmialnuoo on tlie frontier sprang up, 
 us also a settlement at Point lloberts, and in the min- 
 ing region of the upper Columbia American Town. 
 (Ml the head wnters of Kettle llivei'. 
 
 Before proceeding I'uilhei' with the story of the 
 San fJuan diflicuUy, it will be necessary to refer to a 
 I'lW ineidents in w jiich lh(> affairs of Washingtoti ter- 
 ritory and of tlie Hudson's ]{ay Comjiany are son»e- 
 wliat intcirnjiiigled. The invasions of northern In- 
 dians were the great drawback to the occupancy ol' 
 San Juan, and of all ihat part of Washington border- 
 ing on the straits. At ]>ellingham ]]ay in ISjj-O 
 there were but thirty white inhabitants. To protect 
 tliemselves, they had crcctciL .a block-house with 
 bastions inside of a stockadt', luang furnishotl from 
 the United States vessels in the Sound with -.k howit- 
 zer and detachment of twelve men (o garrison their 
 little fort." Congress ami the military authorities 
 were more than once mem»»rialize<l as to ihe deleiu'e- 
 less condition of the lowei' coasts of l^uget, Sound, 
 mitil, in 18 JO, (ient;ral Wool announced his intention 
 iif establishing a post at Ijcliingham l»ay as soon as 
 he could spare! tlu) troops from the tield. Accoid- 
 ingly, in the sunumi' of iSjCt, when the war had been 
 lirought to a close west of the ( *ascades, ( 'aptain 
 (h'orge IMckett was sent witli a. co;njtany of the '.Uh 
 inl'antry to garrison a post aiiout two and a half miles 
 fhdn the settler's block-Iiouse, and Majer ( ). ( i. 1 lalhr 
 to establish a jiost about the same distance from l*ort 
 
 ith 
 
 ownsend, with another mlanti-v conu)anv 
 
 V 
 long 
 
 Tl 
 
 hue 
 
 lesu 
 ex- 
 
 Were, howi^vev, mere specks <>n (h< 
 pesL'd coast, and seldom wvw Ihi- barbaritit s ef the 
 savage pirates of the north either prevented or pun- 
 idied. Tho nmrder of 1. N. Ebey in 1857, to which 
 1 have referred in my Jliston/ of Wimhi nylon, illus- 
 
 " Iloder's liiUiwjham liay, MS., '1\ 1. 
 
614 
 
 TIIK SAN JUAN ISLAND DIFFICULTY. 
 
 *' 
 
 ^ 
 
 "■ 
 
 i' 
 It 1 
 
 i' ■ 
 
 i V 
 
 ) 'i 
 
 tiiit 
 
 tratcd the powcrlcssness of a handful of infantry to 
 (leal Avith these dangerous foes. 
 
 Tlie lirst odicial act (»f Mc^Iulhii, who was a]i- 
 pf)inted governor of the territory about this time, 
 was to visit Douglas at Vietoria, and ascertain whether 
 tlie latter would join in an attempt to take the guilty 
 individuals; but Douglas could do nothing whidi 
 might bring on a war with their tribe without lir>t 
 obtaining tlie sanction of the h()nu! goveriunent,'^ 
 and would not have wished in anv case to involvr 
 the company in a war with these sea-kings, who, like 
 the barbarous northmen of Europe, revelled in visions 
 of ]tlo(»d. ]\r('^[ullin had neither an tirniv nor navv 
 at his eonnnand, and I'jbev's death, with that of maiiv 
 others, went unavenged. 
 
 San Juan Island hiy directly in the route of the 
 nortlicrn In<l!ans, who paid many unwelcome visits tu 
 its sliores, while du account of the then peculiar pe- 
 litical ;ituatit)n of the island, no troops could be sta- 
 tioned thei-e, nor any adequate defence of the settlers 
 bo made. On the 21)tli of May 1850, the schooner 
 C((i'olii)c, Captain Jones, fell in with three largo canoes 
 iilltd with nortlu.'rn Indians, evidently bent upon mis- 
 chi'l'. On being hailed and questioned as to their 
 destination, ihey replied they were going to lUuiitoi' 
 Smith Island, where a iiixhtdiousc had been erected, 
 and where tlx- only residents were the light-keejici', 
 Vail, and his family. The captain of the schooner 
 immediately turned back and informed Vail of his 
 danger, urging jiim to leave the })lace without delay. 
 This he did, going (^n board the schooner which sailed 
 for Port Townsend. But Vail's deputj', J. K. Ap|i 
 gate, chose to remain. He barricaded the doors an. I 
 windows of Avail's house, and j)i'epare<l for deleinv, 
 knowing that jielp wt)uld be sent IVom I'ort Townsend 
 at the earliest moment possible. Hardly hatl lii-- 
 j)r' parations been completed when the Indians landed, 
 
 *'0ll/7npiii P'loiKir uiiil Don., Oct. 10, 1357. 
 
APPLEOATE AND THE INDIANS. 
 
 i i 
 
 and approached the house, endeavoring to induce 
 Applegatc to leave it, which he declined to do. 
 
 Ill the mean time the schooner had run over to Port 
 Townsend, and a volunteer company was quickly 
 raised,^'' which, placing itself under the command 
 
 • if Deputy Sheriff Van Valzah, proceeded to Blunt 
 iskind, where tliey arrived the next iiiorning, having 
 lioen delayed by variable winds. The Indians, on 
 ^'cinir the schooner about to land, ran to their canoes 
 with the intentivm of boarding her, but she put off 
 licfore the wind, and their design was frustrated. 
 Then, through their interpreter, they challenged the 
 \olunteers to light, which the latter declined doing, 
 l)oing only twenty in number, to eighty or ninety of 
 the natives. Their errand was simply to rcscuu 
 .\.pj)legate if ])ossible, whom they had little hope ot 
 linding alive, but who had ke[)t the Ind'ans iVom 
 fdicinjx an entrance to his loni^lv fortress lurou'jjliout 
 : he night. A landing was effected, and the Indians 
 
 leparted, ostensibly lor A-^ictoria, vowing vengeance 
 iv^ainst Captain Jone.s and a half-breed sailor who 
 !iad llrst warned Jones of their designs. On the fol- 
 lowing day, liowever, as Applegatc passed the tower 
 window in the light-house, he was shot at by a party 
 
 • -f these Indians in ambush. He returned their lire, 
 and wounded one of them, when the}' finally left the 
 island." Vail brought his family back to their liome, 
 hut the feeling of insecurity was great, inasmuch as 
 lh(; Indians had declared they were seeking revenge 
 I'lir the hanging of three of their tribe at Port Towns- 
 '11(1 for previous murders. 
 
 Two weeks before the alfair of Blunt Jslaml, a 
 Mieeting had been called at Port Townsend to con- 
 >i(ler the best means of preventing the northern Iii- 
 ilians, then on a visit to Victoria, IVom landing at the 
 I'l inner place; and it was resolved to give notice to 
 
 '■ This comimuy included threo of the famous Chapman trouiio of i>luy- 
 aotors, who crossed tiio pliiins, nn<l wci'o the first regular theatrical conipauy 
 aa far uorth and west as tlio L'oluinbia uiil I'ujjct Sound. 
 
 "Letter of J. K. AjipUgalo, in O/ymjri, I'ionrer ami Drm., Juno 17, 18."j9. 
 
 li UJ 
 
 m 
 
61G 
 
 THE SAN JUAN ISLAND DIFFK'Ll/rV. 
 
 thern that they would not be permitted to visit Port 
 Townsend, coniiiiittcos being ajjpoiiited to keep strict 
 watch, and to use the best means in tlieir judgment 
 for preventing their a[)proach, while Major Ilaller was 
 requested to cooperate.'* 
 
 A crisis was, however, approaching which involved 
 the international as well as the Indian (juestion. One 
 Lyman A. Cutler, who had located himself on San 
 Juan Island in April 1850, and planted a garden, was 
 nmch annoyed by tlie predatory habits ot" a hog be- 
 longing to the Hudson's IJay Company, and on the 
 15th ol' June he shot and killed the offending animal, 
 lie then called Griffin and offered payment lor it, but 
 the latter claiminij: $100, Cutler refused the demand. 
 On the following day A. (I. Dallas, son-in-law of 
 (lovernor ]3ouglas, with Tolmie and Fraser of Hk; 
 colonial council, arrivcul at the island in the com[)aiiy's 
 armed steamer Bcdver, when Dallas pereni[>torily 
 claimed the island to bo British soil, and ord<'re(l 
 Cutler to j)ay the i?lOO «»r be taken to Victoria for 
 trial. Cutler refused to do either, threatening to kill 
 any who should try to force him.'"' 
 
 After this encounter Dallas returned with his party 
 to Victoria, when it was determined to place a magis 
 trate on the island, and to arrest Cutler. ^MeanwhiL , 
 as will be remembered, the Pacific coast jjortion ol 
 the Hudson's J;>ay Company's territt^ry had been 
 
 "Olio resolution of the inft'tiiip; reveals the cause of lair invasions as \vi;ll 
 H.3 llio aociiil uoniUtion of tiio country: ' Tliat (ill men luivinj; nortlu'rn woniLii 
 1)0 notilicil that if tiicy do not, on or before tiio li>t tl;iy of June, sonil tlicsuiiiu 
 out of till) country, that le^'al action will lie coiiiiiuiici'il aj^ainst them, as hy 
 act jiasscil January -M, I8.i7.' From thiti it appears that tho legialuturo hiul 
 I'oiinil it nccijssjiry to interfere with the practice of cohaliiting with women of 
 llio liritish Colnmlii.v triiics, wheruliy occasion was given to their mule rela- 
 tives to visit the settlements. 
 
 '^'I'liis alFair is diU'eientlv represented by Jlilton, who says that Dallas and 
 (Jrillin only remonstrated with Cutler, who threatened to ^ihoot any other of 
 tho company's ^^tock which should iutcifero with him. San Juan, '1'}\-<k 
 Other Uritish writers say that he threatened to shoot Dallas; but the .\iiu'ri- 
 can autliorilicM and tho dei)ositioii of Cutler agree with tho above. //. Ilx. 
 l>ot\ C'l, ix. iid, Mill Ciiit'i., 14 Sisii.; Uolcr'ii tli lllinjham lluy, MS., IW-I; 
 (Irovn'H /'ill), life in (Jr., MS., tiS; Mursen IKtw/i. 7Vc., MS., xv. 15-10; 
 Ihan'n Si'lllduiiit <>/ Vane. Isli\ MS., 11-12; Anwrkan State I'a[)erii, 'JiiU. 
 Cutler died atSnanish scltlcinent in 1877. 
 
A MILITAUY I'OST. 
 
 017 
 
 (loclarud ]3ritisli colonics. In May of this year the 
 Americati settlers at San Juan petitioned (Jeiieral 
 IL'irney, the connnander of the niilitaiy doj)aiiint nt 
 of Oregon, to send them a small guard of twenty 
 soldiers as a i)roteetion against the northern Indians, 
 which the general, with the usual reluctance of niili- 
 lary officers to credit the alarms of citizens, withiield. 
 ill the following July, however, being on a tour of 
 inspection of his department, and having paid a coin 
 plimentar}' visit to Douglas, he ran over to San Juan 
 to see for himself the condition of the Americans, 
 and to take some notes concerning th(^ vahu- of ilic 
 disputed territory in a military point of view, the 
 JJritish at this time terming San Juan the Cionstadt 
 nf tlie Pacific iUid the key to the gulf of (jieoigia. 
 Tlie settlers, taking advantage of thtir op[)ortunity, 
 addressed another j)ctition to Harney, asking for pro- 
 t(.rtit)n from the natives, who a shoi-t time bel"(»ri> had 
 cnnnnitted sevei-al mur<lers, and (»f whom tlioy stood 
 in constant dread,'" the |)etitioners taking occasion to 
 add that the island was LTnited States territory, antl 
 that they had a right to claim a snllicient military 
 loice tt) prevent Indian outrages and encourage sd- 
 llcinent. At the same time tin; general was inl'oi imd 
 as to the affair of the hog, and that Dallas iiad coinf 
 ill an aimed vessel to take Cutler to Victoria. Al'ter 
 a week's icflection he decide»l that if the Ijritish au- 
 liiurities could proceed to usuip sole jinisdictiou of 
 di.s|)uted teiritory, so could lie. uVecordingly, on tlie 
 isth of July he issued an ortler to Captain IMikctt 
 to ti'ansfer his company from Fort IJeHingham'' to 
 San .hian Island, anil the steamer Massdi-fidscfts was 
 
 '"Tliu petition wits sIljiu'iI l)y .f. M. JFiivL'aret, Saimirl Mi'l ',iiil\ , .1. Iv 
 llii:-ii.H, Cli.-irka II. Ilubl.a, L. A. Cutler, William I'.utlcr. .1, D. WmIt. ii, II. 
 \\i..ii!oii, ,lr, .liiliii Wiltyi i>- S. .\nili-i'\v.-<, .lulm llunti r McK.iv, \im1 l!iit, 
 Miiliiiul I'anis, (Icorgd l'iiliiii>4, Ali'\aiui> r Mr| (dnalil, I'l'tir .liilinsi.n, Aii'^u* 
 McDonald, William Smith, Cliailis McKay, D. W. OaLcM. i'aiil K. lluMi.s, 
 ■'i. ami I'.uil K. Jluldis, Sf. Mil/oii'.t Snu .lunii It mil, '2'i~. 
 
 '■ l''i)rt liollingliam waa cstablialiotl by (.'(ilonul ( 'ascy in IS.'ili, ami \ as tlio 
 M' Olid cstablisiicil on tlio Sound, Fort Toxvnm'iid liiiiii; Icji.'ati'cl innnuiliatuly 
 altirit. ir.wA. T<r. ,S/.Wc/ir.v, MS., lOO-L'; Llilridni'H SLtcli, MS., '2[); Kbeifs 
 Jvurifil, MS., iii. ■!!>. 
 
 'f= 
 
 ti f;!! 
 
 Hj' !■: 
 
018 
 
 THE SAN JUAN ISLAND DIFFICULTY. 
 
 ''J 
 
 I 
 
 Kont to remove tlic troops and government propcrt}-. 
 Major ]Ialler's company was afterward ordeied on 
 briard the vessel, which was to bo enij)Ioyud whcnvt r 
 tho servlci's of tlio men were required. On the 'J7tli 
 Pickett Inidcd liis command on San Juan, l;. mi'^ 
 1hr<»UL,di the i'ollowiiiL,' formula: "1st. In com[)haii(i! 
 with ohUts jind instructions from tho conimandiiii; 
 gciK-Tid, a military jjost will be established on this 
 island, on whatever site the conmianding ollicer may 
 select; 2(1. All the inhabitants of the island are rc- 
 (juested to I'cport at onco to the commanding odicci- 
 in case of any incursion by the northern Indians, so that 
 he may take such steps as he may deem necessary to 
 prevent any further occurrence of the same; od. 'J'his 
 I K-ing United States territory, no laws other than th< "si' 
 of tlio United States, nor courts except such as an 
 held by virtue of said laws, will be recognized or 
 allowed on this island. By order of Captain Pick 
 t'tt." This document was signed by James W. Foi- 
 syth, second lieutenant in the 0th infantry, and post 
 adjutant. 
 
 It happened that the SxtcIItte brought from Vic- 
 toria on the same day !Major De Courcy, whom Pic 
 \dst was to install as sti[)endiary ujagistrate on tlic 
 island by <lirection of J3oU'>las. No maijistrate ac- 
 com[)anied Pickett, although it has been so stated 
 by a colonial writer.'** Great surprise was I'elt by l)c 
 ('(»nrcy, wliose commission was fouiul to antedate the 
 arrival of Pickett, by one day. It could not tlniv 
 fore be denied that the colonial government hail 
 intendi'd to do what l*ickett had done — establish 
 jurisdiction, notwithstandinu: the aLrreement betwe( ii 
 th(! respective powers to refi-ain from such acts. 
 
 These occurrences caused a profound seiisation at, 
 
 '" Doniiltl Frascr, inuiiilicr of tho fxi-cutivo council. On the 'JDlh, iwo 
 (lays attir tlic military occupatiKU, II. It. Crosbic, magistrate of Whattiiin 
 county, vi)<itc(l the iHlanil out of curiosity, as did many others, and lindiug 
 an l')n<^lisli mairistratc there, remained to be useful to tho American residents 
 in case of an attempt to arrest Cutler, which was expected. Kept of Cros- 
 bie, in JI. Ex. Doc. 77, SGlh Comj., 1ft Sess. 
 
READY FOR WAR. 
 
 m 
 
 Victoria. Two war vessels, tho Tribune, a thirty -j^un 
 (Vij^ate, and the Plnniper, wen; oiderctl to j<»iri the 
 Sdfr/litr at San Juan, to prevent tho hmdiiii^ of nioro 
 United hJtati'S troops, while the Pleiades was sent to 
 San Franeiseo with despatciies for Eii'^iand. On the 
 ;;Olh (Trillin notified Piekett that tiie island was t\\r 
 property of and in occupation l»y the ] tudson's JJay 
 ( 'onipany, an<l requested him to leave it with his men. 
 ' Should you 1)0 unwillini^ to comply with my re- 
 i|iicst," he added, ** I feel hound to apply to the civil 
 luthorities." Pickett replicl that he did not ai - 
 knowledge tho ri;.jht of the Hudson's Lay (Company; 
 that ho was on tho island by virtue of an order fmni 
 liis tjjovernment, and should remain unlil recalh.'d hv 
 I h(! same authority.** This reply of Pickett's was n<»t 
 strictly true, though he may have so construed ihr 
 ■ituation. He was on tho island hy order ol"(Jeneral 
 I larney, his superior <jllicer. Upon receiviiig (jlrillln's 
 iioti(;o to leave, l*ickett wrote to Colon(d Case}' at 
 I'ort Steilacuom, that the attitude assumed hy tin! 
 Hudson's liay Company was threatening, and n- 
 (piestod him to .send (ho Mitssdchusetts at once to Sai: 
 .luan. "I do not know," he said, " that any actual 
 collision will take place, hut it is not condortahle lo 
 \n^ lying within range of a couple of war ste'amer>. 
 The Tribune, a thirty-gun IVigate, is lying hroadsjdc 
 to our camp, and from pres(Mit indications «.'\eryLhing 
 li ads mo to suppose that they will attem[>t to pi'cvent 
 my carrying out njy instructions." 
 
 On tho 31st Pickett was reeiiforc<:d l»y another 
 'ompany I'rom Port Steihu-oom, tlu: Massdchusefts 
 • laveying them to San Juan, together with rain]) 
 I i[uipago and all necessary tools for co!istructing 
 'luartcrs, besides a few howitzeis. Provost now has- 
 tiiied to San Juan to hold an intei'view wilh Camp- 
 i»!|, who was ab.sent. From .l*icki;tt he Karui'd, 
 however, that ho intended to obey orders, would pie- 
 vent tho landing of any inferior force, light any equal 
 
 " Milton's San Juan Idand, 2U2. 
 
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620 
 
 THE SAN JUAN ISLAND DIFFICULTY. 
 
 force, and protest against any superior force of Brit- 
 ish troops being placed on the island, the proposition 
 having been made of a joint military occupation by an 
 equal number of troops of both nations, and rejected. 
 The captain could well afford to assume this position, 
 for he was aware that the American population of 
 Victoria, outnumbering five to one the available Brit- 
 ish force, and more skilled perhaps in the use of arms, 
 would rally to his aid, and were indeed already in 
 communication with the island. 
 
 Douglas now issued a proclamation protesting 
 against the invasion, and declaring that the sover- 
 eignty of the island was and always had been vested 
 in Great Britain.^" Armed with this demand, on 
 the 3d of August Captain Hornby of the Tribune 
 and connnissioners Provost and Kicbards sought ;i 
 second interview with Pickett, in which they 
 again urged the joint occupation of San Juan by an 
 equal force of both nations, and the establishment 
 of military rule thereon until the boundary questioii 
 should be settled by their respective governments. 
 To this Pickett replied that he had no authority to 
 make such an arranajement, and susTgested that thev 
 mio^lit refer the matter to Governor Douglas and 
 General Harney. He assured them that any attempi 
 to land a British force on the island before an ai - 
 ranorcment was made would bring on a collision, 
 which it was desirable to avoid, and advised them to 
 remain in their present position until instruction ■< 
 were received from those in authority. 
 
 Immediately after this interview Pickett wrote 
 to Adjutant-general Pleasanton at Vancouver, ot 
 all that had taken place, and asked that instructions 
 be sent hira. The adjutant replied that General 
 Harney approved of his course, and told him to allow 
 no joint occupation. In answer to Douglas' protest. 
 Harney addressed a communication to him, of which 
 the following is part: "As the military commander 
 
 '"See Olympia Club, MS., 0-10. 
 
HARNEY AND DOUGLAS. 
 
 621 
 
 •it- 
 
 lon 
 
 an 
 
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 Irit- 
 
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 J in 
 
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 lct\on>^ 
 
 [encral 
 
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 Ire )t est. 
 
 liantlci' 
 
 of the department of Oregon, assigned to tliat com- 
 mand by the orders of the president of the United 
 States, I have the honor to state for your information 
 that, by such authority invested in me, I have 
 placed a mihtary command upon the island of San 
 Juan to protect the American citizens residing on that 
 island from the insults and indignities which the Brit- 
 ish authorities of Vancouver Island and the establish- 
 ment of the Hudson's Bay Company recently offered 
 them, by sending a British ship of war from Vancou- 
 ver Island to convey the chief factor of the Hudson's 
 Bay Company to San Juan for the purpose of seizing 
 and forcibly transporting him to Vancouver Island, 
 to bo tried by British laws. I have reported this 
 attempted outrage to my government, and they will 
 doubtless seek the proper redress from the British 
 government. In the mean time I have the honor to 
 inform your Excellency I shall not permit a repetition 
 of that insult, and shall retain a command on San 
 Juan Island to protect its citizens, in the name of the 
 United States, until I receive further orders from my 
 government.""^ 
 
 To this Douglas replied that he was glad to find 
 that the general was acting under orders from the 
 president, and not by positive authority from the 
 cabinet; denying that any British ship of war had 
 been sent to San Juan to seize an American citizen; 
 asserting that the Hudson's Bay Company's officers 
 exorcised no official power or authority, but declaring 
 thorn as entirely distinct from the officers of the 
 i-xecutive government as any other inhabitant of Van- 
 <'ouver Island; alleycinnf that no outrafjo had been com- 
 i:iittod on an American citizen, and no attempt had been 
 made to arrest one and take him to Victoria for trial." 
 
 '•^' Ilar.icy committed an ovorsiglit in giving tliia as tlio solo roason for 
 ] 'lacing troops on tlio islauil, hut this lie afterward athibiitcd to 1ih iudi;,'- 
 iKitioii in viuw of tlio circumstances of tlio attempted ancst of Cutler. It 
 nuulo hit) Htatcmcnt difTcr from I'iciictt's. 
 
 ■^-'Croshio iji ilia rcpoit in //. Lx. Doe. 77, 5-0, SGth Cowj., 14 S'.-w., f^aya 
 !'i'\t Douijlas' letter is incorrect on two points; that altliotigh it was the licacpr 
 uud not u mau-of-wur wUiuli brouj'ht IJallas to tlia island on tlio ocoaaioii re- 
 
G2-2 
 
 THE SAN JUAN ISLAND DIFFICULTY. 
 
 Having made this denial of Harney's accusations, he 
 called upon him, if not as a matter of right, at least 
 as a matter of justice and humanity, to withdraw the 
 troops stationed on San Juan, their presence still 
 further complicating the question of sovereignty, and 
 being calculated to provoke a collision between two 
 friendly nations. But Harney replied as Pickett had 
 done, that the step having been taken, he would now 
 await the expression of the president's pleasure in Ihij 
 matter.'" 
 
 During the progress of this correspondence, Harney 
 on the 7th of August ordered Casey to reiinforcc 
 Pickett, and also wrote to the naval officer in coid- 
 mand of the Pacific squadron a request to send vessels 
 to Puget Sound for the protection of American in- 
 terests thereabout. On the morning of the 9th Casey 
 left Fort Steilacoom with his whole command, con- 
 sisting of three companies, and with howitzers and 
 fifty tons of ammunition, on board the passengoi' 
 steamer Julia. He was met by the surveying steamci' 
 Active, commanded by Captain Alden, who advised 
 him not to attempt to land his troops on the island, 
 as it would be likely to bring on a conflict, the Tribiuu' 
 lying broadside to the landing with her fires banked. 
 Nevertheless Casey, somewhat imprudently if not 
 
 ferred kO, Mr Dallas waa at that time, and had Tjccn for some time previous, 
 a member of the executive council, as was also Mr Donald I'Vascr, wlio accoiu- 
 pauied him; and that immediately on their return without their iuteudcJ 
 prisoner a magistrate for the island waa determined on, and Mr Giilliu 
 ilireotcd to lodge a complaint against Cutler, not only on the ground of kill- 
 ing the hog, but as a trespasser upon lands belonging totho company, of -wliicli 
 Dallas was a director. The arrival of Do Courcy as magistrato soon iiftcr 
 conlirma CrosCic'a statement, as do the affidavits of Paul K. llubbs uiul L. 
 iV. Cutler, in //. Ex. Doc. Go, ix. 53, SGth Cong., 1st Sens. Sco also stiitemeut 
 of Cajitain Aldca concerning an American, R. W, Cussans, who was forced to 
 abandon liis improvements on Lopez Island, and who was ordered, after ii;ty- 
 icg for a license to cut timber, to clear his vessel at the Victoria custom-lioiisu. 
 Sea. Doc, i.'9, i. S7, 30th Con>i.,2dSesa. 
 
 '■'' Milloii's San Jaan Island, 273-8. Harney was in error conconiiir^ 
 Bomo minor matters. For instance, he eaya that when Douglas heard of the 
 arrival of I'ickettV command on tho island he appointed a justice of the peace 
 and other civil authorities, and sent them over on tho I'lumper to cxecuti; 
 British laws on tho island; wlicn tho truth was, as I havo previously stated, 
 tho magistrate was commissioned 0:10 day before I'ickett's arrival, and eaiiio 
 over in the commissioner's stcaincM-, i\\o Sutellitc, instead ot the Plumper, as 
 Harucy states. Puijct Sound Ihiahl, \wj,. o, 12, and 20, 18o9. 
 
ALMOST A BATTLE. 
 
 623 
 
 impudently, landed his men under the frigate's guns, 
 thus throwing on the British officers the responsi- 
 bility of beginning hostilities, though, as he relates, 
 "he fully appreciated the terrible consequences of a 
 liostile collision with his quasi enemy, which would 
 probably be no less than involving two great nations 
 in war."^* 
 
 There were on service in Pugct Sound, according 
 to Harney's statement, five Britisli vessels of war, 
 with 1G7 guns and 2,140 men, of whom GOO were 
 marines, or of the engineer corps; and, reports the 
 general, "this force has been employed from the 27th 
 tlay of July until the 10th day of August — the day 
 on which Colonel Casey with reenforcoraents reached 
 the island — in using every means in its power, except 
 opening fire, to intimidate one company of infantry 
 but sixty strong. The senior officer of these British 
 ships of war threatening to land an overpowering force 
 upon Captain Pickett, he nobly replied that whether 
 they landed fifty or five thousand men his conduct 
 would not bo affected by it, that he would open his 
 tire, and if compelled, take to the woods fighting.""^ 
 This statement of General Harney's must bo taken 
 with due allowance. There is little doubt, however, 
 that Pickett intended to fight, and would, when joined 
 by Colonel Casey's command, have opened lire on 
 the British had they landed. He would then have 
 retired to a strong position in tlie mountains, where 
 ho could hold them in check until the arrival of further 
 rcenforceraents. 
 
 Finding the aspect of affairs somewhat serious, 
 however, the colonel sent an officer on board the 
 Tribune^ requesting that Captain Hornby would call 
 oil him with a view to a conference. The captain 
 tliought it would have been in better taste had tli(^ 
 colonel called on him; nevertheless, he returned a 
 courteous answer, and after despatching his business, 
 
 " Casey's Rept, in //. Ex. Doc, SOth Conrj., M Semt., ix., no. Co, p. 30. 
 ''^ MiUoii'a San Juan Island, 2'J2; I'. /. lirillsh Colonist. 
 
 I 'I'i 
 
024 
 
 THE SAN JUAN ISLAND DIFFICULTY. 
 
 repaired to the camp, in company with Prcvost and 
 Campbell. Casey asked for the officer higjicst in 
 command, and where he was to be found, and was re- 
 ferred to Admiral Baynes, then on board the flag-ship 
 (hiiifjcs at Esquimalt. The next day, accompanied 
 by Ca])tain Pickett and the American commissioner, 
 the colonel steamed over to Esquimalt on board the 
 Shiihrich; and, per favor of Pickett, who, as he says, 
 was courteously received, Douglas being also present, 
 sent a note to the admiral desiring his presence, witli 
 a view to a conference. The request was declined, 
 the adm'.ral remarking that he should be most happy 
 to see the colonel on board the flag-ship. "I was of 
 the opinion," writes Casey, "that I had carried eti- 
 quette far enough in going twenty-five miles to S(. o ;i 
 gentleman who was disinclined to come a hundred 
 yards to see me." Thereupon he returned in dudgeon 
 to San Juan, and in his report a few weeks later ac- 
 cused Hornby of lying."" Harney, when infoiiiied 
 of Casey's visit, disapproved it, and the colonel was 
 naturally mortified at the result of his attempted me- 
 diation. 
 
 It is admitted by British authorities that Douglas 
 had ordered a landing of troops,"'' but the admiral le- 
 fuscd to do anything that might provoke a collision, 
 and especially to take advantage of an inferior ibree, 
 even withdrawing his squadron, and keeping, merely 
 for show of occupation, a single vessel at a time In 
 the harbor of San Juan,-^ although, after the ar)'l\;il 
 of the Afassachusettt^, the Americans built a redoiilit 
 near the Hudson's ]jay Company's station."' For t his 
 
 ^'^Cftsqf's Rrpr, in //. IJr. Doc, SGth Coiirj., M 6Vs-»., ix., no. 6'.7, .'11, C:!. 
 Miictloriiilil, Ji'nt. Col. and I'niic. Jul., t2.")S, siiya tlint Hornby, llioimli ninlor 
 pDsitivo instructions from Douglas to dccliiro war at once, took on liini'^ilt' tlio 
 responsibility of delaying llio execution of his orders until the arrival cf tliu 
 admiral, who wiia daily expected. 
 
 '■" Sec Milloii'a Sen Juan (Question, 284; ZlavdonaliTj B. O. and Vaif. J^!., 
 2r)8. 
 
 '^ The Tr'ihune was relieved by the Satellite, and tho latter by the /'/. inda. 
 Ovcrhind Monthly, ii. 211. 
 
 ■■"Tho earthworks extended on tho Mcst water-front .IfiO fcot, on thosniitli- 
 cast 100, on tho east 100, and on tho north-east 150 feet, tho north side being 
 
NEGOTIATIONS. 
 
 025 
 
 line of conduct, though acting in disobedience to orders, 
 Baynes was complimented by the British govern- 
 ment.*' , 
 
 On the day when Douglas issued his protest he 
 addressed a message to the colonial legislative council 
 and assembly in extra session, in which he reiterated 
 liis belief in the right of Great Britain to the archi- 
 pelago lying west of Rosario Strait. But owing to 
 the condition of Victoria at this period of her history, 
 the town being about as much American as English, 
 many Californians and Orcgonians having purchased 
 ])roperty and entered into business there during the 
 lieight of the Fraser River mining rush, compara- 
 tively little impression was made by the governor's 
 proclamations, the interest on the British side being 
 confined chiefly to official circles. 
 
 Meanwhile the commissioners could not agree, and 
 the governments of Great Britain and the United 
 States were in correspondence, endeavoring to conic 
 to a satisfactory understanding as to their rights — an 
 iin])ossibility, since both claimed exactly the samo 
 thino'."* On the 24th of Augfust, however, Lord 
 Lyons, minister at Washington, received a dospatcli 
 I'rom the foreign office, instructing him to oH'or a 
 (ompromise, adopting as the line of water boundary 
 between Vancouver Island and the continent a passage 
 botween Rosario Strait and the Canal de Haro, ruii- 
 
 kft open, with tho garrison ground in its rear. Tlio embankment had a Ijaso 
 I'f tvvcnty-livo feet, and a widtli at top of eight foot. Inaido of tho redoubt 
 wi'i';! (ivo gun-platforma of cartli, reaching to witliin two feet of tho level of 
 tho parapet, each twelvo by eighteen feet, two of them being at cdi-neir, of 
 tliQ redoubt. Tho parapet was seven feet abin-o tho inteiior, and tiii! slniic 
 <if llio interior twelve to fifteen feet, tho exterior tslopo being tw(iity-li\e to 
 i'lvly feet, with a ditch at tho bottom from three to five feet (hup. Moi'sc'.i 
 ll'</x/). To:, MS., XV. 41-.'); V. I. llri/i^h ('i>h}ii^t. On tho 'Jbt .)f -August 
 'i(i\ernor Ciholaon addressed acomumniealion to (ieneral Harney, ii; uhieii ho 
 in formed him that liiero wero li^s than J, 000 stands of arms iu XVashinglon, 
 and tli.it there was not a shot, shell, or cartridge for any of them. Supplies 
 Were tjcnt to I'ort Stcilacoom, eubjeet to llio order of tl'.o governor. 
 
 '■" Millon'n San Junn Question, '281. This author intimates that Douglas 
 li.id ni)t at thi.i tiuio tho full powers of a Dritish colonial governor. Macdou- 
 a!d lakes a diirercnt view. 
 
 '^^Annuh BrU. Lcijia., x. 141-.'; Y. I. /lri'!-h Colonist. 
 liiHi-. lliur. OoL. 10 
 
 
626 
 
 THE SAN JUAN ISLAND DIFFICULTY. 
 
 ning through the iniddlo of the archipelago, which 
 boundary would give Orcas and Lopez islands, the 
 two largest after San Juan, to the United States. 
 This concession Lord Lyons thought would fulfil the 
 terms of the treaty, though the channel was inferior 
 in some respects to the others ;^^ her Majesty's gov- 
 ernment being willing for the sake of peace to rcsi'ni 
 its claim to three islands, though maintaining its 
 right to all. At the moment this ofter was made the 
 intelligence was received at Washington of the occu- 
 pation of San Juan by an armed American force. 
 
 Harney first wrote to army headquarters ou the 
 subject on the lOtli of July, but for some reason his 
 letter was delayed, and does not appear to have 
 reached the commander-in-chief until the 1st of Sep- 
 tember, the latter sending it to the president; bu! 
 the newspapers got hold of the information, and in 
 this way Lord Lyons and other statesmen obtained :; 
 knowledge of it, when there was profound agitaticn 
 in diplomatic circles. 
 
 President Buchanan directed Acting Secretary of 
 War Drinkard, on tlui 3d, to say to General Harncv 
 that although he believed the Canal de Haro to be 
 the true boundary between Great Britain and the 
 United States, yet that he had not anticipated so de- 
 cisive a step being taken without instructions; that it 
 was not customary to disturb the status of territory 
 in dispute between friendly nations while the question 
 was pending before a joint commission; but if the 
 general had good reason to believe that the colonial 
 authorities of Great Britain were about to do so by 
 assuming jurisdiction over the disputed territory, he 
 was right to anticipate their action, and the president 
 would wait for further details before expressing any 
 opinion. 
 
 Upon the 5tli Lord Lyons held an intervie" with 
 
 '' This third midcllo passage was used by steamers during the Frn cr River 
 gold excitement, and surveyed by the Active, after which it was named, but 
 Oapt. Richards renamed it Plumper Pass, and as such it was offerei'. to the 
 United States as a boundary — a narrow channel between islands. 
 
 Mr ( 
 
 Han 
 
 notifi 
 
 be ni, 
 
 the I 
 
 line t 
 
 Lyon; 
 
 'JO niG 
 
 jurisdi 
 
 pains • 
 
 try. : 
 
 sent t 
 origin 
 orders 
 spondei 
 '•iitions 
 order G 
 "lid inqi 
 'ley's ac 
 Ijiuj, the 
 merely i 
 the title 
 the two 
 the inte 
 I'crniitt 
 J>iaced 
 
 After 
 
 ^"aiicouv 
 
 '"ail stea 
 
 'joard th 
 
 -ath to C 
 
 rary arra 
 
 should be 
 
 (-'ach natic 
 
 t'-'ction of 
 
 Property. 
 
 /'Itwasaa 
 ""gilt bo allow 
 o»i' superiors.' 
 
 01 
 
SCOTT IN PUGET SOUND. 
 
 627 
 
 Mr Cass, when ho was informed of the contents of 
 Harney's tiespatcli. On this occasion Secretary Cass 
 notified Lyons tliat ^vhile the actual status should 
 bo maintained, no orders had boon sent to withdraw 
 the United States troops, but that they were to con- 
 lino themselves to the protection of American citizens. 
 Lyons understood this to mean that Harney was "by 
 no means to take possession of San Juan, or set up any 
 jurisdiction there" — a construction which Cass took 
 pains to disavow before the London mail left the coun- 
 try. In the mean time further despatches had been 
 sent to Washington, with full explanations of the 
 origin of the difficulty, the depositions of citizens, the 
 orders of Harney, and the proclamations and corre- 
 spondence of Douglas. So warlike did all these indi- 
 cations appear, that the president felt constrained to 
 order General Scott to proceed to the Pacific coast, 
 and inquire more particularly into the causes of Har- 
 ney's action. The adjustment of alFairs was left to 
 him, the instructions of the secretary of war being 
 merely to preserve peace and prevent collisions until 
 the title to the Island could be determined between 
 tho two governments; it being suggested that during 
 the intervening period a joint occupancy might bo 
 permitted, in which American citizens should bu 
 l)laccd on an equal footing with British subjects. 
 
 After an interview with Harney"^ and Pickett at 
 Vancouver, Scott proceeded to Puget Sound in tho 
 mail steamer Northerner, and took up headquarters on 
 board the Massachusetts, addressing a letter on the 
 25th to Governor Douglas, and proposing as a tempo- 
 rary arrangement that separate portions of the island 
 should be occupied by an equal number of troops of 
 each nation, not to exceed one hundred, for the pro- 
 tection of their respective countrymen in person and 
 property. But Douglas, who, notwithstanding his 
 
 '^ It was said that when Harney expressed a hope to Scott that matters 
 might bo allowed to remain as they were, Scott testily replied, ' We both have 
 our buperiors.' He then proceeded to show Harney that he was his superior. 
 Evans' JV. W. Boundary, 36. 
 
 iiil; I 
 
 nil 
 
 ill 
 
028 
 
 THE SAN JUAN ISLAND DIFFICULTY. 
 
 disavowal of any collusion between the Hudson's Bay 
 Company and the colonial authorities, intended that 
 the former should own San Juan, and who did not 
 really desire the home government to become too 
 much concerned in the military value of the Island, 
 disapproved of a joint occupation, and expressed his 
 desire to have the order of civil magistracy restored, 
 remarking, as to the protection of the inhabitants, thut 
 "the principal protection that may be required is from 
 dissensions among themselves, and not against hostile 
 Indians, from whom I do not apprehend there is the 
 slightest danger of molestation;" and further reminded 
 the general that the sole reason furnished in Harncy'.s 
 correspondence with himself for placing troops on the 
 island had been that he wished to protect citizens of 
 the United States from the indignities offered tlicm 
 by the British authorities, of which they stood in no 
 danger.^* His final argument for not accepting Scott's 
 proposition was that the general was an accredited 
 agent of the government of the United States, where- 
 as he did not occupy that position toward the govoni- 
 ment of Great Britain. 
 
 To this Scott replied that his government had not 
 authorized him to evacuate San Juan; and to hiui it 
 was apparent that if a magistracy could bo legally 
 established on neutral territory, it could not l)o niatlc 
 subject to the orders of any military ofScer, nor even 
 to the direct control of the president, and therefore it 
 would not be discreet at this juncture to intrust such 
 an officer with matters affecting the peace of nations. 
 "Besides," he continued, "I have adopted the im- 
 pression of my countrymen generally on this frontier, 
 that the few citizens settled on San Juan Island, 
 though like all other American pioneers, brave, and 
 possessed of effective weapons for defence and attack, 
 do in reality stand in need of troops for protection, not 
 only against predatory bands of Indians coming from 
 foreign parts, but also from such bands residing within 
 
 '< Milton's San Juan, S-27-9; //. Ex. Doe. 65, ix. 65-7, SGth Cong., 1st SeiS. 
 
 our 
 fron 
 duri 
 mem 
 
 tOWl] 
 
 Tl 
 
 (•an i 
 
 there 
 
 settle 
 
 sider, 
 
 whei'i: 
 
 The 
 
 ■sent t 
 
 tion oj 
 
 nniinU 
 
 not th; 
 
 Britaii 
 
 to resl 
 
 uithou 
 
 oncy o 
 
 dispute 
 jcct his 
 ence to 
 to pers( 
 (he sett 
 volunta 
 treachei 
 Whe 
 ment, 
 forcibly 
 gon sett 
 the rem£ 
 Hate for 
 "ot Dou 
 Douo-] 
 (-'ommittc 
 ulations, 
 
 o "There., 
 ^ HeeoUecti 
 
SCOTT AND DOUGLAS. 
 
 629 
 
 our own limits;" and further that he had just come 
 from BelHngham Bay, where an attack had been made 
 during the summer, and again threatened, a detuoh- 
 ment having been recently sent from San Juan to the 
 town of Whatcom. 
 
 Thus sliowing Douglas that he entertained Ameri- 
 can and not English sentiments, with his reasons 
 therefor, Sc(jtt submitted a project for temporary 
 settlement, wliieh he requested his Excellency to con- 
 sider, deelaving that he could sec no other principle 
 whereupon a present adjustment could be ma^e. 
 
 The reply of Douglas was that he could not con- 
 sent to a joint military occupation without the sanc- 
 tion ol' his government;"' that he was authorized to 
 maintain but not to make treaties, and that he did 
 not think it advisable to anticipate the action of G rcat 
 Britain; that protection against all ordinary danger 
 to residents on the islantl could be i'ully attained 
 without military occupation. Moreover, the expedi- 
 ency of aflbrding protection to persons settling on 
 disputed territory might be questioned; on that sub- 
 ject his instructions left him in no doubt with refer- 
 ence to his colony; "protection could not i>o afforded 
 to persons who, by wandering beyond the precincts of 
 the settlements and the jurisdiction of the tribunals, 
 voluntarily expose themselves to the violence or 
 treachery of the native tribes." 
 
 Whether this was an order of the home govern- 
 uient, the governor did not say; but it reminds one 
 forcibly of tlie accusations brought by the early Ore- 
 gon settlers against the Hudson's Bay Company, and 
 the remark made by some of them, that it was fortu- 
 nate for the first immijxrations that McLouGjhlin and 
 not Douorlas-was in command. 
 
 Douglas denied that the colonial authorities had 
 committed any act in violation of existing treaty stip- 
 ulations, or had been guilty of discourtesy toward the 
 
 '^ There wero some Hudson's Bay Company men who agreed with Scott. 
 See Hecoilectiona, MS., 30. 
 
 Til 
 
 4i 
 
 iif 
 
 )Hi 
 
 
 w 
 
 :!H| 
 
 
 It 
 
 •I 
 
 k 
 
 'M.i 
 
G30 
 
 THE SAN JUAN ISLAND DIFFICULTY. 
 
 United States government, but said tliat they had 
 exliibitod a degree of (brbearaiiee wliieli r'lititlcd 
 l.lieni to tvei'v confidence; and aufain be ururd the 
 withdrawal of the troojis IVoni the ishmd, when lie 
 prt>niised that the naval force in the haibor should be 
 removed, at the same time assuring Sccjtt tliat there 
 was no intention on his part to dislodge bv force the 
 troops in possession, without orders from the homo 
 government. 
 
 This assurance Scott accepted. IJeing persuaded, 
 he said, that the cordial relations existing between 
 the two governmer.trt precluded the probability ol 
 war, he would at once order the number of troops on 
 the island to be reduced to one company of infaiiti'v, 
 and enclosed sudi an order to Douglas on the otli ol 
 November. It was his first intention to leave Pickett 
 in command; but fearing, lest there niiglit be a l>reju- 
 dice against this rt.'cldess ofKcer, in whose honor the 
 Ibrt on San Juan v^as named, another company under 
 Captain Hunt was substituted, and Pickett was yent 
 to Fort Pellingham; not that Hunt was less fearles.s, 
 but that he was possessed of more prudence and coui- 
 tesy, and had not given cause of offence. On the 
 departure of Scott, however, Pickett was at onco re- 
 instated hy General Harney. 
 
 The withdrawal of tl. United States forces, exce])t 
 t)ne company, could not be complained of, especially 
 as the govdnor was invited to place a company on 
 the island, Douglas replying that he should take 
 pleasure in reporting this action to the homo govern- 
 ment, which, he doubted not, would accept it as proof 
 of a desire of the United States to restore the former 
 status of the islands; and expressing a hope that the 
 commander-in-chief would direct his officers to ab- 
 stain from all acts provocative of conflicts, or from 
 attempts to exclude British subjects by force, or in 
 any inanner interfere with them;*^* and on his part he 
 
 ^"Thia caution arose from the arrest of William Moore, a British subject, 
 for selling liquor on the island, which was forbidden. Moore, after being 
 
GENERAL HARNEY. 
 
 631 
 
 would enjoin upon the British authorities the same 
 abstinence from exclusive jurisdiction. 
 
 Scott replied tiiat he should direct the American 
 ifliccr in command not to permit the territorial func- 
 tionaries to interfere with any British subject on the 
 island while it was in dispute; but should add the 
 iVirthcr instruction, that if a British subject disturbed 
 the peace, or sold strong liquor to American soldiers 
 without leave from their commander, that officer 
 must represent the case to the nearest British author- 
 ity, asking for the removal of the oftbndcr; and if 
 ho should return to the island without permission, the 
 officer must expel him without further ceremony.^' 
 
 This ended the correspondence between k^cott and 
 Douglas. By v\-ithdrawing the main f roe and tbi 
 batteries from Fort Pickett, the fcuier liad lol't 
 (ilreat Britain to take the initiative in any iutiire lios- 
 tilitiL.>, i)ut without yielding any right.- or njaking 
 my binding concessions. Scot*" was made aware, be- 
 ibre leavinij Washinjjton, that tlie British ijovcrnnu'nt 
 would demand the removal of Harney from the Ore- 
 L;on department; and the president, reluctant to ro- 
 licve from his command a popular officer, though one 
 whose excessive zeal in the interests of the people and 
 the government had almost involved the countr}' in a 
 war, had suggested reuniting the departments of Cal- 
 ifornia and Oregon, whereby Harney would, without 
 jirejudice to his standing, be forced to take a com- 
 mand in some other part of the United States terri- 
 tory. But Harney, not at first perceiving the motive 
 of the commander-in-chief, placed before him strong- 
 arguments against throwing the two departments into 
 
 |)ut to work iu the trendies for half a day, was tried before Justice Crosbio 
 iiiul lined, according to his deposition, §75. II. Ex. Doc, ix., no. C5, pp. 
 7:>-4, oOth CoiKj., 1st Sess. The case fully illustrated the trouble that would 
 arise from a divided jurisdiction. 
 
 ■^' Sen. Doc. 10, To, v., SGth Cong., 1st Sess.; II, Ex. Doc, 11-13 — Mvss. 
 amlDoc.jtti. — 36lh Cong., 1st Sess.; Iil.,pt ii., 39-90, 577; House Jour,, 
 U45, SGlhCong., 1st Sess.; Sen. Jour., lOiiG, %th Cong., 1st Sess.; II, Ex. 
 Doc 29, 8-10, 22-9, 37-63, SGth Cong., 2d Sess. 
 
 'A' 
 
632 
 
 THE SAN JUAN ISLAND DIFFICULTY. 
 
 one, and cited the condition of the country when the 
 headqu xrters were at San Francisco. 
 
 At length, just as he was taking his departure from 
 the Columbia, Scott gave Harney his true reason for 
 making the suggestion, and left with him an order to 
 repair to St Louis and assume command of the de- 
 partment of the west, placing Wright in command of 
 the department of Oregon, but giving him leave to 
 decline or accept the order as ho should elect. Har- 
 ney, however, did not wish to go to St Louis just at 
 that time. He had begun the erection of a residence 
 about one mile east from Vancouver, then nearly com- 
 pleted,^ and did not find it convenient, had it been 
 otherwise agreeable, to leave the territory. Neither 
 did he believe that his action with regard to Sau 
 Juan would embarrass the president. That, at all 
 events, was the opinion expressed in reply to the 
 commander-in-chief's suggestion, written on the spur 
 of the moment. 
 
 Two days later I find him entertaining the idea. 
 In a long communication to the adjutant-general, in 
 which he recommends the continuance of the Orerjuii 
 department, he concludes by saying that, although lie 
 would not make a formal application to be relieved 
 from his command lest it should derange any coursc 
 already decided upon, he would esteem it a favor il' 
 the president would at his earliest convenience allow 
 him to return to the east and to his family, from 
 which he had been for five years separated. He was 
 not recalled until the following summer, althouL>li 
 Scott, vexed on account of some private official mis- 
 understandings, used his influence against him. On 
 the other hand, the legislatures of Oregon and Wash- 
 ington, on being informed of the contemplated change 
 in their military department, memorialized congress 
 
 "This structure went by the name of Dundaa Castle. It was beautifully 
 situated in a plateau overlooking the Columbia, and surrounded by a^'ovo 
 of stately fir-trees. Hiriiey wished to sell it for an arsenal, but the title to 
 the land was unsettle I. It came later into the possession of J. E. Wychc, 
 and was afterward again suld. 
 
rOPULAR FEELING. 
 
 against it, and prayed to have Harney retained in 
 command; and Scott, whose visit had been received 
 with deference, began to be severely criticised, which 
 was nothing new for him.** 
 
 Not until March did Admiral Baynes disembark 
 on the disputed island a company of marines equal in 
 number to the force of Captain Hunt, under the com- 
 mand of Captain George Bazalgette, his instructions 
 being the same as those given to the American cap- 
 tain. The respective commanders observed the ut- 
 most courtesy toward each other, as they had been 
 instructed to do. In the mean time the American 
 population of San Juan was doubled, farms were 
 opened, and manufactures started. 
 
 Nor did the Fourth-of-July spirit die out; but in 
 November a public meeting was held to express the 
 sentiments of the settlers with regard to the sover- 
 eignty of this bit of insular territory. At Olympia 
 the democratic portion of the legislature, at a meeting 
 held for the purpose, nominated Harney as their 
 choice for president in 18G0, It was quite clear that, 
 whatever the government might do, the people in- 
 tended to sustain Harney. 
 
 The American aspect of the case descends now to a 
 disgraceful quarrel between two of its officers, a posi- 
 tion in which they are too often found in the history 
 of the nation. Nor will it bo of any import to this 
 liistory to follow a private quarrel between Scott ;ind 
 
 '"According to tlic Oregon Statesman of Jauuary 2i, ISOO, tho iiitcrvciitioii 
 of tho cominundor-iu-cliief had done more harm than good. When lie arrived, 
 saiil that journal, the San Jnau qucstiou was practically .settled. There was 
 no occasion for him to interfere. The British lloct had retired to Esfiiiiinalt 
 Imrbor, except the SatcllUc, which still lay in the harbor of 8an .Tuan. 'i'he 
 Americans had peaceable possession, and exercised civil and military jiiris- 
 iii;tiou. lint iiiat(;ad of letting matters remain as they were, he ordenil off 
 I'icUctt, offered joint occupancy, and recommended the recall of Harney and 
 tho abolition of tho Oregon department. Nor were the Oregon and I'tigct 
 ■Sound papers the 'iidy journals to question the wisdom of the commander-in- 
 chief in sacrificing Pickett and Harney, whom tho government and himself 
 indorsed, by leaving a military force on tho island, and by abolishing IJritish 
 civil jurisdiction, but the western press in general lamented tho ueccssity, 
 real or imaginary, of the implied censure. See National Inldlijcncer, July 28, 
 18(30; Emns' N. W. Boundary, 'XV, V. I. Unthh Colonist. 
 
m 
 
 THE SAN JUAN ISLAND DIFFICULTY. 
 
 Harney, except so far as it affects the question under 
 consideration. On the 10th of April, 18G0, Harney 
 .sent a despatch to Pickett from Fort Vancouver, 
 wlierein he informs him: 1st. That Scott left no in- 
 structions with him to grant a military occupation 
 of San Juan Island by British troops; nor had any 
 authority been delegated by the government to Scott 
 to offer or accept such occnpation; nor was the offer 
 made by him accepted by Governor Douglas, or any 
 such arrangement subsequently made, so far as lie, 
 Harney, was informed; 2d. The British authorities 
 had simply submitted an assurance that no attempt 
 would be made by them to dislodge the American 
 troops, in view of which they were permitted to land 
 troops for a purpose similar to that of the commandei' 
 of the department, to protect the British residents; 
 3d. Under the organic act of compress for the estab- 
 lishment of Washington territory, the legislature ot' 
 1854 had passed an act including the island of San 
 Juan in Whatcom county, which act on being sub- 
 mitted to congress was not disapproved, and was there- 
 fore the law of the land, and being such, Pickett would 
 be expected to regard the civil jurisdiction of Washini;- 
 ton, any attempt to ignore which would be followed 
 by deplorable results. In the event of British in- 
 terests being involved, Pickett was required to iiotilV 
 Captain Bazalgette, who would pro])ose some ari'ango- 
 nient satisfactory to his instructions, as well as tlios(> 
 of the civil officer, no action in any case to be taken 
 until it had been referred to the British admind and 
 the LTovernor of Washington. 
 
 No sooner had the reappointment of Pickett boon 
 made known in Washington city than the ]3ritisli 
 minister called the attention of Secretary Ca^^s to 
 the event, expressing his confidence that the United 
 States government would not lose anytime in })r(>vid- 
 ing against the deplorable consequences likely to follow. 
 Lord Lyons, as well as General Scott, endeavored to 
 
ARBITRATION. 
 
 635 
 
 arouse the government against Harney,*" and tbo 
 secretary of war was directed to recall him at once. 
 Accordingly Harney went to Washington, Hunt was 
 ordered back to San Juan," and Colonel Wright was 
 placed in command of the department of Oregon. 
 
 The reprimand which General Harney received 
 t'rom the secretary of war was a mild one. The sec- 
 lotary disapj^roved of violating the order of General 
 Scott; but while expressing his disapprobation, he en- 
 tertained no doubt of the proper intentions of General 
 Harney, "and from his known high character and 
 distinguished services, he was not disposed to be severe 
 ill his condemnation." 
 
 There remains little that need be told of the history 
 of San Juan. Unable to settle the boundarv, the 
 British government authorized Lord Jjyons, on the 
 1 0th of J)eccmber, 18G0, to propose arbitration by 
 (»iic of three European powers; namely, Belgium, 
 Denmark, or the Swiss republic; but for the tiuK; 
 tills proposal led to no result. Then came the civil 
 war in the United States, when the cabinet had 
 enough to do to manage its domestic aftairs, and tlio 
 Sau Juan question was suifered to be forgotten. 
 
 It was not until 18G8 that Adams, minister to Eiiijf- 
 land, v.'as notified by S<3cretary Seward that among 
 other important questions to be negotiated the San 
 ■luan boundary should be included. In 1809 Adams' 
 successor, Reverdy Johnson, was instructed to give 
 liis attention to the adjustment of this question, accept- 
 ing the proposal made ten years before that it should 
 U' settled by arbitration ; and on the 17th of October 
 a i)rotocol was signed by Stanley and Johnson, agree- 
 ing that the question should be referred to some 
 
 "Scott wrote: 'Ii t]iis docs not lead to a collision of arms, it v ill njiiiiii 
 111' duo to tlio fofbciirancc of tlio British (lutlioritics.' Milloii's San Jitan, li."il. 
 
 ^' Pickett was a southerner, and when tlio civil war broke out joined the 
 0(jufc(lcracy and was made a general. He commanded a division under Long- 
 street at Gettysburg. lie, bko moat of tho southern oliicers who resigned 
 from tho United Statos army, died in a few years after the close of the war. 
 
636 
 
 THE SAN JUAN ISLAND DIFFICULTY. 
 
 friendly sovereign or state, and that within three 
 months after the ratification of any treaty ;^iviu<'' 
 effect to the agreement the referee should be selected, 
 the naturalization treaty being mentioned as the one 
 that must be first disposed of On the 10th of No- 
 vember, the claims questions having been relern'd to 
 four commissioners, two chosen by each government, 
 it was also agreed that the boundary question should 
 be determined by the president of the federal council 
 of the Swiss republic on the conclusion of the treaty 
 above named. 
 
 When the first proposition was made in 18G8 to 
 accept arbitration as a means of ilisposing of tlu; 
 question, the officials of Washington territory sent ;i 
 remonstrance to congress, entreating the senate to con- 
 sent to no protocol nor convention admitting a doubt 
 of the right of the United States to the line of the 
 Canal de Haro, or a possible surrender of the Haro 
 archipelago.^'" 
 
 Mr Seward, however, not being satisfied with the 
 claims convention, wrote Johnson to allow the natural- 
 
 ^-TIic rcnionstrnnco was signcil by ^Itirsliall F. Moore jioveriior, Jliizanl 
 Stevens collector, S. D. IIowo assessor internal revenue, Joscpli Ciishinan 
 receiver of tlic same, E. Marsli register of tlic lanil-ofiiee, .J. E. Wyelie U. S. 
 ilistriet jvulge, Leander Holmes U. S. attorney, S. Garfield surveyor-general 
 Philip D. jMoorc collector of internal revenue, E. L. Smith territorial secre- 
 tary, T. JI. Rccil chief clerk in laiul-olDce, Cliarles A. White surveyor, (_'. 
 11. Hale cx-sujierintcndcnt Indian atlairs, W. \V. Miller the same, E. (iielc- 
 liug late acting surveyor-geueral, Benjamiu llarncd territorial treasurer, ( '. 
 S. King Indian agent, Levi Siielton territorial librarian, William lluntin.'loii 
 U. S. marshal, ]J. F. Deunisou U. S. district judge, O. B. McFadden ex-U. S. 
 chief justice, Frank Clark, II. G. Steiuer, I'lhvood Evans. U, S. Sci>. J/(>''. 
 J)i)C., '11, JfOth Coiif/., 3d Se.is. In reply to a letter from the president of tlir 
 Norllieru I'acilio railroad, George Gibbs wrote a. letter, afterward pubUslied 
 in j)amphletl'orm, on the protocol of 1809, in which he reviewed tlio ai'iee- 
 ment in no friendly spirit, lie declared the president of the Swiss confeilna- 
 tiou a myth, which, regarded in the light of a sovereign, he really was; saiil 
 that England meant that San Juan Island and I'oint Huberts were to be given 
 up for the naturalization treaty; hoped that to avoid a war the U. S. wuiiM 
 adopt tlie middle or President's passage, as the Active-Plumper elianml \\a> 
 nowealleil; and declared tiiat if England was to lose her possessions on tlu 
 Paeide, as she must eventually, she wished to make the U. S. pay the lii.;liest 
 price for the ae(|uisition, a price that would bo enhanced by the po3ses:;iim el 
 San .luan and Point Rol)erts, for which slio was striving. IIo concliidiil 1 y 
 s.iyiug that it would never ilo to have I'uget Sound entirely under lliiiisli 
 guns, as tlie eonunand of the Sound involved that of the Columbia llivcr. 
 Uilih.i' San Jiiiui Tnaf'j. Point Iloberts is a neck of laud extcniling bcloff 
 the I'Mi parallel, directly bou'.li <4' the mouth of Fi'aser River. 
 
TREATY OF WASHINGTON. 
 
 637 
 
 ization and San Juan questions to remain in protocol 
 unless Great Britain agreed to amend the former, and 
 the reference to arbitration was rescinded by this 
 action. An amended convention was then accepted 
 by Great Britain and forwarJud to the United States, 
 but rejected by the senate, which rejection rendered 
 nugatory a second agreement to submit the boundary 
 question to the arbitration of the president of the 
 ♦Swiss confederation. 
 
 Thus this question was suffered to drift along until, 
 in 1871, England sent five commissioners to Wash- 
 ington city to negotiate a treat}'', which was concluded 
 May 8th of that year, and is known as the treaty of 
 Washington, the thirty-fourth article of which is in 
 the following language: "Whereas, it was sti[)ulated 
 by article 1 of the treaty concluded at Wasliington 
 on the 15th of June, 1846, between the United States 
 and her Britannic Majesty, that tlie line of boundary 
 between the territories of the United States and tliosc 
 of her Britannic Majesty, from the point on the 4l)th 
 parallel of north latitude up to which it had been 
 already ascertained, should be continued westward 
 aUnig the said parallel of north latitude *to the mid- 
 dle of the cliannel which separates the continent from 
 Vancouver's Island, and thence soutlierly through tlie 
 middle of said channel and of Fuca Straits to the 
 .L'acific Ocean;' and whereas, the commissioners ap- 
 pointed by the two high contracting j)artics to deter- 
 r.iine the portion of the boundary wliieh runs southerly 
 llirough the middle of the channel aforesaid were 
 unable to agree upon the same; and whereas, the gov- 
 * rnment of her Britannic Majesty claims that such 
 ' nundary line should, under the terms of the treaty 
 
 - .0 recited, be run through llosario vStraits, and 
 the government of the United States claims that it 
 slioidd be run through the Canal do Ilaro — it is agreed 
 that llie respective claims of the government of the 
 United States and the ijovernmcnt of her Britannic 
 Majesty shall be submitted to the arbitration and 
 
 i,' 
 
 m 
 
 :5I 
 
638 
 
 THE SAN JUAN ISLAND DIFFICULTY. 
 
 award of his Majesty the emperor of Germany, who, 
 having regard to the above-mentioned article of the 
 said treaty, shall decide thereupon, finally and with- 
 out appeal, which of those claims is in the most accord- 
 ance with the true interpretation of the treaty of Juno 
 15, 1846."" 
 
 Emperor William of Germany accepted the odic' 
 of arbitrator, both governments presenting a carefully 
 prepared case, with documents and maps, George 
 Bancroft, the American minister to Germany, and 
 Mr Petro, the British charge d'affairs, having the I'e- 
 sponsibility of laying before him all the arguments on 
 either side. Present in Berlin, and laboring for the 
 acceptance of his views, was Captain, now Admiral 
 Prevost, the British commissioner of 1859. The 
 award was not made until October 21, 1872, when it 
 was given to the United States. There are some on 
 both sides of the line who hold to the opinion that 
 the decision was wrong; others believe it right; still 
 others say that it is a matter of small moment to 
 which of the great powers this little patch of earth 
 belongs. Great as was the disappointment of tlu' 
 people of British Columbia, the award was most 
 courteously accepted, and within a few weeks orders 
 were given by the imperial government for its troops 
 to evacuate San Juan. The greatest good feeling had 
 all alona: existed between the officers and soklicrv. 
 and three hearty cheers were given by the American-' 
 on the departure of the royal marines; none the less 
 hearty, because on this occasion the Yankees coultl 
 well afford to cheer.** 
 
 *^ Treaty of Washhir]ton Papers, v. 25C; Cmhing^a Treaty of WiHihUvjiun, 
 npp., 257-74; Ex. Doc. 1, j)t 1, 4^d Gong., 3d Sesa,; Foreign lidatlin^, [., 
 xxv.-vi., 4Jd Coiuj., LilSess. 
 
 *' Paget Sound Despatch, Dec. .5, 1S72; Butler's Wild North Lnirl. WW. 
 The cost to Englaml of occupying San Juan was between twelve and lliii ticii 
 thousand doHars a year, besides the pay of officers and men. J/aiisunl-^ I'liri 
 Del)., excix. 123S. The cost to the United States was that of kocpiiit; up :i 
 jiost where it was needed to watch the nortiiern Indians. Sec uienioiiiil of tlic 
 Washington legislature in Wanh.Slnt., 18t)7-8, 183-5, asking relief for isaiic 
 J'l Higgins, a 'persecuted' settler, and that Captain Grey bo punished f<ir 
 abuses of power. Also correspondence of Acting Gov, AIcGill witli the sec. of 
 
 
END OP THE CONTROVERSY. 
 
 639 
 
 state, in Ecaua' X. IV. Boundary, 39, and the decision of Judgu Fitzhugh on 
 |). 40, also the opinion of Judge li. h\ Deiiniatm in tiie Port Towiiseiitl Mrs.iaijc, 
 Oct. 1 and 8, 1808. The award, which removed all the disabilities coiiiplaincil 
 <if, left the United HUites for the lirst time in the history of Iho nation without 
 a boundary dispute with (ireat ISritain, and consequently in a condition to 
 iiulgrow, (111 both sides, many prejudices and imaginary causes of dilFcrcnce. 
 Some year;! before tiio emperor's decision was rendered the Hudson's Uay and 
 l*a,i,'et Sound Agricultural companies brought forward claims against the U. 
 S. for loss of territory. They were finally disallowed, on the ground tlwit it 
 iiad been decided by the emperor of (Jernuiny that the islanda rightfully be- 
 longed to the U. S., although the eonmiissioners appointi^d under the treaty 
 .jf KSt;3 had awarded §150,000 to the II. IJ. Co. and §1200.000 to the rugc'fc 
 Soi'ud Co. Claims were also brought forward by ISritish residents of Nan 
 .luan, and Hazard ytcvcns was appointed commissioner for tlio purpose of 
 inquiring into and settling them. After visiting the inland and making an 
 investigation, ho reported to the president that no claims existed which the 
 government was botind to recognize. Htcvcnx, San Jtuiu Cluims, MS. Mr 
 Stevens remarks that the numner in which the demands of tiie two companies 
 v.erc presented by the l>ritish minister at Washington, and investigated by 
 iirdcr of congress, forms a curious episode in thisiirotracted dispute. In IS.Sl 
 Mr Stevens was practising law in Boston. Tiio evidence fur the companicj 
 and for the U. S., with tiie memorials and arguments of claimants, tiie argu- 
 uunts of counsel for the U. S., the opinions and award ot the connnissiouci.-, 
 and the opinions of the press, were puljlished in live volumes and part;,!, undri- 
 tiie general title of t'laims of lite JIudsoii'ti Dan and I'mjit Sound A</ricidlurii 
 I'oinpnnlcx, ^Montreal, ISOS, Washington, 1807, 1808. 
 
 In thus presenting an account of the San Juan dilliculty, I have stated the 
 facts as I have founil them, making little conmient thereon. Hundreds of 
 oi)inion3 and ver.sions have bi^en ])ublislied in newspaiiers, books, and maga- 
 zines, as, for example, that of William John Maedonald, though by no means 
 a reliable writer, but an employe of the Hudson's IJay Company, who, witii a 
 party of French Canadians, was stationed at San Juau two or tliieo years be- 
 fore the dispute occurred, and afterward became a citizen of Victoria, lie 
 states that the American;! never considered the island as any portion of their 
 territory until about the year IS.").'}. Captain Aldeu.of the surveying steamer 
 Active, found deeper water in the Canal de Harothan in tlic liosario channel, 
 iuid claimed the former as, under the terms of the treaty, ' the channel which 
 separates Vancouver's Island from the mainland.' Afteriiegotiations and sur- 
 veys extending over two years, Capt. I'revost being sent from Kngland in the 
 SaUU'dc, to protect British interests, and, if possible, to arrange matters, the 
 ciiunnissioners appointed by both nations faile<l to agree. In 1S.")9 Gon. Har- 
 ney came from Oregon iu the sloop of wiiv Dccatnr, with about 150 men. 
 Anchoring in Griflin Bay, he threw up rougli earthworks on the high land 
 above the harbor and planted some cannon. Sir James Douglas went over in 
 a sliip of war to remonstrate, and re(piesled Harney to remove his troops, 
 wliieh the latter declined to do. The people of Victoria were sorely annoyed 
 ■dt the aggressiveness of the Ameiicans, and as there were at this time, in the 
 iiurbor of Victoria, nine vessels of war, recently arrived from China, all were 
 in f:ivor of resorting to arms. At tiie instance of Admiral Bayncs, however, 
 a council was held and milder measures prevailed, llarney, who, it was I)c- 
 licved, acted unier the advice of Commissioner Campbell, was severely cen- 
 sured for his conduct. lirit. Col. SLctrhex, MS., 24-0. 
 
CHAPTER XXXII. 
 
 THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 
 
 1871-1874. 
 
 TnB Tide of Westward-bound Migkation — Reasons for and aoainst 
 THE Railway Project — Tub Bill Carried in tub Commons— Reso- 
 lution Passed by the Canadian Parliament — Policy of the BniTisii 
 AND Canadian Governments — Preliminary Surveys— Tiik llrcu 
 Allan Contract — A Modest Demand — The Contract Annullkd— 
 CnANGE of Administration — James D. Edgar's Negotiations— Tiu-n; 
 FAiLURk, and its Cause — Mackenzie's Railway Scheme — Objections 
 to his Pro.ect. 
 
 The project for interoceanic communication between 
 the British possessions on the Atlantic and Purilic 
 was one mooted long before the confederation gavo it 
 definite form. It was the dream of Mackenzie and 
 his fellow-explorers, who set forth for the great north- 
 west in their bark canoes, and whose journeys ante- 
 date by nearly half a century the existence of rail- 
 ways in this quarter. Not until 1837 — the year di' 
 the Canadian rebellion — were the first sixteen niik^s 
 of railroa.d constructed in Canada, the line beinL;" in 
 operation only some ten years later than the first one 
 completed in the United States, and about sewn 
 years later than the first one completed in England. 
 At that date the greater portion of British North 
 America was as yet a wilderness, a i'ow trails tliroiiL^h 
 the forest between lakes Huron and Ontario bcii)'j; 
 then the grand trunk roads of Canada. 
 
 Until the gold discovery in California, the idea was 
 perhaps never conceived that England's domain in 
 the north-west would form one with her Canadian 
 
 (C40) 
 
KA8T AND WEST. 
 
 641 
 
 possessions; but alter that event another condition 
 ot'aftairs prevailed. The stream of inimii^ration tliat 
 Howed steadily westward throuLjh the British posses- 
 sions, finding itself barred by Lake Huron and the 
 mountainous rc<;ion to the north, passed onward into 
 Michigan and the western states, there beinjx absorbed 
 in the tide of American travel. It now became evi- 
 ilent that the surplus ])opulation of Canada West was 
 destined to overflow into the United States; while, on 
 the other hand, Vancouver Island ami the mainland 
 were in damper of fallini; into the hands of foreigners. 
 Then it was that Great Britian first realized the im- 
 portance of her })OSsessions on the Pacific. 
 
 If England now proposed to maintain herinfiuence 
 on the western continent, she must not delay much 
 longer, as it seemed, tiie task of establishing overland 
 communication between Canada and the Pacific,^ this 
 heing the only means by which her power could be 
 consolidated, and the principal reason for establish- 
 ing colonies on the western shores of the Hudson's 
 ixiy Company's territory. Such, at least, were the 
 views ilerived from an inlimale knowledue of tlie 
 great northern iutisrior, as well as of the Pacitic coast, 
 and entertained by the advanced intelligence and 
 statesmanshiji of the mother country. l>y Canada, 
 liowever, these \iews were not shared, until the fiicis 
 disclosed durinu* the confederation movement brou'-iit 
 ho'iiie to her the need of a western outlet; until it wa:s 
 shown that several hundred thousands of her citizens 
 liad within a few years been absorbed by the union. 
 ''Canada," write her jNTajesty's emigration counnis- 
 .■-ioners in their rept)rt for 1871, "cannot at j);'escnt 
 absorb more than ;]0,000 or 40,000 emigrants a year, 
 and the e.\cess beyond that number can obtain em[)loy- 
 iiient only in the labor market of the United Stati-s."^ 
 
 ^ In Filzgi'rald's I'. /., 1 '20-8, it ia i'CCi>iniiiciulcil that a cIkuii of ixists bo 
 wt.'iblishcd by tho IIiuLsou'a 15ay Co. a tliousaiul miloa in Inij^th, aL'ii.j tho 
 Ijauks of tho Saskatchewan llivcr, niul theuco wcstw anl, ami that a higliway 
 Ijc opened for trallic between tho two oceans. 
 
 MVilson, Canada and the Can. Par. lia'dimij, 1-', states that between 
 Htsr. Burr. Col. al 
 
 
 m 
 
 I 
 
 
 m 
 m 
 
641: 
 
 THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 
 
 It was not until tlio discovery of the Frascr River 
 gold-fields in 1858 that tlio project for a railroad l)e- 
 tween the Atlantic and Pacific, and the idea of a 
 united British American cmj)ire, first took definite 
 shape. The Grand Trunk railway, completed about 
 that (late to Sarnia, was extended in imagination in 
 New Westminster. Sarnia was to compete witli ])uf- 
 falo, Montreal with New York,'' and Boston looked 
 on and said : "While congress is postponing the con- 
 sideration of the Pacific railway bill from May to JJc- 
 cend)er, and from December till ^Eay, Great Britain 
 has her railway to the Pacific already coinnienetd. 
 . . .Let any one who doubts the joint ability ot 
 the Canadian and English governments to accomi)Iis]i 
 so great an enterprise take down the map and look at 
 the lino of the Grind Trunk, already connecting the 
 Atlantic with the lakes, and then look at the compar- 
 atively short distance from Lake Superior to Van- 
 couver Island."' 
 
 For so important a stake as the control of inter- 
 oceanic commerce, it was of course supposed that 
 Great Britain would ]>lay boldly; nor did her govern- 
 ment remain an idle spectator of the events that werr 
 transpiring in the north-west. "I hope," said hvv 
 Majesty, in her speech from the throne in 1858, "that 
 this new colony in the Pacific may be but one stej> in 
 the career of steady progress by which my dominion> 
 in North America may be ultimately peopled in an 
 unbroken chain from the Atlantic to the Pacific b}- a 
 loyal and industrious population."^ 
 
 Will tiie line of the Pacific railroad traverse British 
 Columbia? was now among the absorbing questions of 
 
 ISGOand 1870 Can.ula ili<l not absorb any population, busing his statement 
 on tlio ligures given in tiio Caiiadian Year-Book for 1S73, v here the increase 
 of population in the province of Qtiebce between ISGl anil 1871 is given at 7.- 
 per tent, and in Ontario at 1(!.()9 per eent, against 28.01) anil 57.0 percent re- 
 spectively for the previous decade. In the former province the increase for 
 ISO 1-71 was below tlie natural rate. 
 
 " Lc Journal (Ic Vh'iiijiin', Paris, ISoS. 
 
 * Boston Ec. Trauxcrlpt, Juno 5, ISoS. 
 
 '' Brawling £stia]/, Brit. Col., 04. 
 
SLOW PROGRESS. 
 
 tho day, and ono ot\ijrave import to the newly created 
 coloiiios and to tlie ootnmercial world, liut, save tliat 
 an (Miginoers' camp was established at Xew Westmin- 
 ster in cliarLje of Coloiirl ^[oody, to whom im})()rtant 
 interests were afterward confided, little was accom- 
 plished; lor at this date the proje(;t seemed almost 
 impracticable. No suitable pass liad as yet been dis- 
 covered;" no column of emigrants, bringing wagons 
 and herds from the Canadian settlements, had pene- 
 trated the forest and snow-dad mountains, which, a 
 few degrees to the south, presented to the early set- 
 tlers of Oregon no insuperable d'.fticulty. INIoreover, 
 the country was far too remote from Canada for tlu; 
 dominion government to construct a road in advance 
 of emigration. Says Palliser, in his report to the sec- 
 retary of state for the colonies, in 185'.), after the i'ail- 
 uve of his ettbrt to find a practicable route to the 
 Fraser: "Tho manner in which natural obstacles have 
 isolated the country from all other British possessions 
 in the cast is a matter of considerable weight; indeed, 
 it is tho obstacle of the country, and one, 1 fear, almost 
 beyond the remedies of art."' Then, for a time, the 
 [troject was forgotten. 
 
 In 18G8-9, h vever, British Columbia was yield- 
 
 "Tlic Kooteiiai pass, discovered by Capt. IJlakiston, some forty miles north 
 iif the bouudury, was r),OUO feet above tlic sea-level, ami for seven and a half 
 miles after entering it, the rise would be one in ISO. 'I'lienec u cutting of 
 ^uinc three and a half niiles would lead to a tunnel 5 miles in length, at a 
 u'ladient of one in l.'W. Tho line would then skiit the base of the mountains 
 until it reached a second riilge, with an elevation of T), 10(3 feet, a few miles 
 fiuni which there was a gradient of about one in '.)'>. J-'or extracts from the 
 captain's I'eport, see MardoudUl's B. (/. u)ui V. /., 'Jl!7— b'{. 
 
 ' /(/., '242. The Papers It( lulirc. to tlie. Kfjilonitliui Inj the Expedition iiii'i< r 
 ( 'tifitniii Pallixcr of tlud portion of liriti^h i^'urth Aim rif(i irhirh lii ■< bi/irrc n 
 'If, Northern Branch of the llivcr SanLdti-hcirnn and (he Frontier of the United 
 Stdten, and between the lied Riccr and the Itockij Mountain-^, and thenee to the 
 Piieijic Ocean (London, IS.'iS), form merely .a preliminary report, consisting 
 M],-iinly of copies of letters to the secretary of state, though containing several 
 L'cnlogical reports ami maps of tlie country nt;ir Winnipeg, cuinpiled and ar- 
 luiiged by Dr Hector in systematic form. In the Fnrthir I'ti/iers (London, 
 iS(it)), the title being otherwise the s'' me, are recorded the I'csultsof his exjic- 
 ihtiou. In addition to copies of olficial despatches are reports on special suh- 
 j<'rts, relating to physical features, natural productions, climate, the aborigines, 
 Iiiilian missions and settlements, tho fur trade, means of transpoi-t, mail antl 
 telegraph routes, and other matters. Following the title-page is a map, show- 
 ing tiio routes taken by Palliser and Hector. 
 
 ;. ■ -s; 
 
 Mil 
 
 fifl 
 
 m 
 
 
 mm 
 
C44 
 
 THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 
 
 ing a largo amount of gold ; and it was at the former 
 date, and partly duo to the efforts of Viscount !Mil- 
 ton in the two houses of parliament, after his ox[)l(j- 
 ration of the Yellowhead, Thompson, and Frasor 
 route, that the subject of transcontinental communi- 
 cation was revived. At this juncture Alfred Wad- 
 dington presented in the commons a petition in favor 
 of a Canadian Pacific railway, urging in an elaborate 
 argument ^ that British Columbia was the key to tho 
 commerce of the Pacific, the possession of which was 
 coveted by the United States;" but as yet little inter- 
 est was awakened in the mother country. 
 
 In the Canada Official Gazette of September 28, 
 18G9, appeared the first notice of the existence of 
 such an incorporation as the Canadian Pacific llail- 
 way Company, setting forth that application would 
 be made at the next session of the Canadian parlia- 
 ment for a charter to build a railway from Canada to 
 the British Columbia boundar}'. In the Montreal 
 Gazette was published the prospectus of tlie promoters, 
 containing twenty-nine paragraphs, and without sig- 
 nature.^" If wo can believe Waddington, this jdaii 
 originated with jNfr Burpee, a Canadian engineer of 
 his acquaintance, and was compiled fromhi.s own noti's, 
 without further object than to bring tho nialfri' 
 before the attention of the public. Burpee's scheme 
 proposed to raise a capital of £20,000,000, to be ex- 
 pended mainly on the building of a road from ]\Iiunc- 
 sota, over the plains of the Saskatchewan, to the 
 eastern end of the Yellowhead pass. Through AYad- 
 dingtoii's influence at Ottawa, whither he repaired, 
 in 1870, by the advice of b's parliamentary friends in 
 London great prominence ^vas given to the proposi- 
 tion foi' '; railway in connection with the negotiation 
 
 *TIic tcx, f which is yiven in tho Brit. Colonist, Aug. 15, 18CS. 
 
 ' Ilia viev were not eharcd by Charles Wcntworth Uilke, who remarks, 
 
 ' In all histor; there is nothing stiangcr than the narrowness of mind that lias 
 
 I'.d us to sec Canada a iiicca «t l-'ngland, and in America a hostile countiy.' 
 
 O renter Brilo i, i. G7. 
 
 ofth 
 Cane 
 liad 
 tho t 
 W 
 
 CUSSCi 
 <o til 
 
 disirit 
 
 and n 
 
 v.'ere ( 
 
 '^rac(l( 
 
 iiiajori 
 
 with d 
 
 by ten 
 
 II lent V 
 
 I>romis 
 
 jection; 
 
 ent wii 
 
 liouse t 
 
 iirdav, 
 and wo 
 dominio 
 be give 
 of such 
 nioney, 
 taxation 
 determ 
 
 l^ thj 
 private 
 have bee 
 the reso 
 the prov 
 
 ir 
 
 'Copied in the C'olovi 
 
 i:s, ]S:]'.\ 
 
IN PARLIAMEXT. 
 
 m 
 
 of tho terms of union between Britisli Columbia and 
 Canada; and the Canadian Pacific railway henceforth 
 had a history apart, and one involving the action of 
 the two govermncnts. 
 
 When the subject of the coniederatior was dis- 
 cussed in the dominion parliament, the terms relating 
 to the construction of tiie railway seemed to most 
 disinterested persons almost impossible of fulfilment, 
 and many of the strongest friends of the government 
 \vcr<; opposed to them. In the commons, where the 
 ^[acdonald ministry, then in power, had usually a 
 majority of three to one, the measure was passed 
 with difficulty, one motion against it being lost only 
 by ten votes.*' It is almost certain that the govern- 
 ment would have been defeated had not the })remier '^ 
 l)romised to introduce a resolution modifying tho ob- 
 jectionable features, though one altogether inconsist- 
 ent with the intent of tlie address adopted by tho 
 house ten days before. It was couched in the follow- 
 ing phrase: "That the railway referred to in the ad- 
 dress to her Majesty concerning the union of British 
 Columbia with Canada, adopted by this house on Sat- 
 urday, the 1st April instant, should be constructetl 
 and w^orked by private enterprise, and not by the 
 dominion government; and that the public aid to 
 be given to secure that undertaking should consist 
 of such liberal grants of land, and such subsidy in 
 money, or other aid, not increasing the present rate of 
 taxation, as the parliament of Canada shall hereafter 
 determine." '^ 
 
 If the construction of the railway was to await 
 private enterprise, it seems only just that it should 
 have been so stated, not only in the address, but in 
 the resolutions that were afterward made bindini>' on 
 the province and tho dominion as terms of union. 
 
 " The numbers were 75 to 85. Eighteen of the regular ministerial sup- 
 porters voted against it, and many declined to vote. Machenzie'a Can. Pac. 
 li. Ji., MS., 3; Jour. Commons, 1871, IGl. 
 
 ''Sir George Cartier, then acting premier. 
 
 "/d, 3-4; Jour. Commons, 1871, 264. 
 
 M' 
 
 
646 
 
 THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 
 
 I 
 
 Considering the great difficulties ot' the task, the cer- 
 tainty of its enormous expense, the fact that by many 
 sliilt'ul engineers it was considered ahnost impossi- 
 l)lc at any cost, that most of the route lay through a 
 wilderness, that the San Francisco of British Cohmi- 
 bia was then but a village, while the entire whito 
 population of the colony was less than that of a thiid- 
 ]'ato town, and that transcontinental trathc was already 
 in tlie lumds of the Central and Union Pacific, it was 
 extremely improbable that j)ri\ate individuals, pos- 
 sessing sufficient enter[)rise and capital, would come 
 ibrward at this juncture. It is certain, moreover,, 
 that when ]3ritish Columbia merged her individuality 
 in the dominion, her ])eople believed that the terms 
 v.ere made in good faith, and that the road would bo 
 begun and comj^leted within th(! specified time. When, 
 therefore, as will be mentioned later, the province iii- 
 s'-ted on the contract, she re[)udiated the resolution 
 Wiiich the dominion legislature had passed in order to 
 protect Canada from unreasonable demands, and if 
 necessary, to avoid the literal fulfilment of its obliga- 
 tions." 
 
 Other events besides the confederation brought the 
 matter prominently before the minds of the peo[)le. 
 It was generally understood, when the railway agree- 
 ment was concluded at Ottawa, that Mr Campbell 
 went to England for the purpose of ascertaining what 
 assistance would be given to the enterprise by the 
 home government.^^ On the American side of the 
 line the Northern Pacific railway project took shape 
 simultaneously with the Canadian Pacific, the people 
 of Minnesota and the western states being fully 
 awakened, in 1870, to the advantage of an enterprise 
 that promised to free them, whether at the hands of 
 
 '* For a year or two later it appears to have been an open question v. hctlior 
 tViO line could bo constructed. In liis report, dated Ottawa, Jan. *2(>, IS74, 
 however, the chief engineer says: 'The practicability of establishing I'ailwiiy 
 coinmunication across the continent, wholly within tho limits of the domin- 
 ion, is nu longer a matter of doubt.' Paper/i rcl. Mlmou De Cosmos, 'I'i. 
 
 ''' Ottawa T' men, quoted in ('olo)iiKt, Aug. 10, 1870. 
 
ENGLISH POLICY. 
 
 647 
 
 St Louis or Dulutli, from the monopoly held by 
 Chicago.^" 
 
 The English government, to which appeal was 
 finally taken, decided, as will presently appear, in 
 I'avor of the province, and it was probably due to the 
 skill of her statesmen that, during the controversy 
 which ensued, British Columbia did not sever her 
 connection with the dominion. The policy of the 
 secretary for the colonies was somewhat in contrast 
 with that of Canadian statesmen, though doubtless 
 there were selfish motives which caused England to 
 iavor the construction of the road. 
 
 The British empire, of which the Canadian Pacific 
 railwa}?^ would be one of the main lines of intercom- 
 munication, contained at this time 8,500,000 s(piare 
 miles, and 239,000,000 people in Europe, Asia, Amer- 
 i' a, and Australia. Though British America con- 
 tained but 5,000,000 inhabitants, Great Britain on 
 the one side had 32,000,000, while India and Austra- 
 lasia on the other had nearly 200,000,000. It was one 
 of the problems which the future alone could solve, 
 whether this great commercial empire could be main- 
 caincd in its integrity, and especially whetlicr the; 
 boundary line of tlie 49th parallel, and of the lakes, 
 fould be held ajjainst the United States with theii- 
 ;>9, 000,000, and their bond of union already estab- 
 lished by a railway. Moreover, the population of 
 British Columbia, with an area of 233,000 square 
 miles, was comparatively far more insignificant in 
 relation to Canada than was Canada herself to tlie 
 mother country. When, some few years later, Mr 
 llo.scoe was taken to task in the dominion parliament 
 lor demanding on behalf of the province, after it had 
 refused a fair money equivalent,*' the fulfilment of the 
 original contract, he denounced in no measured phrase 
 the sor'lid [)olicy which would lose to Canada her 
 
 ■it 
 
 ill 
 
 f 
 '■):; 
 
 t' f" 
 I' j ' 
 
 Br I 
 
 iifil 
 
 m 
 
 ^'^ MinneaimU!) Tribune, Jan. 14, 1870. 
 
 "The sum of $750,000, aa will be mentioned later. 
 
 l! 
 
THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 
 
 frontage on the Pacific, the only thing that could 
 ever make of the dominion a nation.^® 
 
 When British Columbia was admitted into the con- 
 federation she did not ask a dole of money, nor was 
 she in need of it. In the Fraser-Thompson district 
 there were estimated as fit for agriculture GO, 000 
 square miles, in the upper Columbia district 50,000, 
 and on Vancouver Island 1C,000 square miles, their 
 value depending, of course, on means of communica- 
 tion, being not less than $2.50 to $5 per acre. Lands 
 along the Grand Rapids and Indiana railway aver- 
 aged, in 1872, seven dollars an acre; in Ohio, where 
 wheat was worth ninety cents a bushel, $40 an acre; 
 unimproved lands in Indiana, where wheat was worth 
 forty cents, $7.50 per acre;^* the difference in the cost 
 of forwarding being the main difference in their value. 
 
 The interest of the Canadians in the proposoil 
 transcontinental railroad was mainly directed to the 
 construction of the eastern end, known as the inter- 
 colonial road, whereby the ocean voyage was reduced 
 to a hundred hours, while avoiding the dangers of the 
 thousand miles of fog and storm-girt coast between 
 Newfoundland and New York. By those holding 
 liberal and patriotic views of the destinies of the em- 
 pire, however, there was manifested a lively interest 
 in the success of the scheme; and it was argued that 
 there must have been serious apprehension of a diver- 
 sion of the trade of the east from the hands of the 
 English through the opening of the Union and Cen- 
 tral Pacific railways, or there would not have been so 
 much haste to insure the completion of the Canadian 
 road.'"' 
 
 England meanwhile supported, though in a some- 
 what equivocal manner, an enterprise which promised 
 to complete the chain of her American possessions. 
 In the British house of commons, on the 24th of 
 
 "For copy of Roscoo's speech, see Brit. Colonist, May 28, 1870. 
 "Canda Year-Book, 1873. 
 
 '" Montreal corregpondence of the New York World, on the intercolonial 
 and Canadian Pacific roads, quoted in Brit. Colonist, Aug. 19, 1873. 
 
PRELIMINARY SURVEYS. 
 
 m 
 
 June, 1873, Mr Hugesen oxplainod, on the second 
 reading^ of the Canadian loan jijuarantGO bill, that the 
 sum of £2,500,000, which it was then proposed to 
 raise, was to be appropriated for the construction of 
 the Canadian Pacific. Sir Charles Dilkc denounced 
 this guarantee as in the nature of a bribe to Canada, 
 for the concessions she had made in regard to the fish- 
 eries, in order that the provisions of the treaty of 
 Washington might be executed; and declared that 
 i he railroad was nothing more than a gigantic parlia- 
 mentary job. To this Gladstone replied that the 
 guarantee had no connection with the treaty of Wash- 
 ington, the action on this bill having been purposely 
 delayed until after that treaty was disposed of, and 
 its object being, not to give Canada a certain amount 
 of hush-money, but to recognize her just demands 
 against England on account of the Fenian raids on 
 her territory. Canada had suffered on England's ac- 
 count, and desired thus to cancel the debt.'*' 
 
 The time for commencing the construction of the 
 railway expired on the 1st of July, 1873; but at that 
 (late none of the surveys were approaching comple- 
 tion on any portion of the line, and in British Colum- 
 bia only such exploratory surveys had been made as 
 were required to determine the direction in which in- 
 strumental surveys should bo carried on. Between 
 1871 and 1878 the dominion government expended 
 some $3,250,000 for explorations and surveys before 
 the chief engineer finally decided that the route 
 
 should be alonsr the val- 
 
 through British Columbia 
 
 '' London telegram, in Colonist, July 0, 1S73. Wlicn this matter was ar- 
 ranged, more than a year before, the Tinirs had commented upon tlio matter 
 in connection witii the decision on the San Juan question, and the (Jauadian 
 I'aeitio railway scheme. 'This,' said tho Timet, 'is tho Canadian dream, to 
 wliich it will 1)0 remembered wo aro so far couunitted that, as au iuducc- 
 mcut to tho Canadian ministers to press the acceptance of tho treaty of 
 Wiiahington upon tho Canadian parliament, wo undertook to guarantee a loan 
 (if two millions and a lialf, to be expended on tlio railway which is to make 
 the dream como true. Wo heartily wish wo wero freo from all complicity in 
 what we cannot but regard as a very wild undertaking; and wo especially ro- 
 gict tho way in which wo were brought into connection with it.' 
 
C50 
 
 THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 
 
 leys of the Thompson and Fraser rivers," and its 
 terminus on Burrard Inlet.^ 
 
 It was now the prevaihng sentiment among the |)oo- 
 plo of British Columbia that if Canada vas unwillinL;- 
 or unable to bind together by means of a tr-iwsconti- 
 nental railroad her vast possessions west of the great 
 lakes, she had l)etter at once abandon all idea of em- 
 pire, since no weaker bond would suffice to hold it to- 
 
 '' Flemhni's Hcpt Can. Pac. Railway, 1S79, 17. It would seem tliat Mr 
 Fleming was somewhat tardy in arriving at this conclusion. In liis rcpoii 
 for 1874, p. 11, he states that in order to acquire a correct knowledge of the 
 physical cliaracteristics of tho entire territory in line of route, and to ohtain 
 such information concerning its engineering features as only a personal exam- 
 ination could furnish, he started, early in ,July 187-, in charge of an explor- 
 ing expedition, across tlio continent. On Sept. l.")th he reached Yullowliciul 
 I'uss, and thence following tho Fraser from its Yellowhead source to Tctu 
 Jauno Cache, crossed to the Canoo River, and tho Albreda; and from t'.iat 
 point followed tho north Thompson to Kamloop. Touching, on his way, at 
 Ly tton, Yale, and New Westminster, and examining Burrard and Bute inlets, 
 Barclay Sound, Seymour Narrows, Dent, and Arran Rapids, and other inter- 
 mediate points, he arrived at Victoria on the 11th of October, 'thus complet- 
 ing a reconnoissauce which altogether extended over 5,300 miles.' Ihipcn 
 ret. Mh-Moii J)e. Cosmos, 23. Tho journey and reconnoissauce, thus accom- 
 plished in about 90 days, over a most difficult country, were at least swifter 
 than the conclusions at which ho arrived; but why some iive or six years 
 were needed to arrive at these conclusions, the chief engineer does not state. 
 lie was certainly not stinted for means wherewith to employ a corps of com- 
 petent assistants. 
 
 ■■^^Tho chief engineer states that, being required to give his views as t(j a 
 terminus on the I'acilic, lie submitted that it would be desirable lirst to ob- 
 tain complete information concerning .a northern route, by way of I'eacc or 
 I'ine Rivev. The government, however, desired that construction filioulJ 
 coinnieiico immediately in British Columbia, and as no further postponi'nu'nt 
 could be allowed, ho recommended tho above line of route. In the same re- 
 port he admits tliat the choice of Burrard Inlet as a terminus had not given 
 satisfaction to the people of British Columbia. In a report of the piivy 
 council of Canada, dated June 0, 1S73, it was ordered, as wo shall see later, 
 that I'^sipiimalt shou : 1 bo the terminus, though tho alignment on tlio main- 
 land had not then Ijcen determined. Pnjiers rd. Mission. JJe Cosmos, 7. In 
 tho same report it was recounnended that a lino of railway bo located be- 
 tween I'^sqtiiinalt and Seymour Narrows, V^. I. Scss. Papers, P. C, ISSl. In 
 1S7.") an exploration was made of tho Peace River pass and valley, in ehargo 
 of Mr Selwyn, with Professor Macoun as botanist, and A. Welister us geo- 
 logical assistant, in connection M-ith tho choice of a route for the Canadian 
 Pacific. Tho party left Quesnel, on tho Fraser River, on the oth of June, le- 
 turning on tho 20th of October, after a journey of 1,700 miles, extending' 
 over three and a iialf degrees of latitude, and 7 of longitude. The results 
 will bo found in tho progress report for 1875-0. During the same summer, 
 George M. Dawson examined tho district between the Homatheo River ami 
 Fort Ceorg.i, on tho west side of tho Fraser. In 1870 Mr. Dawson was again 
 in charge of surveys in British Columbia, the results of his investigations oc- 
 cupying about 140 pages of tho progress report for 187G-7. Tho region exam- 
 ined lay chiefly in the basins of tho Blackwater and Ncchaco rivers, and 
 included largo tracts of densely wooiled plateau. 
 
SURVEYS AND LANDS. 
 
 681 
 
 gether. They had no desire to insist too strictly, as 
 they declared, on the limit as to time; nor did they 
 expect tlie dominion to impoverish itself in order to 
 build the road; but as the construction of the inter- 
 colonial road from Halifax to Quebec was one of the 
 terms under which the Atlantic provinces joined the 
 confederation, so the building of an interoceanic rail- 
 way was a condition, and the main condition, under 
 which the Pacific province became one with the do- 
 minion."* 
 
 Although, apart from surveys, little had as yet been 
 (lone toward the fulfilment of the contract, on the 
 2Gth of April, 1872, a bill was introduced in parliament 
 by Sir G. E. Cartier, in which it was proposed to grant 
 a subsidy of $30,000,000, together with 50,000,000 
 acres of land, for the construction of a railway from 
 Lake Nipissing to the Pacific coast. The government 
 was authorized to make contracts with a single com- 
 pany for the construction of the entire line, provided 
 that such company possessed a capital of $10,000,000, 
 of which ten per cent must be deposited with the re- 
 ceiver-general. As it might not be possible to come 
 to terms with a single company, an agreement could 
 be made with amalgamated com[)a!;;e.>, and, failing 
 titlier arranfjement, a charter mii»ht be u^ranted to 
 other capitalists by order in council, under the general 
 lailroad act. It was desiral^le, howexer, that the 
 road should be constructed and worked by a single 
 ('or|)oration. The land grant was to be made in alter- 
 nate blocks, twenty miles in depth, the remaining 
 
 -'On the other hand, the orcrau of tliu oi';.o8itif);i party in the dominioii 
 iiailiainent spoke in 1872 of tlic(j;iiiaili;ii) ; aciiio vail\v;iy project as 'an insiiiic 
 II iiitract with a handful of pLdiilc \n rriUbh Cohinihin.' Drit. CoJo^iUt, Apr. 
 I-, 1872. Cartwright, tlic iiiini.^lcr 'i linaticu uiulur Mackenzie's admiiiistra- 
 lioii, on the overthrow of Macdo:i,;lira a(hniidstration, declared in his sjiooch 
 at Diinville that 'confederation was Uio mere eh ildi.s'i vanity of haviuLj to nay 
 tliat they had extended tiie doiiiiiii m from oocan to ocean.' Spcakin'j; of the 
 I'acilie railway project, he Hr.id; 'li' ever a hody of men wore looponsihh' for 
 inllieting a great evil on tlie country, it was tin; government wliieli forced on 
 y\>, in 1871, the task of constructing the Pacific railway, and which thereby 
 inovided the way for their own downfuU, and also caused great niiseliief and 
 loss to the people of the whole dominion.' Standard, Oct. 25, 1870. 
 
652 
 
 THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 
 
 blocks being reserved b}-^ governrnent.^^ As to the 
 money grant, it was anticipated that most of it would 
 be reimbursed by sales of land. The imperial guar 
 antee on a loan of £2,500,000, of which notification 
 had already been received, would reduce somewhat 
 the rate of interest on the sums to be borrowed; and 
 it was believed that, without increasing her taxation, 
 Canada could pay that interest, and establish a sink- 
 ing fund which would cancel the entire debt within 
 thirty or forty years. 
 
 Alexander Mackenzie replied to Sir G. E. Cartier'.s 
 speech, characterizing the bill as one which gave to 
 the government power to do whatever it pleased as to 
 the construction of the railway. It was notorious, ho 
 said, that there were already two rings, between wliieh 
 there was the utmost hostilitj'-, each striving to obtain 
 the charter, and each largely composed of members of 
 the dominion parliament. The bill was then read a 
 lirst time without further discussion, and after beini; 
 passed to a second and third readin^^, was approved 
 by the cabinet. News of this measure was immediately 
 telegraphed to Victoria, and an application for the 
 charter was at once made by a political clique,"^ which, 
 as was understood, was about to combine with the 
 party represented by Sir Hugh Allan, then reputed 
 one of the richest men in the dominion, and who, with 
 his associates, Abbott, Foster, "..nd Brydges, arrived 
 at Ottawa in December 1873. About the same time 
 John Carling and Major Walker made their appear- 
 ance at the capital as the leading representatives of 
 the rival company.^'' Thus there was no difficulty in 
 
 ^•' Every alternate block of that size along the line of route, then estimated 
 at about 2,700 miles, would give only 34,r>UO,000 acres. It was proposed to 
 furnish the remainder from government lands in other parts of the dominion. 
 As tlio reader will remember, according to tlie terms of the union the land 
 grant in ]J. C. territory was to be 20 miles in depth. The main provisions of 
 the bill, as explained by Sir G. E. Cartier, will be found in tlic Brit. Colony, 
 May 10, 1872. 
 
 ^"Do Cosmos, Powell, Robertson, Walkcni, Drake, Haymur, 'Wallace, ami 
 'i'honipson. 
 
 '-'' Id., Jan. 1, May 23, 29, 1873. The first was known as the Montreal oi- 
 (}achcc company, and the sjcond ai t!ic Toronto or Ontario company, from tlie 
 fact cf their loaders being from Montrcr.1 and Toronto respectively. 
 
 m 
 
 
A COMPANY FORMED. 
 
 
 forming an association in command of the requisite 
 amount of capital. It was the policy of the cabinet, 
 however, to select the most responsible and best qual- 
 ified men from either party, and before the close of 
 the year the charter was granted to an association 
 composed of members of both companies, together 
 with some of the wealthiest residents of British Co- 
 lumbia. 
 
 On the 1st of March, Allan and his colleagues met at 
 Ottawa and elected as directors the charter members."* 
 A synopsis of the articles of agreement of the Pacific 
 Railway Construction Company was published in the 
 Colonist of May 14, 1873, giving a list of the names 
 of its members, among whom were Sir Hugh Allan. 
 Sandford Fleming., J. H. Helmcken, and Sir John 
 Macdonald. Allan's prospectus appeared immedi- 
 atcly afterward in the newspapers of tlic dominion, 
 stating the work proposed to be accomplished, and 
 the moneys needed for the purpose. 
 
 Proceeding to London, Sir Hugh attempted to raise 
 the sum of $108,000,000 in behalf of his venture — a 
 railway to bo built through an almost uninhabited and 
 unexplored country, with a subsidy of $30,000,000.'''^ 
 But capital is conservative, and cspeeiall}'' English 
 capital. Attempting, therelbrc, to forge in England 
 his financial chain. Sir Hugh met with little encoiir- 
 ageiaent. That money invented in a wiklernuss, though 
 for the most part a Ibrtile wilderness, would, merely 
 tlirough the construction of a railrotid, yield within 
 i!ie span of a generation, or even of two generations, 
 
 ■■* J>rit. Colonist, Miuxli 19, 1873. Four of the ilircctovs were to retire at 
 C.ic cud of the first and secouil ycar.s, five at the ciul of the third, aud so on 
 (!':iiii'4 succeeding years. 
 
 -'■'Aljout this date the Xorthcrii Pac. railway failure occtirrod, vliilo for tlie 
 iiiirthern colonization road iJl.OoO.OOO was asked, aud for other roadd fr7,0'J0,- 
 ''.)'■). La JJincrvc, hi I>ril. Culonisf, ^liiy 14, 1^7.■). On the '27th of Octoher, 
 I^SJ, the Northern Pacifio made application to tlio X. Y. f^loclc exchan;^o to 
 iiit iJ'-'0, 000,000 eecoud-mortgago bonds, its statcinent for the jirevions niontli 
 : iiowing aa Ri'0S3 earnings 1?1, '-'-•'>, 000, a;;ainst operaliu',' expenses aud taxes 
 ;■. mounting toii!r)CO,000, or §000,000 1 if net earnings. At tiiat date tiie connnoa 
 •'-'lOck was quoted at about §ild, preferred at H'.i, and first-niortga; ; bonds ati 
 l.)'J. ,S'. /'. Bulleliii, Oct. 27, ISSo. 
 
 i 
 
 It- 
 
 -1 
 
 i 
 
654 
 
 THE CANADIAN PACT PIC RAILWAY. 
 
 a fair return on the outlay, was a proposition that 
 found little favor in Great Britain. Said the carl 
 of Dufferin, addressing an audience at Victoria somk! 
 three vears later, and uiludinfj of course to the terms (jt 
 the union: "When the bargain was made, everythiu<r 
 in Canada was prosperous, and it was supposed that a 
 Canadian PaciHe railway could be easily constructed. 
 ]iut ignorance of the route was not taken into consid- 
 eration; and obliging herself to commence the wor]^ 
 in two years and finish it in ten years, Canada assumed 
 a phj^sical impossibility, as the surveying alone would 
 require several years."^' 
 
 Thus the contract made with Sir Hugh Allan and 
 his com))any in 187.5 fell through, and was formally 
 annulled, the $1,000,000 of cash deposited as security 
 being of course returned. 
 
 Meanwhile an election had been held, and one at 
 which the main point at issue was the railway scheme. 
 The American road, it was said, had cost $200,000,000, 
 and the Canadian Pacific would cost $300,000,000, no 
 heed being paid to the fact that the cost of the former 
 was computed in greenbacks, and at a time when 
 greenbacks were worth only fifty to seventy per cent 
 of their face value in gold. Moreover, early in 18G;] 
 it became known that Sir Hugh had obtained the con- 
 tract by advancing a largo sum of money in order to 
 carry the elections, and a formal charge was brought 
 against the ministry in the dominion parliament." 
 
 3' Victoria telegram, in S. F. Alia, Sept. 2.3, 187G. 
 
 ■^^Mackenzie's Mem. Can. Pat: Railway, MS., 5; Drit. ColouUt, An,'. 7, 
 1873. L. S. Huntington of Montreal, on tlio 2cl of April, 1873, niado tln-lnl- 
 lowing specific eliargca in tlio domiuiou parliament: Tliat lio w;;s credibly 
 informed, and believed lie could prove, that in anticipation of tlio Icgi.slatidii of 
 last session in regard to the I'acilio railway, an .ngrcemcnt w.ns iiuulo butucuii 
 .Sir Hugh Allan and other Canadian promoters, and G. W. McMullen, .Tctiiii; 
 on the ]iart of United States capitalists, whereby the latter agreed to fiiiiiisli 
 all tho funds necessary for tho construction of tho contemplated railwiiy, iunl 
 to give the former a certain percentage of interest in consideration ol tlicii' 
 positi()n giving tho company the character of a Canadian com[)any with lliicrh 
 All, m at its head; that tlio Macdonald government wore aware such iiogoti- 
 ations were pending; and thatsubsecjnently thereto an undcr.standing wa^ coriio 
 to l)etw(!en tlio government, Hugh Allan, and Abbott, ono of the members of 
 tho house of coninions, that Allan and his friends should advance a large sum 
 of money for tho purpose of aiding in the election of ministers and their sup- 
 
MORE WRANGLING. 
 
 055 
 
 An extra session was called for October, in order to 
 deal with this charfje, and durinijf the debate on a 
 motion of want of confidence, moved by Alexander 
 Mackenzie, Sir John JVIacdonald resij^ned, the for- 
 mer being called upon to form an administration. In 
 -luly 187;J the executive council of British Cohuu- 
 l)ia, Josepli W. Trutch being then governor of the 
 province,^' fornudly called the attention of the domin- 
 ion government to the non-fullihnent of the terms of 
 union so far as they related to the commencement of 
 ;i railroad.^'* Thus the new ministrv soon Ibund itself 
 
 linitei's lit tho ensuiug election, ami that Allan ami his friends Khould receive 
 the contract for constructiug tho railway; that Allan did advaneo such 
 iiidiicy; nud that part of tho nioncya so expended by him in connection witli 
 tho obtaining of the act of incorporation and charter were paid by U. S. 
 cipitalists under the agreement with him. lioyal C'ommlxsiun Ji\'}jt Pac. 
 /.'(ulirai/, 3-'.'). Sir John Macdonald moved the appointment of a eonimitteo 
 ot'hve to iuvcstigato the cliarges, which was agreed to; l)ut before further 
 progress had been made, the gov. -gen., Lord Dntl'erin, by the advice of the i;i- 
 nilpated ministry, suddenly jirorogued tho parliament, without obtaining it.s 
 consent to the discharge of tho committee. In lieu thereof, he appointed a 
 royal commis.sion to luake tho investigation. Macdonald acknowledged re- 
 ceiving .^4.">,000 fi-oni Hugh Allan to control tho elections; but claimed that 
 it was an independent transaction. It was shown that Allan had advanix'd as 
 much as §100,000, and it wiis presimied that those who took the money and 
 used it for political purposes well knew that it was given in tho cxpeetatiun 
 :iiid with tho understauiling that tlio railway sehenio would receive the sup- 
 port of tho niinistiy; tho eonseipienec being that everything in eonnoction 
 uitli the ))i'oject was tainted with suspicion, even thougli it did not appear 
 tiiiit the interests of the country had been really sacriliced. Londun 'J'inifn, 
 Sept. ID, 1S7<'>. Huntington's charges were founded upon tho eonteiit.j 
 iif a package of letters left by Hugh Allan with Mr Starnes for safe-keeping 
 lifter his ilisagreement with Mc.Mullen and the American capitalists, being 
 the correspondeneo between them on +!ie subject of tho railway. A rumor of 
 their existence got abroad, and tlie party in opposition to Maedonald'sadinin- 
 istiation became aware of their contents through tlio instrumentality of the 
 ihsappointed cx-partuers of Allan's company. 
 
 ''■'Trutch, a native of England, and a civil engineer by profession, emigrated 
 to C;d. at an early day, and obtaining a contract for suiveying lands in Or., 
 I oou afterward removed thither, where ho married a sister of the sur. -gen. 
 AlK)ut the year lSo8 ho arrived in \'ietoria, where, on the departure of Col 
 Moody, ho was appointed acting chief eommi.soioncr of liuidsand worl;:i, belli;; 
 elected, before the confederation, a member of tlio legislative eouneii. He 
 was accounted a shrewd politician, not over-trutliful of j-pjeeli, !;n able ri'.ler, 
 .'iiiil one having always at heart the interests of tho jirovinee, though nmer 
 titigetting those of Joseph W. Trutch. JJc Co'^iiio.i (j'oct, JIS., 'Jl-"_'; HV.'y 
 lirit. Col., Feb. 15, 1871; Brit. CuL, May 2:?, 1870. lu his Uritix/i dliini- 
 hill and the Canadian Pacijic Jtailwui/, Sjiaechhi/ and Contjilim' ular;i llinu'i- 
 ly) llic lion. Mr Trutch at the liussiU Jlouyc, Ottawa, April 10, ISil, Montreal 
 I S71, is clearly brought out tho then condition of the railroad <iuestion, its 
 completion within the specified time being insisted upon as a fiuidamental 
 ecmclition of tho confederation. 
 
 '■"Tho committee regret that the construction of tho railway has not 
 
 ^ 'fl 
 
656 
 
 THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 
 
 hampered with this lonjif-vexed question, and in the 
 liopc of arriving at some agreement with the province, 
 sent to Victoria, as a special agent, James 1). Edgar, 
 a Toronto barrister.^ 
 
 Reaching the capital in the spring of 1874, Edgar 
 addressed a letter to G. A. Walkem, attorney-general, 
 wherein he states that the scheme originally adopted 
 had, for a variety of reasons, proved almost imprac- 
 ticable, and that it was now the aim of the cabinet to 
 devise a more feasible plan. The main difficulty was 
 the stipulation as to time, and in requesting an ex- 
 tension of time, the government asked only for a 
 reasonable concession. The engineering difficult its 
 were so much greater than had been expected, that it 
 would be impossible to build the road within the datos 
 specified without wasteful expenditure and fiiiaiieinl 
 embarrassment. In order to make amends for tliis 
 disa[)pointment, the dominion cabinet proposed to 
 begin at once the lino between Esquimalt and Xa- 
 nainio, completing that portion in the shortest po.s.sil)lo 
 time. As to the mainland, it was useless to b^'giu 
 construction before oven the entire route had beeu 
 {{uall}'- selected; but the government would ininitdi- 
 
 bccu commciiccil, and therefore sh-oiigly iirotcst npainst the brcacli hy llio 
 dominion govt of a condition of tlio terms so lii.^hly inipovtiint to llie 
 [irovincc' Order in council, in Sws. Papern, Brit. Col., ISSi, 1-1(1. To tl-.is 
 minute, forwarded by the lieiit-gov. to the .secretary of suite, K. J. Laiii," viii, 
 mider-secrotary, merely replied that the despatch and its enclosures would l)-.; 
 at onco laid lieforo the gov. -gen. In Kov. a second minuto was forwardcu, 
 couched in somewhat peremptory phrase. Taking into consideraliuii that no 
 reply waa made to the former protest; that the donnnion jiarliameut liini 
 l.iccn prorogued without making any provision for the construction of the rail- 
 way; that the legislature of 13. 0. was convened for the 18tli of Dec; aud tli;;i 
 the non-fulfilment of the terms of union had caused much anxiety auil dis- 
 couragement throughout the province — the committee of council advi^icd tlio 
 licTit-gov. to ask for a decided expression of the policy of the dominion govt. 
 The answer was, that the eahiuet was giviug its most earnest cousider.itioa 
 to the project for the construction of the Pacific railway, an outline (if Asliiili 
 v/as given iu the speech delivered hy .^Ir Macken/ic at Sarnia on tlio 'J5ili 1 1 
 Nov., a scheme which they believe will be acceptable to the whole doniiiii'Hi, 
 including li. C, and that they hope to be able, Mithin a short lime, to i "i.i- 
 iiiuiucate more deliuitely with that province on tho subject, /'/., It. SI, !•">-. 
 Jlero we have probably tho inception of tho Pacific railway bill, of wIimIi 
 more ])rescutly. 
 
 ^' In one of hia letters of introduction, Mackenzie states that he ^yould liave 
 sicnt a member of the cabinet but for tho near approach of tho meeting of par- 
 liament. 
 
VVALKEM AND EDGAR. 
 
 057 
 
 ately open a wagon-road along the portion that lay 
 within the province, and constiuct a telegraph line, 
 placing British Columbia in direct communication 
 with Canada. Although the terms of the union con- 
 tained no provision for the amount of expenditure 
 during any special period, or on any particular portion 
 of the line, and although the length falling within 
 the province was not estimated at more than one fifth 
 of the entire length, the dominion government pro- 
 posed, as soon as the surveys were completed, a mini- 
 mum expenditure of $1,500,000 a year on the work 
 of construction within the province, thus securing its 
 progress without intermission. 
 
 Walkeni replied that ho would submit Edgar's pro- 
 posals to the local administration, but could not advise 
 the lieutenant-governor in council to treat them as 
 official until he was assured that the former was spe- 
 cially accredited as agent of the general government. 
 At this letter the barrister took offence, freely ex- 
 pressing his disgust, and requesting that the proposals 
 of the dominion government should receive tlio con- 
 sideration to which they were entitled. The answer 
 of the attorney-general was again somewhat insulting, 
 though covered with a thin lacquer of professional 
 courtesy. Ho had received but one letter froni Mr 
 ^Fackenzie, he said — and that not an ofliclal one — 
 wherein Mr Edgar's mission was expressly stated to 
 l)e for the purpose of holding personal interviews wltli 
 the members of the executive council, in order tliat 
 the policy of the provincial government might be 
 ascertained without a tedious correspondence. lie 
 must be pardoned, therefore, when he considered it 
 his duty to ask for Mr Edgar's oflicial authority. 
 This information he had not yet received. In his 
 further efforts to negotiate with tlie executive, Edgar 
 fared even worse. His letter of introduction to the 
 lieutenant-governor, couched in somewhat ambigu- 
 ous phrase for the credentials of a plenipotentiary,^'' 
 
 "It reads as follows: Fob. 21, lS7t. Sir: The bcaror is James D. Edgar, 
 Hut. Brit. Col. ii 
 
658 
 
 THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 
 
 was not even delivered, as tlie executive council 
 objected to any coninmnication being made except 
 through themselves.'^'' Nevertheless he sent a brief 
 note to the chief magistrate, enclosing a copy of his 
 communication to the attorney-general, though it dots 
 not ai)pear that any notice was taken either of his 
 missive or of its enclosure. On the contrary, the 
 executive council, by advice of the attorney-general, 
 (jn the day when the latter received a curt reply frum 
 the barrister, reconnnendcd his Excellency to ascertain 
 by telegraph whether Edgar was empowered to nego- 
 tiate with the provincial government, and whetlier 
 his ])ropositions would, if accepted, be considered bind- 
 ing by the dominion government. Mackenzie's answei- 
 was brief and somewhat emphatic: "I refer niinistiy 
 to my letter by Mr Edgar, which sufficiently indi- 
 cated his mission, and which they recognized. He is 
 now recalled, and I await his return and reports." 
 Three days later, on the 21st of May, 1874, the attor- 
 ney-general sent word to the premier of the dominion: 
 "Will you kindly answer governor's telegram fully? 
 Do Mr Edgar's propositions to change railway terms 
 bind your government?" On the 8th of June Trutch 
 was informed that the proposals were withdrawn; 
 whereupon the latter at once appealed to the home 
 government,*' complaining of a breach in the terms 
 of the union, a petition being also forwarded to her 
 Majesty. 
 
 Thus through a want of precision in the negotia- 
 
 Ksq., barrister, Toronto, who visits Columbia as the agcut of the ilominion 
 government to consult with your gc>vernmcnt with reference to the late a;;!- 
 tation concerning an extennioa of time for the construction of the I'acilic 
 railway beyond that prc>>i'<ist d in the terais of union. Mr Edgar will ex- 
 plain to your Excellency our aiixicty to do everything in our power to incut 
 the views of your people, Fj v. ill be f^'lul to receive your suggestions cou- 
 ccrning matters which may .equiro attention. I am, etc., A. Mackuuzio. 
 
 '"lu a despatch to Trutch, dated Ottawa, Mar. 24, 1875, Mackenzie slates 
 that if he had known this to bo the case he would have directed Edgar to de- 
 liver the letter notwitlistanding the objection. 
 
 " Copies of tlie petition aud of all the correspondence, including Edgar's 
 
 Erivate instructions from the premier, his communication to the atty-gen., and 
 is report to the sec. of state for Canada, will be found iu the Railway Papers, 
 in Seas. Papers, D. C, 1881, 155-79. 
 
 &4 
 
 people 
 
 W(>re t] 
 
 liad b( 
 
 almost 
 
 diminii. 
 
 1874, 
 
 project, 
 
 'lividod 
 
 to the 
 
 I^ake ;^ 
 
 from Ii( 
 
 ton and 
 
 <"roni th 
 
 some pc 
 
 was to I 
 
 into subs 
 
 the line, 
 
 tractors ^ 
 
 together 
 
 'juality a 
 
 tracted f 
 
 interest l 
 
 l>o stipula 
 
 to own ar 
 
 tions as tc 
 
 'ind numb 
 
 'I'oin time 
 
 .i,^ovornmci 
 
 •'ill the Ian 
 
 i'l>"n by tl 
 
 to the latt 
 
 ^^■ay, or an 
 
 actual cost 
 
 land and m 
 
 " Wihon'a C 
 
PACIFIC RAILWAY BILL. 
 
 tions with tho provincial executive, through want of 
 statesmanship on one side, and through want of for- 
 bearance on both sides, a serious rupture was tlireat- 
 oned between the province and the dominion. Tiiu 
 l)eoplc of British Columbia — now sorely discontent — 
 w(!re not to blame if their hopes and their ambition 
 had been unduly excited by promises which it was 
 almost impossible to fulfd. Nor was their discontent 
 diminished by the passage, late in tho session (»[' 
 1874, of the Pacific Kailway bill. According to this 
 project, introduced by Mackenzie, the line was to bu 
 divided into four sections: first, from Lake Nij)issing 
 to the western end of Lake Su})erior; second, from 
 Lake Superior to lied River, in Manitoba; third, 
 from Red River to some point between Fort Edmon- 
 ton and the foot of the Rocky Mountains; fourtli, 
 from the western terminus of tho third section to 
 some point in British Columbia. The government 
 was to be at liberty to divide any oi' these sections 
 into subsections, and might at its discretion construct 
 the line, or any part of it, as a public work. Con- 
 tractors were to receive a subsidy of $10,000 per mile, 
 together with 20,000 acres of land, of fair average; 
 (j^uality and in alternate sections, for each mile con- 
 tracted for, and also a guarantee of four per cent 
 interest for twenty-five years, on such sum as niiglit 
 be stipulated in the contract. The contractors were 
 to own and run their sections, subject to such regula- 
 tions as to rates of fare and freight, accommodation, 
 and number and description of trains, as might be made 
 from time to time by the governor in council. The 
 TOvernment reserved the risjrlit to sell two thirds of 
 all the land grants at such j)rices as might be agreed 
 U[)on by the contractors, the proceeds to be paid over 
 to the latter, and also the right to purchase the rail- 
 way, or any portion of it, for a sum not exceeding the 
 actual cost, with ten per cent added, the subsidies in 
 land and money being first deducted from the amount " 
 
 " Wilson's Canada and Tlie Can. Pac. Raiboay, 13-14. 
 
 3S 
 
(JGO 
 
 THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 
 
 To this measure there were several weighty objec- 
 tions. First of all, it was framed in such a manner 
 that detached sections of the road might be built and 
 operated by several companies, and those interspersed 
 with other sections owned by the dominion. It was 
 a moral certainty that if responsible parties could bo 
 Ibund to accept contracts they would take only those 
 which would give them the best sections, leaving the 
 rcuiainder to the government. No transcontinental 
 rail'.vay in America, whether built or in contempla- 
 tion, would lay open to settlement so vast an extunt 
 of agricultural land as the Canadian Pacific, and tl'c 
 more valuable sections should have been so distributed 
 as to aid in the construction of inferior portions. 
 Second, the condition whereby government retained 
 the right to sell two thirds of the land grants, at sucli 
 prices as might be agreed upon, was one that few busi- 
 ness men would entertain, for the dominion would 
 possess as much land along the line of route as tlic 
 contractors, and could force the latter to accept its 
 own terras. Tlien the clause depriving contractor.^ of 
 the privilege of determining rates of laro and frciglit 
 was most objectionable, for on this matter, even il' 
 traffic were abundant, the profits would mainly de- 
 pend. Finally, tlio power reserved by government to 
 buy up any or all of the sections, at ten per cent 
 above tlieir cost, was n stipulation not likely to find 
 favor with capitalist.s. Under such an agreenient, a 
 [portion of the line might bo worked, for in.stance, I'u' 
 a term of twenty years, by a company of stockludd- 
 er;s; and if, at the end of that period, their section 
 had developed into a paying property, they might ho 
 called upon at any time to surrender it, recclvinc,^ 
 back barely their purchase money, with one hali' of 
 one per cent a year added by way of interest, and 
 losing perhaps, meanwhile, several millions iu work- 
 j ng expenses.^" 
 
 '" 'Xilmii'n Canada and Cnn. Pur. Unihrajf, passim. Mackrnziu's project 
 waa vijjorously attuckcil iu iiriUsli Coluuibia iu coiiuoctiou with iiulilKal 
 iinyuca. 
 
CHAPTER XXXIII. 
 
 THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 
 
 1874-1883. 
 
 The Caknarvon Terms— Their Acceptance — Defeat of the Esquimait 
 AND Nakaimo Railway Bill — The Provi.vcial Lf.gisl,\tciie'.s Tetitiom 
 TO HER Majesty — Rejoinder of the Dominion Co\'ernmi:nt — Visit of 
 THE Earl of Dcfferin — His Sfeecii at Victoria— Threats of Se- 
 cession — A Second Petition to the Qi-een— PRorosEn Annexation 
 TO THE United States — One Moi:e Peiition — Contract with the 
 Syndicate — Engineering Difficulties — Port Moody— Reasons for 
 its Selection as the Terminus— Completion of the Line — A Costly 
 Undertaking — The Road Built as a National Hichway. 
 
 On the 11th of June, 1874, the secretary of state for 
 the colonies was informed by telegram that a delegate 
 was about to proceed to London for the purpose of 
 laying before the home government the complaints of 
 the provincial legislature as to the breach in the terms 
 of union. Exactly one week later a confidential mes- 
 sage from the banking firm of Faulkner, Bell, & Co. 
 was received by Governor Trutch, stating that the 
 oarl of Carnarvon had consented to arbitrate, and that 
 both parties had concurred. In a despatch to the 
 governor-general, liearing the same date, the earl re- 
 marked that it was neither his wish nor any part of 
 his duty to intcifero in the controversy. It seeiiied 
 to be one which the dominion jjovernment and le<xisla- 
 ture should bring to a satisfactory conclusion, and lier 
 Majesty's government was reluctant to take any action 
 which might imply a doubt whether the former would 
 deal with the province in a fair and liberal spirit. Ho 
 . \dercd his services only because he was re;- jlved 
 
662 
 
 THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 
 
 that no means should be spared to bring about a speedy 
 and amicable settlement of a question which could not, 
 witliout disadvantage to both parties, remain the sub- 
 ject of a prolonged and acrimonious discussion,^ 
 
 After some correspondence on botli sides, Earl 
 Dufferin forwarding for consideration a report of the 
 privy council, in which it was made to appear that tlut 
 government of British Columbia had no just or rea- 
 sonable ground of complaint, while on the other lian (, 
 the attorney-general for the province argued his cajso 
 with considerable acumen, on the I7th of November, 
 1874, the decision was rendered. Only in two mate- 
 rial ])oints did it differ from the terms proposed hy 
 Mr Edgar: first, the minimum expenditure within llh 
 province after the completion of the surveys was to 
 be 62,000,000 instead of $1,500,000 a year; seconc 
 the limit of time for the completion of the road'' ^Voh, 
 the Pacific seaboard to a point at the western nnd tl 
 Lake Superior, at which it will i'all into connection 
 with the existing lines of railway through a portion ot 
 the United States, and also with the navigation on 
 Canadian waters," was altered to the 31st of Decem- 
 ber, 1890. To construct thus early the remainder of 
 the line north of Lake Superior, extending to the Ca- 
 nadian lines then in operation, ought not, as the carl 
 considered, to be required He hoped, however, that 
 at no very distant day a continuous line of road would 
 be built throusjhout the lenofth of the dominion.^ 
 The earl's decision, or as it was afterward known, the 
 Carnarvon terms, was accepted by both parties, though 
 with a reservation on the side of Canada, providing 
 that, in accordance with the resolution passed by tho 
 dominion parliament in April 1871, the lino should bo 
 built without increase in the rate of taxation.' 
 
 'For copy of despatch, sec Sess. Papem, D. C, 1881, 182-3. 
 
 ^/d., 210-11; Mackcnzir's Miin. Cdii. Par. Rnihmy, MS., 5-0. 
 
 "Ill a niiuuto of council dated March 13, 1870, wo read: 'It must bohonie 
 iu mind that every step in tiio negotiation was necessarily predicated upon 
 and subject to the conditions of tiio resolution of the house of conmons passed 
 in 1871, contemporaneously with the adoption of the terms of union with IJ. 
 C. subsequently enacted iu the V. l\ rail.- ay act of 1872, and subsequently 
 
 const] 
 was a 
 ]lowe^ 
 j)ose ii 
 <'arrie( 
 hy a n 
 it bein 
 huildir 
 tended 
 apart f 
 obligat 
 Thus t: 
 as prac 
 the ne< 
 the bre 
 Earlj 
 nor Tn 
 cl OS i no- 
 it Avas c 
 almost ( 
 von set 
 huildin 
 Jand, nd 
 intendec 
 iiicnt re 
 >*ection 
 '■arried 
 had fulfil 
 ■• 'anada, 
 •"minioi; 
 uiution 
 
 rt^nacted, af 
 <-• 1'. lailway 
 inishniciitof 1 
 siicli subsidy 
 taxation, as t 
 termination r 
 tained by pub 
 necessity cont 
 * The vote 
 
 O' 
 
 '.&. 
 
THE QUESTION REOPENED. 
 
 663 
 
 The portion of Mr Edgar's proposal relating to the 
 construction of a railway from Esquimalt to Nanaimo 
 was also embodied in the Carnarvon terms. When, 
 liowever, the premier introduced a bill for this pur- 
 pose in the dominion parliament, the measure, though 
 carried in the commons, was defeated in the senate 
 hy a majority of two,* among those who voted against 
 it being several members of the premier's party. The 
 building of this road, it was argued, was merely in- 
 tended as compensation for delay, and was altogether 
 apart from the terms of union, in which there was no 
 obligation to extend the line to Vancouver Island. 
 Thus the entire question, whicli had been considered 
 as practically settled, was reopened for discussion, and 
 the negotiations which ensued served but to widen 
 the breach between the two governments. 
 
 Early in 187 G a despatch was forwarded by Gover- 
 nor Trutch to the secretary of state for Canada, en- 
 closing a copy of a petition to her Majesty, in which 
 it was complained that the dominion government had 
 almost entirelv disregarded the terms of the Carnar- 
 von settlement. They had neither commenced the 
 building of the railroad on the island nor on the main- 
 land, nor of the wa":on-road or engineering trail 
 intended to facilitate railroad work ; nor had the agroo- 
 Hient relating to the construction of the provincial 
 section of the transcontinental telegraph line been 
 • arried out. It was claimed that British Columbia 
 !);k1 fulfilled all the conditions of her agreement with 
 ( 'anada, while, through the repeated violations by the 
 iominiou of the railway terms, all classes of the pop- 
 ulation of the province had suffered loss. Distrust 
 
 ». i' 
 
 rcLnautud, after a Inrgo addition had been iiiado to the rate of taxation, in tho 
 <A 1*. railway act of 187-4 — that the public aid to be given to secure tho accom- 
 lilislnnontof the undertaking should consist of such liberal grants of land and 
 such subsidy in money or otiier aid, not increasing the then existing rate of 
 taxation, aa the parliament of Canada should thereafter determine. This de- 
 termination not to involve tho coiuitry in a hopeless burden of debt is sus- 
 tained by public opinion everywhere throughout tho dominioD, and must of 
 necessity control tho action of tho government.' 
 
 *The vote was 23 to 21. Papers rcl. Mmion De Cosmos, 74. 
 
 Ji 
 
664 
 
 THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 
 
 had been created; trade and commerce had been un- 
 settled ; the progress of the country had been checked, 
 and the confident anticipations of commercial and 
 political advantage to be deiived from the construc- 
 tion of the line had given place to a feeling of depres- 
 sion. The petitioners therefore submitted that the 
 conditions of the settlement effected through the in- 
 tervention of the secretary of state for the colonics 
 should be carried out in letter and in spirit.^ 
 
 In a report of a committee of the privy council of 
 Canada, dated the 13th of March, mainly in answer 
 to these allegations, is a review of the whole contro- 
 versy as it then stood. The western terminus of 
 the road, urged the dominion, was a question that did 
 not enter into the agreement between Canada and 
 Bri .'^vi Columbia, but one to be determined by the 
 govej; aneral in council. The first action taken 
 in this .. ,ter was in June 1873, when, most injudi- 
 clously in the opinion of the committee, an order in 
 council was passed selecting Esquimalt as the ter- 
 minus. If this decision had nc<t been reversed, the 
 government would have been c mpelled to construct 
 thence more than a hundred and sixty miles of rail- 
 way to some point opposite Bute Inlet, at a cost of 
 about $7,500,000, while the bridging of the Narrows 
 — the latter a most gigantic undertaking — would re- 
 quire a further outlay of more than $20,000,000. The 
 Mackenzie administration had from the first declined 
 to adopt this portion of the policy of its predecessors. 
 They had offered, however, as compensation for delay, 
 a cash bonus of $750,000, or about $75 per capita of 
 the white population of tiic province; but this offer 
 had been refused." So far from the province having 
 
 ^Sess. Papers, B. C, 1881, 329-31. 
 
 'As to thia matter there was soino misunderstanding on the part of thi 
 government of B. C. In a report of tlio privy council dated Sept. 20, 187''. 
 and referring mainly to the construction of the Esquimalt and Nanaimo rail- 
 way, it is recommended that the people of B. C. should construct this line them- 
 selves, or undertake such other local public works as they think best, and that 
 the compensation granted by Canada 'for any delays whicii pis'.;' take place 
 in the construction of the Pacific railway should be in the for:n of a ca^li 
 
SEPARATION THREATENED. 
 
 666 
 
 suffered loss and deprivation from the union, as was 
 alleged, it had already derived therefrom no incon- 
 siderable advantage. Apart from railway expenditure, 
 Canada had, between the date of the union and the 
 close of 1875, spent $1,204,388 over the amount 
 derived from rcvenuc.'^ The object of the provincial 
 legislature appeared to be, not to secure the com- 
 pletion of the road as a national undertaking under 
 such conditions as would tend to the welfare of the 
 entire community, but to enforce an enormous ex- 
 penditure, at whatever cost to Canada, within their 
 own province, and for which that province could 
 render no equivalent. The urgency with which the 
 government of British Columbia demanded this ex- 
 penditure, with a view to secure vast profits for a 
 small popu> -tion, would not encourage the people of 
 the dominion i,o support their rulers in the effort to 
 fulfil, as far as possible, the appalling obligations to 
 which they were committed. In conclusion, it re- 
 mained only, undc^ the circumstances, to endeavor to 
 construct the railway as rapidly as the resources of 
 the country would permit. 
 
 Here for the moment negotiations practically ceased, 
 and separation from the dominion was for the time 
 openly threatened, the executive council expressing 
 in their reply the fullest confidence that her Majesty 
 would noi, require her subjects in British Cohuubia, 
 
 bonus,' to 1)0 expended aa the legislature might determiuc. lu the petition to 
 the queen this was interpreted as an indemnity to bo paid on condition tliat 
 the agreement for a yearly expenditure of §2,000,000 within the province, and 
 for tlio completion of the road to Lake Superior before tlic end of 1800, siiould 
 bo sun jndercd. In a letter to DafTcrin, dated Jlay '2.?, 1870, Carnarvon says: 
 'I cannot but suppose tliai the complaints tl;at have readied mo from tlie 
 govt of 13. C. have been founded on a misapprehension, witli reference to llio 
 •expression used in tho Canadian minute of council,. . .as well as to tlm in- 
 tentions of the dominion minister.' Correspondence Can. I'ac. ItaiUcay, 11. 
 
 ' 'J'lic total expenditure for tho four and a half years was §;},0S;i,.')(i.').'JI , and 
 the total revenue $l,S70,'2"2ll.3!J. ^leanwliile the railway expenditure was 
 .?fi70, 144.39, making a total excess of expenditure of §2,080, l^s^.oO, or about 
 5208 per capita of the population. Sesn. Puper.^, B. ('., 1881, '2;]'J. 'I'd this 
 tlie executive council of tlio province replied that a large part of tlie expendi- 
 ture was incidental to the extension of the system of coiifodoration over a new 
 province, and that the disbursements would be greatly reduced after the com- 
 pletion of the public buildings and works provided for in tlic terms of union. 
 
609 
 
 THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 
 
 however few in number, to submit to injustice from the 
 majority to which they had united themselves on dis- 
 tinct and carctully considered terras. Unless means 
 were promptly taken to remove this sense of inju.<^- 
 tico, and to satisfy the people that their rights would 
 bo maintained, the " growing alienation of sentiment 
 must result prejudicially to the interests of the em- 
 
 Pi 
 
 re 
 
 "8 
 
 In a despatch to the earl of Carnarvon, enclosing a 
 copy of the report to the privy council, the governor- 
 general states that he is about to visit the western 
 portion of the dominion, mainly with a view to bring 
 about a settlement of the diiferences with British Co- 
 lumbia. From this visit much was expected. With 
 the authority of his rank and office, Duflferin com- 
 bined, in no limited degree, sound, practical judg- 
 ment, tact, and temper, together with much official 
 experience. He was an adroit and versatile diplomatc, 
 one who never gave offence, and who well knew how 
 to make allov\'ance for local prejudices, and to smooth 
 artificial impediments. If he failed in his efforts to 
 adjust the dispute, then the difficulty might almost 
 be regarded as insurmountable. So hopeful, how- 
 ever, was the secretary for the colonies of his suc- 
 cess, that he postponed his reply to the minutes 
 of council from British Columbia and Canada, and 
 deferred laying before her Majesty the petition of 
 the provincial legislature until he was informed as to 
 the result of Dufferin's visit.® 
 
 After making a tour of the provinces, northward 
 as far as the borders of Alaska, and eastward to 
 Kamloop, on the 20th of September, 1876, the 
 governor-general addressed a deputation of the rocon- 
 tion committee at Victoria. Dufferin was a trained 
 and polished speaker for an English nobleman, some- 
 
 ^Id., 18S1, 245. Tho report of the executive council is dated June 3, 
 187G. 
 
 * Correspondence Can. Pac. Railwat/, 11. 
 
DUFFERIN'S ADDRESS. 
 
 Mft 
 
 what ornate, but still an orator of marked ability. 
 All his eloquence was thrown away, however, on this 
 self-willed audience. In vain did he exert to the 
 utmost his well-known powers of pleasing; in vain 
 did he compliment his hearers on their unswerv- 
 ing loyalty, and the province on its amazing resources; 
 in vain did he dwell on the idyllic beauty of its scen- 
 ery, its noble harbors, and its labyrinth of navigable 
 channels, winding for thousands of miles around 
 islands, promontories, and peninsulas, unruffled by 
 the faintest swell from the neighboring ocean, and 
 adapted as well to the largest merchantman as to 
 the frailest canoe ; in vain did he point to the agri- 
 cultural and pastoral resources of the country, its 
 wealth in gold and silver, coal and iron, fisheries and 
 forests, winding up his glowing picture by declaring 
 British Columbia to be " a glorious province — a prov- 
 ince which Canada should be proud to possess, and 
 whose association with the dominion she ought to 
 regard as the crowing triumph of federation." Of 
 all this the people of British Columbia were well 
 aw'ire, though probably they did not object to being 
 reminded of it. They had nev^er doubted that their 
 country was one which Canada should be proud to 
 possess, and had always regarded their union as the 
 brightest jewel in the dominion crown. What they 
 complained of was that Canada did not keep faith 
 with them, and thereb}'" show a becoming pride in her 
 new acquisition, instead of appearing entirely indifFer- 
 out as to the stability of the federal edifice. Passing to 
 the main point of his address, the earl assured his audi- 
 ence that he came on no diplomatic mission, nor as 
 • •no intrusted with any announcement either from the 
 imperial or the dominion government. His visit was 
 in order to become acquainted with them as the rep- 
 resentative of her Majesty, to ascertain their wants 
 and wishes, and to learn as mu<:h as possible concern- 
 ing the physical features and resources of the prov- 
 ince. He had no desire to persuade them into any 
 
 .1) 
 
668 
 
 THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 
 
 line of action that did not accord with their own 
 interests, and he would neither make any new prom- 
 ises on behalf of his government nor renew any old 
 ones; least of all did ho wish to force upon them any 
 I'urther modification of the Carnarvon terms. Nev- 
 ertheless, the greater part of his speech was devoten 
 to an elaborate exculpation of the Canadian govern- 
 ment, though he did not deny that British Columbia 
 had suftcred in many respects through the non-ful- 
 filment of the terms of union. 
 
 Touching on the question of the Esquimalt and 
 Nanaimo railway, he stated that he well knew the 
 importance which they attached to this portion of 
 the work, and admitted that its immediate execution 
 was definitely included in the Carnarvon settlement. 
 He was not surprised, therefore, that the miscarriage 
 of this part of the bargain should have caused so much 
 irritation. "Two years have passed," he said, "since 
 the Canadian government undertook to commence the 
 construction of the Esquimalt and Nanaimo railway, 
 and the Nanaimo and Esquimalt railway is not even 
 commenced, and what is more, there does not at pres- 
 ent seem a prospect of its being commenced. What, 
 then, is the history of the case? and who is answerable 
 for 3'our disappointment? I know you consider Mr 
 Mackenzie. I am not here to defend Mr Mackenzie, 
 liis policy, his proceedings, or his utterances. I hope 
 this will bo clearly understood." Notwithstanding 
 this disavowal, however, the earl proceeded to defend 
 the premier's administration, as an advocate would 
 plead before a court.^° As to the proposed money 
 
 '" 'It is asserted, and I imagine with truth,' ho said, 'that Mr Mackenzie 
 .lud his political friends Iiad always been opposed to many portions of Canada's 
 bargain with li. C. It therefore came to bo considered iu this jjrovinco that 
 the new governnicut was an enemy to the Facific railway. i>ut I Ijclieve this 
 ti) liavo Ijeen, and to be, a complete misapprehension. I believe the L'acilic 
 lailway has no better friend than Mr Mackenzie; and that ho was only op- 
 posed to the time terms in the bar^'ain, because ho believed them inipossihlo 
 of aceonipli.shment, and that a eoiisi:ii'ntioii3 endeavor to fullil them woiiM 
 unnecessarily and ruinously increase the linaneial expenditure of the country; 
 and in both these opinions ^laeken/.ie was undoubtedly iu the right.' So 
 persistently had the liberal premier been accused of breach of (aith, insiucer- 
 
SPECIAL PLEADING. 
 
 6G0 
 
 compensation, he could not hold out any hope that its 
 amount would be increased, and he was of opinion 
 that, in making this offer, alter the defeat of the rail- 
 way bill in the senate, Mackenzie had adopted the 
 only alternative left open to him. Otherwise, every 
 item in the Carnarvon terms was in course of fulfil- 
 ment. The thirty millions of money and the fifty 
 million acres of land were ready; the surveys were 
 being pushed forward to completion; the profiles of 
 the main line had been taken out; the wagon-road 
 would follow ^9rt/'i jxessii with construction; several 
 thousand miles of the telegraph line had been built; 
 and now that the terminus on the mainland appeared 
 to have been selected, at Bute Inlet,'* tenders would 
 probably be invited at an early date. If the railway 
 was once completed to Bute Inlet, it could not stop 
 there, and as soon as the tide of traffic fairly set in 
 with Australia, China, and Japan, the line nmst, of 
 necessity, be continued to Esquimalt. In that case 
 tlic Nanaimo road would almost spring into existence 
 of its own accord, and the people of Britisli Colunil)ia 
 would be in possession not only of the $750,000 ol' 
 compcnsaiion money, but of that for which it was 
 paid. As to the throat of secession, of which more 
 later, he remarked tliat, if hasty counsels sliould s.) 
 far prevail as to render necessary a readjustment oi' 
 tlieir political relations, he feared tliat Victoria would 
 be the greatest sullerer, Tliere wove men with wliom 
 he had Jield much pleasant intei'course, and from whom 
 
 i;y, and (loublo-dcalin^j, that at tlii^ time tliroo fourths of tlic people of 1!. C. 
 v'lTo opposud to liiin. In tlio !iUt.iiiJ'ir<l of .Jan. I, 1S7."), was imhli.sIiL'd ii val- 
 (.■di,:tii)ii to tlic (dosing srcno of l:;7'>, dedicated, \vit!iont in'rmissiiin, to t'lO 
 caliiiiot of tlio doiniuinii of Cinail.i, aud especially to Alexander Mackuii/io, 
 by tiie autlior, Jaiuc-i Macljiaiio Smith. 
 
 • Tli'ii iiliiiT' nil view, in (liC ronti'iiiiiiil Park, 
 
 Our 111 r I'rt ;>i.iini', l.bi'IU',!, llroljni 'i'l'r.ua; 
 
 Alul if, ill lli-i'i, llio jiirUMil In lliosn lines 
 
 SlinllM KWl'll lllO rr(j\\\l ell Ill.li'prlnlCIl.O Pay, 
 
 lliN 1' liiiii 11 »' I'iii II w'.K re Ml \.r. grc^-s hliiucn, 
 
 llurki'il, I'lii'ii In II 11 s u.Ihu 1 I'M is il i.i iliu.ul'i. 
 I'lti-' Weill Till' pi 11 lili-U iicvtr rust 
 
 That wroti' ItiimUiiitioii Ww Uiy (lu.~t.' 
 
 " At tliis date it w:i3 eoiniiioiily in liuved thnt .saeh was the case, llioiifjli, 
 ;a fact, 110 turiniiius had a.s yet hinii liiially yelccted. 
 
670 
 
 THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 
 
 lie liad received the utmost kindness and courtesy, 
 but wlio declared that if the legislature of Canada was 
 not coni[)elled forthwith to build the Esquinialt and 
 Nanaiuio railway, they would, notwithstanding thu 
 jiremier's ofler of a money equivalent, bring about the 
 separation of the province from the dominion. This, 
 lie dLC'larcd, they could not do, or, at least, such .1 
 proposition would find no favor on the mainland. In 
 rejecting the railway bill — and this was now their 
 main grievance — the senate had merely exercised its 
 leijitimato functions, and on this matter there was 
 nothing more t > be said. Should, however, the iii- 
 lluence of these persons prevail, what good purpose 
 could it serve? IBritish Columbia would still remain 
 a portion of the dominion. The line of the railway 
 would probably be deflected toward the south, in which 
 case New Westminster would become the capital of 
 the province, the seat of government and of justice, 
 the social centre of the British domain in the north- 
 west, and would doubtless develop into a prosperous 
 cit}'. Burrard Inlet would contain a thriving com- 
 mercial port, where the miners of Cariboo would ex- 
 pend each winter their stores of gold-dust. Esquinialt 
 would, of course, be retained as a naval station on the 
 Pacific; but Vancouver Island and its inhabitants, 
 M'hose influence was due rather to their intelligence 
 than their numbers, would sink into insignificance. 
 Nanainio would become the principal town, while 
 Victoria would lapse into the condition of a village, 
 until the growth of a healthier sentiment should jiavo 
 the way for her readmission into the dominion.^" 
 
 Though Duffcrin's visit allayed somewhat the pop- 
 ular discontent, it failed altogether in its main purpose, 
 which was to obtain from the people of British Colum- 
 bia their consent to lie premier's latest proposal to 
 evade the obligations of the dominion. It must bo 
 admitted, however, that his task was one of peculiar 
 
 '•* A copy of the carl's addrcRS will bo found in Sesa. Papers, B. C, KS81, 
 249-Gl. 
 
THE EAltl'S FAILURE. 
 
 071 
 
 difficulty. Ho was coin[)clle».l to appear before them 
 ill the dual character of a rc!)rcsentativeof the crown 
 and of an indc])en(lent constitutional system — func- 
 tions always difficult to reconcile, and especially so at 
 the time of his visit. In I'uKilling his mission, ho was 
 compelled to assume in a measure the character of a 
 (li[)lomatc. While attemping to show that Canada 
 had acted in good faith, he urged the province to 
 accept what was in fact merely the compromise of a 
 compromise, the offer of a government, which had 
 virtually lepudiated its obligations, to pay so nmch in 
 the pound to a creditor. It must be admitted that, 
 on tliis occasion, the viceroy failed to do justice either 
 to himself or to his office, pleading, as he did, before 
 her Majesty's subjects the cause of the Mackenzie 
 administration. Granted that he found it necessary 
 to keep his ministers in good humor, to remedy their 
 blunders, and if possible to prevent the secession of 
 British Columbia, it was no part of his duty thus to 
 attempt the negotiation of a bargain between his own 
 cabinet and the executive council of one of his prov- 
 inces, still less to enact the role of apologist for his 
 own government." 
 
 In an address presented by the people of British 
 Columbia to the governor-general a few days before 
 liis speech at the capital, it was stated that the wide- 
 spread feeling of dissatisfaction caused by the action 
 of the dominion ofovernment had been intensified bv 
 the remarks of men prominent in affairs of state, who 
 ai)peared to regard the province merely as a source of 
 trouble and expense, and as one whose withdrawal 
 
 "The comments of the English press on Earl Dufleriu's visit and tln^ rail- 
 way questiou were for the most part ad verso to tlio dominion, andsoiii'M.t" 
 tiicm were a little severe. See llic London S/aiid'iril, (Jet. 17, ]S7(i; /'n/l 
 Mull Gazette, Sept. '22, 1870. On the otlier hand, tlie Lowlon Tinir.i remarks: 
 ' ft is, judging by past cxi)ericucc, a moderate estimate to sii|)|)()se that pr'i' 
 ahly a generation will elapse before tlie (Canadian raeille railway eaii pay i!.< 
 working expenses. Is it wortlj Canada's while? We doulitit. AtalicvciiL, 
 it must bo apparent to any mind that its construction means probably an addi- 
 tion of at least from forty to fifty millions sterling debt to tiio already licavy 
 Canadian debt before the lino has been worked live years.' Victoria Stand- 
 ard, Nov. 10, 1877. 
 
 i-nm 
 
672 
 
 THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 
 
 would not bo regretted. The allusion was in part to the 
 premier, whose speeches implied that the connectior 
 was embarrassing and unprofitable. The minister ( 
 justice" had also declared that, should British Colum- 
 bia not be content with what Canada chose to give 
 her, she had better withdraw from the union.*" " If," 
 continues the address, "the Canadian government 
 fail to take practical steps to carry into effect the 
 terras solemnly accepted by them, we most respect- 
 fully inform your Excellency that, in the opinion of 
 a largo number of people of this province, the with- 
 drawal of the province from the confederation will be 
 the inevitable result." 
 
 Nearly two years elapsed, and notwithstanding the 
 assurances of Dufferin and Carnarvon," no decisivo 
 action was taken. The Wasatch Mountains wero full 
 of surveyors and theodolites; but nothing had boon 
 done toward the actual construction of the line witliiii 
 the province, nor had even tenders been invited, Ju 
 September 1878, therefore, an address from the pro- 
 vincial legislature was forwarded to her ^Majesty, in 
 which, after once more setting fortli their gricvai ^ns, 
 the petitioners ask that in the event of the doi n 
 government failing to carry out before the 1st o. ^ 
 the aci^rccmcnt of 1874, "IJritisli Columbia shall Ikivo 
 the right to exclusively collect and retain her cus- 
 toms and excise duties, and to withdraw from tlio 
 union; and shall also in any event be entitled to bo 
 compensated by the dominion for losses sustained by 
 reason of past delays, and the failure of tho dominion 
 government to carry out their railway and other obli- 
 gations to the province."^^ 
 
 '* Mr Blake, one of the leaders of the liberal, or as it was termed, the 'grit' 
 party. 
 
 '■'lli.'j remarks were indorsed 1)y J?ir Alexander Gait, a prominent con- 
 serv.iiive leader. Pall Mull O'ar.' If r, 'Sept. 22, ISTO. 
 
 "'Ill a despatch to DtiU'crin, dated Deo. 18, KsTO, Carnarvon says: 'I fully 
 hope and Viclievc that, after tho very limited delay of a single HUiiimcr, the 
 province of ]!. O. will find that tliere is no longer any ohstacle to the activo 
 pro.seention of tlie undertaking.' Corrc^jioiidencc Can. Pac. L'ailiray, ]'>. 
 
 " For copy of the address, see Jour. Lcjid., B. C, 1873, 105-7; ISc s. Poperi, 
 B, C, ISSl, -JTS-SO. 
 
ANNEXATION. 
 
 U73 
 
 This was sufficiently decisive, and if, at this juncture, 
 British Cohinibia Imd detonnined to secede, neither 
 England nor Canada could have prevented it ; lor it 
 is the long-established policy of the home government 
 that colonies shall not be retained against their will. 
 In accordance with constitutional law, a court would 
 probably have held that the union could not be 
 severed, and that the dominion must fulfil its part of 
 the contract or make compensation for failure and 
 delay. But the dominion could no more have insisted 
 on the integrity of the union than could the province 
 have compelled Canada to do her justice, for British 
 colonies arc no more liable to coercive jurisdiction 
 than are sovereign states. It is almost certain that 
 the separation of British Columbia would have been 
 followed at no long interval by annexation to the 
 United States; nor would the imperial government 
 have had any just grounds for exception to such a 
 measure. 
 
 Long before this date, annexation, ii not opeidy dis- 
 cussed, had at least suggested itself to men's tlioughts 
 as one way, and perhaps the best way, out of the dil- 
 liculty.^^ Nor can it be believed that the United 
 States would have refused to accept this ])orti()ii of 
 England's domain, which, lying between Alaska and 
 Washington, is the only break in the stretch of 
 their Pacific seaboard. The province is indeed a 
 magnificent one. With a vast area, a scant popu- 
 lation, and boundless resources, as yet almost un- 
 touched; with ports on the most direct line of travel 
 l)ct\veen Europe and Asia, Victoria being but twenty 
 (lays' distance by steamer from Hong-Kong — the trade 
 !>f this country is destined to become a not inconsider- 
 able factor in the commerce of the world. Taking 
 Yokohama as a central point, its distance from Liver- 
 
 ^pii m 
 
 ■i'i'i 
 
 iii«i 
 
 " For comments of the Pacific coast press on tbo threatened secession and 
 probable annexation of the province, see, among others, S. F. Alia, Dec. 29, 
 1S74, April IG, Auq;. 14, 1870; Brit. Colonist, April 23, 1S70; Portland Teh- 
 gram, March 22, 1879. 
 
 UlBX. Lbit. Col. 43 
 
 ^J 
 
074 
 
 THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 
 
 pool via Montreal and Port Moody is computed at 
 10,963 miles, and by way of New York and San 
 Francisco at 12,038 miles, a difference of 1,075 miles 
 in favor of the former route. At this date the 
 Panamd canal was believed to be impossible of ac- 
 complishment at any reasonable expense of life, labor, 
 and capital. If Great Britain sought for means of 
 commercial intercourse with the far cast and her 
 Australian colonies, other than these which Cook and 
 Vancouver had discovered in the eighteenth century, 
 and Do Lcsscps had endeavored to improve in the 
 nineteenth, where was she to look for them save to the 
 dominion or to the United States? And what would 
 be the prospect for England's commerce with tlic east 
 should British Columbia become one with the United 
 States? — a danger all the more imminent because 
 British Columbia still contained a very large percent- 
 age of Americans. Tliough the dominion miirht 
 afford to shi'lit tlicsc considerations, the home tjov- 
 ernment could not. The question was no longer as 
 between Canada, with her four millions of inhabitants, 
 and British Columbia, with her few thousands; but 
 between the mother councry and one of her most dis- 
 tant and sparsely settled, though most valuable, colo- 
 nies. 
 
 Fortunately there occurred at tbisjuncture a change 
 of administration in the Canadian goveriimcnt. In 
 answer to a telcuram from Victoria, dated tlie IGtli 
 of January, 1879, wherein it was stated that no an- 
 swer had yet been received to the last petition of the 
 legislature, the following reply was returned by Sir 
 John A. Macdonald: "Bailway matters are now 
 under consideration, and your representations and 
 claims will receive our best attention." Tlien followed 
 one, dated a few weeks later: "The attention of the 
 present ministry, on taking ofilee, Avas not called t<» 
 this petition, and it remained unnoticed. On its lin- 
 ing discovered, it was transmitted to England. The 
 government here greatly regret the oversight." After 
 
 awaiti 
 reply t 
 dian g< 
 this sc; 
 Alactloi 
 strong! 
 iwtniei 
 Kamloc 
 
 'looks, 
 
 paper h( 
 
 taineil a 
 
 ■Tfrcsli. 
 
 •'anno C; 
 
 tlio cross 
 
 —on tlie 
 
 joining tl 
 
 tiiia route 
 
 survey of 
 
 cral lines 
 
 '-^anlncr, 
 
 proniiso h 
 
 could ?)o f 
 
 mentally f 
 
 clients tow 
 
 rcpresentc 
 
 route. Tl 
 
 t lie railway 
 
 «ation, Ijot 
 
 cult. The 
 
 they never 
 
 I'Vedcric A 
 
 -*'>'> miles. 
 
 hor ciiual t( 
 
 Vuat-iuo. 
 
 '■lu<lin;,'JJut 
 
 •iml Tliompi 
 
 ■'"it Tort M, 
 
 minu.s for se 
 
 <o I'ort iMooi 
 
 "o gradient < 
 
 were gradien 
 
 let route con 
 
 K'll'le, and ex 
 
 '-5 miles to 
 
 I'rovinco. ^it 
 
 ''uld yet disci 
 
READY TO BEGIN 
 
 "Jn \v]i ,•/.». , _ '■ 
 
 ; r T,^' and to 7)resa i> v;^^ ^""'racnco w, 
 
 — on tho cMtcrn ?In, . t ., ^^'^'"^0 aljovo Biff Hon ) , '•''^''- t'HIio J',;,,,,.- 
 
 ;^i"ing the Bu iS t nLS^'':^'^'^''" ^=^"^^ u^ W ''^'ll^'- ^'^^^^^^ 
 
 tiu3 routo to 1,0 imSc *blr ' a1 '""'"''^^M. ato frTn?* ^'i? W'ilkoti,,. 
 
 ;™^?«?s,s!jS^ /-i- -"i E^ r -=»^ 
 
 <lient,s ton-ar.l t ,o s.i /^]orahl^ lino marlcM ou t/"^'f '""^^^•>'i« instn 
 
 !sss ^£!f rSis &!;sar ps;":a,? -sr 
 
 "l"<i''"^'Buto In ;4 L ''" •'''"^■•'Iti-s conn S ' \v , ''V^"^'^'- ^"'-'^t of V. {'"ft 
 
 '"> gradient 0x^00^ L OO L "'^ V,"''''I'^T *''^''' t!'o ono > u fM'''"^' *''« '""• 
 
 '1^0 gradient, of n, ro^ 1 n , 1?'" ""^''' ^»I"I" ou tL l/u r /'r*' "''• ^^.'^ f 
 
 '<; route could l.o conm , '"i ' , *. ^'^^,^" ^''^' '"'l'^^- I T / '/' ^r*"'" <'"''''-' 
 
 K^>le. and oxtcnde-l to M i ' ^■"•' *" "^'i^J* Point f nV ' ^''"■'■"•'' J"" 
 
 open t,oj, could be reachcil 
 
 
676 
 
 THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 
 
 the virtual fulfilment of the railway clause contained 
 in the terms of union, a telegram was received on the 
 9th of January, 1880, from the secretary of state for 
 Canada, asking that, in accordance with these terms, 
 twenty milcb of land on either side of the line be con- 
 veyed to the dominion government. On the 8th of 
 May the conveyance was authorized, and on the 
 25th of March, 1881, an act was passed by the legis- 
 lature of British Columbia, providing that "the su- 
 preme court of Canada and the exchequer court, or 
 the supreme court of Canada alone, according to the 
 provisions of the act of the parliament of Canada 
 known as the supreme and exchequer court act," 
 should have jurisdiction in controversies between the 
 dominion and the province.^^ 
 
 Thus did British Columbia, possibly of her own 
 free-will, though probably through a slip of the Hoii- 
 orablc George A. Walkem, bind herself once raoro to 
 the dominion, and by a statute which neither Eng- 
 land nor Canada had power to enact. Yet one more 
 petition was presented to her Majesty, wherein the 
 oft-recited grievances were rehearsed, the constructioii 
 of the Esquimalt and Nanaimo branch insisted upon, 
 and the threat of secession repeated." To this the 
 dominion government replied : "As regards the prayer 
 
 much nioro easily than by way of Bute Inlet. Mackevzle'n jMetn. Can. Pac. 
 Railway, MS., 8-11. A description of each year's explorations and surveys 
 will 1)0 found in I'kmiiKfn lieports, Can. Pac. liailway. lu this connection 
 may bo mentioned the geologic survey of Canada, undertaken in 1871 l>y Al- 
 fred 11. C Selwyn, F. 11. 8., assisted by J.imcs Jlichardsou of the gcologio 
 stafT, for tho purpose of ascertaining tho physical character of the country, 
 Iho general distribution of tho geological formations, and tho facilities for 
 travel in tho several districts. Tlio route examined was ono of thoso which 
 attracted attention in connection with tho surveys fur tho Canadian Pacilic, 
 extending obliquely across tho province through tho valleys of tho Frascr aiid 
 Thompson to Leather Pass in tho llocky Mountains. Surveys were afterward 
 conducted by Richardson on V. I. and tho mainland. For description, see 
 Id., Mem. Oeol. Survey, MS. 
 
 '■" Also in cases of controversy between B. C and fny province of the dn- 
 minion which might Lave passed a similar act, and in suits, actions, or pro- 
 ceedings in which the parties in their pleadings raised tho question of the 
 \-alidity of an act of tho Canadian parliament, or of an act of tho provincial 
 U'^islature, when, in the opinion ot a judge of tho court in which they wcro 
 pending, such question was material. 44th Vict., in D. O. Stat., 1S81, 17. 
 
 **For copy of petition, see Jour. Legist., Brit. Col,, 1881, 50-2; PapernreL 
 Mission De Cosmos, 3-5. 
 
PROVINCIAL REVENUE. 
 
 817 
 
 of the proposed petition to her Majesty, that the 
 province bo permitted to regulate and collect its own 
 tariff of customs and excise, until through communi- 
 cation by railway be established through British Co- 
 lumbia with the eastern provinces, the committee of 
 the privy couccil desire to observe that this request 
 involves a breach of the terras of union, and the vir- 
 tual severance of British Columbia from the domin- 
 ion."^ De Cosmos pleaded in London, in 1881, the 
 case of the provincial legislature, and was politely 
 heard, though doubtless her Majesty's government 
 was now somewhat weary of the matter. Said the 
 earl of Kimberley to the marquis of Lome, in a de- 
 spatch dated August 25, 1881: "The request of the 
 legislative assembly of British Columbia for permission 
 to regulate and collect its own tariff is, in my opin- 
 ion, inadmissible," "Far be the day," remarked Duf- 
 ferin, in his speech at Victoria, "when on any acre of 
 soil above which floats the flag of England, mere ma- 
 terial power, brute political preponderance" — what- 
 ever that may be — "should be permitted to decide 
 such a controversy as that which wo are discussing. 
 A governor-general is a federalist by profession, and 
 you might as well expect the sultan of Turkey to 
 throw up his cap for the commune as the viceroy of 
 Canada to entertain a suggestion for the ui&integration 
 of the dominion.' 
 
 Meanwhile work had been progressing, though 
 somewhat slowly, on the Canadian Pacific. Early in 
 1880, 264 miles of the eastern section, commenced in 
 1874, were in operation, and up to the 1st of July, 1880, 
 
 '' On the other hand, it was claimed in tho petition that, under the terms 
 iif the treaty, B. C. was allowed to retain its own tariff until tho C. P. should 
 bo ';ompit:UJ, but, 'believing in the good faith of the dominion, and boin;? 
 desirous of promoting confederation in its truo sense,' surrendered its turiif 
 in 1872. It would seem tliat tho dominion government was in tiio right. 
 Tho clause to which reference is made reads: 'It is agreed that the existing 
 customs tariff and excise duties shall continue in force in 11. C. until tho rail- 
 way from the Pacifio coast and tho system of railways in Canada are con- 
 nected, unless the legislature of B. C. should sooner decide to accept the tariff 
 and excise laws of Canada.' 
 
673 
 
 THE CANADIAN PACIFIC UAlLWAY. 
 
 about 816,500,000 had been expended on surveys and 
 construction."* In June of this year it was also an- 
 nounced by Sir John A. Macdonald that negotiation;; 
 had been concluded in London whereby the complution 
 of the road was to be undertaken by a syndicate 
 composed of capitahsts in New York, St Paul, Lon- 
 don, and Paris."'^ 
 
 According to the terms of the contract, the por- 
 tions of the line not yet constructed were to be 
 divided into three sections: the first or eastern sec- 
 tion extending from Callander station, near Lake 
 Nipissing, to a point of junction with the Lake Su- 
 perior section, then being built by the government; 
 the second or central section from Selkirk, on Ivctl 
 Piver, to Kamloop; and the third or western section 
 from Kamloop to Port Mood}', The syndicate agreed 
 to construct by the 1st of May, 1891, and keep in 
 running order, a line of uniform gauge,-^ and pay to 
 the dominion the cost, according to an outstanding 
 contract of one hundred miles of road westward from 
 the town of Winnipeg, a few miles south of Selkirk. 
 The dominion agreed to complete the portion of tliu 
 western section between Yale and Kamloop by the 
 end of June 1885, between Yale and Port Moody by 
 the 1st of June, 1891, and the Lake Superior section 
 according to the contract The road was to be the 
 property of the syndicate; but until the eastern and 
 central sections were finished, the Canadian govern- 
 ment reserved the privilege of working those already 
 constructed. On the completion of the former sec- 
 tions, the dominion agreed to convey to the syndicate 
 the portions of the line then constructed, or to bu 
 constructed by the government, and meanwhile to 
 
 °*In Papers rcl. Miniiiun Dc. Cosmos, CD-Gi, arc tablca showiiig approxiiiuitc ly 
 the sums voted and actually cxpcuilcd for each year bctwocii 1671 and 1 '>">■-'. 
 The total amount voted mulcr :iU heads up to the latter year was §10,(1117, • 
 Sl'2.48. 
 
 "John S. Kennedy of New York, Richard IJ. Angus and James J. Hill of 
 St Paul, Morton, Kose, & C'(j. of London, and John Kciuach & Co. of Paris. 
 Chillp)i(lni'.i n, C. (iiKlAliisLu, :',-2. 
 
 '" I'uur f<H>t eight and a lialf inehei. 
 
THE CONTRACT RATIFIED. 
 
 670 
 
 grant to them subsidies of $25,000,000 and 25,000,000 
 acres of land,^^ both of which, as wc shall sec later, 
 were afterward largely increased. As soon as any 
 jiart of the road, not less than twenty miles in length, 
 was in operation, the government would transfer to 
 the syndicate their pro rata of cash and land, and 
 agreed to admit free of duty all material needed for 
 the construction of railway bridges, and of a telegraph 
 lino in connection with the road. For twenty years 
 I'rom the date of the contract the government also 
 Mcrreed that it would not authorize the buildin<x of 
 any line near the Canadian Pacific unless it ran in a 
 south-westerly direction, nor of any that ran to within 
 liftoen miles of the international boundary. The en- 
 tire railway and its equipments were to be forever 
 exempt from taxation, and the land, unless previously 
 sold, was to remain untaxed for twenty years. 
 
 On the motion to ratify this contract arose one 
 of the warmest discussions ever witnessed in the 
 dominion parliament. The ceaseless friction which 
 had occurred, however, while the government was in 
 charge of the work, and the fact that there was no 
 prospect of its completion within the stipulated time 
 unless some radical changes were made in the method 
 of prosecuting the enterprise, were strong arguments 
 in its favor. Moreover the ministry stated that 
 under its provisions the line would bo finished for 
 some $22,000,000 less than if completed by the gov- 
 ernment. The measure was finally carried by an 
 overwhelming majority,-^ and immediately afterward 
 the syndicate entered upon the execution of its con- 
 tract, the work being thenceforth prosecuted with 
 energy. 
 
 Accordinjr to a measurement in 1882 of the various 
 
 I 
 
 " Fur the central section §10,000 a milo for tho first 000 miles, and for tlio 
 remaining 430 at the rate of $i:),:).')3 per mile; and for tho eastern section of 
 010 miles, $15,3S4.G1. The Ir.nd-grant was for tho central section, l'J,500 
 acres for each of tho first DOG miles, and 1C,GC0.C7 acres per milo for tho tt- 
 raaindcr. For tho eastern section tho f^rant was $9,01.'). .I.") per milo. 
 
 "The vote waa 140 to 45. S. F. Bulletin, Nov. la, 1885. 
 
THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 
 
 sections as finally located, the entire length of lino 
 from Callander to Fort William, on Thunder Bay, at 
 tho head of Lake Superior, thence to Winnipeg, ami 
 from that point to Savona's ferry, at the foot of 
 Kamloop Lake, crossing the Rocky Mountains by 
 way of Kicking Horse Pass, and from Savona's lorry 
 to Port Moody, was 2,557 miles. To this must bi; 
 added the sections between Callander and Ottawa, a 
 distance of 228 miles, and from Ottawa to Montreal, 
 119 miles, making a total of 2,904 miles as tho grand 
 trunk road of the Canadian Pacific, though it may be 
 presumed that the entire line from Halifax to Port 
 Moody will eventually be under tho control of a 
 single company.'^' 
 
 Of the sections between Callander and Kamloop 
 Lake no further mention is required in these pages; 
 but of the one between Savona's ferry and Port 
 Moody, lying as it does entirely within British 
 Columbia, a description may not be without interest 
 to the reader. The length of this portion of tho lino 
 was 213.5 miles, and it was divided into five subsections, 
 from Port Moody to Emory's Bar, a distance of 85.5 
 miles, from Emory's Bar to Boston Bar 29 miles, 
 from Boston Bar to Lytton 29.5 miles, from Lyttoii 
 to Junction Flat 29 miles, and from Junction Flat to 
 Savona's ferry 40.5 milcs.^'' Tho contracts for all 
 these subdivisions, of which tho first was awarded 
 early in 1879 and the remainder in the winter of 1882, 
 fell into the hands of A. Onderdonk, an engineer and 
 contractor of good repute, and one who represented 
 several prominent capitalists in California, Oregon, antl 
 New York."^ Their amount, including the cost of 
 a bridge across the Fraser at Cisco Flat, was about 
 $11,900,000,^' apart from tho expense of the rails 
 
 2' From Callander to Fort William G50 miles, from Port Arthur to Winnipir!,' 
 433 miles, from Winnipeg to Savona's ferry 1,250 miles, and from Savouii 's 
 ferry to Port Moody 215 miles. 
 
 '".S'cs,*. Papers, 11. C.,1881, 295; D. C. Directory, 1882 ? 373. 
 
 "D. O. Mills of Cal., S. G. Rcid of Or,, and H. B. Laidlaw and L. V. 
 Morton of N. Y. Sm. Paper.'*, 11. ('., ISSl, 2i)5. 
 
 "'Fur tho Bubsuctiuu iictwccit Ihnury l]ar and Uostou Bar $2,7-7,300, 
 
CONSTRUCTION OP THE ROAD. 
 
 ttl 
 
 and fastenings, which for all but the first subsection 
 were furnished by the dominion. 
 
 Early in 1880 ground was broken; and from that 
 date work was continued almost without interrup- 
 tion until the lino was completed. On portions of 
 the road, and especially between Emory and Boston 
 bars, it is probable that the diflBculties were greater 
 
 Canadian Pacific. 
 
 between Boston Bar and Lytton $2,57.1,640, between Lytton ami Junction 
 Flat $2,050,050, and between Junction Flat and tsavona's ferry §1,809, 150, or 
 ftn average of nearly $43,000 per mile. Tlio first was to bo linislicil by J)oi' 
 1, 1883, the second by Juuo 30, 1884, tho third by December 31, 1SS4, imc 
 tlio fourth not later than Juno 30, 1 885. It appears that contracts were (iiigi 
 nally made with other parties, but, remarks Walkcni, in tho report of his 
 negotiations at Ottawa with tho dominion government, 'tho manifest ad van 
 tages of dealing with one firm of uncjuestionablo means and ability, instead o 
 with three or four firms, in tho construction of tlie work, iiilluenced tho govern 
 mcnt, as I learned, to consent to tho transfer of tho contracts mentioned.' 
 For tho portion between Port Moody and Emory I5ar llio contract was 
 $2,487,000, or an average of $.30,000 per niilo, and tho estimated cost of tho 
 bridge across the Fraser was $250,000, li. ('. Dlieclorif, 1882-3, 373-4. 
 
THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAi. 
 
 than liad hitherto been encountered in railroad build- 
 ing, except perhaps in Switzerland and Peru, the aver- 
 age cost per mile being $80,000, and of some miles as 
 much as $200,000. Other lines, difficult of con- 
 struction, as the Central and Union Pacific, passed 
 around and over the mountains by gradual ascents; 
 but on the Cascade Ilange no practicable gradients 
 could be found, and it was necessary to run through 
 it, on a line almost parallel with the canon of the 
 Fraser. For almost the entire distance between 
 Yale and Lytton the river has cut its way through 
 this range, plunging in foaming cataracts through deep 
 lateral gorges, flanked in places by spurs of perpen- 
 dicular rock. Along nineteen miles of the route thir- 
 teen tunnels were bored, one series of four being within 
 a mile of Yale, and another of six occurring some 
 2,500 yards farther in the direction of Boston Bar. 
 Elsewhere the roadway was literally hewn out of 
 rock, the crevices being filled with masonry, and 
 the ravines and rivers spanned by truss and trestle 
 bridges, of which there are many between Savona's 
 ferry and the sea, among them being a three-spanned 
 iron and steel truss-bridge crossing the Fraser below 
 Lytton.^^ 
 
 The road-bed throughout the entire section was 
 substantially built, the cuttings and tunnels being 
 twenty-two feet, the embankments seventeen I'eet in 
 width, and the track laid with sixty-pound steel rails, 
 and heavily ballasted. To perform this gigantic task, 
 an army of laborers and mechanics was employed, 
 mustering at times more than 7,000 men, and witli the 
 aid of the best modern machinery. They were fairly 
 paid,^^ and humanely treated; and it is worthy of note, 
 
 '^ The total length of the biidj^e is 5.30 ft, and of the central span 31.") ft, 
 the ends of the latter resting on piers of solid masonry 90 ft high. The 
 superstructure contains 0,000 tons of iron and steel. The total cost was §280,- 
 000. Porlland West Shore, Dec. 1885, 300. 
 
 *' According to a schedulo of wages issued at Yale, Marcli 1, 188.3, laborers 
 reccivc<l ij 1 .75 to §'2 a day; hewers, §3.50; choppers, §2 to §2.50; drillers, §ii 
 to §2.25; blacksmiths, §3 to $3.50; masons, §2.50 to §3.50; stone-cutter.s, §3 
 to §3.50; carpeatets, §3 to §3.50; foremen, $2.50 to $4. These rates were for 
 
A GRAND ACHIEVEMENT. 
 
 that although some of the work was of an extremely 
 hazardous nature, men being often lowered hundreds 
 of feet down almost perpendicular rocks, in order to 
 blast a foothold on the mountain side, only thirty-two 
 fatal accidents occurred between April 1880 and No- 
 vember 1882, though the average number employed 
 during that period exceeded 4,000. Supplies were 
 ibrwarded on pack-animals, over trails never before 
 deemed practicable except by Indians, and by them 
 only with the aid of ladders. Building materials were 
 landed at enormous cost, the toll of ten dollars per 
 ton on all freight passing ever the Yale and Cariboo 
 road being strictly enforced. As the work advanced, 
 transportation becauK) each year more costly, until it 
 was resolved to attempt the passage of the Eraser 
 caiion to the navigable water above, in order to supply 
 the more distant camps, the steamer Skuzzy being 
 built for the purpose. But who could be found daring 
 enough to steer this boat up the swift-running river 
 and through the frightful canon, where the pent waters 
 rushed down in foaming fury? One captain after 
 another, looking at the tiny craft and at the Scylla 
 and Charybdis beyond, declared the feat impossible. 
 At length two brothers, Smith by name, well known 
 for their daring exploits on the upper Columbia,^" 
 consented to undertake the task. Witli a steam-winch 
 and capstan, and several large hawsers, they set forth 
 on their voyage with a crew of seventeen men, the 
 steamer being in charge of a skilled engineer, J. W. 
 Burse. The severest struggle was at a point called 
 China Riffle, where the power of the engines and 
 .steam-winch, with fifteen men at the capstan, and of 
 150 Chinamen laying hold of one of the ropes, barely 
 
 ten hours' work aiul for white labor. Boarding-houses were provided at con- 
 vonicat distances, where tlie rate M'as §4 per week, though none were required 
 to patronize them. U. C. Inform. /or Em'njr., 15; li. C. JJirccton/, 18S'2-;I, IMG. 
 •'•'S. K. Smith ran the steamer (S7io.iAo?j(^ down the Snake Kiver for a dis- 
 tance of 1,000 miles, a portion of the route being through the rapids near the 
 base of the Blue Mountains. Up to 188.3 this was the only boat that had over 
 attempted this perilous passage. lie also carried a steamer safely over the 
 Willamette Falls, near Oregon City. VhUteiiden'-i lirit. Col. and Alaska, 36. 
 
 ' .ji| 
 
m 
 
 TlIK CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 
 
 suflSccd to pull the vessel over the shoals. Over- 
 coming this difficulty, and passing safely through Hell- 
 gate and Black Canon, where the stream runs at the 
 rate of some twenty miles an hour, the Skuzzij started 
 with her first load of freight from Boston Bar. 
 
 Along the entire route between Port Moody and 
 Savona's ferry, and apart from tunnel-boring, some 
 10,G00,000 cubic yards of earth and rock were re- 
 moved by pick, powder, and nitro-glycerine. On the 
 line between Emory and Yale were complete works 
 for the manufacture of explosives, with a capacity of 
 about 2,000 pounds per day,^° and at Yale were con- 
 struction and repair shops, supplied with all the ma- 
 chinery needed for the building of cars and engines, 
 and for general work. 
 
 Port Moody is distant seventy-five miles from Vic- 
 toria and overland from New Westminster about five 
 miles.*'' That it is a safe and commodious harbor is 
 proved by the fact that within fourteen years after 
 the first saw-mill was built, in 1864, six hundred ves- 
 sels of large tonnage, and countless smaller craft, loaded 
 at and left it, not one of which was injured.^^ In 1882 
 
 '* The cartridge cases for giant-powder wero made of paper dipped in hot 
 paraffino and wax, 5-8 to 1 inch iu diameter, and wcigtied, when tilled, about 
 5-12 of a pound. 
 
 *'In section 2 of a report of the privy council of Canada, dated May 10, 
 ISSl, the reasons for the change of terminus arc thus given: 'Ou the Gth of 
 June, 1873, in view of tho then probability of tho railway running by Jiiitu 
 Inlet, an order iu council was passed declaring that Esquimalt should '.. lie 
 terminus of the railway on tho Pacific coast, but tho alignment on th main- 
 land was at that timo wholly undetermined. In May 1878, the gover mtnt, 
 on increased information, determined, however, to select Burrard Inlet 'sthc 
 objective point on tho Pacific coast to bo reached by tho railway; and they 
 cancelled tho order relating to Esquimalt. Still further examinations wore, 
 however, deemed necessary, particularly with reference to the advantages of 
 a still moro northern route which should terminate at Port S'.npson; aiul to 
 keep tho whole question entirely free until additional exploratory surveys 
 should be made, the order in council of June 1873 waa in April 1870 re- 
 vived, and continued iu force until October 1879, when the selection of Bur- 
 rard Inlet was finally made.' Papers rel. Misfiion JDe CoamoK, 15. 
 
 '* Letter of Capt. Jas Cooper to the gov. -gen., in Fleming's Rept. Can. Pw. 
 liciilway, 1877, 300. See also Brit. Colonist, in Can, Pac. Railway RoiiIik, 4. 
 Admiral llichards, hydrographcr to tho admiralty in 1882, describes Tort 
 Moody as a, snug harbor, and capacious for shipping beyond all probable re- 
 quirements. 
 
CHOICE OP TERMINUS. 
 
 685 
 
 a substantial wharf had already been constructed 1,370 
 feet in length, and with a breadth, for GOO feet I'rom 
 its centre, of 150 foot. It was supported by more 
 than 1,700 piles, from twelve to twenty inclics in 
 diameter, strongly capped and braced, the front and 
 sides of the structure presenting a solid wall of four- 
 teen-inch timber, and the surface being covered with 
 four-inch planks, fastened with eight-inch spikes. 
 On this structure, freight and passenger stations, 
 offices, work-shops, warehouses, and other buildings 
 needed for traffic were completed; and here ships 
 could unload in a depth of water never less than four 
 and a half fathoms at low tide. 
 
 Nevertheless it cannot be disputed that Port jNIoody 
 was selected, not as the best terminus, but probably 
 because, as the privy council of Canada remarked in 
 its report touching the latest petition of the provincial 
 legislature, "it rendered unnecessary the lino between 
 Nanaimo and Esquimalt as a condition of the union 
 with British Columbia."^' In his official report to 
 the premier, dated April 26, 1878 — some eighteen 
 months before the selection of the terminus — the cn- 
 i^ineer-in-chief stated expressly that Burrard Inlet 
 was less eligible than Esquimalt. Navigation to the 
 ibrmer point from the ocean was more or less intri- 
 cate ; nor could it be reached at all by vessels of large 
 tonnage without passing within cannon-shot of a group 
 of islands belonging to a foreign power. As to the 
 Bute Inlet route, supposing even the wide channels 
 of the Valdes Islands bridged at an enormous cost — 
 one which it was almost impossible to estimate — and 
 the road extended to Esquimalt, the travel thence by 
 rail to Bute Inlet would be at least 150 miles farther 
 than direct by steamer to Burrard Inlet, while to 
 substitute a ferry for the bridging between the former 
 inlet and the mainland would entail a very consider- 
 able and unnecessary expenditure. From the crossing 
 
 'Papers rel. Mission De Cosmos, 15. 
 
68G 
 
 THE CANADIAN PAanc RAILWAY. 
 
 of Lalio Manitoba, about midway on the continent, 
 to Burrard Inlet, the distance was more than eleven 
 hundred miles, and to Esquimalt more than fourteen 
 hundred. In this entire region there were not more 
 than 12,000 white inhabitants.*" It was difficult, in 
 hin opinion, "to recognize any commercial advantage 
 in carrying the line to Esquimalt at this period in the 
 history of Canada to compensate for these grave objec- 
 tions;" and after considering the engineering leuturcs 
 of each route, and weighing carefully the eoniniercial 
 considerations,*' he was forced to the conclusion that, 
 if a decision could not bo further postponed, souk 
 point on Burrard Inlet should be selected as the t( i 
 
 mums 
 
 42 
 
 *'Thc actual figures wcro probably nearer 20,000. 
 
 *'Wliat tlio cliiL'f engineer had to do with commercial considcratioua lu- 
 does not explain. 
 
 *' FlciiiiiKjn J,'<pt. Can. Par.. linlbraii, 1S78, 12-14. Tho chief engineer, 
 in tho correspondence, queries, and nautical evidence respecting? harbors and 
 waters in 1?. C, 2S3, says: 'Tiio railway Hues which have been rirojoctod 
 across the lloeUy Mountain zone touch tho navigable Waters of the I'acilio at 
 tlio following inlets: 1. Ihirrard Inlet; 2. llowo iSound; 3. Buto Iide^; 4. 
 Bi'ntiok Arm, North; 5. iJeau Inlet; 0. Gardner Inlet; 7. Skcena llivcr.' lu 
 reply to (jiicstions propounded by Fleming to naval ollicers in hi^h coinniaml, 
 as to the selection of a terminus, there was little diUercnco of opinion. Iti 
 answer to the question, ' Could largo sea-going ships approaching by the niid- 
 i\\\' channel pass witlic.ut danger or difliei ''y through ny Johnston Stiait to 
 Ihirrard Inlet, Howe Sound, or \Vaildiugt(.n Harbor (near tho heail of Unto 
 Inlet)?' Ailniiral Cochrauo answered, 'No;' Admiral Richards: 'The ap- 
 proach wouhl always bo attended with some danger; ' Admiral Farquhar, 
 tluit he understood from ollicers under his orders that tho navigation was 
 'intricate and dillicul'; for large vessels (even steamers), and impracticable 
 for ocean sailing vesseh.' In answer to the request, ' Having regard to naval 
 and commercial considerations, mention tho point on tho coast which ap]ioars 
 to you tlio most suitable for the railway terminus,' (.'ochrane answered: ' I am 
 of belief that the most advantageous site for the terminus is, as before stated, 
 that of Burrard Inlet; Kicliards: 'From a nautical point of view, Burrard 
 Inlet is everyway prefera I lie;' Commander render: 'Burrard Inlet is, in my 
 opinion, preferable to either of the other places named.' Carnarvon's de- 
 spatch to Earl DuQ'erin, in Id., 1S77, 278 ct seq. 
 
 To Dean Iiih^t a line was instrumentally burvcyed, and a very favorabli! 
 route was found, but it had high gradients for some distance from the sea. 
 While neillier the harbor nor the sia apjiroach to it proved as good as was ex- 
 pected, tho route and terminns at Dean Inlet '.vero found in every respect su- 
 perior to Buto Inlet. To Bute Inlet tho railway was, Inisides, fifty miles 
 longer, even to tho head of tho inlet; and it was quite clear that it wouM 
 have to bo built on to Frederic Arm, at tho north side of tho mouth of the 
 inlet. Furthermore, tho navigation, either north to Queen Charlotte Souml 
 or south toward Fuca Straits, iiresented serious diiriculties. So well aw.\ri! 
 were the Butc-Inlct-or-not'dng party of the dilliculties here mentioncil, tl.;it 
 the inlet as a terminal harbor, or as of any iicriiiauent importance to tiie rad- 
 waj', was thrown out of the calculation (says Mackenzie); and the teriiiiiial 
 
COMTLETION OF THE ROAD. Mf 
 
 Early in November 1885 tlio Canadian Pacific rail- 
 way was completed from Montreal to Port Moody, 
 the last rail being laid at Eagle Pass," some twenty 
 miles from the second crossirtjj of the Columbia.** 
 The work was finished more than five years before 
 the date required in the Carnarvon terms, as much as 
 four miles of road having been built on some sections 
 in a day, and twenty-two miles in a week. The co.st 
 of the undertaking far exceed jd the early estimates, 
 some of which were placed as low as $00,000,000, 
 while the actual outlay was probably more than doublt; 
 that sum, most of the amount expended being drawn 
 from Europe. In London and Paris the syndicate 
 raised nearly all its fuutls, mortgaging for this purpose 
 its enormous land grant, btssides selling at fair prices 
 considerable portions of the most fertile tracts. 
 
 That the r'anadian Pacific would, in the near future, 
 pay dividiMids on the original outlay was not expected. 
 The main purpose was to establish overland commu- 
 nication within British America, and to open up for 
 settlement tlic vast, uninhabited, and roadless wilds t)f 
 interior Canada. In the work of exploration ah^nc^ 
 more than 50,000 miles were surveyed, of wliich at 
 least 15,000 were carefully measured, at an expense; 
 of some $4,000,000, by chain and spirit-level, througli 
 
 (liiGcuIty was avoided by proiiosing to continiio tho railway 250 or 300 iiiik's 
 farther than to the head of Doau or Burrard Inlet, aud to iiiako tho tcriiiiiiiis 
 at Esnuinialt, on Vancouver Island. 
 
 "So named by Engineer Walker Moberly, who in 1805 was ordered (o 
 search out a pass for a wagon route througli (Jold Mountain-^. Ho had wt'U- 
 uigh abandoned his task as liopcless, when out; day lie (ib-i<!rved an caglo llying 
 up one of tho narrow valleys near Lako Shuswap, and following the direction 
 of its ilijiht, discovered tho pass. J'ortlnii'l West Shore, Dec. 18S5, liliO. 
 
 "On this occasion a train, consisting of tho oilicial car, a Blocpcr, and bag- 
 gage-car, arriveil from Winnipeg, making tho distance of 1,0'_''_' miles to tiie 
 lir.st crossing of the Columbia in ',V2\ hours, aud 8to])ping a short distanco from 
 tho end of tho track. Tho honor of driving tiio last spike was granted to D. 
 Smith, Major Rogers, a civil engineer in llio company's employ, holding the 
 tie. TIio ccrcmouy was not a very di'inonstrativo one, not more than ITit) 
 persons being present. As tho last blow was struck, cl'ecrs were given for 
 tho success of tho enterprise, ami Manager Van Ilorno, being requested to 
 make a few remarks on tho occasion, merely replied, 'All that I havo got to 
 say is, that tho work was well done in evei'y way.' Van llorim had been con- 
 nected with tho lino since 187J, when tliere were but I'i miles constructed. 
 -S'. I'\ Alia, Nov. 9, 1885. 
 
6(N THE CANADIAN J'ACIFIC RAILWAY. 
 
 mountain, forest, and })rairio. Tlic coast of Britisli 
 Columbia, with its countless iiords, flanked by moun- 
 tains rcachinj^ far above the limit of perpetual snow, 
 was repeatedly explored in the search I'or a suitable 
 terminus. The northern portion of the province was 
 mapped, at least as far north as Port Simpson, by men 
 who, alter laborinj^ in vain amidst extreme peril and 
 hardship, were compelled to abandon it once more to 
 its J)! imeval solitude. 
 
 In the interior of ]3ritish Columbia are still vast 
 districts as yet almost untrodden by the foot of civi- 
 lized man, though forming little more than a spcc-k 
 when compared with the deserts of the dominion. 
 The entire area of Canada is but little smaller than 
 that of Europe; and excluding irom each, is almost 
 worthless, the portion within the Arctic circle, it will 
 be found that the surface of the former is equal to 
 that of all the empires, kingdoms, principalities, and 
 republics between the Adriatic and the Black Sea. 
 Covering the broadest and not the least fertile portion 
 of the continent, with an almost endless extent of 
 vacant land, an invigorating climate, and unlimited 
 resources; with valuable fisheries in ^hc lakes and 
 rivers, and around the coasts; with boundless forests 
 within reach of navigable water; with immense de- 
 posits of coal and iron, gold and silver, copper and 
 lead, on the seaboards and in the interior; — with all 
 these elements of wealth, the question was, how to (K- 
 velop a region thu;^ lavishly providetl. This railway 
 is the answer. 
 
 ]i)Ut the railway was projected also as a portion of .i 
 great national highway, extending fron) Great Uritaiii 
 to the Indies, and to many ]>ortions of the Ihitish 
 om])ire. EsquimJilt, the naval station, antl prol>ahly 
 destined to be the arseial (<f the province, was from 
 Liverpool at least a three months' voyage l)y steamer, 
 while via Halifax and by rail it could be reached in a 
 fortnight By the construction of this line, the Au.s- 
 trr.!ir.:; colonies. New Zealand, and every portion of 
 
COMPARISONS. 
 
 England's possessions, both in the North and South 
 Pacific, would be more or less benefited; while to Can- 
 ada herself, ranking already among the great maritime 
 powers of the world, with a shipping trade greater 
 than that of Germany, and at least twioe that of 
 Spain or Russia, a transcontinental railway under her 
 own control was an advantage worth any n-asonable 
 outlay. 
 
 Whether the buildinj; of tlie Canadian ]*acific 
 railway ^'as a somewhat premature enterprise, und 
 whetiier the lino could have been built at smaller cost 
 to the domi lion, are questions which I shall not dis- 
 cuss. With the overland roads between San Fran- 
 cisco and New Yorl-', or betwe-Mi San Francisco and 
 New Orleans, no fair comparis( n can be made, not 
 only on account of the disparity of population, but 
 because tlie latter were mainly .ommercial enterprises. 
 IVrliaps the nearest counterpiit may i)e found in the 
 Australian railroads, and t^sj)! cially in the one between 
 Sydney and ^Melbourne, n; ny of tiiese lines being the 
 [U'operty of the governnunt, and mo^t of tliem oper- 
 atetl at a small profit, on an average proli^bly some 
 two or tiiree j)er cent. In the; Aiistrahan ('(tionies, as 
 in tlie dominion, a larger extent of (Hflieuit but wortli- 
 loss ami unoecupitHJ coiuitry was ti'a\ersed, though 
 tlie ob.staeles eiieouiitired in tlie luriner were by com- 
 ])arison of little; moment. 
 
 In 1H7;3, Canada, with a population somewhat under 
 four millions, a traije of about .'^•J I H, 000,000, a d.-bt 
 'if at least Si 00.000,000, and a rate of laxalioii e(|ual 
 to $l.r)8 j)er capita, eontaiii'd '2,('>'-)\) miles ofrailroad; 
 while in Australia, with less than two millions of peo- 
 ple, a trade of .s;u;0,000,000, a debt of .i?;{L',O00,000, 
 •iiid an inct>nic derived iVom taxes and land sales of 
 !^."). .'>;") per capita, there wi're at the same date some 
 l,.")00 miles in oj)eration. The volume of lra<le in 
 cither instance includes only exiun'ts and imports, and 
 the difference in its ratio to population may be i)artly 
 
 IIiiT. DniT. Coi., 44 
 
 i 
 
 ,^i 
 
THE CANADIAN TACIFIC RAILWAY. 
 
 1- 
 
 explaincd by the paucity of manufactures in the Aus- 
 tralian colonies, their most valuable products boin'i- 
 shipped to England. Apart from this consideration, 
 it will be seen that in relation to the revenue, debt, 
 and population of the two countries, there was no yreat 
 disproportion in the extent of their railroads, and 
 twelve years later the disproportion had certainly not 
 been altered in favor of Canada. It would appear, 
 however, that, in the construction of the Canadian 
 Pacific, the dominion added to her burdens all that. 
 she could bear, and that the completion of the ta.sk 
 according to the strict letter of the terms of union 
 would have driven her to the verge of bankruptcy. 
 
 Nevertheless, it is not improbable that if the men 
 bcrs of the provincial legislature had been less pirsi.st 
 ent in their demands; if they had acted in the matte r 
 not merely as colonists, but as representatives of an 
 integral portion of the dominion and of the 13riti>h 
 empire; if tluiy had accepted the spirit as well as the 
 letter of the Carnarvon terms, whereby the comple- 
 tion of the road was to be deferred until the close ol 
 1890, not insisting on the immediate fulfilment of the 
 contract at whatever cost — Esquimalt would have becii 
 finally selected as the terminus. Nou'* knew better 
 than did the citizens of Victoria that the senate ot 
 the dominion was not bound to ratify an agreement 
 proposed by the ministry," and the rejection of the 
 Esquimalt and Nanainu) bill l)y the upper house ol 
 Canada was no fair |)retext for an overt threat of 
 secession. The warning uttered by Dufl'erin was not 
 in vain. The lino of the Canadian Pacific has heeii 
 deflected toward the soutli. Burrard Inlet alivadv 
 contains a small but tliriving commercial port, and 
 th' ca|)ital of the proviiiei! has thus far reaped hut, 
 little benelit from the transcDntinental line of Jhiti.sh 
 America. 
 
 "Tlio action tukcu '>y the Rcnato wuh iiidor.Md l.v iii(> imjiuriiil govern- 
 nifut. tiw tital. Hi it. Cut., 188'J, '."). 
 
NEW RAILWAYS. 
 
 en 
 
 
 Meanwhile new lines of vond have been projected 
 n several portions of the province. In April 1882 
 an act was passed incorporating tlie New Westminster 
 and Port Moody llailway Company, with a capital 
 stock of $200,000.*" In May 1883 the New West- 
 minster Southern was incorporated by statute, with a 
 capital of .SGOOjOOO."*' On the same date were also in- 
 •orporated the Columbia and Kootenai Railway and 
 I'ransportation Company with a capital of .$."), 000,000, 
 and the Fraser River Kailway Company with a capi- 
 tal of $500,000. By the terms of its contract, the 
 former was required to construct, <<iuip, antl work a 
 continuous lino <>f road from the outlet of Kootenai 
 J^ake, throui,di the Selkirk Range, to a poiiit on the 
 Columbia as near as practicable to its junction with 
 Kootenai River, and to luiild and run a line of 
 steamers from that point to the spot on the west bank 
 of the former stream where the Canadian l\icilic 
 strikes it, near Eagle Pass.*^ The route of the latter 
 was from a point on the forty-ninth parallel near 
 Semiahmoo J3ay," to connect with the Canadian 
 X'acitic near its western terminus,*^ and thence to New 
 Westminster district. 
 
 ^"Tho original stockliolilcrs wore Klionezor Brown, Janioa (!!unninglitun, 
 ilobt Dickinson, John Hendry, \\'n\ N. IJolo, Loftua 11. Meliuii's, ami .lo!in 
 Irvin;', nil of New Wostniinsfi-r. Tlio lino \\nn to bo coinnioni-cil w itliin ono 
 yoar unil to bo conipU'toil within fouryoars frt)ni Iho passing' of tho act, 'from 
 :i point in the city of Now Wo.stniinHtir to ii point iit or noar I'ort Mooiiy, or 
 'Isowiicro on I'liUTaril Inlot, or to a jioint botwoon Port Mixuly iind I'itt 
 Kivcr.' Still, lirit. Col., ISSI, (Jj-(J. J!y mt <if l'\I>. IS, 18S), tiio tinio for 
 loinincuucmcut was oxtcndod to .Ian. I, 1(>S0, and for couiiiiolion to .hiu. I, 
 ISSS. 
 
 *'• Hugh Nelson, Tho8 11. Mclnno.s, Jo.shua A. 15. lloinor, Kboiu/.or llrowii, 
 .lo8. Hunter, Chaa M. Carter, auil (Jordon !■'. Corboidd wiTo tho lirst nharo- 
 In)ldcr8. Tho lino of ronto was a little indclinito— 'from .sonu^ point ncir tho 
 C.llli purallol of nortli latitude between •Seiiiiahnioo l>.iy and 'rovMi.sliiji l(i, in 
 liiu district of New Weatndnsler, to tiio oily of New Westuiiuslir, and (o 
 KKUio point on Burrard Islet.' 
 
 "Also a lino of Hteaniers 'from that point on Kootenai Uiverwiiere the 
 (iiiutliern boundary liiKMif Briti--h Cohiniliiii inl>r,srot3 the H.ii.l rivei-, Iheiieo 
 down tho said river to Kootenai l^ke, and lliriiu;,'h and tliroughout aaid laku 
 and its navigablt^ tributaries.' 
 
 *• Between tiio bay aiul tho eastern lino of to\vnshi[i 'J'J, New West- 
 iidiister district. 
 
 ''"Between tho ternunii i ami the eiistern lino of townshiii 'J7, New West- 
 milliter district, 'i'iie linu was to bo eoinnieneed within twoyearaand linished 
 within (ivo ycara after tho lussing of I lie act. Tho stockholders wcro llobl 
 
HI THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 
 
 Finally, in August 1883, a contract was niado with 
 a party of capitalists lor the construction of the Es- 
 quinialt and Nanaimo railway and telegraph line, with 
 a subsidy of $750,000, the amount to be contributed 
 by the dominion government, together with a liberal 
 grant of land," the capital stock being $3,000,000. 
 The contractors were required to commence work im- 
 mediately, and to complete and equip the line on or 
 before the 10th of June, 1887, time being declared as 
 of the essence of the contract; and in default of sucli 
 completion within the date sjtecified, the contractors 
 were to forfeit the subsidy, land grant, and tlie amount 
 to be deposited as security with the receiver-general."^ 
 The road, with its equipments, was to be exempt from 
 ta.Kation for ten years after completion, and all the 
 
 A\'. Doaiio, Loftus I'. Mcliinos, Justus Ilowison, Jus A. Clark, Ilonry ];ili(»tt, 
 Jas A. J.aidlaw, llciiry V. Kdmomls, Donald Chisholin, C'liastt. Major, Alex. 
 I'lux'U, .lolm A. ^V^•ll.^tor, Jolm S. Mcf)on;dd, Joliii Adair, and Sam. Tripi). 
 / /. 18S:>, 10.">-1. Ou tlio 1-tii of May, ISSH, llio Victoria Transfor Cuinpany 
 Limited was iin-orporated, uitlj a capital of .':?.'>(>.(H)0, its main purposo lirini^ to 
 liiiild and work strict-railroads in Victoria and J-^siniinialt, and tlieirnci,:,'hl)iii- 
 liood. Acts of incorporation for uadi company will U; found in St'if. 11. ('. 
 for tlicir several ycais. 
 
 •'' Ou tnc eastern side of the island; bounded Uy str.-ii^'lit lines drawn from 
 1'u' liead of Sa uiicii Inlet to Muir Creek, on the Kaca Strait.i; <Iriicc west to 
 Crown Mouhlaiii, and llicncc noitli to Seymour Narrows, and ou tliu east liy 
 tliocoaat Hue t i tlic pointof commouecment, 'iiu'hulim,' all coal, en:d-oiI, ores, 
 8tones, clay, niarlile, .'late, mines, minerals, and sulistances wiiatsoever tliere- 
 ui'ou, therein. ;md then iindci'.' I''roin this tract there was excepted lhe|ior- 
 tioii lyii'.i.; to tlu! northward of a line rumiinL; east and west lialf-w;iy lictween 
 the mouth of Courtenay iiiver ami Seymour Narro\» «. l''or four years, eniii- 
 meuciu,' from I'ec. |;(, IS.S,'i, the entire ^raiit, exeepliu;^ of course tl\e miiier.il 
 lands, ^^as to lie open for iijirieultural seKlcnu'ut Jil the rate of $!| per aei'e, 
 the ;,'overnmcnt is-uiu;; prceni|ition records I'nr lliO acres to actual sctlh'!''. 
 Seo '.\ct niatiii.,' t't the Ishmd Itailwav, the Cia\iu;,' Pock, and Ihiiluav 
 I/Mid.i of the I'roviuee' (approved l)c.;.'l!t, ISS;l), in Stol. Jl. ('., ISSI, <ii. 
 01, (>7. lu the same slalule it\\as enacted that the douiiuion noveriinieiiL 
 nhoulil lake o. er and eomph'tc, aiul operate as a dominion «oik, the dty-dnrl; 
 at i']s(pumall, lieinj; « ntitled to the lands, jipi/roaehes, and plants beloni^in.; 
 to it, nud the .'ippropriation < f tlu: imperial govcrument, i)aying to the pio\ 
 iuco the iiinount expended or lenrduiri,!,' due for work and mateiial, anil a 
 furllier nun of $'2.'iO,0(K). In onh'r linally to settle all disputes wilh the d" 
 million, it was also enacted that ;i,ot)0,(Hi() acres, in tiio i)ortiou of the I'eaiK 
 l!i\er district lying cast of the itocky Mountains and ad joinim; the ni.rlh- 
 \\ est territory of Canada, should lie transferred in one rectangular hlock. t.) 
 lie located \ty the dominion. l'"or concspomlence, reports, etc., reli tin.; to 
 these disputes nud their settU'nient, seo Sfx^. I'uiicrx, II. C, ISSf, l.")7 7-, 
 1.S7 S, 'JOl-'i. 
 
 ■'''Tho sum of $'2.jO,00() in cash, ou which they wcro to bo imid four per 
 cent intcrtst after the fullilment ami aeeeptiinco of tho contract. 
 
PLtVNS FOR THE FUTURE. 
 
 «98 
 
 material used in its construction was to bo adniittcil 
 free of duty. The character of the lino was to be in 
 all respects equal to that of the Canadian l*acific,''' 
 and the company was required to maintain it in run- 
 ning order, and to work it "continuously and in good 
 faith."^* It is among the possibilities of tlio future 
 that this lino may be extended northward, and that 
 the terminus on the mainland be eventually at Bute 
 Inlet, and on the island at Esquimalt, the former 
 point being connected witli Vancouver by suspension 
 bridges, or steam-ferries, when traffic shall be sutH- 
 eiently developed to justify tlio outlay.'^ 
 
 " With tlic same gauge, tlic aligniiieuts, gradients, niul curvatiirca bting 
 tlio best that the physical features of ti)o country would permit, the grades 
 not to exceed 80 feet to the mile. Tho width of cuttings was to be -6 feit, 
 and of embankments 1(5 feet. All bridges, culverts, etc., were to be of ainplo 
 size and strength, equal to tiie best description of Mork on tiio Canadian I'a- 
 ciljc. Sullicient rolling stock, and all buildings necessary for tlie acconnnoda- 
 tion of trallie, were to be furni.shed by tlio contractors. 
 
 '■♦The full tcNt of the contract will bo found in «SV»vt. Pajx'iit, li. ('., 1884, 
 183-0 
 
 '•' Among the most valuable authorities consulted in this and the preceding 
 chapter may be mentioned a Mi imiraii(Uuii uii t/ic Tirmn of Union and ihc I'a- 
 iijic I'ailwdi/, hij Ah Xiiinlrr Mucbir.ir, MS., wherein I havo been supplied 
 \»ll!' a clear, brief, and succinct accouiit of tho subject-matters. The mate- 
 rial furnished by tho former pi'cmiertif the dominion contaiua, not a statement 
 of his own views, but a statement of the facts, so far as ho knew them. It 
 vas fortunate for the doMiiuion lii.it. ii*, tliis juncture in her liiatorj', a man of 
 Mackenzie's intuitive i.-iution .•iihI I'liri.-ij^ht had sway for a limo over tho 
 interests of bis adopted ci'untry, and fur several years, as leader of the oiipo- 
 ."^ition, held in «'he<'U tlio more ambitious designs (if Sir .lohn A. Macdoiiald. 
 
 In the P<ij» rn in Connrilinn irit/i Ihv ('onslrnrtioii <;/' Ihr Ciinitiliiiu l\tcij!c 
 I'dilirfti/. liHir. I'll tlic ])itmiition, Inqurinl, and i'rorini '<(d (<'on rinn< nf.'', in 
 .'\i xsionid I'li/iir/i, It, ('., IsM, i:W ;il(>, are coiiits of all tho ollieial eorrc- 
 s[)ondenco relating to the Caniulian I'arilie, between the 1 Uh of August, ISti'.i, 
 ami tlio 8th of May, 1S81>. On tho fonuer date, while yet tho tpnstiouof 
 conlederatioii iutd notassuuied ditiniti> sliiipe, I'larl (!r;inville, inades|iatcli to 
 (lovernor Alusgravi>, then recently apiiointed, says; 'It is evident that the 
 establishment of a Itritish lino of iMi'miuinicjition belweiMi the Alliintie and 
 I'acilio oceans i.s f,ir more feasible by tlie o|ieration3 of a siii;;Ie goMinmeiit 
 responsiblo for llio )irogress of both shores of (lie contimnt tluiii by the b;ii'- 
 gain negotiated between separate, jk i haps in some re,s[)cets liv.il, gourumenta 
 luul legislatiins.' On theMliof May, INSO tlir pioviiui.il h ^i.^I.iiiiii- gianted 
 to th(> dominion, as we lia\e himii, tin- lands reipiired in llie tiiius \>i tin' re- 
 vised agreement, the contiaet with the S3udieate haviiii; been ihi ii pidb:d»ly 
 eoncludi'd, though not ollieially aunoiiuced. In the ('•!! n fj' ■n'li m-i n Idllmj 
 to Ihf Ciinadian J'oriiii- /i'.i/7»'fj^ aro a few of tin; more inipnrlaiil despatches 
 relating tv) this e introversy, though all of tln'ui are eontaiued in the Si ssii 'd 
 rn/Mn of ISSI. In that year, A. De (.'osmos vas ordered by the provincial 
 h';^islatnr(' to proe>'eil to London in onhr to support tlie jielilioii to the im- 
 perial government, llo opjicars to havo jicrforined his duty faithfully. In a 
 dc8i)atcli to tho Maiquia of Lonio, dated Aug. iVi, 1881, acknowledging the 
 
 *'■;! 
 
694 
 
 THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 
 
 receipt of the petition ami of the report of the privy council, the earl of Kim- 
 bcrlcy writes: 'I have also h:> ' tlie advantage of several interviews with Sir 
 J. A. Macilonald and with Mr Do Cosmos, and I will now proceed to com- 
 niuuicato to you tho conclusions whicli I h;ivo formed on the subject. . .Hav- 
 ing regard to tho statements and representations whicli have been made to me 
 on tlio part of tho dominion goveriuncnt and of tho province respectively, I 
 am of opinion that: Ist, the constiucUon of a light lino of railway from Na- 
 naimo to Eaquimalt; 2d, tho extension without delay of the lino to Port 
 Moody; and Sd, tho grant of reasonable compensation in money for the failure 
 to complete tho work within tho term of tea years, as speciliod in tho condi- 
 tions of union — would oiler a fair basis for a settlement of tho whole question. ' 
 An account of tho emissary's negotiations will bo fouml in the Papem relaliiig 
 to the Mission of the JIun. A. De Cosmos, The O/dmons of the Enqlish Press 
 oil (he Uritish Coluvihiaii lluilway Question, Victoria, 1877, and the Canadian 
 Pacific Jiailway Jtoutes, Victoria, 1877, are pamphlets containing extracts 
 from tho Pall Mall Oazelte, Saiurdan lieview, London Standard, and British 
 Colonist, the last touching only on tho question of the terminus. In The Do- 
 minion of Canada and the Canadian Pacijic liailway, by \\m Wilson, Victoria, 
 1874, is an ex parte statement of tho case, as it then stood, from tho provincial 
 standpoint, and ono for which tho preface is a rather unfortunate selection 
 from Duffcrin's speech at Simcoe, on tho 27th of August, 1874: * The time has 
 como for laying aside sectional diflcrcnces, and for combining in ono grand 
 cQ'ort to create a nationality that shall know no distinction from the Atlantic 
 to tho Pacifio Ocean.' 
 
 Vancouver Island and British Columbia, tJieir History, Besourcea, and Pros- 
 ]>ects, by Matthew Macjie, F. B. O. S., London, 1805, was, as its author 
 claims, tho first work, published in Great Britain, containing full and classiticd 
 information on tho various topics relating to tho colonies of V. I. and H. C. 
 In scope and arran;;emcnt, it must be admitted that tho book is much to be 
 preferred to tho one published by D. G. Forbes Macdonald under a similar 
 title, although tho latter reached a third edition in I8G3. Mr Maclie, who 
 resided for live years in Victoria, devotes tho first six chapters of his work 
 mainly to an account of tho topography, geology, geography, history, and 
 resources cf V. I,, which ho terms *tho England of tho Pacific,' two of tlicm 
 treating mainly of the gold discovery, and of tho trade, progress, and coudi 
 tiou of tho capital. Then follow chapters relating to the commerce, the min- 
 ing ami agrieultuinl interests, and the faun% and ilora of tho mainland; con- 
 cluding witli n description of society and of the Indian tribes, the last chapter 
 containing some excellent advice to intending emigrants. 
 
 The fmlowing is an additional list of referunces to authorities consulted 
 in tho preceding chapters: Hansard's Pari, Deb., vol. clxxii. 61-01, clxvi. 
 2023-4, and clxvii. C45, 1404-5; Confcd. Mcsb., 35-40; Dam. Miii. 
 Priry Council, Dec, 18, 1884; ^.ess. Papers, B. C, 1875-85, passim; The 
 Oenl. Survey, Can. (B. AVestn.inter & Co,, N. Y,, Dawson Bros, Montreal, 
 1880); Papers Proposed Union B. C. and V. I. (London, Eyre & Spottis- 
 woodc, 1800); tho files of Iho London Times; E». Mail; Pall Mall Gazelle; 
 Hat. Bevieie; Standard; Victoria, Brit. Co!., Standard, Tdegraph; J)om. Par. 
 Ifrrald; Mainland Guardian; Toronto Globe; London (Ont.) Advertiser; 
 Qood'» Brit. Col., MS,; ])e Cosmos, Government, MS,; Sketches, B. C, 
 MS,; Bayley'a Vancouver Island, MS,, passim; Acts, It, C, 1871, nos ."t, 
 13. 14, 10, 17, 23; Stat. B. C, 1880, .10-40; Id., 1881, 17; /(/., 1882, .1, 
 05-75; /(/., 188.3, 25-8, .39-45, 05-101, 103-11, 11.3-1.''., HO-.VJ; Jour. Lr<,UI. 
 roHHci/, 1804, 2, 4-5, - -- 
 
 1800, 1-4, 39-40, app, 
 1-.1, 1 1-12, 2.5-7, 40-1, app. 
 
 29, 31, 39, 41-4; /(/„ 1804-5, 1-.5, app, iv,-vi,; /-/. 
 I), app, i.; /(/., 1807, 1-0, 01, 04, 71-2, app. xvi.; Id., ISOS, 
 7, 40-l,app, i,-iii,. xvii,-xix.; Id., 1809, 2-.'), 44-0, 70-1; A/., 
 1870,2-4, 28-3.-., 02-3, app, i.-ii.; /d., 1871, 2-0, 14-17, 2.3, 27, app. .V2; 
 Jour. Leiiisl, Ass,, 1873-4, v,-viii,, 1-3, app, iii. 3 !0, vi. 1-8, vii. 1-4, 49-07, 
 8V-90; Id., 1875, vii,-xiii, 1-2, npp, 487-541, 58.V90, OO.VSO; Id., 1S70, vii. 
 xiii.; Id., 1877, vii,-xi, 3; Id., 1878, vii.-xi, .3, 71-0, lO.'MJ; /(/., 1879, xiii.- 
 xiT,; /(/., 1880, xi,-xvi,; /(/,, 1881, 3-4, CO-2, app. 04; Id., 1882, ix,-xv. 3, 
 
AUTHORITIES. 
 
 60B 
 
 26, 29, 34, 44, 46-8, 60-3; Id., 1883, 2; Sesa. Papert, B. O., 1876, 57-72, 
 165-328,565-92, 637-46, 673-6, 731-2, 737, 751-7; Id., 1877,359-72, 375-84, 
 389, 400, 431, 449-74; Id., 1873, 379-88, 415-16, 549; Id., 1880, 327-59; 
 Id., 1881, 189, 260-1; Id., 1883, 453; Id., 1884, 157, 183, 325; Indian Land 
 Question, Brit. Col., 26, 29-36, 38-9, 41-3, 47, 54-7, 64-8, 95-6, 104-6, 154, 
 165-6; 8. F. Alia, Bulletin, Call, Chronicle, Herald, Post, Times, passim; 
 Sacramento Union, Aug. 24, 1855; Oct. 4, 1856; Apr. 25, 1857; June 9, July 
 9, 10, Aug. 9, 26, Sept. 2, 6, 1859; Mar. 3, Aug. 29, Sept. 15, Nov. 23, 1860; 
 June 21, July 13, 20, 1861; June 1, 1863; Feb. 15, 1834; St Jhlena 
 Star, Aug. 27, 1880; B. G. Directory, 1882-3, 1884-5, passim; Chittenden's 
 Travels tn Brit. Col., 31-7; St Helena (Cal.) Star, Aug. 27, 1880; Har- 
 per's Mag., Aug. 1882; Portland (Or.) West Shore, Dec. 1886, 359-62; Ev. 
 Telegram, Feb. 20, Mar. 22, 29, 1879. 
 
CHAPTER XXXIV. 
 
 POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT. 
 
 1870-1886. 
 
 Tax VioroitiA and Esquiualt Bailwat— Fbotest of thb Mahtland 
 FopcLATiON— The Cabnabvon Club— Secession ob tbb Cabnabtok 
 Tebms — Defeat of the Eluott Ministbt — A Litelt Debate— The 
 Leoislature Votes fob Sefabation — Discontent in the Capital— 
 CoBNWALi. Appointed Chief Maoistbate — Gotebnhent of Bbitish 
 Columbia— The Suffbage- Pbooeedinos of •nm Legislature— The 
 
 JUDICIABT. 
 
 In the preceding chapters I have endeavored to lay 
 before the reader the main incidents in relation to the 
 Canadian Pacific Railway, avoiding, as far as possible, 
 the political i-Ksues to which the project gave rise in 
 British Columbia, as a matter apart from the disputes 
 and negotiations Oetween the province and the do- 
 minion. At the first mention of the scheme, in con- 
 nection with the terms of union, certain parties in 
 Victoria raised the cry of "no terminus, no confed- 
 eration;"* and the question of the Bute Inlet route as 
 against Burrard Inlet was discussed and remarkably 
 well understood as early as 1870. In December of 
 that year a petition was presented to the governor- 
 general, praying that if, after the surveys had been 
 completed, it should be found impracticable at once to 
 extend the line to Vancouver Island, then a road 
 should be constructed between Victoria, Esquimalt, 
 
 *Tho Victoria Standard of Oct. I.*), 1870, declared that no candidate ought 
 to bs returned for that city who would not pledge himself to vote for con- 
 federation onlv on condition that Victoria or Esquimalt be made the termiuuB. 
 
RAILROAD POLITICS. 
 
 m 
 
 and Nanaimo, on the same conditions as were granted 
 to the mainland sections.''' 
 
 When it was announced by the !Macdo!jald ministry 
 that Esquimalt had been selected as the terminus, ar. 
 incorporation was organized and chartered by the 
 locallegislature, early in 1873, under the style of the 
 Victoria and Esquimalt Railway Company, the length 
 of the proposed line being three and a half milcs.^ In 
 July of that year certain members of the government 
 proceeded to Esquimalt, and after driving the first 
 stake for the location survey of the Canadian Pacific 
 at the south-east corner of the dock-yard fence, hoisted 
 a flag upon it, and quaffed champagne in honor of the 
 occasion. Two days later the location for the termi- 
 nus was selected by the same parties, the ceremony 
 consisting of marking one of the posts at the north- 
 west corner of the fence enclosing the admiral's resi- 
 dence at Thetis Cove with the inscription, C P. R. 
 S., July 19, 1873. Several hundred yards of trail 
 were cut through brush, though no sod was turned 
 under official authority, Helmcken, who was present 
 as the representative of the Allen company in the 
 Pacific province, declining to officiate. On the same 
 date a telegram was received from Ottawa, stating 
 that the commencement of the location survey was 
 not in conflict with the terms of union, the limit of 
 
 *Tho petitioners desired to havoa clause to this effect embodied in tlio 
 terms of union. In his reply, dated Ottawa, Dec. HI, 1870, Lord Lisgar said 
 that tlio routo could only bo determined after coufeduiation, and after explor- 
 ation and survey, in which B. C. would bo duly rtprostMitcd; that tho 
 interests of tho whole dominion, including those of V. I., wouUl then be con- 
 sidered; butnot until then couUl tho question of a brancii roiul Ikj entertained. 
 Urit. CohniKt, Jau 11, 1871. 
 
 •Tho company was empowered by its charter to condemn lauds, and was 
 required to commence building within a year, and to complete the road witliin 
 two years. In tlio Comol. Slut., It. (J., 1877, (ill, tho time for comnuMice- 
 ment was extended to July I87(i, and for completion to July 1S77. Thus, 
 remarked tho Colonist of Feb. 'J(S, 187.'1, 'there wero two great railway com- 
 panies— tho Canadian Pacilic, with a capital of Sl.S(),0(K),(X)(), !510,()(K),0(iO paid 
 up, and >,'i? Victoria and Ksrpiiinalt Railway Company, with §17."> paid up;' 
 tlie objccv jf tho latter being to capture the situ of the termiuus, and tha 
 principal parties interested being tho champions of the 'no terminus, no con« 
 federation' idea. 
 
698 POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT. 
 
 time for the commencement of the line expiring on 
 the following day.* 
 
 A year later, after the downfall of Macdonald, 
 njeetinijs were held at i^ale and New Westminster, 
 at which the entire action of the people of Vancouvci 
 Island on the railroad issue was repudiated, and their 
 right denied to speak in the name of British Coluni 
 bia. It was also declared that the bcfjinniniif or com- 
 jiletion of the island road would in no way affect the 
 Canadian Pacific.'^ On the defeat of the island rail- 
 way bill, however, and the refusal to accept $750,000 
 as compensation, the premier of the dominion dealt 
 with the provincial administration as with one whose 
 interests were entirely identified with the island line, 
 which placed that line before the Canadian Pacific, 
 and whose tenure of office depended on the persistence 
 with v.hich they urged the fulfilment of this portion 
 of the Carnarvon terms. Thenceforth, as we have 
 seen, the principal bone of contention between the 
 two governments was the Esquimalt and Nanainio 
 railroad. 
 
 Early in 187G the attention of the people of Vic- 
 toria was called to the fact that E. Brown, president 
 of the provincial council, and Forbes George Vernon, 
 chief commissioner for lands and works under the 
 Elliott administration,^ were in favor of accepting the 
 offer of the dominion government.^ In the summer 
 of that year was organized at the capital the Carnar- 
 
 *BrU. Colonist, July 20, 1873. 
 
 'At Lillooet and Spellmans, in the Lillooct district, meetings were also 
 held, at wliich similar resolutions were adopted. Colonist, July 12, 15, 1874. 
 
 " Winch succeeded to that of George A. Walkem in Feb. 1S7G. A list of 
 the members of the legislative council and assembly of V. I. during the co- 
 lonial period, and of the members of the executive council during tlio provin- 
 cial period, will bo found in the Brit. Col, Direct. 
 
 ' Wherefore the ministry was roundly abused by a portion of the Victoria 
 press. 'Do not trust a premier,' said tlio Standard, in its issue of Tel). 9, 
 1870, 'who says one tiling and moana another.* To this tlio governmLut or- 
 
 §an rejoined that one would have thought the Walkem administration hud 
 one enough to injure the country, in linking its fortunes with the conscrva- 
 tivep, to cure its contemporary and tho men whom it supported of tiieir pen- 
 chant for party politics. B. C. had no interests in common with either of the 
 political jHurtiea at Ottawa. Jirit. Colonist, Feb. 17, 1876. 
 
CARNARVON CLUB DEMANDS. 1^ 
 
 von club, by the members of which threats of seces- 
 sion were openly avowed in tlel'ault of the execution 
 of tlic Carnarvon terms, the visit of Lord Duflferin 
 appearing rather to increase than diminish their 
 clamor. 
 
 When, in reply to an address from the citizens ot 
 Yale deprecating the threat of secession. Governor 
 Albert Norton Itichards* observed that his ministers 
 "did not sympathize with the view that separation 
 must follow as a result of the non-commencement of 
 the island railway," the Carnarvon club demanded 
 an interview with Elliott on business of g' at public 
 importance." Giving audience to a deputation from 
 the club, the premier was asked: "Did the govern- 
 ment indorse the sentiment expressed in the governor's 
 reply to the Yale address?" The answer was in the 
 negative; the premier observing that the address was 
 of a mixed nature, containing "a little good and a 
 great deal of an objectionable character;" whereupon 
 the members urged him not merely to repudiate the 
 responsibility of what the lieutenant-governor had 
 said, but to "make him take back his words or stop 
 his supplies." Ellio*.t remarked that the governor 
 received his supplies in the form of a stipend from 
 Ottawa. The Carntrvon club then asked whether 
 the provincial legislature could not reach the matter 
 in some other way — by refusing to pay the salary of 
 the governor's private secretary, or to supply materials 
 needed at the gubernatorial residence. For a moment 
 the premier was staggered ; but he was equal to the 
 v)Ccasion, and with the versLtility of a statesman, re- 
 plied that he was hardly prepared for such a question. 
 Ho hoped that before the next session of the house 
 the railroad difficulty would be adjusted, and that 
 addresses and replies would be forgotten. Ho could 
 
 •Successor to Trutch, who lield office from July 1871 to July 1870, Eifh- 
 iirda being appointed for the ensuing live years. 
 
 • Richards had said, moreover, to the people of Yale: 'I have no doubt 
 liut what your views arc those entertained by the people of the province at 
 large.' 
 
 \m 
 
 : 
 
700 
 
 I'OLITICS AND GOVERNMENT. 
 
 not say, however, at a luoiuent's notice what the 
 govcrnnjcnt might or might not do it' no satisfactory 
 settlonient were nmdo."' Tho deputation thou de- 
 parted, fully satisfied that tho interests of tho province 
 were safe in Mr Elliott's keeping." 
 
 In January 1877 there wore oh.served at Victoria 
 evidences of unusual activity among the leaders of the 
 two parties. On the convening of the local 1» gislature, 
 Elliott was vigorously attacked by Walkem, iieavon,'^ 
 and others, for sacrificing the island railway, and aid- 
 ing Mackenzie in his repudiation policy." A public 
 meeting was held at Victoria on the 3d of March, with 
 a view to demand separation or the Edgar-Carnarvon 
 compronuse terms, the one or the other, and in any 
 event the removal of Elliott's non-Carnarvon minis- 
 ters. A connnitteo was appointed to wait on tho 
 premier and ascertain what course he intended to 
 pursue with regard to the chief commissioner of lands 
 and works, who, it was reported, had declared himscll' 
 opposed to forcing tho island railway and the Bute 
 Inlet terminus on the dominion government. Another 
 mass-mooting was hold shortly afterward, wbon reso- 
 lutions wore a(lor)Lod demandinir the rosiufna'.ion of 
 Elliott. In tho local [parliament Walkem, in discussing 
 a motion respecting tho Edgar-Carnarvon terms, re- 
 marked that tho secret of the chanfje in Carnarvon's 
 views, as to tho island railway, was to be found in tho 
 influence brought to bear on DufTorin by members ol 
 the Elliott government; and Vernon did not donv 
 having advised the governor-general not to undertake 
 tho eonstruetion of this line. 
 
 The change to which ho referred is probably the 
 
 >» Toroiilo Globe, in lirit. Colonist, Dec. 12, 1S70. 
 
 " If wo can helicvc tlio Olluwa Tiinc>*, tlio Carnarvon club woa regarded at 
 the ciipital of tlio dominion as a da)i;{croii3 org-anization, an<l oiio witli pri'- 
 American leanings. To this tlio .SVir.-if/an/ replied, in its issue of Nov. I, I^Tii: 
 • The cIuIj is iindt.)id)t'.'dly dangerous t<) e'.ii^adian repudiators, but there is ii i 
 fear of ))ro-Ainerican leanings if the railway I'lntract Ik; carried out.' 
 
 '•'I{ol)ert Heaven was chief commissioner of lands and works from Hn- 
 177'2 to Jan. I.S7(>; was a|)[ioi!ited minister of linance and cgriculture Feb. 
 •J8, 1S7:», and held tho latter otiice from .June 187^ to June 1882. 
 
 '•' AV««t/a,(/, .March 2, .">, Feli. 27, I.S77. 
 
THE ELLIOTT MINISTRY: 
 
 one mentioned in the carl's despatch to tlio governor- 
 general, dated December 18, 187G, Nvlicrcin, after 
 weighing the considerations on either side, hu says: 
 "I wish you to inform your advisers and the j^iovin- 
 cial government that, while I do not feel myself in a 
 position to decline to entertain the representations 
 pressed upon ntc by the province, I am ncvortht'less 
 at this moment unable to pronounce an oj^inion as to 
 the course which should be taken, either with regard 
 to the Esquimau and Nanaimo railway, or with 
 regard to the delays which havo occurred or may yet 
 occur in the construction of the main line."'* Tiio 
 follonors of the government said that Waliu-m slioulil 
 be ashamed to follow a leader who had not the cour- 
 age to show them where the battle was. The min- 
 istry must not be allowed to sliirk such an important 
 question.'' 
 
 Elliott's ministry endeavored to control the move- 
 ment by giving way to it; but in vain. Jn !March 
 1878 Walkom introduced a resolution in tlieass(;Mibly 
 'Icclaring that if railway construction wei-e not coni- 
 inencecl by May 1879, the legislature would ilemand 
 separation. The Elliott I)arty oppc^sed, pleading that 
 it would l>c better not to press Canada ibr another 
 year. 
 
 In Juno the Elliott ministry resigned, (jioorge A. 
 WalkcMi, whose second term of oflieo lasted I'or i'our 
 vcars, being aijain called to the head of allairs. 
 I'^irther action on the resolution was deferred until 
 September. Meanwhile the ^Mackenzie administra- 
 tion was attacked by the conservatives at Ottawa on 
 the island railway question. On the; '_*3d of ^ranli, 
 
 '^( 'onrnjiouilfiicc rd. Citn. Piir. Jiiiiliraij, 15-I0. 
 
 '"'Mr M.ira, a iiieiiibcr for the iiiaiiilaii<l, siid, on tlio ltd of Ajiril, ls77, 
 iliiit 111! had strongly opposed the a<lniiiiistratioii of W.ilkcin, in In; had lieiMi 
 ■ tnignliii^ liard for surveys down tlio Frascr llivcr. Il' llie l!si|ii'.iiialt lino 
 Mid JJiitc Inlet lino had heeii coninu'incil, it would ha\c> hiin tatal to liie 
 I Vasur Kiver route. There were no landn lit foi- .sittltuiint (•n the inland, and 
 I lie expcndituro would be uselesa. In the iiiteiior was a ri'^^ion whiili iniist 
 lie opened up to Lo in any manner available. It was not in the interest of 
 llie wliolo province Hint the Esquimalt and Nauainio railway should bo com- 
 menced first. Sluiiihiril, April 4, 1877. 
 
 il 
 
708 
 
 rOUTICS AND (lOVKIlNMKNT. 
 
 1870, JKiUfHiKdi \va.saskc«liii tlio . senate as lo tin; |»iir- 
 cliascof r),00() Umsot'.stocl rails wliicli liad Im-ch laiidi i| 
 'M J^sqiiimalfc heloic i]\v lino had ovi'ii Ih-cii siiivrM ,|. 
 'Vhr answer was, thai. Ilio Esr|uiMialt and Nanainm 
 pntjcet liad bein indorsed l)y the coniinons, and tlial 
 IIk! froverinnent was justified in takinij; advantaLje i>\' 
 a low markets loi- the piircliuso of rails. 'I'liu I'aft. 
 Iiowever, that in 1878, sonio three yeais al'tc^r tin 
 railway hill was delealed in the senati', the r:iils wer( 
 in process of n.'inoval to Yale, was rej^jarded Ity tin 
 opposition in the provincial loj^islatun! as an elect i 
 
 (III 
 
 eeiini^ loo. 
 
 On this and other points, issu(! was taken in (In 
 loi'al parliaint;nt, and when Walkein's resolution \\a 
 attain hroujj^ht helore the honse a lively debate ensued 
 Jiasil Jluniphreys, jtrovincial seoretaiy and niinisti i 
 of mines, sai<l no one eoiild think that th<^ removal <> 
 till! lails was in j^ood faith, tor the purpose uC cdnst na- 
 tion; and tlu>y should scout this lust deliherate insull 
 of the ('anadian .LifoV(!rnnH'nt. They were nowap]»e;il 
 inn '<» the imperial t^^ovenuncnt in a maimer not iv 
 snited to hitherto, and one which would urove efl'eel iial. 
 
 I' 
 
 veiv ar<Mimen 
 
 t had 
 
 ted. 
 
 iK'cn exnausie(l,an<i <>very 
 
 d 
 
 IcL^ti 
 
 mat(! means used, to obtain their just ii;jfhls, witlmni 
 .-iuccess. Mr iJeaveii said it was evident that Canada 
 never intended to build the; road. Sinc<! coid'ederatieii, 
 
 the expiMiditures of the dominion had ex< led the 
 
 revenue by over a million dollars annually. Was it, 
 leasonable, Ik; asUed, fer thi;m ti» e\|»eet that a rail 
 way to cost more than a hundred million d(»llars c<»ultl 
 be built without increasinjj^ the rate of taxation? Jb 
 observed that tenders ueic invited jbi" the construct ion 
 of I'J,") miles of i-oad iVom \'ale to Kandoop, but tlii> 
 he re'j^arded as a mere ti'iek, disi^iied for elect ioneei' 
 in;j^ purposes. j\lr Abiams said a iL;overnment that 
 couM stoop so low as to crijiple, in the way they had 
 done, the late Walki-m administration, was an enemy 
 to the pio\ince. 
 
 J)r Asli. w lio, as provini'ial .secretary under \\'alk( iii, 
 
FINANCIAL ASI'KCTS. 
 
 70.1 
 
 UH.si.slcd ill <)l)taiiiiii^llM,' Kdi^ar-Carnarvon scitlciiK ni, 
 ppoHcd <li(' i('S()luii<»:i oil (Ik; •,'i<)Uii(l iliat it would 
 
 f) 
 
 <lc{)rivc< liiitisli Coluiiiliia of ail claiiii i<> (Im; htiild- 
 iiig <>r 111*' road. ]\v. rocoiiitiiiMidfd a iiiodilicat ion, if 
 iKM'cs.sary, ol'tlu! Carnaivoii Icniis. 'I'o Hiis Widkciii 
 replied that tlio doctor well knew that I'Mi^ar's |»ro 
 posals weiL; imaut!iori/,(;d,and lliat it ir(piin'dan onli i 
 in couiU'il to saiietioii tliein liulore tliey roiild Ix; eiiter- 
 
 taidet 
 
 I. ( 
 
 (nmiiis.su>ncrs wore inej( 
 
 ■i.y <•! 
 
 laniK 
 
 lis of 
 
 eoin- 
 
 niunieatioii; with negotiations tliey had nothing to do. 
 The resolution was adopted l>y a vote of .seventeen to 
 
 nine 
 
 lietweeii 1871 and 1H7H h< iik- Icn niiilions of d(»l- 
 lars were expended l»y the d* iuinion government lor 
 tin; .surv(!ys and construeiion ol" IIk; Canadian i*a(ili<' 
 railway, of which sum ahont .*?!,.'!()(),()()() was appro- 
 priated for survi-ys in Ihitish ( 'ohimhia; hut as yet 
 not a.sin''le dollar had heeii e.\i)end(,'d on eoiistruclion 
 
 within th 
 
 1 
 
 rovniee 
 
 It 
 
 was el.iiined. nioreovei 
 
 that 
 mil 
 
 during this pciiod 1 he cftntrihiif ion ol" jhitish ('ol 
 hia to the eonsolidateil I'lind of the <lomiiiion excccd.d 
 its jiroportion to th(! liahility nioiH; than a million, tho 
 average! taxation lor 1S7H heiiig i?!) per capil.-i lor the 
 province, as against .i?.")..']t lor tlio dominion." ]l 
 W(nild Heeiii that as ' et the lornicr had ;i"aincd nolli 
 ing by confederation j^ave the phantom ol" an unreal- 
 ized tiream. No wonder that tluro were not a liw , 
 and these by no means destitute ol" iiilclligtiinc, who, 
 after eoiisi<l(;ring the geiieial iM-arings of the matter, 
 • •aine to the c* iiclusion Ihat it would have been bettei- lo 
 remain an mdejiciidcnt colony tiiidrr I In- home govern- 
 ment f l;ah io have unilid w il li ( '.uiada. Moi'covci*, ;is 
 I \m\'c said, llu; ])opuIatiou of (he capital contained a 
 large iiercentage of American-:, always imp.it ii iit, o 
 
 ontrol, and especially of dominion control. 1 1 .should 
 not be i'.!fnori-d, lio\\c\(r, that before coufcdi ration 
 
 th 
 
 m province w 
 
 as burdened v. il h a debt t hat liun'i' lit 
 
 \('. 
 
 All IK.'i'olllit of till! tlilililc Will III' foil I II I ill tlic Sill I. dill-'', Si'iil. I, IS7S. 
 
 y 
 
 UJIl 
 
 i7. Mi 
 
 /'(• f ' 
 
 PS 
 
 h ■■ t 
 
704 
 
 POLITICS AXD OOVi:RNMENT. 
 
 a inillstonc around its nock, was virtually bankrupt, 
 and that men had lost laith in its power of recupera- 
 tion. The terms of union relieved the people of their 
 most oppressive burdens, enlarged their interests, and 
 made them rich, at least in promised greatness. 
 
 Concerning the government and political annals of 
 Britisli Columbia, there is but little more worthy of 
 record. It may indeed be stated, however, that for 
 many years the latter were so intimately connected 
 with the affairs of the Canadian Pacific railway, that 
 the history (tf one is almost the history of the otlier. 
 As ill other provinces, the chief magistrate was aji- 
 pointed by the governoi'-geneial «>f Canada ajid held 
 oflice i'«>r live years, this j)osi(iuii being filled, between 
 July 1S81 and July J 88(5, by ( 'lemeii't Francis Corn- 
 wall, I'oniierly a mcinbir of tlic Canadian senate.'^ 
 ]i('gulations jieitaining to ciistoins and excise, trade 
 and navigation, the militia, the jiostal service, and the 
 administration of justice, together with such other 
 matters as elsewhere in Canada fell under domiiiioii 
 control, were for the most part framed by the privy 
 council, with the advice and consent of parliament, 
 while tlu^ province, of course, i-etained control of its 
 local aH'aiis. In that [)arriament l>riti>li Columbia 
 was represented by tlii'ce senators and six members of 
 the ((nnmons, her own ligislative assembl}' consisting 
 of twenty-five members, elected by the people from 
 tliirtei'ii disti'icts*' for ;i term of lour years, while of 
 ihe" cMcutive council there were but three iiienibers.*" 
 
 ' Ml' l'onn\all, a ^.'racluatc <.f Caniluidne, nml ii uh'IiiIht of tin- iiimi' 
 lcm]>lr, is 11 iiativu of l';ii;L;laiul, ati<l a koii of Allan tiariliirr ('oiiiwall, fliaii- 
 lain ill oi'iliiiary to tliu (|iii'( ii. Jii iSli'J Ik; raiiif Id It. ('., iiii<l in iiartncrNlni) 
 with M-i liiutlirr I'liL'agi (I in Htoilv-raiNln^' in tlu! iii'i;;li)ii'i lioml of Asliirofl, 
 wlii'ii' in IsT'S was liix conntry Kcat. Umiil'ti Ii. ('., MS., ."i.'S. Mlcitiil Hinatur 
 iiiiiii< illati'ly aftd' llio ooiifcdi'i'ution, liu' luJd that IK-Hitiun until liis a|piiuiiit- 
 nionla.i ;;()V('rniir. 
 
 ''M''oi' tli<! Iniirtli |iai']ianicnt, flcctol in 1S82, tlicro wrro four nn-inlMTs for 
 \ ii'Idi i.i ( ity, Iwufiir Vii.'loriii ilisli iif, oni; for tlm city ami two for tluMlistritt 
 of Niw Wi^tiiiinsti-r, tlirro for ('aiil)oo, two each for ^'alo, l'lK(|uiinalt, Koo- 
 tciiui, L'ow icliaii, ami LillooLt, ami oiio cnili for Nanuiino, Cuniox, uiid Cussiur. 
 Ihcir iiaiiH')! uio given in i!. <'. JJinrt.. 168*2-3, Jlt>4. 
 
 '''In isn't tlio inuiiiliurH of tlio council wcro Wni Smitlio, premier and cliiof 
 
 The 
 durii 
 been 
 donct 
 subjc 
 Tl 
 anrl 
 impr 
 tolls, 
 publi 
 later,' 
 the ]ii 
 In 
 justice 
 
LKGISLATIVK I'llOCEEDINGS. 
 
 705 
 
 The cumbersonio rostrictioiis on the suirrai><> existing 
 <luriii<^ tlio lirst years of llie eonredeialion luul now 
 been abolished, registration and twelvt; months' resi- 
 dence i)eing tlio only <|naliiications nei'ded lor British 
 subjects,-^ and vote being by ballot.-'^ 
 
 The proceedings of the legislature between 1872 
 and 188G related mainly to municipal affairs, to public 
 iinnrovementa,"'' to the incorporation of eomi)anies, to 
 tolls, taxes, and revenue, to the disposition of the 
 public lands, of all which matters mention will be made 
 latei','-* and to the administration of justice, so far as 
 the |iro\ inee was not under the control of the dominion. 
 
 In 1H8G Sir Matthew B. Bcgbie, appointed chiel 
 justice, as will be remembered, in 1858,-* was still at 
 
 cijinniissii)iK;r of lumlii au<l woiks; A. K. j>. Daviu, atty-guii.; anil .loliii Kuli- 
 nun, jdovinciiil ki'c. 
 
 '-' Accunliii;; to tiK' ti'mi-" nf tlic (jiiulilii'iitiiin anil l!fL,'istiatiiiii of \'<itir.'* 
 act, iSTli, ic))L'aliii<x !i similar ai't jias-scil in IST"', tlio latlir rciieaiin;^ .'i liiiii- 
 lar act (it Is7l, ami tlii.< araiii n ]i(.'aliii,' iu.'ls of \>,'l and ls7-. Im' li">t of 
 tho lii'Mt lino, Kcu Slut. II. ('.. IsTii, '_'l-(>. Aoiordinf; to itn luovisions, tln' 
 fraiii.liisu was willilitld Ironi jucl'i >, Ktiiiciidiary n>a,L;isti'afi-'H, ami I'onstuMc-', 
 (■xcc'iit in (.ci'tain cases provide I in tliii act ; iiKo from ]Hr.sciMs nnd'i'j^'oin^ n ri- 
 tcnrc for treason, felony, orotlic^r infamous ollciicc. 'I'lii'unly i|iialiliratioii fi 
 
 ' of tho Icgi.slutui'o was tliat hi: hhnidd In' duly ciitcK 
 
 ii imnilii' 
 
 tci* 111 chctors, nnd bhould 1 
 
 liavi 
 
 1, 
 
 PC' n ii resident of tlie iirovinee lor at lea 
 
 ;i the red- 
 t K 
 
 twi'lve inontliM hcforo tho date of his election. 
 
 '-■' Aecordin'/ to rules ijre.icriijed in II., 1>77, M 7, the iioilinL;-|i!aee i well! 
 to ])i! fiiniiahcil with ii nunilicr of eMni]);ii'tniiiit i, in whii'li tlie elcrloivt I'l.idd 
 mark tin ir vote.s wliilo r.ereencd from ohsi rvation. Jvicli liallot-papi r was to 
 eonlaiii 11 list of the cmdidates id[iIialK't ii-.dly ai laiiu'' d. 'I ho ( leifor iii u- 
 I'eivini,' tiie liallot-iiaiier must enter on'M.f iho enmii.iVtmi ills ami mark il with 
 ;v cross o|i|i(isiU! llio naniu of tho eandid.iti s for w hoiii ho pii lerred lo\ole. 
 Ho liillit then told it so as to ci aecd I ho nanii'l of the candidal es. the marks 
 on its face, ami tho |irinted nnmirals on its liaeli, lli(>ii;^li dis[ilayin;,' tho olli- 
 eiiil mark thereon to tho jiresidin;^ otlieer, and di'iiositin;,' his iiaper, ica\e ihi- 
 lioliin.; hitation williout making known to any onu lor wlmni lie had toted. 
 Women wcru enlilled to vote at municipal elcetions. 
 
 -■' l(y .'lit of I'i7-, it was declared lawful for the lieiit-gov. to appicpiiite 
 any real estate, titre.ims, watercourses, etc., which ini^ihl. in Ids opini'in, ln! 
 necessary for tho usu, constiiielion, maintenance, or iinpiovcineiiL of any jiul 
 
 lii! wiiik, and especially siielj as 1 
 of tho dry-dock at J'.sipiiinalt. 
 eonimissioner of lands and work.s 
 aide vaiili', villi notici,' that the 
 and ;;;>diiys llieieattcr was author 
 I'd. I i77h 7!».'. 
 
 e mi'.'ht li 
 
 re 
 
 In e.isK t 
 
 II) 
 
 mi;!ht te 
 
 ml 
 
 maltcr w 
 
 m 
 
 ri/cd to t 
 
 >k 
 
 ni lieccMsaiy tor the e iiisMuetlon 
 ow lier n filM'il to Hell, tlie cliief 
 Icr wiiat lio eiMlsiderc I ;i leaHon- 
 Id he suliiiiitti'd to iii'liilralion, 
 lion. ( oitiiiil. Soil. It. (', 
 
 1 
 
 v. lios less 
 
 I he lawM iiiaetod hy llie luuislature up to I 
 
 he lollll 
 
 i| III /./. 
 
 i'or p 
 
 lianshii, aiel alti r that date in tho yearly \ "lumejof the A^'^ /.'. 
 <eedint,'s of the Ic'rixjativc* assembly, scu Jmir. Lcji I. A--'*. Ii. C, t'urcuch year, 
 wiiere will alsii he hitiiid tlio jjovcmor's upcochcs. 
 '■Seo p. 4'.':', this vol. 
 
 IIMT. Unit'. Cui,. ii 
 
TOG 
 
 I'OLITK .S AND GOVERNMENT. 
 
 the head of the judicial y, buing assisted by four puisne 
 judges.'^ Next in rank wore the county court judges, 
 many of whom had held office since 18G1,"' and for 
 each settlement and electoral district were one or 
 more justices of the peace, of wlionj more than 20() 
 were in office in IS8G.^ Thus the law has hern 
 lirought to every man's door. Of late years it has 
 l)eon matter for congratulation that, notwithstandin-^- 
 variety of race and diversity of interests, [leace and 
 order have been maintained without resorting to any 
 unusual expedients. Absolute protection has bccii 
 afforded to all, without rcigard to creed or nationality, 
 and even during the construction of the railroad the 
 Aast iniiux of workmen belonging to every nationalitv 
 merely rendered necessary the appointment ofai'ew 
 additional constables.^' 
 
 '^11. r. 1*. Crease, J. Ilaniiltou Gray, John l'\ McCrcij;lit, and (Joorgo A. 
 Wnlkcni. At this iliile tlicro were '_'.") members of tlio IJ. <J. har. 
 
 '^'Uood'ii Jirit. I'lil., MS., 101, suy.s that ill l878thoy were favf)ral)ly Uiiowii, 
 iKit (iiily for their cxiiericnce, hut fur the Hkilftil and conscientious iliscliurge 
 lit' their duties. 
 
 '^' l'"or names, witii jurisdiction and address of thoao in (illico iu 18S.">, see 11. 
 
 I'. Dinrt., iss4-r>, -j;;!-:. 
 
 '• For particulars as to the ndinitnstration of justice between IS.'tfi and 1 SM), 
 seueluip. x.xiii., this vol. .Vmon;.^ the enactments relating to the judiciary diir- 
 in;.; tho coufidenilion period may be mcniioned the County Courts I'ractitiDiu im 
 act, ISTU, where))y all jiersons were i-ntitled to ap]iear in tlio county eonrt.s, 
 lh>) courtsof stipendiary iiiaj,'i!^trates. and of justices of the iieace, as the advo- 
 cates of parties to any proceedings in such court.s, thoiirtji n,,f, (juaUiicd [irac- 
 titioners. t'oiixol. ,Slaf. li. ('., 1877, 141. 15y net of I.s77, the |iro\ine(^ was 
 divided into county court districts. In 187- an net was passed to pniviiic 
 lor the holding of circuit courts in coimoetion with tho suprcirio courts. Km- 
 acta relating to legal professions, see hi., (;()U7: Slat. li. ''., KS7><, HD-'.'O; 
 1S8'_', f)7; ls8t, 101-11. JJyacts of 1S7!>, judicial districts were estahiishtil 
 for t lie jmlgea of the suprenie court, and tim j)ractico and ])roe()dure of the 
 supremo court were amended. In tho Jjocal Administration id Justice act, 
 Issl, pruviMion was made whereby iiroceediiigs in the siiprenie court could liu 
 deterinin"d in any of the judicial districts as ell'cetuallj' as in the city of Vic- 
 toria. \>y tho I'rovincial .Superior Court act, KSSJ, there was estaliii.shi-d a 
 court of record and of original and a|ipeliate jurisdiction, btyled Her Majesty's 
 Court of (^tueen's rieudi for l>iiii.<li Columbia, l''oract regulating tlio powers 
 of NiilJlTino court judges in eases of appeal, .see /(/., ISS.'i, lll-l I. The A :fnizo 
 ( 'uurt act, lss.">, appoint ) the datej lU' hoMiii ,' courts of as>i/o and nisi prill-, 
 and <if oyer and iiiniiner, and geiiiv,'! j :ililrlivi ry, :it \'ictori.i, \aiiaiiiio, 
 Ni'W WeslniinsU r, Vale, Kaiiiloop, CliiiLni, l.ytti n, and lli.hlield. I'oracl 
 lela'.iiig to the jinisilictinn aiiil procedure of c luii; v courts, hco /i/., IsVi, 
 l7-(il; for acts 11 lilting to juriis and jurors, .SCO CoK.si,/. S.'at. /A C. (ed. l.'iTT), 
 ;tl5-lti; ,'i!al. J!. ('., I8t>;i, 17 71; l!Jo4, G'J; 18SJ, 71). 
 
CHAPTER XXXV. 
 
 SETTLEMENTS, MISSIONS, AND IsDUCATlON. 
 
 1801-188G. 
 
 VicToniA— The UnnjiiTurs CniNAMAN— Ksyi i\im i- Nawaimo— Thk Viu- 
 
 TOItlA C'oAl,, MiNINO, AND LaSD CoMl'AN V -Ni \V \Vi;.STMIN8TEU— 
 LaN'OL!.Y— LyTTOS- SaVoNA's TEPatY — KaML0(j1' -(.'I.INTOV— lUUKEK- 
 
 VILLE— Yaix —Imhas Missions am) MishionauiisMitlakatiila - 
 FouTs — Indiih i:i;nck of tiik I'udv.si tal GovERN''KNr— ('iviuzvimv 
 OF THE Native Tiiibes — Ciiri:riir-i CinniTxni.E SoriETiEs - I'lui i • 
 Schools— Joui:NALisM—LiniiAi;n:!». 
 
 "Barely two c(!uturio.s ago,' exclaiiiiod JJr Piek- 
 oring, wlio in 1841 passed through the straits of 
 .ruan do Fiva on board the "xploring shi[) Vinccnncs, 
 "our New Enghind shores preseiitovl only scenes likt; 
 that l)eforo nic; and what is to he tlie lapse of tlio 
 third?" At this date an huhan trail and a i'ew Iniliaii 
 wigwams alono marked the i)resenee of man amid 
 the idmost nntt'iKuitcd solitudes where now stand tlic 
 • •itit's of Victoria and New Westminster. In 1801 
 Ihe ])opulation of Victoria mustered aoont .'5,oOO white 
 iniial)itants, of many nationalities, Jv.iglisli and Amer- 
 icans predominatii'g. At that date the grades and 
 cli(|Ues into which society resolves itself in oldei" set- 
 tlemeids did not as yet exist, even the lordly i^oiighis 
 heiuLT esteemed no better than his fellow -man. Mori* 
 cosmopolitan, pcM"haj>s, than were even the San I'' ran 
 •iscans in the days when bonanza society and the 
 
 l>oard of brol 
 
 ;ers were unknown 
 
 tl 
 
 <o intiml'irs o 
 
 f tl 
 
 n- 
 
 lieterogen(M»ns conununity, gatluTed from all (juai'teis 
 of {\\o earth, plaei'd themselves on a cuuunon h , ■ ;. 
 and had but a conunon interest — to better their - 
 
 ( Ti,7 ) 
 
701 
 
 SETTLKMENTS, MISSIONS, AND EDUCATIOX. 
 
 (lition, v}ing with each other only in niakiiiiif their 
 id especially their lei.-^ure hours, as at>reeablo 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 ives 
 
 )OSSI 
 
 j)Ossihl»? uiuler their altered contlition. Free i'l 
 
 oin 
 
 eoiiveiitioiial restiaint, (iwelliiii*' in a spot woi'ld-lanioiis 
 lor the Iteaiily of its scenery, amid nia^nilicent vistas 
 of forests and mountains clad with richest verdure, 
 and in a < liinatc softer than tiiat of the south of J'jil;'- 
 land, IIhi'i,' are few anion^- the present citizens of Vic- 
 toria who, after enjoying this brief resj)ite from the 
 hirl and strife ol" j)ro:nress an<l civilization, d(» n(»t 
 
 w 
 
 recall with a tinue of sadness those ''ood old tint 
 
 I'S. 
 
 At this date the Hudson's Day fort, witii its 1 
 
 lOLT 
 
 l)uildin<;s and its picket palisade, wa^. crunihlini;- into 
 ay. There wen* hut four sti-eets/ and the mo.^t 
 
 <le( 
 
 (iiildinirs, a 
 
 proniimnt buildings in the; capital were the Hudsun's 
 J]av stoiij and the bank of .l>rilM>h North Ameiica. 
 Two years later tin; city had made considerable [)r»i- 
 gress, c(tnt;iining, «^arly in I 80;!, about G,()(.)() peojiK'. 
 apart from the migratory pojuilatittn that tiirongid 
 tlu! town diuing the winter season, and sonn; l,jU() 
 monu' which were substantial warelaaiscs 
 tnd stt)res, several connnodious hotels, a theatr''. a 
 !ios[»ital, live churches, and live banking-houses. Tiir 
 value of I'eal estate; was also inciea>ing r;i[>iilly, front 
 age on good business streets cnmmanding a montlilv 
 rental of thi'ee to seven dollars a loot. In 1807 Vic- 
 toi'ia was incorporated, being divided into three wai'tb, 
 and the nuniici[)al council, which consisted of a mayei' 
 and seven councillors, having power to ni;tk(! by-laws 
 for regulating, among other matters, the trailie of the 
 city, and the maintenance, lejiaii', and construction of 
 highways, wharves, and bridges; to purchase, hold, 
 and erect buildings on leal estate needed ibr cor[»or;i(i' 
 use; to establish markets; to frame mi'asures I'er tlie 
 preveidion of lire,' ;md tin llglitiiiL' of streets; to 
 
 ' Niiiiiiil Wliaif, \'ulf.(, I'lPit, luui .loliiiMiii. (•'(((/(( .< JSrit. < 'ol., MS., I. 
 
 ■ Kor till,' uuiiporl nt iiu illiiiiut- liii' lU imrtiin lit, i tax of | (/t oiio jicr ci'iit 
 
 voir Was to Ijo Irvii'l oil till! \iili of all builili 
 
 uiiil till) h;iui ot i:'Mi !i 
 
 your \iaH to l)ij (laitl liy larli Ini i iiiaiii ■■ < niajiaiiy, toijDlin i' with ii rate not 
 i'xcuti(liii{{ Olio <'i{j;iitli i>('i- niit n > (lie ;iri..uiit (f 'lieir i:i 'luaiicc .. In (Im 
 
CITY OF VICTORIA. 
 
 709 
 
 regulato the drainaufo, .s(!Nvciago, and sanitary condi- 
 tion of tlio city; and to provido for tho taking' of a 
 census.^ 
 
 In 188G tho capital contained at least 12,000 inliah- 
 itants/ and in manufactures and commerce ranked, as 
 we sliall sec later, among tlie foremost cities of the 
 coast. In the excellence of its hi'diways and drives, 
 Victoria is almost unsurpassed, \vell-macadami/,ed 
 roads, built during the colonial period, extending for 
 miles through dens(! forests of pin*.', across strc^tches 
 (•f green mcadow-huid, over undulating downs, and 
 skirting the pebbly beach along tiie n»argin of the bay. 
 Contigut)ua to tho city on its south-eastern side, and 
 bordering on the straits of Juan de Fuca, is the 
 l)ublic park, enclosing a spacious tract of great natu- 
 ral beauty. In its c«;ntre .stan<ls a mound, Maiiicd 
 lioacon Hill, from which a view is obtained of tln' 
 eastern [>ortion of the straits, the islands clusteietl in 
 the Georgian Gulf, and the rugged, snow-eap|)ed sum- 
 mit of Mount Baker. Here it was that, during tin; 
 early days of the company's regime, signal-fires wen- 
 lighted each night wlu'n the anmud supply \(;ssel 
 became due, and hence, as slie passi.'d Jlaee Hocks, 
 news of her an ival was cariied to I Ik; niiiiialnic; settlt;- 
 ment jjfathered around the walls of (he old lo'' fort. 
 
 )iM!4iiici<H ]>:il't ot the town ::'> wixidiii l>uil(lili;{ wiih ti> lie (recti il iiiuro tliaii IS 
 feet, oriiiH- stuiy, lii.^li, uiid i- ;i j>'iij|l(y of XoOO fureiuji inoiitii during wliieli 
 Kiieli Imililiiii; wua erei^t.'d or in eciiii^e ni WirCiDU, 
 
 ^'J'iii! textof tlu) ordiiKincn will lie I'oiiinl ii: the ''.i/.id/. Slut. II. ('. (eil. 
 1^77). 7''>'t-l»!'. Ill If^li-i l>il'iiie till' iHiinii of tlie twi. • cilmiies, ail act lial 
 already heiMi |iassed for tile iiic'i iwiraliuu uf tiie city <if \ uii.iri, forwldch 
 fvo J!. ('. mid r. /. Itirrrt., |sii;i, !»l I US, A list i>f the mavorsaiid coiineilloiH 
 fl'din ISIi'J to ISS'i will lie foimd in /.'. C ll,,:rl., Kss.' :i, H,". H. At the latter 
 date Noah Shakespeare, a native ot M.lllordsliire. l';ii:;I,inil, tilled IJK' liosition 
 of mayor. .Vi'riviii;^ lit \ictori.i in lMi;t, lieiiiv; then in hj-i 'JHh ye.if, ho va-i 
 (.'lad to liiid emiiloymcnt at one ot tlu; Ninaiino i ollieiic*, ami aitiT acMuiinii 
 latin;.; a little money, returned to tlii! cajut.d anden'^a'^ed in hii^iiies's. |''ioin 
 tlii.s hiiiall liei.'inniiiu' he mad • his way in lite, ImIii',' elected in \S~H to the city 
 eoiincil, and in iSS'ia meinlicr ot the timnimon coinnioiix. and |irertiilent of the 
 Mechanics' Institute. In politics he was termed a liheral coiiMcrvatiie; iilwav .s 
 had tlio KU|iport of t'le woiking classen. In IhS.'i tlii' mayoralty w.a.s liidd hy 
 IJohert I'ateison Ititlnt. 
 
 ei'his was tho estiiuato of tlircctorv compiler . The eensiiH ot ISbl ','ives 
 till! population at l'_',(H)l), exeliihive of liidliuiH. In the X. /■'. Hiillr/in of Ni'ircU 
 12, IHS.'i, it is giv( n nt lO.dlKM > J-.'.tKK). 
 
710 
 
 SETTLEMENTS, MISSIONS, AND EDUCATION. 
 
 Viewed from any of the iieighboriiiL,' omiiieiicos, as 
 from tlie liill near j^overnment house, from ^fount 
 'rolmie, iVom Church liill, or from tlio hracl of l^in- 
 (lora avenue, the city, which was hiicl out, not in rec- 
 tauLjular l)locks, but following the configuration of tin; 
 land, i)res(;nts a beautiful appearance. Many of the 
 private dwellings arc embowered in ivy, clematis, 
 honeysu(.'kl(', or other creeping plants, and surrounded 
 with orchards, lawns, luxuriant shrubbery, and neatly 
 I rimmed gardens. The business j)ortion was (piite 
 early for the most part built of brick or stone, and, 
 tliough none of the structures were pretentious, not a 
 few displayed considerable taste and architectural skill. 
 The govermnent buildings, ctjutaining the provincial 
 ollices, were situated on a neck of land connected by 
 a substantial brid-n; with .Tames Bay, and in their 
 front was a gray granite obelisk, erected by the people 
 to the meiiKH'v of Sir James Douiflas. Thedomiiiiou 
 Imildings, ineliiding the custom-house, post-oflice, and 
 matino hosj)ital, and containing accommodation for the 
 federal ollicers, were well and substantially constructed. 
 
 Like San Francisco, V^ictoria had its Chinatown, 
 oei'U[»ying a considcn-able portion of the city, and en- 
 (•roaching rapidly on some of the most valuable pro|> 
 erties, while its denizens came into active competition 
 with the mechanics, operatives, and business men of 
 the ('a[)ital. Apart from the onmipresentlaund'ryman 
 and domestiij servant, there were, in 188G, Chinese 
 contractors, mei'chants, importers, grocers, dry -goods 
 m(3n, dealers in [jrovisions, vegeta des, tobacco, cloili- 
 iiig, tea, fancy goods; there were Chinese druggists, 
 doctors, tinsmiths, tailors, barbers, bakers, and reslaii 
 rateurs; and there; were Chinese establishments ['<<{■ 
 tlu; manufacture of shirts, clothing, and cigars, J)ni- 
 ing the previous one or two years, acts were passed In 
 forhid the immigration of Chinamen,'Hi) prevciit tli'iii 
 
 '■' It was (lc('liiri.tl unlawful foe ( 'liiiiiuiu'ii ti) enter tln^ jncviiiee, tin we wlm 
 bhoiilil ufterwiii'd iiiuke tlieir uiiy iiilo liritiKJi ( 'uliiniliia liciii^ jiiiltle to ii line 
 of $.~iO, or bix iiKinllui iniiirisoiiiiient. 'I'lie pi r»iin wlm ^1 iilil lirin:; tii'Mi) to 
 or in any w;iy assist tlicni to reauli I!. C wu!* to (orieJt ^L'Ol) for cutli Cliiutt- 
 
TMK CIIINKSK (^UKSTION. 
 
 711 
 
 from Jicfjuiriiif^fi row II I;iii<l.s,*';in(l <<> control tho Chinese 
 ))opul;itioii tlirii in tlu; province. Tlu- first of tiiesc 
 jicts I'ailcd, however, to receive tiie ■•i|»[)rovul ol' the 
 <h)niinion j^ovci iinicnt," and Ji committee, sent, from 
 Ottawa to inquire into tlic matter, rtported in lavor 
 of Chinese immiL;rati<»jj;'' wlu'renjton another hill, 
 almost identical with thc! former, was passed hy the 
 |)ro\incial K">islatiiri', hut >vas anain thrown out hv 
 the cahinet.^ Thus, <»n tlie Chinese question, Jiritisli 
 Cohnid»ia was, in relation to the dominion, sonuiwhat 
 as the Paciiic United States were to the federal gov- 
 ernment, little hope heinL;" entertained hy either that 
 
 lu.'iii 80 coiivuyt'il or assistcil, or in ili-fiiult lie iiii]>ri.H()ii(;(l for a pt-rioil not i?x- 
 ct'ccliniL; Kix luontlid. (ATtilioatos of txrniption nii^lit Ito ^'lanlcil to tlio.su 
 wi.shini,' to l(':ivc llic iiioviiico tcniiioiarily. St,if. J!. ('., Issi, ,")-(i. 
 
 " Jn tliu iirofiinlili' of tlii.s .'ut, tlu' text of wliidi w ill ln^ f uiml in />/., l.'SS4, 
 7-1 -, It i-t .slat Oil tiiat lliu iulliix of Cliini'-.o lai'/iIyM'Soccdeil tliiit of any otlicr 
 nationality, tiirc.itcninL! .soiiu to outniinilxr tliowliito jiopulation; that tlicy 
 woiilil not (inljniit to tlio laws of tin! provimo, cvadLMl the jiaynii-'nt of taxes, 
 anil \\v\M generally ;>\il)Vti-.si\c of the coihrortaml uelM)iiny of the oonnnunity. 
 All (,'hinainen WLio niailo li.ililu to a tax of SlOiiyear, on the p.iynient of 
 which licen.sc.i were to bo handeil to tiieni liy olliciai.s, called (Jhine.so eol- 
 leet(jr.^, appointed for caeh eiictoral district. All < inployei.s of Chinamen 
 wcro reqnircd to demand of them their lieen.ses, and retain Ihcni dnrinj,' (heir 
 term of Hcrvioc, produeim,' them for inspection liy the eidlector whenever I'l'- 
 •piirod to do so. 'J'ho fee for miners' cc>rtilicate.s, when issned toChinanan 
 
 vas increased to Sl.'i a year. J'lxhnmati 
 
 d tl 
 
 if opium 
 
 except for 
 
 medicinal or KUrj^'ical ))Ui-po.seM, were fi.rliidden, and it was deciiircd unlawrni, 
 nncler a pi n;dty not exceeding,' $'i{), to let or occupy any room eontainin.i; less 
 than .'ISl cubic feet of Hpuco for each occupant, or (inlcss such room contained 
 a window that would open, not lean than two feet H(jimre. 
 
 ' For rejiort of tlio privy council disallow in;^ the act, ami contuinini; a copy 
 of the opinion of the minister of justice, seo .SV.s.i. I'<i)i< ra, li. ('., ISSI, -ril'-;!. 
 fn answer to this, the assembly, at its next Hcssion, forwarded nn address to 
 tho ffov.-u'cn in louncil, extremely re;^i'etting that the act had been disaU 
 lowed, Ktatin^' that the disillowanco was not caused by its being iinconslitu- 
 tional, but on the ground of inexpcdiiMuy, nn<l that they saw no reasons to 
 cli,int;e tho carefully considereil re|>resentationa, which from time to time 
 had i>eeri urged \ipon tho dominion government. Joiir. IjCijUL Am. IS. ('., 
 IHS.">, .">•_'. 'i'lii.s is h.ndly a fair statement of the ca.se. In his report the ndn- 
 ister of justice expresses much doulit as to tiie authority of tin- le^'islatuie to 
 pa.ss such an act, stiites that it should not be ])ut in I'orce without due con-'iil- 
 (latiiin, anil that, nnder its ]U'ovi.siiins, time was not allowed tor smdi consid- 
 eration. 'A law,' ho remarks, 'which )>revents tiie pcoph^ ol' any country 
 from coming into a pro\iiico eiinnot be cud to be of a local or jirivatc natui' 
 
 On th" contr.'uy, it is one invoh in 
 
 linioii I, nil po-sibly imiieri.il interests. 
 
 A copy of the report will bo found in (he ,S'. /■'. ( 'nil. I'd 
 
 "In .'ici tion !t.') of the llritish Norlli .Vmcrica Act, I 
 
 S((( , It IS plo 
 
 I ss.l 
 \ided tli;.t 
 
 the legihl.itiiie of each |U'ovinee may enact laws regardie; inmiigratlon, but 
 th.'it tho pai'lianicut of ('anaihi may al.o pa.s.s siuiilar laws >or all or any of tho 
 
 Sroviiiccs, and that the former shall take eliccL only ho fura.'j tlioy do nut oon- 
 ict with the dominion sl.ittites. 
 
 'i 1 
 
7li! 
 
 Sini'LKMKNTS, MISSIONS, AND Kl)l( ATION. 
 
 niiy riulicul <'liai)^o in ilio l.iw would he iinuU' until ilio 
 luuttor ciiiuo Itoiiu! luoru closely to the duois of iiuii- 
 eastern brethren.'" 
 
 Thou*;h still containin<^ in I88G a laiijc pentiiitaLje 
 of Ainerieans, and as u community hy no means ]a(;k- 
 ini^ in enterprisi;, the citizens oi' the capital were not 
 disposed to imitate the examjde of the I'acilic coast 
 metro[K)lis, wIuto presided tiie ^'enius of unrest, and 
 where men liad barely tinu; to livi; their allotted span 
 of life. They took lifo (piiclly and somewhat (visily, 
 the merchant walking leisuielv to his store at nine or 
 t(m o'clock, closin*^ often at four, after a IoU'L,' interval 
 for lun(!h(!on; and to tlie stian^cr within his jjjatcs, who 
 inii^ht take him to task for his uid)usini!ss-like habits, 
 ho would reply that he; was sullicitintly well-to-do, and 
 would probably «'njoy loULjei' days and c<!rtaiidy bett(!r 
 dii^i;sti<ni than his American <'ousin. As in other 
 «'olonies, the people of Jiritish (Jolumbia were much 
 <;iven to holiday-makiiiLj, pii;nickin<j[', and junketin*;. 
 Lej^al holidays wnc plentiful," and when they oc- 
 
 '" For (inlcr in ('((1111011 ciilliiijL; tlio nt.ti^iitioii of tlio (lominioii govcrniiK'nt 
 to il>(j iiiiincnso iiillux of CliinuBo into tlio provintM", wee •Vrvx. I'n/irrn, It. ('., 
 iSiiW, '.W'l {'). Altliiildalullicru wcro.'ilionl J'J.OlMX^Iiinanimiin JS. C, of wlioiit 
 nioro than oiio half wcro cniitloyiMl on tlioC. I*. It. l''or ri'soiiilion iM'>;in;{ 
 tlio iirovincial f^ovi'i'iinioiit to lulopt incaii.s for rrHti'ictini,( fiirtlicr (Jliiiicso 
 iiiiiiii;^lulioii, for i'oiii|ii.'lliii;.' tlioso iilroady in llic |ir(ivillcu to coiiiply willi 
 till! rcvciiiio mill otIiiT laws, and for inaii,!.;iiraliiig :i liWcnil hcIiciiu! of UMslstcil 
 uliito iiiiini;L;riitioii, hi'o Jmir, /a'ijIs. Amm. II, O., \SS'A, 17. in April iNSOii 
 I'cHolntioii was iiassoil in tlio aH:^('nilily, n'ljiii'stin;^ lliu iloliiiiiioii ;;ovoi'iiiiioiit 
 loaiitliori/o tlio [laHHiii;^ of llio Cliino.so tax aot, .'i oo|iy of wliioli will lio fuiinil 
 ill til., ISSO, '2\. l'"or [lolilion to tlio lo;,'isla(iiiu of llio Aiiti(;iiiiioMo Amho- 
 ciatioii, Noo (S'('>i. l'(i}<ir^, /I. ('., ISSO, •10(1; for aoL to piov iilo for tlio liolloi 
 oollootion of la\o^^ from (liiiicso, Sltt. It. <'., ISIS, }•_",( .'!_'; for jiaiioix .lad 
 rosoliitioiis of asMi'inlily loladii:^ to Cliinosu iiiiliii,L;ralion Itotwocn ISjti .iiid 
 ISSI, .SVx.s. /'(tin-", It. <'., ISSi', •2-M i. For viow'-i of Mr .lii.Uioo 15o;,d.i(! on 
 lli(! ( 'liinoso (|iiostioii, HOC Sac. Uniml-Uiiinii, March VI, IH8.">; for aiitiClii- 
 iio.so n^'it.ition at. \ ioioria, lil.. May o, 'I'A, iNS.'i; ,S'. /'. t'lu-oniiic. May "J.'!, 
 ISS.'t. In liSSI tlioii? v.asa railroad nlriko and anti-( 'liinoso riot at \'alo, an 
 aooount of w iiicii i;i^;ivoii in tlus.V. /''. .\lli', May !<•, ISSI; Sue. L'riitrit-f/iiinii, 
 May 1(1, ISSi. .\s lalo at ha ;t jis IS7.S tiu! Ciiiiioso invasion wa i iidI ooiisid 
 oro;| to lio ii Horioiin evil. (IihuI'h Itrit. Cnl., .MS., |()|. |'"or adilitioiial itotii-; 
 and t'oininont.s on tlio (liiiio.so (jnostioii, sou Jlril. ('oIudikI, Ayv. \'-\, IS7S; 
 Torniilo l.inilii; in \'ir. Slitiiitari/, Apr. 17, 1S7S; S/aiidurd, A)ir. 17, IS7S, 
 A])r. .'to, .May l.">, IS7!); A'<»» IW.iliuiiistn' (lirinlinii, M.'iy It), |S7l>; Ihtntln- 
 inn l',u: Ihrald, Maioli '11, 1,S7!»; .S'. /■'. Ilnl/rliii, A\v^. .".I, lSt).">, Aug. fl, 
 Oct. II, Nov. I, 1878, Maivli II, I,s7!»; Cnlf, M.iy 11, IS7l!, Juno i:i, Is7'.i; 
 /'o.s7, May;t, lS7(i; Alia, .liiiio i:i. .Inly l, l.S'.IO; Vhr.nudi', .Sept. i;i, I.S7S. 
 
 "Tho principal oiio \\a, tlio 'J I III (;f .May, tlio ipuon'ii hirthday, aiul 
 
AN KAHY LIIK. 
 
 71 J 
 
 currc'd at too Iomlt intti'vuls, lit Mr ixcusr was incdcd for 
 procliiiiiiiiij^ otiicis. Kc'iciitinii was r<»iisi(l<n!(l a.s a 
 portion oI'IIk! |>ni<^iainiii<! oI' life; aii<l llnoii'^lioiil ili(> 
 warm si-asun and the lonLf Iwilii^lii of tlic Indian 
 suninur, ilicn; wcir Irw rvcniniLjH on wliidi llif l»ay 
 was not dotted with phiasiire craft," and tin- id.ids 
 t lironj^-cfl with vchirirs, anion*; tho (avoriti- drives 
 hi'in'^ t.hos(! to IOs(Miinialt, to |{icliniond, and to iM.-iroii 
 J I ill." 
 
 In IK(;i,and lor several years tlierealter, the in- 
 
 eoniiiiLj voya;^(M* was j(»lted over some 
 
 Ihi 
 
 ce 
 
 and 
 
 a mil 
 
 miles of exeerahle road on his way IVoni lvs(|uinialt to 
 Victoria. Tiie intervening space; was ap|)ropriated 
 hv Ihoiisands of ln<iians IVom the nei<;lihorliood of 
 Nootka Sound, the western <'oast, of Vancouver, and 
 the horders of Alaska, and hy human waifs 1*10111 the 
 .l*acili<r I'oast settlements men attracted in e\er- 
 increasiii}^ nunihers sinc(j the «(oId excitement of IHaH. 
 There may havi; hoen some who cam<! with hoiMJst in- 
 tent, hut the majority wert; gathered lor no i^ood 
 purpose, insomu«:li tliat tlu; place was turned into a 
 |iand('monium, hecamc! tin; receptach; lor stolen ji;ood>, 
 the site of trattlc in illicit whiskev, and illiiat amours. 
 ()r<;i(;s ol' tile most rovoltinj' characttir ceased not hv 
 day or nii^lit; there wr-re hundreds of .sava;,^,', dniiikeii, 
 and Iren/it^d heini^s in human <juis(; eiicoiinteird at 
 almost every tuin ol' tlio path, beini^rs aiiioni; uiiom 
 
 amiiii!^ iitlici-H may lie iiK'iitinnuil tlio illi of July, (Ih^ |iiiiic'c r,!' W'alri' l.iitli- 
 (lay, (.'(iroiialioii ilay, iiiiil (Inininioii ilay, 
 
 "'I'lic fdvorilo i(!S()ifc for lioaliii;{ itaitics was tln^ Ooijii', Ji iiarro« ami of 
 tlic liarhor, and (i|iciiiii;.^ iiilo it, liy a ])aMsa;;i) ho iiairow tlial one: niit^'lil alnio>l 
 leap across it. .S'. /'. Itnllrlin, Manli i'J, iMS.'i. 
 
 '^n ISSl Vii;loiiii waH li-<lit<!(l l.y cilcctricly. .S'. /■'. /!iil/,ii,i, .Nov. -Jl. |.ss|. 
 I'V)r tlio Corporation of N'iilori.i, Water-works iii;t, \^l'.i, ;ihn iichd liy ii l of 
 \H'ii, BPO Consul. Slat. 11. (!. (nl. IS77), 77.'t-S7; for Wahrworki l>. Im ntiir'^ 
 <iiiarautuo act, lS7t, A/., "ST-'.M). 'i'lii; water was convi yi.| fiom i'ilU l..ikr, 
 a (Ii:{tanc(! of seven niilis, tins cost of tlio works liciiii,' .':<20il.0<Ki. lii-ii. Cul. 
 Diirrt., 1S8.'{, II. For iiK'ntion of (:aitlii|naki -i Jit Victoria, kii' .s'. /•' Itnlhiiu, 
 Nov. 1«, 1804; Dec. 17, iH7-'; (Jail, Oct. (I, iHliJ; Ahmd /'<,^f, .Ian. s, |s7<»: 
 S(ir, Urr.ord- Union, March II, ISSl. l'"or coii<lilioii. proi,'ics,-i, etc., atv.irioiis 
 dates, SCO S. F. liullrlin, Juno LMi, July (i, S, "Jd, •_'(;, ll.c '.I, l>S.".S; |M). I.., !(!, 
 Apr. I,'», 18, 1850; May 10, Nov. 10, IWiJ; 1.1). I, IS7(): .Mhi, .1 uno 'J.'., An>,'. 
 'jr., 1878; May'JT, KS.V.I; M.iy'21, Isdd; .May 1:1. iMiJ, .Mar. Ii •.'.(. ISO-'; Call, 
 Jan. 'J'J, 1SC5; TimcH, Nov. i', I8(i7; I'l.rllfi'nd HV«/ .SAo/v , July 1877. 
 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 m\l^ 1112,5 
 S IIIM 
 
 2.2 
 
 lAO 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.8 
 
 
 1.25 1.4 16 
 
 
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 ► 
 
 V] 
 
 <^ 
 
 /2 
 
 o 
 
 'c*l 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 / 
 
 7 
 
 /A 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 \ 
 
 ^ 
 
 % 
 
 t 
 
 ^\ 
 
 «' 
 
 
 o^ 
 
 '"%'■ 
 
 23 WFST MAIN STREET 
 WEBSTEi<,N Y. 14S80 
 
 (716) C7:M5C"H 
 
 A 
 
.A' €P. 
 
 
 s 
 
 U.x 
 
 A 
 
714 
 
 SETTLEMEXTS, MISSIONS, AND EDUCATION. 
 
 tlio strong arm of the law could scarcely preserve 
 the semblance of order." 
 
 In 188G Esquimalt, wliere two or three u)on-of-war 
 were still usually stationed, liirnishcd to the leaders of 
 the city's fashion recruits for their balls, parties, kettle- 
 drums, and lawn-tennis, while among the blue and 
 scarlet attire of the marines and naval officers figured 
 the gorgeous uniforms of tlie local artillery and mili- 
 tia. Second only to the capital in the beauty of its 
 sight, and far surpassing it in harbor facilities, the 
 town once selected as the terminus of the Canadian 
 Pacific railway', and, as many think, the future termi- 
 nus, contained at the latter date probabl}'' less than 
 a thousand white inhabitants,^' 
 
 Nanaimo and its neighborhood contained a popula- 
 tion of about 4,500, the number being constantly 
 increased by tiie arrival of miners, mechanics, and 
 laborers. The line of the island railway passes 
 through its centre, and from the point selected ibr the 
 company's depot has been locatetl toward Departure 
 Bay. in the midst of a rich mineral and agricultural 
 region, with extensive collieries in full operation, the 
 bituminous coal of this district sellinfT;: at higher rates 
 than xYustralian coal, or than any as yd produced on 
 the Pacific coast,'" with an excellent harbor, and with 
 steamers and sailing craft from San Francisco, Port- 
 land, Sitka, and other foreign and domestic ports 
 
 '* On one occasion it required the presence of two or three vessels of \var 
 anil a ilcnionstratiou in force to restrain them. Good'n B) it. Col., MS., o. 
 
 '^According to the census returns for 1881, the white population of tli(> 
 Esquimalt tlistrict was 014, and the Chinese population 4,1)50. In 1880 the 
 graviug-ilock, which, wlicu finished, will be one of the largest on the I'acilio 
 coast, had not yet been completed. For papers relating to its coustructioii, 
 see (S't'N.f. Pajfru, B. C, 1880, 327-'M; and lor reports of the committee 
 thereon, Join: Lti/iil. A.'<s. B. ('., 1882, 12, "27, G'). For act to incorporate 
 the Esquimalt AN'atcr- works Company, sj^i S/ut. B. ('., 188.'), 157-00. 
 
 '"At the close of 1885 t!ie piico of Nanaimo coal was !$7 to ^S.'2') per ton, 
 according to quality, against S5. 87 a ton for Australian cual, §5.10 fur (.'oos 
 Bay, and §0 for Keattlo coal. S. J'. Bulktin, Dec. 22, I8S5. 'J -lie several de- 
 .scriptiona of Nanaimo coal were known us Douglas, Wellington, New Douglas 
 (or Chaso liiver), Newcastle, South Fields, Alexandra, nnil llarcwood. B. C. 
 Direct., 1885, IIG. The output of Nanaimo and Wellington coal was from 
 Jan. I to Nov. 30, 1883, aljout 192,000 tons, the total deliveries for that 
 period being some 887,190 tons. 
 
NANAIMO AND NEW WESTMINSTER. 
 
 715 
 
 constantly at hor wharves, Nanaimo, incorporated as 
 a city in 1874, contained one of the most i^rosporous 
 and contented communities in British Columbia.^' 
 Wellington, a short distance toward the north, and 
 (or \\hich the shipping point WtS Departure Bay, a 
 picturesque inlet of the Georgian Gulf, contained in 
 I88G about 1,200 people, and Comox, a thriving vil- 
 lage in the most northerly agricultural district of 
 Vancouver, some 300 inhabitants. 
 
 Of coal discoveries, collieries, and coal-mining suf- 
 ficient mention has already been made in this volume. 
 It remains only to be said that in 1885 the Victoria 
 Coal Mining and Land Company, in addition to their 
 Nanaimo estate, which included the site of the city 
 and many square miles of adjacent land, were the 
 proprietors of the Wellington mine, the island of New- 
 castle,^^ and the Protection Islands, and the Frew and 
 liarewood estates, the latter consisting of some 9,000 
 acres. The company gave employment to about GOO 
 men, at fair rates of wages,^^ and at a depth of (500 
 foot the well-known Douglas seam was found to be 
 eight feet in thickness. 
 
 Passing to the mainland. New Westminster,^^ with 
 its neat and tasteful residences, built on wide and well- 
 defined streets, rising in regular gradients from the 
 bank of the Fraser, with its salmon-fisheries, its 
 farming and manufacturing interests, and its general 
 air of respectability and thrift, contained in 188G a 
 population of more than 4,000. Near its centre stood 
 the dominion government building, a handsome brick 
 structure with facings of freestone. On the outskirts 
 of the city were tlio provincial asylum for the ii)«ano, 
 
 '' For act iiicorporating llio Nanaimo Water-works Company, sec S/nt. 
 B. (\, ISSo, lGr.-77. 
 
 ''* Whore ia n valuablo stonc-rjuarry. 
 
 '"Miners earned from ^J.-jO to §."> a day; Indians and Chinamen, of w!iom 
 about 100 Were cmploycil aa hiborcra, received §1 to $1.'2j. JJ. C. .Direct., 
 1884-.-), 119. 
 
 '■'^ Of which a description ia given in tho Portland West Shore, Feb. 1880. 
 For reports of superintendent and commiasioncrs, sec Sess. Papers, 11. C, 
 1884, 281, 33J-45; 1883, .'{21-31. 
 
716 
 
 SETTLEMENTS, MISSIONS, AND EDUCATION. 
 
 and one of the provincial penitentiaries,"^ the former 
 a brick edifice, commanding a panoramic view, and 
 partially surrounded with evergreen trees. 
 
 Langlcy, distant about seventeen miles from the 
 former capital, was a favorite rendezvous for sports- 
 men; and Lytton, some sixty miles beyond, a town 
 which, like Lillooet, contained during the gold ex- 
 citement a floating population numbered by the thou- 
 sand, was again developing, after a long period of 
 decadence, into a thriving town." In the Chilli- 
 whack municipality, east of Langley, were several 
 thriving settlements, the one tliat bears that name 
 beingf built on one of the most beautiful sites on the 
 mainland. ^^ Savona's Ferry was at this date a grow- 
 ing and prosperous settlement, and Kamloopbade fair 
 to become one of the leadino; towns of the mainland 
 interior. Clinton, situated 2,700 feet above the sea- 
 level, at the junction of the Cariboo and Lillooet 
 roads, and noted for the beauty of its scenery, was in 
 a prosperous condition; and Barkerville, at the termi- 
 nus of the Cariboo wagon-road, with a population of 
 nearly 300 persons, enjoyed a good share of tlie gen- 
 eral business of British Columbia.^^ 
 
 Soda Creek, some forty miles above the mouth of 
 the Chilkotin, was the point from which the upper 
 Fraser was deemed navigable, the river between that 
 village and Yale being obstructed by rapids. In its 
 neighborhood were several flourishing farms, and here 
 the wagon-road to Cariboo, which diverged at Lytton 
 fi'om the line of the stream, again struck the Fraser. 
 Quesnol, about sixty miles beyond, and on the left 
 
 "' Reports of the superintendeut of police on provincial prisons will bu 
 found in Id., IS84, 441-C3; 1883, 471-90; 1882, 457-500. Tliere wcro also 
 jails at Victoria, Nanaimo, and Clinton. 
 
 '■'-'At one time it contained only a dozen dilapidated buildinf;s. Good'x 
 lint. Col., MS., 07. In 1885 Lillooet contained only one broad sti'cot. New 
 gold discoveries were constantly being made in its neighborhood, and the sci- 
 called ISridgo lliver mines paid fair wages during the seasons of low water tm 
 the Fraser. B. C. Direct., 1885, 'Jl.1. 
 
 '■'' Among others wcro Centreville, the steamboat landing for Chilliwliack, 
 Sumas, I'opcuin, and Cheam. 
 
 ^'In 18G0 Barkerville was almost destroyed by fire. 8. F. Call, Sept. 23, 
 1808. 
 
TOWN OF YALE. 
 
 717 
 
 bank of the river, was the point of dehvery by the 
 steamer plying thence to Soda Creek, and shared with 
 Barkerville the trade of the Cariboo country. At 
 Alexandria, i'orty miles below Quesnel, was still one 
 of the Hudson's Bay Company's posts, in the vicinity 
 of which were also profitable farms, though the soil 
 in parts required irrigation. 
 
 Next to New Westminster, Yale ranked first among 
 the settlements of the mainland, containing a resi- 
 dent white population of five or six hundred souls, 
 though during the construction of the railroad the 
 number was considerably increased. Built entirely of 
 wood, in 1881 the town was partially destroyed by 
 fire.-' A border place between the mainland coast 
 and the mainland interior, and approached at various 
 epochs by canoe, bateau, and steamboat, it contained, 
 among other buildings, several excellent country-side 
 hotels and stores, two churches, episcopal and catholic, 
 and the provincial government school."^" 
 
 Among the residents of Yale in 1878 may be men- 
 tioned John B. Good,-^ who in 1861 arrived in the 
 province as an evangelist under the auspices of the 
 London Church Missionary Society for the propaga- 
 tion of the gospel. Landing at Esquimalt in 1801, 
 at a time when the usually gentle savages had been 
 roused to i'renzy by the greed and aggression of miii- 
 Wix adventurers, and the wholesale introduction of 
 
 ^■' The loss was estimated at 6200,000. During tlio previous year a lire lia: 1 
 occuned, causing damage to the amount of 87i),UOO. .S'. /'. UuUcthi, Aug. )!•, 
 'JO, 18S1; Sacramento Union, Aug. UO, 23, 1881; IStocldon Independent, Aug. 
 'JO, KSSl, July 80, 1880. 
 
 ''^ For further mention of towns and settlements in 1882, bco Chitlfndin'n 
 Tract Is in Jlril. Col., 13-15, passim. 
 
 ^' A native of Wrawby, Linconsliiro, Knglnnd. He vas in eaily y<iuth 
 a |iui)il (if Jolni West, the first Hudson's liny Company's chaplain of I'liiKo 
 Rupurt Land, and completed his education at St Augustine colic;;!', (,'anU r- 
 buiy. Hi:4 iir.st calling as a missionary av:is to Nova Scotia, 'i'o Mr «J(k,'i1 I 
 am indchtcd for a valuable manuscript, one often quoted in these pai^cs » i 
 Uood^s lirilixh Coltimhia, and in which there are niiiny interesting n.'fords a ; 
 to society, politics, industries, and settlement. The most valuable jiortiou 
 ol Ilia narrative, however, is in connection with his experience as a missionary 
 among tiie native tribes. 
 
 
 ll 
 
 !4h 
 
 I \\m 
 
718 
 
 SETTLEMENTS, MISSIONS, AND EDUCATION. 
 
 fire-arms and fire-water,^^ Mr Good labored faithfully, 
 and not in vain, for the improvement of their moral and 
 ph}' sical condition. Among others who have devoted 
 themsclvos to the same cause may be mentioned Wil- 
 liam Duncan, who, arriving at Fort Simpson as a 
 missionary sent forth by the same society in 1858, 
 afterward established a mission of his own on the 
 oastern shore of Metlakathla Bay. By 1886 this 
 establishment had developed into a town containing 
 some 1,500 so-called civilized natives, with noat two- 
 story houses and regular streets. The settlement was 
 almost self-supporting, no outside aid being received 
 except the voluntary offerings of visitors. The prin- 
 cipal industry was the weaving of shawls. There was 
 also a salmon cannery with a capacity of 10,000 cases 
 a year; a sash and door factory; and a saw-mill and 
 a brick-yard. The church, built entirely by the 
 natives, and the materials for which, with the excep- 
 tion of the windows, were of home production, had a 
 seating capacity of nearly 1,000, and was one of the 
 larorest in British Columbia.'^'' 
 
 Among the Kootenai tribe a catholic mission was 
 for many years in operation under Father Fouquett, 
 of the Society of Jesus, and in the Okanagan Valley, 
 Kamloop district, near Williams and Fraser lakes, 
 in the Chilkotin country, at Lillooet, and on the lower 
 Fraser were missions belonging to the same order, 
 
 ''^ About tliia date Good states that men-of-war were constantly needed to 
 (heck the depredations of roving bands of Indians, hundreds of armed and 
 drunken savages infesting the waters in the neighborhood of Nanaimo. In a 
 passage above Cowitclian gap, just Ijcfore entering the Nanaimo narrows, was 
 :i veritable cave of Adullum, the rendezvous for the members of several law- 
 less tribes, wlio, under their cliicf, Archewon, waylaid and murdered parties 
 of explorers .nnd cmigi'ants. It w;i3 resolved to break up this pestilential 
 crew, several men-oC-war being sent for the purpose, among which was tiio 
 JJemisldtioii, commrinded by Oapt. Pike. Five of the principal offenders, 
 among whom was Archewon, were arrested, and four of them sentenced to 
 bo luinged. Mr Good, wiio attended them during their last hours, relates 
 that tliey showed not tlie slightest symptoms of compunction, and seemed 
 only to regret that more of those whom they regarded as their legitimate prey 
 liad not fallen into their bands, which behavior was more consistent than that 
 of tho average white villain about to be hanged. Brit, Col., MS., 'J7-8. 
 
 ^"A descri[)ti(>u of this mission, among other placea, will bo found in the 
 S. F. UiiUcihi, Aug. •::, 18S:!. 
 
INDIAN POLICY. 
 
 719 
 
 their central missionary ist.ition hciu^ that of St 
 Mary's, some thirty miles above New Westminster.*' 
 
 By the missionary society for the gospel propaga- 
 tion missions were established also among the Chim- 
 syans and Nishtacks, the Tahkats, the Cowitchins, 
 and the Fraser and Thompson river tribes, $10,000 
 being expended annually, and during several years 
 previous to 1871, for the support of eight mission- 
 aries and the industrial training of these tribes.^^ At 
 the latter date some 5,000 natives were under instruc- 
 tion, and though considerable progress had been made, 
 more teachers were needed. In a letter to the New 
 England Company, the episcopal archdeacon of Van- 
 couver remarks: " The government of this colony has 
 hitherto had no definite or tangible policy with re- 
 gard to the native Indian tribes. They have preserved 
 for them crown lands under the name of Indian re- 
 serves; they have prevented their lands being en- 
 croached upon; they have in existence a liquor law, 
 with penal clauses, stringent and severe, but honored 
 more in the breach than in observance. Beyond thin 
 they have done nothing, so far as I know. There does 
 not exist an Indian hospital in the colony to ameliorate 
 the evils which contact with a too advanced stage of 
 civilization has brought upon its unprepared victims." 
 Out of an estimated government expenditure in 18G9 
 of £122,250, the amount put down for expenses con- 
 nected with the Indian tribes was £100.^' 
 
 In Canada the interests of the Indian population 
 have always been guarded with special solicitude by 
 the ofovernment; but in British Columbia the con- 
 
 '■^^ Good's Br'it. Col., MS., 97-8. It is related that at tlio Okanagan mis- 
 sion, many years ago, tlio venerable French padres invited tlicir scholars, one 
 festal day, to partake of some nicely cooked frogs; whereat tho savages scat- 
 tered iu terror to their homes, the appearance of a frog being regarded Ly thn'r. 
 as tho premonition of calamity. 
 
 ^'la 1881, according to tho return of tho Indian deparhncnt, tho natives 
 settletl on tho banks of tho Tiiompson, above Lytton, owned .5,()'J.") horses. 
 557 cows, a number of work-oxen, and raised LIj tons of cereals, G.'i^ tons of 
 hay;, and 12,570 bushels of potatoes. ]i, (J. Direct., ISSl-l], M. 
 
 *'//. C. Paper.% Ind. Land Question, ISJO-'iTi, 97-S. The urchdeacon'i 
 letter was published iu tho Columbia report for 1870. 
 
720 
 
 SETTLEMENTS, MISSIONS, AND EDUCATION. 
 
 dition of the natives was, until recent years, less satis- 
 factory than in other portions of the dominion. In tliis 
 province no Indian title to land was recognized, as was 
 the case elsewhere in British America. Under the 
 auspices of the Hudson's Bay Company, and under 
 the regime of Sir James Douglas, the title was in- 
 deed conceded, but not so in later years. Although 
 there may never have been any danger of serious or 
 permanent revolt, there were, as we have seen, several 
 formidable outbreaks, and frequent danger of collision. 
 There may be seen to-day throughout British Colum- 
 bia nations and individuals in all conditions, from 
 untutored savagism, attired simply in a verminous 
 blanket, and perched like a bird of prey on a rock, 
 catching his dinner of fish, to the well-clad and in- 
 dustrious inmate of comfortable homes. In the former 
 condition the Indian is neither a producer nor a con- 
 sumer; in the latter he is both; and in proportion as 
 his condition is improved will he contribute to the 
 wealth of the province. 
 
 The task of improving the condition of the natives 
 has been rendered less difficult by the fact that the 
 intrusion of the white man has not diminished 
 their supplies of food. Fish and game, which, as in 
 Alaska, form the staple diet of the aboriginal, and 
 were as necessary to him as bread and meat to the 
 white man, or the plantain and banana to the dweller 
 within tlie tropics, are still as plentiful as ever. To 
 the nouiad tribes of Canada the buffalo was their solo 
 resource, supplying them not only with food, but with 
 fuel, clothes, and shelter. The extinction of this ani- 
 mal brought upon them starvation and beggary; while 
 in British Columbia the Indian has not only been 
 furnished with better implements for securing his food, 
 but has been taught how to farm, and thus acquired a 
 new source of food supply. Not only is this the casC; 
 but, as I have said, natives are largely employed as 
 herders, laborers, porters, and in various Industrie,?,^ 
 
 "Especially iu the Mainland interior, where their well-known honeity 
 
FOUTS. 
 
 721 
 
 and this from no motives of'pliilantliropy, 
 said tl>e marquis of Lome,"* during his 
 
 "I believe," 
 visit to the 
 
 reconiincuds tliein for employment. Aiuoiig tliu instances of tlio trust reposed 
 in thcni may bo nientionod one that occurred in tlic aiituinn of 1S72 or IS7H, 
 when a mcrcliant ou his way to Lillooct with a cargo of Hour, his craft being 
 stranded on a sand-bar, stacked the entire freiglit on tlio river bnnlc, simply 
 covering it with tarpaulin. There it was loft until tiie following spring, 
 when it was found undisturbed. The nearest house was but three miles away, 
 and during the winter the Indians were buying flour in tliat neighborhood at 
 very high rates. In 7'he Northwest Tfrrilorkt ami liritinh Cdliunbia, by 
 AjiieciH McDoundl JJawsoii, Ottawa, 1881, is a description of the food, habits, 
 and condition of some of tho natives at that date. 'J'liero are hero also re- 
 marks on the climate, vegetation, fisheries, industries, fauna, flora, and general 
 resources of IJ. C. Tho work is of little value, except for tho index, whicii 
 contains items of information culled from various resources. 
 
 ^^JJomiiiion of Canada Guide-Book, 1885, 75. The following catalogue of 
 forts, with reference to fuller descriptions, points to sono of tho early centres 
 of occupation. Chanipoeg, 35 miles from tlio moutli of tlic ^Villamcttc, was 
 a trading post established by the Hudson's l?ay Company in 18-10. 6'/vr//',< 
 Oreijoii, 42. In 185(i it was still in existence. //. J!. Co.'n Ji'(j>f, 3ti7. Fort 
 Kandoopon the Tlioinpson; forts Alexander, William, Carey, and Abercrom- 
 bie, in New Caledonia; IJupert, on north side of V. I.; JSimpson, on the main- 
 land, near tho I'ortland canal; W'raiigcl, a stockade, originally on Dundas 
 Island, at tiie mouth of the Stickeen, and afterward removed GO miles up the 
 river, and known as I'oi't Stickeen — all belonged to the 11. 15. Co. tinu/s Orajuu, 
 4;?. Fort Tliompson was established by l>avid 'J'lionipson in 18l()on the site of 
 Kamloop. Fort Franklin was erected in lS.;.")onCrcat IjcarLakc for Franklin's 
 expedition to the Polar sea. J.drdiicr, iii. 240. Chinook i'oint post was in the 
 Colundjia district. Jf. B. Co.'s Hfi'f, liOT. Tho Cowlitz post in \V. T. was in 
 existence in 1850. A Spanish fort at ^Icali Bay, V. I., built in 1792, and sur- 
 rounded by a stockado, was soon afterward abandoned, anil then burned by 
 Indians. Lfaim' Or., MS., (17. Fort Santa Cruz, on the north point of Nootka 
 entrance, Mas also a Spanish stronghold and settlement. Vldjci <d Norte, MS. , 
 .'185. Long before the conquest of Canada, tho French liad a post at I'asfjuia, on 
 the Saskatchewan. Mdrlviiz'tc's Vo;/. , Ixix. On the same river was I''ort Augus- 
 tus. /(/., Ixix., Ixxiii. Fort Carlton, on the sontli side of the Saskatchewan, 
 was protected by high palisades, an<l at each angle was a small square tower. 
 In 18;i5 it Mas attacked by Indians. Martin's J hidson^sJUni, 17; iSiiiil'ti Jli-'.''., 
 124; MillniKtnddididlc'sN. W. Passcitjc, 41). Fort Cumberland, on Sturgeon 
 Lake, at the mouth of the Saskatchewan, was built in 1774. I''ronHiH'sN(u-r., 
 i. 91; Sm('l\i J/Z-.^., 124; ^facl■clr.ic\^i Vvy., Ixix. Fort a la Crosse -was also in 
 tho Saskatchewan district. If. B. Co.'s Rfjit, 30.'). Fort Edmonton, on tho 
 north branch of the Saskatchewan, was built in the form of a hexagon, M'itii 
 liigh pickets, bastions, and battlcnicntcd gateways, and lay on a commanding 
 iieight. MiniiiCs Ihidsoit's Bdij, 18, 124. ^n ]84(i it contained about l.'iO in- 
 habitants. Kline's ]V(iiid( riuij^, I'M. It was the chief post in this region, and 
 was also known as Fort Auguste. Smr.t's Mi'<-^., 122-4. Fort Conlidencc was 
 a mere log structure, -without defensive Morka, forming three sides of a square, 
 and sto> 1 at the northern end of Croat ]5car Lake. l!ichardi.oiis Jour., ii. 
 (!;i-5. bunvegau post lay in the Athaliasca district. Hudson's Bay Co.'s Itrjit, 
 .'i()5. In 1787 tlicre was a fort on Klk JJiver. Mnrlrnd'-'s I'c//., 12it. Fort 
 Chipewan, one of tho most important posts of tlio N. AV. Co. was liuilton 
 a rocky point of the northern shore ot Athabasca Lake. Murhriizic's Voy., 
 Ixxxvii.; Martin's Hudson's Binj, 18; //. I'. Co.'s l!(]>f,','X)T\; Fritiil.iin's Narr., 
 i. 2.'{7. Fort Assiniboine was built on the Athabasca. J/. B. f'o.'s Brpf, 'Mrt; 
 •Smct'-i .!/;«., 124. On the Assiniboine and its tributaries w( i-(i three posts of 
 the N. \V. Co. and twoof the IF. B. Co. Lrir:s and Clarb's Map. Fast Main 
 Factory stood opposite Albany Fort at tho foot of James Bay, in about lati- 
 
 HlsT. Burr. Cor.. 40 
 
722 
 
 SE1TLEMENT8, MISSIONS, AND KDUCATION. 
 
 capital in 1882, "I have seen tlic Indians of almost 
 every tribe throughout the dominion, and nowJierc 
 
 tudo a-r 30' N. liouchette, lirit. Dom., i. 33. A log fort was huilt J)y Frank- 
 lin in 1820, nt Winter Lake, about liJO miles north of Slave Luke, and named 
 Fort Enterprise. A dwellingdiouso and storehouse were iidilod. I'rcnil.lin'-i 
 Xarr., i. 1-14. Here Franklin i)assed the winter of 1821-'J. U''chunl<oii'.-i 
 Polar, 148. Fort Franklin, on the west shore of Great licar Lake, wlxne 
 Lieut Hooper passed the winter of 184!), was merely .'i, log hut 20 hy IS fuut,. 
 J/oopcr'n Tent.i of Ike TimH, 1505-0. In the AthaLasea district was a post 
 named Fond du Lac. 77. U. Co.'a Rcpt, 305. Fort Francis, in lied Itiver dis- 
 trict, consisted of a number of buildings in the form of a .s(Hiajc, surroumleil 
 by a ten-foot stockade. Grant's Ocean, 40. In the same disUict was a ]iost 
 known as Lower Fort Garry. 77. JJ. C'o.'s Hcpl, 305. This was one of tiio 
 ■strongest forts in the 11. B. territory, the walla being built of stone and with 
 bastions at each corner. It stood on the north bank of Assiniboine Itivcr, 
 about 200 yards from its junction with lied lliver. Kaia'.-i Wundcrhif/", 00; 
 Coriumllis,(i'2; M iitoii and Chradles' N. ]V^. Paxsar/e, iW. At (Jcorgetown, on 
 lied Rivei', there was in a 1808 a warehouse belonging to the 11. 15. Co. 
 Coffni'ii Seal of Empire, 70. Fort Good Hope, in the ^lacken/.ic district, was 
 moved in 1830 about 100 miles above on the Mackenzie, on account of Hoods. 
 7/. ]i. (!o.'k lirpt, .SGo; Iiichnydsoii's Jour., i. 213. At (trocn Lake post, in 
 English Ilivcr district, the II. IJ. Co. and N. W. Co. had establishmcnls on 
 opposite sides of the river in 1820. 77. B. Co.'h liept, 305; Frajiklln'K Aarr., 
 i. 102. For mention of Fori George on the Saskatchewan, see Marken:.k'< 
 Vol/., Ixlx., l.xxiii.; of Fort George and Great Whale lliver post, in East Alain 
 district. 7/. JJ. C'a.'.s Ji'rpt, 300; of Grand Lac post, in the Temiscamingue 
 district; of Godbout po^t, in King's Posts district; of Fort Ilalkett, in the Mac- 
 kenzie district. On the northern branch of the Saskatchewan there was, in 
 1820, a post named Hudson House. On the east bank of llarricanaw Ilivcr was 
 a small establishment belonging to the H. B. Co. Uouchcttcx Brit. Dom., i. 3;>. 
 In the Moose and Temiscamingue districts were posts named Hannah Bay and 
 Hunter's Lodge. 77. B. Co.'n liept, 300. On Ho d la Crosse Lake, near Beaver 
 River, the H. B. Co. and N. W. Co. had forts in 1820, situated close togotluT 
 and on the south side of the lake. About 1815 the II. B. fort was captured 
 by the N. W. Co. Id., 305; FranUlii'x Aarr., i. 190; Cox'k Adcev.t, 227-8. The 
 lake was named after an island therein, where the Indians used to play the 
 game of la-crossc. Frankl'ai'H Aarr., i. 197. In the King's Posts district was 
 the Isle Jereniie post. 77. B, Co.'s Uept, 300. The Jasper House post, on 
 the Athabasca, 300 miles above Fort Assiniboine, contained in 1840 only 
 three log huts; but was the centre of communication between the Columbia 
 district and Fort Edmonton. In 1872 it was almost abandoned. Kane's Wan- 
 derimiH, l,").3-4; Smefs Miss., 124, 127, 130; Graiit's Ocean, 2?,2. In Fort 
 Coulonge district was the Joachin post; in Eskimo Bay district, Kibokokpost; 
 in St Maurice district, Kikandatch post; in Temiscamingue district, Kakabca- 
 gino post; in Rupert's River district, Kaniapiscow post; in the Kinoguinisse 
 district, Kuckatoosh post; in Albany district, Lac Seul post; in Lac la Pluio 
 district, Lac do Bonnet and Lac dc Bois Blanc posts; in Lake Superior dis- 
 trict. Long Lake and Lake Nipigon posts; and in Lake Huron district, Littlo 
 Current post. Jf. B. C'o.'s Ji'cpf, 305-0. On (Jrecn Bay, Lake Jlichigan, was 
 a stockade much dilapidated when \isiicd by Mr Carver in 1700. AftrT its 
 surrender to the English, in 170;!, it was garrisoned by 30 men, who were 
 made prisoners soon after the surprise of i\iichillimnckin;ic, after which it was 
 neither garrisoned nor repaired, (.'(irrcr, 22. Lac l:i Pluie was a Hudson's Bay 
 Co.'s trading post on the height of land dividing the waters which How into 
 the St Lawrence from those which fall into Hudson Bay, and distant sonic 
 1,300 miles from Montreal. The N. W. Co. had a post herein ISOO. .l/in- 
 tiii's Iliuhon'.i Bay, 123; Cox'^ Adcrnt, ii. 209-70; Lcu-U ami Clai-Ix'n Mciji. 
 La Mont(''e was a N. W. Co.'.t post about tiirce miles from Carleton. Frank- 
 
THE GENTLE SAVAGE. 
 
 72S 
 
 can you find any who arc .so trustworthy in regard to 
 conduct, so willing to assist the white settlers by their 
 
 ///i'd Xcirr., i. 1C2. Lesser Slave Lake niul J^in; la Biulie posts were in the 
 Saskatcliewan district. Jf. JJ, Co.'n llcpl, Sii."). l'"ort La Crosse, on the lionUr 
 of Long Lake, was in exi.st<:'nce in 1848. Mnrtin''.'i Jlii(l<on'n A'li//, IS. Lai)ierre's 
 House and Fort aiix Liards were in tii(! Macker.ziu district. //. A'. Co.'n L'(/'t, 
 otl.">. Lake Ncjiisinguc post was in tlic Tetniscaiiiiiigiic district; Lacloelie ])(i.st 
 m Lake Huron district; Lau d'Original in Lake Superior distiict; I^iittle Wiiale 
 Liver post in East Main district; Lacdes AlIuinetteH j.n.stin Fort Coulfn)!,' dis- 
 trict; and Lacliine House post inLacliinc district. On tiioSuskatclicwau tlicie 
 was in lS4.>a postnamed Fortdca Montaigncs. Snuf'.iMixK., l'J4. MooseFue- 
 tory, about 700 miles from Montreal, was t lie iiriiuipal depot cu the south sliore 
 of Hudson's Vioy, and theie were numerous statiui; j coiuiccicd w ith it. Mnrtin'.-i 
 I[iuhon''s Bay, I'-'Ii. Li the Cumberland districts a.; a small post named Mooso 
 J^akc. II. B. Co.'.i Jt'rpf, 'M'). The trading; posts on Methjo Lake ■< mo mere 
 liuts, erected in 181 it. J'miihliu''sXarr., i. "JOI. Jn lUd lliver district was the 
 Manitobah post; in Albany district, Marten'.s F'a !s ]ii).*t; in Kinoj^umissc dis- 
 trit, AIalawaL;amin;.nie po.>t. //. B. Co.'s U<'iit, liUO. Michipicotoii post, on the 
 shore of Lake Sujierior, was in 1840 the chief factory in Lake Su]icrior district. 
 Ibid. ; Marlln\ J/iidxoii'.i Baij, 1'2.'(. At the south end of Lake Winnijiej; Ava.s 
 Fort Maurepas; on the north branch of V.w Saskatchewan there was, in \Sl{), 
 a post named Manchester House; on ll.d Jxis'crono named Marlboro' JIni;.,i', 
 and on Peace lliver, amid the Locky ^Mountains, one named ?ib I.cii.i'.i 
 Fort. At a council held at Xorway House, in ISK), it was resolved U> e.;.al)- 
 lisli missions at that point, and also a Lac la Pluieand Kdmonton. A i atholie 
 mission was established at Ho h. la Crosse in 1840. Murlin'n llrd-<oii'.i Bui/, 
 127-7; Bichardfion'it Jour., i. 104. Norway Honsc, at the north end < f Lake 
 Winnipeg, was in 1843 one of the chief depots of the H. L. Co., and it wau 
 intended to make it the residence of the general superintendent of missions. 
 Martin's II udiou\<i Baij, 124. It was founded in 1819 by a party of Norwe- 
 gians, who were driven from Red lliver in 1814-15, and took up their abode 
 at Norway Point. Franklin's Aarr., i. 07; Bouchcfte's Brit. Dom., i. 41. 
 Mamaiuso post was in Lake Superior district; Fort Macpherson • n Peel lliver 
 near the Mackenzie; Mississangco post in Lake Huron district; M; ^tasinny and 
 Mechiskau [losts in Rupert'.':. River district; Matawa post in Fort Coulouge dis- 
 trict; Musquarro post in Mingan district; Jlingan post in the dis-trictof that 
 name. II. B. C'o.'s I.'cpt, 300. Long before the conquestof Canada, the French 
 had a settlement at Nepawi, on the Saskatchewan. In 170O it was named Xe- 
 pawillousc. Mackenzie's ro//.,L'{ix., l.wiii. Fort Nascopio was in Eskimo Lay 
 district; Natosquan post in Mingan district; and F'ort Norman in Mackenzie 
 district. //. B. Co.'s Bcpt, ?,G(i. Port Nelson River post was captured by the 
 French in IGGo. The French port on Port Nelson Rivtr was named in 1007 Port 
 Bourbon, and afterward York Fort. Forstcr'sIIl'-t. 10?/., ."77, 37!). InlSiDit 
 stood on the west bank of Hayes River, five miles above its mouth, on t kj 
 marshy peninsula which separates Hayes and Nelson Rivers. The buildii, •;;) 
 formed a square, with an octagonal court in the centre, the servants' hoiiscs 
 being outside the square, and the whole surrounded with a stockade 20 feet in 
 height. Franklin's Narr., i. 37-8. F'ort New Severn was on the south-eastern 
 shore of Hudson's Bay. North West River jiost was in the Eskimo Bay dis- 
 trict; Nitchequon post in Rupert River district; and New Brunswick post iu 
 Mooso district. JI. B. C >.'s I'ljil, SCO. Old Establishment was built in 1778-0 
 on Peace River, some forty miles from Athabasca Lake, and was tlie only fort in 
 ■ that region till I'iS't. In 17S8 the post was transfcrrc<l to tiic southern side 
 ,of Athabasca Lake, about eight miles from the month of Athabasca River, its 
 J name being changed toForti'hipcwyan. Mackenzie's I'oij., Ixxxvii. On Peace 
 "River there was, in 1820, a post named New F^stablishnient. In 1819 Oxford 
 House post, in York district, w.-.s falling into decay. //. B. Co.'s Bepf, 3CG; 
 Franklin's Narr., i. 57. In Albany district was a post named Osnaburg. 
 
 II 
 
724 
 
 SKTTLEMENTS, MISSIONS, AND EDUCATION. 
 
 labor, so independent and anxious to learn tlie secret 
 of the white nian'.s power. While elsewhere arc met 
 
 //. ]>. Co.'h /If/'t, 'MO. Fort <le rraiiies belonged in 1817 to tho N. W. Co., ns 
 jil.so I'ort l'nj\ iilpiicc, north of Ut Sluv o Lake. ('ox''< Adccnt, ii. 'JGo; I'ntiildia'.i 
 iVfov., i. 3111. 'J lio I'ns post mim in (.'unibuilanil di-itiict; i'ortago la Loclif 
 l)();jt ill luiglisli lliviT (listiict; ami I'eul'.i iiivci- pust in tho Mackenzie tli^itritt. 
 JI. Ii. ( '().',•< Ill I'l, ;j(l">. I'oi't I'itt lay on tho JSaskatchuwan, in kit. i>V',\i)', loii^'. 
 \Wi'. Siiirt.\ .l/(«,, 1"_'4. J'Virt IV'Uy wan a coiiii)ac:t post on tlic route l)c:t\vuLii 
 ivria Oarry and (Jarlton, having tlio As.iinilioino Itivcr in front. J/urlhru 
 J/tidsoii'.iJj(ii/, 17. Forniciition of Fort < 'hnrcliillor Frinco of WuIlm Foi-t, kcu 
 (.'ox'n Adn III, ii. ,'i!)7. I'iko Lake jxjsit was in Itupcrt's Fiver di.strict; Figcoii 
 llivcr post in Lake Superior district; and Fie post, in tlio name di.strict, on the 
 jiortii sliore of the lake, bclonjrcd in 1.SI7 to thu :"i. W. (,'o. JI. Jl. ^'o.'.v Hij,!, 
 .'J(iO; Vox'x Adrctit, ii. 'J!)."). Ficrru an Calumet, alhoii post of tho Jl. J 5. (,'o.. on 
 a higl), steep bank on tho Atliabasca, a little aliovu the conllucjice of the Clear 
 Water, waa so named from tlio jjlaeo where the fitune for Indian ]iipes was 
 obtained. A poyt of the 11. IJ. Co. on the opposite bank was al)aniloned in 
 1819 for want of supplies. Fiunldui\-< Xmr., i. 1*1.'!. i'embina jiost was iu 
 Ked Fiver district; (,Ju'appcllo Lakes ]iostiu.Suan Fiver district; Fort Fae 
 in Mackenzie district; Fapid Fiver post in English iUver district; Itoeky 
 Mountain House in the Saskatchewan district; and Fort llesolution in tli(! 
 Mackenzie di.strict. 11. Ii. Co.'s lUpt, ',Vj7>. Fed Deer Five.' Fort was onnr 
 near Lake AVinnipeg. MdckeirJt's Voy., Ixv. Fupert's Fort was in 17(Jlial 
 the moutli of the river of thr.t name. //. J>. Co.'d IiCjit, ,'iU(5. In 1740 tho 
 French had, on the ujiper waters of the Fupert, a factory which secured all 
 the trade of that region. Jhbb.i' Jhidsoa's Uai/, ot). Figolet post was in tlic 
 Eskimo district; lliviero Desert post in La- dea Sables district; ILced Lalie 
 post in Eed liivrr district; I'at I'ortagc post in Lac do Fhiio district; and 
 Shoal River pvjst in Swan lliver district. Jl. 11. Co.'s licpf, oti.j-tJ. In 178U- 
 J'.'t there were five principal factories on the Saskatchewan, and one named 
 tho South Branch House. Madcendc's Voy., l.\ix., Ixxiii. On the Swan Iviver 
 w as a post of the same name, and one named Somerset House. Fort St Louis 
 was built by the Canadian viceroy de Traccj', nt the mouth of llichclieu oi' 
 Irofiuois River. It was afterward named Sosel, and then William Henry. Li 
 J 817 it wag the principal entrepot of the N. \V. Co. JI. JJ. Co.'s JiCpt, 'Mir, 
 Co.r'.s Adroit, 'JGS-93. Near Swan Fiver Fort, on Lake Winnipeg, were .sev- 
 eral detached posts. Id., Ixv. Shoal Lake post was in the Lac do Fluie dis- 
 trict, and Severn post in York dis'rict. Jl. JJ. Co.'n Jlvpt. .'i'jd-U. Sault St 
 Claire post was also in York distri , at tho jioint where Lake Superior di ;• 
 charges into Lake Huron. Iu ISk' the K. AV. Co. had laigo stores at this 
 point. //. Ji. Co.'.i llept, .*501j; Cox\h Advent , ii. '2'.);). Lake St John's, Tadouaar, 
 and Seven Islands posts were in King's Fosts district; Touchwood Hills po: t 
 ill Swan River district; Trout Lake post in York district; Tcmiskamay po^t 
 in Fupcrt'.s Fiver district; Teniiscaminguo house and ])osL w ore in the district 
 of that name; Three Rivers post was in St Maurice district; and Vermilion 
 wasa post in Athabasca district. JI. Ji. Co.'s Jiepf, 305-0. On tho Saskatcia- 
 wan was a post named Upper Establishment. MwJxnr.ie's Voy., Ixix., Ixxiii. 
 Tliorburne House was a post on Red River. Fort Frontenac, originally eallc I 
 Fort Cataraconi, founded iu 1070, on tho present site of Kingston, was rebuilt 
 in 107S. In 17()8 it was captured by tho English. Monettc's Hist. JJiscov. awl 
 S<llli:iiii:}il, i. 120, 132-3. Fort George was iu 1842 alargo trading post twelve 
 miles below Fort Lancaster (Colo.), ami was under St Yraiu's mauagemeut. 
 Srau's llody Mts, 100. The N. AV\ Co. had iu 1800 a post on the wt.t 
 shore of Lake .Supei'ior, near Grand Fortage. Lewis and Clarke's Map. Fo't 
 Wedderburno was built by tho II. 15. Co. on Coal Island, at the western cx- 
 trenuty of Athabasca Lake, about tho year 1815, when tho company iirst 
 began to trade iu that region. J'mnlliii'.f Aari:, i. 230. AVhito Horso Flaia 
 post was in Rod River district; White Dog post in Lac la Fluio district; 
 
FORTS. 
 
 constant duniands for assistance, your Indians liavo 
 never aj^ketl for any; for in the interviews givt;n to 
 
 Wliitefish Luko post in Luko Huron district; \Vr)8\vonaby post in Itiipert'd 
 IJivtr district; and Wcyniontachingiic post in St ilauricc district. //. Jl. Co.'-i 
 ft'itf, ."JCJ-G. I'ort C'asH, bnilt in IbJO at tlio mouth of l>ig Horn i;iv('r, willi 
 lilock houses and u lo^jwall 18 feet hiyh, •\vasRoon afterward removed llOiuilca 
 lower down the Yellowstone. IkrkwourllCii Life and Atlrrnt., 'Jl'J-KI, U20, ,'fO;i. 
 The French colonists under Roherval and (';irticr Imilt Fort Cliarlesljoui-g 
 near the jireseut -site of CJiieheo about l.")H. J t was tlio lirst Kuropcan .settle- 
 ment in thii ]]iirt of America. Tijtlir.f I'rinjr. cf Jlisruv., 07. Fort CaroliiK! 
 was erected hy Landonnierc on .\I;iy lliver, just above the spot afterward 
 known as St .John'.s lllud'. It was in the shape of a triangle, fronting on the 
 liver, with the v.oods in real'. In l.')(j.> it Ma i destrciyeil by tlio Sp;uiiardi3. 
 Unjaiit, i. l'J8. Fort Campbell was in the eoiinlryof the IJlacUfeet, 700 miles 
 from Fort Union. Uollrr'ii Atiioii;/ the Jiidiaii", '11. Fort Laneaoter was fni 
 the south bank of the Flatte, VVM miles i'rom its mouth, and 'Ao miles from the 
 Kocky Mountains. Scenes ItorlijMtx, Ilil-."), I'ort Laramie, or, as it was sonic- 
 times termed. Fort John, .i jiost of the American Fur Couipimy, was one miles 
 south of Fort I'latte, and on the left bank of Lanmiie IJivei-, and was name d 
 after Joseph Laiamic, a Freneli trapper, killed near its moul' . It stood on 
 ii rising ground, was picketed and bastioned, had adobe walls, .i, I was sur- 
 mounted by a wooden palisade. Thornton's Ortfjmi, ll'.'-lli; \'i',! Tnrmji'fi 
 Prairie ami liocL;/ Mt. Advnif., :«;0-l; S''n,<-H Ilu'.-hn Ml.i, (i(i, 131. Six mile-! 
 below Ft George (Colo.) was tbe post of Lock and liandolph- 
 
 IJelow the Simeon branch of I'cace itiver was built at ; i arly d.. , a little 
 fort named St John. About 1S2;> it was attacked by abani. i^l l)ca\or Ind' ns, 
 who shot the commander ami four men, and burned the fort. Another Fort 
 St John ■' 'milt at the bend of the river above. The X. W. ('■•>. liad a 
 post on tlie west side ot Bullalo Lake, near Beaver River. Fr'nkVii'-iA'arr., 
 i 19'J. Fort Eric was on the north side of Lake Erie, nc.ir it.-! nutlet. Six 
 I..UCS below the mouth of la l''ontaine(]ui JJouit thereexistc d in I.^IJ,") tlic ruins 
 of an old fort, occupied many years before by Capt. Craut as a trading post. 
 In 180(i the fort at AJinetarecs was occupied by Indians. JJolli r'.i Aiiiomj l/ii' 
 IndinuK, 410. In 184S Michi[>icoten w.us the chief factory on Lake Superior. 
 Martin's Hudson's liuij, \'l',i. Cercn.s Kivcr post was in Norway Jlouse dis- 
 trict; Big Island post in the IMackenzie district; Batchcwana post in Lake 
 Superior district; Cliicoutimic post in King's Posts district; Buckingham post 
 in Lac de Sables district; Abitibi post in Moose district. Jf. U. Co.'s I'lpt, 
 SGo-O. Brochetllouse was on Lake Winnipeg. j\farl:riizir's Fo(/.,lxix. ; M:,n- 
 ucl's Fort on the Yellowstone. Lciris and Clarke's 31ap. Fort Isle an Niox, 
 or Fort Lennox, on an island in llichelieii Kivcr, was fortified by the French 
 in 1759, and by Schuyler in 1775. Green Lake post was in Lake Huron dis- 
 trict, and Egg Lake post in Swan Biver district. J J. JJ. Co.'s J!ipt, SO.J-Ci. 
 Fort Uauphin, probably near Lake Winnipeg, was established by tho French 
 before AV'olfe's victory at Quebec. Mackenzie's Foy.jlxv. Deer Lake post was 
 in the English River district, at tho southern end of Deer Lake; Cawccman 
 post in Columbia district; Fort EUicc in Swan district. If. B. Co.'s I'cpf, 305, 
 .S07. Fort Charlcsbourg, built by the French about loiO-l, near the site of 
 Quebec, was the first settlement in this part of America. JJrit. X. Aincr., 10. 
 The first fort on tho St Lawrence was built by Cartier in 15.35, Fort Charles 
 was on the south side of tho Lake of the Woods. In ICUS Capt. Gillam built 
 for the English their first fort on Hudson's Bay, at the mouth of Rupert River, 
 naming it Fort Charles, lorster's J list. Voy., 378. Russell, Hint. Amcr., ii. 
 204, agrees with Forster as to date, but says that Grosselicz, a French rene- 
 gade on Whito River, 80 miles north-west of Fort I'latte, was a fur-trading 
 post. Scenes in liockij Mts, 72-3. Tadoussac post stood in 1050 at tho mouth 
 ot Sagucnay River. Shea's Missis., xlv. Fort Platte, at the junction of the 
 Laramie r.nd Platte, was built of earth, and in 1842 contained about a dozen 
 
726 
 
 SETTLEMENTS, MISSIONS, AND EDUCATION. 
 
 the chieff-i, their whole desire seemed to be for schools 
 and .school-masters; and in reply to questions as to 
 
 buildings and.:. .no 30 employ Ld. Scciicd lioch-// Ml-<, CO; I'kii. Tramp's I'rdirie 
 (u:d Uoclcy Mt. Advent., 300-1. .St Vr;.iii'.s Fort vas on tlio rigiit Ijunlc of tho 
 south fork of the Platte, 17 miles cast of Long'a I'eaU. /'rcmoiit, in Id., 357. 
 I'ovt Alexander, nt the outlet of Winnipeg liiver, contained in 1817 only five 
 iiunatos. Fort Abcrcrombio w.is on Ked llivcr, uljovc tlic ]ioint navigable for 
 K^caniers. Coffin's Stat of Emjiire, 7'.'. Fort Alliany was at tlie foot of James 
 ]lay. JJouchdtc\iBi-il. J)om., i.o'i. It v>as established lieforo 1780. .Seo /or,^- 
 li r's Hint. Vol/., 379. Fort Augustus was in Queen's eo. , Can. Fort Uintah, 
 on a tributary of the Colorado, and one day's journey south of Aslilcy's Fork, 
 v,;-,9 also known, in ISJ."), as Ilubidcan's I'ort. Scnir.'i Ji'ncki/ Mis, 178, '2()L'. 
 1\ rt L.awrence was .i seaport of Nova.Scoti:i. On (honortli-eastsidoof Atha- 
 basca Lake was Fort Fond du Lae. I'igcon Lako llouso was at tho source of 
 Uattlo River, like Lake llouso and Green Lake House wtie north of Stink- 
 i!:j Lake; llapid River lIou<c was near Lac la Itouqe; and Sturgeon River 
 Ibmsc between .St a-gcon and Leaver lakes. Fairford House and ]\lission was 
 bilwceii Lakes Winnipeg anil .Manitoba. Fort Tmieliv.ood Ilillslay between 
 tlio Assiniboinc and (JaWppello rivers. Monntain House was in the Itiding 
 fountains, west of Liko .Manitoba. Fort I'elley was ou tho Assiniboine. 
 Old Fort, on IMieaa Lake, v.as near tho head waters of tho Llaelc or West 
 Riiad River. In recent maps tho first Fort iSinipson, near the mouth of Kass 
 
 < r Naas River, is also tcrriied Old Foit. Jasper House was at tho head wa- 
 teis of the Alh;djasca; Rocky ^louniain House and Victoria House at tlic 
 lu ad waters of tho Noilh .Saskatchewan; ^altRixer llouso ou Slave liivcr, 
 .so'.itli of .Slave Lako. Robidoux Fort, in tho Green l-.iver country, was, like 
 ii;.:ny others in its vicinity, the post of a private trader, having in his employ 
 a number of trappers who made tlieir lieadquarlers at tlio fort. Pctcr'.H Kit 
 
 < t'r.ioii, L'i'J. Oa tho cast side of Okanagan Lake was a catholic mission. 
 I'lU't Bulkley House was at tlieuortli-eastsideof TaelaLake. Fort Buclianan 
 1, y soutli-west from Tuscou, near the .Santa Cruz brancli of tlio Gila River. 
 T\iar the liead waters of tho tiihi were forts Bayard and Mimbrcs. Fort 
 .'•l.:nini.on was at the source of the Rio Bonito, which discharges into the I'ico, 
 a;id on the i'ico, .ibovo tlic former river, was Fort Summer. Fort Bascom 
 \'. ::s on t!ie Canadian River, cast of Santa IV; Fort Breckenridgc, ou tho San 
 Frdro Iiraueh of the Gila, near tho mouth of the former. Of Fort McPherson 
 Alisaraka says that it consisted originally of shabby log cabins, but Bubse- 
 fjuently liecamc a welbbuilt fort. Ihune oj'lhii Croirs, 40. Kearny or Kearney 
 I'.irt, built on Pincy fork of I'owdcr River, at the base of Big Horn Mountains 
 ill 18G0, was pronounced one of the bjst stockades in north-western America. 
 I'ort Reno, originally Fort Connor, near Salt Lake Citj-, and so called after 
 (icneral Connoi', \\.'is built in ISlij, and New Fort Reno, 40 miles to the west- 
 ward, in ISOO. Fort Mitchell, a .':ub-post of Fort Laramie, was in coiii[iact 
 and rectangular .shape, til'' sides of tho buildings doing duty for walls, and 
 their windows looplioled for defence. /(/. , 70. La Pierre's House was on the 
 west side of the Rocky Mountains, near Pci 1 River. ,Sinitli'<OHian I'rpt, 1801, 
 TiO. Fort Wright was in the western part nt' Round Valley, 100 miles from 
 Cliico. Iiul.Af. Jicp', 18(]:?, 40J. Fort Crocket, also called Fort Misery, from 
 itr appearance, stood, in IS.'iO, <ju tho left bank <if Green Itivcr, two days' 
 jriurney from Henry "h Fork, (Jol. WiJiz' im'-i Aii^jlii'/, '.)l. For description of 
 Fort Astoria, at the mouth of the Columbia, in IS! i-oO, see ('ox\i Adiriif., i. 
 8:!, 10:)-10; OrmfsOr., 'JO-1; l'>ir>ihat,i\-i Trnvtb, 10,"i; and of Fort Bow-e, Or., 
 in 18;!2. For mention of forts Yukon, .St Michael, ami Wraiigell, Alaska, sec 
 Hi-it. Alalia, passim, this series. I'ort Goodwin was in 'i'ularoso valley, 
 tlireo miles from Gila. Lti, id <>[)'. Hi pi, 1805, ll."i-l(). Fort Cmnmings wa<(iii 
 the road between .SaiiLi V6 ami Cubac, OJ miles from Las Cruees, New Me\. 
 /./., ISC"), 11."). For mention of forts Laramia and Leavenworth in 1840-7, 
 Beo Ilisf. Utah, passim, this r.ries; Parhmaii's Cal, and Or. Trail, caps, iii., 
 
FORTS. 
 
 727 
 
 111., 
 
 whether they would assist themselves in securinof such 
 institutions, they invariably replied that they would 
 be glad to pay for them." 
 
 ix. Fort Whipple was on Granite Creek, cue mile below Proscott, Ar. Land 
 Off. Ilept, ISGo, 121. Fort Bowie, in NcwMcx., was on tlie road between 
 .Santa Fu and Tubac, 153 miles from the latter. Id., lSOr>, 115-lG. Fort Owen 
 was built by a trader of that name on the site of a mission at St Mary or Flat- 
 iiead village, Jlont. Pac. It. It. llc])t, i. "JGI, -lYl. Fort Lane was in 1So.j a 
 eavalry station on Koguc IJivcr, near its junction with Stewart Creek. Camp 
 Wortli, also called I'oit Worth, and C;inip (jiahaiii were in Texas. Willidm'a 
 Khlldh U. B. li'f., ii. 1:2, 28. Fort Llisa was at YX Paso, New iMex. Id., ii. 
 l.'J. Fort Orford was on the Or. coast; Fort Harmony on Wood Creek, Utah. 
 Ind. Af. licpt, 1S5-1, 270; IS.'G, 2;};}. J'V.r list of posts oucu pied by the eiijlith 
 infantry with location about 1840, sue ]\"dhclm\-i E'njhlh U. S. Inf., ii. 20.1-82. 
 In Id., ii. .32-dG, is inentioii oi a luuiibcr of posts in New Mev. and 'i'exas, but 
 they are difficult ti) locate. lu the Xfilior. Uki., \^A.]-o\, >"p8G-!)1, is a list of 
 U. .S. military posts, inchidiiiL,' those on the I'acilic eoatt, with geographic 
 ))Osition in KSl9-.5t. In the >iavni() eonntry, Xow Mex., there was in iSSJDa 
 fort named Deliancc, soon atteruard abandoned, and in Utah, on the St.T, 
 Clara lliver, was Fort Clara. Iiid. Aff. Il<]it, IS.VJ, 'M^; IsGS, IGl; IS.JG, 2:!4. 
 Fort Simeoe, in east \\'asliini;ton, was abaniU)ned as a military post in 18J9 
 or before, the Yakima Indian agency taking possession thereof. Fort AVest 
 was in IStio on the headwaters of the Cila. /;;'/. Aff. Jt. Com. Pcpt, 1SG7, 
 111. In Colo, stood ill ISG.") forts Riley, Lamed, and Lyon. Fort Randall 
 was in Todd eo., l>ak.; Fort Wingatc in the Navajo country, NewMex. Ind. 
 Aff. Pcpt, 1807, :i;]G, 412. For list of forts in New Mex. in 18G3, sec Ind. 
 Aff. Jt. (,'om. li'i'pf, 1SG7, passim. For list of U. S. forts and military stations 
 in IS2j see Sen. Doc, i. vol. i. ISO, JDth (!oii<j., ;M Si-ss.; in 1851, Home E.i\ 
 Doc, 2, vol. ii. pt. i., ,".?d Con<j., IntSi'if^. The names and locations of 70 U. S. 
 forts in existence in 18;17. with number of guns and garrisons, arc given in Id., 
 .1, vol. i. 201-S, i^ath t'oii'j., ,,'d .SV'.<s. l"or description of II. IJ. Co.'s forts in 
 \Va5h., Or., and Id. in 1S,')4, sec Stn. 1)0''., no. V>7, vol. vii. u,'JdCon;).,L'dS('.sf!. 
 Adaes, 14 miles from Natchitoches, w.is a military post founded in ISOG. 
 Monvttc, Hist. Discov. and iScllliincnt, ii. .■!41. Adams ]'\)rt was found(>d 
 in 1798 on the jNlississippi, in Natchez district, .a few miles beyond the 
 .Spanish line. A stockade fort of the same name was built in 1704, on or 
 near St Alaiy's River, 47 miles from (Jreenville, O. Albany was so named 
 by the Ihiglish, after its capture, in 1GG4, from the Uutcli, Ijy wlioin it was 
 termed Fort Orange. Jlr>/(inf, ii. 2GG. Altonn, e.qitured from the Dutch in 
 IGJd, was originally called Fort Christina. Id., ii, 102. Amite River, Fla— a 
 .•^m.all fort on this river was surrendered to Spain in 177!). Monctlc, i. CIS, 
 -\msterdam Fort was founded in 1G2G; for mention see Uri/nnt, i. .'{OG-7; ii. 
 20G, oil, 31S-'.), 3,")l. Ailmcklc Fort was on the Washita branch of Red 
 River, Tex. A little to the cast of i: was Fort Washita. Arkansas I'ort was 
 established in IGSG by the chevalier de Tonti, near the mouth of the -Arkansas. 
 I'lal'., i. r>, 7; Moni'ltc, i. map. Another lujst of tlie same name was built by 
 the French in 1721, al)0ut GO miles above the mouth of the .Arkansas. Ou 
 the upper waters of the Arkansas there was, in ISOG, a block house .and U. S. 
 factory. Lrwinand Clctrl.c, map. -\ssiimptioii I'oi'twas builtby the French us 
 a depot in 1739, on tlie east bank of the Mi::sissii)pi, near the mouth of .Mar- 
 got or Wolf River. The following year it was dismantled. Mmntlc, i. 2!IO-l ; 
 Pn/ant, ii. CAd. Atkinson Fort was built at the vilhige of Mundan before 
 1858. In 18G0 it was named Fort Rirthold, ami dining that year was 
 destroyed by the Sioux. Poll'); ',]~, 72, .'}.")8. On IIk^ Arkansas River, 
 below the Fort Rcit, were forts Aubrey, Uodge, and Zaran. Augusta Fort 
 was on the right branch of the .Suscpiehanua, opposite; the month of the west 
 branch. I'ort St .Vngnstine, for mention see MoiicUc, i. GO; Pnjanl, i, 2i;i. 
 Axacan Mission was founded in 1570, on tho lUppaliannoek River, by a party 
 
 
 ii! 
 
728 
 
 SETTLEMENTS, MISSIONS, AND EDUCATION. 
 
 With cliurches, charitable societies, schools, libra- 
 ries, and local journals, British Columbia has always 
 
 of priests, friars, and Indian converts, among them bcin^ P. Segiira, licad of 
 the Jesuit mission of Florida, and Don Lids, brother of the caci(iiic of Axucan 
 or Jacan. The latter relapsed into savagism, a)id aided in the massaerc of 
 the party, of whom only one Indian boy was saved. IJaker's (Station, a 
 stockade on the cast side of the Ohio, at the head nf Crc-iap Pxittoni, was 
 huilt for protection against Indiana in 17S'J. Monrllc. ii. 140. Baraueas, a 
 stockade huilt at Pcnsacola in 1795, and termed by the Spaniards Fort San 
 Fcrdinam'' de Barancas, was blown np by the Britisli in 1815. Baton llougc, 
 a post on tlie Mississippi, about half-way between Red Iviver and New Orleans, 
 was surrendered to Spain in 1770. Bedford Fort stood about 100 miles south- 
 east from Pittsburgh. Benton Fort w;;s at the heail of steam navigation on 
 the Missouri, just above Xasia lliver. Bent Fort on tlic Arkansas, above 
 Sand Crock, was occupidid by Bent and St Vrain as a trading jiost. Among 
 their hunters was Kit Carson. Fort St Bernard was built by La Salle in 
 1085 at the mouth of a river whieli ho termed the St Bernard, west of tlio 
 Mississippi. I'ratz, i. 5. Beversidc Fort was Ijuilt liy a Dutchman about 
 1054, near the banks of the Schuylkill, but was not long in existence. Brijant, 
 ii. 151. Big Falls, a trading post abo\o St Anthony'.s Falls, on the Missis- 
 sippi, remained standing in 1800. Black's Station stood, in 1770, on the site 
 of Abington, V'a. Mow tic, ii. 82. Bledsoe's Station, in Cundjcrland River Val- 
 ley, was founded about 1778. /</., ii. "JOli-O. Uooncsborough Fort was founded 
 by Daniel Boone in 1775, on the sito of the present town of Boonesborough. 
 Ky. Bowyer Fort, built at Mobile Point in 1813. was so named after the first 
 lieutenant in eonunand. Brewerton Fort was at the west end of Oneida Lake. 
 Brown's Station, six miles from Nashville, Teun., was iu existence in 1792, 
 and Bryant's Station, a stockade fort on tlie south bank of Elkhorn Creek, 
 between Lexington and Marysville, in 1782. Buford Fort was being erected 
 by the U. 8. go\ernment in 1800, on the sites of tho old Fort \Villiam3 trading 
 post. Boiler, 42, 415. Bute Fort was built in 1 705 on tlie north bank of Bayou 
 Manciiac, near its junction with the Mississippi. Within a few hundred 
 yards of it tlie Spainiards built a .«mall fort, in 1770, for protection against 
 smuggleis. MoiK'/Ze, i. 4011, 400. Cadot Fort stood, in 1770, at the south- 
 east end of Lake Superior, near tlie falls i)f St Marie, ("ahokia, throe miles 
 below St Louis, was in 1770 a small post dependent on Fort Gage. Cainpuj 
 Martius, the !irst fortified settlement west of the Ohio, was built in 1788 at 
 the mouth of Uie Muskinguui River. Fort Carolina, named after Cliarles IX., 
 was founded l)y Rib.iult in 1502, in South Carolina, a few miles above St 
 Helena Souud. In 15(>4 it was abandoned, and the same year a new one, 
 with the same name, was built b^' a Fi'cnch colony, on tlio south batdc of May 
 River, six leagues above its mouth. Tlie latter was destroyed by the Spaniards 
 in 1505, Cassiinir Fort was built by tho Dutch iu 105;? on a blutF in the Dela- 
 ware, four miles below the mouth of tho Christiua, to take the place of Fort 
 Nassau, which occupied tlio present site of Newcastle, Del. In 1054 it was 
 captured by the Swedes and named Trefalldighect (Trinity Fort). It was re- 
 taken by the Dutch in 1055. Bryant, ii. 15.'3, loO, 158. Chagwageman Mission, 
 founded in 1009 ]>y Father !Mcsnard on the southern shore of Lake Sujierior, 
 but soon afterward abandoned, was reestablished in 1085 by Father AUouez. 
 /injaiit, ii. 501. Cliarles — of tiic three forts so named, one built in 1502 by 
 Riliault, at Port Roy.al, Fla, was soon afterw.ard abandoned; another was 
 built by tho Spaniards at Pcnsacola in IGUO, and a third stood, in 1795, above 
 Council Bluifs. LcwU and Clarhe^s Travels, X\. Charlotte Fort (originally 
 Fort Conde), built on tho site of Mobile, controlled until 1813, when it was 
 surrendered to tho U. S. , a considerable region cast of tho Mississippi. Monette, 
 i. St, 100; ii. 389. Charlotto Camp, a stockade enclosure with citadel, on the 
 cast side of tho Scioto, was built in 1774. Chartres Fort, founded in 1720, on 
 tho lcf^ bank of tho Mississipiii, and considered one of tho strongest posts iu 
 
FORTS. 
 
 TSQi 
 
 been abundantly supplied — somewhat over-abun- 
 dantly, as it would appear, in proportion to the popu- 
 
 North America, waa a century later a massive ruin. Cherokee, or Old Chero- 
 kee Fort, 40 miles above the mouth of the Ohio, was ia oxisteiuu in 177S. 
 Christina Fort was founiled by the Swedish West India Co. , in lOIiS, at the 
 junction of Christina Creek with tlie Brandywine, near Wihnin^'ton. Bryant, 
 i. 4GG-7. Fort ISt Clair, on the Miami, 20 miles north of Fort liamiltun, was 
 built in 1791. Monette, ii. 4t)0. Chiirburno Fort, built in ISKJon Weather- 
 ford Bluff, on the east side of Alabama River, 85 miles above F(irt Stod- 
 dard, was a strong stockade with three block-houses and a lialfinoon liat- 
 tery. Clark Fort, named after the explorer, was in lSo8 a dilapidated 
 trading jwst on the Missouri, near the Riccareo village, and belonged to 
 tiio American Fur Co. Boiler, 33. Conception Mission was foundi d among 
 the Illinois in April 1(575. Shcd'n MissiKS., 5(5 Concord Fort was built by the 
 Spaniards on tlic site of the village of V'idalia, on tiio west bank of tlie Mis- 
 sissippi. Monette, i. 540, Crawford Camp, on the Chattahoochy, ju«t above 
 ti\o Florida line, was established in 181(5. Crove-Coeur Fort, built by I^i 
 Salle in 1G70, near the head of Illinois River, and so named on account of the 
 tinancial misfortunes that overtook the founder at this time, appears to have 
 been abandoned tlic same or the following year. Bryant, ii. .Til; J'rafz, i. 5. 
 Cumberland Fort was built by the English about 1754, on Will's Crct-k, near 
 the present town of Cumberland, Md. Defiance Fort was a strong stockade, 
 built in 1G94 at the junction of An (ilaize and Maumeo Rivers. Muncltc, ii. 
 304, 308. Dcnham Station, near Naslivillo, Teun., was in existeiue in 1792. 
 Detroit was in 1707 a large stockaded village with about eiglity houses. 
 Carver's Travels, 15'2. Dover Fort, X. H., contained, in 1089, five garrisoii 
 houses, into wliich all the inhabitants withdrew at night. In 1754 the Eng- 
 lish began to erect a fort and trading post at tlic ' forks,' a point of land just 
 above tlie junction of the Alleghany and Monongahcla, where now stands Pitts- 
 burgli; but they were driven off l)y French under Contrecoeur, who at once 
 built a fort and named it Du Quesnc, after tlio governor of Canada. In 1758 
 it was attacked by the English, when the French set fire to it and fled, the 
 former naming it Fort Pitt. Easley Station, at the forks of the Alabama 
 an<l Tombigbec, was built in 1813. Edward Fort was on the left bank of tiie 
 Hudson, near its northern bend. Ellswortli Fort was on the Smoky Hill 
 Fork of the Kansas. Elfsborg or Elsingborg Fort, built by tho Swedes at 
 the mouth of Salem Creek, Aid, was abandoned about i().'>'_', when the 
 Dutch erected a fort near its site. Bryant, ii, 152, Ely and Curtis' trading 
 post was in 1821 on tho Missouri, near tho mouth of the Kansas. Bcrkiroiirlh, 
 31. Mission St Esprit was near to tho western corner of Lake Superior. 
 Estill Station was on the south side of Kentucky River. Monvlle, ii. 124. 
 
 Fairfield Fort, in Maine, was in existeuco in 181(i. Fariiurs' Castle Sta- 
 tion, a stoekad'i with block house on tho Ohio, twelve miles lielow tlie uioutli 
 of tlio Muskingum, was erected in 1789. Monetic, ii. 247 8. Fincastle I'ort, 
 afterward named Fort Henry, on the east bank of tho Oiiio, near tlie nite of 
 Wheeling, was built in 1774. ii. 90, 95, Fiuley's trading post, in the ]nesent 
 Clarko co, in Kentucky, was in existence in 17(i9. Florida Fort was founded 
 in 1801, a few miles above Fort Stoddard, on Mobile Itiver. Florida M ission 
 was a Franciscan establishment in central Florida, in existence in l.")SI: or 
 earlier. Floyd Station, on Bear-grass Creek, about six miles from tho falls 
 of tho Ohio, was established in 1775. Fort St Francis was built in 17.'!9 by 
 tlio French, on tho west bank of tho Mississippi, near the mouth of the St 
 Francis. 
 
 Gadsden Fort, on tho AppalacliicoUi, below Fort .Scott, was in existrnce 
 in 1818. Monette, i. 93. Gago Fort, u stockade on the east bank of the Kas- 
 kaskia, opposite tho town of that name, was, after 1772, tho hoadtpiarters of 
 tiie commandant of Illinois. George Fort was built on tho southern extremity 
 of Lake George. Fort King George was erected by tho English on tho Alta- 
 
 X 
 
730 
 
 SETTLEMENTS, MISSIONS, AND EDUCATION. 
 
 lation, estimated in 188G at not more than GO, 000. 
 At the capital there was a Jewish synagogue; the 
 
 malia, Ga, about 173'2. Bryant, ii. 5G0. Gloucester House was on the Albany 
 Kivcr, near Osnabur^h House, llarmoufi' Jour.,\\v.\\\. tJood Hope Fort was 
 built in lGo3 liy tlio Duti'Ii West Inilia Co., on the jiresent sito of Hartford, 
 Conn. Drijaiit, i. 547. Gore Fort was crcetcil in 177 1 at the mouth of llock- 
 incc lliver. Monrtte, i. .181. Gosnohl Fort, on IClizaht-th lyland, Mass., was 
 built in 1(502 by Bartholomew Gosnolil, who, under instructions fron» the earl 
 of Southampton, examined the eo.ast southward from Capo Cod. IJnjniit. i. 
 2&2 ct scq. Gottenburg, or New Gottcnbur:,', was a fort built by the Swedes 
 in tlic 17th century, on Tinicnm Island, Del. After being captured by the 
 Dutch in lGo5, it was known as Kotteuberi,' Island. Gratiot Fort lay, in 
 ISUr), at the south end of Lake Huron, about 73 miles from Detroit. Green 
 15ay Mission, in Wisconsin, was opened in 10(iD. Monill<', i. TJl. Greenville 
 Fort was built near the present town of Greenville, 0. Id., ii. '297. llallelt 
 Fort was on Liard Hivcr, west of the great bend, llarmar Fort, built in 178.") 
 at the mouth of the Muskingum, was the first U. S. military post in 0!iio. 
 JloiHlle, ii. 218, 223. Harrod Station was a military post founded about 
 1771, near the present Harrodsburg, Ky. /(/., i. 304. Hawn Fort was on 
 GulK't Dlult', near the Tombigbee. Hayes' Station, near Nashville, 'J'enn., 
 was in existence in 1792. Henry House was near and east from Moose Lake; 
 Iloy'j Station, on tho Ohio frontier, was some 20 miles from I'ppcr ])lue 
 Jjieks. Mission St Iguaco was built on Michilimackinao Strait in 1070, and 
 near 1;) it the llurons built a palisade. Moneltv, i., map 1; Shcn'.-t }[is4s'i. Ixi. 
 Ignatius. St, or St Imigoc, as tho common corruption is, was a Jesuit mission 
 founded in ild in 104:!. linjaitt, i. 497, 512-13. .laekson Fort was built in 
 ISbt on the site of old Fort Tallassce, near tho mouth of the C.io-a. .Uoiirllc, 
 ii. 425. James lliver liad on its banks two forts in 1070, and tli'! Potomac, 
 Uappahaunoeli, and York one. each. Jelierson Fort, built in 1791. was 20 
 miles nortli of Fort St Clair, and about from Greenville, (). Joseph Fort was 
 at the soutli end <if Lake Michigan. Kaskaskia, about live miles from tho 
 moutli of ]\.askaski;i Kivcr. and tlio oldest settlement in tlie lllipois country, 
 was in 1770 a missionary .-station, containing a Jesuit college. Monrtte. i. 102, 
 lGO-7. Kenhawa, at tho mouth of Great Kenliaw.i lliver, was, in 1770, a 
 militi.iy post, in command of Capt. Arbucklc, and then known as t!ic ' i'oint.' 
 Iveunebeo Kiver; tlio I'opham colony, arriving in 1G07, in tho ship (lift afCtod, 
 buik hero a fort mounting 12 guns. Labargo Fort was a little alwvo Fort 
 Uenton, on tho Missouri. Li Itayo Fort was at the southern cxtremitv of 
 Green liay. L.aurens Fort, .a military post, was built in 1778, on the right 
 bank of tho Tuscarawas, just below tho mouth of Samly Creek. M'oiieiti , ii. 
 107, 21S. Lo Hoeuf Fort was built by tho French in 175.'( on Lake Lo I'luuef, 
 15 miles from Prcsciuc Isle. Leech Lake Post was a block-bouse beloii'.'iug 
 to tho N. W. Co. Liard Fort was on Liard lliver, above tli(> Nahiumi. Ligo- 
 nier Fort, GO miles cast of Fort Pitt, was in existence in 170.!. Lisa Fort, a 
 trading post belonging to Manuel Lisa, of t!ie Missouri Fur Co., was .about 
 live miles below Omaha. Logan Fort, in Lincoln co., Ky, near the Ken- 
 tucky River, waa founded in 1775. London Fort was a stockado post built 
 by tho iMiglish in 1757, on the nortli bank of Litllo Tcnncssco lliver, on tho 
 present site of Fort Winchester, Va. Lookout Fort was built on the Mis- 
 souri, near Council Blull's. llirhirrturlh, 85. Fort St Louis lay, in 1719, near 
 the mouth of Mobile lliver. Pruiz, i. 138. Another fort of tliat name was 
 founded, between IGSO and 1G83, near tho junction of Illinois River and Lake 
 Peoria. Monvttf, i. l.'(5, 140. A third was built by La Salle, in 1G85, on Mc- 
 tagorda Bay, Texas. Bryant, ii. 517-18. Madison Fort, Iowa, was established 
 in 1808 as a frontier post. Monctte, ii. 501. Manchester Fort, with its stock- 
 ade, was founded in 1790, 12 miles above Limestone, in tho \'a military dis- 
 trict. Id., ii. 314. Mission St Marie, founded in IGG9 among tho Chippewas, 
 was tho oldest settlement in Mich. Shea's Miinins., xlvii. St Murk waa 
 
FORTS. 
 
 781 
 
 prcsbytcriaris were represented by seven, and the 
 nietliodist church of Cana»hi by sixteen ministers, wliile 
 
 in ISIS ii post six miles above tlio mouth of Appalachy lliver. Jfuinllt'. i. 'M. 
 Marliii Station, on Stonir fork of Licking Kivcr, was ikstroycd l)y tlio 
 J'n,i;li^!i in 1070. Massac I'ort was a, .stockade built by tlic I'Vench, in \''}\), 
 on tlio liglit bank of the Ohio, about 'tO in'no above its mouth. Mateo, Fort 
 San, was erected by the S]ianiar(ls Boon alter their capture of Fort Caroline, 
 in 13(!r>, and iirobably close to its ruins. Jirijitiit, i. 'Jit. McAfee's Station 
 was in 1781 a frontier post near the Ohio. Momiff, ii. 1-1. McClellan'a 
 .Station lay, in 177(5, on the north fork of the I'.lkhoin, near the jiresent vil- 
 l.igo of Clcorgetown, Ky. ^[cConneU's Station was in 17S'2 near the town 
 of Lexington. McDowell Fort v.as on the l!io Verde branch of tl'.o Sal.nlo, 
 near the month of the former. M'IntJsli Foit was built in 177S, on tin! north 
 bank of the Ohio, near the mouth of Jliglieaver Creek, I'a. FortHt Michael, 
 near Fe'.isacola, was in existence in ISl."). Of the numerous forts in thu 
 state of Michigan, and in the neighborhnod of the great lake-^. most of them 
 crcctdi by the IL Ii. Co., may be mentioned the following; Tlio fort ef tho 
 Mianiis was built by La Salh; in Uu'J as a trading post, on St .Joseph Liver, 
 near its entrance into Lake ^Michigan. Fort Laurimie, on the head waters of 
 (Jreat Miami llivcr, w.^s in existence in 171.J. Li 17.")- tho l^'niicli li;id a 
 stockaded trading jiost on Mad River, a tributary of the (Jreat Miami. A 
 Lritish post nameil Mian.i, on the north bank of Maumeo Liver, about two 
 miles below the rajiids, was built before 17lj;l. In 17^'iit was ubandoiied, 
 ;uul in 17911 reoccupiod. Columbia, a seltlement wi;!i bl k!; h'>use, was com- 
 menced in 17S8, on tho north bank of the Ohio, three miles below the l^ittlc 
 Miami. Fort Hamilton, on the Miami, ill) miles from Foi t Washington, was 
 in 1791 an advanced post. Fort Deposit was built in I7!H as a miiifaiy store- 
 house, near the head of Maumec Lapi<ls, seven miles from Fort Miami. .Vo- 
 vrtlr, JI;m. iJiscov. and Hdtlcmcnt, i. L'if; ii. 'Jll, L'lS. -Jl'.*, •J..7, 'J90, •_'(; I. 
 l'\)rt Mackinaw stood on tho south side of i\w. strait of Mieliilimackiuac, be- 
 tween lakes Ilnron and Michigan, and was a repository and place of departure 
 for tho upper and lower country. The stockade enclosed nearly two acres 
 and about 30 houses, and was garrisoned by about 9.") men, tho bastions being 
 lirotectcd by brass guns. Li 17lJ.'J it was eaptiued by Indians. LL, i. .'!.'>0. 
 In 1700 Fort ^liehiliniackinac, at the junction of likes Huron and Michigan, 
 enclosed by a strong stockade, an<l garrisoned by about 100 miii, was the 
 most remote of Iwiglisli posts. The name sigiiities a tortoise, and ap[)lie3 
 probably to an island a few miles to the northeast, which in a|ipeaianco 
 I CFcmblcs a tortoise. The place was captured by Pontiac in 17ii.'', but was re- 
 stored tho following year. Carrcr, ix. 19. Miro Lost, on the Washita Liver, 
 M-as built in 1795, on the site of the tnwn of Monroe. Moudic, \, ISS-O. 
 Mitchell Fort, on the Chattahoochy. Ca, was in existence in IS!,"), ami Mont 
 gomery Fort, near Lensacola, in ISIS. X,ish\ illc was a trading post ereeteil 
 I y tho French near tho ]iresent city of X:islivil!e about 177S. Moiirttc, ii. "200. 
 ■Nassau Fort, a large trading ]x)st ereeteil by Heiidrick Christiansen, a Dutch 
 captain, in 1011, on Cr.stle Jslan<l, ne.ir Albany, was tho lirst one built on tlii' 
 Hudson Liver, nrtjmil, i. .'i,")9. S'alcliitoehi-, i>ii Lrd Liver, was oci'U|iieil 
 i'l 171'2as a trading post, and in 1717 as a military post. Mnui'lte, ii. 1(11). 
 N'eccssity Fort was built by Mio J'higiish in 17."il, a few miles west of L'uioii- 
 t ■' bur, was surrendered the i-aino year to the French. Nelson Fortwai 
 i iii. ii) 1780 on the Ohio, near liear-grass Creek, and Newberry, a settlement 
 with iiloek house, in I7S9 on the same rivcr. '11 miles V.elow the Muskiii"i;:ii. 
 Niagara Foi't was built by the Freiii'h in 17-0, iicar the mouth of Niagar.-i 
 Liver. Old Fort, or Leilstone Old I'ort, on the Monongalida, was named 
 I'.rownn'ilh^ when the latter town w.is laid out in 178.">. Momi^i\ ii. I!t4. 
 Orleans I'lnt was built by tho French in 17-0, on an island above the mouth 
 of Osage Liver. Oswego Fort, at the mouth of Oswego Liver, was captured 
 by tho French in I7.")0. Ouiatcnon or Ouatanon Fort stood, in 1707, on the 
 
732 
 
 .SKTTLK.MKXTS, MISSIONS, AND EDUCATION. 
 
 the baptist and refi)niietl episcopal churches were cn- 
 ofacfctl ill orjijaniziiiyf various branches throuu[]iout the 
 
 left liaiik uf the Wabash, near the juuctiuii of its sources. P.iuiiiure Fort, at 
 Natchfi!, MuneiKhneil to the Spaniards iu 1779. Monetle, i. 4l{iS. reiiibiiia 
 Fort \v;is oil Iti'tl Kivev, near the mouth of the I'eiubina. Tensaeoh* Fort \v;is 
 cai)ture(l by the Frciicli in 171'J, and soon Afterward recaptured by tlie Span 
 iarda, and again captured by tiic French, Pralz, i. 93 et seq. It was oocii- 
 pied l)y the Americans in 181S. Fort St I'eter stood, in 172"), near thn 
 mouth of the Y'uzoo liiver. Monelle, i. '2'1'i. I'ickering Fort was near Memphis, 
 below Wolf River. I'icrro Fort, on the Missouri, 1,'JOO miles above St Louit;, 
 was formerly one of the larycst forts iu the Sioux country, but iu 180('> nu 
 vestige of it remaineil. Jlollcr, '2'J, 417. On hearing of tlie massacre in Virginia, 
 iu It)--, the pilgrim fathers built a fort within tlie palisades that HUi-re)unded 
 tlie nine liouscs then comprising the town of I'lynmuth. Pre.siiu' Isle was 
 on the southern shore of I^ake Frie, near I'resqu' Isle Bay. IVinieau Fort wiis 
 in KSoS a dilapidated post on the Missoui'i, near the vilhigc of tlie Iticearee.s. 
 Uolkr, ;i.'!. I'rince George Fort, about IIU miles east of Fort London, was in 
 existence in I7i")7. -Moiutlc, i. 314. Pueblo Fort, a trading post at tlie junr- 
 tion of the Fontaine (jui ISouit and Arkansas, was built in 1842 by a company 
 of traders. Sn iics Jt'ocky M(k, 17"-. I icco very Fort was l)uilt in I7!I4, on tin; 
 scene of St Clair'.-i defeat, between St ^lary Kiver and Oreeiiville, O. J/c- 
 iiettr, ii. ;{00-.'{. lio<l Cellar Lake Post, belonging to the N. W. Co., is laid 
 down on L( win ami Clarlx'n map. Rice Fort >\as on Buffalo Creek, about 12 
 miles north of Wheeling. Moiicllc, ii. 140. Robertson Station, founded in 
 1780, near the site of Nashville, afterward became the centre of the Cinnber- 
 land settlements. Rosalie Fort was built by the Frencli in 1711), on the bint! 
 where Natchez now stands. Fort St Rose, Jiear Pcnsaeola, was in existence 
 iu 181"). 
 
 Sackvillc (the old French Fort St Vincent) lay, iu 1770, on the left bank 
 of the Wabash, 150 miles above its mouth. Mviatfe, i. 413. Sandusky Fort 
 was built on the site of Sandusky Citj'. Saybrook Fort was built about 
 1U3."); fur mention, sco y>'rj/iuit, i. o.lO, ojo. Schlosser Fort was on the right 
 bank of the Niagara, opposite Grand Island. Scott Fort, on the Georgia fron- 
 tier, was in existence iu 1810. Momttc, i. Ul, 93. Simon, Mission St, was 
 located, in 1070, at Great Manitounin Island, Lake Huron. Id., i. map, p. J. 
 .South River Post was built in 1024 by settlers belonging to the Dutch AVcj t 
 India Co. They soon afterward abandoned it for Manhattan. Itri/aiif, i. 
 300-7. Stanwix Fort, also known as Fort Schuyler, was on the right bank of 
 the Mohawk, near its source. Station Prairie, on the Scioto, was built in 
 17i-'J, near tlie site of the town of Ciiiliicothe. Mointic, ii. 315. Steuben Fort 
 stood iu 1782 near the falls of the Ohio. Stoddard Fort was founded in ISO!, 
 on Mobile River near the Spanish line, and Strother Fort on the Coosa, mar 
 Ten Inlands, about 1813. Talassco Fort, six miles above the mouth of tlic 
 Coosa, and built on the site of Fort Toulouse, the latter being erected in 1714, 
 was reconstructed in 1814 as Fort Jackson. J/oHr/^e, i, 213, 415. Thompson's 
 Creek I'ost, a small fort in west Fla, was surrendered to the Spaniards in 
 1779. Tombigby Fort was built by the French in 1730 on the river of that 
 name, about 250 miles above tho site of Mobile. Union Fort, on the Mis- 
 souri, six miles above tho Yellowstone, and in 1830 tho headquarters of the 
 American Fur Co., was one of the oldest and best equipped of the comiiany'.s 
 forts. Jlulkr, 9, 43; Beckwourth, 300. Valle's Post, on tho Missouri, just 
 above Cheyenne, was occupied in 1804 by the French trader Valle. Lcirin awl 
 Clarke, 70, Venango Fort was built by the French in 1753, on tlie site of 
 Franklin, Pa. Mouttte, i. lOS, 171. Vincent, Post St, on the Wabash, some 
 distance above White River, was in existence in 1745. Id., i. map. Washing- 
 ton Fort was founded in 1789, on the Ohio, opposite the mouth of the j^ick- 
 ing. Moiictti', ii. 2."'l-2. Washita Post, built in 1713, on tho site of the town 
 of Monroe, was in existence in 1700. Wayne Fort, named after Gen. Wayne, 
 
CHURCHES. 
 
 788 
 
 3J 
 
 province."' Two years before there were five catholic 
 or episcopal dioceses, with nearly sixty clcrij^ymen.^" 
 At Victoria tlierc were three liospitals,"' an or[)hans' 
 home,"^ several benevolent societies,''^ and tlie inevi- 
 
 was litiilt ill ]~'M at tlic coiiiliionce of St Mary'a and St Jdscph's rivers. 
 Wciithurloril was in ISi;} a stroii^iiold and town near tlio soiitli l)aiik of tlio 
 Alabama, in a swani)) known as Kcclianacliaca, or Holy (iroiind. ^VillianlS 
 Fort, tlirt'o niilcn lu'low tlio Ycliow.sto'u', was moved in ISoS f-0 nii'.i's alxjve 
 on tlic! Missouri. Holier, 42, Winclifster, on the site of a sloikado fort luiilt 
 in I7'~ili iu tlic valley lietwocn the JUuo Jtidye and Alleghany ranges, wad 
 declared a military fort ill I7">7. William Henry I'oi't wiis huilt in 17">">, on 
 tlic southern extremity of Lake (Jeorge. A fort of the .same name, situated 
 at I'eiiiagnid, Me, was demolished liy the Kieiieh in ICi'.Mi. JJri/'iiil, ii. 44!). 
 Mission St Francis Xavier was founded on (!reeu liay. Illinois Lake, in l(i70. 
 jS/i(Yt's J/(.s,s('.ys., n, xi., vii.; Mom lie, i. map, j). I. 
 
 ^^'itllout venturing to pi'esent the ivader with liililiogiiiiihieal notices of 
 the various authors from whom this ih'suiik? lias lieen written, it niiy not be 
 out of place to notice a manuscript handed to mo at X'letoiia in 1S7S, and 
 entitled Furfu <iiid Fort Life, in Xi lo (.'aldloiiia, uin/cr II ikUoh'h Ji<n/ (ompaiii/ 
 Jicijiinc, 1)1/ I'. A'. Complon, MS. In a few pages Mr Coiii])toii lias eoiidensed 
 more information as to the subject-matter of his manuscript than can be 
 found elsewhere in such brief space. Landing at Victoria in 1S.")',>, in the 
 service of the If. B. Co., Mr Comjiton was ordered to l''ort Simpson, where, 
 as ho says, ' the daily routine was to get up at six o'clock, dig potatoes, chop 
 wood, clean furs, and shovel sikjw.' After three yeais' .-service he travelled 
 in jMiropo, principally in Servia and Turkey, returiyjig to N'ictoria in 1S71). 
 In 'J'/ic. iliiilaou'.'i I'xi'i Tcrri/arici tnitl \'iiiir(>urtr\i l.fiind, v'lth an cr/ioniUnii 
 if the Clidrlcrid Ithiht.-t, (Conduct, iiud J'olicif of the Jloil. Ilndsoii's Jmi;/ Cor- 
 jioraliuii, />!/ 1!. M. Mnrlhi (London, 1849), the author gives a good gener.-d 
 description of the geography and i)hysical features of the company's tenitory 
 in the north-west, together with information as to site and condition of tlu ir 
 forts and stations. Much of the work is devoted to the constitution and 
 working of the corporation at home and abroad, their policy and .system being 
 (contrasted with those of American fur-traders. Most of tho leading; authori- 
 ties then extant have been consulted, among them being parliamentary jia- 
 pcrs, the reports of missionary societies, tho ollicial papers deposited at the 
 colonial ollice, the ijoavd of trade, and the admiralty, and the several charters 
 granted to the company, Tho book is fairly ami impartially written, though 
 .■somewhat tetlioua and luuntcresting in stylo. Facing the frontisiiieco is a 
 map showing tholocatiou of tho company's forta and stations throughout the 
 territory. 
 
 ^'' Tlierc were also three branches of the upper Canada auxiliary of tin.' 
 IJritish and Foreign Bible Society. B. C Inform, for EmhjraHtx, .^G-?. 
 
 ^''In 1SS4 Areldjishop Scghcrs of Oregon was appointed to the episcopacy 
 of V. J. and Alaska. Sac. liccord-Uniov, March )8, 18S4. 
 
 ^'Tho Itoyal hospital, the expenditure of which averaged, brtwccn 1S7<> 
 and ISSO, about §j,5U0 a year, tho Maison do Santo Fran^aiso, and St Joseph's, 
 the last being in chai'go of the sisters of St Ann. 
 
 ^''Thc B. J. I'rotestant Orphans' Home, established in 1872, and of which, 
 iu ISS.'), A. A. Green was president. ]>. O. Jtirct., ISSl-o, [)[. 
 
 "*A;non,!T th.oin may bo mentioned the 15. C. Benevolent Society, which 
 disbursed about ij^.'yOO in charities, tlie iiisignilieance of tlie amount due rather 
 to the small number of deserving poor than to lack of funds. Li the supple- 
 mentary estimates for 1SS.")-C, the sum of $-'."i() was voti^l in aid of this soci- 
 ety. Stat. Ji. C, KSy-l, \-\. The St Andrew's Society, organized in 1800, 
 and tho Caledonian ]>cnevolcnt Association, in 180H, were consolidateil in 
 KS70 into one association, named the St Andrew's and Caledonian Society. 
 There were also several seci'ct t^ocielies, including the Far \Vcst Lodge of tho 
 
7PA 
 
 SETTLEMENTS. MISSIONS, AND EDUCATION. 
 
 tabic Younfj Men's Christian Association and Youns: 
 Women's Christian Temperance Union. At New 
 Westminster, Nanaimo, Yale, Cariboo, and elsewhere, 
 there were also institutions for the care of the sick, 
 for mutual aid, and for charitable purposes similar to 
 those in operation at the capital.*^ 
 
 Although an act for the establishment of public 
 schools wo -4 passed by the legislature of Vancouver 
 Island as early as 18G5, and by that of the united 
 colonies in 1809,^* it was not until several years latei' 
 that provision was made for an efficient educational 
 system. In the estimates laid before the former foi 
 18GG, the sum of $15,000 was included for school pur- 
 poses; but on August 31st of this year the assembly 
 of Vancouver practically ceased to exist. At that 
 date no appropriation had been made by the legisla- 
 ture, and thereafter none could be made. The chief 
 magistrate thor :>fore informed the superintendent of 
 education that, as there were no means at his disposal, 
 ho could not further guarantee the payment of rent, 
 salaries, or other Items. Thus the responsibility of 
 maintaining the public schools was thrown on the 
 Ijoard of education, and for several months they were 
 maintained by that body under some arrangement 
 unknown, as the colonial secretary remarked, to the 
 executive.*'^ In a supplementary message, dated Feb- 
 ruary 27, 1867, Governor Seymour states that on the 
 Island an attempt had been made to lay the burden 
 
 Knights of Pythias, the Victoria Loilgo of the Ancient Order of United 
 Workmen, the American Legion of Honor, the IndopLMident Order of Ciiosen 
 Friends, Dominion Lodge No. 4, luid Columbia Lodge No. 2, of tlio Independ- 
 ent Order of Odd-Fellows. 
 
 *" At New Westminster was the lloyal Columbia Hospital, of which a com- 
 mittee appointed to infjuiro into its condition in ISS^ reported favorably. See 
 .Vcsf. Pa/ieri^, B. C. , 1S84, 1283-4. There were also branches of tlio A. O. U. ^V. 
 and Ancient Order of Foresters. Of the Nanaimo Hospital, J. I'awson was 
 president in I8So, and in this town were also lod'^cs of the A. O. F. and A. 
 0. U. W. For masonic statistics of B. C, see I'rocccdiiKjs Grand Lodje oj 
 Xcw Mex., 1S79, 55. 
 
 ^'Tlio latter, which was entitled the Common School ordinance, 1800, 
 repealed the Common School ac\ 1805, of tlio former colony of Victoria. 
 This was again altered by the C' nmon School Amendment ordinance, 1870. 
 For text of Iwth, see the revised Lawn li. ('., 187 1, 392-C, 434-7. 
 
 "Jour. Liijid. Council, li. ('., 1807, a pp. xi. 
 
SCHOOLS. 
 
 78S 
 
 of expense for educational purposes on the community, 
 while he was compelled to acknowledge that on the 
 mainland the population was yet too sparse and scat- 
 tered to admit of any regular and organized system. 
 The state, he considered, might aid the parent, but 
 ought not to relieve him of his natural responsibility, 
 "else it might happen that the promising mechanic 
 might be marred, and the country overburdened with 
 half-educated professional ])oliticians, or needy hang- 
 ers-on of government." But unto Governor Seymour 
 was not vouchsafed, as we have seen, the wisdom of 
 a Solomon, and his views must be accepted for what 
 they are worth. Under his administration the con- 
 dition of the public schools was deplorable. Between 
 September 18GG and the close of 18G8 their total 
 cost in the several districts of Vancouver was about 
 $15,000, of which sum more than $4,000 remained un- 
 paid at tlic latter date, mainly on account of teachers' 
 .salaries, although there were but five teachers in all 
 Vancouver, none of them receiving more than $75, 
 and the average being $05, per month. During 18G7 
 and 18G8 six out of the eleven schools established 
 under the act of 18G5 were discontinued for want of 
 funds," and of the 425 children receiving instruction 
 early in the former year, nearly one half were turned 
 adrift, while to several of the teachers discharged or 
 suspended there were still due sums varying from 
 $109 to $253, and to all of those retained from $215 
 to $588. 
 
 In 18G9 matters were but little improved. During 
 that year only twelve public schools were maintained 
 in the several districts of British Columbia, seven 
 boin''" on the island,** and live on the mainland.*^ A 
 grant of $10,37G in all was made by the government, 
 
 *'Tlio Esquimalt, Soutli Saanicli, Cowiclian, Cedar Hill, Salt Spring, and 
 the eentral school for girla at Victoria. Those still in operation were tho 
 central school for boys and the district school, Victoria, tlio Crai;,'llo\vcr, Lake, 
 and Nanaimo schools. 6V.s.s'. I'(ij)ci:'', in /./., 1809, apji. vii. 
 
 *' Those mentioned in the previous note, Jind one at Saanicli, and one at 
 Cedar Hill. Id., 1870, app. i.x. 
 
 *^Ouo each at New Westminster, Langley, Yale, Lytton, and Sapperton. 
 
736 
 
 SETTLEMENTS, MISSIONS, AND EDUCATION. 
 
 of which $5,900 was devoted to the payment of 
 teachers' salaries.^^ The entire amount received from 
 local aid was hut .$330. In six out of the twelve dis- 
 tricts no local aid was voted, and from three others 
 no returns were received. The average attendance 
 at each school was less than 30, and at all the schools 
 about o[)0" out of a school population probably little 
 short of 2,000. No regular accounts were kept by 
 the local boards. Teachers were appointed without 
 cxanu nation as to fitness, and sometimes without 
 inquiry as to character. There was no inspection, as 
 there were no funds wherewith to pay inspectors' sal- 
 aries, and there were no regulations as to the manajje- 
 mcnt other than those framed by the local boards. 
 
 In this condition, or very nearly so, the educational 
 affairs of the colony and province remained until 
 1872, wlien an act was passed providing that a Ijoard 
 of education should be appointed ibr tlio province, 
 defining the duties of such board, and also those of 
 school trustees, school-teachers, and the superintend- 
 ent of schools, and autliorizin'j^ the lieutcnant-govcr- 
 nor to create additional school districts."*^ After this 
 date there was a marked improvement, and in 1874 
 we find 1,245 names enrolled on the various i-egisters, 
 or more than double the number contained in 1872, 
 provision having now being made for annual in- 
 spections and for the examination of teachers.*' For 
 
 i6 Pqp each school $500, except the one at Sapportoii, for which §100 was 
 nppropriutoil. 
 
 *' At ten of them the total attendance gives an average for the year of "20(!, 
 and from others uo returns were received, fbkl. 
 
 ^sFor text, SCO Stat. JJ. C, 187.J, 30-41). By thia act the ordinances of 
 18G9 and 1870 were repealed. In the report of a select eomniittcc on the 
 act of 1S7-, it was recommended that compulsory education bo made general 
 throughout the province, taking aa a precedent the compulsory clauses of the 
 Ontario school act, whcreliyall children between seven and twelve years of 
 ag(! were required to 'attend some school or bo otherwise educated for four 
 months in the year.' 
 
 "'J'lie snperintenilent reports a scarcity of efficient teachers, only 8 out of 
 IV] cmidoyeil in the department during the school year ending July .ll, 1871, 
 having undergone a regular training. ^lany of them failed to pass, or did 
 not attempt to pass, the teachers' examination, as will be seen in Jour. Legist. 
 Ash. B. C, 187.'), G;J-9, where is a copj'of the cxaminatioa papers. Tho ques- 
 tions put were exceedingly simple. A full report of the superintendent for 
 this year will bo found in Id., 187."), 14-73. 
 
 ISSi 
 
PUBLIC MKASURES. 
 
 the j'car ending the 31st of July, 1876, there was a 
 school population of more than 2,500,"^" of which 1,G85 
 attended the public schools during a portion of 1875, 
 the average attendance for all parts of the province 
 being 984, while there were still 385 children who did 
 not receive instruction of any kind. During the five 
 preceding years the number of schools had increased 
 from 14 to 45, and of teachers from 13 to 50, the 
 average cost being $22.38 per capita of the pupils." 
 
 On the 19th of May, 1876, an act was approved 
 for the maintenance of public schools, whereby each 
 male resident of the province was required to pay an 
 annual tax of three dollars for educational purposes." 
 On the same date the Consolidated Public School 
 act, 1870, received the governor's signature. The 
 latter was repealed by the Public School act, 1879," 
 and after some further legislation," the laws then in 
 force were consolidated in the Public School act, 
 1885, wherein there were no salient features, except 
 that clergymen, of whatever denomination, were in- 
 eligible for appointment as superintendent, teacher, 
 or trustee, and that all children from seven to twelve 
 years of ago were required to attend one of the public 
 or private schools, or otherwise to receive an educa- 
 tion, for not less t^^an six months in the year.''' 
 
 Turning to tlic thirteenth annual report of the 
 superintendent of education for the school year ending 
 July 31, 1884, we find 57 public schools in operation,^'* 
 
 '•" Tlic number actually reported to tho superintendent was 2,4S'l. Fifth 
 ann. ropi of the supt of cduc., in Sess. Papers, B. C, 1877, 87. 
 
 '"For full text of supt's report, sec Id., 87-1 oD. At this dato high schools 
 had been cstablislied at Victoria and New Westminster; but wiBx tho ex- 
 ception of these two cities and South Cowichan, none of the settlements con- 
 tained more than one public school building. 
 
 '"''Slat. B. C, 1870, 111-12. For petition signed by Bishop Scghcra and 
 G3 others, protesting against all taxation for tlio support of non-sectarian 
 schools, and particularly against this special tax, sec Sess. Papers, B. C, 
 1870, 725. 
 
 '"'^Stat. B. C, 1870, 111-23. It was first amended by acta of 1877 and 
 1878, for copies of which, see /</., 1877, 111; 1878, 71-2. 
 
 ^♦Amending tho act of 1879. Id., 1882, 77; 18SI, ipi-."). 
 
 '•''^ Under penalty of line, not exceeding §5 for tlio first wilful offence, and 
 $10 for each subsequent offence. For text of act, sec Id., 188J, 125-11. 
 
 ^"Of whicli 49 were common schools (this being tlio phrase usually applied 
 Hi8X. Bbit. Col. 47 
 
lis 
 
 SCTTLKMKNTS, MISSIONS, AND KKICATIOX. 
 
 with 75 toadiers and ;{,4L*0 pupils unrolled, tlio aver- 
 age daily attendance! being 1,800 — an increase of 420 
 over tlio preceding year, and of 1,'J34 over the scho- 
 lastic year 1872-3. The total expenditure i'or educa- 
 tion proper in 1883-4 was $58,301,'^' the sums appro- 
 priated for buildings, repairs, insurance, and similar 
 items being considered a portion of the government 
 assets. The actual outlay for all educational [)urposes 
 was.$GG,G55.15,and the amount voted in the estimates 
 for the year $08,415, leaving an unexpended balance 
 of $1,750.85. At no period in the history of the pro- 
 vincial schools had so much interest been shown in 
 the cause of education,"'' and at no period was the 
 standard of education so high. Among the six per- 
 sons to whom were awarded teachers' certificates ol' 
 the first grade in the lirst class, at the examination 
 held in July 1884, were four university graduates,'' 
 although the highest salary paid was but ^llO,*^ and 
 the average salary $00. 04, per month. 
 
 While the public schools of British Columbia com- 
 pared not unfavorabl}', considering her scant popula- 
 tion, with those of her sister provinces and of the 
 neighboring states and territories, it must be admitted 
 that as yet her educational system was but in its in- 
 fancy. As late as 1880 there was no university in 
 existence, and there was not even a normal school 
 or a teachers' institute. Much, however, had been 
 accomplished, and at moderate expense.**^ 
 
 in the home country to what are termed public schools in the United States), 
 7 were graded schools, and one a iiigh school (at Victoria). Sess. Papers, JJ. 
 C, 1885, 151, 109. 
 
 '''It is worthy of note that of this sum $50,702.55 was expended for 
 teachers' salaries, while only §2,988.07 was appropriated for the education 
 ofiicc, and §4,010.02 for incidental expenses, including rent. 
 
 '■'^ Tho total nunbcr of visits to tlio various -oliools in the province increascil 
 from 2,922 in 188 -3 to 9,480 in 18y;!-4. 
 
 ^•Of whomtw were grantc<l renewal^, tho hoMer of a first-class certili- 
 cato having the ; ivilego of renewal without further examination. There 
 were three chisse: nd to each class two grailcs. 
 
 •"To the princ 1 of tho high .school at Victoria, the principal of the boys' 
 school at New AVe; linster, where the high school hiid now been abolished, 
 receiving $100 per : >iith. For text of report, eeo M, 1S85, 151-2,10. 
 
 "In tho report f a select committee, appointed in 18sl, it was recom- 
 mended that a tuiti i foe of $5 per quarter shoulil be charged for scholars iu 
 
NEWSPAPKUS. 
 
 78D 
 
 "This,"' said Amor do Cosmos, liandiiig mo a grcon- 
 papcr- cove rod file of the Victorid Gazette, printed ho- 
 tvvoeii Juno 2C) and July 2a, 1858, ''waji the first 
 newspaper published in Victoria." In JJ)eeemher oi' 
 that year was issued the iirst number of the Jirifish 
 Colonist/'' continued until tlu> autumn of 18G;5 by 
 the ex-governor of British Colundjia.*^' In i88r) the 
 Dailjl and Wcehhj Colonist, established in 1858 by D. 
 W. lliggins, who was still the proprietor at the former 
 date, was one of the prominent newspapers of tlie 
 province, among others published at the ca[)ital being 
 the Daibj and Weeldy Standard, Times, and Dalli/ 
 Ei'eninj Post. At Xew Westminster was issued the 
 British Columbian and the Mainland Guardian, at 
 Nanaimo the Free Press,'^*' at Kamloop tin; Inland 
 Scntinvl,^'^ and at several of the mainland interior 
 towns were weekly or semi-weekly publications.*''' Tlio 
 Mechanics' Literary Institute at V^ictoria contained 
 in 188G about 7,000 well-selected volumes, and at 
 New Westminster, at Clinton, and other of the main- 
 land settlements, were smaller libraries, all of them 
 well su))plicd with periodical literature. 
 
 the high school. Joitr. Ler/itl. Af^. Ji. ('., ISSl, 7-. For other x'cparts of tlio 
 supcriiitcnduut of educjitiou .aiicl of coininitteca on public schools, rcc Scas'. 
 Paper.^, Ji. C, 1878, 7-<i8; 1871), 17!)-230; ISSO, 159-227; 1881, 447-0, 4.V.- 
 04; 1882, 24!)-.'J22; 188H, 183-270; 18S4, Ol-loO; Jour. Le'/td. Am. H. C, 1877, 
 tipp. xxvi. ; 18S0, app. iii. 
 
 ''^Tho last issue of tho Victoria Gdzrtic was dated Juno 23, 18J9. Duiin.,' 
 IHoS was published tho Vnncoaver Idund Gazette, by Frederic Marr.iott of tlio 
 A't'fM Letter. It passed througii eight or ten numbers, and enriched its owner, 
 by his well-known process of money-making, to tiio amount of some 88,000. 
 lie was then advised to remove. A Frencii newspaper, published by Paul do 
 Gara, expired almost still-born. In this year also was published for a few 
 weeks the North American. 
 
 •■^ Meanwhile a newspaper was published named tho Press. Tlieu fol- 
 lowed the Evening Express, Prices Current, and other minor publications, 
 somo fifteen in all up to 1805. Z)e Cosmos' Govt, MS., 3. 
 
 "'A eemi-wcekly, established in 1874 by George Norris. JJ. C. Direct., 
 18S4-5, 119. 
 
 "^ A weekly paper, formerly published at Yale. Id., 1884-.'), 202. 
 
 **For list of publications in 1878, see PettinrjilVs Neicspaper Direct., 2jr>. 
 
CHAPTER XXXVI. 
 
 INDUSTRIES, COMMERCE, AND FINANCE, 
 
 1880-1S80. 
 AoEictJLTURAL Areas — Pdblic Lands— Stock-iuisixg — Frcits — Fisheries 
 
 SALMON-CANXIXO — MaNUFACTCRES — GOLD-MINIXG — COAL-MININO — 
 
 The Alaska Boundary— Exports and Impouts — Comparison with 
 Other rRoviscEs — Baxkixg — Insurance — Shipping — Inland Navi- 
 gation — Revenue and Expenditure — Public Debt— Comparison of 
 Customs Returns— Elements of Prosperity — Biographical — Biblio- 
 graphical. 
 
 In 1-;3G British Columbia was not adapted to any 
 large immigration of poor families. Abundant as 
 were her resources, there v .is lack of funds wherowitli 
 to develop them; and for persons without means, 
 excepting laborers and perhaps a limited number of 
 mechanics, there were few openings.^ But for men 
 possessing even a small capital there were few more 
 profitable investments than a cereal farm or cattle 
 ranclio within her borders. As an ao-ricultural rcijion 
 the mainland is divided into sections bv the Coast 
 Range, the interior having a climate of extremes, the 
 coast a mild and equable temperature, and the soutli- 
 
 » In 18C1 immigrants were in demand in P.. C. S. F. Bulletin, Oct. 28, 18G1. 
 In 1SG7 the Icgisiativo council rcconimcndc<l tliat ihe department of lands and 
 works, in ad lition to its other functions, lio used as nu immigration depart- 
 ment, and tliat in tlio absence of power to make free grants of land to bona 
 Jlilc settlers, 'a bounty bo oflcrcd to actual ecltlers equivalent to the pre- 
 emption price of the land that they may bo liable to pay under the land ordi- 
 nance.' Jour. Legid. Council, 1807, UO. For inunigratiou statistics in 18G'.^ 
 SCO U, S. llnreim of Stati.''tics, no. 'J, 1S79-SO, 173, 83. In 1881 there was a 
 scarcity of laborers. S. F. UiilUtiii, Oct. 2i, ISSl. While the construction 
 of the C. P. 11. R. was in proj^ress, laborers and mechanics could always lind 
 emplcymcnt at fair rates. In the first annual report of tho immigration 
 agents for 1883, it is stated that about 3,000 Chinese arrived in tho provinco 
 duri'-.g that year, and some 5, S.IO Mhito persons. Sess. Papers, U. t'., 1884, 
 297. 
 
ATTRACTIONS FOR SKTTLERS. 
 
 741 
 
 ern portion, with its wide, trough-liko valleys, requir- 
 ir^fj irrigation durinuf the summer months.'' 
 
 Though containing large tracts of good arable land, 
 the entire province is better adapted for stock-raising 
 than for the production of crops. Even of the delta 
 lands of the Fraser, with their rich clay loams, where 
 forty bushels of wheat or barley to the acre and sixty 
 of oats were no uncomaion yield, but a small portion 
 was under cultivation as late as 1884.^ In the south- 
 ern portion of the mainland interior, east of clie 
 Frazer, were 500 square miles available for agricultu- 
 ral purposes, the most valuable portion being in the 
 Chilliwhack municipality, where an average crop gives 
 about twenty bushels of wheat and forty of oats or bar- 
 ley to the acre. Near the estuary of the Fraser, and 
 in the neighborhood of Hope and of Okanagan Lake, 
 are areas in all of about the same extent. North of 
 the fifty-first parallel and west of the Fraser, in the 
 basin of the Nechacco and its tributaries, is an area 
 of about 1,230 square miles available for tillage, 
 thougli partially covered with forest, and without 
 means of conmmnication. In the Peace Kiver coun- 
 try are immense tracts of land which, tliough in 
 part densely wooded, are fertile of soil, one of them, 
 west of Smoky Iliver, and known as Grand Prairie, 
 containing at least 230,000 acres capable of produc- 
 tion."* In all Vancouver Island there are not more 
 
 I 
 
 ! 
 
 'For fnrilicr mcaticn of climato, see p. 40-3, this vol.; Dom. Can. Oulde- 
 Bool; 1SS5, 71; Dawson's N. W. Terr, and D. C, 50, C2-4. For act relating 
 to inigatiou, draiuago, and diking, see Utat. B. 6'., ISS'J, 4; for accouufc of 
 Fraser River dilics and diking enterprises, sco W. T. Intelligr ncc.r, June fJ, 
 1S79; Western Oreijonian, Juno 14, 1870. 
 
 •' ii'. C fiifo .n./or Emigrants, ISSl, .'!.">. These were tho average rcturna 
 of several well-known farms. In a few favored spots as much as SO bushels 
 per acre of wheat has been harvested, and in ono locality, where the surface 
 was a light sandy loam, mixed with alluvial soil, tho yield was 40 bush'ils of 
 oats or barley and 'Jj of v/hcat. 
 
 * ' My observations tendeil Id show,' remarked Alacouu, tho botanist of tho 
 r. R. survey, ' that nearly all tho I'caco River district was just as capable of 
 successful settlemciit as Manitoba.' Dom. Can. In/arm. fur licUlcr.-i, ISSl, 2'i, 
 In his evidence before a parliamentary conunittce, Dawson states tliat tho 
 Peace River country cjntaius an area of agricultural laud which, if all of it 
 were sown in wheat, woniil produce over 470,000,000 bushels a year, or at tho 
 rato of '20 busiiels an acre. 
 
742 
 
 INDUSTRIES, COMMERCE, AND FINANCE. 
 
 than 300,000 acres of fanning lancl,°of which loss than 
 15,000 were under cultivation in ISSO,*^ though on the 
 southern and eastern sides oi" the island there was a 
 considerable iarniing population. 
 
 In the Queen Charlotte Islands, believed, like most 
 of those adjacent to the north-west coast of the conti- 
 nent, to be merely the mountain tops of a submerged 
 tract, from which they have been separated by volcanic 
 action, there arc some 15,000 acres of lltit and un- 
 Nvooded land, but of this only a i'cw hundred arc suit- 
 able for agriculture, the largest patches of cleared 
 arable land not exceeding twenty acres.' Of level 
 pasture land the area is also limited, a tract of some 
 400 acres, south of the entrance to Skidegate Inlet, 
 being the largest, and this containing only a scattered 
 growth of coarse beach-grass."^ 
 
 ^Dom. Can. In/urm. for Seltl< r.-s, JSS4, '2\. lu hid l^iticouvcr Idand,'Mii., 
 .'ij, Ml' Bayloy roiimrUis: 'Of all tho ijnor apolo.^iua for an agricultural coun- 
 try, V. I. cxuui:il.s aiiyUiing tliat 1 liavo as yet JjclicUl. Its surfaco is divcr- 
 siljcil with rocks, auil for a chango, swamps, ami swamps aud rocka.' In tliu 
 Earbj Life on \'anroiivi:r Island, by V. A. Bnijliij, MS., to which rcfercuco has 
 hucn made in furnicr chapters, I have liccu furnished with sonic interesting 
 annals touching V. I. and the niaiidaud during the n'ginio of tho II. 1>. Co. 
 ]vcaching Victoria in May 1S.')1, tho author says that there were then no signs 
 of cultivation in its iieighljorhood. l^andiugou the beach, near to which stood 
 tho old fort, he found iu its ucigliborhood only a few log Khantica tenanted by 
 Iroquois, French Canadians, and kauakas. J'hnploycd lirst as a school- 
 teacher, and then appointed coroner by Douglas, ho relates many remarkable 
 adventures among the native tribes during his sojourn in tho north-west. 
 lie af lerwai'd became a member of tiio legislativo assembly for V. I. 
 
 "In ISSl there were only about 1(),006 acres in tilth. 
 
 'There are, however, several thousand acres of lightly timbered spruce 
 and alder lands, bordering on the bays and streams, which, if there should 
 ever be a homo nuuket, might be cultivated for root crojja aud dairy purposes. 
 f'lii/t(iid< )i,'.^ Kxjdor. Qui I II ('Iiarloiti' I.fland,<, IU. 
 
 "Almost the entire surface of the Queen Cliarlotto Ishinds is covered with 
 dense forests of spruce, hcudock, and cedar, containing large (juantitica of 
 valuable timber, aud many spots where spruce can be obtained in abundance, 
 but none where large saw-mills can bo jirohLably worked. The Douglas lir 
 .iiul yellow cedar were iu lS(i() the only timber which could be prolitably ex- 
 ]iorted from tho province, anil tho forui n- was not found on this group, while 
 tiie latter did not grow soutli of Skidegaic Inlet in suilicieut quantity to fur- 
 nish a good supply of logs. Nearly all tho Dest varieties of lish taken in tho 
 waters of 15, C. abounded iu those of the Queen Cliarlotto Islands. IJctween 
 ISS.'J and ISSO tho Skidegato Oil Company produced from 35,000 to 40,000 gal- 
 lons (jf lish-oil a year, giving employment, during sunimer, to a largo number 
 »jf Indians. For many previous years tho natives had extracted oil simply by 
 throwing heated stones into hollow logs tilled with dog-lish livers; but the oil 
 thus obtain(!d was barely luarketable. Dy tho uso of retorts the company 
 inanuiacturcd uu oil ko pure and clear that it mot with ready sale at fair 
 prices, being especially in demand for lubricating purposes. Fur-bnaring 
 
AGRICULTURE. 
 
 743 
 
 Of Texada Island, acquired under circumstances 
 that called for an official investigation/ it maybe said 
 that it contains no area adapted either to agriculture 
 or pasturage, or none that is appreciable.^^ 
 
 With such areas of available agricultural land, suf- 
 ficient to maintain more than ten times her popula- 
 tion, it may not be unworthy of note, that in 1884 
 <j:urrcnt retail market prices at Victoria were, for oat- 
 meal more than six cents a pound, for flour nearly 3^ 
 cents, and for wheat $2.50 the cental, other articles 
 of consumption selling in the same proportion, and 
 this in a comuumity where wages were not above those 
 paid in the metropolis of the Pacific coast, in which 
 most of the necessaries of life could be purchased 
 at little more than half the rates demanded in the 
 metropolis of Ijritish Columbia." 
 
 Public lands in British Columbia were, with the 
 exception of the railroad belt, vested in the provincial 
 
 iinimals, especially bears, laud-ottois, aud iiiartuis, were very plentiful, wliilo 
 fur-seals were killed iu considerable numbers, ami a few sea-otter were taken 
 every season. With minerals the islands were poorly supplied. Jiai/lri/'s 
 r. J., JNIS., 9-11 ; though it has been stated that jiold, silver, iron, au<l eojiper 
 M'ere discovered between IS.j'J and IS.V,). Sec ib'. /'. Alfa, March 8, IS.'/J; 
 Bulletin, Dec. D, 1838; April 15, ;U), \b'>0. Tiie only discovery of gold worth 
 namiu;; was that made at MitehoU Harbor iu IS.ri, for whicli sec p. 34.">, this 
 vol. From the Official Ilcport of t/ic E-vjilordtinaoj' the Qii('r)i ( '/larlolln Ixlaiuls 
 for the Oovernmcnt of Urilish Columbia, hji Neicton. 11. Chittenden, Victoria, 
 1811, and the ileoloijicnl Survey of Cmiudd, Alfred J'. (.'. S'dwj/n, F. It. S., 
 1\ a. S. Dirertor, Report of Proijre>if for ISi'S-'J, Montreal, 1880, the reader 
 will gather all the information of which he may bo in search as to the soil, 
 climate, geology, fauna, flora, and resources of the tiueen Charlotte group. 
 I'erhaps the most interesting portions of both works are those relating to the 
 physical peculiarities, social customs, and traditions of the Haidahs; but as 
 i have already treated of these subjects in my Native Jtuceii, it is unnecessary 
 to mention tliem further, 
 
 "For papers in the case, see Jour. Leftsl. Axx. Ji. C, 187."), lSl-ii4(j. 
 
 '"Its nuiia value was a deposit of rich magnetic iron ore, varying fi'om '2 
 to '2o feet in thickness, and assaying in spots as much as 08 jier cent of metal. 
 Tlio mine was witiiin Ui) mile.s of Comox harbor, whenci', in ISS;i, a Muall 
 ipiantity was shipped to llie eastern states for treatment. Jlrit. <'oloiii'<t, Sept. 
 
 19, issa. 
 
 "In Brit. Col. Inform. fur Einhjrants, 188-i, 17-18, isalistof ivtail pri( ciat 
 the Victoria markets in Alarch of that year. For furtiicr iti'ins as to agricul- 
 ture in B. C, SCO ])om. Con. Inform, for Settle rx, ISSl, 'JO-,"); l)vin. Can. 
 Guide-Book, 1885, 74-5; Uhitlemlen'ti TravuU in It. C, passim; Jianson'.'i A'. 
 W. Ter. andB. C, 50-'2, 5.>-Gl, G4, )iassin); S. F. Bulletin, Oct. 12, .Mar. '2\, 
 1881; Chronicle, July'22,1878; Alia, May 'Jl, ISGJ; May i:J, 1871; Marcli.'il, 
 1872; Oct. 25, 1875; Sac. Becord- Union, Jan. 1, 1884; Portland Wc*l Shore, 
 June 1, 1880. 
 
 I 
 
 : 
 
744 
 
 INDUSTRIES, COMMERCE, AND FINANCE. 
 
 government. British subjects, or those who had de- 
 clared their intention of becoming such, could pre- 
 empt, at the rate of one dollar per acre, a half- 
 section north or east of the Cascade Ran^^e, or a 
 quarter-section elsewhere in the province, tl\e price 
 being payable in four annual instalments. Unsurvoyed 
 or unreserved crown lands, and surve3'ed lands not 
 being town sites or Indian settlements, could, after 
 being oflFered for sale at auction, be purchased for one 
 dollar an acre, payable in cash.^^ As elsewhere in 
 British colonies, it was the policy of the government 
 to reserve its domain for actual settlers — men who, by 
 developing and in part consuming the resources of the 
 province, added to its wealth, rather than to dispose 
 of it for a nominal price to speculators and capitalists. 
 Moreover, the public lands were a source of revenue 
 which could be utilized to better advantage, as from 
 year to year the population gradually increased. 
 
 For stock-raising purposes the mainland interior, 
 and especially its southern portion, east of the Fraser, 
 was considered the most favorable region.^^ The 
 higher plateaux of this district, though little culti- 
 vated on account of summer frosts, are for the most 
 part covered with nutritious bunch-grass, which, un- 
 
 '^The fee for reconliiig was §2 au acre. The first instalment for preemp- 
 tion elaims need not be paid until two years after date of record. After sur- 
 vey, and on proof tliat, from date of occupation, improvements liad been made 
 to tlic amount of not less t'.au §2.50 an acre, the settler was entitled to ii 
 'certificuto of improvement,' and on full payment to a grant in fee simple. 
 Naval and military ofHcerd could, after seven years' service, obtain free grants 
 of land under the Military and Naval Settlers' act, 1803. Lands and im- 
 provements, duly registered, could not bo attached for debt up to a, value of 
 82,r)00, and goods and chattels up to $M0. Dom, Can. Inform, for Settlers, 
 1884, '20-8; I)om. Can. Guide-ISook, 1885, 77-8. For reports of commissioners 
 of lands and works, see JJ. O. Lands and ]Vorks Depart. New Westminster, 
 1800. Jour. Lfigisl. Ass., 1875, 301-481; Scss. Papers, JJ. C, 1870, 419-503, 
 iii.-xxii.; 1877,240-350, i.-xxxvi.; 1878, 203-378,455-03; 1870,247-54; 1880, 
 205-310; 1881, 380-418. For land acts, see Stat. JJ. C, 1877, 114; 1882, 0, 
 13-18; IS83, 17, 77-8; 1884, 16. 
 
 '^ Dawson's evidence, in Dom. Can. Inform, for Settlers, 1884, 23; JJ. C. 
 Inform for Emigrants, 20. Good is of opinion that the section forming tlie 
 b.'isin of tho Thompson, Nicola, Bonaparte, and Spillemeechen rivers, and bor- 
 dering on lakes La Ilache, Kamloop, Nicola, Shuswap, and Okanagan, was 
 tho best field for pastoral enterprise. IJiit. Col., MS., 77-8. 
 
GRAZING LANDS. 
 
 745 
 
 Jess eaten closely, and not allowed to seed, never ceases 
 to grow, its heart remaining green throughout winter, 
 when the exterior is dry and withered.^' On this 
 pasture cattle and sheep thrive, grass-fed beef and 
 mutton being of excellent quality; while, with some 
 provision of winter food, in case of severe weather, 
 sheep and cattle require only the protection of a shel- 
 tered spot with little depth of snow. 
 
 Extending from the railroad line to the heart of 
 the northern interior, the Yale and Cariboo wagon- 
 road passes through or near considerable areas of rich 
 grazing land, in which, beyond the 52d parallel, the 
 grasses are mainly what are known as the red-top 
 and blue-joint, interspersed, on the southern slopes of 
 hills, with the pea-vine. Although these grasses 
 could doubtless bo cut and preserved for future use, 
 thus saving the necessity of wintering stock elsewhere, 
 the experiment has never yet been tried on any con- 
 siderable scale. In the Peace River district, and in 
 the north-east angle of the territory, are vast areas of 
 land too remote for agricultural settlement, and which 
 as yet are but little utilized, even for stock-raising. 
 In the coast region the richest lands for pasture, as 
 for agriculture, are found in the delta of the Frasor, 
 although for the former purpose their greater value 
 and limited area render competition with the interior 
 almost impossible. 
 
 In Vancouver the area available for pasture is some- 
 what limited, the flat, untimbered region in the 
 southern and eastern portions of the island being 
 turned to more profitable use for agricultural pur- 
 poses. In many parts, however, there arc patches 
 of soil, covered with short, tliick, nutritious grasses, 
 where, as in the more thinly wooded sections of the 
 hill country, small herds may thrive the year round 
 without shelter, except protection for the weaklier 
 
 ** Bunch-grass is found at intervals between the western elope of the 
 Black Hills and the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada. For description, sco 
 my JJint. WaslMigton, Idaho, and Montana, and Jlist. Nevada, Colorado, and 
 Wyoming. 
 
 \\ 
 
746 
 
 INDUSTRIES, COMMERCE, AND FIN.YNCE. 
 
 stock from excessive rains. Among the islands be- 
 tween Vancouver and the mainland, in all of which 
 agriculture and pasture lands arc of small extent, may 
 he mentioned that of Salt Spring, adjacent to the 
 Cowichin district, and sharing in its geologic for- 
 mation, where herba2;e is abundant and of excellent 
 quality,^^ 
 
 Indigenous to island and mainland are many of 
 the excellent berries and small fruits,^" while in the 
 orchards of Victoria, New Westminster, and other 
 towns and villages may be seen most of the fruits that 
 thrive in temperate climates, the crops, especially in 
 the district of New Westminster, forming no incon- 
 siderable source of profit.^" 
 
 Among the most valuable resources of the pi evince 
 aie its fisheries, the seas, bays, lakes, and rivers 
 swarming with excellent food-fish. Besides the sal- 
 mon, the herring, bass, flounder, halibut, S'^;, smelt, 
 sardine, and eulachon are found in abundance, and 
 .s.airgcon weighing more than 500 pounds have been 
 caught in the rivers, estuaries, and larger lakes. The 
 silver salmon bcijins to arrive in March or earlv in 
 A[)ril, the run lasting till the end of June, their weight 
 usually ranging from four to twenty-five pounds, 
 though some have been captured that weighed more 
 
 ^^ For further items as to stock-raising and cattle-ranges, see GooiVn lint. 
 Vol., MS.; Bai/l(')/'s Vanronvfr Island, MS., passim; Chittciideii'n TnivcLi iii, 
 Brit. Col., G-S; S. F. Bul'diii, Sept. 22, 1881; Alta, July 11, 1803; Victoria 
 Standard, Dec. 10, 187!'. In the licporlx of the Jfinitilfir of Ai/ricult/ur 
 for the Dominion of Canada, one almost turns in vain for information, their 
 subject-matter relating principally to immigration, patents, quarantine reg 
 Illations, ])lagues, pleuro-pneunionia, public archives, art statistics, copy- 
 lights, statistiques criniinelles, statistics of insolvency, and, in brief, to all 
 eonceivablo statistics except those which the reports should contain. 
 
 "•On V. I. are found the strawberry, barberry, blackberry, rasp])erry, 
 gooseberrj', mulberry, cranberry, blueberry, bilberry, whortleberry, yellow 
 plum, cherry, and several kinds of currants. B. C. Inform, for Einhjrar.ta 
 (18S-1), :i2; Jlaylci/'.H V. I., MS., G3-G. 
 
 "y>'. C. Dircci., 1882-;}, 200. For mention of the flora and fauna of the 
 province, see cap. ii., this vol.; Good's B. C, MS., passim; Daylefs V. I., 
 MS., (i;j-8; Chittenden'' s Travels in B. C, passim; Uawson^s N. W. Terr, and 
 Brit. ( 'oL, 0o-71. For Game Protection act, 1883, see Stat. B. C, 1883, 37-8. 
 
 .Ml 
 
FISHERIES. 
 
 747 
 
 f the 
 
 and 
 
 17-8. 
 
 tlian seventy pounds. From June until August are 
 taken the finest varieties, wliilc in the latter niontli 
 every second year coniinenees the run of the hump- 
 hack salmon, followed hy the hookhill, which contin- 
 ues until winter. JierriuGf and haddock arc cauuht 
 during' the winter months; anchovies in tlu; autunm: 
 trout weii^hini:; from three to seven pounds are I'ound 
 in the lakes'"* and streams; and doo'-fish, valuable for 
 their oil, in many of the havs and iidets. The eula- 
 clion, a delicate table-fish, about seven or eioht inches 
 in length, and yielding an excellent oil, enters the 
 Eraser in vast (quantities during spring." For shell- 
 fish there are oysti^rs on many parts of the coast, 
 small, but of excellent fiavor,-" and there are crawfish, 
 crabs, and musstJs. 
 
 Of late years the salmon-canneries and otlier I'liter- 
 prises in connection with the fisheries of Jiritish C*o- 
 lund)ia have, notwithstanding low })rices, increased 
 
 '*Oii Suit Spring I.slantl is ;i largo liiko almut l.'O fi'ct uliovo the seii-levol, 
 with deep water up to its edge, and iu the middle nt' wliieh no hottoin has hieu 
 found. Here are siieekled trout over tliree ft^^t long, and weighing more 
 tiiaii 40 pounds. 'Jiicy will not take bait, but iiru ttpearcd by the Indians 
 during winter. Jiaiilcifn V. I., MS., (Jl). 
 
 '*At eertaiu seasons it is tiie ehief Iiusiiu'ss of some of the tribes to ealt'Ii 
 and euro these tisli for winter use. Ere<'ting loilges near the l)ays and inlets 
 where they abound, their lishing is done by moonlight, tor it is then only 
 that the eulaehon eomes to tlie .surfaee. For taking the lish a largi; lake is 
 u.sed, witii teetii of bono or iron, four inelies long and one iiieh apart. ]n 
 the stern of (iaeh eanoe sit.s an Indian, who propels it toward tliv .shoals of 
 eulaehon, while auotlier, holding it iiiiidy in liotli hanils, sweeps it tiiningh 
 the niais of lish, bringing it to the suifaee with one or more on each tootii. 
 After being loaded the eanoes are paddled to land, drawn on tin; beaeh, over- 
 turned, ami again launched for iinother eateli. Tins work tontinius until 
 the setting of tlie moon, when the fish disap|H.'ar. Tiie take is then liandrd 
 over to the women to be cured and dried, and the oil tried out. fico Aa/irc 
 //(fees', this series. I>iiir.ion-i Xorthmst T' rr. iiii'f Brit. Cn/., DS-O. ]n bsM 
 eulaehon oil \\as beli(^ved tobeagood sulistitnle for eodliver oil. Cdl/j'urniit,,, 
 Aug. KSSl, 177. Later c;.x]ierieiice has show n it to be of little value tor me- 
 dicinal purposes. For furilu'r items touihing H. ( '. lislieries, .sec Jii'i/l' ;/'■■< I . 
 I., MS.; ilniul'.'^ J{. ('., MS., passim; C/iU/finh ji's Tnir, Is !ii Jl. C, '2'.), pa.ssiin; 
 /),nr.-<,w'x \. ir. Trn: ami. U. C, 78-11:1; Jn„r. I.i/r^. vl.«. Ji. I'., ]S,S-.', 2, :>, 
 7; llitusc K.i: J)i>i\, //i://i ('oin/., iUl Sess., /., pt. 1, TiOl; l!i]il-<. ('onuii. I'i^ln rh -i 
 (Ottawa), with supplements,' 1 874-80; S. F. Alf^i, Apr. ]{), bSS-J; Jl„ll,/:,i, ,)ii,y 
 •Jl), 1S8I; S/nd-foil Jliiiijirw/iii/., Aug. 10, ISSl; |r. '/'. h/'rlll,!,;,,; r, .\:\\\. Ili, 
 1870; l'iif<>ri'i.St<ui(l<ii'/, .Inly 'Jo, Oct. :il, IS77; Jlrl/. (■.■ImiUl, Itee. Jl, I.s77. 
 
 ^•' At Oyster liay, in the Cowichan district, were found the bot oyster- 
 beds, but the limited demand, ami the ditliculty in landing tlii! jiroiliict at 
 Victoria iu good condition and at small expense, prevented their extensive 
 use. li. C. Dim-'., bSS'J-H, l.'JS. As early as IWIl, oystcr-beils vci.' pointed 
 out by the Indians at Nitinat ]?ay. JJniirurk'/i T/tiikni I'lct/vi, MS., 'J80. 
 
748 
 
 INDUSTRIES, COMMERCE, AND FINA^CE. 
 
 largely the exports of the province. In 1876, there 
 were but three canneries in operation, the total out- 
 put being only 8,247 cases of 48 one-pound tins each. 
 In 1881 the number had increased to twelve, with a 
 yield of 177,270 cases; and in 1882 to twenty, with u 
 production of 255,001 cases, valued at $1,402,835. 
 The total yield of the fisheries for the latter year was 
 estimated at Jii?l,842,075.^^ The estimate for the catch 
 of fur-seals was $187,250. At that date the various 
 industries in this connection gave employment, during 
 the season, to more than 5,000 men, and to a fleet of 
 14 steamers, 12 schooners, and nearly 1,000 boats and 
 canoes." Thus, since 1851, when fresh salmon sold 
 at San Juan Island at the rate of sixty for a four-dol- 
 lar blankct,'^^ smoked salmon, cured at Fort Langley, 
 was worth, in the Sandwich Islands, $10 a barrel, 
 and canned salmon was exported in small quantity 
 from the mouth of the Eraser,^* the fisheries of British 
 Columbia have given rise to one of the leading indus- 
 tries of the province. 
 
 Apart from lumber and canned salmon, manufactures 
 in 1800 were inconsiderable, though all that might 
 be expected in a new country. With concentration of 
 labor and capital, it follows, as a matter of course, that 
 the home country, where four dollars a week are proba- 
 bly more than the average earnings of operatives, out- 
 does her colonies. There were, in the province, at that 
 date, boiler and machine shops, iron and brass works, 
 Hour-mills, biscuit-factories, saw-mills,"^ book-binder- 
 
 ^' Including §50,146 worth of barrelled and smoked salmon, .^14,291 of 
 liarrollud and smoked herrings, $10,4(50 of fresh fish, .*il08,113 of fish-oil, and 
 §58,000 for various items. Sc.fs, Papers, B. C, 1883, 379. 
 
 ^'■^ III. For additional items concerning the canneries, see S. F. Bulletin, Aug. 
 29, 1881; H'. T. Jiitdlii/oicei; Sept. 3, 1879; Virtoria SUmdnnl, April 25, 1877; 
 Xew Wcxtmin-fter JleruU, in Portltml Standard, Aug. 10, 1877. 
 
 '^^ British Columbia Sh'tches, MS., 22. At this date there was a small 
 establishment on the island for the curing of salmou. 
 
 " See p. 132, this vol. 
 
 ^■'Tlie first saw-mill was built in 18G1 at the Sooke copper mines. Baj/let/'s 
 V. /., MS., 01. Among tlie Hour-mills may be mentioned the one at Chilli- 
 whack, of -which in 1885 Robert Stevenson, a native of Williamstown, Ont., 
 w;i ^ the proprietor. Mr Stevenson iirrivcd in Victoria on boanl the Orizaliu 
 in 1859, and two years later tried l;i i fortune at the Cariboo mines, being one 
 
MANUFACTURES AND MINES. 
 
 749 
 
 ies, brcworios, tanneries,^* and factories for the mak- 
 ing of boots and slioes, furniture,"' pianos, sashes 
 and doors, soap, matches, and cigars. Nevertheless, 
 most of the wool and other raw material, which in 
 California were largely made up into goods of homo 
 production, were in British Columbia almost entirely 
 expoi'ted,"'' to be returned, for instance, as textile fab- 
 rics, with the added charges of freight, conunission, 
 and manufacture. 
 
 In the report of the minister of mines for the 
 year 1884 there arc statistics which may not be with- 
 out interest to the reader. At that date the yield of 
 gold had fallen to $730,105, or an average of only 
 $39G for each of the 390 men engaged in gold-mining. 
 Between July 1858 and the close of 1884 tlie total 
 output was estimated at $48,072,1*28, and the average 
 at about $1,900,000, that for 1884 behig tlic smallest. 
 
 of the first wliite men to winter there. Prominent among the lumber mer- 
 chants of Victoria vas William Parsons Sayward, tins ]in)[iriotor of the Rock 
 Ray saw-mill, a native of Thoiiiaston, Me., and a t'al. pioneer arrived in the 
 colony in 1 S'lS. 
 
 ^''lu 1884 tlicre were six tanneries in operation — one at Rock Ray, the Ray 
 tannery in close proximity, one at Relmoiit, seven miles from Victoria, one 
 near Parson's bridge, live miles from tlio capital, and one each at Nanainio and 
 New Westminster. In connection with the Rock Ray and Relinout tanneries 
 wore boot and slioo factf)ries. Tlie hides and skins were of local prnduction, 
 the surplus ))eing maiidy exported to S. F. Hendock bark, frr)m the Snoku 
 and Otter districts, was chielly used — though oak bark Mas imported from 
 Cal, Jfi:ii/Jior)i\^ Iii'hi<(rk'.-< of B. I'., MS. The Rock Ray tannery, built in 
 18G2 by W. Harthiy, was the lirst one established in Vancmiver, and in bss.") 
 was the largest in the province. At tlic latter date it was producing .seme 
 400 sides of sole, and 'JOO of ii]iper, leatlier per month, l)esides calf, kii>, sc:al, 
 goat, sheep-skin, harness, bridle, and aparejo leather. ,Most of the product, 
 however, was nscd in tlie boot and shoe factory. In 1875 the business Avas 
 purchased by William Heathoru, a native of (Juildford, Kngl iu<l, who arrived 
 at Victoria in 18(i'J, and to whom I am indebted for this information. 
 
 '''' In Victoria there \vere tlnve furniture factories — tlmse of .Inlm Wcilcr, 
 Jacob Sehl, aud.Toseph Somner, the two lirst being for liousehoM and the last 
 for ofllce furniture. Weiler and Sild arrived in the eohmy at an early date, 
 the former, a native of Nassau, (Germany, reaching Victoria in ISiil, and the 
 latter, a native of Coblentz, in ]sr)8. Roth came by way of ( 'al., wiirre Weihr 
 engaged in mining, and Sehl was a manufacturer and general dealer iu furni- 
 ture. 
 
 "*'In 1884 a premium of $.3,000 was ofFered by the government for the first 
 one-set mill erected in the })rovinco witii a capacity for manufacturing not 
 less than 50,000 pounds of 'wool into yarns, blaidvuts, llannels, and tweeds. 
 SUit. J}. C, 1884, 3"). For mention of Moodyvillc Saw-mill Co., see C'/iUfcmlvn'i 
 Travels in B. C, 6(3; and for further items couccruing manufactures, sec Brit. 
 Colonkt, June 17, Oct. 13, Nov. G, 1879. 
 
760 
 
 INDUSTRIES, COMMERCE, AND FINANCE. 
 
 Thu largest (.'iirniiigs per capita wciu in 1875, when 
 they reached i?l,222, and the average {'or the 25,^- years 
 covered by tlie report did not exceed $G00. Of those 
 ^vorking for wages during tlic season there wero 492 
 white men and 1,30(5 Chinamen, rates ibr the former 
 averaging about $3.75 a day, and for the latter $2.75. 
 
 Of coal, the total yield for 1884 was 304,070 tons, 
 the output for that year being the largest so far re- 
 (.'orded, and showing an increase of 40 per cent over 
 that of the preceding year. It is worthy of n(jte that, 
 according to an accepted commercial authority in San 
 Francisco, then the best available market for the sur- 
 j)lus coal of the province, the in)ports of that city and 
 of Wilmington included 291,540 tons of British Col- 
 umbia coal out of a total of 1,035,070 tons, and against 
 77,485 tons of California coal, Vancouver Island thus 
 furnishing nearly 30 per cent of the entire supply."^ 
 
 In his message ibr 1885, the president of the 
 United States mentioned that her ]^Iajesty's govern- 
 ment has been requested to consider the question of 
 settling more definitely the boundary line between 
 Alaska and British Columbia, suof'.festinQf that it " be 
 established by meridian observations, or by known 
 geographical features, without the necessity of an 
 expensive survey of the whole. As yet, indeed, it 
 may be said that no exact line of demarcation exists, 
 for, through lack of geographical knowledge of this 
 region, the one determined in the convention between 
 
 -''The local consumption of B. C. for 1884 was 87,388 tons, and 15,136 tons 
 were sliipped to various countries, mainly to tlio Sandwicli Islands. Tlio 
 text of the report, preceded by tables of statistics, will be found in Sens. 
 Pcqjeiv, B. C, 1885, 417-30. For acts to consolidate and amend laws relat- 
 ing to minerals, see Slat. D. C, 1S8'2, 8; 188.3, 10; and for act to encourage 
 prospcctin,^ for coal, Stat. B. C., 1783, 5. In 1855 C. A. Bayley lirst di.s- 
 coverctl copper near Sausomc narrows, and in 18(J0 the vein was opened, but 
 as the ore did not assay more tlian '23 per cent, it could not be worked at a 
 profit, and the mine was abandoned. Bai/ley's 1'. 7., !MS., Ul. For additional 
 itfuis as to mining, mineral yield, and mining enterprise, see the reports of the 
 commissioner of mines for each year, in Sess. Papers, B. (,'.; Chillcndcii's 
 Trov<'i'< ill li. C, 3-5, 20-2; Scidmore'.'i Alaska, 6-15; Brit. Coloninf, passim; 
 Portland Tdeqram, Oct. 31, 1879; ]Va--ihuiiilon IiitfUi'/encer, May 22, Sept. 
 10, July 23, 1870; .S'. /'. Bulletin, May 25, 1875; May 22, June 24, Julv 1, 20, 
 Aug. 2.), Oct. 17, Sept. 20, Oct. 1, Nov. 9, 1881, Jlay 6, 1884; Alta, 'July 3, 
 1884; Jour, of Com., May 23, 1877; Com. Herald, July 6, 1877. 
 
PORTS OF ENTRY. 
 
 751 
 
 Russia and Great Britain in 1825 \vas so vague that 
 it is impossible to follow the text of the agrceiucnt.^'^ 
 So long as, apart from her fur-seals, fisheries, and 
 land peltry, Alaska was considered practically worth- 
 less, and the northern part of British Columbia 
 nearly so, the boundary question was of little moment; 
 but the discovery of mineral wealth in both territo- 
 ries, and in more than one instance near the limits 
 agreed upon in 1825, would seem almost to render it 
 necessary that those limits be defined more clearly, 
 in order to avoid future complications. Moreover, 
 the trade of the province is seriously disturbed by the 
 present condition of the matter. The mouth of the 
 Stikeen River, for instance, is in American territory, 
 Fort Wrangell being the nearest port of entry. 
 There goods intended for the mainland interior must 
 be transshipped, or an officer placed on board the ves- 
 sel, a part of whose duty it is to see that they are not 
 landed on American soil in transitu. Some thirty 
 miles toward the south a port of entry could bo estab- 
 lished within the British line, and one which sea- 
 going vessels could enter without breaking bulk; but 
 until the line of demarcation is territorially defined, 
 it may not be advisable to select the site for a port 
 of entry on the verge of the northern boundary. 
 Meanwhile complaints have been made of the illib- 
 eral and sometimes inexcusable conduct of the custom- 
 house officers at Wrangell.'^^ 
 
 For 1884 the exports of British Columbia amounted 
 to $3,099,814, and of the dominion to $80,521,175; 
 while imports were for the former $4,142,280,^' and 
 
 ^Tor description of tlio liouudary line, sue Illd. Alasla, 543, this scries; 
 Scss. P«/)er.s n. ('., 188.J, 4.-):3-4. 
 
 ^' Kept of Conim. Ex. CouiK'il IJ. C. on tlic Alaska Boundary Question, 
 in Sens. Paperii, 1883, 451-GO, ■\viiero it is stated that Capt. Irving, manager 
 of tlio Canadian Pacitic Steanilioat and Navigation Company, was on one occa- 
 sion subjected to such treatment, liis vessel being ille£,'ally seized, and a loss 
 tluis incurred of several thousand dollars, for which ho was compelled to seek 
 redress in the U. S. courts. In ls78 a conditional boundary line in the val- 
 ley of the Stikeen River was ti'nii)oi':irily acce[)teil liy the governments of 
 Canada and tho U S. House £x. Dor., .'I'lth Coiaj., jd 6V.ss-., »., ;5;i9— 48. 
 
 '-Of dutinblo goods, §3, 445, 40!), and of goods exempt from duty, princi- 
 pally railroad material, §090,877. 
 
7MI 
 
 INDUSTRIES, COMMERCE, AND FINANCE. 
 
 for the lattor .$108,282,001. Thus, apart from domes- 
 tic trade tlio commerco of this province, with a pop- 
 ulation then estimated at 00,000, was nearly four per 
 cent of that of the entire dominion, with a popula- 
 tion of about 4,500,000, the ratio of population being 
 as one to seventy-five, and of imports and exports as 
 one to twenty-five. Due allowance being made for 
 the fact that competition in trade was less severe on 
 the Pacific than on the Atlantic coast, and that 
 between them there was a vast and almost unpeopled 
 interior, it must be admitted that thus far the young- 
 est offspring of the mother country has not been slow 
 of growth. Compar'Mg British Columbia with Que- 
 bec, for instance, we find for the latter province, with 
 a population in 1884 of about 1,500,000, an external 
 commerce of $82,545,184, the ratio of population 
 being as twenty-live to one, and of imports and 
 exports as one hundred to nine. 
 
 Exports in 1884 consisted mainly of coal and gold, 
 fish and fish-oils, peltry, hides, and lumber, of which 
 Great Britain purchased to the value of $878,883, in- 
 cluding canned salmon valued at $070,758, the United 
 States $1,091,707, and Australia $257,202. For the 
 fiscal year ending June 30, 1872, the twelvemonth 
 following the confederation of the colony, tlie total 
 exports amounted to $1,912,107.^^ That with the 
 completion of the railroad and her advantages for inter- 
 oceanic communication, the commerce of the province 
 will develop yet more rapidly, is almost beyond a per- 
 adventure. Supported by British capital, it would 
 seem that British Columbia may, in the not very 
 distant future, be no inconsiderable factor in the traf- 
 fic, not only of the dominiov, but of the mother coun- 
 try.3* 
 
 "Of which G. Brit, took ^iit-M, and the U, S. $1,405,217. Tables of 
 Trwle and Kav. Dom. Can., 1872. 
 
 " For statistics and items as to trade, see Tables Trade and Nav. Dom. 
 Can. Ann. Jlepts B. C. Board of Trade, passim. In the Acts of Incorporation 
 and By-lawa, B. C. Board of Trade, Victoria, 1879, 34-5, are tariflFs of fees 
 that compare somewhat to the disadvantage of those collected in San Fran- 
 cisco. San Diego, Portland, Port Townsend, Sitka, and Wrangell. For addi- 
 
BANKS AND nANKINO. 
 
 7o3 
 
 With banking and insuianco facilities liritish Co- 
 lumbia was but poorly su|>j)lio(l. In 1885 tliuro were 
 but three banks in the entire j)r()vince — the bank of 
 British Columbia, with a capital of $500,000, with its 
 head otiicoin London, with branches at San Francisco, 
 Portland, Victoria, and Now Westminster, and agen- 
 cies in Mexico, South America, India, China, and 
 Australia; the bank of British North America, with 
 its main office at the capital; and the Dominion Sav- 
 ings Bank, with its headquarters at New Westmin- 
 ster,"' and with numerous branches. There was not 
 at this date a single local insurance company, though 
 there were several agencies of Canadian, liritish, or 
 foreign companies, the British Columbia Insurance 
 Company, incorporated in 1877,"° having then ceased 
 to exist. In this respect British Columbia contrasted 
 somewhat unfavorably with her sister provinces, and 
 with the Australian colonies, in which latter there 
 were few settlements nuistering say 500 inhabitants 
 wherein there could not be found one or more branches 
 of colonial banks, and several agencies of colonial life, 
 fire, or marine insurance companies. 
 
 iJuring the fiscal year ending the oOth of June, 
 1880, there arrived at the port of Victoria 471 sea- 
 going vessels, with a total measurement of 305,049 
 tons, and of which 135 were British or Canadian, 319 
 belonged to the United States, and the remainder 
 sailed under the flags of various foreign nations. Tiie 
 clearances for the same year numbered 4G5, of which 
 118 carried the British and 333 the United States 
 
 tioniil iiifonnatiori as to trrulc and cuinmcrcc, see House Er. Dor. 4ol/i Co/iff., 
 2(1 ScKs., xxi., no, DO, -^-'2, l.'U-70; Id., xx'tii., no. 102, .507; hi., Jt'Jlh 
 Cowj., 2<l Scss., '.rri., no. 7, yO-7S, ] |-J-t'S, "(il-^tX); Jour. L('ji~l. Council, 
 lS(j6, l.j, app. ii -iii.; U. S. Burtau of Sin'., vo. Q, 187!)-SO, ])p. 113, 102, ICI, 
 1st). n,-U. Colonht, May 14, Ks78; i\])r. 1 1, July li.', Oct. 'Jl, 1S7!); Victoria 
 SUuidnr./. Apr. 20, lS7!t; Stamlnnf, Jan. 2S, March 10, 1S80; S. F. Ihdtrtin, 
 Juno 7, 18:)S; May 14. lb.".!); An;,'. IS, X^ijW; Oct. 'J4, ISO!; J.siy 22, 1874; yl//rt, 
 Mav'21, 1800; Feb. 22, 1800; I'd). 10, 1S07; Sept. 12, 1871; Feb. 3, 1877. 
 
 ■^'••li. C. Direct., ISSI-,'), 88, 108; 1882-3, xxiii. I'or further items as to 
 banking, sec .S'. /'. Altd, July 20, 1804, May 5, 1873; Com. JlerM, Aug. 20, 
 ISOJ. 
 
 "'For act of incorporation, boo Stat. B. C, 1877, 141-7. 
 Hut. Hun. Col. 48 
 
 f^ 
 
754 
 
 IXDU.STRIES, COMMERCE, AND FIXAXCE. 
 
 flag, their aggregate measurement being 353,087 tons. 
 Of the arrivals only 73, and of the departures only 
 53, were sailing ships, and of these a large [)roportion 
 sailed or reached port in ballast. The preponderance 
 of American vessels is, of course, explained by the 
 traffic between Victoria, San Francisco, Portland, 
 and other points on the Pacific coast of the United 
 States, all of it, or nearly so, being in the hands of" 
 American ship-owners.^^ There were about this time 
 five steamers plying on the Eraser, between New 
 Westminster and Yale, Victoria and Yale, Soda 
 Creek and Qucsnelle, Kamloop and Savona's ferry, 
 all of them belonging to the Pioneer Line, which sue- 
 ceedcd to the British Columbia Navigation Company, 
 then under the mana^rement of John lrvin<jf."'^ Before 
 the line <jf the overland railway was located, the 
 Thompson River, containing, with its aflluents, some 
 300 miles of navigable water, held in its mountainous 
 basin a population sufficient to sup[)ort several small 
 steamers.^' On the completion of the projected canal 
 between Okanagan and Shuswap lakes — the two be- 
 ing almost on the same level, separated only by a 
 single valley, and with the Thompson as the outlet of 
 the latter — more than 100 miles would bo added to 
 the navigable channel of this stream. 
 
 Thus, since the davs when the little black steamer 
 Beaver — the first to perform such an exploit — i-ounded 
 Cape Horn on her voyage from London to Esquimalt, 
 beinix used first by the Hudson's Bay Company to 
 
 " Complete navigation returns for the province will Lc found iu the Tablc.i 
 of Trade and Xav. ^Dom, Can. fur ISSO, 700-7, 80i2-:3, S.IO. 
 
 ^''Tho only son of Win Irvin;.', who arrived iu S. F. in 1843, in charge of 
 tlic bark John W. Calon. In 18..2 tlio latter engaged in the nteaniboat busi- 
 ness on the Cohinibia, whence, in IS'if), lie removed to tlio Eraser to take 
 ehargu of the affairs of the IJ. 0. X;iv. Co. Tlic names of the five steamers 
 were tho WH'inni Irvinrj, the UiUaivo, the V'ldnrln, t!io Pccrlc^.t, and the JJ, 
 J. IrriiHj, tlio last, n lino vessel of G'_'o to: >', lieing hiuned at IIopo in Sept, 
 1881. The entire capital invested in them was .^i7o, COO. In 1SS2 two new 
 steamers, ono of 800 iiml tho other of -100 tuns, were being built for the Pion- 
 eer line. lli(lfV\i('om. and I lid. Par. Cua^t, 193. 
 
 "Built by Mara and Wilson, of which linn J. A. !Mara was one of tho 
 leading men in tho Kamloop district, and a member of the provincial parlia- 
 mont. 
 
REVENUE. 
 
 75.-) 
 
 collect peltry and convey supplies, then as a gov- 
 ernment survevinri: vessel,**^ and endincj licr career 
 as a tug, vast strides have been made in the shipping 
 interests of the territory. From one sup[)ly-siiip a 
 year, with an occasional visit from some storm-bound 
 o*' dismantled craft, in 184G, to an average of at leaf>t 
 four vessels a day, cleared or entered in 188G, is a 
 somewhat startling contrast. Whv it is that British 
 Columbia never, as yet, ranked ship-building among 
 her industries, does not at present appear. If, within 
 this century, Sitka could, to a small extent, compete 
 with Okhotsk*^ and Port Townsond with Batli and 
 Bano'or, tlierc would seem to be no ijood reason why 
 Victoria and Poit jNFoody should not enter into com- 
 petion with Halifax and St John." 
 
 For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1884, the total 
 revenue of British Columbia amoimted to 6887,G8(J, 
 of which $207, 99G was received from the dominion 
 government,*^ §91,433 on account of land sales, $48, 
 G8G for provincial revenue tax, and $384,512 for the 
 transfer to the dominion of the graving-dock, and for 
 money expended on its construction by the province. 
 For the same period the expenditure under all heads 
 was $590, G29, of which $81,953 was on account of the 
 
 '"Tti winch cap.iuity she did excellent service. Bai/lcy'fi V. /., !MS., 70. 
 
 "See /Jilt. Atautt, this scries, p. G91, note 45. 
 
 *- Additional information an to shipping matters will bo found in Tahl(;i of 
 Tnide nml Kav. J)om. Vui>., passim; Bcn/li'i/'.i V. /., MS., 7o-7; t'uopir s 
 .Uarittmc Mutters, MS., passim; .S'. F. Call, Juno 4, 8, ISOo; Apr. HI, 1870; 
 BuUctin, Juno 11, ISOl; /'or/laii't ]re4 Shore, July 1S77. Vov account of 
 wrcclc of the steamer Georqe S. Wri'jhf, and niassacro of licr crew, sto S. F. 
 Bnllcthi, M;irch ;i, 4, 10, 1873; July 2\ 1877; Call, Apr. <:, July -J,), 1S77; 
 Po^t, Apr. 7, Juno4. 1S77; /t/^x, jNIarch 3, 1873; Vir'jininCi/>/Cliroii!r,',i,Aiv\ 
 7, 1877; Stcilnroom(W. T.j :.\rprcM, July20, 1877. For lossof tiio/SVfW((y/ar, 
 SCO iS'. /•'. Pout, Juno H.;, 'J,"), ' -,,',3; (/«//, Jnno 'J2, 187.'i; and fnr ()tliii'(".i,..jtcr3 
 by sea, N. F. Alln, .]m,o '20, 1872; Cnll, Dec. '2(1, 1874; BuUdin, Sipt. ."JO, 
 Oct. 1, 1881. rilota;40 "cenlations will ho found in tho I'irlorid, (imt L'squi- 
 ma't rVolarjc B>/-laih, Victoria, 1880; B. C. IX'rrr/., 18S2-.'i, 'MKi-O. I'or 
 information aa torulcsand custouisof port and harbor in;i;t(r.-., port-wiirdens, 
 and quarantine rcrulation-., t^oo ihiiiil-Booh-i of the Baard of Trade. As Uito 
 03 1875 there wcro hut thid' light-houses in tli" entire province, one eacli at 
 Raco Rocks, at tlio cntraucc of Kscpiiinalt Ilarhor, and on South Sand Head, 
 at tho entrance of tiio Frascr. LUt of L!iih(<, Dom. Can., 'M. 
 
 ^'Of the latter sum, li?-J4,<l'JG was for interest, ?:}j,Of>0 for subsidy, §48,000 
 for -^rant per capita, and §100,000 for lands convej'ed. S( ■<.■<. J'a/irrs, B. C, 
 ic ,41. 
 
7oG 
 
 INDUSTRIES, COMMERCE, AND FINANCE. 
 
 public debt, $47,323 for the civil service, $97,480 
 for the administration of justice, and $217,491 for 
 public works. At that date there were debentures 
 outstanding to the amount of $747,500/* Compared 
 with other provinces, and considering the large per- 
 centage of expenditure devoted to public works, it 
 must be admitted that finances were in a healthy 
 condition, one of the most noticeable features in the 
 comparison being that the average debt per capita 
 was for the province little more than $12, and for the 
 dominion about $4G.*' In the amount of customs 
 paid into the consolidated revenue fund of the domin- 
 ion, pro rata of population, the contrast was still more 
 remarkable. Taking, for instance, the fiscal j'ear 
 1878-9, for which there are exact returns at hand 
 for all the provinces, we find that British Columbia, 
 with a population amounting only to 12^- per cent of 
 that of Nova Scotia, paid more than 43 per cent of the 
 sum contributed by the latter; nearly 11 per cent of 
 the sums contributed by Ontario and Quebec, where 
 tlie ratios of population w^cic respectively as 40 and 
 30 to one; 88 per cent more than was paid by Mani- 
 toba, with about an equal population; and 150 per cent 
 more than was paid by Prince Edward Island, with 
 double the population. 
 
 iii 
 
 In presenting to the reader the annals thus far re- 
 corded of British Columbia, I have spoken of a people 
 
 ^' A sUiluincnt of llio public accouuts fur each year will bo found in the 
 n ports of tlic minister of (iiuiuoo, in jSc.m. Papers, B, C. Soo also Joia\ 
 Lii/iil. At!/i. Jl. v.; Stat. H. C, passim. For 1S7U the revenue waa $.'('27,514; 
 i;;;a, S.370,ir.O; 1874, S:{7'2,417; 1S75, S:ir>1,'241; 1870,8.181,120; 1877, §108, 
 :11S; 1S7S, §i;<0,7SG; for llie first six niontiia of 1870, §213,0J7; for the liscul 
 vc'.ir July I, 1870, to June ISO, 1880, SitOO.OOS; 1880-1, $307,0.1."5; 18S2-'2, 
 !:'1.):(,'2I1; lSS2-;t, S12."),808. 'I'liu exiienditiiro was, for 1872, §432,082; 1873, 
 !?,.;HI,'JI',); 1874, S.'')81,282; 187."), inuluuini,' f213,400of the sum raised under 
 liio n. C. loan act of 1874, Ss2'J,277; 1870, including §00,000 for balance of 
 1 Kin, 8700,710; 1877. §008,34.5; 1S78, S:)18,070; 1870-80, S4o7,02G; 1880-1, 
 ii^37!»,700; 1881-2,5174,402; 1882-3, §.')04, 102. 
 
 *■> For furtlier items as to revenue and linancc, see Mackenzie's Mem. Can. 
 l\ic. liailway, MS.; Canada I'uldic Accounts, 1870-7; Canada Inland Hev. 
 lleptx, 1870-80, passim. 
 
 *" Speech of l)e CosmoM iu tlio dominion liouso of commous, Apr. 10, If SO. 
 Sco Hansard's Vchata: J)awson'.i X. W. Terr, and U. C, 178-0, 
 
G ENER AL DEV ELO I'M KNT. 
 
 757 
 
 wliicli, if not among the richest, is {iniong the most 
 contented, hopeful, and thrifty communities of the 
 Pacific coast. The youngest offspring of the mother 
 of nations, this province contains a population wliose 
 members regard their adopted country as one not 
 merely as a place in M'liich to grasp at wealth, but as 
 one in which they arc content to live, in which they 
 arc proud to live. And in their a(lo[)ted country the 
 impartial observer may lind mucli that is worthy of 
 admiration. The territory com[)i'ises within its area, 
 entirolv or in part, the streams which bevond the 
 Ibrty-ninth parallel How westward into the Pacific, 
 and tlio tributaries of the j\Iacken/,ie that ilow north 
 toward the Arctic. With a shore line of more than 
 7,000 miles,*^ containinLi" many liarbor.s and naviL!al)le 
 inlets, with her magnificent fiiuua and ilora, her wealth 
 of minerals and fisheries, her £jrowin<j: commerce, her 
 commercial position, and her facilities for coinmumca- 
 tion*^ and manufacture, it is not improbable tliat, even 
 within the life-lime of the i)resent generation, BiiLlsh 
 Columbia may rani: among the foremost provinces of 
 
 *' As computed by A. A. Anderson, inspector of fiaherica, in his report for 
 \810. IlittcU'a Commerri'.nnd Indunlntx, 41. 
 
 ■•'In 1S85 it \\aa olliciiiUy announced tliat a mail service was to \>c cstal)- 
 iishcd between llonij-lvong and Victoria. S. l\ Iliillrtiii, Oct. '24, 188."). For 
 jiostal convention witii the U. S., kco Mcs/i. aud Doc, 1S70-1; Xavy and !'. 
 O. Dcpt. ll!;}-;"). In ISSO there were '11 postal routes in the province, of whicii 
 7 were l)y Kteamer or sailing,' yessel, the number of tri[)3 varyin;,' from two 
 each day between Victoria, and Esquimalt, to one every two months between 
 Hope and Kootenai. The subsidies paid for regular services varied from §7"> 
 ■i year, fur the route between Maple I'ay and Soineno.^, to $l.'{,I5.'i;i.ri4 .a year, 
 i'lr the one between Uarkcrvillo and Vale, the tot.-d being .?;]», O'-'S.l I. i;,pt 
 '),• I'ont.-Grii./or ISSO, 11'J-1.'5. Of course, after tiie completion of the railway, 
 ho cost of tfio more expensive routes was greatly reduced. In ISS'2 there 
 Acre G'2 post-oHicc3 on the island and mainland. For list, sec JJ. (!. Direct., 
 • SS2-:?, ;J70. In ISOS mails were first sent direct to S. F. by steamer. iS'. /'. 
 : 'u'.', Apr. 30, 18(i8. In 1880 steamers sailed from S. F. to Victoria cvciy 
 eig' • '.'. day. \t this date, also, a 8nl)marino cable connected Victoria with the. 
 I- a;iand, crossing th.c gulf of (leorgia at Nanaimo, while anotlier cable, laid 
 iicross the straits of San .Juan do Fuca, connected tiie capital with Washing- 
 ton and thcncQ with all p.arts of the world. IS. (.'. Dlrcrf,, 1884-."), {). Sound- 
 ings for n, submarini' cable were taken in 1881. S. F. liulktln. May I'J, 18S1. 
 In 18U8acablo had already been laid between Victoria and S. Ju;in. .S'. F. 
 C<dl, Sept. 8, 18G8; and in 18G.'> across the Fraacr. S. F. Alln, April 1, 18(i."). 
 For mention of the propo.scd Russian-American tclegruph line, see (S*. /'. ('all, 
 Apr. 12, 18()4; N. Y. S/ilppaKj LUf, in S. F. Mo: t,'<nctl<; Nov. 12, 18(J4; S. F. 
 liulkliii, Jan. (5, ISO.I. 
 
758 
 
 INDUSTRIES, COMMERCK, AND FINANCE. 
 
 'o the stern realities of their coridi- 
 i'roni a (Ircaiii of paradise. To such 
 
 the dominion. Meanwhile slie can claim, at least, 
 the distinction of being' one of the most progressive 
 regions of British North America, and though but a 
 lew years ago considered almost i7s a cipher when 
 compared with other provinces, may prove to be a 
 cipher which contributes untold value to all the rest. 
 As in other parts of the Pacific coast, and as in 
 Australia, tlie rcscourccs of British Columbia would 
 not have been even i)artially developed but for tlie 
 discovery of gold; and here, as elsewhere, though of 
 the thousands lured by expectation of sudden riches 
 a few acquired a fortune, and a considerable number 
 realized modest gains, the majority not only became 
 bankrupt in pocket, but, suffering hunger and priva- 
 tion, had cause to rue their folly in forsaking more 
 substantial '^ains, and awoke from their visions of 
 phantom v i ' 
 tion, as an ou. 
 
 daring, open-handed, and often noble-hearted njen, 
 countries which have since attained to prominence are 
 indebted, not only for their origin, bu'j for much of 
 flieir progress; and on the forgotten graves of these 
 reckless adventurers, abandoned in life to the bitter- 
 ness of despair and degradation, will rest the pillars 
 of mighty states and empires. 
 
 In closing the records of British Columbia, it may 
 not be witliout interest to refer once more to the 
 Canadian Pacific railway, which, as 'le reader will 
 I'emember, was completed in the sunnner of 1885, the 
 terminus being at lV)rt !^^oody, tliougli it would prob- 
 ably have b >en n^moved to Aancouver, at the mouth 
 of Burranl Ink't, but for the destru^ttion of tliat town 
 by fire in June IH8(;.-"^ 
 
 It is claimed that the distance frtnn Chinese or 
 
 '"('iiused liy the Lru.sli firi's on tlu; i-iilroud lots. In thi.i cniiHiigi-iitioii 
 .sovurul Uvea ;ii"i(l i?80(),()U0 worth of jiropurty wt-u lost. At least 3,(»U0 per- 
 Koiis woro n'lult'i'oil lioiuolcss. <!>'. I'\ ( /ironiili', ..•mo 14, lS8(i. Fordeseriiitioii, 
 Hi'u Ji/., .lune 15, 1880. A few weeks Liter a largo fire oecurred at Vietoria. 
 J(l., Sept. .1, 188(5. 
 
KAILROAD FACILITIES. 
 
 759 
 
 Japanese ports to Liverpool by way of tlio Canadian 
 Pacific is from l^COO to 1,200 miles nearer than by 
 other Pacific railroads. Moreover, vessels bound, let 
 us say, with cargoes of tea from Canton to Victoria 
 would, while in the trade-winds, take about the same 
 course as if bound for San Francisco; but those des- 
 tined for the former port would save about 700 miles 
 of sea route, in addition to a considerable savhig in 
 ])ort charges and wharfage. From Vancouver to 
 Montreal by rail tlie distance is 2,905 miles, and 
 from San Francisco to New York by the Central 
 and Union Pacific it is 3,3();5; thus in the transit of 
 the cargo there wt)uld be a furtlier saving of 458 
 miles. TJie dominion i>overnment has determined to 
 establish a steamship line bctweiMi J^iverpool and 
 Quebec in sununer, and between Liverpool, Halifax, 
 and Perth id, ]\[aine, in winter.""^ Arrangements 
 have also been matle for a service between San Fran- 
 cisco and the western terminus of tlie Canadian ] Pa- 
 cific, the traffic to be under the entire control of the 
 company. It is daimed, also, notwithstanding state- 
 ments to the contrary, that i\\v. line can be operated 
 throughout its entire lengtli ev(uy day in the year.'' 
 Finally, it is probal)le that a line of iJritish mail 
 steamers will be established between Vancouver and 
 ports in China, Japan, and Australia, and that this 
 line will be subsidized by the British govermncnt. 
 Thus it will be seen that the Canadian I*acific is by 
 no means .'m insignificant rival for the transconti- 
 nental traffic of North America. 
 
 In this relation other factors nuist .also l)e consid- 
 ered The Canadian Pacific is virtually national prop- 
 
 •''" Circulars wort! aililrcssoil to stoanishij) owners in Oot. 188(5, askiiij,' for 
 tenders for a wei^kly mull serviw;. Tlio contract was to In' for ten _\cars, tlio 
 vessels to have a speed of not less than liftccn knots, and tlie contractors 
 nnist not diseriniinatu against Canadian frei^lit. Ii/., Oct. 'J4, ]SS(i. 
 
 ■''' Letter of C \:in Horn, vice-ju'esident Can. I'ac. l\. i\., in />/., I'eli. IS, 
 ISSfi. Mr Horn states that a very largo amount of money has heeu exjiendid 
 with this purpose in view. 'On our main line,' he writes, ' from (^hiehcc to 
 Canmorc in the Rocky j^lountains, which is as far as we have heen operating 
 the lino this winter, a distance of '2,5(M) miles, we have not heeu oljligod to 
 oaucol a siuglo train on account of huow or any other reason.' 
 
700 
 
 INDUSTRIES, COMMERCE, AND FINANCE. 
 
 erty — the property of the doiuinioii of Canada — and, 
 as tlie reader is aware, government railways seldom 
 earn more than nominal dividends. In Great Britain, 
 whence the greater portion of the capital for this pro- 
 ject was derived, and where railroads were built by 
 private enterprise, four and a half per cent is consid- 
 ered a good return on ordinary stock, and on preferred 
 stock less than four per cent. In Australia, wlierc the 
 railroads were built by government, the returns are 
 probably between two and three per cent on tlie capi- 
 tal invested. Encumbered with the huge load of debt 
 which tlie dominion government incurred by its sub- 
 sidies, at least working expenses nmst be earned, and 
 as soon as possible some reasonal)le interest on the 
 outlay. But as yet the line runs for the most part 
 throuijch a solitutle, thouixh a solitude fertile in agri- 
 cultural and mineral resource. 
 
 To earn expenses merely, and to build up a business 
 that gi\es prospect of niodei'ate dividends, it may 
 he necessary to enter into aggressive competition 
 witJL ot] er transcontinental lines. The road is well 
 equipped; the rolling stock, especially the passenger- 
 cars, is of excellent quality, and in all the provinces 
 the line has naturallv absorbed the bulk of the traffi<! 
 which was formerly in tlie hands of American railway 
 companies. ]3uring the summer of 188(5, freiglit by 
 way of St Paul was taken for Chicago and points on 
 the Missouri ^^iver at from $10 to .$12 per ton, and 
 during the same vear the Canadian Pacific offered to 
 convey farming produce and ore, whether for assay or 
 working, fn)m JSavona's Ferry and intervening stations 
 to Port Moodv at 64 per ton — a rate which would en- 
 able nuners to forward ores to San Francisco at 6<i per 
 ton.''" At such rates it would appear that there should 
 be no ureat difficultv in obtaininjif traffic. First-class 
 fares from San Francisco or Port Moody to New 
 York were in November 1886 $70, against $81 from 
 
 '''■'The rato on cauucd gooila Wiis $11 a ton, ami by other lines §18. /'/., 
 Aug. 'J'J, 188G. 
 
TELEGRAPH SYSTEM. 
 
 7^ 
 
 San Francisco over the Central or Southern Pacific. 
 Tlie trip by the northern Hue possesses at least the 
 charm of novelty, and many who have already trav- 
 elled over the Central and Southern routes will take it 
 for that reason ; the more so as the province of British 
 Columbia presents scenery of surpassing beauty and 
 i:^randeur. In conclusion, the Canadian Pacific is out of 
 debt, or very nearly so/^and considering^ the low rates 
 of wages prevailing in Canada, and the low prices of 
 material and supplies, the working expenses of the 
 road will be considerably smaller in proportion than 
 those of American railways. 
 
 In 188(5, the immense telegraph system of the 
 company, extending from Montreal to the Pacific 
 Ocean, was completed, and connection made with 
 American lines. United with the Atlantic cable at 
 Halifax, as proi)osed, British Columbia will be placed 
 in telegraphic communication with the J^ritisli pos- 
 sessions in the East, soundings having already been 
 taken between Vancouver Island and Japan. 
 
 Fears have been expressed that tlio establishment 
 of a British steamship between China and the Pacific 
 coast may result in a large importation of coolies. 
 This would seem improbable, in view of the fact that 
 under the Chinese regulation act a tax of $50 is col- 
 lected on each Chinese ])assenger before he is allowed 
 to land. The people of British Columlna are as much 
 opposed to Chuiese labor as are those of (^difornia, 
 but as yet there has been little anti-Cliiuese agita- 
 tion."* When, however, it was ascertained that one 
 of the Mexican states was in need of coolie labor, 
 
 '''^ III 1880 tlio company owed the government ^20,000,000, and it was pro- 
 posed to settle the claim hy cancelling $10,0(K),0(K) worth of its land grant, 
 and the monopoly clause of its cliartcr, giving the comiiany exclusive lights 
 in the Northwest for a term of twenty years. Oltutni Ttiiut, in S. F. Vhroii., 
 April 12, 188G. 
 
 ''*0n the 7th of September, 188,'), a hody of working men visited tlu; va- 
 rious establishments where Chinese were emidoyed, ami demanded work. 
 The proprietors refused, except the owner of a shoe factory, who, knowing 
 that there were no Chinese in the crowd, ofl'ereil an advance of 25 per cent 
 ou the wages paid to Chinamen. (S. /'. Chron., Sept. 9, 1885. 
 
rG2 
 
 INDUSTRIES, COMMEKCE, AND FINANCE. 
 
 offers were at once made to the authorities to supply 
 them with all that tliey needed, and on their own 
 terms. 
 
 As to the affairs of government, there is little more 
 to be said. Of late, excej)t for a collision between 
 the dominion and provincial police" in September 
 1885, and a slight Indian disturbance in the northern 
 part of the province in September"'* of the same year, 
 the placid current of events has seldom been dis- 
 turbed by even a ripple of excitement. As in most 
 British colonies, the people are contented and prosper- 
 ous, receiving absolute protection under the law and 
 from the law, living in perfect security as to rights, 
 person, and property, and secure also from all danger 
 of legal oppression. 
 
 Some dissatisfaction has been caused by the want 
 of reciprocal action on the part of the American gov- 
 ernment as to the extradition treaty. In 1886 a noted 
 criminal," who had escaped from British Columbia, 
 was discharged by the United States court, although 
 a deputy attorney-general was sent to watch the case 
 for the crown. On the other hand, all prisoners de- 
 manded by the United States for extradition have 
 been promptly surrendered. A fugitive convict cap- 
 tured some years ago on British soil was sent back at 
 an expense of $2,700 to the provincial government; 
 but in 1886 this sum had not been refunded by tlie 
 United States. 
 
 Another question which has given rise to some dis- 
 satisfaction is tlie seizure in 1886 of British vessels 
 engaged in seal-hunting in the Bering Sea. The 
 crews of the vessels thus seized laid their case before 
 the minister of marine and fisheries at Victoria, and 
 their statement was forwarded to the home govern- 
 
 ''■' Caused through tlie seizure by the dominion police of liquors held by 
 parties having a provincial license. For description, see Id., Sept. 5, 1883. 
 
 ''" Among the Metlakatlas, who refused to permit the civil engineer to s)ir- 
 vey tlie Imlian reserve on behalf of the dominion government, claiming that 
 the entire country was theirs. S. F. Bull., Sept. 16, 188(5. 
 
 "' Known as Bull Dog Kelly. S. F. Chron., Feb. 15, 1886 
 
BIBLIOORArHY. 
 
 703 
 
 ment for consideration. By act of congress, dated 
 July 27, 18G8, it was made a penal oftbncc to kill fur- 
 bearinj^ animals within the limits of Alaska or Alaskan 
 waters. But how shall the i)iiraso Alaskan waters he 
 interpreted :' During tlie earlier period of the Kussian 
 American company's occupation it was alleijfed tliatall 
 the v.aters hetween Alaska and Siberia helono-ed to 
 Russia; but that country did not succeed in making 
 good its claim. Moreover, by referring to the impe- 
 rial oukaz, granted to the company in 17U9, and <j[Uoted 
 in my History of yilashi,'"^ it will be found that no 
 mention is made of anv special riijfhts in tlie l^eriui"' 
 Sea, or even in inland waters, but only to "use and 
 profit," in certain territory, "by every tiling which has 
 been or shall be discovered on the surface and in the 
 bosom of the earth." In 1 8(57 this territory was trans- 
 ferred to the United States, tlie consideration being 
 67,200,000. The dividing line, defined merely to in- 
 clude all of this territory, runs nortliward into the 
 Arctic, and soutliward into the north Pacific Ocean; 
 but it does not appear that by the payment of this 
 sum of $7,200,000 the United States acquired an ex- 
 clusive right to the Arctic Sea and the north l^acific 
 Ocean.^'' 
 
 ^8 Pp. 379-80. 
 
 ^* In the Maratim : Matters on the Northwext Coant, and Affairs of the Iltid- 
 mn's Bay Company in Early Time^, by James Cooper, MS., 1 have been fur- 
 nished with much valuable information. Coinmencin;^ with the year 1844, at 
 which date Mr Cooper, a native of Wolvurlianipton, J'jnf,'land, entered tlio 
 service of the Hudson's Bay Company, and when tlic three supply-ships 
 Vancouver, Cowlitz, and Coliimbin were the only regular traders, his narrutivo 
 is contiucd until the death of (Jov. Seymour in ISO!). 
 
 British Columbia Sketflict, MS., is the title of a work also relating in part 
 to maritime affairs. One of these skotciies is by l[crl)ert George Lewis, who 
 sailed for Vancouver in lS4S,as an otUcoi- in tlio l'ou-tilz,imil ai'terward found 
 employment ou board various craft. J Ic has supplied me with many items 
 coueerning the company',s ships and the mcn-nf-war stationed on the coast. 
 At this date the vessels of the JI. B. Co. traded with several countries. The 
 Coivlitz, for instance, after discharging cai'go at Fort Vancouver, iu ISlS, 
 loaded w'ith wheat for Sitka, and thence sailed for the Hawaiian Islatuls, with 
 lumber and lish, returning with a freight of sugar and molasses to luirt Van- 
 couver, wliencc she was despatched with a cargo of furs to London. Of 
 Michael and Robert Muir, of whom the .-(/.r^f/c's supply partial memoirs, men- 
 tion is made on p. 103-4, '2J5, this vol. William John Mncdonald, a native of 
 the Islo of Skye, also came out to Vancouver in the company's service, land- 
 ing at Victoria in 18ol. Ordered to Sun Juan Ibiaud duruig this ycur, to take 
 
764 
 
 INDrSTUlK-v COMMKUCi;, AND FINANCK. 
 
 cbarf,'e of a party of I'rcuL-li Cauailiaihs cinplityed in saltnon-curini.', and bciiif^ 
 still ill the coiiiiiaiiy's .si'r\ icu at tiic tiiiio wlifii the foilx'araiii'i! of Admiral 
 Baynca alunc pri'vcntcd war butv.Lcii (iivat ISritain aud Anaiiia, hi ( account 
 of the S.iii .luMii dillictdty, already recorded in these paqcH, is of si)eeial value. 
 Ill LS.V.t Mr Macdonalil waa elected a lueiiiljer of the legislative asseiidily of 
 Vancouver f(ir tlie .Sooke district. 
 
 lu l'(ttiiii r's Waijoii 'J'rtiiiw, MS., I have been furnished with an inter- 
 e.-itiiig ace(jimt of a journey iiiade'ljy Joel I'alnier, from ludependc nee, ^SIo., t < 
 ()rei,'iiii in l(SJ."). A native of Canada, though of American parentage, (ien. 
 rainier, when fjrou n to manhood, found eni|iloynii'nt in I'enn. on piiblie 
 Works and canals, lieiny afterward placed in clufgc of u 'J5-niile .section ol 
 the I'cnn. canal. In KSM he was elected a menilier of the I'enn. leyi.sliitnre. 
 J)uriiig Ills i(Jinncy across the plains and mountains lio took notes of the 
 road aud tlislances traver.sed, w hich were subsequently cnibodicd in a (I'liiili ■ 
 JJook /or L'liiiijni Ills, imltVmhvd in Cincinnati, licsidiny for a brief spnce in 
 Vii.toria, at tlio time when J)uuglas was tlie leading spirit on the island and 
 nniinhind, he has su]iplied me with items of viduc euncerninL; this period. 
 
 'I o tlie i'h(ii(icUi-i-tks of Jaiiun J)oii>i(a-t, !MS. , by V^. Cridgc', 1 ;un also in- 
 ileblcd for a (les;ciiption of the means whereby this tkilfid luU r i)f men, ably 
 sciiinded by A. F. J'enilK'iton, whom ho a[)[)()inted eonnnis.siiiiur of ]iolice, 
 made J]n;;lis!l law le^pected iuid obe) ed during iiie troublous tiiir s of the 
 gold e.\citeinent. 
 
 Of the few works thus far pul)lished concerning British (.'oluniliia, menliiii 
 lias for the most part been miide. Jn the I'lU'l.i ami J<"njiirn Hihit'imj lo V. J. 
 and 11. (.'., ItijJ. /'(s/i(iiil r< inbciloit, Loudon, looO, we liavea brief descriiil ion 
 of the 'jcncral eondilion of the euuntiy, its fauna, llora, and giolo.iry, of the 
 progress and commerce of the two colonics, with their principal settlements, 
 anil of the society which they contained, with some excellent advice to intend- 
 ing emigrants. 
 
 Thr. j\'alnndi!it in V. I. aud B. C, by John Keast Lord, F. Z. S., in two 
 vol-', London, ISDti, besiiks the natural Instory of the island and mainland, 
 contains .some interesting ilescriptions of travel, sport, aud adventure in the 
 north-west. In the ap|)endlx is a detailed Hit ot the zoiilogieal collcetioiis 
 made Ijy Mr Lord, w hilc eui])loye(l as naturalist to the boundary commission. 
 
 In J'ruKcl.t ill Ji. iJ. (tiid AlasLa, bj Nciclon II. Chilleiidmi, Victoria, ISS'J, 
 arebiielly oullineil the resuurees and cai)abilitics of the province, and there 
 is al.-o Some nientiim of various si^tllenients and industries, with an acconnt 
 of the railroad, as matters stooil with this enterprise at that time. 
 
 In the Ji'i/Hirls of J'nujrc^i.i of Ihc (j'c<jto(jkal Surinj of Cmiada arc containcc I 
 Sclwi/a^-i Joufind and Jicporl of PrclimiiKiri/ Uxplonilion-i in JJri/ish Colttmhid: 
 Juchard-ion on the Coal - Field .•< of Vancouver and (Jwen ClairloUe Islandit, with 
 map of former, an app. by J. W. Dawson on fossil plants, another by Hillings 
 on inesozoic fossils, and a third by ITarriugton on the coals of the west coast; 
 Setn'i/n'ti Olhtervalions in (he A'orthwcut Tenilori/, with app. by ]j. J. Harring- 
 ton on western coals; lilchardaoii on O'eoloijical E.riilonUionn in Urilixh t'oliini- 
 hia; Whilcavix' ^otes on the Cretaceous lo-s^ila collected by Mr Jas Ilichardson 
 at Vancouver and the adjacent Idand.-t, with lithographed jilatc; Selwijn'.^ 
 /'iport on Explorations in British Colundtia, with appendices by Macoun, 
 Whiteaves, and LeConte; l>aicson'n liepiort on Explorations in British Colum- 
 bia; Scudder on the Insects of the Tertiar;/ Beds at Quesnel, British Columbia; 
 Daicson^s (t'eniral Notes on the Mines and Minerals of Economic Value of British 
 Colnmbi'i, ivilh a List of Loccdities, reprinted with additions and alterations 
 from the railway report, 1877; Whiteaves' Notes oil some Jurassic Fossils col- 
 lected by Mr G. M. Dawson in th^ 'oast liaiifie of British Columbia; Uirhard- 
 son's Ill-port on the Coal-Fields of Aannimo, Comox, Cowitchan, Burrard Met, 
 andSooke, British Columbia, with three illustrations and a map; Scuddcr's Ad- 
 ditions to the Insect-Fauna of the Tertiarij Beds at Quesnel, British Columbia; 
 iJaivson's Preliminarii lleport on the Phi/sical and Geoloffical Features of tlie 
 Southern Portion of the Interior of British Columbia; Dawson's Report on the 
 Queen Charlotte Islands, and app. A to (I — ap. A relating to the Ilaidahs; li 
 
RIBLKViRAPHY. 
 
 7G5 
 
 to their vocabnlnry; C, l)y J. F. Witcavi's, to some iimiiiu' iiivcrtclir.-ita from 
 tlio Queen L'lini'Iolto Islands; J), liy S. .1. Smitli, to (.'riistaocii fr-oin tlio (^>uccn 
 Charlotte imd Vancouver Isljinds; K, liy.l. Miicoun, eoiitjiiiiin'; list (.f iil.inla 
 from the (^tiutu Clmrhitto Islands; ]•", iiiL'teorologii'.'il oliscnations; and (i, 
 notes on latitude and liinf,'itnc|»; Jhiicxou'.i /I'fjiort on riii L'.iji.'oriiiinii/niiii J'oit 
 Siiiijisoii, (III til.' J'diijic ('odsl, to Kiliiioiiton, on the. Sn-'Lut'ln n-aii, with a|i|). 
 oontaininy list of ]>!ants collected, an<l nicteorological ohsi rvatinns in tlio 
 noitlicin jiart <it' liritish Coluniliia, tiie Peace Uivtr <listrii't, and iictwccu 
 Kdniont(jn and Maniloha, t(iL;ctli< r with notes on latitude ;;nd lungitudc; ( 'uvi- 
 ■}tarnt'ivr Vordhiiltirii s of Ihf Juiliiiii TiHhk of Jlrilish t'ohnnliiii, uilli a map 
 illuslratingdiistrihutidn, liy \V. Fias^t r'l'iilniieand(Icor;^c M. ])a\\s(>n; J.'ijiorl 
 on till' J'ol;j'Ma oj'lhi' (Jim n Chnrliitfr Jn'miil.-), l>y 'J'Ikjs llincks, reprinted Ironi 
 the Anna U and Mfii/fizi lie i>j' ^(ituitil Jl'islurij, J.ondoii, Dec. IfS.S'J, Juno l^Mi, 
 March 1884; Mc-'OZuir loxnilit, hyJ. K. Wliiteaves. N'lil. i., parts i.-iii., with 
 lithographed plates, Mimtreal, l.S7(i, 1S7!), KSSl. V,,v list i>f geologi<'al and 
 other maps, sec Lixf, <;/' riilil'iialhinx of the d'cu/iii/inil mnl ^Xtilnriil //ixlori/ 
 Surr(>/ o/Ccniadit, Ottawa, ISSl, passim, lii'.tldi Moilli Ann rU-a is tho title 
 of a \<)\. published hy the Jteligious 'J'ract Socii^ly of J.nnildn. 'I'lie wiiter 
 resided in several of the jirovinees, ami had advantages of making hiuiself 
 acquainted Viith their lomlition. He like« isc drew mucli inforiiiaiion from 
 JJluc r.uoks i.ssued hy the Canadian govt, and jiarliamentaiy papers. It 
 hrielly toueiics upon the early history and discoveries of .'.eveiai portions of 
 the tcnitory, and aflords considerahlc statistical information. A good deal 
 of tho hook, however, is about the aborigines and Canada, not seiviceahle for 
 historical purposes, and the haml and stylo of tho missionary is traceable 
 throughout. 
 
 Of the various guide-books, directories, and ]n-ospectiis'.'3 of mining aiul 
 other associations, published from time to time in the colonies or the pro\ ince, 
 no further mention is reipiired in these jiages. On tho'Jftth of October, Istil, 
 the colonial government of \ . I. by iiuhlic notice invited essiiys on tlic w- 
 sources of the island and the ailvautaucs which it ollcred to .settlers. A jire- 
 mium of i'.jl) was ollered for tho bestc.ssay, and .i^lOfor the secoiul best. 'J'lio 
 competing essays were to be sent to tho colonial secretary sealed, no ii;ime or 
 mark being attached whereliy tlie authoi-s ndght bo known to the ailjudira- 
 tors. To tho manuscript, however, must bo allixcd a distinctive nK)tto, v. iioio 
 duplicate should bo written on the outside of a sealed envelope, within which 
 tho name of the author should bo written. All cssay.s received were to re- 
 main tho ]iroperty of the government, liut the sealed envelopes of unsucceso- 
 ful canilidatcs were to bo returned unopened if desired. A hoard, coiisisiing 
 of C 'J'. Woods \V. F. Tohnin, and tr. M. Spro;it, was appointed to decide 
 upon the relative merits of the compo.sitions. In accordance with tliis aii- 
 nouncomcut, several essay.-} were received, and after careful examination tlie 
 prize was awarded to Charles Forbes. Mr Forbes' productioi\ was jirinted in 
 ISO'2 by the colonial government, under the title of I'riza Exsaij: \'(i,iroiir< r 
 Inland; Its I'tsourccs and CapalAid'ics an a Colon;;. K'l jifcjr^, Sro. It is divided 
 into five parts, embracing climate, physical features, society, products, and 
 prospects. It is statistical ratlier than historical, and pos.sesscs tran iiiit 
 rather than permanent interest. Desultory in its construction, tho .se;irclur 
 iu any one liranch of information is obliged to glean from every pa"e ;nid 
 closely to regard every paragrapii. Vet tho pampldet answereil very well tin) 
 ])urposc for which it was written. It seems that tlin mainland was expecting 
 about the same time a similar resunn'', setting forth its good qualilie;s but 
 was disappointed. Xonc of the attempts made did justice to the caii.^e. ]n 
 this cniei'gcncy, following the example of the island, rewards wero olhreil, on 
 tho 11th of March, lS(i'2, of like amounts for like productions, snbjec' ;.. . le 
 same conditions. As tho result of this action, tiierc appeared, ])rintf 1 :>■ ' iio 
 Royal Engineer Press at New Westminster in ISi'i'.l, Jli-ilish Colinidiia: An 
 Exnay hij the Iiei\ li. C. Lundiii Brown, M. A., Mhii.-itir of St Mari/n, Ldlooit, 
 an unbound octavo of ninety-seven pages. The second chapter opens w ith a 
 description of Fraser River and Now Westminster, written by Sheepshanks. 
 
 If 
 
766 
 
 INDUSTRIES, lOMMERCE, AND FINANCE. 
 
 Brown's proiluction is ninch clcnrcr, more cdinprclicnsivc, nnd yet more con- 
 cise tliaii that fif l-'orlics. In 1^7- A. (,'. Aiiilt'i'aon pulilislicil ii (.'ovcriiiiiciit 
 prizo fSHiiy, cntitloil Tin JJuiniii'ion at the W'ikI, fiiilpiaiiii'^ all points of inter- 
 est touflicil l)y any of iii.-i jji'ciliccssors, ami ov ciiiii; liotli islan<l and main- 
 land. 1"o ii tlioi'ougli knowledj^o of tlio country Mr Amkison linited lino 
 literary tastes and much eNpciicmc! as ii wiiter. llcncc; wo iind liis voik in 
 every icspcct wcllni;,'h peifecl. in it.sway. In tho latter part of ISTS I wrote 
 .Mr Anderson for inlurniation further thiin that in my jjo^scs.sion concerning 
 hi- prize es.say entitled Th<' Dominion oj' the WvM; a IlitvJ' hi-tcrijilioii of thf 
 I'roviiicc of Itrilinh Cdliiinljin, it-* ('Umntc und Kixoiircdi. Onvcnimfiil J'rlzf 
 Ij<xu>i (flSTJ, anil pulili>h(d at Victoriii the same year. 'J'liis isonc of !i scries 
 of excellent essays on tin; features of the country and its attiaetions, written 
 and printed under the auspices of government. I also asUed Mr Andoison 
 concerning the other i)rize essays. He answered me the ;{()th ot J)eceudjer: 
 'I rather tliink that tlic prizes for V. I. and Ii. C. were oliered siiuiillanconaly 
 at the time you state; and that the necessary comi)etition not liaviug been 
 elicited for the J5. C. essay, the jirizo was not adjr.dged, and a new invitation 
 was issued. 'J'his elicitrtl Mr IJrown's cssaj', winch took the first jirizc. 1 
 myself wrote, too, on this occasion, my essay being, with necessary altera- 
 tions to suit the time, almost a counterpart in chief particulars of my last 
 published essay. 'J'o my production of ISO'i the second prize of £10 was. 
 awarded, but it was not printed. I am not aware of any other pulilieations^ 
 of a local nature save two or three tours, chiclly of geographical iinpoit, 
 printed by ofliccra of the royal engineers, entirely of an oflicial nature. In 
 J808 1 completed my l.-n-ge map of B. C, scale ten miles to the inch, which 
 comprised all that was tlien known of the country, including my own note;, 
 and those of the lato Mr Black. A descriptive ti'catise, cliielly on natural 
 iiistory, accompanied tliis. 'J'ho whole was accepted by the government of 
 (he period, but save as allording a foundation for other maps siiiec published, 
 !ny map has never been brought forward. Indeed, the more accurate surveys 
 I liected by the railway parties render it out of date f(jr utility.' For further 
 items concerning Mr Ander.son, see pp. liiS-O, Ki'J-TO, lS'2-4, this vol. ; and for 
 biography and decea.sc, <S'. F. Atta, May II, 1884. Alexander Allen, after 
 mining in Cal. for six years, removetl to Victoria in I8C0, and in 180(5-7 edited 
 Ww ('(irihoo Sfiitinel. Allen's Cariboo, MS., 1. J)r Baillio, an old resident o' 
 \'ietori:i, was drowned by the capsizing of the brig Florciitia, near Capo Fl( 
 tcry. liarrttl-LenurtVs TraveU in Ii. (,'., 113-14. London, 1S(}'2. Tiie p 
 thor of this last-mentioned work came from England in 18')!), and passed 
 nearly two years in V. I. and tlie mainlaml, sailing round the former in a 
 small yacht whicli he brought with him. The book relates mainly to his own 
 observations and adventures, and contains little of historic value. John Bis- 
 sell, a pioneer, for decease of, in 1883, see Rdc. Ihrord- Union, Feb. 0, 1883. 
 Hubert Brown, in his Vancouver Iti/aiul Exploration, Victoria, 18G4, has 
 written the narrative of an expedition, undertaken for tiie discovery of gold, 
 to Cowichin Lake, Barclay Sound, San Juan Harbor, iSooke, ijceeh Bivor, 
 and various points on the island, a reward of $.5,000 having been ollcred for 
 such discovery by the colonial government. (J. C. Coilin, in The Sent ofUnijiire, 
 Boston, 1870, gives an account of a tour in the nortliom U. S. and B. C. 
 with observations on the advantages of the north-west as to settlement, soil, 
 mining, and farming. Nicholas Cooke, a native of Germany, camo to B. C. 
 in 18." 8, being one of the first miners on the Eraser. His decease occurred at 
 his homo at Plumper I'ass, Oct. 18, 1870. Seuille Intelligencer, Oct. '27, 1870. 
 K. Comwallis, author of The Xew El Dorado, London, ISoS, amvcd in \'ie- 
 toiia in June 18.18, and after making a short trip to the Eraser diggings, 
 considered himself qualified to write a book about the two colonies, wliich ho 
 did, in a rambling style, somewhat after the fashion of a cheap Sunday news- 
 paper. H. C?. Courtcrcy, a native of Dublin, arrived at Victoria in 18t)l in 
 the Kaffir Chief from London, and tried his fortune at the Cariboo mines. 
 Courtcrcy's Min. Ii. C, MS., 1. W. E. Crate, an employ^ of tho 11. B. Co., 
 •first crossed the Rocky Mountains in 1828, and again in 1850, on this occa- 
 
UlBLKWlUAl'llY 
 
 707 
 
 Kion in i(jni[)aiiy witli l-onglns mid otliors wlio nftcrwnnl liccaiiie iironiinciit 
 ill tile Ki rvicr. Jlo larly Imilt u saw and i^ii^^t mill at Fort V anudiivc r. Altor 
 4',\ years' cxi trii-'iiLc of linnticr and colonial life, lie died iiL Cowichiii dnrin;^' 
 tlio year of tlic confedciation. Oli/iii/iin Tniii^riijit, Ort. 7. Ili7l; Jiri/. ''oA<- 
 ninl, Get. I!, InTI. (.leorjiu iJixon, i'or IS years in tin; service of the If. JJ.Co., 
 died at \ic'LOiia. in IS.'iO. Tlioniaa J'^iiiie, ii native of Lan^(lo\Mlc, (Jut., 
 reached Vieto i.i in 1S()-, via the J:.thinius, and dpeiicd Iiusinesji an a ^vll',)!(■^all• 
 grocer, hecoinin;.,' one of the Ijest and most intelligent of eitizen.s. J iiles Fi ly, 
 in his <i'o!(l i^ran In ", MS., fiiiiiislu s u hricf aeeoiint of the (.'arilioo anil ( 'iis.iar 
 mines diirint; the « inter of ItiOl-'-', a portion of which was iias.seil l>y the 
 author ill hunting for jjold, 
 
 Simon I raser is the author (jf an OrirjiiialJoitrval, April 12 to July 18, ISOO, 
 MS.; hi., May ;)() to June 1(», KS(W, xMS., and of Lcl/a.^ j'rniii the Hurhij Mi.iin- 
 lain", Aiij,'. 1, ISUO, to Feb. 10, 1N07, MS., the former giving a narrative of a. 
 journey to tlie head waters of I'eaco liiver, to a pest on Trout ].,ala', ainl 
 tlicueo of a .southerly exploration lor the ))uriiosc of examining tlie country 
 and di.seoverin;; sites for new tiadin;,' jiostM. In the latter is ii dcserijition i f 
 tiic pro^L;ress of I'raser, Stuart, and (,>ucsni'l, down the {,'reat river of the 
 mainland, and through the country of the Chilkotins. The dauj,'erous charac- 
 ter of the rapid?!, and the diiiicultiis of each day's journey, are tiilly leeonii d. 
 (jeorgc (Jladman, whose father was ii chief factor to (he If. ]>. Co., was em- 
 ployed by the company as a clerk l)etwei'n 1614 and Ib'M, at the latter date 
 receivin;,' a commi.ssiou as chief trailer. Apiiointed store-keeper and account- 
 ant at jMooso and York factories, he resitjneil in 181.'), was reeomndssioned 
 li\e years later, and again resigning in iS.Mt, retired to his J'arm near the set- 
 tlcuu-nt of Hope. J.'rjd If. Ji.Co., July, Aug., 1S.",7, .T.fO. C. M. (Irant, t';e 
 authoi of Oil fill / > Uriaii, i,ondon, l'>~',i, was Kceretary to the ex])e(liti(in made 
 i.i tlie intcrc. t.s of the overhuid railv.ay in 1.S7-, lii^* Jiarty follosung about tlie 
 .same route as tlie one tak' a by Milton aiul (dieadlo. The book eonsi,-,;s 
 mainly of a diary of his journey, with the adventures incidental thereto, and 
 contains little inluraii/iun of value. 'J'lien there was a (irant — James, 1 tiiink, 
 was his U'lme — ii native of Canada, anil ftr .several years stationed at Fort 
 Hall, in the service of the II. 1>. (_'o. lie was 'rather a mediocrity,' sa^s 
 Roberts, 'fond of tipple, ami a very large, I may say an extra fine-looking, 
 man. It is related that, when attired in uniform, he was the observed of all 
 observers by the sex.' Itivolltxl'tonK, ^l.S., 51. JCbty speaks of him as 'a liiir 
 speeimeu of the oM JCnglish gentleman, active as a eat at 70 yeai's of age, and 
 with hair and beard wldto as snow.' Journal, MS., 107. JIardisty, in |N.")I, 
 clerk ill charge at Fort Yukon, was in 1SG7 eominander of the .Mackcn/ie 
 llivcr district, northern department. J). W. Harmon, a native of Vt, ami a. 
 chief factor of the H. \\. Co., was in charge of Fort St JaUK.s, in lSll-17. 
 His diary or journal was published in book form, and the frcpicncy w ilh 
 which it has been quoted is some evidence of its merit. Jerome and Thail- 
 deus Harper, Americana by birth, were lor many years the proprietors of a 
 grist-mill at Clinton, which supplied the Cariboo miners with Hour. On vlie 
 decease of his elder brother, about 187."), Thaddcns 1 farper took change of the 
 business, and bcsiilcs his other interests, was in 1878 the largest owner of 
 live-stock in 1). C. d'ood's Brif. Vol., MS., b',l. J. S. Helmckcn, a native of 
 London, Fiigland, and by profession a medical practitioiii r, arrived at Victoria 
 in 1S.")(), and with the exception of a few months in 1870, continued to reside 
 in the capital. In l>S.")ii he married a ilaughter of Sir James Douglas, ami in 
 18(18 was eliicted a member of the legi-;lative council. Further mention may 
 be founil oil ]). 'J4."}-(!, this vcd. \V. J I. iloopi.r, in his Ten. Jfoiilli.-i Aiiifjicf 
 till' 'J'l ii/.-i of the Tiiski, London, 18,").'!, gives an account of the expedition of 
 H. ^1. S. Plover ill search Sir John Franklin and his party in 1S48-5I. 
 Though descriptive mainly of the F>kinio trib's, Arctic exploration, and the 
 incidents of the voyage, the work al.so contains iuforniation as to several of 
 the H. 15. Co.'o posts. J. S. Kennedy, one of tlu' earliest pioneers of ]J. C, 
 and for 'JO years acting as surgeon to the H. 11. Co. at Fort \'aiieouver, Nis- 
 qually, and Kanaimo, was also a niember of the Vancouver house of assembly. 
 
768 
 
 rSDUSTRIES, COMMERCE, AND FINANCE. 
 
 Ho died at. Victoriii in the l^pI■ing of lSol\ W. Kauc, a native of Ireland, 
 Bervcd for 12G years under the II. IJ. Co., and being rccoinniissioncd in 184G, 
 after a visit lioine was jipjiointed, in I80O, to the charge of Fort Liard. Kaiic'» 
 ]Va)i<l>'rhvi-i </nii Arll'^t, GS-9; Jloopcr'n Tevis of the Tiiski, U87-8. 
 
 A. McDonald, < liief factor of tho H. B. Co., ^\iX3 married to the daughter 
 of a lilackfoot .saclicn), Ijy whom lie had a child, named '^Iliristine, who, n-heu 
 i-ho grew to won'unhood, was described as 'a very modest, well-bred, and line- 
 looking young woman.' She was an expert horsewoman, riding astride, and 
 with a scrape buckled round her waist. McDonald was a man of remarkably 
 line physiijuc, six feet high, erect and of stately carriage. His long, flowing 
 hair hung down over Lid slionlders in Indian fashion. JIc spent most of hia 
 time in tlic saddle, and wouhl never get into a wheeled vehicle. Piiijct Sound, 
 M.S., 10-11. There is a McDougal. mentioned in W/ii/m/icr's Alaska, *JJ1, as 
 in coniniaud at Fort Yukon in June 1807. For mention of Thomas McKay, 
 son of Alexauilrr McKay of Tontiuin massacre fame, ixo A iidrr>;on'n North 
 CoaM, ^IS., 74-«i. John ^IcLcan, in his Notca of a Twvutii-ficc Years' Service 
 ill the IIiulxoii'i, Bay Tirriloi;/, '2 vols, London, 1840, treats mainly of trap- 
 ping and trading experiences in Vfiucouver and New Caledonia. Sir liichard 
 Maitland, in 1601 iu command of the llag-ship ISacfhante, at Esfjuimalt, is 
 mentioned by Mr Goo<l as an oflicer remarkable for his strict discipline; in 
 consequence of which, twenty of his men. including warrnnt-oilicors, deserted 
 tlio vessel and escaped aciosa the Sound, livit. Cut., MS., "J. W. Jlitchell 
 was in 1800 chief trader in charge at I'orfc Rniieit. Jlnnr'l LuiariVs Trarv/n 
 ill llril. (Jul., OS. For further items, .see I'ri/. (,'o/oi!l<f, Jan. V^, IS'Ct; Victo- 
 ria Staiidtird, Jan. 19, 1S70; Vt'illtninlle Jlinio r, Feb. 18, 1870. 
 
 W. S. Mitchell, furuierly fine of 1 he proprietors of tUn J:rlliih<'u!niii4,\\ai 
 killed ill 1807, by falling down a mining .shaft at Cariboo. N. A'. (Mil, Juno !l, 
 1SU7. William iIi)or>' lir.at attempted toruua.steamer up the.Stikeen in 180'-', 
 but Kufl'ered Bhip'.'rci'- fleeting willi snccesi ;it tho Cassiar minc.v, ho built 
 another t;teand)oat. Atleu'-iCttrilioo, ]M"i., 10. ]\lr Reynolds settlctl as a farmer 
 in the Frascr Valley, we^t (f Okauagan, in 18.")f). Two years later liis land 
 ])roduced abundant crop:'. V-'tiy'/Za--, I'ri rate l'((i)' r.-i, lir.sc faeries, M.S., ll'.t. 
 Jluchj Mountain Jovruul, Die. I'O, l.sO.'i, to Feb. 28, 1 800, JIS., pives merely a 
 rt'cord of tlic daily labor and roulino at one of tlio Xort Invest Company's out- 
 lying forts, and is otherwise entiivly uninte-c.uing. 11. R. Schoolcraft, in his 
 I'crsuiial JIcmolr-<, i'liii., 1S.")1, has P'.attered throughout his n;irrativc a few 
 brief notices of the fur-ti'adir'-:, ;,ii(l tlieirinodoof traliic. ]Iise';periencc was, 
 fur the most part, limitc'l to the ( 'aiiadinn frontier, near (he lower end of Lake 
 Superior, and at Michilniaekenaek, wlaro he was slationeil as Indian agent. 
 Thomas Spcnce, a native of Dr.ndcp. reached Yictori.i in ^Iny ].S,"iS, ami kooi\ 
 afterward began business as a contractor, biiildin;; tho ]iortiou of tin Cariboo 
 road between ijoston liar and Lytton v.iihin f (ir months, and employi.ig on 
 this work nearly 000 men. in conucetio-.i ■., itli Tniteh, h.^ obtaim il tlic con- 
 f ract for liuildingthc Ale;;an iria bridge, and supeiiui ended many other public 
 works, among tliem tlio removal of the Sister ro -ks in the I'lvuci', and tho 
 lieav.r rock in Victoria jinrbor. ]'oiri/l'.-i .Miinni/ JJlstriffii, MS., '2:)-'.]i). (J. 
 M. Sprciat, in his Scriic-i aiid H'ii<iii ^ ff linraiicLif., treats iiKiinly of tlutrilies 
 in the vicinity of IJaroIay Sound, and on tlie west coiK-^t of \'. I., their ens- 
 tonis, characteristics, Ixngiiage, etc., as they ajipeared to him during a resi- 
 dence of IK years, iicginning Aug. 1800, while in charge of the Kettlemeiit of 
 Alberni. liritlshColumhln., lufornintlon fir Emi'iranti, issued under the direc- 
 tion of the agent-general for the province, London, 18711, liy the siimn author, 
 is a model emigration p.ijnjnilet, and gives ii:'>i'c exact anil eondensed infor- 
 mation than any similar work at that time extant. ^Ir Tait V..13 in 187- 
 iigent for tho II. ]J. Co. at Kamloop Francis Tarbell, anati .0 of >,ev.- York, 
 arrived in Victoria in July I80S, bringing a stock of goods from S. F., on wliiclx 
 ho realized a fair j.rolit. About 18(i7 he bought an interest in tho steamer 
 ileortie S. Y.'rojht, whicli ran between Portland, Victoria, and Sitka, in oppo- 
 bition to Ren lloUiday's line, to wliich ho sold out, some two years later, 
 afterward settling at Olympia, wlicrc, in 1878, ho was tcriitorial treasurer., 
 
]J115LI0(!UAPHY. 
 
 769 
 
 TarhcU's Vidorin, MS., 1-10; Oh/iiqiiaii Clnh ('onvcivalioii.t, MS,, 17. John 
 Toil, of whom full incution i.s made on \>. 1:>8-."J(), this vol., dioil in l'^S-_'. S. 
 F. Call, Sept. '2, 1SS2. P. F. 1 ylcv, in hi^i JIh/orical View of the /'nMin:".^ of 
 Dixotrry, lulinljurgh, 1S.'J3, merely gives a <'oinpilixtion from the ori;^'in.il 
 accounts of the diseovcrcrs themselves. A. W. Vowell, for several years L'ohl 
 coinmissiont r in various districts, and author of Jliiiiii;/ J'inh-i'ia of Ih-it. < 'oL, 
 MS., i.-3 a reliable authority as to the gold rcfjions, to wliich the subject-matter 
 of hi.s manuscript .solely lefers, Altred Waddington visited the mines and 
 MToto a brochure of 40 pa;;cs, entitled Tlf; Frasor Minc^ VhuJii-atril; or, Tha 
 ni'urii of Fuiir MIontlif;. i'rice lilty cents. It is printed in \'ietoria by 1'. 
 Do ()arro, Wliarf street, and the preface is dated Xov. ],"(, 18.")>i. 'J'lie 'his- 
 tory,' a.i its title indicates, i.s an aigumcnt in behalf of the mines, v.hich a 
 Eimplo Btatemer.t of their jivoduct ■would much more satisfactorily explain; 
 and but for the fact that business revived just before the iniblication c.f llie 
 book, one iiii:;ht be led to believe that its issue hnd Fonielhii;g t:j lio uitli tlie 
 improvement of tho times. In his preface Waddington claims thia to be "tlie 
 first boolc published cu Vancouver Island,' but corrects the nistakc before 
 publication in favor of tho Hn'a of Pr.trlke. . .;'» /'.? liiiproiic Court ofChil 
 Jt'.sl'.rr, printed one or two months previous at tlic C'l-.fUi: olhce. Ho might 
 also Lavo rightly fdiled another, a Email pamphlet of y^/'O'Vfny.'O'/o//.^ relative 
 to tlie governmer.t of IJritir'h Columbia issued fintu tho (arxlle press, shc.rtly 
 after the I'nhm (f Practice, and so have placed his book third. A tiaet ad- 
 dresicd tu the coki!iisl3 of \'ancouvcr Island, published at Victo.ia in lS-"(), 
 and entitled The 2^\'Ci':='>'iti/ rf J.'rft.rni, wna merely a tirade against tlio re- 
 stricted fi'anchise, and the ]'ctty infelicities of the day. 'Ihe iir.-t editinn </f 
 tho iSl.xlch of the I'ro>Ki!<(l Line if On rlrnul J'fiHruri'l throixjh JJri/i/'h A't-rZ/i 
 Aimrica, OllaMa, ISTl, by tho same author, vaspnblishrcl in J^ondon in bStlt>. 
 AUho!!gh ^Vaddington had tra\(llcd over but a fu all porliou of the route of 
 tho Canadian Tacilie, ho -was well aerinaintrd \vit!i tho conliguration of tho 
 country, nnil, ihcluding data from published and otl.'or survey.'", made an vx- 
 ccllcnt pjreliminary report, Aviiichvas ]irol.)ably not vithout inlhic co in tho 
 1 nibinlinient of tlio lailway terms. lor further mention of ids career, see 
 /j'ri'. CJy.M, Oct, '2-.', ISiij, March (i, '27, 187-'. Fred, lick Wliymper, Avho 
 came from Ihiglaud in IPiJi', passed tiirco winters in Metorin, and travel.'eil 
 lhro;igh the interior of Vancouver and along tho coast of the mMinhind. 
 .loining tho Western Union Telegraph expedition under Capt. Ihdkley, an 
 ;icco;;ut of which is given ir. my J/lftori/ of Alai-ki, ]). o70-S, lio set forth lor 
 norlliorii Al.iska, his y-wty jouijicying iivcrland in .sledges from Unnlaeiilet!, 
 oil I>orton Wound, to Fort ]\ulato, and thence in canoes to Fort Yukon. Jlis 
 vari us journey.s, with tliiir iucidcr.ts, arc descriheil in an interesting' volume 
 entiUcd Trarcl cn:'l Adrriitinr ill (hu Ti rritorn of Ahi/'l'i, ol which tho lir.st 
 live cliaptera arc devoted to Vancouver Island and ]]ritisli Columbia. 
 
 lioolrs arc v,:ittcu mostly in prai.iO of men or thing.;. Wa lia\e r.iany 
 biogi'apliies of Cinist, very few of J]clial. This ii a hopeful feature of i.Mmau 
 nature. 'J'ho l)ad v."o heartily denounce, but we do not care to dwell upon it. 
 Colonists parlictdai-ly fekhjui write except in commendation (.f tin ir coLintry; 
 and few, v.iio are merely U-av^llers, tid;e the trouble to jnint a fat octavo in 
 proof ot what n;;luro h;\ i v,ron';fuliy done, or has failed to d", for a eor.ntry. 
 Most of the book'! o:i IJritish Columbia seo little but iho good; therefore, it 
 starllci one somewhat to iind a writer who ilis.'overs little that is nnt bad. 
 If llio country presents it.«df to the mir.d of D. C. J'. Macdnn.dd, beforo 
 mentioned, with quite au alphabi't of honors following, only in ri pulsivo 
 shadow.s, CO does not the ■•'uthor of this man's works jipj>e;ii' to himself, ' To 
 advance opinions on the rc^ourcel and ea[)abilitie3 of our colonial possessiom,' 
 ho i.i abnndantly ' (jualilied by education, knowledge, and experience.' Had 
 the country any good thin;.; ? ' I v; ;iturelo belii've 1 possess tlie (jualiiication» 
 whi(;li alone can enable ;i man to discern tin so imiiorlant charaetcii^tie.., and 
 to arrive at a jirl: estimate of them, since the subject has buiiiecl the educa- 
 tion "f my youthand tin; study of my maturer years.' Toan audience beloro 
 whom h(! is delivering a lecture on Ihilish Colundiia, he says; ' You are not 
 IIht. I;i;::. iHi.. I'J 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 J 
 
7^ 
 
 INDUSTRIES, C'O.MMKRCE, AND FINANCE. 
 
 listciiin<{ to a man who never !-ii\v a Jdatlc of grass grow, or slept uiMkr tho 
 iniiicrvioua Bliailes of llic eternal forest.' The wild ass nii.','ht ailv.-iiico tlio 
 winie ar;4unient, and with as (Mushiiig an ellect. Then follows a liai^o of hi;i 
 acc(iiii|ili.slinK'nts, v.liicli, howevir <'ntertaiiiin.Lr, I cannot rceito. 'I'lioi .luiitry 
 he lulls |)ietiue.s(iue l)iit gloomy. ' llritish ( 'oliinihia is a niitierable country,' 
 
 ! groalisi. 
 
 That tliroi 
 
 ihll. 
 
 iViilo tloiiiain llK re are 
 
 th 
 
 1 lialiMiiiLC 1 
 
 irooks. 
 
 no Kootliin,:^' sliadt s, no softly swellinj,' hills,' is news iiid<'ed to those ^^ ho have 
 
 sjient till ir lives there. 
 
 i'.iit ill their shad slieains w hite w ilh foam, l iisli 
 
 iloliL 
 
 lie.uei II e 
 
 liii: 
 
 s, down raviiK s, and over walci 
 
 -falls 
 
 deaf. 
 
 iiig 
 niii'r tliiiii- 
 
 di:r; treiiieiidous ineeipices, yawiiiiii,' f:;iiirs, and n;diiil towering roihs, s])l 
 
 111- 
 
 tered w 
 
 1 wilh t 
 
 hlorillS Ol I'olll 
 
 tless y 
 
 li. 
 
 lie 
 
 f..ii 
 
 fiarful in Uiiir 
 
 ^loolii, jiiid tearful in tin ir houliiig idastsof [ircy.' Filled in v.ith speetnd 
 :i,i;!its and lalndoiis nponsteis, sinh as titraie.i' countries are oi'teii aei'iedited 
 v.iili, hy vi ly alile writeis, we would ha\e a go(,d glio^t .slriy t ) fri,.,'hten 
 
 ihild 
 
 ren witlr 
 
 Sol 
 
 iiii^ht go ou throu 
 
 e"otislie«l Ml iter. It' wi' heliive iiiin, il 
 
 ;Iit! 
 a ]i 
 
 lie shallow I'll'r.sioii of this 
 
 liildf( 
 
 r man or iieast. jt is 
 
 bail tor the Inalthful man, iiiid lail i'c r the luvalid; IkiI for the settler, and 
 
 had i\eii for the .student il 
 
 'tiiral historv. 
 
 IV no means a 
 
 lile [ilaei' of lesideliei',' and 
 
 <leed, it is doiihltul whether the island 
 lill evir he jilih) to in-odiieo enoiedi for its own coiuii. iiiitioii.' 'J'lic floiait 
 forbiildiiig; the savages are a disgiaee to savagisin, and the .aiinial kingdom 
 to brutes. It seemsajiily that .-o able a man hliould waste so much time 
 over so worthless a suhjiel ! Mr -Maeilniiahl has ])iiblisheil twowoihs on 
 
 and till) other nn 
 I I 
 
 llritish Coliinib 
 
 biitli in I.iiiidoii, IS( 
 
 i.i, one a 
 
 lof .VJl pages, with map, entitled UrtHshCul 
 
 lUtihia mil 
 
 (I neon n /•,< . 
 
 lanil, already nolieed on p. •lli.'i-O i f this \iil. Of these writings Mr. A. 0. 
 erson, who is freipienlty cited in them as an anthorily, remarks, I'rh'. 
 
 And 
 
 l; 
 
 vai iaiM e w itli t !i 
 
 ippendix, p. ',>,'>, that they 'convey an imiirc; 
 
 itlKllS 
 
 .Ih. 
 
 itterly 
 
 that, were tin: eontrarv not know n, 
 
 le miiilit have inliriid that to 
 
 nice. .;\nd y 
 Toward the elt 
 
 \nd vet .Mr -M.iel. 
 
 if his lectin 
 
 ithor had never set foot within the pr 
 oiiald .■ic'em.i in-irlieiilarly desirous of being bclievei 
 
 ti luhing'ly a: serfs: ' I have no intci-est.i to 
 
 serve but those of hiimaiiily; no fcelingi to graiil'y but sucli as must animali 
 tho brca: t of every one who sees li:.rd-uin king men drawn to tiicir ruin wiih 
 
 ill I ) I'lre and none toserv 
 
 J t is hard to attiibuli^ di 
 
 )nest motives to any 
 
 d some have juit I'orlh luisstatcmeiils w lioou.;ht to be al 
 
 jove suspicion; 
 
 hut it rei|iiircs the exjic.ic nee of a practical farmer to form a correct estimato 
 of the value of s:)ils, and it l'ei|nires a Icugtlieiied residence, and oxtcnsivo 
 
 tliivi 
 
 1 th 
 
 irouiih a eouiiti v, to enahle evin the larmi'r, with 
 
 to give iiii opinion 
 A\ id 
 
 it all. X. 
 
 w, none ot the gentlemen who h.i\e put 
 
 dl I 
 h 
 
 lis e.Npcricnee, 
 
 f .I'tl 
 
 such glow ing stalcviicnts are jmsscssi d of eitlnrof thiso (pialilicatioiis. '1 lu y 
 appear to lia\e \isited the colonies at the most favoialjle .'-eason, and to ha\ e 
 relied for the rest upon the repoi'lsof n sidcnts — men, perhaps, w ho had spent 
 
 their w hole lives in the-'^e n 
 
 IS, and lir.d come to think that extreme heat 
 
 sumiiieraiiil intense' cnhl in winter, v.iiied by i:i tenia I ions of snow and 
 
 and ilecl and fogs for ei'dit moiilh.s in 
 
 versa 1 eoiir.so ol llie seasons 
 
 the y. 
 
 ir, formed t'.iu iiat lira 
 
 1 and 
 
 n ni) otlier way ca 
 
 n I 
 
 eeoiiii 
 
 t for tho boldnes.s 
 
 with which as:jertions have bei n made which h few nioatlia' residence nnust 
 
 scatter to tho winds, liiit the! 
 
 men w iio (lest 
 
 rvo no Rueh niereifnl con- 
 
 ration — hai'pieswho nevir meant tothvcll in the colony — who invested 
 ir caniial in buviiiLi ni) all the best rlloliiients, in order to nsell them .-t 
 
 !v:iiiced luices to tho icil setlh ; . 'I'licy now liiid they liav.j made a bad 
 
 Hpeeiilation, and are eager 
 
 to dispi 
 
 f till 
 
 la 
 
 but eustonicrs aro not 
 
 tiiere. and they neither stick at anv fa!s' 'lood to iiuluce them to come, nor 
 
 eare what becomes of them after tliey ha\o lleieed them, 'i'li 
 
 th. 
 
 par<'iitsof the iiiL';^liii',' p.'iragraphs w liieh appear from time to time in (he 
 new <|iai)crs, and th" no less jug'^in ,' h'tleis; the e ."re tlicy w ho ruin colonics 
 
 iiud colonists; and it is in the hrpe of kccjiiag t!;e emigrant out of their 
 clutchca tli.it 1 have raised my voice, and bIuiU conlinue to laiso it, as lon.u 
 as I think ! can be of ,iiiy service tvi ilu- poor i'lllows who have to light this 
 
imJLIOCillAl'llV. 
 
 m 
 
 world's hard battlo with scanty moans.' Mr Macddnald is not alone in lii:j 
 condemnation of false statements iiiado conccrnint; this county. Says Mr 
 li. ]>yron Julmson, ia his I'tvi/ Fur ]i'( d lu'l'id, ji. ilTT-!^, London, IST'i: 'I 
 havo.secn many .shameful accounts l)ldlli^li'■d liy intcicstiil iicisoiis from wliicli 
 wc Would imagine the country to have liciii tlio oii.;iuid .--ilc of tlio (iardcii 
 of Kilcn. Tlio real fact is, that it dcjicmls on C'alil'ornia and Oreijon for al- 
 most cv(.iy i)onnd of Hour that is coll^.u^K•d in it; and that ci.i'i|iarcd to tlioso 
 iicigiiboiiiig cc)untiics it is what I liav) h' iird it Ir fore (h'sciil)ed hy a jar- 
 Koa who knew it well, a iKJ'.vlinj^ wiliK'iiicss. ' Undoulitcdly tlieio has lici a 
 exaggeration. 1'lic bueocs'tVd enthusiast will certainly i)raise, whik' tho 
 disa)>))oiided will rail. I'roliahly no countries have lieen more heartily 
 curs;ed than Oregon and ('.ilifornia. Jlore men Iiave leftOre^'oa fur Tu'^'t 
 .^ound than have ever left I'ugct Sound for Oregon. Ihitish (,'ohiml)i.'.'.i 
 best days have nut yet couio. Her resourecn are inexhaustihle, and her 
 greatest gold tliseoverits, tints far, as compared witli her yet undrvelojud 
 resources, will he rcnundifred in history only .'i-; flu- little llusii of IS.'iS-O. 
 Vo'ii Far Wtal Jii'htit is a sprightly little liock from tlie spiightly littK- 
 nnml (f 11. liyron Jolinson. It was printcil in London in 1S7'J. ("arricil 
 away by immigration [.auipldets and nit\v<i)a]icr nu'.iirs, the aul hor yiehicd 
 to tile mtieeuM ntsof ad'.i uture and started for tin' isw Id l>(>i'ado. lie .saw 
 uiar.y thint;s never seen before or since; he heard dialects as they were never 
 beiijie fi.olicn; hence he v.as constrained fo \\ rite a book. 1 1 is well for thoho 
 who ha\ : travelled in the I'uited States by rail t\\euty-rive or lil'ty tlion .and 
 miles to know at ].•■■'., that 'neai'ly all .\:iu ric.in trains havi; g'lt a her' v. hero 
 intoxicating drinks .■ rot;olil. The clu'ii.!.; national animosity be( wetn ISri.'ona 
 iuid i\inciieans w;:sillustrate(l by the s'.iooting of jin laiglishman by .a ' wi stvra 
 man ' on the I'anam/i iuid ;-an rr.-iiieisco steamer, lor i-elcbraliu'; tlie (,r.e'jii'.i 
 birt'alay too broai'ly — an iucid<iit to every one else uuknow n. \\y tlie lime .Mr 
 Jo' asoa has reached \ ietoria he has become bo aecustomeil to the Yanki't? 
 dialect, whicli he invented while crossing the Isthmus, that he does not imw 
 hesitati! to pat it in the meuth iiidi^iaimiiinlely <jf lai'jjisliman, Dnlchman, and 
 -Vfrican. After numberless perils by .' ea and l.'.iid, after r.ndcrgoing t,'V( ry ex- 
 perience written ill books, I'eciied I'ouimI cauip-tli'es, or told under forecastles. 
 Indian and b',aradventnres, iubbcry a ad gambling .scenes, boiler-bursting, ship- 
 wre( k, battle, and murder, after having encountered all tlm varied phenomen i 
 of KiiecesM ai.<l starvation, IIk? author linally returns to Kngland a wiser and 
 a belter m;in. Vet, iiotuilhstaiidiii',' these ipiite innocent iadiilgencts, of 
 which the liook is full, and which no intelligent person is cxp 'ted to liclieve, 
 Mr Johnson has ijroiic.eed a very inlcrestin; ai.d valuable iiii,;. ]t li.-ia llie 
 great nuiit of being natural, and I \\\\\ venture to say that Jlr Johnsoa is not 
 only a good friend and a good Icllov.', but an intelllTont, honest man, find a 
 good eilizen. 
 
 Of many of t'.ie pio'us is and ])roiiiinent eolonist*, want of space forbids nio 
 to make more than [la ■••ing mention. Subjoined i<u list of sonic whose nan>c:» 
 have not yet apiiearcil in these pages, together wi;!i the source? from v.Iiicli 
 information can bi^ obtained as lo their r.rrival, oaieci-, or decease, and addi- 
 lionrd items coneerniiig others already noted. 
 
 W iliiam Atkinson, Jkii//f '/'.i Vanrourrf Idtinu, MS., (i; ,Tos. .\ustcn, '''7., 
 July 4. 1671; Taul Aiignr, S.'iiii,l"r,l, July LJ, 18;tl; A. X. r.irdi, X. If. 
 Juil. <J(i/iiii,hhtit, Jniu! 'Jii, IsCT; .\. S. I'atcs, ('.-/., Jan. .s, IS7!); Wm IJouilcn, 
 /(/., Jiilv 12;», no, Ls7!l; Jos. 1. Ihown, Col., Jtdy 10, ISO;); Thos Ihiie, /,/., 
 Ap-. •_':!, 137:1; David lUirus, A/., Jiils' ol, is.HI; Jis hurn i, r' ■/., X .v. 'J.;. 
 INTO; A. T. I'.ushby, A'. IT. /'•'•. J/<n'!f, .\:ay 'J-.», ls7o: .M. Cameron, Co'., 
 .luno 17, 187(i; D. Cameron, /■'., May l."i, ls7-; Sir (i. Carticr, /(/,, May 'J J, 
 lS7;i; (Jary 0. Uunlcr, C'o/., Sept. IS. ISdO; Charles, TarlxICn I'ir/ >ri'i,'Sl:-., 
 o; T. Clarke, Co/., .luno J(i, I,s7!l; Clcryou, I<f., March 1, ISCI; J. J. Coch- 
 rane, II., ibirch 1-', I '.117; 1*. F. Coibiniere, //., .May 17, bs71; W. 11. Cor- 
 mack. III., Mtiy Hi, KSOS; John Costello, A/., .Ian. '_'.'>, 1n7I; I'. Coupe. Col., 
 Jan. L 1870; J. Cox, Vol., Oct. I."., IS7:!; \V. I'. Ciate, r, /.,0,g. ;i, |S71; J, 
 €. Davie, (,W., May 1."., IHli'.l; I'. 1'.. I >.!;;, 'c(!. /,/., July 10, I ,i:i; C. i:. Dennis, 
 
INDUSTRIES, COMMERCE, ANU FINANCE. 
 
 Col, Aug. 24, is;]; S. M. Driiml, Coi., March 1."), 1804; Geo. Dunhar, Id., 
 Dec. 11, 1S7-.'; A. ('. Elliott, CoL, Jan. !>!», lS7(i; W. Emery, Co/., May 10, 
 
 Ans;. as, IST'I; J. FleniinK, Co/., May 24, 
 
 187!: .7. E 
 
 .V. /'. BivJifi 
 
 1871; Mitcliell Toy, Id., Fcl). '2, l.'S70; L. Fr.nildin, Co/., Aug. 10, 1873; J. 
 (jraluini, iSrntlle /n/i Hi'ifinrrr, Oct. "j;!. 1871; E. (Iraiiciiii, ''o/., Nov. I'i, 1879; 
 Stai:tlt'nl,'i'',ov. ]•_>, 1879; Grant, L'«v/i '/'••* ' • /.,MS.,'J; C. J. Grillin, Co/., Aug. 
 19, 1S74; .1. i;. (Jriflith, LL, May l'7,'lS71; A. 11. Guild, Id., Nov. l-J, 1873; 
 T. Hall, Co/., Due. 19. Is74; O. Dare, Jd., Deo. 'Js, yi, 1870; S. Harris, 
 
 Sfa 
 
 ml, V. 
 
 1877; S. \V. llerrin'j, /Jc-/ 
 
 Jlrmld, Auk. '-*7, 1879; 
 
 E. Dead, Co/., Apr. 11, ISGS; A. (i. Hellley, Cul., Juno 1 1, 187-2; A. Uibbard, 
 Co/., June -'(i, 1S09; .sir F. llinck.s, Co/., Srpt, 14, 187'2; A. Hoflnieistcr, Co/. 
 SeiU. :ia, 1874; S/andord, Sept. :](>, 1874; J. llowe, C<,/., June 11, 1873; E. 
 H. Jackson, Standard, .lune '28, 1877; Kennedy, Col., March 'I'l, 1804; J. 
 James, ^tc. Ucrord-Uh'ioii, ^r\n. '2.'!, 1884: A. Lane, Co/., Sept. 12, IfSO."); R. 
 Lewis, CoL, Jan. 3, 187'"»; J. Livcrniore, Cut., Jan. .'SO, 18(19; J/. !McLure, /(/., 
 March 8, ISfM; X. K. JJri>. Co/»wW/», Juiic2(;, 1807; T. (J. Marshal, Stand- 
 an 
 
 187 
 
 /, Ajir. 4, 1877; W. Milc^, CoL, Nov. i'O, 1872: M. M. 
 
 /r/., Oct. i: 
 
 Ml 
 
 itt, /(/., Apr. '20. IS71; \V. 15. Naylor, Xn:i(ihiio G<izMi\ Oct. 1.^, 
 
 1800; Co/., Oct. 3, LS(iO; R. Nt'welL K 
 
 li;^t. X. Coa.-'t, :M.S.; R. O-de 
 
 Seatl'c IntrUl'ii'ua r, Oct. 27, 187<'; John Flia-e, Sac. J,'icord-(7iiinii,'Sov. 2.1, 
 IS.V2; C. J. i'ritchard, C<7., July 20, 1870; AVin Rohertson, A/., Dec. 18, 
 1872; J. Roc;eis, Standard, Oct. 29, Ls79; Co/., Oct. 20, 1879; J. RuetK, /(/., 
 Sept. 1, 187..); H. Schultz, Standard, .March 11, 187,S; Sleigh, <"o/., May 22, 
 1S09; i:. Sianrp, /(/.,. Jan. 31, 1872; C/.. July 23, 1872; .Y. W. Par. //n-ald, 
 Jan. 24, 1872; ]]. A. Starr, C„/., July 1."), lS7(i; M. .). Stone, LL, iHc. 19, 
 
 1874; J. Sv 
 
 /(/., Oct. 22, 1872; CoL, Oct. 
 
 1.872: J.Il.Ti 
 
 Port- 
 
 land H'cst Shore, Sept. 1879, p. 204: D. '1'! 
 
 Tim 
 
 merman 
 
 /(/., Mi 
 
 C'L, Sept. 11, lMj(i; J. 15 
 
 J.Titcoinh, y.7., July 10, 1.m;9; J. \V. Trahe' 
 
 CoL. Dec. 2S, ]Mi8; .1. W. W.-iitt, CoL, July 13, 1870: J. R. Wnt-son. S,afll<; 
 Inl'in^enctr, July 12, 1809; Oli/wpia Hojai'hUca.n, July 19, 1809; J. Whcrtv, 
 Co/., Dec. U, 1872; IL Wilkinson, Co/., Nov. 20, 18G9; IL C. Williston, CoL, 
 .\ug. l.l, 1808; IL Wootton, CoL, Dec. 29, 187:>; A. Young, Col, Scjit. 13, 
 1872. 
 
 Final list of reference.;: Good's Brll. CoL, MS.; DrU. Col Sbtcfi''^, MS.; 
 
 lltjhj'ii Vanconvrr Ldav.d, il.S. ; l)e Cox 
 
 Govcrnmvnt, MS. ; ( 'ooprr'i 
 
 Maritime 2[atl':r<, MS.; Pidinrr\i Wai/on, Tradu, M.S.; Crid<jf''s Chara'-leri-t- 
 llcs of Jas Doii.jla-u MS.; Mach-nrMs Mem. Can. Par. P. P., MS.; ElUotfx 
 Brit. Col. PcFi'k-^, MS.; JAon. Geol. S,trveys, XiS.; Finlai/.<i,n\f V, I. and X. 
 
 IV. Coa.-I, MS.; TarUlC-i Vidorki, MS.; Pr 
 
 EcauK, Prater JUrcr P.vci'iinrnt, MS.; J/anro'l'n 'jliirlcin )' 
 
 Ind 
 
 lan.t (in 
 
 I S> tiler.-; -MS. 
 
 , ^IS.,ri 
 
 is.smi; 
 
 lloufxi E.V. Dor., 4',th Con;}., Jl Sci-i., x.vi. no. DO, 28-72, 131-70; o'xiii. 
 .10. JO.?, 507; 4'jlh Conn., CI .SV.w., i., pt 1, 339-47; .;o'/,'t Co,;7., M Sc.^^., 
 .rvl, 110. 7, 30-78, 142-9S, 201-;U10; .J07/i Con;t., .7(Z .SV.>(.-<., i., pt J, TiOl; 
 .Mr.f.9. and Dor., 1870-1. Xan/ and J'. O. Prjit, i:i3-.'>; .S'.'.«. Paprr.-'. J!. C 
 
 1870, 79-1. ')2, 4 t'.)-,-,(i.3,.0'^S, 061-2; ~ 
 
 7-<]S, 20,3-113, 4. -..-.-93; 1.S79, 179- 
 
 187 
 
 83-l."i9, 2 I9-3.-1C., 4111-48; ls7 
 
 -'0, 
 
 •1-87; 1880, I.-.9-3I0; |S81, 3I.1-404; 
 
 18.82,249-322, 30.3-408, 43.-) 7, 4:.7-.'U0; ISS:!, 107-:;04, .321-'il, :!1,-), :r.l-72, 
 .379. .399, 471-!H): 1.884, 7-Sl. 91-l.J!), I>,9, 229-8:!, 29.-.-307, 3:r)-4r), 399-423, 
 •1:j2, 'i 11-0.3, .809; 18S.'., 129-:!0, 1 ."i ! -2.3' ;, 4.".1 -00, pi.ssim; Ptrlsrd Enir<, Prd. 
 '.'ol. n.'-71): Con-oL Slat. Brit. CoL, (1877) pasMin; Siaf. Jlril. CoL, 1877,91- 
 
 k 111-13, 13.3, 141. (538-9; 1878. 71-2, 89-9 ), V.]- 
 
 129-32: 1879, 2.3, .•i7-4S, 
 
 <;9-7." 
 ISS3, 
 
 111-23. l.-iO-O; LSSO, 1-8, 49, .''.9; 1'81, 43-0; 1S.S2. 4-8, 13-.-).1 
 
 31 
 
 7-8, 47-C9. 
 
 -8, 81-2; ls84, 10, 32, :(.">, ISl; 188."), 
 
 (\, 12.")-1l, p.'issim; ,/onr. E':i!.d. Comird, /!. C, 1804,32, 30; 1807,29-30, 
 00-7; lS(i8, 2, .ipp. iv.-viii.; lso',>, 1."), (iO-7, -pp. ii., iii., v.-vii; 1870, ii]ip. iv.- 
 
 i>c.; 1871, 51-00; Colonial p.-limatct, in Id., 1871, 2-12; Joi 
 
 Crd.CoL, 1873-4, l-C 
 
 ■.() 
 
 ip. 
 
 -49, ii 
 
 .1-00, V 
 
 1- 
 
 '.7'- 
 
 :/. A-^ 
 
 I, Vll. 
 
 -8. ;(,".; is: 
 
 2-;«. 47-8, npp. 3-12, 14-73, l,Sl-210, 301-481, 5J.V7S, 0:!9; lS7(i, 2 .3, 03; 
 1877, 1-2, 13, 07, n])p. .\xvi.; KS7S. 1-2. 08, 78-9; 1879, 1-2, (U; IsSO, 1-2, 
 21, 4.-), app. iii. 18s|, j.-j, .vm;;>, 72; 18.82, 1-2, .1, 7, l2-,')4; ls.S3, 3, 17, 05; 
 
FIXAI. AUTHORITIES. 
 
 778 
 
 1SS4, 'J, ;.|, SS; 1S;S."), 1-4, .">"i, .VJ, passim; I'. S. JJiiniui oi' ,i)/ii(i.-/ic<, 7,0. ,7, 
 1879-80, p. l-K), !(;•_>, 104, 17."), ISS-'J; Jlin„l-li,;>l:.<, JJnl. Col. lUmnl 0/ Tr.'dc, 
 passim; Jiri/. < <,'. /I'd. /.fiid (Jii< stioi\i):], U7; Zam<'n(, \\.'-^- '.'>; Chilti mldi'.i 
 Travel 1 ill Jlrll.Cul., 5-8, -JO-l), 40--', 4S, .">(), (17: ll7(.'/»)//( /.s ,l/'r,s/,Y(, L'.IS, 
 passim; JJcih-sok's j\'. W. I'ci: and JJrit. C\J., o\)-'2, r).">-77, S-Vli;?; iS'c hi 11 10 re\i 
 Aiai-la, ri-l."i; llittilis Commcne nnd Induct rUn, pas.-im; Jlariiiln/\i L>/c and 
 Lnhor, 8S-l.")l>; T/t<: Mines, Miners, etc., ,"(07; fJdmar'fi Jliiif. I'ri'i-ioiiK Metal". 
 lO'J; The Miniuij lndu<lnj, 'JJ; ,Seirard'sfipeeeI,(U Vletoria, 18«!), 17-'J0; Jhit. 
 Col. Ajj'dirs, fl.i 1, 2, J, lS.")S-()0; Jlrit. Col. L.rpforationn, lirit. \t.rfh 
 Amer.; lirit. Col. Lcouh und Work J)e/d J!) ]i'/<. Ilril. Col. MiniMer of MineK 
 llejits. lirit. Col. I'ltiiers conneelid vlth the ludinn Land Question, 18.")0-7r>; 
 Urif. ('<l. Pidilic Aeconnt:, lS7t)-7, ] 880-1; Canada Censii.'^, 1880-1; Canadii. 
 i.'».s/o;)(s Turijr, 1877; Canada J )i>;uI(h inJ'arlf, 1877, 1878; Canada l)i jit 0/ 
 (he Interior, Ann. L'epti, 1.S74-80; Canad'i ]!< iits Coniin. /'-/io-ff--, 187l)-'j; 
 Can. Cenl. Siirveij J'epts. of I',-oijr(.<f<, 1870-0; Canada Inland liev. Ilei.t.t. 
 Canada Marine and Fixherii a, Ann. ll< id.-i, 187 1-^0; Canada Mini-^ti r of Aijrie. 
 Heptu, l>S77-80; Canada I'lis/inaxler-CeM ral !.'( J orl", hs7--80; Canada J'iddie 
 Aeconnt'', 187">- 7; Canada Tidihaof Tradi-and Xari'jalion, 187;!- SO; Taijlorx 
 Sj,ee. J'res-^, 470.'.; ::rit. Colonist,' },\ny 7, Deo. 'J, 'lS77; .Tail. 'A, Ve\>. It, •_'8, 
 Apr. 1:1, May 14,'Jiily 10, l,s78, March •JU, Apr. II, 1!), i2J, '2.), July 1, -Mny 
 i;i, .lulv '2:', Aii.^'. 10, 2:i, Sept. L'5, Oct. 1:!, it), -20, 124, 'JO, Nov. 0, l!S7!l; He- 
 loria WerlJii Siavdunl, Oct. '22, >>ov. 'Jd, Dec. 10, 187!I, .Tan. L'S, IVli. 4, 
 March 10, Apr. -JS, ilay 5, 18^0; A''/ Htnndard, Apr. '_'.'», ^lay '-', .rtilv"2.'i. 
 Oct. 17, :il, Nov. 'Jl, 'lS77; Apr. 17, 1878; Apr. lO, 20, :!0. May l."., |.S7;): 
 Dom. I'lic. J[erald,l\Rveh 19, -_', 1879: Xeic \Ve:<tm!:i>~ter Muiuhindnimrdinn, 
 I'Yb. 8, .>hiy 10, 1(579; Nanaimo I'nc /'(•'■«, May 10. 1880; ,S'. /'. Attn, March 
 8, 18.V_>; ,lulv7, 18ri:!; Nov. 7, 18.17; Aj.r. '_'«, :.iav27, .fiine •-'(!, ■_'7, An-. '_'.">, 
 Oct. 7, 1.-, •-'•■!, Kov. K!, l,sr)S; May 21, .Juno 1.1, .luly.'!, 1800; IVh. 11, .March 
 10, Apr. 1:!, May 2, l,i, .lulyO, Oct. l.S, Nov. 20, 'j'cc. 21, 1801; .Jan. 14, 
 Marcli 11, 22, 2;'f, Apr. 14, M, .May 12, Ki, 21, Jiuiu 11, .July 11, 12, Au- 2 ., 
 Sept. i), Oct. i:t, Nov. 10, 18(12; .);.n. :!0, .Mar.li 22, Apr. 21, May II, Sept. 
 8, Oct. no, ISiJ.-l ,Ja;i. 10, 14, 28, 20, JVh. 20. March 7, 22, .31, Apr. I, 0, 19. 
 May 1, 4, 10, 10, 21, 27, -Tunc 9. 10, 21, :!0, .July 12, 20, 27, Au','. 10, 12. 14, 
 27, S.pt. 12, i;f, r.i, 17, Oct. (1, 14, Hi, 21, .\ov. 11!, 2:!, Dec 2S, 1,S(J4; I-Vh. 
 24, Apr. 1, :!0, .-.lay I'.l, .Juno 2. Aug. f., L^(l."; Feb. 22, Apr. 2.'., .May 10, ISOO; 
 .Ian. 4, 9, Kl, 19, lib. S, l(j, March 4, 7, 12, 2.", Apr. 14, May 24, 2S. .\\v:. 
 7, 2.'., Sept. 12, Oct. 1, 21, 1807; Jan. 14. Oct. 20, 180';; Ajir. I.'!, 2.'!, July 4, 
 ISd'i; Feb. 21, b>70; -M..y i:!, .Sept. 12, Dec. 27, lt.71; Jan. 2(), Feb. 14, .March 
 ;JI, Apr. 2S, June 1(1, 20, July 15, Auu'. 18, 28, !,s72; .March ;!, 18, May 5, 
 Oct. 29, 1S7;{; Oct. 22, IS74; ."^ept. 19,'Oet. 2."), 187:'; May IS, Xivj:,. 2."., .Sept. 
 10, 1870; I'cb. .*!, May 12, 1877; Aur. :?, 1S7S; .May 19, FSO; M^'V Hi, 18>->l; 
 Apr. 1(1, l8->2; .\pr. .^ .May J I, July ."t, 1;vS4; Jinfl.iin. Jnnu l-.'>, 7, 11, 12, 
 2(i, July 0, 8, 1"), 20, 2(1, Kov. :t, Dec. 8, •), 2S, 18.",8; Jan. :!, II, 12, Feb. M, 
 10, Apr. 1.-), 18, .".0, .May I !, IS, .'{l, Juuc'l, 10, II, 2.-), ;;o, July l.->, l.S, 29, nO. 
 Aug. 1, Sept. 1, 14, 19," Oct. 2S. l.'co. 0, 1S."9; Feb. 2:!, .M.ay 4, July 7, 18G0; 
 .March 27, June 11, IS, Oct. l.">, 17, 2S, Ni.y. 4, 0. It, 2:!, Isul; .May 10, July 
 :;, 21, Oct. 2:;, Xiiv. 10, Dec. 12, IS(12; Jan. 12, IVb. 10, ^ilarcii I, Apr. 21, 
 Aug. 1, 19, I>cc. 1(1. lS(i:i; June 9, Sept. 20, Oct. 21, Nov. 10, 1801; Jan. 10, 
 Feb', .-t, Au','. ;U, lS(i,-;; July ;!, ISCd; Jan. 20, Sept. 4, Nov. ;!, ISOS; Feb. 10, 
 Oct. 2:!, Nov. 2:!, ISdO; .Jan. 0, I'eb. 1, Juno .'>", Js70; Ajir. 1, Juno 20, Dec. 
 17. 1S72; .March :!, 4, 10, S<.pt. 4, 1S7:'-; .luly2J, 1.^74; ^iav2.^ IS7,-); Feb. 7. 
 .May :i, AuL.'. .'lO, |.s70; .luly 21!, Au'j^. 1. I.s77; Au'.'. 0, Oct. II, Nov. 4, ls7S; 
 Maivh 11, Ai.r. 2.-), 28, Juno 11, Aug. 27, 1S79; Apr. 29, May 7, 12, .luno S), 
 
 21, July I, 12, 20, 21, 20, Aug. 2, 19, 20, 2:!, 2.'., 29, Sept. 22, 20, :;(», Oct. 1, 
 12, 1 1, 22, 21, Nov. 8, 9, 24, IS8I; Aug. 27, Jhn:!; Apr. 4, MayO, ISHl; Feb. 
 27, .March 12, Oct. 21. INS.-); Call, .Ian. 8, .March ,'11, Apr. 12, .May 27, .luno 
 19, Oct. 8, Nov. 2, l.S(i4: .Ian. 22, Juno 4, 8, ;iO, Sept. :!0. 1s(m: Jan. 0, 19, 
 1m b. 1(1, Marcii 22, .May 24, Aug. 7, S«'pt. 12, Oct. 24, lS(i7: Feb. 27, March 
 10, Apr. ;{0, Aug. ."), Sept. 8, 2:t, Oct. 2.'), ISlJS; Apr. 21. IS70; .lunc S, Oct. 
 
 22, 1.S72; Dee. 20, 1^74; June 22, lS7."i; .NFay 12, 1870; Apr. «, July 2;!, 1-577; 
 
774 IXDUSTRIZS, COMMERCE, AND FINANCE. 
 
 March 8, June 10, 1878; June 13, 1879; Juiio21, 1882; Jan. 12, Feb. 2, Apr. 
 14, 18S4; Feb. 2.'), Morch 11, Deo. 4, 18So; Chronicle, Dec. l.'), lS7(i; JulyJ2, 
 Seiit. 13, 1878; Ai)r. 14, ISSO; Apr. 1, 1884; Jan. .">, M.iivli I, i:5, May 23, 
 1SS5; Conwi. //(»•<//(/, Aug. ;ill, 1.^07; Aug. 2!), I.S(i8; July."», 1S77; .four, of 
 <'onivifrr<; May 2;i, 1877; Jlor. O'uzcUr, Nov. 12, 1.SG4; Nov. !t, lS(i"); Posl, 
 Oct. 2:i, 1873; June 22, 2."., 187"); Apr. 27, May 3, Aug. 24, 28, ;{(», 31, Sept. 
 13, 2!), Oct. 14, 19, 30, Dec. 4, 7, 1870; Apr. 7. June 4, Aug. 4, 1877; July 
 1(1, 1878; July 24, 188."); Padjic Chiin/nndii, Nov. 19, 1808; Thms, Miircli 
 :;0, Nov. 2, 22, 1807; Jan. 14, Apr. 1, July 20, Oct. 20, 27, 1808; Feb. 10, 
 jMai-cIi 1."), 1S09; AhiiidPoM, Jan. 8, 20, 1870; Slotktoii ludcju'tidnit, in\y^y<l, 
 ]f-Si); Aug. 19, 20, 18SI; St<il<icooinExiir(>-.<,i\\\y'M, 1877; Jii(i'Uh]ciicer,3sxu. 
 13, May 22, Jun<.' 5, 17, July 2.3, .Sept. 3, is:!); Alfiinix (Modoc co.,Cnl.)Jii- 
 i>'/,rii'.li lit, .Sept. 29, 1.S77; Asldund 'J"id\ii<js (Or.), A\\<^. 3, 1877; Ohjmpht 
 'J'liuiKcrijtt, July Ti, 1879; Port Tou-iixi iid Arijii.t, May 31, 1883; Portland 
 ('(ttholic Sentinel, .Sept. II, 1S79; ]\'e.-<leni Omjoniitn, ,Iuuc 7, 14, 1S79; (Jidi- 
 fiivniaii, AvLg. 1S8I, j). 177; I'injinid (Xer.) (.'/ironic/c, Ayiv. 7, 1877; Orerjon 
 Stale (Enijene C!li/) Joitrmil, Apr. 10, LSSO; Ou/il Hill A» "-x, Juno 12, 180G; 
 /;/ Fronte'rizo (Ti'irson), Jan. 27, 1S82; I'orlland Tvhiirmn, Oct. 2!», 31, 1879; 
 Pirtland Standard, Awj,. 10, 1S77; Portland West <V//o/v', Jan., July, 18/7; 
 Feb., March, June, 18s6; Sac. hWorfl-l'nlo'i, Feb. 29, 1S.'>0; Aug. 22, 1800; 
 Oct. 13, 31, 1879; March 14, May 10, June 28, Aug. 20, 23, Ks'sl; July 2o, 
 1SS2; Jan. 30, Feb. 0, 1883; Jan. 1, 12, 19, Feb, 2, March 18, Apr. 20. i884; 
 Jan. 14, Alarcli 12, May Ti, 23, 1SS5. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 "Activa," sliip, 1."), l'S. 
 
 "Ai^tivc," U. S. sUaiiicr, 200, 40."), (ilO, 
 
 li-J-'. 
 Adiiir, JdIiii, iiiiiicr, ,").")0. 
 Ailaiiis, iiiiiiing mi FiT.stT Kivcr, ;M!)- 
 
 M. 
 Ailiims Clock, golil (li.sciivtitMl, 4(iO. 
 Adiiiiis Ivivfi', iiiiniiig on, 4(10. 
 Adiiiiis Liikc, gold di-scovficil, 4G1. 
 Addurloj-, Mr, on 11. J>. Co.'.s cluii'tiT, 
 
 ;{7.s. 
 
 ".Vdclaido," ))aik, .'((ii. 
 
 .'Vdiiiiiiilty liili^t, original iiaiiu', 1 I. 
 
 Agrioiiltui'o at loit.s, (il •_', ,SO,!):t, 1 10, 
 
 "j-27 0, l:!l, IS-i -.'O."), -JliO; among 
 
 fur tiailur.s, SO, SI, .'il'J; growing 
 
 iiiiporluiice, 80; areas and condition, 
 
 KSSO (i, 740-4. 
 
 Ague, i)rcvalcncc of, 07. 
 
 Ahcrn, miner, murdered liy Inds, ~>'.\(), 
 
 Alimisets Jnd.s attack w Iiites, 4l.'I). 
 
 Aideii, {.'apt., ill eonid of "Active," 
 li(iO, V,-l-2. 
 
 Alder, Lt, in eoiiid of the " Three 
 JJrotlieis," '28. 
 
 Alfred I5ar, mining nt, 441. 
 
 Allan, (i. 1"., ju.sticc of peace, '204. 
 
 Allan, Sir ilngh, railway contract, 
 (;.V2 4. 
 
 .Vlhird, ()., ill charge at Ft Yale, ;iS."), 
 
 Allen, miner, murdered liy Inds, ");{0. 
 
 "America," H. M. S., 1-20-4. 
 
 American ]?ar, mining at, 441. 
 
 .\nder.soii, A. C, on H. li. Co.'s policy 
 to Inds, nO; comd at FtColville, 00; 
 at Ft Ni.s(iually, 0'2 H; liiog. and 
 hihliog., l.")7-!M expl(jr. cxpedts to, 
 157-70, 17")-(); map of route, 1(!'2; 
 oil gold discovery, .'{40; report on 
 gold yield, 470; on mining licensi's, 
 .")71; hildiog., 701. 
 
 Andrews, ]{. S., Aniei. M:ttler on .S, 
 Juan, 017. 
 
 Aiulerson, David, Ijcforo eoinni. in 
 Eng. oiiH. H. Co., :WI. 
 
 I Ander.sou fliileh, mining at, 4S2. 
 j .\iider.son River, ex|)edt. on, l(i7. 
 'Antler (,'it'ek, mining at, 4r»7, 470, 
 401 ;!, ,".12, 51.5; town at, 402 3; 
 I .society, 4!I2. 
 
 .\nvil l.-land named, '20. 
 
 Applegate, .). K., .-ittacked liy Inds, 
 IS5'.I, 014 15. 
 
 ".\iaii/a/u, " Spani.sh ni;in-of-war, 20. 
 
 Arctic Crt'ck, prospectors on, 547; 
 mining, 551. 
 
 ".\rgonaiit," slii[i, seized l)y Span- 
 iards, 17>S0, S. 
 
 Artcsi.-iii Co., lease and plans, 400-500. 
 
 Assenilily, lirstoiiV. I., .'{20 -7; calle<l, 
 .'(20; (lualiticatioii of incmhers, ,'{20 
 1; incmhers, ,'{21, ;i2(i 7; husiiiess, 
 .'122 7; gov. 's address to, .■{2'2-;{. 
 
 Astori.i as a trading post, 7S SI. 
 
 Atnahs Inds, character, I.'IG; consjiir- 
 acy of, \4'A. 
 
 Auriferous region, extent, 5.'i0. 
 
 Authorities (pioted, xxi-xxix, 72 7, 
 :W0, ,570 81, (i04 5, 700 0. 
 
 "Axeiiture," ship, huilt hy N'ancoii- 
 ver, 15. 
 
 » 
 
 liabine River prcspceted, 5.5G. 
 
 Iiack, Sir (!., before; conini. in Fug. 
 
 on II. 15. Co., ;{S1. 
 IJaillie, 'I'., visited hy McKlroy, '200. 
 liaillie, llainilton's l>ay named, 101. 
 linker, I.t, in N'ancoiner's expeilt., 10. 
 Hakerville, ])rosperity of, 710. 
 Italcli, ('apt., gold-hnntiiig expeilt., 
 
 .•{44. 
 Maiil Monntiiiiis, mining about, .505; 
 
 geology, 5i;{. 
 Hall, H. .M., justice of peace at Lyt- 
 
 toii, 410; on gold discovery, 4.S0; 
 
 gold eomniissioner, "200; of tirst 
 
 legis. council, 5S;{. 
 I'allou, \\'., starts express, .•f51 2. 
 liaiiking facilities, 1S8.5, 7.5.'{. 
 Barclay, (.'apt., vi.sit of, 1787, 5. 
 I 775 I 
 
 IJ 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Harclay Souiiil named, 5; Spiiiiisli 
 
 imiiie for, 1 1. 
 IJatf, .M., niiiiiiiger V. Coiil Co., oG!); 
 
 mayor Naiiainui, .")7-l. 
 .BaiuTiiiiiu (111 ('arib(jo geology, r>l.'$; 
 
 on 15. ('. coal-tiuM-s, ")70. 
 I'lurliir ( 'laini, milling at, 4S8, 497. 
 I!;u kcrvilio, iiiiportaiici^ 4!)."), 50.'), 
 
 .jl II; iiani(Ml,4!t7: buriuil, lS(iS, 4!t7; 
 
 'lagis, i>rovision.-i, r>l(); Jt. IJ. Co. 
 
 at, ."jKi; loading-rooiii, iJlit. 
 Harms, I'lllis, .stlls Jl. \\. Co. 'a prop- 
 erty oil S. .Iiiaii Isl., (iOS. 
 Wiur, 11., coiidiK'tiiig colonial acadi- 
 
 iiiy, '-'(iO; ulork of ass'Mul.ly, .'UO. 
 IJariiiMi! KivtT, mining on, 4.">'.) 00. 
 ikalo Co., work, lS(j(i-7, <"ilS. 
 Boar llivir, mining at, 17!); coal dis- 
 covered, .■)7i). 
 Beautort mine coal .seani, ,")liS. 
 "JSeaver," steamer, M, 71 2 84, !)-', 
 
 !).•!, !),■>, 101, 101), l.SS, ±S1), 405, (illi. 
 Beaver JlarlKd', coal discovered, 18U- 
 
 !•(!; named, IS8. 
 Bedrock I'lumo Co., yiild, iSLiS-K, 
 
 .VIO. 
 Bcgg Creek, mining on, 50,"). 
 I>e^l)ie, M. B., chief jntitiee, .■?.')7, .'>lil, 
 
 405, 408, 41-', 417, 42(1, 4-_'-J; lirst 
 
 cirenit, 4-_*'J; eharaeter, 4-j;{ (i, 4:iO - 
 
 'A; disliked iiy miners, I'M; on Fia- 
 
 ser Kiver, 4 !5; on mining, 4();!, 4li5 - 
 
 ti, 514. 
 Bell, (i. \V.. hanged, V. 1., 4.).-). 
 Bell, .las, explores Lightning Crtek, 
 
 50(i. 
 IJell.icoolas Indsat \'h toria, 4-J.S. 
 Beliim;hain Biiy named, 'Ji'; Spanish 
 
 name. 'Jl; coal liiscoverc d, l!i)(); fori 
 
 on, erected, tji;i. 
 15evis, W. 11., revenue oliirer, 405. 
 Big liar, loeality, 45."j; minmg at, 457. 
 Big Bend gold e.\citemei:t, 470, 5l''_', 
 
 5-.24, .VJO, 5S!!; ndning, 5;{1, Xi.'t; 
 
 failure, 5:{t. 
 Birch, .V. N., of llrst legis. council, 
 
 .Vs.'l. 
 Bireli B.iy, named, "JO; ."spanish name, 
 
 •J I. 
 lilanslinrd, 1!., visit to coal mines, 
 
 J:)5; inliuenii' on colonization, "J-'tl; 
 
 Upptd gov. \. 1., '.'tM; ariival, "JOI!; 
 
 to serve without pay, '-'07; relations 
 
 •with 11. B. Co., iHiS 7-', '-^O-NO; 
 
 character, 275; resigns, 280-1; Ik - 
 
 fore comm, in I'aig. on 11. B. (Jo., 
 
 .-(SI. 
 Bl ikily Ishiml, ()0(i. 
 Blanehet, plants cross on A\'liitliey 
 
 Isl., 1840, l(X». 
 
 Blenkinson, (1., at l'"t Itupert, 102-4; 
 
 has sailors killecl, 27.'<. 
 Blue Nose Bar, gold discovered, 411, 
 
 444. 
 Blunt Island, luil. attack on, is.-.it, 
 
 014-15. 
 Bavley, (,'. .v., I'oroner, N'aiiaimo, 
 
 42li. 
 Baynes, Admiral, arrives at Esipii- 
 
 malt, 404-5; in comd of Knglisli 
 
 lleet, 024; actions in S. .luan all'.iir. 
 
 024 5. 
 Baxalgette, (.'apt. (i., in eomil of I'.ng. 
 
 troops at S. .luan, 01!.'!, 
 r)0<legav <'uadra, comm. for Spain in 
 
 Xdolka, all.iir, 1702, 15. 
 Bolduc, .1. B. Z., at Camosun, 07-8; 
 
 ceh'l,r:ites mass, !)0; at W'hithey Isl, 
 
 00 100. 
 Bond, <i. 1'., r. S. commissioner in 
 
 S. .luan tiMul.ie, 010. 
 Boston r.ar, ndning at, 117-8. 
 "Boxer," II. .M. S., 572. 
 I'radley, II., di.s<M)vers coal, 50S. 
 liradley Creek, coalmining, 208. 
 ISrew, Chartres, estahlishes con.stahu- 
 
 lary, 4(»1; Hill liar tremble, 411; of 
 
 first I'gis. council, 585. 
 Bridge liiver, mining at, 45;}-l. 
 Ihitish .\mi riea, jurisdiction of Ca- 
 nadian courts in, 217. 
 Hriti.-li l'>Mr, ndning at, 45.5-7. 
 I'riti-iJi ( 'nlonist, new.spaper, 7'!0. 
 Britisli Ccjliimliia, summary of Parliest 
 
 Voyages, 1 lU ; confignration, li:{- 40; 
 
 l)hysie:il divisions, ;14 5; elim.atc, 
 
 k)-:!; fauna, 4:1 4; natives, 44 51; 
 
 fdiis, ,52-72; cxpluratioiis, 157-70, 
 175 (!; .gold diseovered, 341-75; 
 travel to mines, .'!51-70, '^^2; ell'eets 
 of iliseovery, .■!74-.5; colony ami 
 govt est^il.lishcil, .'is:!; II. B. (jo. 
 stations, ;{S."); govt of 1858 (t',\, ;{88- 
 418; creuteil einwii colony, 400; law 
 estalilislied, 400; acct of gold-lield.', 
 420 2; mounted pi'lice, 4.'!1; ])opii- 
 lar triluinals, 4;!0; gidd yield, 470-1 ; 
 mining population, 471, 4S2; coal 
 discoveriis, 5()5 80; legis. cniineil 
 organized, 58;{; a province of the 
 diiminion, 50S (iOI; S. .luan Isl.ind 
 diilirulty, (i05 !i:i; Caiiiidian I'ae. 
 Uail\v:iy, 010 it."'; polities and govt, 
 l87OM"),0;t0-7O0; settlements, j.SOl 
 80, 707-717; missions, 717 27;eilii- 
 cation, 7'!4-8; newspapers, 7'{0; 
 imlustries, 700-0; coininerce, 74(i- 
 ,52; linanee, 75.'1 0. 
 
 I)i'iti<h ('ohind)ian, ncwsp.'iper, 7.'!0. 
 
 Brooks, I'ort, corl discovelcil, 201. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 ttt 
 
 Brother Jonatliaii," tlio steamer, | C'ani'roii, D., chief jiiatiii?, .'(•JT, 335- 
 
 wrecked, 4(i7 
 
 7, lO.'i; le.sij,'lis, l-J-J 
 
 IJroilj^litim Aichi|)fl;ii,'o iiaincd, •_'(!. , C'aiiin^im, ixaiiiincd hy Uuuglaa, S()-8; 
 Hroiightoii, Lt, iiiciiiiiil ol' tlio "Chat- ' f-irl built, !tl 101. 
 
 (.'aiiiiilx'll, Ari'ii., L'. S. Loiiiiiii-ssiuinr 
 ill S. .Iiiiui truiiliK', (iiO. 
 
 Canadian l>:ir, niiniu'' at, 4(1, CIS. 
 
 nun. 
 
 1.- 
 
 q) 
 
 dt. ot I7W-' IS. 
 
 ISriiUghtoii iSti'uits, Spuni»ih naniu for, 
 
 2(i. 
 IJrowii, I)., shiKitin^ of, 4."rJ. 
 
 la.itr ixcitcmi'nt. 
 
 JU'own, L., on !• 
 
 :{.vS. 
 Itruu'ii, I'., killed l>y Indians, :t:!l. 
 
 C'aiuidi.iii I'acilic Itailway, causo ol 
 roiindiup;, .">74; n.isuns for aiiil 
 iiguinst i)roj.'i't, (UO I; hill carried 
 in th(! conMnon.s, (ill; iixulution < 
 
 Dr It., on gold discovery, passed hy Canadian j'arli.iincnt, 
 KKI; on goicl-licid lorniation, 4(i(i, i 04."> ti; prciinnnary .sni \ e>s, (i4!)- ."i'_'; 
 
 iJn 
 
 HI v. I. 
 
 Charlotte l.^l. 
 K 
 
 II, .i(ii ; on (.Mieeii 
 
 iluifli .Ulan contract, (i."i'.' 4; tin 
 
 t 
 
 H 
 
 (,'anar\ou iirnis. Old 
 
 I. 
 
 It Will 
 
 .\1. 
 
 n 
 
 deck, .")l!l; Jiri/e essny liy, ',{',{) |. 
 
 jcsty, (ii; 
 
 [u^tilion to 
 
 I; i;..rl of Di 
 
 111 .s .s|n>ccli, tidlj ((I; contiact uitli 
 
 )ro\vii, I lios, 1,'old discoverer, llHi. 
 
 JJr. 
 
 'o« ne, Ivosa, on 
 
 ( 'oluiiil 
 
 jia ''o 
 
 Id-Ueld 
 
 syiidicali', h,>\ enginci'iin, 
 
 illiciil- 
 
 ' I 
 
 tie 
 
 i;sl !; I'ort -M 
 
 jiiclMiiaii, I' 
 a I lair, liJii. 
 
 ooily, reasons 
 selection a.s teriiiinus, ()64 (i; 
 
 actions in S. .Iiian i eoni|)letioii of the Ii 
 
 lie, (,•>, 
 
 Ct ts 
 
 Buckley "s [Lirty i>rospecting, ."ill). 
 
 undertakiii,^, (i>i7 IM. 
 ( 'anal ile .S,i.-,aiiiat. .See 11 
 
 islly 
 
 Inlet. 
 
 ikl. 
 M 
 
 1". A. 
 
 lie 
 
 Ihi 
 
 ,),. 
 
 II a re wool I Coal ( Miioe coiintiy inining, h'lfi. I7.'I. 
 I ( 'aii.m (.'reck, iniiiiii'' at,."iO;i Id. 
 
 rns ( reel 
 IS7.-) 
 
 on, 4^J; 
 
 .1." 
 
 CaiK'lia Jnil. attac 
 lisjier," l^ill. 
 
 o.i liu 
 
 ving- 
 
 liin|)ee, Mr, ()ii.;inales Canadian I'ac. (ajie hi-iMiipoinlnicn', Caii'.. .\leuii 
 
 JlaiU 
 
 (144. 
 
 at, l7vSS, »>; iradiiiL' ("i.-it at, I.S'J 
 
 Jliinard Inlet, S|)ani>h nanie foi', 'JI4; ; Cape Jjocikont, (.'aptaiii .Mearcs at, 
 
 coa 
 
 1.1 
 
 iseovi'iei 
 
 i; 
 
 >s-(i. 
 
 I'.irton, Ijeilt, destroys Iii.iiMii \ il- Cape (Mfonl ii:i 
 
 III 
 
 '4. 
 
 Kutler, Cai>t., at Ma 
 
 j "Ciiptiiin Cook,' siiip, 17S. 
 
 nsoii I reel 
 
 ( :irrv. 
 
 i: 
 
 lilt uiscoveri r, 
 
 Carilioo. iniiiiii'' in, 47<i, 47'-' "-, .">l(» 
 
 Hull, r, \V: 
 
 -•ttlc 
 
 S. .h 
 
 111; I 
 
 (i 
 
 por 
 
 t, ,"i47 !l. 
 
 ild-liuntiii^' i'.\peilt. ic- i .")l(i. 
 
 it ri':;ion, 17 t; ini.ssionai its 
 itlii 
 
 IMp 
 
 >l;i; intllUlice of excitelnellt. 
 
 C'uainano, coind of the "Ariiiixji/.i 
 
 •J!). 
 Cache Creek tov.ii, in'outli of, 4.'iS. 
 
 •Cadl-i 
 
 •h 
 
 ;», 7-', ltd, mm;. 
 
 ('aid«el!. Will, licfoie coinin. 
 
 II II. 15. C 
 
 :!si. 
 
 C:i.Iiforiiia, eU'ect of I!. C. 
 
 in V. 
 
 M 
 
 (,'ariiar\ou Cliil) oiL'ani/ed, (illj 
 
 mauds of, li'.l'.l. 
 
 Carnarvon tci 
 
 (i(il -1. 
 
 acei:|>tanco of Ih 
 
 ( 'M-\n 
 ( 'arm 
 
 ( 1 
 
 eel; inlliing, , (.i'J, .i.l 
 
 a UK, 
 
 d di.i 
 
 ISO 
 
 ' (.'aroliiu 
 
 ii|>, III I. 
 
 ('aritenter r>iir, luiiiiii;.; at, .Vi!(. 
 
 ( .in ler.- 
 
 Inds 
 
 cli.iraci. ;r, 
 
 Caitier, Sir C. Iv act'o 
 
 Id ill r 
 
 xeilie 
 
 cove; 
 
 U X,l, 
 
 ■J.M, 47.S; 
 
 Uail 
 
 wav, <!.»! ■_'. 
 
 c.xodiiH oi iioijuiation. 
 
 .TiS 1», ;(»;•_•; , C 
 
 C 
 
 II. 
 
 licitor u'cncral IJ. ( ' 
 
 reseiiihlance to li.,ser Kiver 
 liclds, 4((ll: coal formaiioii, ."lOti. 
 
 K'^ 
 
 hl- 
 
 4(l.>. 
 
 (• 
 
 Col, 
 
 recllloli 
 
 I'ic 
 
 •U at .S. 
 
 alitoiiiia miiuns a 
 ISO I. 
 
 t I'oit \'ict< 
 
 California Creek, mining on, 4;' 
 
 lOO. 
 
 Call »' 
 
 iiiai named 
 
 •_'(l 
 
 Calvert Island named, "il!. 
 
 Cameron liar, miiiii 
 4.'>1, 4(5 J, Hl."i, 4'.I7, 
 
 it, 411 
 
 4 1: 
 
 liaii, (iJ'_'; liupiudeiice ot, (i'JJ ;i 
 
 Sec, action 
 
 Casey liar, gold discovered, 441. 
 
 ( 'ass^ 
 
 Cassiar milliner district, location 
 
 s III >. .Itiaii all. Ill 
 
 ■.4;{; 
 
 lid 1 \i itcnient, iSCil, .I."!'.!; mining, 
 "ill (II. 
 
 m 
 
v^ 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Cattle bronght into N. W., (»'2; at 
 
 iorta, 100-7; stealing, XU. 
 Cavunaugh, A., miner, n;uiderc(l by 
 
 J nils, 230. 
 Cayoosli, Ind. village, 4.")2. 
 C'ayusoa, Inda, cliaractfr, 50. 
 L'etlar Creek prospucteil, 487-8. 
 Centraa, Ciipt. Jolni, treats witli In- 
 
 (liaMH, liiHi. 
 Cliiuicellor sent from Knj,'. t(j report 
 
 on mines, '2'M. 
 <'lia])man party prospeeting, 1800, 
 
 .-.47. 
 Cliiuliomiedern, A., in Anderaon*!* 
 
 explor. expdt., l.")0. 
 CliarleH, Wm, manager Hudson's IJay 
 
 Co., I'acilic coaxt, '.iS'2. 
 "Cliutham.'JI. M. S., l."., IS, 21, '-'S. 
 ('Iicadle, report on gold formation, 
 
 4S(i; at Cariboo mines, 4!).S. 
 Cliumanis district, coal discovered, 
 
 .")7'.>. 
 Cherry Creek, nuning on, a.SS. 
 Cliileat.s, Inds, .attack ■whites, 48. 
 Chilkotius, liids, altuck on pack-train, 
 
 428. 
 Chilliwack Kiver, coul discoverd on, 
 
 .■)71». 
 Chimsyans, Ind.s, at Victoria, 42S; 
 
 missionaries among, 71!'. 
 Chinese, Jml. regard for, 40; mining 
 
 in golddields, ;(20, .'WO, ;!4:{, MS, :{II8, 
 
 444, 4.">4-5, 458-0, 471, 487-8, .■)01, 
 
 .'.00, 511, 520, 540, 541, 551, 5.">:i, 
 
 .")0;{; at Victoria, 710-11. 
 Cldnese ipicslioii in Jl. C, 711-12. 
 Chinooks, laiiiiuage of, 51. 
 Cdisliolm Cruck, mining at, 482, 507. 
 CldtLciidon, X. If., l)il)li(ig., 750. 
 Christian, .)., opens mine, 4(iO. 
 Christy opposes il. J{. Co., 21:5. 
 ('lallams, Inds, country of, o;!-4; at- 
 tend mass, !)!). 
 (Ilayoijuet ilarhor, N'aueouver winters 
 
 at, 15. 
 (;i;iyton, traile controversy, 207. 
 Clearwater Kiver, nuning on, o05. 
 Clinton, j)roMperity <if, 710. 
 "Clio," il. M. .S., 417; attacks Ind. 
 
 village, 429. 
 (Jloak Hay named, 5, 
 Coal discoveries, 180-06, 196-200, 
 
 16."»-80; formations, .Wo-S; license 
 
 to discover, 571-2; nunc regulations, 
 
 577-8; nnnister's rei»ort, 577; yield, 
 
 1884, 750. 
 Colnett, Capt. , ship of, seized by 
 
 ■Spaniards, 8. 
 "Cohunbia," U. B. Co. ship, 8, 15, 
 
 120, 2.18. 
 
 "Colund.ia.'T. M. Co. steamer, 3.">9. 
 Colund>ia Kiver, failure to enter, 1792, 
 
 29; settlers' encroachments on, 81; 
 
 ndncs, 520-42; geology, 528. 
 Cohunbia and KiMitenai Kailway Co. 
 
 incorporated, G9i. 
 Colvillc Coty, gold discovered, 348; 
 
 mining, 520-1. 
 Connnercial Inlet, coal discovered, 
 
 198, 200. 
 "Coiinnodore," steamer, .SfiO, 361. 
 "Cormorant," ship, KU, 100,200. 
 ( 'omox coal seam, area, 570. 
 Comox Harbor, coal mining at, 508, 
 
 578. 
 "Concepcion," ship, 29. 
 Confederation (irst mooted 1822, 595; 
 
 in efl'ect 1841, .'>95; l>. C. a province 
 
 of the donuiuon, 598-002. 
 Conklin (lulch, mining at, 482, 500, 
 
 508, 51.-). 
 Connolly, Nellie, marries Douglas, 
 
 289. 
 "Constance," frigate, 124, ISO. 
 Convict labor at N'ietoria, 4.Vi. 
 (Jook, (Japt. .lames, at Nootka 1778, 
 
 3; map, .'{; on I'acitic coast, 4. 
 Cooper, .las, trader on Fiaser Kiver, 
 
 255-0; settles at .Metcliosin, 2.")0-7; 
 
 at Ksipiimalt, 200; signs si'ttleis' 
 
 petition, 314; befoic connn. in Kng. 
 
 on II. 15. Co., 'Mi\; on gold dis- 
 
 coveiy, .S50, 354; of council, 281, 
 
 310, .320. 
 Cop;ds, Indian chief, 393. 
 Corbett, (1. ()., before comm. in Eng. 
 
 on 11. r.. Co., :wi. 
 
 Citrdoba Harbor, 10. See N'ictoria. 
 
 Corn\>all, * '. 1'"., cliief magistrate 
 1881 0, 704. 
 
 "Coitc's," steamei-, .3(il. 
 
 CJottonwood Creek, mining at, 515. 
 
 Coucey, ('apt. .Michaelde, at Ks(pn- 
 malt, 404. 
 
 Council, pi-ovisional, of V. I., 310. 
 
 Courtney. Capt., at V. I., 124. 
 
 Courts, Canadian, jurisdiction in l>. 
 A., 217. 
 
 Cowiehins, Inds, attend ma.ss, 95 99; 
 attiiek l''t Camosnn, 107-10; i)oug- 
 las' policy toward, 331; nussionaries 
 among, 719. 
 
 Cowitcheli Jiav, coal discovered, .567, 
 578. 
 
 "Cowlitz," H. IJ. Co. ship, 120. 
 
 Crease, 11. I*. 1'., of first legis. coun- 
 cil, 583; judge, 706. 
 
 Crest, W., gold di.scoverer, .')45. 
 
 Crickener, B., chapluiu, arrives V. I., 
 407. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 7W 
 
 Cri(lj;e, view of Douglas, 299. 
 Croitoii, J. 1"'., lifforo coniiii. in Kiig. 
 
 on 11. B. Co., .-{SI. 
 Ciuiil a, fxploratioii of, 1774 9, ',i. 
 Cuniiin^liani Ci'cck, iiiininj,' at, 477, ! 
 
 479. 4.S9-9I, 497, .'>(H). 
 ('iiniiiiii,'liani, W'., exploration (,f, .")(MI. 
 ( 'unislifwas Harljof, toal muini at, r)74. 
 " Ciiilt'W ," wloop, .'{til. 
 Ciitlir, L. A., lioj,' aH'air of S. .Iiiun 
 
 Ifsl. lh.-.9. (ill) 17. 
 (.'ypi'oss i.tlantl named, "JO. 
 
 D 
 
 "DaHlaliis," II. M. S., -.'S, '2'.), -274. | 
 Uaily I'M'ninj,' I'o.st, ncw.sjiiiper, 7<{9. ' 
 l»aily anil Weekly (Jolonist, news- 
 
 jjiiper, 7;{9. 
 Daily anil Witikly Stanitanl, news- 
 
 l)apiT, 7.">9. 
 Dallas, A. (i., claims S. .Iiian fm- j 
 
 liiitisii »oil, (!l(i. 
 " Dameraii C'ovi!," sliip, ."{44. 
 "Daplme,"!!. M. S.. 1274, -JSI. 
 Datson, nnirdei' of, 4;i."i. ] 
 
 Davis, AVm, in Anderson's explor. 
 
 expdt., I.")9. 
 Davis (iuleli, minin;,' at. 4.S'2. 
 Dawson, (1. M., on Caril)oo mines, 
 
 47-', r)l.'{; on 15. C. coal, r.ti7, .")79: 
 
 railway survey expedt., ().")(). 
 Day Bar, mining ;il, 4.->.">-7. 
 Deadwood l>ar, gold iliseovered at, 
 
 441. 
 Deans, (I., .settles at \' . I., "J.^S, 
 Deans, .la.s, lilog., IKi-l."); at V. I., 
 
 •2.">.S-9. 
 Deaso Ijiike, mining at, .")<iO "J. 
 Deeatur Island, (i(Hi. 
 l)eeeptioii Day, Captiiin Meares at, 
 
 I77.S, (i. 
 Deei'ption Passage named, IS. 
 De ( ouiey Islands, eoal diseovered, 
 
 .■)(i7, ."i79. 
 De Courey, -Maj., niagistiate at S. 
 
 .hian, (ii.S. 
 Deep Sea lilnlV namnl, "JO. 
 De (Jroot, il., on gold di.scDverv, IMS, 
 
 ;r»o, 4(i;{. 
 
 Demnan, Admiial, destroys Ind. \il- 
 
 lag',-, 42!). 
 Derliy, town, 4(Hi 7. 
 Desolation fSoniid named, '_*•"). 
 Destruetiou Island, ('apt. .Meares at, 
 
 I7SS, (i. 
 "Devastation, " 11. M. S.. 4'_'!t. 
 Dewdney, K., surveys William Creek, 
 
 50-; on vootenai trail, r».W. 
 
 Deitz, W., miner, 483-4, 49.">; claim, 
 
 497. 
 Diller, miner, 480. 
 " Discovery," 11. M. S., 1.5, 1«, t-'d. 
 Discovery claim, mining at, 4SS. 494, 
 
 r.07, rios, r>-_»7, rm, h'M, :m, 5Ui. 
 
 Dixon, ({ec, visit of, 17S7, 5. 
 
 Dixon Strait named, 5. 
 
 Dog Creek, mining at, 4.')0. 
 
 Donnellan, 15. C, eidef of police, 402. 
 
 Douglas coal mine, work !it, 509; 
 compared with Newi'astit!, .')7"-'. 
 
 Douglas, ('apt., visit (jf, I7SS, (i. 
 
 Doit-las, David, death of, Ki.'). 
 
 DonL;l,'is, .lames, hnilds foi-ts. (S, {)'>- 
 nil, "JilO; .piarrel with Me.Veill, (i!»- 
 71; explores Tako river, ()7-'i2; 
 visits CmI., 7"-', 291; surveys Hoyal 
 IJiiy, S7; report on ( 'amosini, SS-9; 
 on Msf|iiimaU, S9-9(l; character, 
 ll.'i, IIS, 120, 292 ."i, .SS7; chi. 1' 
 factor, 119, 2!>.'>; at Ft N'iineonver, 
 l.'U; at Ft N'ieloria, IS.'i; repr)rt on 
 coal discoNery, IS9-90; visits coal 
 nnnes, I '.19 -2(MJ; opposes lllansliaid, 
 2()ti, 27S; on eouinil, 2S1; on hoard 
 of manML'einent, 2s;!; uov. of \'. 1., 
 2S:t, .•{|0 2S; hio-., 2s.-)-9(i; early 
 relations to .Mid.on_'idiii, 2S(i; edu- 
 cation, 2S.")-90; marriage, 2SS-!I; 
 rescues Lassertes, 291 2; personal 
 appearance, 292-;{, 2l)!t-:i()(); retires 
 from II. |{. Co., 29(1; death, 29li; 
 compared to .McLouirhlin, 29li, .'{(M) 
 9; calls lirst assemlily, .'{20; policy 
 to Inds, 299, ;{:!l-."); policy to set- 
 tlers, :;o.")-(); iid<lress to ,\ssend)ly, 
 .'^22-;!; rept on ;,'old discovery, '.Us 
 i)\, .■{.'>;{ 4, .'{70, 47.'>, .'i2l; mining 
 proclamations, ;i.""i2 ;i, 402 .'!; ]'<diry 
 to golil nailers, :{(il, :iM II, :{70-l. 
 .•{SI-2, .•(S(!-94, 400, 4(IS; (lov. of 15. 
 C, .'{Si, .'iS7, 401 ;<, 40.'); examines 
 mines, ;)90 t; witlidraws from II. 
 H. Co., 40.'{; adilress presented to, 
 r)S7; l;ni;,'hted, .■|S7; character as 
 gov. ."iSS 9; proclamation jigainst 
 inxasiiin of .S. .hian, 020; comnnm. 
 on S. .luau all'air, 021. 
 
 Doii.Lrias, Wni, ship of, seized l>y 
 S[)aniar(ls, S. 
 
 Downie, Maj., leport on nunes, .")14, 
 ."i70, ."•7S. 
 
 Dr.'igon Kocks namecl, I,"). 
 Draper, W. H., hefore comni. in Kng. 
 on II. U. ('.., .•!s|. 
 
 " Driver," ship. 2(;(;. 
 
 Dnll'erin, Karl, visit and speech, 0.')4, 
 
 (>(;(>-72. 
 DutHn, Kobt, explor. trip of 17S8, 0. 
 
m 
 
 INDKX. 
 
 iHiiiluir tliiiin, yicM, ."lOS, 
 
 JJiiiicuii, Wtii, iiiisNiDiiary act. »n 
 
 ii)iii.'intrate, 4;U, 71'S. 
 Dmiii, J., hihlioj,'., KS8 !». 
 |)iiiisiiiiiir, Kol)t, coal discovery, 'u'2, 
 |)uii.simiir coal mine, .")(!'.( 7(*, ")7-. 
 |)iiiit/e, Capt. J. A., visit of, I'-M .'), 
 
 lay. 
 
 K 
 
 K.ijrie Bar, ;.">iil (liscoviToil at, 441. 
 KiiliU- l'a.si,'i;ist lail of ( '. 1". laid lit, 
 
 US7. 
 KVicy, 1. \., autioiis la S. .Iumm 
 
 tlouldc, isr)4, (i()7 !S; iiiui'der of. 
 
 iii;t. 
 
 Ivl^'ar, .lan'cs I)., autioiu-i in Canadian 
 I'ac. Kail'.vay aliiiir, (!.")() -S, 
 
 KiliiL'utiuii, !lHr(.V,S4, 7;!i S. 
 
 i'Msvaids, J. I']., discovcr.s ;,'()Id, 4S0. 
 
 Kljiin, i,oril, i;oiiiijlaint.s a;^aiiist il. I>. 
 Co., lM'_'; iiivc.sli.;ati'.s, •JJi'J. 
 
 Kli«,v, f.\i)dt. of I7!)|, 11 14; niai., !•_•. 
 
 Klisa i!ay. See I'eddcr Uay. I 
 
 Mlleiil)Oi(n'.^'!i peiiiii-iiila named, I'.ll.j 
 
 J'lllice, K., I\l. P., on enloniziilion, 'MS; 
 on V. I. grant, '2'.\0; on cliaiaeter I 
 II. li. Co., .'{78; ln'foie connn. in | 
 Kng. on II. li. Co., .TSl. I 
 
 JOimoie ( iuleli, ndniiig at, ."..'>4. 
 
 Jhnery, 11 Iv, at Naiiaimo, |n7I, .'>7-. | 
 / Knioiy ll.ir, ndniiig at, 4 Hi, ilil, |(i."). j 
 
 lOhvyn, 'i'liomas, ju.stii e of tlie peaet' 
 at J.iiioet, 4l!i. 
 
 " Kngland,'' sliiii, ll'."). '2~,'.',. 
 
 l']nglanil olleis reward for discovery 
 of N. W. iia>i.sage, ;{-4; .siiid.s eomm. 
 to Wa.s'i. to negotiate treaty l!i«l, 
 
 ij;i 
 
 lelield lialli. 
 
 ■Ad 
 
 il7 
 
 discovery at, 
 
 Fansliawe, Capt., attaek.t Tndiuns, 
 •-'74 .->. 
 
 Karri.s, Mieliael, .Amer. settler on S. 
 ■hiun, (il7. 
 
 " Katintltu'oy," brig, (ilO. 
 
 " Kelice,'' sidp, ."i, H. 
 
 " Fenis," shi]., -Jit. 
 
 I'Y'vy Creek, ndning on, .'10. 
 
 I"'ery, .iLdes, on Carilioo mines, .")I4. 
 
 Ferguson liar, locality, 4ij.")-(l; min- 
 ing at, 4."i7. 
 
 Fidalgo, S., (apt. of tlic " I'rin.tesa." 
 •JO. 
 
 I'"it'e l'ass;ige namitl, •_'(!. 
 
 Fittv-loiir Forty liai', golil discovered, 
 111. 
 
 Finance, rexeniie, iind expeniiitMic, 
 IS(i;{, r>,S4; |SI»4, .V.H) I; I.S70, (i(W. 
 
 Finiay, .las, i'\ploi-es Finlay Uiver, 
 
 Finlay Uiver, nninng on, '>'M), "(4 ().").*>. 
 
 Finlayson, li., witli Dongl.is, 71, 10(1; 
 conid at Ft Cunio.sun, lOl l.'i, I IS- 
 .•{•_';l.il.liog., l();{-4; ehaiactei', lOt ■ 
 (i, I."i7; defends Ft Camosiin, lO.S- 
 10; at Ft Victoria, Isl; discovers 
 coal, ISS; chief aieount.int, '-'.S'J-.'l; 
 signs sittleis' petition, .•{14; mem. 
 of eonneil, .■>'J(); on gold diseoviiy, 
 :i4S !», .TiO (;(); trea.s'urer II. I?. Co., 
 ;i.")'.l-tiO; eiiief factor, 'Mi'2; at unnes, 
 .-)!(), .-.1:7. 
 
 "Fis-ai(l,"ship, l-J-l-5. 
 
 Fislierii , valui^ and e\tent, 740-8. 
 
 Fislieivalc, rise, 1^04, ."rj;{-4; famine, 
 !:*(;."), .VJ4; tiniled down l>S(;(i, ."i-_Vi. 
 
 •it/Lreral( 
 
 ■■2-S> (I 
 
 Fit 
 
 /huuii .Sound iKinii 
 
 it of v. I. 
 
 '20 
 
 luit, Noel, Amer. settle)- on .'^. .hian, 
 
 017. 
 " Fntcr))rise," steamer, .'{04, is~. 
 l-a-ic.sson .Mining Co., yield, 41(8, 500; 
 
 nieiulieiv 
 
 dO 
 
 Mrniatin''er at l*'t Kamk; 
 
 '1' 
 
 l.i.- 
 
 l'jiji|utmalt li.irlioi', original name, 10; 
 
 (U 
 
 iji'iption. 
 
 Dounl; 
 
 i.s exannnes, 
 
 Fit/.william, C. \\ . W., hel'ore eomm. 
 
 in Fug. on II. I!. Ci)., :{.SI. 
 Fit/.william, ivirl, on .settlement \'. 1., 
 
 •J(W. 
 Flattery Cape n.imed, -f. 
 Fleming, San<lford, of the Pac. Jlail- 
 
 way construction i 'o., 0.j.'}. 
 
 Forl»i 
 
 l>r. 
 
 on nnnes, ,> 
 
 <':i go 
 i:i, .-)7I. 
 
 Id di: 
 
 '•y. 
 
 SO !KI; society at, 714. 
 
 '.siiuima 
 
 It 
 
 am 
 
 1 X, 
 
 niaimo railw 
 
 contiact for const luif ion, OICJ 
 
 >y. 
 
 Kthol 
 
 m, uov. o 
 
 f Sitka, OS, L>()7 
 
 kdle.l l.y Indians, .'{(iS. 
 
 Kll 
 
 d. 
 
 |{. C 
 
 on gold discovery. 
 
 F 
 
 x)ieiimeiit,' s 
 
 hip, •JO 
 
 Forhes, ('liarles, ]irizc essay by, 
 I'ort Alluit. See i*'t Caniosun. 
 h'ort Alexander, location, 57. 
 
 40.'^; 
 
 700. 
 
 Fort 
 1' 
 
 location, .")7-8. 
 
 ort r>ellinL;han 
 
 1 estahlibhed, (il7. 
 
 F'ort Caniosun founded, !C2 -101 ; pur- 
 
 1" 
 
 )f. !K(; cattle at, 100- 
 
 at- 
 
 Kxiiorts, list and value, ISS4, 7">l 
 E.xpresd liar, gold diseovereil, 4^ I. 
 
 tacked liy liids, 107-10; description, 
 
 111-10: 
 
 name change 
 
 IIS. 
 
 Fort (Jolville, removal of, 184. 
 
INUKX. 
 
 781 
 
 Tort Connolly l)iiilt, '2W. 
 
 I'ort Uuliunco I'lectrd IT!*-. !•'•. 
 
 Kurt K(liii()ht(jii, niiiiiiiL; at, ^)'2Ck 
 
 l''ort Fni.si r, location, .'>'. 
 
 l''ort <!f(jif,"'') location, r»7. 
 
 l-'oit llop'j fstiiMi^iiiiMl, 17<>; iniiMjr- 
 
 tancf, .■{!»:{. 
 !''irt Kuiiiloops, location, 1.'14, l.'{(!; 
 
 (.■oMiiiiaiiiliis ot, I'M ."i; 'l"o(l .'it, l;>4- 
 
 r»(>; ln>ls liacliiiL? at, i;fti; MiualiWii / 
 
 conHpiiacy, l.'Urili. 
 I'oi't Lanjilcy. nitiiation, .V.t; tU-- 
 
 stroyeil, 07; an a trailing jiost, S'J. 
 I'liit Md.coil, loratioii, ,"i7. 
 l'"oit McLoii^'liliii, location, ."(!l; ubun- 
 
 i\nu>:\, !i;{, 100. 
 
 I 'oil Ni-ii|nally, ngric. at, 02. 
 
 I'oi t Uii|r.Tt i'stul)lisli»Mt, li»;{-4; fco- 
 
 ciily at, l'.)4-."i; coal mining, l!K{-(i. 
 I"( It St James, lor;ilion, ."iT-S. 
 l''oi' SiniiJ.son, situation, .'I'.l. 
 I'oi't Tako esl.'ilili-ilicil, -IS; location, 
 
 :>'.); Iiiiilt, 7-'; alandoncil, 'Xi, 100. 
 I'oi't 'riicjmp.soii. ."^1 c I't Kaml<io|i.-i. 
 I'(ji't Vancouver, ligric. at, OJ-.'!; li- 
 
 lirary at, ti;(. 
 I'ort Victoria, . -^ a post, IIO-L'O, i;!0; 
 
 lio.spitality at, I'Jl .'); iigric. iil, J'_'7- 
 
 !), 131; as a ulialing station, I'JS; 
 
 ri.sing importance, l'_' , \'M); town 
 
 lai'l out, 'S>S. See J'ort Camosiui. 
 l''ort Vale cstalilislicd, 17l-<i. 
 
 I'oi'tsof 15. v., r<:i-',-2, i;!i». 
 
 l''ortH, catalogue of, 7-1 ">•!. 
 l''oits, nortlurn, liiapof, l',):{. 
 '• I'orty-Xinc," .slcanur, r)."!:i-4. 
 i'orty-niiiu Creek, niiiiini; at, in 1807. 
 
 rj.'io, 
 
 Foster lJ;ir, mining at, 4'>\. 
 Fou'iiictt, Fatiicr, mi -sinnnry, ~\S. 
 l"'oiil\vcatli(;r lllull'niimcil, 1(1. 
 I'oiilweatlier Ca|ie n.'inied, 4. 
 Fountain, the, mining at, 440, 4.")l- 
 
 5, 4r.l, 4.S-2. 
 Koy, M., miner, r)4G. 
 Foy, r., miner, Ti.'u 
 
 l''r 
 
 isef, A 
 
 LS70, o. 
 
 pros pec 
 
 ts JS'ulLou Uive 
 
 ]''ra.'!er, 1)., on Carilioo miiu 
 on gold discovery, 4.S('>, 4'.rJ. 
 l''ru.ser, I'aul, at Umpi 
 
 4S': 
 
 i-_'ii 
 
 Friiser liiver, iliseoveiy of, 24; Sir <i. 
 iSimjison descends, l.">'.); eliaractt'r 
 of, llil; gold discovered, 'A'<'.\ A; 
 excitement begin^i. ;}."),'i-(i; mining 
 on, 4:{S, 401, 4(j.s-71; cliaraeter of 
 mines,42!t 40;asceniledl)yMte,nners, 
 444; overlanil routes to, 44.")-7, 410- 
 .■)0; kinds ot gold in, 4I)'J, 40.')-0; 
 rusli to, 400-8, 5-'--'; yield, 408-71; 
 
 coal discovered, ."i77, •"'"!•; liridgo 
 
 across, (ISO. 
 Fra.ser Rixcr i{ail\v:iv ( 'o. incorpo- 
 
 lateil, OKI. 
 I'laser, .Simon, bililiog., 702. li*^ 
 l'"rederick Arm, .Spaiiisli name for, 20. 
 I''ree Press, iiewspiijier, 7'i!'. 
 I'leezv, Ind. cliief, cliaraeter, .'>l. 
 Frem'li ii.ir, mining at. 111, III. I.M, 
 
 4.".:t. 
 
 Freneli (,',in:idia:is ;is m ttlers, .'ill, (;2, 
 
 2 IS. 
 I''rineli Creek mines dlscoNCled, ."iJJl , 
 
 \ iiid, .">!!2; lioiided, ."i;!!; .lecline, 
 ■ V). 
 I'ririiiUy Co\i', .Meares erects Ilouso 
 
 at, in I7>>s, ,"i. 
 I''ry, .1., director \'. (,'oal Co., 'M). 
 I'lica Sir.iit n.'inied, (!. 
 I'ur-tia'lers, language, ol-.": in 1'. 
 
 ('., ."i.'i 72; dress, .Vl-."); .•issimilation 
 
 witli ii.itives, ,-i4-.-i, 120 :iO, 210; 
 
 horse lirigaile of, ."■!); hospitality, 
 
 120; as colonizers, 221, 217; life of, 
 
 28S. 
 
 & 
 
 Caliano, C.'jpt., expedt. of 17l>2, 2i)- 
 
 8; ma]i of, 2.'{, 
 ( J.'imliling in C.irihoo, ijis. 
 "(iiinges," II. M. S., 401, 021. 
 (I.'udiier, (J. C., U. S. eommi.s doner 
 
 ill .S. .Iiian tronlile, 010. 
 (leni'ge, di'y-diggiiigs, l<ic:ilioii, 101; 
 
 iiiiidie/ at, 40'i. 
 "(;,oi'giana,"ship, 341, .'tOl. 
 
 < lermanscMi Creek, miniie.', .V)], .").3. 
 
 < •erniaiisen, .las, gold discuverir lS70, 
 
 .-..■) 1. 
 • ienuaiiy, .S. .Iiiau (|iiestion referri-il 
 
 to eiiini Till' of, O.'iS-O. 
 "(Jcitrii. lis, "slop, 20. 
 (JiMis, I!., captured liv Iiids, 127. 
 (iilchrist, tiial fur murdir, l.".2-.">. 
 (iladstone, W. Iv, ii])l)o.sc.s 11. n. Co., 
 
 212, 214, 2:!:{, :i7o. 
 
 (lo!d 
 
 (ioM ili 
 
 commissioner, iio 
 
 scovei'y, 
 
 1' 
 15. C, IS.-, 
 
 jwers, 421. 
 
 ill 
 
 .'., 4:!8-02; on the Fi'aser Hive 
 
 4, 4;!S; efTect 
 
 A\'i 
 
 d 
 
 Or., .•{.■.(;; elVect on Cal,, :r»7-'i'2, .'172 
 ;>; ellect on 15. ('., '.i~ \ ,">; ell'ect on 
 fur trade, .T)2; on Iiids, .-{02; in Car- 
 ilioo .'(uintry, 472-01; in .North, 
 ."r20 (11. 
 
 tiohl lields act, the, provisions 420 2 
 
 "(ioi.l-llnntei'," ship, .'{Ol. 
 
 ( ioldsmitii, S., miner, .■i4(i, .")."'(7. 
 
 (Jouuh, Lieut, Jlill IJar tnjuble, 411. 
 
 'r 
 
79Z 
 
 IXDEX. 
 
 (JcKxl, Rev. J. B., jicct of Ft Hoj)e, 
 
 170; \iH)H. and bibliog., 717-1^. 
 (i(xi(l, ilejiy liiiiiisttr ut' iiiiues on 13. C. 
 
 gold yield, 4tiS-!». 
 (Jood-as Any Co. claim, vield, .m;!. 
 <ioodyeur, \V. A., on Mciiie Diablo 
 
 I'oal, .*>(»(}. 
 (iDo.ii: L'lfek, iiiininir on, -!.->:.'. 
 iiordoii, La[it., H. -M. S. ••Anicricji," 
 
 exaiiiiiic:4 \. \V. coast, 121-4. 
 (ior<loii,Cai)t., Il.il. S. '•Cormorant," 
 
 at \ iotoria, 1:J4; examine.i coal, I'.IO. 
 <ii-aliam, C.ipt., attiicks Indiuuti, 
 
 di'atii, :UHi-7. 
 Ciaiit.'Capt., Imild.s road, 447. 
 (Irant, C. .M., l.il.liog., 7<>-'. 
 (iraiit, .Toliii, on i-oiwu'il \'. 1., ;(-!J. 
 <lrant, I!., justice, 'it>4. 
 (inint, W . C., .sottli.sat Soke lidi t, 
 
 •J.');i-."i; Ijiblio;.'., '2'>',>. 
 Cray, Cunt., visit of, 17i>S, li; ut- 
 
 tiicked l)y Inil.s, vS; meets N'ancou- 
 
 VlT, 1.1. 
 (iiay, .1. ilamiltoii, jiid;.'e l!SSO, 70(i. 
 (iray HarlHH- Kurveyid, -J. 
 (■leLfoiy, Cape, named, 4. 
 (ilev, Karl, attituilc to 11. 15. Co., 
 
 •j6.(, -jus, :!:2>S, :iii;> .".; on iri-intof \'. 
 
 ].. "Jl.'); api>oints gov., •Jii.'}-.'). 
 (Jiiliin, C. J., aetion.s in S. Juan 
 
 troillile 1>S.")4, lil»7-S. 
 ( H-illilli elM-m, yield, ."'•Jtj. 
 (iroiise Creek, mining on, 480, 4y;J-4, 
 
 l.roiiso Ci'eek Flnmo Co., (iroii.se 
 
 Cr.'uk War, 42;i. 
 (aou.su Creek war, the, conte.st;int.s, 
 
 cause. 4'Jl); rusnlt, 4:iO. 
 (iuieliiyi Creek, coal discovered, ii'U. 
 "(inilietta," «ohr, .•'.lil. 
 (inlf (it° (ieorgi.'i named, IS. 
 Ciui CruL'k, golil discovered, 4.">4. 
 
 n 
 
 Tfairgarct, J. .M., Anier. settler on 
 
 •S. ,hian, tils. 
 Ihiidaiis, liiils, luMtility of, 4'J7. 
 llalf-liriM'd claim, yielil, .");{."Mi. 
 Halilmrton, J., dir. V. Coal Co., .".(it). 
 Haller, Maj. O. <i., establiuhes i>ost 
 
 at I'ort 'I'ownsend, (il.'{, 
 Hanlcy. W. O., of lii-st legis. council, 
 
 r>S3. 
 Han ley, W. T., col. of customs, 40."), 
 
 417. 
 Hang IMteh completed, r>'Irf. 
 Hanna, ('apt. .1., trade with natives, 
 
 17SG, 4 ."i; Imydi'- , named l>y, I'ti. 
 
 Hani Curry Co. claim, yield, 498. 
 
 Harewoijd coal mine, jieKl, 573, 
 .177. 
 
 Harney, (icn., actions in S. .Tuan 
 affair, GI7; connnun. on, 020-1; re- 
 ealle(l, 0.'{2; tjuarrcl with ( lun. Scott, 
 
 C3:{-."). 
 
 Ilaro, fionMiloM de, northern c.xpeilt. 
 
 17SS, .'i; at NootUa, S. 
 Ilaro Strait named, 10; sui'voyecl 
 
 17!ll, I.!- 1 4. 
 " llariiooner," sliip, 'dXi, 2.17. 
 Harvey Creek, mining at, 479, 489- 
 
 !H), ."il.-). 
 Haskell liar, mining at, 4.m, 4.">7. 
 Ilawes, aids Hudson's Bay Co., 214. 
 llajnes, J. ('., judge', i'Ao; gohl 
 
 commr, .')'-4 
 1 la/el I'liiiit niuned, l(i. 
 Ila/.lilt, \V. ('., gold discoverer, '.U.'. 
 Ilecetu, exploration of 1774 II, ',i. 
 Hector, .las, on gold-tield formation, 
 
 lliO; -Ml Niui'.inio co.il, .")7I. 
 llelnK'keti, (I..S.,at fort Uiipcrt, 21;)- 
 
 li; i)ers()na» appearance, "JUi; magis- 
 trate, I'll 5, 271, 27.'); as a doctor, 
 
 24."i; speaker lii.st asscmlily, ;>24, 
 
 .•127. 
 "Herald," sur> eying ship, 124-."). 
 Herd, David, hefore eoiiim. in Kug. 
 
 on II. li. Co., ;!^l. 
 Heron ('iaim, yield of, -!'.).'{-4. 
 Iliiks, , eonnnr for crown lauds, 
 
 Jl).-.. 
 lliggin.s, .1. K., Anier. soitlur on S. 
 
 Juan, ()I7. 
 High Low Jack claim, yield, oOO. 
 Hill ISar, govt at, .■>U2-;); livalry with 
 
 Vale, 4US>-I4; miiiiiii: iit, 411, 441!, 
 
 4()."); town laiil out, 441. 
 Hill, liisliop, refiorts gold discovery, 
 
 •..■.;{. 
 
 Hippa Island named, ."). 
 
 lli\on, miner on ('aiion Creek, illO. 
 
 Dlxson Creik, mining on, i)IO. 
 
 Hog affair ot the s! ,luan Isl. IS.l!). 
 
 (ill). 
 Hollirook, H., of first iegi-;. council, 
 
 .is:!. 
 
 Homer, .loshuj' A. I!., of lirst h'gis, 
 
 i-ouneil, .iN.'t. 
 Home Sound, coal discovered, 201. 
 1 lorn fray (Jhannel, Spanish name lor, 
 
 2.1. 
 Hoixl Canni named, 10, 
 '• Hope," brig, 29. 
 Hope, town surveyed, 400; laid out, 
 
 402; mining in dist, 442, 444, 404, 
 
 401), 471. 
 " Horeasitas,' selir, II. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 788 
 
 Honiby, Capt., at Esquiiiuvlt, 404; 
 urges joint ouuupatiou uf >S. Juan, 
 020; interview witli Col Casey, 
 623-4. 
 
 Horso ]Seef ]kir, mining tit, 4.'>3. 
 
 llorselly, the, mining on, 4S(»-7; re- 
 resenililaneo to Culitoruia gold- 
 lields, 487. 
 
 Ilovey tliggings, minin<^'at, 405. 
 
 Howe iSouiitl nuiiicii, 20. 
 
 Howell, R., gold •li.-se<iveier, d,")3. 
 
 Hul)l)8, 0. 11., Amor, settler on S. 
 •luiin, 017. 
 
 JLul)l)M, I'aiil K., Amer. i>ettler on S. 
 Juan, 017. 
 
 lliulsiju J5ar, gold (iisoovered, 441, 
 4i;i, 444. 
 
 Jluilson's IJjiy I'o., tieatmentof Inds, 
 44-.") 1, 207, 2S(', .TU-.-), :{78, ;i:)l; 
 drive oppositiiiii from cua.-t, .".!) Ill); 
 policy to uettleri, 04, 81, 204 ."», 
 2;!."), 246; rt'lat^jii to JUi.^8. ..Vmi'r. 
 Co., 01, OS !l, I2S, 17S-0; t' ara.rUr 
 of otlicers. 81, i20, 210, 372; illect 
 on, ot' Cul. gold discovery, ISO I; 
 policy, 20.i-7, 210-11, :i8l, :i7'.>; :\.s 
 eoloiuxerH, 211, 22.{, 'SM, 2."iO-2. 
 2(iO-l; claim ti> Iluinit. Land, 211; 
 opiiositioii to, 212-17, 2;;2 4, 2">l 2, 
 201, 313-14, ',iM>; i\'\\r\\;\[ ot cliar- 
 ters, 217-1'.', 3li>; coloiiiAti V. J . 
 223-.'{7, 31.'{; cuiisc.-i cvf lailnre, 337 
 40, 2ol-2, 3ll-i;(, :.7'./; ride in V. 
 1., 2.J4-7; relation to (iov. lila'i- 
 duml, 20S-72, 270 80; ii'oni.i)!!^ 
 ou V, 1., 312; ellect on, of gnl.l di.s- 
 eovery, 34l-.")4, 3!).'{, -ii'ti; gnld ex- 
 port, 3")1, .3.")3; attitude to miners, 
 300-1, 371-2, 380; decline of power, 
 370-87; discusNion on charter, 370- 
 81; union with N. W. Co., 377; 
 station.s, liSll, 38."); I'e.strictiona on 
 ti'ade, 4oV; Iniis discover gold and 
 coal, .">4.">, o(i!); eoal-iiiiniiig, i'M); 
 take |)o>M!!<.sion of .'-'. .luan, Oi(7. 
 
 lliinx', .1., opposes 11. i>. Co., 2.'>2-3; 
 explores Li^lilnnig Creek, .")00, 
 
 Hunt, Cajit., la eomd of Annr. troo[)8 
 at S. .luan, (i;!(». 
 
 Ifurliy, killed liy Indians, 308. 
 
 "liurou," brig, 313-4. 
 
 Idaho Terr., coiiligu'ation, .31); climate, 
 
 42. 
 "Imperial Kagle," ship, r». 
 Im|>orts, value 1884, 7")l. 
 "Inuouataut," ship, 124. 
 
 Indian!), early trade with, 4-.~); attack 
 •Meares' pai'ty, 1788, 0; under H. 
 IJ. Co. rule, 44-51, 207, 2.35 0, 274 - 
 5, 280, .331-."., 3!»l; hanged, 40, 2.30, 
 324, 420; persecutions of, 40, 274 
 5, 425-7; rcgiird for Chinese and 
 negroes, 40; intlueneo of eivili/.;ition 
 on, .")4-5; writers on, 75; settle X. 
 W. terr., 70 7; hostility of, 108- 
 10, 173, 104, 230. .331, .305-8, 301-5, 
 427-8, 434, 014; as farmers, 127; 
 blavery among, 1.32; small-j)OX 
 among, 140; liipior trade witii, 207, 
 271, 280; character, 2S8 0, 420, 
 431-2; as gold disco\erers, 315, 348, 
 351, .V)3,' 302-3, 545; treaty with 
 ndners, :>ll(! 0; law iimong, 420; at- 
 tack on ships, 427, 420; lh)ck to 
 Victoria, 42n; discover coal to II. 
 15. Co., .")tiS-0; missionaries among, 
 71.'-? 10; govt tr.atni.'nt, 710-27. 
 
 Inland Sentinel, m wsijapei-, 730. 
 
 ■' Iphi ;eiiia." ship, 0; sii/.ed hy Span- 
 iard.- 17S0, 8. 
 
 Irwin, \'. II., ilirectoi' \'. Coal Co., 
 500. 
 
 Ishi.-it M'. Alex., before coiiini. in Eng. 
 or. II. I!. Co., 3SI. 
 
 Isli.'rxNood, l'>. J''., nil niei'its of castem 
 >,nd webtern coals, 575. 
 
 .lack iif ( 'lubs Creek, liP.ngiug 8t, 4.30; 
 
 mhiing on, -.*S2, ."»1.>. 
 JauiicHon, A. .1., lead.s prospecting 
 
 expedt., 4;>4. 
 .rer\is Caii.il named, 20. 
 .loiiiisiiii, I'ctei', .\mt!r. settler on .S. 
 
 luan, til 7. 
 .loiinsKii, Kcveidy, instructions to, im 
 
 S. .luan iiilestii)U, ti.3."). 
 .Idhnstoni'. .lami's, in \'aneouvcr .-> 
 
 e\pcilt., 25. 
 .loiinstone ."^trait, Spaiii-.li mime for. 
 
 20. 
 •lones, ('apt., mreting with hostih' 
 
 liids 18.50, 014. 
 .^ord.^n and Abbott claim, yield, 500. 
 Jndiciarv, admin, of justice, 410-.'t7; 
 dan for, 420. 
 
 plan I 
 "Julia, 
 
 " steamer, 022. 
 
 Kamloop Like iiros|M)cted, 458-0. 
 Kamloops, gold discovered at, 348; 
 growth of, 458. 
 
7M 
 
 INDKX. 
 
 Kaniloopy, Iiiil», cliaractcr, I'M. 
 ]viiiiaku8 at Furt Cuinuciun, I'iVi 130, 
 
 1 !)•_'. 
 ICaiic, iiiintT, 54S-0. 
 Kane, I'., aitist, in nortli-wcst 1846, 
 
 i;)i--2. 
 
 Kaitfrniau, .!., ii.'JT. 
 Ktithlt-y, niiiK r, 4S3-), 4SG. 
 Iviitliltv Creek, mining on, 486, 489- 
 
 !»0, .".15. 
 IveUctt, Capt. ] [., surveys I'uca Strait, 
 
 1 •_'.-). 
 Keinliiek, Cajpt., visit of, 1788-0, 8. 
 Ivoiuiedv-, C'a[it., guv. at V. 1. 1804, 
 
 Keiiiiuily, J J''., mem. of firat as- 
 
 Kinil.ly, .-{Jl. :{J7. 
 Kerna','iiaii, Wui, l.efore conim. in 
 
 Kngiaiwlon J I. 1'.. Cc, SSI. 
 l-'iiij;, imii'iltT liy, 401. 
 Kiii'^, Uii lianl, jieforo comiii. in Kiii^. 
 
 on H. '<. Co., ."Wl. 
 " Kin^'lislier," scln-, |ihindereil by 
 
 Inds, --M!). 
 " Kin;,' (i'DrLTo," sliip, ."). 
 Jvinj^ (iii)i;,'e Soiui'l nameil, 4. 
 Kin^j < !e((r;j;e's SiMind Co., fornieil for 
 
 liir-lra<liiig, IT^^'i, <"). 
 KiiUyville started, ri;!;*. 
 Kni^lit (Janal liaineil, '2ii, 
 Kootenai niin'~', i")"-'!-!!, i't'.V2; in.icces- 
 
 isihility «jf, .'>2'2; roads to, ,~t'2'.\. 
 Ivooteiiais, Inds, eliaraetiT of, 00, l.'ili; 
 
 niissionaiiis among, 718. 
 "Kossuth," Bclir, 3l)l. 
 
 " J^abonchero," steamer, 533. 
 
 ]ial)oneherc, dcBoateli to Dongl.'ia, .T17; 
 
 instructiuni to eol. i;ovt, i!i8-"J0; 
 
 I'll Jl. I>. Co. cliartcr, ."{77-8. 
 Laeoiirse, 'J'., ill A!i<lel>,un'H e\|)cdt., 
 
 l.V.t. 
 Licy, Lt, massacres Imls, '2~r>. 
 1.1^ i'leiirCo. elaini, J ield, 5ii2, 
 " I i.Ljnmge," !<iiii), 4.S. 
 
 ruling, , eaiituied liy Tiidsi, ■i'2'i. 
 
 I.aird Jviver, mining on, ."i(iO _', 
 
 Lai;,-, Hill Farm, *Jlil. 
 
 'jlketoMi: trado nt, .^(i.'l— I. 
 
 Lane ill l.ortli-west. 111!. 
 
 l.anunevin, iniiiiste>' ot jmldio works, 
 
 :>(r2, ."((H; (III g. Id yield, .'i.'.7. 
 l^uigford, K. K., Hettleral V. 1., •J.")0, 
 
 'J(il; farm of, L'.'il; mem. of tiist un- 
 
 H.!mbiy, :c.M, :ir>. 
 
 Langley, site surveyed, 400; as mining 
 locality, 444; descrij'tion of, 7 Hi. 
 
 iji Perouse, on N. W. coast 1786, .?. 
 
 Lasscrtes, accident to, 2!)l-'2. 
 
 Last Clianco Creek, mining on, 482, 
 
 507, r)17. 
 Lawrence, A., U. S. miniater, 207. 
 Lawrence Island, Sj)aiiisii name for, 
 
 21. 
 I-ay, Koc'tum, Indian eiiief, HO."?. 
 Leeeli, 1'. J., discovers coal, .")(i8, 
 Lefoy, J. H., before coiiuu. in Eng. 
 
 on H. n. Co., .SSI. 
 Legislative c(mncil, organized 180.*?, 
 
 58:i. 
 Legislature, jirocccdinga of 1872-80, 
 
 7(r.. 
 Lewis, H. I!., voyage 18ril, 19,5; bicg. 
 
 and bib'.iog., 7."'8. 
 Lewis, 1*. li., v.itli overland party, 
 
 ;iOS, 4S2. 
 Liard Kiver, mining on, oO.'?. 
 Library iiinong fiir-tra<lers, 0.3. 
 Lightning Co., work, 507; yield, 508. 
 J^iiglitniiig Creek jirosipected, 4S0 '_'; 
 
 rush to, 4'.Mi; history, 500; mining 
 
 at, 50(i, .50.S, 5i;{, 515; coal i!is- 
 
 eovereil, 570. 
 lyilloi't IMver, mining at, 452, 471. 
 Lincoln, i'larl of, opiioscs Hudson's 
 
 I'.ay Co., 2i:?, '2:V2--A. 
 "Li\"e Yankee," bark, .'501. 
 Lolo, .1. 15., Ind. chief, character, 
 
 1 10 I ; reveals conspi racy, J4I-5. 
 Loniloii, Allan's attinipt to raise loan 
 
 in, (io.'i; syndicate funned to build 
 
 railway, ti7S. 
 FiOiie/ Lsland, 000. 
 Lor<l, .1. K,, bii^liog., 7''>0. 
 '• Lord Westrni," .sjiip, wroekod, 2.54. 
 (jost Creel';, iiiiniiii,' on, 551, ,551, 55S. 
 Lo(vhe(! Creek, mining on, 4S2, 400, 
 
 5(t0, 515. 
 Lyon>, Loll], Lug. ininiHiter nt Wash., 
 
 025; j'etioiis in .S. .hum allair, 025- 
 
 7; propciscH abitratidii, (!,'!5. 
 Lyttoii (listiiet, milling at, 447, 110, 
 
 "4.50, 401, ICO, 471. 
 Lyttoii, Sir C. U., oii gohl discovery 
 
 n.c, :!70. 
 
 M 
 
 Macdonald, A., map of N. ^\'., Tm. 
 Maedon.ihl, Win. I., biog., 758-9. 
 .Mailie on t'arilioo mines, 40.-'. 
 Maeoim, I'rolessor, in railw ly sur- 
 vey expedt., 0.50. 
 " Madonna," bark, .'101. 
 Mainland (iuardian, newspaper, 739. 
 .Mamoosie mine, coal yield, 21)0. 
 .Manitoba created, 3Ho, 
 
INDEX. 
 
 7sr. 
 
 Mii on, D., ill Anderson's cxpedt., 
 1 7 J ; justice, '2(54. 
 
 mining on, 5ol, 553, 
 
 River, 
 
 siir- 
 
 7.TJ. 
 
 Mau! on 
 
 5i' j. 
 
 Manufactures of tuiTitury, 603, 748-9. 
 
 Maps, Cunio»un and vicinity, 80; 
 Shushwap country, 137; Anderson's 
 routes, 162; Yale and Hope, 177; 
 northeni forts, 192; south end of 
 Vancouver Island, 259; the lower 
 mining region, 442; the upper gold 
 dists, 459; Cook's 1788, 3; Meares', 
 7; Quimper's, 9; Elisa's, 12, Van- 
 couver's No. 1, 17; Vancouver's No. 
 2, 19; Galliano's, 23; Vancouver's 
 No. 3, 27; Cariboo country, 474; 
 An-liipclago de Uaro, GOG; Canadian 
 Pacific, 681. 
 
 Maquinna, Ind. chief, 28, 
 
 " Maria," steamer, ,S64. 
 
 Maria Bar, gold discovered, 440. 
 
 Mariavillo established, 443; mining 
 at, 444. 
 
 Marriiwstonc Point named, 16. 
 
 " Martin," stwuner, 532. 
 
 Martin, R. M., on iwlicy H. B. Co., 
 210-1 1 ; on grant of V. I., 221, 224; 
 bibliog., 221. 
 
 Martinez, northern expedt. 1788, 3. 
 
 Mary's Peak nained, 76. 
 
 Mason, Sec, visits Victoria, 352. 
 
 "Massachusetts," steamer, 017, 619, 
 624, 627. 
 
 Maury, Lieut, on geography N. \V. 
 coast, 374. 
 
 Maynard, Joscpii, l)efore comni. in 
 Kng. on H. H. Co., 381. 
 
 Mayne, Limit, Hill Ikir trouble, 411- 
 13; on tlie Fraser, 445; on gold dis- 
 covery, 463; on coal discovery, 569, 
 570. 
 
 McArthur Creek, mining on, 505, 515. 
 
 McCalluni Creek, mining on, 482. 
 
 McCauly, Samuel, Anier. settler on, 
 >S. Juan, <il7. 
 cClelliin,<:.B.,di8COvei-8gold,. 147-8. 
 
 McCroiglit, .John F., judge 18,S0, 70(). 
 
 McCuUoch Cri-ek, mines discovereil, 
 531; mining at, .Wi, 53P. 
 
 McDame Creek, mining on, 5(i2-3. 
 
 McDonald, mining ou Fraser River, 
 kills partner, 3.'>0-l. 
 
 McDonald, gol.l-hunter, 479, 483, 492; 
 character, 483-4. 
 
 McDonalil, Alex., Amer. settler on S. 
 Juan, 617. 
 
 McDonalil, Angus, clerk at Ft Col- 
 villo, 349, ,355; chief trader, savt 
 Inds. 36S; at Ft Siiepherd, 38:>: 
 prosjHjiting expedt., 521. 
 IliHT. Dan. OoL. no 
 
 McEwen, gold discoverer, 344. 
 
 McUofi'ey dry-diggings, mining at, 
 451, 4G4-5. 
 
 McGowan, Ned, Hill Bar trouble, 408, 
 410, 412-14; altercation with Phifer, 
 414. 
 
 McCiraugh, gold <li8coverer, 527. 
 
 McUuili 8 claim, yield, 527. 
 
 Mcintosh, at Fort McLeod, 58. 
 
 McKay, Charles, Amer. settler on S. 
 Juan, 617. 
 
 McKay, J. H., Amer. settler ou H. 
 Juan, 617. 
 
 McKay, J. W., examines N. W. 
 coast, 126-7; visits Cal., 127; chief 
 factor, 178-80; outwits Sliemelin, 
 179; discovers coal, 196 9; char- 
 acter, 197; builds Ft Nanaimo, 199; 
 explores V. I., 255; mem. of first 
 assembly, 325, 327; with Douglan 
 among Inds, 3.33; discovers gold, 
 343; reports discovery, 460. 
 
 McKcnzie, F„ in charge of McLeod 
 Lake station, 385. 
 
 McKenzie, Geo.', at V. 1., 251. 
 
 McKenzie, Mrs, at V. I., 2.')0. 
 
 McKey, treatment of by Inds in 
 1786, 5. 
 
 McKinlay, A., among Inds, 131; jus- 
 tice, 264, 
 
 McLean, chief trader at Kaudoops, 
 348-9, 3.VJ, 3.-)4. 
 
 Meljcan, J., gold disco vei*er, 347. 
 
 McLeod, John, at Ft KaiidiKjp, \',\ii. 
 
 McLeod, Malcolm, view of Douglas, 
 299. 
 
 Mclaughlin, David, leads overliLiid 
 party, 3()7-8. 
 
 McLaughlin, James, with overland 
 party, 367. 
 
 McLaughlin Island, Spanish namu 
 for, 21. 
 
 McLoughlin, John, idea of Astoria an 
 a post, 7S; retires from II. B. Co., 
 87, 119, 126, 29;»-4; as chief factor, 
 282; mem. of board of management, 
 283; trains Douglas, 28.V6; char- 
 acter, 296, 300-9; personal appeiu- 
 ance, 300; policy to settlers, 297, 
 304 5; before coinm. in Kng. ou U. 
 B. Co., 381. 
 
 McLoughlin, John, .Ir, at Stikeeii 
 River, lO.S- asiiassinatiou, 103. 
 
 McMuUin, Go>.., visits Victoria, .3.V2; 
 visits Douglas rel. to S. Juan 
 trouble, 614. 
 
 McNeill, Capt. W.. quarrel with 
 Douglas, 09 71; explores V. L, 84; 
 estJillishes Ft HiiiH.rt, I ',12 1; at 
 Beaver Harlior, 271. 
 
786 
 
 INDKX. 
 
 McTavish, Dugald, cliief factor, '2H3, 
 'S'lH, :i8'2, 384; {Mirsouul appearaiiue, 
 38:(. 
 Meares, C'apl., \isit of, m 1788, .VS; 
 
 inai> uf, 7. 
 "Mfxicauo," hchr, 20. 
 
 Miles, Jolin, licforc comni. in Kiig. 
 oil H. li. Co., 381. 
 
 Milton, Viscouut, ou golil-lield forma- 
 tion, -Kilj, 498. 
 
 Minuhuiiu vluiiii, yiukl, o04. 
 
 Mines, flciii'city of (n-ovixion!) at, 303; 
 govt, 393, 421 2; elentuiits govorn- 
 llig, ."ill- 12; gold yield, ril4, ulii; 
 population at, ."iM-lo; li.st of, 51."); 
 iiUHsioiiarica at, olO; M'oinea at, 5IU; 
 on C'okiinbia, r>"_'0-4"_'; Kootenai, 622 - 
 !); report of ininiHter 1884, 74!l-."0. 
 
 Mining on Frasei Kiver, 438, 442; 
 uame of loealitic8, 441, 448, 4.") I, 
 4."m; sluice nietliod, 443; dry-dig- 
 gings, 401, 4(14; in Cariboo, 472- 
 .)19; jdll, 512; underground, .j17. 
 
 Milling license, .Stil, 370, 388, 300-), 
 401, 421. 
 
 Mink (iiileli, iniuing on, .'>04. 
 
 Missionaries on tlie N. ^V. coast, 57; 
 at mines, 51!). 
 
 Mission (.'reek, mining on, 540. 
 
 Mitciiell liarlior, gold-hunters in, 
 340-7. 
 
 Molieily Creek, mining on, 400, .">.'{8. 
 
 Moberly, \V., jit tiie fouutaiiis, 4.">5; 
 iliscovers mine, 400. 
 
 ".Modesk," h. M. S., 151. 
 
 Moliut, gold discoverer, Hob. 
 
 Mollat claim, yield, 4i)S. 
 
 MoH'it Kiver, gold discovered, 556. 
 
 Moiitigny, K., in Anderson's o.xplor. 
 expedt., I.V,). 
 
 Moody, K. C. , colonial ollicer W. C, 
 407-8; settles Hill iJjir troul)les, 
 411-13, .velects site for capital, 414- 
 15; lugins .New Westminster, 410; 
 lieutgov., 417. 
 
 Moore, \Vin, ;u-rest of, O.'IO. 
 
 Mooyie Kivi r, mining at, .527. 
 
 Moresliy isl., i)liysical description, .34; 
 coal si'ani. 574. 
 
 Moriiioii lijii, mining at, 451-2, 455. 
 
 Mo.sipiito Creek, mining ou, 441, MH, 
 515. 
 
 Mountain system of N.W. coast, 33-40. 
 
 Mount llaker nituied, 10. 
 
 Mount Itainer iiaiiied, Ift. 
 
 Mount St. Helens naineil, 29. 
 
 Mount .Stepiieus named, 20. 
 
 Miiir, A., at Victoria lh.i3, 259-<}0. 
 
 Muir, .lohn, eoal-niiniiig, ht.'^-8; mem. 
 of tir'it assembly, 321, 327. 
 
 Muir, Mrs, reception by Inds, 194. 
 
 Muir, M., at Fort Hupert, 273. 
 
 Murcliison, .Sir K., on Carilioo geolo- 
 gy, 513; on gold deposits, 539. 
 
 Musgrave, A., gov. 1809-71, 09b; 
 otfacial acts, 507. 
 
 Mustang Creek, mining ou, 6(M-& 
 
 N 
 
 Nanhcs Pass, gold discovered at, 348. 
 
 Nanainio, iSpanisli name for, 22; coal 
 discovered at, 100-200, 569, 578; 
 fortlniilt, 100; gold discovered, Mli; 
 development of town, 574; descrip- 
 tion of, 714. 
 
 Nanaimo Coal Co. sell interest, 569. 
 
 Nauaimo mines, work at, 570-1, 573; 
 output, 571, 574; area, 573. 
 
 Narvacz, Jos^ M., survey of Haro 
 Strait 1701, 13-14. 
 
 Nass Uiver, gold discovered, 347. 
 
 Nation Uiver prospected, 555. 
 
 Neali Bay, original name, II. 
 
 Nei;liaoo Kiver, coal iliscovered, 579. 
 
 Needham, chief justice, 337; retires, 
 423. 
 
 Xehannes, Inds, charncter, 50. 
 
 Nelson Creek, mining on, 482, 515. 
 
 Neversweat claim, yitdd, 408. 
 
 New Caledonia, conliguration, .36-9; 
 climate, 40 3; fauna, 43-4; natives, 
 44-51 ; fur-traders' life in, 288; govt, 
 370; intlux of gold-minei-s, 381-2. 
 
 Newcastle, Duke of, ou setaement V. 
 I., 202. 
 
 Newcastle Isl., coal discoyered, 198, 
 2(H>, .573. 
 
 Newcastle mine, work at, 569, 571; 
 compared w it!i the Douglas, 572. 
 
 New Dungeuess named, 10. 
 
 Newittei^a, Inds, ma.-isaere of, 274-5. 
 
 Newspapers in H. C, 739. 
 
 New \Vesiminster laid out, 41.'>-16; 
 port of entry, 41(i; incorporated, 
 417-lH; k'gis. council at, 1804, .58;^- 
 5; banijuetto JJouglas, .">8S, descrip- 
 tion of, 715 10; newspapers, 7.'19. 
 
 New Westminster and I'ort Moody 
 Kailway Co. incorpoi'at«<l, 091. 
 
 New Westminster Kailway Co. incor- 
 porated, 091. 
 
 New Zealand Co. claim, yield 1875, 
 5.")4. 
 
 Ve/. Toro^s, Infls, character, 288-9. 
 
 Nicaragua liar, milling at, 448, 464, 
 4*i5; formation, 403. 
 
 Nicol, C. J., manager V, Cool Co., 
 509; reiH>rt 1600, 570. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 787 
 
 Nicola, Iiiil. chief, 51 ; conspiracy of, 
 15'2-ti. 
 
 Nicola Lal{() iiaincd, 7<). 
 
 Nicoll, C. «., liigli-sheriu, 410-17, 
 
 422. 
 Nicontamuch, Imls, cliarocter, 136. 
 Nind, P. 11., g)l<l coniinr. 489,491; 
 
 of tii'.st lejis. cDiiiicil, ."hSU. 
 Nitihtacks. iniusioiiurics uinuiig, 71!). 
 Nohlea, Kobt, |)ro8pect8 Curuc.s Creek, 
 
 537. 
 Nomeuclatiiro, anthoritica on, 76-7. 
 Nootka, poHso.ssioii uf, taken for Spain 
 
 1774-i>, 3; nIiIiw at, in 1778-!l, S; 
 
 al)an<loneil and reoccupied 1789-!K), 
 
 8; meeting at to nettle Eug. clainm 
 
 17!h>, 14, 28 9. 
 "Norman Morrison," siiip, 257, 258. 
 " Northerner," Hteanier, ()27. 
 Northern I'aeilic Railway founded, 
 
 374. 
 North Mutro(M)litan Post, neceiwitieM 
 
 of, 78 0. 
 " Nortliwetit America," sliip, (i, 8; 
 
 tsei/ed l)y Spauiardu 1789, 8. 
 Nortliwest Kur Co., feud witli Hud- 
 son's Hay Co., 7i>. 
 Northwest Terr., eastern parallels, .'(2; 
 
 limits, 33; contigaiatiun, .'{.'i-4(); 
 
 climate, 40-3; fauna, 43 5; natives, 
 
 44-51; iteeupied \>y Eng. and U. S., 
 
 63 «, 81, 121 7; settlements, 248; 
 
 sold by H. B. Co., 385. 
 Nugent, John, U. S. couunr to B. V., 
 
 lioH, mo, 405, 453, 468 9. 
 
 Oak Cove named, 16. 
 
 Oakes, D. \V'., Amer. settler ou >S. 
 Juan, 617. 
 
 Ogden, 1'. 8., chief factor, 57; at Kt 
 Vancouver, 131; rejwrt on coal dis- 
 covery, 1H9-!M), justice, 2G4; ou 
 l)oard of eiiief factors, 283; at Et St 
 James, 385; at Stewart Lake, 548, 
 5ij0. 
 
 Okamigan Luk(!, mining ou, .540. 
 
 Ukanagans, liids, character, 136; Ims- 
 tility, 368. 
 
 Olney (Xscar, dept. collector on S, 
 .luan Isl., 609. 
 
 Dmineca mines, locatimi, .544; gold 
 excitement, .547; winter iifis at, 552; 
 yielii, 55'_ 3, 'm'-H; hydraulic min- 
 ing, .mS; I'ailurii, .556-^7. 
 
 Omlcrdonk, t- ., contract for Imilding 
 railway, 680. 
 
 Opi>enheimer, C., miner, 526, 535. 
 
 Orcas Island, 606. 
 
 Uregon, soil of, 40; settlere' character, 
 64; early limits, 55 (i; settlements, 
 56,248; early |V)litics, 126; ellect of 
 Cariboo goM di.'icovery, 356, 478; 
 coal formation, 566. 
 
 Oregon treaty 1846, termn, 172-3. 
 
 O'Keilly, I'eter, justice ot piace, 416, 
 433; chamct^'r, 4:14; gold conunr, 
 441, 524, 551, 5.')4; ot lirst legis. 
 council, 583. 
 
 Orr, James, of first legis. council, 
 583, 
 
 "Osprey,"' schr, 3iil, 
 
 "Otter," steamer, 334, 390, 44-1, 607, 
 608. 
 
 " Pacific," steamer, wrecked, 562. 
 Pacific Railway Construct, n Co., 
 
 members of, 65,3. 
 Palmer Creek, gold yield, 529. 
 Pabncr, Lieut, II. S., ariiM's at Vic- 
 toria, 407; ou gold discovery, 163; 
 
 on mining dist, 472, 541, 544. 
 Palmer, Joel, with ovcrlanil party, 
 
 368-70; bi(jg., 7.")9. 
 Palmerston, Lord, trade controversy, 
 
 207. 
 " Pandora," steamer, .361. 
 " Paudoni," surveying, sliip, 124-5. 
 Parke, Cupt., examines Columbia, 
 
 121, 123. 
 Parke, Lt John <!., U. S. commis- 
 sioner in S. Juan trouble, 610. 
 I'arkiugton, Sir J., i)rc.seuts settlers' 
 
 petition, 261. 
 Parsnip River, mines on, 555, 579. 
 Parsons' i)ridge built, 251. 
 Possjige Cani'T named, 20. 
 Passage Island iiamcd, 20. 
 Pate Creek, mining on, M\'>. 
 Pat Kelly's Co. cluim, yield, 552. 
 Peace River named, 77. 544; mines 
 
 on, 545, 579. 
 Pedder liay, original name, 9, 
 Peel, Lieut, examines Columbia. 121, 
 
 123. 
 Peers, 11. N., tliscovors coal, 576-7. 
 Pelly, Sir J. II., g..v. H. 15. C. in 
 
 Eng.. 205, 2(»7, 'JOcS, 215; nominated 
 
 gov. ol IJ. C, 2(»3 1. 
 PemlK'rton, .\. I'"., judge. 433. 
 I'emberton, J. I)., mem. ot first as- 
 
 send)ly, 321; coloiiiiil ^urveyor, 400, 
 
 104; ou gold yield, 469; bibliog., 
 
 759. 
 Pend d'Oreille River, grdd iliscovyred, 
 
 521 
 
iw 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Pend d'Oreilles, Inds, character, 50. 
 
 Penn Cove named, 18. 
 
 Pearke.s, G., crown solicitor, 402; 
 
 plan for judiciary, 42U. 
 Perez, exploration of, 1774-9, 3. 
 Perkins, Geo., Anier. settler on S. 
 
 Juan, 017. 
 Perputuu (Jape named, 4. 
 Pcrrier, Geo., justice, Hill Bar, 394, 
 
 409-10; dismissed, 413. 
 I'erry, F., miner, 400, 520, 531, 
 Perry Creek, excitement at, 526. 
 Phifer, M. W., altercation with Mc- 
 
 Gowan, 414. 
 Physical features, authorities on, 72-.'?. 
 Pickett, Capt. G., with troops to Bel- 
 
 lingham liay, (313; to iS. Juan Isl- 
 and, 017-18. 
 Pine lUver, t;oal discovered, 579. 
 Pioneer and Demociut, newspaper, 
 
 on golil discovery, 355. 
 Pleasanton, Adj. -Gen., instruction in 
 
 8. Juan atluir, 020. 
 "Pleiades," H. M. S., 404, 619. 
 "Plumper," H. M. S., 390, 408, 416, 
 
 509, 570, 610, 019. 
 Plumper Sound surveyed 1791, 14. 
 Polmllok, Ind. chief, 105-6. 
 Point Atkinson named, 20. 
 Point Cliutham mimed, 26. 
 Point Dutt' named, 26. 
 Point Francis named, 20. 
 Point G> rdou named, 26. 
 Point (jower named, 20. 
 Point (Jrenville named, 15. 
 Point (irey named, 20. 
 Point Marshall, 25. 
 Point Partridge named, 18. 
 Point Roberts named, 20. 
 Point St (leorgo named, 15. 
 Point William named, 20; Spanish 
 
 ships at, 21. 
 Point Wilson named, 18. 
 Police, mounted, character of, 331, 
 
 434. 
 Popular tribunals in B. C, 436. 
 Port Cox namcil, 6. 
 Port Discovery named, 16. 
 Port Kthngham named, 6. 
 Porter, F., slioots liarr, 539. 
 Port (iiirdner named, 18. 
 Portloek, ('apt., visit of, 1787, -. 
 Port Moody, reasons for selectioi. as 
 
 ternunus, 684-6. 
 Port Neville named, 26. 
 Port San .Fuim named, 9. 
 Port Susan named, 18. 
 Port Townsend named, 10. 
 Possession Sounil named, 18. 
 Poverty Bar, naning at, 441. 
 
 Prevost, Capt., on gold discovery, .155; 
 at Victoria, 388; commr in S. Juan 
 trouble, 010; urges joint occupation 
 of S. Juan, 020. 
 
 I'rince Albert Bar, mining at, 464, 
 
 465. 
 ' Princesa," ship, 15, 20, 29. 
 
 "Princess Royal," ship, seized by 
 Spaniards 1789, 8. 
 
 Protection Island surveyeil, 16. 
 
 I'uget, Lt Peter, in Vancouver's 
 expedt., 16. 
 
 Puget Sound named, 18; early im- 
 portance, 373-4; Eng. men-of-war 
 on, 623. 
 
 Puget Sound Agricultural Co., in- 
 augurated, .Vi; growth, 82; attempt 
 tocoloni/-e V. I., 226-7; fanning by, 
 251, 20O-I, 313. 
 
 Puget Sound Bar, gold discovered, 
 441-2, 441. 
 
 Puget Sound Mining Co. formed, 206; 
 colonize V. I., 251-2, 260-1. 
 
 Q 
 
 Quackolls, Inds, inform H. B. Co. of 
 
 coal-tields, 186-8. 
 Quadra, town, founded, 576. 
 Quarts Creek, mining f i, 551, 562. 
 Quatsino Sound, c(><>' mining at, 201, 
 
 509, 578. 
 "Queen Charlotte," ship, 5. 
 Queen Charlotte Coal Mining Co. 
 
 formed, 575-6. 
 Queen Charlotte Island named, 5; 
 
 configuration, 34; coal discovered, 
 
 201, 567, 578; gold discovered, 343- 
 
 5, 558-9. 
 Queen Charlotte Sound named, 26. 
 Qu'j.snel River, miuuig on, 457, 473, 
 
 485-6, 515. 
 Quimper Bay named, 10. 
 Quimper, Manuel, explorations of, 
 
 1790, 8-11; map, 9. 
 
 R 
 
 Raby claim, yield, 498. 
 
 Hae, John, b'^fore comm. in Eng. on 
 
 H. B. Co., 381. 
 Itae, W. (!., at Stikeen River, 10.3. 
 Randall Co. claim, yield, 540. 
 liattr.ay. Or, on gold discovery, 463. 
 Rjiy, .1. R., prc(-m])ts on Fniser, ,392. 
 " Recovery,^ shin, 331, 346-7, 405. 
 Red River settlement, colonization 
 
 of, 226-7. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 789 
 
 Reese River, mining on, 542. 
 
 Keid, Capt., visits Victoria, 'ioU-flO. 
 
 Kenuie Bros, death of, 482. 
 
 "Republic," steamer, 361. 
 
 " Resolution," ship, Iti. 
 
 Revenue, 330, ;W7-40, 370-1, 390, 400, 
 
 402 3, 417-18, iM-Q. 
 Rice, killed by Indians, 3(38. 
 Richards, Capt., report on Nanaimo 
 
 coal, 571 ; comniron S. Juau trouble, 
 
 010; urges joint occupation, 020. 
 Kichiirdson, coal discoverer, r)07. 
 Richardson, Mir John, before comm. 
 
 in Kng. on H. B. Co., ,'i81. 
 Richfield mining settlement, 504. 
 Kiilge Co. claim, yield, 535. 
 Rim Rock Co. claim, yield, 553. 
 Roberts, C. C, on Fraser excitement, 
 
 358. 
 Robertson, \V., on Big Bend excite- 
 ment, 531, 
 RobiuMou's Bar, mining at, 451, 4.'>3. 
 Roche, A. R., before eonnn. in Eng. 
 
 on H. B. Co., 381. 
 Rock Creek mines, yield 1800-1, 539. 
 Rocky Point named, 15. 
 Roebuck, on Hudson Bay Cu. charter, 
 
 378. 
 Kosario Strait, original name, 1 1 . 
 Rose, miner, 470, 483, 492; death, 
 
 483 4. 
 Ross, Alex., at Fort Kamluop, l.'{5. 
 Ross, Chas, connnands Fort Camo- 
 
 sun, 101; dies, 102. 
 Ross, .lohn, before comm. in Kng. on 
 
 H. B. Co., 381. 
 Rouse, Capt., attack on In<l8, 395. 
 Rowlanil, discovers gohl, 344. 
 Royal liay, original name, 10; situa- 
 tion, 87. 
 Rupert Land, sale of, l)y H. B. Co., 
 
 385. 
 Russell, Lord .lohn, opposes H. B. 
 
 Co. 's charter, 213, 215. 
 Russian American Co.'s relation to 
 
 H. B. Co., 01, 08-9, 128, 178-9; to 
 
 Kng. tradei-8, 178. 
 Russian Creek, mining on, 510. 
 
 ■Sacramento Bar, mining at, 441, 443. 
 Sailor Bar, iinning at, 448. 
 St (Jeorge Bay named, 15. 
 "St .loseph," ship, 29. 
 Salmon Creek, mining at, 529. 
 San Antonio Point named, 9. 
 San Blaa, suppiiua sent from to Noot- 
 ka, 8, 
 
 "San Carlos," ship, 8, 11, 21, 29. 
 Sanders, K. H., judge, 433; of first 
 
 legia. council, 583. 
 San Kusebio I'oint named, 9, 
 "Santa Gertrudis," ship, 15. 
 Sai(gster, Jas, signs address, 282; 
 
 signs petition, 314. 
 San Juan Island, area, GOO; H. B. Co. 
 
 take ])OssesHion of, 007. 
 San Juan island ditticulty, 1854-72, 
 
 005-49. 
 Sankster, Mr, actiims in S. Juan 
 
 trouble 1854, 007-8. 
 " Santa Cruz," steamer. 361, 
 Santa Cruz Point. See New Uunge- 
 
 ness. 
 Saskatchewan, gold excitement 1866, 
 
 524- .5. 
 "Satellite," H. M. S., 355, 388, 389, 
 
 405, 428, 010, 018. 
 "Saturnina,"ship,"21. 
 Saunders, K. 11., asst gold comm. at 
 
 Ft Vale, 417. 
 Savary Island named, 25. 
 Savona's Ferry, growing prosperity 
 
 of, 710. 
 Scott, (Jen., sent to Pacific coast, 627; 
 
 actions in S. .luan ati'air, (i27-3l; 
 
 quarrel with (ien. Harney, (i33-5. 
 Scranton, J., visits Victoria, 352. 
 "Sea Bird," steamer, 304, 444. 
 " Sea Otter," whip, 5. 
 Seemann, B., on Ft Camosun, 112-13; 
 
 on H. B. Co. s tra«le, 129-30. 
 Selby, P., din .:tor V. Coal Co., 569. 
 Selwyn, Mr, railway survey expedt,, 
 
 050. 
 Semiahmoo Bay, meeting of S. Juau 
 
 commissioners at, 010-13. 
 Settlers, encroachment on the Co- 
 
 hunbia 1843, 81; restrictions on, 
 
 210-11; term deline.l, 247; of Ore- 
 gon, 248; of V. I., 252-01; iHjtition 
 
 to purliumeut, 201; [jetitiou to gov., 
 
 281-2; character, .•«»7. 
 Seward, vSec, action:^ ui S. Juan 
 
 affair, 035-7. 
 Sej'mour, town, 468, 533. 
 Seymour, Fred., succeeds Douglas as 
 
 gov. of B. C, 588; otticial actions 
 
 1804-5, 589-1; <leath, 59ti. 
 Seymour, (!. F., cnmmander of fleet 
 
 in South I'acitli', 125. 
 Shaw Island, 000. 
 Shemelin, Russ. agent, 179. 
 SliephenI, (apt., at V. I., 124. 
 Shilkumchecn, liid. village, 106. 
 Ship-building, V. I., 255. 
 Shipping, tiist vessel built on N. 
 
 W. coast 1788, 0; arrivals 1880, 753. 
 
790 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Shoalwater Bay, Capt. Mearei at, 
 
 1788, 6. 
 
 " Shubrick," steamer, 624. 
 
 Shushwap River, mining on, 4(iO. 
 
 Shushwaps, IiiiIh, cliaracter, 50; hos- 
 tility, 134-50; touiitry, 137; dress, 
 139-40. 
 
 Siblt ', 11. \V., trade controversy, 207. 
 
 Siddt'' surgeon, arrivts V. I., 407. 
 
 Silver (Jreek, mining on, 1K70, 551. 
 
 •Simill(unieeii, Indo, character, I'M. 
 
 Siniilkameeii River, mining on, 348, 
 541, 570. 
 
 Simpson, f'iv (J., in Korenais country, 
 37-8; at V. I., 84-0; at Ft Kani- 
 loops, 135; descends Fraser river, 
 159; gov. H. B. Co. in Amer., 205, 
 207; before comm. in Eug. on II. 
 B. CV 381. 
 
 Simpsur River, coal discovered, 576, 
 570. 
 
 Skeena River, mining on, 345-7, 555, 
 5V«, 578. 
 
 .Skeleton Creek, mining on, 551, 554. 
 
 Skidegate Isl., coal discovered, 201. 
 
 Skinner, Thomas, mem. of first as- 
 sembly, 321, 327 
 
 "Skuzzy," steamei; 68.3. 
 
 Slavery among Indian», 132. 
 
 Small-pox among Indians, 149. 
 
 S)>uth, A. G., miller, prospecting, 
 525, 535. 
 
 Smitli Inlet named, 26. 
 
 Smitli, R. T.,gold conui i-iioner, 532; 
 of first legis. council, .'■).S3. 
 
 Smith, S. R., takes steamer ip tiic 
 Fraser, 683. 
 
 Smith, VVm, Amer. settler on S. Juan, 
 617. 
 
 Smitli, W. G., secy H. B. Co., re- 
 IJOrt, 339-40. 
 
 Smuggling in B. ("., 417. 
 
 Snow, Capt., voy. of 1836, 48. 
 
 .Snowahoe Creek, mining on, 482, 489, 
 515, 562. 
 
 Snyder, H. M., treats with Indians, 
 396 8. 
 
 Soke Inlet, Spanish name, 9; settled, 
 2.")3-4; eoal disco vere<l, 579. 
 
 S(mgides, natives V. I., 95, 111; at- 
 tend mass, 99; attack Ft Camosun, 
 108-10. 
 
 Sovereign Creek, mining on, 482. 
 
 Spaniards op. coast of B. C. 1774-9, 
 2 3. 
 
 Spaulding, W. R., justice of peace at 
 Qucensborough. 410; postmaster, 
 417. 
 
 Spence, T., gold discoverer, 441. 
 
 Spinduleii ¥\-\t, mining at, 451, 
 
 Spintlum, Indian chief, 401. 
 S<|uazown, lud. village, 166. 
 Staines, Mrs, at V. I., 239, 260. 
 Stoines, R. J., at Victoria, 2.38-41; 
 
 opposes H. B. Co., 240-2; death, 
 ; 243. 
 ; Stepiiens, Gov., leads' exploring ex- 
 
 pedt., 374. 
 Steptoe, Col, fights Indians, .395. 
 Stevens (.'reek, mining on, 4S2, 505. 
 Stevens, (iov., comm. on S. Juan 
 
 trouble, 608. 
 Stikeen country, description, .38-9. 
 Stikeea River prospected 1861, 5."i9. 
 Stock-raising, favorable regions for, 
 
 744-(>. 
 Strawijerry Bay named, 20, 
 Stuart, John, descends Fraser River, 
 
 159. 
 Sugar Creek, mining on, 482, 504. 
 Sullivan, gold commissioner, drowned, 
 
 562. 
 "Surprise," steamer, 3(»4, 444. 
 "Susan Sturgis," sliip, 346. 
 
 "Sutil," Spanish brig, 20, 
 Sutro, Ad 
 C, 373. 
 
 on gold discovery B. 
 
 Suan, J. M., visits Victoria, 229, 231. 
 "Swiss Boy," brig, captured by 
 lacU, 427-8. 
 
 T 
 
 Talmboo Creek, mining on, 482. 
 Tahkats, missionaries among, 719. 
 Tako River, Douglas explores, 71. 
 'I'aylor, J. F., U. S. commissioner on 
 
 S. Juan trouble, 610. 
 Teet, Iiids, cliaracter, 136. 
 Tellat.Ua Quatza, Indian chief, .39.3. 
 Tcnnant, .lames, before comm. in 
 
 Kiig. on H. B. Co., 381. 
 Tennent, <i, W., secy Uw-makers, 
 
 393. 
 "Tepic,"8hip, 346-7. 
 "Ternuigant,"H. M. S., 417 
 "Thames City," ship, 404. 
 "Thetis," II. M. S., 124, 236, .331. 
 Tliilie'rt Creek, mining on, 660-.3. 
 Tliistle < 'reek, mining on, 482. 
 TliDinpson, I)., bi.ilds Ft Thompson, 
 
 134 
 Thompson River, mii)iiig on, 458-61; 
 
 469, .•)79. 
 Tiiomps(m Sound, Sjuin. name for, 26. 
 Thornton, ,lohn, miujr, on Salmon 
 
 Creek, 1865, 5,30. 
 "Three Brothers," s.ir W. 
 Tillamook Bay, nativi i attack 
 
 (Jray'smcu 1789, 8. 
 
1NI>KX. 
 
 791 
 
 41: 
 th, 
 
 BX- 
 
 lUIl 
 
 or, 
 cr. 
 
 by 
 
 Tocl, John, at Knniloopn, 134 '><]•. jht- 
 BOiial upp«!!iniii('<', i;<8^ !(; itusIk's 
 lud. coiispii'acy, 141 -.VJ; outwitM 
 Nicola, l.V2-fi; justice, 'IM; fainui-, 
 278 9; on council, ^81, 316; at Ft 
 McLeod, 288. 
 
 Tolmie, W. F., ninnngcr agric. co., 
 62 3; cliaractcr, l."(7; tliscKVi-rs coal, 
 187; justice, 2(J4; (jii nianagcnicut 
 • H. B. Co., 328. 
 
 "Ton«inin," ship, seized hy IntU, 45. 
 
 "Topaze," H. M. S., 417. 
 
 "Tory," ship," l!)-). 2.-)7. 
 
 Toy, 1'., iiiiuer, 546; pruBpects Finlay 
 River, 5tM. 
 
 Trafalgar IJar, gold discovered at, 441, 
 444. 
 
 Travaillot, O., eoiiimr for erov n lands, 
 405; gold coiniii;', 4t")l, 
 
 "Tribune," H. M. .S., 404, 619. 
 
 "Trinconialee," H. M. S.. 236, 3.34. 
 
 Tsilaltach, Songhies chief, U7-'J; at- 
 tacks Ft Caniosun, lOS-IO. 
 
 Tsonghilani, tViwichiu cliicf, attacks 
 B'ort Camosun, 107-10. 
 
 Tucker, atta.ukcd by Lidiaus, 3i)4. 
 
 "Umatilla," steamer, 3(>4, 401, 445. 
 "Una," ship, 345. 
 Uidon Act, provisions of, 594-5. 
 Union IJar, gold discovered at, 441, 
 
 444. 
 Union Coal .Miiung Co., work, 568. 
 Uripdiart, ndncr, 504. 
 
 Vail, light-keeper at Blunt Isl., 614. 
 Valdi''s, Capt., cxpcdt. of, in 1792, 
 
 20-8. . 
 Valdes Harl)or. See E8(|uimalt. 
 " Vancouver," ship, 71, 120. 
 Vancouver Coal Mining and Laud 
 
 Co. organized, 5<I9. 
 Vancouver, <!., com. tor l^ng. in 
 
 Nootka nlVair 1792, 14-15; voy. 
 
 and places nanicd 1)V, 15-29; maps 
 
 of, 17. 19, 27. 
 Vancouver Island named. 29; eontigii- 
 
 ration, 34; iliniatc, 42; f:iuna, 43; 
 
 ini^( rtanie of .situation, S.'t 4; oceu- 
 
 pat < of. 'Xi Hfl; eoal diseovereil, 
 
 lOti; gianted to 11. B. Co., 202 22; 
 
 colonized by U. B. <'o., 223 37; 
 
 settlements, 247 62, 314; map, 259; 
 
 population, 1853, 260; govt es- 
 
 tablished, 263 84: seal ''f, 279 80; 
 under Douglas, 3IO-2S: legislature, 
 317 27; electoral (lists, 320; judi- 
 ciary of. 329 40; revenue, 330, ."{.37- 
 40, 51)2; supreme court created, 
 419-20; first capital execution, 4;i5; 
 mining population 18.")9-(il, 471; 
 c(xil nnning, 566-80; (Kjpulation 
 18(i4, 592. 
 
 \'an N'alz^h, exi)cdt. against Inds 
 1S.V». 61.'.. 
 
 Van Winkle Creek, mining on, 482, 
 
 \'ashou Island named, 18. 
 
 Vantrin, J. B., in Anderson's ex|X)dt., 
 159. 
 
 N'aviiNOur, Lieut, report on Nisrjually, 
 52; census of Tnd. trilies, 75; de- 
 scribes Ft (Jamosun, 112; examines 
 X. \V. coast, 12.V-6, 1H!»; report ou 
 eoal discoveiy, 180. 
 
 Verdia, pilot in Klisa's expedt., 13. 
 
 Victoria laid out, 113; settlers, 258; 
 population 18.".3, 2()0; 1861, 707; 
 18«i3, 708; 1S66. 709: g(dd dis- 
 covered, 343; port of entry, 403; 
 Inds (lock to, 426 7; business de- 
 pression I860, 470; revival, 477; 
 lmn(|Uet to l)ouglas, 587-8; incor- 
 porated, 70S; city ileseribed, 709 
 11; newspaiiers of, 739. See Ft 
 Victoria. 
 
 Victoria Bar, gold discovered, 441, 
 444. 
 
 Victoria Coal Mining and Land Co., 
 mines and huiil ownetl by, 715. 
 
 Victoria and Ksi(iiitnalt Railway Co., 
 charter granted, (i97. 
 
 Victoria (Jazctte, first newspaper iu 
 Victoria, 739. 
 
 Vitalle Creek, ndniug on, 549, 558. 
 
 VV 
 
 Waddington, A., miner, .348, .350; 
 
 attacki(l by Inds, 428; estimate of 
 
 gold yield 15. C., 469. 
 Waldron l.shiiid, (i06. 
 Walkeiii, < i. A., attorney-general, 656- 
 
 8, 676, 701 3. 
 \Van(|llille, I lid. chief, 51. 
 Wanijuille Kiver named, 76; mining 
 
 on, 4.".8. 
 Warre, Lieut, report on Nisoually, 
 
 52; census of Or. terr. Inds, 75; 
 
 examines \. W. ei)ast, 125 6, 189; 
 
 report on gold diseov<uy, 189. 
 Warren, .1. 1)., Amer. settlor on S. 
 
 Juan, 617. 
 
792 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 •' Wnshlngton," Bhip, 6, 8. 
 Wav, l\, atarU fvrry, 446. 
 Wcbsttr, A., iu railway survey 
 
 expedt., a'lO. 
 Welileu, Capt., captured by IiiiUiuih, 
 
 427. 
 WellcHley, Capt., attauka Induns, 
 
 274. 
 Wellington mines, work at, S70, fi73; 
 
 fire at, 576. 
 Wells I'osaago named, '26. 
 Whalers, northern rendezvous for, 
 
 88, 100, 120. 
 Whanuell, P. B., justice, 402, 40(»-10. 
 Wharton, H., Amor, settler on 8. 
 
 Juan, 617. 
 Whatcom, rise and fall, :i')i)-64. 
 Whidlxiy, Joseph, in Vancouver's 
 
 cxpedt., 16, 24. 
 WhipsAW Creek, mining on, 50^. 
 Wicanunish, Ind. village, 6. 
 Wild Horse Creek, mining on, 523, 
 
 C24, 521). 
 Wild Horse Creek ditch completed, 
 
 529. 
 "Wild Pigeon," schr, .155. 
 WillameU„ Valley, settlements in, 56, 
 
 61, 80. 
 William, Emperor, H. Juan question 
 
 referred to, (i.'W. 
 "William llerry," ship, 361. 
 William Creek, mining on, 482, 484, 
 
 495-509, 512, 513, 515, 517-18. 
 
 Willow River, mining on, 481-2, 4«2, 
 
 no;>. 
 
 Wilson, with overlaml jMirty, .T67. 
 U'ilson, Mra, on Mclx>uglin, 300. 
 Witty, .lohu, Ainer. settler on S. 
 
 Juan, 617. 
 Wolf, trailer, with overland part*', 
 
 .367. 
 Women, first arrival of whites, 24{ - 
 
 50; at CarilMH) mines, 519. 
 Wool, Oen., establishes |M>st at Bel- 
 
 lingham Bay, 613. 
 Work, .John, chief factor, KW, ;J28, 
 
 384; justice, 264; signs settlen4' 
 
 petition, 314; on councu, 216; hunts 
 
 for gold, 346-7. 
 
 Yale, gamblers at, 360; site surveyed, 
 400; govt established, 401; mining 
 troubles at, 408 14; mining at, 441 • 
 7, 471; town descri))ed, 717. 
 
 Yale, J. M., at Ft Langlcy, 67; char- 
 actor, 171-3; justice, 2VA. 
 
 Yankee Doodle Bar, gold discovered, 
 441. 
 
 Yates, James, settler on V. I., 258; 
 signs petition, 314, mem. of first as- 
 sembly, 321, 327; fur-truder, 400. 
 
 Young, W. A. U., colonial sec. B. C, 
 406. 
 
 iih h. .imr ■„ I 
 
.o 
 
 482. 
 
 167. 
 1)0. 
 on N. 
 
 party, 
 
 I, 24f - 
 
 t Bel- 
 
 I, ;<28, 
 ittlent' 
 hunts 
 
 eyed, 
 
 lining 
 
 441- 
 
 char- 
 
 ered, 
 
 258; 
 
 )t 08- 
 
 00. 
 I.C..