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This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film6 au taux de reduction indiqud ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X y 12X 16X 20X 26X 30X 24X 28X 32X THE WORKS OF HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT. « J s . ■ in THE WORKS or HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT. VOLUME IV. THE NATIVE RACES. Vol. IV. ANTIQUITIES. SAN FRANCISCO : A. L. BANCROFT & COMPANY, rUBLISITERS. 1883. [ ;| Ent.ri-.l accorilliig l^' A -t of CougrfBB lu tUe Tew 18fl2, b/ HUBERT II. BA^•CROFT. lu thi! ufflco of tlie Librarian of ConRress, at WaBhlugton. All lU'jhts lletvntd. CONTEXTS OF Tiirs VOLrMJ:. CHAI'Ti:H I. aucii.t:oi,()cik.\i. inthouuctiox. vm:k -Muiimiiciitiil Arcliin»l(.;,'y Sco]..' ufilw \ nhimo 'IVcjitnuMit of tlii' Sult- jcci Sdiiii'cs (if liifMriiiatiuii 'l'aii;4:i)iility of Malnial Itclics - \'a^'iit'ii''s.-itif 'riaditioiial ami Written Aiclia'o|<(''\ -Value of Moti- iiiieiital Itelies, as coiiveyiiii,' I'ositive liiforinatinii resj'ectiii;: tl le Itiiil lei's, as Corrolioi'Mtiv e or ( 'iirrecti\e \N it liesses. as Inceiit i\ cs tu i;r>eanli ('"iiiiterfeit. Aiilii|iiilies K^'y|itiaii, Assyrian and I'fi^ian nioniiiiieMU< lU-lics |ini\iM:,' the Aiiti(|iiify of Man l",\- |i|iiialion iif Anifiieaii lliiins Key to ("ential American II lero- No more rnwrillen llistury 1 CHAPTini II. ANTi(,)i iTii:;s VI riii: isthmis, costa iav\, aiosqi'itcj coast, axd NICAUACUA. Tile I-tlimns liumaii (nin and (lallev Hiiacas of ('liiriiiiii Invited Sti.ne-ear\ in^'s Seiilplnred Cohiii III in I! Cold. • •iiiMiiienIs Weapons lm]ili'nients I'.ittery Musieal Inslrii- nieui-- Costa lliea Stone llamnu-rs Aneient Plantations Im- ages of (nijd Terra-Cottas A\e of (^»nartz Wnnderfnl Hill— I'aved Itiiad Stime I'm;: Mosquito ( 'iiast (Jranite Nases— IL'- niarkalile l!e|)nrts Animal (;roiij»--^l!oek-I*aiiitin}.rH — (Joldeii Fij,'- nre Home tif flieSiikia Nirau/a ('omaya^jini— Stone I )o,L,'-idol -Terraced Mounds of Cala- mulla— Tumtili on Uio Clii(niini|uare Karilien X'ases of Vani- mela Ptirtilieil Plateau of Tenam|)ua Pyramids, I'.nclosures. and l'Aca\ a! ions- Stone Walls Parallel Mounds— CliH-Carviii-s at IV CON ri: NTS. ivvt;»;. Araiiiiuinii— ropiin lli>ti>r\ ;iiiil liil.lio;:rii|ili\ I'uliuiti, Kiiciili-x, (ialimld, Sti|ilirii>. I>al>. Lllnv, lliii«l«ii>llc, llia.'«>riir dc I'.oiir- IxMiii: I'laii III l!aiii> li'c^tKifil (,»iiarn ami ('avi' < •nt^iilc Mmi- imu'iifs Ian Infill;,' Walls Tin' 'l'ciii|ilr CmirtN \ aiill> I'via- iiiiil iiJoU Allais Mi^ri-lliiiii'iiim llrlii's lliiMian Itcmaiiis l.iim- Colossul Ucails ltiinaikal>lf .\ltai« — (k>iii>riii llniiarks. . . (IN ( CIIAITKU IV. ANTtQflTIKS (iK (it \T|;M\I.\ AND lir.I.IZK. 'I'lif Stall' .if (Hiatriiiala A l.aiiil of M\st«TV W'dihIiiIiiI Itt'iiortw — I >i^rn\ciics < 'iiiii|>aratist'lv I iiiiii|iiirtaiit lliiiiiM nl «,>iiiii;_'iia lii^luiv aiili<»;:ia|iiiy IVraiiiiil, Al!ar>, aial Statin- (miii- |iari-| ( liaiailni Itrlii-at < 'liinainila 'r<'lil|ili'> lit Mirla ( 'iiiaca-Mrrallti ("avi- of IN-fiol ( 'vi'|ii|irail llrliriMut ('airi/al < 'n|i|>«'r MnlaU at (■iiati-iiiala l''.si|iiiiiiatlia I'drtiliratiiui iif Mixco I'aiiiucova i'nIiitiiiiM — Cave of Santa Maria MainiiKitli ISitiK'sat I'(a liosarin Ai|ii<-ilii('t lliiiiisof I'atiiia- iiiit, or 'I't-rpan < liiatciiiala (^hic/altciiaii;:!!, nr Xt'laliiili I tat Ian, iitar Santa (rn/ilt-l (^hiii'lic /akulcii, mar llmlinctcnan;;!! (ak- I liii|ii<'l ituin- in till' lfr;:iiin i>f Kaliinal <'a\\inal Marxflnns llniii- i!i'|Miititl S!r|ilii'n-" Inlialiilril < ilv Antii|nilit's a- ( iiamirs 'I'liwiT ot ^'a\llaa 'I'ikal I'al- aii's auii Sialnt'- Onlntt'- Antiili|]ii;^iaiili\ Waiilcck, sti|ilii'iis. rallii'iNMnxl, Nm- man, I'liiilcricli-tlial. and Cliarnay ('a-a drl 4 Hilit'inadnr, i.a- Miinjas. r'.IAdi\imi, r,\ianiid, ami < iyinna-inm Kaliali, N(ili|'at, l.ahna, and nim'tccn oiIut iJiiincd ( 'itii'> {".astern < li(ni|i; < liichcM It/a and vii-inity Nnrtin-ni (iron]i, Maya]ian, .Mt-rida, ami 1/amal — SiiiitiuTii liak, Itnrliidi'. ami Macolia ilastcrn <'i)ast; 'rnliMiin and I'n/nnicl Western Cuast; .Maxeami, .laina, and ('ani|ieelie (ii'iieral l-'ealnres nf tlie ^'neatan llelies I'yia- niids and Stom' ltuiliiin;:s Limesliim', .Mnrtar, Stncen, and Wdnd The 'l'iian;:iilar .\rili S(nl|)tnre. Paintin;;. ami llierii;,'ly|iliies Itnads ami Wells < 'iini{iarlsiins .\iitiijnity of tlu' Monuments ( ciiu'lusions • CHAPTEIl VI. AXTigi'ITIKS or TAIIAS(() AND CIIIAI'AS, liflNS OF I'Al.EXQfK. (ieojirapliieal Minits I'liysical ( ieo;rra|iliy No llciies in Taliasco ILuiiisof I'alemim' I'.xiiloiation and I>ililio;:ra|'liy Name; Narlian, HO CONTKNT.S. T PAtiK. <'nlliiia<'iii, Otolum, XiluiUm Kxtoiit, Loratirm, nnd I'lim 'I'lic I'aliiii' I'lic I'viamiiliil Slnictiiii' Walls, ( 'urriilnr^*, ami ('(nirls- Sliinii Itas-ltfliciV, 'I'oNviT liilcriiir l»iiililin;;s Sctilpliirfil 'I'lih- Ift Siil)toriaii<'aii (ialicrit's 'l'i'iii|ili' nts (j>iiiiitt'|H'c CfrroiU- las Juntas - TuxtciH'c lluainui|iau -Vauyuiflau -Auti([uitic's of Guerrcru. . . . 3(10 CHAPTKU VIII. AN'TIQflTIKS OF VF.ItA CltrZ. riiysiiai I'l-aturcs of the Slatt'— Kxploration ami Hopnrts — f'axapa ami Tuxlla Nc;;ro Hoail -liciics from Islaml of SacrilirioM — Kast- ri'u Sjiipr lii'maius Mcilclin Xii-alai Hio lllanro Amatian (►ri/ava (i-mpoala I'm-utc Naiioual I'aso ilc ( tscjas Unatusi-o — l-'ortilicat ions ami Pyramids of Ci'iitla Kl Castillo -Fortress of Tlat'otcpcr ralmillas Zai'uapan liisrription at Atliara ( onso- ijuitla I'ort ami Tomli Calrahnalco Wnins of Misantia or Moute lk«>al District of .lalam'iu;;o i'yramiil of I'apautla Mapilca — I'yramiil anil I'ountain at Tusapau ituius of Mrtiaitoyuca IU-1- ics m-ar I'linnco ('alonilras, San Nicolas, ami 'I'riniilail 4-j C'HArTEIl IX. ANTIQUITIES Ol'^ TllK CENTUAL PLATEArX. Amilniac ^lonuincnts of Puolila Cliila, ']\'o|iaiitopcc, Topcxc, To- jicaca, San Autoiiio, (,|uaulii|U('lc|iula, ami Santa Catalina I'yra- miilof Cliolula Sierra dc Malinchc San I'alilo Nativiilail .Mon- uments of Tlaseala— Los Hcyes — Monuments of Mexico Cuerna- vaca, \ )cliicalco, Casasauo, (►znniba, Tlachialeo, Aliuelinepa, ami ▼1 tONTKNTS. Mccjiiiit'ran— XiM'liiinilro, TIalmiic, Xiio, Mii(|iiici!i;,'(( 'rciitiliiiaraii < Mi-^iiliaii MilieH — Tula Mciimiiuiils <»f IJufittant l'iifl>lit(», (aiinas, ami llaiiatt- NuImiu .Muiiiiiiii-iitH IC. t (MAPTKH X. AVTii^riTiKs OK Tin; nouthkkn Mrxicw st\ti:s. '1 !i'' lli'iMi' iif liic < liiiliihu'cw Mi(lioacaii~'rziiit/iml/an. i.aUi- i'al/- iMiaiii. I rii'iiK'inIci, Anirlic, ami .liiiiiiliiaii ('oliiiia Ariiirna ami • 'ii\ iillaii .lalisni I'ldiala, ( liiailalajara, < 'liacala. Saviila. 'r<|iatil- iaii. Navarit. Tciiir, Saiitia;.'> ami Santa Catariiia /acatcra^ l.a <,)iu'niatla ami 'I'l'iil 'raniaiili|ia> Ijnariiacioii, Santa Itailiara, ('arni<'liitt>. 'I'li- ]iila. 'I'aiiipicii, ami lliirrita Niii'vn l.riiii and Texan ('o.-iliuila Itclxiti <|c Mapiini, San Martfiu, lMiianj,'i>, Za|M', San .\;rn^lin. ami I. a lii't'i'ia Sinaloa anil liowrr ( 'alifnrnia Ccrio lU- la^ Tiini'lirra^ in Sonura - C'a>,i> « irandc-^ in ( 'liilinaliua .'))',n CHAPTKU XI. AXTiQrrnr.s ok aki/.ona and nkw Mrxii'o. Ana I'luln^i'd )iy tlic tiila, Ilm tiiandi' del Norte, and <'ii|nradi) — A Lanil ot Mv>ierv Wunileiiul |;e|ii>i'ts and Ad\eninres i, i!antei>, Miners, and I'inneers K\|i!<'ratinn Hail- ri»ad Surveys ("lassilieaticn if Keniains Mnniiinents nl tin- (iila \'alle>' iiiiulder-lnsiri]itiiii « Tin' < "asa ( Iramie nf Ari/ima I'.arly Aeiiinnt> and .Mi>dern K\|diiratii'n Adulie l{uildin;,'s \ie\v ami iind l'lan> Mii ellane.ins remains, Ac. '•(uias, and I'uilery tMluT I'uin- on tin' (;iia A'alley of tin- lihi Saladn IlioXeide- I'm'lilo Creek I |p]'er (lila 'I'rilmtaries of the ("oloiado 1!im ic- In^eriji- tions, liill Williams' T'ork Itnined < 'itiesof the ( 'olorailo ( 'liii|iiil() l:io rneri'o l,itlnnlenilron (reek Navarro Sprin;,' /nni \ al- li\ Anil Sprin;,' Ziifii ( Ijo del t'e^ado Inscription llock Ilio San . I nan IJnins of tlie ( In 11\ and ( 'liaeo ( 'anon-- \'alle\ of ihc Kiodrande I'mldo Towns, Inlialiiled and in Itiiins The Moijiii Towns The Sesen (ilie-- of (iliola Kesunu', C'oniparisuns, and C'uiichision.s (Jl.'i C'HAPTKR XII. AXTIQt rriKH OF Tin: NOHTUWKST, (Jciieral f'lniraeter of Nurtli-vvestern lienuiins No Truci'H nf Kxtinet urof Civili/ed Itaees .Vntiipiit ies of ( 'aliforiiia Stone Implements — Newspajier iJeports Taylor's \Nork ( 'olorado 1 )esert Trailand hink-lnseription.-* Htirial Kelies of Soutliern California iJones of I i t ('(>nti;ni's. Til I'M .t: llllin. llro '-iiliaii , itinl W » . r.ii/- l:i anu- i:ail- It' ( iila Kaily \v ami ntliiT I'll. 111.) lllMli|>- 1 1 i ' 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 ni \al- \ < in llir Mining; Slial't-* Slmu' liii|i|riiii-iits, Miiniau liiiiics, anil ItciiiaiiiH of l'',\tiiirl Animal S|i N'ny's WiirU- - Sun J<>ai|iiiii I'vliinMcniil Minimis Maitim/ Sin'll-Miininls piiiml San )' >•' •.i'i«if , t'«ni Miiiiiiil .\iili<|iiitii'>« oirs l''.\|iciliti<>iv Maiicos ami Mrlilino Canons filaiio ami Moiitan.i ( >ir;:;t>i^ ■ Wasliiii;;toii Moiimls nil llntc I'lairio, ami Yakima l',arlli-woik • llrilisli ( 'oliiniliia I>caiiH' K\|tli)i-atii)ii.s 'Moiiml^ ami I'lartli-woiks of Naiiroiivcr Isiaml Alaska (>S7 CHAP'PEU XIII. WOUKH OF TlIK MOi;SD-BIl OERS. AiiK-rii'mi Moiuiniciits hcyoml tiic i.iiniis of tlio Pacili ■ Stulfs — East- ' n Atlaiilii' Siato licniains in tli.! .Missi>,sii.j(i N'allcy- - 'rim f i\isioiis Clas^iliiatioii of ^f Miiiiincnts l',nil>aMk- iiii'iils ami Ditclu's — l''oifiliciitio,.H— Sacrotl Kmli^nns MoumU— 'rcin|(l»'-Monmls, Aniniai-Moiimis, ami Coiiicul Minimis- Altar- Mouml.-., iinrial Monmls, ami Anomalmis Moiimls- Contents ^f tlic Moiimls lliiiiiaii ItLMiiains- iioiiiain-^ of Alioi'i;;iiial Art Iin- |ilrim-iits ami < 'inaiiu'iils of Metal, Stone, Itoiie, ami Shell Au- cieiit Coi(|ier Mines Itoek-lnseriptions Antiquity of tlio Mi»sis- silijii Uciiiuins — C(iiiii>arisons- Coiieliisioii.s 7 U CHAPTKll XIV. PKRI'VIAN ANTigriTIES. Two |'',|>oelisof Peruvian* iv ili/ation AI>ori,Lriiial t Mivernnient, T!eIi;^ioii, anil Arl> (oiitrasls I'lic lliijieas lliiniaii lieiiiaiiis Article^ of Metal < o|i|icr lni|ileMienls (lolil ami Siher \'a- ami < )rna- iieiits I'sc of Iron unknown -Al>ori;,'inal liiiu'im'eiin;^ I'avi'il Uoa(l> Tennian i'ottery liiiins of i'aeliaeainac Man-olcuni of Cnelaii (Iian-Cliiim'i— lliiac a of Mi-a 'reiiiple of liie Sim Ito- iiiains ini the Islainl of 'I'itieaea Chavinile lliiaiita llnannco r| Viejo-Cu^co— Mouuiauiils of Tialiuaaaco — I-land ui Coati T'.'l t;i:. r.vtiiu't iliiiielits 'laii ami |;olie> of rl THE NATIVE RACES OF THE PACIFIC STATES. ANTIQUITIES. GIIAPTKR T. ARC'ILEOLOGICAL INTRODUCTION. Monumental Auc'h.kol()(;y— ScorK of thi; V(immk— Treatment or THE SritJEcT— SorRri:s of Information— Taxoujii/iTY of Mate- lUAI- KELU'S -VAdTKNESS OF TRADITIONAL AND WRITTEN AB- I'H.EOLOiiV -VaLIE of MoMMENTAL KeLICS, AS CONVEYING POSI- TIVE Information resi'eitinc their IUii.deks, a.sCorrororative OK Corrective Witnesses, as Incentives to Uesearch -Cointeb- FEiT Antiqi rriEs KoYi'TiAN, Assyrian, and Persian monu- ments Kelu's i'rovin(; the ANTigrrrv of Man -Exploration of American Riins- Key to Central American Hieroglyphics —No more Unwritten History. Tlio j)roseiit voluuK' of tho Nativk Races of tfie Pacific States treats of inoinuiuMit;il an-ha^oloofv, and is intended to ])resent a detailed description of all ma- terial relies of the past discovered within the tei'ritory under consideration. Two chapters, h c-vevor, are de- voted to a more \--:-:\" er 'Arc* Varru» I LW^i ^ b t" jirj/ft" ^ ,.l7/'flllllill : l^ \ -f V wmS P4}W'\ \Tu/a W'k m *Trml •.ya^'u/a Mcretia, , . , 1 ^v j *irmtmmmv Mrtmvnm :>;■ '^ '-;>■• WN.'- o ^, ,J^* KOCMICALCOA t.'orutn ( I y/uiihiiufif *Utn \ J "°r *^**'^^':'^MiiTLA . > \ t/'hihtiith # Of A :m^&?^ ■^^ 1 ^:' V OUflMCOLA ...-^.. too !>M DC .i^v I Ns /■' \P L- ,>' *i«ii>«*> V" 1* 1 V' ,. ^ If? OUItNGOkAy l^Ti-m^livin<>' however, in some instances, such detinite traditions as seem unlikely to come up in connection with ancient history. This is in accordance witli the general ])lan which I adopt in treating of the Native Races of this western half of North America, j)roceeding from tlie known to the unknown, from the near to the remote; dealiuijf first with the observed j>henomena of aboriginal savagisni and civilization when Hrst brought within the knowledge of Europeans, as 1 have done ii\ the three volumes already before the public; then entering the labyrinthine field of an- ti(]uity from its least obstructed side, I devote this volume to material relics exclusively, thus })reparing the way for a final volume on traditional and written arcli.'uology, to terminate with what most authors have given at the start, — the vaguest and most hopelessly complicated department of the whole subject, — sj)ecula- tioiis resi)ecting the origin of the American i)eople and of the western civilization. lu the descriptions which follow I proceed geograph- REALITY OK MATKUIAL IlKMCS. ii'jilly from Houtli to nortli for no reason nioro cot^cnt than that of convonionce. From the same motivi;, much more weiii^hty however in this case, I follow the same order m my eom|>aris(»ns Itetween remams in (lif erent parts of the continent, eomparinj^ invariahly each ruin with others farther sMuth and i'oiise(|uently familiar to the reader, ratlu-r than with m(»re nctrtlu'rn struc- tures to he descrihed later. It is claimed l»y some writers that the term anti(iuities is properly used only to desii;iiate the works of a peoj)le extinct or only tra- ditionally known. This restriction of the term would exclude most of the momnnental remains of the Pacitic States, since a lari^e majoi'ity of the ohjects descrihtd in the foUowinj,^ pani^es are known to have heen the work of the peoples found hy Europeans in pos.sus.^ion of the country, or of their innnt'diate ancestors. I employ the term, however, in its more connnon apjtli- cation, includin''' in it all the woi'ks of ahoi'iiiinal hands j)resumal»ly executed hefoi-e native intercourse with Europeans, at dates varyinij^ consecjUently with that of the discovery of different localities. ^Fonumental archieology, as distinguished from writ- ten and traditional arclueolo^y, owes its interest lai'^ely to its reality and tan^ihility. The teachings of material I'elics, .so far asthey i;'o, are irrefutahle. Real in them- selves thev impart an airof realitv to the studv of the j>ast. They stand hefore us as the actual work of hu- man hands, affording no foothold for scepticism ; they are the halauce- wheels of tradition, resting-i»laces for the mind wearied with the studv of ahori>''inal fahle, stepping-stones on which to cross the miry sloughs of mythic history. The ruins of a great city re[>rt'scnt and recall vividly its original state and the i)opulace that once thronged its .streets; the towering mound or ]>yramid hrings hefore the observer's mind toiling hands of slaves driven to their unwelcome task hv stroni>: progressive masters; temph3s and idols are hut rem- nants of religious systems, native fear, .superstition, AIM'Fl.KOLOCirAL INTItODrCTIOX. urul faith; altars imply victiiii.s ami saciiticial (-(M-i'Iiio- iiios; sciil|itiir(-', tilt! oxistuncc of art; kiii^ly jialate.s uro the result of" a stroiii;' jj^ovoiMiiu'iit, wai's, and foii- <|ii('st ; st'|nilclifal (li'posits ivvcal tlioiij^lits of aiiotlu-r life; ainl iiifro^lyiiliic inscriptions, iviii if tlnir key Ikj lost, imply evints dccnKd worthy of luconl, and ii (K'HTct' of projL'rt'SS t<)\vard lettiTs. What till! personal souvenir is to the memory of • lead friends, what the anei'sti'al mansion with its jior- ( raits and other relies is to family mein(»rii's and pride of descent, what the ancient hattie-eround with the monu- ment connnemoratin«4' early sti'u;;;nK's for liherty is to na- tional patiiotism, what the familiar hill, \allcy, stream, and tree to I'ecollection and love of home, all this and nioie are material relics to tho study of a^es oone hy. J)esti"oy such relics in thu oaso of the individual, the familv, and the nation, iind imauine the etfect on our interest in a past, which is, however, in neaily overy instance clearly lecoi'ded. What would he the conse- <|iiencc! of hlottinn" from existence the ruins that stand as monuments of a i)ast hut vaguely known even in the most favorahle circumstances through the medium of traditionary and written annals? Traditional ardue- o!oi;y, fascinating^ as its study is and important in its Jesuits, leaves always in the mind a feelin<;' of uncer- taintv, a fear that any particular tradition may he in its present form, moditied willfully or involuntaiily in passm,L>' tlirouL>n many jiaiids, a distoi'tion of the ori< inal, or i)erhaps a [)ure inv- ntion; or if intact in form its primary sioiiiticat'ait.s of Spanish Aniciica, .Vztcf, Chirhimuc, or Toltuc ivhe-s, of any tksiivd tia sini'u tiu3 creation, are nianutiuturcd to order hy the iiiijenions natives and sold to the eiithusiastie hut unwary anti- (juarian. i'o similar inij)osit!t)n ami like enthusiasm may he referred tlie Ioul;' list ol" lh>nian, (Jreek, Scan- dinavian, Tyiian, and other old-world coins, medals, and inscriptions, whose discovery in the New Worlii from time to time has heen reported, and usi'd in suj»port of some pet orii^in-theoiy. Yet ])ractically these coun- terleit or lahulous aiitiijuities do little harm; their ialsity may in most cases he without dilliculty detec-ted, as will he a[)parent from several instances of the kind noted in the following" pai^es. There are, as I have saivahle relics which differ essentially I'rom the well-authenticated anticpiities of the same region, is not accepted hy arclneolo^ists, or hy the puhlic gen- erally, without more j)ositive proof of t^enuineness than the re])resentations of a single traveler whose reliahility has not been fully proved. The study of luicient monuments, in addition to its hinh de'. The discoxerv in another land of that monarch's statue or triumphal arch, inscribed w ith his un- IMPOUTANCE OF -MATERIAL ItELICS. 9 n.ame, title, and a list of his deeds, confirms or invalidates the scrii)tural account not oidy of that particular event but indirectly of other details of the city's annals not recorded in stone. In America material relics accpiire increased importance as corrolmrative and corrective witnesses, in comparison with those of the old world, from the absence of contemporary written annals. Be- side constituting- the only tangible supports of the moi'e ancient triumphs of American civilization, they are the best illustrations of comparatively modern stages of art whoso })roducts have disappeared, and by no means superfluous in support of Spanish chroniclers in later times, "very many, or perhaps most of whose statements respecting the wonderful phenomena of the New World culture," as I have remarked in a pre- cediniif volume, "without this incontrovertii)le material proof would find few believers among the sceptical stu- dents of the present day." The importance of monumental remains as incentives to historical study and research results directly from the interest and curiosity whi(;h their examination in- variably excites. Gibbon relates that he was fii'st l)rom})ted to write the annals of Rome's decline and fall by the contemplation of her ruined structures. Few even of the most })rosaic and niatter-of-fact travehrs can resist tlie iu'pulse Lo reason and speculate on the origin of ruins that come under their notice, and the civilization to which they owe their existence; and there are proUibly few eminent arcl urologists but may trace the first develoj)ment ()f a taste for aiiti([uariau pursuits to the curiosity excited at the siglit of some mysterious relic. This irresistible desire to follow back remains of art to the artist's hand and genius, prompted the (tft re- j)eated and so long fruitless attempts to decipjier tlie Egyptian hierogl\'phics and the cuneifoi-ni inscriptions of Pei'sia ;ind Assvria. Tl es(^ eifurts were at last crowned with success; the key to the mysterious 10 ARCILEOLOGICAL INTRODUCTION. Avedg'os, and the Ttosotta-stori*j were found, l)y wliich tLe tablets of Babylon, Ninevali, and the j)yraniids — the Palenque, Copan, and Tcotihuacan of the old Avorld — niay be road. The palaces, monuments, and statues of ancient kingfs bear leuible records of their lives, dominions, and succession. By the aid of these records definite dates are established for events in the history of these countries as earl}^ as two thousand years before the Christian era, and thus coi'roborations and checks are placed on the statements of biblical and profane history. But the art of interjtrctinj;- these hieroglyphics is yet in its infancy, and the results thus far accomplished are infinitesimal in com})arison with what may be reasonably anticipated in the future. So much for antique monuments and their teach- ings — alone and in connection with history and ti-adi- tion — n specting the peo})les to whom they owe their existence. Another and not less imjiortant value they have, in connection Avith geology and i)aleoiitology, in what they tell us about the age of the human race on tlie earth. Biblical tradition, as interpreted in former times, assists the earth and its inhabitants to be about six thousand years old. Ceology has enforced a new interpretation, which, so far as the age of the earth is concerned, is accepted by all latter-day scholais; and geology now lends a helping h and to her sister sciences in their effort to prove, what is not yet universally ac- cepted a.^: trutli, thr/ man's anti(juity far exceeds the limit which scripture is thought to establish. Throughout the successive geologic strata of earthy matter that overlie tlie solid rocky foundations below, traces of man's presence are found. It is in deposits or])eat and alluvi'im that these ti'aces are most t-learly defined and with greatest facility si -'.'lied. The ex- tremely slow accunudation of these dejtosits and the great dejjth at which human remains a})pear, impiess the mind of tlie observer with a A'ivid idea (>f tlieir antiquity. Calculations based on the known I'jite of THE ANTIQUITY 01' THE HUMAN RACE. 11 new 1 is iiid U'OS ac- tho tliy l)\V, >sits iirly O.N.- tllC I'csS K'ir iiif'Vcaso for a di-finite ])eii()(l fix tlie ai^e of tlie lowest relics at from six thousand to one hundred thousand years according to the locality. But geology tells yet no definite tale in years, her chronology heing on a grander scale, and these calculations are to scientific men the weakest proofs of man's anti- quity. As we })enetrate, however, this superficial geologic formation, we find in the u]»})er layers wea})ons and imjdements of iron ; then, at a greater dei)th, of bronze; and lowest of all stone is the only durable material enn)l()yed. In all parts of the world, so far as explorations have been made, this order of the ages, stone, bronze, iron, is observed; although they were certainly not contemporaneous in all regions. With the products of human skill, in its varying stages of development, are mingled tlie fossil trees and })lants of different s})ecies which flourished and became locally extinct as tlie centuries passed away. So animal re- mains, no less abundant than the others, indicate suc- cessive changeis in the fauna and its relations to human life, the animals ])ursued at different e[)ochs for food, the introduction of domestic animals, and the transiti(jn from the chase to agriculture as a means of subsist- ence. From a study of all these various relics of the past -human, animal, and vegetable— in connection 'A'ith geologic clianges, the student seeks to estimate ap- proximately the date at which man first appeared u[)on llu! earth. }lo observes the slow accumulation of sur- face deposits and sj)eculates on the time recjuisite to bury the works of man hundreds of fret deej) in dillu- vium. He studies savagisui in its different ])hases as portrayed in a previous Nolunic; notes "now tenaciously the jM'iniitive man clings to old custoins, how avei'stj Ikj is to ( hange and improvement; and then refU'cts upon tlie centuries that would [irobably suffice for beings only a little a1)ove the beast to jia ss successive Ivf :'om tht^ \u f the sha[»el>;ss stoiu; and club to the jtolished stone spear and arrow and knife, to the partial displacement 12 ARCII.EOLOGICAL INTRODUtTION. ™i ! i of stono l)y the fragment of criido metal, to tlie smelt- ing of the less refractory ores and the mixtnre of metals to form bronze, and to a final trimn})h in the use of iron. He reflects farther that all this slow process of de\'elopmerit precedes in nearly every part of the world the historic period ; that its relics are found in the allu- vial plains of the Nile, buried far below the monuments of Egyptian civilization, a civilization, moreover, which dates back at least two thousand years before (Jhrist. Searchin:, ^le neat-beds of Denmark, he brings to light fossil Scotti in the lower strata mingled with relics of the sioiit! .1 ; oak-trees above with implements of bronze ; and beech-trunks in the upper deposits, corres- ponding with the iron age and also with the j^resent forest-growth of the country. He tries to fix upon a period of years adequate to eflect two complete changes in Danish forest-trees, bringing to his aid tlie fact that about the Christian era the Romans found that country covered as now with a luxurious growth of beech, and that consequently eighteen hundred years have wrought no chanufe. Havinij thus established in his mind the epoch to which he must be carried by the relics of the alluvial deposits, he remarks that during all this jieriod climate has not essentiallv chanufod, for the animal re- mains thus far discovered are all of species still exist- ing in the same climatic zone. But at the same time he finds in southern Europe abundant remains of polar animals which could only have lived when the everlasting snow and ice of a frigid clime covered the surface of those now sunny lands. Still finding rude stone inn)lements, the work of human hands, mingled with these polar skeletons, he adds to tlie result of previous com})utations the time deemed necessary for so essential a climatic trans- formation, and, finally, he is driven to make still an- other addition, when he learns tliat in geologic strata mucli older than any yet considered, the bones and works of man have been discovered in several appar- ently well-:iuthonticato;l instant'es lying side l)y side AMERICAN IlELICS AND IIIEROGLYPIIICS. 13 with tlie bones of mastodons and other ancient species which liave lon<^ since disappeared from the face of tlie eartli. With the innumerable data of wliich the fore- going is only an outline before him, the student of man's antiijuity is left to decide for himself whether or not he can satisfactorily compress within the term of sixty centuries all the successive periods of man's develop- ment. In our examination of relics in the thinly peopled Pacific States we shall find comparatively few works of human ii^nds bearing directly on this branch of archaeology; yet in the north-west regions, newest to modern civilization, the C alifornian miner's dee})-sunk shafts have brought to light implements and fossils of great antiquity and interest to the scientific world. In America many years must elapse before explora- tions equaling in extent and thoroughness those already made in the old world can be hoped for. The ruins from whose examination the grandest results are to be anticipated lie in a hot nuilarious climate witliin the tropics, enveloped in a dense thicket of exuberant vege- tation, presenting an almost inqtenetrable barrier to an exploration by foreigners of moiuiments in which the natives as a rule take no interest. It must be admit- ted, however, that even the most exhaustive examina- tion of our relics cannot be expected to yield results as definite and satisfactory as those reached in the east- ern continent. We have practically no written recoi'd, and our mcjnuments nuist tell the tale of the distant past unaided. Our hieroglyj)hic inscrij)tions are comparatively few and brief, and those found on the stones ol" the more ancient class of ruins as vet convey no meanini>'. By reason of the absence of a contemporary written lan- guage, the diflftculties in the way of their interpreta- tion are clearly nuich greater than those so brilliantly overcome in Assyria and Egypt. ( )nly one systematic attempt has yet been made to deci[)her their significa- 14 ARCILEOLOGICAL INTRODUCTION. tion, and that has thus far proved a si^^-nal failure; it is believed almost universally that future efforts will be equally unsuccessful, and that our aimals as written in stone will forever remain wrapped in darkness. Yet not only was the interpretation of the cuneiform inscrip- tions long deemed an impossibility, but the very theory that any meaning was hidden in that complicated ar- rangement of wedges was pronounced absurd by many wise antiquaries. Let not therefore our New World task be abandoned in despair till the list of failures shall be swollen from one to seventy times seven. It is believed that the antiquary's zeal for all coming time will be brought to bear on no other objects than those which now claim our attention and search ; that is, although nc'v monuments will be brought to light from their j)resent hiding-places, no additions will l)e made to their actual number. With the invention of printing and the consequent wide diffusion of national annals, the era of unwritten history ceased, and with it all future necessity of searching tangled forest and desert plain for luonumental records of the present civiliza- tion. That the key of our written history can ever be lost, our civilization blotted out, ruined structures and vague traditions called anew into requisition for historic use, we believe impossible. Yet who can tell ; for so doubtless thought the learned men and high- priests of Palenque, when with imposing pageant and sacrificial invocation to the gods in the presence of the assembled populace, the inscribed tablets had been set up in the niclies of the temple; and proudly exclaimed the orator of the dav, as the hist tablet settled into its })lace, "Great are our gods, and goodly the inheri- tance they have becjueathed to their chosen people. IMighty is Votan, world-wide the fame of his empire, the great Xibalba; and the annals and the glory thereof shall endure through all the coming ages; for are they not here imperishably inscribed in characters of ever- lasting stone that all may read and wonder?" CHAPTER 11. «T.QnT,ES„K TUB ,.ST„MfS, COSTA n,CA, MOSQflTO COAST, AND XICAUAGL'A. GKAN.-rE \ ASKS-REMARKAnLE REPORTS- A. MM ,1 GROrP o, 7 Paixti.ngs-(;om.en FiorRE-HoMi- of tuf S r,^ ^toii-Auni.. A^T„oR.TlKs_^ro..„s--SEP^u■u;L"^l^;^:;^™:;^^^ I«P.EME^TS-0RXAMK^TS-STAT.ES-l00.S-;C;:^ME^^r The ancient Muiscas of Colombia, or New Gmnid-i have left interesting relics of their aniicjuity, wide S cnne points of resemblance, present marked contm ts ana ot .Ma^a Quiche, and Aztec civilizations in North IS incuded within the limits of tlm l\ciH. '^f. extending from the gulf of Darient^sU;^^^;^ ^^ K.ca, no such relics have yet come to lip. 151, ir)9. On various occasions from 18.")9 to 1805, travelers or residents on the Isthmus, chielly ])artics connected with the Panama railway, sent speci- mens, drawings, and descriptions to New York, where they were |)resented to the American Ethnological Society, or exliibitcil before and discussed by that body at its monthlv meetings, an accoui't of which mav be found in the Ilht": Ma//., vol. iii.i p. 240, vol. iv., pp. '-8, 11.3, 144, 17()-7, 239-41, 274, 338, v(d'. v., pp. 5()-2, vtd. vi., pj). lift, i54, vol. i.\., p. 158. A re- ]iort on the Chiriciui antiquities by Dr Merritt was printed by the same society. The above, with slight mentions in Cidlcn's Ihtricn, |). 38, from Whitiiiq and Shinnnn'.i Rrporf on Coal Formafioas, April 1, 1851, and in JiiilirclC.s Isfluniia, pp. 37-8, from /fai/\i Rrporf, in I'ow/i\s' X. Granada, are the only sources of information on the subject with which I am acquaiated. 1 niiiiKin itocK scLi.iTruKs. 17 AiKttlicr lava Ixnildcr similarly incised found in the palish dt' San Mii;iul is pfonounci'd hy Mr S(|uiLT, fV<»ni the cxaniination of adrawini^', to rL'siniihlu stones .seen hy him in other })ai'ts of Central Americji. I copy Seenianii's) cuts of several of the eharaeters.* The second Inrisi'il ri^'uivs on tlie IJocks of (,'liiriniii. fed Imt Intotl in i\v ciita laiiii ill iiamud lection inuc of 111 'The ■ol. ii., leiits on it sjieci- fesented jssed Vty Imixl in •i3'.)-41, A re- LC same [s, from ami in i(ln, are iiuiated. class inchules a few stone eohuniis, some of thciii ten or twelve feet \\\.j;h, found at 1 )avid and in \"ei-ani!a as wel'. These seem never to have heen seen in situ, hut scat- tered and sometimes used for huildinu;' purposes hy tlu' ])resent inhahitants. Their ]ieculiarity is that the char- acters enn'raved on their surface ai'e entii'ely ditfereiit from those of the Piedi'a Pintal, heinu' smallei- and cut in low relief ])rawinL;s of these ])ossih|y hit'roi^lyphic siu'iis, hy whi(;h to compare them with those (»f ('oj)an, l*alen(|ue, and Yucatan, ai'e not extant. Tlie thiid class comjii'ises the Ihkich.^, or tomhs, a larj^e luimher of which have heen opened, and a \ariety of deposited articles hrouo'lit to lij^ht. 'I'Ih' toud)s thenisches a- > of tw(. kiinls. 'j'hose of the; tii'st kinraves have rude hoxes or cotiins of flat 4 Pi Vol. i., ,/ ,SV Dn//i f/.s. pp 2S lU ; Scciji'iini'.'i I' Ilrrarty the alloy is ])ronounced silver.'' ( )f stone are found ornaments, such as I'ound agates pierced in the middle; weapons, includ- ing axes, chisel-heads, and arrow-heads, the latter of j)ceuliar make, being pyramidal in form, with four cut- ting edges converging to a point, and in some instances api)arently intended to fit loosely into a socket on the shaft; images, perhaps idols, in the shape of animals or men, but these are t)f comjtaratively rare occurrence;'' and various articles of unknown use. One of the lat- ter dug up at Bugabita is described as a "horizontal tablet, su})|)orted on ornamented legs, and terminating in the head of a monstei- — all neatly carved from a sin- gle stone," being twenty inches long, eight inches high, and weighing twenty-tive })ounds. Another was con- jectured to have served for grinding paints.** Articles 3 Hist, Mar/., vol. ix, \\ 158. fi f>/., vol. iii., J). iMd, vol. iv., pp. 47-S, 'J.^iWO. " 'I'liieo statiii's ]nc.seiitc'il liy Mi's.srs 'I'otteii and Center in ISfiO were aluiiit two feet hijili, of a dark, liartl stone, in iiunian form with features and limits distorted. Two of tliem had s(|uan' taiierinjr pedestals apjiarently in- tended to siijiport the ti).jnres upright in thegr(»und. /(/., vol. iv., p. 144. 8 III., vol. IV., jip. ;>;W-40, '274. I'oTTKItV OF ClIIKKMl. 10 of biiniecl c-lay uru more mimorous in tlio Iniacas than tliosL' of otliei" material. Small vases, jars, and trijMxls, some of the latter haviii*'' their three lei's jiollow and containing' small earthen halls which rattle when the vessels are moved, with musical instruments, compose this class of relics. The ea)'then ware has no indica- tion of the use of the j)otter's wheel; is found Ixtth j^lazed and uni;-lazed; is painted in various coloi's, which, however, are not hurned in, but are easily ruhhed off when moist; and many of the articles are wholly uninjured hy time. The specimens, or soun; j)art of each, are almost invariahly molded to imitate some natural ohject, and tlie fashioning' is often <4'race- ful and true to nature. IV-rhaps the most remarkahle of these earthen specimens, and indeed of all the Chiricjui antitjuities, are the nuisical wind-instruments, or whistles. These are of small dimensions, rarely ex- ceediiiij;' four inches in len_<,4h or diameter, with <»"en- erally two hut sometimes three or four Ihiyer-holes, })roducing from two to six notes of the octave. No two are exactly alike in form, hut most take the shape of an animal or man, the mouth-hole heiniic in the tail of the ti^'er and hird, in the foot of tlie peccary, in the elhow of the human Hijcure. Some have several air- cavities witli correspondiuL!' holes to produce the differ- ent notes, but in most, the lioles lead to one cavity. ( )ne had a loose ball in its interior, wliose motion varied the sounds. Several are blown like fifes, and nearly all have a hole a})parently intended for suspendint;' the in- strument by a striiiL''.'* Other antiijuities are report^id to exist at various points of the Isthnuis, which wlnti. men have never seen; instance a rocking stone in the mountains of Vera,o-ua.^" 1 close my somewhat scanty information coilcernini*' the anti(piities of Chiri(jui with the t^eneral remaiks whicli their examination has elicited from different writers. Whitinj^' and Sliuman speak of the sculptured 9 Ffisf. Mti(j., vol. iv., Y\^. 144, 177, 240-1, 274. ^'^ Sccmduns Voij. Herald, vol. i., ji. .'$14. '20 ANTK^nTIIls oi" Tin: ISTIIMIS. colimins of Miirrto Island as liciiin" siiiiilai' to (liosc in Viicataii dt'scrilit'd l»y St('})lit'iis;'* Idit it i^ hardly |»r(»lia- lilc that this <)j)ini()ii rests on an iictiud coiniiarisoii of J)r Mt-rritt deoms the axe or chisel thel iiei'onlyi»hi(s heads almost identical in t'oi-in as well as niatei'ial with specimens dun;' up jn Siitlolk ( \iunty, l'JiL>land; some of the sanii! implements resemhle thosi; seen hy Mr S(|nier in actual use amono" the natives of other parts of" ('(iitral America; while the ai'row-heads and musi- cal instruments are ))i'onounced ditll-.'i'ent in some re- spects from any othei's known, either ancient or modern. The incised characteis re})i'esent(;d in the cut on pau^e 17, to^vther with many others, it' we may Iteliove Mr Seeniann, hav(! ;i striking resend»lance to those t)t' Xorthumherland, KniJ'land, as shown hv Mr Tate. 12 In some of the terra <'ottas, a likeness t( vessels of Ivo ( )man, ijrrecian. anc I Et ruscan ori;;in has l)oen noted; the s^olden Hn'ures, in the o[)inion of ]\res.si's S((uii;r and ^lay, huinsj;' like those found further south in the coum:T of the ancient ^Tuiscas.'^ ( )ne [)oint heariuii;' on the anti([uity of the ("hii'i(|Ui' >li relics IS tile wearmi^' away l>v tl le weather o )f tl le m- •ised sculptures, which aj»pear to Mr Seeniann to helou'j;' to a more ancient, less advanced civilization than those in low relief" Another is the disaj)j>ear- ance as a rule ol' human remains, \vhich, however, as ])r Torrey I'emai-ks,''"' i-uinot in this climate and soil he regarded as an indication of great age; and, more- over, against the theory of a remote origin of thest; relics, and in favor of the supposition that all may he the work of th-.; not distant ancestors of the pi-ople found hy the Spaniards in ])t)ssession of the country, we have the fact that gold figures similar to those hnnid in the liuacas were made, worn, and traded hv ( 'iillr n /' rn's J)in'lrii, ]). I (1111(11 ll'.S :?8. ,/ s tliri'd Hark.' I'li/fiii'f'i, pp. '2r)-r!'2; Totr'n Anrirut British '•yriifjt l!i,/,>r/r.s Jsfh, 'A iiiiich liiul I' ■M: Hist. .][, aff., vo 1. is'.. ]). 170 ti(|uily must lie as-hif3 tluin til the niher iiicmiiiiieiits uf Ainerieii.' V>>!/. Jli'ra/tl, vol. i., j). 'M'i. '^ Hint. Mii(j., vol. v., p. 50. ciisTA iMc.w i:r,:.iiS. 21 tlif iiMtlvcs of tl;(' Istliiiuis at till' tiiiio of it.s discovery iiiitl coiitnu'st ;'" that the animals so iiiiiM-rsally iiiiita- ti'd in all objects wlutlici' ot" yold, stone, or clay, arc all native to tlic country, with no trace of any i-tjort to c(i|iy anythinn' i'orciL;'n ; and that siniilai' clay is still cin|»loycd in the manulactiire of rude jtottery.'" Costa Hica, ndjoiiniii;' Ciru-i(|Ui on thi' west, is the first oi' most southern ot" the states which heloniL^ polit- ically to Xorth America, all the Isthmus |iro\ince.s t'orininn' a part ol" ('olond)ia, a state ot" the south- ern continent. Stretching' from ocean to ocean with an avei'aue width of ninety miles, it extends north- westward in «>eneral ttiins some two hundred miles iVoni the Lioca del Dra'^o and (Jolfo Dnlce to the iJio Ac San Juan and the southei'u shores oi Lake Nicara- gua in 11 north latitude. Few as are the ahoi'ii^inal moiuunents reported to e.\ist within these limits, still fewer are those actually examined l»y travelers. Dis Wa'^ner and Seherzei", who traveled extensively in this reLjion in I H.').'5 4, i'ound in all parts of" the state, hut more particulai'ly in the Turialha Valley, which is in the vicinity of ("ai'tan'o, traces of old plantations of hananas, cacao, and palms, indicating' a more Kvstematic tillage of the soil, and coiise(iuently a higher ;L;'eneral ty|)e of eidture anions" the f"ornu'r than are t"ound auiouiL^ the modern native Costa Kicans. The only other anti(piitie.s seen hy these intellieent explorers were a few stone hammers thou:nht to resend)le imple- ments which have heen hrou^ht to li^'ht in connection with the ancii'iit mines ahout J^ake Superior; hut tl 1' lie locality of these implements is not stated. ( 'aho Blanco, re])orted hy ^[olina"^ as containiiiL;' the richest deitosit of ancient relics, vielded nothin;'' whatever to the diliu'ont search of the (jlermau traveler; nor ( lid le Vol. clliip. vil. n f tl. Ilk. '" Mirritt iiiiil lliiris, in Hist. Maij., vol. iv., ]>]>. 17r), '274. '8 III a work wliicli I liavc- iii)t seen. 'I'lial ailtlior's (Joiiji (VOrn siir hi Ii'/iii/i/i'/ur i/f CiLilii Jii'cii, and Miiituir un the linnnihivij <^iii Titian, {\\\\\\A\ ijo iiifi)riiiatioii on the .'iulijcct. 2-2 ANTigriTir.s of costa hica. their failure lierc leave tlieni sufficient faith to continue their reseai'ches on the island of ('Iiiia, where, accoi'd- iniif to the same authority, there are to l»e fouul ruined ahoriyinal towns and toinhs. At San .lose they wi'rc told of ti^'Ui'es of j^old alloyed with copprr which had l)ee!i melted at the ^'overnment mint, anhics on a few ancient oinameiits no- where descrihed. '•' ]\Ir S(|uier descrihcs live; vessels of earthen ware or terr;i cotta ohtained, in localities not mentioned, from Costa liican graves. Four of these Ti'ira Cdttas fniiii ilic (imvos of (\t.<.< IVu-.x. ill arc shown in the jiccom|)anying' cut. Fig. 1, sym- mi'trically shaped, is entirely without decoration ; {"'ig. 'J is a grotesijue image su|)|)osed to ha\'e done duty oi'iginally as a rattle ; Fig. ."5 has hollow legs, I'ach con- taining a small (arthen hall, which rattles a^ each 19 W'icjilt r mitl S<-lii r-,ii\ CisIk lUrn, Y\>. l(M-(i, 171, ")-'J-l, .")0l. IMrLKMKNTS AND OKNAMKNTS. 23 SVIU- duty cnn- caeh motion of the vasi'; and tliutopot" Fi^'. 4 is ai'tistically nioid(k'd, a|>|)arently alter the model ol" a tortoises l»aek. An axe ol" yreen (|uartz is also disc rilicd, wliifli to Mr S(|iiier seemed to iiu'icate a hi^lirr oi-;ide ol' skill in \vorkmanslii[) than any relit- of the kind seen in Central Anu'rii-a. The euttini;- ed^-e is slightly eurved. showing- the instinimiMit to have heen used as anad/e; the surl'aee shown in tlu' cut is hi^ldy polislu'd, and the whole is j)cnc- trated hy a small hole di'illed iVom side to side ])aralK'l to the I'iiee where the noti-hes a]>j)eai'. 'I'his implement srmis to ])resrnt i'l^^!^/ a inide I'fpi'escntntion ol" a human fiiiure .^^.,. .^jk • wjiose arms ar(^ lohKd across its hreast.* jf''' / 'iii| ij ( )thri- ini|)lcni('nts similar in materir.l hut lai'uci' and ol" ruder execution, ai'e said to hi' ol' not umisual occurrence in the si'pul- T"^"" ", , i .\ \" 111 ( 1 Hill chl'es of this slate."*' (.Mian/., .Mr i)oylc makes the Li'cneral statement th.;t L;tild ornaments and idols are constantly I'ouiid, and that the ancient mines which su|i|>lied the |»i''cious nielal ai'e often si'en hy niclern ])i'os|)ectors. J)r MeiTiit als(t exhihited specinu ns of L;-old, hoth wi'oiiuht a:.d iiuwrouiiln , from ilie (ancient^) mines (»]' ('esta I'ica, at a ineetinn" of the American Kthnoloi^ical Society in Fehruary, IS()L'.'' \\'hile voyan'iuL;- on the ( 'olorado. the southei'ii mouth of the llio de San duan, Mr rKi\|e was tohl )V a ( Jerman doctoi'. his ti'a\ cliuL;' compani oil. o f a wonderful artiticial hili in that \icinitv, Imt hose exact locality the doctors id w was to he st-eil a pavement <»f slate tiles kiid eas ai'pe;ire(l soliii hat va^iie. ( )n this hill, according- to his slateiiinit. 1.1 ci'Iilter hut the iliterestil ILl' spei inn lis w hich he claimed to liav CO prest llected in this neii'iih(.rh'"!d had heen 'ciieronsiv iited hv him to niusi'ums in various parts of t wo rid, and therefore he was unahle to show aiiv of 5" ,S'', I irin'iiifilii, ( Kil. is.v;. ) vol. II., lip 21 Ji()i//,'.s llitu, viil. !!., J). JC; llist. Mi"J., Mil ;!:{S <), iii:.i i'ImIc. 1 1, il'.t. 21 AXTKJT'ITIKS OF COSTA ItlC A. '! I tlieiii." Fatliur Acuna, an enthusiastic anti(|iiary of the iJich ("ujist, living' at J?arais(» near Cai'taL><), lopovts an ancient road which he heheves to liave oriuinally connected ( 'arta<4'o witli tlie poi't of Matina, and to have formed paitol" a l;' rand ahori^'inal system of hiLjh- ways from 'he Nicara^nian irontier to the Isthnms, with hi-ancht!s to vai'ious points alon;^' the Atlantic coast. The roatl is duscriht'd as thiity-six. hct wide, ])avL'd with I'oundcd l)locks of lava, and uuardcd at the sides with slopinn' walls three feet in lieiuht. Wheiv the line of the load crossed dee]) ravines, hrid^'es were not emi)loyed, hut in tlusir stead the ascent and descent Avere effected hy meai.s of massive stejis cut in the rocky sides. Some relics fonid near this road weio ";i\en to Xew ^'ork ^vntlenien. The priest also speaks of tunndi ahoundiuL;' in the products of a ]>ast aye, Wiiicli dot the })lains of '^Kerraha, once the centre, as \\c ht'lie\es, ot' a ]k)|»u1ous American empire.'-'' A channel which connects the liio Matina with Moin Bayhasheen sometimes considered artificial, hut ^[r lieichardt j)ro- uounces it prohahly nothini;- more than a natural la- ,i>'ooii.^^ In tluMh'partment of (Juanacaste, iii'ai' the L^ulf of Xicoya, was found the little fVo^' in ^rty stone shown, full-si/ed. in the cut. The hole near the lore i'eet Would seem to indicate that it was worn suspended on a sti'ini.;" as an ornamt'ut."'' Such is the meaL;ii! account 1 am ahle to i^ivi' of ('osta Uicaii n\omiments. True, neitlur tliis noi- any othei's of the ( 'euti'al Amei'icau states ha\e hei n ihor- oui^'hly explored, nor are they likely to he for many yeai's. except at the few ]>oints whei'e the Norlds com- merce shall seek uc'W passa^■es from sea to sea. The -was"' I'ni,' ill Oii'v StDiic. 2-! Ilni//,'s niilr, vol. i., lip. •_'.">-(•). "' Miii'i/irr, ill llarjiir'.s M'K/., Mil. x.\., ji. rtl7. •-'1 h'iir'/,„r. «j S 'lint r s »> ii-iirii'jiiii, \'. Tin-: Mdsorrro coast. 25 •lit. that • any ihor- uiany COUl- The dilli/ultics are sucli as woiiM yi.-ld only to a (L-nsei- ]»()[)ulati()u of a more oiicr^'etic wwv than that now ov- fupyiui;' tliu land. TIil' oidy nioannuMits of the al»o- ri^'inal natives likely to I)e t"oun\ve\er, to con- line myself to the most comjdete account jiossihle of siicli remains as have heen seen or rejiorted, with veiy little speculation on prohahle discoveries in the future. ( )ur next move northward carries ns to ('ape (Iim- cias ;i Dios on the Atlantic, and to the uulf of l''on- seca on the l*aciHc, the inclosed territory of \iiara_n'ii;t stretching;' some two hundred and lifty miles iioi'th- vvestward to the A\'anks Kiver and Kio Xe^in. w iden- lU'j; in this distance trom one hundred and titty to ahoiit three hundred miles. Dixidin^' this teri'itoiy hy a line alon^'■ the central mountain rannes, or water-shed, into two nearly e(pial ])ortions, the western or i'acitic slope is the state of Xicarai;ua })roper, ^\hile the east- ei'u or Atlantic side is known as the ^Ios(|uito (''ether remedied in latci- tim.'^. that thei'e may he an error in locality. It is from ten t(» twelve inches in diameter and height, as nearly as can 1)0 ascei'tained iVom the drawini^', and JIumholdt re- marks the similai'ity of its ornamentation to that I'ouad on some jtai-fs of the ruins of Mitla in ( >ajaca, 2() ANTI(,>nTIi:.S OK TIIK .MftSiiUITO COAST. (lijsL^i-il)c(l ill a fiitiire cliaijtur. ( )iiu of tlic Viises as I'cju-csciitud in Huiul)t)l(lt's drawiiiL;', is sliowii in tlie cut. TIkj second \ase is soincwliat larger, more nearly (Inuiiti' \'ii>i' fiiiiii ilu' .M(p-(|iiit(i ('nasi. uniform in size at to}) and bottom, with plain loi^'S, oidy diamond-sliajx'd ornamcnls on tlic hody of tin; vessel, and handles which take the form of a head and tail instead of two heads as in the first s])ecimen.-'' Christopher Cohimhus in a letter s]lay of his imi^-i nation. Mr B.)yle is enthusiastit* ovi'r "the vast remains of a civ- ili/ation lon^' s'lwcc ])assed away," hut far superior to that of S[>ain, includiu'j;' rocks eut down to hum.ui and 2'' ['fiirii((l, ill Ari'lKVihii'iiii, vol. v., |). .SIS. |il. xwi.; Hniiilinlilt, ]'iiis, folil. ii., |). '1X\, ]il. xiii. ; ( llil. ill f^dio, 111. X\xi\.|; Id., in An/i'/. Mr.r., tiiin. i., tliv. ii., [i|(. "27 -S, tmii. ii.. .sii|i|il, pi. vii., liLt. xi. 'iT Col nil, Ciirhi, in .\'iii\irr''i-, ('ul. dr I'ticjcs, tuiii. i., p. ,'{!J7; lli'/jis' Sjiaii. ( 'nil'/., vol. ii,, |i, l'.\S. ■1 I COLOSSAL BEAR AND GOLDEN I^L\C!E. 27 .»-(i ^ SI I animal sliai)cs, urtiticial liills cncasL'd in inasoiii'v, streams turned iVom their courses, and liieronlyjiliic sculptures on the eliti's, — all in the Mos(|uito wilds. As a foundation lor this, three men who descended the Itio Mico and Jjlewtieids Kiver IVom Lihertad, Nic- arai^ua, io the sea, claim to have heheld exti'aordi- narv ancient works. Tlieso took the form of a el ill' cut awav where the river i)assed throuivcipice as if to _<>uard the passage. The natives re- ]»orted also to !Mr l*im the existence of Ljrand temples of the anti^'uos, with an immense imaue of the aho- ri'^inal ,^'od Mico (a monkey) on the l)anks of tliis river; hut wlieii suhjected to cross-(|uestioninL;', their Avonderful stories dwindled to certain iiide fi^iures jtainted on the face of a clitl', which Mr J'im was un- al)le to examine, hut which seemed from the native descrij)tion similar to the cliff-[iaintinLis at Xijapa J.,ake in Nicara'^'ua, to he desci'ihi'd on a i'uture pa^e.-'* F'rom a mound of earth tifteen feet in diameter, and five or six feet hi'^h, on an island in Duckwai'ra I^a- Lj'oon, south of ( a])e ( Jracias ;i ] )i()s, ]Mi'S(|uier unt'ai'tli- ed a crumhlinL"' human skeleton, at whose head wasa I'ude hurial vase confaininn' clialct'dnny heads, two an'ow- heads of the saiui' matei'ial, and the human ^^ fi^'iu'e sliown fuH-sized in the cut, I'ashioned fr(>in a ])iece of yold ])late. Aiitonin, an in- ceini-en t >r; iva ser\ant, couh IK) resrni- hlance in this iit^iire to any relics nt" his I'.ice in Yucatan. Two adilitional \ases n[' c-oarst; earthen wan.' were discoNcri'd, hut contained no relics. Oi 1 another occasion, d moonIi'>iit visit to tl le M other o f T //. uned natiN'e snum, or sorceress, on iL;i'rs, the- j )0- cay, which is a hranch of the Wanks, ahout iiity miles south-westwrd from Cape (Jracias, 23 Ihiijh'n niilr, vol. i., J.]), -.".Ii; !t; /', ,1 S, I'liimin s Ilulli ■{[•A. 28 ANTIQriTIKS OF NICAKACIA. il! Across tlie dividiiin' sit'i-fus, the rafific slope, or Nirai'an'ua })i'oj)oi', has yielded ]»leiitil'ul iiioiiiiiiiciits of her fol'lliel' occUj)ailts, cliieliy to the researches of two men, Messrs S([uier and I'oyle. The I'ornier contilied liis explorations chielly to the re^'ioii hetween the lakes and ocean, while the latter has also made know n the e\isti'nce of remains on the north-east of Lake Xica- ra^'iia, in the })rovince of Chontales.'"' ■■"' ///'/■'/■.,• I /■-'. l, -">^-l'll. 'I'lii' 'Iviiii; III' tlic Miisiniitcis" soiiicw li;i scNt'ii'ly (•ritit'is<'(l till' work, in wliicli, liv tlic way. Mis Ituval lli;^liiicss i-; not \cry r('\ crciilly s|)(iki'ii of, as 'a )iarl<(if lies, cspcri, illy w lien it was notnriiius tlmt. tlic aiitlmr lunl never visitfil tin- Miis(niili) ( 'oast." /'//// (im/ Sii //iiiiiii'\ I hil- li'iii/'i, 1 1. '-'7 1. ' !-«' (iix'it i|ui s'ctt'inl li' Icinu ilc la rote dc la nirr ili"- Antil- les, ile|(nis li> . 'M)\. '■^'' S /itin'n Xinii'iiililii : l>iii//i's I'iilr Arrn.is ii ( 'mitliinit . Mr I',. (J. S(|nier fesiileii in Nieara.u'na as Cliai'.i:,' (rAllaiics of tlie I'nitel Slates (luiinLT the ye.ir ISl'.t •")(). On ac<-(innl cif his ]M>>.itiiin lie was all'mileil taiil- ities f(M' leM'areli not enjoyeil liy other I'oiei .;iieis, ami wliieli lii> well-known cLAssiricATioN (»F i:i:i,irs. 29 or S ()T two ilK'd Altliou'^h iiotliiii;^- like Ji tli<)rouL>]i exploJ'ation of tlic state has eve)- hucii niadu, yet the uiiitoniiity of the remains diseoveivd at diliereiit points enahles us to I'oiin a cleai' idea of tlio cliaracte)", if not of the full exti'iit. of her aiiti(|uities, which for convenience in desniption may he classiHed as follows: I. ^Founds, sepidchres, excavations, and other comparatively ])er- maiieiit works; 11. Fii^un^s painted oi' cut on rocks or clill's; III. Statues or idols of stone: i V. Stone wea]»ons. implements, and ornaments; V. Pottery; \ 1. Articles of metal. Kemarkinn" that nowhei'e in XicaraLi'ua have traces of ruined cities heen found, nor e\('n what may he regarded positively as the ruins of temples or other huildinn's, 1 proceed to descrihe the lirst cl.iss. or jKjrmanent moumnents, heoinninn" in the south-west, ioUowiuL;' the coast i-eyion and lake islands noitliward, and then returning to the south-eastern pioxiiice of Chontales. Fii'st on the south are the cemeteries of ()mete])ec 1 slaud, which is Ky some su|)posed to have heen the 'jiiieral hurial place of all the surrounding countiy. These I'emeteries, according' to Woenigei', are found in hi'^h and dry j)laces, enclosed hy a row of rough ilat stones j)laced a few inches a|)art and projecting oidy slightly ahove the surface of the gi'ound. Fi'iedri<-hs- thal rejiresents the se])ulchres as three feet dee]) and scattered at iiregular intervals over a ])lain Buy] yie ii^iiii 11 .•iiitic|iiiiri;iii tasti's iiiiti'il :u\i\ ciiii Ml hiiii til il-if to the lit'-^t ail\;iiit;i;ic iIiiiiiil: tlic liiiiiti'il tiiin' IctI trniii iilliii:il iliilii Ml ICSHICS the scvfiMi i'iiitiiiii> ut till- Willie iiu'IiIhiihmI, Mr Si|iiicr - ai-cdiiiils ur Iran- iiii'iits tlicrciit liaM' lii'cii |iiilili>l!('il III {ii'i'iiiilii aU in ilitl'i'iriit laiiLiiiaur .\nU li I' (illicr aiitlii)i> have iiiaili' iiji aliiin-l wlmlly tiniii Ills wntiiius tln'ir •t' tll'M' Shi/. ■.'/"• ( ri|iliiiii'^ of Nil aia'.Miaii aiitii|iiilii II. :U1; )W///y.. ls:.|. Mi'lrh, I'l' iiiiri/.ii, |i|i. SI. '.II, 17(1; Mi>r IS-X,- Tirilr III rrihii nisi iniiiinis, (inn/, ii. ill //.7VA7- /,/■ r mliiliniii II, \i\>. 4):?, tS4, 4'.tS. .")tl; .\iiili-ri\ ill W'rsiliiiiil, tmii. ii.. pp. 3, •_'.">l; /A//"', W'llliilrrhiiili r, p. ISl; llnliiishi, l.ii CiiJifiiiiiif, ]i. 'I'vl; liiihliri n'l Am'. ■ liiur.. p. |-Jr l"ii'i|i'rii-k Iiiiyli', F. 11, (i. S., visitcil tiic ciiiintrv in ISCm-i!, "itii the (■xainiiialioii ol antii|iiiti('s as liis main (ilijfi'i. I'mili wrnks an; illiistiatt'il with |iiatcs ami cuts; ami Imtli autluds liriiii;.'-lit away interest- i il; speeiiiieiis wliiili were deposited liy the .\tiierii'an in the Sinitli^oiiiaii Institution, and l»y the l''.n;,disliinaii in the llritish Miiseiiin. '.ravoin; 11 avoir rien reneimtn'' d'iiiiportant dans nies lectures, en ce (pii toiiche U;s I'lats de Cii-t.i Itica et de N icara;.,Mia." />"//;/, II'C'i'k Iniliij., ]). 1'2. 80 ANTIQIITIKS OF NICARAfiTA. 1 1 found hotli fixed coiiietcrlcs fi'iioed Avitli a lino of licavv l stoiK's and also sej)ai'atL' ^nivos. " 'I'lius no hiiria mounds jiropor seem to exist on tlie island. The ashes or unhni'iied hones of the dt'ud are found enclosed in larL;e earthen vases, toy-ether with what may he con- sidered as the most valued ])roj)erty of the deceasetl, oi" the most a[)])ro|)i'iate o-ifts of friends, in the shaj)e of weapons, ornauieiits, vessels, and ini])lements of ,ston(!, clay, and perha])s metal, all of which will he descrihed in their turn. AVhen the hurial urn is found to contain unhurned hones, its mouth is sometimes closed with the skull; in other cases one or more in- vei'ted earthen })ans ai'e used for that janpose. ( hi Zapatero, an island which lies just iioi'th of Ometepec, distrihuted over a level s{)ace covered with a dense oi'owtli of trees, are eiyht irregular hea])s of loose unhewn stones, sliowiny' no siyiis of system eithei' in the construction of each individual mound or in their ariannciineiit with reference to each other.''^ An attempt to open one of the largest of the nuniher led to no results heyond the discovery of an inter- mixture of hroken jtottery in the mass of stones. They are surrounded, as we shall see, hy statues, and are believed hy !Mr Scpiier to he remains of the teocallis known to lune sei'ved the Nicarayiians as tem])les at the time of the coiupiest.'" At the I'oot of ]\lt Afom- hacho, a volcano south of CJranada, was found a ruined cairn, or sepulchre, about twenty feet s(|uare, not par- ticulai'ly descrihed, but similar to those which will he mentioned as occuriinL;' in the department of Ch< on- 3' ' Nii'lit . . . . von ;ili''i'snii(k'rt(Mi Steiiicii iiiii;rolifii, soiitloru fandeii skli, ill ciiuT Ticfi! villi (lici I'liss, uiirc'ffliii Fririliufli.tlhiil, ill ,V/ iissiir iiliiT < .lii> K lieiii' zcrstiTUt. iiit'iit ( hiii't ('pC Sflll liieiit Mit/i/iniifn/,(i, |). i'JS; 'Los ili's dii hie, not iltii [iviti.' si-rvi (k' sepultures a la jidiiulatiuii des villes ilati , with nin'ularly sloj)in<4' and smootldv cut sides, surroundee of the ])reci[)ice, })resunial)ly desin'iied to cany off rain-water. This strange; excava- tion is |)o[)ula)"ly known as VA Jiano, althouj^h hardly of sulHi'ient size to have served as a hath ; a rudely cut iH^ht of ste})s leads uj) the clitf to the shell", and two jientan'onal holes penetrate the face oi' the clitf at its l)ack horizontally to a i^reat de))th, hut these may Ix; of natural formation. Some kettle-sha})ed excavations ai'e I't'ported also aloni;' the shore (»f the lake, now Mud p »ssil)ly of old used in tanniuL;' leather.''"' Mr lioylo speaks of the road hy whicli water is hi-ou^ht up from the lake to the city hv the wonu'ii of ^NFasava. a deei> cut in the solid rock, a mile lon^' and descending' to a (h'pth of ovei' three hundred ieet, as a rej)uted woik of ahoi'iii'inal t;nn'ineerinn-, hut as he seems himself somewhat douhtful of the i'act, and as others do iMt so mention it, this may not propei'ly he included in our list of ancimit monuments.'"' In tluM-liffat Nijapa, an old crat(!r lake near Mana'^ua, is what has heeii r*;- y'ai'ded hy the natixes as a wonderful temple excavated from the solid rock hv the lahors of the Anti«j'Uos. tl leir ances tor; 1 nde'ed its entrance heai's a stroiu I'esemhlaiice, when viewed iVom the . ^»posite side of the lake, to the arched ])ortals of a heathen tenijile, hut, explored hy hoth S(juier and i)oyle, it proved to he nothini"- more than a natural cavern.'''' Across the lake northward from Manamia the vol- S4 Bo>//r\s Riifr, vol. 11., 11. 42. '•''J Syiiirr'n Xiiiinn/iid, ]\]i. 41{!t-41. 3') lioijli's lliilr, vol. ii,, PI). 1(1-11. 3" Id., vol. ii., lip. 1(U-'J; Sniii( r'a Xir((raijiirt, p. 3116. ANTKtnriKs oi' ni(ai:a(;i A. < ii 'H V'U Ml :!>ii| i III ciiiio of MMinotdinliM, pi'ojcctiiin" into tlu' watci's, (onus ii l)ay ill a incalitv (nice <)ccu|ti('(l ti'aditioiially liy ii I'lcll and |i(>|illlniis city, I we iiiav credit tl Al.l >c |]rassciii' ih' lioiirlioiirL;', its ruins arc yet to lie seen iK'iicatli tlie waters of the liay.'" ( 'a|>tain iJelcIier vis- ited tl le c( )iintrv in is.'ts, and was told that a can se- way formerly extended across from tlie main to the island of Momotomhjta, })rol)aMy for the list- of the priests of ancient faitli, siiici' tin.- island is rich in idols. II e even was a l.le t( tl o see tne remains o f th e cansewav extending' in the dry season some thret; hundred and sixty yards from the shore; hut a closer examination con\inced Mr S(juier that the supposed ruins we sinijily a natural formation whose extreme hardiie; had resisted better than the surromidiuL!' strata tl re le action o f tl le waves. ( )ii the sl()]>e of a small liowl-sha])t'd valley near lie(»n is what the natives call the ('ajiilla de la Pit'dra, a natural niclie artiHcially eiilarneil in the face of a lai'n'e rtick lacing' the amphitheatre. it is spacious eiiounh to accommodate four or ii\'e ])er.>ons, and a lari;<.' tlat stone like an altar stands just at the en- trance. j\t Suhtiava, an Indian ])iielil() near Leon, is a stone mound, sixty hy two hundred feet, and ten feet hi"'h, verv like those at Zapatero, ex(\'iit that in ■1' this case th;^ stones ahout the ed^'es present some sin'iis of regularity in their arraui^ement. It is vi'ry ])r(:')a- lily the ruin of some old tenijdomound, and e\eii in mitdern days the natives are known to have secretly assem!)led to woi'shij) round this stone-hea}> the <;'ods of their anti(|uity. Several low rectaiiLjular mounds were also seen hut ]iot examined at the hase of the volcano of ( )rota, north-east of Ia'oii.^" lieturnin'^- to the .south-eastern Chontal ]>rovInce, the only well-attested permanent monuments are hui-ial 38 '11-^ iiiiiiitrcnt iivec I'dViii Ics Mills III ^iirlai'c lies ciiix !'(*//., I'S.").'). tiiiii. cNhii., /, /■(/.«('/0' ( /r lU .1(> 1: I c'iti' iiiaiiiliti', I'lii'oii' vi^iiilcs Drlr V '//''.'/''. "^'"1 •t",). 1' 171; itiiiriioiirii, II A', I ymirillrs ^\iiii(ilrs tU\ •jiwr .V .\ imrii'/ Si2' cr'^ J\'irur(ii/uit, pp. 300-8; /(/., (Ed. lyod,) vol. ii., j ]i. •_".)!>. ( :i(»NTAI- iniMAI- MOINDS. 83 iiiouiids or caiiiis uf" stoiic, althoiiyli tlio ( 'lievalicr Friudiiclisthal claims to have liaiiul liciv "rciiiains ened they disclose earthen hui'ial urns containing', as at ()mete[»ec, humau remains, both huriied and unl)urned, and a yreat \ariety of stone and earthen relics hoth within and without the cinerary vase. The hurial dejiosit is oi'tenest found ahove, hut sometimes also hulow, the oi'i^'inal surface of the '•round, 'i'h ese c lirns appc'ir to liaA'e somewhat more re;4'ularity, on tlie exterior at least, tlian the stoi tuuudi of Ometepec. A more thorou^'h exaininatioi le o fhotl 1 IS necess, irv hefore it can he determined whether or not the ( )met( e]»ec mounds are as Mr Siiuicr 1 )e- lieves, the ruins of teocallis and nt)t tomhs. and wliether S 111 le of the ( 'hoiital cairns may not he th uiiis oi- i'oundations (jf ancient structures. Thei 1' can i»e li ttli douht that the Xicaran'uans em[)loyed tlic mound- temple in their W(»rship, and it is somewhat rcmark;i- lile if modern fanaticism has left no ti'aces of tliem: d. a isu, t Ml- Olll. Xa was sei'ii a hill whose surface was foveied with stones arianL;ed in circles, s([uares, dia- monds, and rays ahout a central stone ;^'' also a hill of terrace-formation which fi'om a distance seemed to Iks an ahori'^inal fortification." In the same neinld)oi'- hood is repoi'ted a series of trendies stretcjiint^' aci'oss the c<»untry, (»ne of them traced for oxer a mile, nine to twelve feet wide, widening' at intiivals into oval spaces fiom fifty to eiL>hty feet in dianieti'i', and thes(i eidaru;'ements containiui;' altei'uately iwo and tour small mounds a rran,L;ed in lines perpendicular to the i^eneral Tiviicli JK'ixr .1 iiiL'iiiiia. ' I .1 ■ m direction of the trench.*"' "Several rect-tnu'ularparallel- oi;'rams outlined in loose stone," in the vicinity of Li- hertad, are supj)ose(l hy ^ii' Boyle to he ( 'arih works, not connected with the Chontal l)urial system.**"' I couK! sec(»ndly to the hieroglyphic tin'ures cut .r ]>ainted on XicaraL>uan cliff's. These a])peai' for the most })art to that lowest class of pit'ti lUli''" ■12 j',„ii!.-s i!:]). IW.")-(>. ■l-l lliiif/r's lliilr, vol. i., pp. l.")4-.'). 41 Fri>rl„LA, tuiii. i.,pp. :{7'.)-S(); ///.. rnit. Ai lip. ll!l--_'(>. ■ii Lin'iHis/iiii, ill Si/iiirrs Xi<'iini. conuiioi) tliroiiu'liont tliu wiiolc It-iii^th ut' the Nortli Aiiu'ricaii coiitiiiciit, (jvon in the tcrritniy ot' the most savaof ti'ilK's. I)()ul»tlrss iiiaiiv oK tlu-sc Hmii'cs wfic i'X('('iit«'(l ill (•(tMinu'inoratioii of evfiits, and thus siTxcd tfiiiporarily as writtfii ivcnids; hut it is doiihtt'iii if thi' iiioaiiiiii;' of any of tht-sc inscri|>tions ovrr survived tin; HriH'iMti(»n whi
  • re- served in ste/", and with characters in the A/tec jticture-writiiii^s; hut the i)icture-wiitin!4' of the Ni- carai^uan Xahuas, uidike that of their hrethicn uf Aiiiihuac, Avas iKtt committed to paper during' the first years of the con(|Uest, and has coiise(|uently heeii h»st. At(Jua\imala a cave is mentioned having' sculp- tures on the rocks at its eiiti'ance. 'I'he natives dared 47 ^^ Si/iiirr'.s .\ii'iiriii/iiii, pii. -i;{.";-4l: 'Siir li"s ])ariiis ilu vocIkt on voit cii- ciilH' (Ics dcssilis l)i/;irifs ;,niivi's I't Jicilits clI rcMl;4('. tcis i|ll(' Ics iliplilic M. Si|iiicr." llriissriir ill Jlniirliii'irij, in .Xmiri i/rs .1 iiim/' \ ilrs In;/., IS.')."), toiii. t\l\ii., J). 147. 3G lii. AXTUiUITIES OF NICARAGUA. !i:|l rLIFF-l'AIXTINCS AT M.IAPA. 37 t/i ) On the old crater- walls, five huiulred feet in height at the lowest point, which inclose Lake Xijapa, a lew miles south-west of ^Eana^'ua, are numerous tioui'is ]».uiited in red. Portions of the walls have ?>een thrown (iMNVii l>v an earth([uake, the dehris at tiie water's ed,n'e l)eiiii;' covered with intricate and curious red lines; and most of those still in j)lace hav heeii s«> defaced hy the action of wind and water that their oii^iinal a})pearance or connection cannot he distin- guished. Feathereil Scriicnt at Lake \ija|iii. t-.vV J^' Anionij;" the clearest of tlie paintinu's is tlir cdilt d feathered serj lent show n in tlie cur. It i> tlirer feet in diameter, across the coil, and is painted f(trty feet uj) the ])erpendicidar side of the jtrecipici'. Tliis would seem to he identical with the A/tec (^)uet/alcoatl. or the Quiche (Jucumatz, both of which names sinnily 'plumed ser[)ent.' ( )f the remainiuL;- fi^tircs. shown in the ctit on the following' ]»ag'e, the red hand is of fre((uent occiu-rence here, and we shall meet it again farther north, especially in Yucatan. The ceiiti'al upper Hguie is thought by ^Ir Scpiier to ivsemhle u 38 ANTIQI'ITIES OF XICARAC.rA. diaracter in tlie Aztec paintings; and among those thrown down the sun and iiioon are said to have been j)roniinent,*''' Mi' ; In tlic C'liontal ])i'ovineo none; of these jnctorial remains are reported, y^'t ^\v lioyle hehexes tliat niany of tlie ornamental tiyiires on i)otterv and stone Ui k ii ■ " Mr r.iivli' fi.iiii.l tlio cliir-i'aii trs to lijivf siid'cifd imicl visit, tliiilci l.cf Ki'c ; Ml miii'li so thiit IKIIIC ('(III Id I :\ii ic iiiadc I since (till ('xcciit llic wiiiucd snake and red hand ll( ilsd states tliat \('ll( as re(l pictures are ii.'ic to lie seen. I'ufili'a Uiilr, vdl. ii., pp. 10(1-1 iinr s .\/i'in'i"i 11(1. ]ip. ,'{'.11 (i. Ill a letter, a fra;iineiit (if wlii IS pi lislied in iXw A iiii,iiil iif Srirnlijir llisronrfi, IS,"i(l ]i. .'ilil, Mr Sipiier de- clares till' paiiitiiij^s p.ecis Iv ill the stvie (if the Me.viean and (liiateiiialar MSS., cjdselv reseiiihlini;', sinne (if the liijiires indeed identical with, tlniso of the |)i'esdeii .MS. I'iiii and Set'i /)ii/tiiii/.\\ ]i. 101, also noted tlie 'coiled-np li/ard" and other iiictiires, calliii;^ the locality Av l,ak( Sell ir ih ritiHi'-ii, p. 7-, and Tmv., vol. i,, \), 77, niuutious alao 8cuii>ture(l iigiiresioii this ciuter-wuil. STONK STATUES Oil IDOLS. 39 vessels are liier()L;lyi»liic in their nature; foundinnr tliis opinion on the I'recjuent repetition of complicated j;rouj)s, as for instance that in the cut, wliich is re- l>eated four times on the circumference of a bowl.'"^ . -N. Mr niatlc low as KIO-I ; iil))- ■r (le- iiialan till ISC (1 I lie Lake. s also Cliniita] llici(i^]\ ]i!iic. Statues in stone, rej)resentin_L^' human heinq-s ^'cn- irally, hut in some cases animals and monsters also, have heen found and descrihed to the mimhei' of ahout s'\tv, constituting:' our third and the most iiiteiestiiif class of Xicarai;uaii I'ehcs. ( )metepec, i-ich in ])otterv ;i:id other relics, and I'eported also to contain idols, has yielded to actual ohst.'rvation only the small animal c.)nchant rejireseiited in the cut. It was secretly \voi'shij)ed hy the natives for nianv years, even in modern times, un tliodi til tl li lis unor- ox practice was discovered and checked hy zeahnis prii^sts. This animal idol was ahout four- teen inches long and eight inches ill height."^ The island of Zapatero has furnished some seven- teen idols, which are found in connection with the stone-hea[)s already descrihed, lying for the most j)art ••0 Doiilr'sUlilr, vi.j. ii., iiji. 1 f2 li. '>^ Si/in'rr't XiriiriK/i'ii. pp. ."ild-IT. Tlit'vo wt'iv foiincily many idols rcseiiihlin^; tliiL-^c "f Zapatfiu, Imt tlifV have liccii Imiicil or linikcii up. A finiiip is re polled still to lie I'nund near llif foot of Mt Madeira, but Iiol siii'li. Wwiiiyrr, Ui hi., [i. ."ilt'.K i'rwiirl, Aus Aincr., toiu. i., 2>' -01. :; I 40 ANTK^nTIES OF NICAltAia'A. "wholly or ]>;irti;il]y l)iirit'(l in tlio saiul and enveloped in u (leiisL" .shrul)l)eiy. It is not pro1»altle tliat any one of them has l)eeii found in its original ])osition, vet sueh is their size and weight that they are not likely Idoln of ZapatLTD. — Fig. 1, -. to have l)een moved far from tlieir primitive hjcality. Indeed Mr S(juier, with a larn'e force of natives, trans- formed into zualous antituiarians hy a copious dispen- sati(.»n of brandy, had the greatest dilKcuhy in placing IDOLS ON ZATATEKO ISLAND. 41 irulity. traiis- lisj)en- Ihiciug tlicm in an u}triu]it i)osition. An ancient cratLT-lako conveniently near at hand accounts satisfactorily for the almost entire ahsence of smaller idols, and would doul)tles^s have heen the rece}>tacle of their larger fellow-deities, had the strength of the ]»riestly icono- clasts heen in pro})ortioii to their godly sj)irit, as wa,>, the case with !Mr 8([uier's natives. As it was they were ohhged to content their religious zeal with over- throwing and es both in stone woi'k and ))ottery, l)Ut purely animal statues, intended as this apparently F is, tor Idols, are rare, heiiignant aspect" is sliown in iir. '■?, an k lol mi Id and the 1 eaniiiLV position in wliich it was ibund. Fig. 4, standing in the back ground, was raised from its fallen position to be sketched. IM 42 ANl'K,>riTILS or NIC.VUAGUA. ~\ .r^ '/ - -^- Idols of Zapatero. — Fig S, 4. I i IDOLS ON ZAPATi;U() ISLAND. 48 Fit,'-, f) rc'iiresfiits a statue whlcli, witli its pedestal, is over tvvL'lvu feet lii_«;h. The wcll-eai'vcd liead of a iiiMiister, twe feet einlit iiiclies hruad, surnioiints the head of a seated huinaii form, a eoimiion device in the Iiliils (if ZiiiiatiTo. — Fi;.^. f). fashiMiiiniTf of Nicarao'uan ijfods. A ])eoidiarity of tlils nioMUineiit is tliat tlie anus are detached trom tlie sides ;it the elhows; free-sculptured liiuhs heiiiy' of rare oc- currence in Aiiierieau ahoriginal carvings. Fiy-. G is l)r 1 !1 # u AXTIQUITIE.S OF NICAIIAOUA. a slal) tlircc 1»y five feet, bearinijf a luiinaii fitifure cut in liigli relief, the only seul}>tin'e of this kind discovered ill Nicaragua. The toiiyue a})})ears to liaiij^ upon the hreast, and tlie eyes are merely two round lioles. Fig. 7, on the following page, re})resents a crouching human form, on whose hack is a tiger or other wild l)east grasping the head in its jaws, a favorite method Idols of Zapatcro. — Fig. (J. among these southern Nahua nations of representing in stone and clay the characteristics of what are j)re- sumahly intended as heings to be worshiped. The ex})ression of the features in the liuman face is de- scribed by Mr Squier as differing from any of the others found in this group. This idol and the follow- in,o-, AVI ohtililK' (if tlu IDOLS ON ZAPATERO ISLAND. many other curious iiionui >y the same explorer, arc ii ►Sniith.soiiiaii lihstitutiou at Wasl ueiits of antiquity lAV in the niuseuui uni'ton. Iduls of Zapatcro. — Fig. 7. 4G ANTIQUITIES Ol' NICAUACJrA. Fijj. 8 is carved on a slal) five feet lonjx and ciiihteen indies wide, representini^ a i)ers()n who liolds to liis ul)d()nien what seen»s to he a mask or a human face. F\'eneral idea of the Za- ])atero monuments may he obtained; of the others described, one is a man witli a calm, mild ex]»ression of countenance, seated with knees at chin and hands IDOLS AT CItANADA. 47 f>n foot oil a r(>iiii(l-t()[H>od stiuiire puilcstal wliiih tupcrs tuwiirds tlic l)()tti)iii. Two stiitiies f'roiii Zapatcro sstaiul at tlio stroot-for- nevH of (Jraiiada; one, known as tlio CliiH.Klor, is iinicli hrokeii; the other lias the oroiU'hiMi;' animal on the human head. Another I'roni the same island stands Idols of ZapattTo. — I'i;,'. 10. liy the roadside at Dirionia, near Cranada, where it serves as a boundary mark. Aecordinn' to ^Ir Uoyle this statue is of red i^ranite, and it suemcd to Mr Siguier m >re delicately carved than those at Zapatero.'^"' 52 .S'y »;/,', ''.v Xlnirtiiiiiii, lip. ISO, 470 00, AW; Id., (Kil. Is.-.C, i vol. ii., p. ;il?(); /(/.. in Aiiiniiit Srini. J)isri,r., l.S.')l, p. ,SSS. 'I.'ilc ilc /apatcin a foiinii iIl's idok's i|iu soiit coniiiit' dcs iinitalioiis ^iid^^sii'ics dii faiin'iix rulo^sc do Memiioii, typo coniui do cotto iiiipasNiliililo n'llochio <|iio U's !;;^yplioiis doii- iiaioiit a lours dioii\.' /f-i/iiis/.i, La ('iilifuniiv, p. 'J.")L'. ''i'lioio slilj o\ st on its surface soiiio laiu"' stoiio idols." Srhi rzi rs Tmr., vol, i.. p. 'M. 'Sta- tiios d'lioiiimos ot d'aiiiiiiaiix d'lin otl'ot ;:!aiMlioso. iiiais d"iiii tia\ail ipii aii- uuiicu lino oivili.satioii iiioiiis avanojomio collo do r\'iu'ataii on dn (inatii- 48 ANTIQl'ITIES OF NKAltACrA. >im In tilt! vicinity of tlu; cjiini jilii-ady spoken of at tlie foot of Mount Monibaclio, were fonnd six statni-s with ahnndant iVay-inents. ( )nr Ii;ieculiar to the former, tonether with the su})erior skill in workmanshi)) and the distincilv)!" of sex noticeable in the luoiuunents t)f the latter.'"'^ IVnsacola is one of the jn'rou]) of islands lyino- at the fi)ot of Mt ]\ronil)aclio in Lake XicaiJiL'Ua. ( )n this island the three statues shown in the lollowin_i>' cuts mala.' Pininxrnr ilr Bnurhnurrf, in NourrUcs Ainialrs dcs Viii/., 18.")j, ttini. I'xhii., ]i. i:{."); lUiifli's Jliilv, viti. ii., i,. Vl'l. j* llii'lli's Jiit/<\ vol. ii., ]))). 4"_'-7; Frinlrirhatluil, in Lund. (Irinj. Sur., Jdiir., vol. xi., [I. 10(t; /'/., m Xiji(rr/frs ..liiiidfrs dru Voi/., l!Sll, toni. xcii., 1). :21'7. IDOLS OF 1'1;NSAC01,A ISLAM). 49 W ^If .^;.-« \A V' Pc'iifiacola I(lol><. — FL'. \. Vol. IV. 4 4^ 50 ANTKiriTIES OF XICAUAlirA. liHve iKion diiL!," u|), liavinuf ])een l)urit3(l t1ioi-o purposely l>y .;r(k:r of the catholic authorities iu helialf of the sui>})i)se(l spiritual interests of tlie natives. Fi^-. ] is cut fi'oin hard red sandstone; the human face is sur- mounted by ()LS (»F PKNSACOLA ISLAND. 51 carvL'd to rcpivscut ()vri'lai)|ii;in' ])];iti's lilco a nulo coat of mail, and tlu; wliolo is nine iuut lii''h and ten IV-ct lu circiun iui'oncu. Fin", o is the lioad and bust — the :f Mi '^■•c ^;k:.i!:u '■^^ ....K'>. ^■^v .r^ ^rl v\ , Vi^ m 1.)*'/ iV'.'i' • ,;:'";: % if^>5^ > i m V^ Tcii Mols Iowlt ])ort!oii liaviiiL;" Im-cii lirokcn off- oi' a liidcoi;,-! iMonsti.'r, with lianyin^- ton^'uo ;uid larp' stann^f «^yes. ai<>o cars, and distiMii (led mouth like S( inif '.;ra V Hioii- ster just euieryiiio" from the de))tlis of tlie earth at the hiddino- of the \vizai-d|»riest of an unholy rejiviioii. not inaj»j)ro|»ria telv t ermet' "e d diahlu' hv the iiativ when first it met their view M Sipn'rt'tt yirarttfiii'i. ]i]\. 1 tS-,'7. Tlic Iic:i(l (if fiiT I is tlic Me. icail h\'^u tix'litli. Till' itiiiiiial ill li;,'. •_' iiiiiy lie iiiti'iiiit'il iw an alli;:Htor. /'/ , in .liiiiiin/ Svi'ii. Jhari)!'., l.S,")l, ji. ;is7. ^ m ANTIQUITIKS UF NI(AI!A(;rA. Momot()inl)ita Island formerly contaiiiod some fifty statues standing- round a sijuare, and faeino' inward, if, as Mr S(|uier helieves, we uiay credit tlie native le- port. All are of Mack basalt, and luive the sex clearly marked, a larne majority rer>resenting males. Fii;-. 1 is a statue notice- able for its bold and severe cast of features, and for Avhat is conjectured to be a human heart held in the mouth, as is shown in the front view, Fig. 2. Fig. 3 was found at a street - C(jrner at Managua, but had been brou^lit origin- Idwlf* 'jf Momwt«iiiJ/jt«.— Fijf. J md 2 r; MO.MOTOMBITA IlELICS. SB =i^ Idols of Moinotoiiihitii. — l''it:'. 3. .4- :X ;-i Colojisal Hfiul friiiii ^^(llll(lt«plll^ilil. 64 ANTIQUITIES OF NICAUAGUA. ally from tii(; island. Another, also from Momotom- ]»ita, was iound at Leon and aftei'wards de})osited in tlic Smithsonian institution. It evidently served as a sn]>]»ort foi" some other ohjeet; tlie hack is s([uare and lihhed like the one at IVsnsacola, th(j eyes closed, and "the whole exj)ression j^rave and sei'ene." The colossal head shown in the cut on the ])iecedini>f pi>,i<^' was among the other fragments found on the island, where two grou])s of relics ai"e said to exist, only one of which has heeu explo.»"ed." Pied Til (Ic la Boca. Tlie Piedra de la Boca is a small statue, or frag- ment, with a large mouth, standing at a street-coi'ner in (Jranada. liaving heen brought from one of the lake islands. The natives still have some feelimifs of de- pendence on this idol in times of dangei*. Several rudely carved, well-worn images stood also at the street-corners of ^Fanagua in IS.'nS."" At the Indian i)uehlo of Suhtiava near Leon many idols were dug u|) hy the natives for ]\Ir S(|uier, eight of them ranging from five and a half to eiglit feet in height and from four to iive feet in circumference. ^^ Sijnirr's Xii'iiriiifiiHi, ])\^. 2S."-7, 2!).") .'JOI, 402; li/., in Ainuin) Sfirii, Di.trtir., IS.'id, |(. ;{(;;{; ird/i/imis, (,'iiji/. II. Shi/.. |i, lill. '■>^ liilrli: r.s l'(ii/(i;/r, \o\. i., Ji. 172; S'jiiii r''^ Xiinriiijiin, \']i. 17'.', ■1()2. IDOLS OF SlirriAVA. 55 Tlio natives li;i\'e ulwavs l)een in tlie lialiitof makincr )fi'cl'i ii<''s sec retlv to these Lifods of stone, and onlv a few months Iteiore Mr S(|uier's visit a stone bull had In'i'n ln'okm up hy the priests. Ahout the larLjo stone niound het'ore desei'ihed are numerous IVa'^Muents, hut onlv one statue entire, Avhieh is shown in Fin'. I. It i iTo jects six feet four inches above n'round and is cut j'roui sandstone. At the lower extremity of the liap "hich hanjifs from tiie belt in front is no ted a cu]» .dik Ke l;ii-ofy. (.iiou^h to contain alxnit a (piai't. Fi< ot' the siime luati rial, is two feet six inches in hci^-ht, ;ind rrpresvuts h female cither holding' a mask o\er her abdouiK.'U^ ov holding (»pen the abdomen for the tl 'iiJl 56 ANTIQUITIES OF NICAIiAClA. face to loitk out. Fig. 3 and 4 sliow a front and ivar vii'W of anotlitT statue, in Avliiih till' liuuian face, instead ol' l)c;ini'' surni()unt<'d ))y. looks out iVoin !]to jaws of sonic ani- mal. Tlie features of the faee luul been defaced a])])arently l»y blows with a hammer; the or- namentation was thought to reseml)le somewhat that nt' the C'opan statues. ( )thei's mentioned andsketched at Suh- tiava liave a y'eneral resem- l.L nice to tl lese. The ( Tiontal statues ai'o di- vided hv Mr Bovle into two classes; the first t)t" wliich in- cludes idols, Avith tierce and dis- torted features, never Ibund on thr ,L»ra\'es,l)ut often near tliem ; "while the second is composed of portrait-Ktatues, always distini;uished by closed eyes and a calm, "simple, human air about their features, however irre<>'ularlv modeled." The latter are alwavs found on or in tiie cairns under which bodies aie in- terred, and are uuich more numerous than the idols proper. I'nfortunately we have but few drawing's in support of this theory. It is true that the two classes of features are noticeable elsewhere, as well as hei'o, but i]\v position of the statuis does not seem to justilV any such division into portraits and idols. Mr iJoylv dso bi'lit'N'cs tile C'hontal sculptures better modeled thoUi»h 1 ess (. laborate than those of the south-west. 57 S'/in'rr's Xirnrdi/iin, ])\i. '2til-."), .'iOI-7: 'Sinno of tlu' staliic> li:ivo tlto same cliilMtrali' lirMil-clrcsscs m iili dtlicrs of ('ii|);ui: one licars :i shiclil iipoii liis arm; aiioihcr lia^ a ;j'inlU', to wliirli is siis|icnil('il a licad.' /lA, in .1 iiiiiii.il Sriiii. liisn,!-.. is.")(i, [1. :{(;;{. '"* If iilols, to Mr Itoylf tlicv imlicati' a \vorslii|i of ancc-ioi-.. ol wliirli, l;ii\v('\('v, tlicrc scciiis to lie no lii.stoiical ex iiiciur. Mr I'iui sii;ip'sts that tlic iilols of iiiilil i'\|)i('ssioti may lie tliosc worsliiiicil hefoiv, uiiil t hose of liioic ferocious aspci'l after, tlii' coiiiiiii;- of llie A/ti'es. "'if. (i ey itinv; cs Iways ro iii- iilols i'4-s in |s llClV, justilV I >ov Idil^lCU IlilVO tlio (111 iipi'ii ■i . I iiiiiml 111' \vlii<1i, ■sts tllilt tliosc of M ll)i)L.S UF SLliTlAVA AND ClIONTAl.KS. 57 I(l((l?i of Subtiuva. — Fi-'. 3 ami 4. ('lii.iitiil Statin- 1 ami 1 6d ANTKH ITIKS or M( AltACUA. Y'l'^. 1 is one of sovoral statues found near .JuiL;al])a ; it is of tlie ])ortrait class, aiul is rcniaikalilu for tliL! WL'ii t)VL'r till' vyc and a cross on tlic hreast. Fii;'. '2 is tlio head of anotlier taken iVoni a cairn Ileal' Lil)crtad, and since used to is le le n ■''' Tlir otlicr riiontiil cs iiinro nr loss fiill\- d I'sci'ilu'd ;ir( tlic fl mix: A liiiui' iMiiiiiililli, of wliicli t\\t'l\(' ti'ct si\ iiiilics well' iiiiciu tlnd Kiviii'f a (less 1)11 tlic I llCast Witll t\\l> tllilllull': and the inns anil le; (luiililccl hack; a iuNici four fret citilit iinlus in circ iiiifciciMC, and hmc tuol f>'n inches liii au iilol lour liH't ('i;^lit inclic (irnan'iMiloil ((tronct, ri'scnililini;' a cm let of hiul ri 1. Ncann.L;' on \ls lieail an '~tei->.liells, \vi»li (i\erla|i|ni.u o\ a (Tos on tin' left shoulder and a richlv car\eil heit; a s'one woman thirtv- .seveii inches hi leave a round i;,'li, haviii; hetwi'i the a tin ■tl lip: and if the nnuitli d'.nvu np so as to the arms crossed .'t riylit an<;les Irom the elhows; a very rude idol with jioiuted cap, holes for slit or a mouth, whose nuidern use is to :rind ml lasllv, and a •"latue ith heard ami whiskers. l!ni//r's A'/rA, vol. i., pp. I 17 '.•. l.")S-ti4, "JlU-l-!. 21J, •iOtl .i; / ]>v of M TV v:\vc form, and uiii(j[uc iii America. Axes aiu also said to l)u numerous, tliere l)L'ini»' sj)t'('ially meiitioiitd one of basalt, l)r()ad and thin, from ( )nii'- tLpee; and a similar one, three (»• four inches wide, six inches loiitr. any Mr Sqiiier at Gmiuula, Avlioro liu status tliat similar rulics are not unfoninion, Fii;'. 3 is one of two vi;iy heautifiil (loiiltlu-cdyed l)attlu- axus from tlio Choiital cairns. It is of volcanic stono, twelve and a half inches h)n^ hy seven and three fourths inches wide. Fhj;. 4 represents a Hint axo from Zapatero Island as sketched hy ^Ir J3oyle. A knife ten inches lony^ was also found l)y I'im in a Chontal grave.'^ i^^Jv^i^ Granite Vase from Brita. Stone vessels are rare, thouo-li a granite vase, eighteen inches high, as shown in the cut, was dug up at Brita, near Kivas; and two niarhle vases of very su])eri()r workmanshi]) were found in a Lihertad mound. One was of the tripod form and badly hrokeii ; the other was shaped like a can resting on a stand, with orna- mental handles, and having its sides, not thicker than card-hoard, covered with grecs and arahescpies."^ Metates occur often on both side^ the lakes. The cut on the following page sliows one dug u[) at Leon, being very similar to those still in use in the country, '■'" nni//r\i Ulilr. vol. i., ])]). '200 1, vol. ii., ]>]). 07, 144-."); S'litirr's Xiriirx- iju((, (I'.(l. 1S.")().) vol.ii., p. :{;}(); l'iiiiiiiii//r's liiili\ vol. i., ]ii>. 'J(}l)-'2, '_'()0, vol. ii., ])[). 4.")-(); Si/in'ri's \i<<(- rrc/Htt, pp. 515, 521; cut of the ley of u stone vase, liL, (VA. ISoO,) vol. ii., p. 330. sniN'i: IMl'I.KMKNTS A:«I) OltNAMKNTS. CI l)iit itioi'u t'laltoratu in its ornaiiieiitatidii. Tliosi' cast of tliu lakes aro Hat instead ot* curved, but still supe- --^ Ni('ara;:;uiui Mctatc. lii)!' to any nfnv made, and in connection witli tlunn have been found the i)estles with wliich maize Avas ci'iislu'd/'- Ih'oken ])('destals and scul})tured fra^nients whose (irii^'iiial |)urj)ose is iniknown occui' fvecjueiitiy, and stone rattles were formerly found ahout .hii,L;al]»a. 1) ads of lava, basalt, and chalcedony, in collecti(»ns ^;iMO(. stive of small necklaces, are numerous, ]);.rticu- l:irly at Onietepec. Those of lava are olteii wonder- ful ly wrouo'ht, ahout an incli lon<;-, ringed or u^rooved II I (lie surface, pierced lenu;'th\vise with a hole only larye enough to admit a tine thread, and yet the Avhole, (if tlie most brittle material, not thicker than twine. Those of '•halcedonv are of lar<>'er size."' The niche near Leon, known as the Capilla de la Vit'dra, had before its entrance a ilat stone lesenddin^- ;iii altar. At Za])atero ^Fr Squier found i"our stones ■ ilso ajiparently intended for sacriticial ]tur)>oses. One of these, an oval stone imbedded in the earth, and cov- ''•2 Sqiiicr''s Niraruqun, pp. 2'tC)-l. (■■i JSoi/k's Rlilr, vol. i., pp. l,")(>-2, 1,}!), vol. ii., pp. 4.*?, 98; Sqtder's XiJ' V y /^ 1.0 ■•• 1^ ||2.2 I.I 1.25 m — 1.4 1.6 ;. // »» ^— O 1 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ■yj<^ 62 ANTIULITIE.S OF NICAK.Ua'A. ered on its upper .surfjioo with insciiluHl chariuters, u shown in the cut. Near tlio S nnon niniu in Nue\ u Scnfovia, tlio nortli -eastern ])rovineo of the stat«\ was found hy Mr l*ini a hroken font, tlie only nlic of tliis region, on tlie extei'ior of wliicli tlu; follow iny- tinure is eai'ved, snjjposed to repix'sent the sun. It has also the peculiarity of what soein intended lor loni^' nious- tad les, Siui-si'iilptiiiv ill N'uevii S(';,'()viii. The fifth class emhraces all articles of pottery, ahun- dant throughout the whole extent i>f the state, hut es]»ecially so on the lake islands, wiiero the natives ac- tually dijjf them iVoni the earth to supply their jtreseiit needs. None of the localities which have yielded '■* Sifiu'i r's Xirardi/ii'i, \t\i. 307- H, 47(>, 4S8 ; I'iiu mid !<<■'■, iimtii's Itoltimis, p. r.'s. Ni(Ai:A(irA.s riiTTKUV ong iiious- sii|iposecl to repivsciit traces of burned fle?^li, and often CA ANTi(,>rmi:s of xicAUAcaA. iiiilmrnc'd bones, skull, or teeth, together with a col- k't'tioii of the siiiiiller relics which have been (lescril)etl. The bones of aninuils, deer-horns, and boar-tusks, and bone implements rarely or never occur. Earthen basins of diH'erent material and color from the ui'ns are often — always in the Chontal ifraves - found inverted one over another to close the mouth. The burial vases are sometimes thirtv-six inches lonn' by twenty inches liinh, painted usually on the outside with altei'nate streaks of black and scarlet, Avhile ser}teiits or otber oinaments are frecjuently relieved on the surface. ( )ne or two handles ai"e in most cases attadied to each. ^Fr S<|uier believes a human skull to ha\e been the model of the urns. Five of them at Libcrtad are noticed as lyint;- uiiiforndy east and west. It aj»)>ears evident that many of the articles found in or about tlie oi-aves had no coiuiection with burial lites, some of them haviuiif undoubtedly been buried to keei> them from the hands of the Spaniards. The figures of the Onictfitec Tripod Vase. — V\g. 1. cuts, from IVFr Boyle, show two fonus of vessels which are frecpiently repeated among an infinite variety of NICAUA(iLA\ rOTTEUY. 65 otluT slinpo.-*. The tripod vaso witli liollow U';jfs is a coiimioi) form, of wliit-h Y'uj;. I is a fine sjiecluien from ( )im'tcjicr, five and tliroe fourths inches hit,di, and six iachcs in diameter, with a ditierent face on each leg. Bowl from Zapateio. — Fiy. 2. Fit;-. 2 is a howl from Zapatoro wliich occurs in j^roat numhers, of uniform s]ia})e and decoration, Itut o{' vary- iiiL;" si/A', hein«;' ordinarily, however, ten inclus in diam- eter and four and one fourtli inches liinh, Botli inside and outside are painted with iinures wiiich from their iiniformitv in different s])ecimens are tleemed hv Mr liovie to have some liidden hiei"oai't of t'le ornamentation of pottery, hut comjilete animals in » lay ai'e rare, a rude clay stag heing the only reUc of the kind reported. The device of a heast springing on the liack of a human form, so frecpient among the statues i-1,201, 200, vol. ii., itp.4.'), S(>, W) 7; Sqiiirr'.i y,r„r,„iii,i, pp. 21l'.t, I'.Mt, ,")(I"J 10; Jii., {I'A. IS.'Mi,) vol. ii., jpp. :{;!r>-S, ;U!2; i/S Vol. IV. Ihtttiiiijs, p. 120; Sivvrs, MiltduiiicriLd, ]ip. 126-1). 66 ANTIOUITIES OF XICAKAlJlA. Nicaragiiaii I'i^'iiics in Torra Cotta. It only ivniains to speak of the sixtli and last cliiss of Xicaniyiian relics; viz., articles of metal, Avliidi may l)e Very l)rielly (lis])osecl of. The only iLjold seen liy .my of our autlioi-ities was "a dro]) of \mvv '^o\(\, one iiuji lonu", preciseiv like the rattles worn 1)V Malav uirls," taken Itv Mr Bovle I'roni n cinerarv vase at .hiinidiia. Jjut all others mention small i>'old idols and ornaments which are re})orted to have been found, one of them wei_;hin^' twenty-four ounces; so that there can he hut little douht that the ancient j)eo])le undei'stood to a limited extent the use of this ])recious metal, which the territory has never produced in hirge |»t'r mask, wliirli Mr S(|uicr supjmsis t(» rr])rL'st'nt a ti<^L'i''s ace SI iiiwii in the cut. It as |ir.s(iiti'd to liini l»y u man h.xl, iiinci I to 1 lavf <»l»taine< I it iVoni < >iiitt('|t('c. Mr JJoyle l;e- lii'Vi's, with rcasoji as I tliink, that ill a coiiiitrv al.oundini;" in th»-' iiii'tal, tlic skill and knowl- c'diiv rciiiiisite to i)ro(hi<'c tho mask would most ci'itainly liavo hit otliiT I'vidi'iicfs of its possrs- sion. Till' authouticitv of this mask, when consu lerod iis a X u- ii'anuan n'lic, may he ron'avdod as I'xti'fiiH'iv I'foojema tind. X!(•;l^a^•uau anti((uitii's, cont'erniuiif whith I hnvc now Ljiven all tho information in my ])osscssi(»n, ^ivo rise to ]»ut little di scussiou or visionary spocu lat loll. Indeed there is little of the mysterious connected \vith them, as tliey do not necessarily carry us farther hark into the past than the partially civilized pr<']»lt' that occu 1" e( Itl le CO uiitrv in the sixteenth ceiitiirv. Not oiu ri'lic li;is ai»peared which may not reasoiiahly ho deemed their work, or whith reciuires the agency of an un- known nation o{' anti(|iiity. Yet supposiiin' Nicaragua to have heeii lon^' inhahited hy a people of only slightly varying- sta^vs of civilization, anyone of the idols dt'- scrihixl may have heeii worsliiped thousands of yens hofoix' the S[>anish con(|uest. Th I'elics are o\er three hundred years old; nothinn' in thomscKos jiro\es them to he less than three thousand, ("oinparison with more northern relics and history niav tix. their ai-e within narrower limits ^'' Il'tijlc'it li'hlr, vul. i., iiii, 150-1, vol. ii., l>. 87 ; SiniirsXirtinnjiKi, m\. 5U'J-11. CHAPTER III. ANTIQUITIES OF SALVADOR AN!) IIOXDI'RAS. liriXS OF COl'AN. SALVAnon - OiMco Ukmains— MnrNns of Jiiioa — Rki.K's ok Lake (JirUAl! lloNDl ItAS— (;i ANAJA WaI.I. STONK < 'HAIHS— HoATAX — INlTTKlfV Ol.AM'IIO i;i:i,lS Ol' AliAl.TA AMiAllAJO— ILVCIKNOA OF LAI!I!AN/A CoMAVAOrA SToNK DoH-HkiI. Tkr- l!A( i;ii .M(tl XDS OK CaLAMII.I.A— TlMI 1,1 ON l!lo ('lll(,)riN(.H-Al{K— Kai!Tiikn Vasks ok Yaimmkla -I'oirriKiKii Platka; ok Tknam- I'l A rVUAMIDS, KncI.OSI KK.S, ANO KXCAVATIONS STONK WaI.LS— rAi;AI.I,KU MoiMKS — CI.IKK-CAKVINOS at AliAMAl INA — COI'AN— lIlsroKV AM) r.llll.IO(iHAriIY — Palacio, Ft KM'KS. (Jai.indo, Stk- I-IIKNS, DaI.V, KI.I.KUV, IIaHIHASTI.K, P.liASSKlIt in; P.oriMloIKO— Plan ok Hiins I!kst()I!i;i>— Qiauuv ani> Cavk (H tsiih; Mont- MKNTs Knci.osi: o Walls — Tin; TKMi'Li;~('ori!Ts Vailts— PvifAMin IlKILS— ALTAUS— MLSCKLLANKOI S pLLirs IIlMAN Ue- M A ins-~Llmi;— Colossal Heads— IiEMAHKAUli; Altaks Ckneual IJemakks. Followiiiijc tlie continent westward from Xicaraq'u.'i, we liiive the estate of Salvador on the Pacific side, stretchinof some one lumdred and eiohty miles from tlie jjfulf of Fonseca t > the Rio de Paza, tlie CJuate- malan boundary, and extending* inhind ahout eio-lity miles. Here, in tl'e central province of San ^'icente, a few miles so'ithward from the ca})ital city of the s;ime name, I +ind the first well-authenticated instance in our proyre-is northward of the occurrence of ruined editices. But of these ruins we only know that they are the most imposing monuments in the state, cover- (08) ANTH^riTIKS OF SAI.VADOK. Cd uvj; nearly two squjiiv iniK-s at tlu' lot it (»t' tlic VMlcano nf ()|ii((), and that tlu-y consist (»r "vast tfiTaiL's, iiiins of I'llitict's, and ciri-ular and s(juaiv towt-rs. and sulttcrranuan y-ailt-'rit's, all Ituilt of cut stones. A sin- >cl savs llicvaic tin- rciiiiiiii-idf tlicoM liuliaii tifwii of /ai-iial|iii. Mi.r. ii'mil., \i. 3(J8. ■^ Si^id'i r'^ Xii'iimi/ii'i, \\'a\. l!>.')(i,) v. .SIJ."). ANTKH'ITIKS OF IIOXDrUAS. some relics ajtjx'ar. ( )ii tliat of ( Jiiaiuija, wlictice in loO'J ('()limil»us liist liL'liuld tlio ('(tiitiiK'Ht of Xortli Aiiiurica, is i('[>()itL'(l ii wall of coiisidt'iablc! exti'iit, only a ft-'W feci liii^li, with tliive-luinncd stoiUMJiaiis llxrd at iiitoi"\als ill riidu iiiche.s or lissuics aloii^- its sides. ( 'hair-sliMpi'd excavations in solid rock occur at several other |ioiiits on the island, toi^ether with rudely molded hut f intastically decorated vessels of earthen ware. The ( hiaiiaja, i-eiiiains are chieHy I'ound in tlie \ icinity of the Savanna I)i'>lit Kav.* On the neinhhoriiiL;' island of Uoataii iVan'inents o\' ahori^inal pottciT and small stone idols are found scattered through the forest." The eastern interior of Honduras, hy reason of its Infold minis, has heen more extensively exjilorcd than the ^[os(|uito region farther south; yet with res]»ect to the di'partmeiits of Olancho and Tei^ucinaljia 1 (>nly find the statctment hy !Mr Wells that "mounds con- taining' s|iecimens of ancient j>ottery aie ol'tiii met with hy the rniiiirros while exploring;' tlie gloomy de]»ths of the forest, but these seldom survive the {lestructi\e curiosity of the natives;" this cliietly in the valleys of A^alta and Ahajo, and on the liacienda of Lal)raii/a. The ])ottery takes the form of pans and jars t(» the number of ten to thirty in eacli mound; no idt)ls or human remains having' heen rejioi-ted.*^ Still I'arther west, in the valley of Comaya^ua, mid- way between the oceans, about the head-waters oi' the rivers to whit'h the names Ulua, Goasi-oran, and Cho- lutec I are a 1)1) PI .lied as o ften )tl as any otiiers on tne maps th * Ydini'/'s Xiirnilirr, ji. 4S. Mr Voiin;^ also saw, luit ilncs iiof do- scrilif, scM'ial 'ciiriinis tliiii;,'s' Ik'sIiIl's tlii'so chairs \\li('r(' mice llic aiiti;,'ii(is scaled, pciliaps, tlicir ^'(m|s of stone. ■'Sinrx, Milli Idiiii rihd, ]>. 1S2. 'I uiiclcrslainl the ailiacent islainl, Itoatan, exhiliits xcl more proofs ot liaviii;,' liecii iiiliahileil Itvaii iiiicivili/eil race.' ymi/ti/'s S'liniHiv, p. A^. ',liisi[ii";i ce jour on iTy a (li'i'ouvert iiucime mine ini|M(rtaiite ; niais h's dcliris de potcrie et de ]iieire scnliiteo i|u"oii a trouvt's ensevelis dans ses forets, sullisent pour prou\cr <|U ellc n'etait pas pins iiue le> autres re;,doiis environnantes jirivi'c des liicnfaits de la civilisation,' Itnis.si iir C'l't a 1 only lids con- \rn niL't gloomy pve tho c'tly in icienda )t' pans nound; a, niid- s ol' the ul Cho- c maps, not tlo- ■lit islaiitl, iiiiiivili/ftl (li'Tduvt'rt re sc\ll|it(''i! vcr (|u\'llo liciifaits ilo ],].. (Il-J-S. {\i\-l, witli- fifiiuiMitly leis, iliink- ('( ' Ny »//(•;•'.< Ciiif. Aiifi:. ]))•. 1IV2-,'<; Sr/irrzrr's Trtir., vol. ii., ]r. 0."); frf., l]'iiii(^iriiiii/rii, p. ,'?7I; U'ii/i/>iiiif, (liiiij. I/. S/ii/., ]i. 31(*; Jlnrjurs May., Vol. \i\., J). GIO, witli 11 flit III tUi; uia^todoii'.'s tooth. 72 ANTIQI'ITIES OF IIONDIMtAS. Earthen Vase *)f Yaniniela. Ill INS t>l' TKNAMPI A. (U'siLTii. <>ii«' of which is ri'|>r('sriitv'(l in tlio rut, to^vtluT with st|tiiri.>" 111(1 riilarn«'(l jMirtiniis (»t' its <»rnaiiM'iita- tioii, whiiii is hotli carvL'tl and |tainti'(l. Tliu Hyiii,!^' (It'ity |>aiiiti'(l in ouiliiit' .m oni' (tt' its f'aci's is jdo- ndUiittd hy Mr S(|ui( r identical with unu of tlic char- acters (>r the Dresden ( "odex.'* At Tenainpna, or I'uehlo N'iejo, twenty miles south- east til' ( 'i>niavai;ua, ni'ar Flores, is lill of white stratitieil sandstone, whose sides rise j»r i]>itously to a heiL;ht ot" sixteen hundred teet ahove th^ level of thu siuiouiidin^' plain. The sununit t'or'i > u level pi'uau (tne hair a mile wide and one mile and a lialt" Ion:; tVmn e.ist to west. ( )n the east^'i'n hall' chietlv, lait alMi irea( liuL,'" r over tl le whole siirfiue o >{' this loltv plateau, is the most exteiisi.e yntup of ancient M«»rk.s ill the whole region, and in fact the only one of whi h We have a descrijition at all in «letail. As in the other localities of this ]»art of the state, the ij^rouj) is made |i foi- the most jiart (tf rectangular orieiitetl moiuils, f stone, hut most of earth, with a stone facinu'. II some o Th th le smaller mounds ai'e apparently arran^etl ini>roui;s accordiii'^' to some system; they vary in size from twt'uty to thirty teet in height, having- from two to four stam's. 'I'he lai-yvr pyramidal tunudi are Irom sixty to one hundred feet hnyj; and of ])ro}»ortionate width and altitude, with in manv ca.ses a tli<;ht of steps in the centre of the sitle taciiii;- the west. The sti'uctures that have heen desci'ihed are as fol- lows, it heiiiL;^ understood that they are hut a jiait of the wliole: A mound located on the very ed^e of the soutliern preei})ice commanils a hroad view over tl:e whole plain of Comayav'ua, and its position suniic^t.-; its possihle ahorininal use as a station for Hre-si^'iials. .Just Jioilh of this is an excav;„ciun, or perha[)s a small natural valley, wlu)se sides arc faced with stone in steps leading' up the slope on all four siiles. In tin.' centre of the eastern half of the phiin, and conse- "^ IVv// to t/ir Giinji'fiirrn Tiiil., ill Ihirpir's ."^f"'/., vul. xix., pji. C08-11. Fur Mi'ciiiMit (if tiiu Dri'sili'ii MS., see vol. ii. of tiiis work. 74 ANTIQUITIES OF HONDURAS. (lUciitly in tlic midst of the i))'inci])iil ruins, is wliat may l>e iv^'ai-dcd as tlie cliief .sti'ucturo of tliu .U'roup, coiumaiidiii;;' a view of all tliu rest. The annexed cut, 1 1 1 , 1 t3 1 "^ 1 a 1 ' , 1 ! Eiiflosiiie at Ti'iianiima. made up from tlie deseri])ti(Mi, uill aid in i;ivinL;' a clear idea of tlie ^vork. Two stone Avails, an outei- and an inner, aliout ten ieet a])art, eai-h two I'ei't tlii( k, of wliich only a lew feet in liei_iL;ht ri'inain stand iiiL^', en- ( lose a rectanuular area of one hundred and eiijhtvhy three hundred feet. ("ross-Avalls at renulai- inteivals divide the space between the two into rectangular apartments now tilled with earth to a (U'j)tli of two ieet. The walls terminate on the western side in two ohlonn' terraced mounds between which is the only en- trance to the enclosure; while on the opposite side in a coi'ri>s])ondinL'' i»osition on the eastern wall is w niovuid «M|ual in bulk to both the western ( t;ies comliint't Witl un th le inclosiU'e is a iarw ])vi'aini(t;il mound m thrt'o stages, with a ilinht of steps on the west, situa- ted just south of a central east and west line. From its south-west corner a line of ind)eddetl stones runs to tlie southern wall; and between the jiyramid and tlie n'ateway is a small sijuare oi' stones. A similar mound, also pro\ idi'd with a stairway, is found in the ii!»rtli-east corner of the enclosure. The stones ol" wlTu-h the walls and facinus are made-, indci'd of all i;i INS OF TKNAMITA. 75 mouml in lines runs tlie stoiR' work at 'rcniunjtua, are not lu-wn, luit very carct'ully laid, no nie'iitioii licini;' made of mortar. All tliL' structurrs ai"i; caivl'ully oriiMiti'd. At the south- cast ('(H-iu'r of till' jilatcau is a second enrlosuiv wliicli lias a ,L;"ati'\\ay in tlie reiiti'o ol" each of its tour cijual sides, hut whose dimensions are not L;i\'en. This has in its area two mounds, each with a .stairway. I''lsewliere, its location on the ])lati'au not heiii;;' stated, is ;i raised terrace, or platlorm, three hundred and sixty I'ect iou;^', containinn' one of the most remarkaltle feat- ures of the place, in the form of two parallel mounds one hundri'd and foi'tv feet lou'.;", tliiity-si\ leet wide at till! hast', ten feet hin'li, and i'orty feet a]iart at their I I. inner and lower e< .l- es. Tl le outer sK l.'S I laN'e ( louhli walls like tho.-e of the chief enclosure, di\ided into three comi>artinents, and h ivmi;' st'i'ved a|>|tareiitly as the ioundations of three separate huildin^s. The inner side of I'ach mound slopes in thi'ee terraces, the jiiwei- ones heini;' faced with lar^'e Hat stones set up- ht. In a line with the centre hewi'cn t lese l»aral le!> and at a distance of one hundred and twenty paces is a mound with a stairway on its soutlu'rn slopi>, and at a distance of tweiity-foiii" ]iaces on the same line, hat in a direction not stated, are two \i\V'j;c stones care- 1'iilly |tlaced with a s[)ai*e of one foot hetweeii them. Tae conjtn-tural use of these parallels, like that of s nil 'wliat similar ones which we shall niei'l elsewhei'e, i-; lor the accommodation of the ancient nohijity or p'.'iesthood in their i^ames or processions. ( )n the \\\'st end of the jdateau are two perpendicular excava- (; ms in tin, i'(»ck, twenty feet s(piare and twel.e feet d '.'jt, with a ^'allery tliri'e feet s(|uare leading' north- \v ird from the hottom of each. The natives have au i 1 ':i that tJK.'se passa^'es K'ad to the ruins ol" ( "liapu- Ii-t:i4iia, hut they are prohahly of natural forni;ition with artilicial iiiipro\enients, and of no i^reat extent. Till' remains of a j)yramid are found in the vicinity of t'h holes. Xeir the centre of the plati'au, in a s[)ot 11 iturallv low and marsliv, arc two larw sciuare exou- Iw 76 ANTIQUITIES OF IIONDUKAS. vntions which may liavo been reservoirs. In addition to tlie works descrihed are over three liundred mounds or truncated })yramierpendicular exterior, are te:'raced on the inside fci- the convenience of the defenders. Yet the j)oor thin soil, incapable of suj>porting a large number of jieoj tie. indicates that it was not probably a fortified town, but CLII r-( A!IVIXCS OF ARAMACINA. tliiit it must 1)0 rcijfardod as a place sacred to the jjfod sacrea )ossi tt) bo dotbndod to the last, and i)ossil)ly a rotiino tor the people of the towns below in cases of extreme danii-or." Southward from Comayao-ua, toward the Pacific shore, we tiiul relics of former times near Aramacina, in the ( Joascorau region. ITore the smooth vertical face of a sandstone ledge forms one side of a natural ampliitheatre, and is covered, for a sj)ace of one hun- dred bv tifteen feet, with enuraved finiires cut to a depth of two and a half inches, the incisions sorvinu^ as convenient steps by which to mount the cliif. Some of the enj^'ravinns have been destroyed by modern (|uarry-men; of those romainino' some seem to 1 )e or- namental and arbitrary, while in others the forms of men and animals may bo distin_sj;uislied. 'I'liey are jiroiiounced by the observer identical in style with the inscriptions of Nicara^-ua and Salvador, of wIkjso existence in the latter state we have no other intiiua- tion 10 ])ut one QToup of anti(piities in ITondui'as remains to be described, — ( 'opan, the most wonderful of all, and one of the most famous of American ruins. The location is in a most fertile tobacco-jiroducin^- re^'ion near the tJuatemalan boundary, on the eastern bank of the Uio Copan, which flows northward to join the MotaLjua some fifty miles below the ruins, at a ])oint soniethini:;' more than one hundred miles aliovo its ith in the bay of Honduras.'^ lliolil ^ S'piirr\'i f'liif. Aiiirr., pp. 134-0; Srlir/'^n's Tnn\, vid. li., pp. 05; /'/., i\'iiii(/i'riiiiifrii, 1). :{7i ; ii'(ij)/i(iii.f, (ii'iiij. n. Sfiii., ]>, ma. '" Alliiiilir Miihtlihf, vi)l. vi., p. 40. 1-as ( 'asas has tlic followiii;,' on flio |>ii)viii((' of lldiuluras at tlu' time of tlie cniKnicst : 'Teiiiu I'uclilos iiinii- im'i'alilcs, V una vci^a dc tninta lt';;iias y mas, toda iiniy ]iiilila N'ai'o ([uc tenia sohve ilos eiontas mil animas, y miiclins editicios ill' iiicdia, en e.-^pecial los teniplos en que udorahan.' Hist. AjinloijiHrii, .'/.V, cai.. lii. " Oil tlie nortli liank of the f'opan, in lafitmle \A^ 4.V, loiif^itude 00'' 5'J', I Mir li'a;rueH east of tiic ( iuatemaian line, twenty leaj^ues ahove tlie junction ii the .\lota;;ua, »vlii'h issLxty-liveleajrues from the hay. (lnliiiiln.m Aimi: Aitii'i. Soi:., Tniitmvf,, vol. ii., pp. T'lT-TH). Latitude 14' 39, lonyitudc 01" 78 11UIX8 or corAN. Sonio ii»]U(ls ocnir in tlic Coj^nn Kivor l)olow tlio ruins, hut in the season of" liii^ii water it is navin'aMc tor canoes tor a greater }»art of its eourse. 'I'lie name Coj)an, so tar as can lie known, was ajtjdied to the ruins simply from their vieinity to an adjacent hamlet or Inchan puehlo so named, which is located at the mouth of a small stream, called Sesesmil hy Col. ( Ja- lindo, which empties into the (\tj)an a little higher uj). 'i'llis j)uehlo has oi'eatly deto'iorated in later times; fornii'rly hoth town and pro\ iiice were rich and [)ros|K'i'ous. Indeeil, in the sixteenth century, in tl le re\olt whicii hi'oke o ut on afte]" the first con (piest, the caci(j,ue of ( 'o]»an resisted tlu; Spanish fore h on>4- alter the neiu;'liltoiMn^' provmces Jiad i)een su!)- diU'd. I)riven eve.itually to his chief town, he (]>- posed hari'icades and ditches to the advancini;' foe, l»i;t was at last forced after a desjterate struL;L;le to yield to Jlernaiido do ('haves in LkjO. It was foi'nierlv SUl)l)osr( 1 that the 1>1 ]>lace u liere he made his hra\"' stand a;^aiii.->t ( 'haves was identit-al with the ancient city since (•■•illed ( 'o])an, its ruin dating' from its fall in 1 .");!(). It is now helievi'd, lutwever, that there w;is no c(»niie(ti;»ii wliatever hetween the two, and that, so far as the ruined i-ity of antiijuity is concerned, history rs ahsolutelv sili-nt. his conclusion is hased on d tl le facts that ( 'ortjs in his famous march through Jlondu- ras in I.VJt, altlioui^'h jtassinu- within a few leai^ues of this place, heard nothing' of so wonderful a city, as h" could hardly have failed to do had it hi'eii inhahitetl at the time; thiit there is not the slightest resem- 13' west „i V in SI \ llMlnllCll illul foltV llli'lll iilpovc llu' a li'Vi'l; fortv- live 1. iiics ii'iiiii Sail Sahailiir, littv-ci ;lit I ca'nu's tiKiii ( iiiatcniala. /./., A II till. -'^' ' ■• toiii. i.. (!iv. ii, |i. 7(>. ' Tliiity miles cast ol < 'liiiiiiiiiiiila.' Ci/ch J till In stream 'I'liicc liiiiidn'il miles fnnii the sea, ). I >v reasiiii ul aciH hv tl u' \vmiliiiL:s III tl leiital iiijiirv to the iiistnimeiits tl lal:!i^le iiiil loii^iliiile eiiiilil not lie (ilitaiueil. Sitiialeil on tlie easf liaiik of tin treani aeeoidin^' to plan. >il Irmniiii." <'i/'/'i- \,h\t\\\f^s (it till' .s the latitmli' torv aia liihliography in full in the uune.ved note,'' lia\'e found '-' '('ii]iMii M;i>i a eii'miy of Tiiltecds.' 'Tin lialiilecl, mill ill llie siiimiiit of its iiertectimi. iiania i;ii// Ills foilinl ('ii|i;ill lll- .1- .1/-// Tl ;iir/,, viil. ii see .!/]>. -JTs-iiit; 7 i,ri/iii iiiii- '/. Jill/., tdlii. i., |i. r^SS; \'i//iii/ii/ii rri\ llisl. t'lnnj. Il:.ii. ]i|>. IV.t-.'id; llrljis Sjiini. I'lili'i., Vdl. iii., Ii]i. ;{;{-."i7. Stejiliclis seems t(i lie ill Millie (Idiitit as td tlie iileiitity (if ancient and nidiieiii ('d|iaii. tiiere lieiii;,' 'ciiciimsl.inces wliidi seem t(i indicate tliat the city nfern d to was iiiferinr ill >lreML;lli and sulidity (if cdiistiiiclidii, and dt nidie niddciii oiiijiii.' '': (iilllillli lied tlie cdiitest.' 'i'lieie is every ap|iearance (if tiie~e place> (('dpai :iiii iinunal liav in;,' lieeii aliaiiihiiied hni;,' liefure the Spiini-h cdni|ii /•;/// ' III iisiirt., Vd ■Whiii e-t, e\er ildiihis iiiav have esisteil on the Snliiect. and as regards the liiuli aiiliuiiitv nf the liiiins dt ( 'diia n . tliev art' set at ilest liv tiii~ Vccdiinl ct I'ai The;, were e\ident!\- very nearly in their pie^eiit ('dmiilien. at tin Idle, tliice hundred ^'ears a.'n.' Siiiii'ii's I'lif, to I'ulnrii,, in. ^ijii 'Certain it is that tlie latter was a ruin Imi I'- '•'• Idle the arri\al ot llie .Sii.in- lanl ^^h 'i/rr .1 ('nil. A, V SI."). iceiiriiidi) 1 'ieiTd (iarcia dc I'alacid. ( lidur (.liistice, imt .Viidiior) (if the Ileal .\iiilieiiiia (if ( liiaiemala, in aci (irdnnce with tiie duties df dllice. tiilMJed e\leli>i\ elv in ( luatemalii aiK 1 ad iiii: the resiilis cif his . w hirli dm iiniciit is priscived in the celeluated .Miirio/. collect imi of .MSS. It cdnlaiii- a desii ip- liiiii df the ruins df ('ii]ian which exists in print asfollnws; I'nhiri,,^ HJn- I •'(, < 'ill. l)ii'\ Iiii iI., tolll. \' '■■ I'l' :{7 '.': /'('/'. [■Ill ill I />'■'/, .\Uiiiny, ISiUl. pp. SS-'iCi. including;- an l',n-iisli traiislal Sipiicr; I'lil, •1 iiriii.t, III.' .srri/iliiiii, in '/'i'i'iiiiii.i-<'i/iii/iiiii^ " liicli is a somewhat faiilt\ I'reiich traiislation; .\i IM:t, 1 mil. .\c\ii p. .•{S-l(»; .S'/" mr ,v I I II I. A, ]']' iv K. <;. lp,..>.l. 'V I (///., -I; and it is men- ,/ilr l>,., I Ihs A ini'ili liiiiicd liySi nor.l. I!, Miinn/ in a report dii .\merican aiitii|iiities. written a.s early iw 17.S'>, of which a traiislatiuii ;i\eii ill IJr(i.s.u iir ik Loiii/iiinrij, I: 80 RUINS OF COPAN. OTioiio'li of tlic wondoifiil in the inominients known to exist since tlie sixteenth centniy, witliont pnsliinjj;- tlieir investin^ress in any direction is }>ossii)le only foot by foot with the aid of the native I'>vV. translateil into l'".nj:Iish in iSi'.'t, under the title of ./ Sliilis/inil mill CiHiiiinriiiil Jli.tl. nf tin' Kiinliliiiii iif ( 1 iiiihiiinlii. From .Iuarro> the account is taken l»y many writers, none, so far as I kintw, liavin;,' <|Uoted Kiientes in the ori^final. Where the latter ohtained his in- formation is not known. His account is hrief, and justly termed liy Uras- scur de liourliour;.', I'lihininc, ]). 14., 'la description menteuse de l'"uen- tes," since notliin;,' like the relics therein mentioned have heen found in Liter times. Vi-t it is ])ossilik' that the orijrinal was mutilated in passin;^ tlirouiih .luarros' liands. This description, j;iven in full in my text, is re- |icatecl nnire or less fully in Sh/ilirii.s' ('int. Anirr., vol. i., ]i. 1,'il ; U'linlni, Jt'ii-/iirr/ii:s, ]>. 71; I'llnilir'a Mr.r. (Iniil., vol. ii., ]ip. 'J'.t'.)-;iO(l ; Mnlli- Urnn, l'rrri\' ilr In (t'loi/., toni. vi., jiji. 470-1; lliiinhiililt, in .Xniinllr.'i Annolis ilr.s Villi., 1S"J7, torn, xxxv., )i. .H'2!); Jfn.^.iil, Mi.i\ lliinl., pp. ;W.")4i; i'lirlis. Ailriiihiiiis, p. .S'JI, and in many other works mentioned in coni.ee- lion with matter from later sources. Next we have the exploration of < 'olonid .luan (ialindo, an otlieer in the Central American service, sometime jrovernor of the province of I'eten, made in April, 1S;{,"). An account of his ol)ser\ations was forwarded to tlie Societe (h; ( ieo;,frapliie of Paris, and )uil)- lislied in the llnlh tin of that Society, and also in the l.ili-tnrii Unzitli- of London. A coniniunication on thosuhject was al.so |)uhlished in Ann r. A nfii/. Siir., Trnii.sinl., vol. ii., ]ip. ot.V.^O; and the information furnished to the French (!eoi;rapliical .Society was ]iiil>lislied en resume in Anliij. Mi.r., foiii. i.. div. ii., pp. 7;^, 7i>. 'I'eii ilrawinjis accompanii>d (Jalindo's rcjiort, hut liave never heen piihlished, althou;.rh the author announced the intention of the Central .\nierican u'overnnient to ]mhlish his report in full with plates. He s;iys, ' jesuis le seiil (jiii ait examine les mines de Copan, et oni en ait fait la relation,' hut he knew nothing,' of Palacio's visit. "Not lieinj; an artist, his .iccount is necessarily unsatisfactory and imjicrfeet, hut it is not exa.i:,u'erateil.' Slrjilinis'' i'lnl. Ainn:, vol. i., p. I.'i2. 'Mad an eiM|uirinL,' mind, hut a very siiperticial Kdueation.' Si/iiiir\'< J'nf. \it J'nlitrin, f 'nr/n. p. S. Most of (ialiiido's ac>,.unt is also j,'iven with that of Juarros, in Ihinlfnrirs Ainiv. An/ii/.. ]ip. !M')-!) ; also some information from the same source in liriiirnrH's /ml. /t'ni'is, \i. ."I'J, and in Lnrrninn/ii'rr, .}fi,f. if limit., p. •Jti7. Ill 1S;{'.» -Messrs Stephens and Catlierwoud visited Copan. Mr Stephens, ■:-ff 1 i t KXl'LOUATIOXS OF CO PAN. 81 in:u'ht'to, may be inia,i>-inod. A liot climito, a moist and malarious atmosphere, venomous serpents and rep- tiles, myriads of diminutive demons in tlie form of insects, all do most vi^J-orous battle against the ad- vances of the foreign explorer, while the aj)atheti(^ natives, whether t)f American or Spanish hlood, feel not the slightest enthusiasm to unveil the mysterious works of the antiiufuos. For what is known of Co])an the world is indebted almost entirely to the woi'ks of the American traveler, Mr.Iohn L. Stephens, and of his most skilful artist- ii> I liiiillpvii ciircfiil cxjiiiiiiiatioii of liis book, spoilt tliirtccii ilays in liis siir- vfv. nimu'lv, fioiii Niivoiiilici- 17 to :t(); while Mr Ciitlicrwooil spent tlie l.ir;ri ut of anotlier inontii in eoin|iictin^' liis (lni\vin;.'s. 'I'lie results of tlieir lalnirs ji|>|ieure(l in IS41 ami ISU uuiler tlie titles: - S/i/i/nns' /mii/nifs Tninl ill Ciii/ni/ A iiirrini, \it\. i., |)ii. it.VKitt, with twenty-one ]ilates i:i(l seven (Mlts ; ( 'iilh <,rs I / A, it Miiniiiiiiiit.t ill ('ill trill Aiiiirii-ii, in folio, with lar^re litlio;;ra|ihie plates. Sli;;lit tieseriptions of the [lie U]) ehietly from Steidiens, may he foniitl as follows : //c/y;. " r ims .1. I'P ^l \'il/,soii\s Aiiirr. J/i.sf. ])p. 7(i-!t, with |ilan anient; Sniinllis Aiiiinlrs (/r.s I'oi/., 1S4I, toin. xeii., pp. ()4-74, 57, with ]i'nn anil plates; Joins' Hist, Aiir. Aiinr., |il>, ")7-f)!(, 1 l(i ; Iliiris' Aiitii/ '/•., Pl». 4-."); /fA.d'.d. lS47,)p. 30; /)i(//i/ t liiiliil., pi>. Vl-VM Hull). i'-iii\i Aiir. A nil I., pp. 1 1 1-14, with eut ; il'inijiiiiis, (liiii). ii. Slut,, )>. ',\{)H Tiiifi miiiiii, llriiliHi, Ydlirli., 1>S.")I, ji. 85; hi(rniiniilinr, Mi-.r. ft (iiiat., ]il. it-l'J, the text lieinj: from (ialintlo and .luarros; Jirir/mri/t, Cnit. Anirr., jiu. '.M-'J; Aiinri'/iir Ci'iilni/r, Voloiiiziitioii, jit ii., p. (iS ; Miillrr, A iiivri- I, iiiisr/ir I'rrrliiiiiiiiiii, pp. 4(i2-4, 4SU ; Miirijrii/nr.t J'ri/ifrrss oj' Aiiiir., ]>j>. N77-S; Frost's (!ri nf t'ilirs of tlir Wiirhl, pp. 'J7!>-H'2, with eut. Dr Seher/er ill 1S.')I( started to explore ("opau, hut, owinj,' to the ])o]itical state of the r.iantry at the time, was unahle to j,'et nearer than Santa I!osa, Mhere the piiilre said nioreo\er that reeeut land-slides had Jniich injured the etl'ect of the ruins. This author ;;ives, hoivcjver, a lirief account made up front Sii'pheiis, (lalindo, a. id .Juarros. Srhrrzrr's Trnr., vtd. ii., ]f\>. 41, .S(i-7, lt4-5. //.. U'liiii/iriniifiii, lip. :W"2, 3(1(1, ;i7l. In Sejitemlier, 1S.')(1, tlie.lesuit I'ailre ('(iiiictte is said to have visited the ruins; .M. Cesar ] )aly, at a ilate nut niriitioiieil, ]irepared on th( -not jilans and drawiii;;s of the (lillereiit strnc- tiiics wliirh he intended to ]inl(lish in the llrriir (Uinrolr ilr I'.l rr/iifi rliirr, hat wheliier or not they have ever appeared, I know not ; the Ahlie IJias- siiM- de Itonrliour^inade two visits to Co]ian in ISd.'! and 1S(>(1; some sli;,'lit aijilitiipiial information on the suhject was couniiunicatecl hy Mr Center, on aiitlniiity not ^tiveii, at a meetinjx of the American I-hhno!o;;ical Society ill l-cliniarv, 18(10; and Mr Hardcastle, who had spent several weeks in I \|iiipriii;,' tlie ruins, furnished some farther iiote.s at a meetin;.M»f the same > 'licty in .\pril, IS(>-J ; and. tinally, plioto^jraji^M wt'ro made of tin; ruins hy M . r.llcriy, clirectorof the Aloteiieiiue silver-mines. JJut those later exjilora- t nils have not as yet alVorded tlio pnhlic niiieli information, except that the ]iiiotojriaplis mentioned, when eompared hy Drasseur de Hoiirltourj,' with ( aliiorwood's plates, she v the latter a« well as Stejihous' des<'riptions to he - liitiy aci'urato. Urassriir dr J'liiir/ioiirif, Hist. Snt. Cir., toiii. i., ]). SMI, I'i'ii. ii. \i . p. l.'it p. 4;t;{; /(/., I'alriiijin; pp. 8, 17; Hint. Miiij., vol. v., p. 114, vol. ViiL. IV. 82 KUINS OF COPAX. I C'()ni])anl(tii, ^Fr F. Catherwood ;" and from the works ( f tliL'se ountleinen, with the slij^lit notes to he gleaned from other sources, 1 proceed to ^ive all that is known of what is commonly termed the oldest city on the American continent. 1 will-he^in hy <^ivini*' Juarros' description in full, since few or none of the ohjects mentioned hy him can he identified with any of those met in the h)llowini,' ])ages. "In the y^'ar 1700, the Great Circus of Coi»an, still remained entire. This was a circular sj)ace, surrounded hy stone ])yramids ahout six yards hi,u;h, and very well constructed ; at the hases 'tf these pyramids were figures, hotli male and female, of very excellent sculpture, which then retained the coltmrs they had heen enamelled with; and, what was not less remarkahle, the whole of them were hahited in the Castilian costume. In the mid- dle of this area, elevated ai)ove a flight of stei)s, was the j)lace of sacrifice. The same author (Fuentes) relates that, at a slu)rt distance from the Circus, there was a j)ortal constructed of stone, on the columns of Avhich were the tiyures of men, likewise re})resented in Span- ish hahits, with hose, ruff round the neck, sword, cap, and short cloak. On enterini( the jj^ateway there ixw. two fine stone pyramids, mtiderately laroe and lofty, from which is suspended a hammock that contains two human fii;'ures, one of each sex, clothed in the Indian stvle. Astonishment is forcil>lv excited on viewinu' this structure, hecause, larg'e as it is, there is no ap- pearance of the com}H)nent parts heing joined to^i^ether; and, althouii;h entirely of stone, and of an enormous weight, it may he i)ut in motion hy the sliojitest im- pulse of the hand. Not far from this luunmock is thu cave of Tibulca; this appears like a temple of great 11 The only unfavoraMo criticism iif Mr Stcplioiis' work M-itliin my kiio\vli'(lj;o, is tliat 'the Soul of Ilistoiv i« waiitiii<; !' ' TIk' I'roiiietlu'iiii 8i)iirkli.v wliicli till! tlanie of historic tnitli should illuminate his work, aii'l be viewed as a ;,'leaniin<,' Iteaeon from afar, to direet wanderers thntugh tin- dark ni;,'lit of wonders, has found no spot forest upon and to vivify !' Joiii ••' Nisf. A lie. AiiiiT., p. .")">. And we may thank heaven for the fault win ii we consider the ellects of the said 'Promethean spark' in the work of the iuuuurtul Jonet). exti:nt of Till-: iiriNs. 83 size, liollowc'd out of tl»o l){ise of a liill, and adonicd with coliiiiins liiiviii<»- liases, ]>c'dostjils, capitals and crowns, all accuratuly adjusted accoi-dini;' to archi- tectural principles; at the sides are numerous windows faced with stone exijuisitely wrouj^ht. All these cir- cumstances lead to a helief that there nuist haxe liccn s(»me inteivourse between the inhal>itants of the old and new world at very remote periods."*' 'I'he ruins are always s})oken of as extending' two miles alono' the hank of the river; yet all the struc- tures desci'ihed or definitely located hy any visitoi'. are included in tlie nuich smaller area shown on Mr »Ste[»hens' plan, Avith, however, the following- exccji- tions: "A stone wall with a circular huildin^- aiid a ])it, api)arently for a reservoir," is fi>und ahout a mile up the river; the (piarry which supplied material for all the structures and statues, -a sot't ^rit intei'spersed with hard Hinty lumps, — is in a ranne of hills two miles north of the river, where are scattered many blocks rejected hy the ancient workers, one heini^' seen on the very top of the ran_ne, and another, the largest noted, lialf-wav between the (luarrv and its destination at the ruins; Fuentes' wonderful cave of Tibulca is in the same rany-e of hills, and nuiv be identical with the (juarry, or, as Col. (ialindo thiid\s, with a natural cave in a mountain two leagues distant; one monu- ment is mentiinied at a distance of a mile across the river on the sunnnit of a mountain two thousand feet liinh, but this d(jes not ap])ear to haw been visited; and finally, the natives re[>orte(l to Mr liardcastle a causeway in the forest, several leagues in length. Vet althoun'h so very little is known of outside monu- ments, there can be no doulit that such exist, not im- pi'obably of great extent and interest; since, although hua})s of ruins and fragments are vaguely reported ii 'i Jiiiirriix'' ffisf. Gunf., pp. 50-7. That any such .'itnioturo a'^ tlip rncki ly liaiiiiiKick f\fr t'xisti'd hen; is hi the liij^lit'st dcfiirc iiii])i<»lp!ihh' ; yet t 'c )ia(hc lit (iiialiiii tohl Stetihcns that he luul sci-ii it, ami an Indian liad hua d it ^iMikun of hy hisgiaiiufuther. ^tiphcim' Cent. Aincr., vol. i., p. 144. 81 UriNS OF coPAN. I'vory (liivctioii, no atti^nijit at a tlioi'oiioli cxaiiiiiintlon lias vvvv liccii made or iiidi'cd could lie, i-xccpt liv ro- jiiovins'' the wholu ioivst by a couHaijratit)!! diiriiiii" the dry season.^" 'I'lio ]»lan on tlio o)>])osito ]>'V!4't' sliows tlio iniins in their actual state, accordini;' to Mr Stephens' siiivey, together with a restoration to what seems t*) iia\e heen soniethinL;' like their original condition. The union of the two effects ip ,)ne jilate is, 1 helieve, a suthcient I'eason lor intructures or sacred edifices of the ancient town. Tliese walls would seem at least twenty-five feet thit-k at the hase, and are huilt, like all the Copan stiuc- tures, of laru^e hlocks of cut stone, of varying- hut not exjiressly stated dimensions. They are built, in parts '•' ''I'lic cxlciit nloiijx tlio rivor, nscprtninctl liy nimiuinonts still foiiiiil. is iiKiic llimi two miles.' 'Pfvoiiil tlic wail of t'liciosiirc \\v)v Wiill^, Iciiiici's, iiiicl |i\riiiiiiii!il cii'Viilions nmriiii;j:<)ll' into tilt' forest.' S/r/i/irn.s' Ciul. .Iimr.. vol. I.. |i|i. l:{l!. IS'.I, 1 t()-7. 'KxtelHUMJ iiloii;,' the liiiiik of its river :i leri;:tli of two miles, as evitleiieeil l)y the remains of its fallen eililii-es.' 'Mounts of stotie, formed hy fallen eililices, are found tlirou;:hont the nei^^lilioniin;; country.' (Inlimlu. in Anirr. .Infii/. Snr.. Trim surf ., vol. ii., ]i|i. .")I7, ."> t".l-."(l. 'Pa carriere. . . .est a •_'(»(»(» nii'tres aii nord.' ' l.,a se tnuive lieain'oup de hois desa|iin |i(''trili(''.' /'/, , in An I in. Mi \r., toni. i.,div. ii., p. 7<>. ''riie;jround, lie- in;; eovered with ruins for many si|nare niile>, ami much ov(-r^'rown hy a rank ve;;('tation, woidd reiniire months for a thorough examination.' "No re- mains whatever on the opjiosite side of the river.' Ilnrilrnstlr, in llisl. Mini.. vol. vi., ]). I.")4. 'Pes plaines de Chapnleo s'etendent entre t'opanet le \i'w\ iirif, lli.st. Xiit. dr., tom. ii., |i. H)."). '" Plan in ^ifi/i/inis' Cmt. Aiiirr., vol. i., ]). \'.V.\. renrodneed in Xniirillrs Aiiiiii/is lirs Villi., iS4l, tom. xeii., ]>. 57; and in ]\'ii/.fiiii'.i Aim r. lli.st., \\. 7(>. (lalindo's drawings also inclinled a plan. I'y reason of (he disa^jrei- meiil iietweeu Stephens' plan and text in the matter of dimensions. I lia\e oiuilled the scale as useless. The southern wall of the emdosure, to accmn- modale the si/e of mv pa;;e, I have olaeed .some two hundred feet noiili nl' its true position. 'I'liost' ]iortions of the temple shaded liy cross-lines aic the portions still standiny according to the survey. lination t l.y IV- liiiM- the ruins in union of ^utHcit-nt r for ns- ; a nil.'.'^ , \vi' find •, as indi- iicloscd ii lid tt-nns iinti«iuity re ran !>»-! i\\v lead- tnt town. iVct thiik »an stvuc- !..■ liut ni>t , in parts Istill foiiml. i^ [\\\s, tcrnici's, ( '. ///. . I nil r.. river ;i Ifii^'lli „ci-lili.v a iMiik lion." "N" ''■- |in lllsl. M"iJ-- iliiiin't If I'lt"! liliiiucs niiiies- Jil ill Siini-i!h-= liiin . Ill'^l-^ !'• 111.' in;4 lil• three or four, with mortar in tlie interstices.' J/an/ctis/lc, in 7//.s7. ^frll)., V . vi., p. I.'>4. MrCenter 'mentioned a Cyiiopean wall. . . .nn- ilescriluMl in r y i>nl>lication, lint reported to him by most eredilile witnes.ses, alxint 800 ft et lonjf, 40 feet hi^xh, feet thiek, formed of immense hewn stone.' Jfisf. M(i. llefore reacliinj: the ruins 'estiv senal ue paredes yruesus.' J'uluciu, in J'uchcro, Col. Doc. Jiit'if., toni. vi., p. .37. '» .\ecordinsition thiit the rn ins are on till* iioi'tli hank of the river instead of the east) by (>(N) feet north and sonth, II rirciMiifcreiH'e of 'I'iM feet; or if his nieasnrenients he nnderstood to Ihj Siiaiiisli, their Kn},'lisli ennivalent woidd Ikj alKtnt WM) hy .").')2 feet, eireuit ■Jisi fret. The same antnor, Aiitiij. Mcr., toni. i., div. ii.. p. 7(), ;^ives (553 liy WIA, and 'I'XiX feet; or if Freneh ineasnre he nnderstood, its eipiivulent is WWW hy .'tSS, and •J.'ilJS feet. As larye as Saint Peter's at Konie. JJari.s' Antiq. (if Anil r., ]ii». 4-,"). >"' 'Itroad terra-e one hundred feet hijjii, overlooking; the river, and siip- |Mirtf(l hy the wall which we had .seen from tlieopjiosite liiink,' t'nl showing :i view of this wall from aeross the river. Str/)/inis' Cent. Aiiivr., vol. i., pp. lot, !•.')-(;, last. Same ent in lialdirin's Am: Aiiirr., ]t. \]'l. 'Ihiiit iierjien- dii'idiirly from the hank of the river, to a hei;;ht, as it at present e.xists, of iiime tiiaii forty yards.' (hiUtnlo, in Amrr. Aiifiq. Soc, Tnni.sm/., vol. ii., p. ■"il7. M'ria torre o terrai)leno alto, que enc scdire el rio (|ne por aile pasa.' 'iluviiria esealera one haja hasta el rio por niuehas f;radas.' J'altirio, in J'lir/iiiii, Ciil, /tor. Iiied., tom. vi., j). .18. 'The eity-wall on the river-side, witii its raised hank, . . . .must then have ranged from one hundred and thirty tiMiuf himdretl and fifty feet in heij^ht' in inutation of ancient 'i'yre, the only city of antiquitv with so high a wall on u river-hank. Jours' Hist. Anc. AiiHi:. pp. (;:{. Kll-ii. 'f^ .\t the .south-west corner a recess is mentioned which Mr Stephens htlicvcs to hii e heen occupied hy some large luonument now fallen and wushod away. Cent. Amer., vol. i., p. 13-L 88 RUINS OF COP AX. On the main platform are two sunken rectangular courts, marked on the plan A and B, whose floors or pavements seem to be about forty feet abt)ve the surface of the ground, and thirty feet l)elow the level of the terrace. The court A is ninety by 144 feet, and ascends on all sides in regular steps like a Koman am- phitheatre. The west side ascends in two flights each of fifteen steps, separated by a terrace twelve feet wide, to the platform overlooking the river, on which, at /, are tlie ruins of what were apparently two circular towers. From a point half-way up the steps a passage or gal- lery 111, II, just large enough to afford passage to a crawling man, leads horizontally' through to the face of the rivor-wall, the opening in which, visible from the opi)osite bank, has given to the ruins the name among the natives oi Las Ventanas, Just below the entrance to this gallery, at o, is a pit five feet square, and seventeen feet deep, from the bottom of which a passage leads inl;0 a vault five feet wide, ten feet long, and four feet high, which, according to Col. Galindo's measure- ment, is twelve feet below the pavement of the court ; the opening into this pit, at o, seems however to have been made by Galindo by excavation. The entrance to the court A is by the passage-way, C, C, from the north, the floor of wliicli is on a level with that of the court. Similar steps lead up to the river-terrace on the west, while the pyramid D on the east rises to a height of 122 feet on the slope in steps or stages each six feet high and nine feet wide. The passage-way is thirty feet wide and over 300 feet long, and it seems probable that a flight of steps originally led up to iho level of its entrance at p. The Court B is larger, but its steps are nearly all fallen, and it is now onl}" reniarkable for its altar, which will be described else- where.^^ 22Tliiis court may linvo Itecn FuontcH' firpiis, altlioujili the ItTttcr is rcp- rcHontod as liaviii!^ hocii circular. The ternvce lietwceii it and tlic river is stated l>y Stephens to l)e only '20 feet wide ; accordiii<; to the plan it is at least .')() feet. S/rp/ieii.i' Vent. Join:, vol. i., p|). 14i'-4, ]Xi, 140. The pave- ment of the court is 20 yards ahove the river; the yallcry throuyli the ter- PYIIAMIDS AT COPAN. 89 As I have said, all the steps and sides bear evident tiaces of havin_<^ been originally painted. The whole structure is envelo})ed in a dense <>ro'Ath of shrubs and trees, \vliicli have been the chief agents in its ruin, penetrating every crevice with their roots and thus forcing a})art the carefully laid superficial stones. Two immense ceiba-trees over six feet in diameter, with roots s}»reading from fifty to one hundred feet, are found on the summit of the lofty pyramid ]). Besides the temple, there are three small detached jwraniids, I, F, G, the former fifty feet square and thirty feet higli, between the last two of which there seems to have l)een a gateway, or entrance, to the enelosjre. There are moreover the terraced walls v, v, of the ])lun, which require no additional descri})tion, l)ut wliicli extend for an unknown distance r <'i('ito cii ](artes de iiiuy luieiia piedra e eou liarto ])riiiior.' 'I'lie river- wall 'liiiso caido y ilerniiiiUado uii t^ra!' pedazo, y eii lo caido se des- iiiliiienui dos ciicvas dchajo dul diclio edilicio,' a statement tliat may possilily rel'er to tlie i^alleiy and vault. I'ahirio, in J'i(r/in't/, Vol. JJtir. Iiiid., toiii. vi., jip. :\7-S. 2' 'TJieic was no entire pyramid, hut, at most, two or three |(yramidal sides, and these joined on to terraces or other structures of tiie same kind.' Sti'iiiii-Ds ('ill/. Aiinr., vol. i., ]i. |;}!1. The author intends to speaU perhaps of tile 'rempleoiily, hut Mr .Jones applies the words to ( 'opan in jiciieial, and (iinsideis tliem a Hat contradiction of the statement respect in;,' the tiiit-e detached pyianiids. ///.,/. Am', .l/zc/-., ]>. (;;{. ' Les cililices soiit tons tomh.'s et lie niont rent plus ([ik- des monceaux de picrres.' (Idlinilu. in Aii/i>/. Mf.i\, tiiiii. i., d'- •■ - 1 I Ml .1 • . ......•,• 1 . I > • i., div. ii,, p, 7;{. 'Several hills, thiityor forty feet in hei-lit, and snp- portiii;; ruins, aiipeared to have heeii themselves "entirely Iniilt of stone.' Il'ii-ilriisllr, \\\]iisl. .U'li/., vol. vi., p. l.")J. T lias niinasy vest i;.'iosde j;raii |"ihla/(Pii, y de solterl ' »s edili<'ios.' ' Ilav moiites (|Ue pareceii halier siilo IciliiKii niaiios.' J'li/iiriii, in J'ur/irro, Col. Diir. Iiiifl., torn, vi,, p. .'iT. 'i'lie latter sentence is incorrectly translated hy M, 'l'eriianx-( 'oiiipans, 'il y a des arlpicsniic pii;;iissent avoir etc plant.'s de'main triio'.nme,' ll'<-iiiil ili Jinr., ]> IJ. .Mr Sjiiicr makes the same error: 'Trees which appear to have hecii planted hy the hand!* of men.' Transhitiou of I'ltfano, t'lirhi, p, '.tl. 90 RUINS OF COPAN. peculiar to this region, but remarkably similar to each other. Fourteen of these are more or less fully described, most of them standing and in good preservation, but several of this number, and probably many besides, fallen and broken. Their jjositicms are shown on the plan by the numbers 1 to 14. It will be noticed that only one is actually within the structure known as the Temple, three standing at the foot of its outer ter- race within the quadrangle H, and the remainder in a group at the southern })art of the enclosure, two of the latter l^einof at the foot of terraced walls. These statues are remarkable for their size and for their com- plicated and well-executed sculpture. Of the eight Avhose dimensions are given, the smallest. No. 13, is eleven feet eight inches high, three feet four inches wide and thick; and the largest, Nos. 2 and 3, are thirteen feet high, four feet wide, and three feet thick. The material is the same soft stone taken from the quarry which furnished the blocks for building the walls. As to their position, Nos. 3, 11, and 13 face toward the east; Nos. 1, 5, and 9, toward the west; and No. 10 toward the nortli; the others are either fallen or their position is not given. No. 1 is smaller at the bottom than at the top, and Col. Galindo men- tions two otiiers, on hills east and west of the city, which have a similar form; all the rest are of nearly uniform dimensions thrvMiijliout their lemjfth. Several rest on i)edostals from six to seven feet sf[uare, and No. 13 has also a circular stone foundation sixteen feet in diameter. In each a human face occupies a central position on the front, having in some instances some- thing that may be intended to represeiit a beard and moustache. The fiices are remarkably uniform in the expression of their features, generally calm and pleas- ant; but in the case of No. 11 the ])artially open lips, and eye-balls starting from their sockets, indicate a design on the part of the artist to ins})ire terror in the beholder of his work. The hands rest in nearly every instance back to back on the breast. The dress STATUES OR IDOLS 91 and decoration seem to indicate that some were in- tended for males, others for females; this and the presence or absence of beard are the only indications of sex observable. The feet are mostly dressed in sandals, as shown clearly in the cut from No. 7. Sandaled feet at Copan. Above and round the head is a complicated mass of tlie most elaborate ornamentation, which utterly defies vcibal duscrii)tion. Mr Stei)hens notes something bke an elephant's trunk among the decorations of No. 8. The sides and usually the l)acks are covered with hieroglyj)liics arranged in S(piare tablets, which prob- alily contain, as all observers are impelled to believe, the names, titles, and })erhaps history of the beings wliose images in stone they serve to decorate. The backs of several, however, have other figures in addi- tion to the sui)posed hieroglyphics, as in No. 8, where is a human form sitting cross-legged; and in No. 10, ill which the charactei's seem to be human in a variety of strange contortions, altliough arranged in tablets like the rest; and No. l:J has a human face in the coutre of the back as well as front. The sculpture is all in high relief, and was originally painted red, traces 02 RUINS OF COPAN. SCULPTrnED OBELISK. 03 Copnn Statues. — No. 0, H RU NS OF COPAN. of the color being well preserved in places protected from the action of the weather. I give cuts of two of tliese carved obelisks, Nos, 3, and G, to illustrate as fully as j)ossil)le the general appearance of these most wonderful creations of American art, the details and full beauties of which can only be api)reciatcd in the large and finely engraved plates of Catherwood. Standing from six to twelve feet in front of nine of the fourteen statues, and probably of all in their j)rim- itive state, are found blocks of stone which, apparently, can only have been employed for making oA'erings or sacrifices in honor of the statues, whose use as idols is rendered nearly certain by the uniform proximity of the altars. The altars are six or se . en feet square and four feet high, taking a variety of forms, and being covered with sculpture somewhat less elaborate than tlie statues themselves, often buried and much defaced. Two of them, belonging to Nos. 10 and 7, are shown in the accompanying cuts. The former is Copan Altar five and a half feet in diameter, and three feet high, with two grooves in the top; the latter seven feet square and four feet high, supposed to represent a death's head. The top of the altar accompanying No. 9 is carved to represent the back of a tortoise; that of No. 13 consists of three heads strangely grouped. SACRIFICIAL ALTARS. 95 The o-rooves cut in the altars' upper surface are struiio-lv sui(<''estive of tlovvmg blood, and of slaughter- ed victims."* Copan Altar. — No. 7. T will next mention the miscellaneous relics found in connection with the ruins, beofinning with the court A. The vault already spoken of, whose entrarice is at o, was undoubtedly intended for burial pur})oses. Both ii Hw Sfr/i/iriis'' Cnif. Amr,-., vol. i., pp. 140, l.-^S, 13fi-7, l.'?4, 140, l.W. ir>7, l"i<>, l.V), l.").*?, l.")2, l.")0, l."»1, for (k'seiiplioiiof tlio stiitties ill tlu'ir onier from I to 14, with i)liites of all Init 4, 0, aii mas(|tiei|iiatro vanis df alto, lahrada eomo iiii ohispo vestido de pontilirial, con sii niitra liicn lalirada y anilios on las maiios. In the plaza, which woidd seem to he the court A, wiiere no statues were found hy Stephens, were 'seis esti'itnas trrandisinias, las tres de homltres iirmados a lo mosaico, con li^'a jjamlias, e seniliradas niuchas lahores p(U- las annas; y las otras dos de mu jeres con hnen ropaje larj^o y tocaduras A lo roinano; la otra, cs de ohispo, (juc jiarece teller en las manos iin bulto, coino cofrecito; deciaii ser de idolos, iionpic delaiite cU' cada una dellas liiihia utia piedra ;;rande, tjue tenia feclia una jiileta eon sii sumidero, donde de<;o1lahan hissacrilieados y corria la san;;re.' I'liliidn, in Par/icro, Col. Jhc. Inet/., toni. vi., ])p. 37-S. (ialindt) says 'there are seven obelisks still standiuerforated by holes; the whole of most exquisite work- manshi]), and cut out or cast from a fine stone covered with green enamel." Another head, very likely one of the other two found in this vault, its locality, not, however, being specified, is two inches high, cut from green and white jade, hollow behind, and pierced in several places, probably for the introduction of a cord for its suspension. Its individual character and artistic workmanship created in Col. Galindo's mind the imi)ression that it was customary with this peo- jde to wear as ornaments the portraits of deceased friends.'*' ,1 i? foot liij,'li, anil .•jhoiit tlirco liroad, with a lci5.s tliioknoss; on ono side wore Avorivod, in lidSKn-ri/iiro, (Stojilions states, on tlie contrary, tliat all are cut in (i/fn-tr/irro) litinian fij^urcs, stanilin<; s(inare to the front, witii their hands restiiij; on tiieir breast; they are dressed with ('a[)s on their lieads, and san- «lals on their feet, and eh)tiied in lii{,dily adorned <,'arnicnts, {generally reaeii- in;,' lialf way down the tiiigh, but sometimes in lon;;^ pantaloons. Opposite this titjnre, at a distanre of three or f(»iir yards, was eomnioidy placed a stone table or altar. The back and sides of the obelisk generally contain jdionetic hieroglyphics in sijuares. Hard and line stiMies are inserted (nat- urally?) in many obelisks, as they, as well as the rest of the M-orks in the ruins, are of a sjieciesof soft stone, which is found in a neighbt»uringand most 'extensive (juarry.' (Itt/iinfo in Aiiivr. Antiq. Sor., 'I'rmisnrf., vol. i^., p. fitS; and in liriiilfiirir.s Anier. Antiq., p. 97. A bust r"-,()tS high, lielong- iiig to a statue tit'teen to twenty feet high. Goliiitto, in Aiifiq. Mix., tom. i., tliv. ii., p. 7<>. I'illars so loade(l with attributes that some scrutiny is required io discover from the head in the centre that they represent a human form. \\\ altar not infremieutly found beside them would, if necessary, show their use. They are sun-pillars, such as are found everywhere in connection with an ancient sun-religmn. Miillrr, Ameri^rnii.srhi: i'nr/iifioiini, p. 4(14. *i Gnliiulo, in A inn: Antiq. Soc, Trdn.trirt., \o\. ii., pp. r)47-S; I<1., in ^•1;/^/V/. il/cr., tom.i., div. ii., p. 73, su|)plemeutary nl. vii., (ig. 14. 'I'hishead liears a remarkable resemblance to one given by Ilumboldt as coming from New Granada, shown in fig. 1,3, of the same i»late. Stei)hens, ('int. Anirr., V(d. i., J). 144, gives the dimensions of the two niches aN 1 foot S in. by 1 foot 9 in. by 2 feet 5 in.; the relicis having been removed before his visit. ALTAR OF THE TEMPLE. 97 Two tliirds of tlio distance up tlie fiistcni stuj)S at \i, is tlie co- lossal head of the cut, whicli is ill M tut six feet hi_i;h. Two otiier iiiiMiense heads are overturned at the foot of the same slope; an- other is half-way uj) the scnitheru steps at 11", while numerous frauf- iiients of scul[)ture are scattered over the steps and pavement in every direction. There are no idols or altars here, but six circular stones from one foot and a half to three feet in diameter, I'ound at the foot of the western stairway of the jjassaye ( ',(', may have su])ported idols or cohunns t ri^inally.-" In the court B, the only relic heside the statue No. 1 is a remarkable stone monument, generally termed Colossal Ili'iid. -Vltiir in tlic Tcinplu of Copan. an altar, at x. This is a solid block of stone six feet si|Uiue and four feet high, resting on four globular »' .s7<7//////.v' Cnif^ Aiiirr., vol. i., pp. 10;{-4, 14'2-3, with cut. Cut also in - nrmtiiiliirr, Mix. cf Gin'L, pi. x. Vol. IV. 7 98 IIUINS OF L'OrAN. stones, one untlur each corner. ( )n tlic sides are carved sixteen luinian tij^ures in i)rofile, four on each siile. Each tii^ure is seated cr()ss-lei(<»'ed on a kind of cushion wliicli is apparently a hieroglyphic, anionif whose char- acters in two or three cases the serpent is t)l)serval)k'. Each wears a hreastplate, a head-dress like a turhan, — no two being, however, exactly alike — and holds in one hand some object of uriknown sijj^nificance. The cut shows the north front of the altar. The two central ti»^ures on this side sit facin*^ each other, with a tablet of hiero_iL;ly})hics between thoni, and may readily be imajji-ined to repi'c.sent two kings or cliiel's engaged in a consultation on important matters of state. Accord- ing to Mr Stephens' text the other fourteen tigurts are divided into two equal parties, each follov.ing its Hieroslyiihics on the Copan Altar. MISCELLANEOrs IlELICS. 00 leader. But tlie jilatcs reprcKcnt all those on the east and west as f'aein*,'' the south, while those on the south look toward the west. The top is covered with hiero- j^dyphics in thirty-six sc|uares, as shown the cut on the pi'ecedins.;" }>age. A peculiarity of this altar is that its sculi)ture, unlike that of all the other monuments uf Copan, is in low relief."' '27 ''S Decorated Head at Cuiiiui. The liead shown in the cut is one of the frao^cnts lyiiiiiC *>•! ^-•^* ground at the foot of the terraces tliat inclose the quadrangle H. On the slopes of these ^T S/r/)fir)is^ Cnit. Amer., vol. i., pp. 140-2, with plates; NouvcUfx An- vdh'xdcs V()]i., 1841, toin. xeii., pp. 57, (>7-.S. Plate. Mention of the alt.ar with a ('oiii|iai'isoii of tiie eross-Iej;j;ed ehiefs to eertain ornaments of Xoclii- cttlcii. Ti/lor's And/ninr, j). litfl. The altar is descrihed l»y Ualindoas a very r(iniirkal>lc stone tahie in the teinide, 'two feet four inches hi;;h, and four ffi't ten inches square; its top contains forty-Tiiiie square tahlets of hiero- ^'lyphics; and its four sides are occupied 1»y sixteen lunnan (i;;ures in basso- niiico, sitting oross-leygedwa cushions curved in the stone, and beariug cuch 100 nrixs OF ropAX. tcrmc'CH. particijlaily of tlu; onstcrn slope of tlio i>ym- ii)ii'<-'S^'"t the skulls of apes rather tlian of hunian heings, and Death's Haul at ("ninin. tliat tills animal, ahundant in the country, may have been an ohjeet oi' venei'ation anioni^ the ancient peo- ple. ( )ne of the skulls is shown in the cut. The next cut i>ictures the head of an alli,i*'ator carved in stone, found amon48. To Mr Jones, ))(>s.sesse(l as tliat •gentleman is with tlie 'Soul of llistory,' tliis altar is tlic ' liosetta-stonc' of Anii'rican an- tii|nity. 'I'iu^ four support inj,' stones are e;,'^'s; serpents occur in tlie orii;i- nieiits; the ohjeets hel«l in tlie liaiiils of tiie lesser ]persona;,'es< of the sides lire spiral siiclls; the ti;,'iiies are seateil cross-le;;j,'e(l, or in tiie oriental style; one I'hief holds a sce])tre, the otiier none. Now these interjiretations are important to the autiior, since he claims that the .v/y^'^Mvas the ;;oo(l demon of the TyriaiiH; a serpent entwiniiij,' an '■'/.'/ is seen on Tyrian coins; tin' xpirtil slirll was also put on 'J'yriaii medals in iioiior of the discovery of the famous purple; the style of sittinj; is one practiced in 'I'vre; the chief rep- resenting; Tyre holds no scciitre, hecaiise 'lyre had ceased to he a iiati«»n at tiie time of the event ilesi<;iie(l to comineniorate. The conclusion is clear: tiie altar was l>uilt in eoinmemorafioii of an act of friendship between Tyre and Sidon, h, vliich act the jieople of the former nation were enahled In iiii^'rate to America I Juiirs' Hist. Am\ Aiiicr., jip. Go-G, 150-02. More of thi.s in a future treatise on origin. MIS('KLL.\NK(»rs .SCrLrTlKKS. 101 ,'iniiH niid ti'^'-cr's claws, was aiiotlicr of the n-lics dis- roVLicil \>y tlio Huinc explorer, toguthur with round Alligator's llcucl iit Copan. may have ciunt peo- cut. The carved in Iwards the tlalindo, as |iinan, halt ith human \'rj. Snr., Trnii- ticiiian is with AiMfiii'iUi an- u- in the oiiia- |>s of tlio sides oriental style; h>retations are lie iioud demon lian eoins; llie Iseovcry of the the eiiiof re]'- he a nation at liision is elear: between Tyre re enahlctl to -02. More ef jtlaiu stones pierced hy a liole in the centre. ^Ir Da- vis talks of an architrave of hlack «>ranite finely cut; and ^r. Waldeck corrects a sttitenient, in a work hy Balhi, that niarhle heds are to he found liere. The portrait in the cut is from the fragments found at the north-west corner of the temple near 6.^ Copan Portrait. "8 Stc/ifi:is' Cent. Anin:, vol. i., pp. 134-9, 150; Gnlindo, inAmer. Antiq. Sill'., TriiiiMirf., vol. ii., pp. 54.S-1); J(t., in Aiitii/. Mtj;., toni. i., div. ii., jt. 7i>; hm-is' Aiiti'/. Aimr., pp. 4-"); W'ulihrk, Vn//. J'itf., ])\t. (JS-it. I'alaeio's Miisiuilaiieous relies are, a i,irj,'e stone in the form of an eaj,'le with a tahlet (it liiercp;,'lyphies a vara loll- (111 its breast; a stone eross three jialms lii;:h, witii a luiiken arm; and a supposed haplisnial font in the plaza, lidacion, ill J'i(i:/iixu, L'ul. Doc. //«•(/., tola, vi., p. :W. 102 KUINS OF COPAN. ii:.;; ;> Most of the i^eiieral reflections and speculations on Copan indulged in by oljservors and students refer to otlier ruined cities in connection with this, and will be noted in a future chapter. It is to be remarked that l)esides pyramids and terraced walls, no traces what- ever of buildinf»'s, public or i)rivate, remain to guide us in determining the material or style of architecture affected by the former people of this region. The ab- sence of ftll traces of private dwellings we shall find universal througliout America, such structures having evidently been constructed of perishable materials; but among tlie more notable ruins of the Pacific States, Copan stands almost alone in its total lack of covered edifices. There would seem to he much reason for the belief that here grand teni})les of wood once covered these mighty mounds, which, decaying, have left no trace of their former grandeur. Col. Galindo states that the Uiothod of forming a roof here was by means of large inclined stones. If this be a ffict, it must have been ascertained from the sepulchral vault in the temple court, concei'ning the construction of wliich both he and Stej>liens ai'e silent. The top of the gallery leading through tlie river-wall would indicate a metliod of construction by means of over-lapping blocks, which we shall find em})loyed ex- clusively in Yucatan and Chiapas. No article of any metal whatever has been found; yet as only one burial de{)osit has been opened, it is by no means certain that gold or copper ornaments were not employed. Tliat iron and steel were not used for cutting implements, is clearly i)roved by the ftict that hard flinty spots in the soft stone of the statues are left uncut, in sonic instances where they interfere with tlie details of the scul})ture. Indeed, the chay-stone points found among the ruins are sufiftciently hard to work the soft mate- rial, and although in some cases they seem to have re(|uircd the use of metal in their own making, yet ler th le weli-known sUill ot even when we c(msi( most savage tribes in the manufacture of flint weapons I'll C; EX ERA L CONCLl'S IONS. 103 and implements, tlio difficulty becomes of little weight. How the immense blocks of stone of wliicli the ol)e- lisks were formed, were transported from the fpiarry, suvei'al miles distant, without the mechanical aids that would not be likely to exist j»rior to the U!-,e of iron, can oidy be conjectured. The absence of all implements of a warlike nature, exteiidinu;' even to the scul})tured decorations of idol and altar, would seem to indicate a j>opulation quiet and ])eat'eable rather than warlike and aggressive; i'or though it has been suggested that inn)lements of war aie ni>t found here simply because it is a place sacred til religion, yet it does nt)t appear that any ancient people lias ever di-awn so closely the line between the gods of war and the other divinities of the pantheon.'*'* ( )!' the great artistic merit of the scul})ture, par- ticularly if executed without tools of metal, there can he no (juestion. j\[r Stephens, well qualitied \)y per- sonal ol»sei-vation to make the comparison, ])i<)nounces some of the sjiecimens "e(pial to the finest Kgyj>tian sculpture.''^^ My Foster believes the flattened fore- licad of tlie human profile on the altar-sides to indi- cate a similar cranial conformation in the builders of tl le citv, With res])ect to the hieroglyphics all that can be said is mere conjecture, since no living )>i'rson even claims the ability to decipher their meaning. They ave i-othmg m common with the Azt ec \\ritnii w hicl Jilct ure- 1, con (Uentlv, affords no aid in their ludy. The characters do, hosvever, appear similar to, -> .hiiiis' //i\/. Aiir, Aiiiir., ]). 07; Stcphciis' Cent. Amir., vol. i., p. 14'2; /■'(>■/-/••,• I'rr-llist. Jiiirr.f, j,. 1<)7. '" '■(//. Aiinr., vi)l. 1., |i|i. l()'2-.3, 1.")!, ■ Lii s('iil|)tmv iiHuimiiciitalt' dc.-* I . ' .If ( 'ii|piiM |p('iit rixaliser ave ([iu'liim'< inoiliiits siniilaiir-- dc !'( )rii'iit «'! di' i'Occidi'iil i'uri»|i('ciis, Mais la conci'ii'ioii dc ccs iiiiiiiiihuiils. l" llhl. liillTH tllltilf., ]). l.'v " 'Wr liavc tins t\jii' of skull delineated tiy .irt'sts \\!io li m>1 ill" skill to iMiitrav the tVatiifo of ; heir race. These artists would !ioi -eleei she most lioly of plaies as the ;.''idiiiid work of their <'aricatmes. I liis form, then, ]ier- tniii'd to the iiiosl exalted pei.soiia'a-B.' toi>t'rs I'rc-llnii. Ititri.t, jiii. 'MYl, ;;:;s.-'.(, il! Ilii i 'i""9 ir'! lilliiii lil! 1 104 itriNs OF corAX. if not identical witli, some of tliose found at Palenque, in ifueatan, in tlie Dresden Codex, and in the Manu- script Troano. When the discijiles of Brasseur de Bourbourg shall succeed in realizing his expectations resjtecting tlie latter document, by means of the Landa alpliabet, we may ex])ect the mystery to be ])artially lifted from Coi)an. It is hard to resist tlie belief that tliese tablets hold locked up in their mystic characters the history of the ruined city and its people, or the hope that the key to their significance may yet be brought to light; still, in the absence of a contempo- rary written language, the hc^po nuist be allowed i\^ rest on a very unsubstantial basis.^'^ Concerning the age and origin of the Copan momi- ments, as distinguished from other American antiipii- ties, there are few or no facts on which to base an opinion. The growth of trees on the works, and the accumulation of vegetal)le material can in tliis tropical climate yield but very unsatisfactory results in this direction. Co})an is, however, genei'ally considered the old(,'st of American cities; l)ut I leave for the ]>resent t' e matter of com})arison with more norchern I'clics. ]*alacio claims to have found among the j)eo- j)le a tradition of a great lord who came from Yucatan, built the city of Copan, and after some years returned and left the newly built fawn desolate; a tradition which he inclines to believe, because he says the same language is undci, stood in both regions, and he had 32 'Till' liicro^^'lyiiliics (lisiilayi'd upon the walls of ("diiiiii, in hori/ontal or lier]H'ii(liciilai' rows, would inilicatc a wiittt-n ian;,'iiaj;t' in wliicii tlic jiicto- rial sijinitlcancc had lar;j;('Iy disapiicari'd, and a kind of word-writinjz- had hfconit' iircdoniinant . Int('nniii;il('(l with the |ii('torial devices arc apiiai- cntly |iurely ailtitrary characteis which may he alphahetic.' Fo.'ifrr's /'/••- J/i'sf. Kdirs, 11. ;{•_'•_>. They are conjectured to recount the adventures of 'J'e- liiltzin-AcxitI, a Toltec kin;; «ho came from Amihuac and founded an empire in Honduras, or 'riajiallan, at the end of t''" ■leventli century. I'rn^- yriir tlv litiiirliiHinj, Jlist. Xiif. dr., tom. ii., ])p. 101-J. Like those of i'a- Icmjue, and sonic characters of the Dresden MS. Si/iiicr's /'yv/'. to I'd/min, ( '(irfii, |). 10. 'No he liallatio liliros d<' sus ant ij,'iici hides, ni creoi(ue en toilo este distrito hay niiis <|ue uno, que yotenjio.' I'li/unn, in I'lir/irrn, Cu/. J)nr, /iii'il., tom. vi., |). ;{',•. 1 have no ideawliat this one 1 k spoken of niav have lieen. Tiic characters are a])iiarently Iiicio^lv phics, 'lint to us t!ic;> arc altoi;('thi'r uiiintLdligililc' (Udhttiit, iu Antcr, KIIiiki. Sor., '.ly.iisdtl., \ol. i., p|i. ,"),")-(!, ('((5. OKIGLN OF THE RUINS. Pal en que, the Manu- rasseur de 'cpectations the Laiida i)artially behef that characters )le, or the lay yet be coiitempc;- allowed U' 105 lioard of suiular monuments in Yucatan and Tabasco Anion.u- tlie mhalutaiits of the re,<.io]i in later times' there IS no (hff'erence of opinion whatever with i-espect to tlie ono-in of the ruins or their builders; they are unainuious m tlieir adherence to the 'quien sabe' theory. ^ m pan monu- in anti(|ui- to base an s, and tlio liis tr(Ji)ical Its in this considered re for tlie e norcheru o;' the peo- 11 Yucatan, ca returned ii tradition s the same nd he had in Iiiiri>;:ir- ' Fosfrr'.s J'rr- rciitmvs of 'J'c- 1(1 fdiiiidcil ail I'Ctitmy. Jiri'^- ke those of I'a- rf. to I'li/iirii'. Ii'otnic ("11 toilii •/iri'i), I 'ill . Jill'-. ipokcii of may 'l)iit to us t!ii> I'l/r., i r'.KSar/., IJ CHAPTEK IV. ANTIQUITIES OF GUATEMALA AND BELIZE. Tun State of Ouatkmala— A Land of Mystery— "NVondekful Re- pouts — I )iscovEKii:.s Com pakatively Unimportant — PiLiNS of QuiRiGiA— History a.ni» I'.uiMOGRAPHY— Pyramid, Altars, and Staties— Comparison with Copan — Pyramid of Chapulco — l{Ei,i(s AT CiiiNAMiTA— Temples of Micla— Cinaca-Mecallo— Cave of Penol— Cyclopean Debris at Carrizal -Copper Med- als AT (JlATEMALA — Es(.iriMATHA — FoiniFKATION OF ]\IlXrO— Pancacoya CoLi mns— Cave of Santa MARfA— Mammoth Bones AT PeTAPA— PiOSARIO Agl'FUICT— RlINS OF PATINAMIT, OK TECPAN (jIIATEMAL.' - (^lEZALTENANGO, OR XELAHUM — UtATLAN, NEAR Santa Cimz del (.^iiciie-Zakileu near HiEinETENANtiO— Cak- CHKa'EL KlINS IN THE IiEOION OF RABINAL— CAWINAL — MARVEL- ois UriNs IvEPoRTED— Stephens' Inhabited City— Antiquities OF Peten— Fi.oiiEs- San Jose— Casas Crandes— ToViER of Yax- HAA— Tikal Palaies and Statues— Dolores— Antiquities of Belize. Above tlic isthmus of Honduras tho continent widens abruptly, tbnning between the Rio Motao'ua and Laouna de Terniinos on the Atlantic, the Kio ]?aza and bar of Ayutla on tlie Pacific a territory Avliich stretches some tive hundred and fifty miles from nortli to south, ^vith a nearly uniform width of two hundred miles from east to west. Dividing- this terri- tory into two neai'ly c(iual portions by a line drawn near the eighteenth ]«arallel of latitude, the northern ])art, between the bay of Chetumal and Lacuna de Terminos, is the peninsula of Yucatan; while that (lUC.) GUATEMALA. 107 portion lyincf south of the clividini>' lino constitutes the rrpuhlic of Guatemala and the Euij^lisli provineo of Jk'lizo, which latter occupies a strij) along the Atlan- tic fi(»ni the gulf of Aniatique northward. The Pacific coast of (Uiateniala for an average width of seventy units is low and unhealthy, with few inhabitants in juodcrn, as, judging from the absence of material ivlics, in aiicieiit times. Then comes a highland tract whii-h contains tlie chief towns and most of the white ])oj»ulation of :be modern republic; succeeded by the yet wilder and more mountainous regions of Totonica- ]ian and Vera l*az, cliieHy inhabited by comparatively savage and unsubdued aboriginal tribes; from which we descend, istill going northward towaras Yucatan, into the little-explored lake region of Peten. At the time of its ctnKjuest by the Spaniards, CJuatemala was the seat of several i)owerful aboriginal kingdoms, chief among which were those of the Quiches and C'akchi- (jiR'ls. 'i'hey fought long and desperately in defence of their homes and liberty, and when forced to yield before Spanish discipline and arms, the few survivors of the struggle eitlier retired to the inaccessible fast- nesses of the northern highlands, or remained in sullen forced submission to their conquerors in the homes of theii' past greatness — the aboriginal s])irit still un- I)roken, and the native superstitious faith yielding only nominally to Catholic power and ])ersuasi()n. Here and in the adjoining state of Cliiai)as the natives prohably retain to the present day their oi'iginal char- acter with fewer moditications than elsewhere in the Pacitic States. Py reason of the peculiar nature of the country, the grandeur of its mountain scenery, the existence of large tracts alnust unknown to wliite men, the des- ]terate struggles of its peo})le for independence, their wild and liaughty disposition, and their strange and superstitions traditions, Guatemala has always been a laud of mystery, ])articularly to those who delight in aiiti(|uurian speculations. A residence at liabinal in I 108 AN'TUiUITIES OF GUATEMALA. close contact with the native character in its ])urest state first started in the mind of the Al)l)e Brasseiir de liourhouri'' the train of thought that has since de- vek)ped into his most starthng* and comi)Hcated theo- ries resj)ecting American anticjuity; and GuateniaUi has fui'iiished also many of the documents on which these theories rest. Few visitors have resisted the temptation to indulge in speculative fancies or to IVame far-reacliing tlieories respecting ancient ruins or possi- hly flourishing cities hidden from the explorer's gaze in tlie de})ths of Guatemalan forests and mountains. j^ nd yet this mysterious land, i)romising so much, has yielded to actual ex})loration only com])aratively trifling results in the form of material relics of an- ti(|uity. The ruins scattered throughout the country are indeed numerous, but with very few exce])tions, besides being in nn advanced state of dila})itlation, they are manifestly the remains of structures destroyed during the S})anish conquest. Important as ])roving the accuracy of the reported power and civilization of the Quiclx's and Cakchiquels, and indirectly of the Aztecs in Anahuac, where few traces of alK)riginal structures remain for our study, they are still unsatis- factory to the student who desires to i)ush his re- searches back into the more remote American ])ast. Beginning with the province of Chiquimula, border- ing on Honduras and composed for tlie most ]>art of the valley of the IMotagua and its tributaries, the first ruin of importance, one of the exceptions notcil above to the general character of Guatemalan anticpii- ties, is found at Quirigua, fifty miles north-east of Coi)an, on the north side of the Motagua, about sixty miles above its nioutli, and ten miles below P^ncuen- tros where the roval road, so called, from Yzabal to Guatemala crosses the river. The stream is navigable for small lioats to a point opposite the ruins, which are in a cedar-forest on low moist ground nearly a mile :nowled<»e 'ly 'P ' Aliout live mill's down the river from El Puzd de los Aniates on tl RUINS OF Ql'IRIGUA. 109 ancient city comes throiii^h Mr Catlicrwoofl and I)r Sclierzer. The t'onnor, travolini*- with ^NFr Stej)liens, visited tlie locality in 1840 in company Avitli the Se- Hores Paves, ]»roprietors of the estate on wliich the ruins stand, and hy his description Quirio-ua first was nialii|)|(inn' the monuments to New York, their location (HI tlie hanks of a navigal)le stream heing favorahle for the execution of such a purpose; hut the interference (if a European official so raised the market value of ancient real estate that it was found necessary to iihaiidon the scheme. Dr Karl Scherzer's visit was ill 1854, and his account, published in tlie Ti'ansac- tions of the Royal Austrian Academy of Science, and also reprinted in pamphlet form, is the most extensive and complete extant.'* Nothing like a thorough ex- main mail from fiuatoniala to Yz.alial, in a forest of rcdar nml nialio^fany, aliiiiit a mile from tlic left liank of flie tImt, on tlit' estate of tlie Sefioies l'aye>. Slijilinis Cciil. Aiiicr., vol. ii., ])]i. llS-'23. Steiilien's map locates (,iiiiri;.nia, liowever, on the south liankof the river. H^'uiri^riia, villa;,'e jj:ua- t nialieii, sitm'' snr la ronte et a liuit lienes environ du ]M'rt ile Tlsalial; les raiiie-. i|iii en portent le noiii existent a deux lienes de la sur la rive ;. melie (III lleiive .Mota;,'ua.' Ilrnssinf dv lionrliiiiirf/, rulciit/iir, introd., p. '2'2. 'Sur la rive ^^auche de la riviere d(? Mota<;tia, a rnilles vares environ de cette riviJ're.' Xninr///:'! AuikiU's dcs Vni/., 1S4(), toni. l.xxxviii., |>p. .HTti-T. ' Lie;,'en in der Njilie des kleinen Dorfes Los Aniates, '2 Stuiideii unterliall> jjii'ueiitros, am linken I'fer des Motajj:ua, 'i' Stiinde vom l'lus.--e entfernf, mitten iiii Walde. i)er We;; von Vzahal fiilirt in einer F.ntfernun;.' von .'{ Stuiicieii an deni Orte vorliei.' Jliir/ii/ri/f. diil. Aimr., ]i. ti'.l. 'Iline der uiiliekaMutesten unil merkwiirdi^'steu Uiiineiistiitten rentialAmerika"s, iialie deiii See von Isalial, in einer sehwer zuj,'iin^diflien Wilcjniss.' ll'iii/iiir mill Si'/ii r::ri\ Ciisln llini, |). x. '(^hiirijiiia. e'est le nom d'liiie ville eon- >id(''ral>le, liatie ]iar les .\zt('([Ues h repo(|ne oii tloris>ait la ma;:iiitii|ue .Ana- liiiac. Ses mines nivstL-rieuses sont aujounriiui eiisevidies ii environ troi.s lii'iies ilu tiiste viilai^e (ini ]iorte son nom." Siii\ l/inri le ('luiiiri lii r, |i]). llO II. Nearly two knjjlish miles from the river-liaiik. Srhrrzi-r, (,hiiri;/iiii, ]>. .'). Mention in W'aiijHUis, Gcog. ii. Staf., p. •JTti; //i.vv, in Sims, Mit- tiliiiiii lulii, p. i2,")(). ■> S/r/i/ini'\ (^'iil. Aiiirr., vol. ii., pp. 118-24, vith two jilates. An fecouiil made tip from ("atlierwood's notes was, however, inserted in the (liialemalaii news])aper K/ Tiriiij)o)ty t\w proprietors of the <,luiiij.''iia estate, ami translated into French in Le Mniiitritr I'arinini, from which it was rr|irintcd \nXiiiirr//rs Ainia!es (/i;i I"'*//., 18K), toni. lxxx\iii.. pp. HTd-T; and ill Annri'/iir Criif., pt ii., j)p. ()8-'.), hotli French and Spanish text i.s i;'vcii. Tlie same description is also jjiveu in Vulois, Mi-ri'iif, ](p. "JO'J-S. Slicrzcr's pamphlet on the suhject hears the title Ein )i'si(f/i /iri drii liuiinu roil Qitiriijud iin Slaatc Guatemala in t'cntral-Aiiuritii, (Wien, 110 ANTUiUrriES OF GUATEMALA. ploration lias boon made even in comparison with those of C/opan and other Central American ruins; hut monuments and tVai,nnents thus far hroui^lit to Hj^ht are found scattered over a space of some three tliou- sand s(|uare feet, on the banks of a small creek which em]>ties into the Motajjfua. The site is only very sliiihtlv elevated above the level of the river, and is conse(iuently often Hooded in times of hioh water; indeed, durinuf a more than ordinaiy freshet in 185'J, after Mr Catherwood's visit, several idols were under- mined and overthrown. No alioriyinal name is known for the locality, Quirii»'ua beinjif merely that of a small village at the foot of Mount ^lico, not far distant. There beinive the slight descriptions obtain- able, with very slin'ht reference to their arraniu^ement, l)e<(iimin<2f witli the ])yramid which seems to occuj)y a somewhat central position round which the other relics are gToui)ed. Catherwood's descrijition of this struc- ture is limited to the statement that it is "like those at C\)pan, with the steps in some i)laces perfect." and twentv-tive feet hisjh. Scherzer's account only adds that it is constructed of neatly cut sandstone in re<*'U- lar oblouij^ blocks, and is very nuich ruined, hardly more, in fact, than a confused mass of fra,<»'ments, anionic which were found some pieces of fine white marble. But under this structure there is, it seems, a foundation, an artificial hill, or mound, of rough stones witliout mortar. The base is an irregular square, the dimensions of which are not stated, with a sj)ur ex- tending toward the south. The steps which lead \\\) 1 s IS,")."),) iuid ( Ii;ivo not fdiind it ([untcd clse\vlu>ro. Ihuhi^s Cnif. Anirr., pp. G.")-l!. also I'liiitiiiiis ii luii't ai't'ouut from a sourco not stated, and this is ([uotod lU'iirly in full in l/i/jm S/ion. t'tiiii]., vol. ii.. pp. i;{S-'.>. The ruins ari' sli^ditiy nuMitioncd in }Iitvfiriijor\'i I'nuiri.ss of Aniir., vol. i., ])j). cSTS !•, and in lin/i/irui'.s Aiic. Aiiitr., ])p. 114-17, wlicro it is ini-orrwtly stated that Mr Stejiiiens jtersonally visited CJuirijjrua. !?rasseur do liourhonr;: say-: 'Nous li's avons vi.siteos en KStiS, ot nous possedons les dessins desj)lnsienis des nionolithes iju'on y voit, faitsparM. William liaily, il'lzabal.' ralcnqm, iiitrod., ji. 'I'l. See also the additional references in Note 1. IILINS OF (^rillKJrA. Ill tlie sides to tlic super-imposed stiuicturo are onl}' (jiylit (tr nine iiu'IiLs liii^li and six or seven inelies in width, reinaiiiini4' intact only at a few points. In tlie upj>er iiart of the luound are two or tliree terraees, on the lirst of whicli several recesses, or niclies, of no »jreat extent are noticed; tliey are lined with small rt)ni;h stones, ])lastered, and in a t^ood state of preservation, details which indicated to the ohserver that these niches niav he of more modern ori<'in than the rest of the ruin. There are no traces ot openm_i>s to show that the hill contained undersj;round apartments; neither are there any scul})tures on the hewn stones of the j>yramih he says iiotliiiiL;(»f an enclosure. The first is a stone ota loni*- oval tonn like a human head, six feet hij^h and thirty- live feet in circumference, the surface heiuijc *'oveied with carved ti^ures in demi-relief, whicli for some rea- son have heen hetter ])reserved and j)resent clearer out- lines than other carvings at Quirigua. ( )ne of the most clearly defined of these scul]»tures represents a sitting female, whose legs and hands are wanting, hut whose arms hang down to the ground. A prominent feature is her head-dress, sixteen inches high, the u])])e; part of which is an i(h)rs head crowned with a diadem. The forehead is descrihed as nari'ow, dejiressed ahove aiu. pi-ojecting helow. The features are indistinct, hut the fo'iii of the head is of what iScherzer teiins the In- ■* 'I'lic I'li'iicli version of Catlicrwood's notes has it, 'Au rentroiln ciniuc, ilaiis lc(|iit'l (III (li'scend jiar dcs (ii';;rL's tii's-rtroils, ji y a niic ^rrandc ]iiciic anoiKlic, lioiit le contour jiroscnte ln'aiicou|» (I'll ieroi^dy plies t-t (i'inscrijitions; lifiix tctcs iriioirinic, til' iiroportion plus uraiidt' ijuc natun', parraisM'ut sciiitciiir ccttf tat)k', latiucllc est couvcrtt' dc vi';;(''tation dans la plus yrande liartic." Sounllia Aiiiiulcs den Voij., 1840, toni. Ixxxviii., p. 377. 112 ANTKiUITIES OF (UATF.MALA. ■ i! mm III i i":ii i:l|! (li.'ui ty|»(\ Oil tlio south side of tliis l)lo(lc, or altar, is tho ni(l(! ti^airo of a turtle five fuct liiL>h. Tin; toj) is covered with onuuuental fii^ures represeiitiuL,'' plants and fruits, all the varieties there delineated heinn'such as still flourish in this rei^non. The sides hear also faint indications of hieroi^lyphics. ])r Sdierzer ho- licves that the stone used in the construction of this altar must have heen found on the s})ot, since l»y rea- son of its ii^reat size it could not have heen In'ounht froju a distance with the aid of any mechanical a})[>li ances known to native art,* The second of these monuments is like a mill-stone, four feet in diameter and two f«3et thick, cut from harder material than the other objects. A tiger's head nearly covers one side of the disk, and the rest of the surface, includino- the rim, is covered with hieroi'-lyphics, several of these mysterious sit'-ns apj)earin»^ on the animal's forehead. The third of the relics found near the pyramid is a fraiji'ment ei^'hteen feet lon^" and five feet wide, the upper portion having disappeared. The human face ajipears at ditferent i)oints among- its liierogly[)hics and ornaments. Three or four hundred yards nortliward fi'om the mound, and at the foot of a '})yramidal wall,' con- cerning Avhich we have no information hcyond the mention of its existence, is a group of sculptured idols, ])illars, or obelisks, star^ding in the forest like those in the sacred enclosure at Coi>an. Indeed, they hear a strong resend)lanco to the latter, except in their greatei- height and less elaborate sculpture, which is also in h)wer relief. Twelve of them are detinitely mentioned, the smallest of which is nine feet high, and the largest twenty-six feet al)ove ground, increasing in size toward the top, leaning twelve feet out of the })er])endicular, and reijuiring, of course, some six or eight feet below < 'VVahi'schcinlich benutzton die Erhauor einen liier srlion voi'liandeiipu grosseu Felsliloek zu iliieii Zwockcii, deiiii der Transjioit i-iiii's Sti'iiies vim SDlchor (iiosse uiid I'infaii;; udt den l)e\ve<;endeii Kriifteii wek'lie dioMU Vctlkorn imitliiiiaMslicli zu Gebotc staudeu, wiire sonst kaiiiu bogreitlicli' Schcrzer, Quirigud, p. 7. m STATII'.S ol" (,»lli;i(il\. 113 tlio surt'act' to sustain its wt'inlit in siicli a jmsition.'' Tlitv all' from two to tlircu i'oL't thick iiiul four to six f'ot't wide. In most instances a luinian face, male or female. a{»|)ears on tin; front oc iiack orl>otli; while the sides are covered lor the most part with hiiro- !;lv|»hits, \\hi<'h are also seen on vaiious pai'ts of tlu; dress and ornaments. One statue is, however, uk n- tiitiied, which, althoun'h crowded witli ornaments, lias no character, a|>i>arently, of hieroglyphic natui'e. ihn) of the idols, twenty-three I'eet hi,L;h, stands on a stone foundation projectini;' some fifteen feet; and another, ciicular instead of rectangular in foi-m, rests on a Muall mound, within a wall of stones onidosini;' a small circular ai'ea.*' in one the human figure has a head- di'ess of whirominent pait. while in yet anotlu'r the head is half human and lialf animal. In hoth cases the aim of the artist Would seem to have heen to inspii-e terror, as in the case of some Nicaran'uan idols ali'eady noticed. Mi- ( "athiTwood made sketches of two of the ohelisks, iiichidiii'^' the leaning' one, the l-ir^vst of all; hut <'•■; lie could not clean them of moss in the limited tinu; at his disposal, he makes no attempt to ^ive tlu' de- tails of sculpture, and a re]iroduction of the ]»lates is therefore not deemed lu'cessary. The two monuments sketched hy him could not he found at all hy l)r Schcizcr. The Quirio-ua i(h)ls have not, like those at ('opaii. altars in Iront of them, hut several altai's, or aiipareiitiy .such, were found huried in moss and eartl and not cai'efully exan)ined hy either of the explore . Tliey are usually of round oi" o\al I'oi'in, with liii^'m- ulyphicaily inscril>ed sides; and one of them, w itliin till' circular w:dl with stej»s, ali'eady iiRiUtioned as en cl(;sinn' one of the statues,' is described as su]»j)orted ^^^ ' ' I'hi^ iiicliiu'i" (|ii(' la tmir (Ic Pise' Xnnrrlli s Annidi s ilcn ]'iiii., ISIO, |on vorli.anili'iiiMi ^H ti.ni. l.wwiii., |i. S7(i. Sti'iiiL's vim ^H '' Str|iiiciis" text, Ciiit. Aimr., vol. ii., \). I'J'J. leaves it iinccitiiiii •fk'hi' tlii'^"^ ^^B \\lM'tli('r it is tiic statue or flic altar at'leiw arils iiieiitioneil wliicli nstsiiM |iim hegreitUcu. ^^^ the i'le\,iiiim. 'riu> Freiieli text, however, imlieates tiiat it is the foriiier. ^ Sfi' Niitcs (! ami ',\. Vol. IV. s ill lU ANTKiirriHS OK (il ATKMAI.A, l>y two colossal heads. Many rra;j^iiic'iits were noticed which Hi'e not desciihed ; and here as elsewheri! mon- uments superior to any seen were re|>oi-tcd to exist by enthusiastic guides and natives; in which latter class of anti()iiities are eleven s([uare columns hij^her than those mentioned, ane town, which has Icl't no traces, must have stood in the inunediate vicii "'v.' The idols scattered over the surface of the i>roui i- stt^-id of heint;' located on the j)yranuds, may ihu. ,.ir here as at Coj)an that the elevations served as seats foi' si)ectators durin^' the religious ceremonies, rathci' than as temples or altars on whit-h sacrifice was made. Both ohseiAers ai;i'ee on the general similarity hetwcm the monuments of Quii'iijjua and ( 'opan,'" and the hieroolyjjhics are ])i-onounced identical. Indeed, it seems altogether prohahle that they owe their exist- once t.) tl le same era an( 1 tl le ame peo|)K Ste])hens notes, besides the <>'reater size Ml ■^1' anc I 1 owel' ** Baily, ('i-)it. Aimr., ])n. fi.Vfi, snniH u]) all the rolics -.' Qiiiri;;ua as folliiws: seven i|iia(liilat('ral (■(iliiiiiiis, twelve to twenty-live fi-et lii^^ii, lliici' t(i live feci at liase; fonr |)ieees of an iire^mlar oval shape, twelve liy hn m' e!e\('n feet, not unlike sareo]p|iaj.'i; two larj,'e siiuaie slabs seven and a liali liy three fi'et and over three feet thick; all except the slalis hein;; covcliil on all sides with elahoiately \vron;,dit and well-deline(l sculptured llj.'-nres of nn'n. wmnen, animals, folia;.;e, and fanciful rejjresentations. .Ml the chI- iinins art! moreover of a sin;,'le jjiece of stone. 9 Net Scherzer thinks that 'es ist niiht ;:anz unwahrscliciiilich. dass die Monunu'nte von (^uirij^Uii noch /nr Zeit der sjcuiisclien Invasion ihnT rcli- j,'ic>sen IJestimmuiij,' dienten, uml dass anch cine Stailt in der Niihe ninli hewohnt war,' (Jiu'rii/iid, ]>. IT), althuii^h there is no record of such a jilaco in the annals of the cotniuest. '" Althou;;h Haily, Cnif. Aiiirr.. p. fifi, says 'they do not resenihlc ia Hcul])ture those of I'alenciue. . . .nor are they similar to those of Copan. . .. They sn^'<,'est the i "' All tllL- -nl- ilicli. tliiss ilk' ^idii Hirer rt Ti- r Niilio ii«"li such a lilait; it n'sfuililf ill l.if Ciiiiaii. • ■ Irci'ords ratlur fllAIMI.i () AM) (IIINAMirA. iir. nlii'f of tlic <^)uiriL;'ua nionunicnts, tliat tlicy afc ''Ic-^s I jell in dt'sit^ii, and nioi'f I'adrd and worn, |»r<>l»al>ly lu'iiii,' nt' a mncli older date. ' Dr Sclici/cr s|»i'aks nt" tliu vit att r )»lnni|HK'ss of tlie srnl|itni"c'd fiyni'i's, and lias 11(1 I'aitli in their y-reat anti(|nity, hclii'vini;' that the |()U rehet' carvings on so soj't u nmterial, NMudd, wlun t\|Miscd in an atmosphere so moist, huvu heeii utterly uhliterated in a th wliith strps lead to tlu! summit platform, where dehi'is of Ili'U II stone are envelo|)i'(l in a «lense vegetation. .\I at ('hinamita, some sixtei'U miles uhove (.^)uiriniia on the same sidi' of the river, the same authority reports a larne arija covered with uhorii^inal I'elics, in tlio form of ruined stone structures, vases and idols of hurned clay, and monoliths huried for the most jiai't in the eaitli. Of course, with this nieai^iv information, it is iiiipossihle to form any di'tinite idea of what these liiis really are, and whether tliey should he classed with (^)iiiri;4iia and ( 'opan, or with a more modern class of (hiati'inalan anti(piities. The same remai'k will alio ilv also to manv of the localities of this state, of lit t, ' uliose relics we have no desciMption in detail.^- At Micla, or Mimilla, some three leao'ues north of lake viiiijar, or l^xaca, which is on the houndary he- tweeu (Guatemala and Salvador, tn ices ot a sac)'e( town with its eiies and temples are spoken of as vi.s- i'lle in la?*). They are rejii'esented as of the class ejvctfd hy the Pipiles who occupied the region at the tiiae of the conquest.'* Still farther south-west towards the coast, a few " Tlio s'Milpttiro prpsont-i no oM-wDrM afliiiitics wliatover. A crrtaiii iii:iiM'ii('s-i III cxccniidii, iiii|ilviii.Lr iiitcriiir tiiiils. (listiii;.aiiNlies tlictii frniii llic iiMi-i'-t r,^y|iliaii carN iii;,'s. ISntli ;;niuiiiii.i; and (•xcciitiiiii indicate a still li.iili.iric state iif art, wiili no advaneeil idea of lieaiity, the patience and iihlu>lry (It the wnrUinen lieiii;,' more renuirkahlu than their ideas or skill. .S'/c /•:((•, Qii/'riipiii, p. 11-12. '- //'.v.sr, ill S/nrs, Millihniin-iha, p. 2.J0. '■' I'ahti-iv, Coiid, j)p. Gl'. no ANTI<,»riTIi:s OF (H'ATKMAI.A, miles soiitli of (.'oinapa, arc tlie ruins of Ciuaca. MecalUt, a name said to mean 'k]U)tti'(l I'ojic' The Ivio Paza liei'e forms the honiulary liiu^ hetweeii tlie two states, and from its noi'therii 1>aiik I'ises ahi-uptly a iiiouiitaiu eliain. On the summit, at a })oiiit coin manding- a ])road view over a lai;<4'e ])ortion of Sal\,i dor, is a plain of considerable extent, watered hy sevei;il small mountain streams, which unite and fall over ;i ]>recipice on the way to the river helow. On tlic liij;!iest ])ortion. of this summit jdain interc.-^tint'' worlvs of the former inhahitaiits have been discovered by 1 ). .bjsc Antonio Urrutia, jiadn? in ''liarn'e of the churdi at Jutia})a.'* The remains 0+' ( 'inaca-ATecallo cover an ("al area formerly surrounded by a wall, of which lVa!>nients vet remain sufficient to Uiark the line oi'i" inally followed. Within this space are vestiges of streets, ruined buildini^'s, and subterranean passages. Padre ITri'utia makes special mention of four moini- nuuits. The first is wliat he terms a temple of the sun, an excavation in the solid rock ojicMiiuL;' towards t\\c rising- sun, and having at its entrance an ai'cliw.iy known to the natives as 'stone of the sun,' Ibriud! of stone slabs (dosely joined. On these slabs aiv' carved in low I'elief figures of the sun and moon, t>) which are added hieroglyphics painted on tlie stoin' with a very durable kind of ivd varnish. There arc also some sculjitured hieroglyphic signs on the interinr walls of this artiticial cavern. Tlie second monument is a gi'cat slab ct)vered v.'ith carved inscriptions, among wdiicli Were noted a tree and i skull, eiiiblcmatif, according to the pa'Ire's views, of life and death. Next is mentioned the rej)re.sentation of a tigei" ni' other wild animal cut on the side of a large rock. This monument is, it appears, some distance from tip' " Pa Iro I'lTiiliii iMililisl|('(I an accomit of liis iii\osti;^atii>iis at riiiar.i- Moi'allo ill till' (iiirrlii ill' i'l nnliiHiilii , aci'dicliii;;' to I'mxniiif dr Jliiiirii'>"i'i. Ilisl. Nut. f't'i'., toiii. ii., ;.. .S!, 'I'lic must ('(iniplctc dcsiTiiitioii, liii\\i'\ rr. lu' <;uve ill a letter t(» '.'i. (J. S(|iiier. who iniMislK'il the saMie in liis '• ' AiiK'r., pp. .'M'J 1. Till' siihstaiii'e uf tlie letter may lie foiiinl i I lidhli'-ni' • Alio. AiiiiT., ]). l'_M; and a I''reneli versiuii in Xniirrllr.s- Aiiimlr.silis I • /. . lSo7, tom. eliii., |ip. ISJ (!. ("INA('A-MKi'AI,Li>. 117 other ruins, nnd is coiijectiuvd I)y I'rriitia to 1h> a coin- iiu'iiioratioii of some liistorieal event, from tlio liu t t!iat t!ie natives still eelel»i'at(^ jiast (le»_(ls of valor Ity (i,iiii( s, or sec^nir representations, in wliieli they dress iii imitation ot" diileicnt animals. ^Ir S(|uier suLif.U'i'st.s fiither that the event tlnis eommemoi-ated may have h.iii a eonllirt ])et\veen the I'i[)iles and tlie ( akchi- i|iiil>. in which tlie latter were driven jiei'manently I'll mi this district. The fourth and last of these U'.on- iiiiii'iits is one of tlie suhterranean passaij;'es which tlie f\j>lirc|- penetrated until he reached a kindofcham- hrr wliere were some sculptured hlocks. This under- "Tiuud apartment is celehrated amoui'' the natives as liaviiii;- heen in modern tin>es the rt;s(trt of a famous lohhcr chief, who was at last hroui^ht to hay and cap- tiiivd here in his strt)nnhold. The material emj)lwy( d in ail the Cinaca-^Fecallo structures is a slate-like >tone in thin hlocks. joinevl hy a cement whi(.'h resem- h!(s in color and consistence molten lead. Some of ihc car\'ed hhn'ks v,'er( sent hy the discoverer as speci- iiifiis to the city of (hiat' mala. Outside the walls ;iiv tinnuli of earth and small stones, with no sculp- tured fi'an'inents. 'i'h.ese are sup[iosed to he hurial mounds. ii!,d to vaiy in size according;' to the I'aidc and iiiilioitance of the personaL;'es whose restin!^'-j)laces tii( V 1 lark. ridccedin^' now north-eastward to the reoion Jvimx witliiii a circle of iiftv miles ahout the city of (Juate- mala as a centi'e, we lia\e a reported cavt' on the liaritiida of I'enol, jterhaps twenty-live miles east of < hiatcniala, which is said to have heen e\[il<»red for at ItMst a distance of one mil", and is lu'lieved hy the iTiduloiis natives to extend eleven lea^'ues tlii'oUL;h llii' iiioiiiitain to the Kio de los Ksdavos. In this cav- ern, or at least on the same hacienda, if we may credit I'miites, human hones of extraordinary size v.ere toiiiid, includino- shin-hones ahout five feet in Kii'^th. Tlicsc hum in relics crumhled on hein^' touc led, hut tiagineiits were carefully gathered up and sent to lis ANTIQUITIES OF (JTATILMALA. m Gnatoniala, since wliicli time nothing is known (»f thcni.'^ On tlie liucienda of Carrizal, sonic twenty miles nortli of (Juatemala, we hear of cych)})ean de- bris, or masses of great unhewn stones heaped one on another witliout cement, and forming gigantic walls, which cover a considerable extent of territory on the lofty heights that guard the a}»})roaclies to the Mota^ua Vailey.i« The innnediate vicinity of Guatemala seems not to liave yielded any anti(iuarian relics of importance. ]\r. Valois rej)orts the j)lain to he studded with niouiiils Avhich the natives -'jgai'd as the tonihs of their anccs- toi's, which others i^ave , earched for treasure, hut which he helieves to he ant-hills." Ordonez claini.s to have found liere two pure copper metlals, fac-simiks one of the other, two inches in diameter and three lines thick, a little heavier than a ^le.xican peso fueitt', engraved on both sides, as shown in the cut, which 1 ('(ilHicr Mcilal iit (illiltciiiala. give hei'ewith notwithstanding the fact that this must \)e. I'egarded as a relic of douhtful authenticity. \'> Jiiiiri-'is' lli.sl. Ciiiit., |i|i. I."), :{(»S \k -lIJ-1. " I'aloi.s, Mui'iitr, lip. '4;«» 1. I COl'lKIt MKDALS AND FOKTIF K'ATIOXS. 110 iiriiiiitidii fi""' Of CilUl>v II') ^r. T)iii>;iix noticed an indication of tlio nso of tliu c()inj)ass in tlio centro of one of the sides, tlic fiy- uivs on tlie same side representiiiLC a kneelinL>', liearded, turl>aned man, between two lierce heads, perhaps of crocochK's, whicli a})pear to defend the entrance to a niountaiiious and wooded conntiy. Tlie re\'ei'se pre- sents a serpent coiled ronnd a frnit-tree, and an ea,, viil. \y ., |(1, viii., ti;,'. I'_'. Iii;^li llic ipii;^-- iiil ri'ails '1(1 ('iii'(tiitr('( en ( Jiialcniahi ' ami tiif I'li'iicli ' l"a tnpiivcc a (Ml dcviii' may itniiii)iiii('al liailitiniis ul' ilic ancients, the i|icnl iif tl [Mile, the (lra;i(in, tlie e|iliis. the a]i]ilc> iif the lt>|icri(lrs, ic; and the reverse nia\- he the Mexican traditicni uf the crea- lili, the I'vthon, or tlie ser|icnt killed hy ( 'ailimis I I ( 'ahii'ia, '/' nhn ' 'n- '■V. pp. .■>;{-."). jd. i., who was the hearer of one of the nicdais to the kin.;,' "tsp.iiii. speaks of it as niaile of lirass, and pionoiinces it to he "a concise liloiv of the priniitivo )io|inlatioii of this part of North .\inerica.' 'I"li(^ 'ii|, ill his opinion, is an eajrle with a serpent in its heak and claws. His iillication of this ndie to history will he mure ap|pn>priate when 1 come to tiif of the orij;in of the Americans, I yy/.v/. Md'j., vol. vi., pp. 57-8. IM ' , ii 1 120 ANTIQIITIKS OF (iUATEMALA. (lui)t'j(l by Juiirros, spuiiks of a cavern on a small ridi;c! hy tlio .si(l<3 oi' the ruins. The entrance was a J)()ric portico of clay ahout three feet wide and liiu'li. A tii^ht of t!iirty-six stone ste})s leads down to a room one hundi'ed and twenty feet S(juare, followed hy another flight still leadiniif downward. This latter stairway no one has had the courage to fidly exj)lore, on account of tlie tremulous and insecure condition, of the ^njund. Eighteen steps down this second flight, however, is an arched entrance on the right side, to a }»assat;e which, ai'ter a descent of six stej)s, has been explored for a distance of one hundred and foi'ty feet. Furtliermore, the autlujr tells us there are some ex- travagant (!) accounts not W(»rtliy of in»pli<-it Itelit-f, and consequently not repeated hy him. Hassel states that gigantic hones have Ijceii found here, and that the cave is natural, without any artificial improvements whatever.-" In this same vallev, where the Pancacova l\iver enters the Xilote})ec, Juarros sjieaks of "a I'ange of cohuims curiously wrought, with ca])itals, mouldiiigs, etc.; and a little farther on there are several round cis terns Ibrmed in the rock." The cisterns are about I'our feet in diameter and three feet dee'i, and mnv have served onginallv, as tlie autlior remai th ith 1 ' rks, \ or washinL> auriferous earths in the search for gold.'-' 'Hie Santa AFaria River, near its junction with the ^^(ltagua, is said to How foi' a longtli^tance underground, and at tlu enti'ance to its subterranean channel are re[>oited sonu (•ar\ings, the work of human hands, but from super stitious lears tlie interior of tliis bewitched cave ha never heen exi)loi'e(l iVta})a, twelve or lifteen miles southward IVom ( xUi 2" .^/ ('c)iiniianaiii til ffis/. ditiit., j)|.. tSS-O Ti 11" riiiiis iirc ii iiatcil on a roi: If iiiiK'tinii III till' iMMTs IMxi-ivall anil Miila.u;'aa. Hn ,lr I tuH rt'ttt I't^ /, llisl. X<;l. <'ii\, liiiii. ii , ji. 'yl\. liiiiiis III" till' aiiriciit I'i ital of till' ('akcliii|iu'l kiiv^'s. Ihissil. Mix. limit., ii|i. :{:i:{, ;{."..' (iiialilc liar li's ruiiit's ilc raiiriciuu' furlcicsstMlii iiu'iiir iioiii.' I.' Ii / r7 Cintt. ■-■1 ,// iiirlii 1) 'JtiCi; Miilti -llriiii, I'irri.\' (/r /ii li'm;/.. toiii. \i,. ]i. 470. //.\7. Ilii'il., pp. 4S7 S; Ifiiswi/, ^fr.c. (liiiiL, p. W.Vi. jhs.sc, ill I'iicers, Mittcluiinrika, p. '!",. PKTArA, ItOSAKK), AM) PATINAMIT. 1:11 a small e was a ul hi.^li. » a room ;)\vetl by is latter explore, i(litioi) ot" 1(1 Hioht, ;i(le, to a has been Drty feet, ■iome ex- •it belief, ;si"l states 1 that the oveiilelits ya Hlver rau^'e of u)ul(liii,us, )Uiul eis- »out four ay have washiiri.'' le Santa ta'jfua, is 1(1 at the ted somi 111 siijx'r •ave ha \)in (!uj il 1)11 a rov 111, /l(V(.'.'.V( ■ aiK'ii'iit <"- ' Ui'in - .. \>. 170. v.vs. friiiala on Lake Amatitlan is another of the localities w lui-f the old authoi's repoi't the (liscov(.'i'y of mani- iiintli human bones, including' a tooth jis iar^c as a man's two tists. Sueh reports, where they ha\e any otht'i' than an ima^'inary foundation, may jji-obably n'>ult iVoin the tin(lin^• of animal hones, by whi( h tlie ;;(i(iil padies W(;re deceived into the belief that they !i:id come U])on traces of the ancient giants iv]torted ill all the native ti'aditions, which did not seem to ilieiii unworthy of belief, since they were t(;l(l else- w liere that ''there were giuuts on the earth in those I ... "-3 (lays. At llosario, einht or ten miles south of the same l.il^e, we have a bare mention of a beautiful aipieduct ill nilns.'-' 'I\venty-liV(> or thirty miU's west of the lake, at the western toot of the volcano of Fue^'o, ] )on .hise Mari'a Asmitia, a Chiatenicdan official of anti([ua- li.ni tendencies, reports the disco\'ery on his I'state of a well-jireserved acpU'duct, constructed of hewn stone and mortar, to,L;'etlier with nine stone idols each six feet ill height. Jle {)ro]»osed to make, at an eai'ly (late, more thorough explorations in that vicinity. Like other ex[)loi'ers he had his theory, althoULih he h id not jiersonally seen even the I'elics on liis (Avn estate; deriving;' the American culture from a ( 'ai'tha- i;iiiian source.-"' Farthei" south on the Lacitic low- lands, at a j)oint called ( 'alche, between l^scuintla and Sie liiiieiieijues, the Abiie iJrasseur speaks of a pyi'a- niii I cut from solid stone, which had been seen i»v many ( luatemalans.-'' i*assiiit4' now north-westward to tlu- re^'ion lyin;^' ah.nit Lake Atitlan, and noting- that the town of So- I'llii oil the nortliern lake-shore is said to bi; built o made out the foundations of two buildings, one of lj)tured them filty by one hundred feet. Two sen figures were ])ointed out by the natives, lying on tli ground, .on one of which the nose and eyes of some animal were discernible. Fuentes, who wrote in the century following the coiKpiest, observed, during his examination of the city, more deiinite ti'aces of its former gi'andeur. 'J'wo gates of chay-stone afforded entrance to the nai'i'ow passage which led up to the il to i:j jilatt'au; a coatmg, or layer, of clay covered the soi a depth of two feet; and a trench six or eiglit feet dee[», faced with stone and having also a breastwork of masonry three feet high, running north and south across the table, divided the city's site into two pdi- tions, iidiabited, as is suggested, respectively l>y tin' Tlic (list nice li stated til lu' (ino fourtli of a iiiilc, mw iiiik' aiul a half, one R'airm.', and ont' loa'^iie and a half liy dillcrtMit writers iik^ nUINS OF PATINAMIT, 123 1)V til.' ])lL'l)L'ian and aristocratic classes of its original citizens, 'J'lif sti'eet-liiies, crossing' each other at ri^lit anvil's, Avere traceahle, indicatiii'jc that the citv was renularly laid out in hlocks. One of tlie structui'cs whose fouiidations were then to be seen was a luuidred yards s(|uare, besides wliicli there remained tlie I'uiiis of what is described as a i)ahice, and of several houses. West of the citv, on a mound six feet hiyii, was "a ])('destal formed of a sinning' substance, resemltlini;- ^■las> 13 rasseur also mentions 'vastes souterrams, whicli, as usual, he does not deinn farther to describe. 'I'he modern town is built to a considerable extent, and its streets are paved, with fragments of tlie hewn stone from I'atinamit, which have been carried jiiece by ])it'ce on the backs of natives up and down the sides of the barranca. The aborigines still look with feel- inu's of su})eistiti()us respect on this memorial of their am-estral glory, and at times their faithful ears detect the chimes of bells ])roceeding from beneath the hill. A famous black stone was, in the days of abori-'inal independence, an object of great venei'ation in the ( 'akchi(piel religious rites connected with the fate of jiiisoiiers, its shrine being in the de})ths of a dark ]a\ine near at hand. In Fuentes' time it had been consecrated by the Catholic bishop ami i)laced on the altar of the church. He describes it as of singular hcauty and about eighteen inches stpiare. Stephens I'olUU 1 it still on the altar, the oliject of the ])eo])l e s jealous veneration; and when his Sj)anish comj>anioii liad, with sacrilegious hand, to the intiiiite terror of tile [larish [)riest, ripped open the cotton sack in which tlie relic was enveloped, there \[)eared only a ]tlain piece of ordinary slate measuring ten by fourteen iiiilies. Brasseur de Bourbourg, h(»wever, believes that the former visitors were both in error, and that tlie original black stone was never ])erniitte(l to i'all into the hands of the Spanish unbelievers.-'' At Pat- -"' ./ larnis' Jlist. (hint.. \\\i. .SS'2-4; liis aiitliiirity liciiij,' Fiinitrs, III runl. liiriii.'. Ms., tiiiii. i., lil). iii., cap. i., and HI). \\., rap. v.; Siipli'ii-s 'o, the aborijji'inal Xelaliuli, is some tweuty-tive or thirty miles westward from Lake Atit- 1 111. Jn the days ot* Quiche ])ower this city Avas 0:10 oi' the lari,*'est and most })owerl'ul in the land, I find n ) evidence that any remains of the town itself aie to be seen, thoui^'h Wap[)iius speaks of such remains, even classing' them with the most ancient ty})e of (jruatemalan anti(iuities. Two fortresses in this vicin- ity, however, ()linte}»ec and Parrazcjuin, sup})osed to have guarded the approaches to Xelahuh, are said to have left some traces of their former stren'2i>. Acconlin;,' to lirasscnr's statiMiicnf, M. Daly niailc dniwing.s at Patinuiiiit, seen hy the .Vhlu', and to he ]>nhlisliod. 30 S/rji/iriis' Crtif. Aiiirr., vol. ii., p. 140. 3' ' In the pioviiici' of (j>nozalt('nan;,'o, thoro arc still to ho mot with tho vcsti^jes an( foundations of many lar;,'c fortresses, anion;; which is the cele- lirateil one of I'arrazunin, sitnateil on tho conliiies of Totonieanan and t^) lezallenaii;,'!); and the eitadel of ( )lintepeiine, formed with all tlu^ intri- c^ii'ies of ii laltyrinth, and which was the chief defence of the important cily of Xelalnh.' Junvnts' Hist, (liint., pp. 4S;!, .'{Tit. Sliu'ht m(;ntion also, T):i)l)alily rcstiTi;;; (tu no otiier anthority than the jtaraLtranh ahove (pioted, i;i Ji'djtjHius, iliu'j. II. S.'ut., J). "217; Jfii^sc/, Mr.r. Uiuit., p. 1111. HUIXS OF I TATLAN. 125 vi'Sjpects, wlien compared ^vitll tliose of Qulrii^iui aiul ( 'njian, constitutes their cliiet' importance in arclueo- l(»'^ical investij^ations. Like Patinaniit, IJtatlan stood (III a plateau, or mesa, bounded l>y a deep ravine on (vcrv side, a part of which ravine is believed to be (if artificial construction. The barranca can only be crossed and the site of the city reached at one })oiiit, (loin the south-east. (Juardin^' this sin^h? ajtproadi, Jit the distance of about half a mile irom the vilhiine ot" Santa Cruz, are the ruins of a lonijf line of stiuu-- tures of carefully laid hewn stone, evidently mtendcd as Ibrtilications and connected one with another bv a (litcli. Within this line and more inunediately _i>uard- iiiH' the ))assage, is an immense fortress, FA llesnuardo, one lumdred and twenty feet hi,uh, in the form of a s;[tiare-based pjTamidal structure, with three ranges i)f terraces, and steps leading up from one to anothei-. A stone wall, plastered with a hard cement, incbjses the area of the sunnnit platform, in the centre of wliich rises a tower furnished with steps, A\hich were also oi-iginally covered with cement. Crossing the liarranca from the fv)rt llesguardo, we find the tablo wliich was the site of the ancient city covered throui-h- out its whole extent with shapeless masses of ruins, among which the foundations of a few structures o!ily can l)e definitely made out. The chief editice, known as the grand castle, or palace, of the Quiche kings, and said to have been in round imnd)ers eleven hundred hy twenty-two hundred I'eet, occu})ied a central ])osi- tinii. its upi)er portions have been carried away and used in the construction of the modern town, but in I ^10, if we may trust the cura of the jiarish, the liuilding was still entire. The floors remain, covered wiili a hard and durable cement, and nlso fragments nt' the i)artition walls sufficient to indicate something of the original ground })lan. A plaster of finer (luality than that employed on the floors and pyra- mids, covers the inner walls, with evident traces of having been colored or painted. The ruins of a 12G ANTIQUITIES OF GUATEMALA. fouutiiiii appear in an open court-yard, also pavid with cement. Another structure, El SacriHcatorio, still visihle, is a pyraniicl of stone sixty-six feet s(piare at the hase and, in its present state, thirty-three feet hi_u;'h, the plan and elevation of wliich are shown in the cuts. Each side except the western is ascended El Sacrilicatorio at Utatlau. ,!:i hy a fliii^ht of nineteen steps, each step eight inches wide and seventeen inches high. The western side is covered with stucco, laid on, as is ascertained by care- ful examination, in several successive coatings, each painted with ornamental figures, among which the body of a leopard only could be distinguished. The l)yraniid is su])ported by a buttress in each of the four corners, diminishing in size toward the top. The sum- mit is in ruins, but our knowledge of the Quiche relig- ious ceremonies, as set forth in the preceding volume of this work, leaves little doubt that this was a place of sacrifice and supported an altar. No sculpture has been found in comiection with the ruins of Utatlan. Its absence is certainly remarkable; but it is to l)c noted that the natives of this region have always been of a hauglity, unsubdued sjiirit, ardently attached to the memory of their ancestors; and the destruction or concealment of their idols with a view to keeji them from the sacrilegious touch and gaze of the Avhite man, would be in accordance with their well-known character. They have the greatest respect for the holy })yramid on the plateau, and at one time when (a'lt'Hi; itKLirs OF ttatlax. 197 the reported discovcrv of a iLj^oldeii iniiiuco proinjited tlio di-'structioii of the puhiee iu search of treasure, tlio ])i)jMilar iiidiiifnatiou on tlie j)art of the natives })re- sai^L'd a serious revolt and eonijtelled the ahandonnient of the scheme, not, liowevur, until the walls had been lazud. Flint arrow-heads are mentioned as of fre- ([Ueiit occurrence aniouiif the dehris of fortifications outside the harranca, and a Spanish explorer in IH.'U found a sittino' li<>'ure twelve inches hi,<;'h, and two lie ids of terra cotta exceedingly hard, smooth, and of Ljood workmanshiji. One of the heads was solid, the other and the idol were hollow. The annexed cut s^ Ututlan Terra Cotta. sliows the sittinjTf fiufure. TTudor one of the buildinirs 1-^ an oj)enini^ to Avliat the natives re})resented as a sub- ttirauean ])assao-e leading by an hour's journey to Mijxico, but which only revealed to Mr Stephens, who entered it, the ]>resence of a roof formed by overlap- ping stones. This form of arch will be described in 128 ANTIQriTIKS OF (il'ATKMAI.A. • Ictail >vli<'ii I come to speak of more iiortlieiwi ruins, w hei'e it is of rreijueiit oeciirreiiee. That ii loiii;' time j;inst haA'e |)assi!aii and l^tatiaii, the civihzatioii of tlio builders meantime un phens' account, lie does not state that his plans and views were olitaim'd from Itiveray Maestro, .luarros, lllsf. (liiKt., p]i. SCi- N, -IST, follows Fueutes, who descrilied the city ehiclly from iiistorii:il accounts of its ori;,'inal condition, althon;,'h it seems that he also \ lulled ruins, f.as Casas, Ilint. A/iofiif/rficn, .SlS., cap. Hi., sji' 'ksot t'tiitlaii 'maravillosos edilicios de cal y canto, (le los cnaies yo \ id' iiWi..-..' Bra--- seur de I'xiurlionr;.', Ifisf. X'if. Cir., tom. ii., p]i. HtH. '(. i., p. I'.M, speaks of i;i\i'ra y Maestre's ]ilans in Stephens' w> rejoices in the ]irospect that M. C'l'sar I)aly will iiuhi ' In lies palais dcs rois de (jMiiche a T-'^ pas ;r(''onictri>/., \>>-',, to . .x.x.\\., \>. 'XIW. ' Fn I'tlatan haliia ninclms y nniv ^aamles nirs otenip.iis de sii< Idolos, de maiavillosos edilicios, _\ yo vi ai^xumts auni|ue muy avruinadu^.' /unfit, in I'liliirii), Ciirlii, \)\i. ]'2^~4. See alsoacci'iintsof these ruins mnili' up from Stephens and .luarros, in Wupjiinis, (Inuf. u. Slut., \\. •_'S(), iind Riir/idi-i/f, Crnf. Anirr., ]i. 7-; also mention in Mdllc-Iinin, /'nn's i/i /■' Hi'ii',1., tom. vi., |i. 470; L(iri)iitiiilii ri\ .}frr. rf (liitit., pp. •JCiC), "^74; (}itliiiil<', in Aiifi'/. M<.,\, tom. i., div. ii., jip, 7.'?-S; Rmir Amrr., 182G, tom. i., yy- .S.'i.'V ."i; Mii//ir, .liiim/iiiiii.sr/ic fi'ir/ii/iu./rn, p. 402. '^'^ ^Iqi/iciiii' Cent .liner., vol. ii., [>. 11)2. incorrect, Imt rrect drawinj;-. louj'ue et M7f) miXS OF lllKIIUETEVAXGO Oil ZAKULKU. 129 as Las Cuev.is, These remains are in a»i advanced stale of (lilai)idati()n, liardly more than eonfused heaj»s {>{' iiihhish scattered over the j)hiin, and over^^rown with iiiass and sliruhs. Two ])vramidal structures of ritiioh stones in mortar, formerly covered witli stucco, can, however, still he made out. One of them is one lmns, each four feet in hei>^ht and seven leet wide. The top is small and scjuare, and a lon^' rou<,»'h slah found at the hase may, as ^Ir Stej)hens su*;gests, liave heen the .dtar thrown down from its former posi- tion on tlie j»latform. There are also several small mounds, su|)})osed to he sepulchral, one of whicli was opened, And disclosed Avithin an enclosure of rouj^h stones and lime some fraiiinents of bone and two vases of line workmanship, whoso nuiterial is not stated hut is j»iohahly earthen ware. One of them is .sliown in the cut, and hears a striking" resemhlanco to some of the burial vases of Nicara^rua.** Another Sepulchral Urn from Iluehuctenaiigo. hurial vault, not lonof enough, however, to contain a linnian being at full length, at the foot of one of tlie I iiuids, Avas faced with cut stone, and from it the liroprictor of the estate took a (piantity of bones and till' ttiia-cotta tripod shown in the cut. It has a pol- •'^ S(.(.' ]i. (y.\ iif this volume. VuL. IV. i) 130 ANTIQUITIES OF GUATEMALA. "1: Tril)()il from Iliu'liuetoiiiinyo ishod surface and is one foot in dianioter. At a point on tlio river wliere tlie banks had been wasliod away at the time of h\- twentv-five or thirty feet in len<»tli, and otliei^ were said to he yet hiri^er.''^ Kxtendin^- eastward from tlie region of TTueluu'ti- naii^'o to that of Salania in the provini'e of V era ]^i/, a distaiioe of nearly one hundred miles, there seems to he a. line of ruins, occnrrinij^ at freijuent intervals, ])ar- tioularly in the valley of the IJahinal and ahout tlio town of that name. A nia]) of (jiuatemala nowhofdiv me locates seventeen of tlicsu ruins, and ^[. Brasscui- de IJourhouru;' incidentally mentions many of them ly name, iu)ne of them, however, heinn" anywhere dc- scrihed in detail, it is much to he regretted that tlio last-named author, duriiiL;' a residence at IJahinal, diil not moi'e fully improve his ojtpoitunitii's for the exam- ination of these reuiains, or, at least, that he has iieMV made known to the world the lesult of his investiLja- tions. All the ruins aloni;' this line would seem tn 3'' S/r/iIirii.s' Criif. Aiifi., vol. ii., ]>]). '2'JS ^2. witli n;jrur('s of two -va-^i'-i foiiiiilat llm'liiii'tt'iitmjro ill addition to tiilr iinin-- buiirif. //is/. \n(. Cir., toiii. ii., ))|), lilt, r>('4. .Mention of the rub IHIIir ]». :M. Ilui'lint'tcna in J.at. 1") 'JS' ).-)", 1/ rnins in 111 :«; /'A, ]]'(i/i/iiiiif, I. iitf. II. S/iit., |i. '2SS. Kiij;raviii^'s of fonr xascs cojiied iVniii St. I'lilu'iis, III j.iireiKiutdcir, Mi VI'. cl diidt., [). :{70, jil. I J. in" INS IX RAP.IXAL VALLEY, IM liclonuf to tlio class of those occupied l)y the natives, cliictlv Cakclii(|iiels, at the time of the coiKpiest, most 1)1' tliciu neiiii^ the I'emaiiis of fortresses or fortiHed tn\\n> huih on stroMi*- natural ]H)sitions at the river- niciitlis, nucrding the entrance to fertile valleys. ()j)posito the mouth of the Kiver Kahinal, where the Pacalah emj)ties into the Cliixoy, or Usumacinta, a;c the ruins of Cawinal, visited hv the Ahhe Bras- scur in 1850, and by him pronounced the finest in \'cra Paz. They are situated on both sides of the sti'eam in a fine mountain-girt valley, the ap})roach to uliirh was guarded by a long line oi' forcilit anions, |i\ raniidal mounds, and watch-towers, whose remains luav vet l)c seen. Amoni*- these structures is a itvra- I « t^ It, niid of two terraces, ibrty feet high, ascended by a ritairway of three tlights, with the ruined walls of three small i)uildings on its summit. Near many of the old towns, especially in the Rabinal district, tumuli c"///'^//, 'red houses' — very like in form and material to those of the Mississippi A'alley are said to he numerous.'"' besides the ruins actually seen ajid vaguely de- si iil)ed, there ai'c rejtorts of others. The province is large and com])aratively unexj)lored, its ])e(»p]e wild and independent, and l)oth have ever l)een to travelers the ohject of much mvsterious conii'cture, increasinu' in intensity as tin,' northei'n region of I'eteii is ap- |ii'(iached. in llSoO ^fr Sipiiei- wi-ote, "tliere has lately been discovered, in the province of Xwa J*a/, ' -I":!! iiiiii-iiir'inc visit(' Ics niiiics (I'nn "rraiiilc iiniulirc >]o cosviilcs I't I li;iiiau\, (liiiit Ics |)i(sitiiiiis Mint MiliniiMlilciiiciit clniisics |)iiiir la di't'i'iisc; il I'll i'\i>li' siir iircsiiuc tonics Ics liaiitciiis i|iii cii\ iiiiiniciit la |ilaiiio ill' Italiiiial. Llics smit, ilu rcstc, ticsiioiiilircnscs il;iii-> toiitcs Ics |iii)\ inccs ;:niili iiialicnncs ct sunt line prcnvc dc rctcndiic dc Icnr anlii|Uc ipiijiula- li'iii.' Tlic cliicf one is one Icaj^ue west of Ualiinal. lli-nsm ki- ilf I'tuiir- /".'iri/. Hist. \,il. dr.. toni. ii.. |). l-J"). Itnins of ( 'aw inal, /-/., p. II'.). McMiiiiii of tumuli, Id., toni. i.. p. 1."). Mention of ruins of 'I'/niiiya, 'I'/n- liiiii, NiHi|ii)lMini, ('akyn;,', /anianch, and Salania. /'/., toni. ii., pp. t7!>, .'lO 1 (i. .^n•nlionof Neliali, rsjiantau, Italiinal, < 'a\inal. Xeocok, unil Nini- |"ikiiiii, \l'ii/i/)inis, (!>i>:f. II. Slut., pp, -iSS, •_»!l|. 'J'lic ruins located iiy Sou- lii'ii-lirii, MniKiilr tiuiil., |sr>!l. .\. dinji from west t o eiist, art' as follow ii'iil, Ncliak, llal/al. Sui/ul. I'.alliitz, t'avinal, I'acalav, Xokoc, itelcii I'ilvck, Xo/iiuti AiiUaUiil. Trak I'ocom. , C'akx ny, (.'liocotoy, Clioluioy, '1 a- 132 ANTIQUITIES OF GUATEMALA. ' i:. 150 miles nortlicast of Guatoinala, Imried in a deiisG forest, and f;ir from an}' settlejnoiits, a ruined city, sui'- passini^' Copan or Palencjue in extent and magnitieenee, and di.s})lavinLr a detrree of art to wliieh none of the structures of Yucatan can lay claim,""" The eura of Santa Cruz had once lived in Cohan, some forty miles north of Ral)inal, and four leauues from there lie <'.laimed to have seen an ancient city as larcfo as Utat- la,n, its palace l)eing still entire at the time of his visit.''** One Leon do Pontelli claims to have traveled extensively in these parts in 1859, and to have discov- ered many ancient and remarkahle ruins of great cities, at })oints inqxissihle to locate, somewhere aliout the confines of Vera l*az and l\iten. Pontelli is nut regarded as a trust woi-thy explorei", and no ]»ositive information whatever is to he ohtained from his account.'"' Not only are cities in ruins reported to exist, hut jilso somewhere in tliis rc'ion, four davs' iournev from lUatlan towards Mexico, an inhaV)ited city in all its Sil)original magniticence is said to he visihle, far out on the plain, from the summit of a lofty sieri'a. The cuia of Santa Cruz hefore mentioned had gazed u})on its glittering tui-rets and had heard fi'om the natives tra- ditions of its s})lendor, and the failure of all attemj)ts on the part of white men to a])proach its walls for the jmrpose of a closer examination. One other man had the coura mists. T\\o intelligence and general reliahility of the good cura inclined Mr .Stei)hens to i)ut some faith in tlie acviuracy of his re})oi't; others, howevei', not without reason, are sceptical al)out the matter.^'' "•7 .iinniii/ Sririi. Dt'smr., 1850, [i]). .Wl^-t. ''* Sf('/i/i('ii-s' Ciiit. Aiiin:, vol. ii., p. \\)'A. ^^ riintflli's tiri'Duiit with sonic pliitcs was ]iii1)lislic(l in the Corno '''' Vllrdiiiitr, I'liris, |S(i(t. 1 have nut seen Ihf <>ii;^inal, hut what ]iurii(iit'. t" 1(1' a. iiaiishitidii of it in tlic i'iijifi)vniii Funin'r, Nov. 7, IStii.', is the vcnr-t Itasli, I'oniaininj; nolliinj;: (h'linitf ii'spcctin^^Mhc location or (hscriplinii nt i\w jirt tciiilcd discoveries. ^" Sirphenn' L'tiit. Aincr., vol. ii,, \^]}. I'J") 7; /(/•, Yuc, vol. ii., p. -01. PIIOVINCE OF TETEN. 133 Leaving tlio lofty highlands of Vera Paz, wc do- siciul northward to the province of Peten, a coni}>ara- tivuly low region whose central i)ortion is occu2)ied by several large lakes. It is in this lake region chieHy tiiat aiitifjuities have been brought to light by the few ^i.»elers who have penetrated thi< far-off country, less known, perliaps, than any other portion of Cen- tral America. The Spaniards found the Itzas, a ]\Iaya branch from Yucatan, established here, their ca])ital, Tayasal, a city of no small ])retensions to magniti- cciice, being on an island now known as Reniedios, in Lake Itza, or Peten, where the town of Flores is now situated. Flores is built indeed on the ruins of the aboriginal city, wliich, however, has lei't no relics of sculjiture or architecture to substantiate the Spanish accounts of its magniHcent structures, which included twenty-one adoratorios. Rude earthen figures and vi-isrls are, however, occasionally exhumed ; and M. M.iiclct lieard of one vase of some hard transparent material, veiy Iteautifully formed and ornamented. Tills relic had j)assed into the hands of a Tabascan nil nliaiit. Sr Fajardo, commissioner to establish the indaiy 1)et\veen Mexico anil (Juateniala, furnished Sr I. II. (Jondra drawings of some iKtcds, or small Is, Ibund in tlie ]^eten gi-aves. Sr CJondra pro- iiHis them similar to those of Yucatan as repre- >eiitf(.l l»y Stephens." hoi llol 'Qii.itit ;i l'('\i> il'iiiio c'iti' itiysfi'TiiMiso. luiliiti'c jxir drs iii(li;.'-i'ncs, (|Mi viMjiriil iiii cciilrc till I'ficii (liiiis Ics mcmi's fdiidil iiiiis irinilrcl'ois, I'cst mil' iTiiv I'lllllc M nine i|ii'il flint l('l(';.'iiil- |iailiii li's f;uit;ii.'-it'- di' riiiia;;iiiati(ili. Co i>\[ I di Ills iiai>-iiiiii' ail 1 IK ataii, ct It's \o\a"ciirs v\\ lo it'ciii'illaiit, liii mill' t io|i iriiii|Hiilaiir('.' Miiiilit. \'(ii/i(i/i\ tiiiii. ii., II. (is. .MrOliw "II till' .iiilliiiiil y iif a late I-',ii;,'li>li cxiilorcr, Iu'licM's tlio city lo lie a !iiiic- Miiiii' fiiriiiiiiioii wliirli lias misled. //,,. (i 1' vi-iciiii' not jiM|M'olia1i iiiil'iiinnlfil. Urn .V, -S, "JC). M. Morelet, liy reason of >ii Uiii'ss. was mialile to make any |iersonaI e\]iliiiat Ti'teii 1i the islaiiil. He lias |)i-eserved, iiowt'ver, some native reports res|ieetin;:' tli« ;itii|iiilir> of the reuii 'On ti'oiive dans tout ce liriis I'dilicfs, comiiie dans le Vncathan, et des idoies' en pien niiiies ii aii- Xitiiri lira ilix ilrs ]'i)ii.. |,si.'{. tom. xevii., |i. .51. 'i'or a(|nellos monies ay iiiiijios edilieio.'i anlii,'iius grandiusus (eonio lo (jiie oy se ven en Vueailiiin) 134 AXTIQI'ITrKS OF (iUATI'MALA. Oil tliu nortli side of tlie lake is tlio small town of San JosL', and a s})()t twi) days' journe}' south-eastwaid from here -altlioui;li tliis would, accoi'dini^ to tlio maps, carry us back across tlic lake — is _L;iveii as tlie locality of three lar^e ediHces l)Ui'ied in the forest, called hy the natives Casas Grandes. All y,ve know «>f them rests on the re]>ort of an Indian chief, who Avas induced hy M. ^[orelet to depai't from the c-har- aeteristic reserve and secrecy of his race respecting- the Works of the antiguos; consecjUently the statement that the huildin^-s are covered with sculptures in hiuli lelief, closely analogous to those of l*alen(|ue, mu>t be acce})ted with some allowance/^ Two days eastward of Lake Peten, on the ronte to Belize, is the lake of Yaxliaa, Yacha, or Yasja, one of the isles in which is said to be covered with debris iiicdra,' ('oiiolIitiJn, Ifi.tf. Yiir., p. Tl'il. Mt is (li)iiliifiil if liny iiioniiiiicnts df note exist in tlic distrii't, i'\(C|pt on tlic islands, or in the innni'diato ni'i^^lilwriuHid of tlio laUi's.' S'/iii'/.< Ciiii. Anil r., |iji, r)|;{-,">. Mciitinii in Wn/i/itnis, (i'm/. ii. Slut., ji. "2!)."); lln.ii- hnlih, in Xiiiiril/is Aiii'iiirs ilrs Vii'/., \S-1~ . tiini. xxxv., |i. ;?•_'!>. ' II n'c\i-ti! 4laMs ccttf ill' an. •Ill's vt'sti^jcs d'idolfs ni dc tfiiiiilcs.' Wiihlirl:, I'oi/. I'llt., lUi. (I',)-70. Many iclics i\iid rciiiaiiis of idols still to lie found on llu' Inland, llnssrl. Mr.r. (SiuiL, ]i. .''.">•.(; Malh-Drnn, I'firia ((>• In (liiiil., tdiii, vi., |), 470; Mon/ii's Tnir., |)|). lI4(>-i;; (iciidni, in I'risia/f, Mi\f., foiii. iii.. *i ' r,ps Indicns, on If sait. so niontront tl•^s n'scrvi's snr (out <•(> (|iii tiMiclic h Icnr aiicicii'ic natioiialili" i|iiiii([ii(' ccs iiiincs fiissuiit conniit's iTiiii f;iaiid noinln'c d'ciitn' (Mix, |ias iiii n'avait tralii Ic secret de lenr cxisteiiic.' Jlori/il, ]'inffii/i\ ifim. ii., |i|i. titi-T; /•■'. Jiliiij., vol. iv., i>. (jG; U'lqijMiix, Uiinj. it. Stat., p. 'Jit.'). ttnvn of eastAvaril r to tlic dn as tlie ic forest, \ve know hief, ^vllo the cliar- jcting tlio .statement es in hi.u'li lue, unu c route to rasja, one •ith (leliris risited the ^v^itten of only tle- )st remark - 1 each nine in the otu; j^nare. Nc er stones, d emitted A statf- ii'lies hi-li, ic west, at Ilistrict, o\i<'l|! ilkos.' .s'7"."-.v 1. 11. '-W; //""'■ \\) ' 11 n'cNi^t" [,■/-, Vol/. I''"' fiimiil on till' b/c.r., ttiiu. iii , Lr tout I'c 'j"' ■it ciiiinuo 'I'liJ Iciir cxislii:' lijHur, 111 //,x 1 RUINS OF TIKAL. 135 wliieh ])oiiit, as on the o[)|)osite eastern side, is an en- tiaiu'u only lii^h enouoii I'ur a man to crawl thr(.)U<^h (111 hands and knues. This u|>[)er story is divided ijito tline apartments communicatini;' witli eacli other hy iiicaiis of low doors, and now rootless, hut prL'scntin*;" .si^iis of having' heen originally covered with the i)\nla|<]iing arcli. The whole structure is of hewn stone laid in mortar, and no traces of wood remain. it is evident that this huildin;*- is entirely ditl'erent fioni any other monuments whic-h we have thus far nut in our ])rooress northward, and further north we shall meet few if any of a similar nature. !So far as thr data are sutHcient to iustifv conclusions, this y safely he classed with the older remains at Cojiaii and C^uiri'^ua, latlier than with the more modei'U Quii-he- ('akrhiijinl structures. There are no means of deter- iiiiiiiiiu' with any denree of accurai-y whether these Iniil(nni4's o f Yaxhaa were the work of the itzas or of 4:1 a more ancient branch of the ]\Iaya })eo[)le, Ahout forty miles north-east from the eastern end 111' hake IV'ten, in the foothills of the mountains, hut III a locality inaccessible from the direction of the lake e\.ee|)t ill the diy season, from January to June, aiv the ruins of 'J'ikal, a name sis>nifvinn' in the ^laya laiin'ua'je 'destroyed i>alaces.' 80 dry is the locality, liiAvever, during- this dry seast)n, that water nnist be (•allied in casks, or thirst ([Uenched with th»j juice of a ]Hriiliar variety of reed that »^rows in the legion. A iiiiiic thoroui^h seaivh minht reveal natui'al wells, which snj>[)lied water to the ancient inhabitants, as was the case further nortli in Yucatan. The ruined structures of Tikal are rej)orted to extend over a it least a league, and they were discoxeri'd, lull their existence had been previously imported > lire ()| iKl vol. *' I'ldliiiih, ill Anil |i. Iil> III -- lilrcs as Mr S Cal Mr. torn. !., (liv. ii., j) 08; ,S' i/iiiir iiiiicr savs tlu' tiiwcr is •_'•_' ffi-t s<|iiar('at (lie 1 ill I/i.tf. MiK/. lasc, III: iiKlii ;iivi's 1 t. llo <1. not ^^tato the aiitlniiitv uii w lii- ili-r,i|i|itiii it.st>; it seems, li(i\ve\er, ill otliel' n'spei' Is to 1 (C lii'iiiPM uf (JaliiiiloV ari'oiiiit, \\ .lii.'li 1 IS also reliea le.l .tea.l I liii'li -iiji|ily a 111 ,'^i/iinr ■•< .".n- Slii'lil lueiilioii ill Miinlil, ]' (\ 1>. -10; W'lqijxiH.i, Uiuij. ii. Slut., \). L".)3. ijiiji-, Una. II., \> OU; /'/., 1B6 ANTIQUITIES OF GUATEMALA. ifn i;l by the natives, in 1848, by Governor Anihrosio Tut and Colonel Modesto Mendez. From the pen of tiu; latter we have a written description acconii)anied hy drawings." Unfortunately I have not been able to examine the drawings made by Sr Mendez, whose text is brief and, in some respects, unsatisfactory. The chief feature at Tikal is the occurrence of many palaces or temples of hewn stone in mortar, on tlio summit of hills usually of slight elevation. Five of these are specially mentioned, of which three are to some extent described. The first is on a hill about one hundred and forty feet high, natural like all tlio rest so far as knov/n, but covered in many places with masonry. A stairway about seventy feet wide leads up to the summit, on wdiich stands a lofty stone pal- ace, or tower, seventy-two by twenty-four feet at the l)ase and eighty-six feet high, facing the cast. Tlio walls of the lower portion, or what may be regarded as the first story, are plain and coated with a hard cement. There is a niche five or six feet deep in the front, covered on the interior w4th paintings and hiero- glyjihics, and furnished witli wooden rings at the top, as if for the suspension of curtains. At this jioint an attempt to penetrate to the interior of the structui't; showed the lower story to be solid, filled with earth and stones. The upper story has an ornamented and sculj)tured front, and there are ruins of a falleii bal- cony, or more probably a staircase which formerly led <' ('ill. Mc'iidoz, wlinin (Jov. Tut prerodiMl at Tikiil In- a . "ilTot, .'^ai-S, with notes hy Messrs Hesse ,ii Sivers. "i\,\: i" tlie source of my information. Mendez revisited '["iUal IS.'d', without ohtaiiiiii;^ any additional information of value so far m^ know. The ruins are mentioiieil and more or less fully descrihed. aiw.i from tlie same source, in Miillrr, Amirihinisrhv I'l riliifiniini, pp. 4(Iii- Jjii-icliiiKitui, (h-lmiiiiiini, p]). 1 1 ."i- 1 7 ; /i!/^/( /•, ill Guiiijitrc/if, toiii. i., I' W'apixtus, (rcoij. u. .'57((^, pj), 217, -'.to. V, ■ll, w, II- TIKAL PALACES. 137 Dsio Tut 11 of the ^l^e(l by al)l€) to lose text of many , on tlie Five (»f le are to till about 3 all the leos with ide leads .tone i)al- et at the LSt. Th.^ regarded li a hard ep ill the id hiero- the top, ])oiut ail truetui'c 1 earth \ted and dlen hal- uerly led ,11- two (inly, It, tl) wlllill, as I know, ■ 11 into ill'' [.JIM ^nVt'lM- am! with llu! ., I't iii.. ir- slio-tit iiiiii- pulilislicil ill S IIOSM' ilU.l led Tikjil ill so fill- a- 1 IiimI, ill\\:i)^ , 1>1). -It'"-';; oni. i., 1' "''> Up to tlie entrance. Notliin*^ is said of tlic interior of the iijii)er portion. Tlie seeond structure is of the; same dimensions as the first, and is huilt on a hill oj)- iiosite, or eastward, Avhieh seems, however, to have no sups upon its sides. It is nuich damaged and fallen, l)ut several of its rooms are well preserved, having tlie triangular-arched roof of overlapping stones, walls decorated with iiaintings anhics, and corri- dors six and a half feet wide and over one hundred icet long, with windows, or air-holes, two and a half hv four feet. The walls are nearly seven feet thick, and the top of the doorway at the entrance is of rough za{)ote beams. The third palace (litters in no n'sjtect from the others, excei)t that the zajiote archi- trave of the chief entrance is carved in ornamental and hieroulvphic fi<>'ures. In a kind of a court at the foi)t of the hill in front of the first palace were found eleven stone idols fr.f the stones measured five and a half by four by five and a li.ilt" I'cet, and bore on one side the figure of a woman with decorated robe. The second bore the outlines of a su])posed god, and the third a figui'e which the rer profoundly concludes to have represented an or a snake, but which may perha})s be taken for soiiu' other insect. On the i-oad, just before ri'aching the ruins, fragments of jiottery were noticed, and ( Jov- cnior Tut had also seen the figure of a bull well cut cXjilo ca''it' tVoni stone lying on the bank of a la_ _ iiiilis distant. It is evident that at iroon some ei'. '^ht or near \va.- lorniei Iv a L ii'<>e citv, ant I wl len we consid Til ler tl iti()n un.icconipiinied hy ]»liitc.s may socni nit'iiL;itj and uiisati.sl'actory. Uut alter a perusal of the f(jllo\\- in<^' cliajtter on the ruins of Yucatan, the reader will not fail to form a rlcar idea of those at Tikal ; since all tliat we know of the latter indicates clearly theii* identity in style and in hiei'oglyphics with numerous momuneiits of the peninsula iurther north. it is therefore very j»rol)ahIe that hoth <^rou]»s are tlio AVork of the same people, executed at approximately the same epoch. Colonel ]\[endez, while on his way to visit Tikal fertile second time in \H')'2, accidentally discoveied two other j.>'rou})s of ruins in the nein'id)orhood of Dolores, south-eastward i'rom Lake l\'ten and at ahout the same d'-^tance from the lake as Tikal. ( )iie j^roup is south-east and eight miles distant from ])o- lores, and the other the same distance north-we^t. T'iie i'ornier is called hy the natives Yxtut/, and tlie latter Yxcum. There seem to have heen made a de- ,scri[)tion and some drawinjjcs of the Dolores remains, Avhich 1 liave not seen. Traces of walls are men- tioned and monolitlis sculptured in liin'h relief, with liL^ures resenil)linL>' those at Copan and Quiri^ua rather t lan those at Tikal, although tlie hiei'oulviihicsare i)ro- liounced identical with those of the latter monuments. ()t!ier rehcs are the figure of a woman dressed in a slioi't nagua of feathers ahout the waist, fitting closely and showing the form of the leg; and a collection of sculptmvd blocks upon a round disk, on which aio carved hierogly})hics and figures of the sun and moun ■with a prostrate human form hefore them. Near hy on the Belize Kiver is a cave in whicli several i(U)ls were discovered, ])rol)ahly brought heic by the natives for concealment.''^ 'I'here are found in the early Spanish annals of this region some accounts 1' //^i .«(', ill S/rrrs, Miltrhi mrn'kd, \>y. i.")!-.'), .^^'^-0; riKirhiiifnni, f)rl^- ii'iiii'ii. ]i|i. 1 l.VId; Wdjiptiii.s, (uo(j. II. :itat., ji. 'l\)'i; Miilli r, AmirUatiiis'liC L m /iijioiiiii, [>. liH). HKLICS IN niaizE. 139 11 lilL'ilL;l(J o( IiihiiliitLil towns in tliis vicinity \\]\vu tliu coiujuer- urs lii'st came, of uliicli tliesc ruins iiiav be tlio ivmains, I dose the cliapter on ( luateinalaii anti- (jiiities with two short <|Uotations, enihodyino- all I liave been ahle to find resjiectin<4' tlie ancient inoini- iiiciits of the English iiroviiice of Belize, on the At- lantic coast eastward from Peten. "Ahout tliirty miles u[) the Balize Jtiver, contiguous to its haid-cs are i'liiniil, what in this country are denominated the Indian- liills. These are small eminences, which are suj)])ose(l to have heen raised hy the ahorij^ir.es over their dead; human hones, and fi'aonieiits of a coai'se kind of earth- en-ware, hein^" fre(|Uently du^' from them. These In- dian-hills are seldom discovered hut in the immediate vicmitv ot rivers or creeks, an* 1 were theref ore, ])er- liajis, huilt for refu^'e in time (»f Hoods. "The foot of these hills is regularly i)lanted round with lar^e stones, and the whole may j)erhai)s he thought to hear a veiy stroui^' resemblance to the ancient barrows, or tumuli, so connnoidy found in vai'ious })arts of England. [ K earned from a youiu rencliman that on tl us ]ilantation (New Boston) are Indian ruins of the same cliaracter as tlK)se of Yucatan, and that idols and other antiquities have often been found tliere."*^ *'■• If'iitln\t»ii'sIfo)ifhfras, pp. 52-3; Tcpcatcdin Squicr's Cent. Amcr., \^i>. 5',)C>-7. ^ *' FriKuii'a Cent. Aincr., v. 1C7. CHAPTER V. ANTIQUITIES OF YUCATAX. Yucatan, the Toixtuy and thk Pkoplk— AnixnANrE of RrrxEn Cities — ANTKiiAiMAN Kxploijation ok the State— Ce.nthal (iUOLP— IXMAE— IIlSTOliY ANP l>lliLIO(iItAI'II V— WaEUECK, .STEI'II- ENS, CaTHEUWOOII, NoUMAX, riUEDEKICHSTHAL, AXl) ClIAliNAV — CASA DEI, (loliEIiNADOI!, LaS MoX.IAS, Ki, ADIVIXO, PvilAMlK, AXD OYMXASHM -KAIiAII, NollPAT, I.AIIXA, AXD NIXETEEX dTIIIl! lilIXED ("ITIES— EASTEliX (JlIOII'; C'lIK HEX ITZA AXl) VICIXITV - N()I!THEI!X (iliOlP; MaVAI'AX, MeIMDA, AXD IZA.M AE— SoiTIIEHN (JltOl T; LAIirHAK, iTfUlMDE, AXD .M A( OliA— KasTEKX CoAST; Ti - LOOM AXD COZIMEE- WeSTE1!X ("oAST; MaXCAXT, JaIXA, AXD Ca.M- I'ECHE-OeXEHAE FEATI'liES OK THE ViCATAX IjEEICS— PvRAMlIiS AXD Stone r.rii.Dixris— Limestoxe, Moutai:, i'^Ttcro, axd Womi — The TiaAX(;iEAK AifCH-Sc'iEiTrKE, Paixtixg, axd IIiEitn- OEVI'IIRS— UOADS AXD WeLLS — CO-Ml'AKISONS— ANTIQUITY OK TIIK MOXUMEXT.S— CUXCIASIUXS. North of the hay of Chotumal on the Athmtic, the Lai^una de Teriniuos on tliu i^uH" of ]\[exic'o, and lati- tude 17° 50' in the interior, Hes the peninsuhi df Yucatan, one of the few exceptions to the oeneinl direi'tiou of tlie world's peninsulas, jjrojectint^- iK)rtli- eastwardly from the continent, its foi'ni a]iiiroxiniatcly a ])arallelo_i;Tam whose sides measure two hundred and fifty miles from north to south and two hundred from east to west. Its whole surface, so far as known lo !J'( '(v^raphei's, may he termed practically a level plain o:ilv sliLihtlv elevated ahove the level of the sea. 'I' LOix.A lor the most part, and especially in the north, (UO) le » I PirVS!C.\L FKATIIIKS oF Yl'CATAX. HI OK RflNKIl ;— C'KNTHAIi IKCK, Si-Kni- l) I'llAlINAY ), I'VUA.Mlli, ;ti;i:n <>t 111.11 i) vicinity— .— South KUN Coast; Ti - ;A, ANl)CAM- — I'YHAMllW AN1> W(M)I> \N1) IllKl!!'- ;ity of Tin; jantic, tlie and lati- iiinsula n\' lio- iK)rtli- I • 1 bximatciy lulrctl and iivd fVuiu Iknown to •vel l>l;ila isea. '\'hc uurtli, is low, sandy, and l)aiTeM, witli few indentations aflTordini; harliois, and coiiLspoiidinLily lew towns und cities vt' iiiiv iiiij»ortanee. Crossing tlie nai'i'ow coast region, ]i(iwe\cT, we find tlio interior fertile and heavily wooded. While there are nt) mountains that di-serve the iiaint', yet there are not entii'ely -wantinf,^ lan^es of hills to hreak up and diversify hy their elevation of I'linii two hundred to live hundred feet the monotony of a dead level. Chief amoUL"' these is the Sierra de ^'ll(•atan, so called, an oftshoot of the southern Peteii liiiLjhts, hranchii ^ out from the jj^reat central Cordil- Icia. It stretclijs north-eastward nearly i)arallel with the eastei'n coast to within some twenty-five miles of ('a|)e ('att)clie. Atiother line of hills on the op])osite oulf coast extends from the mouth of the Kiver ( 'hanipoton, also north-eastward, toward ^lerida, the cajiital of the state, ahout thirty miles south-wtst of which place it deflects al)ru})tly at riu;ht angles from its former direction, and with one or two pai'allel minor ranj.^es extends south-eastward at least half-way across the state. At some ])eriod c»'eolooically recent the waves of ocean and joulf dou])tless beat against this elhow-shaped sierra, then the coast harrier of the ]icninsula; since the countiy lyins;' to the north and west })resents everywhere in its limestone formation traces of its comparatively late emerj^ence from he- inath tlie sea. The lack of water on the surface is a rcmaikahle feature in the })hysical i;eoL;'i'aphy of Yuca- tan. There are no rivers, and the few small streams aluiiL>- the coast extend l)ut few miles inland and dis- appear as a rule in the dry season. One small lake, whose waters are strongly impregnated with salt, is till' only hody of water in the hroad interior, which is ahsolutely destitute of streams. From June to Octoher of each year rain falls in torrents, and the sandy, calcareous soil seems to possess a wonderful liroperty of retaining' the stored-uj) moisture, since the ardent lays of the tro])ical sun heating- down through tlie \[)Ug rainless summer months, rarely succeed in 142 ANTI(,>riTIKS or VfCATAN. jiarcliiiiii^ any ])(>rti()M of tins smfiico into jiny iij)|)rofi('li to the sti'i'ilify of" ;i (Icst'i't. 'I'lic .siiiiiiiu'r ti'iiiju'ra- tiiro, aUhoiiuli 1hl;1i, is iiioditicd hy sca-ltivezt's IVoiii tlio oast and west; ('oiisev|iiuiitly tliu lioat is less op- ])ivssivo and tliu cliinattj ou the wliolo more liealthl'iil tlian in any other stat(,' of tlie American tieiTacalieiitr. 'J'iie inhahitants, soniethinn' over lialf a million in num- ber, of whom a very lar^e propoi'tion aie full-hlooded natives of the ^[aya race, are a (juiet and jieacel'ul though hrave ])eoj»le, livini^ simply on the jiroducts of the soil and of tlie forest, and each connnunity takiii'^ hnt little intei-est in the alfaii's of the world away from their own immediate neighhoihood. They made; a hi'ave hnt vain resistance to the proufress of foreign con(jnerors, and liave since lived for the most part in (|niet suhjection to tlie power of a do)ninant race and the ])riests of a foreii-n I'aith, havino- lost almost com- ]>letely the an.d)itious and lianniity spii-it for which they wei'e once noted, and forgotten ])racticalh^ the •greatness of their civilized ancestors. Since throwing;' olf the j)ower of S])ain, they have ])assed throu,L;h i'our or li\e I'evohitions, a noteworthy record when conipai'ed with that t)f other S})anisli Aniei'ican states — hv which Yncatan has i)assed successively to and iVo from tlie condition of an independent repuhlic to that of a state in the ^Ti'xican Uepuhlic, to whii-h it now helon^s. Except the northern central ])ortion, which contains the caj)ital and princii)al towns, and which itself, outside of ^ferida and the route to tlic coast, is oidy comparativcdy Avell known through tlic writing's of a few travelers, and exce])t also some (if the ports alon^;' the coast visited occasionally hy trad- inn,^ vessels of various nations, Yucatan is still essen- tially a terra inco^iuta. It was more thoroughly cx})lored hy the S})anisli soldiers and priests in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries than at au}^ suli- se([uent time. T\\c eastern interior and the southern borileriiii^ on the (Guatemalan province of Peten arc esijecially unexjjlored, little or nothing being known A ItlCir ANTIi.UAKF.W I'lKM). 143 pproMcii ,('S iVoiii less op- U'Jiltliful caru'iitt". ill iiiiMi- -1)1(kk1('iI JK'JU'l'lul ulucts of y tiikiii"4 Ajiy iVoiii iwadv ;i f foreign t part in nifo and lost coni- or Nvli it'll icallv tlif tlii'(»\vinL;' tliroii.uU )id will n an statis y to and piildic to wliii'li it portion, ,vns, and to to till' nio'li tilt" some ot Ity trad- ill CSSl'U- oroii.u'lily s in tilt-' any snl»- soutlu'vu jVtcu arc |, iliiiit III liiii'Miirn'ciice ft ri'tclidiu' flaiilicnl (i'llniiiiciiiciil Ics \(>v- ilnva, aloiiL;' ■r.'.iiii. Iiiutcs parts, (■<■ smit (lUi' !•( •Hi i-i Mint mil ■.ii|ii'rlics, lies villi's (ioiit la ^;aii: ciiliii 111! lie ^amait taiic itri pas sans ri'in'oiilitT ilcs di'lms (|iii attcstclit a la lois If (Ic la ]i(i])iilatiiiii aiiti([iii' (In Maya ft la Idii'^nic |iinsptiiif ildiitr I niniii'ii~i iftli' iiiiitli'f jipllit sdUs SfS ml; j'i:i:hts to excite nnich attention; yet the chi'oniclei's of the time included in their annals some l)i'ief descriptions of the heathen tem])les destroyed \)y the Spanish invaders; and the Yucatan histo- rians of the following century, Landa, Cogolludo, and Villagutierre Soto-Mayor, described and personally visited some of the ruins. 'JMiese eai'lier accounts liave been utilized in delineating the state of archi- tectural art among the ^NTayas in a preceding volume, and they will ;dso be used somewhat extensively as illustrative material in the following pages. Since these early times the ruins, slu'ouded by a dense trop ical vegetati(»n, have lain untenanted and uidvuowii, save to the peaceful inhabitants of the northern and more thickly setthd |)(iitions of the state, who have from time to time i)i.'come aware of tlu'ir existenri accidentally while in search of \\ater or a favorable locality Ibr a miljia, or cornfield. ( )nly a few oi' the forty-lbui" ruined towns ex])lored 1)_\ \lr Stephens weiv known to exist by the })eople <»f Merida, the state caj)ital. Since I8M() the veil has been lil ^ed from the pii 11- '1' ci])al I'uiiis ot ancieii t ]\I; rl. iva works oy tlie restart'ius iii'.ii, of Zasala, Wahleck, Stephens, ('atherwood, Xori Fi'iederichsthal, and Charnay. A <>'eiui-al account of IfSC the anti(piarian ex|)l()ratIoiis and writings of tl gentlemen is giwn in the ap]»entled. note," details ;iiiil ■^ 'I'lio oarlicsf iinMlt'in account nf ^'llcatlm Aiiti'initii'-* willi wliicli I :nii '4 ijuaiulcil is that u littcii li\ Sil, ileZii Aiiil.i )afi>a(li)r ot Ihu KXI'I.UKATIOX OF MAYA ItUINS. 115 .. The U'S 1)0- )()pular Ics, al- rles of iescrip- <>f the 10 mid- ^K-ataii hoc-oil 10 v^t tlio Is SOllU' stroyod I liisto- ido, and rsoiially iccoiuits if airhi- volumo, ivoly as Shioo ISO trop- dvuowii. 11 and () have istoiK'f voralili-' of t',..' IS wciv u state If j.iln- seairlies VoniK'H. tunt et >f these ads ;in(l whi.'h ! iiiii (.1 lUi' M'^ iiuticcs of ad(hti<>iial visitors to jmrticular localities heiliy' fese)'\ed until I eoino to s|)cak of those loeali- ties. It will he notieed that all the authors men- tioned who write iVoin aetual ohservatioii, liavo eoiil'ned tlieir ohsL'i'\ations to tVoiii oiu' to foui' of the ])rinei|)a] ruins, whose existt-neo was known previous to their visits, exeeptiiiL;' ^Fessrs Stephens a id Cathei'wood. These <;vntleiueii holdly lott the hi Mteii track and hroii'^'ht to the knowlody-o of tli'. world ahout lorty ruined cities whose very existence ^lad been previously unknown e\en to tlio residents of the larger cities ii'Mii (Iiivormnent in I'l.incc, anil puldi^luMl in Anfi'/iiitrs Mr.rli'nliu's, torn, i.. (liv. ii,, \>\t. ;{;! •">. Sr /;i\aia visitcil T ;Mial scMTal yoars ticfuic IS.'U. Iii> riiiiiiiiuiiirai iiiii ;ii\cs a riilcialily ^iHni mineral iilca nt tlu' ruins, hut it i> liiii'f. iinai ri.iM|iani('(l li\ .Ir.iwinus, and relates only to one eity. It is, I'licretiire, ipf little value v\lien cuniiiareil wilii later ami imdic csteiisive Works nil the salijeet, and is nientinned in this note nnly as Ixinu' I he earli- <•>( iiccniiiit extant. \ i\ Ion;,' !'"ti(re Za\ala"s \ i^it, i'ad''; 'I'lnnias de Snza, !i rraiiriscjiii friar lit' tli.- cii.ivcnt nf Mi rida, had uliserved Ihi iiins diirin;,' Ills fr(-|iieiit trijis thriiiiuh the [iiii\ im-e, and he ^fiiM) a sli;;ht aceuiint of til' 111 til Aiil'iiiii> del Kill, \v hi) nieiitiiiiied it in \\\s Iji srriji. af it .i .[iu'lutt ' '. |i|i. Ii ■», M. i'l' d'-ri' lie Waldeik, a Freiieh artist, visited I'xnial in IS;{.') durin;,; a >lii(rt tiiiir in the |ieninsiila, and ]iiililished the resnlt of his lalxirs in hi.s \ iiiliiil> I'lihiri sijilf cf .lrr/iiii/ii;/i'/lir i/nii.s/u I'ruriiirr if )' iirnlii ii, i'aris, lv{"i, lar-i- t'liliit, with 11 steel idates and lithiio|vi](|iii> illustratiuns. M. de Wiilileik iMi'iiiiie in suiue way idmnNious tii the Mexican ( iii\ermiient, v.iiirlji Threw le (i!i-y a iiimiilii-eiit and I nest. earnt'il in ' 'Siij'i'lied '.\ ilii I leiiiiiiarv an /.'■'•.. Mil. wiii., |i. •J.")l, 'Waldei'k, aninenta iutiijaili/a .\ ra]irii'hiisameiite siis ohras, las haee |iaitieijiar. en ll.ls, ll •er.' (Lerd Kili;;sliiil-iiuuh i J-'ui'ii/, mill I'l di-niini'yen'lii IS .st'Iirfi- tint e las nil niiiv a'-ieditadas eualiila.iles de veri ilieii, imiiareial v (vnieipw- /iiilii ipie ai[ui lu eiiiiiieieion.' Jf. F. J'., hi li>^/i.s/rn i'licoh';,, tmii. i, p. :j liad lieen made and return aliiii|it t'liir i,iriiiii|)|,.Ie \\iir Iv to Xew '\'ork, Tl results of IMI, 11. \N re |iuli|isheil in Sit phi ks" Cent. Ain< r., X. \' /'/' Mr It. M. X iiatan from Deeeinher to .M; orinaii, a resnleti t of X. w Orleans, iiiiide a flviiiL' visit ti III ) llril 1.S41-2, and |iulilislieil as a result Rm coliliii.' to tlie /.'i '"/', X. V,, ISi:{. illustiatid with euts and lit Vol. IV. ll, iiislrij Yidnttiv, X 0111. 1.. [l 87-', tiiirt t .V. riji wa:i merely a J;- ■ ■-■t* IK! ANTK^liTII'S OF VrCATAX. ..I ll i'j: of tlie vorv state in wlioso tcrritorv thoy lie. With a foi'ct' of natives to aid in eleariiin' away the forest, ]\[r St«'i>li('iis s])ent ten iiioiitlis in siii-veyinL;;', and Mr ( 'atlifi'Wiiod in sketelunL" nitli tlic aid dt" a danuerrean canKT;!. the various Li'iMUps of ruined stiiicturt's. TIio aceiiracy of hoth siu'vey and (h'awinns is un(|uestioned. Tlic visit of these exj)!(»rei\s was tlie lii'st, and lias thus far ])roV('d in most casus tlie last, i'lie wrecks of M;iv,i ai'chiti'cturc have heen hit to shunhcr inidistiirl)ed in their forest win(hn_o'-sheet. *' L-'oi' a l.'ief sj)ace the stilhiess that reigned around them was Ijroken, and successful s]ioculMtiim on thr part nf Xnniiini, wlio cullcctci] liis niatcri;il ill lia.--Ic Irmn mII a\;iilalil(' •,<(iirc('>, in ordii- t" take aihiiiit.ip' of tlic piii.'i.' iiiten-l c\(ilcil hy Stc[iliciis' travels. Unwi'vcr tlii> ma., lie. tlio svdi'k i- nut witliDiit value in cDiiiicctioii witii the olliei- aiilhnrities. ' Tlie result i.f a hasty \i-it.' Mm/rr's Mi.r. Azt-f, Mil. II.. Y 172. 'I'll .rk mi'uiie eoiniiilatiiiii .sans nierite et sans inti'iet." Mm-'lil. I'////'//'', tiiiii. i.. ]>. \'Al ' \ \alualile wtirk.' Iliiris' An'i'/. Aimr. |i. Ti. "Uy which the |)-;l»lic were aiiain asttiiiislieil and deli.^'hted." f'r'i.sl's I'ul. Jfist .lA ,., ]i. 77. Ndiiiiairs work is veiy lii;.dily s|iukeii i\i and reviewed at leii;;iii. with nuiih liiiis ((notations and two plates, in the Ih ,,i(i< nilic lo rii ii\ \i,|. xi., |ip. .")'2',< :{S. .Mr .Stephens arrived in \ow "S'nrk on V\> return from his Central .Ann r- lean tour in duly, iS|(l, having,' left ^'neatan in .liine. •.\liont a year" after his return he apiiii sailed for Viicatau on ((cto'hcr !l(li and I'einaincd imril the f: the I. states, indeed, that llu'.v were onify a month ajiart at /ayi. Steidicns' \' \ is called tiiriilriils i,f ftm-i'l in Ynrnhdi. N. \ .. I.S*| {''.) ( K(l. iilloto! :i this work, N. v., JS,')8 i '/he drawiii;;s of this and (A th<' juwions exi i dition were piihli.slKM'l, with .i descriptive te.x,t hy Steiihen,!i, undi V flic til ■ ■ t {'ntlii'i'ii''iifl'.t Viiii'-t of Ainiiiil ^Jiiii II iiii'iil < ill Ciiihii/ Aiiiitii't, N. \ . lSt4, hir;r<' folio. witFi •!') ytAtt^i^A litlio;.'ruuhie pl.ites, .Stepliena>' ttccou'.' was notiierl. \Aiih >|Uotaf)/rtis, hy f/,early jifl rhe re\ie\vsat the tiffliii* of ;•- ap]iearause(uuot rrs, iii(dudiii>f iny.«'W. have driiwii their iiiforixatioii. ^is j'fiiiiately di'sfroyitl liv lire v\itli . <'atlierwood\ panorama in New /ovk /'ritics are al/if^'st iinariini' praise of the woi'k. ' .Vfaljfr/' (Jlle .Sf. Ste)! Xfioiice ,rt c|<' iiHiilcHtie Hans srs Narrations cs* rioii.' I)iill/ flniix liiilnj . p. r/ Jones, ///.*/ Sf('j/hcn>" conclusions, and hin criticisuis wiH he sot/i' Ylityct \^.\'-^\ Si. also p. HJ, ii«»f< It. of this viduiu*', tSw f>-iroii voli (■'i-.id< rii h.4(hjl. an iiltacfw. of the 4>«jr(l l)aeo till ken, ana tlirv wei'i' a,L;'aiu left to s()litu(k' and silfiicc Time ;iii(i tliL- L'lenients arc liastcnino- tliuni to utter cU'Struc- tiiin. It lias ItLTii the iortune of the author to ste[> hi'twceii them and the' entire desti-uetii)n to which tlit'V arv destined; and it is his hope to snatdi tVoni (iMivion these jierishinu;', hut still ^'i^'antie nieinoi'ials nj' a mysterious people." His jiope lias heeii i'ully real- i/,i(l, and his hook niay he regarded as a model, hoth as a juui'iial of travel and }>ersonal adventure and a> a i>i'ni-(l of anti(juarian resean-h. ^[r Steplu'ns is one lit' the vei'v lew travelers w!io have iieen ahle to ^aze liis niiilt rial of till' ])\ii:i' tli(> svork ;- rill' ivsiili "i \V( .ik '/iii/i\ tciin. 1 V wliicii li 7^.^■/. .1/' I'll at I oiiuiii. iMitral All!' I- a year" .i"i'V iiiaiiu'il iri:;i ir vimcli-atV- •2, Stc]!' - tlicl: i cpllflis' \' .V '',(1. ([lliitr.! '1 r<'\ iiiiis ('\]n ■ lytlu'lilir.'I ////A N . ^' . U'1U<' tii'i'tiii':" II' tiiii^ 111 •- >(iiiii)»t llccti.. ' re witli ■'« inatiilli'' : \aiit? stClM .il. I" II /!■■' lalViii ,■ aj'i'i 4 ijfi i ,>v^ laiiMi inaiivran fill Irawiii;.'^. A^ to til IMtll-. Mil'! witll lis Mill |irr]i; III lii-i visit ii prolialilv iirci-ciU'il those of Noiinan ami SicipIiciis, irtiiT liy him, writti'ii whiicoii his ii'turii to I'.iiioin', is ilati itc jsU, 'I'iiis Irttcr is |iiillli'(l ill the Unjislro Y m-nlrni. tolii. ii Apri ami HI till r tolll. X., |lp no ."{. It coiiiaiiis a \t'iy sli^iht rciii'ia! ai'i-oiiiii of the ruins, whii-li air s]ioUi'u of as 'liasta hoy (U'.scoiki- riilas,' \\ ith iiiiii'h laiiililiii^' spcriiiatioii on thi'ir ori;^'iii. On liisani\al in Kiniipi- I'licilriiriisthal was inlioilincil liy HiliiilHiMt to tln' Arailrliiio lioy- ali'li's lii^iaiplioiis ft I'ulh's-Lcttivs, lii'foii- whiih sociity hi- icail a pa pel on Ihs (|isi'iiM'rii.'s on Octolicr I, 1S41, whiili paper was fiirnisheil hy the author fur the Xniirrllis Aiiiiiilc.'i ilrs I'ui/., 1S41, tolll. Xeii.. lip. 'J.'M '.U I, where it ;i- iHilih-heil iinili r the title of Lcs Mit tfstfr /' Yiiiiilu Tl le author piMiritleil Id X'ieiiiia where he inteiidetl to |iiil>lish a hirj^c work ^\itl 1 IDS iii;,'>. a work that so far as I know lias never seen the li;,'lit. 'M. IVieik rjili^tiial a soiivent I'ti im[uiete ilans ses reehenht -ilpervtilieiix, les niais les i anlaient eoiiiii ;lioraiit- le iiaiiiiereiises an |iu> S'l'irrlhi Ihii'i/>m/i:s I'm/., I.S4I. toin. Xi'li.. p. 'MVi. Ill is;.s M. Desire CI lariiav visi te.l b lal, Chi.h It leii It/a, am 1 (■ \liial taki 1^' with iiiui a |»lio!o;,'iapliie apparatus. He siitieedeil in olitaiiiiiijj pirleit views lit inan') ol tlie hllili IIILIS, w hiel 1 were iiii ililisheil niii er the title t'ili.'iil Itniiiis A (II' ririiiiiis, i'aiis, ls(i;{, in lar;:o folio. The text of ilie work i.s ill oitavo form anil ineiiiih's a loii^' iiitroilneiiuii hy M. X'ioliet- h ( iiiveriiiueiit .Vrehited, oeeiipied ehiellv with speeiilation riptiiius. Cliariiav s part of the text, althoiejli II iir. rent ll leiirii- tatlii ' than a iiinst iiiter('.>linj; |ouriial of traNcIs, is very lirirf in it> ilesri iptioiis, tli aiilliiir widely rel'cniii;^ the reader to the ]ilioto;ira| lis. w liii'li are iiiNaliiaMi Ml a- t'.'-lsiif ll t.iii iiid elsew ll de I e eorreetuess (if di.iwin''s made •/ other art i-t- Imili iii \ ma- ere. See aKo a general iiotiee of the mil IS in (', ilhiiln, llif ai idol from ('atli .lA ii/i r s Mr ,1:7- Y'"\'''- i (1; I'lii/iiin/'s III \ol. II.. !> iinhrx. vo .171 '/"//'■, tolll. i.. pp. 147, l!H ■" '2()'.> 7-; luillij. I! 14 |."i; Wiiiilrii, Rn-liirrlos, p|i. (IS- .V );! f..i r,r./i It.r rllr I ilinlli .1 I With I Ut .■!1(1-S; ■.'/■• I'l'- iM;t, III/. ■/: vii, pp. ;{() ."i(», from old .Spani-li .iiitlioiitiis; Mnlhr. A m- ri/./iniufi M pp. 4()(l. H;-.'; Miihh niilnnll, Mrjlvn, toiii. ii.. pt i., p. I'. /., p. 'J(i7; ]\'ii/i/iiiis, (t'liii/. Ii. ,;i-4 i» /. 1 1 •R ■>lL' 3(1; /'/., i;d. I.S47. |>. :U; I.tin IdiKit., pj). 320-S; M>:x. in US', J, p. 7">; Siirrs, Mllli tium rihit, 148 ANTK^UITIES OF VrCATAX. ii]»on tlio iioltlc inonmiiGiits of a past civilization Avitli- oiit Ix'iiiL;' tlniwii into a iiiazo of absurd reasoniii<:,^ and I'onjccturo res])L'C'tiiii;' their l)iiildei's. His fonclusioiis, if sometimes incoi'rect iu tlic o])mion of other anti- (jiuirians entitled to a hearing in the matter, are never liroundless or rashlv formed. Not withstanding' the extent of ^Ir Stephens' ex- plorations, a very larL>o ])art of Yucatan remains yet untrodden hy the anti(juary's foot. 'J'his is especially true in the east, exce})t on the inunediate coast, and in the south toward Guatemala. That extensive ruins yet lie hidden in these unex})lore(l i-egions, can hardly he douhted; indeed, it is by no means certain that the grandest cities, even in the settled and ])ar- tially ex]»lored jtart of the peninsula, have yet heeii described; but the \niiformity of such as have been l)rouglit to our knowledge does not lead us to expect new develo])ments with respect to the nature, wliat- ever may l)e proved of the extent, of the ^laya aii- ti(]uities. J)V reason of the level surface of the peninsula, uncut by rivers, and uid)rokeu by nuiuntain I'angcs. the determination of the geogra])liical ]>osition of its ruins is reduced to a statement of distances and bear- ings. The location of the chief cities is moreoxcr indicated on the map which accompanies this volunir.' AVith respect to the order in which they are to be (h - scribed there W(juld be little ground for ])reference in favor of any i)articular arrangement, were they all ecpially \vv]\ known. But this is not the i*ase. Two or three of the princijial cities ha\e been carefully ex- amined, described, and sketclu'd, and as for the rest, o.ily their j)oints of contrast with the jireceding ha\c been pointed out. All that is kncAvn of most of the ruins would be wholly unintelligible at the cDinmen* c- 5 TIio lirsf Iilil]! of Yiir.itMll. sliowiii;,'' luit (Uilv tllO iiMllltlv"s ;,'C(i;;l;i|'li- iciil ffiitiircs, tint (lie liicatiuii of all it> niiii^, i>* t\w ( 'tn/c i/ii ]'iicithiii i i '/'■■i yi'liuiii rnlsliirs, coiiiimIciI liy M . Malti'- itiilil from the Works of Owen, 11. il- iii'tl, l.iiwn'iii'c, Ki('|K'rt. (Jiircia y Ciilias, Slciilicns. ami Walilcch. ninl pul)li>lii'd ill Lirutiscttr iU Ijuiirboiinj, I'uliiiqiic, I'aris, l.sOG, [t\. i., ii. GROUPS OF RUINS. IIJ iifj and •lusioiis, or anti- re never ens' ox- iiins ytt ■;pe(;ially ,e coast, xtensivc ions, can s certain and ]>ar- yet l)een ive l)eeu to expert re, Avlmt- daya an- )en insula, n ranges, on ot" its [UK U )ear inoreovt r \m \\r »e (I vo It.) 1 i'ence in they all j wo ■fully eX- Itlie ri'st, l'",U" laVL' st ot the Ininieiue- [ii'iifiiii I I (well, i., ii. ■h- /'/. iiKiit of my descri]ition, but will he found <'oni]»ai-a- tivelv satisfactory further on. Thus J am not only ()l)li,Hed to descril)e the best-known ruins tii'st, but for- tunatelv these ai'e also amoii;:;" the ^randesi and most tvpical of the wlude, bein^', in fact, the veiy ones tiiat A\()ul(l he selected for the ])ur})ose. To i'ully desciMbi' ;i few and jioint out contrasts in the rest is tlu- oidy iin'thiid of avoiding;" a very tiresome monotony in aitiMnptini;' to make known some hundreds of struc- tuics \(i-y like one to another in most of their details ;is well as in their general features. The siuiilai'ity el'xTvd among the different moniunents is a veiy L;iv,it advantage to the anti(|uarian student, since it will enable me, if I mistake not, to give the reader ill this rhajiter as clear an idea of the antiijuities of Viicataii, notwithstanding their great munber, as of any portion of the Pucitic States. For conxenience in deserij)tion, then, 1 di^■ide the ruins in tiie interior of the state into four groups; the ceiiti'al grou[), — jilaced first that I may begin my account with Uxmal — which, besidc's the extensive iiiiiis of I'xnial, Kabah, and Labna, end)races ivlics ef till' [last in at least nineteen other localities; the eastein group, including little besides the famous IHll lis at (hiclien Itza; the northern gvou]), in which 1 iihiiti')!! l/.amal, Ake. ^NTerida, ;ui(l Mayapaii : and the soiitliei'ii group, comprising five or six ruined towns ill the legion of Iturbide. I shall finally treat of the aiiti(|uities diseo\-ered Jit various ])oints on the eastern ami western coasts. rile paiallel ranges of hills ali'eady s])oken of as extending half-way across the ])eiunsula fioni north- west to south-east contain within tlu'ir enclosed \al- I'vs t! niin> of the first group, more niinienais than I any other section of the state, ami ail conipi'ised within a j>aralk'K)e-nini whose sides Mould measure 11 :ii'eiit lliirtv ntn I f.M-t V mUes res 1 \iiial is the >iiost north-west ])ecti velv ern ot the '^rou]), m ;i» '. thirtv-rive miles south ot Merida, 1.7) ANTKil'ITIES OF YrCATAN. on !i luicituflu beloiii^inii;', l)y a docd running back oiio liundi'fd and forty yeui's, tliirty-tive years ago,— aiitl verv likely still, as real estate rarely changes hands in Spanisli American countries, — to tho Peon faiuiiy, and at one time cultivated 1)V its owners as a corn- ft. tield.^ 'J'he derivation and nieaninu' of the name Ux- iV ■! lii'-i'^: f^- :;f & * I'liiV DicLio T^fijifZ r'o;.'ollii(lo visited rxiiiivl at pomo timo lictoro ilic iiiiilillc (il liic >c\i'iili'ciitli cfiitiirv, and (iL'scrilics tin- luiiis to soiiu' cxhiit ill lii> Il/.s/orni ilr ]'>,:■»//,, III, Mail.. HiSS, ])|i. ITti 7, l'.U-4, lOT-S. I'inJiv ']'li, rt'iun'tiMl to Aiitoiiiu di-l llio stone <'dilic('s lov- ered with simco oiiiaiiii'nis, iinown liy file iiativesas Oxiniitai, v,\\\\ statins o! iiK'ii licatii.L; diiiiiis and daiiciiij,' witii jialins in tiieir liands, a\ liieli In- Iki'I siTii in lnstia\('ls ill \'uiatan, and wliicli are tiion^rlit to lie iieiliajis ideiitiriil witli I'.Miial, allliiiu;:li the nionninents are re|iorted asliein;;- located twenty lea;iiiessonlli ot .M-'iida and may be (jiiite as reasonalily identitied w itli sunn; oilier i^ioiii'., /I'/f/.v J.h .srriji/iijii, pp. 0-7. Zaxalas visit to I xnial at sunn' date previous to IS.'U lias already liee;i sjiokeii of in note "_'. His aecoiiiit i^ (•ailed Xulirr si'r Irs .\liiii iiiiiiiits i/' I'.s/iiiiii/, ill Aiitirj. Mi.r., toiii. i., div. il.. jip. .Sit-."). M. de ^^■aldl•ek left Merid)! for L'.Miial on May (i, IS.T), arri\i'd;it till' ruins on M:iy \'2, where lie spent sonii' ei^d't days, and was iiiternipli il ill his \\ork 1)V tlie rainy season. U'lili/rr/,-, I'ln/. I'ill., \\\\. (>7~74, IW-ldt, and pi. lies. Nir Stephens liad Waldeek's work with him at the time of his .NiToiid visit. I!e says, Vinii/ini. vol. i., p. •J!t7, 'It will he found that our ]ilaiis and draw inj^s ditl'er inalerially from liis, lint Mr \\ alderk was not ;iii anhiteetiiral drau,ulil>niaii;' vet the diti'erem'i' is only to he noted in a tVw ]dali's, ii'id is not mi material as Mr Stephens' wdids would imply. Still, \\ here diil'erciues e.sist, 1 ;.;ive .Mr Ste]iheiis the prei'ereme, Ipeiiiuse, liii\ in:: hi~ predi'(e->oi's draw ii!;js. his ittentioii wduld naturally lie railed to all tin' jioiins of Waldeek's ^iiixcy. .Mr Stephens says fiiiilier, 'It is proper \» .•.-ay, moreo\er, thai Mr \\ aldeik had much j;reater diltimlties to eiii oiinlcr than we, . . . . he-id<'s. he is justly entitled lo tln' full credit of heiiii: tlif first stran^ier who visited these ruins and hrou^ht them to the notice of the ilili M r SI llei tl epiielis iirst \lsit Wii.- le ruins lioiii the 1 laiielK la th dune, IS 10, d .1 iiiiiil; w liii h 1 iree li'iies, on .luii>^ '.'tl. "Jl. and 'Jl', wlnh le Ms li Mr Call lerwiiod spent one i lav, tl n.st, il I ma kiiiL; •lehi It was iiiiliir tiinate thai he wiis f/! ,h, ,■ N. 1.'), 1S41, and reiiiaiiied until d; iiiua rv I, ISPJ, .Mr Sie in;: two short trips away, one in scan h of piielis mealiw I llllls the other lo "et rid ol Icvi and ajiiie It is lemarkahle thai tliev found no traces of Mr I'l leilciiili- Ihal' was pro isit. i.Vi III s Aiiiiiiirs ilis fill/., lS4t, torn, xiii.pp. Hv> \ isi led the ri;. ■> in .March, IS|,"i, and aw account of the \isil, emhudviui; Viil little inform. itiei, x.M's piihlished hy I.. (!., in J! i/is/io )'iir.. loin. i. pp I (Hint ot a M-it in Hit iiliie vear was iiiili di-li ;{t;i -7(». Mr Carl liaithol oliiuen- 1' Heller spent 1/. /■'. /' Aii.iiliii \pril (i lu ',t, 1617. Hi-? a^'cuuiit is found in //./A,-, h' liriNS OF rXMAL hack Olio u'o,- — and ;es hands n fainiiv, IS a coni- liiinu Ux- no lictoro tlio ^(|||R• CXli'lit itT-s. Viuliv f ('(litii'cs ciix- , w itli statur- A\liioli lii^ li;iil liaps iilciiiK'wl Kiilt'il twenty ill! witli Miiiii' xiiiiil at Miiiii' His a('ii)\iiit N nil. i., , arrivi'il :il as iiiliTiuiiii'l i7-74, '.W-i(il. lie tiiiK' ni •k was imt iiii uli'd ill a ii« imply. M.ll. iUisi', liaviii.^ fil ti)all till' t is |>i(i|M'r t" to fiiicunitir i)f lifiiiL' till' niitii'f III till' w lii
  • - 1(1 •-'•_'. NvliiW it was luitiii- • VMiiul, t'-i plaiiti'il N\iili !llll,l.:ll I'NilKl- i jiiiiti - yu- totik lip ill- Irvi.lill- lllll- ipiiipaiiii 1 ''.^ , pp. 1.-.; •: (III .'N(l\ ■■ ' ■ '> ■ aiiw liilc iii'ik' ;cl rid 111' Ic^'" I'iM'lll lii ll-- :'.;h ;-<».; ■. li''l! iti:»-:vj \"l- ot'ri.iii '^iiii 1 tllC II « ill iiii'drii!.'!.' ' .■,-<.). .\i-ili' /■■. /'.. i' /' •lirt'c li >~ ;^r„, p, .,•.'.'" ' -'t liial.'' liki- tliat of so many American cities of tlie past, i- unknown; it is even nncei'tain wlietliei' this was the nanit' of tlie city at all in the days of its ()rii.;inal '..ivjitiies-;, or only an ap[)ellati(Mi derived iVom that of t!ie hacienda on which it stands, in comi)aratively iiiidcni limes. Waldeck and some other writei's take t^e latter view, identifying" the ruins themselves with l!ie city of It/.ilane, ancient capital of the Itzas, al- tliou'di tlie Jiuthorities indicate only verv vai4'Uelv that a citv named It/alane ever existed. ihasseur de r)o;nl)our<.;', on the contrary, believes it to ha\e heen, under lis present name of ("xnial, the ca})ital of the TutuI Xius in the ninth century; ]\rr Stejihcns also 111 lieves tliat L'xmal \vas an inhahited city down to the days of the conipiest." The ruins are ^ituated iu (■'i. -M. (liaiiiav's \ i-.it was in 1,S.")S, ami liisefroi'ts to tilitaiii jilidtdirrapliii' III -ativcs and lo liiilit the insects which tiiially (Irove him away, lasted ei;4iit il,i\> I'liKriiiiii. Uidiiis Aiiiir., |ip. ;<(('J-S(), pi. xx,\v-\li.\. .M. Itias.^'iir (ii iMiiirhimiu was at Txiiial in ISti.'), aixl made a veprnt, aecimipaiiietl li. a plan, which was piihlislied in the Arfhirrs tir In Cuiii. Sfii n. iln Mi.r., t lai. li , pp. -'.'M, 'l'v\, as till' aiithiir states in his I'liliiniiir, hitrod., ]>. "24. Src fiirtlier (111 Ixnial: I)escii|itiiin (|iiiited fniiii Stephens with iiiilimiteil ( riticisiiis. italics, capitals, and exclamation iioints, in .luins Hist. Aiir. Aiiiir.. pp. xi-ltl."), I'Jd; (lescii|ition t'niiii Waldeck and Stephens, with I'lv iii.irUs nil tin- city's (ii'i;^iiial state, in Jlni.s.sruri/c ISiiiirliinir//, Hist. .\<(t. <'ii\, I.i;ii. ii., pp. •Jl-."?, ."iS.'i; and also sli;^lit accounts made uji fidiii one or more cI the aiitliorities already citiMJ as follows: Miii/cr, A iiu ril.inu.s< lir I'rn/i- yiiii'i). pp. Hi'J, -JSli; /!ri'.S .SI; /ii„i, M'.r., torn, i., jip. •_'^|:{, :{(»J. :{:}(». IS'.K ;». iVoni Stephens; iVillsiiii's A,„n\ Hist., pp. '^.' (1, with cuts, from Mepliens; Aniiin, Jtas llr,iti>iit., p lit: MiihliHfKttifilt, Mijirn. toDl ii., lit i., |i. I"J; I hiiiiiiii ili'f I'isirt.'i, \ i' , i.. p. .M ; llrninsii, Kuriil,,/!, liiu, I'aris, IS,"i7. pp. I7t'' 7; I'risn ill's '' •■ , Mil. iil., pp. Ilj-l;i; Xniiri Ill's .[iniiilia ihs I'ml.. lSi:{, tola. Xc\ii., > ,'. »il-7. If. * IV'iiumnced unshiiiuiil. •< .ijiilliido sonietiiiies writes the name I'xnmiial. '11 iiini> a etc im- p.1,.1 „c ,|c tidiiNer line etymolo;;ie raisonnahle I'l ee iioiii.' Hihsm nr ile /. ,1/, >/,„„,•„, Hi.st. X,,l. I'ir.. toin. ii., ]i. "Jl. Aa' non- iV I '.rnnil si;rnilie i/il I 'i/ii fi'i\:\-i': 11 ne s"appli(|iie aiiv niinesiiue pane irte ('(dles-ci sniit sitiieeH ^ r Ir tcrniii (h' la hacienda d'TMiial." U'ulilirk, \ iiif. I'iH.. p. (IS; .sV.-./<, M H'hiiihi'il.ii, p. •J:{7. I'ossihly derived from (i.c and uinl, nieanin;^ 'llirei' I ssjiu'c-' in .Maya. Ilillir, Hiism, p. •J."i."t, 'It was an exi^liiiu inhahiti I iri.;iii,il town" ill I.mC. SIi /ilim.s' Viicnlnn, vol. ii., ji. 'I'-l. I'alled Ujiinihit l'.' Sd^a, ill / U> arrqinuil, ]l. 152 ANTKiurriKs or yicatax. ,ll 1 tlu! f'ootliills of Olio of tlie I'iUiiifes iiu'iitioiied, notwitli- .staiidiiiL;' which fart thu locahty scciiis to he one of the most uiilicalthv iu tlio .state. FeNer and asj'Ue, esi»0('ia]ly (hiriniL!^ the rainy season, and lavenous iiios- (juitos ha\e ever l)een the cliief olistacles encountered by travelers. The vegetation, altliou^h dense and of tlie usual ra})i(l i^'rowth, has heen a lesser hindrance hei'e than in many other localities, hy ivason ol' the ruins' j)i'o\imity to a luicieuda and the ireijuent clear- ings made.^ The exact extent of the ruins it is of course inipossi- l)le to determine, since the \vhole region ahounds Avitli mounds and heaps of dehris scattered in every direc- tion tlirou^h the adjoininLC forest,** and heloiininy- ori.;- iiially to l^xmal or to some city in its inimediato vicinity. A rectani^'ular sj)ace, Jiowever, measurini;' in Lfeneial terms soniethiiiL;' ovei' one tliii'd of a^ mile from north to south and one i'ourth of a mik: from east to west would include all the })rincipal sti'uctures. Tlie annexed j)lan will show their arrangement within tlio rectangle, as well as their ji^'round forms and dimen- sions moi'e clearly than many })aL;es of desci'ipti\c text. I'iXcept in a few instances I ha\-e not attempted on the ]»lan to i-epresent the ,i>'rades of the various ter- races, which will he made clear in the ti'Xt, hut ha\r indicated the extent of their bases by dotted lines and by the omission of the foliage which cos'ers their sidi - and platl'orms as well as the surrounding country.'' It 7 Lilt. .W ^-l' Sfi" C), Loiij.'. 4' 33" west of MiTiilii. Tiie coiiclu- tiv - iiiiiicc (riiiic fcirc tVnii,i;iiK'ii>(' iviMiiivro Ic tm], mais (lispiirait dans Ics iii- viniiiM oil Pciii ira|i('rcciit iiuc dii salilc' Frl( di rich.slliiil, in Xniinlhi Ainidlrs lies I'm/., 18H, ti)ni. xcii.. [i. IliMi. :'. miles ((ItTiiianl west of .lal.i- (.'lio, w liii'li lies near Maxcanii, on tlic idad fron Mi'iida In ( 'ainin'rlic. Won. p(i)i.-i, diiiif. It. S/(il., |i. 144. "id Ica^^iifs from . 'ciida. orriipv in;,' an extiiit (if several leagues. Mitlilinpfunll, .Sfcjlrn, toni. 'i.. |it l., p. 1-'. 'A Imit lieues de Mava|pan ....dansune jilainc lejieii inc it onilulee.' J'rd.-^.sriir ■'; J!iiiir/)()iirif, Hist. Xiif. Ci'r., tom. ii., ]>. '_'l. ' Le tei'aiii d'l \;nal est ]il.it dans tonle I'l'tendne dn platean.' ' Snr ie plateau d'ui'e liaiite mciiitaL:iM'.' Wuhln-h-, Villi. I'ill., pp. (is, 70. ^'' 'Snr iin cliametre (Tniie liene. le sol e-.t coiimiI de didiil dont iiiul. qiies-nns reeonvrent des interieiiis fort l>ien eon-ei\es.' ('/inriiiiii, liidn'S .liiiir., p. 'M')'.]. S In the plan I lia\f followed Stephens, Vitrn/iin, V(d. i., ]i. It!."), wtio i! •• leriniiR'd tlie position of all the stiuetures by aitual measnieineiit, enliii .; ■'%■ H'} ■% PLAN (JF IXMAL. 153 otwitli- (I ilgUU, us inos- untuivd and *it' lulraiico II ot" tlio it clcar- iin]»ossi- ids ^vitll ly dii'uc- ino- ()rij,'- niiL'diuto >uriiij4' in uile iVoiii I uast to L-S. The ho itliin t diincii- si-riptivc ti.'mi»trd oils tcr- ut liav.' lU's at.d r sidi - itvy.'-' It ourhi' III' - laiis Ifs t;i- Xoiinll. >• •si ul' .lal.i- ,,.h,,, ir„,,. iS all fxtiiit 'A li'iit /;/v^s■,^7■H/• ■'■; im1 I'st plat iiiiiiita^:iii'.' (Imit ipiol- mill, liiliniS ()."), will) '!'•• (■Ill, ciiUiii:-! /yr--\ V I? 9 (it wl ;:li tl IC lllKlCl'Ll'niW til fur tlii^ ('\i ire— ( imriKi^i^, aiK iii^i' Miivi'v caiiiiul he calk'il m (|iic-|i(iii llls .lali 1 the acciirarv" rciiidiluccil (111 > ivdu. (■(! >c,il(. ill ir, //.•mil's Anil r. Ilist., ii. s:\. IMaiis arc also ;ji\cii ill ir„/./. (■/„ '/. I. I/"//. I'ilt., 1 viil.; JSnrniKii'.s lidiiililis in \. 1.1 ; .1 ml very lii.itcri:il|y Imtli troill that of Slc|i|i trod l.y Vi.illct-lc-I»iic. 11. ti'J. 'I'licsi' all dill' il t'i'dll h (dl Id ; ilit'v ma iii'ircuxcc \|.|v iiu (iiiiiilcic, ami licar marks of liaxiii;.' licfii cari'lcssly or lia-til nil- y iiri'|iar' Ics aiilrc 1, 1) ispdsi'c I'll ccliinuici', mi llais C't ll'S tUI:l[pIos." li •|il(iyai('iit, a la -mil' k'S russi iir I /,' 1! itu-iionrj, lli.st. T ir)4 ANTK^irnKs or yicatan. Avill Ix! sm-ii at a ^Ifinoo \)y tlie readci' tliat none (if tlie stiiK'tiircs f'at'ij exactly the cai'diiial ])(»iiits, and that IK) two of tlu'iii i'aco exactly in the same dii'ec- tioM. It is custoniaiy lor writers on Aiiu'rican anti(|- iiities to speak of all the ])rinci])al ruined palaces and temples as exactly oriented, and all the visitors to Uxmal, exce))t Stephens, make the same statement i'espectin<_;- its structures, oi' so I'epresent them on their ])lans. iJut in this case we are K-t't in no uncertainty in the matter, lor a jihoto^raiijnc view of" the southeiii ruins IVom the courtyard (>!' the huildin^' ( ', agrees exactly with Stephens' ])lan, and proves heyond }>orts the (iov- ,V"/. fir., tcwii. ii.. ]i. 'Jl. Iii'siclcs tin,' jilaiis, jjciicnil views of the luiii^ ficdii iii'iiily tlic siiiiic piiiiit (1/ on tlio ]iliiii looking' soiitliwjird) iiii' ;:i\iii ]i\ St('|ilu'iis, Yiifiitini, vol. 1., p. .Sd.'), mill liy (liimiay, Uiiiins Aimr., jiiiot. 4'.t. Noniiiiii, li'iiiililis in yni'.. fioiilisiiit'cc, <_m\cs u ^ciicral \ ii".v ot' till' ruins Ky niooTili.ulit from a ])oint and in a diicction iniiii>sr>ili!c to tix, ^\lli(•ll is coiiicil in tlio Alhiuii Mix., toni. i., p. "JOIi, in /•V(/.sV'.v (imtt ('/'/. .s\ i>. ■_'(!;•, anil in A/., J'iff. Hist. Mr.r., j). ,S(). It niakcn u very \iyiU\ fronlisiiicce, wliicli is alumt all that can lie saiil in its fa.oi', cxocpl tliat it Mii;.;lit serve ei|Mally well to illustrate any other j;ronp of American or olilworlil antiipiities. ^^' ('.'iiiniiiff, UnincH Aiiu'r., ])liot. 40. " 'No haiiiemlo traiiieion al;;umi que testifiqno Ioh nomhres ]iro])iiPS, ipic on un prinii]iio tnvieron los diferentes edilieios i|ue ilenuniiaM estas iiiiuiis, es iireeiso ereer line Ills que liov llevan, sou enteranieiite 'Malnitos.' / ''.. Ill I!: iflSll'l) y tom. I., i>. L'T"). Ml is positive? tins must licen a lemiile rather than a palaee. '.Mr Sti'idieiis appears to bo so ^init rXMAF, ('ASA DHL (iOnKItNAOOIt. 155 none nf its, aiul \v dircc- 11 aiitiij- ICL'S illld utt)l's to .utc'iiu'tit on tlifii' •crtaiiity SOlltlKlll ', ai^'l'LH'S 11(1 (JUCS- uinot li'' of tlitiu luful o.\- acu coiii- II as till' It iiiav he (litl'rr- iclii, ,U'('ii- sitors, in tve l)ftn it pl'uli- \i]»i)ii ii lies, like y ai)l>V()- lio ( iov- (.1 till' viiin- (1) 1110 };i\L" lilies >l )/';'"•, .•(•iicriil vio'.v iN.-iiilc tn lix. ', list's (.il-'ld ;i very Jin'ttv Aiiiuni;'"'"' cstas ii;:ii;iS litus.' /.. ''■• < luiisl lia'i' bo so >tii'-^ ciiKir's lioiisf (IfiiiaiHls our tirst atteuti(.)ii. Its Kaso, with its iiTc^iilaritit'S in Ibnii on the west and south, is shi'Wii on thi' jdan liy the dotted lines (t, h, r, ;h, while ( 'h the -aiiie lifleeii and ten feet res baiiiui;t j.iail'iirni ahmit •Jill feet Ion, Ni.r- l.')(i-7, states that the second and third terraces /.' ,1 iik'i I'l' Trl W. niak( •lively. Wuldeek's plan iiuiUes the IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^ V. ^ CA <# 1.0 I.I 1.25 tL m t li£ 1 2.0 iiiiii U III 1.6 ■7 (^ /^ ^. o>,. ^# %■ *. 3> >' '/ /A Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 \: 5. V i^ ^ >> 160 ANTIQUITIES OF YUCATAN. forms were also paved orij^inally with square blocks, as M. Ciiarnay believes, although now covered witli Boil and vegetation. By means of an excavation, solid stone was found in the interior above tlie surtiuo level, sliowing that the builders had taken advantago of a natural elevation as a labor-saving expedient iu heaping u[) this massive artificial stone mound. There are no traces of stairways by which access was had to tlie second j)latform," but a long inclined plane with- out steps, one hundred feet wide, on the southern side, apparently furnislied the only means of ascent. From the second platform, however, a regular sta rway of thirty-Kve steps, one hundred and thirty feet wide, leads up to the summit at /, being in the centre of the eastern siile, or front. The up{>or platform supports, and forms a prom- enade thirty feet wide round the Casa dt.'l Goberna- dor, which is a building three hundred and twenty -two feet long, thirty-nine feet wide, and twenty-six feet high,^* built of stone and mortar. A central wall divides the interior longitudinallv into two nearly etpial corridors, which, divided again by transverse partition walls, form two parallel rows of rooms ex- tcndin'jf the wliole length of the buildini>f. Tlic arrangement of tliese rooms will be best understood by a reference to tlie accompanying ground plan from ^Ir Stephens.^* The two central apartments are about Croiuul Plan of tlic Casa tlcl (iolteniatlor. " Joiu's, Ifi'sf. Aiir. A inn:, p. 120, Hnys there was a stairway in tlic centre of eat'li siile. '» Nonnan's ,s7'7//(''//.«' Yiiriitiin, vol. i., |). 175, rejtrodiieed in llnfifiriii's Ai"'. Aiiift'., |>. 1.S2, and ]l'i/l.w)i\i A inn: Hint., p. 84. Tlie aiitlior speaks of tliu number of rooms as licin;,' IS, allliou;;li the jdan sliows 24. He i>rol»al»ly il^i s not eoinit the four small rooms eorrespoiidiii;,' with the reeesses on tlio front and rear, as lie alio Joes not include their doors iu his count, lluw rXMAL-CASA DEL GOBERXADOR. 157 are blocks, vered with ration, si>litl tl'ic surtiu'o I advantano xpodieiit ill und. There 1 was had to plane with- mthern side, •ent. From sta.nvay of ;y feet wido, centre of the irms a prom- del Goherna- d twenty -two 'enty-six feet central ^vaU ) two nearly y transverse of rooms ex- ldin,i,^ The understood hv )lan from ^h ts are about la stairway i" tlio X :V20fL'ot; Vr'n f.'ft. liiildin'n tl„.r siH-uks of the ,1.al>lv •I'"'' till! A I \\o ]iro\ia ic vc'fcssi's nil e-ixtv feet lon_2^ and twelve feet wide; the others, cx- (•(•|»t the two in the recesses, are twelve hy tw«3nty-tivo It it. Those of the front corridor are twenty-three fti't liiyli, wliile in the rear they are only twenty-two, .'uithorities ditferini^ somewhat, however, on this point. There are two doorways in the rear, one on each end, and thirteen on the front; with nine interior doorways ( xaetly opposite the same nund)er on the exterior. The rear, or western wall, excei)t for a short distance at each end, is nine feet thick and perfectly solid, as was jtrovc'il by an excavation; the transverse walls ((irres|i(>iulln^" with the two recesses are of alnmt the same thickness; and all the other walls are between \\\i> and three feet thick. The stone for tlie facings (4' the wliole buildin«>' is cut in smooth blocks nearly cuhic in iorm and of varying but nowhere exactly stated dimensions; but the mass of the structure, as i> jiiovcu hy yi. Charnay's jdiotograph, is an ayglom- (lation of rough, irregular fragments of stone in mor- tar. The construction of the whole will be under- stood l)y a glance at the cut, which represents a section his toll ut. 11-J^^ Section of the Casa del Goltorimdor. Ill' t.'i'l> rill of tlic otlicr two does not appear. Nominn says 24 rooms, Hinr- iiiivJI, and Stc'iiiieiiM indicates 2)1 in the plan in Cent. Anur., vol. ii., p. 153 ANTIQUITIES OF YUCATAN. of tlie l)uil(lini( nt tlie central doorway in very noarlv its true |»ro[)ortions, altlioujicli tho j)ro|)er .size and cubical forni of the blocks are not observed.*" At about niid-iieight of each rrt;ir which h<>lds them in place and the weight of tlif sui>erini|ti)sed masonry, as key-stones to this anli of the tiiie American type. The j)rojecting coniiis of the overlaj)[)ing blocks ju'e beveled oti' so that tlit; ceiling presents two plane stone surfaces nearly foiiii- ing an acute angle at the top. Above and betwiiii those arches all is solid masonry to the Hat 1(mi;', giving to the apartments the air of galleries exca- vated in the solid mass, rather than enclosed liy walls. The top of each doorway is formed by a stout beam of za])ote-wood which has to bear the weight of the st()ne-work above. One (jf these lin- tels in the southern aj)artnient, ten feet long, twenty- one inches Avide, and ten inches thick, is elaLorati^ly carved; the rest, not only in this building, but in all at Uxmal, are plain." Many of them are broken and falhiu. It is to the breakiuijf of these wooden lintrls that is to be attributed nearly all the dila])i(lation oli- servable about this ruin, especially over the ontir doorways. Some s})ecial motive nnist have intlurnci il the builders to use wood in preference to the nimv duralde stone, and this motive may be su])j)(tse(l h> have bei'ii the rarity and value of the zapote, wliidi is said not to grow in this part of the state. Tlif rrit'dcriclistlial, in Xaiirii/cs Aiiiiu/r.f t/rs ]'oi/., 1841, torn, xiii., p. ■100, sju'iikiii^^of till- i'xnial stnii'tiiri'H ill jiciicral, saysilic liloclxHarr ii-n.illv 5 x I'i iiiciu's; Zavala, in Aiittii. Mr.r., Idiii. i,. enin«,^s into or lie- tween the apartments, there bein<^ ahsohite'Iy no win- (li»\vs, chinuieys, or air-lioles. Aeross the ceihn<4s from ^ide to side at aluuit mid-liei*j^ht stretcli small »voo«len lif.iiiis, w'iose ends are huilt into the stone- W( ok. 'J'lie oidy sii^trestions respecting their use are that tluy served to support the ceilings while in j)rocess of coi!- stnution, and that they served for the suspension df liaiiiiiiiKks.'"* The inner surface of the rooms is that (if the plain smooth stone blocks, except in one or two (if them wliere a very thin coating of fine whit(,' plas- ter is noticed. There is no trace of painting, sculp- ture, or other attempt at decoration. The Hoois and roof are covered with a hard cement. Nothing fnithti" worthy of })articular notice den)ands our attention in the interior of the Governor's House, except the small njiartments correspt)nding with the recesses near tacli end of the buildiuijf. In these the sides <»f tli • (•tiling instead of beginning to approach each other by lui^ans of overlapping blocks at mid-height of the iiKini. begin at or near the tloor, thus leaving no ]ier- peiidieular walls whatever. The explanation of this seems to be, SO far as can be judged from ( 'atlier- wood's drawing and Charnay's }»hotograph, that orig- inally an ojten passage about twenty feet wide at th(! bottom, narrowing to two or three feet at the to}>, and twenty-four feet high, extended completely through the bnilding fi-om fi'ont to rear at each of the recesses, and that afterwards this j>assage was dixided into two small apartments by three partition walls, a small door being left in the front and rear.*''' '" Si(|, liens favors the formor tlii-orv, Wiildock mid Clianiiiy llio I.itti r, Mi-.i>tiiiu' iImi the liiiiiiiiiot'k is ooiist'iiiu'iitly ail Aiiii'ricaii iii\<-iitiiiri. Nnr- iiMii ;j(ii., sii tar as t(i say that llu' j;r. 177, spcalis of iiitt'iionlccoriitinii^ a^ fiiihtws : 'Ay vn lienvo en lo interior de la falirica, ([Ue |ann<|iie i-s iiiuv dila- tado) ii ])0('o mas de medio estado de vn iionihre, eorre ]>or todo M vnii inr- iiisii de iMe(h'a muy tersa, one haze vnaesiinina (h-lieadissima, i^ruai, > mny jierfeetii, donrimor.' IXMAL— (ASA DKL (lOUKKNAnoU. IGl ■xtorior of tlio way, iit soiiiL'- tliu biiildiii.,'', tliei' coniict' is ur (.'ornice tlio sinootlily cut ;v or paint m]i- Is arc covciud xaiiiiiiiitiDU (if it wns iti'tiiinlccKnitii'ii^as iniii(|iu' fs imi\ ilila- IMir toili) M VIM fiir- issiiiia, i;:iiiil, y iiiiiy jiicdi'ii. y <|m'cla'lii fii viio lie oro dlirailo with ( 1 '.;ant and coniidicated sculpturo. Tliu preced- ing' cut ■■" ]»resL'iits a view of the soutli end, and uivt s an idea of tlie sculptured ]>ortion of the wall, jihhuu^h it nnist lie remembered that Itoth the ends jiiid i( ar are nnich less elaborately decorated than the lit (lit. Tlie whole surface is divided into S(piai"es, or n.iii Sfr/,fin,.t' Yii.'uhni, vol. i., p. 174; iihi> m lialif liai'iiii T•■^:t■J ( V •iiiiriii,,ii witli aiiiitliLT liiiilt'liii N"l.. IV. 11 "■/// .« .1 iir.Aillfr., y's iili(»t(t;ria|(li 4S «liow.s the opjiositc or iioiIIhtii eiiil rXMAL-r'ASA T)FL (iOnEItXADolt. S68 j);int Is, filled altcriiati'ly witli fivts, or ufivcrc'>suinal)ly hiiToylyphic. 'J'ho tliii't' ( uts"^ show tho oniainentatioii ovor the contial tVniit do(»i\vay. The first rui»ivsc'nts wliat Hot'ins to have heeii a hiiinaii figure seated and siirni<)unte of the wall. 'J'he central portion of this ornament is a curved ]>rojec- tinii, supposed, hy more than one traveler, to he mod- eled at'tei- the trunk of an elephant, of which a ])i(»Hle view is shown in the third cut. It }>rojti'ts nineti-en, inches I'rtjm tiie surface of the wall. This })rotl•udin^• Tlie Elepliuut's Trunk.— Fig. 3. ctirvo occurs more frequently on this and other huild- iiiL's at r.xmal than any other decoration, and usually with the same or similar accompaniments, which may he " I'lmii St(|ilii us; Olio (if tliciii also ill Ihiidtrin's Aiir. Aiiiir. 164 ANTIQIITIKS OF YUCATAN. fjiuciud to r(!|U'est'!it tluj foaturos of a inonstor, of wliidi this foniis tliu nose. It oci-urs es|nj(.'ijilly on tliu onia muntc'd and rounded eoiners; heinjuf HoinetiineH ic- verssud in its jjosltion, and liavintjf, with few exeeptitms. tlie jioint Itrokeii off, jirohahly hy the natives, from su]»erstitious motives, to prevent the h)nii;-nosed mon- ster from walkin*,^ ahroad at nii,dit.''^ Tlie ornaments are cut on scjuare hloeks, wliich are inserted in tin- wall, one hloek containinjjf only a part of the orna- mental desiy-n. Of course, a verhal description fails utterly in conveyini'' any j)roi)er idea of this front, \vhose sculj>tured decorations, if less elalxjrate and comjdicated than some others in Yucatan, are sur- passed hy none in elegant Ljrandeur. I apj>end how- ever, in a note, some (piotations res])ectin<^ this I'aradc, and take leave of the C^asa del (lohernador with a mention of the 'red hand,' whose imprint is found on stones in .dl parts of the huildiiii;'. Mr Stephens hc- lieves that it was made hy the j>ressure of a small hu- man hand, smeared with red paint, upon the surfate of the wall.-'^ ■^- A cut i»f tills liook is also ;;ivcn by \\viii;rii piiil iniih/'S ill )'ii'' . I' liu'M iiiit Iti'l'iti;.' Ill •Utt'savcc line l.iiv ■s iruii travail iioii l.if. Xiil- ''ii'- '"I", niu'aiix en \>'\v\rr. oiii. xcii., i>. :!*!''■ in till' ciiiliitiiiiiiy inn:, ]k '.IS. • Tin' ii'(>rn's]»)iicl iicailv iiildciniif ctcriiiiv. mill tlic luiililiii-;" 'M (Ic iivrainiil*'^- i' stiii'iisf p-aiiilinr. tia]»'/.f« rcj;iilio iv^anled as a ivpivsoiitativt', in its .i;'t'ii- ( i,il t'tatiiivs and many of its «lotails, of tlio iinrit'iit Mav.i structuivs, viiy I'uw of vvliicli, hoNVovur, arc so Will |nvsL'rvt(l as this. (JonseijUontly, ovi-r this tyim ol' niins loMLf, low, narrow l»uil(lin^s, with flat rools, div iih'd into a doultlo lino of small rooms, with trian- milai-anhed coilinos^ ]>laiii interior walls, and (vnu-iit Hours; thi! wholtj siij>|»orted hy a stono mound, as- cciidt'd hy a hroad stairway — I shall he ahlc in futiiio to |iass nioic hrii'Hy, sim|>ly notinjLj^ such |>oints <»f con- trast with the ('asa did ( Johernador as may orcur. Still stmic of the othei' huildinjjfs of Txinal haxc I'e- crivcd more attention from visitors, and eonsecjuently will all'oi'd hettei' illustrations of sctnie of the common t'latiiri's than the om; ah'eady d(.!S( lihed. (Ml the north-West corner of the second ]»latlorm of till' >aine mound that su}>j)orts the Ciovernor's House, and lyiiii^' in a direction |»er|)endicular to that huihlin^', is the small sti'uctiire marked D on the jdan, and kii(»wii as the C'asa the interior, con- iMiii 111 lie iiijTcs im]iortantos. que divors vnva^rctirs (iiif en Ic sciin crcnlfvcr. \'naiif iiiclics, |iliii'ffs r/'jiiilii'ifiiiciit, coiiti'iiait'iit dcs statiu'^, al»ciilts aii- loiiiiriiiii," I '/mniiii/. J'liiiKM A nil r.,\t\>.'M'2-',\. 'ihw sulid mass of ricli, cnin- iiliiiili'il clMlKiiatcly sculpt mcil oniainciits f(ii-iiiiii;.'a suit of aialtcsiiuc' • IVr- liap'- it iiiM\ wilii |ii'o|)i°ifl\ iiccallcil a spt'cifsof sciiiittiinMl iimsait'; ami I liavi> 111 mIi 111 lit ili.it all tlu'scoriiaiiiciitsliavo a s\iiilioli<'al nicaiiiii;.'; tliaf t-ach sloiio i- |i.irl iif a liistorv, alli';.'oi'v, or fa)>li'.' .S7(y///( //.v' Yiiriitnii. vol. i.. pp. Itid, l7-"t. riiM oMiaiiiciils were ('(HiiitK.si'd of small square pioccs of stone, shaped w itli iiiliiiilc slsili, and inserted lietweeii tlie niortarand stone with llie;:reatest care iiinl inrci-ion. A lion t two-tliirdsof theornaiiientsare still remain inj; upon the la',iiiic. , . .The ;,'roiiiid-\vorl< of the ornanieiits is cliielly eoni|iosed of raised liiieN, iiiiiiiin;.' dia;,'oiially, forniiii}; diamond or lattice-work, rn.'S|K)n«hii;L,''Mith tho thivu doorways on tliat .side, luul also t'alii'M, ami (»n thc! noitlu'in sidu was ready to fall, the wor C'harnay's visit neither the centre nor western end of the northern wall remained standin«^. The exterior Malls helow the lower corniee are ]»lain, as in the (.'as.i del (Joheiiiador, hut hetweeii the eorniees, instead of the complicated sculpture of the former huildiny", theie apj>ears a simple and ele<,'ant line of round cohinnis standinj^' close together and encirclinlatform, at /, is a ranji^o of hroken round columns, each five feet hiyh and eighteen inches in diameter, *3 ' Lii tlc'cnraliim dr. imreiiient do rot t'tlifu'c nc rmiwisto (jii'cii ime itiiitatiim de palissiule fiiniiee de rDiidiiis de hois. Siir la fiiw Hii|KTi('iiic, di'M tiirtiu's saillaiitu.s roiiiiient seiiles Ii's lij^iit'slun-izoiitalfs.' 1 7o//'V-/' -/''"', ill Vhiiniini, liiiini\s Aincr., p. (il). IMidtiij^rajili 48 shows tlie north froni ui tho Casa n a 1; hclU'e the L reinarkahle lo ternice to w it to the •oi iiid, ]»latforiii (Jol)ernad«»r 1 there, hut that t»f the inal nature, foundati'.-n ct wide, and datfornu at leh tive i'eet iiisiiste qu'cn "'n' I frisi! su|(iTU'iin', s.' yi()lhl-l'-I>"'\, the north front "t 84, Kivos a I'l.'K' ,ko thisliiul'liii.-'^ ,vill he illustr;ii'il thlTH. ;s in Yuc., i>. l''*J' (111 tlie s.iiue platforni, ahout eighty feet eastwanl (,:' tlir ceiitr.il stairway, a t /•. is a r OIIIM I St one osition as when huriod, and has there hooii noticed l»y several suhsocjiioiit ohservers. its scul]>- tnv is rude, and hut sliirhtly damaged hy time. It is iw II ill the cut on tho next i)a; twelve frit ill riiruiiifiTcuce and eijilit in lieij.'iit; iK-arin;; npon it.ssiirfaee no marks lit fiirm or ornament hy which it ini;rlit he diHtiii;.Miislied from a natnral jpiei'e ' S'lruiiiii's Riiiiihlis ill I'//'". , |(. l,"))}. ' I'lie es|ieee de coloiine ditey;/' /vr (/.' i-luitiiiii iif, nil h'seiiiipahles devaient recevoir la |innition di; leurs fautes.' I'liiinnii/, li'iiiiiis Ann r., jt. X7'2. ' I'lia eimnne eoliimiiu th' piedra, cnyii fiiniia >iiiiiir)rii(a le da el aire ile un ohelisco, ann; .1/. /'. /'., in Uiifisiro Yiii', toin. i., ]>. ;<(i4. ^'' ' I 'iiiilile headed cat or lynx,' eiit from Sdji/ini.i' Viirfifiiti, vol. i., p. \■: 'rwd-lifaik'tl Mill at I'xiiial. t\vo-ho.i(leil idol, in a direction not stattMl, Mi' Stt- pliens found a structure twenty feet S(|uare at tlu base, from which were dug out two sculjjtured IhjkN, apparently ])ortraits. The only objects of iiitiiv-t which remain to be noticed in connection with tlii^ la inisitia qtic la en quo yfcncralmcnto so ropro«(-iita la esUiiiio dc la fiilmli- y si Mil I'xcavai'iim iiu fiicra tan rci'lt'iili', iirohaliliMiiL'iiti' lialiria loiiiiln li siii'rtc lie (itras fstjiliias y oltji'los |iri'cii»si>s, (|ii(> a inR'sIra vislu y ii.n'ii'iiii.i hail siilii sarailos licl pais para li;,Mirar en ins mnsi'os cxtraiijcrns.' .1/ /■• /'• in Jiiiiis/ri) )'iii:. tnni, i,, pp. ;{(j4-5. Mr HcUur, liciseu, i). '250, ciiiiiniiiMl- tliis luuauiiicnt with thu picutc. rXMAL-CrsTKIlNS AND PYRAMID. 1C.9 lilatfoi'in, or the inonnd-Htructuru of wliidi it forms a |i,irt. are two excuvations, sujjposcd t() Imvc bet'ii ori^- iiiallv cisteriis. Tl \v eiiti'iUK-e, or niou th, t () ouL'h IS a ciiviilar (.|)(jMint>;', eij fliteeii I inciius in (liainetrr, linc'l itli regular hlocks of cut stone, and (les('eiidin!4' tlireL lirt, vertically, from the surface of the phitlorm, In;- t'die it i)e^iiis to widen into a dome-shaped chamhei', The (linieiisions of the chambers could not he ascer- tained hecause thev Avere nearly tilled with I'uit liish, hut similar chamhers are of frecjuent occuri'enti- tliniu^hout the city of Uxmal and vicinity, several of which were found unencund)ered with dehris. and in Mcrt'cct ] (reservation. They were all dome-shajied, h it is harclv mentioned bv othei': TI us pyramid meas- ures two hundred by three hundred feet at the base and its heii^'ht is sixty-live feet. At the top is a si|iiare jtlatform, whose sides are each seventy-fi\i' i'eet. The area of this })latfiL)rm is flat, com|tosed of r.iunh stones, and has no traces whatever of e\er ha\ - U'j; siipjioi ted anv build m!"', its sides, h owevei' tl live I'eet hinh ])erpendicularly, are of hewn blocks of stone, and simtoth with ornamented corners. i»elow this sum- Miit |)latforin, for a distance of ten or twelve feet, the sid( s of the pyramitl are faced with sculiitured stone, >!>' p/inis' Yiiriifini, vol. i. ])]i. "JJ!) 'A'2. Sr Pi'nii, ])ro]iricti)r of I'xiiial, K'licMil that tlicsc cxcavatiKiis wcir oni'iiiallv used as "liuiarics. not tit iii^Mlir iilasifisiitliciciitly 1 ni tti rt'sisl waler. ' Kxfii\atiiiiis. . . .with lf\i 1 <-■ ml lilies aail .Himmllily tiaislieil iiisiilc' Xoniuni'/i Iiniiili/cn in l'«'.'., p. loO. i I! 'ili 170 ANTIQUITIES OF YUCATAN. the ornamcntft being chiefly grecques, Hkc tliosc on tlie Govcrnoi''s House, having one of the ininioiise facts ■with j)rojecting ieeth at the centre of the western side. At this ])oint Mr Stephens attempted an excavation in the lioj)e of discovering interior apartments, hut the only result was to prostrate himself with an attack of fever, which obliged him to quit Uxmal. Just below this sculptured upper border, some fifteen feet below tlie top, a narrow terrace extends round the four sides of the pyramid. Concerning the surface below this terrace, we only know that it is encased in stone, and would very probably reveal additional ornamentation if subjected to a more minute exainination.-** The jiyramid F, still farther south-west, is two hundred feet lonj; and one hundred and twentv feet wide at the base, being about fifty feet high. These particu- lars, together with the fact that a stairway leads up the northern slope, to one of the typical Yucatan buildings, twenty by one hundred feet and divided into three aj)artments, are absolutely all that has been recorded of this structure, which, like its more inij)osing companion pyramid, has not been thought worthy of a name. The reader will be able to form a more consistent conjecture res2)ecting its original ap- l)earance after reading a description in the following pages of the structure at D, which presents some points of apparent similarity to its more modest southern neighl )or.^'' Northward from the last pyramid, and connected with it by a courtyard one hundred feet long and ^'t Stcn/icna' Vitcafan, vol. i., pp. 2r)^-G, with a view in the frimtispici c Altli(mj.'li Stcplu'iis says the iiyrainid i.s only sixty-llvo feet iii;;h, it is no- tii'eaitlo tiiat in I'athurwomrs tlrawinj,' it towers hi;,'h aliove the roof of tlio I'asa del (iohernador, whieh is at least si.xty-ei^ht feet in hei;j;lit. NorniMii. 11 iiiihlis ill Viir., 1). l,")?, ealls this a pile of loose .stones, aliont two hundnil feet s([uare at the hase, and one hundred feet hidi, and covered on the siili ■< aid toji with dohris of edilices. i'riederiehstnal, Xoinrf/r .liiiiu/rs 'Z' v I'd//., 1841, toni. xcii., p. 308, says the siininiit platform is seveuty-seMii feet snuare. w Sli/i/i(ii.i' Yiicatnn, vol. i., p. 319. A distant view of this ]ivraniiil i-» ineliuled in Stephens' jteneral view, p. 3(»r), and in Cliarnay's ]iiiolo;.'rii| li 4 t. Nornian, in hoth plan and te.xt, unite.s this pvraniid at the hase viih that at K, and makes its height eiylity feet. liambtcs in Ync., p. 157. UXMAL-CASA DE PALOMAS. 171 lose oil the Kjiisu faces jsteni side, oxcavatioii its, but the I attack of Just below feet l)elow 3 four sides beh)\v this stone, and aiiientatioii on.'"** The ro hundred set ^vide at so particu- ly leads u[) il Yucatan nd divided [ that has e its more u thought to form a iginal ap- followini;' lents some re modest connected long and f^>lltis^^i('^l'. liij;li, it IS un- lit' riiiif of tlic 'lit. Noniwiii. it two Uuiicln .1 (I on the siili •* ,1 iiiitdis ill ■>■ 8i'veuty-se\(U lis ]>yraiiiiil '■* :'s ]iiioto;:iM!ili tiie base \miI' , i>. 157. ci-luv live feet wide, with ranges of undescribed ruins (i:i tlie e:ist and west, are the buildings at G, built 1 iimd iuul enclosing a courtyard one hundred and I'i.'htv feet long and one hundred and fifty feet wide, (.iitiiid througli an archway in the centre of the u iithern and southern buildings. Tliis courtyard has ;; pirote in the centre, like that before the Governor's Honso, ])ut fallen. These buildings are in an ad- vaiiifd state of ruin and no details are given resjiect- i:ig any of them except the northern one, which prc- sfiits one remarkable feature. Along the centre of the itiof from east to west throughout the whole length (>(' two hundred and forty feet, is a peculiar wall rising iu jieaks like saw-teeth. These are nine in number, (.ach about twenty-seven feet long at the base, between tit'tei'ii and twenty feet high, and three feet thick. Kach is })ierced with many oblong oi^enings arranged ill tive or six horizontal rows, one above another like the windows in the successive stories of a modern liiiiMiiiLi', or like those of a i)igeon lu)use, or Casa do I'aliiiiias, bv which name it is known. Traces vet re- main which show that originally these strange eleva- tii)iis were covered with stucco ornaments, the only iii- i-tauce of stucco decorations in Uxmal. ( )f this group (if stiiictures, including the two courtvards and the ]iyraiiii(l beyond, notwithstanding tiieir ruined condi- tion. MrStepliens remarks that ** they give a, stronger iiii|)ivssi(»n of departed greatness than anything else ill this (k'solate city." ^ Ivespecting the remains marked 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, '" >'/'///(( »\' Viiriifmi, vol. i., )ip. 318-19, with view of the ( 'asa do Palonins; iiitiil-iMM /./., I'nit. Aiiirr., vol. ii., ]>. 4'Jf>. ' I'lic nniiaillt' ilcnti'lt'e do I'iu'n.iii^ ii-sfz I'lcvos, iK'i'ct's (rmio luultitiulo do potilos oiivt'rturos, i|ui doii- iii^'iit ,1 ( liarmi la iilivsimioiiiio d'liii ooloiiihier.' (.'/niinn/f, Jiiiiiics Aitiri\ ]ij). •"71--. |iliipt. I!t. 'A wall of two huudroi). foot roiiiaiiis staiidiii;; u])oii a 1 'lui'hiiinii of ton fo(!t. Its width is twonty-tivo foot; liaviii;; raii;.'cs of iMiiiiis ii; liiitli sides. Diily jiarts of whioli remain. This wall lias an aeiito- :imu'Iim1 ;inli diiorwjiy tiirou;,'h tiie centre .... The top of this wall ha.s iniiiiciiii|.< -iiliiaro aportiiros thron;;h it, which f^ivo it the ap])oarance of jii.'roiiliii|i'.i; jiiid its od;,'o is formed like the fialdo-oiid of a liouso, uniform- ly imtilnil." \,,i,iitiii\s llmnblvs in Yw:., p. Kio, with plate showing one of the inMk> lit' the wall. 172 ANTIQUITIES OF YUCATAN. i !•' I 14, and 1 5, on the plan, north of tlie Pyramid and ( asa do Palonias, and west of the Casa del Gohernadof, all that can he said is enihodied in the followinj^ (juota- tion: **A vast ranjjce of hi^'h, ruined terraces, faciiii;' east and west, nearly eight hundred feet lon*^ at tliu hase, and called the Campo Santo. On one of tlnse is a building' of two stories, with some remains of sculp- ture, and in a deep and over<*'rown valley at the fix it, tlie Indians say, was the hurial-place of this anciiiit city; hut, tliou^di searching for it ourselves, and olHr- inii a reward to them for the discovery, we never ioiiiul in it a se[)ulchre."^^ Crossing over now to the eastward of the Gover- nor's l[<>nso, we find a small grou}) of ruins in tlic south-eastern corner of the rectangle. The one marked G on the plan is known as the Casa de la Vieja, or ( )1(1 Woman's ILouse, so named from a statue that \va> found lying near its front. The huilding stands en tlie sumnii<^ o+' a small pyramid and its walls were ji^t ready to fall at the time of the survey. Of the other structures of the grou}), 5 and 7, no further infonna- tion is given tlian that which may be gathered IVnin the plan. Along the line marked 4, 4, 4, are sligiit traces of a continuous wall, indicating that rxiiial may have been a walled citv, since no careful search has ever been made for such traces in other porti(tiis et the city's circumference.^'^ To go from the Casa del Gobernador northward tn the buildings at C and D, yet to be described, we |>a>> between two parallel walls at H. These two parallel structures are solid masses of rough stones laced eii all four sides with smoothly cut blocks, and were, so ^K'^'rp/i'ii.'i' Viii;iffni,\o\. \.,\<.'M0; 'SmUMlw, litniihlrs in Yiir., p lti'>. spcaUs of tliis ])iiit of tint ruin as 'an innnensf court or sijuari', cui'ln^i'il !iy stone walls, k'adiuj;' to tin- Nun's Hcuisi',' ("of flic plan, lie says. i\\>ii. tliiii some of tlie scaftereil mounds in this direction have lieen excavatiil ii:iil seem to have heen intemled ori;;inally for .si']iulchreM. ^- Mr Stephens, )'iiri(fiiii, vol. i., p. ,'WO, refers to his ajtpemlix for ;i iihu- tion of some of the ridics fonml in this f^rouj). The refereni'c is prolMlily I'l a note on vestii;es of the ^ihallic worship on p. 434, whicii from in()ti\i.'> "i modesty the author gives m Lutiu, I'XMAL GYMNASIUM. 173 f;ir ,is can 1)3 dctcrmiiicd in tlieir present condition, ex^iutly alike. Each measures thirty by one hundred and t\V(jiity-ei«jr]it feet on the ground, and they are sivciity t'oet a}»art, their lieiglit not bein<^ given. The Iroiits whiih face each other were covered with .sculp- tiiitd decorations, now mostly fallen, including two en- twined serpents; while from the centre of each of these j;i(;;i(le.s ])rqjeeted originally a stone ring about four lift ill (Hanieter, fixed in the wall by means of a tenon. Both are broken, and the fragments for the most j)art lost. A similar building in a better state of preserva- tion will lie noticed among the ruins of Chiclien Itza, ill ilrsi libing which a cut of one of the stone rings will In; oiven. It is easy to imagine that the grand }H'om- iiiade lietween the northern and southern jialaces, or tt in] lies, was along a line that j)assed between these walls, and that these scadptured fronts and I'iiigs were iiiiportant in connection with religious rites and pro- icssiiiiis o\' pi'iests. The chief entrance to the northern Imiliiings is in a line with this j»assage, and it seems !^t^all^•e that we find no corresponding stairway lead- ing- up tilt' southern terrace to the front of the Casa de Tortuui'as/" ilrtween two and three hundred yards noi'th from tlic Casa del Gobernador, is the Casa de Monjas, or Nunni'iy, marked C on the plan. This isperliaj>s the most wonderful edifice, or collection of edilices, in ^ iicatan, if not the finest s})ecimen <>f aboiiginal archi- tirtuio and scul ' "e in America. The suppoi'ting iiiound, whose b.ise is indicated by the dotted lin(js '", ii, ", y), is in general terms tliree hundred and titty leet sijuare, and nineteen feet high, its sides very lunrly t'acing the cardinal jtoints. 'i'he southern, or ti'iiit, slope of the mound, about seventy feet wide, rises Mr Niiniiiui's statcincllts. J^nwhlrs in Viir., p. lOH, dllTiT iriiifciiiilly fniiM tliiis,. uf Stc|iliciis, Yiicii'iiii, viil. i., jip. '_".IS-<.». Ilt'stati'>tlial tlic wall's iiiioiiily t\\fl\c tt'i't apart, tiiat tlie fastt-ni faraiU' only lias the fiitwiiu'il f'r|"'iiis. iliat till' wesli'i-ii is covi-ivd with liii'ni;j;lypliit's, that tin- stiiittiin! i"iitaiiis iiinins (111 a Icvul with tin- <.'■'< iiiiid, ami iiiiplifs that ilic wcsttTii linu' \\:is still pcifci't at tlif time of his visit. This hniliiiii^ is calhd hy ^liariMx ihr I'aivL'l, or I'lisun. 174 ANTIQUITIES OF YUCATAN. in three grades, or terraces, tliree, twelve, and four feet high, and twenty, forty-five, and five feet \vi(k-, resi)ectively, from the base. There aie some tiacrs (jf a wide central stairway leading np to the second ter- race on this side, but none of the ste})s remain in ]tla(e. On this platform stand four of the tyjjical Yucatan edifices built round a courtyard, with une(pial iiitir- vals between them at the corners. The soutlaiu building is two hundred and seventy-nine feet ioiin-, twenty -eight feet wide, and eighteen feet high; the northern buildino- two hundred and sixtv-foui' fitt long, twenty-eight feet wide, and twenty-five t'tet high; the eastern, one hundred and fifty-eight by thiit\ - five feet, and twenty-two feet high; the western, one hundred and seventy-three by thirty-five i\;vt, ami twenty feet high.^* The northern building stands on ,i 31 Tu tlieso tlimensioiis I have fctUowod Mr Stoplions' text, ns u>nal Uxnial, jis fiiriis [k in Altlioiij,'li tlm Casii (k- Mdiijas has ivceivcd m atti'iitiou tliaii any <>l tho other struftiuvs, yet, straiij;eiy I'lunijili, no \i>iiiir }j;ives all tho (limciisions of the huihlin<;H and terraces; hardly any two authin-s a;^ree on anyone dimension; and no author's text ajrrees fxartly with his jilans. Vet the lij;nres of my text nniy lie considered a|i|iiii\i- mately correct. I ajiiiend, liowover, ii» this instance a table of vaii:iiiiiii:< as a curiosity. Tr.iaiACK Stephens, Text " Lst IMau Wahlcck, Text " 1st Phiu Chi irnay Text riau jNorniaii Heller Soi •Til 1 NoiiTII E VST ' W r.sT Cot •I!T 1 NH K iT i5 k q; i 5= •_'71t ~ ~ •2(!4 2.-) 158 ~ 173 258 214 :iiH) 30 .S()0 •2.') 102 35 105 .35; 24(» 185 •JT'.i ■_'.") •-'()(» •2.") 100 .35 1 105 1 35 220 I'l.- 2-21 •27 •22T 27 170 34 1 170 1 34 227 172 2X) 21 2^^r^ 2.-) 21U40 210 40 222 205 2M L'S •22.') 27 1 174 34 1 174 •■<-» 234 ISO 351 210 1 2(i2 21)2 •MM) :{;? .3!)3 33 1 2(:2 33 2()2 33 202 205 •JOII •-».■) 10 24(i 2G() 2.-1 21 2(; • ;o 150 34 25 140 170 34 25 34 25 I'.l \0) taut \m Is jKNN) UXMAL— CVSA I)E MUNJAS. 175 ami fnur jut \vi(K', tnicrs (jf coiul tcr- i in ]»la('L'. Yucatan ual iutir- SOUtlllTU fuet l(»)iii', hi_oh; the -four iV'L't ^'-tive tVt't , by tliii'ty- .'stern. ()ii«' itjct, ami itaiitlsou ;i xt, ns ii>uiil iu IS ivft'ivi'il mm.' i.ii^:li, III" \i'-il"r iriUy any tw i ilj^rri't'S fMUlly U'lvtl ii|>|>ni\!- e of vaii:ititiii> nnlTi.iaiAiK ." F __ — • •_>u , ^•' ! isr) i 'i:i-2ii i in.-' Hr.i) 17-2 !."• Ill'' •20,-) I'l''" ISO ! -JtVi ! -JC).-) 1,-, llixi i.> :1(K»I tuiraco of its own, which rises about twenty feet above tlij i;viieral level of the main i»latibnii on wliich tlie dtlu'is staiul. The court formed by the four edifices iiuasurcs two hurdred and fifty-eii^ht l)y two hundred aiid fourteen feet. It is two feet and a half lower than the foundations of the eastern, western, and suiithcrn l)uildin_i;'s, and traces of low steps may yet he seen ruiuiint;' the wliole length of the sides. its aria is jtaved with stone, mucli worn l)y long usa^e. y\. Wahleck, by diligent research or by an effort of liis imagination, found that each of the forty-three thousand six. iiundred and sixty l)locks com})osinL;" the [)a\ emeiit was six inches sijuare, and liad tlie figure of a tuitle sculptured on its U}»})er surface. Stephens iMiihl find no traces of the turtles, and believes that the pavement was originally covered Avith cement.^^ Ill the centre are the fragments of a rude colunui, jiicdte, or phallus, like those found in connectidii with the ( 'asa del Gobernador and Casa de Palomas. M. Chaniay also found traces of a straight i>ath with raised borders leading north and south across the cen- tre, and also two of the dome-shaped cisterns already dcsci-ibeil.'^" The situation of the four structures forming the quadrangle, and the division of each into a})artiuents, uro sliown in the accompanying ground plan.^' 37 ItcsiMHtiii^' tlip lioi;;lit of tlio liiiildiii';.'*, cxociit the nortli( rii, we liavo no fi;rui'<'> I'niiii any rcliahle autliority; '>tit we know that Ixitli cii-^tirii and wrsifiu ;iiv lower tliau tlio iiortlicru btiiidiii}^' and lii;,du'r tlian llic ^ciutliciii, wliiiM' iiiiiiiis iiic 17 fi't't liigli oil the inside, and niorcdvur that the eastern is liiL'liii- tiian the westiTii. "' M. Walcjeck, ]'oi/. J'iff., jil. xii., presents a drawiii;,' of fonr of tiieso tiirtlo. M'livered with Hi|nare hhieks of stone.' Xorniini'x Itumlilis in 1 «'■ . ]i. Kili. ' F.arh fiirfoisi' is in a siiuure, and in the two external iui;,'!!'! •if I'lirli si|uare is an 7v','/,'/. The /ortuisr and the c;/;;, are botli Nalinnal eni- bleiiis.' Jiuir.i' Hist. Aiir. Aiticr., ]i. <)4. ^''' I 'III' nun/, llninc.i Amir., pp. 304, 3G8; Stephens' Vuealdn, vol. i., pp. 301, liiis. '' I'lan in Slip/inis' Yurdtn)), vol. i., p. .101; reprodnood in liiililu-in s Ave. Ainn-,. |, i;{(j Waldeek, Voif. J'itf., \}\. xii., also ;,'ivt's a j;roiin(l jilan, w'hiili, Ml i;\r as (he arran;;enient of rooms and doorways is concerned, dit- fers viry w idcly from tiiat of Steplien.s, and innst he re;,'arded as \cry incor- ri'i't. M. Waldeek, dnrin<.f his sliort stay in Vncatan, seems to havo ucvciicd his chief attention to sketchinj; tiie sculpt nri'd facade ~, a worl; ■^liifli he acconij)lisiied accurately, but to have constructed liis plans from p f 17C ANTIQl'ITIKS OF VrCATAN. -H i-i (irmuid riau of tlio Nunnery. It will 1)0 noticed that the northern l)nil(l'n,<2c of tlio Nunnerv tl<»e.s not staiul exactly in the same dircrtJDii as the sides of the i)latforni or of the other editiccs, an arrangement which detracts somewhat from the symmetry of the <;ronp. Each of the fonr bniltliiin's is divided lonn'itndinally into two ])arallel niiiuvs of a|>;ii-tments, arranj^fed very nuich like those of the (Joveriior's Jlonse, with doorways openini^- on tlu' in- terior court. The only exterior doorways are on tlie front of the southern huildint^ and on the ends ol" the northern; these, however, only atford access to tlie iiionidrv ami ima'.'iiiatiim after leaving the eoiiiitrv. Tn the |)re|(araii'm nf the presciil |ilan lie lia^l. Ut aid liis fancy, tlie sii]i|i(iseil ()eeii|paliiiii nl lln-i' ImildinL's in fmiiier times hy nuns, and lie has arran;,'ed the iodiiis wiiiiaii eye tit (lie ei)ii\enieni-e of the priests in keepiii;,' a iiniper watch and giuinl over the niovenients uf tiiosc erratic demoiselles. rXMAL-CASA DK MONMAS 177 (I itii' raii'^u of rooms, wliicli do not ooiniminioate with t h iuttrior. In only one instance do more than two r Mills conimuniL'ate witli each other, and that is in the (c:itre ot" the eastern l)uildin_i»', where are two eomnui- licitiiiL,^ a[)a!'tnionts, the hir^jfest in the Nunnery, each liiiitccii hy thirty-three feet, with an ante-room at ; K h end measurinn' nine bv thirteen feet. All tlie .1 Kiiways of this suite are decorated with scul|)turc, I'll' only instance of interior stone-carviui^' in I^xnial. Tiie cut on the next pai^'e shows the inside of one of i!ii' laiu'er rooms of this suite, and also oives an excel- lent idea of the interior of all the structures of Yuca- t.ui.'^^ The rooms ' avciai^c twenty-four feet loni^, ten feet wide, and sev- tci'ii feet luLih. They all present the same u'eneral cut -y pr* I'cature.s of construction^ — ^anjj^ular- arched ceilings, WdxK'ii liiittils, stone rin^s, or hinges, on tlie inside of the doorways, holes in the sloping ceilings i'or ham- lanck-tinihers, entire absence of any o])enings exce]it t'lo doors — -that have been previously described. ''•' Tile |)latform on which the buildings stand ibrms a narrow promenade, only five or six feet in widtli, rountl '"•'lit ffciiu Str/thnis' Viirrtfrni, vol. i., p. 309. For snino roiismi tlio > ■ il|itiii(' is nut slinwii. Walilcck'.s j)!. xii. foiitaiiis also a suctiim ^liowiii;; til • liiiiii (if the arclios and (•i'iliii;fs. ''^ "liCs liiitt'iix (Ics ptirti's smit cii liois, coiiimc ]iai"t(i\it a IMnal.' 'Lcs iiiti'iii'iiis, ill' (liuu'iisions variolas Hiiivant )a j;raiiil('ur dcs (Mliliccs. . . .ilciix Miiiuillfs |iaiall('l('s, ]iuisii1ilii(uaiit, imiir se relifr jiar uiic dalle' ' Lcs sallrs I aiciil ciiiliiiics d'niie (•oiiciie dc iilatre liii (jui i'xisic ciicitrt'.' 'On rc- i'i:in|iii' dc cliaiiuc cote de I'oiivertni'c, a ej^alc distance du sid ct du lintcaa '.I' la |i(irlc, |)lantcs dans la nuiraille de chaiine cote dcs sii)p|M(rts. iniatic ■ iM'licis en picire.' C/niniiii/, Jiniiir.s Anirr., \t\t. ."{(U-d. !\1. Waidcck :l":iks(it till' doi)r-tii|is (if tlie western Iniildini; as hcin^' coniimscd iif nine ii'-csiit stiiiic, iicrpendicular (III the outside, or visilile, |Miitions, lint l»ev- ^li'il and sccincil l»y a keystone within. 'Fait de ncnf |>icrri's ii coupe jiei- 1 i:idiciilMii-c, ct point dn tout ii clef: je iiarle ici de I'aspcct dc ccttc partic ti 1 iiiniiiiiiicnt ii rextih-ienr; niais ii I'lnterieur, ces nenf |iicn-cs sont a tdcf, ' • i|iic raliscnce d'eiiduit ni'a jieiinis de constater.' I'ai/. I'ili., y. 1(M>. ' I he iici-lii iif the eeilin,^; is nnifoini throu;,diont.' Xnrniini's Hmn/t/i's in ' '"■ • p nil. lltdler, Ji''is('ii, )t. "jriT, ;;ives the liotanical name of the /a)iote- ^'•iiiiil ii^til f,i|- liiittd.s as i-itrtniillii, iir/mfi sn/iDtti. Waldeck calls the wood /'■illn. lull. /^7^, p. 97. Noi;ii.ui s^iells it .:77ycic,'c. Vol. IV. 12 173 AXTiiiriTin.^^ OF VrPATAX. I, s i^ Interior of Uooiu — Casa do Moiijas. rX.MAL (ASA I)i; MONJAS. ITO cicli, !i:)tli oil tlio cxtcriDr iuid on the coiii't. TIk' vn- tr.iiiri- t ) tlu! <''»ni't i.s l»y a ,L,^'itc\vay, at r on tin- yoti- iimI pl.i'i, ill t!ir cciitn' of tliL! soutlicni Imildiiii^-. It i^ t(!i t'i'> t. iiiul ciiilit iiiclifs wido and alxait ioui'ti-i'ii fcl lii^h. the top \h'\\\>j; toi'iiK'd l»y tlic usiiid triaii;;ii- !ar .ii'rli, and t\\v wlntlo lit'inn' similar to the passai^cs tliiMii'.jh tilt! ( 'asii (h'l (Johcrnador l)cforc the latter w, !•,• w.iiicd up. ( )ii|>osito this o-atc'Way, at ii\ a staii- \\,iv iiiiijK.'r t^-rrarc whirli Mipports the iioithern huildin^'. ( )n each side nl' tlii> >t,iii\\ay, at .r, >/, «»n the slope of tin,' terrace, is a iiiin III' the usual eoiistruetion, in which six small a;ia!tiiiiiits may he traced. The dilapidation of thesi; liiiililiii'4s is so n'l'eat that it is impossihle to asccilaiii wliitlnr tliey were iii(K'[>endeiit structures or torn ed a iiait of the terrace itselt" a mode (»!' construction i t" wliidi We shall find some sj)ecimens in N'ticatan, ai.d .Veil at I xmal. A iioticeahlu ]»eculiarity in th(! noitl.- (■rii liu tall. ildiuL;- that, wherevi .' the outer \Vi ait! i>- r|iisr( was Inn !i. till' sculptuied surface of an inner wall is d 1, shi)wiii'_;' tliat tlie editice in its jtivsent form It ovei" an older structuri Niitliiii';' i-einains t(» ho said rospectini;' the ^cnt r; ! I'laii aii;l construction of the Xumiery, or of the in- t.iiiii' of tlu! a[)artments which compose it: and I imw collie (i) the exti'rior walls. 'I'he sides and ends "t each huildiiiL;' an', like those ali'eady descrihed, I'liiiii and implastered holow the coi'nice, which e\- tiiiils jMimd the whole circundbronce just aho\f the tl'inrways. .Vhove this cornice the whole surfate, twciity-foui- thousand scjuare teet for the i'our liuil(li!i'4s, is covered with ole^'ant and elahorate sctdp- Wi'V tur>i| decorations. The four interior f'acadeis tVont "11 thr ciiiiit are j)ronounced hy all heholders the cl iidi'uvrcs o f ah »ori!>inal clocorative art m America Ai 111:^ le','- l.e- iiii^' iiKne cliaste and aitistic, and at the same tinn h'ss cdii iplicated and nrotes(|Ue, than any other fi'onts iiiMtaii. All have hoon carefully studied, sketch- "i- [ili'iton-raphed. Xu two of thoiu are alike, or 180 ANTF'^IITIES OF YITATAN. ' even .siinilai'. The outer fronts received Homewliat lesH care at the hands of the native hiiildors, and (oii- He(|ueiitly loss attention from ni()d»,'rn visitors, htin;' moreover niucli nioi'e seriously alfected hy thu rava;,'c.s of time and the elements. 1 hcLfin with the soutliern l)uil(linii|', sliowini,^ in tin acconn»unying engraving the eastern third of its court Soutliorn Court Fa^'atlc — Ciwii de Moiijas. facade, the other j)()rtions heing ]>recisely like that which is iej)resented. Except over the doorways {\w space between the cornices is occuj)ied hy (liaiiioiid lattice-work and vertical columns, small portions In- ing left, however, entirely i)lain. Some of tln' (ol unnis have central moldings corresponding nearly in form to the cornices.*" The central gateway is not shown in the engraving, but there is nc) special orna- mentation in connection with it, its boi'der beiii^' ot lattice-work, accoi ling to Waldeck, or of ]>lain lil()ik>. according to Chai- au <\\w, (l'a|>^^s di's idcos rr!ali\t- n»\n>- iiK'iit fort iiatiiiidii's, on idarc volontiers ii ri-xtrrniiti' sii|)t'Tii'iii(' liii Mil. ii" lien dc Ic nicttiv an niiluMi.' U'iihl,rh\ ]'»>/. I'ilf., ji. lO.S. '<'V-i »"'■"• si'iiildc dc colonncttcs nonces dans le milieu trois jiar trois, sc)iari''<- |iarili'- jiaitics dc picrres jilatcs vX Ics treillis iin'on rencontre si soiivcnt: cc Iw'iti- iiieiit est d'linc simidii-itc relative, eoinitare ii la ridiessc dcs trois aiitri's. C'liiniiiif, Itdilir.s Ann i\, ]i. ,S(i8. rX.MAL-CASA 1)K .MoN.IAS. IM J J Homowliat lors, ami tuii- isitors, Ik in;,' y tliu ruvaj,'ts liow'mjjf in tlu' •J of its ••ourt ijns. Isely likt-' that e (loorNv.-iys tln' d l)y (liaiiKiiiil 11 j)()vti(»iis 1)(- 110 of tlif nil- iliii,!;- nearly in «ute\vay is in't lo special niiia- »i-dcr \k'U\'^ "t )f ])lain lilttrk-. iniLi'ht 1h' cx- o'vand a ''<•'"'^■ the same t';"- lin'tcndiios cmIdhiu- it ilaiisfftt.' I'laiii ]'■ ii ccttc fiirnr. M X. oil V tn.MMTii nil .'•(■s iviativi- ii-"""' slll..'Til'lllCresentati(tii of the houses artiially occupied by the common j)eople at the time I xnial was huilt; and second, that they are identical with tlu; Aztec siijfn vnUi, 'house,' from which he de- nvys an ar«j;-ument res[)ectin,iif the ]»rol)ahle a,LCe of the hiiildiiin-, which will he noticed in its {ilace. M. Char- nay calls this front the Facade des Aheilles, or Bee 182 ANTl<.>nTIi:S OF YITATAN. iVont, Avhilc M. Waldtrk toi'ins tlio l)uil(liii,i;' tlic 'IV'iiii>lc of tlie Astorisius. The exterior, or soutlicin. front of tliis l)uiI been called the Sun front, and also the Egyptian fiont. is perha[)s more tasteful in its sculi)tured ornanicnt^ llian either of the other three. The southern halt' of this facade is re})resented in the en^n-avinu;'. The or- naments over the central doorway and at the corners ^i i Easti'iii Cijurt Facade — Casa de Moiijas*. consist of the innnense _oTotes(|ue masks, ^vitll the curN'ed ))rojectinn' tusks noticed on the ( asa dil ( lohernador; hut the remaininn' surface is co\trid M'ith re!4'ular diamond lattice-work, while in coniur- tion with each of the cornices is a line of stone h!( lCh> With I'ounc led h u-es, resemblmu' shoi't coiunuis .h ( )vcr thi.^ atti ce-woi k, hut not entirely concealinu' it. an ■t' M y ('ii;.TaviML'^' ai(^ taken froiti Walthrl:, Vnif. Pllt., \)\. xv. Tlicy aiT rt'|in»lii<'('il in Lurmiiiiiliirc, Mu-. rt lliiaf.. p. Ji'J.S, ))I. S, li- |icrt'('ct accmac.v of tlic ('ii|iiaviii;;s cxct'iit tlic scaU'd statues— is jpin < lianiay's |pliiitii;i;iiiplis A'l, 4!t, wliicli sliow tlie same fnint, as dues lln' vit'« ivcl llV Sli iilniis' )'iiriitini. v(d. i., ]). .')((."i. TIk' su tiierii fniiit of tiiis Im liliii.' dv si '^' iiiwii III ;,'eiieral views in Strnh /i/iriif Cnit. A 'ated in Arnilii, Ihis Hrii/i//r Mrx., p. JfJ ac, [p. 100, wUieli j;ive no details. //('•;•., vol. 11., ] (1 ill Xt ]i. -I'.'d; IV- liinn'ilii (It UX.MAL-CASA DE MONJAS. isa s;\ peculiar and t4T;u'ol''il oriianieiits, pljiced at rv«j l^nllH* rrCm"nigi:ilxriaJTJii ^ /\ ^ A AX. • V L v\i A /\ A /\ /- /-ci X A A X >^■^^^^'»-/r?'^.^.x^*^^:*A^X)t'^X'^"> V -A. A .■^s". % X t ' '. -./\- *% . A ./:5. /^ - - . A -, * .>Y.>.': ■^ A . A. A A. A A .\ A A. A- A. y , A /•• A^ A A /■* /. A /v A A A , /- A ^^ ■'^'^- '^ '4 ^. • ^ A A. /\ AV - :r i '.(Vs /\ vN V> :.-"^^A /s A- '/a A A A-' 'j, W As A A fi'A Av A /\J A-^ /\ A, A ^X-' A, /\ ^ A A ■^ /N-AvWA . \ i/rA^A/\ /\ Av A X A A /^ /\ /'\ i : /^^V-'^ /^ A. A /\ '^ V\ A^ A A '^ " A^ A A A As A A A :/>c>c>c^^ / '. /^:/\ -.;:>:/> A A/v ^ , /^ A A a^A - A V >,<>_A^ •A>'A A. A^lA.' ^ A [iirmjTT r. i - f 1 1 m inijii' i f i.f im. -^Ei a!;J.'iiilr;ii',ii!ili:l r/L'tifil iif Eastern rourl Faciiile. li^ht |iai'allel horizontal bars, incre.ising in length ;!s tiuv ■i|>|ii(t;ich the u]>])er cornice, and each terminating ■It tithcr einl in a serj'unt's or monster's head with "iHii jaws. A human face with a peculiar head-dress, liirm' ear-pendants, and t(^ngne hanuing IVoin the iiiiMKli. looks down from tlie centre of the n]>]>er hai's. I lii> face is fancii'd hy ^^'aldeck to rejiresent the sun. •111(1 something in its surroundinn's strikes ( "hai'nay as paitakiiig of the Egyptian style; hence the names t'lat have heen ajtpliecl to this facade. M. ^'i(»llet-le- I'uc attempts to prove the development of the urchi- .''■H L. 184 AM'IQL'ITIKS OF YUCATAN. tectural ideas embodied in tlie Maya edifices from an urii^'iiial structure of wood. His use of this claiuud peculiarity will be more appro})riately s})oken of lierc- after, but his illustration of the idea in connectiuu with tliis eastern fi-ont, is cei'tainlv stiikin<>- as shown ill the umiexed cut.^'^ The boutheni end of this build- '^^"^^'*-'il^f^< A A Trace of Orijjinal Structure in Wood. '*■' 'T^a tlccoration se compose (I'mie cs]v''ce do troplice en form (I'l'veiit.-iil, qui ]iart du lias de la frise en s'elai'jiis.saiit jus((u'au soniniet dii liiiliiii iit ('etni]iliee est uu enseiuhU; de liarres ])avallele.s termint'es jiar des tcli'.- ilc midisties. Au ndlieu yV\ la ])artie sniH'rieure. et touiliant a la coiiiiilii'. -c trtuve uue enonne tete huuiaine, eiieadree a re;;yiitiemie, avee une enriic iK' i'!iac(ue cote, ("es trojiiiees sont separes par des treillis de ](ierre (pii dun- iieiit a rc'dilicc une out tiaijonrs ccttt' o!':ieiii('iitatiiiii Mzarre. eiini])osee rtioiine, tordu et reieve, (jui fait soiijier ii la iiiaiiii'iv <''iini(ise.' ClKiriHifi, Jiniiifs A nn'r., pp. ;?(!(!-7. 'i'lie first uf my enj;ia\ iiiL:i I take from S/rp/inis'' Viiriifioi, vol. i., ]i. ,S(M>; tlie same front lieiu;,' slmwii also in ("iiaiuav's pliotii;rrai)li .SS, in Waldeck's pi x\., anervris, il aiiisi de suite, on ohtient. an droit des teles di' piles on iiiurs de refcnd. <\- ■> jiarois verticales, et, dans le sens des ouvert arcs, des parois iiieliiu'cs airiN:i:i! a ]iorter les lilieres I) avee potclets intercales. Si, (rune jiije ii rauiic. "'i pose les linteaux K en arriere dii nn des ]>ieces BU', et ipie siir ces liiitiaiix on (!'tahlisse des treillis, on ohtiendra une construction de hois priiiiitivc. qui est evideiiimeiit le priiici))e de la (h'coration de la facade de iiicnc '.'i batiiaent.' This fa(,'ade is 'tiie most chaste and sinijile in design and n;ii;i- !S from ail s claimed ri ot" hi'W- .'oiinoctioii jis sliowii bliis build- m (lVv(Miti\il, (111 batiiii lit ir lies trio lie I coniiilit'. ~i' (• U1K' ciinif iK' icrrc (|iii il""- toiijiiurs iilti' s sii]K'riiii-' !-• ii lii iiiaiiii'iv nv cni^niviirJ-' t lii'iii;: >liii\v!i 1 ill 1,111-' iiiiii- (lock's pl.Nvi.. Il's I ill III III' ■< I" Kirtion 111 ll'"^' ili()t(i;:r;il'li •"■' ' /•., ]>■ <>"'■ •^'• > piles (III liiii'-'^ tins 15, siirlc'- sccdtidcs pi''!'-' . cmln'rvri's. it s (If rt'tVii'l. il^ cliiK'es iiiri\:i-' Icii rant If. I'l sur cos liiilia"'' Ixiis jiritiiiii^''' lo do jiii r;i' ''•' osiu" 11""' ^''"''' UXMAL— CASA DE MONJAS. 185 i:io' is shown in one of Charnay's pliotoijjTaplis, and, tnrthur with a small portion of thu wostcrn front, in a (hawin,!,^ by Catherwood. These views show that thr (lids, and pr^hahly all of the rear, are made up d'' |il,.In wall ami lattice-work, with elaborate orna- iiini'is at each of the corners.''^ i now })ass on to the oj)})osite, or western bnildiiin", kiidwii as the Servient Temple, whose oonrt facade is shiiwii in the eni^ravino'. At the time of the visits of I'athurwood and Charnav a lart'e iiortion of this y ijyiii4i4»v^« ' r^-^Tg yfJPpgB^y^^^^^ iif n i MK s r. '!i m B m gp gm na iii r i. ' .ffn !w ui na . ' . ii iw oi wr- -. V^ i^hliUJfK^ :^;>-..',h '■; : . ■■ 1 ' l,.'.^ .;. ,,■ ,•■.[.■ 1 ■ -~ .,,. . ., . i- . 1 ; t , . i. ( iiil 111 . ■ . . . ,. 1 i.,,,..l Westorii Ciiiirt I'lU'iide— l'as;i ilo .Mdiijas. iiii'iit, innl it was alwavs rofrosliiiiu' to tiini frnin tlic ^'•iir;;ooiis and clatinrato masses on tlic iiliu'i- fai,'a(les til tliis earidiis and |ilca>in;; (•niuliinatinn.' S/'- I'h'iis Yiii-iiliiii, viil. i., p. ;{l>l!. ''I'lie castoril facade is lilled witli elahoril';^ uiiiaiiiriits, iliU'eriii;; entirely fiDiii flie iitliers. and lietter tinisliod.' .V')/'///('//\' H'lnil'l'.^ ill )'iii\, pp. l(il--_>. ' Lcs linit eclieliins ddiil la s(''iie fonne nil c("ii!c iiiiver-r. sunt (inies, ii eliacnnc do leiirs (>xtr(''iiiit(''s, d'line tete syinli(dii|;ii' dc MT|iriit (III de (ira;((Mi. La ti"'to dii Soloil (pii tunclio ii la cmiiii lie ot ic- |.wc vii|- I,, tniisii'ino ('■(dndiiii, ollro donx rayims ascendants, indepeinleiii- iiiciit lie ccmn: (iiii llanilioiont aiitdiir (In inas(|iio, ddiit jo ii'ai ]in doviiicr la si^'iiiliialiiiii . l,os tniis rayons (|iii so Vdioiit an dossns do la ti'lo out pent- ctii' ijiirjimis rapports avec lo ini'iidion, coliii dii inilien in(li(|iiant lo parl'ait ii|iiililin'. Mtes sept inasi|nos solairos, iiii soul ('tait intact. ' 1,'oiisoiiiMc dc cciic t'aiade (ill're a I'lioiiro do tiiidi iiii oaractJ'i'o do ;,'raiidenr dont ii sclail .liHicilc de doniior lino ideo.' Wnhlrrl:, Vnil. I'ilt.. pp. Il>'_' .'{. ^* Sf'ji/i,i,,^' Yiiculdii, Vol. i., p. 307, with plute; C/inniin/, Hniurs Am(r., lilmt. i3. « I i' r; , 18G ANTIQUITIES OF VUCATAX. front ]iM(l fallen, and the standinijf portiotis only wnv represented in their drawing's and photoyrajths, im attenij>t IxMnL*' made in the foi'nier at ivstoratiun. In lS:i5, however, aceordinuf to the testimony of hoth M. Waldeck and Sr Peon, proi)rietor of Uxmal, it \v,;s stanchnu;" nearly intact ; I have consequently ])refenv(l t>» i'ej)roduce Waldeck's dra\vin_iL( of a ])ortion ol" this i'ayade, especially as the portions shown by C.-ithir- wood and ( 'harnay an'i'ee almost exactly with tliis drawinn' and ])rove its accuracy. Ihit slin'ht Justicu can he done to this, the most ma_i>"nilicent and hciu- tiful front in America, hy an enyravino- on so small a scale as 1 am ol)li<^"ed to emj>lov. Two serj»ents. each with a monster's head between the open jaws of which a human face .appears, and the tail of a rattlesnake placed near and above the head at eitla i' end of the buildin', as is ])rove(l by Charnay's }»hotoi;'iaph. Thr surface of this wall is filled with ^recipies and latticc- ^vork similar to tlfose of the (lovernor's House, ln'.t much more complicated; and each panel has oiir i r more human fices amouL*' its decorations, while st\- ei'al of them have full-sized standiin;' human fii^iiiis. V )v(M' each doorway and on the roundi-d coi'uei's of tin' ouildinL;", are the usual yrotes(pie decorations, beaiii u' sjnie likeness to three distortetl faces or masks plainl t)ne above another, and all furnished with the prttjcet- IXMAL-CASA DE MONJAS. 187 iiv. curves, or liouks, pruvioiisly coinpurcd to c'l("}i]iaiits' tr iiiks.^^ l{espe('tin,ij^ the ends iinorts the otlier striic- tiiivs, and c()nse<[iiently overh)okinu;' them all, was veiy ].i\Ji;il)lv intended hy the huildei'S as the <'rownin,n' I'.Mtin'c of" the Casa de ^lonjas. its court facade was (■;•(. wdi'd with sculptui-ed desinn>, ^•rantiil[)er coniice, formiiiLi;' tliir- t 'lii turrets seventeen feet hii^'h and ten feet wiile, ^1 Tlir illiistriitions of tlio Soriiciit front are in Wnlilril- \ Mil.. \\ III.. WlllC li liitti-r sli ".'/. /'///.. 1.1 lU' of tlic ili'taclicil fares, (iriiia^Us; i'li n .1/ , pilot. 4I», 41, 44; anil SIijiIh ns )'>iriihi,i, vol. i .. |i|i. .'{(Il'- llnitloiiiikesareeoiiMMon in tlii> ie;:ion. 'I'lie |irn|>iirtor |iro|Hi>ci| to iiuijil Kll- >r|-|K'lll • r il int< o a lion^e in M einla as a niernoiiiil u f ( il. iwiinl the scpiiili enil tlie head anil tail of the sciiients ri)nes|Hinilecl anil |iiisitiini with the |poition still existing' at tiie othei.' Jf/., .p. -.M-l'-.i. ri le feinains of two ;;leat sci|ieiits. howcxci still i|iiile jierfect; tlieir lieails tnriieil liaek, ami entw iniii;.' eaih nther. they I'Mriiil the whole len;;tli of the faeade, thion^'h a ehastc ;riiit lo;.'cth(T iloeks of stone, exi|nisiti'ly workeil, ami anan;:eii with the iiieest skill aiiil |irerisiiin. iViiliii-s anil tassels.' 'J"he heads uf tin X. I,' ,1,1, I nihil s til 'r|ielit> 1'^ are adorneil wi ].. k;-.'. th |d iiniinLC 'Son noni liii \ rut d nil iiiiiiiense si'r|ient ii sonnettes eonrant snr loiite la fiieade, dont h? r.ir(i^. SI' roiiiaiit en eiitrelaes, va servir de cadre ;i des |ianneaii\ divers. II II cM'Ie |iliis i|U nil seni de ees ]iaiineaii.\: e est tine ;;ieeiine, (|iie si i in ion tent iMil. avee rosace a Tint erieiir; line statue d'Indien s'avam li'llel S.I irir III! oincniciit li'niraiit line coiiroiine.' ''//(/ lie 1,1 tacade, il tleiit a la main llli .sceptre; on reiii:iri|iie aii-ili •:>siis d run II, n III III -I . I /;(' / I 11 oincinciit, iiiiite irnne sorte de pompon en pas-cmenteiic tcr- iimie par ime fran;;e, so voit an-dessns de la i|iiem' dii reptile, (in dicmn lo i';;Mlciiiiiit dans la friso ees rosettes fran;,'(''es eoiiime cidles si;.'iial( cs dans lo ''•iti Hide Test.' l7o/A7-/i'-/>//c, in / siiperhe ediliee, je ne pus retenir un eri de snrpri-i' et d'adtnira- t'.'iii, liiiit les clioses orij:iiiales et nonvelles ('■meiiveiit rinia;.'iiial ion et les IS lie I'ariiste. J'ai cherclK' ii reiidre. ilans ce oiron \ lent lie lire, me: iiiieris iiii|iressioiis, l'iiiiri|iioi navonerai.s-je ]ias ipi'il s'v iiiele iin ]ieii de \aillle II parei! sontiiiient trest-il pas exciisalde c sl,\lr vanr ic .III iiiiiinle civilise i les tr 'esnrs ar [•lie/ le voyii)_'elir <|ili relir'olo;;i(|iies si |oii;rteni|is i;.'iiores, nil lln||\( .111 d'architeetiire. el line source ahondaiite oil d"aiitre-, pills sa- 'I'le lui, iroiit [miser iin jourV' Wnlilnl:, I'ui/. J'ilt., p. lot). ilr !" ' I U ' 188 AMTQUITIES OF YUCATAN. placed o-encrally ulxno tlie doorways. These tunvts, towei'iiiii;' al)oiit eighty I'eet above the site of tl)e city. and loadetl with ehd)orate scul})ture, must have hti n a proiuiiieiit I'eatiii'e of the ahoi-iuinid I'xnial. Only four of the turrets remained standiiin" at the time of 8te])hens' visit, and tlie wall was othei'wise mudi dilapidated. The oidy view is that o'iven in C'hariiiiys photo^riijths, none of the turrets jjciiii'' complett' at the time of liis visit. The hackyround of tlie sculp- ture is dividud into ])anels tilled with i^'recipics aiul ornamented lattice-work very similar to that of the Serpent I'ront. Half the doorways aie surnK)unted iy niches like those in the southei'U facade; whilr o\u' the alteiMiate doorways and on rdl the cornel's ai\' sci ii the inunense mask ornaments \vith tlit! clephant-tiunk projection. ■*'" A ])eculiarity of this huildinn- not notit'( 11 I. Only ! time ft' ■^ oriu'i's aiu c (•(iniifc, of alinllt !'•_! noted lan otliors o- on iiiu- iiitav aii»l s crossi'il 1 that is (/jA-.s- /)( )'"'■■, idi'ii of \ii''l; it.' Sti/J'iii'i' tlie iniiHii;;'' it is iiiiirc I'it'- «(iiin;iii"> ;^<'ii- roiil, liiu lilt' do ilfu\ I'll (lUf lll'Nili'llt nil tMlM'liil''i' |)('I]I<>S1'('- l'>~- raiiiH'lli'iii If^ liii'';iliilii"; '''' no vilJiiH' i'l''' _j,-,.(.||ii(-.(li' ;s l-osai'o> il 11" kiinwii of tin.' exterior front of tliis iiortliorn l)i:il(lin<^ is that anioiiL!" its decorations, which are coniparutively jiliiii and siin]ile, are two nuked male fijj;in'es, the eou- liitinii of whcjse <»'eintal orjj^iins intlicates the existence of the same phalhc rites of Avhicli traces have been already noted. With the .'idditional remark tliat tiacisof hri,i,d it-colored jiaint are still vi,>il»le in shel- t( ielii|iai't mit (lis|iani, ot los ti'tos mit oto onlovoos a oollos i|iii n•^l('llt oiU'oro.' C/iiiniin/, ItniiK'.sAnnr., pp. .S(i4-r), phot . ;i(I-7. 'I.os ;.:rii>si>> totos forinont la |)riiioi]iaIo doooration dosdossns iU' portos; los troillis iiisioiios, los oncorliollonioiitM oiiipilo.s supprinios.' Vivllrl-lr-Uuc, in p. tiT. 1 append a few fren'.>ral quotations oonrorniiifj the Nunnery: The court les 'oniaiiieiiled froiii one end to the other with the richest and most Mil II. f.ir: iiitiiialo car\iii;;' known in the art of the liniliiers of Ixnial; presenting; a .•^.('iie of straii;;e iiia;.'niliconco, surjiassiiij; any that is now to lie seen anionj.; \\< ruins.' Sli jihi n.s Y iinilaii, vol. i., ii. U(M). ' All ihe.so favades were paintoil; tic traces (if the coKinr are still visilile, and the reader niav imagine wliat licet must have lieon when all this liiiildinir w lis entile, ami accon Ihe ( I I it- iii:iidcii>, like the vestal virjfins of the lionians, to ehorish am i!m ( ^i~siiiis (if the diaiiKiiK I ill},' ■ii|ip(ise(l desi;^ii, in its now desdiato doorways stood mdile Maya sacred tire liiiriiiii;; in the toniples.' /(/., p. ,')(I7. 'I he liolioiiis of the lo I,. id latti il ice-work are paiiitc(l (I. T ' V ic a iiiixtiire 111 e(|iial parts ot earniine and vciniilioii. proliahiy vej;eta- it isli lialii> rved ilnis. ir.//-Ar/.-, Voii. I'ilt., ]ip. •_'(M)-I; Zav.il.i ii., pp. 'X\ -[, descrilies a liiiildin^' supposed to A III, I M< the toni. I.. >iiiiliei\ on M 11111111 III the serpent ornaiiient, which, howcNcr, is slated to lie on the I \!ri iiii fidiit (if the liiiildinj;. ( 'oj^olliido. Hist. )'iir., ]i. 177, descrilies the lid siurmiiidin;,' {'dilices, statin;,' that the serpent surrounds all four ill :i II I ;;iaii |ialio con niiiclios aposenhis .soparados en fornia declaustro "iidc \iiiian estas ddiicellas. Ks falirica di;:iia lie adiiiiracKil poll 1 1 1( cMcliiir lie las paredes OS todo de jiiedra laliiada, doiide estan sacadas de ii.ciliii rcliciie li'Miias do honilii 'OS arniados, (Ihicisk lad d aniniah I i,-i~ cii^a- l.iiiiar 'I'odos los i|iialro lielicds de aquel ^riaii patio nine se piieih placai los cine \ na ciiieliia lah ||ilc teliiu lia hi rada en la niisiiia piei Ira d( pare Cllllo '|ilatldcieiitiis pik s. a cola ]ior (leliaNo de la calioi,"!, y ticm loda clla en ci •loiies, Ifi'st. A I A, p. '.1,'t, accoiiiils for til ipciimity of the sculpture on the court fat'ades liy supposin;: that it w ^cciiii ij at a later date; its protoetioii from the weather would also tend Uj il- licll cr incsi'rvatioii. 190 ANTlCiHTli:s OF VI CATAN. 1 1 1 If.iilx' of l.;i(ls lit r\li;;il. is tlie House of Uirds. A ])oi'tion of its front i< shown in tlic jii'cci'diiiL;- cut, whicli sutHciciitly cxplaiis tlie ori'^in of the niipenatiou. The interior is reuiail<- ahle foi" containinLj' two rooms whicli are lari^'er th.iii any otlnTs at I'xuial, nieasuriii^' fourteen hy tifty-twi i'eet, and ahout twenty fi'et in hi'inht. ( )iie of thr--c apaicinents has well-])reser\\'d ti'aces of the paint whicli lorin.'i'ly covered walls and ceiling'; and tli'' other has an arch Avhicli differs somewhat froin .ill otiiers in this ancient city. Its ])eculiarity is that iln' overlaj)}»in^' hlocks of stone, instead of lyini^" linii- zoiitallv as in other cases, are slightly inclined, a> is rX>rAL AKCII. r.i sliii\\-ii II 1 tlio cut, furinin^* a iieaivr approacli to the I'lHK iplr .))■ tlu" true ar( li Avitli a krv-stoiif tliaii lia^ I'l'cii 1111111(1 t'lsowlici'o ill Yucatan. It will also hi! iKiticid ill tlif cut that tlio blocks, instead ot'licinn' all ill iv'ji;!ai' cnhical t'orni, arc sonic of tlicni (ait tll>o\\- ilHij. This is a teaturc, Avhicli, if it exists in otlur tiuililiu'^>, has not heeii jiarticularly noticed. 4H *" .\ll!inu-li /iiviila -lys, >pu;ikiiig(if tlii' Ixiniil niiiiN in ;.;('i;cr;il: ' L'cl- 192 ANTH^riTIKS OF YICATAN. Still fiirtlior eastward arc; tliu i)vraini(l and laiildlii"' at ]), on the jdaii, wliicli have heiMi called thi; ( 'ii>a del Adixiiio, or Prophet's House; the Casa del Knaiid, or Dwarf's House; Tolokh-eis, '.»r ]^oly ^roniit.iin, and Kinn'shoi-ounh's Pyramid; the first three names originating" IVoni ti'aditions anion^' the natives resucct- iuijf the former occupants of the huildin;^'; the l.itttr liaviiiL;- hceii applied hy M. AV'aldeck in honor of the Irish lord who aided in his exjilorations. ('onnectniL; tlie Casa del .\divino with the Nunnery are lines of low mounds, or terraces, ])ussil)ly occupied in ionm r times l»y huildin^i^s, formiiii*' a courtyai'(' which incis- ures ei_nhty-tive l>y one hundred and Ihirty-tive feet, and in the centre of which, at ;:, is the usual iiuh cohnnn, or ])icote. The supporting- mound, or ])yramid, in this c.isc, from a hase of one hundred and Hftv-fivo hv t\V(» lumdred and thirty-tive feet, rounded at the coriici's so as to i'orm an oval ratlier than a rectangular fi^- ure,^'' rises with very stee[) sides to a liei^ht of eii^litv- oi_L;ht feet, forming" at the summit a })latforni twtiitv- two l>y eighty-two feet. The surface of this pyianiid is faced with blocks of hewn stone laid in mortal. The interior is [»resumal)ly of roui^h stones in nioitar, although little or nothing' is said on this jioint."" K.\- cavution.s }»rove that the structure is sohd without in- ii :ii k's (|iii foniu'iit I'ari'te a jwirtir do la(|iU'llo les ]>lans dcs imirs convcr^.'Piii iiiiiir (li'tcriiiiiifr la vofifc ]ii'isiiiati(|iK' didit j'ai (It'ja jiaili', s(jiit laillicsiii liiniic (Ic coiiilc ilont I'an.uli' I'^t ohtiis.' Anti'i. Mi.r., tniii. i., div. ii.. p. .'(4. 'Ill liic ii'aripf, and williiii a few fi'ct of the I'a.sti'rii laii^t'. arc tlic icnmiii- tif a .-iiiiiilar iaii;;('. wliicli is now aliiiust in tnlal ruins, 'riicri' a|i|iiiir i" liavo liccn iiinni'dinj,' walls, (ir walks, Irnni tins ran;,'c to tlic I'vraniiil iiciir l>y, as I jiid;;('il liiini tlu' rul)l>isli iunl stoni's that vun hv ti'ai'cd trcmi niu' in the dtlicr." SdiiiiiKi's Riiiitlilin ill Viir., ]). Itil!. Cuts fnnn Sfr/i/un.^' Vii'n- Uni. \u\. i., |i|p. .'Ul, 4'.W\ one of tlirni rcpriMlut't'd in liulihrin's Aiif. Amn-. ■I'J S(i say Stcjdicns" toxt and jilaii, \'iulli't-li'-l)uc, and Clnirnav- |il;iii; !iut StfjilifMs' views, except that in i'liit.Aiinr., Charnav's iih(i|(i.L;:ai'li-, mid W alderk's plan and drawin;:s, do not indicate an oxal form. I .nn in- clineil to lielicve that the corners are simply rounded somewhat nmic tli:iii ia liic olhcr I'xmal structures, ami that the oval form indicated in llic I'hm IS not correct. ■'"'M. Nioilet-le-Duc says it is 'eiitierenu'ut compose d'un hlocMu'c ili' niaconnerie re\etu de gros nioellons iii':renientes,' in Chunimj, liiiiinsAiiur., p. 70. UXMAL-CASA DHL ADIVINO. 193 liuilditiu' ^H t H t >1 Fj lilt Id, ^H .\ rouiitiiiii, ^H ti ec itiiiiit's ^H ^' ^H •J he I'littir ^m 1 T lor of the ^H >t ^H (•: ; lilU'S ^H .s! in iuiiiit'i' ^H 1 a ii'h iiuas- |P ii -five lift, H 1. sual ludi; ■ this en so, B (I c l>y two ■ Ii ho foriu'is K 1' iiu'uliir tii:- ■ !! ut' eidhty- B S lu twfiity- B s is ]>yr;niii(l B in inoi'tar. B I in iiiurtar, B w int/" Kx- H () without in- Wt 1 urs ciinvcruoiii ^B. , (liv. ii.. \>''}^- B ivc till' iriiiiiiii- H . |>vniiuiil ti'oin nn. 1 <>iii III- H hat iiK'iv tliiiii H t,.,l in tli.'l'l'"' B 1' I' Y ]■ ( li „„ liliHirii' ill' B y,';;//,! V.I '"('■■• B s rini- ^'alU'i'ii'S. T]\c suifacL' hlocks are culiical, ahoiit v(» lift ill (liniL'iisioiis at the hasc, if we may trust f. Wal.lecks (hawiiid-, hut (liniiiiishiun' toward tlie i[). Till V are not hiid so as to hreak joints, yet so ilid is the structure that the jtowert'ul leverage ut' low iii^" roots lias eaused eoni[taratively little daniadi.'. lie eastern iVoiit is shown on the lollowiiin' I'a^e. A tairwav one hundred and two feet on the slope, sev- :itv feet wide at the hase, hut narrowini,^ toward the iiiiiiiit, coniposed of ninety steps, eaeh step hein-,;' iiuiit a foot hi'^h and five or six inches wide, leads ]) tliis side. The slope of this stairway is so steej', , ill:;- inclined at an audle of ahout ei;^lity decree: la t visitors have found it verv ditiicult t o ascend and .■MTiid. i?adre Co^'olludo was the first to coin|ilain t" tlic stet'p drade. He says: ' I once did d'o u|» that f I'xunuial, and when I would come down, 1 did re- iiiit iiie; hecause so iiai'i'ow are the steps, and so laiiy in numher, that the editice ^-oes nj> exceediud* tiaidht, and hein_d- of no small height, the head wiiiis, and there is even some ])eril in its descent.' ''^ 111 the centre of the western sl()])e of the J^idphet's VI 'a iii. mid, toward the Nunnery, are certain structui'es, h ^I. Waldeck rei>resents as i)rojectind' ])oi"ti()ns till I' pyramid, or ]»iers. the 1 ower one formiiid' a itt'iinii fifteen hy forty feet, sixty I'eet n|t t]\v. slope; 1 the iip[)er rising from this jdatform and i'orming a ■ii ('fi(/i,//iii/i,, ///.if. Yiif'., ]). lori. 'La subida prin''i]ial ost;i A la ])artc <' 1 Hi iiiitt' y sc iiractica ]M)r iiicdio di- una ^laila. ipic li la allnra ri'fcrida, ; M.iiila, sc;;iin mi calculi), el niuy cscaso dccli\c dc Ircinla pics ii lo mas: c-i.i circiinsiancia, coiun m' dcja cuti'iidcr, l;i liai'c en cxtrcnio iicndicntc y l"ii;:ii)-ia. si nil inc cn;;,iri(), la ^rada ;i <|nc nio rclicro, ticiu' dc !•."> A l(H( I' •!M ll llll'l tl t< ilik tlllifll"! I*l 1 .I'-li I •! Illll'i. t'lll •! Ill II lk:t I IW III1II iltlilll'lk; lllliiililll flinil.il* 11' p IM ANT[(/riTins OF VrCATAN. LXMAL-CASA DKI, AIUVINo. l'.»5 » .SI'CO lid, twenty l>y twi'iity-fivi; fret, continuous with main Munniit pl.itl'orn' ol" tlic pyramid. Tli<' np- r |iii.|cct iiHi, or |>iei', lias snicc |»ro\f( .1 to I >c' a (lis- tiiirt Imildin^', with riclily smlpturrd tVont,'" one iviitia! ddi.i'. and two jilain rooms in the interior; the oati r one >e\en hy lilteen I'eet, and nineteen I'eet hi^h; the inner. Tour liv twelve I'eet, and eleven fei't luL^ii. T \r h i\\( r |iier may liave 'leen a snnilar stiuctui-e, Imt it I- r(ini|iletely in ruins helow the eeiiti'al platl'orm, i\ci |>t a few shu'lit traces ot' I'oouis near the hase. .\h' Si(|plicns is dis|)(»sed to helievc that a hroad stair- V a triaiiuii- ivh Hke stairwavs that will he mentioned latei' in'-c of |Hculiar construction, supixn'trd I I:ira ill a tew instances in coi iiection with other \'ueatan iniii> originally led uj> to the fVont of the huildinn' nil ilie slo]K'; otherwise it is ditheult to imagine liy \y\\:\\ imaiis these apartments could have heen ri'aehed. of these projecting' portions are longer than l|r >tnllcS I Imw here, aiK I laid so us to oi'eak jomt> OntI ic sum- mit |ilatt'orm stands a small hiiildin^", tweKe leet wide, M vi iity t\\(t i'eet lolio', and ahout sixteen I'eet hin'li, |ia\iiiL;'a promenade Hve feet wide at its hase. This l'iiililiii'4' presents no feature with which tlu; readei' is lint alirady jK/rfectly familiar, except tliat it contains "iilv niic laiin'e of rooms, havinn' no di\idinn' inteiior wall, 'flic iiitei'ior is divided into three rooms, which il(» Hot coiiimimicate with each othei', and ai'e not lila>ti r( (I. 'I'he central room is seven hy twenty-four ■t, and its door is on the west, just opposite the Tlie ai'i' seN'eii hv nineteen lil'nliK feet, IIK iiadc at either side of the eastern stairwav V. V 111' i" (jc ii( tite cliniicilc en en • ill iiitn'-l)ii> t< oiinicc ;i I'lPiicst; cc \h\ it iMiiiiTMU C".! Iniiijlc ciiiiiiiii' ail niiDU; line iiisiTi|iiiiiii pnrail M\i>ir fie lii-.-imc I'lriiiaiit cciiituic au-dcssiis do la iMirtc' Vh ulril Willi niiiaiiifiits iiiin-i" ncii, clalMirati', ami i-aictuliv cxcciitcil. tliaii /iiiniin/, 1 /.' Ill III .•< , I ml I'., p. lilJS. v:iri;iU(iii: il .my ciiJK T I'dilici' in Ixnial.' S/i/i/ims' Viii-iiliin, vol. i., ]>. .'il 111 till' Miiitlcr lit" iliincnsiiiiis, tlic Ca^a ilcl .Viliviim lucsciits the miii IS :i< till' iitiicr stnu'tiirt'; Stcpl )• ii'iii'' the aiillmi'i; "«iil. WaliJi'cU makes the lilatfunii 4.-) liy ill feet S iiirlies, ami the 'iiililiii;.' SI feet S iiiihes l>y 14 teet .S inehes '/avala ealls the luiililiiiL; S ■ipwie. Aeeiiiiliiij^- to Norman the [lyraiiiiil inL'a.-siiie.-.rjOU tVel at tiiu lllrlr I'JG ANTKH ITIES OF YUCATAN. Cut on tlio interior walls of tlio end rooms, sevonfy- two circular figures, two or three inches in diamrtir, liave heen ohserved. M. AValdeck, as usual, has a theory reHj)ectiun' these circles, or rather he has two iu case one slujuld prove unsatisfactory. He thinks thev niav lia\e heen made hy i)risoners to kill time, or they may have heen a record of sacriHces ciiii- summated in this cu. The sculptured decoratiDiis of the exterior walls are descril)ed as elei^ant hut .simple. We have her(3 the hack-i^Tound of oi'iiannntal lattice-work, and l)esides this the promine:it I'eatiuv is four full-Knuth human li^-ures standing- on tiie west iVont, two on each side of the doorway, and overluok- iiiLi" the courtvard of the Casa de ^lonias. Thev aiv the figures of males, and are naked, excei)t a sort (if helmet on the head, a scarf rtnnid the shoulders, and a helt ror.nd the waist. The ai'uis are crossed lii^;li on the hi'cast, and each hand holds sonu'thin^' I'l'scm- hlin;^' a hammer. The genital oi'^ans are rejjresciittd in theii' pr(i|>ei- jtroportions, and were evidently in- tended l>y the scul])tor as the pi'ominent feature of the statues. AH foui' had lalleii IVom their plarcs, even at thi' time of ^l. WaUleck's visit, hut this cx- jtlorer hy careful search collected sufficient fra'_;ni(iit> of the i'our, v>iiii]i are j)recisely alike, to i-ecoiistruit one. lie intended to hriui;' these frai^inents away M'itli him. hut his intentions heini;' thwarted hy tin einissai'ies of the ^Mexican y-overmnent, lu' hurifil tln' statue in a locality only known to himself."'' It lo- liasc, anil is 1(1(1 iVcl lii-li, tli(> ]iliitfi.riii hciii;.' 21 by 72 fcot, aiu! lln' 'miM- iu'^ I'J 1(V «!'>, iiiid ■_*(> feet lii;^h. ( 'liariiay |iinii(nmrcs the pyiiKMiil 7'itiiWi ''.•ft lii;,'ii. Slc|)liciis, Cnif. Aiiki:, vol. ii., ipp. t21-2, ;j;i\fs the (liincii-iini- as ftillows: ryiiuaiii, 120 liy •_*»() t'fcl at liasc; |ilalfcpriii, 11 fi'd wide oiil^M'' till' Ipdijiliii;;-: hdildiiiL;'. (IS feet li'ii;^, n. >, '.) iVi'l wiilc. IS, IS, a:i'l IU ifi'' li)li;i. [■'liciii'iirli-lhars ciiiiiciisioii^: l'\ laiiiicl. 12(Miv li»2 fffi ami ■.'■'ij lift \\\'^\\\ plall'uiiii, 2;V', l)y Sit tVct ; l.iiiliiiiij:-. 12 h\ 7;t f('i't, aii1 f'>l li^i Xiiiiri Ihs A iniiili a i/i.i ]'iii/., |S||, liiHi. \(ii., |i. .■(07. llclK'l'V (liliicll^i'ill"; I'yraMiiii. 1:J.'> liy 22."> I'ccI, and 1(1.') \'ct lii-li; |ilalfiinii, 2(1 li,\ 7i> t'l' I; '"'i'''' i;;'--. 12 liy (1(1 feet, and 2(1 iVct lii;^li. ■'' 'II est !i ii'inan|U('i- <|iu' Ic |)(''iiis dcs statues t'tait en ('rcctinii. I't 'I'!'" Iiiiiti's CCS li;4iii-cs I'laiciit pins |iarliculit'i-cincnt nintili'cs dans ccllc |«ii'li'' il:i ci,r|is.' W'lililrrl.-, };,,/. I'll'., lip. It.'i-C. Plate \i shows tlic staliic aid acconi|ian\ ing portion ol' the wall. "I'lie iiiililcnis ol' lite and dc.d'.i ni'l'^''"' rXMAL-CASA l)i;j- ADIVINO. 197 3 vent y- ann'ter, , has ii las two thinks 11 tiinr, CS CSIU- oratimis ant hut aiiii'iital jatiuv is ho Wr^t iVl'l'liink- rht'V ;iix' L sort lit lers, and sod hiu'h iO' I'rsrni- ji'escnttil ."Utly iii- ;atUI'f lit' |il;iri'S, t.li> 1'^- •oiistrui't ts ;i\v;iy liv tin; urii'il till-' ll w- ,,,1 ill,. ImiM- (liii'.cn-i"ii"' a:i,l :U iVi'l .,„aJ''', l.rl ii; iivi lii;;li> , (iliiii'ii-i"i^i'' ;i iVi t; ImiM- , rrllr Vill''-' „. ^lalil'' I""' mains to 1)0 stated tliat tlio docoratioiis of this Propli- it s llitiisc, hke that of" the XiiiiiieiT, were originally jiajiitril ill l)rinht cohn's. JMue, red, yellow, and white, wiiv tumid hy ^L. Waldeck on the least e.\[)osed j>()r- Uo]\>. Tht'i'i! can he hut little donht that tliis j)yi-a- niid was a temple where the saeritices descvihcd in a |)ivc(diiin" vohmie were c-clehrati-d. it has hcen cais- toiu.ii y w it!i many writers to speak of it, as of all sim- ilar >tiii(ttnvs in America, as a Teoealli, the name of siirli li iii]»l('s in AiKihuae; hut thus to apply an Aztee iiaiiir ti) iiKinuniunts in re^'ions inhahited hy p(.>oj)le wliiiM' relation to tlie Aztecs or their ancc^stors is yet I'iir tViiiii proved, is at least injudicious, since it tends til I'ausc confusion when we come to con,sidei- the suh- jirt of ahoiML;-inal history/"'^ nil ilic uall ill cliisc jiixtii |)cisitiiiii, coiifinuin;; tlio liclief in tlie existence (if iliai \\iir'-lii|i |iiarii(('il liy tlic I\L,'\iptiiiiis, iiiitl iill iitlicr casfcrii nations, iiml Iniiir irhiicil til as iiiv\al('ia aiiiiiML;- till' |i('ii]p1c lit" I'xnial.' Shjilinis' Yn- • iii'iii. Mil. i.. |i. ;{| t. "'J'lio WfstiMii facaik" is iniianicnti'il with Iiiiniaii li-aiv- >iiiiilar In riiri/'ili(/fs, liiiely sciilptiifeil in stniii' witli jrn'at art.' .\urii«ifi'.s ItitKililfs ill Yiii\, p. KM. It is asliiiiisliin;^ Imw easy tin' mcan- iii:;ip| llu'Sf si'nl|itni'('s may tic ilt'(i|ilii'ii'il wiicn the li^lit |icrson nnilci'taUcs ihi'la-^k. I'lir in>tanci': 'Tin' transliiijdii ui tlic almvc Srnl|ilnrc sccnis us ra~y a> ii' a 1 > \Mi;i. hail alicaily it nl the hainlw ritiii;,' uii tin' w alll as thus - Till' Iniuiaii litiiiic, in I'lill life ami inatnrity. tii,'.^i'thrr with tin' sc.v, ]in's('iits iMiirlalily; iimt the liuniv tin' rrnss-Jiniirs nw |ilaci't iniiits, ilie fiiiiin'i' of which I lia\e insi'i'tcil in ny ilcscri'il inn ; ami in '■III. Aiii.r., Mil. ii., ]!, 4l!((, a view frmii the .^oiitli, ■..hich i^ cnpieil in .!/•- iiiKi. Ihi; lliii'iifr .1/c,/-., p.<(2, which last antlinvily m'sh ;,ri\es what seems to 111' a ii'siiiralinii of the |iyraiiii(! from WaMcck. WiMcik's plates. i\., x xi., ivlalc tn this strncli ate ix. is ii view from a pnint ahove the w Icile mill iliiT'ily over the I'l'iili-c, inclinlinj;- a ;,'|-niin'l j.',.n of the siimniit hniM- lau'; plale x. is the Wfstern elt'vatioii of the |>yranic! ami linililin;r witli the la^li'iii ( levalinii of the latter; ami ]ilate .xi. is a view of one ol the statues a- alii'a'ly iiieiilioiied. Chaiiiay's ]i|iotou'raph 'A'< j/ives u wcstei-'i view of ilic "Imlc. which is also inclniled in |ihotoLrraph .SS; it is to lie mited that W\- I'laii pl.Kc-; the t'iisa ih 1 Ailivimi consiileiaMy south of the Niiniiery. N'iniiaii. I'liiii' '■ .s- ill \'iir,, p. KJJ, '^\\i--> an altouelhcr iinae:in; ly view of till' |iyiMi,iic ami hiiililii ., rhaps intemlcil for the western front. ' La liase 'll' la I'lilliic fai'lice ot ie\>'tiie irnii pareinent vertical a\ec nm frise dans lai|iii'llc • II reirome riniitatioii des roiiiiins ih linis, siirnioiili's iriine sorlc 'll' li;:!' ;i.ii|e piesi|m' eiiticrenieiit dctniili .' \'iiilli llr I hir, in (''iiirinn/, U'liii'^ .!,»/,'., p. 70. Oil the cast front of the Iniildiii;,' are 'deux jior- It"- I'a rcc^ ct dciix petils pa\ illons conveii * dune espi'ce de toit vcpn>.oit ^iir ill's pikixics.' ' IVI est ce iiioininicnt, 'hcf-d'oein re d'art et d'clc;: ince. ^1 J I'lai- arii\c im an idiis tard ii I .xmal, je n'anruis pas [ai en donin r lui 138 ANTIQUITIES OF YUCATAN. All the principal structures of Uxii.al have now been fully described, and as all conclusions and ui'eiuial remarks res])uctinL!;' this city will be deferred until I can include in such remarks all the ruins of the statu, 1 take leave of Uxmal with a mention of a very lew miscellaneous relics spoken of by ditierent travelers. No water has been found in the innnediate vicinity of tlie city, the dependence having probably been en artificial reservoirs and ayaadas, possibly also on .siil)- terranean s})rings, or st'iiotes, whose locality is not known. There are several of these aguadas within a radius of a few miles of Uxmal. They resemble, in their present abandoned condition, small natural i)on(ls, and their stagnant waters are thought to have nuieh to do with the unhealthiness of the locality. They have no appearance of being artificial, but the inhabitants universally believe them to be so, and Mr Ste])heiis, from his ol)servati()ns in other parts of the country, is in- clined to agree with the genei'al belief 1 have already noticed the dome-sha])ed underground apartments whicli occur fre(piently among the ruins, and wiiv probably used as cisterns, or reservoirs, for the storing' up of water for I'e use of the city. Mr Norman states also that one of the numerous mounds, that occur in all directions, westward of the Nunnery, "i> found to be an immense reservoir or cistern, ha\ in^' a double curb; the interior of which was i)eautit"ully finished with stucco, and in good preservation." Wr dessiu iM)ni]ilot; \c rcntrf uvait I'ti'' (l(''^'ni<]t'' jiar siiito do roxtractlnii ilf •iiu'lmu's iiicircs lu'ccssaiiTs ii la suliditii dt' ci'tte i)artii' \ I'di/. I'ilt., ]). !•(!. Yet if tlie strui'tiiiv was as ]n'i-lVct and lii- ixain- iiiatiim as (•(Hii|)li'ti' as he clainis, it is vi'ry straiij^e, to say \\w least, il^it In' did not discover the a|iartnieii1s in the western |iroji'etions. Zavala, in .1"'''/ Mi\r., toin. i.. div. ii., ji. 8.'{, says that the interior walls of this liiiiMinu' in^' ]tiastereil. Stejihens. Cliarnay, and IJrasseiir, Hint. Anf. dr., tmii. ii. PI' .^)7S-SS, j,dve the tradition of the Dwarf, which ^qves this teni]ile one m' ib names. 'The construction of these ornaments is not less j I'.ir ami sliiUiii;; than the "general elFect. There were no tablets or single ^Ihiun eaith re|irescntinj,' sejiarattdv and hy itself an entire siihject; hut excv nriia- nuMit or ('(nnliiimtioii is maile up of'sejiarate stones, on each of \\lii
  • says that "carved figures repre- senting i>. 24S-r)l, 2'27-H; yormmi's Rnmlilis in ''"•■. |i|i. ICiC), 1.'.; '\iil(o-i,\ I'lii/. I'iff., ]). 71; I'riiiliriilt.ilhitl, in Smi- '■■//«\ AiiiKihs ilr : (■'!//., 1841, toni. xcii., |i|i. .'{OT-S; Ziiriilit, ill Anti'j. •1/' . iiMii. i., (liv. ii., ji. 3o; iJoiiiKuccli's Lkscrts, vol. i., p. 51. li 200 ANTIQUITIES OF VUCATAX. l)uildinLVs, to whieli tlio saiiio description will applv. Tliuso ruins wore fseoii by Mr Ste[»liciis duriiis^ a Lumv tri[) from IJxinal, iiiiaccoinpanied by liis artist com- ])aiiion. liuiiis obsur\ed still t'urtlicr westward wiil be included in another u;-roup.™ Ju describing the ruins outside of Uxnial wliidi coni}»ose the central group, and which may for tlif most part be passed over rai)idly from their similaiitv to each other and to those already described, 1 sliall locate each by be uing and distance as accurately ;is possible, and all ; i 'iicipal localities are also liiid down on the map. is matter of location is iKit, howevei', very importaiit. The whole central regit m is strewn with mounds bearing ruined buildings; soiin of these have received particular attention from tlir natives and from travelers, and have consecjueiitly been named. I shall describe them l)y the names tli;!t have bfeii so a])|)lied, but it must be noted -tliat \(iv few of these names are in any way comiectcd witli tln' aboriginal cities; they were mostly applied at iirst tn jiarticular structures, and later to the ruins in tlnir innnediato vicinity; consequently several of the sin.iil gi'ou])s wliich have been honored with distinct naURs. may, in many instances, have Ibrnied a part of t\:v same city. At Sacbe, — meaning a 'paved road of white stone, a name derived from such a ]iaved way in the vicinity, Avhich will be mentioned later, — four or five niilis south-east <^f Uxmal, l)esides other 'old walls' is a group of three buildings. One of them is twehc and a half by fifty-three feet; none, however, ])r('st iit any ])eculiar feature, save that in one of the (hmi- ways two columns apiieai".'"'" Somewhat less than ten miles eastward of Fxinai is the town of Nohcacab, 'the great ]»la('e of" gnnd land,' preserving the name of an aboriginal town wlmh y' S/rp/irus' Yurittitii, vol. i., ])]). ISS. l!'21-'-'. ^^' S/i/i/uHii' \'i(riit((n, vol. ii., \\. Vll, witli jilute sliov,iii;;' front nf uiic buiWiiiL'. THE rVUAMID UF XC(jriI. 201 t(.riiK'ily existed .somewliero in this vicinity. Tii this villas;' iiro several luouiuls; uiid a sculptured head, with specimens of pottery, has l>een (hi^- up in the jilaza. The surrounding? country within a ra(Uus of a i'cw miles ahounds in ruins, two of which ai"e j>articu- larly mentioned. The first is known as Xcocii, and consists of the pyramid shown in the cut. It is be- I\riiiiii(l of Xcdcli. twveii ei'4-1ity a]id ninety feet hin'li, plainly vi>ililc from till' I'l'opliet's House at Uxmal, hut tlic hnihlinn's nn it-< sunnnit, like its sides, are almost comph tdy in ruins, alllioiiL;h traces of steps yet remain. (Jrcat and mai- vcloiis stories were told by the natives conccrninn' a SL'ndti. or ^VL'11, in this vicinity ; and it jnowd iiMlccd to Ik' a most wonderful cavern with hranchinn' subter- ranean o-alleries, worn bv the feet of ancient carriers "t Water; but it was entirely of natui'al foi'ination, a ^^iii^le l)l()ck of sculptured stone, with the W(j|-n paths 202 ANTIQUITIES OF YUCATAN. being the only traces of man's presence. The second of the ruins is that of Nohpat, 'great lord,' tint e miles from Nohcaeab toward Uxmal, whoso liuildin^s are plainly visible from it, and of which it niav, n^t improbably, have been a continuation or de[)endeii(y. A mound, or pyramid, two hundred and fifty feet loiiy at tiie base, and one hundred and fifty feet high on tlic slope, Avith a nearly jierfect stairway on the soutliciii side, supports a portion of a dilapidated buildiiiL!'. which overlooks the numerous ruins scattered over tlie ])lain at its foot. A single corridor, or room, is ktt intact, and is only three feet and five inches widr. At the foot of the stairway is a platform with a jdcott.', as at Uxmal, in its centre. There was also lying at the foot of the steps, the fiat stone re})resented in the cut, measiii'iiii;' eleven and one third feet in length by three feet ten inches in Avidtli. The human figure in low relief on its surface is very rudely cai-vcd, and was moreover much defaced by the rains to which for many 3'ears it had been exposed. Near the pyrn- niid another platform, two hundred feet square, and raised about twenty feet, supports buildings at light angles with each other, one of whiih has two stories built after a metliod which will be made clear in dosciih- ing other ruins. The only otlicis nt' the many monuments of Nolijiiit which throw any additional light on Yucatan anti([ui- ties, are those found on a level spot, whose sliajic is that of a right-angled triangle with a mound at eacii angle. Here are many scattered blocks and fragments, two of Avhich united formed the statue shown in tlnuiit on the next page. It is four and a quarter feet liigli and a foot and a half in diameter. The face seems to be represented as looking sideways or backward over Nolipat Sculiitiire. SKULLS AND CUOSSBONES AT NOHPAT. 203 Stutiies at Nolipat. tlie slioulcler, and is surmounted hy a head-dress in wliicli the head of a wild beast may be made out, iviiilliiig' sHghtly the idols which we liave ah'eady seen ill \it'ara.t»'ua. Other statues mioht doubtless be re- constructed by means of a thorough search, but only tliL' stone blocks shown in the cut are particularly Skull and Crossbones. iiioiitioned. They are twenty-seven mclies hit>h and troiii sixteen to twenty-two inches wide, bearing- alter- nately sculptured on their fronts the skull and cross- liuiiL's, symbols in later times — perhaps also when these carviiios were made — of death. In its original condi- tion X()h})at may not unlikely have been as grand a rity as Uxnial, but it is almost completely in ruins." "Oil Xfofh ami Nolipat sec Slrphrus' Yiirnfrin, vol. i., j^j). .348-58, 'Mil H, witli cut of the ])yrainilu'ac'iil>, and ])erhai)S ten or twelve niil soutli-uMstward IVom Uxmal, is a most extensive yroni of ruins, j)rol)al)ly the remains of an ancient city, known as Kahali. Sixteen different structures aic located in a space about two thousand hy three tliou- sand feet, on AEr Ste})hens' j)lan, which, however, was not foi'med hy measurements, but by ol)servation fidiu the top of a pyramid. Norman is the only visitor, except Stepliens and Catherwood, and his descri])ti(;ii amoimts to nothino", I })roceed to describe sucli df Kal)ah monuments as differ in construction and sculj)- ture from those wo have previously examined, and consecjuently throw additional light on Maya arclii- tecture. A mound forms a summit platform, raised twiiity feet, and measuring one hundred and forty-two by two liundretl feet. Ascending the terrace from its south- western side, buildings of the ordinary type a])iu;ir on the right and left; the former resting on the i^\r.\:v instead of on the sunnnit of the terrace, — that is. the rear wall, of great thickness, rises pei'pendicularly from tlie base. In the centre of tlie ])latform is an enclosure seven feet high and twenty-seven feet s([uaiv, formed of hewn stones, the lower tier of which was sculptured with a continuous line of hierogly})hi(s ex- tending round the circumference. No ]>icote, however, was found within the enclosure. Directly in front, or on the north-east side of the platform, a stairway ot' twenty ste})s, forty feet wide, leads up to a higher terrace, the arranufement beinfj much like that of tho northern building of the Casa de Monjas at Uxnuil. no menor polidoz, las injuriiis del tienipo sou nins cvidentes so1)rc cuantds ol>jot(>s sc prcsi.'iitaii a la vista. Ann se luita la coiili;i;urai'iun .y tra/.n ik' l;i^ riiin))as, atrios y jtlazas, doiulo aiidan, (•oiiio diseiiiinudtis I'li j^ruims, lyslns iiiiii:i-< eai)rich(isas o siiulM)lii'Hs.' This visitor describes most of tlie luoiiuiiaiii^^ mentioned by Ste|iliens. The jiieote, or jihallus, to^rether with a sculjiiiKil head, he broiiglit awav with him. -1/. /'. J'., in Jicijistro Yuc, toni. i., I'l' 365-7. ( I liUIXS OF KAIJAII. 205 TVit ill tliif^ case tlie iipj)er ])l!it{orin, iustrud of beini^ liii'^' and narrow as usuul, is nearly s(juare, and su[)- jiirts a l»uildin,n" of the same shape, whose front at the t i|» of the stairway measures one liundrt'd and tifty- oiic t'eet. The advanced state of ruin in which tlio wliolc structure was found, made it difficult t(j form ;i:i iiK'a of its ori^'inal plan, and Mr Stejjhens' descrij»- tioii in this ease fails to i)resent clearly the idea which lie i'ormed on the subject. The front })ortion of the (.•(liri;^'c, however, which is the hest preserved of all, lias two double rauij^es of a])artments, sejtarated by a vciv thick wall, and all under the same roof. Two ]iiruliarities were noted in these rooms. 'J'he inner iMouis of the front ran^-e have their tloors two feet and rii^ht inches higher thau tlie outer, and are en- tiivd from the latter by two stone stej)s; while in one casi' at least these steps are cut from a single block of stoin', the lower step takini*- the form of a scroll, and the walls at the sides are covered 'w.th carvings, as sliown in the cut. Over the rear wall of the front iaiiL;c rises a structure of hewn stone four feet thick Interior Steps at Kiibah. niid tiftoen feet hirh, which, like the turrets over tlio iMntliiTn buildini^ of the Nunnery and the Casa do J'alniiias at LJxmal, could only have been intended as itii (iinanient, but which from the jjfroimd beneath pre- sents every apjiearance of a second story. The exte- liei' sculpture of this front, except a small ])ortion at tile iioitliern end, has fallen, l)ut enough remains to iiidieate that the decorations were most rich and elab- 20G ANTIQUITIES OF YUCATAN. I ■>' ^ i H t. i 1 J ■ orato, thouo-li unifonn; ami, unlike tliose of any striic- turo _>t)t niut with, tlicy covered tlie whole surface of the front, both above and below the central cc^rnice. SL'iil|)turc(l Front at Ka1)uh. The cut shows the q-eneral ajipearance of those decor,! - tions/*^ Tliis buiklino- is called by the natives A'cm- X>o()p, or 'straw hat doubled U]i.' At a sliort distance from the ruin just descril)c(I, in a noi'th-easterly direction, is another grou}), the de- tails of whoso arrangement, in the al)sence of a cnrr- fully ])re|)ared plan, it is useless to attempt to describe. but tlu'ee new features presented by tliese ruins rc- (juire notice. First, one of them, from a base of one hundred and six by one hundred and forty-seven feet, is built in three receding" stories. That is, the rool'iif eacji story, or range, forms a i)latform, or ])romcii;ide, before tlie doors of the one above; or, in otlier woiils, the stories are built one above anothei' on the slope nt' a pyramid. Second, an exterior staircase leads un 5" 'Tlic ooniii'o nimiin^ over the tloorways, tried 1>y tlie severest rult-i'f art ree(>;,'iiisc(l aiiioiiL; us, wdiild eml>ellislitlic arcliitecture of any kimuii era, ami aiiiiil a mass of barbarism, of riitle and iiiicoutli coiiceiition-. ;' stands as an oH'crinj; Ity American linilders worthy of tlie acceptance of a | "l- isiied people.' Sff/i/iciis' Y iicaldti, vol. i., jij). 3S7- 5t."), with [dates of the wlidlc front, iiii eiilaij;ed portion of the same, and the interior of the room ini'ii- tioned. Xornian, Iinni/i/r.i in Vitr., p. 14it, devotes a few lines to this ImiM- ing, but furnishes no detaiLs. IIUINS AT KAUAII. 207 fn ;ii storv to sforv. TIioso staircases arc supported liv half of oiR! of the rt'nular trian«,ailar arches i-cst- iag u;;aiii.st the top of the wall of the buildi Hill's. 'J'lio Yucatan Structure in Thiec Stories. aco()iii]>;uiyinLr ^"t, althoiiufh not reprcsentin-, is intended as a lialf section to ilhistrate tlie construction of the ^lavu structures \\\ several stories, and tliat of the stairways uliich atfoi'd access to the u})])er stories; a bein_<»' the solid iiiomid, or terrace; />/>, the a])artnients or eorri- ilnrs; J, the staircase; and c, an o})en ])assa_i>'e luider the half arcli of overlap] )in,n- stones that supports the stairway. In this Kahah building- the stairway lead- iii,H" to the foot of the third story is not inunediately iivei- tile lower one, hui in another part of the editice. Hie third peculiarity is a double one, and is noticed 111 s((iiic of the doorways; since here lor the first time wc liiid lintels of stone, sup[u)rted eacli by a central *'oluiiiii, aliout six feet hioh, of rude woi"knianshij>, with s(|iiare blo(dc((r:itc(l witli sculiiturp, luit it is iinu'li fiillcn. lliik' jliuwiiig tin; tiuat ill Si,j>/iciix Yiiraat/i, \ol. i., j). 'Ml. 906 ANTKil'ITIKS or YL'CATAN. eacli iiiiiL- 1)V^ twenty fuct, Tliu outer wall of Uiiti Imildini^' is plain, except groups of tliree ])illar.s cadi between the doorways, and lour rows of short jiilas- ters that surround it al)ove the corniee, stanihiin' clusu toiji^ether hive tlie siniihir ornaments on tlie L'as.i (k' TortuL^as at I xinal. The sohtary ardi sliown in the cut stands oii u mound hy itself. Its S2)an is fourteen feet, and its Arch at Kahah. top fallen. "Darkness rests upon its history, l)ut in that desolation and solitude, among the ruins arouiul it stood like the proud memorial of a Koninii tri- umph. '""" Kabnli is not without its pyramid, winch is 60 S/rii/inis' yiir,if,ni,yn]. i., \)]h 308-400, with cuts of the Casa ili-lnstkui and of tlic Arcli; the latter being also iu UukUviii's Am-. Annr., p. '•''•'■ !«! uriNs or KAi'.Air. 'JU',) ii;i(.' liuiidivil iiiid t'ii^hty fcut s(|iiar!' ;it tlic Kasc, and ci'^ditv tV'L't Iiig'li, with traces of niiiicd apartiimiits iit the tout. Ill one of the !»uildiiiL,^s the two j»riiu-i|)al (l(H)r\va\s are iiiidor tlie stairway wliich loads iij) to tlie si'coiid story, and ovci- out; of tlioin was a woodoii lintel tell feet liii>\vn in the cut given on the following page. The \\' t|i(in in the hands of the kneeling Hgure corros- |"'ii|). ^S(' " ill|iiiiri': '.I Striihrns Ynralnii, vol. i., J.].. :?S() -7, -in-J-M, wil!» cut^ nil.! pl.ll'' Noniiaii, A''///'/'/.v id Vii'-.. iip. MS-'.t, tluis .Icsrrilu-s Uu'sc sriilpiiin; liiinlis, wlii'li lie IoiukI wIumv Sti'iili.Miis Irft tliciu iiluccil ii;;Minst, m y^' i.f tlR' room; ''I'licy aiv uliotit six feet, lii;,'li and (wo wide; tlu'tni. faciii^^s of whidi iiif' dccidv cut, roprcstMitiiii^ ii (^(^(Hic, orotlicr (lipiH'i';* ill fiiU dress, (aiiiiari'Ullv a'licli Indian .■ostunii". ) wilii a iirot'iisidii oMov hefore him in a kneeling:: position, with his hands ('xt supplication; nnderneiith are hicro};lypliics. The room is sin' teiUiij,' slii,ditly curved.' 11, witli il'^ UriNS OF iSAN.UTi:. 211 111 tills iinmetli.ite vicinity, located on tlic road to Eciticlcliacun. a ])lacu not to he t'oiind on any nia[) that 1 liavc sci'ii, some artificial caverns arc ivpor*^od, nroli.ililv without any .sufKcicnt authority/'- Southward and Mt)utli-eastward ot" Kahah, all in- cliulnl w ithin a radius of ei^'ht or ton miles, are ruins ;it Sanacte, Xanii)on, Chack, Sahacche, Zayi, aiul hahiKi, the last two heinn' extensive and ini))oi't- aiit. At Sanacte are two buildings, which stand ill a iiiil|ta, or cnrniield. One has a hi^li ornamental wall (111 its to[), and the front of another appears as rtiiru.soiitetl in the cut. It will be noticed that in rnint of r.iiilditig at Sanacti'. ^ I.] Kaliali, (Ic 'I'aiirlii, d,. r,..kal ct .Ir pill' tlis al., tard lie Nulipal. dotit cs s(> (li'('(i'ipa;i':i( daiis I a/.iir foiiC' n'l cud, cimiiiic aiitaiit finiiH iImiis la (•(iiiniimc dTxiiial.' I'rds.-icir tie Huiiibomy, Hist. Ant. 212 ANTItiUITIES OF YUCATAN. i ■« this, as in most of tlic stmotures in this rooioii, tho doorways havo stone jambs, or posts, each of t\V(t pieces, instead of being formed simply by the 1 docks tluit compose the walls; the lintels arc also geiieialh- of stone. At Xampon are the remains of a l)iiil(!iiin that was bnilt continuously round a rectangle cinlitv })y one hundred and five feet; it is mostly fallen. In the inmiediate vicinity ruins of the ordinary tvj)e are mentioned under tlie names of Hiokowitz, K'.icpak, and Zekilna. At C/hack a two-storied building stands on a terrace, which is itself built on the sunnnit of a natural stony hill. A very remarkable featuiL; at Chack is the natural senotc which supplies water tn the modern as it did undoubtedly to the ancient iii- hiibitants. It is a narrow passage, or succession of passages and small caverns, penetrating the earth for over fifteen hundred feet, nuich of the distance the descent being nearly vertical. At Sabacche is a l)uilding of a single apartment, whose front pi\seiit> the peculiarity of four cornices, dividing the surface into four nearly etpial portions, the lower cornice ])ciii'i as usual at tlie height of the top of the doorway. The first space above the doorway is plain, like tliat below; but the two up[)er spaces are divitled by ])ilastors into ])anels, which are filled with diamond lattice-work. M !iree other l)uildings were visited, and one of them sketched ])y Catherwood, but they present in) new features excej)t that the red hand, common li(,'re ib elsewhere, is larger than usual.*''* At Zayi, situated in the midst of a beautiful himl scape of rolling hills, the principal edifice, called th' (\'isa (h'aiide, is built in three receding stoiies, a- already explained, extending round the foui' sides ot the supporting mound, which rests on a sliglit .itural elevation. The lower story is one hundred antiirv (111 the front, and a narrower stairway to tlie soouiid ])latforni on the rear. Ten of the nortliern idoms in the second story are coni])letely tilled with st»>iicau tile hntel is su]»port(!(l hy two ru(hly-formed ahout six and a Iialf-feet hinh, with s(juai'e ''I'ltals, as sliown in the lollowin^' cut. The tront '' the third rans^e a|>peai"s to have l)een entii'ely lain. II another huildni''- near hv "a hid I projec- 214 ANTIQUITIES OF YUCATAN. r TnTfTSTTWTTWWTTTJTTTTnTITrirTi TtirriTro cififiini'mTfTi »rT '71 rrunt of Casa (Jrautlc at Zayi. tioii runniiii^ alon*^ tlio wall" in the interior of an .*ij)artnient is mentioned. Some five hundred yards directly soutli of the Casa Grande is a low, small. liat-rooted huildiniif, with a wide arelnvay extending (completely throui'-h it. It is much dila])i(latc(l, and hardly noticeahle in itself, but I'rom the centre of its Hat roof rises the extraoi'dinary structure shown in the cut, which is a perpendicular wall, two feet thi(k Wall at Zavi. RUINS OF LABNA. 215 ,^Mlf>/i4.S^)^iMl*' \\\A tliirty feet l)i,L;li, pierced with ranf,^cs of o[)enin_L;s, or w iiidows, wliicli j^'ive it, us the discoverer remarks, the a]»|)carance of a New Eng'land factc^iy. The stone itt' wliicli it is constructed is rough, and it was oriy-- i:iallv covered with ornaments in stuc«'o, a few of wliiih still remain on the rear. Tlie only other Zayi iiioiiiuneiit mcintioned is an innnense terrace ahout fil- tcen hundred feet s(|uare. ]\Iost of its surface was hot explored, hut one huilding was noticed and .•sketched in which the floor of the inner ranij;-e of I'lioins is raised two I'eet and a ludf ahove that of the tVuiit range, heing* reached hy steps, as was the case ill the huilding' at Kahah, already descrihed. 'J'he in- t. lior wall was also decorated with a I'ow of j)ilasters. Ihe sujierstitious natives, like tliose i have spijken of at I tatlaii in (luatemala, liear mysterious nuisic every (.iucid Friday, proceeding" irom among- the i-uins.''' The ruins of Lahna comprise some huildings equal ill extent and magniticenco to any in Yucatan, hut all far gone in decay. In one case a mound ioity-five livt in height supijorts a huildinu: twentv I'V fortv- tiiive I'eet, of the ordinary ty])e, except that its s(juth- cni IVoiit is a })erj)endicular wall, thirty I'eet high uliuvo the cornice over the doorways. This i'ront lias III) diienings hke other similar walls already noticed, hat was originally covered througliout its whole sur- fito with colossal ornaments in stucco, of which hut a Irw small fraiiinents remained, the mIioIo structure liLiiig, wheiie:vamined, on the i)oint of falling. Among- the ligures of which sufficient portions remain to iden- t:iy their original form, are: a row of deaths heaied hy a ]>ainted stucco orna- ment sui)posed to rei)resent tlie sun. Near hy, a t( r- race four hundred feet loni;- and one hundred and lit'ty feet wide su}H)orts a huilding' of two i-ecedini;- sturies with a front of two hundred and eighty-two feet. The u])[)er story consists oi .i siiii^le line of apait- nients and its walls are perfectly pliiin. The jnwer story has a donhlo line of rooms, and its front is elah- orately sculptured, the chief peculiarity in tliis IVont heiuL;' that it presents three distinct styles in as many portions of the wall. The opposite cut shows a cornel' ofthi^ wall in which the ()|:)en mouth of an alli'^attir or monster, ironi which looks out a human fate, is a new and remarkahle feature in Mava decoration. (Mi the roof of the lowxu" range is a narrow o])enino- whidi leads vertically to a clnnnher like those found so fiv- (juently at ["xmal, excej>t that tills, instead of Iumiil;' (lonie-shajied, is like the ordinary rooms, with triangu- lar-arched ceiling, heing seven hy eleven feet and tui Ibet high. Both sides and hottom are co\"ered witii cement, and there is nothing but its position in tli. mass of masonry, between the arches and ovei' tin' interior apartments, tt) indicate that it was not oiiu- inally used as a cistern for storing watei'. There is also in connection with the ruins of Lahiui an entiaiicc to what may well he sup})osed to have been a subter- ranean seuote like those noticed at Xcoch and (hack. but it could not be explored. Jt was noted that the natives about Labna had nmch less superstitious fear resj)ecting the s])irits of the antiguos haunting tlie ruins than those of most other localities, althmiuli RUINS OF LABNA. 217 Cttiuur at Lalmii. ivLii tin V luul no desire to explore the various jipait- iiinit-;. t i'al)!, a few leagues distant, is a heap df ruins, fi..:i': ilil 218 ANTIQUITIES OF YITATAX. i'vom wliicli material liad been taken for tlic construc- tion of a nuKlern church, and many .scul})tured iVuir- ments luid been inserted in the walls of the iiacieiida liuildin^s. A stream of water was ])()iiriiiL;' from tlic open moutli of a stone idol, possibly worshiped by the ancient inhabitants; "to such l)ase uses," etc, A cave; near by was the subject of much marvelous rejiort, but its ex})loration led to nothing' in an antiquarian jioint of view/'^ At Kewick, seven or eight miles southward of r^abna, a large space is strewn with the remains of a I'uined city, tlie casa real itself being built on tlie iw- race of an ancient mound. Une single stone, however, among tliese ruins demands the attention of the reader, familiar as he now is with the general features of ancient ^laya art. This stone is one of those which compose the top layer, joining the sides of tlie ceiling in one of the ai)artments. Singled out jor some inexplicable reason from its fellows, it bore a ])aiuting in bright colors, chieHy red and green, rej)ie- senti)ig a grotesquely adorned human form surrounded by a line of liierogly})hics. The painting measured eighteen by thirty inches and was taken out Iroui its place by IMr Ste})hens for the purpose of removal, Imt proved too heavy for that purpose. Two fronts were sketidied l)y j\Ir Catherwood at Kewick; one liad a line of pillars separated by diamond-sha})ed ornaments on cacli side of the doorway; the other was decoiated also with a line of pillars, or pilasters, standing ch)se together, as on the Casa de Tortugas at Uxmah'''' Xul, a modern village near bv, stands also on the site of an aboriginal town, and the cura's residence is built of material from an ancient mound, many seul])- tured stones occupying prominent jdaces in the walls; the c]iur S'r/i?irii.\ Yiti-Klin), vfil. ii., pp. 40-0."), with plati's. Tlio cut ^iv(M' in the tox' i< also ;^i\x'ii hy litihhviii, Anc. Aiacr., as a fniiitispicce. Willanii'n Amrr. llittt., p. SO. ^*'' S tjilifiis Ydiiitdii, vol. ii., pp. 72-8, with two plates, and lut dI liaintiii;^. Willsoii's Atii^r. Hist., pp. 80-7. XVh, SACACAL, AND CHACCIIOH. 219 tlic iieii^liborint'' ruins of Nolicacal). Two leagues til nil Xul wlicre .soiiio ruins were seen, two apart- iiiriits liatl red paintino-s on tiie plastered walls and ( (,ilitii;s. A row of les^s, su'estin_m^ a procession, IkjuIs (lec(,>rated with plumes, and human iiiL>'ures .staiidiiiu' on tlieir hands, all well-drawn and natural to the lil'i', wure still visihle, and interesting^- even in their iiiuiilated state. The raneho buildings at Noheaeab - a second })lace of the same name as the one ah'eady iiR'iitioned towards Uxmal — are also decollated with ivlics i'roin tiie 'old walls,' but notliing- of interest was seen in connection M'ith the ruins themselves, exce|)t one loom ill whidi the ceilin_i»' foi-mcd an acute an^le at the top instead of beinuf united by a layer of hori- zoiital stones as in other places.'" Some leagues further eastward, in the n(>iL;hbor- IkkkI of the town of Tekax, ruins are mentioned at Sai'acab Ticum, Santa Maria, and Chacchob. At Sa- cacal is a duunber with an opening at the to]), as at Labiiii, only much larger; and this one has also three recesses, al)out two feet dee}), in the sides. An apart- ment here has a painted stone in the top layer as at Kewick; and one building has its wall rounded instead of straight, although this is oidy on the exterior, the iiiiur surface being straight as usual. The remains at Tinmi were only rejjorted to exist by the (Jura of San J DSC. At Santa Maria a high mound only was seen.'* At Chacchob ruins of the usual ty[)e are represented, hy a Spanish writer in a Yucatan maga/ine, to be en- closed within a wall, straight from north to youtli, the rest of the circumference of over six thousand feet heiiig semi-circular. The only entrance is in tl ' cen- tre (if the straight side. A well occu})ics the centre of the enclosure, the chief pyramid is on the summit of a natural elevation, and in one room a door was noticed whicli was much wider at the top than at the liottoiu. On the edu'e ef ii wall eiu'lit hundred varas '" Sl.-jihni.s'' Viirafdii, vol. ii., pp. 8;}-4, 87-94. t'' /(/., vol. ii., pp. •j;{:)-43. 220 ANTUiUITIES OF YUCATAN. distant, L,m)()veH ^Vl)rn 1>y the ropes furinorly used in drawiiii^" water are still to l)e seen."" Further north, in the north-eastern corner of thu rectangle wliicli contains our central _<»rou|) of ruins. are Akil and j\[ani, the relics of the former locality, so far as known, hein^'' chiefly built into the walls of niodei'u buildiiins. jMani was a prominent city at the time of the conquest, and the modern village stands on the remains of the ahorii^inal town, mounds and other relics not described being' yet visible. Mr Stephens here found some documents, datinj^ back to the comini^ of the Si)aniards, which are of great iui- ]>ortance in coimection with the question of the an- ti({uity i)[' the Yucatan ruins, and will l)e noticed when 1 come to s])eak of that point. The only monuments of the central groui) remaining- to be mentioned are those of Chunhuhu, in the extreme south-western corner of the rectangle. These are very extensive, evidently the remains of a large city, and several of the build- ings weie sketched by Mr Catherwood, being of oiii' story, and having grotes(|ue human figures as a prom- inent feature in their exterior dect)ration. One is jdastered on the outside, as Mr Ste})hens thiid. 340-7, -I^iinilii ilc- scrihinj,' the ruins from persoinil observation, haviu;r heen hishop of .Mi liihi for several years, and died in the country in 1579; Frivderic/mt/tal, h\ .Xdu- >m UUINS OF cmcIIEN ITZA. 1221 city wliicli was famous in the aticient traditionary annals dt" tliu ^Fayas, whoso structures served both niitivcs aiiuii to the inhal)itants of the country since tliat r|iu(li. The ruins lie twenty miles west of Valladolid, the v\\'h'i' town of the eastern poi'tion of tlie state, on a j)ul)lic I'oad in ])lain view of all travelers by that route, In til lis case the oritiin al M, iva name has I )een iitaiiifd, diichen meaning" 'mouth of wells,' and It/ji hiiiiL!" tl"^^' iiiinie of a branch of the ^Eaya })eo]»le, or o f a royal family, which played a most ])i'ominent part in Yucatan history. Tlie name C'hichen comes [irobably from two j^reat senotes which supplied the ancient citv with water, and which differ from the (•nin|tHcated undero-round passa^-es noted in other parts dl' the state, being immense natural pits of great depth, with nearly })er})endicular sides, the only traces of aitilicial iiu})rovement being in the winding steps that lead down to the water's surface, and slight remains of a Mall about the edge of the jn'ecijyice. So I'ar as explored, the remains may be included in a rectangle Mieasurino;- two thousand bv three thousand feet, and their arrangement is shown in the plan on the next |»a'--e made by Mr Catherwood. 72 '//r.v ,1 iDlfl/is ifcs ]' 1S41, toin. xcii., pit. 300, 302, 304-0,— this author Miiviii" visi ted Chichcil in 18 10, dilcctfil tln'l;ln 1)V the ;i(lv |ill('IIS iiiiifi (III, vol. 1 if Mr Stc- ; S/,/,/ir,is' i., pii. •_'.Si!-3i.M,— wlioso visit was from Marcli II In "Jit, IS4-*, ulctc than that nf oilier ho iiad iii'ani niiiiors of tlio existcnci' of I'xtci isivc rt'iiiaii ami wliosf ili'scn|itioii, as usual, is iniu'li iiioic coin t'\|ilni('is; Xiiriiiiiii\t Umiihlis ill Yiir., ]i|i. I()|-'_'S, tlif i'orn's])()n(lin;,' siir- vi'\ liaviii;r lastt'il from l'\'hniary 10 to II, ISH.'; ('luiriinii, lliiim s A iin'r., ji|i :!,')',)- If), |(liot. •_'() 34, from an exiiloiation in 1S.">S. 'I'liomas Lo|it'z Mcilcl i> :il>o iiu'iilioncd in Xiiiirillis Aiinahs ties ]'iii/., 1S43, toin. xrvii., |)|). 3S, 4:>. as liavin;,' visited Chiehi'ii hy authority of tlie (liialemalaii ;;overiiiiicnt. "llicr authors who inihlish accounts of Chiehen, made iiii from the works t tlie ineeetlinjr actual ex])l()n eas toiiow? A I SI) 3; ll,i/(/,i A I /)iis III iiliifr Mr pp. 140-4; llriiMi iir ilf lloiirliniirij. Hist. toin. ii., )). 1."); Fros/'x dirnf Ci/irs, \>\t. •JSl'-'II ; Mun/if, Voi/in/r, X'if. (• I"iii. i., pp. ISI). |'. 70-Sl'; Ih, Aiifi ■ inn i\. w vol. '/'/" iiroij. II. Stilt., p. 144; Xfni/ir's Mi.r. Aztvi ■■ V Ell, !), cut; Dri/iorriltir Jiirinr, vol, xi., ip|p. .")34-(); (iiilliitin, in Transact., \i}\. i., p. 174; Scliott, \n Sinitli.soniau Jirjit., Dili. Sill'. IS7I, pp. 4-'3 4. ]- Plan from Stephens. Tlic only other ])lan is that ;;ivoii hy Norman, wliicli, in distances und the arrunyeiuent of the huildiny.-j with res^'ccl to ooo ANTIQKITIKS OF YUCATAN. fir .1 1 r ) i »• r'. J! eai'li otlicr, ]iv('s(>iits not llic sli^^htcst siiiiiliirity with tlio ])r(>1ialily ac unili (Irawiiiu's of St('|ilioiis and Catlicrwood. 'Tlio ruins of Ciiicliin lif on .> iiaciciiiia. calictl by tlif name of tlio ancient city.' ''I'lie first straiij^i'r win' over visited tli(Mn was a native of New-Vorlv,' Mr Joliii liiirtie. I'ii'-l hroufilit to tlie notic^e of tlie world by Friedericlisthal. 'The plan is ni.-uli' from licariiij^s taken with the coniiiass, and the distances wore all iMca-inul with a line. The l)nil(lin<;s arc laid down on the plan accordinj,' to their exterior form. All now Mtuuding are conipreheudcd, and thu whole circiiiii- I f-*"' ("IIICIFMN NINNKUV. 328 riili.ips the most r('inarkal»l(! it' tin; ( 'liic licii cdi- lico is that kii<»\vu us tlu; NmiiuMT, luarkrd II on tlio jilaii.'' nt' ('((Ui'so in this ainl other hiiiKliiiL;s I .liall (niiliiic my (Kscrijitioii cliicHy to points of contrast with ruins ahcjadv iiR'ntioiit'd, and wi'll known to tlio iviidri'. Supjiortinii;- tlio Nunnerv, instead of a |>yra- inid. we have tor tlio first time a solid mass of niasomv line hundred and twelve hy one luimlivd and sixty feet, risiii- with perpundicular sides to a height of uhout thiity-two teet. On the snmmit, with a hase one luirKli'cd and f'onr feet lonir. is a huildini"' in two re- ifdiuL;' stoiirs, of Av'.'eh the iH)})er, whose summit was ■ily miiiiiiiti'il for, while one varies ten tlej^rees one wav, that immetli- iilil\ :iiljoiiiiii- varies twelve of tliirleeii tle;;iees in aiiotlier;' still llie [ilaii slmus no such aniiii;;ement. S/r/i/icii.s' Viira/iiii, vol. ii., |i|i. L'SJ-.'f, 'JlKt, ,'{1-. Till' iiiijilcrii church 'entierement coiiiitosee tie |iierres eiilevi'es aiix temph s ct aii\ |ia!ais (lout j'allais etmlier li's mines.' The |iro|irietor 'me propo.'-ii la c (s>iiin (le sa pidprii'te et des mines pour la somme clc licux mille |iias- trcs.' I'liiiniiiii. Hdiiiis Aiiivr., pp. .'Wt!, ;{4 1-."). '.\ eitv which, I ha/aiil little ill savin;:, must have lieeii one of the lar;,'est the world has e\er seen. I liiliflcl liciore nie, foraeiiruit of many miles in (liaiiietcr, t'le walls of pal ai'i's and temples and |)yraniid.s, more or less dilapidated.' 'No marks < f liiiiiia!! Iciotsteps, no sijiiis of ]irevioiis visiters, were disceriiihle; imr .< ilicic ;;ii(ici reason to helieve that any ]ier.soii, whose testimony of the fac i has liccu ,u'i\cn to the world, had e\er hefoie hrokeii the silence which reij;ns oyer tliese sacred toinhs of a departed civilization.' ytirtiidii's llanililis m )■'"•., pp. lo,S-!t. Thirty-three lea','iies from Valladolid, and lwenty-ii\e irciiM Mciida. 'l^iie j;rotte olIVc, ii line jirofondenrde o'J picds, nii petit etaii^' 'lean cliiiice, niKine! on descend jmr des dejjrt's tallies dans le roc, et se |iro- liiii;;('aMt aii-dessoiis de la surface de Teaii.' Ffiidirtikathol, in Xuuidhs Ah- H((/..v ,/r.v (■„)/.. 1841, tom. xcii.. pp. .'W4-(). *'^ 'he |Oii de Chiehen pour la rieliesse des sculptures.' ChiiriKiji. Itiiim « Amfr., p. ;{4'2. ''|'h(! most stranjic and ineomprehensihle idle of architec- tuic that my oycs ever helield - elahoruto, ele^jant, stujiendons.' S'linnini's Hnii '• i in Yii,;.^ p. 11<). Norman calls the huilding House of the <'a- cicpics. 224 ANTIQUfTIES OF YUCATAN. ft first story is forty-seven feet long; several contain niches in their walls, extending from floor to cuilinn' and bearing traces of having l)eL'n covered with j)ainted figures, some of them human with plunitd heads; and some of the a[)parent doorways arc ialsc, or walled up, evidently from tlie date of thcii- first- construction. Attached to the eastern end of tlic solid structure is a projecting wing, shown in the ]»Iaii, sixty feet long, thirty-Hve i'eet wide, and tweiity-ti\c feet hi^'h, consistini*' of only a single storv, and di- vided into nine apartments, several of whicli ai'e lilKd up with solid masonry. The lintels througliout tliu Nunnery are of stone, and the interior walls of tiie looms are plastered. The exterior walls of this eastern wiii';' are covered with rich scul[)ture, Ixjth above and below the cornice, but this sculpture presents no couti'asts with that of Uxmal, or other cities, sufiii iciitly striking to be verbally descril)ed. Only a few iltt from tlie eastern end of the Nunnery, and indeed ilo scribed by Charnay as wings of that edifice, aie the two small buildings a, and h of the [)lan. The fornur is thirteen by thirty-eight feet, and twenty feet liigli; the latter, sometimes known as the Iglesia, or Churt-li, is fourteen by twenty-six feet, and thirty-one I'eit high, containing only one room. These structiu'cs pi'esent a most imposing ap[)earance by reason ot'tluir great height in pro})ortion to their ground dimensions, ' It' '* 'L't'diftce appeli'' /" r«.w ilc his .Ifoiijnt (hi niiiisoiKlcs iimiiics) est luii,' iot CiriCIIEX— AKAR-TZIB 225 TIk' building G of the i)lan, instead of standing" on ail artiHriai mound, rests on the level plain, hut the usual eti'ect is produced by excavating the surface aliout it, thus giving it the appearance of resting on a raised foundation. It measures forty-eight l>y one huii(hed and forty-n'ne feet, and its outer walls are jiL'ifcctly ]))ain. The roof is reached by a stairway t'oity-tiv. feet wide in the centre of the eastern front, while, c'orre. })onding with die stairway, on the western 1'niiit is a solid projection thirty-four l)y forty-four feet, of unknown use. The iioor of the inner range of roiiiiis is one foot higher than that of the outer, and (Ill the under surface of a lintel in one of the mtorior (loeiways is the sculjjtured design shown in the cut ell the following l)a<>e, suiTounded 1)V a row of hiero- L^lyphics, of which only a small i)ortion are included ill the cut, but wdiich are of the same type as those we have seen at Copan. The subject seems to be sMuie mysterious incantation or other saci-iticial rite, I the hiei-oglypliics, known as the /writing in the u Mava akab-tzib, have iriven their name to aiK (Inri the huildlliiJ' iiiriMc irmi lioaii cavaoforo, ot la foinposition do la pnvtp avoc lo lias-rolief '|ui l;i MiriMi)iit(! I'st plciiii' il'iitu! jiiaiitU'iir sau\ii>;(', (run I'tl'ct ^aisis?~aiit. Nli(ii\ tiiiil(''s (|iio dans li's i'\i'ni|il('s proctMlcnts, Paiiparcil di's ))ari'inL'nlx c^t plus n';;iili('i-, et il ini'scntc cetto ]iarticnlariti'' tii's-i('niai(|nal>li', <|iril s'.irrdiilc I'xaclcnuMit avfc la dccdralion.' V/o/id-lc-lhic, in /cnlpturt'd iiiiiiiiiiciit inlcivt'iiiii;;'. Aliovc tlii'si' arc the rciiiains of liooUs carved iii .••I'liic, uitli raised lini's of drapery running; tlironuii liieni, . . .oNcr wliicli, Mirriiiiiiiicd liy a variety tif ciiaste and Ipeantit'uliy executed Imrders, cn- ciivlctl wi'iiin a wrcatli, is a female li^^ure in a sitting,' posture, ic. Iiai'so- nlievii, liavin;^' a liead-drt'ss of feathers, cords, and tassels, and tlie n"ck "riMiiiiiiicd ' IJiiildin;,' '', 10\:!.")\'_'0 feel ; linildin^' //. liK'J-Jx.Si; feet. .Main |il;iifcMiii 7'ixlOO feet. M )n the eastern end of tliese rooms (in l>l story oxer the siilid IpMseineiit) is a liall rnniiinj,' transversely, four feel w ide. . . .one >iile of wliiili is tilled wiili a variety of senl|itnred work, principally rosettes iiiiil Imrders, with rows of snnill pilasters; iia\iii;;' three .-^unare recesses.' .,iiriiii!ii'x 1,'iiiitlilis ill )''"'., pp. It!!(-7;{, with view of eastern front of winjf, liid (if iiorlh front of tlie wlnde structure. 'Over the doorway (eastern fiiiiiiiaiv twenty small cartouclu's of hiL'ro;rl,V]ihies in four rows, live in ;i Ki-v.' Sli/,/,rii.s' ]'iini/iri, vol. ii.. p. 293, with jdates of eastern front, iiorth- I'lii I'nmi, ami the i;:lesia. "' Ahili-'/'zili and imt Aliitzrrh, ns Stcjihens spidls it. ISriissriir , T Scul])tiirL'tl Lintel at Chichon, Tn the nortlioni part of th(3 city, at B, is the Pyra- mid, or Castk), oV Chicheii. Its base is one huudred and ninety-seven by two Imndred and two feet; its lieiulit abont seventy-Hve feet; and its summit ])hitform sixty- one by si\ty-f()ur feet. A stairway thirty-seven fcit wide leads up the western sh)pe to tlie phitform, and on the nortli is another stairway of ninety steps I'orty- four feet wide, liavin"- sohd bakistrades ^vhich tenui- nate at tlie bottom in two immense serpent's lieads ten feet lon;^', \vitho]»en mouths and protruchnuf toULiut^ as in tlie opposite cut. On the ])latform stands a build ing' forty-thi'ee by forty-nine feet, and about twenty tlie sdiitli arc tlii- must nMiuirkalilo. tlio iiinor doorways liaviiii; oaili ii ^ti'in' liiiti'l of ail innisiially lai-jrc sixc. !ii(>asnriii;x tliir'iytwn iiiclics w iilc lnity- eifxlil loii,i:. ami t wclvc il<'i'|i: having, on its inner t.iiic a sciilptiiri'il 11 :uiv "I an liitiian in lull (hcss, willi cap and feathers, sitliii;,' iipoii a |)H ibrty- •li tcnui- It's lit-ads toliu'ii"^ Isa liuild t twenty • i-s, willi 1"' |i(' cii-liii'ii 1 \\ feet lliii'l* • *, Ji ;,- - > -■.•,(;.'j.is.i.r. Sorpeut iJalu.stradc at Cliiilicii. foetli!'4li, liaviiiuf only a sin^'lc dooi-way in tlio centre nf caih lVtiiiie. althouu'li Norman says tiny are of wood are also ((IN lied witli sculpture, 'i'lie upper ])ortion of "III' ol' tlie.se sculptured jambs is repiesented in the 228 ANTI(;>riTIES OF YUCATAX. (Lit, ;iiul tliu tk'si j;-iis on the others are of a similar mmm mmM Ciirvi'd Door-Jaiub lii the ("astlc. tjcncral character. Tlie nortliern doorway, ^\]\\rh seems to have been tlie pi'inoipal entrance, is twcnry feet wide and its hntel is sui)])orte(l l)y two echinus, each eio'lit feet and eiu^lit inches lii,L;li, Avitlv jJi'cjcctiiiL: l)ases, and liavinj'' their entire snrface decorated, like tlie jambs at the sides, with sculptnred ti«,nires. Tlir interior j)hui of this Itnildin^" differs niaterialiy tVoiii any we have met; since tlie doctrways on thr cist. west, and south open into a cori'idor six feet w'ul'. wliicli extends without partition walls round tin tliiir correspond! ui;' sides of the editi<*e; while the nniiln'in doorway ^'ivfs access also to a corridor foi'ty iVct loir^ and six aiui a third feet wide. 'I'hroun'h the c(,Miriv ot the rear v.all of this corridor a doorway leads into a I'oom twelve I'eet nine inches by nineteen l'e(t riu'lit inches, and seventeen feet hi,L>li. This room al>i> tl(' ,'i! ihc iiiiiii>i('r.- ,lil. YHcittini, vol. ii., ])]>. ;m 17. with |)l.iti-s nf north fmni of )iyr;iiii i r\i'('l \wiinrN, ami is as toliowr a^'rct's vi-rv \\> II w itli ihal of latir This ciiilii'c has four >lairwa\ ■> fariii'' the four liulsot till' wiulil; tlii'V ari' .■{.'! fi'ct wiih', raih lia\iii'' '.tl >ti vcrv I liHi I'll I lit asii'iit. The steps have the saiiic ln'i^rht ami wiillli a^ mirs. Ilaili ^laiiuMV has two low haiustiailcs, fwoft'ct wiilr. uf till' liiiil.l iiiiwiinl li\ ilrilci'' III Tl It! OMilii'e IS not sharp-i'iiriicn'il. IxTaiix' Irnm tin" ^mii -tmu'w 11 th k lik •1 tuciMi tiic halustraih Ih ilmks arc roiimlnl, asrcmlin:' mil ell" liitiv iiariowiii'' the IniiMiii'.'. 'J'lir ri' «a-. wlifii U. ill ihc flint of cai'li haliistradi' a lifrio .scrin'iit's mniitli \i rv straimciv wiirkcil. Ahiive tho nt; iirwav; th icn; is oil th(-' -iiiiimit a r-inail li'\i t'iriii ill wliiih is an I'liilii')! of four rooii is. ,at- 'J'liri't' of thrill fxtcml rouii.l Willi, lilt iiiti'rriiiitioii, cacli Iiaviii'' a door in the iiiiddli- ami hiiii"' rii\iri will an arcli. Tl U! iiortlii'ni room is ot ]ici'm iar fiiriii.and has a rorridiirul lii'i'iil |iillars. Till' iiiiddli' one, which iiiiist have Ik'cii a kind of little court. I'l'twirii the rooms, has ji door which h-ads to the mirtlnrii cmridor and is I'lilM'il with tniac I'll 1 if tl 1 woiid at the top, and served tor iMirniii;,' pciliimes ill th lis door or corridor is a kind of coal of arms --culptured in stone coiilil not wi'l liidcrsland.' Ltiinlii, I! In |.p. :!l-_'-4. .Vil) I. ct, I'lniniil'ireiui! at the hase, its sides faciii;,' the cardinal points I'l le iii;,'lcs Mini sides were lieaiitifullv laid with stom'> of an imiiieii~e size, j.'r,id iially lr-s(.|,iii^. as tl iiiiil iMM ;{i| I'ei'l wide ik ap]iroaelied the suinniit I the tl Siairwavs on iiorlli el wide and narrow uig toward the \u{ Tl IC nK>\X ill uiid wcht a-. f I; »<■• 280 ANTU^nTIES OF YUCATAN. The buildinsf at A of tlie plan is called l)y the na- tives the li^lesia, l)y Nornuin the Teiiij)le, by Cliaiiiav the Cirque, and by Stepliens the Gyniuasium. Tliu latter names were applied from the supposition that the structure serv'ed for a peculiar gaiiie of ball to which the Aztec kinti's, at least, if not the !Mavas, were much addicted. Landa seems, however, entitled to the honor of having!: invented this theory, since ]\v speaks of buildings in this ]>art of Chichen devoted tn anmsements." This structure is very similar to tin; one marked H on the plan of Uxmal. It consists of two })arallel walls, thirty by two hundred and seventy-four feet, twenty six feet hi,i,di, and one liiiii- dred and twenty feet apart. The inner walls iacin^^ each other present a })lain undecorated surface, but in the centre of each, about twenty feet i'rom the ground, is fixed by means of a tenon, a stone ring four feet in diameter and thirteen inches thick, with a hole ninu- teen inches in diameter through the centi'o, surrounded by two sculptured serj)ents intertwined as in the fol- lowing cut. M. ("harnay found only one of those rings in jjlace at the time of his visio. The south end of the eastern wall serv^ed as a base to superin>]»osid buildings or ranges of apartments erected on it after the manner of all the Yucatan structures of more than one story. The upper range has a part of its exterior wall still standing, covered with seul]itnie, which includes, among other devices, a i>rocessioii of tigers or lynxes. In the interior, massive scu]})tuied .slopes also mount in stops, oarh four feet high. Monstcr.s' heads :il Uwt of eastern stairway. Slope lOOfeet; buildinj; 4"2 feet scpiare; sioiic (limr- jiiinlis liave lioles drilleil throii;,'li their inner an<^les; interior \\;\\\> iirc plii>- Icreil and painted witii (ireseutavau las farsas y comedias para solaz del pucblc. Landa, Rclucion, p. 344. CHICHEN-THE GYMNASIUM. 281 Stone Ring at Cliichen. ))illars and door-posts, witli carved zapote lintels ap- |it'iii', Itut what seemed to Mr Stephens "the iL;-reatest «;viii of alioriginal art which on the whole Continent of America now survives," was the series of paintinj^s ill lii'inlit colors which cover the wall and ceilini^ of iiiir of the chanihers. The paintini^s are so much tlaiiiiined and the i)laster so scratched and fallen, that the cDiuiei-tion of the whole cannot he made out, hut (Iftachcd suhjects were copied, one of which is the l)oat lepresented in the cut, inserted here hecause of the rarity of all species of watercraft in our surviving fslT^ Painted Boat in the Gymnasium. f ?!^, '.S\> I '.a ANTIQUITIES OF YUCATAN. relics of Jibori^iiiiil (Iccoratioii. Tlio otlior paintings rei)rusL!ut huiiuiii liin'iire.s iii various ])ostiiros and (kcu- pations, l)attlL'S, ])r(x't'ssions, lioiisos, trees, aiul oIIk r objects. J)liie, red, yellow, and yreen are the colors enijtloyed, all the liunian figures moreover beini^' tiiit-d a reddish hrown. It is, however, the supposod iv- sonihlance of these fii-'ures to some of the .Azttc scul})ture and picture-writings that j^ave this looi!! and tlie one helow it in tlie same huildinn' tlieir t^ic: t im}>oi-tance in ^[r. Stephens' eyes. We sluill he Let- ter (jualilied to a[»i)reciate this resemhlance after (Hir study of Mexican anti([uities in a future clmptri'. The lower room referred to has its inner surface i\- ])osed to the open air, the outer wall liavin^- ral'.cn, it is covered with Htii'ures sculj)tured in has-relief also originally painted, of Vthieli a specimen is shown ia ..l) mmmsmmn Si'ulptiirc'd De-*!},'!! in the Gymuasiuin. the cut, consistintjf of Innnan forms, each with ])linni d head-dress, and hearinn" in his hand what seems tn he a hunch of s[)ears or arrows, marching- in a piM- cession, or as the natives say, engaged in a dau't'. One hundred feet from tlie northern and s(aitliii'!i cuds of the i)arallel walls, and very j)rol)ahly comiectLil with tliem in the uses to which they were hy tlnii' huilders a[)plied, are the two small huildings at <• ami (/ of the plan. The southern huilding is eighty-nin' feet long, the northern only thirty-five, contaiiiiii'.;' a single apartment. Both are much ruined, hut ea^il liriNS OF CIIICIIEN. presents tlic remains of two .seulptmvd columns, and (iiir of tlium has carving's on the walls and ceilings of its clianibur besides. A horizontal row of eireular lidlcs ill tiie exterior walls are conjectured hy ^I. \'i(ill(t-K'-i)uc to have held tiud)ers which su})i)orted a kind of outer balcony or sun-shade." louse The Imildinn' at E on tlie plan is called hy the nali\ts ( 'hiclianclioh, or lied ]{ouse; Charnay terms it tlie Prison. U's i'ront is shown in the cut, tlie v.lh.Ic being- in an excellent state of })reservation. ■if t!ic ( Sfrii/i,)ls^ Ylll'ilt 'nil. Veil, ii |i]). nOo-l I. I'latcs ;,'ivint,' ii ^'('IH'i-mI vi< \\ vmiiiHimii, tlic frmit (It tlic Imilcliiiir "ii tlic fastt'iii wall, ainl lli [aiiitnl ami s('Ml]itiir('(l tiL;iir('-i. ' l,c iiii>iiiiiiiclit sc cuiiiiinsait ailticfois ili'ii\ iiyraiiiiiii's iicrpt'iiilii'ul iiirc-i ct para ili'ii's, (run il \ iiii'in'scn\ u'liii, avci- jilati'-tonui" ilis|)ii-i('i> |Miur Ics >|M'clalfu •\('l iiiiuaiiics dc ccttc sallc, out, cduscrvc Ic ty|)c dc ia race iutlii'inic t'xis- tuiUc ■ I'ldinnnj, Uidius Aimr., jip. 140-1. I'liot. 'AW and 34 «liow the il ANTIQIITIKS OF VUCATAN. The threo doorways load into a corridor cxtoiidiiiir tlio wljolo length of the Imildiiiiif, forty-tlireu tlit, througli whicli tlireo correspondin**' doorways ,ni\e access to three small apartments in the rear. Over these doorways, and running the whole length of tli(! corridor, is a narrow wtone tablet on which is sciilp- tui'ed a row of hieroglyjjhics, of which the first iind best preserved portion is shown in the cut. Their siin- Hieroylyiihic Tablet at Chicl-en. ilarity to, if not identity with, the characters at Copaii, will be seen at a glance. There are traces of ])aiiit- ing on the walls of the three rear rooms.'''' The huild- ing- D presents notliing of particular interest. At F is the Caracol, or winding staircase, rallL'd also by Norman the ])ome, a building entii'ely diHci- ent in form and plan from any we have seen. ( )f the two supporting rectangular terraces, the lower is one stMilptnrcil procession of tij^ers and that of human fifjurcs, of which I liiivc tjiven a jiortion in my text. 'On ohs(!rvi'ra ([iie h's joints ih's piciics nc sont jiiis cdiijir.s- coiifoinu'ment ii riiahitmh! th's coiistructiniis d'c/)//"// //.<. niais ((lie les picrrcs, ne foniiant ]ias liaisini, jiivseiitent pliisicurs juiiils Ics nns au-(h"ssns (h-'s uutres, ct ne tieinient que par I'adiiL'rence (h's iimitifrs, qui les reunit an l>ioca,i,'e inteiieur. Par le fait, ces parcments ne sunt luitic •:hose qu'une (h'coration. nn revetement eoih' ih'vaut uii massif.' I'inlhl-li. Dw, in A/., pp. 48-'.). Walls stand on fouinhitions ahout 1(1 feet hiizli; ciA- umns two feet in diauu'ter; walls 'i.')!) x l(i x "JO feet and \'M) feet ;i|i:irt; bnildin;^ of southern wail (eastern, Norman liavinj; completely lost lii--;i'ck- ouiuj^ at Chiihen in tin; jjoints of the conii)ass) '24 feet ni;,'h; rinj;s two I'ccI thick; line of ruhhish in form of a curve eonuecliu;; main and cml \vail> (*; ami (/). (ieueral view of the Temple and cutof the rini^. Nonmni's Ham- blrsiii. Yiic, pp. lll-l.-). Walls '2i>-2 x 18 x '27 feet. Fricdinrlislh'il, in NuiircllcH AiiindiA ilcs ]'(>!/., 1841, torn, xcii., ]). 'AOi). '''•* Cuts fmmStcii/tni.s' Yiicutaii, vol. ii., i)p. 3(»()-l. Terrace ").") hy (i'-'lci'l; stairway '20 feet wiile; liuildiu>;'23 I)y43. lb. 'l''onndationsof ahoiu luciity feet in hoijjht, which were surrounded and sustained by well-cciin'iitcil walls of hewn stone with curved anj^des' '240 feet in circumference. Hiiilil- iufj; '21 bv 40 feet. 'Across these halls were beams of wood, ereasi'd as if they had been worn by hammock-ropes.' Xoninni's lliniibhn in Viii-., \\y. 124-."). Foundation only two mo.tres hij^h, but ])hoto^'rai)h .'U shows tliis to be an error. C/i(irii(Hf, jiitiucs Anirr., ]). ,344. 'J)enx petits temi)lcs (liaiul D), ayiiiit leur fa(,:ade an sud et i\ Test; le vcstil)ule dn ])remier csi unie d'hieroj^lyphes.' Frkdcriclisthal, \i\ Nouvclles Aunaks iks Voy., 1841, toiii. xcii., p. 305. \% rillCIIEN -THE rAHAroL. 2:55 Over of tlio HCUlp- rst and uir hIui- if ])irnit- LC build- 3, calk'd y ditVur- ( )f tlu" i3r is oiK' ell I liavf |)icncs lie I iijiin'i il^. jiiilits Ics iMinticrs, sunt ant IV \'i„llii-l<- lii-h; M- t'ct ii|ii\rt; t h\> It'll-- s twii iVct (■ml \\M> {(ll'.s lidlii- ■lisllii'l, ill l,y(WtV('l; out twenty ll-cciiifiiti'il re. liuiM- roa.-i'il as if ■/( Yi!':, VV- lows tins to il)lc- (I', ami KT I'si iirm' , 1841,10111. liini(livd and fifty by two liuiKlrod and twenty-tliroo t'ri't. and till' upper is tifty-fivo by eighty fcot. A stairway of twenty stops, forty-tivo feut wide, leads II I ) to the former, and another oi' sixteen stej)s, i'orty- tuo feet wide, to the latter. The lower staiiway had ;i balustrade formed of two intertwined serpents. On {\\v upper jtlatform is the Caraeol, a circular buildii ; twenty-two feet in diameter and about twenty-lbur fi'ct lii,Ljh, its roof bein,LC dome-shaped instead of flat. The annexed suction and ground plan illustrate its The Caracol at Cliii'lien. pocidiar construction. Two narrow corridors, witli |ilasti red and j)ainted walls, extend entirely i-ound the < iivuinference, and the centre is apparently a solid mass of masoniy.**" The only remaining monument at Chichen which 'Kniaiids ])articular mention is that at C on the jjl'an. Here occur large numbers, three hundred and eighty *^ Sfrplini.s'' yiirritrni, vol. ii., pp. 298-;?aO, with view of flic Imihlirif,'. liiis author is at fault so far as (liiiieiisions mi' conccriicd, siiicd 4 and 5 tict, tile wiilth of tilt' roiridors, and :i{ feet, half the diameter of the sohd 'iiitral iiiass, i-xieed II feet, iialf tiie diaiiielcr of the whole Ipuildin;.', I0 siy iKitliiii;; of the two wall.s. 'Jlati en nianii-re de niiir i'l liuiaeon.' C/iar- «".'/, Riiiiir.i Aiiirr., ]). IU4. 'I'op of ih-st terrace, :«) feet liij;h, 125 feet M|iiare; second terrace .")(> feet si' ll'is terrace is a liyiaiiiiilical s(|nare ,")(» feet iiij,di, divided into rooms; on the centre of this •-)iiaie is the Dome -'three conic strueture.f, one within the other, a si)ace "t six f( ,'t iiitervenin;;-; each cone coiiimnnicatiii;.'' with thi? others hy iloor- v.ays. the inner one formin;; the shaft. At the heit^ht of aliout ten feet, tliecoiK's are united hy means of transoms of /njiorte. Arouiul these rones iiii' e\ idciiics of s|iiral stairs, leadinj^ to the summit.' It is clear tliat either ^*ti'|ilieiis' cles(ri|ition or that of Norman is very incorrect. Norman coin- jiaivs this Dome to a '(Jreenan Temple' in Donegal, Irelainl. liamhlex in }'ii'-, pji. IIS-|<», with a cut which a^'rees with Stepliens' cut and text. Iiiwer .lit feet hi;;h, .Sd feet in diameter; surroundin}; wall 7.")li feet in circum- t'TiMice and twenty-live feet high. Friedcrichsthal, in Nouvelka Annates dot i"y , ISJI, torn, xcii., p. 305. 2^0 ANTUiriTIKS OF YICAT.W. liaviiiL,^ l)('(jM counted, of siniiU s(jii!ir(! colmims frum tliiuu to six f'cot lii''"li, lot' c'iK'li coiiiposL'd ot several scpa il I'atu |Muci's, oiiu [ilaccil reat capital and religious centre, and it> ruins ]»reseiit, as the reader has doubtless noticed, Ncrv many jioints of contrast with those of the cni- tral (»!• IJxmal ,j4'rou[>.''- Ivuins are mentioned by ^Ir ^Yappaus as oxistlip^ at 'rinum, a short distance north-west of Chiclnii; and ai'e also indicjited, on Malte-Brun's maj) aliv:nlv refeired to, at Espita, still farther north, and at Xiutii, a few miles south of Valladolid. At Sitax, near Ti- num, a vase, 'something" of the P^truscan shaj)t,', iVnin some of the ruined cities, was seen by Mr Noiiii.iii. At C'oba, eastward from Valhulolid, the curate nf Cliemax, in a rej)ort of his district prepared foi' tln' "^ Fmir liumliT.l iMid eij^Iity 1i:i>]t. 302, 300; Strjihcnn' \ nciilaii, vol. ii., |i|>. .'fl7-l\ ami vit'w. "^ ' Mail till' Spaiiiiinls st'looti'il this for Xhy site of tiicir city of ViillailHlJil, 11 few k'a;riii's distant, il is lii;,dily |iroliaUl(' tiiai :!ot a vcsti^^i- of flic aiiciciil clilici's would now lie seen.' (riillntin, in Aimr. Ktinn). Sue., Ti'iiiisiifl.,\u\. i., ]). 171. ' Lieu (|ui oIlVi! lieaucoa]! rapparence d'ure \ ille sainte.' /'/'/"A- riihitknl, loc. cit., p. ;$|M). |)r Arthur Sdiolt disconrse>, in the >'»'///'• s'niidii li'/if., 1S71, pp. 4'2',i-'}. on a face, or luaslv, of ^.eniia;,'atized xvnlili'. still heariu;,' th(! marks of siiicilied coniferous wooil. a fossil prolialiiy tnniL:ii to the soil of the peiiiusnla.' It was found at ('liichen, aiiil the |)octor think' it may have .some deep niytholoi^ic meaning,', which he ;^Mieiou>ly leave- iji some other ethiiolo^fist to decipher. Norman, llnni'ihs in Viir., p. I'-'i. states that the iiewn hloeksof stone at ("hieheii are iiniforiniy Vl liv li iin li- es. M. Waldeck, r«//. I'itt., |). 47, sjieaks of a re^iorted silver collnrhcMr- in;r an inscription in (Ireek, Ilelirew, and I'lioeiiician letters, fouicl in lln' 'j;rott('s cristalliiie.s de ("hixlien." Hut even this enthusiastic aiitii)Hiiiiaii looks at this report with much distrust. N(HtTiii:i{.\ (aioip. (lovernmiMit, di'scrilu'd sli^-litly rMnose(l to ha\f heeii hroii^ht iViiiii more noi'them volcanic stati's of Me.\ ICO, wlien lofl ther it fiiriiK'd the usual material ot Knives and many o ahiiri'^iiial iin|)lements and weapons. Ijcsides these (liU'crciit articles, was a horn-handled ])enknife in the >amc vase, |>rovi;!n' that this hiiriul deposit was made >iil)se(|iieiitly io the comiuj;' of Kuropeaiis.**'' I now come to the northern i;rou|) of Yucatan An- tiniiitics. which is separated iVtuii the I'xmal ^rouj) hy tlic low sieri'a before mentioned as riiiiniiio' from north- west to south-east across this portion of the state. l'"ii'>t in this utouj) are the ruins of the ancient 'i'icul, nil tlie hacienda of San Francisco close' to the imxU'rn t'lwii of Ticid, and Just across tlu; siei'ra from Xolica- • ah. Here are thiity-six mounds, or pyramids, all vi>ililt' from one of the hiij^hest when the ti'ees are free troll) folia<4'e. Most of the elevations support hiiild- iii'4's, hut these arc so completely ruined that nothiiio- i-in he known of the orioinal city, save that it must liavf l)cfii of i>-reat extent. These ruined ])iles have >■ rvcil as (juarries to supply huikliiio- material at lifiil, which is almost entirely built of stone. Many '^ U'lip/iinis, Grofi. V. S/iif., ]). 141; Xonndit's Itumblcs in Yiir., p. 87; •'ciiril, ,111(1 in it, under a lar^'e ilat stone, was I'ound :i skrhrnii sitting' with knees a^'ainst th^ stomach ;ind liaiids chispiiin' the neck, faciny tlieii" numhei' and position in the walls an jc^e (if at least three thousand years.'"" Ahout ten miles northward of Ticul, and twcntv- fivc miles south wai'd of Merida is the rancho ot' San J(iai|iiiii, included in the hacienda of Xcaiichakan. nii which are the I'emairis of Mayajian, the ancient .Mav;i capital. Accoi'dinj.;' to the traditional annals ot' tlir counti'v Mavai)an was destroyed hv an eneniv. in nur of the nii.ny civil contiicts that desolated yucataii. not much more than a century l>t!foi'e tlie Spun'isii con- fy-P ' I iii ! r:riNs of .mayapan. !U iiui'sf. XumrTons mduiids, .scuttcrcd Idocks, niul a few niiiHil liuilh, with a stairwav twenty- centiv of each side. The toj) is hoWl the li;isr. a liv, a II ■t wide 111 itl nil stone plattorui, witli no si'^-ns ot its eyer luiv f lt^ h ■■s\\\ ;e ! 1 212 ANTItiUITIES OF YUCATAN. iiijjC .sii])j)()rtc(l any buildinjjf. Most of tlie sciilptiuvd ii-;i.>iii(jiits co'it.-iiu only parts of ornaniontal (lisiniis and are fittod with tenons by which tliey were proli- ahly secured on the front walls, as at IJxmal. Om l)uildin!j;' of the ordinary type was sufficiently eiitiiv to show the triann-ular ceiling-. A circular huildinL; sim- ilar to that described at Chichen was also noticed, h is twenty-Hve feet in diameter, and twenty-four tli.t hinh, witli only a sin this dome, arc eight round eolunms, two and a Ii;di feet in diameter, and each composed of five stoii^^ ])la(^ed one upon another. Among the sculpliiivd l)locks with which the country for miles aidiind i- strewn, are some which differ from those mentioned ;.- jtiirts of facade decorations. They are rudely caiMd, and each re[)i'esents a subject complete in itseif Twi of these, one four and the other three feet Iiiiili. together with some of the decorative fragments a! huled to, ju'e shown in the cut on the ojtposite pau' An idol was also found in one of the subterram an na- sages of a senote. The iidiabitants of the locality it ]>ort that the ruins extend over the ])lain within i circumference of three miles, and that the foumlati' n- yet rt main of a wall that once surrounded the fit v." '''• Sfr/i/imx' Yiiralan, vol. I., pp. 1,30-9, with cuts; Ilidtln-iii'.t .l« Aiinr., p|i. l'J7--'.». willi cut.s. Near the villa^jc «if 'relclia([tiillii. Il'"/'/"'' (riiiif. II. Sfiif., |i. 1-11. SiiiTomiilt'cl l)y ii (litcli that can he liaii'd fur llirc miles. Miiii/if, \'iiiiiiip\ torn, i., pp. 1".H ">. 'Sc dice (pie Maxap.-iii i'stalia miirair , torn, i., Ji. 'JtKi. RELICS OF TIHOO AT MKIJIDA. AR'riilii, the capital of Yiu-ataii, was 1>uilt by tlir l^|iaiilsli (oiKjuoroi'w on the I'uinsof tin- al)(U•i^■illal city lit' Tiiioo, thu ancient mounds furnishiiiif niati.rial to thf liuildcrs of the modern town. Ordv vcrv slii-lit vcstu ■fS () f Til loo remani ; vet ni tlie 1 MWer ( ■loist ers (if the I'^iaiiciscan convent, wliich is known to liavc lii't'ii tiv intact, mdess we sn]))>osc that they imitated such 111! ;ir»h in their own w»trk. which is most un- liktly. l)isho|) Landa descrilK's and ilhistrate's with ii mnaiiul j)lan one of the hirLjest and finest of the rilidu stiuctiires, as it was in the sixtt »nth eentni v. hi II, list ivspects his desi'ripti<»n aj^-rees exactly with till' iiiins of the iirander class already mentioned. Ihc su|i|)i)vtiniic in<-un»" terraces on all sKli's e\ce I II VII iiilii. l.tt )0 Wt.'? tern, wliich side see-ms to hav |K ipendicular to its '\\\\ Ini-^ht. Stairways run tin; whole kiij^ih i»i the mouud lead up to th< tiit A\TIi>nTIi:S OF Yi'CATAX. eastern h1<>[»l's, and on the s;iiiinilt ])latr(ii'in i.s a cuiii't- yard surnttindod l»y four hiiildiii'^s, liko the ( ',i>,i dc AEoiiias at l^Kuial. A LTateway leads throii'jii tin coiitro of l)()t,li eastern and western ])nildinL;'s, .iiid du, of tiiese ij;ati.!\vays is iv))resented l>y J^anda as li;iviiiu a round areli, the other hchiL"" of the or(Unaiv lorin. The l)uildhi a _i>'allery su})[)ortcd hy a row of s(|uai'e ])illais. \ )und hnil(hn>' or r(>om is also mentioin^l in i i\ tion wi th tl le western ran^'e. Landa ah •nlilitr •O lllrlitl(.ill> se veral otiior structui'es, inl■ludill^• tlic one owv win ISl' I'llUlS (Irk tl le rancisoan conve nt was huilt. M. \V; mentions au (.^^cavation m a H'ardt n ol till' citv. whirli is twenty-three hy thirty feet, and tiftceii fcot deep, with douhle walls three and six feet thick, wlieiv the 1 If ])ai't,- >onc e also Si 60 O f a ta| ar and o ther hones Were (111-. LW here several idols collected from ditHjrL'Ut •L (IS ('s|)niiol('s |iiii(|iiriiii ai|iii una oilnlad. y llaniariinla 11^ M rnihi. Iliir ];l cstraMc/a y ;jiiinil<'/a (le I Ds cillllCM As to tl can 1 it in nias (le iios carif as (le (•al)alli>' — tliat ic si/(.' (it the |iyiaiiii'l nidi- IS twh'C a> lai' a> ,i Im run witlidut takiuL' hnatli -in extent. The cenicnl is niailc \\ ilii ihi luice )f II iiai'l (it a certain tne. (luartiis nos (Ini el ailelantado MdUt ■I 'Kl ,, rinieid edilicKi < Ic I. iiMir ejo ii uo^dtids liccliii un niiiMic a>iii ' nii|i:aniiisle y emus liccho eu el cdii su ]ird|iiia iiie(lra un razunalilc iii'iii- lerii t(i(I(i lie liiedra y una liueiui y :lesi. anianids la .Mailic >i( Uu- J.'iii(li(, R'ltifiiiH, |i]i. ."{."id-S, with cut. 'I'.nirc a(|U( 1 cerni, y dim ciiiiin fU( a niaiid. (|IH' esta furi< ' 1 irte ( )iientai de la < 'iudad iclimi;; lada. y eran tan ;,'randes, ([ue c(in la piedra (|ue auia iii d \ e-iahan, se oluaiiin (|uantd- edilicids ay en la (iudad, cdii ((ue i|'iidii ici id sitid llano, (|uc es la IMa(;a niayor oy, y sns (|uailras en cdntdinn, y del d( line a |iar(e ( (iicnial, se edilicd iine.-trd Cduuentd pdr ( . Uecliii niuclia asas, V td(l( ' (inuenld, \' ' ccrca:: loia (!(.■ iMejdrada, (pie taniliieii es iiuestro. y tiene material para dtins imiv i^ IMac tijlh Ihnh,, ilisf. y ). las. A lentre dims cerros, vn(M|ue ilainaliant Ilia )uiit(> a Idiidi. de de his Km era de Idnh len(> de arhiile(lii /'/., I). 14'.t. Til 1(1(1 w.e c.-l;l :l(ini -.. :i.lii|-atiii liiiill livl: ttnlXiu I had a e(d(dirated teiiiiile td'l{aUluiii-( lia.ilii, the '^hi.^'i '' tt'ifs.-^rift' I /. / tiiiirhiiiir'i. Hist. r-. ]i.iti( del ltd de S. Kraiiciscd esta una eruz. '/. Cir., tdiii. II., pp. S ■Ki cdiiveiito se veil ami alLTunas juedras curKt-ainente ialiradasenu Kii la hueit:i del liiiMi h L's i'l lii aiiti'iua riiniana, y piiniea.' A/njrr, Hist, ('nni/ f. J, ilil-VlU" Idii ji. II-'. Th < hi ijfiKire ipii ildiiitoih's here em])loyed are seven I'eet lon^'. ( >ne re- in;irk.il»Ie feature is a ])yi'aiiiid, whose sunnnit plat- iiirm is fifty l>y two hundred and twenty-five feet, and sii|i]ii»ii-; tliirty-six colunms, each four I'eet scjuare, and tVniii fi-ui'tcrn to sixteen feet lii^'h. These cohnnns arc urraii'^cd in three pai'allel rows, ten feet a})ai't tiKiii iini'th to south, and Hfteen feet from enst to west. Kiicli cohnnn is ((jmposed of st.'\'eral s([uar<' stones. A 8t;iir\v;iy out,' hundi'ed and thirty-seven feet wide. w itli stips seventeen inches hi.n'h, and four feet five ■[), leads up the southern sloj)e. ( >f tiiis llU'llt- IIIUUIK 1 Mr Stciihens sav: It was a new and ex tiMdii! n.iiy feature, entirely different from any we iiad s. (11. and at the veiy end (if our journey, when i|i|ioscd oin'si;lves famihar with the character of til we si Aiiuiicaii ruins, threw over tliem a new air of mys- tiiv. In'tweeii Me'rida and Mayapan is mentioned the road aii('clu'>; ail Mumiiict ile I'c-* '''ihliic-. >ciiit (|nati(' a|ijiMili'iii('iits ■Hvisi' -i I'll icllllli's ciinmii' rcl IIIOIIU- \K lie lilVtiv janiliaui''* 'i»'s ixirtos «<>iit li iin simiI iiKincaii, ( V"llt,.. ;iio n i/> ,1 lu mi hi, L. II 7 unt viii;;t \\v .tc liPli;^ ft .■t V' 1 laut est .( ■ iiiiiliillis, I i/V,,s(ri(' I., tnlil. \. ' III ilillcnMit |>ari> of «\u' eitv art' tlic ifiniiiiiMil Imliaii Imild '/. .1. sn>tll:il MiTidfl (•• liuiit iiti ll ii . !>. :V,tS. M Kiilaini" .\. iiti'iitiii .1 Mi V II' Mall.'-Iti iirjs. i. •-'."■)!», r/s ill' ''1: I'llM VI., jl. -Mi."). llH itoillKls Mirida witli tin' viiiiis farllicr smilli IS.l r»' S>/ii. See iiifiitioi) in .\'/ lM:t. t 1". s; n.tiihri, Vi.ii. rut., jip. •_>:{, .-..vr.; .V( M'Ml., |i. '.\, Mithlii lllllfi ill .1 / Kih fill II II .s r/li's III). Sill'. Ui, J I' T, '.III I \ llr.^ ,1, s \ /iIiiiik' I >^'<)^f», vol. i.. III). (M-S /ill. ]i]>. •J4H-4; .Moi'i/rf, ]'iiifiii/i, toll >V, ,,/, iii'itfii, I""*. '. ■ (•,»/,, II. •I. ii.. ].. 44(>- t. ''»!<•< ■lat(' ",'/■ vol. i. ]i. 'Jdil , I/'"/' iiioiiiiMiciits Ics plus aiii'iciis, (liiiit Ics ■ llll^ SMt Ivs iirttlV lll^vvs ll cIloi'Mifs liliiis ill' iPlcnrs lililti'>, ]M i|ll('li|llrtiiis il'uil 1 IL'U ins aiiiMin fiiiu'iit i|ui Irs uiii--.-i'. 'I'd-" soiit Irs I'lli- . oisiii ill- I li.niiiiila il'Aki, sitiici' a '1~ luilU's a rt'r^t-sud-L'.st -id» "f ' i r ill Si ' t mw 24(5 ANTiQrrriEs or vicatan. Izainal, soiiujtliiiiij;" iiioru tlinii twenty miles I'lirtlur eastwai'd, was a city of _i>Teat iiiijiortaiiee in al)()iiL;iiial times, as we sliall see in tlie followiiiL,^ volume. Two or three immense j>yramids are all the vestiges that remain of its former n'reatness. The largest nioiiiid is hetweeii seven and eiL;ht hundred feet lony', and 1>l'- tween Hfty and sixty feet lii^h, and jNlr St( |i1ilii.s "ascertained heyond all douht" that it has intciinr ehamhei's, coneernini^ whieh he very strangely ^ivcs no further information. ]\I. Charnay's ])li()t(iL;ia)(li shows that this mound was in two reeedin^' .•-taints, on the slo]»es of the u])))er of whii-h ste])s aic still tn be seen. The modern town is huilt on the site (it* tlir ancient city, and the mounds as elsewhere lia\c fiir- nislie(l tlu! mate)"ial of the later sti'uctures. TIkj upper ])(»rtion of a ]>yramid facini^ the one Jilivady mentioned was lev(ded (l(»wn, and on the iowei' plat- form was erected the Franciscan church and convent. Another smaller mound is in the courtvards of two pri\ate houses, and (»n its side near the hase is tlir i., bll, turn. .\fii., II. ;! >0. Ill' INS OF IZAMAL. 2-17 It is scvou fuet wide and .sovoii fcut uii^lit iiiclu's lii'^li. Till' I'caturcs wc'i'o first ruduly tbrincd Ity small rou^h stoiics, tixud ill the side of the iiiouiid l)y means of nmit.ir, and afterward perfected with a stucco so liard that it lias successfully resisted for centuries tlie action (it' air and water. There were si^'iis of a row of simi- lar stucco ornaments extendin*^ alon^' the side of the iHDUiid; and either on this mound or another near by, M, (harnay photographed a similarly formed face, wliicli is twelve feet high. These colossal stucco faces aiv the distinctive features of the ruins of izamal, iiiitliiiig of the kind a})i)earin<»' elsewhere in Yutvitan, althdugh a slight resemblance may bo traced to the i^i^-aatic faces in stone at Coi)an. Bishoj) iianda de- s lilies one of the Izamal structures as it appeared in his time, and adds a plan to his description. He re{)- ivseiits the supporting pyramid as being over one limidred feet high, with a very stee]) stairway and viiy high steps, being built in a semi-circular form on oae side. According to his statement the editices ulit eleven or twelve in number, standing near to- ^vtlier. Lizana, another of the eai'ly writers on Viicataii, mentions tive of the sacred mounds support- ing^ huildings which were already in ruins in his time, aiul he also gives the Maya name of each temple with its meaning. It should be noted, nioi'(M)ver, that Iza- mal is, according to the annals of Yucatan, the l)urial |ilace of Zamna, the great semi-divine founder of the aai-ieiit Maya power.^ '^ Sti'p]i(iis speaks of the 'sternness and liaislmcss cif expression ' of I'liMMra ;;ii;aiitcsi'a. 'A stone one foot six inclies Imii,' protnules from the 'Mill, iiitciiiliMl, perha])s, for hurniiij; eo]ial on, as a sort of altar.' Vwitlivi, ^•il; ii., p|). l.'U-O, with phite. ' Les aleiitonrs soiit parsiMiies ih' pyianiiih'3 aiiiti'icllcs, ct ih'ii\, outre aiitres, soiit les plus coiisiilcialili's ilc la pcnin- ;-ile.' .M. Clianiay timls fault with Catlierwood f(U- reprcscutiii;^- the colossal ii'':iil ;i> in a desert with a ra.uMnK ti^'er and savaut's armed with hows and aiTdVs ill tlu. f(ire;,'roun(l. ' A force de vouloir faire de lacoiileiir loi'ale, on I'.'H-i' I lii^tniie, et on deroute la science.' lie pronounces the fa^'e 'd'un -'iMi'i' lyiliipi'cu. (V sont de vastes elitailles, especes de modela'^es en 'iiiifii! ■ U'inirs Aiitrr., pp. lUit-'i'i, jihot. 'J.'? 5. '("est niie soite de i,'ro9 Miir,! r,. ii,|,|( |,.j, iiioidlons, poses avec art par le sculpteur au milieu d'lui iii'Ulicr li-cs(liir, nut forme les joues, la houilii', le iiez, les yeiix. Cette tete ' il'issule est rocllemeut line batUse ciKluile.' 'Les traits sont beau.\, lu n Mi I ■ h ili V^-'.l iiii't i' n?is 1 1 1 ; 248 ANTlQUrriKS OF YUCATAN. I HOW coino to tlio southern liroiij) of .\rayii ;tiiti- (juitios, owr whirli 1 iiiay [kish I'apidly, he^itmiii^ with the ruins of Ytsiiuptu near the village of JjoIoik Inii, si/iuu iiftcL'U miles soutli of Chunhuliu, the most siuith western ruin of the central oi-onp. By the kin(hie>s of tlu; cura and the industiy of the natives this niiiii'd city was cleared of all obstacles in the sha|)e of vinv- tation, and its thorough ex[)loration was thus reiidtivj easy; hut unfortunately no corres[»ondinn' results tn|- lowed, since no new features whatever were discoM ivil. lEere are undouhtedly the remains of a ^reat city, kit most of the walls, and all of the sculptured dcrora- lidiiclio est liioi fiiitt', los yoiix ^^raiiils sans otrc sailliuits, \o fmiit, cuiiviit • riiii oniciiii'iit, no seiiililc jmint fiiyant. ("I'tte ti'tc ctait iieintc cdmiiiil' tc)iit(> I'ariliilccliiir nicxicaine.' Vinllil-h-lhir, in /(/., pp. 4(i 7. \h Si'lidtt (iidiniuiiccs .Mr Stcplu'Ms' (Ifscriptinn unsatisfactory, especi.illy liis t'aliin^' liif lace liarsli and stern in cxpri'ssion. Tin' fcaturi's arc Iciiiiiiiiu' ill tiicir cast, anil nf the narrow ratlicr tiian of the liroail type. " Tiic ulinli.' face exliiUils a very reniarkahU' i-<';,'uhirity and <'onfornis strictly to liic ii;ii- versally accepted |)riMi'iples of lieanty.' 'The head-dress in the .--liaiic nt a mitre is eiicin-led just aliove the forehead liy a hand, which is faslciicil in front hy a triple locket or tassel.' 'I'his author ideiitilies the face as that >A hzaniatui, (lie semi-divine founder of Izamal, and explains the si;;nilicaiiiiii if ouch parlicuJar feature, liis treatise is perhaps as intelli;;ilile ami ralimial as most speculation on such topics, hut it is to he noted that the IM fiiiiinl^ his conclusions on ( 'lavij^ero's ilescri|itioii of the Toltecs! It would he liai'l to prove that the caia ;,'i,L;aiitesca does not represent this ]iarticuhi!' In in, aiul that the lari:(' ears are not emhleins of wisdom. I)r Scliott ]iroMouiiri's it 'hazardous' to attempt to connect this face with any other than It/aiiia- till, and 1 |>refer to run no risks. Sinltlisiiiildii llrjil., IStill, jip. :is',l-',i:f, Norman, Itimililcs in Yur., \\. 7',*, speaks of a well on the platforiii nf mn' of the |iyramiils. ' I)ans .ses llancs, la colliiu! sacree recidait de va-tc^ ap- jiartements, des i,'aleries et nil temple sotiterrain, destines, dil-mi, au\ iiiysti'ies de la relij;ion el a servir de necropole aux cadavres des prctn- ii (les ])riiices.' The ^n'ave of Zamiiii was here, and his followers erccicil llir ]iyramid. Ilrnssinr ilc lidKrhiiiinj, lli.st. Sat. Cir., t(un. i., p. ~',l ili^lniv (tf the pyramids, see /(/., tom. ii., pp. 47-8. 'On tronva dans tin eililiic iii ilemolitioii line uraiide urne ii trois anscs, roronverte d'ornenieiits ,ir;j'ii! ■: exterienremeiil, an fond diiipiid il y avait des ceiidres proveiiaiit d an iiir|~ lun'lle, pariiii leM|uelles nous trouv.ames di's olijets d'art en jiierre.' 'Statih- eii demi-liosse, modelees eii ciment ipie je dis se trouverdaiis les coiilrctiiit>. et (pii .soiit (riiomiiies de haute taille.' Lmii/ii, Ii''/iiiu'iiii, pp. S'-Ni:)!', wil'i iilan. '.\y en esh- puehlo de \'tzanial eiiico eiiyos o cerros niii\ alius, Imli'- levantados de piedra seca, eon siis fiiiM\'as y ivparos, ipio aymiaii :i livaiitar la piedra en alto, y no se veil edilicios enteros oy, mas los sefialc- y vi - ti;,'ios esliiii pateiites en luio dellos de la parte de niediodia.' < Mic altar wa- in honor of their kiiej or false u'nd ^'tzlllat-^ll, and had on it the li^inic "I a hand, lieiii'^' called Knh-ii/, or 'workiu.u' hand.' .Another moiiml ami tc'iiij':i' ill the northern part of the city, the hiuhest now standing,', was calliil A"- ir/i-Kii/.iiiii, or 'siiii with liery raved face.' .Another, on whiili ihc i"ii; vent is fonnded, \:^ /'/i/-<'/ii"', 'house of heads and lii^hliiin-" Another in the south called /fini/i/r/f la lil tor several nioiiths in the (li'y season, and till II tlie inhahitants resort to a senote in the nei^h- ImiiIidoiI, which, as oiu; of the most wondeiful in th(f jiL'iiiiisula, is shown, ov rather one of its several ]»as- sau'cs is shown, in tlie cut. Uy Ji sei'ies of rude lad- Sciiiitc at MdltiiulR'H ilt'i's \\ ;itri- is hi'ouii'ht tVoni Spring's over iifteen hniMlred t'i't Innii the opening' at tlie surtaee, and at a }ter])en- aui il.ir di'|»tli ol" over i'our hundred leet. l-'iliphak is ahout twenty miles Tinlher soutli, and 1^ oiK' of the i-randest of the ^Lava ruins, althouiih IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 12.5 - IIIIM ' m |||||Z2 it »iS lillio 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ f," — ». V] <^ c*: crl .<% /2 ► «;■ /. o;f yS Photographic Sciences Corporation % ^^ <^^ '^^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY 14580 (716) 872-4503 ■^\% 'ids 250 ANTItiUITIKS OF YUCATAN. tf I the silicic hrit'f exploration l)y Mr 8tej)liens, its only visitor, is barely siitHclent to exeite our curiosity iv- sj)eftiii<»' its unknown M'oinlers, ()nly one l)uilut at the last moment it was discovered that this was only the rear wall, and that the eastern t'loiit "presented the totteruiif remains of the onindist structure that now rears its ruined head in the I'orcsts of Yucatan." The dimensions and arran,n'emci t of j-oonis of the lower story, diti'erini'' from any that have been met I'urther north, are shown in the accoiniiaiiy- ing ground 2)lan, together with the stairways that 40 »0 SO 10 (irouiul riau of Luhjihak Structun!. toJVn 11 if it' In load up to the second story. Besides the grand cti'.- tral eastern staircase, there are two intt.'i'ior stairw.iys, each in two flights, leading up to the j)latlonii ot the second and third stories iVom the rooms of the \V(>ti rii range. This is the first instance of interioi' st.iiis, but the method of tlu'ir <'onstruction is not exjilaiii< nn two siinilar stnictiires at tin; liead tlu' stairway bclbre the central ciitr IIICI' TI iL'se ii|i|ni' litniiis liavu plain walls and c-uiliiii^s. Tliu lower oiits jiivscnt numerous ini|»rints of the cvcr-prestjnt rrd hand, and one of them has a painted st<»n(; in the tier over the arch, as at Kewick. At thi; jtoints marked y. Another Lul»- phak structure formed a paralleloiirani, surroundiii;^ a courtyaid, and presentini,^ two peculiarities; tlie vu- trance to the court was by stairways leadini;^ over tlio Hilt roof of one of the ran<»'es of huildini's; and the ornamentation of the court facades was in stucco in- stead of sculj)tured stone. With this slight desciij)- tion 1 am ohiiiji'ed to leave this most interest! ni,'' city, whose solitude, so far as I know, has remained undis- turhed for thirty years and more since ^lessrs Stc- j)hens and Catherwood spent two days in the halls df its departed jLj^reatness. Now as then, "it remains u rich and almost unbroken tield for the future ex 1)) oier. At Iturhide, the south-western frontier town nf modern Yucatan, there is a mound of ruins in tlir plaza, and also a well some four feet in diameter, nml twenty-tive feet deep, stoned with hewn hlocks with- out mortar; its sides polished hy lont^ usa^e, aihl jj^rooved hy the ropes employed in drawing' wat( r. This well is considered the work of the antiques, ami another similar one was seen near hy. In the out skirts of Iturhide the })lain is dotted with the mounds and stone huildinijfs of the ancient town of Zihihiocai'. Thirty-three mounds were counted, Imt the walls of the huildiui^'s had all fallen except one, which jir<- sented the peculiarity of stjuare elevations, (jr towers, with scidptured facades, at each end and in the iniil- dle. Its rooms also i)reserved traces of interesting- j)aintine's, i-epresentinij^ i)rocessions of human Hi^uivs whose Hesh was colored red. At the rancho of Noyaxche, a few miles distant. i> a seemini»-ly natural }>ond, which, heiuL;' explored 1 ,v the [)i()prietor durinuc •'' very dry season, proNcd t > have an artificial bottom t)f flat stones many layer- thick, ]>ierced in the centre with four wells, and reiiinl the cii-cumference with over foiu' hundred small pits. or cisterns. At Macoba, twelve or fifteen miles east- ACIADAS OF THP: SOITH. ass wild is anotlier similar a^-uada, and ruiiit'd hiiildiiij^s HIT also found, actually ocru})iL'd \}y tlio natives as (l\vcllinL;s. Manktx'sli is another lorjility in this ii'Ljinii where extensive ruins are reported iv exist. At the raneho of Jalal is an ai^aiada similar to the (iiic mentioned at Noyaxche, the ioi'ms of the wells iiiid cisterns, pierced in its paved hottom heiny- illus- trated hy the cut. I'pwardsof forty deej) wells were ^? t.:.U <% ^ y- !U' 4- '-J•^^ Aj^nuulii at Jalal. dix -uvered hy the natives in the immediate neiyhhor- liiidd. Vakatzih is another ]»lace near by, where niiiii'd huildinijfs were seen. Becanclien is a town of >i\ thousand inhabitants, and owes its existence to tlu' (jiscuvery of a i>rou[> of ancient wells, pai'tially nititicial, and a sti'eam of runninn' watei'. Fragments III ancient structuies are built into the walls of the tiiwn/''' ^hily the monuments found on or near the coast of tlu peninsula remain to be noticed, and in describinuililiii]>■ •'• '■': and in Iciizlinlnln, Col. de Doc, toni. i., pp. 'J82-(!; Cor/iKs, Vidit, in /'/ . !>. S.*}!*; On'r))\ (ice. iv. lil' iii.; VogolliKlo, Hist. Yuc, p. 4; lirassrnr tte liourhonrg, llisl. \iif. '"'• toni. iv., ]). 41; Morrlcf, VnyiK/r, toni. i., p. 181; Sivcrs, Mittclamcrika, it- 241-4; Fdlsoiii, in Cortes, I)i:ijHilrlits, p. 20. »i Voy. I'iU., p. 102. RUINS OF Tl'LOOM. >2"> stn>n:;liukl. Tlio aniiexud cut is a ground plan of tlio ':'*' A 1 •"a Gb 1 , A' 1^ A L G§ fis L f S^'.e •%■' t -1 '"-® ^^ • • • 1 I'i : Hhi|!iiii\i|!riw^ |;^jj^§^';''^i''^^ ii%fi fiffl^ IB4 u D lOO 1^0 Sfia tia ko IC9tt —I Plan of Tulooin. ruliis sr far as explored, and wo notice at once a novel ti'atuic; in tlio wall A, A, that bounds them on thn^e sides tlie first woll-authenticated instance which wo li;i\ (' nut of a walled Maya town. A j)reci]iitous cliff vls'wvj; from the waters of the ocean makes a wall nn- iKccssary on the eastern side, but on the other sides tile wall is iu excellent preservation, stretchinuf six Imiidred and fifty feet from east to west, and fifti'en luindied feet from north to south, from eij>ht to thir- teen feet tliick, and built of rouijfh Hat stones without iiinitai'. The height is not stated. On each of tlu; inland corners at C, C, is a small structure, twelv(! feet sijuare, with two doors, which may be considered a watli tower, and which is shown in the cut on the iiixt pane. Five <,aiteways, each five feet wide, at li, I), I), n'ive access to the city. Within the walls tlie lar^t^t and most im})osin<»' structure is that at I), kiidwii as the Castle, which stands on the cliff owr- loitkiii'^' the sea. A solid mass of masonry thirty feet s<|iiaiv and about thirty feet in heiiL,dit, ascended on tin; Western side by a massive stairway of the same width Z'oli ANTIi^UITIliS OF VL'CATAN. -V^v^^**-- 1: Watfli-Tower at Tiiloom. vvitli solid balustrades, su])p()rt on its sunniiit ;i l)iiildiiiijf of tlio saiiu! size as the t'onudatioii, and .ilinut tiltet^li feet liinh. 'I'lie dooi'way at tlic^ head nf the stairway is wide, and its lintel is siipjtorted hy two |iil- lai's, Ovei' tlie doorway are niches in the "vvall, niic ot' Avhich contains lra;j;'nients of a statue, 'i'he intciini is divided into two cori'iv- Avay, the front one having" what are (lesci'il)ed as StoiH' henches' at tli(> ends, and the rear ran^e liaxlnu' ;i sinular hench alon^*' one; of its side!-.. The icai'. it ><''i. Avall is very thick and has no d.)orways, hut si m r.il small openings of ohlonijc shape foi'ui the neai'c^t ;i]i- ]»roaeh to windows found in Yucatan. The coiiiilm's have ceihniis of the usual ty]»e, the doorways ai'c lin- uislicd witli stone rings for the su})[)ort of doors, ami IinXS OF Tl'LOOM. 857 till' inipi'iiit of the red liaiul appears on tlie interior w,; Is. Ayaiiist eacli end of the solid founihition is hiiilt ;i win^- in two stories, thirty-tive fe<'t Ioiil;', niak- ii^ t!it' wliole lenj^tli of the Castle one hundri'd feet. The up|K'r story of each \\\w^ consists of two iij)art- iiiriit>, one of which is twenty hv twentv-four i'eet. Two lulunnis, ornamented with stucco, stand in the n'ltif of the room, of which the ceiling" has fallen, ;iltlH>iiL;ii a succession of holes alon<»' the top of the \\;ill> indicate that it had heen Hat and suj»ported hy tiiiilM IS. The huildinjjf north of the Castle, at K, con- t iiii> .1 sinu'le room seven hy twelve feet, with a raised :.tr|i n]- Itcnch at each end, and much dciaci-d ])ainted oiiianiiMits in stucco on its walls. Over tlie doorway ii;i the outside is the Hjjcure we have met hel'oi'e, stand- ing' (»ii the hands with letn tell across the room from wall to wall, and cross- ways (»n these tindiers are ])laced smaller tinihers ten lift loiii>- and three inches thick close together, and tlio whole covered with a thick layer of coarse pehhles in mortar. Several other buildings evidently had similar roofs ori^jj-inally, else it mioht he suspi'cted that I'iis one had under<»'one modern improvements, espe- illy as an altar was found in it with traces of use at III vciy remote period. In this huildinn' also sea- >:i(lls take the jdace of stone ring's at the sides of the ries in Yucatan, in standing directly ovlt the central lower room, instead of over a solid mass of masonry as elsewhere. Among other ruins near this, two stone tablets with indistinct traces of sculj)tua' were noticed. The cut shows one of several small Tuluoiu Relies RUINS OX THE EASTERN COAST. 250 stnutiiros found at Tuloom outsido the walls, and pidliiiMy intundud as altars t)r adomtorios. This i)uild- iiii;' is <^\VL'lvo by fifteen feet and contains a sinj^le room avIkio a copal altar ajjpears. Tuloom was undoubtedly Olio of the cities seen by the early voyagers alonjjc this toast, and from the perfect state of preservation of many (»f the monuments, esj)ecially of tlie stucco orna- iiRiit rescnihlinjif a ])ine-apple shown in the last cut, Mr Stephens believes that the city was occujjicd lon^* at'tur the concjuest of other parts of the peninsula. At Taiu-ar, a few miles north of Tuloom, are many it'iiiains of small ancient edifices, much dilapidated and nut described."^ I3uiltliiire<'ediiio cut. It is sixteen feet sijiiare, with plain exterior walls formerly i)lastered and painted. A doorway in tliu - liaiMc Imhmio lnokeu downe and destroyed, weeniin;; very auncieiil: hut oin' alniiu' the lest, whereto they ascended hy 18. stei>i)es or staires, as tliey iim i mli' tn fiinious, and renowned tenij)lea.' j'etcr Muftijr, dee. iv., lih. iii. Crij.ilvn found a tower 'xviii <,'radi de altura et tutta niassiza al i)ede et teiiiii a \'tiitnrii de hoinini doi nno sopra laltro.' r)i(tz, Ithirrario, in Icdzhaln/n, I'ul. '/'' /'"'■., toin. i., pp. 284, 287. Sec also the authorities referreil to in iinii' SH. Sf 145. NOimiKKX COAST KKLKS. '2til foiiiidatiou witli pcrficmlicular hhIos in wliifh a narrow ^t:lil•\^.•lv wuH cut, '\H lofatud on a clUi' >»^ tlio extronn? jMiiiit ot* tilt.' island."* At (mvo Jlatonos is a ruin ncrordinir to Malte- 1)11111 s niiip; and Capu Catocho Ava.s the location ot" oiu' ( T the citiuH 8t'en l)y the Spaniards in t!iu six- tcLiith tiiitury, tins early discovery heini,*" )>erha|»s tli«; (iiily authority lor M. Waldeck'a statement that a mined city may there lie found."' Fdllovviiiiif tlie coast westward, an ancient mound is snii at Valahao, tlie map shows another at Hinal, aji'l Muiito (uyo is a lofty mound, reported to have no trai I s of ituiidiuLjs, visihle from far out at sea. This lattrr may ]>erhaps be Honiical with "a small Hill hy tlic Sea, calfd the Moitnf" mentioned hy the old EiiL^hsh vtiyau'er 1 anpier, who says: "I was ne\er ;t>li(.ic here, hut have mc't with some well ac(|uainted with the JMace, who are all of opinitni that this Mount WHS not natural, hut the Work of Men.""" Two pyra- mids are reported further east, near the Rio Laijartos, iiiit their existence rests on no very reliahle authoii- ty."' Two mounds, once covered with huildini(itiis (Ic miiili'ra y piija t-n ((iio por gentil onlcn (,'slaiiaii piicstos niiulios iiliil(i>, ipic jiaivciun nni;;t'ri's.' Guitiarn, Hist. Iml., I'ol. (>((; I'ttrtis, I'iiln, ill l';i:J„ilr,iii, Vol. (Ic Doc, toni. i., i>. 339; Stephens' Yurutun, vol. ii., |i|>. 41")-17. with jdate. »' Wniilirh, Vol), rut., p. 102. 'Uneville entifcrc oft'ro scs mines an x invest i;:iit ions dcs urclieoloj^ues.' Duvil, Mcxiqite, p. 129; Lurcnautliy ■, Mr.,- ,1. Hunt., ji. 3*21. *' liinii/iiif's Voyages, vol. ii., pt ii., pp. 10-11; Stephens' Yucatan, vol. ii., p. 4 IS. '•' ■ Tuiit prbs du rio Lngarto se voient denx pyminidcs, an soinnipt drs- quellcs iiiiissent niaiiitciuuit dcs iirbres (51ev<5s et toutt'iia.' liaril, Mcjciipo, p. IL'II; U'„/,lrrk, Voy. Pitt., p. 102. *^Sl'itluus Yucatan, vol. li., pp. 427-30, wiih plutc, NoimiKKN COAST UKLICS. foiunl.ititiM with i)or|»eiulicular Hides in whicli a narrow stairway was cut, is located on a cliti' >** the extreme point of the island."* At Cavt) Jtatones is a ruin according: to Malte- IJniii's map; anerhaps he 'd<'i;vical with "a small Hill l»y th(! Sea, call'd the Moidif," mentioned hy the old English voyager 1 anpier, who says: "I was ne\er ;i>lii>rc heie, but have met with some well accpiainteil with the JMace, who are all of opinion that this Mount was not natural, hut the Work of Men.'"-* Two pyra- mids are reported further east, near the Kio Lau^artos, liut their existence rests on no very reliahle authori- ty."' Two mounds, once covered with huildin, ijiir parccian inu;;eres.' Goiiiani, Hist. Intl., fol. (lO; I'lirtrs, I'iiln, ill lrii:J„ilirl,(, Vol. lic Doc, ton». i., p. 33J); Sfcji/wii^' yuculan, vol. ii., pp. 41.')-17, Willi ])late. 'J' Wiililirh-, Vol/, riff., p. 102. 'Une ville entifcre ofl'ro ses mines an x invest i^'iit ions de.s archuolojjucH.' Buril, Mcxique, \^. I'J'J; Larciiaudi: , .!/(./• •■!, ihtdf., p. 321. *' liii„i/)iir's Voi/aijes, vol. ii., pt ii., pp. 10-11; Stephens' Yucatan, vol. ii., p. IIS. '•*' ■ I'niit jirbs dii rio Lagarto se voient denx pyramidcs, an soinmet iles- quelks iiiiissent niaintonant dca arhres (ilevds et toutt'us.' Baril, Mcxiunr, p. l-.".t; \V„t,l>rk, Vol/. Pitt., f). 102. *" S('- Ilia- Its' Yucatan, vol. li., pp. 427-30, wiih plate. 262 ANTIQUITIES OF YUCATAX. of antiquity worthy of note. At !Maxcani'i, some twenty-tive miles north-west from Uxmal, a looulity visited by Stephens during his trip toward the coast, are several mounds covered with ruins, which present no peculiarities. But in the interior of one of iliese mounds was found a galley four feet wide and seven feet high, with triangular-arched ceiling, exteiulino- several hundred feet with many branches and angles. Before ^Ir Stephens' visit this was supposed by the inhabitants of the region to be a subterranean pas- sage, or cave, known as Satun Sat, or the Labyrinth. The presence of this gallery of course suggests the idea that others of the Yucatan pyramids may con- tain similar ones, and that their. exj)loration m'vj;\\t lead to imjiortant results. On the hacienda of Sijtjh, a few leagues nearer the coast, is a large group of ruined mounds and buildings, presenting nothing new, except that the stones of one of them were much larger than usual, one being noticed that was tliree by six feet. In a kind of courtyard in the midst of these mounds are standiflg many huge stones, resem- bling in their situation and size the monoliths of Co- pan, but they bear no marks of sculpture, being roiioh and unhewn as if just taken from the quarry. The largest is fourteen feet high, four feet wide and a foot and a half thick. At Tankuche one apartment of a ruined building has its walls and ceiling decorated with paintings in bright colors, but the room was filled up with rubbish, and nothing definite could lie made out respecting the designs, except in the case of one ornament which seemed to resemble a mask found at Palenque. Ruins are reported also at Beoal, in the same region.^ At the mouth of the liio Jaina a tumidus, with pottery and spear-heads on its surface. is mentioned by Waldeck and Norman, and perhaps at the same place under the name of Chuncana, ruins are indicated on Malte-Brun's map. 99 Stcpliens' Yucatan, vol. i., pp. 189, 199-220; Wappdus, Geog. n. Stat, p. 144. MONUMENTS OF CAMPECHE. 263 Further south, in the reo-ion extending from Cam- peclu' to Lagima de Terminos there is only the vaguest infniiiiation respecting antiquities. The city of Cam- jHH'lie itself is said to be built over extensive artificial naileries, or catacombs, supposed to have been devoted l)V tlk' ancient peojjle to sepulchral uses; but I find IK I satisfactory description of these excavations. On t!iL' liio Champoton, some leagues from the coast, ruins are reported concerning which nothing definite is known. From the tumulus mentioned, "and other phues contiguous to ruins of immense cities, in the vicinity of Campeachy," Mr Norman claims to have utttained "some skeletons and bones that have evi- dently been interred for ages, also a collection of idols, Canipeche Idol in Terra Cotto. 2G1 ANTIQUITIES OF YUCATAN. r f : ^ Campcche Mnli^ in Terra Cotta. UELICS AT (AMPECIIE. 265 fra^ni 'nts, flint spear-heads, and axes; besides sundry artiili's uf pottery-ware, well wroui*-ht, glazed, and l)iu-iit." The cuts on the preceding- pages sliow five of tiKSL" idols, which are hollow and have small halls within to rattle at every movement. Padre Camacho is iiNn said to have collected at Canipeclie a museum (■oiiil)i)suil of many relics from cUfferent localities, many of tluiii interesting but not particularly described."" Ln'siilcs the momunents that have been descril)ed, the remains of ancient paved roads, or calzada.s, have i((i •'PI,,, wliitle of Ciimpcai'liy rests tijutn a sulitcrraneous oavcrn of the iiiirinit .Mayas. U is now diitictilt to a.seertain wliet her these iticiii liii llC( .1" II streii;;tliencd hy tlie discovery of many opeiii ip iii |-->. I ;nitii|uities. as I'enates, liiero;;iyi)liies," eti-. Jhiris' Aii/itiu;^ of 'li;,'iirines et des vases d"ar;;ile portaiit encore des pciiitiire et de vends, des instruments de niii~. \ iiiiiiiji', toiii. i., pit. ±H\. |()7-S. Tiie Camacho .M'lseum contains Miia iiiimi'iusa ciillcccioii (h' idolos de harro v piedra I'liiiliciH' Ills icstos de tin liomi ire. .1 iia coleccii r on d iia iirna cineiaria i| e vaso; lie arms, caiita- I'lis y fiiciiles de piedra y harro, udornados, miichos de ellos, eon y iiiii piiitiiras vivas, freseas v hieii eon.serv dii I lia colleccio ilili- n d(; ■as, IIciIkis, danlos y denias instrunieutos de ;;uerni . . . .('asi todos eslos Mriiiiiciitiis soil de ]iederiiai. Otra eoleeeion de tiautas y otros iiistrii- ciientas y adornos de jiiedra iiii'iilns mrisicds, de harro. Otra id. de /art .Otia id. lo/a .'pii leralc . I'lia multitud de fra;;meiitos ari|ui- tiTtiiiiiciis.' Ilrijirftrn Yiii\, toni. i., jip., 37.S-4. ' Le eaiiton (lui s'etend dc la cute lie la 1,im;iii,(. ,|j. ,Jcrm, vers le iiord-ost, ofVre siir-toiit une suite incline continiie do monticules et de villos, jusr(m\ smooth paved ways, constructed for the convenieiicu of the rulers in sending dispatches from place to jilace. These roads are even reported to have stretched be- yond the limits of the peninsula, affording access to the neighboring kingdoms of Guatemala, Chiapas, and Tabasco. Modern discoveries lend some prol)ability to these reports, Cozumel was one of these great reli- gious centres from which roads led in every direction, and Cogolludo says that in his time "were to be seen vestiges of calzadas which cross the Avhole kingdom, said to end at its eastern border on tlie sea-s]i(»rt'." The cura of Chemax, speaking of Coba, far eastward of Chichen toward the coast, says "there is a calzada, or paved road, of ten or twelve yards in widtli, lim- ning to the southeast to a limit that has not boon discovered with certainty, but some aver that it ^oes in the direction of Chichen Itza." Bishop Laiida mentions "a tine broad calzada extending .about two stone's throw to a well" from one of the Chielicii sti'iic- tures. Izanial was another much-frequented shiiiie, from which Lizana tells us "tliey had constructed Iniir roads, or calzadas, towards the four winds, wliich reached the ends of the county, and even extendod to Tabasco, Guatemala, and Chiapas; and even now are seen in many places portions and traces of tliese roads." Landa also states that between Izanial and Merida, "there are to-day signs of there haxiu:;' ex- isted a very beautiful paved way." In the saiue locality, running parallel to the modern road for sev- eral miles, M. Charnay found "a magniticeiit mad, from seven to eight metres wide, whose foundation is of immense stones surmounted by a concrete perl'octly sivnctuairc dc File do Coziimol.' Friedfrirhathnl, in Nouvcllrs .!/;» "/«'/'•' Voif., IHH, torn, xcii., pn. 2'J'.»-3(M). ' Uiic foule de ruiiicH d'uiic Kiiuulf im- portance.' Branscur de liourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., toni. i., p. 07. MAYA CALZADAS. 2(57 nriNL'rvcd, wliicli is covered with a coating of cement two inches thick. Tliis road is every wiiere about a metre and a half above the surface of the ground. The coating of cement seems as if put on yesterday;" tile wliole being buried, however, some sixteen inches dcL']) in soil and vegetable accumulations. The Cura Ciirillo and party found in 1845 one of these paved roads four and a half varas wide, running parallel with the modern road south-eastward from Uxmal, and said liv the natives to connect the latter city with Nohpat. it is ])crliaps the same calzada, in Maya Sticbe, 'a road of white stone,' that has given a name to the Sacbo ruins, and is described by Mr Stephens as "a broken jilatforni or roadway of stone, about eight feet wide aud eight or ten inches high, crossing the road, and running off into the woods on both sides," reported to extend from Uxmal to Kabah.^"^ Having now completed my detailed description of Maya anticpiities in all parts of the peninsula where a!)original relics have been seen or reported, 1 have tlioiii'ht it best to i>ive in conclusion a sifeneral view of these anti(piities, their peculiarities, the contrasts and similarities which they present among themselves and wh.'ii compared with more southern monuments, to- i,fether with such general remarks and conclusions as their examination may seem to warrant. The comparatively level and uniform "^urfoce of the ]»eniiisula left the ab '' 'inal builders little choice in the location of their cities and temples, yet a prefer- once for a broken hilly region may be traced in the fact that the central, or Uxmal, group, the most crowded with ancient monuments, corresponds with the i)riiuipal transverse ranges of the peninsula; like- wise the eastern coast cities rest generally on elevated hlurts overlooking the sea. In the selection of sites, "" i''ifinlhiffo, Illst. Ynr., p. 19.3; Sfcpfini.s' Yuratnn, vol. ii., pp. .341, 1--, vol. i., |). 415; Lnntl't, Rdacion, pp. 344, .3.30; Lizann, in IiL, p. 358; Vltunimj, liuiacn AitUr., pp. 321-'2; Rryistro Yuc, torn, i., p. 366. 208 ANTIQUITIES OV YUCATAN. however, as in the coiistriictioii of their cities, socuritv as^ainst enemies seems to have been not at all, or at l)Ost very slightly, considered. None of the cities on the plains are located with any view to defence, or liavi; any traces of fortifications to <^nard their approaclns. TuKiom, on the eastern coast, was indeed surroiiiidcd V)y a strong wall on which watch-towers were jilacol; but of all the Yucatan cities this is best guarded liv its natural position and would seem to have least iieid of artificial defences. Some slight remains of ualls are seen at Uxmal and Maya})an, but insuihciciit tn prove th.'it these were walled cities, A wall more (^r less })erfect is also reported at Chacchol). No sti-iu- ture has been found which partakes in any way of tlit- nature of a fort, or which appears to have been eicctid with a view to military defense. It is true tlic mi merous pyramids and their superimposed buildings would serve as a refuge for non-combattants, as \w\\ as proj)erty, and would afford facilities for defense in a hand-to-hand conflict, or perhaps against any attack by men armed with aboriginal weapons; Imt would in nowise serve as a protection to the dwellings or fields of the populace which must be supposed to have det- ted the plains for a wide extent al)Out the palates et the nobility and temples of the gods. In the laying out both of cities and of individual structures, no fixed plan was followed that can now It ascertained, except that a majority of the edifices face in general terms the cardinal points; that is, as iieailv as these points would naturally be determined by olisii vation of the rising and setting sun. The ott-re)ieati(l statement that all the temples and palaces were e.\ actly oriented is altogether unsupported by facts. The materials employed by the Maya builders wvrv limestone, mortar, and wood. The limestone used i> that which, covered with a few feet of sand or seil, forms the substratum of the whole peninsula. It i> soft and easily worked, and may be readily (juaiiii'l in any j)art of the state. Somewhat strangely, noia' C.ENEUAL RESUME. 203 ,,f the (pi.'irrios wliieh supplied the stone for buildini^, ,;!• t'di- siuliitiired decorations and idols, have ever been tntiiid; -:it least none such have been rej)orted by any txjilorer/"'^ With verv few exce])tions, such as in the case of the city wall at Tulooni, tlie stone enii>loyed, wlu'tlKT roii'ji'h or hewn, Avas laid in in<^rtar. Cement was also used on roofs and tloors; plaster on interior walls; and stucco in exterior orti'.)ns accordin**- to the use for which it was Jcsiniicd. No satisfactory analysis seems t(j have been made of the mortar, nor is anythin*'' definite known ivsj)ectiiiL»' the method of its manufacture, or the source from which lime was obtained. Tliat the ma- terial was of excellent (quality is proved by the resist- ance it has ottered for at least three centuries to tropical I'ains and the inroads of troi)ical veoetation. It is nearly as hard as the stone blocks which it holds toi«-etlier, and to its excellence the preservation of the Yucatan moimments is in io-reat measure due/"'* Wood was employed by the Maya builders only for lintels, for tind)ers of unknown use stretched across tlie rooms from side to side of the ceilini>s, in one case at riiichen ibr beams to support the ren^ular stone arolics of the roof, and, at Tuloom only, for the sup- port of a tiat cement roof. The only wood mentioned i- the zapote, native to some parts of the })eninsula. '"'-' 'I.M pii'ilnv nifirffoso dc quo cstdii fonniulos tales ciliticios, cs uiIeiiiaH .iri'iKTaliuciUf ciirisiiU'raila nnuo un niateriiil iiiiiy iiifeiiur jiani la coTistrin'- liiiii." Fi(iilirirlistliiil,\n l)in; Unii\, toni. x., p. '2!t2. Tlic lilocUs 'out iiiii' ti-,iiis|iMii'iict' tniuhli'c coniine colle dti jiyj)se. II est pmlialilc. . . .ipio ii'stilii vciitalili' cai'ltiiiiatf i-alcaire.' Znniln, in Aiitiq. Mix., tmii. i., div. 11, p. :!l. 'A soft coralline liiiicstoiie of a coiiiiiaratively rt'ct'iit ^i'l'idojrical iiriii:i\iiiii, ]iriilialily of the Tertiary period.' Fn-\/n-'s I'n-llist. UunK, p. ;iiKS. '*'' • i„i pcpca nie/cla ([ue se ailvierto eu ellos, es lina, tersa y tan conipacta l''ir sii |i,iiiiciilar lienelicio, (\\w: toniada entre los dedos una ]iastilia, <'n><' ;;nii's(i ,„ |mi,'(i mayor i|ue el de uu pesofuerte, da sunio traliajo ipieltrantarla.' 1-- -if-*, soit iiienie lorscprils sout applii[Ues (•on..ne euiluits, eoninu^ a l':ilriii|iii', iia'a ]ieine si le marteiiii peat les entauier.' Viullct-lv-Ditc, in t'uayuaii, L'i(iiir/i Aiiicr., pp. 5l)-t)0. 270 ANTIQUITIES OF YUCATAN. extremely hard and heavy, but not resinous or particii- hirly well fitted to resist decay or the ravayxs of worms. It seems remarkable that any portion of this woodwork should have survived even their three or four centuries of uncjuestioned Rge; — and, indeed, few- er none of the lintels of outer doorways exposed to the weather have remained unbroken. Haviuijf fixed upon a site for a proposed edifice, the Maya builder invariably erected an artificial elexatioii on which it mi<,dit rest. And this jjeculiarity is (jh- served, not only in Yucatan, but, as w^e shall see in many other portions of the Pacific States, no less uni- versally in regions where natural hills abound than on level plains. In several places, however, the artificial structure rests on a natural hill of slijifht elevation, as at Chack and Zayi ; in other cases advantage is taken of a small hill to save lal)or in the accumulation of material, as atUxmal; and in one instance at Cliidien the a])pearance of a mound is gained by excavatinif the surrounding earth. Buildings resting on the nat- ural surface of the earth are unknown, as are also suh- terranean a])artments or galleries of artificial construc- tion, excepting only the rei)orted catacombs under the city of Canipeche. The bases of the foundation struc- tures, or pyramids, are usually rectangular, the largest dimensions being fifteen hundred feet square at Zayi, while many have sides of three to eight hundi'cd fett. They diminisli in size towards the summit, from twenty to fifty feet higli in the case of the hii'uvr mounds, and from sixty to ninety feet in some of the smaller ones. jMost of tlie larger mounds have t^o or more terrace-i)lat forms on their slope. The mass of the mound is conn)osed of rough stones and fragments generally in mortar, making a coarse concrete; tlie outer surfjice is faced with hewn stones, not generally laid so as to form stei)s, as seems to have been the ease at Copan, but so as to present a smooth surface on the slope. It is uncertain whether some of the lariier terrace-platforms were paved with regular blocks or GENERAL RESUME. 271 not. The corners are often rounded. Sculptured dec- oiiitions Dtcur in a few instances, as on the Pyramid iit I'xm.il; and at Izainal a row of faces in stucco juloi'ii the hase. A stairway al'>'ay8 occupies the cen- tre of one side, often of more than one side. Some of tliLsu stairways are over a hundred feet wide, and their sttiis are rarely arranged with any reference to con- vt'iiiciice in mounting. Balustrades remain on some stairways, ornamented in a few instances by scul})tured iiioiistuis' heads. There is nothing to show that the surface of the slopes or the 8tei)s were covered with aiuciit. The supporting stone structure of one build- ing at Chichen and also of one at Tuloom has per})en- (litular instead of sloping sides. All the pyramids are triiiicated, none forming a point at the top, although there is one or more in every group of ruins whose suiiiuiit platform presents no traces of ever having sii})[)()rted buildings of any kind. Interior galleries wviv L'Xi>lc)red in a mound at Maxcani'i, and chambers in the body of that at Izamal were re})orted; others arc solid so far as know^n, except that a few small diainbcrs liave lieen mentioned with a vertical entrance at tliL' top, which may have been cisterns. The edifices supported by the mounds are built cither on the sunmiit platform, or in receding ranges, (Hie above another, on the slope. In the latter ciise tiiesL' needing ranges form the nearest a})proach on tlie liait of tho Mayas to buildings of several stories, ex- apt ill one instance at Tuloom, where one room is directly over another. In one building at Kabah the outer wall rises from the foot of the mound, and the inuer tVoni the summit. One building usually occu- pies tlie sunnnit; but in several cases i'our of tlicni t'lKloho an interior courtyard. The buildings are long, li»\v, and narrow. Thirty-one feet is the greatest lieiuht, thirty-nine the greatest width, and three hun- dred and twenty-two the (greatest lenoth. The roois are ilat and, like the floors, covered Avith cement. The Walls are, in proportion to the dimensions of the build- 272 ANTKiriTIKS OF YUCATAN. iujj^s, vi'iy thick, usually from three to hi'x feet, imt sonictiiiu's nine feet. Like the j)yr}iinicls, the luiiM- in»if» consist of a Uiiiss of concrete, stones lunl nioitar, faced witli hewn l)locks of nearly cuhical foiin, mikI or' Vi'rvini^ dimensions rarely exceedin*^ eighteen iiu Iks, l)nt found at Sijoh and Ake as larj^e as three hy six and seven feet. Only one l)uildinping stones, althoii^li tin.' term may hy a strict interpretation be liable to .Mime criticism."'* i r. 1"* Jdiics says 'Tlio term "triiinfrnlar .<'l;v//" cannot lio admitlriniv tin' lanjjiia^'c of Anliitecturc; lie (Mr Stciilii-ns) niij,'1il as well 1im\c wiillin iriiiiiijiiliir si'iitlfirrlr, tcrnist distinctly oppnst'd to oacli otlicr.' //'<'■ -I"'- Anirr., II. 1(K>. ' Los ti'diips, sin variacion al;:iina cntrc si. iiprociitiiii 'niii li^iira o)iva, niuy I'nnocidu de los aralii's, y rt'in'tidaiiii'iilc citada I'nicl rci"- iiicnilatilo X'ictor lliiiro vn su olira Av Nue.stra Sra. do I'ari.s.' L. ti., in ■/''" OKXKKAL IlLSUM^ 273 Tlif t(»i>s of tlio few {^atoNvays discovered arc cd at Tulooni l)y shells, near the top on the inside, and in a lew cases at both top and bottom, are the only tiiucs of the means by which the entrances were orig- inally clost'd. Wooden lintels are almost exclusively einployi'd at Uxmal, but elsewhere stone is more com- mon ; ,1 Ibw both of wood and stone are covered with carved devices, as are also some of the door-j)osts. Besides the doorways the rooms have no oj)enings wliatever, no chimneys, windows, or ventilators being I'uuiid, if we except the oblong openings m the rear wall of the Castle at Tuloom.'"*^ ilislni ]'iir., toni. i., p. 277. ' On 1 autre, et tiTiiiiius par uiie dalle de treuto centiiniitres.' Ckarnay, EtiiniH Amu:, pp. 3r.'-:i. 10^ li icilirichsthal erroneously says the wooden lintels are always sculi)- Vol. IV. 18 VTi ANTKiirnKS OF YICATAN. RcsMoctiiiLif tlu' rooiuH, iisidc fnmi their (Iccoi-atldn, ii'itliiiiLf ivin;iiii.s to l>u noticod except the ciisas ccrra- (lis, or rooms filled with Holid iimsoiiry, and the iati!ri(n' stairways of unexplained t'onstruction at Lali- ])halv. Exterior stairways supported l>y a halt" aivh load up to the top of such of the huildinj^s as havt- more tiian one story, and also to the summit of tlio few mounds that liave peri»endic'ular sid.-s; in duo case the entrance to the courtyard is by stairw.iys lea' over the roof of one of the enclosinj^' ediliccs. T\ic only important exceptions to the usual ty|H' df Yucatan buildinufs are the circular structures with conical roofs, at Chichen and AFayapan, and the ^i'^aii- tic walls com[)osind' the so-called gymnasiums at Chichen and Uxmal. it will he noticed that the strenj^dh of these struc- tures de[)ended to a great extent on the excelli'iict; nj" the mortar by which the blocks were united, since tliu latter are not usually laid so as to break joints, al- though carefully placed so that the phnnnut line a[)plied to such walls as are uninjured, rarely (ictttts any departure from jierfect regularity. A Maya ciis- tom of inserting j)rojectiiig stones, or hatunes, in tlif walls of their buildings as a record of time and in commemoration of great events is spoken of by iii;iiiy authors; and by certain stones which he identities with tlie katunes, j\I. Waldeck computes the age of ^.)iiiu of the ruins, but I am u 'OViltlUll, IS fcrm- and tl.t; at liiili- lalt" Hivli I, as liiivu lit (if tlio <; ill tiiif stairwMVs ; t'llitit'i'^. I tyi"' of Liivs with bho ,yi:A!iii- isiuiMS lit lose stnic- •(jlU'llfl! Ilf ^ siiu'i-! tlio joints, iil- iiiiiut Uiio ly (U'tirts iaya f>"*- iit's, in tlie ne and in If \>y many ititiis witli ,. of soiuc eh are tlic uientintiftl iftion with L> in nxist 1 round iiml sed of scv- liou.U' thcni lius on the tcmno of tlio Ct)Vornor'H Houho at Uxnial, sixtooii cohinnis at Xiil from tlio ruins of Xolioacal), tliirty-nix «(iuaro coluniUH on tlio suuiiuit ])latforiu of tho pyra- mid at Ako, throe liundrod and eighty short j)illjirs, also s([uaro, arranjjfod round a s(juaro at Chichon, oi;,dit round idllars on tho torraco of tho round house at Mavapan, tho roi)ortod lino of s(juaro t'(dunins oriuf- iiiallv snpi>ortini^ a J^alloy at Florida, and hwally tlio inonolitliH of Sijoli, which latter inay have boon idols. I now I'oino to tho interior and. exterior decorations of the Yucatan buildino^s. Tn some apartments, j)ar- ticularly at l^xmal, the ^valls and ceilinv','s that tlic oniaincnts on tlie Maya favailcsiimst liavc! Lccii >iiil|iliui'il alter tlii' stoiu's in a n)Uj,'li stale liati lieen put in plaic, and imt Ipct. IT, as Mr Stt'iilieiis tliinUs. llisf. Am: Aiiicr., \>. ^tiJ. 'J'lic fidlnw in^' i^ Ml' \Viilili'(k"s not very dear explaiiatinn of tlie i h' of ileeoratin;; tlieso f;K"iiili's. ' Voulaient-iln eouvrir unc fa(,'atle (rorneinents on tie lijruics syin- liiiliiiu s, ils eoMMiu'neaient par peinilro hi mnnille toute entiere de hi cou- li'ur i|ii'ils avaient ehoisie; ]iresi|ue ?■ iijonrs e'etail Ic ron;,'e (|ui fortnait lo liiiiil. . . . .I'ctte jiremiere operation tcrniinee, on poscit snr ie iniir jn'iiit hi inar- '[iiilcric f,i pier;;' i|iii devait servir d'orneinent et en hi liadi^^eonnait iiveo jilusjh' si.iii ,|ii,' Ie lond. J-e hh'u etait eniphiye dans i e travail.' I'lii/. J'ilL, Jip. 7- :(. 'In the Mayan delineations of the liuinan eoiintenanee tlie eini- traitiil facial an;,do is a.s reiiiarkal)le as in tiie iiaintiii;,'s of the Aztecs.' l'rirl,„r,l\- J,'rsr,,rr/,rs, vol. v., p. :H(;. See l-'i,slns(|iie, ipii coiistrnisit les ]iahiisd'l xnial, HI' l\ilriiipie, et de Cliichen-Itza. Je fiis frappi' tie cette analo^ie, <|iioiinu! lii Miiiiiitiiili- soil loin il'etre parfaite, les artistes nationaiix ayant exa^vn'o vruisi'iiililalilciiii.iit certains earacteri's (|r; eonstitnaient alors Tideal de la kaiif.- .l/,„vA/, V>iulements were too small for practical pur])()scs, l»ut when we reHect that the material out of wliicli tliu ancient inhabitants of that region cut their bassn- relievos, was a soft coralline limestone, 1 find, hy cx- l)eriment, that such a tool is almost as effective as one of steel. Some of the implements, however, are cylindrical in shape, with the convex surface Innuulit to an edge, and the opposite side ground out liki' a gouge."'"' There can be little doubt that the Maya sculpture was executed with tools of stone, altliouyh with such implements the complicated carviDus "i' hard za})ote lintels must have presented great dilh- culties even to aboriginal patience and skill. 1"' Fuskr'n rn-Hist. liuccii, pp. 1212-13. great iliffi- TIIE :\IAYAS AS AUTISTS. 279 With respect to the artistic merit of the monuments of N'ucatan, and the degree of civiHzation wliich tliey iuii'ly oil the behalf of their builders, I leave tlie reaikr to form his own conclusion from the information wliich I h.ive collected and presented as clearl}' as pos- sihlc in the j)receding pages. That they bear, as a whole, no favorable comparison with the works of the ancient (Jreeks, Romans, Egyptians, Assyrians, and perliai)s other old-world peoples must, 1 bjlieve, be granted. Yet they are most w^onderful when consid- ered as the handiwork of a peo})le since lapsed into a condition little above savagism. I a])})end in a note .some quotations designed to show the im[»ression tliese monuments have made on explorers and students. lOtt 1P1 r)('i)iiis le cap Catorlic jnsqu'au jiied dela Conlilli-rc cciitralc, aiialo- (lie fr;i|i|iaiit(' riiner p. .%;$, '.H>').' 'Kn somme, I es iiiines ( rrxmal nous liarai>sciit ('trc la dernicre expression de la civilisation aiiH'rirainc; nulle part nil tcl assemhla^e de mines, niaisons iiarticiilicrcs, temples et jialais.' C/iiii-iifii/, Jlniiic.i Aiiifi:, J). .174. ' J.a aripntcctnra de I'xmal hrillaiite en licrspectiva, es eoniplicada y siiiR'trica en sus dihiijos, nduista en siis (iiiiK'iiliis y terraplcnes, simlH>lica en sus ;,'er y liaslaiitc lie tnin. i. ofaii 'lilic v lii'uras li Head; I en sus cornizas y mo Idiiri /.. a 111 ■i/i.s/i-' ) p. .,(. ri'iiaii cliaracfer. The sculptun^ at rxmal is md only aslini", Init distinctly J/i.if. A I .1/ p. I(»7 IMu sieiirs de ccs (■iiii-lniiliniis iii> lnissent rien a di'sircr an |(oint de vue du hon ;,'iii'it et des ri'glcs dc I'art.' J/u/r/t/, I'ui/uijc, ti)m. i., p. 11)3. M. ViolIel-lc-Duc's cou- f- i !< ^1' 280 ANTIQUITIES OF YUCATAN. Finally I have to consider the anti(iuity of the Yu- catan nioniunents. As in the case of all ruined citits and edifices, the questions, when and by avIkjui wtre tliey built? are of the most absorbing interest. In Yucatan the latter question presents no difhculties, and the former few, compared with those connected M'itli other American ruins. It was formerly a favor- ite tlieory that the great American palaces ar.d tem- ples of ancient times, whose remains have astonislifd the modern world, were the work of civilized j)c(i])les that have become extinct, probably of some old-world l»eople which long centuries ago settled on our coasts and flourished for a long i)eriod, but was at last foiccd to succumb to the native races whose descendants occu[)ied the land at the coining of Europeans in the sixteenth century. The discussion of the origin of the American people and of the American civilization, as well as of the possible agency of old-world eleiiients in the development of the latter, belongs to another ])art of my work; still it may be appro})riately stated here that the theory of extinct civilized i-nccs in America, to which our ruined cities may be attril)uted, I'ests upon only the very vaguest and most unsubstan- tial foundation, while so far as the Yucatan cities are concerned it rests on no foundation at all. The traditional history of the peninsula, whicli will be given in the following vcdume, re})resents Yucatan as constituting the mighty Maya enq)ire, whose rulers, secular and religious, reared magnificent cities, pahues, elusions Jiiid spcdilatioiia are mostly dircrti'd to prove that t!i'> Iniililii - wcro (if mixed race, uliituand yellow, Aryan and Turanian. He suii|ii'ils liis tlieorv liy a study of the faces aniouf; llie s(-ul|)tured deeoratioiis. :niil liv ])()iiilin;r out in tlie Itnildin^^s traditions of structures in wood, ami mI-hiIii' use of mortar, the use of wood and mortar lieinjj ])ei'uliar, as he chiins. tn dill'erent races, (^/lunitii/, liitiiir.s Ann'r., introd. 'These antii|iiilii'> -Imw that this secti(. '< •line Zweifel zu den herrlichsteii AiniTikiis jrehiireu. -Welch riesenlnifto IJauteii fiir cine Nation, die ulles iiiit stei- iiornen liistruiuenteu urheitetel' llilUr, Ihisvii, p. 'JOO. ANTIQUITY or THE MAYA MONUMENTS. 281 aii(l icniples, and which flourished in n-reat, if not its trrcatrst, j)owcr down to within a httle nioro tlian a cL'iituiv of the Spaniards' coming. Then tlie empire Avas more or less broken uj) by civil wars, an era of dissension and comparative weakness ensued, some of the jU'reat cities were abjindoned in ruins, but tlie edi- fices of most, and especially the tem])les, were still (Hrii}ii((l by the disunited factions of the (original em- pire. In this condition the Spaniards found and con- quered the Maya ])e()])le. They found the immense stone ]tyramids and buildinos of most of the cities still used by the natives for religious services, although not foi- dwellings, as they had probably never been so used even by their builders. The conquerors estab- lished their own towns generally in the innnediate vicinity of the aboriginal cities, jirocuring all the liuildiiig material they needed from the native struc- tures, destroying so far as possible all the idols, altars, and other paraphernalia of the Maya worship, and forcing the discontinuance of all ceremonies in honor itf the heathen gods. A few cities escaped the danm- iuL"' blight of European towns in their vicinity, and kejit u]) their rites in secret for some years later; such Were r.xnial, Tuloom, and probably others of the best jjreserved ruins. All the early voyagers, coiKpiista- dores, and writers speak of the wonderful stone edi- fices found by them in the country, })artly abandoned and partly occupied by the natives. To su])pose that the liuildings they saw and described were not identi- cal with the ruins that have been described in these payes, that every trace of the former has disa}»})eared, and that the latter entirely escaped the notice of the early visitors to Yucatan, is too absurd to desei've a moments consideration. That the Mayas were found worshiping in the temples of an extinct race is a posi- tion nhnost equally untenal)le. The Spaniards forced the Abiyas to accept a new faith, utterly crushed out their ancient spirit by a long course of o|)pression, and then together with other Europeans resorted to the ! 282 ANTIQUITIES OF YUCATAN. theory of an extinct old-world race to account for tlio wonderful structures which the ancestors of the de- graded Mayas could not have reared. The Mayas aie not, however, the only illustrations of a deterioi.itud race to he seen in Yucatan, as will he understood liv comparing the present S})anish population of the peninsula with the [)roud Oastilian concpierors of the sixteenth century, Mr Stephens, to whom many of the Spanish and Maya documents relating to Yucatan history were unknown, sought carefully for proofs in sujjport ofJii.s helief that the cities were constructed hy "the same races who inhahited the cc^untry at the time of the Spanish conciuest, or hy some not very distant progeni- tors." He was entirely successful in estahlishing the truth of his position, which rested on the stateiueiits of the historians with whose works he was ac(iuaiiitt'(I, and on the following points, many of them discovered hy himself, and whose only weakness is the fact that they were not really needed to justify his conclusions. 1st. The Maya arch in the foundations of the Fran- ciscan convent at Merida, huilt in 1547, with the liis- torical statement that Merida was huilt on the nioiuids of ancient Tilioo. 2d. The traditional destructinii (>( Mayapan in 1420. 3d. The custom of the S[)uiiiar(ls to locate their towns near those of the natives, to- gether with the almost uniform location of the luiiis near the modern towns. 4th. The skeletons and skulls dug u}) at Ticul were ])ronounced hy Dr ]\liir- ton to helong to the universal American ty})e. ftth. Sr Peon's deed to the Uxmal estate, dated in I(i7:i, states that the natives still worshiped in tlie stmic huildings; that a native then claimed the estate as having helonged to his ancestors; that at that time tliere were doors in the ruins which were opened aiul bhut; and that water was then drawn from the aL;'ua- das. Gth. The sword in the hands of the kmclin,!;' sinilptured figure at Kahah, which has already hcen mentioned as almost identical with an aboriginal Maya ANTKHITY OF THE MAYA MONIMKXTS. 283 wojipon. 7tli. A map dated 1557 was found at ^fani, oil wliic'li Uxmal is desi<>-nated by a ditibreiit character from all the other surrouiidiii*,'' towns, being the only one that is not surmounted by a cross. 8th. With the ma]) was found a document in the ^Faya hmouaoe, also (latt'd 1557, announcing tlie arrival of certain otHcials Avith interpreters at, and their departure from, IJxnutl. Now there never was a Spanish town of Uxmal, and the liacienda was not established until one hundied and forty-five years later. 9th. The gynmasiums at ('IiiclK'U and Uxmal, agreeing witli those traditionally described in connection with certain aboriginal games of hall. 10th. Many scattered resemblances to Aztec relics and customs. 11th. The European penknil'e tliscovered in a u'rave with aboriginal relics at Kantu- iiilc. 12tli. The comparatively fresh appearance of the altars and other relics at Tuloom.^*** It may then be accepted as a fact susce})tible of no (loiiht that the Yucatan structures were built by the ^[ayas, the direct ancestors of the people found in the jii'iiinsula at the conquest and of the present native ]Mi|iulati()n. Ivespecti'ig their age we only know the (late of their abandonment — that is the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Nothini'' in the ruins themselves i^ives any clue to the date of their construction, and this is not the place to discuss the few vague historii-al traditions licaring on the subject. The data on which dilfereiit writers have based their si)eculations, and claimed for these monuments greater or less anti([uity are the following. 1st. The innnense ti'ees that arc fmiiid gi'owing on the ruins, and the accunuilation of soil and vcgetahle matter on the roofs and terrace lilatroriiis; but to persons acquainted with the lapid i;ii'\\ th of ti'ees in tropical countries, these constitute ii<» evidence of anti(]uity. 2d. The ignorance of the natives ri'spucting the l)uilders of the niomiments; the investigations of Indian character in the preccd- i"'>V.;,/,,v(.v' Yiini/nii, vol. i., lip. 0.'}-9, 140, 274, 322-5, 41,'?, vol. ii., vv. 2Ci-7;i, :jUI), 313, 400. 284 ANTIQUITIES OF YUCATAN. K ) ing volumes of tliis -work, lunvever, show conclu- sively enoug'h that two generations, to say notliiiiLf of three centuries, are ani})ly sufficient to blot iiom the native mind everything definite concerninn; tlie past. 3d. Comparisons of tlie Yucatan ruins with different old-world remains; the argument being tlint if an American monument is more dilapidated than an Egyptian one, it must be older. 4th. And on tlie other hand, against a great antiquity, the destructive- iiess of the tropical vegetation and tropical rains, jth. The softness of the building material. Gth. Tliu ])(>i- foct preservation in many places of wood and paint. 7th. The rapid decay of the ruins between the periods of the e.trliest and latest visits. It will be at once noted that the preceding points all bear on the date of abandonment and not at all on the date of construction. Explorers may marvel, .according to the view they take of the matter, oitlicr that the buildiuiifs have resisted for three or four liuii- dred years the destructive ao-eneies to which thev have been exposed; or, that three or four short centui'ies have wrought so great ravages in structures so strongly built; still the fact remains that the buildings were abandoned three or four hundred years ago. ]\1. A\'al- deck's theory, by which he computes the antiquity of some of the ruins by certain stones peculiarly p aced in the walls, or by the small houses — cal/i, or house, 1 icing one of the siofns of the Aztec calendar — over the door- ways of the Nunnery at U xinal, like Mr Jones' argu- ment that the structures must have been reared lufore the invention of the arch, is mere idle speculation, utterly unfounded in fact or probability. The liistory of the ISIayas indicates the building of some of the cities at various dates from the third to the tenth cen- turies. As 1 have said before, there is nothing in the Iniildings to indicate the date of their erection, that they were or Avere not standing at the commencem 'nt of the Christian Era. We may see how, abandoned and uncared for, they have resisted the ravages ot" the CONCLUSION. 285 t'ltinoiits for three or four centuries. How many cen- tuii(;.s they may have stood guarded and kept in iv]i!iir l)y tlie builders and their descendants we can only conjecture."" II" 'Pilato III fuiKlncion de ITxmal & 1.50 6 200 nnos Antes del dc 1535, on lie tiivo I'ft'i'to lii conquiHta del jmis jior loa esimnolcs.' L. (!,, in licyistro que tiiiii. 1., l>. -7<). 'Aunque el niur de cunjectunm que las cubre Heunniy aiitiiii, y lie lil>re navefjiicion para todo el niundo, ereo, sin enilmr^o, que lo imiiiis liilit ul(i y mas acertado es ii(» en<;(dfarsc en el.' M. F. J'., in Id., p. %:i ('ii;,'<(lliido fonnd in the Casa del Adivino at Uxnial traces of recent siirriliciiil oH'crinjjs. Hist. Yvc, Y>. 193. 'Fassen wir nnn diess allcszn.sani- iiiiiMii, so lialien wir in den Ituinen Uxnials eehte Denkiniiler tnltekisclier Kiiii>l \ on cincin Alter von unyefidir 800 Jaliren.' Ihl/cr, Jici-scii, j). 204. 'Kilts piiraisscnt, en niajenre partie, nnpartenir Ji rarchitecture tolte0 and 432 A. I). Stephetm'' Yiimtan, vol. ii., ]>. 323. 'Uxnial is ])laifil iiy us as the la.st built of all tiie Ancient Cities as yet discovered on tiie Wtsicrn Ct)ntincnt.' Jones' Hint. Anc. Amcr., \\n. 104, 101. 'Evidently tlie lily of < 'lii-Chen was an antiquity when the foundations of the Parthenon at Atiifiis, and the Cloaca Maxinui at Kome, were bein;^ laid.' The ruins cit ViKiitaii 'l>elt)ng to the remotest anti(|uity. Their age is not to be iiiea.siiictl by hundreds, but by thousands of years.' Norman's Humbles in, Ync, ]i]i. 177-8. See Waldevl; Voy. Pitt., pp. 71, 97-8; HrescolVs Mex., vol, iii., })p. 412-13; Foster's Fre-Hist. Eaccs, p. 398. : ' CHAPTER VI. ANTIQUITIES OP TABASCO AND CHIAPAS, RUINS OF TA- LENQl'K. Geookapiiic.m, Limits — Physical CJeockai'iiy — No Remcs in T.v ilASCO — RriXS OK PaLKXQUE — Exi'LOIiATION AND IJlliMOIil! At'HV - Name; Naciian, Cilimtacan, Otolcm, XiiiALUA— Extknt, Ixv CATION, Axn Plan— The Palace— The Pvkamidal STRicTtRE— Walls, CouninoHs, axo Coihts— Stucco Uas-Heliei's Towsn — INTEUIOU BUILDIXOS — SCULI'TLKEI) TaIILET— SiriJTEKI! ANKAN Galleuies — Temple of the Three Taiilets — Temi'm; oi tiik llEAU Relief -Temple of the Cuoss^Statue— Temple oi ink Sin— Miscellaneous Ruins and Relics— Ruixs of Ococinco Winged Globe- Wooden Lintel— Tehraced Pyramid Mis- cellaneous Ruins of Chiai-as — Custepe^ues, Xuh'pii.as, L\- ciUNA Mora, CoPAXAnAsTLA, and Zitala — Huehuetan -San Crist6val — Remains ox the Usumacinta — Compaijison i;i;- TWEEN PaLKNQUE AND THE CiTIES OF YuCATAN — AnTI(,M ITV i>i Palexque— Conclusion. The next step, as antiquarian investif,mtioii is pushed westward along the continental line, wiW lead us from the boundaries of Guatemala antl ^ u- catan to the isthmus of Tehuantepec. The includid territory, constituting the geographical basis of the present chapter, stretches on the Atlantic shore IVoiu the Laguna de Terminos to Laguna de Santa Ana, about one hundred and fifty miles, and on the l*acitio a somewhat less distance fnmi the bar of Ayutla to the bar of Tonalil. The northern and smaller poitioii — all in the low and flat tierra caliente — is conipiiscu (386) NO KKLKS I\ TABASCO. 287 TINS OF PA- i;i (li(> state of Tabasco, with a part of El Canueu, a pioviiicf Ix'loiij^iiiL!!' }>olitioally, 1 boliovc, to Yucatan; while ill the south — a hij^h and mountainous region, i\(c[it a very narrow stri[> along tho l\iciKc Itordor — \\c have tlie state of Cliiaj)as, with its south-eastern iniivjiici! of Soconusco, to the political possession of which (luateinala, no less than her neiij^hhor, has always laid claim. Tahaseo and Chiapas, like Yuca- tan, are states of the ^fexican Ilei)ul)lic, althou<,di tlitv are situated in what it is more ccmvenient to ti rm Central America, and in a rei^ion treated in a lavccdinLr volume of this work as a ])art of the Mava ti.irititry. This chapter will consequently complete the (K'scription of southern, or Maya, antiipiities, and luiut,' us to the study of Nahua monuments in tho north. Tahaseo, a part of the ahorij^inal Amihuac Xica- laiico, exti'uds inland seventy-five miles on an avera^'o thidULj'hout its whole length. It is for the most part a low marshy plain — the American tierra caliente par excellence — of the usual troi)ical fertility, covered with an exuberant growth, hut extremely unhealthy to all l)ut natives, except while the winter winds rtiider the navio-ation of the coast waters dauijfei'ous. This tiaet is traversed hv two laro-o rivers, tlowijig IVoiii the hilly country farther inland, the Tahaseo and I'sumacinta, under several difierent names, com- municating with each other by many branches, and lioiiriiig, or rather creeping, into the gulf through many nioutlis. In the annual seastm of inundation tVoni June to October, the whole country is involved in a lahyrinth of streams and sloughs, and travel by land heconies impossible. The luxuriant tropical Vegetation includes a variety of valuable dye-woods, thcexiiort of which constitutes the leading industry "f the few towns located on the banks of the larger streams. On the innnediate coast some large towns and temples were seen by the early voyagers, but I have no information that relics of any kind have been 2SS ANTIlil'ITUlH OF CHIAPAS. Ill (liHcovcrod in iiKxlern times. It is truo tluit no cart- ful c'Xplonitioiis Ijnvo boeii iimdu, l)iit tliu diiiractur of tliu country is ii(»t ]>roinisiiio-, so fur as ruiiicil (it its and other arcliitcrtund monunicnts aru coiiccnitd. Indeed, it is not inn)rol)al)le that a lai't^e part of this re<^^i(»n was covered by a body of water siiuihir to tliu La.t'i'una de Terniinos, at a time when tlio ^reat aliu- riginal (Central American cities, now far inhuid, \vt re founded. Moreover, as state boundaries are not V( iv accurately hiid down in the niaps, and as the location of relics by travelers is in many cases vaouf, it is <|uito po.ssible that some of the few iiiiscellaiuoiis monuments which I shall describe in this chapter, are really within the limits of Tabasco instead ot' Chiapas. As wo go southward from the cfulf coast, and roach the boundary of Chiai)as the face of the country cliaii^cs rapidly from marshy flat to undulating' hills of grad- ually increasing- hei_<>'ht toward the Pacific, retaiiiiiiLf all the wonderful fertility and density of troj)ic.il for- est orowth without the pestilential malaria and oj)- pressive heat of the i)lain below. Here is an cartliiv j)aradise, the charms of which have been enjoyed with enthusiastic delight by the few lovers of nature who have penetrated its solitudes.^ The natural advantages of this region seem to have been fully appreciated by aboriginal Americans, fur ' ii 1 Tlio i>hysical features and natural hea'itie/, of i\ is rcfrinn nro iicrlmiis more viviilly and eliKinently described by the F't'iicii iraveler .Minclit tliaii by any oilier visitor. Vojiafje, toni. i., jij). 'J!;-?-'-!; Trorvf.s, jip. (i.'i-l!l. M. Moreli't visited I'aleniiue from tlie liaj,'un;i. ilc 'I'orminos, jias^iii;.' up tljc Usnmacinta and its lirancnes, wlnle otiier visitors a])im)aclied for iln' ii;ii>t part from tiie opposite direction. Me {fives, moreover, mucli cIomt atti'ii- tit. 'L'esprit est frappe par le reve biidiiiuc de I'Kden, et ro'ii clierclic viiiiic- inent I'Eve et I'Adanj de ce jardin des merveilles: nnl etre iiiiinaiii ii'y ]danta sa tente; sept lieues durant ees j)ersi)ectives delicieuscs se siiicrilcnt, sejit lieues de ces majiuifiques solitudes one bornent de trois cotes Ics lidii- zons bieus de la Cordillere.' C/nimaj/, Jiiiiiics Amfr., p. 412. 'l.a iiatiiri' tonjours prodij,'ue de scs dons, thins ce elinuit enchanteur, lui a>.>-iii^' U|i tilt' lic'd for llif "1^"'' ich cl«>M r attiii- fifiitsotllii'l'"^'' ll chfirlic viiiiii'- letre liuiMiiin ii'v Kca HO siK'e'lt'i'^ [s coti's Ics liiiri- [12. ' l-a nature h'li a^Muait en luvik' (hiiaiit line It cie-l ;Hliiiiralile, 'eiitrctii M et a" )in. i., p. *'-• lifi'i' thi'V rcai't'tl th'; tL'in|th;s and |>alai'us of ono of thiii" '^raudost I'itics, or ndi^'ioiis cL-ntrcs, wiiich as a iniii iiinhr tho nainu of I^mIi'Ikjuo lias hocttnic famous tliioiulii'iit tlio world, as it was douhtless tliroui^dioiit Aiiii'iii'.i ill tlio days of its ])ristiii(! olory iiiaiiy coiitn- riis a^o. l)iiilt on the heights just UK-utionuil, which iiiav I'o a|t|»ro[)riatuly termed foothills of the lotty hiciias h( yond, its hi,L;h places afforded a hroad view iivti' tl'.c fcti'est-covered [>lain below to the waters of the Liull". A detailed account of the explorations l»y which thi! ruins of this city have been hrouniit to lii^iit, ;i!id of the numerous hooks and rejioi'ts residtinu^ tVuia ^ihh ex]»lorations, is j;ivi;n in tht; a[>pended note.'* ' Ir; ITlii, wliilf Padro Antonio ilc Soils was tiMnporavily rcsitlin;; tit Santo l>.i.iiin>,'o, a part, of liis curacy, tlic ruins were aiciilcitaily found hy w ll('|illi'\^ -^ allliou^li Stcplu'i -/. .1/ 1" '.*», L'lVf .1 ro I't \m;Iii;iI iianiin;^ Ids aiitlmrity proliatily Aiifi'/. Mix., toni. i., div. !., ji. v., u\- .1 nirriis, Jlisl. h'lKtf., ]>. is., wiicn' tin- date is^iivcn as tiic niiddlH iif ilie ii'iitiiry — wiiic'ii lie docs not credit, that tlii'y were found by a ]iart.y ■,U lit S|ia Kl'llllilil all intcii'-'l ill tii'rri'z I I7.')t). !■' ini one ot the nc|i llanion < Irdoficz, tl; CM tl at San Crii. oval, first heard of tiic ruins in widcli lie took so dcnp iat ■I'l or years. d otl in 177.'? Ordonez sent liis lirotlier w'lli one (iii- oire and others to niaUi^ explorations, a nd fr th ir re[)(»r/ wnile ana •coiiiit jirohalily the M niofld nln/irn I'l hii riiimis dr At Ciinlml. iii:tfii'if rf I I'll Ins III III I'l (iiii'ioiir.i ilil /iii'l)/o i/r /'iilnii/iir, a MS. It lasseiir H eiillei'ti'iii, [Hill. .1/i.r. (riia/., p. 1 1 ;?,) from which the>e facts were . leathered — wliirli WM-i forwarded in 17SI to Kslacheria, I'resideiit of the ( Jnatenialiin -'S, 1781, tin: Antonio .Aii.ii cMi'ia Itcal President Kstacheria, hy an iirdc!-- dated Nov. .Aivl Calcic f,ii l.rii I 'iltri' I'l ilrsnihri I III (It r mill i/rnii cm lull. MS. the itoval Hist. Acad, of Madrid, 111 strncled .!< Lieut. Al de Ml ivor ot Sal to l)< iinin''o, to make furlli er cNplo- ratiiins. Calderon's report, --////V/r/zc' //c I). J. A. (.'iililrri-i , rlr., translated ill sniistiiii ■(• in Jlrii.iiiiir, I'liliiHinr , Iiitrod., i)p. ;") 7, is dated I)<'c. I.">, I'tit, sii that the survey ninst have hec. very actively laslicc I. to h to It a-i was claiiiied. over •_'(>(( ruinecl ediiices in so Miorl a tiiiii •iiawin.;-; a'coiiipanied this report it they have i lever heeli ))! III. r-""' Antonii) Iternasconi, royal a'i'hitect in ( Miatcmalii ihli .^. Miirioz, l!o\al llistoriouranher, iiukIu a n port on American iintiiiiiities hy order of (he kin,;.'. " ■ ■ if March I.'), 17S(i, .Antonio del liin With the aid la a riiidance with a royal cedi w-A S ll|( ■ri hv Ivsiiuheria lit seven I -nine natives Del 1! ilplete the ilivesti;Ljatio iroceeded to fall the tn mil tl Mic of ih,. au.ient city by am'iieral coiitlai.'ratic th His e.xaminatioii iastc^l to .1 uiio 'I, aiK I h ^paiii. ot llic- il'l kf report with isiany urawiiiiis was sent to iipies were, however, ret'dned in (iiiatemala and .Mexico, and one 11 Hrasseur's collection under the title of I )i I'l'ijirioii. tiiiat // iiiihliii'ioii initiifiia, dr. .\notlier copy was found, ]!art in eiii.i'a aad the rest in Mexico, i>y a Dr M'< h It was I a ken to V. tr,i: .it; Vol. IV. la 111 piiblished by Henry IJerthou 1, to;,'etlRr with a com- 2on iniNs OF rALi:N(,tUE. About tlie year ir)()4 ;i Doniiliican misslonaiy. wirli a few Tzoiidal natives wlio liad been convurtid to the true faith by his labors in their l)elialf, chose uliat lie deemed a suital)le location for future evan^'clicul efforts, and founded the little town of Santo Doniiiitfo del I'alenque, some seventy miles north-east of Sun inciitary by I'aul Felix ("abrrra, out' ' 1 Ten/rn Crifiro Ami'rlrdiiu. all miller tlif jieiitral title of lhsrrii>liiiii nj (tii Aiirinit I'ifif, etc.. Luniliiii, IS.'J. The work was illustrated witli eij,'1iteeii litli();,'ra|)liie plates. Ky M. l''ri'(l, WaMeek. el liio's (lra\viii;,'s; Imt it is elscwliciv stated, Aiifi/. Mix., toin. i., div. i., p. vi., that Del Itio's (lra\viiiu:s ilid Hdt aeeoiii|iaiiy the wiirk at all. it this lie Iviic, the piihlished I'lales iiiii>t jindialdy have heeii taken from the Latour-.Mlard eojiies of Caslnru'das dra\viii;is, of which I shall ]ieak presently, and indeed a eonipariMin wiili Kin,i,'slioron<,di's jiiates shows almost eoneliisively that such was in .sninn cases at least their orij^iii. llumiioldt speak.s of the Latoiir-Allanl ]ilatc ni the cross a.s differing entirely from that of Del Rio. This diflerciicc dors not appear in my copies. It is possible that the plates in my co]iy of IH, llio's work, the only one I have ever seen, are not the ones Avhicli ori;.'in.illy appeared with the book. A French translation by M. Warden vas ]inMis!nil by the Socii'te do G(V)graiihie, with a part of the plates; and a ( irnnaii translation by J. H. von Mmutoli, with an additional eommontaiv ly tiio translator, appeared in Berlin, IS:?'2, as licschrcihunii einer alien S/irli. vU\ This contained the plates, totrether with many additional ones illu-itriitiii;' Mexican antiqiiitiea from various sources. The German editor says tliiit the \vIk)1c I'hi'^lish edition, except two copies of proof-sheets, \va< dcstrnyoil; but this would seem an error, since the work is often referred tn liy dii- fei'ent writers, and the price paid for the copy consulted by me dor- imt indicate ijrei'.t rarity. Stephens, Criif. Amcr., vol. ii., p. 'JflO, speaks i>\ this as 'the lirst notice in Karope of the discovery of these ruins. '--iTicm- rectly, unless we understand pruifcl notice, and even then it n;:st 1"' noticed that Juarros, J/ist. Onaf., 1808-18, pp. 18-10, gave a brief acconiit of I'alenque. Del Rio, in 15rasscur's opinion, was neither artist nor archi- tect, and his exploration waa less ccmiplete than those of CaMcron ami li'jrnasconi, whoso reports he probably saw, notwithstanding the greater force at his disposal. 'Sin eml)ar;i;o de siis distinguidas c'ircnnstaiicia<, do noticias historiales para lo que pedia la materia, y deailivid carecia lie noticias iiistoriales para lo que pedia la materia, y de aiiivKnui para lojxrar nii perfeeto descubiimiento.' liri/i.i/m Viin., to.ii. i., p. .S'J*. The ori;,'iiial Spanish of Del Kio"s report, \ p"''- lish them, and later into Kn^lish hands. They were en,L;raved in I '"H. 18J;!, without any aecompan,\ in;;' explanation, and M. Warden n'|iriiiliii('il u part of them in u ineinoire to the French (jleoyraphical Society. Tlicsc niULIOGUAPIIY OF PALENQL'E. 291 Crist('>val, the state capital, on a trilmtary of tlio IJsii- in.itiiita, not over twetity miles, ])erliaps less, from the licad cf iiavij^atiou for canoes. Nearly two centuries liitir a group of majTCiiificcnt ruins, whoso existence ]i;i(l lieen before utterly unknown, at least to any hut natives, was accidentally discovered only a few leagues an' (crtiiiiily tlic plates in my copy of Del Rio.'aiul I liavc but little doulit thiit tlifV lire the tiulv ones '.iiat ever aecouipanieil iiis ])itlili.->lie(l work. li.illni'k." .N'/.r Mmitlis' Uisp'riicr. in Mi:i\, \t. .'Wtt, says he <'opie(l Castafie- (lii's ilniuiiijrM in Mexir< , \H'2'^, Itut he puUlisiied n- li^liiil liy Lcinl Kinji-il aroniili, in vol. iv. of his Mi.riinn Aittiquitir.i, to- I'l'llicr with tii(! Spani-h text of Unpai.x's report, ohtained from I know iiui wiial source, in vol v., and a I'arelcssly made Knj,dish translation of the same in vol. vi. of the same \v(u-k. In IS'JS, the ori;.dnal text and dra\vin;,'s were delivered liy tin- .Mexican authorities to M. liaradere -at least Sr |(:i/a. ( iinilcir of the Mexican .Museum, eertilied them to Ik- the oriLtinals; hilt Sr (iiiMilra. afterwards curator of the same institution, assured Itras- scur liiat these also were only copies, — and were ]>uhlished the text in S|iaiii-!i and I'rcuch in 1SI.'{, h\ A iiliijiiitis M< wiriiinrs. The faithfulness willi uliicli the dcsci-iptions anil ra--Miir, (ilijeels to the slij;litin^ t»uie with which I)i;paix's editors speak (if |)rl \Vui\ report; also to thi'ir (daim that only b'' ;overnment aid can such expliiratious he carried on. M. Walde<'k ...lys I /'''■itrjiir, p. vii., that 111' tried III preveiit the ]iuhlicalion of the plates iii Kin.,slmron;;irs work on ai'i'iiinit of their iiiaccnracy, altho':j;;i how he e> I'd at that dale pretend til lie a JMil^^e in the matter docs not aiipear. it :s irne that ( 'astuneda's ilrawiiins MIC iinl cijiial to those of WahU'id'C and Stephens, hut they never- lliili-.s j;i\c ail excellent idea of the },'eneral features uf all riiiiis visited. Miiiclei Na\s iif I >uiiaix's report : ' Ce dociimeiit est encore aujonrd'lii'.i it; ji'i.N 'iirieiix ct le plus interessiint one muis possi'dons snr les mines de l*a- ltiii|iic,' !'(///(((/,■, tom. i., p. "-'(i.S; 'I r'trr/s, ]>. !)(>, It was diirin;,' the third ('X|ird:tiiiii, hi'Liim in Deecmher, ISII7, that Dnpiiix visited l'aleni|ue with n tune of natives. His survey lasted several months. The results may 111' iniiiid as follows: /hi/x'' ti'iiic I'.r/in/., in Aii/iii. Mr.r., torn, i., div. i., ii]i. Ill lii'i, torn, iii., ]d. xi.- ',i., with an ex|danatnm liy .M. I.cnoir, toni.' ii . iliv i., p|i. 7;{ SI; Kiii(isli!)4-:};v.», vol. M.. I'll. ITIi-S.'t, Vol, iv., pi xii.-xlv. To econouii/e space I shall ref"r to tlii'M- wiiiks hy the siin])le names of J)ii/iiiix. rnd Kiiii/shf.rniiij/i, with the iiiiiiilii'r nf pa;,'e or jdiite; aud I shall, moreo>e,-, reft-r directly to Kini^shor-' iiii;;li uiily when diU'erenees may appear in text or plates. I'r I''. Ciirroy, a {''reiich physician of Tahasco, lived 20 years in the I'liiiiitiy and made several visits to Faleiupie, elaimin;^ to know more ;'hon.^ the mill-- than anyone else. An inscription on one of the untruiiecs (.>f tha 233 RUINS OF PALENQUK. iV.jiii tho town ill the midst of a donso forest. Since their discovery : i the middle of tlio eigliteeiitli ecu tiiiy the ruins have heen several times carefully i\- ])l(>rod both })y puhlic and private enter[)rise, and all their j)rominent features have l)een clearly ln'ouulit hi the linowledi^e of the world by means of illustiatiw Taliino, shown in Wahlrrk, \i\. ix., reads 'Francois Cnrrny de tori'erviii;;c cMi eslas niinaslos dii-s 'I'l di' .\j,'()«t(). IJnicn liL'sti'iiador do holl.is. Cdii >ii l'",s]H)sa y Ija.' lie fiiriiished suiiie inforinatioii from ISi'lt to is;!'_' in the l''i(Mi(li (ieoj^raphieal Society, and speaks of 14 drawinj^s and a MS, lii>iuiv i)i Ills j'ussussion. Sor. Groij., linlletiii, toni. ix., No. CO, I.S'JS, p. ||is; Aiifi/. Mi.n., torn, i., div. ii., p. 70. Col. Juan (iaiindo, at. oiic time cini. necteii with the ISritisli ('entral Anierieau service, also (iovernorof I'ctcn, and correspond! nj( meniher of the London (ieoj^ra])hical Soiitiy, hcnt inni'h information, with maps, |>lans, ami sketches to the French Smiii:' de ( lei)i;raphie. His letter dateil April 27, 1S31, descrihinj,' the l':ilciii|iii' ruins, is |irinted in Anfiq. Mr.r., torn. i.. div. ii., pp. ()7-7'-, also an l',ii;:li>li triinslation in the Liln-nrif Gazrtff, No. "<>!), London, \i<'M. which was reprinted iu the Lotii/. Ircui/. Sar., Juiir., vol. iii., jjp. (!()-2. liiifoiiil, Cr.//- OH'S, toni. i., p. 1 1'i, states tliat Nehel visited l*aleni[ue, and MiiMcr, I'n-'- l/(/i<)iicji, ]). -l.V.MiO, also imjilies that this traveler explored the ruin-; luit this is prohahly erroneous. On .\pril 1-J, 18:Ji», M. Frederic de Waldeck, the most indefali-nLIc nii.j Buccessful exnlorer of l'alen(|ne, arrived at the ruined city, ilhi>tniliM! ](!atcsof whicli he had enuraved ten years hefore for Hel Itio's work. Tlii-t veteran artist -(i4 years of a;^eatthat lime, accurdinj; to lirasscuiV stiiii- meut, I'li/ni'/iir, p. vi., liut (17 if we may credit tiie current report in tin' newspapers that h(> cclcliratiMl his lOittli hirthday in Paris on I>cc. 7. \^'H. heiiiu' still hale and iiearty - hi 'it a cal)in amoni,' the ruins anil s|iini lu i V hole years in their examinatio IJrassenr, /V^/cz/^/zr, p. vi., iiicnnviily H.iys //(/vv years. ' Deux ans dc; si'-jour sur les lieux,' ]Ving paid hy a suhsi'ription which was lic.nliil li> file Mexican (iovernment. Niore than '.'00 drawiiij^s in water iinil "il colors were the result of his labors, and these drawings, more foriMiuiii' tiian those made the next year in Yucatan -set; p. 11" of llii> miIuiih' - escaped contiscation, althonj,di Stephens erroneously states the idiiiian, »ind were hroujfht to l''rance. Wiililrrk, Vnif. I'itt., p. vi. For varinii- r. isous WaldtH'k was unahh: to puhlish hi pro])osed work, ami nvti' ;iii yi 'rs elapsed hefon; the result of his lahiu's was made piildic. cmciiI throu^fh commuiMcations dated Au;r. 28, and Nov. I, 1SI{'2, sent td tin' ( ieoi;i;iphical Society at Paris. Lafoinl, I'lti/aifr.s, toni. i., ;i. II- I shall speak a;j;ain of his work. Mr Friederichsthal visited Paleiii|iii' in iii> Central .\mericaii travels hefore IS41, hut neither his text iku- plaice, sufai us I know, have ever l>eeii pulilisheil. Ilnis.siur tie Jiriirhtmrij, I'"!' k'ihi, inlrod., p. It. See pp. IK! -7 of tliis vol. In ISIO, .Messis Stephens and ( 'atherv ooil, after their ex])ioralien nf tlii' Hntii|iiilies of lloMdurasaud (iuatesuala, reached PaleiHiiie oii Ma\ 'i, n- iiiainiiig until .lime 4. Such are the dates ;,'iven Ity JJrasscur, l.ic "iilv anticjuarian except myself who has ever had the liardil I U> t \|ilnri' Stofilieiis' writin.Lrs for dales, hut tln^ actual examinaticui of tlic iniiis lasted only from .May II to .(uiie 1. The results an? found in >'./'A'/iv yiic, vol. ii., jip. 2Si»~:{i;.'), with ;!1 ]ilates and cuts from ("athcrwouil-iiiinv- ifl;:s; and iu rutlin-inn,:!'.^ ]'irir.i nf Anc. Mi.ii., N. York. ISU. •_'•"> i nlnirii litho-rapiis, with text hy Mr Slephens. A I'rencli translation of Sli'|ilu'iin deseripliou of Paleii<|ue is yiveii in Brasseur dc Bvurboui-ij, I'lil' ni'ii, if ■<:i IJIBLlOLillAI'IIY OF PALENQUK- 29;} I rest. Siii('i> iteoiith ct'ii- •jirurully i\- >i'isc, iiiid all y hron^iit tn t' illustrative )y de terrcr via;:i' (io hfU.is. Cull m: ■(•J',) to is;v.' Ill till' anil ii MS. iii-tniy (iO, IS-JS, |i. \%; , at. it^^<' tiiiM' niii- iovoriior li lS:il. wliiili «iis )-l. I-afiiiiil, ('(///• and Miillfi, I'm'- reil the iiiiii-: Imt t indcfati^iaMi' aii'l id fity, illii>tnili\(! Hill's work. Tills [D Urasi-i'tn's stall'- rent ri'iinit in tin; on l)i'('. 7. 1^1 1. s and s|iriil fw'i vi., iMi'iiii'i'i'tly lihrk, ]■"//. /''■''.. y/'.v Aimr. A nil']., I wan luMilol liv u water ami "il rs, iiiori' I'orliMiati' (,"' of this volii vtcs till' nmirary, vi. For viiriiiin ork, and nvcr »• ,,. i>nlilii', fM'i'jit 1S;W, sent !ii '111' 1. i.. ■.'• I'-- .' il raii'ii'inf ill lii'* t nor jilatr--. sufar linlinj, l'"l'ii'l'", ■ (.xjiloralioiiiif till' ,^,1,. on Ma\ ''. ij- irassciir, lai' ""l,^' lihoi.d to t^l'l"'''' at ion of I hi' ni'i't finuid in >''l""" •;illu'rwon,r-arau- ■U IS 1 1. -J-"' i"'."i''"! dation of Sli'iili''"' m-'j, 7v/'"/"M'l' iilati'S and descriptive text. Waldeck and Stej;liciis arc the liest and most c()nii)]eto authorities, l)ut tlic ri'pni'ts of Antonio del llio, (Juillaunie Dupaix, Juan (ialiiido, and Desire CMiarnay att'ord also nmch valua- lilc iiiloi'ination, ospeeially in conneetiou with tlie two istaiulaul authorities mentioned. After a most eare- 1 1-J7. llcspocliiif,' the a1)ility of these cxjdorers, and the faithfulness of 11 ii'ir I'.'Xl ami ilrawinj. apa- i~ i'\i'i lied there eaii lie hut one opiiii ri leir work m Ch on y hy that of the same j;eiitlenieii in Yucatan. See [>, J Ki 111 lliis V(d. Without aid from any ;;i>verninent, they aceomplislied 'JO days, at the hei;;lit of the rainy season, tiie most unfavorahle fur sueli \Mirk,' mure atisfaetory results, as Stenheiis justly elaims, Cmf. Anirr., vnl '., ;. : ■(, than any of their jireueeessors — cxcciit WaldeeU, whose lirai i.i.;.s I '( then lieen puhlislied. .'ii lo.iy ..s aceount of the ruins aiijieared in 184") in tlic^ RnjIsfTO l'.'-,.' , iiaii. i., j)[i. .'US-'2l'. M. Morelet, of whom k liavi; already s|iiiki'ii. |niii il fortuijiht herein 1S4(>. Vai/fttjcs, torn, i., ii|i. '2(!-t-iSl; '/'nir- (.'..■, [iji. lil-lll, with (Uits from other sourees. In l.sr>8, M. Desire Charnay, Cliar^'i' d'uiie mission ;.ar le iniuistre d'Ktat, a reti'et d'e.\|ilorer les mines itiirrii-aiiiiv visi ted I iileniiui' sfiil licie ihan elsewh hut h ihoti o'naiihu' e d of tlie four vie W.S |)l [•flort s \Ncre h lilished in his At!. that of till; lahlet of the eross, is of jfreat value in testini.; tl IS, le ae- iiarv III prei'edinir artists. His deseriiition, how ever, is interestm'' am I i.iliialilf as showing' the elleets of time on the ruins sinee Stephens' visit. •li'ifinni, Hiiiiirs Aiarr., I'aris, ISfi.'J, pp. 411-41, phut. I'J-'J'J; liemarka M. V ii.lletde Dii PI 7-'-:{. In Isiio, a eomniissioii a|ipoiiited hy the I'reneh government examineil 111 ri'jiiirii'd upiin Waldeek's eolleetioii, whieh wasfoiind to contain iiiiiety- " ,' to I*alen(|iie, and ninety-seven represent- I'lic iliawiiiu's reiatiii'' e.\clusivelv III;; iiiiiii Is iiom other localities. The I'aien((ue drawiii<;s were reported ti *!■ far siqicrior to any others in existence, a somewhat too decided iniichniit mix i-i-sliiiir(tlii)ii heini^ tie only defect; a defect, however, which is to :i ^Hi.'" in the work^^ of all antiiiuarians, seveial .'icatcr iir less extent o -e Ml' I'allirrwi ate> 'r.-IP, onfessedlv restorations. Il rl iif li.e C(iiiii-.;issi,>n, the whole collection was |iurchaseil, and a IM select a portion of the plates for ]iuhlicatiiin. the siili-i-iiiiiiinssion ,ipj' till!'' Il wa^ ilcrided, hu'. '^vi MHiii' iiilniilmiory liKittti iii'iillv i|'ialilicil for tlie ;• n accordance with iihstiMite for M. Waldeck lirojii text \i>ilril ralcmine. He afte'V'. .i. Is, however, |ia he tvritten hy the .\hhe Itiasseur, a man emi- tll'' i^;ii at the time In- had never personally h7!. till' ^.'I'lii'ral title Mniiii I'lirati'ilsiili-titles. It inioni' the niiiis. Th sell a ]iart of the nioiilli of der inallvaiiiieari'd in I8(!(>, ui Its A I ih( Mr.riiiKt', in lar;,'e folio, with com- ile upas follows: -I. Annif i'm/uis, ]>]). i.-xxiii. iiiilaiiiiii;,' a hrief notice of some of the writi'rs on American .\ntii|nitieH. ami a iniii|ilctc account of the circumstances which led to the piililicalinii o I.I ex III ."Il f t speculations on the on;,fii )f All pp. -J'.l-s.-j, lericim civiliziition, ^^illl whiiji I have . - in^ to doat present ; j\'. Pisiripliim (Irs Uidm I'v M. \\ aldcck, i;.. .iii; V. Fiftv-six larij;e litliojrraphic plates, of wliic-h •^"" i . V. \ Iii., and 1 . l;(te to I'aienijue, including; a tine map of \'uc;ita!i anil('liia|ii.s. I shali . i r lotlic plates simply hy the name Wuhlrd: i\\\>\ the ■ iiiiiKii' iif III,. |,|ate. hy the prccedin;,' list of contents it will he seen that lliw I ny lar the most in ■d. 'I'l portant and coni|)lete work on tiie suoject e\er iiDlislicil. 'I'hu publiohurs ^irobably uctcd wi.icly in rejoetiii;,' NNaldeck's 294 RUINS OF PALENQUE. ■ ■■■'<' i.i fill study of all tliat has boon writton on the siiljjcct, J shall endoavor to _o-iv^e the reader a clear idea of ruined structures which have given rise to more faith- ful investigation and absurd speculation than any others on the continent. The aboriginal name of the city represented by tliis group of ruins is absolutely unknown. Palencjiic, tIhj name by which it is known, is, as we have seen, sim- ply that of a modern village near by. The word y»/- Iciiqae is of Spanisl < ri:>iM and moans a stockade di- enclosure of palisade^;, w it came to be apj)liL(l to the village of Santo 1/ .. ingo is not explained, luit there is not the slightest reason to su})pose tliat it lias any connection with the ruins.^ Sr Ordonez, already mentioned, applies in his unpublished writings tlio name Nachan, 'city of the Serpents/ the same as tlio text as a whole, since liis arclia-ologioal Hpeculatinna arc always inure nr less absiint; Imt it would have heeii Itetter to j;'ive iiis descriptive matter more in full; and fault may lie justly foun7-(i!*; M'-<'itlliili's Ri'srinThcs in Aiiicr., ])|i. "204-303; Kltiiiiii, Ciilttirdr.schirhtr, toiii. v.. iip. l(>l>-3; Ariiiiii, Das Ilciitiiji'. Mi\t., pp. 73, S")-',)! ; Wuppiins, (Iror/. h. Sf,ii., ]t. 148; Xoft niitl (iliddoii's Iiiiliij. Jiarrs, pj). 184-5; J/Ch'/tii/iii/. Vnt/niii; ]ip. .'?r>4, 3r>(i, ])late, restoration from I>uiiai.\; /V/.v.v"//, Afrj'i. ."iT.'i. ."iiW-ii; same account in Escakra and Liana, Mrj. lli.J. Ik.srrip., ]<\t. 'XV2~>\: /."■ J'ltnd, Voi/at/r.i, torn, i., pp. 13!)-44; /irtid/i)r. 38; lirassrnr dc linnrhourff, Hist. Sat. I'ti:, torn, i., PI). 82-94; Daris Am: Anifi:, pp. 4-8; Maltr-Hntn, J'rn-i.s ,l,!,i (T/''ti;f., tom. vi., ])]). 4t)4-r); Fnisf's I'irf. Hist., |)p. 71-7; Willson's Amir. Jf'st., pp. 74-(); Janrs' Hist. Anr. Anirr., ])]>. 0'./-S(i, 127; Mid/ii; .Imn'l- kanisrhr Urrrlitjion^'n, ])p. 4()2, 408; Mosairo Mr.c, torn, ii., ]). XW. eiit, restoration from l)u|iaix; Mi(/ilcnjtf(irdt, Mijivo, torn, ii., ]). 21; It'i-isiii Mr., tom. i., ]). 4'.)8; liitsrliniunn, Ortsniunrn, ])p. 117 20, 181; .Mninr'-i M( .c. Aztir, etc., vol. ii., |). 180, cut, erroneously said to he a Vucat.in ,ihar; J.ittrva. Tasrli,rnl}ia-k dir Drutsr/nn, in Jin.ss/aiid, pp. 04-5; Furfii/n ijnm: liri'ifir, vol. xviii., p]i. 250-51; Larniaiiiliiri', Mix. Gnat., p]i. ;{ON--'li. «itli plates from Stephens; Xarman's llandilrs in Ynr., pp. 284-1(2. 3 ' Uiie enceinte de hois et de pallisades.' Ura.ssnir de Jiiinrltiinr'i. /'''■ /rn'/nr, p. 32; see also the Spanish dictiomiries. ''J'al ve/ es coriiipeimi ili^ la palahra (a/te<') />'»/'n/7'^/, cosa podrida.' Orozrn y lii'rrn. Ilnniiiij i" . ]'■ 84. '.Means lists for liy;litin|^.' Daris' Anr. Anirr., ]>. 5. I rcmcniher aKo to have seen it staled somewhere that paleiii|ne is the name applieil in tlie ]ioles hy which boatmen propel their boats on the waters of the tieiia ealiente. NAME OF THE ANCIENT CITY. 295 Aztci- Ciilhuacan, to Paleiujue, but so far as can bo kiiowii, without any authority whatever. This naiue has ItLL'ii adopted without (juestiou by several writers, and it is (juite common to read of "tlie ruins of Cul- liuiicui, improperly termed l^alencjue."* The old tra- ditions t)f the primitive times when Votan's jji^reat t'in|iii'e flourished, apply the name Xibalba not only to the em[)ire but to a great city which was its C}i])i- tal. Palenijue, as the greatest city of ancient times in this region which has left traces of its existence, niav have l)een identical with yil)all)a; the difficulty of iHsproving the identity is e(piaied oidy by that of proving it.'"' The natives, here as elsewliere, liavo often applied to the city a name which simply indi- cates its ruined condition, caHing it Otolum, ' [)lace of falling stones,' a name also borne by the small stream on whicli the buildings stand. Waldeck writes it Ototiun, 'stone house,' which he derives from the na- tive woixls ofofe and tiunich. Stephens calls the stream Otula. If tliere were any u'ood reasons for abandon- iiig the designation Paleufpie, and there certainly are none, Otolum would i)ei'haps be the most ai)proj)riate name to take its place.*' The name Xliembol)el-Mo- yos, from that of another modern village of this region, .suonis sometimes to have been used by the natives in connection with Palencpie ; and in a Tzendal manu- script the name Ghocan, 'sculptured serpent,' is said to be used in the same connection; while one author, draw- * Ifiiiilhohfl * Iliiinhnhli^ ill Xoin'rUi'ii Aiiiirtlrs drx Vol/., toni. xxxv., ]i. 327; Fovfc;/, }['.riijiii\ |i. ,'{73; ,]f(i//r-Jirilii, I'rii'i.s (/i; Id (rcii;/., toiii. vi., |>. 4(! J; Jicirrn.s, Hixl. (liiiil., p, HI; /yOrhiffiiff, Viii/'i;/i', p. .'?.">>; lirtissriir ilv Uniirliitiirii, lli^>. A//. ('//•., toiii, i., p. (iS>. liriissL'iir, liowcvcr, i'li;uij;t'il his iiiiiid alxiiit tlio iiaiiic ill later works. J'dlciK/m', ]t. ',i'l. Doiiioiu'cli, J}i:-;,frapiiiciil error. '■> llriis\i iir i/i' ISuitrhuiinj, Hint. Xiif. dr., tuiu. i., p. Ill; /(/., I'opol Villi. Mini .Viiiiriirz, Hist. I'lid. (iiidf., jtassiiu. '' '.li' |iriiiive, en etl'et, '.'. I liiive restored to them tin? trne name of Otolnm, which is yet the iiiuiic of tiic stream rnnninjf throiiyh the ruins.' JiaJ/iiicujuc, quoted in J'ni\si'ii Ami: Aiitiq., j). 2iU. 296 RUINS OF PALENQUE. V itiuc lieavily on his iina^'iiiiitioii, s{)oal\s of tin- ''iiii- niuiisu city of Culluuicaii or Hiicliuutlapallaii, " tiius idoutifyiug PaluiK^uu with tho famous city wlu'iicc tlio Toltocs startod in their traditional miiL>'ratioii to Aii;i- liuac.'' By tho Spanish inhabitants and most (tf tliti native |)o[)ulatioii of Santo J)oming(), the ruins iiic commoidy spoken of as tlie Casas de l*ie(h"a. The structures tliat have attracted the attiMition df and been described by all the successive exjiloivrs, are ;L>-enerally the same, and in their descrij)tions kss exa-ji-i^eration is found in the earlier reports than niii^-Iit naturally !>o expected. In extent, however, the city has gi-adually dwindled in the succrssive rei)orts from two hundred buildiuf^s stretchiiiL;' (i\cra space of twenty miles, to less than the ai'ea of a modern town of humble pretensions. A few scat- tered mounds or fragments in the surroundinu;' coun- try, which very ])robably exist, but which have esca})ed tho attention of modern travelers, ea'j;vi' to investiui-ato the more wonderful central stiiKliues, are probably tho only basis of tho statements by tlie hrst explorers. The earlier visitors doubtless e(.«!,;;!te(l each isolated fragment of hewn stone, or other trace of the antiL»"Uos' work, as representing* an al)e'iiL;iiial edifice.'* Doubtless tho condition of PaleiKpie lias chanued materiallv for tho worse since its discoverv. The rapidity with wJiich structures of solid stone are destroved bv tho u'rowth of a troi)ical forest, when once the roots have gained a hold, is noted with sm- pri by every traveler. In tho work of destriietien, moreover, nature has not been unaided by man. ami few visitors have been content to depart wiilioiit ^ /)'/''f\ .'•;'/• ff' rtiiiir'i')iir(i, Pulrnqu^, ]>. 32; Jlitri!, }r''.i''q)n\ ]>. 'JT. '^ Cililt'iM.i .Liivos a list lit' •iitll Uuililiii,^s mure or li-ss in ruins, r.ciii;!-- cdui ;iivi's tlic cilN' a I'irciiiiifi'ri'iicc ipf (i 1('m;;iii's and UtJI) varas. ]u\ llio, I >i s'tIji., J). 4, jfivi's liic ruins an extent of 7 or S lea.i,'nes Ironi ea>i I" "i"'. aloM;,' till' foot of a nionntain raiiLre, lint speaks of only I 1 liuiliiinu"^ in wliieji trai'es of roon;s \V()re yet- visilile. Aci'onlin;.; to (lalindo llie lity,''.^" tends •_'!) miles on the summit of the ehain. !.rn:\- uas. lifl l!i". nil ca^t In "■i'>t, 1 t Iniildiiiu"^ i" 1,1,, tlic lily lA- Snr., vol. iii.. S.|UIMV \i-.vsw- tliaii llu' l''">< sitint^ rclie l>rokon fi'oin tlie walls. Del Rio, if wo 111 iv crcilit his own words, sooius to liavo attoin[)tod a Wll't lesalo dostriictioii of the city; ho sa\', (lint of porsevorauco I etlootod all that was nocossary til \k' (lone S( ) that ultiiuatolv thoi'o romaiiiod iioiti lor a window nor a doorway hlockod iij), a jiartitioii that was not thrown down, nor a room, coi-ridor, coui-t, tiiwer, nor sid)toi*ranoaii passajjo in Avhich oxcavation,' Were not offoctod from two to throe varas in do})th, l*al(.'n(juo, — for 1 shall heroaftor a})})!}' this namo "it exolusivclv to tl le nuns, -is situated alK)iit six or seven niilos"' south-west of Santo J3ominL>"o, and some sixty-five miles north-east of San ( 'rist(')val. The tM|i()MTaphy of the rei^ion is not d:;!initcly marked out on t!io maps, and the nomenclature of the streams iiiiiuiitains is lio})elessly ccjnfused; hut many })ar- l and aiK alli'l streams How north-westward from the hil uiiito to ibiin a branch of the Usuniacinta sometimes called the Tulija. The Otolum on which the luins stand seems to bo a tributary from the north of one of the paralhd streams. The location is consoquenily ill a small valley lii'di in the foothills, thi'ouoh whi(di juiis n inouutaiii stream of small size clui'iiii>^ the dry season, but becoming a torrent when 8\^'ollen by the raiiis.'^ ■■'J)rsrr:j,., r- ^■ "Stc'iiluns s.iys oi,i:;Iit miles, vol. ii., p. 2S7; Diipnix, a littlo over two leaguis, |i. 14; Moi-elct, V'li/nni', toni. i., p. '2t.'>, twu ami a ludf li'airue.s— 'Irnrds, p. (U. two leagues; t.'liaoiay, ]). 4lli, twchc kiloiiu'tres. 'J'lic liiiips rtiiiTsiiit tlie distance as sonicwliat le.ss tliaii eiiriit miles. 11 il>..:u . .. J 1 1 r ii . 1 -11 ... i. ..1 ..i.. \ c ii. . . L i. .:..,. n Kiiiiixhoiouiili, vol. vi., p. 47;t, ' oee\niie(l a spuui I't ^.".111111(1 seven miles and a half in extent.' 'Au nuid-ouest ilu villag* iiiiliiii de Santo ])oiningo de raleinpu'', dans la, ei-devant province d( Jzi'iididi s.' Jhiiiiliulill, in 2\'oun'lli.-i Annalif (Ic I'oi/., toni. .x.xxv., pp •i-iS. (Iiiliiido, AuI'k]. Mc.f., torn, i., div. ii., p. (i!). deserilies the locatiol i'* iiii till' .Mimiiiit of the range, and readied liy stairways from the Vidlej l'^'lHW. On a ]ilaiii eigjit leagues long, which extemls along the foot of tin I'ii^litst iK(..uiitaiu ehahi. MuhUiq'/unll, JJiJko, turn, ii., p. lil. retrifuo 298 RUIN'S OF PALENQUE. :i TIic present extent of tlie ruins, their distrihtttlon, and their reLitive size are shown in the 'iccompanyiiiif plan, taken witli slii^ht chaiiLfes to he mentioned in their proper phice, from Wahleck.*^ The structmvs that have l)een descrihed or definitely located hy iuiv author are numhered on the plan, the unmnnliLivil ones hoini^ heaps of ruins whose existence is meiitioinil hy all, and the exact location of wliich M. WaKlLck in his lon.,^ stay was ahle to fix. It will he seen that the hnildinns all face the cardinal points with a vtiy slii^ht variation. So thick is tlie forest on the site ami over the very huildin^'s that no one of the latter can be seen from its neig'ld)or or from the adjoining- hills. M. JMoi'elet, on one occasion, lost his hearinn's in tlio inimed'iate vicinity, and althoUL^'h he did not perlia})?) i(o a half-mile from the ruins, yet he had the i^'reatcst difficulty in returnini*-, and comini^ from a contrary direction thoui^ht at first he had discovered new niDii- lunents of antiquity. When the trees are cut down, as they have been several times, only a few yeais aro necessary to restore the forest to its ori^'inal density, and each explorer has to begin anew the work of clear! ni>\^^ I boi^in with the largest of tlie structures, markcJ 1 on the plan, and commonly known as the I'alacc, although of course nothing is known of its oiigiiial use. From a narrow level on the left bank of the sti'eam rises an artificial elevation of pyramidal feria, with ({uadrangular base measuring about two huiidnil and sixty by three hundred and ten feet, and soiuo- thing over forty feet in height, with sloping sides tions of iniirliie shells from the ruins prosorvod in the Mcxiran Miisonm. Goiiili-'i, in I'irsriitt, llist. I'nnii. .l/c/'. , toni. iii., p. (i. '^ Widdrvk, j)l. vi. Ste|)li('iis' iiliin, vol. ii., p. 'XXJ, iiirrees in tin' with this hut is much I"ss couiiilete. Dupiiix, p. IS, found only r.m u;ul sciittoroil ruius, iuhI decliiivil it inipossilile to make a eorn>i'i |>l:iii. •■' 'I'ous les monuMU'nts ile Palomine sont orientL'saux (jnatrc |Miiiit: (lina:irc, avoo une variation do I'i .' Wal'Irrk, p. iii. 'Oricuti' ci ttutes los mines (jue nous avons visitees.' I'huniini. I'liiiirs Annr.. p Others, without haviuLf niaile any accurate ohservatious, speak of llic fa"iu;; (he eardiual puints. See .Wirr/rf, l'iii/i>i/r, tom. i., p. •270, ett;- the experience of that traveler in yetting lost near the ruius. main fiist'd s car- lIlllllU . 4-.'l. 'Ill :i^ ., lot istril)utIon, oiiip.'iiiyiii^' Mitioiicd ill structinv>i tod l)y iiiiy umiiiilii'ivil I luoiitiitiii'd I. WaKLvk 3 seuii that A'itli a VL'ry tliesiti' and I latter can iniiiL;- liills. in^s in the not ]>i'i'liai>.4 ,lie i;'i't'atcst a contrary ;1 iK'W n 11)11- : cut down, \v years aro lal density, ho ^\ol■k of ['OS, marked ho I'ahice, ts orininal aiik of tho nidal toriii, o Ivuinh't'd and soino- oping sides xinin ^^,He^lm. OS ill till' iiiiiiii only idiifiisi'il rrci't plan. itrc |Miiiits (';ir- )riiMiti' coiiiiiie c,-ik "I llit'iii ;'^ 27(i, etc., I'lif 'if 1 I I 300 RUINS OF PALKN'QUK. iind traoos of l)n);vl central stairways on tlic oast and north." TIio sides were faced with iT^iiLir Mocks of Iiewii stone, bnt tliis facin^if lias hecii ni lii-okcn np and forced out of })lace by the rixtfs of trees that the original outline is hardly distinmii>Iia- ble. J)ui)aix, both in text and drawini^s, divides the j>yramid into three sections or stories by two prdjn'- tions of a few feet I'unninLT horizontally round tlio sides; he ])uts a siniilai" projection, or cornice, at the summit, and covers the whole surface of the sidis with a polished coatin<^ of cement. That this state of thing's existed at the time of his exploi'atioii is |ins- sli)le, altlioun'h not very probable; yet it is in it un- likely th it thj slopes were orii^'^inally covered with jtlaster, or even painted. The material of ^vhicll the bulk of the mound is comi)osed is not very delinitely stated by any visiter. I believe, however, that 1 have discovered a jxriil- iarity in the construction of this j)yrami(l, which may jxissibly throw some li^ht on the orinin «'f' the ])yranudal structure so universal amonsjc tlie civilized nations of the continent. L think that, ])erha[is with a view to raise this palace or temple above the waters of the sti'eam, four thiidc walls, jiossibly more, were built uj* ])erpendicularly from the ground to the de- sired height; then, ai'ter the completion of th.c walls '* T)iiii('iisl()iis from F!lrj>hrji.<<, vol. ii., p. ,^10. Tt is not likely iIkii ilicy art' to lie rc^rai'ili'd MS iiiiytiiiiij;' iiimt' tiiiiii jipproxiiiiatioiis to liic ^11-11^1 cxtiMil; the stiito of tlic iiyniinid rciKlcriii;; strictly accurate iiicmsiih iiiiiii< iiii|iiactic;ilile. 'I'lie autliorities diller coii^iilei-ahly. '1~'.\ tVet loii'j. ''" 'ii' lii;;ii. W'dlilirh-, y. ii. 1(»S(» feet in circimitereiice, (iO feet lii;^li. /'"/-"i.'-. |i 14. •_'(> yards liij,di. Ihl Rio, Drsm'/)., \>. 4. 100 x 70 nii-tres and not ovirl.'i feet lii.uli. C/iiiriKii/, L'liiiirn A inrr., ;i.4"24. Circiiiiiference UlSO fed. luiL'lit (iO feet, steps one foot lii;rli. JlrKsxriir ."). "iO iiieti-es lii;,di, area 3S40 s(|. ineti'es. Mair/if, re,'/".'/' , toiii. i., ]i. '_'(17; '20./'''/ lii;.;li. /'/. Trnirh, n. ,S8. Over ;{4(» metres ion;.'. I.. iii., is the oidy one who I'lmi'l traces of a northern slairwa.v. and none of the ;:eneral views show sinii tiaces. Charnay, )•. 4'-'."), thoiiM;ht the eastern stairway was (hmlilr. liciiiL,' divided liy a iierpendicnlar wall. Ilrassenr, Piileiiqitr, ji. 17, in a ii"ii' tn liis translation of Stephens, says that author represents a stairway in iiis plate hut does not speak of it in his te.\t-an error, as nniy he seen mi tlu' lollowiiiL; pa^^'e of the translation or on p. 'M'l of the oriu'inal. Tlic iniiis- lation '(|m y montent ilr la turusse' for 'ieudiiig ui> to it oa the Itiraci; may account for the error. OUKilN OK PYUAMIDAL STUrCTl'UIA ?m n tlie cast IS 1 )(_'(■! I so le roots (it' >tiiii;uislia- lividcs tlio wo l>l'llj(.'C- roiiiid tlh' ico, at the tliu sidus tliis state ion is I ins- is Hot 1111- X'W'A with to sf nii'^tlicn tlieiu, or duriiio- the pi-oi^ross of tlif work to jju'ilitato tlu; raisiiio' of tliu stones, tlio iii- ti rior was tilled with earth, and the exterior oraded with tlic same material, the whole heini^ Hul)se(iiiently I'aicd with hewn stone. ALy reasons for this opinion iiiav lie illustrated l)y the annexed cut. All the nMi:tj±,-^^ ' t 'm b^ 1;'^ ij-jk. Mode of constructinj,' Pyraiuid. tl inoiUKl IS ,ny visitor. d a jitriil- lid, wliicli ^'in ol* tlie e civilized ha|is with le waters lore, were thi' dc- tlie walls Kcly tlKil ilii'V 1 till' iiii'.'inal iii'Msiiiciiii'nl" Idii.L;. till tcet 1. /)ii/,iii.i\ \i. ml iiiit ii\crl.") ISO feci. Iici;:lit (//. ' M'., Idlll. i/iii/i . tdiii. i., oiij;. I.iifiiiiil, w ulm l.iiiiiil \vs slinw Mlcll (Idiilili. lirin;; , in II iidlc III liiirwiiv ill hi'* MM'II nil till' 'I'lic mills- ((, the llates represent tlie pyramid with sjopino- stone-fa«;ed si(U.'s, mucli damaoed hy the tiirs. Two of them, Stephens and Waldeck, mak- iii.;' excavations friMii the sunnnit at diiierent points, clearly imply that the intei'ior, I), is of eai'tli. The iiei^ht isi;iveu hyall the visitors down to Stephens, as tVoiii loity to sixty feet. Now Charnay, ooinino" nearly twt'iity years later, I'ound the eastern side a jxnpen- (liciilar wall, only fifteen feet hi,<4'h, and jiroves the ac- cural y of his statement hy his ])hotoi>raph, which, as lie says, cannot lie. 1 cannot satisfactorily account foi- the condition of the structure as found hy him, excej)t hy suiiposini^ that the stone facing-, loosened hy the trees, had fallen frt)m i> to F, and that the earth which tilled the sides at EE, had been washed awav hv th nil, leavni]!^ tlie ]>erpen( th diculi ir Aval it 13 ^\e sliall see Liter that it is utterly im|K)ssihle to lix any (hlinite date for the foundini'' of Palencpie; hut It is (hiuhtlc'ss to he referred to the earliest ])ori()d of A im riraii civilization which has left definite archi- tectural traces; and its claims are perha})s as stron^i(»n and civiliziitioii of its hiiilclurs, would he \(i\- iiiitunil, although the form would afterwards Itc umiv readily attained l)y ineauH of a solid Htnictinf. I offer thin aw a conjeetural theory to take its |ila(c liv the wide of many <)thers on the Huhject, and at t\\v least not more (levt)id of foundation than sevci-al df its ('(>mi)ani()ns.*' It is not iinprohahle that tln' builders may have taken atlvantai^e of a slight iiat- tural elevation as a foundation for their work. The summit i)latform o^' the pyramid supports the I*alace, which covers its whole extent save a narrow passatjce round the edu^e, and the exterior diinciisioiis of which are ahout one hundred and (!i<'htv 1>V two Imiidred and twentv-eiyht feet and thirty feet Iii^li."' 1'he outer wall, a larnice portion of which has fallen, Avas ])ierce(l with ahout forty doorways, which were generally wider than the ])ortions of the wall tiiat se])arated them, j^'ivini^ the whole the appearanci' nf a j)ortico with Avide j)iers. The doorways are ei^lit and a Iialf feet ]\\'^h and nine feet wide. The tops srem to have heen oriiii-inally flat, hut the lintels have in every case fallen and disa[)peared, having heen ])ei- ]ia[)s of wood; indeed, Charnay claims to ha\e I'uuiid the marks of one of these wooden lintels coni|i()se(l ef two j)ieces, while Del Kio found a plain rectangular block of stone five by six feet, extending from one df the })iers to another. The whole exterior was lovered with a coat of hard |)laster, and there are some traces of a projecting cornice which surrounded the huiMiii^' above the doorways, pi(irced at regular intervals with small circular holes, such as I have noticed in N'uea- tan, conjectured with much reason to have originally ^^ fttcphcns, vol. ii., p. .Slfi; Waldrrl; p. vi.; Chnrnny, p. 4'2.'>, plii't '2-. Pupiiix's plate xiii., ti;;. "JO, sliowiiij,' a sectidii of the wliole, iiidiiati's tliat the interior may be tilled with eaitli ainl siiiail Hfones. 'Ii S/r/)keiis, vol. il., p. 310, exi'ept the lieij;lit, wliieh ho drives iit '2.') tVH. 144 X '240 X 3(5 feet. Ihtpnix. j). 1.5. 324 varas in circuint'iircnci' iiinl •'H' vaniH lii;,'h. KiiiqxhonvKih, vol. v., p. 2. 145 x '240 x 'M\ left. Hivm'ur de Bunrbounj, Hint. Nut. Vic, toiii. i., i>. 86. KXTEUIOU OF THi; I'ALACE. ;oi luld ]«)ltN which siij)p()rt(Ml a kind of awiiiiin'. Later vi>ituis havf fuiiiid no j)art of the nuA' n niaiiiiiiijf in pliicf: l»ut (-iu>ariu(hi, >vh() may have loiiiid some pof- tidii >tan(hiiL'', reju'osents it as shtpin^', plain, and plas- (, red, Fr<»in* the interior constiiietion and from tlio i()(i|> of other Palcncjue huihlini^s, it is ])rohahK! tliat his (hawiiiijc i^'ives a correct idea of tlio i'ahice in this r(S|>((t. l)u[){iix often speaks of tlio r(»ofs at J'aien- (|iiL' as heint'' covered with lar^'e stone ihiys (hijas) caririilly joined; other anthors are silent I'espectini;' till ananu'ement of the stones in the i'o(»fs, Jud'_;in^' iVoiu the |iosition of tlie <4'rand stairway that leads np till' side of the j>yramid, and from the arrani^emeiit (if tlu' intei'ior dooi ways, the chief entrance, oi- front, of tile Palace, was on the east, towanls the stream. It is iVoiii this side, although not so well preserved as sniiic otlii'r jtortions, that 'i.'neral vii'ws have ht.'eii kill.'' Of the piers that separated the doorways in outer wall, only fifteen have been found standing!', cinlit oil the east and seven on the west, althouuh tluir Inuiidations may he readilv traced tlirou<>hoiit luariy the whole circumference. Each of the I'emain- iiiL^' piers, and prohahly of all in their original condi- tion, contained on its external surface a has-relief in stucco, and these reliefs with their borders occupied the whole space between the doorways. The cuts, fii>-. I, -, and ."., represent three of the best pieserved of the rtlift's, drawint^-s of six only of them haviiiL;' been pub- lislied. ^b)st of the designs, like those shown in the cuts, were of human fij^ures in various attitudes, and liaviii;; a variety of dress, ornaments, and insii^nia. It '; W,iMc(k tliinks, on the rmitiary, that tlio iirin('i|iiil cut ijiiit tliis cut is less aecnrate than others in his ■work, ami Cliariiay fiilU hi- piioto^'iapli a failure, allhon;,'h I have already made iniportaiu use «|f III,' i.itier. Coiu'erniiif; the lintels, see l'/i(iniii!/,i). 4'_*7, and J>i/ / siilc il /' . I'p. 0-11. IJiasseur, ]list. iVat. t'ir., toui. !., )>. 8(i, says the ont- IJ!, i>. 15. e (j feet liij;''- Doorwavs 4', to [2 ft hi;;h, U to 15 ft wide. ;50i IIUINS or I'ALKXQUK. ^Jl will 1)0 noticed that the faces are all in profile, iind tlio foreheads invariahly Hatteiied, This cranial IninnvMs doubtless the highest type of beaufy or nobility in tliu lisiE^^ 'pk.-Mi'""u:L_:t Ba.s-Relief in Stucco. — Fig. 1. eyes of the ancient artists; and of course tlio nntnr;il ififerenco is tliat it was artificiall}'' ])rodnce(l hy iiu'tli- ods siniihir to those einployed by the ]Mav;is ct' vutw modern times. Ye'' many have believed tliat tlio huilders of PaleiKpie or the ])riests and leaders that directed the work were of a now extinct race, tlif |)eculiar natural confoi'mation of whose foi'elu ad was artificially imitated l>y the d('sceTKl;mts of tluir disri- pie.- The many far-fetched exjtlanations of tlio'' stranL>-e lii-'ures, which fertile imaginations have u*-- file, ;iii(j tlie ill toi'iii Was bility ill the BAS-RELIEFS OF THE PALACE. 305 vised, Avcnild not, T believe, be instructive to the iv;iilri', \\]u) will derive more amiisenient and profit troiii liis own conjectures. The reseuiblance of the *?Sri' ■"""^Kii^V^^iiiAiTi-?^ Y^j'i)^ Bus-Kolief in Stucco. — Fig. 2. li';i(l-(lri'ss in fii*-. 2 to an elephant's trunk is, liowcvof^ ^'iiihwliat strikino-. We nuiy be very suiv tliat these li'miivs jilaced in so prominent a i)ositi()n on tlie oxte- liiif walls of the o-randest edifice in the city, wen- nut 'iitivly oiiiamental and without si^iiiHcance : and it is iiliiiM.st e(|UaUy certain that the three hiei'oolyp]ii(; H^iis over the top of each oroup would, if tliey could '"-' ivail, explain their meanin^;-. Some of the piers ■;^tviii to have been covered entirely with hii-ronlvphics 111 stucco, hut better preserved specimens t)f these in- \uL. IV. '20 30G RUINS OF r.VLENc^LE. scriptions will be shown in connection with other build, ings at Palenque. The stucco, or cement, from wliicli ihe figures are molded, is the same as that with wliieli Ba«- Relief in Stucco.— Fij;. 3. the whole building was covered, and is nearly as han as the stone itself. M. Charnay found evidence to con vince him that the reliefs were put on after the regu lar coating of cement had beetnne hardened; ])ii]iaix believes tliat some of them were molded over a skc eton of small stones, in the same way })erha[)s as tlu gigantic laces at Izamal in Yucatan. Traces of colui in sheltered portions make it evident that the \)M' were originally painted.'" m •8 Dcacriiitiouis and (Iniwiiiys of tlic bas-reliefs. Dhjhux, pp. 20, !'7 PLAN OF THE PALACE. 807 Grouiul Plan of the PuUne. fi. [il. xi\-\xii. Kiii;;sl>nr<)u;,'li. vol. iv., ])1. xxvi., hIiows one «liiina;ifil i^roup ii"l^'i\vii in .l/(//y. .1M.\ ; Del nil), />r.srri/>., ])]•. it-ll, pi. viii., x., xi.. xv., xvi. (;i^ ihcv :mi' aniiii^r<'.v— tlicy arc not iiiiiiiIhtciII; S/rp/ini.':, vol. ii., ini,';ui, 310-17; U'uUcck, i>. v., pi. xii., xiii. Si;c Cliamnii, \u 308 RUINS OF PALENQUE. Notliini'' further remains to he said of the cxtoiiorcf the Palace; let us therefore enter the doorway at tlie head of the eastern stairway. The main htiildiiio- is found to consist of two corridors, formed liy tlireu ])arallel walls and covered by one roof, which extend entirely round the circumference of the idatfonii, and enclose a (juadrangular court measuring ahout ono hundred and fifty by two hundred feet. This coiiit also contains five or six buildings, bome of them cdii- nected with the main edifice, others separate, wliitli divide the court into four smaller ones. The wliule arrano-ement of buildinfifs and courts is clearlv shown in the })receding ground plan. At h, is the ciiief entrance at the head of the eastern stairway; rolct, TV/".'/''. <7. l'-" The jilan is redneed from Wnlild'h-, \\\. vii. (Innind ]ihnis aii' mNji ;.riven in Stiiilims, \ul. ii., ]t. 'MO, eciiiied in Willsun's A/iirr. ///-'.. |i. i'; Jhi/iiiix, |il. .\i.; h'iiiffs/ioriiiiifh, vol. iv., ]d. \iii.;and in Ihl liin, lii .srri/i.,w' i.itter hein;,'only a rouijfh imperfect sketch. It is understood that » tii'.'c jn'i- tion of the outer and southern walls liavo fallen, so that the \ i>it'ii« ilitjir ^■lme^vhat in their location of doorwaysai d some other uuinipoitiiiil ilitiiil- Stephens' |ilau makes the whoK^ niinilier of exterior dooMvays ."d iii-lc.nl "' 4't. and many doorways in tlie fallen walls he does not attempt in liM-itc. I ,i.'i\(' the preference to Waldeck Hiniply on account of his supi ri'H' ';'• cilitiex. TIFi: PALACE COIilUDOns. 309 juiglL' at the top, Tho cut represuuts a section of Section of the Palace Corridors. the two corridors in nearly their true proportions. The walls arc from two to threo feet tliick, and so far IIS can ho dcterniiued from the authorities, tliey an; Iiiiilt entirely of hewn hloeks of stone, witlnnit tlui interior tilling of rul)hle which I have noticed in the Yucatan ruins. Indeed, with a thickness of three feet or less the use of rubble would have been almost iiiipiacticahle. Floor, walls, and ceiling are covered with a coating of the same hard cement found on the txterior walls. Tlie cut on the following page is a, view IVoni a point somewhat soutliward from b, ar.d Idokiiig northward into the corridor; it gives an ex- cellent idea of the present ai)})earance of this ])(»rtinii of the I'alace. The construction of the ceiling, both in the I'alace and in other Palen(pie structures, is 1 y mciuis of tlio triangular arch of overlapping stom s. ;is in Yucatan. A remarkable dilference, however, is that the ])r()jecting corners of tlie blocks, instead nf lieiiig beveled so as to leave a smooth stone suiface. are left, and the smooth surface is obtained by tilling the notches with cement. The doorway through tlie central ..all at <', is ci'^litecn feet liigh, and its top, instead of being ilat like those in the outer wall, takes the form of a !it 810 IIUINS OF PALENC^UE. ill! CORRIDORS OF THE PALACE. 811 trefoil arch; depressions, or niches, of tlio same tivfoil form, extend at regular intervals ri^lit and left from the doorway along the inclined face of the ceiling. The last cut gives a clear idea of the door- \\;\y and trefoil niches, hut the artist who copied it iVoni (Aitherwood's plate for Motrlet's Trairls, from wliicli 1 take it, has erred in representing the niches as continuing downward on the perjiendicular wall. Near the toj) of the perpendicular wall was a line of what seem to have been circular stucco medal- lions, ]ierhaps portraits, at d, <1, d, of the i>lan, wliieh have for the most part fallen. Small circular holes, apparently left hy the decay of beams that once stretched across the arch, occur at re<>u];ir in- tervals between the niches of the ceiling. The cut i |y ¥ Elevation of ralace Corridor. shows a front elevation of the corridor from c of the plan looking eastward, and includes all the i)eculi- arities found in any part of the corridors. The jiosi- tion of the medallions is shown, though they are ivally on the opposite side of the wall, and tho shaded figures on the left of the cut are introduced iVoni other parts of the Palace, to illustrate the dif- ferent forms of niches which occur in the walls The iiiones on the right are in their proper jdace. The three which are symmetrically placed at each side of this and some other doorways, are from eight to ten inches square, and have a cylinder two inches in diameter fixed upright within each. They would i^eeni to have c^erved in st)me way to support the 8ia RUINS OF PALENQUE. doors. Tlie T sliaped nlclies are of very frecjiieiit occiirrcuco tlirouohoiit the ruins, and have caiisul iimch .s})eculatiou by reason of their reseinhhiiirc to the Enyptiau tan and to the cross, Some of tliriii extend <|iiite tlirouii;li the walls, and served prohaMv for ventilation and the admission of li<>lit. Otlicrs u'i the same shape are of varying- dei)ths and of unknown use; tliey may have been niches for the recej)ti()ii of small idols, or possibly designed to hold the toiclRs Avhich lit up the corridors, since INF. Wakleck cliiiiiis to have found the marks of lami)-black on the tops tif some of them.'-" Nothing remains to be said ol' the corridors of the main building-, save that the intLiior like the exterior surface of the walls bears traces of red paint over the coating of plaster in certain shtl- teretl })ortions.-^ Passing through the doorway e we enter the court 1, the dimensions of which are about seventy by (.jnlity feet, its pavement, like that of the other courts, htinn' eight or ten feet lielow that of the corridors. Tliis | vaw- inent is covered to a depth of several feet with dc'lnis, Avliich has never been entirely cleared away by any explorer. The court is bounded on the north and last *" Pliitos illnstratin'; the corridors may he found as follows: Wuh^'d. ]il. i>;., view of ddiuway '■ from li, >lio\viii<^ two of tlie iiHMlalliniis. mic ui Avliii'li is filled \i]) with a portrait in stuci-o, and is jirohahly a n-iuniiiiMi; the view extends throu;j;h the doorways r and'/, aeross the eoiirt in the 1>nildin^ (.'. The same plate j^ives also a view of the onter coiiidipr Ich;:!!:- ■\vise lodkinsi nurtliward. PI. x. gives an elevation of the east side nf llic inner eorridur, and a seetion of hoth corridors. 1*1. xi., lij;. 1, ^iniws tlu' details of one of the T shaped niches. Strji/icns, vol. ii., ]). .'U;! >kii(li corres|)onding to Waldeck's 1)1. ix., copied in Marc/rt's Tvarrh, ami lakiii from the latter for mv work. JIkjkn'.v, pi. xviii., fig. '2r>, shows tlic (iitliT- ent forms of niclies and windows found in the Palace, all of which iiic j;iMii in my cut. 'A douhle j^ailery of eij;hty yards in len;{th, su^taintii ly ina.isive ]iillars, opened liefore us.' Mtirht, J'oifur/r, tom. i., ])]'. "Jli'Vii; Trarrls, ]). (S7. '1 he s(|nare niches wiih their cvlinders are s]iiiLcii ni I'V Waldeck, !'(///. Pill., pp. 71--, as 'pmds de pierre.' H^luiint aii\ imvcr- luit's r^ervant de fenetres, elles sont jietites et jrcneraleinent d'unc Inniif capricieuse, envii'onnees, a riuterieur des edilices, d'aralies(iucs et ilc dcs- sins en has-relief, ]iarfois fort •^racicnx.' lirnssnn- ilr liniirlxinnj. Hi^t- Ktit. Ci'r., tom. i., p. O'i. J'rincipul walls 4 feet thick, others less. Itni.mx, p. 1.-). 2' Paint the same as at Uxmal. Sonic was taken for annlysii-:. Imt lii^t. Prolialdy a mixture in ei|ual jiarts of carmine and vernnlion. I'inliaM.v extracted from a fungus found on deail trees in this region, and wlii' h ^li^'^ the same color, ll'aldick, Voj. I'itt., pp. 100-1. (oritT OF TllD I'ALACi:. 813 liv tlir walls, or jtier.s, of tlio inner corriditr, nud on tliu sdiitli aiul west by those of the interior l)uildiiiL;s (_' and I). The })iers, whose position and number are clearly indicated on the phm, are, except those on the north, yet standing, and each has its stucco has-relief as on the eastern front. Tliese reliefs are, however, much daniai^ed, and no drawings of them have been iiijulc, or, at least, published. Broad stairways of five or six steps lead down to the level of the court piivcnieiit, at ;/, (/, \V( r of the artist.'"^'* Stei)hens' })late of this side of the couit shows reniaius of stucco ornaiiientatit)n aiul alsd.i lin,. of small circular holes over the doorways of the iniitr corridor. The o})})osite or western stairway is nar- rower than the eastern, and at its sides, at /,/, aiv two colossal human Hi^'ures sculptui'ed in a hard whit- ish stone, as shown in the cut, in which, howevLi', the Sculptured Figures in Palace Court. stairway is shown somewhat narroAvcr than its inn- ]»ro}»ortioiis. Waldeck sees in these fi^-urcs a male and female whose features are of the Caucasian ty[H'. At the sides of the stairway, at k, k, 1% stand thnc tin- ures of smaller dimensions, sculptured on ])ilastL'is which occur at regular intervals. On the hastiiiLiit Avail between the pilasters are found small s(|uaiis(if ]iieroi>lyj)hics.^* In the centre of the court Waldeck iound some traces of a circular basin. 23 liapaix, p. 21, says that the stone is {jranitc, the figures 11 feet liiirli. and the s;'ulpture in high rehef. 'I'euplee de siniuhu'res gigiiiit(>'|iu'^< :i •lend vdiU's par hi vegetation sanvage.' Moirlct, Voi/oijc, toni. i.. |i. -liii Tiiese figures, with the eastern side of the court, are represented in I'lipaif. pi. xxiii-iv., lig. 29; Wuldrrk, pi. xiv-xvi. (according to a seateil iiMtivc nii the steps, eacdi step is at least 2 fe<'t high); Strphois, p[). 314-15; ('/Kinni;/, phot, xix, XX. My cut is a reduction from Waldecl<. 2< Wuhleck, pl.'^xiv-v.; Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 314-15. One of the small Bculi)tured pilasters in Dupaix, pi. xxv., iig. 32. COURTS OF TFIK PALACE. 815 ius(» a line The wi'stoni court, 2, ine.isurinu;' jiltout tliirty l>y liyiitv t'lH't, has a narrow stairway of three stL'})s at /, IracHiii,'' U|> to the central huiUliuiif C At the ends of this stairway, at o, o, are two hiriji^e hlocks similar in iiusitidii to those ni j,J, but their slojiini;' fi-onts hear ii(i sculptured tiij^ures. As in the other court, liow- {■\v\\ there are some s(|uares of Iderot^lyithics on tiio liasciueiit walls. The j)iers round this court, such as iiiiiaiii staiidiiiL*", hear each a stucco has-reliei'.'"'^ Ill the southern court, M, stands the structure known ;is the Tower, marked (i on the ])lan. Its base is aliout thirty feet sijuare, and rests like the other huild- \]\[f<. on the }»latforni of the ])yramid some ei^ht or ttti feet ahove the pavement of the courts. This base i-i sdhd, hut has niches, or false doorways, on the sides. Aliove tlie base two slightly recediui^- stories are still >taii(liiiL;', with ])ortions of a third, each with a dcxjrway whose lintel has fallen — in the centre of each side, .111(1 surrounded by two plain cornices. The walls are lilaiii and plastered. The whole structure is of solid iiiasoiny, and the fact that larye trees have i»rown iVoiii the top, presentinjj^ a broad surface to the winter winds, which have not been able to ovei'turn the Tuwir, shows the remarkable stren^'th of its construc- iii)n. The height of the standini*' jiortion is about titty feet above the platform of the jn'i'aniid. lic- siJcctino" the interior arrany-ement of the Tower, I am niiahlc to form a clear idea from the descrijttions and ihawin^s of the different visitors, notwithstanding- the tart that Waldeck •''ives an elevation, section, and un)un(l plan of each story. Ste])hens desci'ibes the structure as consistinj^ of a smaller towei- within the i.ii'u-i-.aiid a very narrow staircase leadini^ up from story to story. AValdeck deemed tlie Tower a chef d'anivre, while to Ste])liens' eyes it appeared unsatisfactory and uninteresting. Dupaix, without doubt ei-roneously, '^^ Tlic only iilatc tlint shows luiy portion of flu- rourt 2. is ]f'ii/ifrrk, jil. >^viii., a view fniiii the point u lookiu"? soutli-eastward. Two of tiio reliefs ill!' sjiowii, re|presenting each a liiiman figure sitting cross-legged on a low ."'.Oljj, :\u\ IIUINS UF I'AI-KNQrK, i-('|>ivsL'iits tlio (li).)i-.s as «iii'iiioiiut(jd Ity regular aiclns with kevstoiiL's.'-" Uc'S|)t'ctiiii( the otlier interior l)uil(liiii;s of tlif |',il. ace, the coiistnictioii of which is picfisoly the saiiif as that of the main coi-ridDrs, xcvy little remains [n he said, especially since their location and disisicn into apai'tnu^nts ai'e shown clearly in tlie plan. .\r. coi'dinn' to W'aldeck, the central I'tu^m of the hiiildiuM' ]) had traces of rich ornamentation in stucco on its walls; and he also claims to have lonnd luic an acoustic tuhe of terra cotta, the month of which was concealed hy an ornament ot" the same material, luir of this extraordinary relic ho i^ives no (h'scii|)ti(iii. Stephens lound in one of the holes in the eeilinn' (]'<■ worm-eaten remains of a wooden pole, al)oiit a ludt in length, the only j)iece of wood found in I'alt ii(|ii(, and veiy likely not a pait of tlie oi'in'inal huildiii^ ar all. Except this chaml)er, the huildini'' is mostly in ruins, althouL;h, as we liave seen, the northern ]tic^^ I'emain standin,!^.-^ The I'oofs of some (,>f the interior huildini^s sirm to have heen somewhat hetter preserved than tlm-i' of the main corridoi's, so that the sloping* roof, ddulili' cornice, and I'emains of stucco ornamentation wt'v ^o Del liio, ]). 11, calls tlii! li('i;;lit I(i yiinls in four stories, alsn |'l:iti' in front ispiccc. (laiimlo, in Atili'i. Jfi.r., toni. i., tliv. ii., p. ?>>. says ii is sonu'wliat fallen, lint, still 100 Icct lii;^li. Ji/., in Luinl. ({mi/, Sar., Jniu:, vol. iii., ]i. (il. Pupaix, ]>. Hi. says 7."> feet in four stories, ami liis pi. w- vi.. Ii;,'. '22, make it OH feet in thre(! stories. Kin^'slioroii^tli's text iiientiiiii> no liei<,'lit, l)nt his |)lates xvii-xviii., liy:. 'H, inal«' it |0S feet in foiif >Un\i-. The other antln.rities mention no hei^'lit, hnt from their plates tlie iniu'lit would seem not far from oK feet. See Wnlihch-, pi, x\iii-xi\-., ami iill I'l' general views of the I'alaee. Wahleek, ]>. iii., severely eritieiscs |iii|>.i;\ «lru\vin;,'s. ' I'ne tiiur do hnit eta;,'es, dout Tesealier, vn pliisieursemliiiii- siHitenn sur des vofites eintrees.' llrnssiitr ih', Buurhuiinj, Hist. Xnl. toni. i., pi). 8(!-7. ' Kn el p.itio oeei. S19-'20. 'I)ominee i)ar une tour t:iil tim^ etages, separees I'nn de j'autre ])arantant de eorniehes.' Muriht, I «)/., tiMn. i., p. 2(>(i. 'It wonld .s(!oni to have lieen used as a modern oriental iiiinai'il, from which the priests Kuniinoned the ])eoi)le to prayer.' Jiiin", p. .S3- " Wdliliik, ]). iii. One of the li;^ures iu id. xi. purports to he a ciiiiiiii' of this room, i>ut may pnd)ahly helon^c to tlie outer wiills. siiicc iii> "'i"'' author .sjieaks of interior cornices. Stvjiheiis, vol. ii., p. 'M'y. SCTLPTUREDTAnLKT. ni: lar iUflit > • tin- Till. tllO Sillllc ■iMiiaiiis t'l (1 division il;ni. A'' lo Ituildiii'^' ICCI) oil its 1 lu'i'o nil wliirli was iti'rial, liiit lrsrri|iti(»ii. (.•c'iliM'4 till' lOllt !l tniit .l*al('ii(|Uc, Luildiii^' at ; iiiDstly ill ;licrii lui'i-" illLt'S Sl'Clll laii tii(i^i' of, (loiilili! jou wcv also pliite in 7a. siiys il is Snr., Jiiiii., \\ his pi. XV- |c\l llll'lllillll" U t'dllV st"lil~. cs llir lliM;.'llt mikI all 111;' rJM's IMl|lai^'■ irst'iiilriiii- ' ■ ist. A'"'. ; iMlfrpiis lllllil'l <'ll. mas di' ' nilirii. tiiMi. >■■ milisisiait ti»i- ■/,/. ro;/.,l"ii'- iital iiiiiiart't, hiiir-!. i>. f*;'' „ lie iifi'Vliin' ilicc 111) l)nil«l- iii'4' < ', tilt; walls liavu Hcvoi'al, in one plact' as many as six, distinct coatiuij^s of plaster, t-ach liardcncd and iiaiiittd lii'lorc! tlio next was applied. 'I'liere was also tifed a line of what ap|te!ir«!d to Ue written eliiii"- ini acters III Maek k, covered hy a thin ti'ansiiict'iit coating' The hiiildiny K lias the interioi" walls ot" its two iMithiJii a|tMrtn»ents decorated Avitli painted and stiHTd li<4tires in a very inutilatiMl condition. In the wall o r one of them, at the point y>, is fjved an el- li|iti(al stone tahlet, three feet wide and fonr feet lii'^li. the surface of which i.s covered hy the sciilp- tuivd device shown in the cut. With tlic exception SculiituriHl Tablet in llie Talaco. — Fig. 1. ^ ^'';]>hn)D, \u\. ii., J). .'^Ifi; Wfihhrl-, ])1. XV,, fi;,'. 2, a cniss-srction of 1 ■m m Ills lj;ii.i|iii- sliiiw iiig II "p sliajicil iiiclii' in till' ciul wall. 318 RUINS OF PALENQUE. of the fio'ures in the court 1, already mentioned, tliis is the only instance of soLone-carving in the Pal.iof. It is cut ill low relief, and is surrounded by an onui- niental border of stu''co. A table consisting- of ;i plain rectangular stone slab resting on four l)l()ck,s which served as legs, stood formerly on the i)aveineiit immediately under the scul}»tured tablet. Tables of varying dimensions, but of like construction, weit' found in several apartments of the Palace and its sul)terranean galleries, as shown in the plan at v, v, v. They are called tables, beds, or altars, by dittlreiit writers. AValdeck says that this one was of git'tii jasper; and Del Rio, that its edges and legs were Sevilpturcd ''iblet in the ralace. — Fij: SCULPTUKED lABLET. 319 .si'ulptureJ, one of the latter havini*- been carried awav lt_v liini and sent to Spain. The first cut which I have L>iven is taken from Waldeck's drawiiii*', Tlie sa'oiid cut, rei)resentiiij^ a portion of the same tiibltt, taken from Catherwood'i; plate for Moix'lcf's Trdi'cl.^, dirters slightly in some respects — notably ill the ornanieut suspended from the neck, rej)re- sfuted by orio artist as a face, and by the other us a (.TOSS, or the subject Mr Stephens says: ''The juiiicipal fin'ure sits cross-legged on a couch orna- lut'iitrd Avith two leopards' heads; the attitude is lar^y, the physiognomy the same as that of the other jiersoiiages, and the expression calm and benevolent. The tigure wears around its neck a necklace of pearls, to which is sus])ended a small medallion containing a face; [)ii-lia])s intended as an image of the sun. Like L'Vury other subject of sculpture we had seen in the coiiiitiy, the persoiuige had earrings, bracelets on the wrists, and a girdle round the loins. The head- (iiiss (hth'rs from most of the others at Palen([ue ill that it wants the plumes of feathers. . . .The otlier ti^iuv. which seems that of a woman, is sitting cross- IcLigcd on the ground, richly dressed, and aj)[)arently in the act of making an offering. In this sup- ]"is(il otKiiug is seen a plume of featliers, in "which tlif licadihess of the principal person is deficient." ^\al(k'(k (Iconis the left-hand figure to be black, and ivrogiiizcs in the profile an Ethiopian ty{)e. Del Hio »''os ill the subject homage paid to a I'ivergod; and 'iahiidi) l)obeves the object offered to be a huma'a l"ad. Somebody imagines that the two animal heads arc thds.,' of the seal.-'' •J \ icw iif till! Imililiii;,' fnim the south-wost, rf'])rosoiitin^ it a-i ,i do- tailiiMl sinictiiit., ill l)iij„ii.r. \)\. xiv., lij;. 21. 'I'liis uutluu- .speaks of ii l"'iiiiia' iMc'ilioi! iif cniistriiitiini in this hiiililiii;:: 'Sn ruiistniccioii vaiia •ii;'iiKI liiiiiicni, jiiics el iiiicni'in'K (jiu> liainarcmos ari|iiitralit' os ilc una I'l'i'liMia iijiiy paiticiilar, sc t'unna dc unas lajas ;,'raiiilisiiiias ilc uii ^^riicsi) l'i"|"'riii ii:i>liM' iiicliiiailas, fnyiiiiiiKln con la imiralla iiu aiit;tiloa^'ii(lo.' Tin' W;iti' iiiiliiaits a lii;,'li sti'cp roof, (tr rather second story. It also siiows a T liilii'il wiiiilciw and two st(>|is on this side. I'or jilates and descri|itioiis "I ll;i' talilct sec Sln./irii.i. viq<'ix, pp, 10, -l-i, pi. xviii., lig. 'H\, ]A. xxvi., lig. 3:t; 'hi Jlio, p. VA, id. ilih 320 RUINS OF PALENQUE. The stucco ornaments on the walls of the hiiilflinl. ii.. |i. HI!); J)iijiiii,(. 111. Nwii.. \\\. ■M- 1 1' I /.'"'. I ,1. IV. SUBTERRANEAN GALLERIES. (Itiital or of niodoni origin and have formed no part (»f the oiigiual plan. These rooms are variously re- uiudi'd as sleepim^-rooms, dungeons, or sepuk-hre^. iurtnilin.;' to the temperament of the ohserver. Wha^- iver iiieir use, they contain several of the low ta>>K'>i luciitioiicd l)efo'-'^ one of which is said to have been lichlv (li'corateJ with sculpture. M. ^Morelet ocs'U- piod one of these lower rooms durin,<>- his visit, as lu'iiio- more comfortable than the others, at least in till' dry season. The chief entrance to the vaults irius to have been from one of the southern rooms uf the l)uildino- E, at the point r, throu,i>ii an (•])enin,L,' in the floor. A narrow stairway by which the descent \v;i-^ made, is divided into two tii_L«hts by a ])latform and doorway, surmounting which was the stucco de- 7 V Ty f&sm^ i! h Vol. IV. 21 (.)riiiiiiu'iU over ii Poiirwiiy. 322 111' INS OF PALENQUE. ?!• ;>' I vic3 shown in tlio cut. Wuldeck states tliat wlicii h^ for.nd this decoration it was partially covered with stalactites formed by trickling' \vater. His cxitluiia- tion, 1)V which he connects the ti<>-ures with alxiri"-- inal astronomical siu^ns and the division of tiiin", is too lonuf and too extremely conjectural to he n'lx'nU'd here. Stephens noticed this ornament but ^Incs im drawiiiLT of it. It was sketched by Castaneda toiictlier with another somewhat similar one. n)u])aix speaks of two dooi's in this stairway; I^el Win speaks of sev- eral landing's, and says that he brought away ;i IVul;- ment of one of the ornamented steps. ] susj)i(t the visitoi's may have confounded this stairway with another at tr, concerning- which notliini»' is partieiilailv said. Somewhere in connection with these staiiways J)uj)aix: found a tablet of hieroglyjihics whicii lie broug-ht away with him, and conceruiuL,^ which he states the remarkable fact that on the reverse side nf the tablet, built into the wall, were the same cliaiaeter.s painted that were sculi)tured on the face. Opt.'iiiiies through the })avement were found at several jMiiiits, as in the court 1, and the building C, which h.d tn no regular o-alleries, but to simi>le and small e\( ava- tions in the earth, very likely the work of some early explorer or searcher for hidden treasure.'^^ Having now given all the information in my pos- .session res[)ectiug the Palace, I present in the aeeeiii- })anyin,g cut a restoration of the structure made ly i German artist, but which I have taken the liherty t' change in several res])ects. The reader will iietire a few points in which the cut does not exactly agr '■ with my description; such as the curved suilactj ei the roofs, the height of the tower and its spire, tin' width of the western stairway in court I, etc., vet it may be reg'arded as giving an excellent idea el Nvliat 31 f^/r/J,r)is, vol. ii.. pn. nifi, .SIS-IO. Vl,\u of ;:nniMii's in /)»/."/'•. \cscii|»tii)n, ]). 'IS. Nidic in tlic wall ot the ;,'iill(i.v. ]\', \\\ xiv. Till': PALACE HKSTOHKD. 323 liostunitiuii of tlie Piilace. the Palace was in tlie days wlion its lialls and courts weiv thronged witli the nobility or j)rit'stliood of ;l iireat i)i'(t|»lo. Tlie view is from the north-east on the haiik of the stream, and besides the pahice inchides the edifiee Xo. 2 of tlie i>'eneral phin.^- The struetiire No. 2 shown in the last out stands a short distance south-west from the i*alace, and may he kiidwii as tlie Temple of the Three Tablets. The ]yraiiii(I su|)})ortin:L( it, of tlie same construction as till' luniier so far as niav l)e iudycd from outward ex- amiiiatioii, is said by Stephens to mcasurt! one hundred mill tell te'et oil the sloj)e, and seems to have had coii- liiiiiDUs ste))s all round its sides, now much displaced liy the lorest. The cut on the follow! iiil;' pa^'e jjivseiits ;t view of this temple from the north-east as it ap- I'tarcd at tlu; time of Catlierwood's visit, and ilhis- iiates very vividly the manner in whicli the ruins are 'iivclojied in a tropical vegetation. I'iic liiiihlinL!;", which stands on the summit platform '•nt ddis not like the Palace cover its wlude sur- "■'Ciii I'niin Jn/iijf, I)ii.t IL uliiji: .l/.,r., \\. T.'i. 3-24 RUINS OF PALEXQUE. THMI'LF. OF THE TIlItEK TAr.LKTS. Ci:5 fici>, is s('vei>tv-six: feet loiio-, twoiity-fivc feet wide, and alioiii tliirty-tive feet liii^h. The front, or nortli- ri'ii, (k'vation is shown in the cuts. Fiy. 1 iiichuh-s the temple with tlie su})i)orting pyruiiiitl, tiud tig. "J Teiiijilo and Pyramid. — Fig. 1. «-fl(-Tp^Hr- "~"T r; — • — •- — .-'B- ■ ■ »• ■ft- ""'"^ g . AW rf ^ 0-m "tf IfeS -^iMIifSift^igir !^ 'reiii])lc of the Three Tablets. — Fig. 2. presoiits tlic huilihng on a larger scale. Each of till! i'dur (•(.■ntral ])it'i's on this front has its has-rr- lit'f ill stucco, while the two lateral piers liave eacli liiiirty-siv small scpiares of hieroglyphics, also in "tiicid. The has-reliefs represent single human lig- ui'cs, staiidiiig, and each hearing in its arms an infant, 'ir ill Olio instance some unknown ohject. 'i'hey are ;ill vi^ry much nuit dated, and although drawings have I't'fii piihjished, 1 do not tliiidv it necessary to re])ro- 'Itiiv tlicm. The roof is divided into two sections, -l'>liiiiL;' at dilferent angles; the lower slojie was cov- i^ivil with painted stucco decorations, and had also five ^'(iiaiv sdlid [trojections, one over each doorway. '!l'he 'lividiiig line between the two slopes marks the height J ' J3 826 nriNs or PALKXiMi:. of tlio a]»artniLiits in the interior, tlio vp|;or |i;)itln;i l>eini>' solid iiiusonrv. vVlonuf tlie rid'j'o of tlic rddt was ii line of jiillars, of stone and mortar, ei^iitein inches hi^-h and twelve Indies apart, prohahly s(|iiaru, althonLjh nothinj^ is said of their shape, and snnndiiiited by a layer of projecting tiat stones. Similar construc- tions may possihly have existed originally on soino df the Palace rool's, since they would naturally hcaiiioii^' the first t(j I'all. Waldeck's i)late rej)resents a small ])latf()rm in front of the doorways, ascended liy tour lateral stairways, Ilespecting the two scpiaic pio- joctions helow the jiiers at the side of the cciitial doorway there is no information exce|)t their it|in' sentation hy Catherwood in the cut, lig. 2. The arrangement of the interior is shown in tin; accompanying ground plan. The central wall is i'uur Gioiuul i)lau — Temple of the Tliree Talilets, or five feet thick, and is pierced hy tlu'cc dooiwavs, which afford access to three apartments in tlic rear. The front corridor has a small window at each end; 8tei)hens speaks of two slight openings about thrcf inches wide in each of the lateral apartments nf the raw; and the plan indicates two similar o])eniiii:s in the central room, altliough he speaks of thc'ni as dark and gloomy. Castaheda's drawing shows oidy s. Brasseur tells us that, according to the statements of the natives, the tablets Wile used originally for educational purposes. M. Ihaniav found them still undisturbed in 1859."'* ' .SV(///i(((.v, vol. ii., \)\). 339-43, •with the euts which I luive given, 32M miNS OF PALKNt^lM Somo four IniiMlrcd yards south of tlie Palace I.a ]»yraiiiier rooms. Tho cut gives ground plans — Xi. li\^ X LI U '--i /I :*— ~l t 1 i. i Ground plan — Temple of the Beau Relief. I of the uppei', and No. 2 of the lower I'oonis. '\\u stairway which atiorded oommunieation hetweeii tli and also i)lat('s of the four stucco reliefs, nml the hiero;.'ly)iliii' l;i''!i'- \l'ti/(/irk, pi. xxxiii.-xl., illustratiu;,' tlie same sulij'ecls as ('aIh(•^^|l"■ ■ ]>lates, and j;iviiiic also a transverse section of the imildinu' in pi- \xi"i- I'-' 4. WaldecU's ^^round plan ie|>resents the hnildii /> ii/iiti.i pp. -24-.-), I d tl XXVIU.-XXXll. frontin,^- the iiiiiili inii'i -• Tiii:r.KAr iir:Lii:F. ;;i20 iilacf IS !i •edit 1)11- 1miii(Iiv,| ;') lit" tii" Tciii|i!i' 1 Ky l;itrr I ( ';itli(i'- •tt»ry tlnii I state (.f (I (K'scrilii' iX'd c'i'jlit- I'.'ist. ;r,.il jfculiai'iiv tcly iiiidir I)1!1S. 1 II'' Itwrrll til" l(';iilicr\vi""^- |,1, xxiii.. li-'' ill-- till' iiiiiili' lli-niii. j;riiii;.'' \l, ,-.. tdiii. ii-- 'ii>t:ififclaiii'l lliility iinil !'•!• 4'_'1; '7''/-" ■«'''' \\, „'■)■.. ]<■ I'-- Miv. ii.. I'- .' Ivrtlic I'.i''"' two, is also sliowii. ( "athurwood's (lra\\iii,«>-, liowcvcr, ivpivsciits the uppur and lower ajiartiiKMits aH ulikr in .vrrvtiiiii'^' I'lit height. On tlif rear, or wc'stuni, wall, ;it .^ was'tho Beau lleliet' in stucco, wWivh j^ives a name to the teniple, the Hiiest spcciintMi of stucco work ill America, shown iu the accouipanyiuj^- cut. lyBi^^r-r^iggSiSwaiw^^ I A*' Bean Relief in Stucco. liac; 111 INS OF I'Ai.r.Mji r. It was slvctclu'd l>y rastantMlM iuid Waldcck, In wlmsi' (Ira willies smnc ditK-rciiccs of (Ictiiil appear. At ihc tinio of Stc!j)liL'Mfs' visit only tlio lower portions iv niaiiR'd lor study; yet lie ]>ronoMiiced this "suprrinr ill execution to any otlier stuceo relief in J'alen(|iii'. ' At tlie time of ( 'liai'uay's visit the last vestige dt" this lieaiitit'ul relic had disappeared. W aldeck speaks of a tonih found in eonnecti<»n with this jiyiaMiid. which he had no time to exj)lore, having;' made tin tliscovery just hetore leiivin<:c the ruins.'" StandiiiL;" ahout one hun«lred and Ht'ty yards a llttir south of east fi'om the l*jdace, and on the op|M)sitc hank of the stream ()tolum, is the huildinn" No. 4 ut' the plan, known as the Temple of the ( Voss, standiii'^ on a })yi-aniid which measures one hundred and thiit\- four feet on the slope. jMr Stephens locates this ttiii- j)le several hundi'ed feet further south than I liavc placed it on the plan. ( 'harnay descrihes the pyra- mid as ])aitly natui'al hut fjced with stone. Tin temple is tifty feet lon,u', thirty-one feet wide, and about forty feet high, 'i'he cut shows the front, or ^ h> '>HJi Ttfi: * S«'«ii i» t )« UN jft^' : JJ:.t^.c( J- ::^tr iC • ^ lih.' £^ mmmm mmih Temple of the Cross. ^* Stephens, vol. ii., p. .3."), giving view, section, gronnil plan, mi'l "'i^'' TKMI'l.i: OF THK fliUSS. ani sitiitli«'i"ii elcviition. The ooiistnictioii of tlic lower iioitioii is precisely like that of the othiT Imildiriuj'H wiiicli liiive been desci'ihed. The two luteral ))iers were (((Vfred with hiei'only|)]ii('s, aiul the central ones liiiiiiaii Hi^ures, all in stucco. The lower slojx; o\' 1 1 >Vr tiiL' vnn{' was also eoverec (1 witl 1 stucco decorations iiMiony which were fVaiL^rneiits ut" a head aiul two liod- ics jtroiioiiiiced hy Stej>hens to a|)])roach the (Jreek iiiiilcls ill justness of j)ro[K)rtion and syninieti'v. On till' tu|(, the I'oof formed a platform thirty-li\e feet l;inn' iiii'l ahout three feet wide, which supported the |ii'L'iiliar two-storie«l structure siiown in the pi'ecfdiiii^- lilt, tit'teen feet and ten inches hioh. 'j'jiis is a kind di" tiMiiii', or open lattice, of stone Mocks covrri'd with ;i i^riMt variety of stucco ornaments. A lavt'r of |)ro- JLitiii'^- tiat stones caps the whole, and from the sum- iiiit, one liiindri'd feet j)erhaps above the ground, a 111 I'^iiififuiit view is art'orded, which stretches ovei" the wlmlc foivst-covered j)lain to ]^aL>una de Termiiios and till' Mexican ,y'ulf. 'J'iiis superstructui'e, like some that 1 lia\(' described iit iJxmal and elscwhiie in Yu- taii, would seem to iiave been added to the temple ca \\ to n'lve it a more imj»osino" a}H)i;arance. It (' iiild hardly have served as an observatory, since there ai'e no i'acilities for inountinof to the summit, 35 rcinaiiii'il nf ilic Iicmi Itclicf. IVolifrr/,-, ]>. iii.. i)l. \li.-ii., witli ;^nniiiil |)Iaiis, si'('tiiiii>, Mini iJi'iiu IJi'lict" as jjivi'ii alM)\t', aiul wliirli the aili^l jiiciiKniiici's 'iii;iiii' il'clri' I'liiiiiiaii't; aux lilils licaiix oin lap's il Hi", J>i:srriji., ]i\. ii.; Kiitiisliiiniiiifh , ]il. xxxvi., ii;;. 'M . ^' I't'l Kill, I hsiu-iji., |i. 17, says this pyiaiiiid is uwv of tlnrc wliicji form a tliaii^'ic, cacli sii|i|ioiliii^- a si[iiar(' liiiililiiii;' II x IS yalils. Cliaiiiay I'li'ati'^ lliis tcniiilc ,'{011 iiii'tl'cs to tlie rijilitof tlu' I'.ilarc. linlnis Aimr., |i. 417. W'lhlich, |)1. XX., is a liiif view of this tt'iii|il(' ami its psiaiiiid as si'L'ii fniiii 1 lie main entraiicc! of the I'ahicc. Hut aii-onlini: to this piati; till' stnictini' on the roof is at least. 10 feet wide instead of "J iVet H> ineiies as Ste|ilieii> ;;i\ i-s it, and narrows slijxhtly towards the top. This plate also s'liiws tuii "I" shaped windows in tlu; west end. S/i ji/iciis, vol, ii.. pp. ;i44- >i. eli'vatiiiii and ;;roniid plan as i,'iven in my text from /ln/i/n-iu's Aiir. • I'""' , ji. KM), and some roiij^li sUetelies of ]>arts of the interior. /)ii/i'iix, I'l. xwv.. liir. ;{i| exterior view and ijround plan. The view omits alto- ^'I'llier till' siiperstnietnre and loeates the temple on a natural roeUy idilF. '■■iliiidi), ill All/,',/, }rr,,\, toin. i., div. ii., ]>. 71, speaUs of the top walls as Sii Uxt iiiiin the yrouud and pierced with si^narc o2ieiiings. J t; i ti 'I j ■l! iy.v: KL'IXS OF PALilAQUE. Tlu' intorlov arrani^eincnt is made clear l)y the ad jjiiicd plan. Witliiu {a- central apartment of ihi ATcrfA JfjnlU (Jidiiiid |il;rn — 'leiiiple of llic Cross. roar, or northern, corridor, and directly opposite to tlu' main doorway is an enclosure measuriniL*' seven Ky thirteen feet. From its heiii*^ mentioned as an i n»lti> lire rather tlian a re^'ular room h}' Ste[)heiis, it wdulJ seem ))r(jhnl>le that it does not reach the full hri^l.; of the ch-miher, l)ut has a ctjilinn', or coveriuu'. of it> own. \i any rate, it receives li^ht only l>y tludn. r way. ik'sides a heavy cornice round the eiiclti-i i ■, the iloorwav was surmounted hy massive and uiaci.!:! stucco ilccorations, and at itn sides on the e\ti tm r \vere originally two stone tahlets bearing" each a I. ' man li^'ur" scul[»tui"ed in low I'elief, resemhliuL;- in I'ii :i' general characteristics the more connnon sfiicco i! sin'ns, hut somewhat more elaborately dra cil ai'! decorated. One of them Avears a leoi»ai-d-s >in a^s a cloak'. Tlu'se tablets were sktitched by both 'A •lidt.ck and ( 'ailiei'uood in the vllla^'e of Santo J SmiiiiL;". whithei' they had been carried and si't nj) in a imili la house. Stephens understood them to c )nic ii"!' another of the ruins yet to be mentioned, but iliccvi dence indicates strongly that he was misinl'^rMii '1. Both Waldeck and Stephens entered into so iic ncLin- tiations with a view to remove these tablets; at tin TA15LET OF THK CROSS. 333 tiiiii' (if tlio former's visit the condition of obtaining' tliL'iu was to many one of the })ro[)rieti'esses; in Strplif is' tiiHi! a purchase of tlie house in which tliey ^,t;)(l(l w )iil(l suHice. Neither removed tliem.*' Fi\((l in the wall at the back of tlie enchtsurc, and (,iV(iiii;4' nearly its \vhole surface, was the tai>let of till' cioss, six feet four inches high, ten feet eight iiuln's wide, and formed of three stones. The ce.itral .stdiic, and part of the western, bear the scidptnred ti^invs shown in the cut. The rest of the vestei'n, ;iii(l all of the eastei'n stone, were covei'rd witi. hii^a-o- L:lvj>Iiit's. This cut is a photographic reduction ot' i^y mm^ru^ ^d^^^^'XB\^i}^f^^^f Talilfl of till' Cm-s. ■''• W'.iiilrrl-, |i. \ij., |il. wiii-iv,; S/cji/iriis\ \'(il. ii., ]i. .">."r_'; !>'i/iiii,c, |)[i. '-!-■'. |il. WW ii -\ iii. ; (,iiliiii(ii, ill Aii/i'i- .)/'.'■., tuiii. i., t(PuiM|ili. Tho subject douUtlcss possessed a religious si'^iiitic;!- tion, and tlie location of the tahk't may he con.sidt ivd a sacred idtar, or most lioly r-lace, of the jiiiciciit Maya (»r T/endal priesthood. Two men, pioliiil-lv priests, cliid in the rohes and insignia, of tlicir dtliii , are making" an otferini;' to the cross or to a linl ])erc!ied on its siuumit. 'I'liis tal>h't lias h(.;en ])cili;i]i> t!ie most iViiitful tlieme for antiijuariau spcculatii ii yet discoxered in Amoi'ica, hr.t a tictitious iin|)(iitaihc has douhth'ss l)t:en attached to it hy i-cason of Mnnr fancied connection hetwoen the .sculptuj'ed cross ai'l the Christian eud»lem. All a^'ree respecting tlir i\ celleuee of the sculpture. Of the two priest-, Sti plieus says: ''They are well drawn, and in symuutrv of ])roportion ai'i' ])erha})s e(jual to ma^ly thaft aw carved on tho walls of tlu; ruined temj>les in Kuy]''' Their costuuio is in a style dilK'rent froiri any heictn- fore o^iven, and the folds would seem to indicate tlii' they were of a sot't and })liahle textuf' like cotton. Ste|)hens and other writers discover a p^/ssihlc liki - uess in tlu' ol)ject otl'ered to a new-horn child. < M' the hiero'4ly|)hics which covs, the !>< ^'iimiuii^ of the inscriji tion. The \;\r^^e initial chnnu-i/'r, like nm ahori'/iiini capital htter, is a rcmai'kable feutun'. fi'i |)iip,iix> time all parts oi' the t;d;lrlace, and in ^'•oo'j:]y[^if/'^. WaJdo'k and Ste|>})< ns found aiul «k< tdi' d the ccH tra'^ azotic in the Untx^t on the bank of rhc .-t//'>v#. fco wbi'b jroint it }»ad been /«■»»» >Vid, accordiiiy /■• • M the y\l\iiJ^ir\ v^'-,:' ■■'MX iJ ^-> (■■'7* / t %- ' \ "'.-^V :. il^Aiy- ,'=^ ffiero;:ly|iili(s— Tillik't of tin; Cniss. '. : 111" if 836 la'IXS OF PALENQUE. Stoplions s;iys lie found tlio eastern stone eiitiivlv destroyed, tlioii^Ii (>liarn;'.y speaks of it as still in ])!ac(! neai'ly twenty years later; wliy Walduck mad" no di-awinn' of it does not a])})ear.^'' TJiis teni})le is j)aved with lart^e fla^s, tliidiiuh mIiIcIi is an <»penin«4' made by Del ll\n and iintirtd liy later visitors. From tiiis place })c\ Kio tunk a variety of articles -which will he mentioned lieiealttr. ( )ii the southern slope of this ]»yramid W aldeck I'tniDil t ivo statues, exactly alike, one of which is rej)reseiitcj in tae cut (»n theoj)posite pa;n'e, from Catherwood s diaw- inL>'s in Stephens' work. They are teji and enc lialt' I'eet hi^'h, of which two and a half feet, not sliowi! in the cut, formed the tenon hy which they were iiiilnd- ded in the ground or in a wall. The ti,nure stands (»ii a hieronly[)h which ])erha})s ex])resses the naineel'tlio indi\idnal or yod represented. 'J'hese statues aic ix- markahle as beiiiLC ^^^^ only ones ever Ibund in cDaiKr- tion with the l^dencjue ruins; and even these ,r.j n^t statues ])ropei', sculj)tured 'in the round,' since the hack is of rou^h stone and was very likely indicddid originally in a wall. AValdeck helieves they wciv de- signed to su])|)ort a phitform hefore the central duni- way. One of them was broken in two pieces. Alter sketching the best jireserved of them, Wakleek turned them face downward that they might escape the eye of partit's who might have better i'acilities than he for reuio\ing them; but Catherwood aiterwards di>- covered and sketched the one Avbich remained entire. 'I'he resend)la!ice of this figure to some l'>gviitiau statues is remarked by all, though Stephens noi.s ni :i" /)ii/iiii.r, ]i]i, '2'i-('i. ]A. xxNvi., fii,'. 40; ]\'. 410, pliol, \\i., r liow in;^ nnly lln' ci'iilnil ^liiiic. 'l'|Miii the top (if till' ciDss is sciilcil a siuitMl luiil. wlii'li lias two sli'ii < (if licails aniuiiil its uvfk. fnnii wliiili is siis|n'iiilr.| miiiu'- tliiii;^ ill tlic sliii|ic (if a liiiiid. |iv(il)alily iiitcKilcd t" (Iciiciic llic iii;niit:iv 'I'liis iiiiidiis tliiwcr Wiis the iirncliictidii (if llic tree imIUmI 1i\ tlic Mr\ii;iii- iiiiU'iiliiilxiicliil I, (ir "lliiwiT iif the liiiiid."' I!ri(/'.s Aimr. Anii'i-.y- N.(. 'I'lic ,L:r;iiiil" cmix latiiii', siiiniiiiiti'c (I'lm (•("!, ct jiiiiliiiil :iu iiiiju'i' iiiK- crciix ]iliis |i('til(', (imit li's tniis liiiiiulics sii|ii'ri('iircs snnl m lu c-^ d iiiii' ticiir dc loins.' Iliiril. .1/r./.. |i]i. 2S-i). "I'm cxiniicii ii|i|ir(ifiiiidir df ci'lti' (|n('sliiiii iii"ii ('(iiidiiil ;i iiciiscr jivcc (•crtitiidc ([lie in ciciix ii'ilail. cln'/ H'^ I'alciunii'ciis nu'uii si^iiu a.'5tiuiioiui(iuc,' W'ltUkck, Id;/. I'lf/., p. '-'•. THE ONLY STATUE AT PALENQUE. 337 Siatiio f)-.«iu Temple of tli< Cross. the lower part of tlic ihvss "an imtortimatc resem- blance to iiuHlenu jmiital«>i>iis." Tlio s])aco at the Western 1»ase of the |»vrHmi(l Avhere various r.ode- V.)l. IV. -'•-» ' i I ' !^l Uiim 338 KUJNH UF PALENgUi:. scribed ruins are indicated on the plan, isdescrilicd liv Stei)]iun.s aH a levul esplanade one hundred and t:n\ t'tet wide and supjiorted hy a stone terrace wall which rises sixty feet on the slope from the hank, of the stieani,** At the south-western base of the pyramid of the Cross, and almost in ccjintact with it, rises anotlicr of smaller hase, hut nearly as high, with a still sinallir companion o\i the north, res})ecting which latter no information i^• given. These pyramids, Nos. o ami le of the Cross, as indicated liy tlir dotted lines. The building No. 5, sometimes eallcil, without any sufficitjnt reason, the Tem])le of the Sun, Is one of the best preserved and most remarkal)le tnr variety of ornamentation of all the Palen([Ue .^triir- tures, but is very sanilar in most resj)ects to its neighbor of the cross, having the same stuccoed [)iLis ■md roof Its front elevation is shown in the cut, r mi [il Temple of tlie Sun 38 S/cj)hciis, vol. ii., pp. ;]44, 341); Wdhhrl:, pi. .\xv. 'Fioiii tlu' m-rav- I'KCriJAR ItoOF STUUCTrUKS. 839 iVoiii ( 'at luT\v< )()(!. Waldeck's jdate dillors oliicHy in iviiiTsfiitiui^- tliu stucco oniaineiits in a, more pcrlbct statu; liiit lK)th arc confesscHliy restorations to a cur- tain extent. Here a<^ain we have stucco reliefs of luiiuaii li<;in'es on the central, and hieroL^ly[)hics of tiiu f^anie material on the lateral ]>iers. The roof lu'ars a superstructure similar to that already de- sciilitd, (•oni|H)sed' of a frame of hewn stone blocks, Mipiiorting complicated decorations in cement, several (if which are modeled to represent human ti^ures Indkiiin- from oj)enin,i,^s in the lattice-work. The stone frame -work entirely freed from its ornamentation, is >Iiu\vu in the cut from Waldeck, which i)resents both I: I -t n: la B JZ o=n :i 1 luMif Structure— Temple of the Sua. a front and end view. Hrasseur believes tliat tliese feef strKvtures uere e'vcti'tl by some ])eoi)le that Mirceedv^l the oriuiual buihlers of (he temj>h:s. it will he ivinembered tiiat in Yucatan similar sii|)erim- |"is,(l stnietures wero foiuid Ity Steph.'iis and others, ■'iilaiv 1(11' tlie most pan the only onis oil which traces lit siiicfo work are ol».st.'rvahle. riie diuiensiuns of this temjde are tw.Mity-eioJit I^v thii'ty-eiMht feel, and its oround plan, ideiitieal Mith the exrrjition t»f un additional dooj-way with that of inu'. F:^'y),t, »r Wr Txriiin nci.u'lilioiir. \vn\M itisfmiMv . laini it.' ./<;(, V . • •'* •';',♦•,''•■ 1'- 1-7. <'i'|i,v of tlio stiitiic In. Ill Sn'iilifus, in Siiiiicr'n .\tnin,;,i,,, it.|. |vv»>V-c ^^•^^^■■v'-'-v ^>>'^'-n^,*'^''>^':nv^^^^vn^"^^'^''^" '^■^^■-V'^^^'- ■ Ground plan — Tcniiilc of tliu Sun. central enclosnr*^ in the rear, as is clearly sliowii Iiy the 2)lates and Je.scri})ti()n in this case, has a riMif (if its own. Its interior dimensions are, nine feet loiiu', five feet wide, and eiglit feet hi^'h. It has on the ex- terior a douhle cornice and o-raceful ornaments, now mostly fallen, over the doorways, while at the sides stood two sculptured reliefs re})resentini,'' human fig- ures, which altliouufh hroken in many fragments, wcie sketched hy Waldeck. The tablets in the viil.i-i' o\' Santo I)ominii;"o were understood by Stepluns to have come from this a])artment. Fixed in the rear wall, occu})yin;j^ its whoK' extent, and receiving li^lit only through the doorway. i< tin' Tablet of the Sun, wliicli measures eighv by nine teet and is made of three slabs of stone, in i.St'J it was still uidu'oken and in place, and was con^i(le!■( li liv Stephens to be the most perfect and interesti'ig iiieii- ument in Palempie. As in the Tablet of the * 'i''"-^ tlie sides are covered with sqinires of hieroL!ly!)hn'>; and in the centi'al portion is an object to ^^ili^ll twi' TKMFLK OF THE SUN. ail lino ■;t>; ai'u ill the m •t of iniikiii<>' liuinan ottonu^-s ttl This (TiitiMl ()l)ject is a hiduoiis lace, or mask, with iiiDtnuUiii,'' tonn'uo, staiullni^ on a kind of altar \vhi<'li is siip|i()i-tc(l on the hacks of two croiicliiiii^- liuiuaii ti^iircs. Two other stoopin;^ men HU[)port the priests, will) stand on their haeks. The name Tahlet of the Sim comes from tlie face "vvitli protrudin;^ tongue, wliich was sometimes re^'arded by tlie Aztecs as a a very far-fetched derivation for tl le su!> syiiilidl ol the name. Tin; stream on Avlioso hanks tlic rnins stand flows for a short distance throni;h an artificial covered stone (iuinnul, or acpiechict, ahout six. feet wide, and ten feet Iii;''li, covered like all the corridors hy an arch of ovc^r- la[i|iiiiL,'' l)locks. It extends fifty-seven feet from nortli to south, and one hundred and sixty feet further south- f.istward toward the Temple of the Cross, where tlie falloii roof blocks u[) the ])assaijfe and renders further ixploiation impracticable. Such is the information (ilitaiiiud from the Avorks of NValdeck and Stephens. The ])()sition of this structure is indicated on the plan hy tlie (lotted lines nund)ered 7, although Stephens locates it considerably further north. There is great conrusiuii ill the accounts of this so-called aqueduct. Biriiasconi included in his rejjort a description and drawiiin' of a vault s(>\en feet wide, twehe feet hiL;h, and two hundred and twenty-seven feet lono', oxteiid- iiiL;' ill a curved line from the I'alace to the stream. Del Ivio speaks of a "subterranean stone atpieduct of i^Teat solidity and durability, which ])asses under the largest building." Dupaix states that a rapid stream, \\ alilcck's ])liite XX. shows tlio pyramid Xo. fi inul indicates Uiat li "I'iilioii (if it on tin< i)laii is correct. Cliariiay. L I. i) a i|nel(|ne distaMci N It' nii'Mic iTiiiral ciiMnilier; pi. xx ^ri'iiiUK e ee premu ll' dit |.1>. l-Jo I. ilace) edilice. ]iresiiue --nr li^Mie.' W'dlilirk, id. xxvi., front (d<'\atioii; \A. \xvii., (devation of iiMHilier; pi. xxviii., central wall, roof structures (as f^iven aliovei. 1 plan, sections; ]d. xxi\-.\xx, Tablet of the Sun; \>\. xxxi ii. lateral "tunc talilcts. Stcpl tiini ami :iiinni UMIS, vol. II plan as abiive, Jill. .S")! -4, and frontis|iiece, j;ives (dc view ot a coniiioi, and tlie Talilet of the Si also (devation of central (diainlier, a Diip iix. p. 'J.I I'l- XXX IV. jy. ;iS, licMiilics a twosloiied jpuilcliiin 10 li.\ lltvaras. I'J varas jij^h. stand- liyiamid, which may proluihly be identical with this teinide. :ili] UUIXS OF PALEXCilK. a few paces — Kini^sUoroUL'li's edition luis it ovci- a leiiijfue — west of the ruins, runs tliroUL;li a sulitma- neaii atjuecluct five and one lialf feet wide, elc'Vcn fcit liii;li, and one lunidred and sixty-seven feet Iohl;, Imilt of stone blocks witliout mortar. The (h'awiii'^s df this structure, liowever, in Dupaix and Kiiii^'slMir- oun'h's works do not bear the sbi^htest reseniblanct; to t)uch other, one ])icturini( it an a brid<;e, and tlie dtlur ns a corridor, or possibly a({ueduct, built i>l)uvu tlio surface of the o'round. Galindo tells us that a stream lises two hundred })aces east of the Palaco and is cov- ered for one hundred paces by a ^'alleiy, with tiai rs of building's, probably baths, extending- tit'ty |iai('s further. Waldeck describes the mouth of a sulittr- ranean passage as concealed by a small cataract in the stream. There seems to be little reason to douht tliat all these conHictini*' accounts refer to the sanio struc- ture. Charnay tells us that tlie conduit is two me- tres high and wide, and that it is coventl with innncnse stones.*" Not far from the Temple of the Sun a small build- ing eight feet square was found by Waldeck Hftcd bodily from the ground by the branches of a large tree.** On an eminence north of the l^alace, at 9 ui' the plan, are the foundations of several bui](hiiL:s, — eleven in number, according to Dupaix, in wliosc time some of the arches were still standing. They extend in a line from east to west, and all front the south." On the sunmiit of a high steep hill, or mountain, the slojio of which begins innnediately to the east of tlie Temple of the Cross, are the foundation stones of a building twenty-one feet square, at 8 of the plan. So thick is the forest that from this point none of the ruins below are visible, although the site of the vil- 4fl ,S'/r;(/( <'/?.?, vol. ii., p. ,3'21; Wiildrrk, p. ii. ; Brnsinir (Ic Ihnniionrfl. Pn/ciKjiir. iiitrod., ]>. 7; j)el Itin, Drsrrip., ]). .'); Diijuiix, \^. 'ill, jil. xlvi . %. 4S; KiiKishuroicih, vol. v., p. 810, ])i. xlv., lij;. 4."); (iuliiulo, in Anii'l- Mex., foiii. i., (liv. ii., p. 71; Chanuiij, liuiiie.s Aincr., \k 429. ^' Wnldrck, j). ii. *^ Dupaix, p. 18; Charnay, liuincs Aincr., p. 4i.'4. MISCELLANEors UKI.ICS. 343 la^v (if Santo ])oiniii^'() may bu seen by climbing,'" ii li)fty uvv." 'iwo liiidLjos arc indefinitely lorated in tlie vicim'ty of l'aleii(|ue. One of tliein, .said I)y l)u[iai>L to he north of tlie Palace, is fii'ty-six feet loni^', forty-two tint wide, and eleven feet liis^h, built of lart^e liewn hliicks without mortar. Tlie conduit is nine feet widf. liavins^ a flat top constructe-^- ' --%^ ______ -- .r/^jgfji^g - i:' ('(Hiiliiit (if a l>ri(lj:e iiojir Piilciumo. Kivor sonio loaufuos Avest of tlui ruins, and oidy cx- t 'IkIs. ac('or(hni;' to (Jalindo, jiartly across the river, wliicli is now about five hundred paces wide at that liitiiit." The Abbe Brasseur, durinj*- his visit to the niiiis in 1871, claims to have discovered an additional ti'iuplc, that of the Mystic Tree, containing- hiero- ^lyiihic tablets.'*'' Tliree thousand five hun(hvd j)aces > )Uthwar(l fn^ii the last house of Santo l)omin«^o, on ;i .stream su])posed to be a branch of the ILsumacinta, Wakleek found two pyramid.^. They are described ^'' Sf,-jtJ,rii.\\ vol. ii,, ])p. .3'2()-l ; Wfddrck, p. iii. T'liito xx. also t;ivos a view iif tile iiiiimitaiii from tlie I'alai-i'. A 'iiiiiiiumciit (|iii paraitniit avoir -ivi do tciii))ic ft (le citatk'lle, ct ilont Ics coiistnictioiis ailii'ies coiiiiiiaii- il.iii'Mt nil Inin la cimtri'i' jtis(]ii'aux rivjij^'cs ile rAtliUiticiiie.' Jirassnir th^ I'lnii 1-1,1, ni-ij. Hist. Nttt. Cii:, toin. i., j). 84. *^ Jiiijiiii.,; |,. -js, ],1. xliv., lii;. 4(); Kiiignborouffh, p. .110, ])1. xliv., fijj. •■'■ llii' latter plate does not show any curve in t'' J!ilili>jt/iiq,i,; Mnicu-GuaUimilicnnc, p. x.wii. VJ <^ /a ^/, .$• n V /A IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 |5L JIM IIIM m I.I M M 1.8 Photographic Sciences Corporation 1.25 1.4 1.6 «* 6" - ► 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. MS80 (716) 873-4503 344 RITIXS OF PALENQUE. as having been at the time in a perfect state of pics- ervation, scjuare at the base, pointed at tlie toji, luid thirty-one feet hijjfh, their sides forming equilateral triangles. Pyramids of this tyjie rarely, if ovtr, occur in America, and it is unfortunate that tlio ex- istence of these monuments is not confirmed l)y otlu r explorers, since without such confirmation it must lu; considered very doubtful.** Seven leagues north fidin the ruins, Galindo found a circular cistern twenty feet in diameter, two feet high on the outside, and eight feet on the inside, occu[)ied at the time of his visit by alligators.*' According to Ordonez, one uf Del Rio's coni[)anions discovered on the Rio Catasali i, two leagues from Paleiujue, a subterranean stitiic structure, which contained large quantities of valu- able woods, stored as if for export.** A few miscellaneous relics, found by visitors at dif- ferent points in connection with the ruins of Palen- que, and more or less fully described, remain to In; noticed. Del Rio made an excavation under tin- pavement of the central chamber in the Tenqtle of the Cross, and says: "at about half a yard deep, I found • a small round earthen vessel, about one foot in diam- eter, fitted horizontally with a mixture of lime tn another of the same quality and dimensions; tlRw were removed, and the digging being continued, a quarter of a yard beneath, we discovered a circular stone, of rather larger diameter than the first articles, and on removing tliis from its position, a cylindrical cavity presented itself, about a foot wide and the thml of a foot deep, containing a flint lance, two small c.mi- ical pyramids with the figure of a heart in dark crvs tallized stone;. . . .there were also two small earthen jars or ewers with covers containing small stones and a ball of vermilion. . . . The situation of thesuhterranoan depository coincides with the centre of the oratory, <* Waldi'rJc, p. ii. *' GiiUtnlu, ill Aiifiq. Mrx., torn, i., div. ii., p. 68. <" Ordonez, MS., in Jirasscur dc Bonrhuurn, Hist. Nat. Cir., torn, i., p. 92. 4i MISCELLANEOUS RELIC-;. 315 and ill oiioh of the inner anofles, near the entrance, is a cavity like tlie one before described," containintjf two little jars. The same author also speaks of burnt hricks which seem to have been used sparingly,*'"' Waldeck, having made a similar excavation in what he calls the temple of the Palace, perhaps the build- iiiLj ( ', found a gallery containing hewn blocks of stone, and cartljun cups and vases with many little earthen halls of different colors. He also speaks of a fine fratfnieiit of terra cotta which he found in the court 1 where he also discovered just before leaving Palenquc the entrance to other galleries of the pyramid. Wal- dec'k also gives drawings of two images of human form in terra cotta, from Dr Corroy's collection ; also a face, or mask, in stucco from the cornice of the Temple of Death, wliatever that building may have been.** Ga- lindo found stones apparently for grinding maize, sim- ilar to the Mexican vwtate; also artificially shaped pebbles, similar, as he says, to those used by the mod- ern Laeandones but smaller. Both Galindo and Du- ))aix s])eak of a circular granite stone, like a mill- stone, six feet in diameter and one foot thick, found on the side or at the foot of the Palace pyra- mid. Dupaix found at a distance of a league westward from the ruius, a square pillar fourteen feet in circum- Palenque Altar for burning CopnI. » Drl Rin, Drscrip., pp. 18-20. '>^\l'ul((cck, PakuqiU, p. iv., i)l. 1.; Id., Voif, Piff., p. 104, pi. xviii., fig. 3. ur, RUINS OF PALENQUE. fcrenoG, and about the same iii lieiglit, witli two s!u)rt round pillars standing at its eastern foot. Ho alsu sj)eaics of findinLf many small altars ])rol)al)ly used or- ii»;nally for liurninj,'' eoi)al. One of them, four Hot in circumference and sixteen inches high, is reiuescntod in the preceding cut." At the sale of a colloction of antiquities in London, 1859, two of the objects sold are, erroneously in all probability, mentioned as lolits from ]*alenparont rea- son, as ))elonging to Palenque. The spciculations to which they have given rise, and their attemj^ted in- terpretations are sj)Iendid specimens of tlie trash, jaire and simple, which has been written in unlimited (luau- tities about primitive America. °^ Some thirty-five or forty miles soutlnvard IVoiii Palencjue, on another of the parallel streams wliieli unite to form a branch of the Usumacinta, is aiiotlier important group of ruins, which may be called ( )('o- cingo, from the name of a modern village, five or six iiiiles distant toward the west. The same traditions that tell us of Votan's great Maya empire, and of Xibalba, allude also somewhat vaguely to another gi'eat capital called Tulhd. - Juarros, i>erliaps fi)llow- «> GnliHffn, in Antiq. yfrr., toin. i., div. ii., pp. 70-2; Diipaix, ]ii>. 28-0, pi. xlii-iii, xlv., lij;. 44-5, 47. ^* Jiisf. Miuj., vol. iii., p. lot), quoted from Athcu(vum; Ihiris Aw. Ainrr., i>. .'). " See this vol. p. 118; Mclgar, in Soe. Mcx. Geoj., liolctiii, '.M:i I'liuea, torn, iii., itp. 100-18. Ill INS OF OCOCIN'GO. 347 iu.^r Onlonoz, applied tliis name to the ruins of Oco- riiii^'o, and most authors have followed him in this i\s|R(t. I need not say, however, that the oidy authority for this use of the name is the traditional existence in the shadowy past, of a Tulha in this \\'/\on. The natives call the ruins Tonila, which in the Tzoiidal tongue signifies 'stone houses.' Not- withstiiiuling the importance of the ruins, very little IS known of them. Stephens and Catherwood spent alioiit half a day here just before their visit to Pa- leniine; and Dupaix and Castaileda also visited tliis point. The accounts by these explorers are about all there is extant on the subject, but they are necessa- rily hrief, and unfortunately neitlier in text nor draw- ings (h» they agree at all with each otlier. Both WahK'ck and Brasseur visited Ococingo, but neither i^ives any description of the monuments.^* At the vilhige of Ococingo Ste})hens noticed two snilptnred figiu'es brought from the ruins, which he jironouneed "somewhat in the same style as those at Cnpan.' Castafieda also saw and sketched here two tahhts, which may be the same. One of them meas- ured forty-five l)y thirty-six by four inches, was of a yrayish stone, and contained a single human fig- ure, whose arms were bound behind the back with what resembles a modern rope. The other meas- uring tliirty-six by twenty-seven inches, was of a veHow stone, and contained a standing and a stpiat- tint,f fi'^nre, surrounded by a border in wliich hiero- ulyphirs appear. On the way from the village, .Stephens noticed two well-carved figures lying on tlie '• X/«y,/„/,.s', vdl. ii., pp. 25r)-01 ; Dupaix, i>p. 10-13, ])1. viii.-x. ; fCiiiris- li'ii-iii'tili, viil. v., pp. •2(>l-4, vol. vi., pj). 470--, vol. iv., jil. ix.-x.; I.cnnir, iii.j/''"/. Ml.,:, toin. i., div. ii., jip. '_»3, I'l-'A; Waldcik; Vni/. Pitt., ])p. 4ii-7, 1(11, |il. xix.-xxi.; III., P(»/(//7«r, p. viii., jil. liv. ; lintsstiir, I'iiIiik/hv, iiilriii/.. |i|.. •_>, 14, 1.") ho writes the name ToiiinJl. Jiinrro.s, Hist. Giint., !f iSlit. iiiiTf iiieiitioii. Other autlioritie.s, eontiviiiiii;; no ori.i;iiiiil iiifor- iiiatiiiii, are as follows: Miihlnip/orilt, Mrjiro, toni. ii., p. "21; Mnltr-linni, I'firis ill' III drill/., toni. vi., p. 4(5."); linril, Mcxiijiir, \t. 'J7; liinin'iii'fh's /Amr/.,. vol. i., ]i.''J(»; W'itppiiiis, Mix. Guilt., p. 147; Mii/lo; Aiturihini- i-irlir Vi-,-iliiiii,iii-ii, p. 4()1; Lniriiiivilii^re, Mix. Gunt., p. 320; Munlel'a j'''((i'., |,|,. 1)7-8; Warden, hi Autiq. Mix., tola, ii., p. 71. 348 ANTIQUITIES OF CHIArAS. groiincl; while Dupaix found several of them tlirown down and broken, two of which were sketched. ( hie. of them represents a human bust witli arms crossid on the breast, tlie lower portion of whicli seems to lie ii kind of tenon originally Hxed in the ground; the otlur bears a slight resemblance to the only statue foiind at Palenque. This statue must have been removed by Dupaix, since it was afterwards seen by Waliltck in Vera Cruz. Both statues had lost their heads." In the possession of some French citizens of Wra Cruz, Waldeck found a collection of seven or tiyht terra-cottas of very fine workmanship and very curi- ous form, which had been brought from Ocociiiiid. Two of them are shown in the accompanying cuts.'* Terra-Cottas from Ococingo. '>'> Stcphrtn, vol. ii., i)n. 250, 2.58; Dupaix, pp. 10-12, pi. viii -ix . 'i)-'' 13-l(i; \Vnl,h'ck, V - 'oij. Pin., pp. 4(>-7. M n'alilcck, Voy. Pitt., pp. 40, 104, pi. xi.\-.\.\i. 'Les figures ilo ti'iii' RUINS OF OCOCINGO. m Eiigriivecl Chalchiuitc from Ococingo. The fisTfiirc shown in the cut was carved in bas-relief oil a liard and poHshed chalchiuite wliicli was found ill this vicinity. The design is represented full-sized, IIioi()j;lyi)liios from Ococingo. I'uito (jn'dii tntiivp (U> temps ii autre dans Ics cliamps vnisins do crs niiiios, •'""lit liicii iiiimI(.|('cs, et «ruu Mtvle (lui rcvclo uii Moiitiiiu'iit iirtisti(uie ussea ok'vc." 859 ANTIQI'ITIES OF CHIAPAS. i and its rescinManoe to oiio of tlio figures on Uw .stoiic tablet in the Palace at Palon-13, pi. X., lig. 17. RUINS OF OCOCIXOO, m iimlly fiicL'd witli stono and plastered, Imt was so l)rokt':i ii|i in |>I;u'c's tluit Stuphoiis w.'.:; tilde to iiseelid to the third tt'i'iace on horseback. On the suiinnit of tliis teiraced hill is a })yrainid, liiLfli and steep, whitdi siippoits a stone biiiKlin«( nieasurins^ thirty-Hve Ity tilty f'tet (»ii the ground, built of hewn stone, and covt'ifd with stucco. This is ])erha[)s identical with till' central buihling sketched by Du})aix. The oidy (•xtLiiiii- doorway is in the centre of the front, and is tell lilt wi«le. The ground jdan is very sinular to those of the tcm|)les of the (Jross and Sun at l*a- ltii(|ii(', except that the front corridor is divided by |i,tititi()ii wails, while tlie rear corridor is uninter- rupted except by an oblong enclosure, which, as at I'alciKiiio, seems to have been a kind of sanctuary. Thu (liiiiensions of this enclosure are eleven by eiyht- tell feet, and over the doorway on the outside is a stiii'io oiMianient which arrested Mr Stephens' atten- tion from its resend)lance to the 'winged globe' of the l'i^yj)tiau tem})les. A portion which was yet i:i liliicc was sketched by Catherwood; the rest, which had I'allcu face downward, was too Jieavy for four men and a boy to overturn. Waldeck, however, either succeeded ill raising the fragments, or, what is more liki'ly, copied the standing part and restored the rest from his imagination, ])roducing the tlrawing, a juirt oi' which is copied in the cut. The lintel of WiiiMfl Glo1)e from Ococingo. 352 AXTIQl'TIKS OF CHIAPAS. this inner doorway is of Zapote-wood, and in purtlit } (reservation. Tlie entrance to this sanctujirv was niiich obstructed by fallen fra<^nients, and the ii.itives, who had never dared to penetrate the niystcHouH recess, believed the passaijfe to lead by a subtenunuaii course to Palen(iue. Stephens succeeded in eiitiiinif tlio room, and found its walls covered with .stiicni decorations, including two life-sized human tigiirw and a monkey. From the top of tlu- first building was seen another of similar ])lan and cgnstruction, but in a more daiii- aged condition. It probably stands on the saiiiL- terraced foundation, although no definite infi filiation is given on this point. Two other buildings sup- ported by pyramids were seen. Stephens also sjjuaks of an open table, probably the former site of tluj city, protected on all sides by the terraced striittuios which overlook the country far around. Tlure is also a high narrow causeway, partially artiticial, ex- tending from the ruins to a mountain rangt?, and hearing on its summit a mound and the foundations of a building, or tower. Of these ruins Mr Stephens says "there was no place we had seen whidi gave us such an idea of the vastness of the works erected bv the aboriginal inhabitants."^ I have found no very definite information about tho antiquities of Chiapas, except the ruins of Paleiiqut; and Ococingo. In a statistical work on Chiapas and Soconusco by Emilio Pineda there are the followini; brief mentions of scattered monuments: In one of thv hills near Comitan is a stone table; and a sun, st iilptiutd in stone, serves as a boundary mark on the lioiitiei. 59 Sfrpfinin, vol. ii., pp. 258-02. Elevation, section, nnil jrriniiul iilan. with fra,i;iiieiit of tlie stucco onmnient. The latter copied in /•'/"vwi/, I'alcnqiie, iiilrotl., pp. 14-15. Wahkck, Paliiiqiie, |». viii., ]•]. liv. i':'"* I'iiiterieiir de ses moiiuinents, un caraetferc d'architecture asscz scniMiiMiii celui des douhles {^alerics de Palenciue; .seuleuient, j'ai reni;in|iif ipic li's comhles etaient ci>ni<|iics et h. anj^les sailiantH, coninic des assises iviivcr- s.'-es.' /(/., Villi. Pitt., p. 4«. Sliows Jii-^lier de^jjree of art tliau ruiiiniiW' Jirasscur de Buuruunnj, llist. Nut. Civ., toni. i. , p. 88. MISCELLANEOUS RUINS. 353 luinains arc still visible of the cities which formerly stoinl ill the valleys of Custei)e(jues and Xi(iui[)ilas, iiicliuliii},^ remains of giants; also of those at Laguna Mora, five leagues from the left bank of the river Cliiapas, between the pueblo of Acalil and the valley (if Custcjieques, believed to have been the towns of TizajR'tlan and Teotilac, where Cortes hanged tie Aztec king Guatimozin and others; also those of Co- uanahastla, where columns are mentioned. There are, liisidt's, some sepulchres of the Tzendal nobles, two of wliich are especially worthy of note. The first is iMtwoi'ii the pueblo of Zitalil and the hacienda of ]>nxti(', twenty-two leagues north-west of San Cristu- val. "Its base is a paiallelogram formed from a hill cut down on three sides, so that at the entrance one siriiis to be ascending an inclined [)lane; but further ainiig is seen an elevation with grades, or terraces, cliietiy on the sides which are cutaway. On the sum- mit plane is found an enormous cone, built of hewa bldcks of slate, whose base is about two hundred vaias ill circumference. In the centre arc the sepul- chits, and in some of them human bones. The ascent to tlicin is by steps, and the whole seems like a vast winding stairway, for which reason it is called Bolol- chun, meaning in the Tzendal tongue a 'coiled snake.' Similar to this, is another at the hacienda of San frivgoiid, near the pueblo of Huistan, eight leagues cast (if the city of San Crist6val; but the latter has no supporting mound, but stands on the level of the L,'i»)und. Here are two Egyptian pyramids, considering tlirir foi-ui and purpose." Walls of masonry arc men- tioned on the hill of Colmena, four leagues from Oco- siicoautla; being nine feet thick, seven feet high, and onclo.; U'it/)/)fni.s, Mfx. Gnat., p. 147; Miihlcnpfordt, Mfjico, torn, ii., p -"l Duiniix, 3(1 Exped., p. 8, pi. vii. COMPAUISOXS. 855 wnnl of Pulenque, and in the Vicinity of San Barto- I liave now presented to the reader all that is known of Palcnque, and the few other relics of an- ti(Hiity tliat have been found in Chiapas. Since the nioiniiueiits duscri])ed are nearly all found in one lo- cality, a ufeneral resunio seems less necessary than in the cliapter on Yucatan antiquities, where the rc- nuiiiis of many cities, with numerous variations in tletail, were descrihed. Yet a brief consideration of the ieadiuLf points of resemblance and contra be- tween the two {ifroups is important. In Palcnque, as ill Viuatan, . . liave low, narrow buildini^s of stont; anil mortar, stanlote than is desirable, especially in the case of Palenque. I believe, however, that no importance can be attached to Galindo's remark that the blocks at Palenque are only two inches thick, and it is prob- cihle that the blocks used in both groups are of vary- iii^- forms and dimensions, as indeed I am informed hy a gentleman residing in San Francisco, who vis- ited the ruins in 1860. Mortar, plaster, or stucco Mas used in greater profusion at Palencne, but there is no reason to suppose that it differed in composition or excellence; the bright-colored paints also, althoiigh "' nni.i/icitr dc Bonrbourrj, Hist. Nnt. Ch\, torn, i., p. 0(5; Td., PalcvjHi, p. 33; If'Tinimt, Manmd Gcog., pp. 8S-9; Galiiido, in Loud. Geo;/. Soc, Jutir., vi)l. iii., p. GO; Jd., in Antiq. Mcx., toiu. i., div. ii., p. 08; Nouvdlcs An,ud:s dcs Voy., 1857, torn, civ., pp. 221-2. 35G ANTIQUITIES OF CHIAPAS. hotter preserved in Yucatan, were, so far as can he known, everywhere the same in the Maya ruins.''* Interiors here as hufore consist for the most ]);ut of two narrow parallel corridors, with perpenclicular walls for half their height, and covered by trianj^ailar arches of overlapping,^ blocks of stone. Both walls and ceilings are covered with plaster, and both paiiitid and stucco decorations occur on their surface. INdcsj originally stretched across from ceiling to ceiling, tlio poles themselves remaining in Yucatan, and the liok.s in which they were placed at Palenque. At the sides of many doorways on the interior are simple con- trivances for supporting doors or curtains.*'^ The ]*al- ace, like those of the Yucatan structures which seem to have been intended partially for the residence of priests or lords, is built about an enclosed couityani, but at Palenque the building is continuous instead of being composed of four separate structures as at I'x- mal; and the court, unlike those in Yucatan, contains other structures. The strongest bond connectinu' Pa- lenque to Uxmal, Kabah, and their sister cities, together with Copan, is the evident identity of the hieroglyphic characters inscribed on their taljlets. M GaJindo, in Amer. Antiq. Soc, Transact., vo\. ii., p. .')49. TIio stones tliiit cover tlie arches in tiie Palace corritlors, arc tiiree feet loii^;; tlmscof tlie court stairways are one and a half feet hij,'h and wide. Oxide nf iron is mixed with the mortar. 'No es iniisa, arena o niiirinol niolido. A nuH de su dureza y tinura tieiie uii IiIuiku herinoso.' Quarries were seen one and a half leajjues west of ruins. I>it- jmi.c, pp. 15-17, 20. Ued, blue, yellow, black, and white, the colurs used. Stcphrnfi, vol. ii., p. 311. ••^ lirasscur de IJourbourpf, Hist. Nat. Cir., torn. 5., p. 87, followin.u' '':'"- taneda, speaks of regular semi-circular arches at ['alenque, and stall's lliiit lie has himself seen several such arches in other Ameru'an ruins. Il is very certain that no such arches exist at Palen, and stopped short, so to speak, on the verge of the discovery.' Munhls Traccls, p. 88; Id., Vuifitijc, tonj. i., pp. U05-G. COMrARISONS. 357 ■Respecting this identity all writers are agreed, but the reader, with the specimens given in the preceding panes, will require no other authority on the subject/'*"' jjiith Palenque and Yucatan are also alike remarka- ble for the comparative absence of idols, statues, ini- plL'iiients, and pottery; and, except in the matter t-f statues, Copan may be classed with them. The human faces sculptured or molded in profile in Yucatan and Chiapas exhibit the same flattened forehead, althougli the type is much more strongly marked at Palenque. The absence of all warlike subjects is remarkable in the stucco and sculptured figures at Palenque as in all the more ancient remains of Central America. Together v.ith the resemblances pointed out and others that will occur to the student of this and the preceding chapters, there are also strongly marked contrasts to be noted. In nearly every city of Yuca- tan there are one or more pyramids on the sum- mits of wliich no traces of buildings appear, apparently designed for the performance of religious rites in sight of the assembled people, but possibly having served originally to support wooden structures; while at Pa- leiKpie each pyramid seems to have borne its edifice of stone. The number of buildings apparently in- tended as temples, in comparison with those which may have served also as residences for priests or rulers, seems nuich greater at Palenque. !Many of the pyra- mids in Yucatan had broad terraces on their sides; at Palencpie none appear, although a terraced ele^ation has been noticed at Ococingo. Some of the Yucatan pyramids are built of a concrete of rough stones and iiKiitar; some of those at Palenque are chietly com- jHjsed uf eartli, but our information is not sufficiently f" Hioin<;lyj)liics a< Palonqiio arc tlip sanip as flioso at Copan and Qiiii- i;;iiii, altli(iu;;li the inti'iMui'diate country is now occiiiiii'il liy rai'os of iiianv ilill'cit'iit liiii;;uaj,'('s. Sti'/ihi'im, vol. ii., j>. \i4',i; but, as MrassiMir says, I'f(/nii/iii , iiitnid., ]i. 'J'J, 'Tc'itt's les lan;;iu's ijui se narlciit dans li's n'-fiioiis existant I'litrc (iipaii ct Palenqud ont la nii'mo ori;,'ine;. . . .a I'aidc dii niaya ot dii ijiiiiju', jf (Tois nu'on les eiitendrait toii*'js, iivee ; Jiiiiis' Ifi.if. Aiir. Aitir,, j), KW, See also tills work, vol. ii,, chap, x.xiv., vol. iii., Languages, chup. xi. dsi ANTIQUITIES OF CHIAPAS. full on this point to warrant the conclusion that tliore is any aniform difference in the structure of tlie pyra- mids. The sides of the pyramids have in Chiapas no decorations either in stone or stucco, but such decora- tions in stucco may have existed and have left no trace. Coming now to the superimposed edifices we note that none are found of more than one story at PaleiKjue, wJiilo in Yucatan two or three stories are of coiiiiuon occurrence. The walls at Palenque are much thinner, are built entirely of hewn stone, and lack, so far as the authorities go, the filling of rubble found in Yucatan. Wliile the arch of overlapjiing stones is constructed in precisely the same manner, yet, as I have said, the projecting corners are beveled in Yucatan, while at Palenque a plain surface is produced by the aid of mortar. Doorways in the ruins of Yucatan have for the most part, except at Uxmal, stone lintels; in those of Palenque there is no very positive evidence of their use. In the former the principal exterior en- trances have arched to})s ; in the latter no such struc- ture appears. In the former the roof seems to Jiave been fiat, cemented, and plain; in the latter they were sloping, and decorated with stucco. In Yucatan col- umns occur occasionally both in doorways and else- where, but there are no windows; while in Cliia{)as small windows appear in most buildings, but no col- mnns. Traces of a phallic worship are apparent in the Yucatan sculptured figures; at Palencpie no such traces have been pointed out, and there is not among the many tablets or decorations in stucco, a single fig- ure which would be offensive to the most j)rudish modesty. It is not necessary to speak of the oxtei'ior stairways, the isolated arch, the round buildings, the fiat wooden roof, and other peculiar edifices wliich Avere found in Yucatan and have no counter})art at Palenque. The most marked contrast is in the use ot stone and stucco for exterior ornamentation. No stone sculpture is seen on the outer walls of any Palenque building; wliile in Yucatan, except in superimposed ANTIQUITY OF PALENQUE. 359 ornamental roof-structures, stucco very rarely ap- The resemblances in the different groups of ruins in Cliia}»as, Yucatan, and Honduras, are more than sufficient to prove intimate connection between the kiiklt'is and artists. The differences pointed out ])n)ve just as conclusively that the edifices were not all erected and decorated by the same people, under the same laws and religious control, at the same epoch. And this brings me to the question of the age of Palencjue, the date of its foundation and abandon- ment. It has already been shown that the Yucatan structures were built by the direct ancestors of the ^layas who occupied the peninsula at the time of the coiKiuest; that they were not abandoned wliolly until tlie coming of the Spaniards, although partially so during the two centuries jireceding that event; '^ 'II scrait farile fie d(?niontrer, par une compnraison raisonn(5e rles ruiiics (111 YiHiitaii ct (le cclles de Palciuiue, que les inomiinents doiit elli's perpe- tiieiit k' Mxivonir avaient uii lueiiie caractere aicliitectonuiuc; qii'lls etaient iir(liiMMi''> stloii les niumes priiii'ipes et coiistruits d' apres le.s Mieines ivfflcs ilu rail.' M'lir/ct, Vo;i at raliiKiue and Yucatan. He also sjieaks of a reniaikalde inferiority ill till' luiiis of Palenque, conij)ared to Chiclien, Zayi, and Uxnial. Jlist. K((t. Cii:, toni. i., p. 88. VioUet-le-Duc, in Charuuy, liuiiics Amcr., jip. 7- .% says the ruinn do not re.senible thowe of Yucatan, either in jtlan, cniistniitioii, or decoration; and that the face of the ])ric!st in the Teniplo lit tlic('i(i>s is of a dili'erent race from the sculptured heads in Yucatan. 'I.a Miilptun,' indique uu art plus savant qii'au Yucatan; si les propor- tions ,lii I'dips huniain sont ohservees avee ]dus de .soin et tl'exactitude, nil s'a]i('n;oit que \c fcirr est mou, rond, et (pi'il accuse jilutot une j)e- rimk' lie dt'cadeiice (jue I'ilprete des premiers temps d'nn art. /'/., p. 74. 'Le caractere de la .scul|)ture a I'aleuipie est loin d'axoir Tenerf^ie de celle 'luc iKiiis viiyuns dans des edifices de I'Vucatan.' /'A, p. t)7. 'A jjcsar de taiita (Icsimdez, no licinos rejiarado una jiostiira, un ^esto, o alj,Miiias de ai|iiclia^ ilel ciierpo, al descuhierto que el piidor prociira ocultar,' Ifii/iaij; K 'Jl. Waiili'ck, !'(//. }'itf., p. 7-, thinks the tau-shaped li a nulci' luJiiiitive art; and that stucco wtis used at I'alempie for want of siiitalilc stone, and for the same reason fireafer attention was ]iaid to the Millie i.ililrts at the latter ruins. See also li'irfittrdt, Criitro-Anirrikit, It- -'I '.I; l'riih(in/'iilic)ivarvhvti, vid. v., pp. 3-15-(3; Foster's Prc-JIinf. liuccs, 5 'I d60 ANTIQUITIES OF CHIAPAS. that the reasons adduced for and against the oreat antiquity of the ruins l)y different authors, hear al- most exchisively on the date of their abandonment rather tiian that of their erection; and that tlie latter date, so far as anything can be known of it, depLiids chiefly on traditional history, which indicates tliat the cities were built at different dates from the third to the tenth century. It is chiefly by comparison with the ruined cities of Yucatan that the age of Palenque must be determined, since there is no tra- ditional history that relates definitely to tliis citv, and it was doubtless abandoned before the Spaniards came; for it is hardly possible that a great inliabitid city could have remained utterly unknown during tliu conquest of this part of the country, especially as Cortes is known to have passed within thirty miles of its site. In favor of great antiquity for Palenque, tlie growth of large trees on the ruins, the accumula- ti(>.x of vegetable mold in the courtyards, and the disappearance of all traces of wood, have been con- sidered strong arguments; but they all bear on the date of abandonment rather than of building, as do the rapid crumbling of the ruins since their discovery, the remains of bright-colored paint, the destructive- ness of tropical climate and vegetation, and the com- parison with some European ruins of known age. The size of trees and accumulation of earth are known to be very uncertain tests of age in this reijion; indeed the clearings and excavations of the earlier explorers seem to have left few signs visihle to those who came a few years later. The utter disap- jiearance of wooden lintels is, however, a very stroni;' argument that Palenque was abandoned some centu- ries earlier than the cities of the peninsula, wliere the lintels were found often in perfect preservation, although it cannot be conclusively shown that the feame kind of wood was employed. When wo add to this the more advanced state of ruin of the PaleiKjUO structures, and the utter silence of all later traditions FOUNDATION OF PALENQUE. 861 rospecting any great city or religious centre in this rc'iijn, it seems sate to conclude that Palenque was aliaiidoned, or left without repairs, as early as the twilfth or thirteenth century, and possibly earlier. Kospecting the date when the city was built, we liavc the resemblances to Yucatan ruins already no- ticed, which show beyond doubt that it was built — iiiuler different conditions, such as religion and govern- iiieiit possibly — by a people of the same race and lan- guage, and not by an extinct race as has been somt'tiuios imagined. The present deteriorated condi- tion of the natives, and the flattened foreheads of the sculptured figures have been the strongest reasons for believing in an extinct race; but the former has been shown, I believe, in the three preceding volumes of this work to have no weight, and the peculiar cranial conformation may be much more simply and as satis- factorily explained by supposing that in ancient as in niodtnn times the forehead was artificially flattened. Then we have the strong differences noticeable be- tween Uxmal and Palenque, which lead us to con- clude that these cities must have been built either at widely different epochs, or by branches of the Maya race which had long been separated, or by branches, which through the influence of foreign tribes lived untkr greatly modified institutions. It cannot be ac- curately determined to what extent the last two con- ditions prevailed, but from what is known of Maya histoi ■ nnd the uniformity of Maya institutions, I am iuiiiiied to attribute most of the architectural and sculptural differences noted to the lapse of time, and to allow a ditterence of a few centuries between the dates of building. I must confess my inability to judge from the degree of art displayed respectively in the })euinsular ruins and those of Palenque, which are the older; I will go further, and while in a confessional mood, confess to a shade of skepticism respecting the «l)ility of other writers to form a well-founded judg- ment in the matter. Authors are, however, unani- 3G2 ANTIQUITIES OF CHIAPAS. mous in the opinion that Palenque was founded l)efor6 any of the cities of Yucatan, an opinion whieli ia supported to a certain extent by traditional history, which represents Votan's empire in Chiapas and Ta- basco as preceding chronologically the allied ^laya empire in tlie peninsula. If the Yucatan cities flour- ished, as I have conjectured, between the third and tenth centuries, Palenque may be conjecturally re- ferred to a period between the first and eightli centu- ries. I regard the theory that Palenque was built liy the Toltecs after their expulsion from Anahuac in the tenth century as wholly without foundation; and I believe that it would be equally impossible to prove or disprove that the Palace was standing at tliu birth of Christ. It must be added that Brasseur and sonic others regard the stucco decorations and especially tlic peculiar roof-structures as the work of a later jicojile than the original builders, or at least, of a later epoih and grade of culture.*'^ Gs M. Viollct-le-Duc, jutlging from ilic nature and degree of art (lis- ])layc(l in the ruins, concludes that tlie civilized nations of Aniciicii wire of a inixeil race, Turanian or yellow from the nortii-west, and Aryan nr V hite from the north-cast, the former being the larger and the earliir clo- incnt. Stucco work implies a predominance of Turaiuan blood in tlio artists; traces of wooden structures in architecture belong rather to tlie •white races. Therefore he believes that Palenque was built during (lie cim- tinuauce of the Empire of Xibalba, jjrobably some centuries before Clirist, by a peojjle in which yellow blood predominated, although with sonic Aryan intermixture; but that the Yucatan cities owe their foundation to tiic smie pBople at a later eiRtch and under a nnicli stronger inliuence of tiic wliiiu races. In Chafnuji, lltiincs Aiiicr., pj). 32, 4"), 07, 103, etc. ' Here vcrc liie remains of a cultivated, polished, aiul peculiar jjcoide, who had passi'il through all the stages incistonc and presents no water lines, /'/v- ter's Pre-IIlst. /?((fl'',s-, pp. 398-0. The work of an extinct race. Esraln-n ami Llftiio, M('j. Hint. Drsrriji ., ]y '^33; Vulois, Mcirique, j). 107; irdj'/i'ii'", !/'■'■• Gunf., p. '_'47. Judging by decay since discovery, bright jiaiut, coniparisdU with Gernmn ruins, etc., they cannot date back of the t"ou(iuest. Sivcn, OLD-WORLD UESEMBLA^'CES. 863 ricspcctin.^ the vague resemblances in the Pa- leiiqiie monuments to old-world ruins, there is very little to l»e said. The earlier observers were not per- mitted by their religious faith to doubt that the laiilileis nuist be connected with some race of the old world; they were, however, allowed to use their judniiient to a certain "Bxtent in determining which sliuuM have the credit, and most of them discovered the strongest similarities to Egyptian antiquities, iilthou^h Dupaix could find no likeness in the hiero- olvpiiics. Later authorities are not disposed to ad- mit a marked likeness to the monuments of any jiartieiilar nation of Europe, Asia, or Africa, although tiiidiiig" vague and perhaps accidental similarities to those of many of the older nations. My acquaint- ance ^vith old-world antiquities is not sufficiently tlioioiigh to give any weight to my individual opinion in the matter, and I have no space for the introduc- tion of descriptive text and illustrative plates. I give ill a note the opinions of some writers on the subject.*" Mitliiiiiiirn'l-rf, pp. 237-47. 'All of tlicni were the Work of the same Peo- I'le, (ir >* fm" hack as t«ciit> ifiitiiriesat h'ast.' Driit, Ervinr, vol. i., ]). 38. ' Ccs iiiines etaieiit ilijii I'liit ancicimes avant meme ir, h7, S't. Copau huilt first, Palemiue secontl, anil I'xn'al third. Joias^ lll-^t. .I-'. Anin:, jip. SO, 7-2, 7<>. Hiimholdt, Viirs, tom. li., ]>. '284, thinks il iiiiprulialile that the foundntion of I'aleiKpie dates hack further than the IStii or I Itli century; hut he never saw the ruius and does not pretend to liavp aii\ means of accurately detc-mininj^ their a^e. •^ 'l'alciii(U('', dans quelnues has-reliefs, a des intentions assyriennes.' t'/'iuivcy, linuaisAmcr., p. lii. 'The writing of the inscriptions has no 864 ANTIQUITIES OF CHIAPAS. I close my account of Maya antiquities witU tha following brief quotations respecting Palenquu, and the deufree of art exhibited in her ruined monuinont^i "These sculptured figures are not caricatures, hut dis- play an ability on the part of the artists to reinesent the human form in every posture, and witJi anatum- ical fidelity. Nor are the people in humble life here delineated. The figures are royal or priestly; some are engaged in offering up sacrifices, or are in an atti- tude of devotion; many hold a scepter, or otliur baton of authority; their apparel is gorgeous; their head- dresses are elaborately arrayed, and decorated with long feathers."^'- "Many of the reliefs exhihit the finest and most beautiful outlines, and the neatest combinations, which remind one of the best Indian works of art."" "The ruins of Palenque have been perhaps overrated; these remains are fine, doubtless, ill their antique rudeness; they breathe out in the midst of their solitude a certain imposing grandeur; but it must be affirmed, without disputing their aielii- tectural importance, that they do not justify in tlieir details the enthusiasm of archoeologists. The lines which make up the ornamentation are faulty in recti- tude; the designs in symmetry; the sculpture in more rclntedncsa to the Pliocnieinn than to the Chinese writinf:;' iinr i< tliere any re.seiiibhmce in tiie airiiiteoture. Baldiviu's Aitc. Aimr., |). 17-1. liOny arguments a<;ainst any resen»l)lant'e of the Central American cities to Ejjyptian nionnmcnts. Stejihois, vol. ii., pp. 43G-57; which .Imics, lUxl. Aiic. Aiiier., pp. 100-37, labors to refute. No resemblance to K<,'yptiim pyramids, exceiit in lK?ing used as 8ei)ulchres. Foster's Prc-Hist. /i"ir\, vp. 180-7. 'Ihe Palenque architecture has little to remind us of the ligyntian, or of tlie Uriental. It is, indeed, more conformable, in the pir- penaicular elevation of the walls, the moderate size of the stones, antl tlie general arrangement of the parts, to the European. It must be ailinittiMJ, however, to have a character of originality peculiar to itself.' J'lrsmtl'* Mex., vol. iii., pp. 407-8. 'Un bas-relief representant nn enfant ((msaire h, une croix, les t«5tes singuli^res ii grantiuo of wliicli seemed to me very correct." "I iiilinire the btis-reliefs of Palenque on the fayades of her i)Ul i)ulaces; they interest me, move me, and fill luv ilna^•ination ; but let them betaken to the Louvre, and I see nothing but rude sketches which leave me cold and indifferent. '""^ "The most remarkable re- iiiiiins of an advanced ancient civilization hitherto discovered on our continent." " Their general char- acteristics are simplicity, gravity, and solidity."^' "While superior in the execution of the details, the Palen(pie artist was far inferior to the Egyptian in the luunber and variety of the objects displayed by hull.''* 'mm-rfrt, Vntjagr, torn, i., pp. 273, 264. 'J MKi/n-'s Mix. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 172; Brasseur de Bourbourg, Ilist. Stit. I'ir., tiiiii. i., p. 85. Ii I'lxiscotfs Mex., voL iii., pp. 408-9. CHAPTER VII. ANTIQUITIES OF OAJACA AND GUERRERO. Naht'-v Antiqimtiks— Home of the Zapotecs anh Miztecs— Rkm mns in TkIIIANTKI-KC — FoRTIKIKli lIiLL OF (ilIEX<;OLA— I'ktai-a, M Ai.HAI.K.NA, AND LaoLLAHA— IjUIOOE at CmiiriTLAN — CkoSS OF Gl'ATlLKi— TlTt- j'Ec— CiTv OF Oajaca and \'i('iNrrY— Tlacolula — Etla- I'kSoi.ks- Q^'ILAI'AN — RlINS OF MoNTE AlHAN — ReMC'S AT ZAt'HlLA— ClII.APA - Palacks of Mitla— Mosaic Wokk— Stone Coi.rMNs— Si'I!Tkuii\xkan' GALI.ElilEH — I'YKAMIDS — FoKTIFICATIONS— CoMPAUISOV WITH (,'i;STIiAL A.MKIUCAN RlINS— NoRTHEKN MoXTMENTM— QlIOTEPEl — CkIIKci UKL\-i J IN TAS — TuXTEPEO — HUAHCAPAN — YaSOUITLAN — AXTIyl ITlhS Uf GCERKERO. I now enter what has been classified in a jtrcocJ- ing voUinie of this work as the home of the Xaliua nations, — nations, most of which were at tlie time u( the Si)anish conquest, and during the precodiiio- crii- tury, subjected to the alHed powers of Anahuac, and were more or less ehjsely related to the nations of the central valley, in blood, language, or institutions. It has been seen, in what has been said on the subject,' that the dividing line between the Naluias ami Mayas, drawn across the isthmus of Tehuantcpoc, is not a very sharply defined one. Many aiialo^iis, linguistic, institutionary, and mythologic, wen- fi'iinri()r to the iiMning of the Europeans," to repeat the words of a pii'ceding chapter. The relics to be described in the present cha|)ter are those of the isthmus proper, and of that portion (if the ^[cxican Republic above the isthmus which li(^s ill general terms south of the eighteenth parallel of latitude, including the states of Oajaca and (luer- roid, and stretching on the Pacific from Tonala to the mouth of the Rio Zacatula, a distance of between tive and six hundred miles. The province of Tehuan- topec, belonging politically to the state of Oajaca, iiR-ludes the central continental mountain chain, with tlio))lains on the Pacific at its southern base, a region siiiiic'what less fertile and attractive than those in mIiIlIi many of the ruins already described are situ- ated. The two chief mountain ranges of the AFexi- eaii I^epublic, one skirting the Atlantic, the other the PaciHc shore, draw near each other as the conti- nent narrows, and meet in Tehuantepec. The south- ern j)()rtions of these two converging ranges, the hroad mountain-girt valleys in the angle formed by their junction, and a narrow strip of tierra caliente on the southern coast, constitute the state of Oajaca, the home of the Miztecs, Zapotecs, and other tribes somewhat less civilized, powerful, and celebrated. The interior valleys are for the most part in the tierra teinplada, and include some of the best agri- eultural land in the country, with all the larger towns groiijiL'd round the capital as a centre. Guerrero is niade uj) of the very narrow lowlands of the coast, tile ^ouiliern mountain rant vnv long before the Concjuest, to resist the advance of tin; Aztec forces. The princi[)al I'emains are on a loftv hill, the cerro of Guiengola, but the fortified teriit(»iv is said to extend over an area measuring one and a half by over four leagues, the outer walls being visi- ble throughout the entire circumference at cveiv iiat- urally accessible [)oint. Besides the protecting walls there are remains of dwellings, all of stone withniit mortar, except a cornice on the larger walls. Thivu fortresses covered with a coating of hard plaster arc mentioned. Ditches accompany the walls and add lo tho strength of the works. From a subtenuneaii se])ulchre were taken about two hundred pieces of pottery, including vases and imitations of vaiioiis animals. The tombs had a coating of conjpact cement, and tho skeletovs found in them N»ero lying face down. Tho preceding iformation I take from a very vayiic account writtc by Sr Arias and ])ublished in t.lio ^^us(^o Mexican Arias visited the locality in 18.?:1; he clainis to lu -j sent some very interesting relics, found at Guieng la and other localities in the vicinity of Tehuantej)ec to the museum at Oajaca; but tin; man to whom they wore entrusted })robably disin)SL'(l of them in a manner more profitable to hinisclt, it less advantageous to tho museum. Several natural eaves are s[)oken of by Arias, and one of theni, sev- enty feet deep, showed traces, accordinsj: to the (icr- man traveler Miiller, of having been formerly mluiu- HUINS OK (aiKXCJOLA. aoo itt'd. Till- latter also foimd vesti^'t'S <»f dwell iii^'s .rtsi'rvc'd tmnuliis stiiiidin^' not loni^ iKitori! liis vi>lt ill !i valley close by. It was thirty-three feet liiji, with a haso of ninety hy one jiundred and five flit, ,111(1 a siiniinit ])1atforni sixty hy seventy-five feet, ivailicd hy a stairway of twenty-five wide steps. At till' si(l(! of this tuiiiuhis was a nui"1»"ilateral elevation ciivriiii"' itii area of about two aeres, and eiieloscd hv a wall (i'^ht feet ]ii,i,di and twelve feet thick. Whether thof sti'iK-tures j'vu identical with the 'castles' of Arias is uncertain. A correspondent (jf JlKfchliK/.^ J A en. ►Sou lie plans acconipaiiie( I Arias' report hut were not published. Uns.itisfactory as it ecitainly is, the preceding is all the information txtaiit respectintf these remains,^ or at least referred (hliiiitely to ()!uien,i''ohi byname; but some remains Were (lescrihi'd by Dupaix and sketched by Castaneda, at a iioiiit three lea^rues west of Tehuantepec, wliicli uiidoiihtedly belonged to this group, and were j)rol)- iiltly the same ruins whicli the other writers so vaguely iiiLiitidii. ( )n the top of a high hill, surrounded by tiler nraiid ruins, are two ]iyrami«. Is of hewn stoiu 1111(1 mortar. The first is fifty-five by one hundred and twenty feet at the l)ase, and thirty by si> ty-si\. I'-et at the summit. The main stairway, tliirtv feet le, (if foi'ty steps, leads u}) the centre of the west- WK. irii slope tl lere are also n^irrower stairwavs on the iiorili and south. The pyramid is built in four ter- lua-., the walls of the lower one being perpendicular, ■ Aiiii-i, Aiiti'iiiii'ihHlc.'} Zapofrrri/t, in Mimrn Mtw., toin. i., y\i. 240-8, Miilhr, ],'iisiii, iiiiii ii., pp. ,S.")(!-7; Uiitcliliiii.s' ful. Mn;/., vol. ii.. jip. ',VX>; •*i-4l; Urii.-ixi-iir ill- BiiiiflKiiinj, Ilial. Xnt. dr., toiii. iii., ]). |{'>!*, witli ii'tfii'iii'i' tn < Vov/'v/o, Eslnilliis hint. 1/ entail, ifrl Kstailu Oiutnijin im, Imii. li . iiiiiKiiil. i. ; diiiiiij, licconuciiniciito, p, llOj /(/., iSiiriri/, pp. ll:;-l:{; Id.,.lrl.. |,|,. 7il-,S|. VuL. IV. 2i 870 ANTIQUITIES OF OAJACA. and of all the rest sloping'. Tho Avliolo surfiKM^ was covered witli a l»rilliaiit cement of lime, sand, and ivd ochre. No remains Avhatever were found on tlirvnn). mit. A remarkable feature is noticed on the smfac,. of the second story, from which ])roject thniiiLilidiit tlie whole circumference, except where intt'rrujittd liv tlie stairways, four ranges of Hat stones, formini^- luiii- dreds of small shelves. The only sus^u'estioiis m.idc resjxictinLif the possihle use to which these sIrIws Avere devoted are that they su[){)orted torches or hu- man skulls. The second pyramid is shown in the accompaiivIiiLT cut. Tlie dimensions of the base and summit })lat- ,4*SrfftM(ffr?^ Pyraiuiil near Teliuantepec. form are about the same as those of the fornirr jwra- mid, but the heiu'lit is over fifty feet. The chief stai:' way, shown in the cut, is on the east, and iiai'vwi • stairways also afford access to the suimnit eii the nortli and south. The curved slope of the lowei' steiy constitutes a feature not found in American jtyi.iiiiid-; farther south, and rarely if at all in the north. Ihr u[)per story has three ])rojections, or cornices, en its ])orj)endicular sides; and between them is set ;i i'<'W of blocks, said to be white marble, bearing' sculptuivd desiii'iis in bas-relief. Three of these l>lo(l;>- witii MOM'-MKNTS OF Ti: IirANTKPKC. 371 tluir sculptured fiijfurcs, fmincl by C.-istaneda at tlio tout of tliu pyramid, are shown in the cut. Ut' the Marble Tablets from Tehuantepec. huildin.!:? which apppears on tlic summit nothing is known further tlian may be gathered trom tlie cut. The sides of the pyramid were covered witli cement, which was doubtless in a much more I. iii.-v., fi.L'. 0-!>; Kiiiff.ibnroufjh. vol. Vi., |i li'i'.t. Mil, iv., ]il. iii.-v., li^'. (i-lt; f,iiirii(ui'//i n\ M'.r. (Innf., pi, viii., fiMiii itu|i;ii\. sbdwiny; sei'oiiii pyraniid; Minjcrs Olisrrrii/ituis, |tp. •_'.">•(», "iili iiii III till' lir.st I'ltar rejtreseiitiiiy its succt'ssive iilatforiiis as tDrming a ^jiinil ii.Hccnt. fm j n. Ill AXTIQl'ITIKS OV OAJACA. vicinity, Dnpaix: fouiul a flint lance-lioad of pet uliar shape, liaviiiL;' tliroo cutting' cd'^'es, like a Imvoiict. Its diiiioiisions were oiiu aiul a lialt* by six inches, aiid the cud was evidently intended to be fixed in a smkt t Oil the shaft. Cuts of four terra-cotta idols, sent to ihc ^[exicau Museum i)i\<)al)ly l)y Ai'ias, ahvadv mentioned, are ^-iven in ^ ^lexican ma^-azine, and jilso ill a .S})anish edition of Prescott's work, 'I'wiini' llieni wear horrible masks, the main feature of wliirli is the projection from the mouth of six lar^e tu.sks, like those of some tierce animal or monster. Tin same Arias speaks ot a statue ivpresciiting a nakul Avoman, but broken in pieces; also a stone tablet cov- ered with hieroi>'lv|)hics, A small earthen bowl or eenser, with a lon<>" handle, was presented to tlic American ICthnological Society, as comiuL;' from soiiiu jioint on the Tehuante})ec interoceanic loute.* In the reo-ion of Petapa, a town forty or lil'tv miles north of Tehuantepec, a stalactite cave is niciitidin d ]>y Jiirasseur, on the walls of which figures jiaiiitul in black are seen, inchidinn' the im})rint of huiiian hands like those on the Yucatan ruins except in color. A labyrinth of caves, with some ariilicial improvements, is also reported, where the remains dt jii'inces and nobles were formerly de])osite(l, and Avhere an arriero claims to have seen ovei' one hun- dred burial urns, painted and i-an^vd in ordir inimd the sitles of the cave,'" ' 'uly I'our leagues fioni Tc- huante[)ec, near ^Ma^'dalena, Burn'oa sj)eaks ol' ;i statue of AVixepecocha, the whitediaired returnier and pro})het of the Zapotecs, which Pi'asseur, Nviil'- out naniino; his authoi-ity, states to have been still \ isiblc a few years before he wrote," Lalbnd biittly mentions three pyramids on the isthmus without (Icti- < rhi/Ku'.i; M oxpcd., ]). fi, ])1. ii., fi^'. ,'>; out (if same liiiicc-lii:!'! n\ (!h,ii/ii(le of which was discovered a l)lack rock, cov- vwA with hierou'lvphic characters.*^ At (/hihuitlan, a iliys journey from the city, a bridge of aboriginal oiiistnirtioii, wti'etches across a stream. The britlgo is twt'lve feet long, six feet wide, and nine feet high alinvo the water, having low })arapets guarding the ^idis. The conduit is nine feet wide, and is formed liV two innneiise stones, which meet in the centiv. Acc(ii(hng to ( 'astaneda's drawing these two stones Iiav,' curved surfaces, st» that the Avhole ap}>roaches in \'i\v\n a ci (li regular arch. The whole structure is of tin known as cyclopean, built of laige irregular ;, without mortar.^ iii'^lHi'ting Tehuantepcc anticpiities, T have in ad- tiwii to wliat has been said onlv brief mention bv >t(llU i '1. Kiii;^>- liiiltr t.lUr.j, i-liilK',^ iKiw-. rcizular mi iMclrilatcr.il ii|ii'niiiu'>* Iil tl 11' iiliiiii l.'iii. /Iiil. Hi I'liitc tln'v ii|p|it.'ar ot irR'gii lai- f< iraiii'ts. w liilc ill ( 'a-- ■ ■ ■ I of iriii, as it iiiailc liv tin' ruiinAa 37 1 ANTKiUlTIKS OF OAJACA. ji drvv, wlionco c'omos tlie naiiio . 'J'.tS; I'll I nil rid. llixl. ill- liiiiiriiiiiiiif, Hist. yn/. >'ir., Iiiiii. iii. /./, I'.i. -^'1, 13 MISCELLANEOUS ItEMAINS, 375 rtt ]iM-t only sliii-litly known to (.'X[)l()rers," be- ,,iiiiiiii^- with the city of Oajaca, whore ])u})ai.\. tiiiiiid two iinciont ornaments of »^reat beauty. The lir>t was a })entagon of polished transj)ai'ent at>'ate, iilioiit two inches in diameter and an inch and a half tiiick. The surface bore no marks of the instruments liv which it was polished, and a hole was bored tliKHi^li tlie stone presumably for the insertion of a string". The second was a hexagonal piece of black tniuh-stone, of about tlie same dimensions, spriidvled witli urains of t'-old or I'opper, and like the ibrmer luilliantly polished. The hole in this stone was bored in the form of a curve, by an unknown ])rocess wliich must lia\e been accompanied by no little dilHculty." At Tiacolula, some twenty miles south-east of ();ij;ua, ^[r Midler re})orts tlie openini>; of a mound twrlvo feet liiL^h and ei_i>ht I'eet in diameter at the hasi'. It was sim[)ly a hea}) of earth, and the only artiticially wroui^ht objects found in the excavations Were an earthen tube two inches in diameter antl iiiailv two feet lony', closed at each end with a stone ]ilu^', ibimd in a horizontal ])osition somewhat above the natui'al surface of the i^'round, and a bowl-shaped rill;;' ot" the same material lyinn* in a vertical j)osition over the tube near the centre of the mound, but se|)- aratcd from the first relic by a layer of eaith.^* lle- iiiaiiis of the ruined fortress of Quiyechapa are said to have been seen by travelers at a [>oint some twenty- live leagues east of Oajaca.'' At Ktla, two leagues iioithward from the capital, two subterranean tombs wi.iv o[)ened, and found to contain what are sujiposed '- Ili'^idcs rciiiiiiiis iittrilnitcMl to i)iirtiiiiliii' liii'.ililirs, sco Mn-mi lAr., tiiiii. iii., ]). i;),"), cuts iiiid (Icscriptioiis lit t'luir ciiillicii iiluls fuiiini in tliis ^t,lt^'■, I'liiri/tiii, (!<'ii, .Id:? iitimi inul >li-lil cli'si ri|iiiiiii i.i' Imiial lilaiT-i, I'Mvcs, ti-mplcs, oti'., of tliu natives, smiu' nf tlicm seen liy ilw aiilliur; .\l,i/,/, „/,/;, n/t, Mrj., ti»iii. ii., ii|(. ISC). i;ri, -iOl, 121111. •_'!•_', •_• I."), ^li-iit iiiriilinii iif M-Mlli'i'i'd relics; Min/rr'.s .Ui.\\ ArJr'\ cle.. viij. ii.. |i. "JIS, eiU.s til lliice lieiiii> ill I'eMiisei) eidlt'etinii, said to liuM- come Iroiii Oajaca. " li'i/nn'x, -Jd ex|ied., |i|). '2S-'.). " !/"///(■. h'li.srii. tiiiii. ii.. p. "-'S^. with cut of the liii;^'. 1' l!,(i.-<.si:ttr dc Buiiv'iuarj, Hat, Xitl. Cic, toiu. iii., p. 47. 37G ANTIQUITFES OF OAJACA. ^ .•iS to have been cartlicii tordi-bearers, or iniao-os in dis. torted human form, with a socket in tlie head u liich in(h('atos tlieir former use. Similar iniiiges IuimkI at Zachila will 1)e noticed later in this chajitrr. A wooden fac-simile of the tomb is mentioned li\ Sr ( Jondra as jtreserved in the Mexican Museum."' At Penoles, seven leau;-ues from Oajaca, a skull coNcicd and preserved by a coating of limestone was rniiiid." On the western boundary of this state, perliaps across the line in Guerrero, at Quilapan, formerly a i^ivat city of the Miztecs, an axe cast from red copper was found, one fourth of an inch thick, four inches loiio-, and three and a half inches wide. From a nKMind opened in the same vicinity some fragmei'^s of statues and of pottery were taken. ^"^ Ft)ssey tells us that conical mounds in great numbers are scatteicd nver the whole country between Oajaca, Zachila, and Ciii- la})a. The mounds are from fifteen to Hfiy I'cet lii^li, and are formed in some cases of simple eartli, in others of clay and stones. Human remains are Iniiiid often in the centre together with stont3 and eai'tlicii figures. Those figures which are i. added in limiiau form agree in features with the Zapotec featurrs of modern times. CV)pper mirrors and hatcdiets liavo also been found, according to this author, as wr!l as g(dden ornaments and necklaces of gilded beads." 3[. (yharna}'' saw in the second valley of < )ajaca as lio came from Mexico the ruins of a temple, tlif hiilld- ing of which was begun by the Spaniards in the time of Cortes, on the site of an aboriginal temple. Tli" ruined walls of the latter were of ad(d)es, and si r\cl ■for scafiblding in the erection of the former, and 1 nt!i ruins now stand together. The whole valley was cov- ered with tumuli, probably tombs, as the author th:ak>; 1" (liiiiiJra, ill Prifirotf, ITIsf. Cnnq. Mr.v., toiii. iii., ]i. '.H. '" Musrii .]fi.r.. tdiii. i., \>. '24',). '•* Ihi/iiii.v, ;{(l csiK'd., ]i. (■), 111. ii., 2(1 oxjicd., p. ">'.. '■> /'(/.v.vr//, Mr.n'(/iir. |i|). :{7")-ti. N" luitliui'ity is givt'ii, iiini M. I ">-i'y Wiis not hiiiisoif ail aiitianie(l, however, hy photogra2)hi(^ view; ' r!,i, 'II, /' A I I Hill ])]). 240-r)l. ■Jil ox|p('il., Y\i. 17--.'?, I>1. xxi-viii., I'lu'-. (Vt-T ■>l, >l. I'.l-r.l. ('ill Til l>p. 4U-(>, v( A. U lllifshuriilliill iK XIX-X.W . (i 77; /.'- \i\'^ Atlii.'i di' uiui Fiirliilrzii y.iiiiiih mciiii(ii;iil hy (iiiiiilrn , in I'nxiiitl, ilixt. I'miii. Mcx., tciiii. Hi., ji. ill, ami III U .lA tmu. 1., \). '2W. Tl lit( le (Miitors 'i"iiiiiiii ilii'ir iiitciiticiii to ]iiililisli tlic iliiiwii itf tlic latter ma'. !«• climiiVfd It I 111 as tlic i>lat('s coll .1 ivi' not s<'('ii tin; vdliime in \\liich tlicir \iu cinifil iiiit. if iiidccil it was fvcr carricil out. (lania's ri'iinrt rpiiM' wan <:•',.,„ l!„/rl, Ml >'. |||. '-Ml- '". tiiiii. vii.. ii|i. '_*7(lK with plates; Miilhr, It Ml., tiiiii. il ill /'/., Willi |p|ate^ C/i iiiniiii/. Aiiii'i:, ]>]!. i.'."i(|.:{; ]'ii,//, /-/,-/) in; Alli |). ■_*.")-(l. with cut. Other references to slight iKilici 'III ' laiiiiii'' iioori'iinal iul'oiniatiiPii iUv.—Lari i/ii Ml if Mmitt duiit., t? 878 ANTIQLITIES OF OAJACA. Xotwltlistandiiis^^ this aiTay of aiitliorities, wliicli oii_!4'ht to jji'ive a cluar idoa ot" a slii^lo oroiiji ut' iv- inaiiis, the reader will find the following- (Ilm riptidu very iiiipcrlect, sinco each of the visitors, as a rulf, dcst-riljL'S a diliurciit part of the ruins, and they do iidt often a^reo in their remarks on any one stnutiu., The plan in the annexed cut is C'0})ied from that in MuUer's work, and shows all the remains marked uu ^ ll riaii of Riiiiirt—Monfe Albaii. the original, e\eo])t four small structures on a iiortli- ern eontinuation of the hill, or spur ((, shown in tlic )•]. i., fniiil l>li)mix; Jinisunir dr Jioiirlniiirif. Hist. Xnt. dr.. tcmi. iii.. .S4(); l-'tissti/, Mc.rt'/itf, jip. .'{70-1. Tliis wiitor locates tlii' iiiin- lca,:;iu' from tlie city, h'.scahnt and Llano, Mij., \\. 'XVl; Bul'lii-nt ■ A nil r., p. Ul. i.t ii RLINS OF MONTE ALBAN. 879 iinrth-castorn part of tlie ])lan. As the plan indicates, t!;r niiiis ai"(j .situated on a jdatoau oi' some tlii'ct; liuiidird Ity ninu hundicd y.irds along tho sunnnit of ji 1,111-1' of liiu'li hills with prt.ripitous ascent, risinif the hanks of a stream which ^[Uller calls the li'i'iii Kill Xn\(l. T\ le works nientionud as not inc •hided in till' plan, ai'o dcscrihcd hy ^1 idler as the ivniains of t',i!ir wnlls which form a parallelogram. All he tells \\> n\' (lie works at ' Miiiiiiiit })latform of which rise a smaller terrace. (ir lllnlllK 1, at the north-west corner, and various otliei iiiiliankiiK'iits and ruined walls not ])ai-ticularly de- Miilit (1, l)Ut indicated on the })lan. The structures in the rial ])()rtion of the main })lateau, at //, are s[)oken (Til (if as jiaiallel emi)ankinents ahout thirty feet hij^h. Tn the ruins thus far mentioned no out) but ^l idler ivt'iis (li'Hiiitely, althoui^h others speak somewhat va^iH'ly of the ruined emhankments and walls that oivcr the whole surface of the jdateau. ^ hily the Miatlit'iii remains at e seem to have attracted the attciitinii of all. I'hese ^lidler hrielly represents as nil ciiihaiikment fifty feet hiyh, enclosini;' a (piadri- liitri'al sjiact!, on which emhankmeiit were two l>yra- iiiiils oi' iiiouirIs. One of the latter was jtroved hy t\ia\atiiiL;' to have no interior a[)artments or iL;'al- Kri">; the other was j)enetrate(l at the hase hy ualKi'ii's at rin'ht angles with each other, and leading" tn a ci'iitial dome-shajted room, the toj) of which had talli'ii, (larcia repi'esents the scpiare court as eii- (■lii>('(| mil'. not hy a continuous emhankmeiit, hut hy four iiioinids, haviiio' a slight space between them at tlif I'lids. The southern mound is the largest of the tniir. hrino- about foity-five feet hiu'h, and, according' tn ( laicia's ])lan, about twelve hundred feet Ioiil;' and tlnvt' huiKLjd feet wide. It seems, from the draw- 4.^nf; i\U m nRO ANTIoriTIKS OF OA.I.UA. inufs, to 1)0 notliiiii;- Imt a sIin[)lo heap of onrdi .umI rough stones, altlioiigli tlic slones of tlic sides .nitl • inl, were tloul)tlcss regular originally, perlia])s i'Nch I'ln , il A\ ith masonrv, and tla^re are traei's of a stair v.iv U'ading nj) to the summit platform fron\ the court, ( )ii the summit of the mounds, and also in the couit. nv many conical mounds, four of which Averc particiilaiiv noticed. These mounds were the onlv remains on tlio I>lateau of Monte Alhan which attracted tlu' atteiitidii of l)u|)ai.K and Castaneda, and are representtsd l)y tliiiii IS Ileal >s or rouir f rh st ones, 111 some casus AVitli iiKutai C()vcred on the exterior with cement, and traverse the hase hv ualleries, the sides of which are faced ■(I at with lewn hlock^ ( narcia sj ly th le mounds are aiintit tv tweiitv-four feet liiuli; hut Diniaix calls one fur feet, another sixtv, and a third still hiijher, ( )iie of the mounds stamls at the head of tlic •tair- wav from tlie court, and the <>-allerv throutih it at the hase is descrihed l)y CJarcia as having a hend in thu centre, heiiig six feet high, wide enough for two [ht- sons, an'ht. The two mounds may very likely lie ithnti- cal, for although Castaneda's plate rei)resei)ts a Ml- lar curved arch, Kiiigshoroiigh's copy has tlie |H.inttil arch of large stones. Another of these artitii'ial .-to'ii! hills, according to Dnpaix, has in the centre a ihuui eighteen feet square, and thirty feet high, with a >cnii- circular or dome-like top, the surface being foinn d o, hewn stone. From the centre of each side a galhiy thirty feet long, seven and a half feet high, and i'eet and a half wide, with a regular arch, leads to tl InUl' aiY'' open air. The whole is said to be l)iiilt on a rectangular base of masonry, the dimensions of whii h KlINS «»r -MONTE AUJAX. 881 iir-j iii'i nivcii. Garcia moiitlons a siiuilai' ihouikI, but >|)(Mks ot' tlie central room as l)uiii,<4' ciivular. ;\iint!u'r of tliese Htructuivs, rcsL'iiil)lin^' at tlie time (,!' J)ii|i;ii\'s visit a natural liill covurod with trees, is .^ixtv tret lii.u'li, and has a ^-alkny seven and a lialf feet lii.jli and six feet wide, with arched top, extcndint;' tM.viiitv-ei^lit feet, or nearly the whole diameter from (Mditli to north. The left hand, or western, wall of the nall.rv is composed of <^ranite blocks, j^-enerally about t\\i:itv-ciL;'1it by thirty-six inches and ei,L;'hteen inches tiiitk. on the surface of M'hich are sculptured naked 1.11111:111 Hu'ures m profile facing northward toward the iiit rii>r of the mound. Four of these figures were (-lu tilled by Castaneda, and one of them, from whose had liiiiig^ something very like a Chinese (pieue, is ,-!iu\vu ill the out. Garcia locates this mound or au- .Sculpturcd Profile from ^loiitc Allian. oilioi" very similar one in the court, and he also !-kttrlir(l some of the figures, ))ut very sliglit if any iVM'iiiliLiiicc can be discovered between his drawiiiiJTs !'.ii(l tliiise of Castaneda. ^[tiller s}»eaks of one of the lalilits tlie scul[)tured design of which represents a Miiiiiau giving birth to a ball. Garcia states that hu- man lioiics and fragments of pottery have been dug li'i'in tliise ruins, Dupaix found some bones, and ^l. btih.ir Niignests that the figures in bas-relief were por- traits of persons buried in the tombs. Dui)aix men- ti if I I' I -I' 7 ns2 ANTigrrrii'.s of ua.iaca. tioiiH a foiirtli inoiiiid similiir to tlio otliers, liavi uMi,nil;u' cc'ilinuf, and a pavuintMi it (.f I iiiK.' aiK iil;" ;iu IIU (,'liaj'niiy (k'Sfrihcs tlio platoau as bciiiL;- |»;iiti;il!v artilifial, and as coveriiijjf aliout oin; halt' a M|ii;nv Ica^iiu, covc'i'i'd with masses of stmie and iiiurtar, torts, osphiiiados, iiarroNV suhti;rranoan ])assai,Ts, and iiniiiL'ii.su scndjttui'od Idocks. Tlie aivlies of thi' yiil- lei'ics, contrary to ])ii[)aix's statements, are Ini nud by hir<40 inclined hhu'lvs. Tliu oTandest ruins inv ,it tho south end of tlio plateau; they are mostly s(|ii;nv truncated pyramids, about twenty-five feet hinli, ai;d ]iavin thick, of granite, accordin;^ to (Jarcia, but of rnl ])orphyry, in the o}»inion of Midler, were \\>\uu\ during' the ascent of tho hill, ]H'rhai)s at h, oi- e Aliorifiinal Coin from Monte Alban, ^ ^''0 nntlioritics i ,ire('0(liii;r note. '^'> Plate isliowiiij,' the stones in .bW. .l/cx. Gioij., lioklin, toni. vil •2Tft liKLics AT Monti: ai-uan. 383 taiK'ili. ti)L;vtlii'r with a circular stdiio tliroo varns and M liiilt" ill circuint'crcnco. J lis ]>latcs also iudiul.' a -riiii splicricnl minor of copper-covorod lava, tluvo ;iii(l ;i Iialf inches in dianictcr, with hcatitifiilly pol- jslicd siirfacc and a Jiolo driih'«l tlii'ounh tlie hack; a (•(i[)|)( r chisfl, seven inches lonj^' and one inch in (hani- itcr; ami tinaily, the cast c<){»[)er ini|>lcni(3nt shown in \\\r invccchnLf cut, one of two hundred and seventy-six. nf till' same form, hut of slii>'htly vai'vin. Chiii'iiay states that the plateau is covered with frai;-- inciits ( '■ \ery fine jn^ttery, on which a hrilliant red ulaziiin' is ohservahle. He states l"urther, that an Italian explorer, openiuij; some of the moun' the lat- ter toim of jivh; and I think there can he no L;;i socles lo IniMii tluMu inti) a stately capital rull <»!' inv,! ji.il, aces, ti'iuples, and line edifices. (Jarcia tells ns timt tliest> works were erected l>y a Zapotet' kiiiu, wiili a view to lesist the advance of tlio ^liztecs; wliiK' llias- seiir Relieves that hero was the fortress of Jliiawarac Iniilt 1)V tlie Aztecs ahout the year 148(), aiul ijairi- soiled to ke(>|) the country in subjection.'* It si'eiii^ to nu,' that the jirecedini;' (K'scriptioii. im. perft'ct as it is. is yet more than sntlicient to piMVt' that the structures on Monte All)an were iK-vcr erected hy any people as temporary works ol' iK frnsi'. The choice {)\' hn-ation shows, however, that t'acilitv of defense Mas one of the objects sou^'ht hy the luiild- ers, and renders it very imi)robahle that a citv pioin r ever stood here, where, at least in modern times, thcii' are no spriiii^'s of Avater. On the other hand, thccdii- ical mounds as re]>resente(l by C^istaneda's diawiii^s seem in no way titted for defensive works, ninl wdc almost certainly erected as tombs of Za|>ott'c iiiiKKs or jtriests. Tlu! jdateau Avas jirobably in ahcri'^inal times a strongly fortified holy })lace, sacred \o tlio rites of the native worship, but sorviny- ])i'ilia|is as a ])lace of refu^•e to the dwellers in the surr.uiipliii'^' country when thri'ateiied by an advanciiiii' foe. It is moreover very likely that in the period of civil strifes and foreign invasions which ])receded the Sjiani>Ii C'oii»|Uest, these works were striMin'tluMun! and ticcii- ])ied by the Za]totecs, and })ossibly by the A/trcsal>i> in their turn, as a fortress. . Zachila, fen or twelve miles, according;' t(> flu' ina]^. southward iVom Oajaca, was the site of a qi'i'ai Za|ii»- tcc capital. .\ wiiter in a i\rexican mana/.iiic nmi- tions till' base of an ancient ]>yramid as still \isi!ilo near the church of the modern town. With tlucx- oe[ition of !his brief inentit)n all our iiifoim atinii resjiectiny- the anticjuities of Zachila comes fiom lln' SI ilr<(^s< III- ill- Hiiiir/itiiini, Hist. Xdt.Cir., toiii. iii., I'P- ."!.'>".•- H'. HKMCS AT ZACIIILA. 885 work oi' nujinix ; aiul this writer, so far as ponnaneiit iiiDiiiiiiii'iils are ooiuvniod, only spoaks t;\>Morally of nil iimn'iiso i^roiij) of mounds in conical form, huilt of cutli and a few stoni ;-;, and of the imprint of a oi^-antic j'ddt |iri>l»alily markinn' tli'.' meridian somewli.-it south dt" tilt' iiioimds. From excav;\tii)ns in these tunudi, stone and day statues, or idols, were ohtained, together with |iittterv, hurnt hricks, pieces t)f human hones, and tVa'iiiu'i'.s of ruined walls. Of the ohjects tako!< from ilic timuli or found in the vicinity, ovi-r twenty were (lisi ■jhcd and sketched hy l)u[)aix and (astnneda. ; A st>ated human iinnu'e with arms and leL»\s di'vi d as shown in the cut. It is carved from a gray- Stoiu' "^(.itr.o Irom Ziicliila. i-li vi'llow 0-! indstoni'-liko material, and is nhout a foot ill liii'^lit. It was iound in a tond» tuni'tlier with >"U\r limiian hones. The rear ^icw in the original >liin\s till' hair falling' «lown tile hack and cut s(|uare ;i'it'>s; wliilo the helt ahout tlu' vaist is pass(>(l hc- twciii ill,' I, .MS and is tied in a knot hcliind. '2. A. ■-'■itri' ,, iii.ui fioiu'e in o'ranite, eighteen inclu's liii^h. iIk' ainis, iVom elhow to wrist, are free from tlu' l>')dy, ;iii(l till' hands rest on the kuei's. A strini;' 'A' heads "1' |Harls is suspended iVom the neck, and a mask w i(h 'I'ltastir tioin-(.'s in relief covers the fac*'. in (hi> top "1 ilii Iic.id is a hollow, and (he ima:;-e seen>s to luive \..l.. IV. :•► 886 ANTIQUITIES OF OAJACA. leen designed, like many others in the same looulitv, for a vase or, perhaps, a torch-bearer. 3. A stated human figure, twenty-seven inches high, cut iVoiii white marble and painted red. The arms and ImmK- are concealed by a kind of semicircular ca|)o. Tho hands appear below the capo, holding some intlus(iil)a- ble object. A necklace of beads or pearls surrouiuls the neck, the face is apparently masked or at lea.st tin,' features are ideally fantastic, and an immense head- dress, as lariife as all the rest of the fiyuic, sur- mounts the whole in semicircular form. A serpent appears among the emblems of the head-dress.-^ ! A stone twenty-seven inches long, twelve indies high, and three inches thick, of very hard and heavv material. On one side, within a plain border, aic four human figuies in low relief, two on eaeli sido facing a kind of altar in the middle. All are s(|uat- ting cross-legged, one has clearly a beard, and another has a bird — called by Dupaix an eagle, as is his cus- tom respecting every bird-like sculj)ture — f'onniii;^' a part of his head-dress. The stone was badly lirokeii, but seem to have been carried by the finder to Mex- ico.^" 5. A bird bearing considerable likeness to a!i eagle, liolding a serpent in its beak and claws. This figure was scul})tured in low relief on a blocdv oi' hard sandstone three feet square, built into a modern wall. 6. A human face, nuich like what is in modern times drawn to represent the full moon, three feet in diam- eter, and also built into a wall. The material is a brilliant gray marble. 7. Three fragments witli sculptured surfaces, one of which has among other 25 'EIlo ropn-sciite iiii l'iiii |''- nai'luM-oiisidi.'ral)lu et i|ni atti'sto .sou iinportaiici', <>st orni' dc Im tiiinuli' (•(uileuvri', UDUiiiK-u aussi par Ics astniiionies niodcrncs lo .srr/inil il' Ij'i, <1"1i' la pruaetu'c dans le eiel auuonce la saiscui des recoites.' Lcimir. in •' "'.'.'/■ M(.e., Unix, ii., div. i., pp. .")7-8. Cut also in Mttijir's Olis., p. .TJ. ]il. m . from the ori;;inal which is preserved in Me.xieo. !"* I'iate ulso ill Goiidru, in Prcucutt, Hist. Conq. Mr.r.. tm". ii: . I'l' C4-5, pi. xi. l\ RELICS AT ZACIIILA. 887 fiivnros several that seem to represent flowers. 8, 9. Two niiisked images, siniiJar in some respects to No. 2, l)ut of terra-cotta instead of stone. One of tliem is shown in the cut. They are about a foot and a Terra-Cotta Image— Zachila. half lii.uh, hollow, and present some indications, in the form of a oocket at the back of the liuad, of liav- \\\'^ been intended to hohl torches.^^ 10. A terra- cotta fi^^ure, about nine inclies liigh, ajiparently i"ep- ivse'iitiiin- a female clad in a very peculiar drt'ss, as tehuw!; ill the cut.-*^ 11. An earthen cylinder, live Tcrra»rotta Itnagc— Zacliila. ^ > i-'ii'sof plates in Mityrr'.s Ohs., p. 32, pi. iii.; Iff., .Vr.r. A:frr, etc., VM. ii,, p|,._-J|S-l;). '" Kup.iix siiysdf tliis iniatrc; ' KHe parliriiic iin yn'ii ilii stylf i';,'\ jiticn. '•uit.>t iiiuMMtetle tiiii.-* vt'teiueiitf. i|iii iToiseiit Tuii siir I'uiilic »}iiiotri<|iie- 'i:ii S' J 'I 388 ANTIQUITIES OF OAJACA. inches in dianiv'tcr and nine inclies liig'li, on tlic ton oF wliicli is a liead, possiljly the caricatui'o of a dt^, from wliose open jaws looks out a tolerahly wtll- formed human iace. 12-17. Six heads of animals or monsters in terra cotta. 18-'2."3. Six earthen dislus of various forms, one of wliieh, in tlie form of a platter, has within it a re})resentation in clay of a human ,'kull. A ttM. '> '- said to have heen opened at Zadiila in Avliiclt wc ••■oral tiers of earthen platters, cmcIi cdii- t. lining a sk^ ;. Some of the vesstjls have hollow 1l'i.;s with small halls, which rattle ^^•hen they ai'c iiiovcd.-^ At Cuilapa, some distance north-east of Za«'liila, tlic existence of tumuli is mentioned, hut a (Jerniaii ix- plorer, who visited the locality Mith a view to (>\hm some of them, is said to have heen stoned and diivrii away hy the infuriated natives, notwithstaiidiiiL;' tin; fact that he was i)rovided with authority from tlio local authorities.^ The finest and most celehrated o-ronp of ruins In Oajaca, prol)ahly the finest in the whole Xahua ter- ritory, is that at ]\Iitla, ahout thirty miles slightly south of east from the capital, and eight or nine niiks ir.ont, et qui sout Itnnli's do frnii<:es. La tote est ovik'o tic trox- ipii tmit (U'viiicr li! sexc; Ics (iri'illcs ct lo c-ll(i; KiinisliiiviiiKjh, vol. v., jip. •Jt>',»-7.S. vol. vi.. pji. t.'i'^-i". vid. iv., pi. xlvii. di., lig. '.tlJ-llT. ' Kingshorougii aUo atiriiiatcs tig. Ilsl'.' to Zaciiila, lint according to the otlieial e(lition the relics rcprociilcd I'V those nuinhers came from Ti/atlan in 'I'lascala Lnmir, in Anlni. M'j.. toni. ii., div. i., ]ip. .')7-. Iirasseur, W'st. Xn/. dr.. lom. iii.. p. 47. >|'c:ik-* of a fortress visited hy several trav(ders, hnilt hy Zaachila, the gicat Za- iiotee eoucineror, on the lo|) of a lofty rock '2') leagues east of Oajani Nieiition of ruins and two cuts of figures in Ilii\lriada tie pieilra ile niu- iliiis laziis y luliores.' Mindivla, Hint. Erlis., pp. WXtA'}-, linnj'ja, Dcscrip, i^cuj., luui. ii,, t'ul. '2M, etc. 390 AXTKiUITIES OF OAJACA. ruins, and the natives <^o tlirou^'li forms of wor.slijj) in honor of a foreign deity in a modern churcli over the tomhs of tlieir ancestors' kings and priests, ^v hu.su faith they were long since forced to ahandon.'" ^lost of the early Spanish chroniclers s}H';ik of Mitla and of the traditions connected with the ])liur, hut what may he called the modern exploration of the structures, as relics of antiquity, dates from the ycur 1802, when Don Luis Martin and Col. de la Liigiiiia from Mexico visited and sketched the ruins, it was from Martin and from his drawings in the hands of the MiJ'quis of Branciforte, that Humholdt ol)taiiu;d his information. In August 1800, Dupaix arid L'as- tancda reached Mitla in their second exploring tour. In 1830, the German traveler Miihlenpfordt, duiiiiLf a residence in the country, made plans and drawiiiLjs of the remains, copies of which were retained l»y .liian B. Carriedo and afterwards puhlished in a ^Mexican ])eriodical. Drawings were also made hy one Saw- kins in 1837, and pul)lished hy Mr Brantz ]\Iayor in a work on Z;-potec antiquities. ^[. de Fossey was at Mitla in 1838, hut his descrii)tion is made u[) rliicHy from other sources. Sr Carriedo, already mentioiit'd, wrote for the f/asfracion Mcjicana, a statement of tliu condition of the ruins in 1852, with measures wIiIlIi had been, or ought to be, taken by the govornnitiit for their preservation. Mr Arthur von Tcin|isky spent part of a day at the ruins in February, Ih54, })ublishing a description with several })lates in tlic account of his Mexican travels which he nauail Mitla. Jose ]\Iaria Carci'a saw the ruins in Octolxr, 1855, as is stated in the bulletin of the ^hxicaii 3^ 'Du liaut dc la fortercssc do Mitla, la w\e ploiif^c rlaiis la viillic it sc repoMc avec tristesse siir iles roclu's iii'K'os et ile.s solitudi's aiiilcs. wniv^y ili' (Icstnictioii jirojire ii relevcr ri'tl'tit dos palais de Liid)aa. In tdirciii ircaii na]ei!(?), (|iii !sc jfontlo avoc la tL'iii|)Ote, coiiit' au iniliini 'les salilcs imuhIiciix \\w an tableau I'aspect d'un jardiii d'liiver plaute (le buis et de sapius.' t'omij, Mi'j^iqitc, J). 371. F.XPLORATIOX OF MITLA. 891 )X .llUlll IcXK'ilU (i S;iw- iiyor ill was at t'liicHy tioiied, ot'thu wiiicli IllllCllt npsky ,1.^54, ill tlu; 1 Kill ml (■tiihi'i', Ii'xicaii iiiiiV I't ^e iiii;i:;(' ill" ■rnii 'I'l'iui |iiinilri'iix -; M |ifilli! V'uli'llll'll'. iloiiiic an ( !('oi;rn]tliii'al Society, l)ut no description resulted from his cxploi'.itiun. Finally Charnay came in 1859, and >ii(C(.'c(led after many ditHculties in obtaining a series ,,(■ most valuable and interestiiiL,' i)liot()ii;'ra|)lis.''* The number of ruined editices at ^fitla is variouslv >tati'(i by (liferent autliors, aecordmLf to their methods lit' cMuutiiiiL;'; for instance, one explorer reckons four hiiihliii"s euclosiny," a court as one i)alace, another as 5> lfiiii(!"ifi//, Viirs, toiii. ii., pp. 278-85, pi. xvii-viii., fol. cd., pi. xlix-l; //..ill.!////'/. .1/('.<'., toiii. i., (liv. ii., pp. 2S-;{(), siip!. pi. viii.; /(/., A'.s.siii I'.J.. |i]i •Jii.'i-.'t. Ilunilxildt .speaks oi Aliutiii as ' iin arcliitccto nicKicaiu nvsili-iiiiu'iit'.' I)ii/Hiix, '2il L'.vpcd., i)p. ;U)-44, ]il. xxix-xlvi., li;^. 78-!).'<; wvii-xli. //(, vol. v., pp. "irw-OS, Vol. vi., pp. 447-.")(), vol. iv., j ii''. 81-flr>; Lntoir, in Ati/io. 3Ic,r., toni. i., fonlt, Mrjifo, toiii. i., prcf., ]). .">, claims to have lici'ii fur some time Director of road-constniction in tiie state of Oajaca, iiiil >t:it('s liis iiitciitioii of publishing; at some future time IS or '_'() lar;fe i,i|i|nM'|ilatc eii;;raviiij;s illiistratiiij;- the antiquities of Mitla and others, :alc: u> tar as I k now, Imvc nevei iM'd some of the dra\vin;;s, ]ierhaps all, in the IlnslnifiiDi M<'ji- II. tdiii. ii.. pp. 493-8. Some of the (ierman arti.sts' de.^.riptive text is ii|iiiilcil fiom I know not what source. Tcinjislcifis Mitla, pp. 'ioO-.S, with t have been made iii> for the most part from otlier sources nil's w lii.'h tli;iii till' author's own observations. (.Jarcia's visit, >V /. Mrx. (iriiif,, 111 tiiiii. vii., pp. •271--. Sawkin's exploration, in Mnfrrs Ohsirnilioiis, |i. 'JS. I't sei|., with plates. It will he shown later tiiat Mr Sawkiiis' draw- ings nil' without value to the archa'oloj;ical student. I'ossey's account, 1/ ii'iiii\ pp. ■■{(>.")-7(»; Chiininji, Jiiiiiies Aiiur., pp. "itil-O, phot, ii-xviii.; \',i,lhi./,./>/ii\ ill III., pp. 74-104, with cuts. After Charnay had coiii- I'ii'U'il. as he ihou^ht, the work of jihotojiraphiiif; the ruins, all his ne;j;a- tivi's well' spoiled for want of proper varnish. He was therefore coini)elleil t'lntiini alone, since he had exhausted the somewhat limited jiatience of lii^ iiali\i' assistaut.s, and to work day and iii;j;ht to take a new set of ))ie- iinvs. Miiller, Jlri.srn, toni. ii., jip. '270-81, seems also to have made a ]ier- Miiiai ('\|iloi'atioii. (Uher references for Mitla containiii. 17.'{; liriiitfiird'a Anin: Antlq., El In I'll. SVd; L, li'l- 1/. (•/'/••v tni'lirrr, in Xoiinllrs Ainmlrs ilr.f I'oi/., tom. xxxiv., ]ip. iiiiih]». *.M)-5, ]il. xvii.; Mi.i: unit Witti, i)p. ^ol-ll; III., Ml. I-. Aziir, vol. ii., \)\\. '2i:M(i; iM'iiiiii. Viil/iir-disr/iir/ifi', torn, v., jip. ir)7-(i<); Munlil, fnifni/i, tom. i., I'p. ".iTll-l; /'/., Trinrl.s, p. 92; Mitlhr, Amrrihiiiusrhr I'rrrliijiitnni, j). 4t»2; I'ri.mitt'.i .]fi\y:., vol. i., )). 14, vol. iii., pjt. 4()l-ti; .Miillr-llrid), I'nii.i ilc hi ''""/., toni. vi., p. 4(i3; Mr.iintiii.sr/ii- Ziitfiniilr, tom. i., )i]t. 4().'i-4; ll'u/i/iini.^, II, il., p. 1(V2; I.riiipriirr, Mr.rii/iir, li. 144; lliissil, Mc.r. (hint., ]i. iiiisii, Miiuiifil (ri'oii., i>. ]'i't; EaritliTit and IJnint, Mr.r., iii). 327- pp. line as in Fo.s.sctf; Litfniiil, Vni/fifj/s, tom. i., p. 139; liuiiiii/ra.'i lie's ■^/I'lii. .liiirr., vid. i., p. 154, vol. ii., p. '233; D'Orhiipiif, ]'itifiiifr, p. 350; i''iiiii'i'r's .Mr.r. Glint., vol. ii., i)p. 13(»-4; Ditlbf, Ritrr.s Itiiliii., jip. lG-17: }li<-; l.iirriniiiilii'ir, .W-x. Glial., pi. ii-vi., from Dupaix; Delajicld's Antiq. Ama\, pp. 55, 59-GO. :!■ iisi 802 RUINS OF MITLA. four. Tlio only general i)lan ever puMislied is tlint inado by Miihlcnpfordt, and publislied l»y Cairiedu, from wliich the annexed cut waH prepared.^' ^lu.st v( t i cza D d^ D 'Cr General Plan of Mitlii. the visitors, liowever, say soniethino- of tlio lioni'i/i^' df some of the huiklinos from the others, and tlu.t' an only very i'ew instances where such remai'ks scriM to differ from the ]»lan 1 have jjfiven. The stnictuivs usually spoken of as palaces or temples, are loiir in 35 Cliarnay, phot, xvii., f^ivcH a general view of tlio ruins, from wliirli. however, no clear idea can lie fornicil of the arran;.'enu'iit of tlic >piiiiiin« The hnihlinjfs are named or nuiniiered as follows 1>\- (he (liHiTciii :niilii'i>; Dupaixnuinherstlieni astliey are marked on my plan; Carricdoaiicl Miilili n- pfordt nnite Xos. 1 and 2 nnder the name of 1st I'alai'e, niakiiii: N" •"! ^" 2, and No. t No. 3; Charnay's 1st or f>rand palace is liie northcni IniililiiiL' of No. 1; his 2d is the eastern hnildin^j; of the same; his Hd and lili intiln' northern and western lniildin;?s respectively of No. 2. My No, ;! is rnllcil hy him the Honse of the Curute, and No. 4 in only mentioned l>y liim ^'i'''' out name or number. (iUANI) IWLAt'K 3'.):} nuinlH'V, iiinrkcd I, 2, 3, aiul 4; 5 and 7 Jiro pyramids, moiiiids, or altars; and G .shows tlie position of the hoiisrs in the modern village. I ln^in with the best preserved of all, jialace Xo. 1 of the plan.^" The arrangement of its three hiiildiiii^s is shown in the ac'«'()mj>aiiying ground plan, a reduction from Castaneda's drawing. Three Gronnd Plan of Palace No. 1. low ohlong mounds, prohahly of rough stones, only five <))• six: feet high, enclose on the east, noi'th, and Mcst, a c urt, E, whose tlimensions are in general terms one hundred and twenty hy one hundred and thirty feet, and each of the mounds su})ports a stone Ituildiiig. The walls of the northern building -.we still in a tolerable state of j)reservation ; the eastein une lias mostly fallen, and of that on the west only ^1 At tlio CoiKincst tlic riiiiiH covered an immense .area, 1)«t they tidw consist of six iiaiucc« and three ruined i)yraniid». C/ianiai/, liuiucti Aiinr., [>. 201. a: ft" I ht ! H 394 UU IXS OF MITLA. slio'lit tnicos of tlio fomidiitions n^mnin. Tt is j i»>si- l)le that orin'iiiiilly tliui'u was a toiirth iiioiiiul, uitli or witliout its biiildiiin-, on the south."" The lateral ))uihhii!^s, ur td ninr feet in thifkness.'"^ Other details will \tv Kadilv learned from the ])lan. Three doorways o|k'Ii on tlic e< )urt from each huildiniif, and a bioad stairw;iv o|' ll'W stejis leads up to the doorways, at least on tiio iioitli. The southern win<^ of the northern laiildiuL;, A of if.sr known and one of the best preserved of all; and tlu' the ])lan, may be first described, beinii^ tlic 1 I one of the best preserved of a structure of the walls naturally claims attention first. In Yucatan we have found a filling- of rou^li stones and cement, faced on botli exterior and interior with hewn blocks; at ]*alen(jue the walls ai'e built en- tirely of hewn stone; at ^litla the mode of constr tion somewhat resenddes that in Yucatan, but tillino' st'cnis to be clav, instead of C(;ment, an it w I nil adi •oul mixture ot n-reoular stones, varynio- m (|U,!iitity ii ditfereiit parts of the walls. 39 ^" Diipaix's jirounil i)lan. pi. xxix., fij;'. 7S, roprcspnfs siicl I n siiiiiliciii Imildiii;;' and iiiminil, altlioui;!! vcrv sli'jlit, if aiiv, liai'fs iciiiMiinii "i tin f(i at tlie tiiiu' of liis visit. .Marti 11 ,S ]! Ian, ''ivcii iiv 11iiiii1mi1(||, ^ll(l^vs two slioitiT iiioiiiuls witliout ))iiiiiliii;j:.s; whilo Cariii'ilo's jiiaii Imiiii's iki stnicturt' wliati'ver south of the court, and I have omitted it in \\\\ |>l.i '■''* Tiie dimensions are very nearly those of the ])]ans of .Maili „IC tanoda, who diller only very .sli<,ditly. The dimensions <;iven hy the iliU'cr- ent autiiorititss are as follows: A. 12^x474 varas. Canto fiviln; l.'iix-lli' varas. Mart run. 111 lliouhtihlt; 40 metres lonj;, C/ainiai/; ISO t'ei't Ti'iii/is/,//; \IV2 feet Ion;;, Fosari/, C. '2'2x22 varas, Casfaiiri/ii and Mai-lin; (/, 7y.li'. 2(14, deserihes the material of this (illin;; as 'terie li.ittiic, melee de pos eaillou.\.' His jihoto^raphs of walls where the fai iiiu li;i> fallen show in some ]>la('es a mass of lar^e irregular stones, even liiiil witii siMiie re;j;uhirity in a few instanees; in other ])arts of the ruins tlnic sccin to Ije very few stones, but only a mass of earth or elay; and in siiH "iln^i parts the wall has every apjiearanee of regular adoiies. I)iipai\. |>. ''>'\ Bays that suiul uud lime are nii.xed with the earth. 'El iiiaiizo, " -nii.'>u CONSTUrCTION OF WALLS. T!ic cxtt-rior fjifiiih for IVfr JJaldwiii's work. The faciuLf is of stone blocks cut in diti'ereut I'onns ,111(1 sizes, phiocd against or in some cases slii^htly iMiutiatiui,'' tho inner filliui''. First, a doid)le tier of vtiv lai'i^e blocks are phuted as a base alon;^ the sur- t';ic.' ot" the su])|)ortini*' mound, projecting* two or tliree tirt fi'oMi the line of the wall, the stones of the ii|)|)or til r slojtuiuf inwar d. On this base is erected a kind tVame-work of lars^e liewn blocks with }>erfectly ]il;iiii uiiscul[)tured fronts, which divide the surface of till,' wall into obloui^ panels of different dimensions. These panels arc then filled with a peculiar mosaic of small brick-shajied blocks of stone of differ- t si/.es, set in different positions, so as to form si Liivat variety of reo-ular patterns, usually siK>ken of as No mortar seems to have been empl(.)yed Will' vw ;Tuc(iuus lUl ill' las pMicdos so componp do una tiiM-r.-i inozclnda y iKMioficiadii con aroiia y I il.' '])(: tii'ira |in>|iai'aila, liollaila <» ticiii'liriada ciiainlo t'icsca y ])ast()sa.' TiiM|isky, \i. vl'tl, (lei'lari's tho niatcrial to Ik; roiii^li hoiildcrs in conicnt. ll'iiiiliiililt, \'i(i:i, torn, ii., ji. 'J.S3, siieaks of 'iinu niasst; d'arj^iU; ^ni paroit ii!ii|ilii' riiiti'rit'ur di's inur.s.' '" •|.ii> nimpartiniieiitos divididos por unos tabloros (Miadri!on;io?<, tcr- iiiiiiailiis |iipr anas nioldiiras cuadradas ([ue Hohri'salcn a la iiiica dc la niii- ralla, 'uiilii'iicn en isiis pianos nnas j^'recas de alto ridicvc dc una liclla iiiviiiiii)M, ]Mi('H sus ditaijos prcst'iitan unos cnlai'i's couiplicados airc^ilados li una cxMilisiiiia ^'coniotria, I'ou una ;,'raudi' union entic las picdras (pu; l'i> niiMpiiiica, las (pie sou de varios j,'niesos, y conli^^iiiacioncs; adcuias ■••■ ailvii'itc inia jicrfecta uivelaei(Mi en toda esta adniiralde ensanililadnia ' /'"/w/,i', •_'d I'xped., p. .IL A mosaic of soft sandstone cut in hlocks 7 x -i >; I iinlics, aad .ill forniin;^ a sniontii exterior sni'lacc. Tiiiipshii's Millie, pp. '.'■'1-2, Willi 11 verv faulty cut. Tiie statement al>ont tlie sinoolli surface is I,;,. I,- .' r. I. ..1.1.. .i...t .: .1 : { .1... 1.I....1. . \i, 1 Ue S(illi*IM('lll (loom UK- MIMMMII MllliOt* IM 'ilaiidv ciroueoiis, as is probaldy that res])cctinj; the size of the Idocks. 'I's aiahcsipies forment uuo siu'te s de dillerentes ^jrandeurs.' The iiiodeni ' iiiirrli is liiiilt of stone from tlio ruins. The natives carry away the hlock.s III iiiiisaic ill the helief that they will turn to<;(dd. ('/idrmti/. Ilninis Aiiirr., I' '-'.VJ. 'Ji;;!-,'!, I'liot. v-vi., view of southern fa(;ade. i'l dillerciit stvlcs of ;;iiTi|ii,.< nil this front. Fossry, Mrri'/iir, jip. 307-8. Cuts of l(j dillerei-t :)IVlf>N ill //i/.'/,.....i'...> ir.it' 4.^.ki I'i 1. "«Ol ,- [■ ' ■■■> iiii.T II. rill,. i(/.> ■!.•.#, ira' ,' I • I " ' ^ siyliia ill llimlrucion McJ,, toni. ii., p. 501. ''m ) !■■ P" 3X5 liLlNS OF .MllLA. riUST l'.\I-A('i: ATMITLA. 307 E? '-- 3'M': ■yiii II H ' ^' P 398 RUINS or MITLA. ill tills fj icing- of stone; at least its use is n^t incii- tioiied by any author, and J)M])aix states expicsslv that it is not found. Some of the blocks used in th ■ base, frame- work of the panels, and lintels of tlu' doorways, are very large. One of the latter is de- scribed by ditferent writers as from sixteen iu ninc- teeii feet long, and is said by Dupaix to be of gi'anite. The only sculpture on the facade is found on tluse lintels, the surface of which is re})resented as caivcj into regular figures in low relief, corresponding with the mosaic in the panels. The doorways are iilidut seven feet wide and eight feet high, and in tlu' upjur jiart of tlie |)iers that sejiarate tiiem are noticed I'diii- round holes, which may be supposed, as in other ali- original structures, to have served for the sn|i|i()it nt' an awning, although the natives have a tradition that they were orii>inalIy occui)ied by stone lieatls of native deiti(!s." The only other peculiarity to be noticed in this front is, that instead of being ])eri)en(liciilai', it inclines slightly outward from the base, as do many of tlie walls at ^[itla." The interior of the building, A, has a pavcniciit ef flat stones covered with cement, which latter li;is moslly disappeared. The inner surface of the walls is of roiigli stones and earth, probabl}' the same as the interior tilling, and covered with a coat of ]»laster. a greater ])art of which remained in 1859, ami i- shown in Charnay's pliotogi-aph ; there were alsi traces of red paint on thc^^e walls in J)u}»ai\'s tune. There are no windows, or other openings except the J' All Iiidiiin woiiiiin whh roiiortotl to liavc fine ot tlic liciuls finin \hr-o holes, liiiilt into tin- Wiillisof Ikt house, lint it could not lie foninl. Iiiij,iil.i. tM e\nc'il., p. ;U. ■•^ r>('siilt's tlin ])liotiijii';iipli ciiiiied jiliovc. Chariiay's iphotii;.'ra|ili^. vii- viii., ini'sent views fioin the east and west, sliowin;; that the saiiu >tvlr"t' eoiistinctioii and oinainentalioii extends eoin|det(dy round the liinhliii-'- l)ii|iaix"s |ilale \x.\. re|iresenls tiiis facade. Init shows only a small |i.iil;"ii feet, showin;^; the wi',,ie front restored in all its details, lie ;;iM'^ iiNn the plate from AnH'j. M<.r.. Imt refers it to the palace No. '1. pi '. ~ \i-. ti- ,S."i. See descriiition of the walls ipioted from IJiiryoa, in Suf. .'/• ■■ '"■;'■. litihliii ,\uu\. \ii., |i]i. I70-|{, STONE COLUMNS. 899 (louru.iys; l)ut on the nortlieni wull, ut ini(l-liei,<»lit, tiieic is ;i iiielic, perhaps more tliaii one, one or two \[v[ (li i|>, s(|uare in form, and enehjsed l»y lour hkn-ks lit" stdiic. Extentliiijjf in a line along f'e centre of this apartment, are six round stone pillars, ii/i(n\i', ]). .'U . '•\ri' .") \,uas liij:li. /liini'i'i, in Sof, Mi.r. (Irmi., liiihliti, tinn. vii., ]>. 171. l-'ifi't lii-li. » feet (jianieter, Tiiii/>.sl,'i/'s Mi/hi, ]^. '2:>:\. Id feel Kll inrlics alidvc ui'iiiiiil, liver (i fci't lielow, .S;\ varas in eireninferenee; material ]>i>v- pliviv Hii^fi-iirimi Ml J., toin. ii.. jii>. 4'.l.')-(). Sii larue that twi, men ran liiinllynMrJi mmul tiiem, 5 fathoms hiyh. Mtmliilu, lli.st. /A/i.v., \\\). ;W.')-ti. M 400 HUINS 01' MITLA. u ; wliicli it \v;is copied from one of Tein]isllat(_s. It is very faulty, as is proved l)y Chariiay's pliot()L;iaiili taken from the same ])()iiit of view, in I'epiu scntinu' the walls as if built of lar^-e rou<4"h stones uitliniit mortar, in puttins^ a doorway in the central part of the iiortliern wall, and in making- the colunnis di- minish in size towards the to}) much more than is actually the case.** Passing now to the northern wing of this Imildiiio', C, the exterior walls are the same in style and ciai- struction as those of the southern wing just dcsciihrd, as is proved hy the })hotographic views/"' 'fhf coint. C, is ahout thirty-one feet s<|uare, and its [•a\eiiuiit was covered with cement, a- that of the larger ((Hiit, E, may have l)ecn originally. The ground plan shows the ai'rangement of the four aj>artments, h, 1), 1). 1). although it is to be noted that other jtlans d\\\'vy slightly from this in the northern and western loonis, '"'he onlv entrarice to the northern court and reeiiis is from the southern wing through the })assage /', y', which is barely wide enough to admit one ]ierson. 'J'he interior facades, fronting on the cou)'t, aiv ]nv- cisely like the southern facatlo of the southeiii wiiiu\ A, being made up of mosaic work in jianels/'"' The interior walls of the small apartments, b, b, b, h, un- like those of the southern apartment, A, are t'enntd of mosaic work in regular and graceful patterns, e\- cej)t a s])ace of four or five feet at the bottoiii. wliich is covered with plaster and bears traces of a kind . 7>s. U Sec C/inrdci;, |»lmt. x. <■'* ('/ifiniiii/, ]iiiiit. vii.-viii. •16 Clun-iiiiii. iiliut. xi. I'lato in Timpslii':^ Miflu, pp. 2:f2-:\, \<'iy ii"'"r- rt'ct, as aic iii'ariy all of this autlior's illustrations. MOSAIC GRECQUES AT MITLA. 401 cut is a f'ac-simile from Clianuiy's j)hutogni})li of one I mi'm IT.fgf TL'.^^ : h/777X ^km% v7/r7~A iPTnrww TJT!i^',wii'... . ,« 1 liii*(jllt;:!!..illlil.i./;il.;:'i|l.||.'ffll,il.*r..-i'*iii«;i«..i?-J Grccqucs oil Interior of Ilooiii at Mitla. iif tliosu iiitofiors, and o-lvos an exci'llciit idea of the tliivc mosaic bands that extend entirely round etuh I iiitw liave to speak of tlie roof wliii-li ()rii>-inally vnvd this huihHiiL;', since in tlie other hiiildiiiys and alaccs nothing' will be found to throw any additional lijit (III the subject. it seems e\i(lcnt tliat the col- iiiiiiis ill the southern "wini^ were intended to support till' I'euf, an< if there wert^ no contradieturv evidence, till' iiatui'al conclusion Avould be that the coverimjc Was of wooden beams stretchin<4' completely across till' iiai'i'ow apartments, and ri-sting on the pillars of tln' witlij- ones, as we have seen to be the case at ■'■ Cli'ini'ii/, iilmt. ix. V.iL. IV, 'JO CI) M I I 402 RUINS OF MITLA. Tuloom, on tlio eastern coast of Yucatan.*'' TMiruna. in whose time it is not inipossi]>le tliat sonn' of tin roofs may liavc l)een yet in place, tells us that tin v were formed of lai'ne stone blocks, rcstiny' on tlir colunms, iuid joined without mortar.*'' Jiuiiilidldr states that the roof was su])})orted hy lai'^f suliii,, l)eains, and tliat three of these hetuns still I'nn.iiiidl in |)1'U'(; (IS()-J). According- to Dupaix, hotli tli. roofs and floors in the northern win^' weie fonihd ! v ;i row of heanis, or rather loin's, of the the top of the wall, and stretching;' fi'om side to ^-idr. He does not inform us what traces he found to .-.up- jiort his o])iiiion. !^riihlenpfordt'" found traces oi' a roof in one of the nortliern rooms sulHcit'iit to cuii- vince him that the oriL>'inal "consisted of i-oiiml d.ik timhers, el'^'ht inches in diameter, placed aci()>> tin room at a distance of ei<>'ht inches one from aiidllu r; these wei'e tirst covered with mats, on N\hicli wcir ]>laced stone llaii's, and over the latter a coat of linn ; forming' thus a solid and water-ju'oof co\(riiiu. Fossey s])eaks of one worm-eaten heani, hut [Udlialilv obtained his information from .Humboldt. Tcnqi-kv. notwithstandin'4' the shortness of his exp'ior.itiun. made the remarkable discovery that (»ne of the nortli- ern rooms was still covered by a Hat roof oi" stu!.''. He also found windows in some of the bui'iliiiL;>. What woidd he not lia\e found had he been aM' t ' remain a few hours lonn'ci' at Mitla ? A'iollit Ic l!i;i jud^'es from the (|uantity and (piality of the dcliii^ i:: the south wiiiL;', that the roof could not have hi i ,; ni stone in lai'j^e blocks, but was formed by laru'c lic;iiii- extendiii'j- lon-'itudinallv I'rom iiillar to piil.ii'. I'.ii'l 4'' Sec |p. 'J.'iT III' tlii-^ vnlilinc. ■•9 Miin/i'Ki, ill S(,c. M,,r. (I'riiii.. Ptohiln, toiii. vii., l>p. i7(l-;i- ' I'c LHaiuli dalles, di' plus dc deux iiicds d't'^pai v-i'iii', icim^iiiil siir lic- piliri'^ il "'" liaiilcur dc triiis nii'trcs, t'lirniaiciit \v plafimil dc I'l's pal:ii>: au ili>-^ii> i'" voyait line ciiriiiclu' saillaiitc nniiW' dc sciiliiliircs cajirii'li'ii-i'-. 'ii;iil I I'l'- ><('nil)l(' fiiniiait ioiiinn' iiiir snrti' dcdiadi'iiic pnsi' siir li' suiiiiiu't di' 1 nlilii'i Jirns.siiir i/< llniirli'nini. Hist. Xnl. i'ii\, tmii. iii., p. '.'(i, I'tillnwiii'j liiir;".! '•''^ As ijiu)ti.'d ill Ili(slnti:iijn M'j., toiii. iL., p. J'.Mi. .!,;■. ^i IIUOF STKUCTUKKS. 403 s;iii|H)rtiiiL;' two transverse^ raiii;"cs of smaller timliers, laid close together t'nau the eftiitre to either wall, the whole lieiiii;' surinouiited hy a mass of concrete like tiiat which constitutes the bulk of tiie walls; and liiiallv coN'ered with a coatin^i;' of cement. I have no (loiiht that this author has o'iven a correct idea of the iirioinal roof structure, altliouL>h in attempting- to ex- plain ill (It tail the exact positiou which — 'il y a tout iii.ii (Ic croire' — each tind)er occupied, it is possihle that the distiui^'uished architect has gone sonievvliat lii'Vond his data.''^ As 1 have said Ixffore, the western huildiui^- of the palace No. 1 - -like the southern huildiuj^', if any evci- >rniMl (111 the south of the court — has entirely fallen. ilfthi' I'astern huildinn". '^ theix; remain standing' a small portion of tli'.' wall fronting on the court, in- View from Court nf I'ahu'i' No, 1. ■'' Vi'illi l-h -riilr, ill C'a_^vs include all that is known of the pal; hered on my <>"eneral plan. I ICC llUlll- close n-v accdiiiit nt this ]>alace hy presenting' on the o})i)osite pauc a cut CO pied for JJaldwin's work from one of rh.iriii IV •lit iiitl ])hotoi;'raphs, a o'eneral view of the ruins, 'f is a distant view of the ]»alace No. I IVoni tl west, and cainiot he said to add very materially h* our knowle(i!L;-e respecting this huildinn'.*^ SI I. S' C/iiiniiii/, ])li()t. xii., ]). 2()4; Dn/m/.r, ])|). ."I-'J. |il. wxi. ■>'■> [li the iiri'ccdilij; im^vs it will !«■ iKitici'd lluit I Imvc ])iiiil iin :!llriili"i! tn (he i)liiti's iiiiil (k'siTi]ptioii hy Mr .1. (i. Sawkiiis. finiii an cxiili'inlinn in is;{ /, as uncn h vCiil. Iliaiitz .Mavt'i' in liisO. isi ri lUiiiKS nil Mr. Ilish: inid A rrliiciiliiifii, |inlili>li('il anion.!;' tlif Siiillhstiiiinii ('uii/ri/iii/niiis /•, A (/■■"■/ '/;/'• Mv icasons for ilisiviianlin^' Sawkiiis itliiiritv aiv, tlial llic sii^ (l(>sci-iptii)iis antead of tl le iioitli, eti 'I" ) avoid repetition and contiisioii. II ill tli( owinir reiiiai foil ill its ]m e(UTe('t this error anil spe.ik of eadi imililiii: '1- ioeation. "Jd. Sawkiiis found li\e slandiiiu' enliiiiiii-^ in di ks. h astern Imildin^', (/, four of which siipjiorted ])aits of a wall. "Iiili' llii' other staiidiii;;- apart was taller than the rest; now the eoliiiiiii- >ii!'|i"""'K the wall may have heen the jiiers hetween the doorwa\ s — hut miix tin'" "1 these were staiidinj;' in ISdIi (see />>i/ mix, 1)1. x.Wl ); and the tallrr nihiiim standin.L;' apart aurees wel eiioii-h with the truth, e\ee])t thai ilieir win' liro of them staiidin.L; in l.S.">',(. (See ('li1. aihl tli'' V!i:\V OF PALACE. 406 mm m "ii I Uhi 406 KUIXS OF .MITLA. Tliu rcinainiiiu;' ))al;ic('s of ^[itl.i, X OS. •_', and in; ly 1)0 more hru-tly ui.spo.scM My di (I of, smco ill tl If <'Oll>tl'lll tioii of tlicir Willis they are precisely the same as Nd. 1, hut are not in so o-ood a state of ])rest'rvati(iii. Xd. 2 is located .south-west of No. 1, and almost in con- tact with it, so that hoth ^ronps have l)een hy s(»iiir visitors de.scrihed towther under the name of Fir>t Pah ice. It consists of four l>uildinLrs I)IU It Oil |(I\V mounds like those of No. 1, from seven to nine fuct lliol th 1, ahoiit a stiiiare coui th •t. All f dpi hich our are ]»i"ccis(iv (lent! le same in tneir n'rouiul plan, AViiicli is identicil wuh that of the western huildint^ in palace No. I. The dimensions of the four l)uildin.L!^.s arc also the sauiu, cordiiiu' to Castafu'das ]> •Ian, 1 )eini»' a hout en 'lit L'Ch hy ninety-two EiiLilish feet;"^ hut Muhlenptbrdt's plan, so far as it can he understood, makes the easfi rii ainl Avestern huildinus about one hundred and foitv fcrt 'cninililiii'' anil indistinct walls' wliicU he found on the sonll •cell |iait ol |pa]ai'(: N. 1 liKiy li;i\c :M. ("oinin;,' now to tlif iioitlicrii ImiMiiiL' Hawkins found in tlit' front 4 doorways, so narrow and low tliat only mu' jicrsou at a time ('(Uiid cuter, and that only hy stoo]iiu.u; durinL; llir ii<'\t L'n year.- th ii'sf doorways 'new rcuiarkahiv in size, and dccrca-^i'd i M iiiniiliiT since Charuay's ](hoto;^raiph siiows 3 doorways with standin;.' iiiiMiaii li: in two of thciu, not olilii^cd to sti mav lie seen in tlic coiin I niucii 1 [ircssci I for clliou ruiiiii. :i~ ;;ivcu. 4th. Sawkins found all the ail incuts removed from this facade; they were ])erliai)s reiilaccd lici'iiic Cliiii- nay's visit. .')lii. In the interior, A of the plan, .Sawkins found uiclio in the end walls not seen hv any other yisitor. (!th. Tlie six coluniiis rcpn- seutcd hv Martin and I) ]uid all lieeu r cuiovei upaix as 'in Charuay's |iliotoMra|iliic apparatus had yet other repairs to ni.ikc. t'nr in iln iiortlicru wiiiiT, '', tlie walls of tlie inti'rior apartments had all disi|i|iciii(il, aude\eu the interior surface of the outer walls, which enclosed the i|ii;i'l no mosaic work, hut the panels presi'iited only '.) loii^ icccsm- raii.yle had in three tiers on each side. ]Mr Sawl <1 kins |)lates are two in nuiiilici': niic "I il :illl lelii presents a ji'encral view ot this palace troni the west, ami .iHIiiiiil'Ii f.uiltv, indicates that the artist may have actually visited .Milla; the mini ly 1 is a rear view of the northern hiiild 111' ;iv es a tolerahlv corrci I iili ;i 111 the coiistriiclioii of tlie ^valls and may possihiy have het'U made ii|i fn'm the larue plate in Kiii;;slMiroii;:h's work. I iiave no more spact' to ilcvntc to Saukiiis. Me may have lieeii already 'shown ii])' hy some critic "li"~i V!illii;;s lia\i' escapeil my notice. It is 1- to add that as Col. MnV'T ni'y I'oiisulicd only lliiniholdt's description of Milla. it is nol at nl slraii;L:'e tnat this zealous iii\ (■sti;.(ator and usually correct writer was ilc eeiveil hy a pretended explorer. M I>,, ( 'arriei or d. ^liihl xwii. liu'. HI, wlien^ the dime nsions ari> (i ami tl le western huild ciiplor>n s, plan, p makes the court 111" iii'U I'JS.il teet on tl le inside; .tones reniani by Avliieh to trace its ])lan Tl iree .iiuwavs ()])en on the court from each building", and ill till.' rear wall o])])osite the doors sijuare niches are Mcii. There are no traces of colunuis in any of the apartnieiits; nor was any part of the roofs in ])lace in l^(M). The outer walls are composed, as in jialace \ii. I, (if dblonu' panels of mosaic; whether anv mo- •<:iif work is found in the interi(»r, is not stated. The riiiirt is said by Miihlenpfordt to be covered with a .uatiiiL;' of cement tivo or six inches in thickness, jiaintrd ivd as was also the exterior of the l)uildin_L,''S. The same writer, and ]Muller, noted that the supjiort- i:i'^' mounds were dou])le, or terraced, on the exte- liiii:"' and the latter, that one of the central doorways iliiiiiiiislies in width towards the top. \( this latter ^tatclllt lit be true, it must be one of the doorways in the southern buildin^^ of which no photoL;ra[)hic view was taken. '"^ Views of the southern facade of the tliirn buildinn' are j^iven by C'harnay, ])u])aix, IIU Ml d T iiiiii'iiptordt, and Lem[)sRy; or tUe co f til irt facade of the a:i( a lit western l)uildin;4-, by Charnay and ^[iililen[)fordt ; I t'harnay also took photot;i'aplis of the western I southern facades of the latter buildiiiiiV'^ ruder tlie northern buildino- of tliis palace there i> a suhterranean gallery in the form oi" a cross. The '■Mti'aiice to this gallery is said by several writei's to li:ive been originally in the centre of the court, but '■>'' nnstriifioii Ml]'., toni. ii., p. 405. 'f_ Miilln; nrlani, tuiii. ii., ji. '280. '■'' I'liiini'ii/, Jiiiiiiis Ann I ., j.'iiot. xiii.-xvi.; Diipftir, ]>. .'!;?, ]il. xxxiii., Ii„'. 8.' .'!; KiiKisliiiriiKijIi, vol. v., |i]). •J.")S~!), vol. vi., |i|). 4.")(( 1, vol. iv., pi. N\\.. liir S); fjfiiiiir, ill Aii/ii/. Mi.r., torn, ii., . 500, pi, vi. ; I'tni/L'^hi/'^ Milla, ]ip. :J.")()-1. I r* ! n :h ill |i|;i 'if m RUINS OF MITLA. this socma to rest on no very good antliority, and it is not uiilikuly tliat thu entrance was always wluic it is now, at the hase of the northern nionnd, as sIkiuii in the pliotoijcrapli and in other views. The ct'iitic df tile cross may l>e supposed to l)c nearly uiidrr tlf centre of the a[)artnient ahove, and the noithcin, eastern, and western arms are each, according' tu (mn- tafieda's drawiiin's, ahout twelve feet loni;', iivc jiikI ;i, half feet wide, and six and a half feet hin'li. Tiic southern arm, leading' out into the court is soiiictliin^ over twenty feet lon,n', and for most of its length imlv a little over four feet hii^'h; its Hoor is also s(\( i;d feet lower than that of the other arms, to the Icvrl of which latter four steps lead n)>. Neai'ly the whoL' de[)th of this o-allery is ])rol)al)ly in the Ixxly of th^' supportiuij;' mound rather than really suhtciiaiiiai!. The top is formed of lariL»"e blocks of stone, stictcliin,;- ac ross from side to side, and, according- to Miihl pfordt, plastered and polished. The floor w; covered, if we may credit jMidler, witli a poli-lnd coat of cement. The walls are ])anels of mosaic wmk like that found on the exterior walls ahove. Miihh n- pfordt noticed that the mosaic work was less skiliruliy executed tlian on the npper walls, and therefore jin alily nuich older. Tlu' lar^e dall that covers tlic crossing' of the two galleries is sup})orted l)y a circu- lar ])illar resting on a s(piare base. Accoi'diiii:' to Temjjsky the natives call this 'the pillar of di atli. believing that whoever embraces it nuist dii' .shuitiy. The whole interior surface, sides, flooi-, and c( iliiij. are ])ainted red. No relics of any kind haxc hci ii found hei'e. Fossey says that this gallery, or at Ica^t a gallery, leads from the ]ialace to the easteiii I'.vi'i- mid — meaning ])robably the western ]»yrannd, N". ■ of the ])lan — and fi'om that ])oiiit still fuithci' wt >t- ward, where it may be traced for a league to the laini of Saga, and extends, as the natives believe. >"iii'' three hundred leagues. Tradition I'elates that lln' Zapjtecs originally had their tem])les in natural cav- TIlli:i> I 'A LACE. 400 tl» (1 (■nis. wlucli tJu'y •^■r.'KiUiuiy impi-ovrd t(» nun iviiiiircii ■t tl It'll* luiits, 1111(1 over wliich tlu y tiiially hiiilt tlu-so Tlioru firo cuiise(|UL'iitly iiiiiiiy iil)sur«l rumors jliiat rcspcctiiii;' the extent of the suhtt;ri'imeaii ]>as- hut Motlihin' has ever heeli tUscovered to iiidi- i;l litres. .sa,nvs, r,\ te the existence oi" natural eaves or extensive aiti- ticial exeavations at tliis [)oint. At the time of ('lianiay's \isit the openini;' to the nailery liad heeu ii|), an( I tl le natives woiih I all o\v no one to re IIImVC the ohstruetioiis, on the t^njund that liidde tl n treasure was the ohjeet st)ulan, accttrdiiiL;' to Castaheda, tliu eiily authority, is shown in the cut. Tlio whole Grouiul I'liiu— rahicf Ni.. ."?. VhI. 1,1; D' •pa M '.1. VI oxpod., PI 32-3, ]>1. X fis ilir/siliorDlli/ I. vi., ]). 4.")l, vol. iv., pi. x.wii.-iii., li;.'. .S(i 7, ^rnniiii III, iiiid M'liiiMi slidwiii^i iiinsaic work; Ilnslrn 1A ■I'.'.V.Miii, |,1, iv.. v. :ill 111 .lilt. V /., tlllll. II., p iIKmv iiTiiiiciHisly uiulcr tiic niirtlioni wiiij.' of piiliici! torn, ii., lip. 'JTS-S-i, places tli( 1, with ail I'li- tiaiii hul.i; I' 111 111! Ill It til If I'llllllllll ( •liaiiilicr. Miii'i/iiiii, ill Sm'. Mr.i-. -3, I'roiii IJiiii'oa. alioiit tl ic caves on wliicli llic «l;in- wiTu liiiilt. Mull,- toiii. ii., p. -SO; Trill jt.skij's Mitii, pp. I: I i ; i i \ III' I: I'' li r it i ■ i 410 UriNS OF MITLA. stnictiiro, divided into tliroo courts, is ahoiit two Imiidrcd jiiid cinlity-lour feet loiii;- mid one liinidnd juid ei;;iit feet wide, tiie tliickiiess of the walls, not shown in the )»liin, l)eini>' fi\e or six feet. Neailv all the walls ha\e fallen except those of tlu; hiilldin^s al)oiit the central c«)urt, IJ, whicli iiave heen ii [lairtil. covered witli a roof of tiles, and are oc(ii|iit'(l hy tlio curate of the ]>arisli as a residence. In the western fi'ont a doorway has heen cut, before which, su|i|Mirt- inn" a halcony, or awnini,'', stand two stone cohiinns which were evidently hrou^lit from some other |i;iii of the ruins. Both on the extei'ior and court walls, the re^idar ])anels of mosaic AVoi'k ai'e seen in tlu' Uj)|)er portions; the lower ])ai'ts ha\e heen repaired with adobes, and newly ])lastered in many |iliees. Tile modern chui'ch, (juite a lar^e and imposiiin' stiiut- ure, stands either upon or adjacent to a part of this t iialace.''-' The cut is a ground |ilau of pah.ee Xo. 4, whieli is ancien '1^ C- 'r ±Zh £ (Jnuiiul I'laii — I'alai'o No. 4. . Inlll. '2r)0-l; Fd^srii, Mi.i\, y. 'M^'■^\ t'liiiriKii/. Uiiliici Anii'r.. ])[>. i'Cit-.'i: Olisrrrtitioiis, ji. ;{(), witli ciils I'miu Diipaix. Lriidir, in An//'/. M ii., (liv. i., ]i. .">;{. 'I'll a]i|iartc'iiK'iit sniitcrraiii (|Mi a '11 iiu'lio ilc Inn:.', it H ill' larjio.' Jlinii/iii/i//, Kssui V,,!., |i. •_>(;(. '■>'■> C/tiinitii/, Itiliius Ann I'., ji. L'O.'i, jilidt. iii.-iv.; IiHjidl.r, -Jil cximiI.. pp roiirni pai.ack, and i'yiiamids. Ill ;il>ii s.iid to stiiiid on tlu! oriii'in.'il K acI of the uroiiiid. 'Hk walls arc sitokoii of hy all visitors as almost cii- tiii Iv ill iiiiiis, and as |)rrs(jJitiii!4' no |K'tiiiition wlu'n t'oni|»are(l with th'; otlitT |ialac('s. j'Vniii oik; of tliu jMHtions still stan rcpivseiited by Castafieda as consistini.;' like No. f) .'):;, :i.')-ii. \xxvi., fiLC. S;?; Kimishoroiifih, aoI. v., ]>. 2.')!t, vol. vi., ]). l.")!, ^"1 iv., xxxiv., liu'. SS, tliis iiliiii (lillVis from tlic i>iic ;.'ivfii iilntvi- in iiialiiiiL; ilic |Piissii,;x(w/ sti-:ii.L;iit. 1 1 nslracldii M'j., tmii. ii., ip. I'.Ml. ''" Ihi/iiii.,-^ ],1. xwvii., ti;;-. S4; KiiiifnlinriiiKih, viil. iv. , ]il. xxxv., Ii,:,'. Sit. rill' liittiT |il;iii i(']in'S('iits tlircc ili)c)i'\vays in I'acli nf tlic lMiil(liii;^>i fronting,' "II tlir Hiirtlii 111 I'durt, ('. See also rctViTin'cs of [iid'cilinu' note. I- 3 412 UriXS or MITLA. 1 ; «i,. of a liirq;c mornd and three small ones, of two .hhI one stories res[)ectively, oiirroundint;' a court in wiiost.' centre is a ])li'r]v, or altar, wliicli JJnpaix tliinks mav conceal the entrance to a subterranean jiassaoc. ^CiihlenpFordt i'e[»resents the arran^'eniciit of the mounds as on my [)lan, and thiidvs tlie smallci- cltva- tions may have l)orne orin'inally buildings like tli'' northern palaces. In one of these mounds, accdrdini; to the last-mentioned author, atond) Avas tbnnd. |)ii- ])aix also describes two tond)S found under leoiiiul.-. the locality of \v!iit-h is not s[)ecili(;d. < )iuj ot' tlirs.' tond)S Avas in the form of a cross, witli aims alMnit thi'ee by nine feet, six \'cvt Id^li, coNered witli a vtn,\ of Hat stones, and in its construction like tlic L;all( rv under ]talace Xo. 2, e.\ce[)t that the small brick-sliapi il l)locks t)f which its sides ai'e formed are not arraii^' il in ]i>'i-ec'(|ues, but laid so as to pi'esent a ])lain surlacc The second tomb was of rectan^'ulai' ibrm, about tiiui' by ei_L>'ht feet in dimensions. In one of tlniii snin ■ human remains, Avith fragments of line blue >u>\^' were discovered.''^ At a distance of a league and a half eastwaid if the village, Dupaix dest-ribed and Castaficda ski h In d a small ])lain sipiare stone I)uilding, divided into tm:!' apartments, standing on the slope of a high inckv hill. ( )n the })late there is also show n the iiitiainv to a subterranean gallery not mentioned in Dupaix > text.*''^ Three fouilhs of a league Avestwai'd fioni tln' village is --i hill some six hundred feet in height, wuli orecipitous sides natui'allv inaccessible save oii <'!i' side, towai'd Mitla. The sununit ])latfoi'm, prohal ;y leveled by artificial means, is enclosed by a Mall (>i lii I)ii/iin\i: pp. :U, :?!». pi. \N\lx xl,, xiiii-iv.. li;:'. S(',-~, !»] •_'; h'in'h- huriiiuth. vol. v., p|i. 'ii'ill-l. Vol. vi., )ip. 4r)l-,'{, veil. i\., pi. x\xvii-i\.. I'm. '.tl-4; f.riiiiir, in Aiillij. Mi r., tmii. ii., -rv. .1/ .f- /'/"<'. pp. l!(iS '.1, Idcati's tlifsc pyianiiiliil jrioiips (■:!>! and nurlli, iii^liiul 1 1 Miutli and wi'st of palace No. I. lie alsti menlion.s a .manile Mnik, nr allar, 4.', iVet liiii^^and one f(»it tliiek. !•- /Ill/Ill/' r. p. ;{4. pi. xxwiii., ii;,'. S."); Kiiii/.s/iiiroini/i, \nl. v., ]i. :'.'''X vd. vi., ]i. 4'1, \ul. iv., )il. xxxvi., lijf. iM». KiiiLisliipii'a^liV plale npii-iiit- tlie will as mostly fallen, l.riioir, in .In/i'j. Mi ;■., loiii. ii., div, i.. \<. '''l rORTIFIKD HILL. 41:5 stoin' a1)out six, foot tliick, ei^'litocii ft'ct liiu'h, niid nvw ;i, lailt' in ciiviiiiit'croiico, f()nniiiL>' many iiin^lcs, as is slidwii ill the aiHiL'xed plan. Un tlio eastern and ac- I'l.iii (if I'ditrcss lu'jir Mitln. rrs^ilili; side, tlio wall is douhlc, the inner wall l)eiiirohal»ly livi'ird Ww the accomodation of the ahoi-i^inal garri- >>ii, All we know of this fortivss is derived from tlif Work of Dupaix and Castaneda.''^ '' /'"/'"'i'. ]i|i. Kt 1, ]il. xliv.-v., fiii. OH-f, viow of liill, nml |il;ni ('(i])ic(l iij|'i\f. !\iiiijsi,nr(iii'ili, viil. v., I ). ■_'(),"), vol. \i., \\. 4."i."). Vol. i\ .. |il. \l.-i., lijf. '.'i; l.'iiuir. ]i. ,">(). Diipaix's pliitcs iuc coiiii'il in Maxniin Mi,i\. toni. ii., Pi' -M -\. .111.1 Ariiiii). A'/r .}[,:,:, p. •_>!»(»; Fu.s.sif/, Mr.,., p. :f7(>. I'liitc from ^i"l%iii-' (Iniwiiiu-, (liU'cii'iit from tlmt of < 'iistafiL'tla, but of foiuso uiir(;li- iii'V'. ill Miij.rs U')x<:rci(/i'jiis, [t. ;i'.'. pi. iv. '»feii m ;!^ ]f^ 1 n i; 414 RUINS UF MITLA. Du]»aix claims to ]i;ivo found tlio quarries wliic!: furnifsliL'd material for tliu Mitla struetuivs, in a liiil three- fourths of a league eastward from tlie luins, called hy the Zapotecs Aj^'uilosoe. hy the Spaniiirils ^lirador. The stone is described as of such a natmv that lari^e Mocks may he easily split oti' hy niiaii< nf wedges and levers, and many such blocks were scat- teretl about the place; the removal of the stone tn the site of the palaces, here as in the case of mniv other American laiins, must have been the chief ditti- culty ovei'c((nu3 by th(3 builders. Stone wedL^vs. tn- i^'ether with axes and chisels of hard co})])er, arc siii| to have been found at Mitla, but are not ])articiilarlv ilescribed.''^ A head in terra cotta, wearinpf a peculiar licliin t, was sketched here by (.'ast.ineda, and is sliowii in the cut. Another terra-cotta image represente'i a nia.^kid Head ill 'I'cmm Cntta - Mitla. human fl^'ure, s(puittini>' cross-K'^^-^-ed with hand-- I'l knees. A larn'e semicircular ca|)e ]'eaches I'r.ini il;i neck to the i;;round, showiiiu' only the hands and N > t in fi'ont. The whole is wry similai' to some nl ili' liyures at Zachila, ab'eady (lescrii)e(h Imt tlic till" \vhich may l"j su})j)osed to have ludd a torch miui nally, [>roJects al)ove t\\v hv-ad, and is an iinli and ;i half in diameter, 'i'he only specimen of stone iniajt ~ (iHNEKAL ui:mai;ks. ilo (,r idols found in connection with the ruins, is shown in the cut. It represents a seated figure, carved Stone Iiiui'n' fiuiii Mitla. fidiii a ]iar' mounds can hai'dlv he said to rest.'nil>le tlu' lofty stone-faced jiyramidsof Chiapas. ^\ strong- li' likriioss mav he discovered when they are com- [lartd with till! structures of Yucatan; sinco in hotli cases \\o (iiid long narrow windowless huildings, raised I'll l cast coast of Y'ucatan Ilat roofs of wdoden '"ains were I'ound. Whether the mosaic work of Mitla iiidicati's in itself an earlier or lati'r I. iv., pi. wvi., lig. 7S-S((; l./iioh; in Aiifi'/. •1^.'., ]>[: •-•:{-(, :,.-.; Taiipsl.JS Mithi, \K -J.-)!. I 416 lU'IN'S (>:• MiTLA, inoiit of al)orii4-inal art tlian tlic ela1)orately scu]]itur(il faeatU'8 of UxiiiaJ, I am unable to decide; luit tlic Hat roof supported 1)V [lillars would seem to iiKliciti' a later architectural develo[)nieiit than the oxcilaj)- ]»iuo- arch. The iiitiuence of the builders of Palciii|Ut; and the cities of Yucatan, was doubtless fult l>y tln' builders of ]\ritla. How the inHuenco was exerttd it is very difficult to determine; A'^iollet-le-])nc .ittiil)- utes these northern structures to a branch of tlu.' southern civili/ation separated from the ])ai'ciit stuck after the foundation of the !Maya cities in Vucutaii. ]\Iost anticpiarians have concluded that Alitla is less ancient than the southern ruins, and the condition df the remains, so far as it throws any li^ht on tin' >ii!i- ject, coiifii'ins the conclusion. This is the last ruin that will l)e found in (nir ])roo'ress northward, which shows any marked analo^i^y with the Alaya Uioiiu- ments, save in the almost iniiversal use of supportiuii' mounds or pyramids, of various forms and dimensions. it has already been shown that the Zaj)otet' lannuaLi'c has no likeness whatever to the Aztec, or to the ACaya, and that so i'ar as institutions are coin' riicd. this ]»eople mi^'ht almost as properly be classed with the ^laya as with the Nahua nations. The Ahhc Brasstjur in one part of his writing's e\pre»es the o]iini(»n that Mitla was built by the Toltc-s iVoni ('holnia, who introduced their reli,e-ion in ( >ajaca in the ninth or tenth century. Alitla is also fre(|nrnf!y s[»oken of as a connectino- link between the ( 'ential American and Mexican remains; this, howcM)', is niercdy a ])art of the old favoi-ite theoiy of one ci\ih i/.ed peojile orii^inatino" in the far noi'th, nioN iiiL;' ,L;i';id- ually southward, and leaving- at each steppin^-plarc traces of then- constantly im}>rovino' and di\-elo|iini;' culture. Thei'e seems to have been no ti adit inn amono" the natives at tiie Con([Uest, indieatin-' that j\!itla was built by a peo})lo preceding- the Za|"iiirs. On the contrary Burooa and other early ('ajacan « hroni(ders mentioi; the place frequently as a ZapotLi' COMPARISONS. 41< holv place, devoted to tlio burial of kind's, tlic resi- (luiK-O of a certain order of the priesthood, ^\■ho lived here ti> make ex])iatory sacrifices for the dead, and a blacc iA' royal inoiirniug, whither the king retired on the (Itath of a relative. Subterranean caverns were used lor the celebivition of religious rites Ijefoi'e the upper tcin)>les were built. Charnay fancies tliat the jialaccs were l)uilt by a peo])le that afterwards nii- t^iatcd southward. He noticed that the \valls in ;>liLltLivtl places were covered with very rude paint- iiiii'.s - a sani[)le of which has been given — and sug- I'V^ts that these were executed bv occuijants who succctded the original builders. It will be a])pai'ent h) the reader tliat the ruins at Mitla bear no restan- iilaiK'o whatever to other Oajacan monuments, such as those ;!t (jJuiengola, ]\[onte All)an, and Quiotepec; and tl)at tluy are either the woi'k of a ditferent na- tinii, or what is much more probable, for a ditferent jiuriiosc. I am inclined to believe that Mitla was iiiiilt hy the Zapotecs at a very early period of tlu;ir c'ivili/atinii, at a time Avlien the builders were (strongly iiitliieiiccd by the Maya pi'iestliood, if they were not tliciiiselvt's a, branch of the ]\Iaya ])eople.*^**' The mosaic work undoubtedly bears a strong rc- si'iiililaiue to the ornamentation observed on (Jlrecian \ast.s and other old-world relics; but this analogy is far tVttiii indicating any communication between the aiti>t.- ())• their aut'estors, for, as Humboldt says, "in all /.111 us nifu have bet^'U pleased witli a rythmic rcpe- titiiiii (if the same forms, a repetition which consti- tutes tlie leadiniif characteristic of wliat we vau'Uuly call grec(|ues, meandres, and Arabes(jUes."" ^ Unnjiiii, (,'itirj. Dism'/i., fol. 'i.lT-CiO; I t'Ditios-; (if I'czciad.' liiiilt iiiidcr Toltfc i:iliiU'iiM. A/., tdiii. i., i)i>. .•{(n-r>, tdiii. iii., y. It. Sacked iiy liie .\zt0(;8 u^iiiiit I I'll, Mini llic |)ij(".t- i-arried a> ca|i1ive?s to Mexicd, /(/., tdiii. iii.. p. •ti*<; Tiil'n's Aiti. :U-."); Cliiiniiii/, llitities Amir., pp. •jr>'2-:i, 'iO.'); Ilumljijldl, I'ucs, '"111. ii., p. L'Ti). "■ Jlxiiiliff'ifi, T'^'v, toia. ii., |ip. '284-'). 'Lls palais fiineraire.s do Mitlfi Vol. IV. 21 418 ANTIQUITIES OF OAJACA. !?; i"! In the nortlicrn i^jirt of Oajaca, towards tlu' liouiul- ary line of Puubla, remains liave been fDiind in sev- eral localities. Those near Quiotepec arc ext^iisivo and important, but are only known by the (Icscrlii. tion of one explorer, Juan N. Lovato, who visited the ruins as a commissioner from the government in .bm- uary, 1844."** Lovato's account contains many details. but the drawings which originally accompaiiicil it were, with two exceptions, not published, and IVdin the text only a general idea can be formed respectinif the nature of the ruins. Tlie foll(Aving are .siuli items of information as I have been able to extract from the report in cpiestion. A hill about a mile long and a quarter of a mile wide at its base, and over a thousand feet liii^li, known as the Cerro de las Juntas, stands at tlie junction of the rivers Quiotepec and Salado. At tlie eastern end, where the streams meet, i\\o ascent is precipitous and inaccessil)lc, but the other sides aiid the snnnnit are covered with ruins. The sl(»|»es are formed into level platforms with perpendicular t( iiace walls of stone, of height and thickness varying ac- cording to the nature of the ground. In ascendini::^ the western slope, thirty-five of these terrace walls were encountered ; on the southern slope there wtio fifty-seven, and on the northern eighty-eiglit, innnt- ing only those that were still standing. One of the roprodiiiscnt en certains cas I'ordonnancc dos dcmonros cliiiioisc-i,' flinr- ii((i/, Itid'iirs ^liiin:, [). ui. Theruinsof Miilii 'ikims jianiissi'Mt ;i|iiiarti'nir a la civilisiition qiiiclu'O, riuninuc ]»tsti''ri('nrs a 'Mix dc ^^'ul^llall. I.:i ])erfc'cti(m de ra|i]!areil, les i)an'inc'nts vci'ticaiix dos salli's avi'c Iciirs i'|iiiii^ do coliniDos jimtaut la cliaiin'iitc dii cDiiiido, ra1)>eiH'0 (■(Piuplric ilim- itatiou do la coiistniotion do IioIh dans la docoration cxtoriciin' mi iiiti'- rieiire, roriionientation olilonne sculoniont jiar Tjissomldaj^o dcs iiicircs suns sciilptiin', doiiuont aiix oditicos de Mitla nn caractoro jiMrliiMditr c|ii les distin^nio nottonieiit do ooux do rYucatau ct qui indiquorait aii^>i inn' date plu.H rofoiito.' VioUil-li'-I )!(<•, ill III., lip. lOO-l. 68 Lovato's ri'port was imldisliod with two of the nino plates wliiili mv'- in;;!',*' acoompaiiicd it in tlio Miisco Mrx., toni. iii.. p. IVJO-H."). and, witlnmt the plates ia I.'iccioiinrio Uiiir., toni. ix., jip. ()St7-7ll(>. .Miiilcr, ll-f<''ii, toiii. ii.,i)p. 251-4, ffivos an aecoiiiit which socnis to have liccn iiiailc up mostly from Lovato's report, althocijih he iiia.v have jiersonally vi-itc'l ili« ruins. A short description, also from the ^^ll.'tl■o ^fc,^^., may lie I'UiikI iu Mai/cr's Mc.c. ..Lzlec, vol. ii., p. "217, and /(/., OOscrcalioits, pp. 'J'liJ. nrixs OF (,>rioTi:i'i:c. 419 Willis at tlio .summit is about three liundred juul twtiitv iVt't long, sixty feet high, and live and a lialt" tk't thick. Scattered over the hill on the terrace jjlatfornis, tlic fnuiHlations of small buildings, su}){)osed to liave liifii dwellings, were found in at least a hundred and thiitv places. In connection with these buildings sdiiio ti»inl)s were found underground, box-sha])ed with walls of stone, containing human remains and some fragments of pottery. Tumuli in great iium- IxT.s ai'c found in all directions, probably burial UK muds, although nothing but a few stone beads has Inrii t'duiid in them. Other mounds were apparently (ksin-iu'd for the support of l)uildings. At diffe:-ent points towards the summit of the hill are three tanks, (ir reserve /irs, one of which is sixty feet long, twenty- I'liiu' feet wide, and six feet deep, with traces of steps kadiiig down into it. In the walls traces of beams are seen, sup[)osed by the explorer to have supported the sealfolding used in their construction. Besides the terrace walls, foundations of dwellings, and the remains that have been mentioned, there are also many ruins of statelier edifices, presumably ]tal- aies and temples. Of these, the only ones described are situated at the summit on a small level plateau, of a luuidred and twenty-two by two hundred and forty- ei'^'ht ieet. These consist of what are spoken of as a lialacG and a temple, facing each other, a hundred and -ixty-six feet apart. Between the two are the bases "f wliat was formerly a line of circular pillars, lead- iui;- from one edifice to the other. The l)ases, or j>ed- t'stals, are fourteen inches in diameter, five inches lii,i;h, and about fourteen feet apart. The 'I'emjde tat'L's iiortli-east, and its fi'ont is sliown in tlu; accom- panying cut. This is a form of the i)yrami(hd stiuct- urc viiy different from any that has been met before. Its dimensions on the ground are fifty l)y fifty-five tt't. The Palace is desci'ibed as thirty-nine feet liigii in front and thirty-three feet in the rear, and if 'i 'Si i '• m ; J i, 'i !■? ■i; ! i .1. 1 1 'i : i 423 ANTIQUITIES OF OAJACA. Temple Pj'ramid — Ccrro do las Juntas. lias a stalrwiiy of twenty steps about twoiity-ci-Iit loot wide, loadinsj;- up to the summit on tlio t'lunt. JudgiuLj l>y tliu ])lato, this so-called palaoo is a sdlid olovatiou with })orpeudicular sides, onuiuionttd with three i)lain cornices, one end of which is iiccnjiKl througliout nc.'arly its whole width by th<; staiiway niontionod. Th« material of the two structiiics is the stone of the hill itsolf cut in thin regular M(Mk>, laid in what is descrihed as mud, and com nd, ;is is shown by traces still left in a few jiaits, with i coatini^' of jilaster. Both the structures, accordiiiu' to the ])lates, have a rather modern aj)pearance, and dif- fer widely from any other American moiuunonts, Imt there seems to be no reason to doubt the rolialiil'ty of Sr Lovato's account, considering its official natuic, and r cannot suppose that the Spaniards ever oitrttil such editices. The foundations and arches of tine .small apartments are vaguely spoken of as l.aviii.;' been discovered by excavation in connection with thi; ]*alaco, but whether they were on its sununit or in tlie interior of the apparently solid mass, duts imt clearly appear, although Midler states that tho lattti' was tile case. On the summit of the 3'alace a coiKil- ti'ee, one foot in diameter, was found. Fivo sculp- tured slabs were sketched by ^Midler at Quintt'iHr, hat he does not state in what part of the ruins thtv wei'e found. Each slab has a human figure in protilr. surrounded by a variety of inexplicable attiilmtis. The foivheads seem to be flattened, and four ;>f tliu live have an immense curved tongue, pos.'^iMy the TIXTKI'KC AND IirAIirAPAX. 421 \v '11 l^m^wn Azteo syinltol of speucli, pr()tni(liiic»" from the iihMith. SoiML'wlicrc in tliis vicinity, on tlio pcr- |iiii(li(iil;ir Iwinks of rock that form tlio i-lianncl of the i;ii) Tccninava, painted tinnrcs of a snn, moon, and liainl, arc reported, at a yreat liei;^lit from the IVJ Avutcr. Xi;n' the town of Tuxtcpec, some fifty miles east- waid t'inm (^)uiotepec, near the Vera Crnz houndary, tli( IV is said to he an artificial mi»und eighty -thri'e f.rt !hl;Ii. known as the Castillo do ^[onteznma. A |ia>-i.;v leads toward the centre, hnt nothing further i-. kiiiiwn of it, excej)t that some stone idols are men- tioiiid 1)V another writer as havinn' heen duy' from a iuouikI ill a town of the same name,™ At 1 Iiialiiia|)an, ahout fifty miles Avestward of (j>iiintr|icc, Dupaix found the sculptured hlock shown ill the rut. It is four aiul a half feet lony, and ti foot Sculjiturod Block from Iliialnuiinm. :iii(l a half hit^'h ; the material is a hard hlue stone, •'mil tile sculpture in low I'elief seems to re[)re-eiit a kiiiil (if coat of arms, from which projects a hand ''' V'lK'ii M,,v.. (mil. i.. [i. l.Sfi. T.dvatii's ('\|il(ir,i(ii>ii \xms ihikIc Ii\ the '■riJiT lit Cell. I,, .(,11, mill till' ai'cniiiil fiiniislicil fur inilpliralioii l>\ Sr.I. M . I"inrl. ill lii'scriliiii;; tlii' Toiiiiilc, the three tli;;lits of stairs are saiil to line |o, s, Mild (i steps, respectively, wliii'li does not aj^ree witli tlie plate ii-iii|iiiMl ;iliiiv(>. Miiller ;,dves the liiliiilii'r of small hiiildiiiirs, or dweliiii.i:^', «liiiM' fiiuiiiJaiioMs are visilile as TJO instead of Kid; he also j^ives in his iiiiiiciiviMiis iiil'tres instead of varas, which wiiiiid increase tlu'Ui in l'",n;^!ish t''H ill ilie proportion of '.IL' to Id'.t. He further states that the structures iarc tlic I'liidiiial points. '''''"'"■ ill ■"<<"■■ .lA.''. ("riif/., Biihtiii, ida e[ioca, torn. !., ji. 3(i; ^tiism -•'■J'-, toiii. i., p. iioU. ., ij 422 ANTIQUITIKS OK OA.IACA. ii ^i^nispiiif^ an oLjcct, fi pait of uliicli Ix'urs m ;>tinii._^' rL'suiubluiicu to tliu Aztec syinlx)! of watri'. Tiii> rolic was found in a hill called Tallesto, alidnt ;i leaLjue east of the town." In another Iiill, called Sonibrcrit*^, only li.ilf a K'a^nie IVoni the town, a laborer in l8ol jilowcd up an ancient ^rave, waid to have contaiiunl Iniiiian l)ones, fine })ottery, with ;,old heads and riiiL;.<. All the relics were huried again hy the tinder, cxccjit ibur of the ring's, which came into tlie p<^s,sl.'s^i(»ll uf the liishoj) of Pnehla, and two of which are slidwii in the cut. With some doubts respecting- tlii; an- gPSp i lis (JoM Riii;,'s from Htiahuapan. thcnticity of these relics I oive tlio cuts for wliat tiiey are worth. Tiiere are accounts and diaw iiiL;> ct several rudely carved stone images from the same region. 72 At Yanguitlan, ten or fifteen miles south-east o'l! Huahuapan, several relics were found, including a hu- man head of natural size carved from red stoiic; two idols of green jasper, slightly carved in human iikcncss; three cutting implements of hard stone; and tin: t\\n objects shown in the cuts on tlie oj)[)osite jiagc. TIil' first is a spear-head of gray fiint, and the sccdiid a very curious relic of uid; Linoir, in Andq. Mr.. \'>u\. ii . iliv. i., |i. 47. '* Miisvu Mix., tdiii. i., pp. 'J4!), 41)1, with plati's of tlic liiiirs ami 7 -i"»'' reli'b. AMTUiLlTIES OF GLEllUKKO. 423 llelu's from Yau^iiitlan. other, apparently intended to l)e joined by a cord as rquvsciitt'd in the cut. Ainoni;' tlie uses .suggested arc those of a een.ser and a kuitern.."' lu spccting tlie relics of the state (jf Guerrero, my only niforniation is derived from a statistical \V(jrk liy Sr ( '(.'Iso Munoz, contained in the report of (Jov. Francisco ( ). Arce to the legislature (A' the state in 1S7-. This author mentions such relics in tlie dis- trict of Hidalgo, north of the liio Zacatula towards the Ah'xicau boundary, as follows: 1st. "The mo- //'(u7/c\, or tond)S of the ancient Indians, which are fmiiid in almost all the towns, although they are con- stantly disappearing, and abound especially in the iiiuiiicij)ality of Cocula." 2d. "Traces of ancient set- ''' IiKfiiilx, 2(1 cxpcil., pp. ir)-ir>, i>l. xix.-xx., fy^. ."O-Ci^; KiiH/shnniiii/fi, viil. V,, |i|i. •_'44-."), vol. vi., pi). 44"_'-3, vol. iv., pi. xvii.-xviii., li;:. ."i(i-{i;{. lti.'s|i( rtiii;; the j;ispi!r lij,'iirfsM. Dujiaix says: ' Lr iioiiilni- de ci'llfs <|ii' I'll Imiivo ilaiis ll's st'])iiituri's de la nation zapotociuf f.-^t iiiliiii. Klli'.s out ili'iix ii tiiiis pidiii's lie liaiit; clU's soiit ]in'.-i|ii(; timtcs de forme triant;ii- l:iiii', i|iiiiilr,in-iil;iire, on ])ris;natic|ne, et sont sculptei's en .jasiie vcit foiu'e, iivaiit iii\Mrialilt'iiiciit la inenie attitude senihlalde ii eelle d"liis on irOsiris, limit li - |M'iites iiloles etaieut destinecs a aeeonipairner les nioniies i';:.v])- 'it'iiiii'-." I'lu' litile in tln^ hack (lart of each is drilled in a curved line. Lciiuii; hi Antiii. J^fJ^-i toni. ii., div. i., pp. -I'-S. f i '■■■I l !■ A'- si!-' .:! nil : 434 ANTKil'ITIKS OF OAJACA. tk'inonts of till) al)()iiniiK's, who citlicr iK't-aiiic < xtinct or iiiiL^'ratc'd to otlu;r loculitics: such !ir(! seen mi the liill of IIui/t(M'o, ill tlu! miiiiicipality (tf Tasco, in ,|i;it of Totipjui ol Yic'jo iiiid of ( 'oatlaii I'l \'i<'j<>, nf Ti - tipMc, of (Jociilatopil, of Pi('|i;ir, I'ci^'ion of li^'lcsia \'it.'ja, Cocula, and many othcis," .'id. At ^ro|)ocoac'uil('o "there ai'e traces very chailv detiiied of many fouiulatioiis of lioiises; and in cxci- vations tliat liavo been made tliere liave hccn luiiiid many i(h)ls and flint weapons, especially lanci s, vi iv Avell preserved, and other ctirions ivlics o|' Aztir times." 4th. At Chontalcnatlan, there are traces nf the anciinit town on a liill called ('oatlan cl \ ii ju, Avhere there is also said to be a block of porphyiy >nu' or two metres in diameter, on the surface of which is bcul[>tured a coiled serpent.^* 71 MiiDnz, Eslnili.ilirn (hi DIstrllo ih' JTIdiihjn, in G iirrnvo, }fi iiturin prcsciitdilii I'l III 11. Lcijislatura, jtui cl Gubcrnadur, i'raii. 0, .Inr^ Ls7l', pp. 45, luO, ^72. CHAPTEU vrn. ANTIQUITIKS OF VERA ClU'Z. I'llV>l( \l. r'F.ATtrM'.S OK TMK STATE- KXIM.onATION' AND ni-.Pni!TS— ('\\\i'\ AMI Tixii.A Ni;(iit() IIi;ai)-I!i:i.I(s fiin'M Isi.amiim' Sa- (i.iiKHis Kastkkn Si.oi'i; liiiMAlNs - Mi:in;i,iN Xkalamii Itio r.l.Witi AmaTI.AN OlMZAVA- ('i:MI'OAI.A I'l I;.\ II; N MKiNAI, - V.\-n hi; ()\ K.rAs -Hitatisco— FoktiI'Ications and I'vka.mih.s ok ('i:\ri, \ I".i, Castillo- FoifTiiKss or TLA(OTi:i'i:r I'ai.millas— ZA( I \:'AN - iNSClitiTION AT ATLLVCA - CONSOC^I TILA roKT AND ToMi; (ALCAIIfALCO— ItllSS OK MlSA.NTLA (lit MoNTK liKAL 1»LS. TlMi I n|- .lALANCINliO I'VI.'AMIDOK TATANTLA MaIMLCA I'VUA- Mlli \Mi I'ol NTAIN AT Tl SAI'AN- I'lllNS OK MkTLALI'OVI ( \ ItKL- lo M.Aii rANUco— Calo.ndkas, San Nicolas, anu Tuimdad. I*;t^sine of the lofty sierra tliat bniiiids the Mexican phiteau. Two or three laudi traveh'd routes lead inland from the ]»oi't of ^|^a i'rwA towards the city of ]\re\ico, and tiavelers make Iiaste to cross this i)laL!Ue-belt, the hii'kin<>-- ■Mil i:i I m' if h m iii;: 11 420 AN'TIQUrnES OF VEIIA CUUZ. plr.eo of the deadly voiiiitt), turning" noitliei- {<> tin; r:".i>'lit nor left to invcstii^'ute the past or j)ies(iit. A raili'jad now com[)leted renders the transit still imni' direct and ra[)id than hefoi'e. Away from tiK>f routes the territory of this state is less known than almost any other portion of the ^Mexican lie|)uljlie, altlioiit^-h a })ortion of the southern Goatzaroak'o re^i^'iou has heen ])retty thoroughly ex])lore(l ly sur- veyors ot' the Tehuante})ee interooeanie rt)utcs, ami by an unfortunate French colonization conijumv that settled here' early in the present centurv. The mountain slopes and jdateaux twenty-five or thirty miles inland are, however, fertile and not unhealthy, haviniif heen crowded in ancient times ^ith a (l(ii>,e ahorii>hial population, traces of whoso fornun- ]iiv>- ence are found in every direction. Most of (»ur in- formation respecting the anti(iuities of tliis state is derived from the reports of Mexican cx})loreis. only one or two of whom have in most cases visited cadi of the many groujis of ruins. These exjilorers lunc as a rule fallen i'vto a very natural, j)erlia})S, Imt at the same time very unfortunate ei'ror in tlu ir desciip- tioiis; for after havinuf displaved o-reat ener-jv ami skill in tlie discovery and examination of ;i ruin, doubtless forming a '-lear idea (»f all its details, tluy usually compress these details into the space of a t'cw pai-agra])hs or a few i)ages, and devote the larger pait of thcii" )'e]>oi-ts to essays on the Toltee, C'liichinin-. or ()lincc history- -suhj'ects on wh'ch th 'v -'an thmw no light. They neglect a topic )f tho (lcc|H-^t in- terest, concerning which their an hoi'ity would Ih'"! the very great(.>st weight, for anoti er resjK'cting which their conclusions are for the most part valueless. I I The "uins of an ahoriginal city are mentioiu'd at (Jaxaj>a, hetweeti the volcano of Tuxtla and tlif ''last in the southei-n pai't of tlu' state.^ In the viciniiy "t 'ru\tl;i, at the south-Westel'U has ' of the voh;i:in. a ' Mii/(/riijif(ir(//, Mijicii, toll), ii.. ji. li'J; M .i-ikmiisi-hi' Ziifitxiiil . '<\\\A.. ]). 31. KELICSAT SACUinCIOy ISLAND- 427 colossal «4'i';mIto Load, six feet liigli, was found by a lalioiii- ill IS()2, while making- a clearing for a niilpa. Tile head was pliotog'raplied, and a eo})y of the plate piiMished hy the Mexican Geographical Society, to- ot tlior with an aeconipanying text jjrepared hy J. ^I, ]\h!gar. A eo})y of the plate is given in the cut. E ri ii jjta n n<-ad J Granite. T!io most noticeable ]ieculiarity in this licad is the lU'i^ro east of the features, and Seiior !Melg.-" devotes lii- article to the negro race, which as he su])poses llveil ill Ainerica before the coming of the 8})aniards.^ On the island of Sacriticios, in the harbor of Vera Cruz, one author' states that remains of the ancient teni|)le are yisible. This is probably an eri'or, but iiiiiu' r(»ii> small relics have been cU^'j up on the i>l;iiid. ^^ally of the relics were articles of jtottery, olio ef which of very peculiar furm is shown in the cut Eartl)en Vaj^o -ImIo of Sacrificios. 2 >■,,,. 1/,,. Cidiii., Bull tilt, I'da I'poca, tmii. i., )>|i. 'i'.Vi-T. toiii. iii., j>]>. I'M-'.i. \nlli l^^l( [ilatos it'incsfiitiii;,' the coldssal licuil, arifl stvt'ial Dtliur rclii-^ lr,,iii senile locality not iiiiMitioncil, ' ii'i-ii-,,,, in Xuttnllc^ Aiuia/'jii ik^ i'"l/-, 1S>33, toia li.\., p. 01. ;.n i)\ ■nai f 1 1; 1 It.: I ANTIQUITIES OF VFAW i IIVZ. from W;il(lc'cl<. Tliis, like most of the otlur ^r- ticles found hero, is preserved in the jNTiisciiin ,,f' Mexico, and was sketelied l>y Mayer and hy W'.il- deck. Mr 'ryh)r pi-onounces it not the work of die natives before the Conijiiest, in fact a fraud, "dUc ,,( the worst cases I ever noticed." Tliere is no ddiiht of tlie accuracy of tlie draw ini;-, and Sr (londin ;is sured < 'oh Mayer, as the hitter informs me, th.it tin- relic is an autlientic one.' AVorknien enj^^ancd in l.iv- ino- tlu' foundations of the modern fort fo(nid. ,it ;i deptli of six feet, vases of liard material, wliiili in the o])iiuon of M. Baradei'e reseniMed \asts riiat have lnH'U hrou^'ht from Japan. '"^ ( 'ol. Mayer i^ivcs cuts of thirtetm relics du<4' fi'om a suhteri'anean rlniin- ])er or grave in I8'i8. Two (jf these were of wliiti mar])Ie or alahaster, and oin of them is shown in the cut. ^I. JJunianoir ma4e uu excavaftivjij ulsu in WhU*' MhkI'''"' V'asf Vera. Crm. I'Vr/f 1841, findiiij^ a Hepulch/V' containirifjf udl |»i human skelet<, eartlien VdM^fi pi/mi't'di and i^Jz/JH, \mn'/i-H, jlmV'/detM, it't^h '/ noyrti ,khA \\ilt-, and marl/f<', or iihilmMif, urns Plate- (A' f/j.iny >>^ Hie relics hav<' \fi>A{ti |mhlished.- 4 fi' "'///. r, f' .V//'/v".v M r 11^ il M'./v. \,y. m -f; A/.. M , .-r-Y//',//-.. ^^^l i;i 1^ r.i, Willi ^^-iWs; ht., Ill !<'1n,iil,iiitl'ii At'i'h., \iA vi., |> .".t«, jrf. VI, |<- "• / * H f'l: ''-riyli-d. ill l't<'i,lli Jliif, t'oii'/. Mi.r.. rmu rii . fffi Ml. I'' \^'/ REMAINS OX TIIK EASTKIIX SLOPE. 429 Fmiii rlif city of Vera Cruz two iiiaiii I'outcs ol' tra\i I li'iid iiilaiid toward the city of Mexico. The tir-t (Ateiids iiorth-westwartl via Jala|)a. and the sec- ond xiiith-westwai'd via Orizava. After cr(».s.siiii>- the lir-i Inl'ty luouutaiii hai'i'ier which divides the coast tVdiii the interior j)lateaii.\, tlie roads a])])i'oach eai-h iitliLi' .nid meet near Putjhla, ( )ii the eastern hlojje, tlic iDiids with tlie iiKJUiitain ran^e, whicli at this jioinr I'Vtends nearly iioi'th and south, t"oriu a tri- aiiL^li' wltli e(jUid sides uf ahout ei^'lity miles, at the ,111^1, •> iif which are the cities of W'l'a < 'ruz, .Iala|ta, aii ten or tifteeii iiiilr> ahove tlie two latter, 'i'his comparatixely small triaiiLiulac area, round whicli so many traveleis ha\e passed ill their journey to .\n;ihuac, is literally cov- ered uiih traces of its ahori^inal ]>oj)ulatit)n, in the slia|ic of }>ottery, im{dements, foundation stones of dwelliip^s, fortihcations, pyramids, and graves. 1 (jUnre rlic followiiiL»" from an artitde on the aiiti«juities •<\' \"eia ('ruz, written in IS()!), for the ^Mexican Ueo- uiapliical Society, hy (,*arlos Sartorius: "(>ii tlie eastern sloj>e of the lofty volcanic ran'_;e, iriiii till' Vvnk of ()nzava to the ( otVe de IVrotc, at ail ;i\' ra'j'e elevation of two to live thousand feet alio\c til. level of the o-ulf, there exist inminicrahle tra'Ts (it' a. very iiumei'ous indigenous poj)ulation he- f'lre the < 'on(|Uest. Idistory tells us nothing respect- iii^ tii'- part of the country, distinL;ui.shed \\)V its aliiiiidaiit su])ply of watei", its feitility, and its dy- li;:'Iitt'iil and healthy climate." '•|''(»r an extent of rilteeii to twenty leaL;ues, trom cnst to we>t. thert; \va> licit ;i s|»an of eai'th that was not cultivated, as is |il'"\"d ly liumherless remains. , .The whole lolllitlN' i-' lei'ind into tei'races l»y stone walls, whidi fallow all i!ie \aiiations of the surfi' c with the e\ident ohjt'ct "^ (I'V' \(ntin<4" the washin<4 away of the soil. Some- Miiie- the terraces are ti'ii or twelve yards wide, at "tiler- hardly one vaid. The small i'a\ in< .> called /'///".« s( ived for in numeral »1»,' water-tanks, huilt of 4,i /f \-h 10'>^:, I ; tl 430 ANTIQUITIES OF VEUA CIUZ. rocks and clay, or of stone and mortar, tlicso (lams bcint^ also covi-rod Avith a coatino" of hard ctiiiriir. It is evident that a numerous pojiulation took ad- vantaiji'e of every inch of land for cultivation, u>iii;'- the water o-athered in the tanks durinL>- tJK! rainy season i'or irri\- moans of earthern vessels. In the more sterile jmr- tioiis of tlie land, on the top of hills which ]ia\i' no soil are seen the foundations of dwelliuLjs, all nt stone witliont mortar, ai'ranged in streets or in _oToups. They always form an oblong rectangli' and face the cardinal points. They are found in cliaiinif heavy forests as well as on open tracts, and the tact that oaks a metre in diameter are f )und within tln' enclosure of the walls, ])roves that many centuiirs have passed since the population disappeared, in many parts are found groups of pyramids, of \ari(Mis sizes and degrees of })reservation. The laigcsi. of stone, are fifty feet and over in height, Mliiir tlio smallest are not over ten or twelve. The last set in to he tomhs; at least several that we opened con- tained skeletons in a very decomjiosed state, uith eai'then utensils like those now made hy the natives, arrow-heads of obsidian and bird-bone, doubtless the supplies given to the dead for their journey." ( >ne contained an tdegant burial lu'n, bearing ornamental figures in relief, containing ashes and fragments of human bones, and covered first with small |)(lihles, and tlu'u with stone flags. "The region wliieli wv suhjectt'd to our investigation comprehends the slope of tlie sierra to the coast between Orizava and Jalaiia, At an elevation of four or five thousand feet there are many springs, which ut a short distance I'orni ravines in a soil composed of conglomerates or. Iin- ther south, of lime. In their course the ravines unite and form ])oints sometimes with vertical walls of ('onsideral)le height. As the water-coui'ses do not follow a. straight line, but wind about, the erosii ii ot the current above the meetinu' of the ravines destroys T!;A('I:S of ABOKKIIXAL POrULATlON. i?,l til ;nat portion of tlio diviclln^' ri(li;o, so that above iftc uro ivniains only a narrow j)ass, tiio rult;e ntter- \ViU'(l> Ms.siuninuc ;L,^roater width until the end is ivaclird. This j)]ay of nature occurs in the re!;ion of ^vlli(•ll we arc speakiiiL*-, at many jioints and witli irirat uiiifonnity, ahnost always at tlie same le\'el of two tliDUsand to twenty-tive hundred feet. Tl le iiativrs selected these points, stronijf by nature, fbrti- tViiii;' tlieni hy art so ingeniously as to leave rio doubt as to tlieir progress in military art. . , . Some of them arc almost inaccessible, and can be reached ouly by iiicaiis of ladders and ro[)es. They all have this jH'ciiliarity in connnon, that, besides sei'ving for de- loiisr, they enclose a number of edilices destined for worship, -teocallis and t)'aces of veiy large structures, such as residences, <|uarters, oi- peiiiai)S palaces of the piirsts and rulers. In some ot tlieni thei'e are sr)i'ii|i>'s others, aqueducts of stone and mortar, to bi'ing water from distant springs." Sr Sartorius then ])i-oceeds to the (h'sci-iption of particular ruins, of Avhicii mure heival'toi'.'^ Mr Hugo Finck, a resident for twenty-eight years in the Tegion under consideration, i.i \vl)i(di he trav- 1 c\tensi\ely to collect botanical s[iecimens, con- tc(i t]]o followiuir ofeneral remarks to the Sniitli- and remains of larofe artificial tan.l \S , m tMC( triliii ^nliiail llOlH )rt foi 1870: Tl lere is hardiv a foot of liroiiiid ill the whole state of Vera ( 'ruz | the author rcthrs particularly to the region about ( '('>rdova. lliia- tiisco, jind Mirador| in wliicli, by exonvatioii, eitlii'i' a ken obsidian knife, ov a broken piece of jxittery i> iiro Hot t'oiiiKh Tl ill le w hoi e counti'v is intersected with |Mrallo| hues of stones, which were intended dnring the heavv showers h of tl le ramv season to Lee » th ■irth troui waslnnof awa\ Tl le jjunioei OI th ose iiHs oi' stones shows clearly that even the poorest ;Uhl. vihich nobtxly in our davs would cultivate, was .iv'"v V'lrH^rnriimcs Anti'juas, in S II- i, I'l'. siS--J7. Mr ii'iuij,, Lull/ (II, "Jdu m .'^■^i^'-* 4:)2 ANTIQIITIKS OF VF.HA CIUZ. |: i^:^ put uikKt roquis'itioii by them. , . . Tii tills ])ai't df tlic country no tr.u;o of iron or co))[)l'1" tools lias iiNcr cdin,. undci' my notice. Their im])lemeiiLs of ]iii>K,iii(lrv aiul wav were of hard stone, hut g'enenilly of nli.-ldian juid of wood. The small iuouikIs of stones iicir ilnir liahitations have the form of a j)arallelo,L;rani, aud aie not over twentv-se\en inches ]ii'''h. Their l(ii"tli is from li\e to twelve yards, their width from i \vo to four. ()n sear( hiiiL;' into them iiothiiiL;' is f;iuiii|. A weeoiid class of mounds is round, in thetonnor,! nnw, alwavs ,;tandini>' siii^lv. Tliev are htiiU nf I(mi>c stones and earth, and of various sizes; sonic a^ lii!^li as li'.t; yards, with a diameter of iVom five to iwi mv V'lrds. Excavation made in them hrouyht to li"ht ;i lari^'e ])ot of hiinied clay tilled with ashes, hut in '^cn- ei"al notliin'4' is found. The third class of nii>un(l>, also huilt of l(>oso stones and earth, have tlie iiniu i'l' a parallelo!j;'raiu, whose smaller sides look ea>t and west, and are from H\e to six yards hii^h, tennlnaiiiiL;' at the to}) in a level space of from three to ti\i' vai(l> in width, the base heinn' from ei^ht to twehc vaids. They are found I'roni tifteen to two hundred vanls lon,n'. Sometimes several are imited, IbrmiiiL;' a lin]- low sijuare, whi(di must have been used as a- fnitios. ( )thers ao'aiii have their outer siu'lace made ol' ma- s<^nry, but still the inside is tilled u[» with loose >teiu> and eai'th. Near river-beds, where stones :\>- \it\ abundant, these tuniidi are lari^'est. Priin ijaily m this latter class, idols, implements of hu.-^baiid! \ and w.ir are discovered, sometimes lyinn' ([uite l(i< , aiid at others imbedded in hollow si[uai'e b(*xes made of masonry. Tiie last-dest-ribed mounds form the tivm^i- tioii to thosi' constructions which are altoy'etliei' luiilt of solid masonry . . .()ne ])eculiarity of tlie la- iium- tioiied ruins is, that they are all constructed at 'In junction (d" two ra\ines, and used a> fortrc>- ■, 'i> account of thtdr iin))re«4'nability. ]\lo>t of the laii;ei' barrancas have pre(dpitous si]>. .37.3-5. Mr Tylnr, in tiiivclin;,' iiiirfinviii.l iiiuiirds .Ijilii|>M. siiciks "I ' imiMiTiiiis icniaiiiK (it iiiicu'iil Indian iii"Uini iiiiN ur i(Mii|ii('s uhicli wt; iias^cd (jii tlif road.' Aiut/iiKti:, p. 'M'2. V-L. IV. ^i ' ! mi ill'! !l if: 431 ANTKMITir.S OF VKltA CltlZ. ]»y tlio ex})l()ivr, ^^iviiii^- wliuii ])ossil)lo tlio (li>r;iiice and Ijuariii^- IVoiii sumo })()int laid down on the maii uliicli a(T't>in})anic.s this volume. Before treating" of tliose ruins, however, I shall iiieutiou some miscuUaneous relics, from tluj ri'^idii under consideration, found at well-known ti)\vii.>. di- in their vicinitv. Colonel Alhert S. Kvans dwj; two tcrra-eotta ima^'es fi-om a ^-rave at ^Eedellin, ahoiit ein'lit miles south-west of Vera (Jruz, in l^iO'.). Tlu'y seem to rej)resent a male and female, and aiv now in the oollertion of Mr C. ]). ^^(»y, of Oakland, ( 'ali- Ini'nia. Near tlio same town, on the lti(j .I;nnii[ia, are to he seen, iirasseui' tells us, the ruins of ducdf tlu! two ancient cities called Xicalanco; and Jiiso that the traces of an ancient city may yet he seen uiidir the water hetween the city of \ era Cruz uid tli.' fort of San Juan de I ■lion.'' Ahotit forty-five miles south-east of Cordova, hetween that town ami tin' bi'idufe over the liio iJlanco, l)uj)ai\: found a haid stone of dark hlue color, artiticially worked intu an irregular s})herical form, ahout six feet in diaimti r, and so carefully halanced that it could he made tn vihrate hy a slii^'ht touch. A mnnher of small shal- low holes were formed on the surface. \ similar stone is jdaced two leagues to the eastward, and thiv are supjiosed hy J)upaix to have served as houmlaiy marks. Teololinga is the name by which the natives call them.'" Also in the neighhorhood of CfU'dova, at Amatlan de los Reyes, certaiii traces of a tenipK' am 9 Ihrissnir r/e Bniirhoitrff, Pnloiqiic, p. S^. 'C'lKdrhinhi'itrnni, on pays (los i'i>(|iiilk'H verti's. On voit ciicori! (Ic- dehiis de hi \illi' ili' p, T-*^, Jil. \iii.. II;,'. S; h'iiiipihiiroii;/' ^l'l, v.. 'Jl I. \(d. vi,, p. 4'_'.'), \i>\. iv., i>l. iv., tii;. 10; Lrn lir. in Ah/kj. .1/' ■ . v. '• KiiiLTshoron^ih's toxt roprosents this relic an 10 leagues from Oii/a\a : tlead of Cordova. III. Ill- ill- la- all AMATLAN AND (HIIZAVA. iT-, vamicly montloned by the same traveler; antl on a \V(i(i(li (1 hillside near l)y is a cave, in whieli have Iil'cii i'oiiiHl tVa^nuent.s of carved stone and pottery, includ- ing' ;i s(|uattinsj^ trunk and 1cl>-s, and a liead carved t'nuii tlie same kind of stone tliat constitutes tlic walls of the cave. The latter relic is shown iii the cut. Stono head from Ainatl.-in. Tho form of the head seems to have nothing in coui- iihiii with the ordinary aboriginal type." At ()rizava two relics were seen, one of them a tri- aiimilar stone five feet thick and ninety feet in circum- I'd'ciu'c, used in modern times as the iloorof a native's caliiii, ( )u (jue of the triangular surfaces was ini-ised ill null' outline a colossal human lisjure twentv-se\en 1'i't't iii^h, standing with legs spread apart and arms outstretched. A girdle api)ears at the waist, plumes decorate the head, and the mouth is wide ojieii. ( hi oiic side a tish stands on its tail; on the other is a lah- ''it with tell small circles, very likely expressing some •lati' after the Aztec manner, — ten tochtli. Some carviiins not described were noticed on the edges also. " liiijiiii.r^ 1st cxikmI., j), 7, I'l. vi., vii., ii;,'. 0, 7; Kiiiffxhiiroui/fi, vol. v., pp. •Ji;i-U, vol. vi., |vi>. 424 ."), vol. iv., pi. iv., lig. 8, U; Lcnuir, in Antiq. •'^■('., tuui. ii., iliv. i., iHL'-'-J, 'J7-S. t ' Ill ! I;! I Kit' 'f! k.:i ■km ANTIQIITIKS OF Vi:i!A ClilZ. Tlio otlior rclle was a kind of yoke carved from j^in n jaspcrandsuppostxl tohavc been used in (•oniu'ctinn with the Aztec sacritices. It is shown iii the cut accurdinir o Sacriliciiil Yoke from Orizava. to Castanoda's dra\vin<^. Tlio orig-inal yoke was nw- ried l)y Du})aix to Mexico and deposited in (Hic dt'tln' anti()uarian collections there, wliere it was afterward- sketched by !Mayer and Gondra.^'^ Near Jala])a, Ki- A'era states that a serpent fifteen feet h)ni;" and niiic feet broad, may be seen carved in the rock." Halt' a day's journey from Vera Cruz towards ]\rc.\ic(i. at a i)oint which lie calls liinconado, Robert Tuiiisnii saw "a oreat pinacle made of lime and stone, i'a^t by a riuer side, where the Indians were wont to dov their sacrifices vnto their ijfods."" About the location of Cem})oala, a famous city in the time of the Ci>ii- quest, there has been much discussion. Lorcnzaiia says that the place "still retains the same name; it i> situated four leagues from Vera Cruz, and the txtciit of its ruins indicates its former yreatness." liiveiu 12 nii/)ni'x, 1st oxjicd., p. iy, 1)1. iv-v., fi;;. 4-"); Kinqfibnroui]h, vol. v., pi' 212-13, vol. vi., [111. 428-4; vol. iv., pi. iii., lij,'. G-7; Lcnuir, \<\i. 1^. --'• 2G-7. 1' Ifisfiiria (h Jn/ripu, Mex. 18()!), toiu. i., p. 7- '^ UiiL/iii/t'n Voij., vol. iii., p. 453. laiNS AT I'L'KNTK NAlK )NAI,. i:;7 tell-; lis. liowever, tliut "to-d.-iy not cvuii the I'liliis of tlii> ciiiital of tliu 'rotoiiMc ])o\Vfr ii'inain," altlioiinh MiiiK liiimaii bouL's liavc huuii ilu^;- ii|» about its sitc.''^ I'assiiiL,' now to tlio labyrinth of iMiins witliiii tlio triaiii^iilar area extendiiiL,'' from tliu ])L'aks of ( )rizava and I'croto to tlu; roast, I bt-^iii with tliose in the vicinity of tlie l^lent(! Nacioiial, where the road from W'la ( 'riiz to Jahij>a crosses the llio de hi AntiL;ua, TIk'sc remains are ku-ated on tlie sunnnit of a tbivst- cnvi ivd liill over a ]iun(h*ed feet hii^li, on tlie hank of the ri\er some two h'a^'ues from the hridi^v. Thev wvw discovered in IMl!) or IH"J() hy a priest named ('ahc/.a (le Vaca, and in Novendier, lS4."h J. !M. Vls- tcva, to whom the jtriest ivlated his discovery, made an exploration, and as a result |»uhli.sht'd a desci'i|»ti»»n with two plates in the ^fnsco Mcvicniio. On the un- (Ven surface of tlie hill-top stands a ])vramid of very pueuliar form, sliuwii in the cut, wliicli is an ichno- Pyraniid ueiir I'lu-iito Nai'ioiial. ''Xoti'in Corff>i, Deximtrhi.t. \>. 3!); Rirn-a, lll^f. Julnpn, Mcx., ISfiO, '"'II. )., \>. ."V.t. ('fiii|M(!il;i is IncMtcd (III simic i!i;i|is on till' coast a fi'W li':ii,'U(.'> north of Vcia L'niz; tlieif is also a town ot tlic naino in Mi'\iii». IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 !f^iM IIIIIM - IM |||||Z2 ii£ 12.0 1.8 U III 1.6 .J Photographic Sciences Corporation d '^ \ C^ I hi ! r 1 I I 1 'i I ' h f Tlio cir- ANTIQUITIES OF VERA CRUZ. graphic plan of the structure. It is built of stone and mortar, the former probably in hewn 1 docks, although the text is not clear on this point. The height varies from thirty-three to forty-two feet cording to the inequalities of the ground. T cumference is not far from three hundred Englisli feet, while the summit platform measures about tifty-tive by forty -four feet. On all sides except the eastern the slope is divided into six stories, or ste))s, alumt one foot wide and seven feet high at the base l»iit diminishing towards the top, making the ascent niiieh steeper than that of .uost aboriginal pyramids that we have met hitherto. Tlie eastern side is all taken up by a stairway about sixty-three feet wide, consist- ing of thirty-four steps. This stairway, as is niuie clearly shown in Esteva's view of this side than in my cut, is arranged in the form of a cross. On the western base is the entrance to a gallerv which penetrates the body of the pyramid; it was obstructed by fallen stones, but Esteva succeeded in exploring the passage far enough to convince liiniself that the interior was divided into several apartments. At some distance from the pyramid were noticed the foundations of a wall.*" Mr Lyon mentions the existence of ruins — which he did not visit — in this vicinity on the eih^e of a j)lateau, at the north side of the valley, about a mile and a half to the right of the road, and only a slimt distance from Paso de Ovejas. "All that remains are the traces of streets and inclosures, and an as- '6 E.sfrra, in Miisco 3frx., torn, ii., pp. 465-7, with plan nnd vimv. llo- HiM'ctinj? the circiiniforcut'o tif tlie Htrnrtiire, Estuvu'H text says: 'In iiicilia I'liniiift'ri'Mcia ile la base, toniaila dcsde el OHcalon 6 ciierpo A. I'. ''.. lli't- tiTN which (1(1 iHit appear in his jilate) pnes mas ahaio no se iMnliM tunuir ei»n esactitnd, es de eient«t ciiu-uenta v seis pies eastellanos.' I hinc tiikcii tlie I'irennifenMice from the plan. The material Esteva states to lie 'cal, arena, y niedras j^randes del rio,' Init the view indieates that hewn ^-l"lll' is employed, or at least that the wlnde strnetnre is covered with a Miinotii coatin;; of cement in perfect preservation. Esteva's account is also imli- lishcd in the Dirrlitnario Uiiir. ilr Ornij., tom. x., j)p. 1(!(»-.S, and .i ^liu'lit description from the same source iii Jloi/ir'n Mix, Aztec, tU'., vol. ii , I'l'- 203-4. FOUTIFICATIOXS OF CEXTLA. 439 soinliliiiTfc of pyramidical elevations of earth ami stones of various sizes, some of them forty feet in hii^ht." Sr Sartitrius reports very extensive ruins on the ri^ht haiik of the Anti<^ua, some leagues west of Conso- (|iiitla, near Tuzama])a, from tlie material of whicli the 'i>uente nacional' was constructed. An old na- tive also reported that a spiral stairway formerly led down to the bottom of the barranca. Whether the two oioups of ruins last mentioned are identical with tliiit described by Esteva, it is impossible to deter- mine; (juite likely they are distinct remains." Sonic twenty-five or thirty miles northwai'd fronx Cordova, in the vicinity of Huatusco, and stretchino* noitliward from that town, is a line of fortified jdaccs, nearly every junction of two ravines bearing more or less extensive remains. One of the most extensive of these works is that known as Centla, a few leaoiies iioith-oast of Huatusco. The ruins are said to liave heeii discovered by rancheros in 1821. Ignacio Iberri saw tlicni in 182G, but published no description. All explorer whose name is not given visited tlie lo- cality in 1832, and furnished information from whicli Sr (Joiidra published an account, illustrated with jtlatcs, in 1837. Sr Sartorius made an exploration of (V'litla in 1833, but his descri})tion, also accom- [taiiied with plates, was not published unt>' 18GD.'* " f.!/'iii\i .Tnttrnnl, vol. ii., p. 200; Snvtoriun, in .%c. Mcx. Geoff., Bole- till, lM;i (''iiiici, t nil. i., J). 82(i. .Miililfiiitforilt, Mrj., toiu. ii., p. 80, also iiiciiiiiiii-. till' I'aso (le Ovejiis reiiiaiiis. '■* llmri, ill Miisrn Mix., toiii. iii., p. 23. (londra's accoiuit in Musnlin Mix., iiini. ii., pp. 3(i8-7-, with two views ami a plan. Sartorius' docrip- liMii ill Su,\ .]f,:e. (iroif., Jiofrfiii, 2ilii t'poca, toiii. i., pp. 821-2, toni. ii.. n. lis, with two view.s apparently the same as liy (Jonih'a, an aiiilitional >'uU'. aiiii I'iniii vit'w of a pvraniitl, and a plan which ln'ars no liliciiess to (Imi- liia's, ii'|iri'>ciitin}^ ])erliiips a ditlerent jtart of the ruins. Accord in;; to tliis iiiillnir ilic iiiiiis were first nnnle known in 1820 or ls;i(». Tiie two accounts ■III' \civ iicrplexin^ to the student, sometinics resenililin;; cai'ii otiicr so (i.")-8. Brief lucMitioii in Jiiciru, Hist. JkIujhi, Me.x. iSti'.i, turn, i., pp. 380-90. 440 ANTIQUITIES OF VERA CliUZ. !■• Two ravines, running from east to west, witli ]nv- cipitous sides from three hundred to a thoiLsuiid t'ctt higli, approach so near to each other as to Iciivc oiilv space for a passage about three feet wide, and this narrow pass is made still stronger by protecting walls not particularly described. The barrancas tlitii di- verge and again converge, forming an oval taliK; of about four hundred acres, across which, from cast to west is excavated a ditch, or protected road, altont seventeen feet wide and from eight to elcvoii feet deep, leading to the second narrow pass, where the ravines again approach each other.'" This second pass is about twenty-eight feet ^ide from the brink of the northern to that of the south- ern precipice.'* This pass is fortified by defensive works of the strongest character, the plan of width is shown in the cut on the following page. The only entrance is through the narrow passage only thieo feet wide, shown by the arrows, beginning at the southern brink, passing between two stone jiyraniids, A, and E, D, C, and then along the northern brink to the ])lateau beyond, the issue into the latter heini, guarded additionally by three smaller pyrandds. The chief pyramid on the right of the entrance is built ef stone arid mortar in three stories, or terraces, (',1) and E, respecting the arrangement of which the jdan-' is not altogether satisfactory; but each story is reached by a stairway on the east, and on the sumndt are l)arapets i)ierced with looj)holes for the discharge of weapons. This structure is also flanked on the soutli, where the descent for a short distance is less ]»re(i|»i- tous than elsewhere, by a terraced wall at 1). The left hand fortification. A, is described by (iondia as a shnple wall, but according to Sartorius and tlu' jilaii it is also a pyramid, with stairway on the east ami 19 KoHpectiiig the first narrow pass, the oval taldc, niid tlic dittli, Suitn- riuH says iiotliing. He inentions siieli a ditch, however, in coiiiu'ciidii witli tlie ruins of Thieotepec, as we sliall see. It is quite jwssible that tlic teu- tiircs nuMitioned toiy, jukI is lower than its companion, but its front liu8 an additional protection in the form of a ditch oleven ftct wide and five and a half feet deej), exca- vated ill the solid rock, the position of which is shown liy till' dotted line a, a.^ Btvdiid the narrow fortified pass that has been "'^ Tlic vi("\\« {riven l)y Gomlra and Sartorius are of the pyramid A. fnuii tlii'i'iist, ami of tlie terrace walls at H, from the west. The latter also ;.'iv(s a view (if the small pyraniiil ft, from tlie nortli. The plan jriven l>y <"iiiilr(i litiiis no rescmhlani'e to the other. It may represent rniiis in other Vaitscif till' platean; it may he a fanlty representation made nj) from the onin.sular j)hitoau a niilu and a Imlt' lonLf, and .somewhat less than three (juarters of a niilc wide, covered with soil of jL^reat fertility, and (livirLd in two parts hy tiie waters of a .sprinLf, whose watLis flow throu,i,di the centre. Since its discoveiy tliis fer- tile tahle has been settled and cultivated hy nunlt in fanners, some twenty families of whom — wlictlitr native or S[»anish is not statetl — were liviny- Ikiv in 1832. The whole surface was covered with tracis of its former inhabitants, but most of the monuMKiits in the cultivated ixM'tions have been destroyed liv tliu settlers, wlu) used the stones for buildinj^s and I'lDcis. In other parts, covered with a forest at the tiini- of exi)loration, extensive remains were found in yood ])reservation, besides the fortresses at the eiitnunr. Pyramids of different dimensions, standing singly ami in gro'j.ps, together with foundations of houses and scul[)ture(l fragments, were scattered in every (liicc- tion enveloped in the forest growth. The pyramids are all built of nmgh stones, day, and earth, faced on the outside with hewn Minks from eighteen inches to two feet long", laid in iimitar. The stone seems to have been broUi*'ht from the Ii«»t- tom of the ravines, and it is said that no lime is | in- curable within a distance of fifteen or twenty miles. 8artorius gives a plate representing one of tlie pyra- mids, which ho states to be a type of all tln»se at Centia, and indeed of all in this region, and wliich is copied in the cut. The stairways are generally uii si?«i Type of rjiaiiiiJs at Ccntla. Ill: INS AT IlLATL'SCO. U3 tho west, and the niclies at the hiidos are roproseiitod as liaviiii,' arched tcps and as octupied l)y itlols. StiiiKt of the smaller mounds have l)et;n found to con- tiuii liunian skeletons lyin<^ north and south, .'ind from (iiiu t)t" them a farmer claimed to have dui^ a niiml>er otiiivun stone beads. Sartorius claims to have found ill c'diiiiec-tion with one of the pyramids an altar hav- iiii;' a concavity on the top, and a canal leading- to a rucc|itacle at the foot of the mound; he also mentions a VLi V clci^ant vase, six by four inches, found under a stniu' fia.Lii', near the altar. Gondra sjieaks of a lari,^e M|iiaie or court, level and covered with a coat of hard ]i(ili>lic(l cement; he also claims that six colunms of stoiiu and mortar were seen, twelve feet high, stand- ing; at the bijttom of a ravine. l)ii|>aix in his first exploring tour visited Huatusco, and states that at a distance of half a league down tliL' rivt'i- from the modern town was found a group of mills known as the Pueblo Viejo. These ruins were on the sloi»e of a hill, and on the summit stood the pvrainid shown in the cut, known as El Castillo. The £1 Castillo at Iliiatusco. lioii^lit of this Castle is about sixtv-six feet, and ar- lordiiiL; to Dupaix's text the base is two hundred and i !; i '5 !|! I i if 11 r Hf vi 1' i Ui ANTIQUITIES OF VERA CRUZ. tweiity-ono foot square, but, ficcordlnijf to Casta ficda's cliawinn', <()]>it'd above, each .side is not over sovuiitv- five f'eet.'^^ Tlie foundation, or pyramid propt r, is built in tlirue stories, beinjjf about thirty-seven tWt high. A broad stairway, with soHd bahistradc, Uads up the western front. On the suniniit platform stands a buildiiiLi;" in three stories, with walls about eii^lit tVit thick, wiiieli, at least on the exterior, are not )>er|>iii- dicular but slope inward. The lower story lias Imt one doorway, that at the head of the stairway: it forms a single hall, in the centre of which are three pillars, wliieh sustained the beams of the Hoor alH»ve, pieces of the beams beinif yet visible. The two iipiier stoi'ies seem to have had no doors or windows. l)ii- paix says tliat on the sununit was a platform three feet tliiek, yet as the roof was fallen, he probuMy had little or no authority for the statement. The inteiier of the wliole structure was a rubble of stone and iner- tar, and the facin*; of hewn blocks rejjfularlv laid. The whole exterior surface, at least of the su|)eiini- posed structure, was covered with a polished ((latiiii; of plaster, and a peculiar ornament is seen in lach side of the second story, in the form of a laryc panel, containing- reufular rows of round stones iml»edded ni the wall. El Castillo, if we may credit l)u])ai\'s ac- count of it, must be rea^arded as a very important monument of Nahua anti(piity, by reason of tlu' e(H- fice, in a tolerable state of ])reservation, found on the sunnnit of the ])yramid. These upper structures with interior apai'tments have in most instances entiivly disaj>i)eare(l. In connection with these ruins Dupaix found a coiled serpent carved from hard stt)iie ; a tra<,'- ment of terra-cotta with decorations in relief; and a fancifull> i.iodeled skull, the material of which is not stated.'^* ^ 'Oi'henta varaa en ciindro.' Perlinps it shonld' read /("c^ iiist< ad of varus. Till' platf makes tlie front slightly over 2-4 varas. V. i* /Ju/iiii.i; 1st exped., pp. 8-<», pi. ix-xi., lij;. {)-l-2; Kiiitf.ilioron,il,. vo . ., i)|>. -Jl^-ni, vol. vi., pp. 4l»r)-(>, vol. iv., pi. v-vi., %'■ H-l'"'- ''I"' '■'^_','." i mentioned and sketehed only in Kiiiysburough'a edition. Lenoir, pii -^ FORTRESS OF TLACOTEPEC. 445 SartDiiiis mentions a 'castle,* with towcis and teo- ciillis, situated on a fri■". .]fi:r. Geog., Bolelin, 2da ^poca, torn, i., p. 8'21. ^ Sfni-i't Ant. (lei Messico, toni. ii., p. 150; BradfonVs Amcr. Antiq., p. 2' M'l^i'f} Mex., torn, iii., p. 23. '" >'"■. Mi.v. Genq., Boldiu, '2(la dpoca, torn, i., p. 822; Mosaico Mex., torn. ii., pp :m, 372; Umithiiouiim liqtt., 1870, p. 374. 4iG ANTIQUITIES OF VERA CIU'Z. In w tlitdi, however, seems only to be excnvatiil in tlio earth, uiul ui.sapi)ears in several places whvw tlio solid rock is encountered.*' At the terniiMus, tuwiirds the fortifications, the ditch widens into a ivct.ni j^ular excavation, one hundred and eii^Mit l»y tw-. hundred and seventy-six feet, surrounded with an endianknient formed of the earth thrown out. The defensive works which guard the j)a.s.safjfe lutunii the ravines, and the extensive ruins of tenijilcs and dweliinsfs on the plateau beyond, are desciilad diilv by Sartorius, and his text, plan, and .sketch, all tail to convey any clear notion res[)ecting the ananifc- ment and details of the.se remains. The followiiiir. however, are the principal features noted:— A wall twenty-eight feet high acro.ss the entrance ti> the plateau; two small towers in pyramidal form un tln' narrow pass; a building called the castle, aj)))aniitly somewhat similar to the fortifications at CVntla; a line of pyramids, serving as a second line of dct'iiisi' ; a ditch excavated in the solid rock; another iirdiip oi' pyramids protected by a semicircular wall; an «.\cii- vation apparently intended as a reservoir for watti', covering two thousand square yards, the bottom of Avliich is literally covered with fragments of potturv, and on the banks of which are the foundations of many dwellings; a number of temple pyramids, like the type at Centla shown in a j)receding cut, one of them having the so-called blood-canal; an eaitliLii recej)tacle at the foot of the altar, filled witli t arth, in which were found two human skulls; the I'oiuula- tions of an edifice two hundred yards long, h;:vini; alonjj its whole lensrth "a corridor of cement witii hewn stone at its sides, formmg one or two stejis; a small pyramid formed from the living rock of the cliff, at the very edge of the precipice where thu ra- vines meet; and finally, arrow-heads, lance-heads, and knives of obsidian, which are found at every ste}), » This may possibly be the ditch referred to by Goiidra in liis account of Cciitlo. UKMAINS AnoiT MMtAOOU. MT and arc even diij,' up from iiutlor the roots of luigo A few lea,2fiics eastward fnun Tlacotopoc on tlio saim' Kurranca, are two forts known as Palniillas, sop- aiat'd hy a deep ravine. One of them was used l>y tlir Mexican forciis under General Victoria in the war (if iii(K pendence; the other lias tiie remains of an a(|iit'(luct which hrouj^ht water from a point over a leai^iio distant.*'^ At Zacuapan, near Mirador, and live Icaijcues from Huatusco, accord ini,' to Heller, are n.iiiaiiis of the ordinary tyj)e, inchidin<»' terraced walls, jiara|iets with looj)holes, a plaza with }>lastered ])ave- iiieiit in the centre of which stands a jjyraniid, a ciiMcal structure or altar on tlie very vor<,'e of the |nv(i|>ice, and the usual scattered ]>ottery and imjtle- iiniits. Six miles south of Mirador the same traveler iiK'iitioiis some baths, on a rock near which is the in- scription shown in the cut.^'^ Also in the vicinity of (ma ^ Rock Inscription at Atliaca. Mirador, at the junction of two tributaries of the Santa Maria, is the fortress of Consoipiitla, similar to tlio others. A line of plastered i)yramidal structures is mentioned, in one of the smallest of which was a tomb '" A//7o//)r?, in Sor. ^^r,r. Ornq., Boh'thi, 2(la t^|)oca, torn, i., pp. 82*2-4, Willi |iliiii and viusv, tin- latter giviii},' no information. ;!' /'/., p. 824. '* Iklkr, liciscn, pp. 61, 72-3, 7C-7, with cut. ANTKillTIKS OF VERA CllVZ. tliree l>y hIx foot lyin^; north and south and covered Avith hir;(o stono Hii;'h. Witliin tho tomb wum a skel- eton, to;;otlior witli earthen hoxes filled with iinow- head.s and hird-bonoa. Some lar«,'o idols are iilso said to have been found here, and on the Hunnnit platloiin of some of the ]>yraniids were the niarka of ii|iiinlit beams, whieh seem to have HUi)i)orted wooden iiuild- in<^s.'" Calcahualco, 'ruined houses,' is also on ont' of tho tributaries of the Santa Marfa. A iiaiapcted wall fifty-tivo feet lonjjf protects tiie entraim , and could only bo crossed by the aid of ropes or laddiis. The wall seems to stand in an excavation, so that its top is about on a level with the ori«rinal surface »jt' tho plateau. Within the fortifications is a larj^e pyramid surrounded by smaller ones and by the foundations of house.-,; and another excavation, a hundred yaids \inyj; and twenty-five in width, is vaj^uely mentioned as dt" unknown use. A mile and a half further south-cast are some ruins in the bottom of a ravine. A wall nine feet high rises from the water's edge, and on it stand a row of round monolithic ccdumns, which serin to have supported a stone architrave.** Mr Tn lor no- ticed some rem ins by the roadside, at the eastciii foot of Orizava, as ne was traveling towards San Antonio de Abajo.*^ Northward from the triangular area, tho r(.'iiiains of which I have described, ruins seem to be iu» less abundant, and accounts of them no less unsatisfactory. The remains known by the name of Misantla, from a modern pueblo near by, are located s(jnio twonty- five or thirty miles north-eastward of Jalapa, near the headwaters of the Rio Bobos. They are sometimes called Monte Real, from the name of one of the hills in the vicinity. They were discovered accidentally by men searching for lost goats, and visited by ^la- 33 Sivtoriii.1, in Soi: ^f^'x. Geon., Bulrfiii, 2ila «5poca, toin. i., ]>\>. S'23-G. 3* Iii., pp. 821, S'2i-5, with u sKctch which amounts to nothing. 3i Atutliuuc, p. 2'J7. Ill: INS i)l' MISANTLA. 449 liiiiin .laiiiu^s in IHMC); in ( k'tober of tlie saino yt'nr, I, II, (IiiiidiM, from intonimtioii riiriiislicd Ity tlic tliscov- (itis ;iiilan and two views. In tiie siiiiic (T the toli»)\vin<.f year .[. I. Iherri made an oliiiial ( \|i|()i;iti(»n of Misantia, or Monte lieal, and liis re- |((irt, ;ils(» illustrated with many plates, and rivalini^ that dt" ( londra in its nnsatisfaetory nature, was |»ui>- li>li((liii IH44. Not only are the t»v > •iccounts indi- vidually to a jjcreat extent nnintelliyii-K.', hut neither iImv nor their ac'('«)mpanyinjj;' ilhisti';itii)ns seem t<» have '. .. .11 .1..«4.>...1 ...........l!l...w... +-. . . .1. ..+ 1 M illlV \V( 11-delined resemhlance to < v. h other The site ot" the ruins seems to be a ravine-l)ounde(l I ittaii, somewhat similar to those alreavly deserihed, till' a|i|>r(tach to whieli is n"uardel;[cl(( |">r liaiiaiini^ |iript((i(iliis y iicaKtiliiilos, y l">r (l('s]ii'('ia(l('i'iis iKiiccessililc^; iimIc- iiila |"ir l(ps ccrcKs del h'.stlllcni, Miiplaiciii!!:!, el '. 'hatii-.i.-iiidii, el Cadiarod V rl Chih'Jii por la iiartf del Oc.-ic; |Mir el Moiiti' lieal licia el Kslf, y lit li'^liiiiic piir la ficvidia CKcsta dc M isaidla .... I.a indra parte al^'o aeeesilili? jiMia >iiliii- :i la iiiesetii de la iKoiitana dodde >e lialli(t( las rdiiia.s, esta liiia la laMa ijcl I'.sllllero. . . . Al cnineii/ar la d(eseta, liajiiddo ]»>r la falda del iili'ii cjil I^^tille|•(>, III |iridierii i|de kc (disi'r\;i cs un |ii(leili(d dedddidn liiildnlc ;:ni(Siis |iied('as,' I'te. (luiidia'.-- .leeudiit was lepritded id the Sur. .'/•.(.'.'<.,//., Iln/itiii, told, ii., ]i. •^•_'(l-.'{. Ilieiii's iii'ciKidt is t'(i((dd id till" Vol. IV. 2'J 450 ANTIQUITIES OF VEHA CUUZ. m I &'■ ■ jl,: and two in widtli. The same explorer, after jiassliuf the wall and elinihin*^ "with much difticulty t(; ;i itoint ahout two hundred and fifty feet higher, Wniml u ])yramid standing on a terraced hill, on the t( rnices of Avhicli \vero various traces of houses and fnititici- tions. The pyramid was built of pori)hyry and liasalt iu blocks of different sizes, laid in mortar, was tliirtv three feet square at the base and seventeen feet liii^li, and had a narrow stairway on one side at least. ( )ii the summit platform were traces of apartments of I'ough stones and mortar; also a canal nine iiiclns sijuare, leading to the exterior. The first wall nicn- ti(jned by Gondra in the approach to the ruins, was one of large stones in ])oor mortar, mostly fallen; it seemed to foi'm a ])art of walls that bounded a plaza of nearly circular form, in the centre of which stdnd the pyramid. This edifice was forty-seven ity fnitv- one feet at the base, twenty-eight feet higli, ami was built in three stories; the lower story had a cen- tral stairway on the front, the second had stairways on the sides, while on the third story the steps wciv in the rear. There are also some traces of a stairway on the front of the second stor^^ The whole suilad' is covered with trees, one of which is dt^stTiiitd a> being about fourteen feet high, and over eiglit I'lrt in diameter. The only resemblance in the twt) views d this pyramid, is the re})resentation of a tree un tlir summit in each; between the two i)lans there is m t the slightest likeness; and so far as Iberris tliiiil figure is concerned, it seems to resemble notliiiiL:' in heaven a1.;ove, the earth beneath, or the watn^ un- der the earth. Both authors agree on the exist ence of many house-foundations of stone witlmiit mortar, extending the whole length of the plateau. According to Ibeni these houses were eleven l^y twenty-two feet, some of them divided in seviial apartments, standing on the teri'aces of the liill, <'iily a foot and a half a[)art, along regular streets alieiit .six. feet wide. The walls are of hewn stone witliuut KUIXS OF MISAXTLA. 451 niort.ir, aiul none remained standini*- over throe feet liiuli. ( Jondra repi'esents tlie Iioiises as cxtendinijc in thiii' and four straight and parallel rows for over two miles on the plateau, ^vith a wall of masonry running' the wliole length on the south. At various points on till' summit and slojies of the liill tombs ai'e i'ound, coiitaitiing seated skeletons and relicH of obsidian and potttiv. (Jne of these tombs, as re])resented by (ioiitlra, is shown in the cut, in ^vhieh the arched douruay has a very suspicious look. Toinl) at Misaiitla. Till' miscellaneous relics found in connection with the iiiliis and in the tond>s include pottery, metates, slalis witli scul])ture(l grecques, hieroglyphics, and liuiiiaii ligures in relief, stone images of ditl'erent sizes iiji to eighteen inches, representing human tiLfuivs stated Avith elbows on tlie knees, and bead raised; ;iiid finally an obsidian tube, a foot in diam- ctrr and eighteen inches long, very jxTlcctly turned, toofthi r with similar earthen tubes with interior e'oiiiliartmrnts. Such is all the infonnation I am alilo ti) glean from the publishrd accounts aiul ]>latrs ivsiKciiiig Misantla, in the vicinity of which town utlier gioU])s of ruins are very vaguely mentioned. Ill thv; same range of mountains, in the district of Jalaiiciiigo, walls of hewn stone, with well-])ivserved .suhtiTPaiiean structures ct)ntaining household idols, arc iiiciitioned as existing at !Mescalteco; also some iviiiaiiis at Pueblo \ iejo and Jorse, those of the l.itti r including a remarkable stone statue of marble. liiis reported relic is said to have represented u ifiv ; i-4' 1^ .1 II 4.Vi ANTIQI'ITIKS Ul' VKKA CUL'Z. iiaki'd woman olas})l!nj^ a l>ii'uehlo of Papantla, stands the pyramid shown in the cut, known to the world by the name of tliu Pyraiiiiil of Pii[iaiitla. pueblo, Papantla, but called by the Totonac n.ifivt-^ of llie region, Kl Tajin, the •tliunderbolt.' it was aecidentally discoveivd in Mai'eli, 17i^r), by one Ditu'i' Kiiiz. wbo was exploring this pai't t)f the county in an olHcial ca])acity, with a view to ]i|-event the illi ual raising of tobacco; and from his rej)ort a (lesii'i|itinn and c»)]>[»er-plate eiigi'aving were prepared and pu!'- Uii/i/iii/ifordf, .ViJ., timi. ii., \i\t. SS 0; .lA l-'.l't >\'ff tU-'il In- /.KstHinU, lillll. 1., pp. i-rj-3. liriNS OV rAPANTl.A. 4.'3 lislicd 111 tlio (,')(('i'f(i icar ill tlie work of tlicsu travelers.™ The (Jcrnian iirti-t Xehel visited Papaiitla ahout 1831, and mado V line and doubtless perfectly accurate drawing', iVoni \\lii( li the cut which I have f,dven has been cojtied, Tln^ pyramid stands in a dense forest, apjiareiitly not (»!i a naturally or artificially fortified plati'au like the ifiiiains further south. Its base is S(]uaiv, nieas- uiIiil;' a Httle over ninety feet on each side, and the liii'^ht is about fifty-four feet; the whole stiMicture Avas hiiilt in seven stories, the upper story beiiii;' jiar- tiallv 111 rums Exceiit the upper stor iXcej^ AV hicl I seems ■^gMM^ a* ^7 rln ih- .Vca-^Vo, July 12, 17Sfi. tnm. i., pp. 340 .")1. Liiciitinii 'jmr rl I'llliilio ill' I'uiiiciito (1 (■ CSlc III ll-I.l, t';,'iias (Ic ilistaiiiia, ciillr nil n'riiiililfio I'i.fr. 'rciij., toiii. x., pp. 1'2(>-1; it was also traiislatcil iiilii Italian, ami ]iriiit('il ill MiirijiKz, Due Anticlii Muiuiiiic/iti, Jtonic, 1804, p. A, aUn ai'- (niii|iaiiii'il liv till' plate. '■'■> lhi,nl,<',l,lt, I'iKs, toin. i., ]<]). 10-_'-.1; Ti/.. KMiii. !>(,/., j.. •_',4; /'/., ill (inllilr;!. in toll). / I / ri'Srii It. Ifisf. (' V "I- Ilniiibiililt's aci'iiiiiit tianslalt Mf.i'., tiiiii. iii., pp. ;{;»-40, says it is tin I'lri'^l tliat is calltMl Tajiu, tiiat tlif niiii was disiovficil Itv laiiitt limihiuMi'i's the pi ate ill the (inn-ln vcrv fanltv. ■•" \ I III I, I'iiii/r J 'ill fit '11 K? (Irawui'' IS .iciimctric rather tl 4 lali III ill |H'i-|i('rtivi', anil till! ailtiiiir's dt'scriplivc text in a few details I'.iij.^ n» i\jvv cxaitlv wi .1/. . th it. .It .M. I .ansa ui\os a sli ;iit d ('■.(•niiliiin in .N', "/., Hull till, toiii. v., ]). HI. witlniiit stating' tlie source nf lii-. in- fniiii.iii.iii. He locates the niiii ■_", leaL ith-west of tl le iinelilo. r lis Jiiitiiiir vi:itcs that Carlos M, nnstainante piililislied a ;/ood .ici'oiint of the ruin ill IS'.'S, in his llii-ultiji) dc yuinilili < Mher accoiiiil.. i if I' iiKulc ii|i from the |>recediii;; sources, are as t'oliows: Mnii' rs JA /'/., •(i-7. with cut after /'/.. .1/' Sri,, II, Irriifi's Arr/i., Vol. \i.. p. ,")S:{. llnlili^ I II' y;wv„, ■/•,■,, ,1. 'Is, t. M, X. Illlilt.. tlUll. 1.. p. -'-'7; /■■. I'P •_'l)S-i|; l.iir^ii'iiiilii re. Mi Mr.r., (iiiiit. I'l' i{-.< I (iO; A I 1. (SS; .1/. iXirniLisi III'. /.ii.\tii ml, Anil ".!■' Ml >""!■, tmii. VI., p. 4((L'; r., pp. '.MI-,, WI 7V, llisiirt. d. th cut; Miilli-I, run. Miilli // nil riuiiiiisi lir ( rri'l. ii/iiiiini, p. l.-iP; M II Aiiirr. Anfl'i/., pp. "JTli-S; ll'ii/i/iinif, (I'liii/, ,'>'fiif,, p. l.")l; ]l'il\ 'I its Riliifiiiii, pp. 'JPi-T. riied inii'iision H ill Ntdiid's text ar(> PJll feet S(|naio and S.'i feet hiuli Mliii li iiiiist he an error, since the aiitlnn- savs that the siairw iiv in tin IliilV lie 1 iM'ii as a scale, eac di step lieii ate 11'' a foot; and iiieasnriii'' the ^l iiiet- "• l'> iliat scale it woiih iinethiiii,' over ".lit feet s(|iiare at the I iiliuiit .•.) icet hidi. 'I'he linrr/n savs that the liasi' is :{(l \aras (S:! j'.ii la-e am l.--d i "inari', and the steps in siylil were .")7 in nun iiiiinliiddt call.s 454 ANTIQUITIES OF VERA CRUZ. i. ! ;1 .M ! Si ■! W:'lld to liave contained interior conipartnicnts, the wlinlo structure was, so i)ir as known, solid. Tlie niatcijul of wliicli it was built is sandstone, in reu'ularlv cut blocks laid in mortar — although Humboldt, pciliaps on the authority of Dujiaix, says the matei'i.il is |i(ii'- phyiy in innnense blocks covered with hicro^lviiliji' sculpture — the whole covered on the extcrioi- sinfacr ^vith a hard cement three indies thick, Avliidi also bears traces of having- been painted. Accordiii;^' to the account in the (jaceta, the stones that fonn tlio tops of the many niches shown in the cut aie tVom tiv(j and a half to seven feet long, four to live and a half wide, and four to nine inches tliick. Tu'spcctiuo' the stairway nothing: can be said in addition ti> wliat is shown in tlie cut. It leads up the eastcin .nIojh-. and is the oidy means of ascent to the sunuiiit. It is divided by solid balustrades into five divisions, mily two of which extend iminterruptedly to tin' upper story, while the central division can hardly have luiii used at all as a stairway.*'^ The niches shown in my cut extend entirely iniuul the circumference of each story, except wlnie int» r- ru[)ted on the east by the stairways. Eacli nidir is about three feet square and two feet deep, cMtpt those in the centre of the eastern front, wliicli aiv smaller. Their whole number seems to have I. ten three hundred and twenty-one, according to XcinTs phite, without including those that may have occurred on the seventh story." tlic ])yraiiiiil 2.' motirs (S'2 fbctl square niul IS In^trps (.'0 fi'ct) liiL;li, nr, ill /vvw// I'll/., It! to •_'() iiii'trt's. Iiiiiisii, .sV/('. Mr.r. (•'iin/., linhtin, \ v,, ]p. n I, calls liic hcinlit m tVct, witii .");< Ntcps. ^'■^ IJaiisa says the pyraiuiil faces the iiiiilii. The (litiiia aicomit n pri'- sciits ilic stairway as 10 or \'l vaias wide. 'I'lic jilatc I'cjii-csciils ili<' Lilcnil narrow stairways as siiijiic iiistcaii of ilouhlc, ami tlii^ niches as nut cMcml- in;; enliiely across the wide central stairway. Onl.v six stories arc >li(iwii in till' nlate, lerininatin;f in a sninniit platform on which slaiul l\VM>iiiiill ftltar-like striictnres at the head of the lateral stairways, Xelicl speak- >iiii- jdy of a 'doulde stairway.' Ilnnilioldt a;,'rees with the iilate in liic din'ilii. '' The (t'ltrt/ii's text says 312, lait its own li^'iires correctlx addcil inako the nmiilier .S7Has is pointed out liy Mar<|uez; and th(! jilate acciniil'iiiiyiii;,' till- same account niaUes the numlier 'W.). Eossey says .S(!(t iiiclu-. Uiiin- holdt made liie numher ',i~H, which he supposed to relate to the ^i;;Il- i'' the Toltee civil culeudur. hi ! :i A: \ ItriNS or MAPILCA. 45.1 ( Inly sli^lit ineiitioM is inado of any sonttorcd or iiKivalilo n-lii'S at i*apaiitla. It is said tliat fra^int'iits (if ruins are scattered over an area of lialF a lea;4iio (Viiiii the j>yrainid, !»iit no exploration has l)een made. A siiinll n'olden idol is re])orted l)y (Jondra to have hiMii found liere, very like a terra-cotta iniao-o of Quet- z;d(ii;itl, from C.'ulliuacan, of \vhioli a cut will be given ill the next cliajjter. liausa sj)eaks of a stone trough I'dUiid on the summit of the i)yramid, ruins of houses ill riL;ular streets in the vicinity, and innneiise scul[)- turcd Mocks of .stone. Ml' Xehel also visited another h)cality Avliere re- iii.iiiis were discovered, .south-eastward from ]\i})antla tnw.iids the Tecolutla river, near the rancho of ^^ii- ](il(ii. Here in a thick forest were several ]>yra- iiii(U in a very advanced stage of dila[)idation and not iltscrjhfd. There were also seen immense hlocks of ^iMiiitc scattered in the forest. The one sketched hy Xchcl and shown in the cut is twenty-one feet long, Sculptured Granite P.lock-Maiiilia. ;iih1 covered w'ith ornamoniai scuipcure in hnv relief: it ivstcd on a kind of pavement of irregular nan-ow stuiKs. Another explorer, who saw the ruins in I.S'JS, t'liiiiid the I'emains of twenty houses, one of them sev- enty ]i,ices long, with walls still standing to the height I't' till fcit. ^[ost of them were only six feet high, ;iih1 the sm;dl amount of dehris indicated that only pait of the original height was of stone." < >ii a low hill some forty miles west of Papantla, " X'li'f. ]'iiii/r Piii/iin srti; Cnwif, in Xiiiiri'//i\i A llii"/i\ tfi-i V'li/ , IS.'id, ' \1\ , |i|i. XWl; M. I'.IS; Ji/., M' .'. n.s it I*^ r/\ t : il i; i i i; I 1 ■ ; ! r >! J f'- 1 ' » \t) i U 456 ANTIQriTIKS OF VKKA CltlZ. at the foot of tho cordillera, enveloped in nn .ilniiKt inipenetruMe forest, is another <^i't)np of ruins, cillrd TiisMj)an, known only from the drawings und slight d('scri[)tion of Xehel, The only structure wliich iv- inaius standing; is shown in the cut. It consists uf u Pynunid of TuHupan. pyramid thirty feet s(piare at tlie base, and l)(\iriii.:' ;i l)uildin<4' in a tolei'ahle state of j)reservatioii. lAivjit the dooi'|)osts, lintels, and cornices, the Avholc stiiut- nre is said to be built of irreyidar fra^'nients dt' llnh- stone; but if this f.e true, it is evident fi'oin tln' (b-awin^;' that tho whole was covered Avith a siimdrh coat of plaster. The buildin**- on the summit t-ont.iiiis a sinu'le apartment twelve feet s(piare, with a d^nv ,it the head of the stairway. The apartment contains a l)l()ck, or pedestal, whii'h may ha\e served for an alt.ir, or to su|>port an idol; and it has a }>ointed ci iliii^' similar in f )i-m to tlie exterior. It is unfortunatr that Avu have no further details respectin<>" this cciliiiL;. since it would be interesting' to knctw if it was i'niiiHtl l)y ovei'laj)pino- stones as in the ^laya ruins, ])aitiiu- larly as this is one of the very few remainiuij' sittri- mens of the aboriy-inal arch in Nahua territory, v mm the la" ;e nundter of stone blocks and other (K!ii'i-< found ill the vicinity it is supposed that the ]»yraiiiitl ItriNS OF TrSAl'AX. 457 rt'i'n xiiti'd in tlie cut -wns iKit tlio grandest :\i Tusa- iiaii. Several fillecl-uj) wells, and iiuinerous fVan'inciits lit' >iniK' iniajj;"(.'s of hiiniaii and animal forms muc-li unit i Lit I'd were also noticed. Tlif Avater Miiich sujtplied the aborii-inal inhabi- tant- nt" the }ilai'e, seems to have conu' fr(»nj a sj)i'inn' liicittil en the sitle of a ])i'e('ipitous mountain; and at tlir liasc of the olitl* wluM'e the water reached the plain, was the very remarkable fountain sliown in the cut, artilicially yliajted from the living rock. The cut Fountain in tho Living Rock — Tusaii.iu. IS an i\a<'t fac-simile of Xehel's ]>late, excejit that the surrHiiiuliiiM-s, Avjiicli add nuich to its interest, ai'e !itrt.>sarily omitted. 1 (juote Nebel's hriel' descrip- ii I: >l 458 ANTIQUITIES OF VERA CRUZ. tioii in full. "Anionuf tlie ruins of Tusapaii i> tniiinl tliu «j;T()tt'S(j[ue fountiiiu here represented. The wiiolc monument consists of a statue nineteen IVct lii'^h, scul})ture(l in the livinn' rock. The ch)thin<,^ indicntt's clearly a wt)nian, seated, resting her head «)n tlir Itt'r arm, which is supported by her knee. The licad seenjs to be adorned with featliers and precious stdius. Amoni,' the ])himes behind is a hollow intendtd to receive the waters of n neii^hboring spring- (wiiirli no l()n!4'er exists). The water ran through the wliolc fig- ure and out under the })etticoats in the most iiJituial manner, whence it was conducted in a canal of licwu stone to the town near by."*' The ^NTesa de !Metlaltoyuca is on the Tuxpnn Tiivcv, about twelve leagues south-west from the jKUt n\' Tu.Kpan, twenty-two leagues north-cast of Tulaiiciii'^d, and })rol)ably in the state of Vera Cruz, ahhniioli very near the boundary. The table-land is vciy extensive, and is covered throughout most of its r\- tent by a thick forest. Juan B. Campo, 8ub-Pivtrrt of Huauchinango, discovered a grou}) of ruins lu iv, and gave a descri])tion of his discoveries in a k |i(iit dated June 27, 18(35.*'' His account is very gciii r.il. alluding to the ruins of a great city, whose stivrts Were })aved with polished stones, a fijie stone |ial,i(f })lastered and painted, all surrounded by a w.ill tit- teen feet thick and ten feet high, with a ureat Linti', covered way, stone bastions, etc., etc. Inmudiatflv after the publication of Cani[)o's report, Kanmn Al- maraz, chief of a Mexican scientitic conimissinii. . n- gaged with other engineers in surveying for a mad in this region, spent five days in the exjdoration of ilir ruined city, preparing plans and other drawings, and :1 i *^ Nilifl, V/'Njr Phi/orrsrn; ]\fin/rr\s' Mi\t. A~/rr, vol. ii.. ]i|i. I'.t'.i-l'i'; LL, J\li.r. lis it l\'((.i, jtp. •Ml-S; Aniiiii, Altr Mi.r., ]>. 4']: I!;iu>a, in >'■'■ Mi;r. (I'cii;/., Bolctiii, toui. \., \\\\. 411-12, loi-atos Tiistiiiaii 14 k';i,L;iii ~ -hihIi- Avest of l*a]):nitlii. ^^ Till' (iri^'iiial of this ro])ort I liavc not seen; a translation, li i\\r\tr, •was jmljlisheil iii the l^an Francisco Etxiiiinj liullctiii, of Feb. .'(', 1^'''<- *% IIUIXS OF METLALTOVICA. 459 also talciiii!!' some ])liot()L;^rap]iie views. His rcjtoit, V(:v tar fVoiii beiiii;' lull uiid HJiti.stactorv, ilhistrati'd with several platus, was j)ul>lislit,'d in tliu ^ovcniiiit'iit r(.|M»its tor tlie year inentioiietl." Tilt; name, Metlaltoyuca, aecordiiiof to Clalicia Clii- iiialpHpoca, siij^iiiHes '})lace fbrtitied with solid stones,' liiit Sr Linares attributes to tlie word a diiVerent der- ivation, and iiiukes it mean *hind of tlie mao'iiey.'^'* Ahiiaiaz says: "A succinct account of the ruins mi'^ht he given by saying that tbey consist of pyra- mids huilt of hewn blocks of sandstone, paj'tiidly covered with a good hy(b'auhc cement, as will bo scL'ii Ity tlie cliemical analysis which will be given,*''* Mild of some tumuli, and remains of ediHces of slight ilcvatioii." The arrangeuKMit of the remains is sliuwu ill the plan; only a few of the structures iii- (lirat'd on the pLm are mentioned in the description, and of those few very little is said. 'I'he sj)ace cov- l hv the I'uins is in re'ctaiiijular form, about two i.Ti'( liuii.hvd and Hfty by five buiKh'ed yards, and is lo- tatrd in the s(.)uth-westcrn jmitioii of the mesa. The ihii't' structure, a of the plan, stands at the iiortli- '" Mr.. Mnii. ill MInlstvn ilrl F„„>riifn, /,W.7. p. 21^4, etc It \v;is also I'lilili^liiil ill a st'iiaiati' iiaiiipliU't . A/niiirn.:, Mui. urirni dr h,s '/'< il< Miniliufiiini, ii|i. -JS-:!;}. Mcntiiin l>.v (iarcia y Ciilia-., a coiiii laiiii) II of Al i- (•/,, in Siii\ .]ii.i: diiti/., Jlo/i/iii, 'Jda ('■|Mii'a, toin y;r,/w/ :ira iilliiijiin-ii, ill AliiiKfiiz^ . a (■■]ioca. toiii. !.. )). lO.S. r, Mr lit., II. US; / i., p. :v iiiiivr-1, ill Sill', \li\i\ (iidij. 'JTIii' MiialvMis is as follows: iiiiartzy saiiil, :U.on; sik'x, K.OO; aliiiiii- iii.i mill iron, 'i.t'iO; carlioiiate of liiiii-, 48.00; iiiayiii'sia, iJ.-V • moisture, ■M: los.,, o.llO. AhiMmz, Mem., p. 30. 4fiO ANTlgriTIKS OF VKIJA CIMZ. I''-:.; ■west ('f)rner, jiikI its iKtrtlieni and wostoru w;il!>, I'liiir lmii(lr(;«l uiid (.'iiilitv-HvL! and one liundrcd and niiittv- lour tbut rc's|H'(;tively, niuct at an tuy^lv, of s; iid'; oil the otlicr sides the walls art; irregular, loriniiiLf many angles, and in the interior thei'e jiic w.ills Mhirh divided the enclosed ai'ea into several (•(»iii|i;iit- inent.- T\ lere are, ai oordiiiLT to the text, ti ilfl'S I J Avails, in some places tlve (tr six feet hi^li, txtriidiii' f'r(»m the ends of the main structure and inclosin'-' tli other works, hut not shown in the plan. S(inii' st(|is and al o water-tanks were found in comiectiun with the corner walls. (ampo also found two dddrs Mocked up with stone slahs. There are sevcr.il trun- cated pyramids, the lar^'est of which, at h, is tliiity- six feet hin'h, and one hundred and thirty-oiir iVit s(|uave at the hase. it is huiit in six storiis, ;iiid lias traci's of tlie hnildinn's which formerly in'(ii|ii( d its summit. All tlie structures are i)uilt of hrick shapt d hlocdss of sandstone, very nicely cut, and laid in mud.''" ( )n the surface of the cement, wliicli cnvtis all the l>uildin<4S to a thickness of over an inch, painted fit;ur(;s arc seen. A remarkahle feature at ^retialtoyuca is tl If t ■Mst- ence or the ])arallel moimds at c, ot the plan. As nearly as can l)e ascertained from the di'awinus and \V-l , I 8cctiiiii (if a Mound — Mctlaltoyura. *' 'Dp las (liinoiisioiios rnic iisan lioy jiara liiicr-r lii-< ;irli()I('s ili' tii'irii. I am uiial)li' to say wliat siu-li diiiH'iisions aiiinuiit to in Kii;.'li-li iina.-uR'- ineiit. ItriNS OF MKTI.AI/roVrCA. 401 text, tlii'V aro iilioiit Olio liundit'd aiitl forty fV'it h>Uj^, tuciitv IV'ft wide, and tt-ii or twelve feet lii^li. Tlio iiitrrii-r is tilled with 1( oose stones and eMiTli, aii( •til d tl lO .siirtace is covered with somewhat iri'eyular hrii-k- sli!i|it(l hlocks, laid ill mud or <'lay, and a]»i>arently cov- nvd with cement. The cut shows a ti"ans\erse secti(tn ut' oiic of the mounds, and indii^ates a near apjtroach tdtlii' pi'inciple of the regular key-stone arch, although ;is the interior was filled to the top, there is no evi- (Iciiii' that the arch was intentionally self supjtortinsjf. Sonic traces of hieroi;ly|>hic jiaintinys wisre found on tlic iiioi'tar which covered a part of these irioun" over two miles noi'th-wt'st of tlie ruins (ll'SC ^|ll|(• Oil (1, at the oidy j)omt where the mesa is acces- the northern sidi;, is a douMi' stone wall ^uardiii'^' the passage. The outer wall is three or four iiiiiuhvd yards loni;-, thirteen feet hi,uli, and fifty Ict't tliii'k at the base, diminishiiiL;" towai'ds the top. The iiiii'i' w.ill is of smaller dimensions. The same svs- t' 111 n| (It'tensive works is rt.'peated on the (tpposite i-iili' of the mesa. The only movai)le relics found W'vw, the fi^'ure of a female heariiin" '<^ sculptured (rn», ,1 iTpresentation of a mummy closely wrapped as it" tor l»urial and havinL»" features of a diflereiit ty|)o I'iDiii those ordinarily found in A/tec idols, and the I'Tiii I't' a man with arms crossed and le^s heiit, sculp- tured on a slab, all of the same sandstone of wliicii t!u' liiiildinos were constructed. Accordiiin' to ('amjto, aiKitluT smaller !L;'rou)) of remains has Ihh'Ii seen fartlur Miiitli, towards the ]\[esa de Amistlan. 'I' wo idols of |'"rnii> l)asalt and numerous ari'ow-heails of ohsidian iir( ivported at (Juautla, twenty-five or thirty mil es iiuith-west of ^letlaltovuca. Ill the iiortliern extremity of the state, in the region ii'iniit iMiiuco, small relics are said to he very ahuud- aiit. A list of thirty specimens collected by ^^.' '' A iilatc sliiiwiiit; tlicsi- painting's is j^Ivlmi l>y Aliniiraz. •'■' lli'f/.iiii, Mulkii, toni. i., i>. .">1. iiVl (|i I r V i i I f ; i. '« • ■; I ANTIi^lITIKS OF \ T.liA CllVZ. Fr.'incis Veci-lli (liii'iii!^^ u survey of tin; IVimico llivtr, soiiif of tlu'lil (loiiKtlt'SS helolinilii,'" to the Htate of Tii- in!Uili|»iis, iicross the river, iHj^'iven l>y ^fi' Vetdi in tla: .loiiriiiti (tf till! Loiuloii ( JtM)L>rii|»liicaI Society. TIhv are iimstly of liiuestoiio and represent liiiiiian ti'^iiits, for the most |»art females, rudely sculptured and ucnr- iny- peculiar head-dresses. The foreheads aic ivpiv- seiited as hii;h an\^ and liistles, with one small terra cotta vase very heanti- illy carved with those j)eculiar flourishes intredund A\ the Mexican manuscripts," also "ananti(pu! lluteef a very compact red clay, w'hich had fuico heen polished and painted. It had four ludes, and the mouth i)art was in the form of a grotesque head." Flutes occur liotli *3 Vctc/t, in Load. Gcog. Soc, Jour., vol. vii., pp. l-ll, with platt'. Ui:i,!fS AT I'ANI ( <>, u::\ -iii-i ;i!i 1 (loiihlc, with t \V( ). tliivf, iiiid lour liult ll.iitlii'ii n'|>i"L'scnt!itioM.s of Mrds, toads, and otlifi' ,iiiiiii,ils ;\rc t'tvcjut'iitly toiiiid citlitT nvIi(»1(' oi- in tVaijf- iiii iit>. West of the town live or six mounds I'nMu thinv to t'ortv fri't hi<4h ai'e va^'Ui'ly nu-ntioncd.''' liiiiird ill tilt.! ground in a ravine near tlie town, and r,'>tlii'^' on the stone walls of a «lila|>idated sejadehre, Mr N'minan claims to have found a stone slah seven t', 1 1 lull.;, widi'r at one end tiiaii the other, hut two ti it ;iiid a halt' in avera^'e width, one foot thiek, and III aiiii'/ on one side the s('ul|>tured H^^inv of a man. |)rr>scd in a tlowinu^ rohe, with j^irdle, saiahd-ties on lii^ tict. and a close-httin^' cap on his head, he lies wif'i crossed arms. The face is Caucasian in feaiure, ;iiiil till' work is very jierfectiy executed. For the Hiitlii'iilicity of so remai'kahlc a relic ^Fr Xorman i> liaidly a sufficient authority. Two small ima^-es, DiiliaMy of terra cotta, were presented l»y Mr Nor- es iiKiii to the Xew York Ifistorical Society At tlie Calondras liancho, some twenty-five mil tiDiii I'iimico, a lart^'e oven-like duunher is rejiorted ell tli(> slope of a hill, which contains larLife fiat stones u>r(l for i>rindin,i>" maize. The rinns at Chacuaco, three leagues south of the town, arc said to cover ii'ittiit three sipiare leaijcues. Mr Norman also o-ives "■, foiii. I., ]iii. l'.i;{-(). '' Li/uh'm Jitiinial, vol, i., ])]). Ci\-2; Xnriiiati's Jtatnhhs. ]>]>. rtO-'W). f^li.LJil iiiiiiiiiiii (if relics ill tills n'^^iou, in Mit/ilciipfonlf, Mcjico, toiii. ii., 1' 7'.'; lU'iiljurd'n Aincr. Aitliij., jip. 11:2-13. '.ii m CHAPTER IX. ANTIQUITIKS OF THK CKNTRAL PLATEAUX. AxAiirAf'—MoNiMKNTS OK PfKiiLA — ( 'iiiF.A, Tkopan' ri;iM:c. Ti:i'i;XK. Tki'Kaca, Sax Antonio, (irAriKiiKi.ciirLA, and Santa ('\tai.in.v — rVHAMII) OK ClIOULA- Sli:i;i!A I)K. M AMNCIIK— SAX l'\l;i,(p - Nativii) o—MoximivXTs ok Ti.Ast'Ai.A -Los Ukvks Mum mi:m\ OK MKXICO— ClKHNAVACA, XoCIIICAI.CO, ("ASASAXn, (>Zr \l i; \, Tl. \- CIIIAI.CO, AlllKIH K.PA, AND M Kt'A.MKCAX — XoCHIMII.ni, TlAlll A(, Xico, Misi^rujri;, Ti,ai,maxai,('o, and Cii.iuacan- Ciiapit ti;i'i;(, liKMKDIOS, TACfHA, AXI) ^L\l.IXAIA'0--( 'iTV OK MkXKd 'I'I /( Ii d -Ti;z('oi'ix(io -Tkotiuiai'AN — OiisiiiiAX Mixks— Tii.a Mum . MKXTS OK (^KKKKTAIIO — rUKHMTO, CANOA.S, AND KaNAS N \i1I a ]MOXU.MKNTS. Tho monumciits of the ]\rt'xican tierra teiii|ila(l;i. of AiKiliuac and tho adjoiiiiiio- pliitoaux, iiuxt claiiii our attention. Tho tori'itoiy iu (jiiostion is hdiindrd ou tho soutli and cast by that treated in tlie two pic- ceding chapters — Oajaca and Ouerroro on the smitli ti)\vard tlie Paeitic, and Vera ( 'ruz on the east toward the il;'uU'. Tlio present eliapter will cany my aiif- (juarian survey to a line drawn across the (Miiiiimit from Tani])ico to the mouth of tho Zacatula rivtr, <'om])letinL>' what lias heen regarded as tlie lioim' >>( the Nahua civilized nations, with tho exception of the 'I'arascos in Michoacan, and leaA'ino- oidy a few scat- tei'ed momnnents to he descrihed in the hroad rxtciit i)f tho northern states of tlie repuhlic. < )n nm-t "t tho maps extant tho ti'rritory whose monunu nts I li ivo now to describe, is divided into the stah> ot (404J ■ i IlKMAINS AT CHILA. •iGi: Mi'xii'o, Piit'lilii, Tlaseala, iind Qiicrctari), to wliicli liavc liccn added in later years Morelos and Jlitlaln'o, foriiUMl chiefly, I helieve, from the old state of ^lex- icii. In niy desc'ri})tion, howe^'er, I shall pay hut little ;itteiitioii to state lines, locatiniif eaeh i;'i'oup of aiitiMiiitios hv its distance and bearing- fi-oni some well known point. KespectinL;' tiie jdiysical t'eatiwes (if this central Xahua re_>^ion, enough has been said ill the |)recedinu;- volumes; I consecpiently heniii at once the description of anti(|uarian relics, dealini,^ first with those found in Puehla and Tlaseala, start- ill^• ill the south and [)roceeding northward. At ( 'hila, in the extreme southern part of Puehla, is a hill known as La Tortuna, on which is huiit an iintciraccd ])yi'amid ei^'hty-eiyht feet scpiare at the hasc, fii'ty-five feet hi,L»h, with a summit platform fifty lift s(pirire. It is huilt of hewn stone and cov- oreil, as it ajtpears from Castafieda's drawing-, with ceiiiciit. The exterior surface is much broken u]) l)y tlif tilts that have taken root there. A stairway Icails up the western front. Near the nortli-eastc'i'ii ciiriiir of the moimd is an entrance leadinj>' down by sivtji stone sre[>s to a small tomb about eleven feet lii'liiw the surface of the ground and not under the iniiiiiHJ. At the foot of the steps is an apartment iiUMsiuiii^- live and a half feet lony- and hii^'h, and four ti'it wide, with a branch, or i^'allery, four feet Ion;;" and H little loss than three feet wid(,( and biu'h, in the cen- tre ut each of the three sides, thus givini;' the whole ..ai V.I.. IV, M St'ctiiiii of Cliila 'I'dinh. r ■ I Mil 4r.G ANTIQUITIES OF I'lKHLA. toiul) in its ^Touiul })l;ui tlio form of ca crosrs. Its vi i'- tical section is sliown in the cut. Tliere is ccit.iinU ,i iL»'enunil resouiblanco to he noted in this t(jnil)-.stru( t- nre to tliose at ]\[itla; the in^'erior is lined with Ihwh l)locks Liid in hnie nujrtar and covered witli a tiin' white j)hister, the })hister on the ceihng" l)eiiiL;' «ii^lit <»r nine inches fnick. The discovery of human homs in the Literal galleries leaves no doubt respecting- tlic use to which tiie suhterranean structui'c v.as devoted.' At Tehuacan el Viejo, two leaiL»'ues eastward of the modern town of Tehuacan, in the south-eastern part dt" the state, were found ruins of stone structnies not ])articularly described.^ iVt San Cristoval Tei>|iante- pec, a little native settlement north-westward of the remains last mentioned, is another hill which heais a })yramid on its to}). A road cut in the roeky sides leads u\) the hill, and on the summit, beside tlie ]i\i'a- mid, traces of smooth cement pavements and otlier undescribed remains were noticed. The pyramid itseh' fi'om a base iifty feet s(|uare rises about sixty-se\ en feet in four receding' stories with sides api)arently slopiiii;' very slightly inward toward the top, the foiuth stmy beini>' moreover for the most part in ruins. The inest remarkable feature of this structure is its stairway, Avhi( h is different from any yet noticed, and similar to that of the i^'rand teocalli of M(;\ico-Tenoe]ititlaii as repented by the concpierors. Ft leads up diagonally from botton. to top of each story on the west. net. however, makinu;' it necessary to pass four times inund thi; i)yrann'd in order to reach the sunnnit, as was tiie case in Me.Kico, since in this ruin the head of each ili^ht corres|)ontls Avith the f )ot of the one ah<>\e, in- stead of heir.<>' on the o})})osite side of the pyramid. The whole is built of stone and mortar, only tlie exte- 1 Dii/iiii.r, 2il oxpcil., 1). 14, ])1. xviii., (i^;. 5;{-4; I\iiiij-1. iv., pi. xvi., ii^'. ii'H-A; Lenoir, in .!/'//•/ "'' ■■ liiiu. ii., (liv. i., |t. 47. '^ 'Ni» siilisisti'ii do t'l .siiio Unas ;;raii(los ruiiiaM de t('m]ilii y cascriiis w <'al y canto, .sitiiailas en ladcra ii«' nnos ccrritos. ' iJii/xtij', 1st fxpt'il . !'• •'! KliiijshuruKijIi, vol. v., p. 'Jll, vol, vi., p. \-l\\. TKI'EXE AM) TKl'EACA. 4(<7 liof riiciiiL,'' l)(jiiiu^ of re_i;"ul;ir l)lo(-'ks, and no oovorin^' of icuiciit is indicated in Castaneda's drawiny'.^ At Ti'itL'XO el Viejo, on the Zacatula Kiver, some slxttvii leagues sontli-east of the city of Puebla, I)u- jiiix discovered, in 1808, a sti'uctnre wliicli he calls a |nrtiiitured Hj^ures in low I'elief, which i'.iiliialc tliat the monument may have horne oi'i^i- iially Millie ri' iemhlance to the Aztec calendar-stone, toliL' iiKiitioned hereafter. Another round stone bore iiiaiks of having been used for sharpening weajtons.* At Tcpeaca and vicinity four relics were found: — !>t. A hii'd's, perha})s an eagle's, head sculptured in liiw iriicf within a triple circle, together with other tii;ui(s, on a slab about a foot square; apparently ati alioiiHJiial coat of arms. 2d. A stone head eighteen iiu'lics high, of a hard, rcddisli material; the features all' vny regular down to the mouth, below Avhich all i- (Irt'oniied. '^d. A scul])tured slab, built into a wall, shown only in Kingsbort)Ugh's plate. 4tli. A Iratliticd serpent coiled into a balldike form, six I'cet ill diaiiirtcr. It was carved from a red stone, and ;i^'i |i;iiiitcd red, resting on a cubical jtedestal of a liuht-culoi'ed stone.*' 2 /'/'//'(//•, Ist cxjicil., ji. 4, ]il. iii., fi^'. r?; f\iiufsl)nroiif//i , vol. v., ]). '_M1, ^"1. vi.. |i. 1-J2. Vol. IV., ]il. ii., ii;r. •"•• 'Oil y iiioiitc. t, ]iar I'll' r,iiii|ii' inici'"' lie j^aiiclio a droitc ]Hnir Ic inciiiiiT i'ta;,'(', dc dioitc a -iiii III' |.iiiii- jc >ci'oii(l, et aiiisi do suite jiisi|iraii dernier.' Lrnair, in An- '"j U'.c., tiiiii. ii., div. i., J). '_'(!; Khnini,<'iilli(r-(li'si-liirlilv,\{\\\\. v., |i. lo7. _' llujiiii,!-, ;}(! ex|>t'd., p. ,5, ]>l. i., 11., Ii;,'. I-.'i; Kiii;i.slil. i., ii., Ii;;. 1 ;{. Aecordin;,' to lliipaix's I'l'iii' tile siclt's and suniiiiit )ilalt'orin are covered witli plaster. Kiii;:slioi- "ii;;ii N philc omit-, the eoatiii;: of plaster and shows the remains of a iiinlh '•'.'ly. A Male attached to the latter plate would indicate that llii' p\ia- i"i'l iias 11 li.ise of I. "id feet and is aliont T.'i feet lii-h. l.ninir. p. fill. ^ Jiiij'X^.r, 1st. e-Njied., pp. 3-4, pi. i.-ii., 11^;. 1, '2; iM e.xped., p. ."il, pi. mi\i h i\ ill I si* 4C8 AN'TIQl ITIES OF PIEULA. At San Antonio, near San Andres Chalciuij)inu1a, on the eastern boundary of the state, a pyi'aiiiid stands on the summit of a rocky hill. The }i\ raiiiid consists of three stories, with sides sloping' at an angle of al)out forty-five degrees, is about tweiity-tivfj feet in height, and has a base fifty-five feet s(ni;nv, A stairway about ten feet wide, with solid lialiis- trades, leads up the centre of the western front : ami on the toj), parts of the walls of a building i^til! iv- niained in 1805. This sunnnit building was saiil to have been in a good state of jjreservation only twdvt years before. The material is basalt, in blocks almiit two by five feet, according to Dupaix's })late,lai(l in iiini- tar, and all but the lower story covered with (•ciiiriit." At Quauhquelchula, near Atlixco, in the wotnii part of the state, ]^upaix noticed four relics of an- tiquity, 1 st. A rattlesnake eight feet and a hall" Ihhh', and about eight inches in diameter, sculptured in high relief on the flat surface of a hard brown >tn\\<: 2d. A hard veined stone of various colors, foiii' t'ci t high and ten feet and a half in circumfeivncc, carvel into a representation of a monster's head witli j)i(itru(l- ing tusks, u front view of wdiich is given in tiic cm. i m !'■■ ■ -i Stone IMoiistor'is irciid. Ixi.. i\iiji«i.i; l»t c'Xpi'il., \t. 10, pi. .\ii., lig. i;t; Kiii'jshoroiiij/i, \>A. \.. 1' PYUAMID OF CHOLULA. 409 The rear is flat and bears a coat of arms, made up of tour arrows or spears crossiiiLif a circle, with (itlur inexplicable figures. .']d. Another coat of arms, tlnrr lances across a barred circle, carved in low relief (III till' face of a boulder. 4th. A human face, larger tliiiii the natural size, on the side of another boulder, iiiid Itioking t()war1. xvii.. (i;;. IS, not in Kinj;slioroii;;h. ■' li'i/'iii.r. 1st exped., p. i;{, [pI. xxiii.-iv., ti;r. '2.'>-(i; KiiiqshnroiKjh, vol. v., [1. '.'Jii, vol. vi., p. -I'JS, vol. iv., 111. xii., lig. 'J.j-O; Lcitvir,' \,. 33. » , i| 470 ANTIQI'ITFES OF PrEIlLA. 17 ■\ f m 'tiu M Ava.s ill ;il (Original times a lari^o and floui-isliiiv^r ,.jf\. and a i>reat rcli^'ious ceiitro. Tliu day of its u|,,iv Avas in the Tolteo ]>eri()d, huforc the teiitli ceiituiv (V our era, and tradition points for tlie huildiiiL; or tlir ])yran»id to a yet more remote e])och, when the (i|- niecH were tlie masters of tlie central }5!ateanx. Siv- eral times during- the relii^ious contests that rantd hetween the devotees of rival deities, the teniplc (jf ( "liohda was destroyed and rehiiilt. Its final (Icstiiic tion dates from the coniino- of the Spaniards, uiid, under Hernan (.'ortes, after a fierce hand-to-hand con- ilict oji the slopes of the pyramid, maddened hv tlie desperate resistance of the natives, elated hy \ irtoiv, or incited hy fanatical religious zeal and ;i\aiirc, sacked and hurned the i....,_i;'niticent structui'c on rlu top of the mound. Since the time of the Coiii|iiista- dor, after the fierce spirit of the Spaniards Imd r\- ]>ended its fury on this and other monuments i( mul iu honor of heathen gods, the mound was allowed to remain in peace, save the construction of .i wind in^' road leading' nj) to a modern chapel on the sniii- mit, where services fve performed in which the '^nat Quetzalcoatl has no share.^'^ Since 1744, when the historian Clavi^'ero |(mK' up its side on horsehack, this j)yramid has het'ii xisitnl hy hundreds of travelers, few tourists haviiiL; Kit Aiiiihuac without having seen so famous a nioiiiinHiit of anti(piity, so easily accessihle from the cities nf Mexico and Puehla. Ifumholdt's descri|)tion, niailr from a personal exploration in K^0:5, is peili.ips tin' most complete that was ever puhlishcd, an-rJ4, pi. iii. li'iil. I'll. pi. vii. //. Ill Aiih ni'/shiiroini/i, vol. V //', Mr )1. Sllppl. I 1. |.l. )ll/h Isl f\pcii.. p ■_'IS, vid. iv.. ]il. viii.. Ii;,'. l'O. It is to h II itcil lli;il llirrc is not tlu' sli;flili'st icsciiildalici' lii'twi'iii tlic two editions III Cl-I.llinla's illiiwin;,'. \r/,i/, Vimji- I'iiilnrrsrd, willl lai;,'(' coloii'ij pl;>t<'. ntliiT \ jailors to ( 'liolnlii, wiiosc aifoiinls coiitaiii more o|- less orij;iiiai iil- fipriiialiiiii, all': I'oinsett, ISJJ, .\''//i.v, pp. 7~,-\>\ ItullorU, IS2:{, Mr. rim, pp. 111!.") 1 " "" ati'. altlioii;^li liic aiitliof iiiailc a draw iii;j; Ward, IS'J."). Mr Vlll. II.. p •_'•;;•; IJcaut'ov, 1S2(;, Mr I'/iisfr., Ml). l!t;{-."), willl ruts •iitriKM', i:u, i: iiiiioii'r ill Mr p. -J:.'.; .May.'r. IMI, M. ,riro (IS I I II IIS. |i. •-'Ii; ,!/./■. .\~lrr, vol. ii.. p. •J'JS, with cut; //.. ill Sr/iuii/iTiijTs Arr/i., vol. "iS.'; riioiiipson, ISI'J, lii:riillrrtiiiiis iif Mr.r., |i. ;{(); Tylor, IS.'Hi. .\iiii. In I'l P. •-•7I-7; Kvans, l.SII'.t, (J iir Sisir n ihii I'' til »_'S-;{J, with (lit Still iiihri' ri'fcrt'iii'(!s on tlif siilijcct, coiitaiiiiii;; for the most |iart iiothii.^ fvt('|it uliat is ;.'athero(l from the preeediii^r works, are: Itnlirrlsiui's llisf. Aiiirr. smp. cd. 1777), vol. i., p. •_'()S; (I'lnii/rd, ill I'lrsru/f, Ilist. ('oiiij. .'A./'., iiiiii, iii., pp. ,S7--t."), ])I. vi.; Aiiliq. Mrx., toni. i., div. ii., p. 7(1; f.'i- 'i/rs, toin. i., pp. 1H7-S; Arniiii, llriiliijr Mr.c, (pp. ti."{, (iS, 7-; "//'/ //(■/• RrliifiDii. ]ip. '.),">-(»; Aiiirr. Aiifi'j. Sur., Tnuisiirt., Aiiir,:, |t. !M»; rri/. "/, I' HV/v, v.,1. i Mr. -.")l'p. ( lln-il. l/i l.-l-'i. te.. from llinnhDhlt, with cut; lliililirii p. lit:}; I'.rlli'iii • I l.'Ai toiii. Mr p. •.';): iijiir, toiii. ii., pii. 'iSIi-S; l>rlh ), etc llriirhrtt .V, liriiniili lll.'. WS; I )' ilrliiiiii ji, I '()y//7c, p. .'Vfl ; Fiissrif, 111; llii.i.tr/, Mrx. limit. Ilrllri- II I'l' VM--:. iirriiii mill ri Mr. ]i .")7; ■fiiiiriliiiir/, .]ir.rii/iir, ]). "JO; /. plate fiipiii Diip.iix; l^nn-riistrrii. .\fr,vi/iir, p|). |,S-!t; Muilrl', '''"'/. I'liii. vi., pp. -J(il-'J; Muruiirr. r(>//"'/(vo'.s-, tom. iii., ipp. .'{'iS-'.); M Irsiirs Villi., IS.T), torn. l\v., pp. ,'!l),'{-4; I Irlnjirlirs Aiifi'/. A iiirr. till"/., pll. 'J I, l.')-(( '} ixiillrii. r/r., p. 14; ,1/, tS.j.' pp. SO-l; M..riri,. A Tliji til ^lill'.i llisl. M .f., ]i. 140; Miililrii/ifun/t. Mrjim, toni. ii ///■ h, i',»-(l(); 1/,,//, '.W-IX -l-M); irn l.'iiii.'ii pp. :{S,")-7; /', lir I'rrrlii/'iDiirii, pp. 4.")S-",i. ."i.Sl ; I'liijrs, Xiiiirriiii I'lii/. itf's }fr. vol. i., p. (!0, V(p 1. ii., lip. (IS, •_>( I, V( 111 , |) :',>,); .'. I'JS; Sutiinliiif M'li/.. vol. v. i'l'' l/'> ti; Srhrrr, TntKcrsjiii:!, pp. 2i)-30; Sluji/i'a rn'suitcr.s of I'lrulc, pp !i mil 1 11 U 472 ANTIlH'ITIKS OF PIKI'.LA. For tlio past two cunturins, at least, tlio condition and a])i»i.'aranco of tlic inound has \k'vi\ tliat of ;i nat- ural conical hill, rising;- from the level of a hro.i' val- ley, and covei'in^' with its circular haso an aivu nf over forty acres. ''^ On closer examination, Ikjucv^i', trac(;s of ai'tilicial terraces arc nt)teortion of it — for no excava- tion has ever been made reachlni!: to its centre is df ai'tilicial construction. By the carcftd sui'mvs df .lduml)oldt and others the original form and dinuii- sioiis have been clearlv made knt)wn. From a KaM! about fo irteeu hundred and forty feet sipiare, wIkpm' sidi;s face the cai'dinal jtoints, it rosi; in foui" ciiiiaj stories to a heiylit of nearlv two hundred feet, lia\ in '• a sunnnit ])latform of about two hundred feet s(|uaiv." Humboldt in I80;] found the four terraces toli'iaMy distinct, especially ou the western .slo])e; Evans ia 1I)7-S; Tliidniwl, Mi'.riko, pp. 201-2; Tiiflnr'n Nnrr., vol. ii., jip. -.'(is i>; I'ii/iirniix, Sunt'. Mr,i\, p. r)ol; Wif/i/iaiis, liruii. ii. S(tit., pp. ',i'2, .'iii. hn, 1S_'; Wanlrn, Iiir/irrr/ir.s, ])p. (i()-7; IVilf.toii's Aiiin: J/itf., pp. (IHI, 7:^; YiiiKji's MdiI. lli.sf., J). .'{8; Frost's I'ict. Hist., pp. ,S7-'S; IhiiiKi.s'i, MitiiiKtl (rii/f/., ])p. 140-1; Tiiif/iir's Kt(fi>r-1, I'tc; MrC III I oil's lirsriirrhrs in Anirr., p. 'J.')'.'; ilinnlli Ciirnri, iii C/iiirr/ii//, (^ol. I'oi/., vol. iv., |). olO; A'v'//r/7' and l.hni',. Mj. llisl. hcsiriji., pp. 'JO,')-*!; Klrnint, Viilt iir-(lrsi'hirlili\ tmii. v., |i. I.")(i; A/'"/", JJifrimiiirii), toiii. i., j). "wO; Itniiorrtitic Rrririr, vtil. xxvii., ]i. (-•"i, vul. xxvi., ]ip. .")4ll-7, vol. .\i.. [) (iI2; Miuis/ir/i/\s Mr.e. ]]'iir, p. •_*(t7; M"li- rrui/'s Li/r lliim'iolilt, ])p. •2'.)2, .S12-i;{; ('oiii/rr's M' .v. limit., vul. i.. |ip. 2.')S-;», piiito fn>iu HiiiiilM)lt; I'rivliitnVs Xnt. Hist. .Mmi, vol. ii.. p. '>>n>. '- ''riic liir;,'i! moiiiid of earth at ("iioliila wliicli the S)iaiiiani-i ili-iMltiii! willi tilt' iiaiiii' of teiiipk', still roinaiiis, Imt without any steps liy whii h to as ■ciul, or any faciii,^ of stone. It appears now like a natnial nmuiil, niv- ered wifli j,'rass and siirulis, and jiossihly it was iie\-er anylliiii;.' iiiniv.' Ji I'irrtsoii's Hist. Aini-r., vol. i., p. 2{i;>. '.V le voir ih^ loin, on scinit cii ellVt tenti' de h,' prendre pour une colline natnrelle converte de viV/''r, aeeonliii:: le .i careful measurement liy a l'. S. olli<'ial in IS47; 40 varas s(iuare h> .ictiial measurement! nii/mix'; 142;? x 177 x 20S feet, I'rrsrott; 142.") x 177 \ I7.'> feei. Liilrohr\ VM)\ x 1()2 x 177 feet, l'oliisrtt\ Aliout 200 feet hiL:ii. '/>/'"'; irni) X 20,-) feet, Wilson; y,\X\ \ 172 feet, Foslrr's I'rr-lfi.it. A'-^.w. |,. Sl.'i; l;{.")i X 170 feet, Aiii/inr. I'ru ■nimlr, tom. ii.. )ip. :174-.S0; l.'ISS n ITot.ct. .sn.nmit i:i2S.-> sij. foet, Illlrr. Uri.tni, pp. i:U-2; said to cover an ini;i "f o-.cr l.'{ acres and to he 17!) feet hii;h, hut it .seems much snialN r aii'l hi;;lier. L'riin.s' Our lister ll'ji., pp. 42:3-32. PYRAMID OF CIIOLULA. 478 I,s7(i foiiiul the lower terrace quite j)erfect, Init the dtliris traceable only in a lew places without excava- tion. Tlic material of wliich the mound was constructed is n(l(il)es, or sun-dried l)ricks, generally about fittecn iiiili"s Ioul;', laid very re<4'ularly with alternate layers (»t' clay. From its material comes the name Thdchi- lnialtc|)ec, 'mountain of unburnt bricks,' whicli lias lifcii sometimes aj)|)lied to Chohda. An old tradition ivlatrs that the adobes were manufactured at Tlahna- ii.ilco, and broui>'ht several lea^'ues to their destination liy a loiin' li'"- ^^' iiie'n, who handed tlicm aloii^' singly iVoiii tiiH' to another. Hund)oldt thoui^lit some of the Kiicks nii^ht have been sli^'htly burned. Ivespcctini^ till' niaturial wliich constitutes the alternate layers be- twcLii the bricks, called clay by Humboldt, tliere seems 1 1 \)v some di tie re nee of opinion between different ex- |il(ii(is. C"ol. Brantz Mayer, a careful investigator, says tile adobes are inters})erse(l with small frai^nieiits (if ])i)i|)liyry and limestone; and ^Ir 'iylor speaks (if tlieiu as (demented with mortar containino' small stDiiis and pottery. Evans tells us that the material is a
  • lie bricks and layers of lava, still perfect in many places. The historian Veytia by a })ersonal examina- tion ascertained the material to be "small stones of tlic kind called ;/iiiJ((rr<>s, and a kind of bricks of clay ami stiaw," in alternate layers." Beaufoy claims to have found the pyramid faced with small thin hewn stmirs, one of which he carried awav as a I'elic — ■ a viiy Wonderful discovery cei'tainly, when we con- sider that other very ti'ustwoithy e.\|»lorers, both pi'e- odiii'^- and foUowin*;' Beaufoy, found notliino- oi' the kiiiil. Mr Heller c. 13'l--2. 471 AXTKil'ITIKS (H' ITKRLA. a Hinuller natural hill. This is, however, a niciv row- jecture, and there are ahsolutcly no arui'uint'iits tn Kr a(l(lu('(!(l for or ai^^aiiist it. Tht." truth can \h: asct r- tiiincd only hy the excavation of a tunnel throiivli tlic mound at its hase, or, at least, penetratinuf to tlif (cii. tre. it is very reinarkahle that such an e.\c;i\ati(iii has never heen made, either in the interests of scicn- title e\|>loi'ation or of treasure-seekinuc. Bcrnal Diaz, at the time of the CoiUjUcst, coiiiUcil a luuKh'cd and twenty steps in a stairway whirli led up the slope to the teni|)le, hut no traces of siicli a stairway have heen visihle in moi'e model ii tiims There are traditioii.-. ainoni»' the natives, as is iiMially the case in coimection with every work of tlic an- tiijfuos, of interior o'alleries and apartments of Li'icat extent within the mound; such rumors are don lit I l^s without foundation. The ]*uel)la road cuts oil' a corner of the lower terrace, and the excavation made in hiiildinii' the road not onlv showed ck'aiK the reo'ular interior construction of the pyramid, hut aUn laid hai'e a tomh, wiiich c<»ntained two skeletons with two idols in l)asalt, a collection of p»»ttery, and dIIk r I'elics not preserved or j)articularly desciihttl. al- thouLifh the remains of the tomh itself were exaniiiud hy Humholdt. The se])ulchre was s(piai"e, with stone walls su[)j)orted hy cypress heanis. Tht; dinu nsioiis are not o-jven, hut the apai'tment is said to lia\c had no traces of any outlet. Humholdt claims ti> have discovered a peculiar arrani^^ement of the ad^lics a!)out this tend), by which the })ressure on its looi was diminished. It is very evident that the ]>yramid of Clinlulii contains nothino- in itself to indicate its a,<(e, hut t'nun well-detined and douhtless reliable traditions, \\t may feel very sure that its erection dates back to an < |M)(h ])recedinof the tenth centuiy, and probably ])rer( diiii;' the seventh. Hund)oldt shows that it is larger at tlir base than any of the old-world pyramids, over tuirc as larye as that of Cheops, but only slightly lii'j;lK'i' PVIIAMII) OF CFIOMLA. 475 tliiiii that of Mvccrimi."' Tlie coMstrut'tidti of tlio f.ncilli i-tu'iills tlio ()l(li>st nioiuiiUL'nts to wliicli tliu lii^iciv ot" tlu; civili/Mtioii ot" ouv race rcaclie Th t iiiiilc of .[iipitur Jit'liis, wliicli the mythology of tho lliiiihis sct'ins to Mn, always a sceptic on matters connected with M I'Xican ai)ori«*'mal civilization, pronounces tlie pyra- mid nf ("holula "the finest Indian mound on this con- tinent ; where tho Indians Imried the bravest of their h irave w d I itli hows and arrows, and a driiiKmL;- cu]t, that tluiv miii'ht not ho unprovided for when thev should arrive at tho huntiiiL;- "ji-rounds of the ij^reat >jm-ii."' MMl|H' " It is sufficiontlv wasted 1)V time to Liive full to tho ima'dnatiou to till out or restore it to '■' ll'iiiihfthU. Viirs, toiil. '■ I o>ti'r, I'rr-Ili.-it. linn pp. 1-27-8. p. ;{4r>, lu'lii'ves!, on tho roiitrivry, tliiit flu' nv- niinid u.is cicc'ttMl witli tlic hoIo olijcct iif I'lisliriiiiii;,' in an inicriitr clianilu'r "! >tiiiii' i\v(i cdrpscs, Hliowiiiji tliat 'the iiidiislrv of the yreat nias.s of tlic l"iliiihniuii was at llio ab.solute I'uuiinand of the few.' I \U Hi 47G ANTIQIITIKS OF I'lKHLA. m ." M^ m- alinost any fnnu. One limnlrev walls et' iidnlM' oi' niud-luick; and on tiie west side some adoltc luit- tresses have Keen ])la('ed to kei'p tlie lo(jse eni'tli mit of the village street. Tliis is all of man's lalMn- tli.it is visible, except the work of the Indians in sliii\iii'^ away tluj hill wliich constitutes this jiyraniid. As for the j^reat city of Cholula, it never had iiii < xist- At a short distance IVom the foot of the once, 1 snjaller ones are mentioi 111! ari^'e pyramid, tw several visitors; one of which is douhtless a port of the chief niound se[)arated hy the roay Bi d I. eaiitoy as havini^ perpenaicular sales, and niiilt n adohes nine inches sciuare and one inch thick; tin nd sccoiKi was much smaller aiu I pi alh d liad II corn-patch on its sunnnit. Cuts of the two small mounds are yivt n liv tl 10 same ex[)k)rer Bidlock chiims to have I'ouik oil the top of one of tho detached masses a ditdi mikI wall formiiii'' a kind of ti^'uro-eioht-formed encjitsinv one lumdred feet loiiijf, in which wore manv limnaii bones. Kvans has a theory that the small numiKls wore formed of tho material taken from the Ini^tr one in shapini";' its terraces. Latrobo says that many ruined mounds may bo seen from the sunnnit ; in t'lict, tliat tho whole surface of tho surrounding' ]'laiii is hroken "!y both natural and artificial elevations. Ain- ])hiv wns 1 d by his native j^'uido, through a misiindt r- standiFig. to a Hat-toppeil terraced hill, still iMirini,^ traces o! a pavement, at a locality called Zaj'oti cis.- Tho only miscellaneous Cholidan relics of wliicli 1 find a mention, are throe described by Diqiaix and !•* Wilsnii's Mi\i\ rniif ifs Tiillfj., ]>p. 0.', 09. Soo a restoration "i t'li"- lula, l>y Motlies, in Arniiii, Iliii/if/r Jlr.v., ]>]>. O.S. 08, 72. ^'■> AiiijKir, i'minriHii/r, toiii. ii., pp. Hl'.i, .SS(». 'On decouvrc iinwc, risinati(|ucs. I.'uno de ecs masses jutrte aiii'iunl Inn Ic iKiiii d'.VIi'osac on d'Istciioiietl, raiitre eidul du Cerro de la <'rii/.; hi 'lir- iiiere, coiistniite en jtise, u'est elcvcc (jue do 15 m6tre.-j.' lliinibul'if. 7:.v>(a J'ol., pp. L>40-1. I, -i :i HKMAINS AT NATIVIDAI). 477 >kct(]i('(l liy r'astafii'dii. 'I'licy wore, n stono IknkI, Slid ti» hiivt' orii^iinlly lu-'t'ii the t(»|> of a colimiii; a (|iiailr;iii,i,''iilar block, witli iiu'i.st-d hit'i-onlyjihics on oiio lit' its lact's; aiul a mask of yi-ft-ii jasper, rcj'ortcd to liiivr ln'i'ii dug fVoiii the pyrauiid.''" Oil the sunmiit of the Sierra du ^^alIll<•lu^ wliicli t'liriiis the boundary between Puehhi ann.-' At Sail Pablo del Monte two kneeling' naked females in stone, modestly covering;" the breasts ere sketched by Castafieda.-"' Of with tJK' handf W( ail iiiipoitaiit ^-rou}) of ri'inains iu tlu.' vicinity of y iii\idad, between l*iiebla de los Anyeles and Tlas- cal.i. a very unintellis^'ible account has been written ]>y < 'ahrera, for the ^fexican (i!eoy'ra|>hical Society. Tin mills seem to cover a hill, ditierent localities on tlu >l(»hes o f which are called Mixco, Xochitecatl. Tell "\otziii, Hueyxotzin, and (.'acaxtlan. Tlu; western ^Inpe has iiiy'antic teri'aces, and amoiiLif other relics tivf vertical stones called /inifiocfcmi', sn|>|)osed to liavr been Used for sacriticial j)urj)oses. They ai'e two varas hinh and three fourths of a vara wide. Oil tlie northern slope a concavit}^ of stone and mud is iiuiitioiied, whose lH)ttom is strewn with pottery and 1 niisidiaii weapons. At C'acaxtlan, the site )f tl le ]iriiiii|ial t'ortress In the wars between Tlascala and Mrxico, art' ditches and subterranean |»assaL;»'s ruii- iiiiiL; ill all directions. The chief ditch extends fruiii imrth to south aci'oss tlii! liill; it is about tweiity- ;ht feet wide and eleven or twelve feet deep, with t'liili.uiknients formed t>f tl le eai th tl irown o lit. Tl le 'tiiiaiiean jiassages are believed to [leiietrate the 1st o\-pc(l., pp. 10-11. pi. xiii.-v.. (!;,'. 11 Ifl; Kiiiiishitroii,\' (Jstotl ; another begins on the east at San Migiul d, 1 jMihigro, having fur an entrance a square liole fivo dp six yai'ds deej), from the ))ottoni of wliich it extends liorizontally in a semicircular course; the third (i|n'ii- ing is on the south, and its top is supported hv cohnnns left in the volcanic stone; and tinally, the I'ourth suhterranean ])assage sends out va])or wIhii it is about to I'ain. This is all I can glean iVom Ca- brera's account — in fact, rather more than I can I'idly understand.'-'* ])upuix found at Natividad two M(»oden teponastles, or aboriginal nuisical iii>tni- iiients, similar to the one ibuiid at Tlascala l»y the same explorer and shown in the accompanying cut. The former were, however, less elaborately carved; IIP 1 i ■:, -I iM Tepoiiastlo fnnii Tlascala. the latter was three feet long and five indies In diameter, the cut showing a side and vud \ie\v. ( )thi'r relics found by J)uj)ai\ in the city of 'J'laxala aiul vicinity, are the following: a lance-head, nine inches long, of green Hint; a small stone statue, nine or ten inches in height, reju'esenting a seated female. Avhose iiead bears a strt)ng resemblance to smiie et S'l Siir. Mi\i: (iciiij., I'oh'tiii, timi. ii., \<\k 'Jdo-d. AHORIGINAL HHimiKS. 471) tlk- l';(lcn(|UO profiles; a mask of ij^rocn ag'ato a littlo siiialli r than tlic natural size of the face, jtronouneed liv l)ii[)aix. the finest s})ccinien of sculpture seen in AiiK'rica; an earthen vase called j>(>j>(tc(i,i-fli, used in ixrcinnnies in honor of the dead, found in cinniection with some human hones; two mutilated human heads carvi'd from a gray stone; and a masked, howden^ed i(li)l of stone, twenty-four inches h\.-" At I'litltlo de los TIeycs, north wai'd from 'i'l;!sc;da, nil rhr road to San Fi'ancisco, two ahoi-iginal hridgcs iivti' a mountain stream were sketched hy ( 'astahv'da. One is I'ieven feet high and thirty-seven feet uide; till' other Hftv-live I'eet hiy'li and thirtv-thi'ce feci uidr; eacli heing over a hundred i'eet in Iciigtli. Tlirv are huilt of large ii'regular stones in mortar. The conduits througii which t!u' sti'cam jiasscs are from four to six feet wid(! antl high, one of them ha\- iii*;' a tlat top, while in the other two large Mocks meet and form an ohtuse angle. ( )n tin; top of the liridLifs at the sides ai'i; parapets of hrick lour or live tc't liiuii, |>iei"ced at intervals to allow water to run tVniii the road; and at each of the four coi'iiei's stands a cirriihir, symmetrical, oi'naniciital ohelisk, or pillar, iivcr forty feet high, of stoiu; and mortar, co\tred witli h, lined hricks. it is ([uite prohahle that the liiick work \|K'il., |)]i. ;<.'!-."), ])1. l\ii.-\ii,. liy:. rJO-S; h'iiif/.slinriiii;//!, )"1. v., |i|i. '.'T'.t-SI, vol. vi., |i|(. KJI-."), \((1. i\ ., [il. Iii.-li\., li;^. j'.'l ,'i; Lniiiir, ill .l//'-7 Mi.i.. toiii. il., (liv. i,, |i|>. (>t-(>. •' !'■!/, 'II. i\ •2\\ <'\]u'(,., ]i|>. .")5-.")!i. |il. Iwiii. ix., Ii;,'. I'JO-.'IO: Ki iiii^liiiriniiili, V"l. \ . |i -Is-l, v,,i. vi,. ]), Kii;, vol. iv., jii. i\., Ii;r. 1 '.'.'.' :!0; Lmnn-. in .1//- ''/ ^/' ' , tniii. ii,, i|i\. i,, ]i|i. CiC) 7; I inuiKiiiilivyi , Mr.r. Hinil.. )i|.\ii., ti"iii nM|.i,i\; A/imn-'i.:, Mini. Milhiilinji'vn, |». 'X\, litlni;;rii|ili withtiiil 'lf^i'ii|iiiiiii. ■ ■.:■■} p 480 ANTIQUITIKS OF MEXICO. Tlie famous -..all that was found by Cortt's, extend- ing alouij^ the frontier of Tlascala, lias been spoken of in anotlier part of tliis work. Brasseur de BouihourH- tell us that nuuiy remains of tins wall ai'e still visi- ble, and some other authors vaj^uely sj)eak to the saiiitj effect; l)ut as no modern traveler descril)es or Incatis these I'emains, 1 think it altou^ether likely tliat the statements referred to may bo simply echoes of those made by the early writers, who re])resented the luiiis of the wall as visible in the years immediately tulluw- ing the Conquest.^" Passing westward into the state ot Ml .' ■. and beginning again in the south, I find a m (!•,,- i'; ; .M(,.x- ican government re]>oi"t, of ruins at TejujtikM. in the south-west, about sixty miles westwanl of ( 'n.'nia- vaci'i. The renjains are noticed especially on the hill of Nanchititla, consisting of buildings staiuliiiL;' on resjfular streets yet traceable, and built of vciv thin blocks, or slates, of stone without moi'tar. In the valley of San ^lartin Luvianos, in the same i( '^imi, {I subterranean apartment with polished siilco, and some leagues niither south, flint spear-heads, stone masks, and otiiei' ivT - not sj)ecified a'-e said by the same authoi'ity t>' ' been found in a cave."'^ A peculiarity of the < 2ii 'On voit f'licciro licaucDiiii do restcs do ootto ^riindo iiniiiiilli'. ciiii- sorvi's iivoc irauliml plus do soiii (lu'il s'v trmivo dos i|iiiiiliors i\f r Ic jdiis do viiiiit |iioils d'('|niissour.' llrn.sunir (fr liiiurlitntrii. Hist. S'ul. 'mv, toiii. iv.. p. I.'}."); f.itrinziiuii, in ('iirirn, llist. X. Ax/miin, pp. \i.vii.; J'riiilfiirir.s Aiiirr. Aii/i't/., pp. KM-."). .Additional roforonoos to ?^lii:lil iiniiiis of ruins ami rolics in tlio ro;;ion alioiit Tlasoala, fonto.iiiia;:' no nMiiliiMc information, arc as fdjliiw s: Cininiriio, in \i)iirr//rn Aiiiiiifrs i/is I'm/.. I>:4H, tcnn. xoviii., ]mi. i;{.")-7; Ihliix' Sjnni. i'uik/., vol. ii., ]». 4-'i; Mi'/ih i-/ifiiiill. J\fijini, (om. ii., pp. "J.'JS, "J 10 I'ho llislorii'id Muffuriiir, vol. x , i .'tlW 10, has an oxtract fnnn a Moxioan newspaper, in wliioli rof<'ronif to an ollieial report of a iirofoot of the department, anmxinein;! tin ■ of two maj,'nilieent cities. Thov wore proltaldy identical witii the ruins already doserilied in \'ora Cm/. '^' Ml. v.. Aiiii/i.s • 'J'.H ^^ /riil[ituic(l in low relief the coat of arms shown in the cut, which, in its principal features of a circle on Coat of Arms — Cuernavaca. jKiralKl arrows or lances, is very similar to others that liave been mentioned.^ On the Haij;' that })ro- i'rt> tiDiii the upjier ])art of the circle, a ^laltese cross i> veil, and the bird's head above is ]ironounced of minsc by J)u})aix to be that of an ea^'le.^'' On the iili|iiiNitt', or northern, side of the same boulder are seiiliitiiied the figures shown in the cut. The left Ijoulilor-Sculiituies at Cucrnavaca. ^rp. lOT-Odf this voluino. '" lIc^lMM-tiii;; tlic li^iurcs within the circle, Hiiiiaix, 1st expcil., |i. 14, M\-* la ]i:ntc (lerecha ilividiihi cii this ciiartclcs. Kii el .siipciiiir apiirect! '"iMii nil {ihiiiit lU' ciiiiiad a hi oriila de tin hijro (ciial piicih- ser hi ih' ( 'halco).' Aiiilcs^ii^ est line tctc, (|iie Piipaix tiesi^'iie ('((iiiiiie celh' tl'iiii n\'^\i\ iiiais ||iii'jc cniis etre line piece iraniiure, savoir, uii cawjue on niDriuii.' l.rnuii; •\iiii'[. .l/'.r., tc.ni. ii., div. i., p. 34. Vdl, IV. Ul 482 ANTIQUITIKS OF MKXICO. hand fiofiiro, tliirtccti indies luL^li, may in coinnctiuii witli tlie small circles be a record of a date- tliirtecii calli. j\[. Lenoir, however, on accornt of tlu' (•(iluiim shown Avitliin the huildiiiL*", believes the wliojo niav he an emblem of phallic worshiji, the column bi'iii. On tin' Ciieiiiii- vai'a scniptiinis sec Ihipai.f, 1st exjied., pit. 1.V14, )>1. x\\ii-\NN ■ li;' 'i!)-:{-'; Kiiiifs/i'iniiifi/i, vol. v., pp. 'i'i !•_'., vol. vi.. ]». 4'_".», vol. iv., y\. \M' v., ti^r. -'it-31; ^f'•.'|^., Aintlrs idi Miiiistcrio di' Fiiiiirii/i>, KS51. Ihiu. i., ]•■ 5H). RUINS OF XOCHICALCO. 483 The ruins of Xocliiealco, (l()ul)tloss tlic finest in Mixii'o, are about fifteen miles \',y west of soutli I'loiu ( 'uernavaea, and about sovonty-five miles soutli- wi'st from the city of Mexico. The first published (lis(ri|itioii was written by Alzate y Ramirez, who visited tlie locality in 1777, and published his account with illustrative })lates as a supplement to his Lit- iniry (lazette in November, 1791.'*'^ Humboldt made uj) his account from that of Alzate; Dupaix and Cas- taiuda included Xocliiealco in their first ex])loration ; \(h 1 visited and sketched the ruins in IHJH; and liiiahy <.n account, perhaps the most complete extant, u linen from an exploration in 1835 by order of the ^^l■\i(•a^ ivovernment, was published in the liccista Xocliiealco, the 'hill of flowers,''^ is a natural ole- 3- D •i'ri/i''ion tl.ln.iAnfiffii''if'ffi'sl, toiii. ii., )>. \'27. Dr (iaiiiarra iiiiuU' jicoiii- liiiliiimnf till! MS. l>iif(;re its ])ii1iii('ation, ami sent tlie saim' to Italy. An lialiMii tiaiislatiou of Alzate's account was jniMislioil witli tlic oi-i;:iiiiil [ihiics ill Miivqnrz, Dill' Aiitirlii Miniiiiiirnli, iip. 14--y, and ru-traiiNlatctl inmi Maniiicz, in liiijiidx, l.st exptMl., \i\). 18-'J0. ' UiiiiihiAiU, Viir-1, Una. i., jip. r2it-.37, (fol. cil. pi. ix.); Iif.,E.imiP()l.,]tit. ^;ilHi; 7'/., ill Aii/i'i/. .Vix., torn, i., div. ii., ]>]>. l.")-17. ' M. IlunihoMt n'a-til pas siiivi a la lottre rincxaite (lescri]ition de la ])yraniidt' do Xoclii- lalcii par ii; P. .M/ate, ot n'a-t-ii pas fait dans If dcssiii (lu'il doiiiio dc co iiininiiiiciit, line scconde uilition dcs (.Trenrs di' son inodclc? Wn/i/cr/i, In//. I'ill., p. (!',t; Xihrl, Viifiie I'iiiforrsro, pi. ix.-x., .xix.-xx.; lircis/it Mi.ii- '■'iiiii. tiiiii. i., )!]). r)30-r)(), rcpriiitud in DirriniiKn'o Uiiir. (ii'nif., toni. x., lip. !K!S-4-; Ihipair, 1st cxped., |)]i. 14-18, pi. xxxi.-ii., fij^. liH-O; Kiii/fs- I'ni-mi't/i, vol. v., p]). '22'2-4, V(d. iv., |)1. xv.-vi.; Lninir, in Aiifi\>. .">S;',-4, |il \i.; Ti/liirs Aiiilhiifd-, ]>p, lS;{-',l."i; Ijiirinslirii, Muiifiir, pp. "JltS 12, -T'i-sl. other references to compiled accounts are: — /'/v.v.'v^/^'.v .l/c.c., vol. iii..}!]!. ((i;<-4; Citr/xijii/, Hist. Mi.r.. toiii. i., pp. '2():{-4; Arniiii, Dux lliiiliijf M' ,/■ ' hn, • |ip. !IS-l), cut; Jlii/ihriii's Am: Aimr., jip. SIMM); Unrtnuii'n, I'ldi- I'li. toiii. ii., ]t. 8(i; Fossri/, Mr.r., pp. :{()2-;{; r>ri(.isiiir ilr. Jioi/r- '''"'V. Hi>it. Xitf. Cii\, toni. i., ]). .S2!t; J.inriiinn/iin . Mr.f. (linit., pii. ■I'i'.'. plate; Tlruilfunrs Aiiirr. Aii/i\>. '27t)-7; Miniiilli- '''■"!/'■< I.i/i; . Hist. .]/(■,(•., jiji. 4".)-.").S, cut; Xnrii>ini's Jiniiih/is in Viir., p. 171; /'V'<.s7'.s- ''■'■"' litir.s, pp. ^'.rt-SOd, cut; Ciiiiflrr'a Mv.e. Oiuit., vol. i., pp. ;<:)'.•- lit; }ll,istr„tr,/^ l.,,„ili,n Xiw.f. June I, 18(17, cut. ' .X'Hliicalco, 'castle of llowers,' according to Diccionuviu I'ltic. (iimf.. tui". .\., IK 'J3S. !|;i 'M 4Si ANTIQUITIES OF MEXICO. V 5 vatioii of conical form, with an oval base over twn miles ill circumference, rising from the plain to ;i height of nearly four hundred feet.''^ Mr Latrolio claims to have found traces of paved roads, of laioe stones tightly wedged together, one of them cinlit feet wide, leading in straight lines towards the hill I'rom different directions. The account in the Rfrisfn mentions only one such causeway running towards the east. A ditch, more or less tilled up and over- grown with shrnbher}', is said to extend entiivly round the base of the hill, but its depth and widtli are not stated ; perhaps in the absence of more coin- ]>lete information its existence should be considered doubtful. Very near tlie foot of the northern slope are tlie entrances to two tunnels or galleries, one of whieli terminates at a distance of eighty-two feet; at least, it was obstructed and could not be exjdored l)eyond that point. The second gallery, cut in the solid lime- stone of the hill, about nine feet and a half wide and high, has several branches running in ditfei'eiit diree- tions, some of them terminated by fallen dL'l)ris, oth- ers a])parently walled up intentionally. The floors are paved to tlie thickness of a foot and a half with 1)rick-sha})ed blocks of stone, the walls are also in many places su[)ported by masonry, and both pave ment, walls, and ceiling are covered with lime eeiiieiit, which retains its i)olish and shows traces in some jtarts of having had originally a coating of red oclire. The i)rincipal gallery, after turning once at a riglit an- gle, terminates at a distance of several hundred feet in a large ai)artment about eighty feet long, in which two circular pillars are left in the living rock to sup- port the roof. The accompanying cut is Castafieda'.s ground plan of the galleries and subterranean apart- ment, a being the entrance on the north; h the teinii- 3' Alzivtc's Imi'oinetrical observations, as rcckonod liy hinisi'lf. iikhIi' ihi' luM;^iii 'JSitfcet; from the saiiic olisiTvatioiis IluiiilMililt iiiaki's il ;isi; 'It'^ fci't, JJii/Kii.r, ;W(t, Scbcl; about 4aihl ll to ill' an intentional oliNlrnction. .s;$ feel from tli I'liliiiiicc (((, c, of jilaii \{)\ tVct) a Itrancli leads cast l.SS feet (<•, /, of plan ^1 ti'cii Id the room. F liave no ilouht tlial lliesi'dii '■■"'.' l.liiiii !)M|iai.\"s. The h'rrlshi tell Uililt leeount of the loom, neushias are more acfn- far as it is in- loes well ciiuu«:h with the phiu Hi \ :^ i im AXTKiL ITIKS OF MEXICO. the centre uuckn- tlie pyniinid. Ne1)el fancied tliat tln' liolc ill the eu[)(>la was so situated tliat tlie rays of tliu ismi twice a year would penetrate from ahovi; aiiil .strike an altar in the suhterraneau hall. The nativi s report other passages in the hill besides the one du- scribed, and believe that one of them leads to ("liajuil- tej)ec, near the city of Mexico. Passing- now fn)m the interior to the outer surface of the 'hill of flowers,' wo find it covered from top to bottom with masonry. Five terraces, paved with stone and mortar, and supported by per|teii(H(ular Avails of the same material, extend in oval form en- tirely round the whole circumference of the hill, one alxjve the other. Neither the width of the |»avL'(l ])latforms nor the hei^'ht of the supporting- walls li;is l:)eeii given by any ex})lorer, but each terrace, with the corresponding intermediate slope, constitutes something over seventy feet of the height of tin- hill. The terrace platforms have sometimes i)i'i'ii described, without any authority, as a paved way leading round and round the hill in a s})iral couisc tn the summit. Dupaix speaks of a road about ei^iit feet wide, which leads to the sunmiit, but no otlur explorer mentions any traces of the original means of ascent. Each terrace wall, while forming in geiu'ial terms an elli})se, does not present a regular line, Imt is broken into various angles like the bastions of a fortification. The pavements all slope slightly towards the south-west, thus perndtting the wat( r to run oft' readily. According to the plans of Alzate ainl Castaneda there are two additional terraces where a spur })rojects from the hill at the north-eastern hase. Latrobe is the oidy authority on the interniediatf slopes between the terraces, which he says are occu- })ied with platforms, bastions, and stages one aliovu another. It is evident from all accoimts that the whole surface of the hill, very likely shaped to some extent artificially, was covertMl with stone work, and that detense was one object aimed at by the buihleis. TilK HILL or FLUWiaiS. 487 Till' Ui'v'tstd re})ro.suiits the tenace })lutrc)i'ins as addi- tidiially furtitiud by tlio purpciidicular suppoi'tiiis;- walls projecting' ui)\vard above their level, I'oriiiiiig what may perhaps bo termed a kind of para}»et. On the summit is a level platform measiirinre- siiits the wall as perpendicular only on the inner side, liting in fact a projection of the up])er terrace slo})e, foiiiiing a kind of parapet, and making the plaza a .siiiikeii area. Latrobe also speaks of tlie plaza as a hollow square, and Alzate's representation is i)robably a collect one; for the author of the account in the Rfi'istn says that the wall described by previous visit- ors could not be found; and moreover, that there \\.is no room for it on the north between the centi'al jiyiamid and "one of the solid stone masses, or caha- lli'fds, that surround the platform," the cobd/lrros, which may perhaps in this connection bo translated '|iiira|tcts,' being doubtless the same structures that tlic others describe as a wall. Ill this plaza, cultivated in later years as a corn- Held, there are several mounds and heaps of stones lint particularly described; and near the centre is a pyramid, or rather the iower story of one, with rect- angular base, the sides of which, exactly or very ncaily facing the cardinal ]X)ints, measure sixty-tive tect iVoni east to west, and fifty-eiglit fe< ^ from north to south. The lower story, which in some i)arts is .^till standing to its full height, is divided into what may he termed plinth, frieze, and cornice, and is about ^ixtcfu teet high.^^ '' 'I'lii'sp HIT the (limonsinns ;j:ivpii in the Rrri.sta, 100 by 87 iiiutres. Dii- jiiiix, l-i cxiicil., ]). 1,'), Niiys S't by lOi* varas. '- Uiiuuiisioiis in English feet— lenyth east and west, width north ami 488 ANTIQUITIKS OF MEXICO. wn 1 !l Vi \i In the centre of one of the facades is an open space, soniutliini^ over tM-enty feet ^vi(le, l)o»ni(]ed liy soliij l)alustrades, and probuUly o('cu|)ied oriniiially liv a stairway, aItlioiii,di it is said that no tracus of steps Tiio cut, iVuiu have been found anion\\t, according to the Rrrista, which sjjeaks of the o])eiiiiig as being on tlie west. The pyramid, or at least its facing, is built ol' lar^o blocks of granite or porphyry ,'^''' a kind of stoiit' nut south, and lioijjrht of 1st story, always In tiio same order— arpordliiu' tinlif- erent authorities:— (U.'i l>v — hv Ki'fcct, A'(/;(/, jihitc; (ill liv (11 liv . Jhi- jKtix; — by 4» liy itA, Iif.', idate; r>H hy (Jil hy 11, Ahu/r ami Ifiniihu/Jf; ("^ l>y ."),S hy \\),lii:n'.'ihi Mc.k. The side slii»\vn in Dupaix's jilate as -IM iVct may i)e the nortiiorn or soutlierii. instead of the eastern or western, arrunl- in^' as tlie stairway is on the north or west. ■*'■• ' i'l'irlido jtranitico.' Ji'm'.sfn M'\i\, |i. r)4S. 'FJasalto jiorfirico," A'//'/. Unsalt, I.iiirni.ifrni, ,Vc,r., ]i]). '20!* Hi. ' La ealidail de ]ii('dia ile e>if,i in;i.u'- niliea an^niteitura es de ])iedra vitriliciible, y jior hi mayor jiarte dv ;i4uill;i rVHAMID OK XOCmCALCO. 489 fuiiutl within a distance of many li'iii,nu's. The blocks iiiv i<\' (liirci-ont si/OS, tlio lar^'cst Itcinj^' alioiit eleven t'nt Ihii'4' and three feet hi,L,''li, and few heini;' less than t'.ct in length. They arc laid witlumt mortar, \\c iiiiii so nicely is the AV(trk done that the jeuits are scaivtiy perceptible. The cut shows one of the i'a- Pyraiuiil of Xochicalco. iiulis. probably the northern, from Casta ncda's draw- ing;', wliich corresponds almost exactly to that ^iven liv Al/iite. So far as the details of the scul[)ture are cdiicciiied it is probably not very trustworthy. The invirdiiio- cut, from Nebel, is perhaps the only relia- lilf (liawini^- in this res})ect that has been ])ublished. Till' wliole exterior surface seems to hav'e l)een cov- LTttl with sculptured figures in low relief, a])])arently ixt^cuted after the stones were put in ])lace, since one tJLi'urc extends, Avith the greatest exactitude at the ji lints, over several blocks of stone.*'^ 1 translate from the licc'iMa the following remarks altiiiit the sculptured figures: "At each angle, and on e.icli side, is seen a colossal dragon's head, from mIkix' great mouth, armed with enorn. ni - teeth, pro- jiH'ts ;i forked tongue; but in some the tongue is liorizoiital, while in others it falls vertii-ally; in the tiist it points towards a sign which is believed to i)e liit'iliii cnii ([U(> fornian las muolas ('> picdras para niolor tri<;o: taniliicii liay ill' I'lldi- lilMii(|iU'rini>, sifiidii ill' iiiilar, <|m' en iiiiu'lias li-j^iias ii la iiMlcmda 11" sc liiilla si'iiii'jaiito <'ali(la(l dc pii'dra.' A/.z'i/r, ]), S. ^" l\iii:j:.sli(iiciiij,di"s oditicin cif ( 'astancda's drawiii;; bears imt tlie sli^lit- 1*1 lilt(rii fashion, wearing necklaces of enormons })tiirls, lidi ornaments, and a liead-dress out of all proitortioii, \vith lon^' flowing plumes. In one hand tin y Imldii kind of sceptre, and the other is j)laced on tlie liicist; H hieroglyphic of great size, j)laced in the middle of each side, separates the two figures, whose heads are turned, on the east side, one north and tlu; dtlier {south, while on the north side hoth face the west. The IVieze which surrounds this story jneseiits a series of small human figures, also seated in the east- ern maimer, with the right h-'^ ' crossed on tliu breast, and the left resting on a ed swoid, whoso hilt reminds us of ancient swords; a thing the mure worthy of attention since no peojdo descended tVeiu the Toltees or Aztecs has made use of this kind et" arms. The head-dress of these small figuies, whidi closely resend)le those mentioned before, is always dis{)roportionately large, and this circumstance, wliieli is found in all the Egyptian mythologic iahles, is considered in the latter an emldem of power ov di- A'inity. With the human figures are seen vaiioiis siyns, some of which seem allei>-orical and others chn>nologic, so far as may be judged from theii con- formity with those employed in the Aztec ])aintinL;s. . . . Another sign, ap[)arently of a diflerent nature, is oiren re})eated among the figures; it is a (hagon's mouth, o})en and armed with teeth, as in the laryo rebel's, from which i)rojects instead of a tongue a disk divided by a cross. ... It has also been thouglit (Al- zate) that (hmces are represented on the iVii/o ot Xochicalco, but its ])erfect jireservation makes such an error inexcusable, and figures seated with leL;s PVKAMII) Oi' XUCIilCALLO. 41)1 ciossi'd and hands on a sword, oxcludo any idea of siiivd or wjirliku danccM, and siiL>;^(',st only niytlio- In-ic or historical scones. Ovor tlio IVio/u was a (•(iiiiirt' adorned witli very delicate designs in the loriii of (xfhiu'fds or nieandres in the (Ireek stvle." The cul showa one of the bas-reliefs on a l.-u^^er scale Bas-Kclicf from Xochicalco. tlian in the prccediii'jf illustrations. Thoro is, as \( Ix'l observes, a cci'tain likeness between these sculptured desio-ns and the stucco I'oliefs of l^Uenque, ;iltliouu'h in the architectural features of the nionu- luciit, and of the base on which it rests, there seems to Im; no analoo-y whatever with any of the southern ruins. On the summit of this lower structure a few sculp- tured foundation stones of a second stoiy were found vtt in place, the walls beinjj;' two feet and three inches tVoni tilt' edo'e of the lower, exce])t on the west, where tlu,' sjiace is four feet and a half Accoi'dinjjf to the report of the inhabitants of the vicinity, the structure had originally five receding stories, similar to the first in outward appearance, which wei'o all standing- as late as I7r)5, making the whole edifice probably about sixty-five feet high. Tt is said to have terminated in ii pl.itt'orm, on the eastern side of which stood a large l)lo(k, Ibrmiiig a kind of throne, covered with hiero- I' ' h 402 AXTIQ''ITIES OF MEXICO. glypliic sculpture. The proprietors of nciL'lil'oiiiirr su^'ar-works were tlie juitliors of the monuniL'iit s dc- structioii, tlie stone being of a nature suitable i'nr tliLJi- furnaces, and none other being obtainable except at ;i great distance. Alzate i)uts on record the iiainc (if one Estrada as the inaugurator of this (H.^graccful Avork of devastation.'*^ Sev^eral restorations of tlio pyramid of Xochicalco have been attempted on |M|nr, that by the artist Nel)el being probably tlie oiilv mio that bears any Hkeness to the original; and even his sketch, so far as the scuipturod designs aic cun- cerned, must be regarded as extremely conjcctinij, having as a foundation only a few scattered i.li.cks and tiKj reports of the 'oldest inhabitant.' At the Paris international exhibition in I8G7 a structuic was built and exhibited in the CUiamps de JSIai's, piiijKnt- ini>r to be a fac-simile of this monument; but jiid 'iii"' from a cut ])ublished in a London jiaper, it inii^iit w ith equal ]>ropriety have been exhihited as a modi 1 (iljiiiy other ruin in the new or old world." The si!(X)nd story seenis to have had interior aparr- ments, with three doorways at the head of the giaml stairway. On the sunnnit of the lower story, nccnid- ing to the R('risf((, is a pit, perhaps a covert'd ajiart- ment orininallv, measurino' twentv-two feet s(|iiare, and ni'ai'ly tilled Avith fr.;gments of stone, smne of them sculj)tured, which were not removed. It is of course ])ossible tliat there exists some means of ( nm- munication between tins apartment and the siii.tir- raneaji galleries of the hill below. Kast of tlu! hill of Xocliicalco, on the road to Mia- catlan, a i immense stone was said to have been Iniiml serving as a kind of cover to a hole, perhaj)s tlie m- trance to a subterranean gallery, on the face of w ImMi " 'EI jiriinor tlostniiilur, cdmiiiivalilc :il zapatcii) qiio qiiciMi'i el iriiiiiln lie OiMiia lll'i'sina. fiic uu fiilain* I'^straila; sii alii'viiiiii'iito |i('riiiaiii/i :i i^ii onroliio para ('oii Ins aiiiaiitcs dr la aiiti,L;iU'(lail." Al:.<(ti', p. S. lliiiniii'lilt, I iir^t. ti'iii. i., p. VXl, yivi's 17">0 as tlic ilatf wlii'ii the livi' storii'> ,\ri n- iiiai'.icil ill jilacc. 1- I.iiikIiiii Jl/. li/raltd Xcir^, Jnnc 1, 18(17. Al/ate ami Mayrf ,1!-" l'ivi' ri'storatioiis. RUINS OF XOCIIICALCO. 493 was scul[)tu)"od an eagle tearing a prostrate native ProiiR'tlieus. It was broken up and most of the |iic(vs carried away, l)ut Alzate saw one fragment con- taiiiiii'4' a part of tlie sculptured thigh, fn^n which pciliaiis with the aid ot his imagination and his kiiowk'tlge of Grecian mythology tlie good padre pre- jiart'd a drawing of the wliole, which he puhlishcd. L.itor visitors have not even seen a fragmciit of so wiMidt'iful a relic, !^[r Tylor speaks of a small ])aved iiva! space somewhere in connection with the ruin, in Avhicli he found fragments of a clay idol. Theru are ho s|i>iiigs of water on or near the hill. The Rrrisfa says, "adjoining this hill is another hi^licr one, also covered with terraces of stone-work ill fniiii of steps. A causeway of ^.arge marhle flags I'jil to the top, where there are still some excavations and among them a mound of large size. Nothing fmtlh r in the way of monuments is to be seen on the Idwcr (nart of the?) hill excejjt a granite block, which may Iw the great square stone mentioned l)y Alzate, Mliicli s'.-rved to close the entrance to a subterranean ualltiy, situated east of the principal monument.'' Tlniv arc als(» some traces of one terrace indicated on ('astaurda's ^iew of the larger hill. On the sculp- tuivd t"a<;ades of the pyramid, all have foiuid traces of t'lildi' ill sheltered places, and have concluded that the w\\n\r snrface was oi'iginally painted reil, except the autlinr of the account in the Rcrista, who thinks tliat till' uii'imdwork of the I'eliefs only was covered witli a cnlofcd varnish, as was the usage in Egypt. L(»- Mciistcin claims to have found in tlie vicinity of Xo- cliicalco the foundation (tf many aboriginal d^« ilings. A sliglit rv^send)lance has l)een noted in some of the M uiptui'ed humnn tigures, seated cross-legged, to the Maya sculptures and stucco reliefs of Central Anier- i'a ; a few figures, like that of the ra))bit, may prt'seiit soiiii' analogies to Aztec sculptures, many specimens tii' wliicli will be shown in the ])i\'sent cha|>ter; the v; rv tact of its being a i>vi':unid in several stories, !.H1 'FT ' i 404 ANTIQUITIES OF MEXICO. \i ' h'4 wll \h gives to Xochicalco a general likeness to all the more iniportsmt American ruins; the terraces on the hill- slopes have their counterparts at Quiotepec and else- where; the absence of mortar between the fa(;a(le- stones is a feature also of Mitla; still as a whole the monument of Xochicalco stands alone; both in lurlii- tecture and sculpture it presents strong contrasts with Copan, Uxnial, Palenque, Mitla, Cholula, Teotiliua- can, or the many pyramids of Vera Cruz. Tliuru is no dcHnite tradition referring the origin of this mon- ument to any particular pre- Aztec jjeriod, save the universal modern tradition among the natives refeniiii,' everything wonderful to the Toltecs. It is not, more- over, improbalde that the pyramid was built l)v a Nahua people during the Aztec period; for it nuist lo remembered first that all the grand temples in Ami- luiac— the Aztec territory proper — have disapitoarcd since the Conquest, so that a comparison of such buildings with that of Xochicalco is impossible; and second, that the Aztecs were superior to the nations innnediately surrounding them in war rather tliaii art, so that it would be by no means surprising to tiiid a grander temple in Cuernavaca than in the vallev of ^Mexico. The Aztec sculpture on such monunionts as have been found in the city of Mexico if dilllivnt from, is not inferior to that at Xochicalco, and thtiv is no reason whatever to doubt the ability of tlio Az- tecs to build such a pyramid. Still there remains of course the possibility of a pre- Aztec antiquity lor tlir buildinof on tlie hill of fiowers, and of Mava intluciKe exerted upon its builders.^ 13 " 'A part vc inoiiuniciit. Mexiro nc nossedc inttTct ot dobdiit miu'mii vi'stijxc (Ic (•iinstnu'tiiiiis aiitiiiuo-.' U'oli'irA', I'ai/. J'itf., |>. 7-. 'Ni' ''' imcilc iMinci' (Ml (hula el (Icstiiio al>soliitanii'iite militar de estos tiMli:i.jii>, ni rchiisarsc ii rrt'cr (iik; tuviiTim po; '"jcto ospeoial la (k'fcnsa del innan- inciito (iiie i'Ui'oiral)aii, cuya iin|i()rtaiu'iu i>iR'ile aprociarse, ateinlitiiili' ■! Ins mcdios ciiiidoados para sii soyiiridad.' 'Todos his via;;'('r(is ((Hixiiiu'ii I'll la noldt'za dv la cstnictura y eii la r(;.'ulari(la(l dc jirojioiciinio il'l in"- iniiiiciitd. l^a iiicliiiaciiiii do las pairdeH, la ok'<.'aiK'ia del friso y l;i ruiiiisi. .sun ih nil cfrrdi iiiifii/i/r.' In the sciilptiiri's 'se liallaii |ir(ipa northward to Mecanieean, rehi-s liave l>ecii (hs- odvuii'd, mostly by Diipaix, in several localities. At Yiiliualica, near Huautla, there are tombs, with stone iiiiaucs, human remains, pottery, and metates, also sdinc metallic relics not described." At Xonacatepec was sci'n a mask of about the natural size, carved very iiciitly from a whitish translucent stone.*'"' At the suijfar plantation of Casasano, in the same region, a soiiK'wliat remarkable relic was a stone chest, of iwtaii'jular base, larjjer at the bottom than at the top, with a cover fittinj^ like tliat of a modern chest. It was cut from a grayish stone, and when found by lalioicrs engaged in digging a ditch, is said to have been lilled with stone ornaments. At the same jilace Sculptured stone— Casasano. T,;i< c^taliiii'^ aztocas, inforincs y desiiropoirioiiailas, on nada nianiliostaii la iiiiii.iriiiii ;}',(, ')4'2, r)4!». 'l.cs naluri'ls dn village vcpi>:M dc Tctlaiiin pii-:sod('iit iiTie carte ;p'L'i>;;rapliilia;.;Miils, of ;i laijucile on a ajoiitc tiuid(|Ui'.s noni.s dcpuis la ctpinim'ti'; siir ii'ttr carti", a renciroit oil est sitae Ic nioniiiiii'nt do Aocliicaico, on trouvi' la tiL.'un' do diMix jruorricrs qui con»l)attcnt avoc dos niassncs, ot ilnnt Tun ("•t iKunnii- Xocliioatli, ot Tantre Xicatt'lli. Xons no suivrons pas ici ios iiiiiii|iiain's iiH'xioains dan lours disonssions otyui(ilo;.'i. f!4!t. *'" JiiijKiix, 2d «'.vpod., p. 13, pi. xvii., lig. 52; Kiiiij.sborui"j/i, vol. v., p. 490 ANTIQUITIES OF MEXICO. was seen a circular stone, three feet in dianicttr ainl nine inches tliick, sculi)tared in geometric ligmv.s un one side, as sliown in the preceding cut/" Another similar stone of the same thickness, and alxMit three feet and a half in diameter, was ln;i!t into a modern wall at Ozumba. These geonictricallv ^^arved circular blocks are of not infrequent occuriiiuf on the Mexican i)lateaux; of their use nothing is known, hut they seem to bear a vague reseniblaiicL' to the Aztec calendar and sacrificial stones to li^ described later. Another class of circular lilncks, from two to three feet in diameter, with cur\(s and v.'irious ornamental figures sculptured on one fate, aiv also of frc(|uent occurrence. Several of this class will 1)0 mentioned and illustrated in connection with tlic relics of Xochimilco. Two of them were snii liv Dupaix at Chinialhuacan Tlachialco, near ()ziiiidi;i, together with two small idols of stone. At Ahia- huepa, in the same region, was a statue wliit li had lost tlie head and the legs below the knees; a hiiid- gly])liic device is seen on the breast, and a small cord passes round the waist, and is tied in ;i !nt\\- knot in front. Two fragments of head-drisses caivcd in red stone were found at the same place. A \'vw miles east of the village of Mecamecan is an i^olatiil rock of gray granite, artificially formed into I'viaiu- idal shape as shown in the cut. It is about twiho feet higii and fifty-five feet in circumference, haviiii;' rudely cut steps, which lead up the eastern sl()|io. Dupaix conjectures that this momiment was inteiidrd foi" some astronomic use, and that the man sculptuivd i)n the side is enuaged in makino- astronomical o\)svv- vations, the results of whit-h are ex})resscd ly tlic other figures on the rock. The only possible fouiiJa- 2»3, vol. vi., ]). 41'2. vol. iv., pi. xv., tig. 52; Lenoir, in Aiiti(i. M- •■■■ tmii. ii., iliv. i., |). 4((. ^N f>ii/itn'.i; 1st cxpcd., ]i. l.S, 1)1. x.\v.-vi., fig. 27-S; KiiKjxhnrii'Hih. \t\\. v., |t. •-'•Jl, vol. vi., |i|i. l'2S-0, vol, iv., pi. xii., tig. 27-8; Laioir. in Jnli'i. Mcx., tuiii. ii., (liv. 1., pp, 33-4. f', ■ liKMAINS 1\ ANAlllAC. 497 Pyramidal stone— Mecainccan. tioii f\)i' tlie opinion is the rcsomblance of some of the sIljils to those by which the Aztecs expressed dates." EntciinLC now the valley of IMexico, we find many localitiis on tlie banks and islands of Lake Chalco wiiL'ic relics of the ancient inhabitants have been liroiinlit to li^iit. At Xoch'milco on the western slmru (if the lake, Dupaix mentions the following": — 1st. A stone block witli reij^ular sides, on one of which about three feet scpiare are sculptured two con- ctntric circles, as larn'o as the space }»ermits, witii MiialK r circh's outside of the larufcr, at each ccnMier of ih.' hlock. 2d. A crouching' monster of stone thirty iiichis hii;]!, w'hicli apparently served originally for a t'uuiitaiu or a({ueduct, the water tlowini^ tlirouu'li tbe lU'Hith. ;)(!. A semi-spherical pedestal of limestone, ln'iikt'ii in two pieces, three feet hii^h, and decorated |»ii the curved surface with oval tii>'ures radiatinn" IVom the centre. 4th. A lizard thirty inches lony-, sculj*- tiuvd on a block which is built into a modern walb *' Dn/iiii.r, 2(1 (>\]ic(l., ]i]>. ll-i;i, ])1. xv.-vii., fijj;. 4t-."l; Kinf/.\!ji,i-i)iiif/i, ^"l. V,, i,|i. lMI-;}, vol vi., [). Ml, viil. iv.. |il. xiii.-xv., ti;;-. 4»-.">|; Lninlr, n Aiihii. Mi.r., toiii. ii., (liv. i., pp. 4.")-(I; liiildti'lu's A nc. Annr., \\\\. \'l'l-',\ "iili a ri'iiiml- tliat 'tuk'.soujiic tiil)i.'rs' lune Ijcou fouiul in .Mi.-^.>i.>>ijipL iiiinuiil-, :iiiil ill I'lTii. Vol. IV. \ii 498 ANTIQUITIES OF MEXICO. 5th. A coat of arms, also on a block in a wall, con- sistini^ of a circle on parallel lances like some already described. Within the circle is a very perfect ^fal- teso cross, hanjjfing from the lower part is a faii-lik>j plume, and elsewhere on the smooth foces of tlie stdiH' are nine very peculiar knots or tassels. Gth. A kind of Hat-fish three feet eight inches lonjv, carved iVdiu a bluish gray stone. 7th. A coiled serpent in red ]i(ii- ])hyry, a foot and a half in diameter, and nine I'let lonir if uncoiled. This relic is shown in the out. i «I Coiled Serpent — Xocliimilco. 8th. Two death's heads in stone. 9th. A rabl low relief on a frag-inent of stone. 10th. An ai in red stone on a cul)ic pedestal of the same i rial. 11th. A stone image of a seated female. An idol with a man's head and woman's breasts. Ten scul[)tured blocks, the faces of which are s, in the following cut, and wiiich would seem to served only for decorative purposes. Most (d" have rough backs, evidently jiaving been taken ancient walls; and many of these and other si blocks found in this region had tenons like that s in fig. 9 of the cut. Fig. 7 shows one of the sc death's heads found at Xochimilco. At Tlahuac, or Cuitlahuac, were seen two cii •stones something over three feet in diameter ami as thick, of black porous volcanic matei'ial. Em I a circular hole in the centre, rude incised figur« )it m liinal nato- I -Jtli. i;itli. ll.'iWll liave tlieiii iVc.'ii iiiilar IliiWll \\Td\ vular I half I had s oil IIEMAIXS AN XOCIIIMILCO. 409 Sculptured Stones— Xochimilco. tlio faces, and a tenon at one point of tlie circnnifer- vwvv. Tiiey Htroni>-ly remind me of tlie rings in tlio walls of the so-called gymnasium at Chiclien in Yu- catan. Another relic was a cylindrical stone of a hard i^Tay material, of the same dimensions as the iiivccd- iiiU', hut without a supporting tenon. Tlie circular I'arLS were plain, but the sides, or rim, were decorated v\itli circles, bands, and points symmetrically arranged and sculptured in low relief And finally there was t'liuiid at Tlahuac the very beautiful vase of hai'd iron- gray stone skov/n iii the cut. It is eight feet four Sriiljit iiicil A'ase — Tlalniac. I! 500 ANTIQUITIES OF MEXICO. '■!l!:ki iiiclies In ciiTUinferoncc on the outside, one foot iiinv inclies in diameter on tlie inside, and elaljointtlv ticuliitured in low relief on l)otlitlie exterior and interior surface. In Kin^sboi'oug'h's edition of Du})ai.\'s wmk it is stated that the two causeways which k-d to the town across the waters of Lake Chalco are still in L,^ui)d preservation, five or six yards wide and of v.nyiii"' height, according to the dejjtli of the water. In the re[)ort of the Ministro de Foniento in 1854 IIrto i;, also a mention of a dike built to keep the watiis of the lake from jNIexico. Another dike, serving also as a causeway at Tulyahualco is mentioned in the sunie report. At Xico, on an island in Lake Chalco, tlieio aiv some traces of an aboriginal city, in the sliapu of foundation walls of masonrv, stone teri'aces, and wliat is very important if authentic, well-burnud biicks df different forms and dimensions. In the ]\roxiraii government report referred to, the foundations of a palace are alluded to. At Misquique, on another of the lake islands Du- })aix found the following objects left by the antiguos: - — 1st. A sculptured monster's head, Avith a tenon for insertion in a wall. 2d. A large granite vase, cir- cular in form, four feet and a half in diameter, thive I'eet and a half higli, sculptured on the upper rim, ])ainted on the inside, and polished on the outer sur- face. It rests on a cylindrical base, smaller than tlic vase itself, and is used in modern times as a l>a|iti>- mal font. 3(1. A mill-stone shaped block, with a tenon, very similar to those found at Tlahuac, exti|it that tlie sculptures on the face are evidently in Inw relief in this case. 4th. An animal called hy l^n- paix a coyote, sculi)tured on the face of a block, ."itli. .V cylindrical stone twenty-one inches in dinnietir and twenty-eii>ht in heiuht, round the circumt'ereiiro of which is sculptured, or aj)[)arently merely incisul. a sei'pent. Gth. A square block with concent lic til- des and other figures, similar to those at Xoelii:uil«o. TLALMANAU^O AND ( n'LIIUACAN. 501 7tli. Another l)l()ck with a spiral fii,^uro, 8tli, A vtiv fiiit'ly fonnud head of F MKXICO. f^ m i 1 ' f "f Qiiotzalooatl, i^iviiiii^, liowcver, no very clear reasons for his belief. This relic is fourteen inches lii^h, thirteen inches wide, and is preserved in the Mexiiuu ^Museum.** The relics discovered in Anahuac at jioints wot- Avard from the lakes, I shall describe without spcci- fvitiL? in my text the exact h)cality of each plaiv referred to. At ChaiJultepec there is a traililioii tluit statues representiii!^ Montezuma and Axaya( at! Avere carved in the living- rock of the clitf; and tlioc rock portraits are said to have remained many years after the Coiupiest, having* been seen by tiie dis- tinguished ^Mexican scientist Leon y Gania. ihas- seur de Bourbour*^ even claims to have seen traccN of them, but this may perhaps be doubted. ( )nc was destroyed at the begijuiiui^ of the eighteenth cciituiy by order of the over-religious authorities; but tlio other remained in lu.'rfect preservation until the year 175;], Avhen it also lell a victim to anti-pagan harha- rism. The immense cypresses or (ilnielnietes that still stand at the foot of Chapultepec, 'hill of the grass- hopper,' are said to have been large and flourishing trees before the coming of the Spaniards.^'' A few miles from the celebrated church of Xucstra Senora de los Remedios, is a terraced stone-faced hill, similar perhaps in its original condition to Xochicako, exce[)t that the terraces are more numerous and only three or four feet high. Although only a short dis- tance from the capital in an easily accessible locality, only two writers have mentioned its existence Al- zate y Kamirez in 1792 and Lowenstern in IS.'i.s. The former calls the hill Otoncapolco, and his article ^■* DxjKiir, 2(1 exped., i)p. .3-11, j)l. i.-xiv., f;;'. 1-4S; Kinii-sliDVdii'jh'i M .r. Aii/i'/., vol. v.. ])ii. •2i'S-4(>, vol. vi., j)]). 4;V2-40, vol. iv., ]il. i. xii., li;;. 1-W; I.ciiiiir, }'nrtilli/i\ pp. 37-4."); Mcxii'o, Aixdrs del Miiiistirio ih /■''/■ hir,ih>, 18r>4, toiii. i., pp. 477, 4S(), 500, 502, WIX; Vriitia, llisl. Ant. M1. xii. *'' Lron y Gama, Don Picdrn.'^, pt ii., j). 80; Li/oii\s Jviirmd, vipI. ii., |'. 118; llrasniid- dr, lioin-hounj, Hint. NdK Cir., tuni. iv., |i. 11; Mii/i/'Uhk. Xicifiri' Wnri'ld, [>. 2r)S; Pr< snift'.s Mi x., vol. i., p. 142; Thiiniinrl, M' 'd^'i, Y\). 124-5; Ward's McckUfS^ii. ii., pp. 230-1; Lalrubc'a Uamblcr, p. 17(i. HILL OF OTONCAPOLCO. 808 in till' (I'iio'fa (Jr Lifcnifiwd. is iiiainly devoted to prov- iiin- tliut tliis was tlio point wliere Cortes fortified liiui- jM'lt' al"t(H' tlie 'noelie triste,' instead of tlie liill on \vlii(Ii the eliurch of lleiiieilios stands, as otliers in Alziti^'s time l)elieved. The author, who visited tlio |il;ii(' with an artist, says, " I saw ruins, and iiewn atones of oieat magnitude, all of which })roves to the tvc that this was a fortification, or as the historians siv. a temple, because they thought that everythini^ iiiatlf hy tile Indians had some comiection with idol- ativ; it is sure tliat in the phu'e wliere the celehrated s.iiictuai'v stands, there is not found the sli<>htest ves- ti^ii' of Fortress or tem})le, while on tiie contrary, all this is ohserved at ()tonca})()lco." Tliis with the re- mark that this monunie'iit, although not c(jmparahlo tn Xdchicalco, yet merits examination, is all the in- I'oiiiiatinii Padre Alzate o'ives us; and Jjiwensteru ailils hut little to our knowledge of the monument. 1[>' lound debris of scul[)tured stone, obsidian, vases, an 1 |))ttery; also the ruins of a castle two-thirds up the sl(»pt>, in connection with which was found u Hat stniic over six feet lon. 27.'j-SI; J'L, in Loiii/. Uiiuij. Sue, Jour., vol. \i., ji. 107. r.ni ANTIQIITIKS OF MFA'ICO. Li-ifi ■^t! ; i of CJn.idaliipo tho fotnidatioiis of mjuiy sinnll il'wH- iiii'l's wliicli coiistitutiMl ail al)(»riii^iiial city/'' At Ma- liiial<'o, near Toluca, two musical iiistnmicjits, l/nnnil. IniilUi, ai"(! iiumtioncd. Tlicy wero carved tVnm li,in| Avood and liad skin stretclied across one end, Llii'^' three feet lon»j^ and oi^'liteeii inches in dianirtcr.'- AFr lA)ster i^ives a cut of a tripod vase in the ( liiciLid Academy of Sciences, which was duuf u[) near San Jose. "It is very synnnetrically moulded, and is dp. namented l)y a sei'ies of chcrrons or small tiiaii'^Irs. This chevron mode of ornamentation a|)))ears to liavc been widely prevalent."'^ In descrihinuf the relics which have been discovered from time to time in the city of ^Fexico, tlu- amifiit Aztec capital, I shall make no mention for the |)i'cs- ent of such objects, preserved in public; and |ui\ati' anti(|uarian collections in that city, as have Imiu brou^'ht from other i)arts of the state c;/ rc]iuli!ic. When the locality is known where ;miv ■ ne of tliis class of relics was found I shall describe ic w hen trcat- ini»- of antiipiities in that locality, 'i'he many relics whose origin is unknown will be alluded to at the end of this chapter. Since all who Inive visited Mexice or written books about that countiy, almost witliout excei)tion, have had something to say of antii|iiities and of tho collections in the National Museum, as well as of the relics belonging strictly to the city. 1 shall economize space and avoid a useless repetition by deferi'ing a list of such authorities to my aeeonnt of the miscellaneous relics il i Mexican JJc|iid>lic at the end of the cb.' >f^ referrini*- for mv im-' "t ])urpose only to tl i' import ')t authorities, or «uch as contain orig niforniatiou or illustrations. No architectural nu. huk as whatever remain with- in the city limits. Tho giand palaces of the Aztec 51 Brfidford'K Amrr. Autiq., p. 7^. with roforcnce to LuL ; Lin''' n- stern, Mr.n'i/w, \)\t. '2r)8-(I(); linrii, Mf.iiiiitr, ]>. 10. 52 M,,,:ir(), AiKi/f.i (tcl Miiiistrrio dc Fumciito, 1854, toni. i., pp. -'U-l'. 43 Funter's I'rc-IIist. Ilaccn, p. 244. riTV (»F MKXICO. 608 nioiiitrcliM, the paliitiul ri'sidcncrs of tlio ii<»l)ility, tlio iil)(i(lis of n' jiiltli aii|tearecl; iiioim- iiiciits I'l'aretl in honor of the jjfods have not outlasted tlic .structures devoted to trade; the lofty teocalli of till' lil(M)d-thirsty HuitzilojxK'htli, like the shrines of lesser and ij^entltir deities, has left no trace. .M()val)Ie relics in tlu; shajji! of idols and sculptui'ed stoiK's are not numerous, although some of them are vi'iv iiii|K)rtant. No systematic; search for such nioii- iiiiiriits has ever hec^n made, and those that have \)vv\i liroii'^ht to liijfht were accidentally «liscovei'ed. Some siiilptiired Mocks of the o'reatest aiiti(|uarian value li.ivc htHiii actually seen in making- excavations for imidcni imj)rovements, and have l)eeJi allowed to re- iiiaiti uiidisturl)ed under the pavements and puhlie s(|iiiuvs of a ^-reat city! There can he no d(»ul»t that thousands of interesting- momiments are huried he- iHitli the town. The treasures of the Plaza Mayor will j)ei'haj)s he some day hroui^ht out of their retire- iiiLiit to tell their story of ahori^inal times, hut hun- (liids of Aztec divinities in stone will sleep on till (liomsday. It is unfortunate that these i>()ds of other (lays caiuiot re^-ain for a time the power they used to wield, turn at least once in their graves, and shake tlic drowsy populace ahove into a realization of the fact that they live in the nineteenth century. The three princi{)al monuments of ^Mexico Teuoch- tithui are the Calendar- Stone, the so-called Saci'ilicial Stniie, and the idol called Teoyaomicjui. They were :ill iliin' up in the Plaza Mayor where the oreat teo- lalli is suppposed to have stood, and where they were •litiilitless thrown dt)wn and huried from the si^ht of the natives at the time of the Conquest. In the years 1790 to 171)2 the plaza was leveled and ])aved hy (irder of the government, and in the excavations t'tr this purpose and for drainage the three monu- ments were discovered, the Calendar-Stone and the li 1 '■ ■f if:. 111; t'.t i> iflS 1 if 1 i 50fi ANTIQUITIES OF MEXICO. idol very near tlio sinfaec, and the third relic at a depth of twenty-five or thirty feet. The Calendar-Stone was a rcctangnlar parallclopii). edon of porjihyry, thirteen feet one inch and a lialt' s(piare, three feet three inches and a half thick, and Avelghiiiij;' in its present mutilated state twenty-i'oiir tons. The sculptured portion on one side is eiuldSf.l in a circle eleven feet one and four-fifths incl-.-s in diameter. These are the dimensions given hv Hi.:\- holdt, who ])ersonally examined tlie stone, and ivj^xw almost exactiv with those <>'iven hy Leon v(iaiiia, who examined and made drawings of the nioniiiiRiit immediately after its discovery. (Jama pronounciil the materi.vl to he limestone, which provoked a ^-Iiaiji controvei'sy between him and Padi'e Alzate, the lattci' calling the material, whicli he tested l)y means of acids, a volcanic rock. Humboldt's 0})inion is of coui'se decisive in such a matter. The centi'e of tin.' circle does not exactly corresj)ond with that of the S(piaro, and (Jama concludes from this circumstance that tlie stone had a companion block which might he found near the place where this was found.'* ■''* 4 t)v 4 liy 1 nu'tros, rirclo .1.4 nu'trcs in iliainotor. TTiinihiihlf, !'//>,, tmii. ii., |). S.'), (or :}.()l iiiutirs, i) feet (i^ iiu'lii's, accoriliiiu' to Aiili'i/. M'.r.j 'l.-.i iKitiirt'ilc ('(^tto piciic ii'i'st pas calcairt', I'oiiiiiie ralliriiic M. (iaiiia. iiiiiis di' |pi(r|ili\ re tiaitpecii ;,'iis-m)ir.itr(', ii liasc; di; waiki' l(asaltii|iio. I.ii I'X.iin- iiiaiit av('(' siiiii (li's fra^jinciils 'U'taclu's, j'v ai iTCdiimi de raMipliilmli', l)i'auc(iii]Ml(M'ristau\' trcs aloiij,'os di- fcl(ls])atli vitroiix, ct, cc ijiii csi ii>>r/ iiMiiai(|iial)l(', ta liastaiite la>limaila) por los liiiijiilos i|ne aim maiitieiiC, los i|iie diiriiu-tniii las extreniidades (pie ](eriiiaiiecen meiios maltratadas.' .Lnin // (idun. /'.< J'in/nis, lit i., pp. if-'. L'-;5; Il, pi. viii. II feet 8 iiiclies in dia iieter. Mnjcr's Mrx. ns it ]l'(in, p]i. I2(i-S. IJ iVct in dianieti'V, of ]ioroiis liasalt. Ihillurh's Mr.riin, pp. .'{:i:!-4. 'Iia-nllo I"'"'- rico,' ciicle !) feet in iliameti'i, ^'cOcl, Viojc, 11 feet diameler. /omm/, THE CALKXDAir-STOXE. 507 rcHe at a irallul(i[>ip- luul a liiilf tliick, and wuiity-iuur is eiK-l(tSL\l J incl>^;s ill I !>} jlii''\- , and ai^Toe II V (Jama, iiioiuniit'iit proiiouiK'L'd :c{l a sharp e, tilt-' lattt.'!' y iiiraiis nt liniuii !s (it ;ntrc of the that (if thf iix'Uiiistance eh lui^ht he i4 iJilf. T'"«, turn. //■-/, Mix.) i.;k (llUllil. llUlir< ill' |11C. I'.ll fXHIII- (Ic raiiiiiliiliiili'. re i|iii fsl ii^-i''' rt' 01 vi'iMiilii' ill.' Dlltl'S If- l-nilll^ iciil-t' ilr I'lil^ ill' s).' J'/., iii-l'i- 111). i., l'. •'■'-'■ '■' 4,1, liy 4^, liy t •a (li-'i'sia piiili'ii iiiaiiilii'>t:iliii'" (tnis |iarlr> »->t;i (|iic (IciMiii'-lriiii ■uii 1/ (iiliiri. /''•< Sdl.'li. yW. l!i- hiilc II H'liiiin.:, n.iM tilt' iiiiiiiiy I),.,'. IT.IT'"'- 1, pi. viii. II .>(1-S. I.' li'ft ill •l!a-alli> l"'!"- iuiia'U-r. /''i/wv/, Tlio stone lias l)C(3n for many years l.'iilt into tlie ^vall of the cathedral at the base, where it is ex])osfd to tlic view of all i)asscrs-hy, and to the action of the (iLiiiciits. While lyin^i; uncovered in the plaza it was (■niisi(k'i-ahly mutilated hy the natives, who took tlie (i}i[»ortunity of nianifestin<,»" their hcrror of the ancient yods, by peltiuL,^ with stones this relic of tlieir jiananisni. Parts of the stone were also broken ntf wlitn it was thrown down and buried by the con- Hui>ta(l(»res. Fortunately the scul})tured portions iiavf been but slio-]itly injured, and are shown in tli(,' cut. The jdates published by Gama, Huni- iiiiii It. Ilr Aztec Calondar-Stoiie. Xebel, ^Fayer, and others, nve all tdlci'ably |i. -17. -7 fi'L't ill I'iicuinlV'i'eiu'L'. lUnilfunVn Amcr. Anl^q., p. ;'.0;"; ANTIQUITIES OF MEXICO. li ■' a ! accurate, and many pliotograplis, besides correct cn- j;-ravings and casts, are extant in late years, in my cut, copied from Cliarnay's plioto-iitli ograiili as the best autboritv tlien accessible but miftakeii \'<>r a ph()togra})li liki others in the same w<.>vk, thr iigures are reversed as explained in an earlier vol- ume, but are otherwise correct."'® These IIl^h s are the symbols of the Aztec calendar, many nf M'hich are well understood, while others ai'c of un- known or disputed signification. The calendar 1ms been sufficiently explained in a preceding voliiiin'. and I shall not enter upon its elucidation hei'e. TLc sculpture is in low relief, very accurately worked, and the circle which encloses it })r()jects, accordinn' tn Slaver, seven inches and a half, accordino- to ( Jama and Nebel about three inches, and the rim of tin; circle is also adorned with sculptures not shown in the cut. Respecting the excellence of the sculpture Humboldt says: "the conceiiti'ic circles, the divisions, and the subdivisions without number are traced v itk mathematical exactitude; the more Ave examine tln' details of this sculpture, the more wo discovei- tlii- taste for repetitions of the same forms, this spiiit nf oi'der, this sentiment of symmetry, which, among half- civilized ])eoples, take the place of the sentiment <>( the beautiful." No stone like that from whicli the Calendar-Stono is hewn, is found within a radius of twcntv-1i\e cr thirty miles of Mexico, and tliis niay be regarded a> the largest block Mhich the natives are known to have moved over a long distance. Prescott tells us tJiat tiie stone was brouo-ht from the mountains 1" - yond Tjake Chalco, and was dropped into the wadr while being transported across one of the causeways. There is no reason to attribute this momunent to any nation pi-eceding the Aztecs, although the cal- cndni- itself was the invention of an older jienpK'. Wax models of this and other relics, described l-y *' Charuitij, llidins Ainfr., jiliot. i. THE SACRIFICIAL STONE. 509 Mr Tylor as very inaccurate, are sold in Mexico; and a jihister cast, taken by Mr JJuUock in 1823, was fxliiliited in London."'' The Sacriticial Stone, so called, is a cylindrical Mdck of pori)liyry, nine feet and ten inches in diani- 1 1( r, tliree feet seven and one fourth inches thick. This also was du^" from the Plaza ^layor, Avas carried til the courtyard of the Uni\X'r.sity, where it has lain vwr since, much of the time half covered in the oiouiid, and wliere different visitors have examined it, The cut, which I have copied from Col. Mayers Sacrificial Stone — Mexico. diawiii'v, shows the sculpture which covers one side of the stone, the other side heiuij^ plain. The name nt' Sacfiticial Stone, hy which it is ,i>'enerally known, pinlialily originated from the canal which leads from the cciiti'e to tho' edge, and which was imagined t(» liivi' (ai'i'ied otf the Idood of sacrilices; but the reader will iiiitice at once that this stone bears not the >liul't(.st resemblance to the altars on wi'ich the ]iiii>ts cut out the hearts of their human victims, as ointed out very cleai'ly thi' (ilijcc- tions to the prevainng ideas of its ahori^-inal piiipdst', l£e claimed that the stone was, like tlie om; alrcidy (h'sci'ihed, a calen' that the oroovu in tlio U}>per surface formed no ])art of the original disinii;' but Col. stayer, who has carefully exannuid this relic, tells me that tiie canal presents no si^iis what- ever of heiniif more recent than the other caiAiiii:, and it must he admitted that the Spaniards would liardly have adoj)ted this method of mutilatinu, IVlor sun'o-ests that this was a sacrificial altar, hut used foi' olferino's (»f animals. Fossey speaks et' it as a 'triumphal ston But 111 a llud m»>" tl) tl It'M' theories I am departiiio' somewhat from my innpi'Si which is io iLjive all the information extant resjintiii eac h rel ic as it exists. The whole circunderence of the stone is <(A cl'i'd M'ith sculptured fii;-ures, consisting' of titteen uri)n]N. Each o'l-oiip contains two human tigures, a})]iai(iitly warriors or kings, victor and vancjuished, ditli liiiu' hut little in position or insignia in the ditUiviit groups, hut acc(.mpanie' the names of con({uered provinces, and iiUfst of them leu-ihle.'"^ i: /,(.;/( // Giniirf, Diis Pirifrii.f, |it ii., |i|i. 40-7^. Tliscovcrcd Dci'ciiilicr II: ."! varas, I |iiili:a(ia, l,', iiiicas in (liaiiictfi'; 1 vara, |lUl • la lii^'ii; iiKitriiil n liMnl, (iari\-c((l(»ri'(l, line jrraiiii'd stdiic, wliicli ailiiiits of a tiii< I'l'li^li. Iiiiiiili((l(lt iii\rs tlic (liiiiciisiiuis ;! Mii'tiCN (liiiiiiclcr, II ciiiinii'- Ui- lii-li; lie alsd savH tlio <.,'r(m|(s arc 'JO in niinilicr. I'/'cv, tmn. i., \i\). HI.-, -'l. M'. A. i.I. I,/. Aiiliq. .l/'.r., tiiin. i., div. ii., ]i]i. 'Jl)-!, i>lii>\vinj,' tlic rim. NcIpcI, ]'iiiji\ j;i\('s |ilalcs of ii|i|iir sar- t.i'i'. ^Iinwiii^r lidwcvcr, no ;,'niovc all tlic j:i()ii]is on tlic rim. ami one ;.'i"ii]> nil M larger scale. lie says tlic material is "liiisalto poifii ico," tinil llu' iliiiiriixiinis (1x3 feet. Hiillock, Mi.riiii, |i|i. ;i;i.")-t», says, '2't feet in cir- iiiiiifrrriici'. lie ulso took a ]ilastcr cast of tliis stone. A mass of '.'fci't ill ili.iiiieter, and '\ feet lii'di, lielicvcd liv tlie author to lie in ic, V..I. 1. i.a>iilt ility ii iliiial stone. Maifir's .l/cc. n,-: i/ H'^.v, jip. Il',)-"2l2; /if.. M<.i\ A~Jii\ i/r., II 4-1.-); /(f.. iiiiil int-^ ill eaili work. .VccordiiiLr to I'ossev , .lA' SfliDiilrriift's Arch., mi!. \i., |i. .")S(i, with | lati iiiro icprcstiit a warrior a» \icloriou.s over 14 cliainpiuiis. '1 think that |i. 'Jit, the si'ill|itmei m II ■V *'^ i 512 ANTIQUITIKS OF MEXICO. I'i Tliu uhA of wliieli the cut on tlio oi)po.sitr ]);ihv shows the (Voiit, was thu first to he hroii^lit to li;;lit ill .i,n'aclin<^ tlie Pkiza !Mayoi" in Aujj^ust, IT'JO. It is uu immense hhx-k of hhiisli-j^ray })orj)liyi-y, ahont tni i'cet liii^li and six feet Avido and tliiek, sculptural un front, real, luy,, and hottoiu, into a most coin|i]Mat(il and horrihlc comhiuation of human, animal, and idtal forms. Ko verhal descri})tion could j^ivo tlie it luKr any clearer idea of the details of this idol tliaii lio can ,i4ain from the cuts Avhicli I present, i'nllnwiiiM' Nehel for the front, and Ciama for the other \u:\\>. Gama first expressed the opinion, in Avhich otliLi' authors coincide, that the front shown in tlie ()[)})()- site cut i"e[)resents the Aztec «;od(less of death, Te(»ya- omicjui, wliose duty it Avas to hear the souls of dfad Avari'iors to the llouse of the Suu — the ^Mexican Elysion/« The following cut is a rear view of the idol, and ■r <: I o,g ocrf ;'•.:, , ',••,■,'' 1 c >. v^ (."' # IIiiitzIl()i)oclitli, God of War. it is iho 1)ost pjiooi'Tiion of Kculi>tin(' vliicli T liavo seen ainon;.'st (lie aiiti- (iiiil ics of Mi'xii'ii.' 'riiiiiiiji.-/ii's Ji'inii/i/i r. \>\i. \'\ -', Kiiiiis/jiiriiini/i's .1/. .1'. .lii/ii/., vol. v., ]i. 340, vid. iv,, ]il. iiiiiiiiiiilpcinl; /,'/- /'//•'.v A imliiiKf, [I. "J'JI; i!r(i(//'i)rif'.s ^Ijuer. Aiili(/., p. I((S; I'lrscnli, Jlf^l. Ciiii'/. Mc.f., toil), i., )i. S."). with plate. ■'■^ Sec Mil. iii., pp. ;j"J(j— iO:i, of this work, for a resume oi (liiii:;i'> a'- luurk..'? oil tliiri idol. THE GODDESS OF DEATH. 513 T('(iyii(imi(iiii, Cfoilili'ss iif Itcalli. Vol.. IV. r!:l nil h 'ii "? i\ ifi 514 ANTIQUITIES OF MEXICO. represents, accordin,!*- to Gama, Htiitzilopoclitli, ^od df war and liusband ot" the divinity of gentler sux, wIkisu enil)lenis are carved on the front/'' 'I'he hottmn nf this monument bears the sculptured desinn slmwii in the following' cut, which is thought to repristnt ; i Slktlautecutli, God of Hell. Mictlantecutli, god of the hifernal regions, tlie last of this cheerful trinitv, <»'o(i(le.ss of deatli, i>'od of war. and god of hell, three distinct deities united in (Hif idol, according to the Aztec catechism. Tlie sculp- tured base, togetlier with the side projections, raised from the ground or floor, and was su|i})(iite(l by two })illars at tlie sides; or possibly by the walls of some sacred enclosure, the s})ace leit undei' the idol being the entrance. The next cut shows a pid- tile view of the idol, and also a re})resentation of tlic top. This idol also was removed to the Univeisiiv, and until 1821 was kept buried in the couityard. that it might not kindle anew the aboriginal su|Kr stitions.''" ■'59 Respecting the god HuitzilopochtH, sec vol. iii., jip. 2SS-3'JI, i>t il; - work. w'S.Ofi'i.") l)y '21)y l.S.S varas; of saiidstoiic: 'l.")(i dv lasiiit'(lrasar('iiiniMM|i;i' descrilie en wii iiiiiieraiofiia el Senor N'aliiioiit de ISoiiiarc, dura, ciiiHiinii;!. y (lilicil de e\traer fiiego de ella eon el acero; semejante ii la i[iie ^i' tiii|ili^i en los niolinos.' Lrmi // d/nnii, Dos I'iidras, jit i., pp. 1 .'?, it Id. .'il It. with .") plates. l{epiy ti> Alzate, (hirrhts, toni. ii., p. 411!. wlm imiiK.inn i/i tlie stone a Uind of {iranite. hi., [it ii., pj). 8-10. • I'liis de trois ini'iro iL' hauteur ct deu.\ metres de laryeur.' 'Lii picnc t^ui u. servi a ee niiiiimiiciit. Tlili GUDDESS TEUVAUMltiLI. 015 2SS-IVJ), "1 il la (lui- M' i'iii|'K:i :?. it 111. :ii It; klm |irnii'".nMi'i trois iiii'iii'> ill' ;i ce iiitiiniiMi'iii, Profile of Teoyaoiiiiqui. Top of the Idol. A monument similar In foi-m and (limensions to tlif SiierlHcial Stouu, was found in the Plaza ]\Ja_V()r I'-t uMc urill-r Imsalticino jjris MoiiAtrc, fciidillrf ot icmplio dc f('lds|ialli ^ilriMix.' 'Kil jctaiit Ics yciix sill' I'iilnlc ii_;iiii'f . . . . ti'llc iiirdlc sc ]iii'M'iiti! — iiM pDMnait d'aliord I'trt' ti'iilf dccrciii-c mic cc iiiomiiin'iit est iiii tinhll, /«'/•/■' i/iriiir, iiiif i's|)i'CL' do lii'tvlc, oiiit' dc s('ul|itlll('s, Ulio rciclic' siir la- iiurlli' Mint j,'ra\o.s di's si^^iics liiL'i(i,uly|iliii|iii's. .Mais, l(irs(|ii"(iii cNamiiio Ml' ]iliis |in's t'l'ttc' iiiassi- iiifoniio, mi distiii'^iif, a la partii' siipcrifiiii'. Ics I 'lis ■1|. (Iciix iiionstri's accidi's; ct Toil tniiiM'. a fliainic fare, deux \cii\ ct n:it' laiL,'!' !,nu'ulc ai'iiu'c dc ([iiatrc dt'iiis. Co li^^iircs iiicnistriu'iiscs n'iii- ilii|iii'iii |M'iii-('tiv ([iu> dcs iiias(ni('s; car. clicz Ics .Mcxicaiiis, on ctoit dans 1 ii>iiui' ill' iiiasi|ucr Ics iddlcsii rcpiM|iic (c la inaladic d'uii loi, ct daiistnute Mutrcalaiiiiti' piililiipic. Lcs l(ras<'t U'< picU sunt <'ai-li(''s sdiis uiic drapcrio I'litii'.iiVc d'ciiDiincs serpents, ct ((iic Ics Nlc\icaiiis dcsi;.;'n(iicnt suns Ic innii ik" n,!iiiiilfiriif/i\ rrlcdi'-iif ilr srr/irii f. Tciiis ccs acccssoircs, siirtoiit Ics fiaiiL:v-< ell fiinuc do plumes, sont sciilptcs avcc Ic plus ;,'i'aiid soiu.' Ihn/i- [">l'lL I'lir.-i, toiii. ii., \)\t. I4S-(')1, (fol. cd.. pi. xxix.); Iif., Aiifi>/. M-.r., toui. i . 'liv. ii., [ip. •_C)-7, suppl. ])1. vi., ti;,'. !». i) t'cct lii^ili. .V«7W. VinJ', with liiri,-!' plate. I)u;,'up for Hullni'k, wIid made a plaster cast in 1Sl>;{. /,'///- /'"■/.' A- M'.n'rii, pp. ;{;57-4"2. Dcscriptiim witli plates in }rS.')-l), pi. viii. ,") feet wide and 'i feet tliii'k. 'llii' !uii-t hid IS and defuniied that tlie fancy can paint.' f.iilrti/ii''s llmii- Uo\ pp. 17ij 17J-tJ; Tijli.ir'a xinuhHw:, pp. 'lli-'S; Fosnc//, Mcxiiiic', p. "214. m m r I r.ifi ANTItiriTIES OF MEXICO. (liirlii;jf ('(^rtain rt^pairs that \V(>r< Ixmult "ladc, ;nii| ulth»niu;'li it was a-^aiii covfi^ul ii|> and allowed in rt'iiiain, Sr (loiidra niadc; a diawiii'^- of tli(! ii|i|)(r sculptiirrd siirfafc, wliicli was pnlilislicd l>y ( ol. iSIaycr, aiul is c'o|)iLHl in tliu cut. 'J'liu .surlacc! piv. Stniio liuricd in Plaza of Mexico, stMitod tlio pei'uliarity of beiiiijf painted in l)ri'^lit colors, vfllow, i\'d, niviMi, oriinson, and Mack, .^till ([uite vivid at the time t»t' its diseoveiy. Si' ( Jdinlra I>eUuved tliis to he the true iji-ladiatorial stoiic, Kiifc tht! sculptured surface would haidly a^ree with tills theory, Mayer notes as a peculiarity "the open ]iand which is sculptured on a shield and between the leo's of some of the tin'ures of the o-roujis nt tli- sides" not shown in the cut, ( Jama also speaks (»!' ;i painted stone t'ound in June, I7l»'2, in the ceiiictcrv of the Cathedral, which was left in the oi'ouiid, .iiid which lie says evidently formed the entrance to the temple of Quctzalcoatl."' Another relic found dining- the excavations in .Inr,- uary, 17!>1, was a kind of toinh, six, feet and a hall long and three feet and a (juartcr wide, huilt of shilis of tetzontU, a i)orous stone much used for buihliiiy- (>^ Mnjirr's Mcx. fr* // W'us. pp. 12;}-4: L/ Gaum, Dn.s J'n-'ir"-^,]'^ ii., p. 73-4. '1 1 TI-ATi:i,l I.CAN VASH. f47 iMilt', illul llowcd til lit- UlljM'l' l.y (nl. in l»ri'^lit ack. ^till \v ( uMldlil with this the <»lH'!i wi'ou the )s at the leaks (it a Cl'llli'tiTV ouikI, and U'U to till' lis in d;ii'.- iid a h;dt' t (if skills liuildiii!:- jiiii'pnsi's ill ^r<'\ic(), liJlcd wlili sand, \vlii(di rovci'cd the sk(d(!i(Hi ol' soiiK! iiiiiiiial liki' ji ('(tynti!, t()ij;'i.'tlK'i- A^itli (day vust's ami lndls of cast Itroiizo. It was |)crliai>H tlu) j^ravc of suiiu' saci'cd aiiimak (Jama ids(t iiu'iitioiis an iiiian'o ol" tlio water j^od Tliihn\ ot" a ('(tiiiiiion l»k'i(dv stoiK!, tliivt! I'cct loiio- jukI omo I'oot \vi(h'; ho also vjifiq. ^fl•.r., torn. !., div. ii', 1'. '21; Leon ij Gaina, iJvs I'ivtlms, jit i., \\\k \\-V2, \A ii., pp. 73-111. WM r,iH ANTH^nTIKS UK Mi:\l((». :^H •: 1 the orii^iiial in the Miiscuiiii at ^^t'xi('(), uiid sliuuiii',' tli(j Id'illiaiit colors, hliu-, icd, and vullow, with wliidi it is adorned. Tlu; author says, "in many ivs|KMts, it struck niu as l)ch)nL>ins4' to a liinhor iL^rado of art than anythiiiLi;' in the Museum, except, perliaps, thr oh- sidiau cnrvini^s, and one or two t)t' the vas(;s." (Idii- dra mentions another lairial casket, carved i\\nn basalt and ot" l•ectan^•ular form.'" The head shown in the cut, taken from the Mn stxico Mexicaiio, measures twenty-niuo by tliirty-si\ Head of (jodiluss Centeotl. 15 J- II inches, and is carved from a block of serpentine, a stone I'arely found in ^[exico. Jt was dtiL»' up near the convent of Santa Teresa in IH.'IO, and has heeii sup[)osed to re{)resent the Aztec (jloddess Centeotl. The bottom beini^' covered with sculpture, it scciiis that the monument is complete in its ])resent state. Another serpentine imaye of somewhat j)eini]Iiii' fniiii, is shown in an ori^'inal sketch in the Album ot < ul, JNIayer, who says, "it appears to liave been a cIkiihi 'if talismaii, and in many respects resembles tlie hidii/t Hnures which wei'e found at Pom])eii, and are ])rrscrv( d in the Secret ^luseum at Naples." Jt was found at 'I'latelulco, ai.d is preserved in the Mexican Mu- seum. 63 Mitjirr, in Srhonli rufCfs Arr/i., vol. vi., p. r)SO, pi. vi.; LI., ^fl.l^. as it tyas, ])[). 100-1; /'/., Mi:t\ Aztec, r/r., vol. ii., p. •_'74; (tonilru, in I'nD'-'utI, Hist. Cuiiq. Mr.r., toiii. iii., pp. 8!I-!M», |il. xvi. w Munaicu Alex., toiu. iii., pp. 40J-3, witlipiutesj Calilcvoii de hi H'lrnt's MlSCKI.I.ANKors KKI-ICS. 511) Mr Iiiilloi'lv s|H'!iks of several re'lics not nieiitioiied l,v .iiiy other visitor: "In the clitisteTs hehiiid the Dniiiiiiic.'Ui convent is u n(»hU; s[)ecinien of the i^reiit >i i|itiit-i(lol, ahnost [)erfeet, and of tine \vorI\vallii\vini4' a human victim, wTiich is si-en crusli(;d and >tiii'4'4Hn<4' in its horrid jaws.' 'i'he corner-stone of the Lottery ( )tKce he descrilted as "tlie head of tlio siTpeiit-idol," not less than seventy feet lontj, when riitiiv. UntU^r the n-;iteway of a house o])[)osite the mint was a tine life-sizo recuml)ent statue found in ih'i'^iiin' a w(!ll. A liouso on a striry t\\i» feathered sei'pents, of which he jL^ives cuts, as well as of several other relics found within the city limits, includint;' the 'perro nnido,' a stono image of iiMc of the duml) dogs hred hy the Aztecs, and a V atrd human tiyiire known as the 'indio ti'istt 'C5 Ml' ('hi'isty's London collection of Anu^rican an- luilies contains, as we are told by Mr Tylor, a nuni- Aztcc Musical Instnuucnt. /•'/' III Mrr., vril. i., p. 203; Min/rr\i ^frr. fis if Won, pp. S.l-S, 97; /'/. , in ^■hmilriuifr.s Ari'li., vol. vi., jil. v., (i;r. •'{• '' IliillnrlSii Mrxico, pp. ."{-'(i-S. I'lates of six other relics, perhaps found ii] the city. '" M"ij'r\ Mfx. anil Was, pp. 31-2, 85-8. 'Indio tri.ste' also in Mosaic, '^'.r.. loiii. iii,. pp. HJo-S. ''' Aimhrntc, p. 138. % i 'ill 2' 'B I * * (Fi II ( 1 520 ANTl(>llTIi:s OF MKXICO. ll' !■ m l)erof bi-diizo li.'itrlu'ts, dun' ii)> in tlio < ity of ^M^'xici.." Sr (4oii(lni oivcs ])liitus of iiiiio ^Mexican musical in- stnuiients, one of which of very peculiar '.-onstnu'tidii was found in the city, and is shown in the ])nH'C(li!iu(iit. The to}» shaped like a coiled serpent is of huriicd Aia, resting' on the iina,i,''e of a tortt)ise carved from wodd, and that on a hase of tortoise-shell. The wliolu i- about twelve inches hi|^-h," And linally 1 i,;ivu a cut Sculptiin-il nicick ill Ciiiivcnt WnW. Avhiih represents part ol" a block built into tlic v, i. of the Convent of (Jonce})cion, as skt'tclnd l\v "^ ( 'havei'o, wlio joins to his ])late some reniaik> mi t:- meaning of the hieroglyphic sculpture/' oa Tezcuco, the ancient lival of ^Texico, aonss i,i lake eastward, jrmerly on the lake shore, but i,n\v I'V the retirement tf the water left some mi!e> iiilaiM. has, uotwitlistanding her ancient rank in all that ]mi tained to art, left no mouunients to compaiv wn those taken from the Plaza ^Vfayor of Mexico, bn! uidike the latter citv Tezcuco vet presents traces, aii'. <" Goiiifrri, in I'l-'sroff, IfhI. <'■,!»/. Mr., torn, iii., |il>. KW^. pi. '<'"-'' ^*CI,airi(i, ill HiiUv, Uumhrcs llimtixs, .Mcx. 1.S73, ti'iii. i., !'• IJi' j "I fM m KTINS OF TV:/J^V^•iK r,i>i tlMC on Iv, of ]icr al)i)rii>-inal fircliitoctural stnictui t'S. Fr;iL;in 'Uts of ImildiiiLif-matevial arc found wluM'i'Vi'i- excavations arc inacle, and thu material of the old city sail I to have l>een extensively used in the oonsti uc- tlo II ot" tile inodeiMi, so that ]ilain oi' sculptured stone lilocks, shaped hy the aboriLjines, are often, seen in inod- (.■rii walls in ditl'erent parts of the town. In thesf)uth- cl'l I ]>art of the eity arj the i oun( lat ions of severa lar^t ivi'annds, ai)t)afenti\ PP ith i.U ilt of adobes, burnt bricks, and iiniit, since the materials named all occur amoiiL;- the hl'is. )c founaat!0!is show the structures tol lave iii'cii originally about fou.' hundred t'eet sipiai'e, but of «i)ursc su[>ply no further information respcctiuL;' their tiii'ni. tiiii" Th lese pyi'amuls were three m numher at tlie it th Mayer's visit, standins^' in a line I'rom north t'. -niith, ano strewn witli frai^'ments (jt' jiottcry, idols. and olisidian knives. Tyloi' found traces, barelv visi- o! tw(j laru'e Miiac •uiial me basaltic *labs. .s(|uared and lyin^' M*»fth ami ^oiitli. The rectii)M'<''idar stone basin with s»-ulp- Uircii sides shown ia the cut, was fouiici in coiiuoetion ■ t S ,;■ h ■ii : : [ft S M p. KIM ^. ill. ^i'- 11. i., p. IJi' Stone Ba-^in troiii Tozi'in'o. with this heap and preserved in the Poria.soo coftfc- ti'iii in Mexico. Also in this hea{> of dt'bi'is, accoid- iii;^' to Mayer, Mr Poinsett found in l^2j an arihed w i i .'1' •' 1 U '-^ ■ If 522 ANTlQlIIir.S OF MEXICO. sewer or iuiticdiict Imilt of small stoiiu likx-ks laid jn mortar, to^i'thci' with a 'iiat arch' of Ncry liirife hlocks over a (looi'way. I find no ineiition of tiiesc ivmains iii Mr J^»iiisctt's hook. Bradford states that, " lyin^- iiei^lcctod under a ^'ateway, an idol has i)een o'oserved nearly V)ertect, and rejn'esentiiiL;' a rat- tlesnake," painted in hri^ht colors. ^Ir I^atroln' found a stone idol, perhajis the same, in 18:14, and Nehel i^'ives a sketch of a most interestiiin' relic, said to liuve come from Tezcuco, and shown in the cut. It wan t)}f' cuM/ym ^ 0ifi A //tec priests at cortuht times Itxif wonr ihf j^kiw of maf'^cM victiiijs.'^'-* Thi.- tiuni'' wi'ins hf r<'j»r« scM if p/u'st thus chixl. Jt is carved from l/asalt, and wa.- h>xi^ the natural size, the mi^^^nil hkin h* myi; paintc^i a l/r'\'^ft pd .u.d the outer one a dirty wdd'te, A coHtHiofi *. HILL Ol' TH/COCINGO. 'd^ Ivlnr 1 '.I, If or II 1 850, contained, 1st. A nude ft'iiialc li'juro Hvo t'ut't liiu-Ii, wol t Ol'illlM I \] •oni DIOl'K ( )t' ;il,i!ii>tor. '2d. A mail in luiixl stone, wearing' a mask ii'li represents a jackal's liead. od. A hcantit'ul Wll .ilaliiistcr 1)(».\ coiitfdninL;' spliei'ii-al heads of nrt,'aiu Imii'i'^ ijiiiis li' cii.n- ;i;;!iiili'>iiiu's lit; sc; k's lilors L'liiniin .iii~ Ics <'liamiis lie 'IVtzcii . Xdf. Ci'\, tiiin. i\.. ]>]). rSoT ,"). s|icnlall^' I't lie |mi||iIivic sciilpti's, I'D. Slllllll' »/. ,IV(;, I'l' :!lt!l-l(M), I'' i\ tlic liir:;(' aiiiUMliirt tor tin- ^iipiilv cii llic Idwii. ^ till IM mill till' ruins ui scNcial stii!i(' liuililiii^js ol j^rrat sIicm.l;! Ii . . . r'niiiiila- liiiiis III aiirit'iit liiiiiilinu's lit meat inauiiitin .< hi I'litcriii.: til atcs, til till' li'ilil arc sci'ii iliusc artilii ial timiiili, tlir trncalli of iiiilninil lirii-k iiiiiiinii Ml must liiiliaii towns Tl ic site lit till' lialacc nt tin iiil;s III ir/iMiiii i'\.trllili'il lilMI I'cct iill slnpiliu' ti'rrar illt ill sli'l.s senile ter- ra '(•■- ;iie still entire ami enveieil with eenient. It niiisl lia\e i)eeii|iieil >m:iu' ;|.|(s iif ;;riiiinil. ami was liiiiit of liiiL:e liliiek~iit' liasall 4 iir ."> liv 'J'.- :< Icrl. I'l le raised nioiinils nt liriek an 11 >i.li .1 witli eiliiM~, ruins iif liiiilclin''s uf emiriiiniis streiiLith. ami ni :riifiiirr^ nearly entire !• ra;;nients nt ^inliiliirei I ir II' ,ir tile eliiireli the nnirket-|. luce, anil |iala' 1 St. i: my la) ie sijinirc tantlv me- iMiista ill l'>ra---iiir ami liillliM k are rliat ivi'il til exa^iL'eratliiii, ami iilii), In iitiier remains in the vieiniiy mi tu lie deserilieil ' T liiiiiiili. aii'l other eiin-trneliiins "if niiliaUeil lirieks. intei niinnleii with plat- thev also reler, |)riili- ie ruins of ilh tiiMii^ ami terra ees (it eiiiisi ileralile extent, are still to lie traii il; ami It rii I that many of the S|iaiiish eililiees are eonstrneteil mit ni' the iniiis I'l till' reoe.iilis.' I.dlrolii's Ihnnhh Vlii. II. .1.-/,' S'riirl, I'l'ijr; )fi'i/i li|i. I'Sl-."). ( >tlier ailllKiiili ii ir II. ■-'•-'1; /-/., .1/. I'l I'ji I'T MV; /'/., in Srfif)o/irii//'M Ari'h.. vol. vi., jil. v., liu Ii|i. '.HI, J.'ii;, -I'M), •_'(;•_'•:$, with cms; /irin//nn/'s .1, Ti/r A Iif I or .( It' Tti. Ml. I !(»; lirrni/oi/, in An/ iV.II. % Mije., toni. li., di Aiiiihs i/if Miiii.s/rrii) >/'• FiiiiHiifo, IH'ti, toMi. i., pp. I IS-'.t. pp. 70-1; .l^.r- 'I'.t; Aimr. Illsl , (), 73; Citndrr'n Mix. (liuit., vol. i., jp p. IM'J lllll.Sfl m m 1 •I'l m 624 ANTIQUITIES OF MEXICO. I » ( i ' \ii ' \ mile and a half lonu,", oxteudiiiLi;' two tliirds iniuid the circumference; and then another enihaiil^iiniit stretches awav towards the mountains ten or fittrcn mik^s distant, altliou^li no one scc^nis to iiavc iv corded any attempt to explore its Avhole extent. Tin- ol)ject of both o-i'adinu^ and eml)ankments ^v;ls r.i suj)port an acjueduct or pipe ten indies in diaimtii', wliicli is still in very g'ood preservation iit scvcnil points. Waddy Thompson hrounht away a jiiccc nf the water-})i])e as a relic, and he ])r(jnouii(ts ilic material t- placed ujimi it when the plaster was soft, seems to Ikj all oin piece, making- too-ether a tube of ten inches in diiiiii eter, throug-h which the water flowed from the (li>t:uit mountains to the basin, which it enters throii^li ;i round hole about the size of one made with a two-imli auo'er. No ])lasterer of the present day can I'nn struct a more beautifnl |)iece of work; it is in it- whole extent as smooth as the plastering' on a wril finished wall, and is as hard as stt)ne." jNIavir tdi- us that the aqueduct was made of baked clay, tin ])i[)es being- as [lerfect as when they were tirst laiil. He also seems to imjily that along the gi'adLil tri races the water was c(.)nducted in a ditch, oi' canal, instead of the regular pipes. But Tyloi', on tii- otiier hand, says "the channel of the acpieduct wa- madi; jirincipally of blocks of the same material [porphyry], on which the smooth stucco that had once covered the whole, inside and out, still rt.niaimd very perfect." At the termination of the aqueduct on the (^Jistcni slope of Tezcocingo, on the brink of a preri|iit»»i> descent of two hundred feet to the plain, is tin nvm. shown in the cut, from ISFayer, hewn iVoni the li\i;i.. rock of reddish pijrphyry, and popularly kniwn ;i" MONTEZUMA'S BATH. 525 Montezuma's Uath Montezuma's Batli. There was of course U(> reason wimti'ver to attach this n;ime to it, tor althuUL;h it is jiiissilile, it" not ])roha!)le, that it may ]ia\e hccii usL'd I'll' a hath, it is verv certain tliat it never heU)nu'e(l ti) Miiiitezuma, but rather to NezahuaU-oyutl or some itlii'i'if tlie Tezcucaii kino-.s." The circuhir hasiu in ti>L' cuiiti'o is four feet and a halt' in diameter, and rhive t'cet deep, and the circuhir aperture throu^Ii wliiih it received water from the aqueduct, is shown in the cut, toyx'ther Avith what seem to ho seats cut .1 the rock. Itespectin^*- this monument Coh MavL'r Mvs: •• Its true use, ht)Wover, is perfectly evident to tiuise who are less faneiful or antitjuarian than the ui'iierahty of visiters. The pictures([Ue \iew from this -|iit. (i\er a small plain set in a frame of tie.- sur- r HiiidinL;' mountains and ijflens whieli holder the east- ■ iM ^iile of Tescocinn'o, undouhteilly made this recess ■' lavorite resort for the royal personages at whose ' xpeiiso these costly works were made. From the -unMuiidin<4' seats, they enjoyed a dt Ht'ioiis prospect 'Ver die lovely hut scclutled seeuery, while, in llie 'M^iii. at their fet't, were Slathered the watcis of a tieinhhorinLif sprinu', limplyinu' that the ha>iii and (iiediief were not connected I whi(di, whiUt reln^h- -c; them alter their {)romenade on the mountain, I 'in-L>l(j(l out of its stony (.•liannel and fell in a uiimif cascade over the precipitous cliff that terniiiiati il their path. It was to this shady sj)ot that tlirv im douht retired in the afternoon, when the sun \v;i> liot on the west of the mountain, and here tlic miv erei^'u and his court, in all jjrohahility, enjoyed the re[)ose and ])rivacy which were denied them iuaid the hustle of the city." Accounts of the other remains at Tezcocin^o aiv somewhat confused, i )n the northern slojie is anotlai' recess, hoi'dered hv seats cut in the liviii''" rock, ami leading to a per[)endicular cliff on which a calendaiis said to have been carved, but destroyed by tlu' nativi s m later days. Traces of ii spii'al road windiiii; up tn the sunrmit were found by ^Eayer. Tylor r(|»irts a terrace round the hill near the top, some scul|itinvd blocks on the summit, and a second circular liatli. Bullock speaks of "ruins of a yery larn'o building;' tli,' cemented stones romaininuf in some places cov.rnl with stucco, and forming;' walks and teri'aces, hut murli cncuujbered with earth fallen from above \^ \\v descended our o-iiide slu)wed us in the rock a lnur reservoir I'or su[)[)lyinn' with water tho ])alaci\ \\\\n>r M'alls still remained ei^'ht feet hi^'li; nnd as we i\,uii ined farther, we found that the whole UKMUitain hail been covered with palaces, temples, baths and liaiiuiiiu iL^ardens." Beaufoy saw a mass oi' poiphyry on tin summit, which had been fashioned artificially and tin nished with steps. The whole surface, oNciumwn with nopal-bushes, aboimds in fragments of puttciv, obsidian, cement, and stone. '"^ '- I'atli 1'2 liy S foot, with woll in ociitvo ."> foot in diamotov aw- (looii, siiiiiiiiinlcil liy a iiaiaiict "J l foot liijih, 'with a ihroiio or i it,ur. is ro|in's('iito(l in aiicioiit |piitmt's to liavo hooii used hy tho kJHir»' /•' ]\[i.virii, |i|). ;V.KI-:i. 'His iiiajo>ly iisi-il t.i spoiid liis afloiiKinH'" lion' shaily side uf tho hill, a|i|iaioiitiy sitting' n\> f-i liis miildlo in >\airr fi'oj,'. if Olio may jud^a' hy tho lioiv;lit of tin- tillU< *oat in tiio hath." Aiii(/iiiiir, |)]). \'r2-'A; Jiiiint'iii/'s Mix. ///«-'*',, ti]!. l',M-."»; /•/,, in -U(\r., toni. ii.. div. ii., ]>. 70. Tlio anuoiluot 'is a wnik x^rv in (luito oijM.il in ilio ialior iviiniicd for its oonstruotioii tu iho TriMoK ilnot.' T/iitiii/i>!iiii\-i }fi\\:, |i|> 14S-('; Mnj/i r's .l/'.r. .Izdr, <'>'■, %• tlu' iiativi- idiiiL;' uj) tn V iv|i(»rt> a sciiljitmvil cular liatli. ildiiii;' -th" X'S COXCl'Cll S, l>ut lIlUcli \^ WV )ck ;i lal'ux' let'-, wliHM' we cxali: litnin liail 1(1 liaiiu'iii'-;' rv I'll ill'' _v ami fur ovci'urtiwn d' [Mttturv. UctCV UTl'l 1 l-''l or •♦hiir. ^Mili:i^ iH.^,- /;.-//.-'.• .)H> iH'f' III' '1'"' ill \\iilil- likf ;i ,r liillll.' '/y'"'* /./ , ill -I"'"/ wrv iii-iirly • i t'r»»<(iii Ai|'i'' ''■., V..I. ii ■ it, yU-d .llii'll'il' "' r.()S(,)ri: dkl ((intadou. X(,rtli-W('st\var(l iVoiii Tczcuco on the Icvtd plain is the l>os<|Ui; del ( 'untador, a yrovc of n/niclnn'lrs, or (" sijuai'c a vjuvsses, jiiTann'ud m a douhlcj row au( ld( d unci osni<»' a vca of about ti'ii acres, whose sides \'. ice tl le ralllllial |)oint^ The trees are between five and six liiiiidii'd ill iiumber, some of them fortv to fifty feet in circiimlc'rence, and are supposed to date from a tiiiu; ] licet 1(1 in,n' the contpiest. The o'round on which the V stand is tirm and somew hat raisec al)<»ve th •Vl 1 of the surroundino' jilain, which itself is but ittlc aboNc the waters of the lake 'J^l le enc ver, is soft, mirv tl inu inntassa d)h losed It is area, iiowe uncertain whether this area was orio-inallv an iidand lake surroimdcnl by trees, or an island orove in the waters of the lake. Fioni the north-west corner of tlie si|uare a t loubl e row of similar trees extends some ilistam-t' westward, and near its tei'mination is a dyke 1 tank fidl of water; at the north-east ci>r- iiid a \valK'( iicr. a rcctan^'idar mass of por[)hyry is said to }»i'oject aliove tlie surface and to be surrounded by a ditch ; iiul tVitm this point some traces of a causeway may b >ccn e.\ tend imj towards the east. Sjnall stone idob irtii-les ot' jiottery, and various small relics ha\e been ilii^- lip in an(i about this o'rttve. which was not im- aiily a, faxoi'ite promenade of the C'hichiniec, or colliiiaii moiiarclis. A On tlie hacienda, of riiapin^'o, about a 1eaL;'U(^ south if Te/.ciico, an ancient causeway was found in e\ca- tili.;, at a depth of four feet below the suiface, the il,>r plies of which were in a <;()(»(1 state ol" inH'serva- \a I'll, IKle he causewav was th f sKeieioli o iiiastuiliiii. and similar skeletons arc said to ha\e lu'eii loillhl a ■th. t other points in the valley of Me\i CO. I;' iii|ni'liii'i, ;inil ,i tliinl ir|ir('^cntiii'_ an iijul ciilli'ii ilir ;:iiil of silence;' 'l"C./\ 1/ ,i/.(/. vol. ii.. |)|i. l.".!!!-;; /'/•'. sv„//'.v .)/,,!•, vol i., |i|>. ISJ I; l.ii- '■ '..v/r,'./, \li,r,',/ii,, |i|i. ■_',■)•_'-.'!•. I'lii'ii's Tnin/s, vol, j., p, "JJ ; I'm^l'.t I'ni. ""!■ .',''■'■■ I'i'- •''-'-^; /'/•• ''■'•'"' ' V//V.V, |)|i. :{(fj-4. ' T'il'ii-\ Aiiiiliitii,-, |i|(, l.").")-(i; Mdif r'.s M X. .l:/o', i7'., \o!. ii., jip. "JTS- '.': hi'r.J,,-, iiiiinlihr. p|i I'.Mt-l. n if 528 ANTIQUITIES OK MEXICO. At ITuojullti, also ill the vicinity of Tczciiro. ,i ^\■llU Wiis still staucliiii^ as latu as I.S.'U, which wns iiuarly thirty fuct hi.^li, between ti\e and six fut tliiek, and bnilt of stone and mortal'. Fi'oni Ixittmn to top the wall was divided into live distinct divi>i(iii> (hstin^uished hy the arrau^emeiit of the stones. Tlir widest of these divisions was huilt of cylinchicil niid oval stones, the rounded ends of ^vhi(•h iirojcctcd syniuietrically. 'I'he wall terminates on the east ;it a ravine, which is crossed by a bridge (»f a ^'uv^lv sjjan, twenty feet Ion,**- and forty feet hinh. Tin- span is an arch of peculiar construction, bein^' foriiud of stone slabs, set on ed,L;'e, and the interstices tilkd with mortar. The irrey'ularities of the stones ami Hk! firmness of the mortar su]iport the strnctuiv. forming- a near ajiproach to the rc;*4'ular ai'ch as sIkiwh in the cut from Tylor. Its antiquity has Iklh I- i ? mii '4 rr Bridge at llin-jutla. doubted, but the near ap}iroximation to the ki ystniic ai'ch sLcms to be the only ari^unieiit aLiaiust tln' theory that it Avas built Itv the natives, and as wt have seel' a veiy similar arch in the niouiuls ol ]\[etlaltoyuv'a, thi'i'o seems to be no L;'ood I'caxin h' atti'ibute it io the Spaniards, Tliis is ))r()baiily tlu' bridge known as the PuiMite dc; los l)eri;;uitiiu>. wiU'ri' ( 'ort;'s is said to have lauiiclu'd his bri^autiiio which icndcrcd so eilicirnt service in the sic^'o i^i ^[exico. 'ri'.e fact that It is set askew in^l'.ui "' Pi RUINS OF TKOTIIR'ACAN. 52'J cmssiiin^ tlio ravine at r\'j;\it aiiolos witli tlio hanks adds greatly to the dittii-iilty of its cousti'iictioii, Ni.ii' this place Uiui'c ai'e also sonio lica])s of tlchris, wliiih accord itiL;" to Uulh^ek could ho iduiitiHed in 1>J;! as small ailohc pyramids; and the foundations ol' a iiiiildiuL;' and two rcsovoirs, one of tlic latter in -^■(111(1 preservation and covered with rose-colored ce- iiuiit, were mentioned. Beaufoy tells us that in \ylC) a serpent's head carved in stone protruded from the ground near the modern church. A stone col- uiiiii, seven feet hin'h, ^vas amoUL;' the relics seen; ifc liad a well-carved pyramidal }»iece of hornblende on its tep, Two idols of stone were brou.i;ht away, one 'it' tliein descrihed by Latrobe as "an u^ly monster of nil idol in a sitting;' [)osture, deftly carved in a hard Vulcanic siihstance."^^ Net (juite two miles north-east from the little vil- lage (if San Juan, and about twenty-five miles in the .same (lireition from Mexico, on the road to (.)tumba, aiv the luins of Teotihuacan, 'city of the .n'ods,' to which, accor(lin^• to Brasseur, the names \'eitioacan, 'city of sii'Mials,' and Toltecat are sometimes applied in the native traditional annals.''*' These monuments stand oil a |ilain which slopes i^'ently towards the south, and arc included in a rectan^ndar sjiace of about a third of a mill' iVom east to west and a mile and a half from north to south, extending" fi'om the Tldancin^o road on the iioi'th to the Otuniba road on the south, Avith, lio\vi\er, some small mounds outside of tlu' limits nicntiniied. By reason of its nearness to Mexico, fcotlliuacau, like Cholula, has naturalU' had hundi'eds I If I' H. \ :- n In 1 11 "' I'liiHiicl'x .lA.ivVo. ii|i. ao'i-i). TliU lUitlmr iil.-t> s]u'aksiit' w 'limail cuv- iivil Way lictwffii t\Mi liiijif walls wliicli tcniiiiiatf iifar a ii\cr,' on tlic iiiit'l tu TfzciK i(. Ill iiiifiiii's Ml .i\ Ilhi.slr.. ])|i. IIM! 7, flit lit" iilcil; l.nlrij/n's Uhiihlir. )i|i. 184-."); Tfi/iir's Ami/i md', ]i]). l."i:{-4. witll cut nt liri(l,L:i'; U'lin/'s .l/'.i'M.,, Vol. ii., ji. •JitCi; .yfrxlni, Aii'ilis ilil }{iiiisliri. •\')7); hrini/nri/'s Aiiirr. Anliii., j»i>. (S.,s."); Hrniifuii^ in Aiiliif. M.r.. toni. ii., iliv. ii., ji]). (i'.l-Td- " Li\i\\i iir itv lii.nilnjKrij, liiat. Sat. Civ., tuiii, i., Jip. 148-51. Vol. IV. at Hi f i '1 J J i^n ;' i P- I r I I' ■[ I :f '>m ANTK^riTIKS OK MI'.XICO. (»r visitors in modern times, and is more or less fnllv di'scrihud l»y all tlu' early (•liroiiiclers. liiiinlHildt, Jjidloc'k, iJeauioy, AVard, LatroUe, Mayer, 'riioinir-on^ Tylor, and many other actual visitois have writtni ac<'ounts, which still othci's have (juoted: hut hy far the most comjdute and reliahle account, whicli is mUo the latest, is that ^ivcn in the re])ort of a sciintilic commission a})i>ointc(l hy the ATexicaii n'o\-ernniiiit in J8()4, acc()ni|>aiii('aied iVoiii caii ful measurements and j»hotoura|)hic views. 1 ha\r um d this report as mv chief anthoritv, carefullv imtin"', jiowever, all points respecting which other aulhoritiLS diti'cr." The annexed cnt, reduced from that of Alniaraz, I'liiii of Tcotiliuacan. ''^ Ahnnraz. Apuiitr clearly, i>u a scak' ot" aUitut t\vciit_v-li\(' liiiii- (Ircil and lit'ty t't'ct to uii inch, the plan of the (liU'd'ciit iiiiiiiiiiiitiits, I shall (lcsci'ii)o them in the t'ollow iii'^' 1st. 'I'lie I'vraiiiid <»t' the M(m»ii, A of the •Id. The IVraniidof theSuii, 15; :!d. The Koad ,f the Dead, ("l); 4tli. The Citadel, K; oth. Thu urilci' iil.'iii ; d d scatti rud iiiouimIs and nnscellaiieoiis relics. The tii'st |i_vi-aiiiid, Met/tli It/aciial, 'house of tl 10 lIliiiMl, IMI 1 Knd no Word ni M olnias (tC dad; irv cori'e iidintj;' at all to If-.ncKif witli the meaning' of 'lidiise.' It may he a coni[»ound of cal/i incorrectly \\i'itten| the most northern of the remains, measures fuiii' hundred and twenty-six feet noi'th and south, ;iiiil li\e hundred and ele\en fuot cast and west at the li;i-c, has a summit j>latform of ahout thirty-six hy ^i.\tv fi.'et, and is a hundred and thirty-seven feet hiL;li, he sK les f; icmi:' almost exac •tly tl le carci linal ((jiiit.- wpitr ;in aconiiiif wliicli scoins to he mailc ii|) from tlie prcrodiii^. Hvo ;i!«ii: Ciiirii/cni, Shiriil Ant. ilcl Mrs.liro^UWW. ii., |i|i. ."U-."); Ilii(i(h(ihll, Ksxid V.I . lu iMiii. i. .li 1.1). lS7-lt; III., V torn. 1., )i]i 1(>(»-' /'/. Ill .l/..r il., ]i|i. II IvJ; liidhick's M' Xini, |ij). 4II-I.S, with |il.; /Inn /",'/' V .1/. ,f. ///iish:, \>\>. ISil-'.l.S, with cut; U'anr.i Mr.,-, :'.l."); Lnlrnhi ,hlr v\> '.t)--.'l Mil ,'/'■'' •'>■ Mr .1-/(7 »1. ii,, ji rtr M'. 14- -T'.l; /''., ill SfhiKilrriift's .{rch., vol. vi., |i. .")S8; 'J'/iiuii/is'ni's I'.i l.'i; Tif/iir's .Inii/i itiii; ])[i. <•(!, 141-4; linrrid, in .s'^c. Mi.r. (Inni.. Unit'- viii., |ii). I!IS--_*0(I, The incrciliii;,' aiitliniitics me aiiaii^'cil chniii- tnl. I. njd.'ii'; the t olliiwiii;; ar o aililitioiial rcfcrciici liiiniiis ill '/.. ls;il, loin. 11., |i]). •J.SS-'.I; Vvjitiii, Hist. Ant. MiJ., tinii. i .. pp. ■J:::iiii. -JiT-!!; /■ (( ■.'.<( y, .1/;, toin. I. .'I' i; pp. .'U-'.-KI; /i riissiiir III- II: 'iiiiirliiiiifii, 14S-.-.I, |'.I7-S; ^i>if hi- r .1. liiHiiii, p. 4.")!); I'rir/iiiril'.s .\'"/. Ili.it. p. .")()'.•; Ihliifiilil'.l Ailtii/. Aiiur., Jip. ."t()-7; ll'ii/i/nins. Hiinf ISC; M'CnIlu/i isiiirrlira in .innr., pp •J.V.'-H; I. Ill ,*>'/<■. Mix. (Iriiij., liiilitiit, 'Jda I'poca, toiii. i., ]i. '.V,; Kl iiri'iii II I II- Ill :i. ■ . .1/. Iiii-htf, toill. v., p. 1.")."); Frosl'.s I'li-t. His/. .il'X., pp. ."il! 4; /(/., h Hill; in/l.soh ]>p. 'J!lS-;?();{; T.iifiinil, ]'i)ifiiiii.s; tolii. i., ji]!. l.'{S-<); /. ' t (Iniit., \>\t.'24. 44-."); Mu'li-lirnn, I'riris ile In Ciinj.. toiii. \ i. f. IS.-)4, t .1/ oil). 1. Hist. I I'' i.SO-1. i'.tS; Mr. ,1 nulls ilrl Mi il; lliiril, Mr V inisirnii lie 7(1; Mnlilrn- I't'u'ili. Mijirii, foin. ii., pt ii., ]). '2('>'.t; H'lin/'m/, in Antii/. Mix., t f/.y. M,l p|i. (ii>-7(>; >s iiui- ' I'' ! !'. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 ,15 '""^^ '- IIIIIM ^' m 1.8 1.4 IIIIII.6 V] <^ /} OM' V] ■c^ /y V /A Photographic Sciences Corporation 4^ \ ^w <> ^ ^ ^ <> \ V "^ Y^. 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 I ,..< €P. <' fi ^ i/i :\ \ 6^ <> 532 ANTIQriTIKS OF MEXICO. Ill Tlio slope of tlio sides, accord ini^ to Beaufoy's olisir- vatioiis, is at an aiiLile of about fortv-five di'-ivos. Tiie [>yraniid, as seen fi'oni a little distance, l'c;ir> much reseniMance to a natural hill, hcini;' overniown ^vith shruhhery; still the reg'ular orij^inal outlines iiiul aiiL^dt's are much more apparent here than in tlu' case of Cliolula, already described, as is proven hy the ]>hotoL,^raphs taken hy the ^Eexican connnission. A terrace, three feet wide, is plainly visible at a lici^iit of sixty-nine feet from the base, but a close examina- tion shows there were ori^-inally three of these ter- races, dividing' the pyramid into fo' r stoi'ies, except on the east, which has no terrace, and where tlu' cuni- mission mentioned claim U) have found traces u\' a ziyztig road leading up the slope, as shown in tin j)lan. None but the authority referred to have (li>- covered the zigzag path, and no other ex})loreis imti that the terraces were interrupted on one side i>\' tlir pyramid. Humboldt states that the space between the I'.erraces was divided into smaller grades, or >teii>, about three feet high, still visible, and also that tlieiv still remained paits of a stairwav of larne bloeks ul' 1 f O hewn stone, ^[r Tvlor also savs, not refciriuij' to this jiyramid particularly: "As we climbed uj) their sides. Ave couhl trace the terraces without any difficult} . ami evoii Hights of steps." There is hardly any other Amei-ican monument resj)ecting which the best au- thorities (liH'er so essentially.'" mil jilalform, wliitli iirc only lui <>sf iiiiato l)y Tioanfoy, Tlio fiillowinj: are tlif (liiMcii>i(ins as ;;i\cii hy iliU'cri'iit anlliois: 1,'il) liy l.">('> liy \- niitn-. .!/• iitiirtn; 14 riii'trcs lii;,')i. Uinnlnililt, afcoriiiu;^ to iiicasiiri'imiil^ ul '"^r (Mey/a; Wm l)y ISO l.y l.')0 tVct. Ili nielli Ciinri; - liy (ll.'i l.y ITdlViI lll'lfi-; l:tl» liy l.'iti liy II inclifs. LNiarc.i. ()tlliT« take tlic (iii]i.ii>i"in gi'iK'i'ally fniiii lliiiiiliulilt. "•' 'Oil it's jirciiilrait |ioiiri'i's lur^jcHccnco^ tcrri'stri-K iiu'on tmiivc dans Ics liciix jadis lioiijfvi'ist's par Ics fciix soiitiTvaiiis." I-'hsmi/, .U-.r.;'" , p :n.'>. X'cytia, llisf. Ant. Mij., tiini. i., jip. 'Jt7-<.>, says tlii' ]iyr:iiiiiil ".'^ I'liiiiiil iiistcail iif rcctaiijiiilar, anil lliat it liatl tliict' ti'iraccs, allliiiu;:liiii riotiirini's tiiiit' no tnu'i's nf tiii'iii iciiiaiiicil. 'It rcc|iiin''l a jiailiiiilar j"'- tiilion wlicnri' to liciiniil tliriii, iinitcil w itli some I it tic. /'"///(, in niclri in ili;- coM'i- lilt' pyraiiiiilal form at all.' Tui/nr'.s -Va/-., vol. ii., p. '-'/T. I" M',\ tile liiitli. it was mitliiiii,' Inii a licap of cavtli mailc in steps hkc ll"' ji'iamidsiil l'',Lrvpl; only that tlicse arc of stone. ' i/i ni' //i I'mrri, in ''li"i'' 'i- ili'j<'ii/. VojiiiJ'", Vol. iv., p. 514. 'lis formoiciit cjnatrc a--sisc-. il'iiil "" lIOrSEOF TI[EM(K>N. 533 S oliSiT- tk'H'i'i'cs, L-e, l't.';ii> liiirs and tlif casr II 1»\' till' sioii. A il lu'ii;lit C'xaiiiiiia- llfSl' tlT- S, ('\cc|it the cuni- aces (it" a ;n in tlitj have (lis- )rors 111 it c ido el' tllr ' lu't\Vt,'L'll , or >tL'ii>, it tluiv ilocks (it «4 t(i tlii> •ir si(l(.'s, ilty.aiid IV (itlitT lic^t aii- iilliiwiii;.' aiv liirllc--. .1'- liclll- nl >r l.\ ITlltirl, (iliiicii>i'iin tidUM' (l;iii^ ,1A. IV, ■'•.!'. i\ r.iiiiiil »;!■' ■lllllnll.-ll ill Miiii'iil:"' pii- nnllT tilili*- .|.^ like 111'' ■/. ill ''A "'•'/' ■ ll.U' Tlu3 matoriiil of the .stnicture has j^encrally liocn diM rihed as a comjloincrato of small in'eyular stones and < liiy, eucasod, acconling to Huiiiholdt and most (itlur writers, in a wall of the j)oious volcanic io(k, tetzontli; or this facinjjf covered uith a coatiiiL,' of stucco, which is salmon-colored, li^ht liliic, streaked, and red, accordin<4' to the views of ditfcrcnt observers. The ^lexican commissioners dis- a;nn' with all previous exj)lorers hy doing' away altogether with the facinjj of hewn stone, and rep- iL'sciitin<( the facinj^^ to consist of different conglom- erates arranged in successive layers, as follows:— 1st, ,-inall stones from eight to twelve inches in diameter, with mud, forming a layer of about thirty-two inches; 2(1. tVagments of volcanic tufa as large as a man's list, also ill mud, to the thickness of sixteen inches; .'id, small grains of tetzontli, of the size of i)eas, with iiiud, twenty-eight inches thick; 4th, a very thin and smooth coat (4' pure lime inortar. These lavers arc iv[ieated in the same order nine times, and are paral- lel to tlie slo2)es of the p^'ramid, which would make tlic thickness of the superKcial facing al)out sixty t'lL't. There have been no excavations sufficiently dicli to show what may be the material in the centre. Aiiiiaraz states that a somewhat different order and thickness of the strata was observed in certain exca- vations, or galleries, to be described later; but none (if these galleries are described as of sufficient depth to [K'netrate the facing of sixty feet, and the exact iiuaiiing of the I'cport in question it is very difficult to determine. I give in a note, however, what others have said of the building-material.*' 'I' r midit iwijourd'lnii que tntis.' 'I'm psciilier roiisfruit en <;ranil(*s liiriiv-i lie taillo, coiiduisoit jadis a Iciir ciiiii'." M 'liatiiiic do i|iiatrcH :i^>i-('>. iniiicipalcs ('toit siilidivisi'c en jictils ^fiadiiis d'liii niMrc dc li.iiif, 'liiiit (111 ilistii);:iic t'liciirt' li's arri'tcs.' lliimliolilt, A'.ssiii J'ol., tmii. i., p. ISH, AI;i\rr, Mr.f, (IS if ]\'iis, \t. '2'2'i, says that tliiTi' storios arc vet disiinctlv \mK1c. ''riu' line friiiii lia^o to siiiniiiit was hrnkoii by tlirt-c terraces, "r liirli;i]is four, ruiuiiiiy t'(tiiii>U'tt'ly rniind tlieiii.' Tijlor'a Aiuiliii'tr, pp. 'I.i'iir iKiyaii ost d'arfjilt' int"'l(''o de pelitcs |iifrn's: il est revetii d'liii Tiuri |i;u-, de tczontli on amygduloide porousc' llambuliU, Vues, toiu. i., jij*. :1 884 ANTKirrriEs of mkxico. u 1'lio excavation, or fvullery, already reU'rreJ to, ex- leiui.^ al)out tweiity-Hve feet on an incline into the ]>yrai)ii(l from an entrance on the Koutliern .«»l(i[ii, lietween the second and third terraces according- to !Mayer, ahout sixty-nine feet ahove the l)ase acnnd- in<^ to Almaraz. It is larij^e enouj^h to })ernut the ])assa;^e of a man on hands and knees, and at its inner termination are two scjiiare wells, walled with Mocks of volcanic tufa three inches thick, o)-, ii> !Mayer says, of adohes, — ahout five feet s([uaii', ainl one of them fifteen feet deej). No relics whatrwr liave heen found in connection with ;^allery or W( 11^: Almaraz s})eaks of the former as sim}»ly excavatiuih hy treasure-hunters, anac lill-i. '(Ill y rcroiiniitt, cn outre, ilcs tmcos d'une com-lie dc cliaux '(iii in diiit K'H [(iciTcs |i;ir di'liiirs. ' /'/., K.isui I'n/., toiii. i., \>. l'>7. 'In iiuiiiv |iLii''>. 1 discovcri'd till' I't'Miains of tlit- cdiitiii;; of ciMiiont with wliicli tlifv «fri- in- • Tiislcd ill till- days of tlu'ir jH-rfi-ctioii.' Mni/rr'A- Mx. as if ll'-f.v, p. •-'•-';(. 'Ari'illa y ]ii('dras,' covcrt'd willi a ciiii^doiiu'ratc of It't/oiitii and imid, ami a t:oatiii;r of poiisiu-d linn-, which has a Idiie tint. Liinirr.s, in S>ir. Mu. (t'liiif,^ lUilitiii, ;{ia (''|M(ca, tcini. i., |i|i. Id.'t ."». 'Kn ar^rile. . . .aver ivmIi'- incut cn |(icrrc.' ('/nrn/iii; }fixii/iir, ji, "lO, ' No trace of n';,'iilar slniic wurk or masonry of any kind.' hn/lork's Ai-nis.i Mi,r., p. Ki."). Ori<.'iiially cuv- t'lcd witii a white cement hcariii;^ inscriptions, (llrnnir, acconiiii;^ In .\""- T'ffra Aiiii'i/r.s i/rs I'oif., IH.'U, toiM. 11., jip. •J.'^H <», Hnilt of clay and >ImIii'. Jl'l/ir, U'Isni, p. I,"i7. Salnitni-ctdorod Stucco. Lnlnilir. I'liiu'wii sliiiic> of all sliapcs am! si/.i's. Tliitnijisoii. Stones ami pelildes, faced willi iiormb (l'ini' and masonry, red cement, H or 1(» inches thick, of lime ami pelihlcs />'"/• /')'•/•. "It is true, that on many ]iarts of the ascent masses of stmic iiml other materials, stroiijriy cemented to;;etlier, annoniice the dc\iii'^ Mini workmanship of m;iii; hut on ]ienetratin;; this exterior coating; iii'tliin;: f:iitlier \\as perce|iiili|e than a natural structure of earth' like any iiiitiini! hill willi many loose stones. An .\nierican eiij;iiieer w ho had iiimiIi' cM'I- ^ations conlirmed the idea that the pyramids were natural, aIthoii::li arti- licially s!ia|ied. Titdur'a Mar., vol. ii.. ]•. 'JTS*. IIOlSK OF THE SIN. 535 1 to. cx- llltn tlir I slope, [•(lill!^' tu mit till' I at its led wltli , or, !h iiri', and ^'liatrvcr )r Wflls: •avatmih 111' Will, till' nal- ery is a II lu'i^dit lit" jtyra- xtomliiiL;' suiiiiiiit ; ]) liV (li- ■rv liase iC tlln>c U\ ipll I'll- Ml\ I'l: V V \MTf 111- ;(,v, p. •Jii. iinnl. aii'l Snr. .l/.r Vll- IVM'll'- iiiiilly i'hv- 1,- til .V'.'(- iiii.l >t'ini', uii slmii's \\\[\i 1 ion III- 111 lir«n anil' -liiiit'- lliiiu>tiiiiu iiiirs. /;«/• ^liiiit" ami .\i,-,'< ami ll;; Ijiitllill^; my iialilial |||;|,lc r\iM- huii-li arii- scat t( 1(^(1 over tlio plain to be described later. ^Fr I'.iilldck c'ljiiin.s to have ibund on tlie summit, in 18'2;{, walU of roiiLjb stones, eij^lit feet lii^li and tliree feet thit k, forminL>; a sijuare enclosure fourteen by forty- [M'V.ii feet, with a doorway on the south, and thieo windows on each side. This author's unsujtjjorted htattiuents may be taken always with soui\tv by ninetv feet."^ This ]»yramid is in better condition than the other, and tho three terraces are plainly visible, although as iK't'oiv no one but Almaraz has discovi-red that they do not extend completely round the four sides, and tlif latter author states that the zigzag path on the tasti'in sl()])e is much more clearly defined and makes iiioiv angles than that on the House of tin.' Moon. biaiit'oy found a path leading up the slope at the ^' llmnlMiltlt's ilimonsinns, nrmnliii;! to Otpy/a's inoaHurPinonfs aro, 20S ini'liv- iis-_> feet I Ion;; and .m nii'ticM ( ISO feet) lii^'li. ti4."> ft-ft wjiiaic, /liil- '■■/.■, I sol iy<;( Ml tVft, linnifinj; IS-_» feet s<|liart', ^'<»;v/(^ •_"_'l fci-l lil-li, Mni/ir; -■-'1 lii'i lii;.'li, 'I7ii)iii/>sii)i. ISonnd, 'J'.tT varas in iliaini'tcr, '210 varas |7I"> t'''t!i hl_'li, I'l i//iii, aiTordin;; to Hotiiriiii's nu'asnreiiiL'iit.s; OU mcUea liiyli, !.'>,':■ „.!■ ni; "-JO by 4SU by ISo feet, (Ji:indi Vurcri. 53G AXTItiriTIKS OF MEXICO. north-wost corner, ami TTumboldt's remarks nliout a stairway of stone })lot'ks may apply to this ])yiaiiml as well as to the other. Bullock states that tlie sec- ond terrace is thirty-ei_i»ht feet wide. There arc no traces of huildin^»'s on the summit or of o'allerios in the interior, but this, like the other pyrannd, ims a small mound on one of its sides near the hasr, and this mound seems to have embankments conneetim,' it with the road on the west. The House of the Sun is also surrounded on the north, south, and east, accord- ing to the report of the Mexican commission, by tlic embankment a, h, c, arent arrangement. They vary in height from four or five '- ^i-f pp. 74, .380, of this voluiiie. "Lilian's, ,Vw. Mix. Gcoq., Jiofifin, .3ra 6poca, torn, i., pp. lO:?-.'), calls it Mijciliotli". IJiusscMir, liisf. Xiif. ('ii\, toiii. i., i>]). 14S-.')1, applies the iiaiiie to tlie whule plain, ralleil by tlie Spaniards Llanu de lus Cues. D38 ANTKiUlTIES OF MEXICO. to twenty-five or thirty feet. Resjieoting tliose tlal- teles I quote from Alinar.az as follows: "In them many exeavations liavo been made, causinj^ most of the dilapidation which is noted; nome of them exe- cuted for scientific purposes in search of archjeolonjcal t)hjccts; others made by ignorant and rai)aci(»us jm- sons, impelled by a hoj^e of finding falsely rcitnittd treasures: Neither have there been wanting-, and this is the cause of most of the destructitm, jtersoiis of evil intentions who undertake to demolish tlit' iiiins in order to obtain the liewn blocks of por})hyry w liidi are used in the construction of their barbarous dwcH- ings; and they do not even preserve the blocks, l)iit break and destroy them; in this manner have pol- ished relics truly precious. Almost under my eyes there were taken from one of the tlalteles eight liowii blocks four by three and a lialf feet; the outer faros Avere sculi)tured, representing a strange and gr(»tos(jue figure, with the head of a serpent and of soniu otlior fierce animal, like a tiger or lion; they were curvod on the outsi'iuaic of twenty acres with a stone building in the iviitiT, and he also finds traces of several otlier smaller sfpnires. The streets are marked l)y large ]iilis (if rock rescml)ling — except in size — j)otato-hills, fi>niir(l by falling buildings. In the opinion of this author it is sinq)ly absurd to suppose these ]ieaj)s to liiUc been formed as separate movmds. Thonq)son ^* Aliiiamz, Apuntcs, pp. 354-5, with plate. % Ih"' nr lit I 1 , Si i' ' 44H 64a ANTIQl'ITIES OF MEXICO. also found a nunibor of circular niches two fcrt in (liauKitor on tlio bank of a ravino west of tliu otlm rejuains."* Afayur found, near i of the plan — as nearly as can he dutorinined hy his plan, which differs considiialily in detail from the one I have ^iven — a globular iii;i>s of ^mmite nineteen feet eight inches in circund'tn ii't : also, near m, the stone block shown in the cut. 1 1 is nni i The Fainting-Stone at Tcotihuacan. ten feet and a half lony Mr A rtili, is shown in the cut.** " l/^'//'c'.s- ^^l■x. an if Was, jip. '2'J2-.">, witli cut. Tliompson, ^^r.l•., p, l|ii. illiiiliii;,' ]ir<>l>at)ly to tlic saint' iiicniiimciit, Idciit.-s it "a fi'w liiiii- ilii'l viinls from tlio ])yraiiii(ls, in a secindi'd spot, slint I'losi-ly in liv two ^lll;l!l liilliii'lvs,' pronoiiiiccs it uncloulitcilly a sacrilicial stone, ami t'stimatis till' uciirlit at i.") tons. lU'iinfoy also speaks of an niisculptuml sat'rilii'ial stniM' II liy 4 liy 4 ft't't. ' I'nc fort ;ri'anil»' pioirt' st'inliialili' ;i uni' tonilii', eoincrti' ,riiii''roj,'1yplies.' /Vvvc//, Mi .vijur, p. HHi. 'A massivo stone eul- uiiiu li;ili' liurieii in the f^roinid.' lUilhifk'fi Arross Mi,i\, p. 1(>(>. "■ l'>;/ti(i. 111.-!/. Ant. M'j., torn. i.. ]>\>. •2'M-Ml •J47-'.>; iJom/ni, in J'na- rnif, Ihs/. ('„i,q. -lAi'.i'., tom. iii., ji. :V.l; Urinrlll Cn-ii-i, y. r)l4. r.iillock, .I'/'.v. Ml I-., p. lt)."», says lie saw as late as 18(»4, on tlie siiinniit of tlit; li'iii-i' lit tiie Nfooii, an altar of two liloeks, eovereil with wliiie (ilaster t'viiiriiily rei'eiit, with an aperture in the eeiitre of the upper hloek, siiii- 1»>mm1 III have i-arried oil" the lilood of vietiins. ■" /.'.„//, liiiio. Siir., Jtiiir., vol. vii., ji. 10. 'One may shut his eyes aii'l 'li i|' M dollar from liis hand, ami the ehaiiees are at least e^uul that it 5-12 AXTIQl'lTIKS OF MKXICl). Terra-Cotta Ili-atl - TtMitiliuiiPan. 1*5: The ruins of Tootihuacan, like the pyramid <<\' Cliolula, contain no intornal evidenocs ot" tluii ;i.:v. Its luiildini,' is attrihutud in difiuront records tn tlio Toltecs, Ohnecs, and Totonacs, in tlie vury lailir^t ])eriod of Naliua supremacy. Tlie name TrDtilmaciii is one of the very earliest ])reserved in Naliua ;imi;il>, and there can he l)ut little d^uht that the pyramids ar.' older than that of Chohda, or that they were hiiilt at least as early as the sixth century, the conunenccnuiit (»f what is rcLjarded as the Toltec era in Anahuac I lu' i)vramids themselves served, '.'cordinijf to tradition, as jdaces of sepidture, hut not alt(j,y'ether for thi> luir- ])osc, f(»r Teotihuacan is s})oken of as a great (•■iitio of relit^-ious worship and priestly rites, a position it would not have held had it heen simply a lairial ])lace. It is altogether i)rohal)le that the hou>r> i^t' the Sun and Moon served the douhle purpost ot tomhs and shrines, although there is no proof tliat a!iy temi)les i)roi)er ever stood on the summit as at Chohda. These structures are said to have served as models for the Aztec teocallis of later times. l)<»ii Lucas Alaman, a distinguished ^Mexican statismaii and author, helieved that the numerous terra-rutta will fall iipnii sonu'diiiifr of the kind.' Thnrnpunti^n Mr.r., p. 110. of VI tcrra-cotfa licails in Xihrl, Vlajr. Cutn of 8 lieads, jsunic tli as NflM-r.s, ill Mnycr'n Mcx. as it Wan, p. '2'2', ' >,11110 'Si TIIOTIIII'.UAX AXI> EJ;VI'T, r>i3 h.;iil> iilrc'iuly s[>()koii of wuro rclitN distiiKiitcd l»v' tlic piitsts to thu crowds of i»ilgniu.s tliat iissLiublcd at tli<: sliriiiL'S.*' Si Aiiloiiio (iiirciii V Tuhas, •f tl ic i'iitiiitn.-.r>ii)ii «lii»ic I MTIp tluii lit' I'l'iililiiiiiiaii I liave iihciI as mv , iMcf aiitlmril v, I laM MiM'f inih .1... <|iim| mm Eiisin/ii lie nil Kstiliiio niui/iiirntii'ii riitrr hix I'iiiiniiili s 1; M I' 11/111,1.1 IS, Mcxifii, 1.S7I, wliicli I liuvL" rt'ci-ivcil since wiiliii;.' llic |ii rnllli;: |i.i^'i'h. lie ;;ivfs tlu> Haine plan and view thai I liaxi il, al>i laii nt till' K;^'V|iliaii |iyrainiils in tlii> plain of (ilii/.rli, ami a platr i'i'|iic- iitiii;.' I'Mi'l of a linnian face in xtono from 'IVotilinaran. 'I'lit' aulinii' niailt! Hill' iiiMitional o)>Kt'i'vations saiis«><|ni>ntly to tlu> rxploratinn of tlit- nmi' li.^jiiii ami nivL's tlie following tliincntiionN, wliicli vary snni.'wliai t'loni !■ I liavi' ;rivi'n, I'spccially the licij^lit: Snn 'iH-' liy •_''_'0 liy (!(> mrt; iiiit. IS iiy ;<•_' nu'tiTs; slope, north anil Hoiith 'M .'V, east ami west ;Mi ; lllii^r ^UIll [lirrctiuii, i:. to \v them Hiile, H'A' N.W.; direition, N, to S. ea^t erii >ii|i. 7 N K. Direition, 'roail of the «leail,' H' 4.">' N.K. ; line tliriin;,'li ecii til- of the two |iyraiiii(ls, 10' X.W. Moon- l.'>(i l»y \'M) \t\ \i> mities. ist- iTii >lo|ie. :U HO, Hontliern slope, IW ; snininit, (! l>y (iiiii'lres; iliierlin . atli «hIi', Ns :<(•' N.W., east siile, 1 ' 30' N.K. Theanthor thinks the ilillerence till' mil iiri' nil" I'll 1 lii'i'.'lit may result fi'in, the fact that the ;;ronml on which the pyiami>l -i;iihl sliiiics towanl-. I. smith, aniniics, wliich has taken place <-hielly on the eastern face of the Slooii, has l.iiil liiiii' an inclineil |ilaiie perfectly Hiiiooth, whic'h .seems to lie the true liHc lit' llie pyramiil. 'J'liis isolateil ohservatioii woiihl not ;;ive so much fiinc til my ar^inment if it were mit accompanieil liy the same circmii- ^tanl^-• ill all the inonnmentM.' The slope of these re;j;nlar smooth snrface.H lit the Miiiiii is 47, ilill'eriii;; from the slope of the outer surface. The sum' inner smooth faces the author claims to liave foiiml not only in tin.' I>vniiiii>ls. lint in the tialteles, or smaller nionmls. Srtiarcia y < 'nlias thinks lliat ilic Tiittecs, the ilescemlants of the civili/ed jieople that Imilt the lAraiiiiils. ciivereil np thesi- toinhs ami sanctuaries, in fear of the ilepieila- timis III the .sava-'e races that came after them. ic^iMTtiii"' niisce llaii eons remain s at Teotihnacan the author savs, 'Till' iImt empties into Lake Te/cneo, with j;real fiesliets in the rainy sea- ^"11, it- riin-eiit heeomin;; at such limes very impetuous, its waters ha\o liiiil iiaii' tliron;rhont an immense extent of territory, fonmlalioiis of Iniilil- iiii;^ ainl Inirixontal layers of a very line mortar as hard as rock, all of vliiili iinlicates the remains of an immense town, ]ierhaps the Memphis of ilu'sc ii"_'iiins. Thronidiout a jjreat extent of lerritorv alioiit tl le pyra- iiiiils. till- a radins of over a leai'iie are seen the fonmlalioiis of a miiltilmlo Ht I'ljiti. it the hanks of the riviy and on hoth if III are liiiiiiij till' hiiri/ontal lavers of lime; others of earth and mud. "f tel/nntli kI lit anic tufa, sliowini: the same method of eonstruclioii; on the T'laij- 111 lueen the pvramids ami San .Fnan are distinci''- seen traces of « Imli cross eaeli other at ri'dit ani'Ies.' He also found excavations wall whirl I'll -I'l'iii to havi; furnished the material for all the strncliiies. •V" til the chief purpose for which the r/(.v^<;/o was written, the am!. or tliiini- ihc fiillowin;.; analo;,'ies lietweeii Teotihna<'an and the K;.'\ptiaii pyr aiuiil.-; 1. The site chosen is the same. 'i. Thu btructurc^ are oriei ited V i"l ■ i'H 644 ANTIQUITIES OF MEXICO. At Otuiuba few rullcs of antiquity scorn to liavc been discovered; Mayer, liowever, n'ives a cut of a pillar oruanieuted with j^eoiiietric sculptured tinuivs, which is said to have been found by Mr Poinsutt. At Tizayuca, a little north of the lake, a low hill i,, spoken of with a small hole in the top, whence isrsins continually a current of air; 1 know not whetlicr there are evidences of anything artificial al)out this cu- rious i)henonienon of more than doubtful authcutii itv. The same authority also mentions some ruined Imild- ings on the hacienda of San Miguel."'^ Brasscur de Bourbourg tells us that the ruins of Quetzalcoatr.s temple at Tulancingo were visible long after the Con- quest, and also speaks of a subterranean palace calkd Mictlancalco, and a stone cross discovered on ]\Iouiit Meztitlan. Veytia also speaks of the cross of Mcz- titlan, seul})tured together with a moon on a loCtyaiid almost inaccessil)le clitf; and Chaves barely nuiitiuuft relics of antiquity not described very definitely.''^ At the Cerro de las Navajas, near !Monte Jacal, about midway between Real del !Monte and Tulan- cingo, are the mines or quarries from which the na- tives of Anahuac arc believed to have obtained tlio large quantities of obsidian used by them in the man- ufacture of their implements and Aveapons. Tin; mines are described as oj)enings three or four i'eet in diameter and one hundred and ten to one huiidml vitli sli^'Iit vMiiiitiDii. ,"?. Tlic line tliroujjit tlio centres of tlie pyiaiiiiiU w ]!! tlie 'astriiiiiiiiiical meridian.' 4. Tiie eunstriictiini in <;ra(ies ami --tt'i^is file same. .">. In liotli eases the larjfer jiyraniiils are dediealcil to liir >iiii. ('). Tiie Nile lias a 'v.iiley nl the dead,' as in 'reotilinaciin tliert i> ;i '^iK't of tiie dead.' 7. Some nuniuincnts of each class liave llie nalinc nf tmtili- cations. 8. 'J'lio smaller mounds are of tlie same nalme and for lln' >iMiu' inirpuse. 0. Hnlli ])yramids have a small mound joiiuMl to one d liuir laces. 10. '{'he ojienin;.''s discovered in the .Moon are also foiiinl in -iiH;' K;.'y|itiaii pyramids. 11. The interior arrangement of the iiyraiiii(l> i-^ aiialoj;(>iis. '■"' Mi.firo, AiKiIrs (frl Miiii.ifrrio i'iii'' liviamiil^ !■■* and forty feet in extent, proUiibly liorizontal, with side drifts wherever the o))siili;in is of a desirahle (iuality and most ahiin(hint. Larsjce quantities of tlie matei-ial arc found in fragments of different sliapes and sizes, \\hi( h throw some light on the manner in \vhi(di the Aztecs manufactured their knives and other imj)le- inciits.''- In the vicinity of Actopan, at Mixcpiiahu- ala. we are t(dd m a Mexican government report alivady often (pioted, that clay relics are frequently discovered."^ At Atotonilco ol (Jrande, south of (Ju- antia, ^Ir Burkart found ])ieces of obsidian of many- sided j)yramidal form, from which knives had appar- ently heen split off hy tlie natives in ancient times. The art of woi'king- this intractalde material has heen juactically lost in modern times."* At Zacualtipan, in the noi'th-eastcrn portion of Mexico, a very peculiar moimment is described, con- sisting of a liouse excavated fn^m a single stone. A diMiiway on the south, with colunms at its sides, leads to an ajiartment measuring about twelve l)y seven and a half feet, and ten feet and a half higli. The riMini contains the remains of a kind of altar and a sculptured cross. A stone Ijencli extends round tlie sides, being two feet high and one foot wide. This main room is connected by a doorway on the West with another very narrow one, in the south end of \\lii(di is what is descril)ed as a kind of stone bed nieasuring three 1)V six feet, all of the same stone. Another stone neai' by has a bath, so-called, and still another, known as Ca{)arrosa, has an inscription painted in red. Thesj remains are of so extraordi- iiaiv a character, that in tli(> absence of conHrmation the report must be considered doubtful or erroneous. ''• T;il(}r\- Aiiafiiiiir, |i]>. 0(», 101). with I'lit uf a knife or sjMMr-lii'ad; Biiil.i'i-i, Miyin), tiiiii. i., lip. I'J4-."). l.iiwciistt'rii spcaUs of the o'.isiiliaii iiiiiii^iii ( iuajolofc, wliicii lie (Itwcrihcs as (iitrlu's one or two ini'irc-; wide, iiml (if varviii;;' (li'|itli; iiaviii;; only small frajjineiits of tlic iiiiiicral scat- Uriil iiLoat. Mi:rii/i> \ p. -Jll, '■" M i-irn^ Allah's ilil Minis/frill i/r Fiiinrnfo, 1854, toni. i., ]•. '-'77. ^^ Hmhirf, Mfxifii, toiii. i., p. .')1. \uL. IV. yo '.t* 510 ANTIQUITIES OF MEXICO. M It ' 1^ At Tocomal, north of Lolotla, a stone is mentioned nix feet li-.^h, whicli lias six steps leading uj) to tli." isunnnit, where is an oval hole a yard and a lialt" deep."^ At Monte Penulco Mr Latrobe s])eaks of some remains j)rol)ably of S})anish origin, like iiuiiiv others that are attributed to the antiguos."^ Near San Juan de los Llanos, in the extienie noi-th-eastern part of the state, some forty leaniiLs i'ytmi the city of Mexico, the existence of a ruimil city was reported late in the eighteenth century on {ij)})arently good authority; but I find no later inin- tion of it. The descrij)tion bears some resembliuici' to that of Metlaltoyuca, discovered in 1805, just across the line in Vera Cruz, twenty-five or thirty miles north-east from San Juan. The two grou|)s of remains may be identical, or the earlier report may refer to other monuments, many of which veiy ]>rol)- ably exist yet undiscovered in that densely woikIimI district. The ruined city near San Juan was de- scribed in 1786, by Sr Cafiete, as covering an aiva of one league by three fourths of a league, siir- lounded by walls of hewn stone laid without nioitar, five to eight feet high and very thick. A street lim- ning from east to west was paved with volcanic stom\ worn smooth, and guarded by battlements, or sidi- w^alls. Several ruined temples, sculptured blocks of stone, stom^ metates and other implements, stone statues of men and animals — including a lion — were found here, but all of a ratlier coarse workmaiishii). A tall pine was growing on the summit of one of the temples, and there seemed to l)e some evidonie that the town had been abandoned for want o^ ;i supply of water. "^ !» ^^r.riro, Aiinlrn dd Mliiiaterio de Fomento, 1854, foin. i., Jtp. (1.211-4, Tli); Hunslcni, Xotiritis, ]>]>. 48-5», (i!). "G lAitnihf's liiimlilir, p. 7">. 37 J. F. R. C<(i)r/i; ill A/zaiiii' vicinity. It REMAINS AT TULA. 547 At Tula, north-west of tlie city of Mexico, tlie ancient TuUan, the Toltec capital, wo are told that c>ctfnsive ruins remained at the time of tlie Con- (|iiist,'''' but very few relics have survived to the ])res- int time, althoui,di some of the few that have hecn tiiiind here are of a somewhat extraordinaiy cliaracter. Thr cut shows both sides of an earthen vase from Eurtlicn Vase— Tula. Tula, which, as Mayer says, is "of exquisitely grained and tempered material, and ornamented with figures in iiit(«/(i<>, reseml)ling those found on the monuments ill Yucatan."**" Villa-Senor y Sanchez, one of the early S[ianish writers, names Tula as one of the many liHiilitics where giants' bones had been found.™ A Cdniiiiission from the Mexican Geograjihical Society, cmnixisL'd of Drs Manfred and Ord, — the latter an old resident of California, who takes a deep interest in the anti([uities and history of the Pacific States — with Mr Porter C. Bliss, —whose large collection ol' Mexican works, with some curious relics of anti((uity, lias hccn lately added to my libi-ary — and Sr (jiai'ci'a yCuhas, made an exploration of Tula ami vicinity in l^7M, bringing to light some interesting momimcnts, "f wiiich an illustrated account was published in the holctiii of the society. The cut shows a very curious il(»ui)le column of basalt, somewhat over eight feet •>' rrrsroffs .Vrx., vol. i., p. 1.3. *'■' M'lu-r, in Sr/ioofrnifTs Arrft., vol. vi., p. 588, pi, iii., fi^r. 1, 2.; lil., •W^A .I;.'"', ill'., vol. ii., p. -.MS; /,/., Ml\c. as it }\'as, jip. 107-S. '"" Tiir,(/ru, tola, i., ]ip. Sii-7. , : 543 ANTIQUITIES OF MEXICO. Basaltic Column — Tula. hig'h. The sculptured knots are interpreted l)y tlie coniniissioners mentioned as the tlaljuUi, or jHiiods of thirteen years. None of them occur on tlie ruvi rsc of the cohimn. Otlier reht-s discovered by this |iait\' inchided hah' of what seemed to be a kind of caltii- dar-s*^')ne, a hiri^e animal in basalt or monster idnl, and some hiero<^ly}»]iio sculptures on the clitf of tlif Cerro de la Malinclie. There were also found tlio three fragments shown in the cut, which are iiitciL'st- Parts of a Column — Tula. ing as showing an aboriginal method of forniiiiL;' e iiit'trivd that tlie blocks were artificially shaped if iii)t siuliitured.^"'^ Another author savs that on the same liacii iida an idol six feet hin'h has been found, '"^ and iiiciitions some ruins of d\vellinL;s al)out Jacala in the Tula district, especially at Santa ^laria de los Alamos iiiid ( 'tiro Prieto, and also a pillar in the middle of the Hill (le .\[ontezuma.^"* ( )ther remains vaguely reported t(j exist in this i)art of the state include a subterranea)> aivli at Huehuetoca, between ^Fcxico and Tula, built liv tlie natives to kee[) the water from the capital; and a y'roup of ruins at Chilcuautla, amon^' which are those of a temple of stone and mortar, and a pyramid til'ty-Hve feet long and seven feet high, with steps iu a good state of preservation.^"' Still further north-west in the state of Queretaro, three groups of antiquities are re])orted, but very in- adequately described. At l^ueblito a league and a half south of the city of Queretaro, said to have lueii a favorite resort for Mexican tourists and in- valids m the last centurv, there stood on a natural ele- vatioii, in 1777, the foundations of a large rectangular huildiiiij:. The walls were ])uilt of stones laid in clav, and were not, when visited, standing above the level of the ground, one or two feet having been, however, hrou^ht to light by excavaMon. On the east and West of t inain buildin»y K l(d^ an( 1 oth ler relics, iiu hiding ruiiiid polished stones pierced through the centre, ai'i; f^aid to Jiave been taken. A i)avement of clav is also sitokm of in connection with these ruins. ( )n the anil' elevation stood an artificial sugar-loaf-shaped luoiiiid, built of alternate lavers of loose st( )nes an( I laud, having at its summit a level mesa thirty-three 10) J/, ih-(t, in Prrsrntt, JJIaf. Cnvj. Mrx., toni. iii., p. 04. p, .s:u Aiiiilr.s del Miuidrriu id: Foiiuutu, 1854, torn, i., |>. 20.3. ^"^ hi, pj.. 417, iitO-.SOO. m t:V; ft! II 550 ANTIQUITIES OF QUEUETAKO. fuct in diameter. It is said tliat many idols, S(ul|it- ured fVagnieuts, pedestals, architectural deconitimis, and Hint arrow-heads from Puehlito, wuie sint to enrich collections in the city of Mexico, 'riic unlv writer on the subject, Sr Morfi, attempts some de- scriptions of the scul[)ture, but as is usual with sudi accounts unaccompanied by cuts, they convey no idcu whatever of the subjects treated. Certain adohL' ruins of doubtful anticpiity were also shown to tliL- author mentioned.^"" In the Sierra de Canoas, between thirty and tnity miles north-east of Queretaro, is a stee]> hill known as Cerro de la Ciudad, the summit of which is wrv strongly fortified. A lithograjdiic plate showing' a general view of the hill is given in a Mexican gov- ernment report, but I do not coi)y it because tlic view is too distant to show anything furtliei- tliaii Avhat has already been said; namely, that the lidl i.> steep, and the sununit covered with strong stniie fortifications. Another plate shows sinii>ly tlir ar- rangement of the stones, which are brick-sIiajiLd blocks, wliose dimensions are not given, laid in a mortar of reddish clay and lime. There are in all forty-five defensive works on the hill, including' a wall al)out forty feet in height, and a rectangidar ])latform with an area of five thousand S(|uaic tret. Some large trees, one of them three hundred years old by its rini>s, are urowinij: over the ruins. It is very unfortunate that we have no grountl plan ot tlu'se fortifications.*"^ Two or three leagues north-west of the ruiii> last mentioned is the rancheria of Kanas, situnttd in a small valley enclosed by hills on every side, on tlu' summits o\' most of which are still to be seen ti art's of an ancient population. The fortifications on tlase hills seem to resend)le, so far as may be detennincd los Miirfi, Vitiijr, in Dor. Hist, ^fr.l•., st'rio iii., toin. iv.. i>|p. .'U'J-I f Ali- prc, J/isf. Com/), i/c Jisii.i, ♦oiu. ii., ji. 1G4, altso sjioaks of .sniiu' >iiiiill iiiounils at l*uel)lito. 1^" Mta:iru, Mem. dc hi Sec. Justieia, 1873, pp. 21G-17, two \<\dU>. CAXOAS AND RAN AS. 551 liv tlio sllu'lit ac'connts cxtiiiit, tliust.' of tlio Itarraura- ir'wi |»L!iiiiisular jilatcuux of* Vera Cruz. One liill- siiiiimit oil the north lias a pvraiiiid sixtv-Hvc ti-rt s'niaic at the hasf, witli four stairways loiuliun" to t!i(! toj). Near tlie }>yi'iinii(l is a hurial mouiid, or nilril/o, ill wliicli witli a hiiiiiaii skeleton were loiiiid iiKiriiie shells, pottery, and heads. The eiiicillos are iiuimroiis throughout the whole rejjfictii, and marine slirjls are of frecjueiit occurrence in them. From a iiiiiiiMil ill the vicinity of San Juan Del Rio some iiliils were taken as well.^"^ Fiom an article read hefore the ^lexican rjeoiicraphic- al Society hy Sr JJallesteros in 1872, 1 (juote the t'olliiwiiiLC extracts: "What all down to the ]>resent tiiii' called cities (Canoas and Kaiias), are only the tuitilied points which jji'uarded the city proper, whii-Ii was situated hetweeii the two at the pc^iiit called lia- nas, wliere was the residence of the nudiarch. In a rL';;i(»n al)solutely hrokeii up and cut in all directions liy oiiormous harrancas, caused hy the sinkinj^ of whole iiiountains, the settlement could not be svnimetricallv liid out, hut was scattered, as it is still found, in the Itiittniii of ravines, on the slopes and tops of the hills for many leaijfues." A small lake, and a perennial spriiii,^ arc su|)posed to have heen the attractions of this Iticality in the eyes of the ancient peojtle. " ( )n all the hills alxiut are still seen vesti<.^es of their inoiiu- iiKiits, particularly what are called cuicillos, scattered ill every direction from the i)uehlo of El Doctor to the I'liiks of the streams that drain the valley o])posite /^iiiiapan, anli((l to remove, were reduced to dust l>y the simple tiuicli of the liand. This circumstance may serve to-d.iy as a j)roof that the cuicillos are nothinjj^ l)ut nutituarv monuments erected over tlie sepulchres of j)ers()iis df rank, more or less ^-rand accordiniif to the jiowcr of the puehlo, or of tlie relatives (►f the deceased. ' 'Tin idea of a remote antiquity is ]>roved l»y the |ti of the remains of very larLje oal CSCllCI' W hicl I sprati^' iiji amonijf the edifices, lyfrew and died, and IVom tlieaslus of which others equally lari>;'e have orown up Mini cover to-day the majestic remains with their slmdc" "The summit of the hill on which it [tlu; foi'tilicatiuiij "Nvas founiled is somewhat over a (luarter of a K .c'lU' long, ai three tlu)usand pi; id between ^vall and wall there is rooi ithout crowdiuij:. The tci sink Km f tl le men mountains cut down n inr riMr th \i\. le ciirrs, wiinii ai e ])erpendicular on the north to a height of ii\rr eleven hundred feet. On the brow of the clitf was built the superimposed wall of stone, of a very i(»ii- siderable thickness, and terraced on the interior win le the warriors were sheltered. On the highest p.iit nf the wall there is a kind of tower, the 1ieii>ht of wliicli IVom the bottom of the ravine is not less than sixteen luiiKb'ed and fifty feet. The hill has only one en- trance, but at the same time it has three j)r()jeeti ])oints which ini])eded the enemy from api)roaeliiiiu suflicient numbers to make an assault. At tlii ])oint \> in s same the tl •hid th nee el ower wliicli was })erlia])s tlie resulei the chief of the fortress, the view from which eoin- maiided the only two roads by which the ei lelllles lid couUl ap[)r(.)acn The two fortifications (( 'anoas ami lianas) are about two lea,iL»'ues distant one from tli other, and throughout the whole extent are sei'ii th remains of the settlement, which territory the native still inhabit. That roac'li to CjulL'n.'Vt:i aii.l riualdo AiuoW'"'-' I liavo Dow moiitionod ull the relics of anti(iuity that liavf ht'cii found in stated localities within the cciitial ^Fexican region, wliich was to constitute tli(^ ^f('n'.;iaj>liical basis of this cha])ter. iJesides these nljrs, liowever, there are verv many others in aiiti- (|ii;nian collections, puhlie oi- private, in different ])ait.s of tlie Morld, respecting- which ull that is known is that tiusy are Mexican, that is, were hroiiyht from some jtart of the Mexican Hepuhlic, <»r I'Ven from thi' no rthern Central Anu^ricau stat es. Trol )altlv a lai'^vr i)art did actually originate in that j)art of the lupiihlie which has been treated of in the ])reseiit ami tlu! two preceding- chapters. Very few, if any, caiiic from the hroad northern rei»ions, Avhose \'v\v scattered remains will form the sid)ject of the follow- iiii;' cliajtter. Neither do the general remarks of dif- toiviit writers on Mexican anti(|uities lefer, excejifc very slii^htly, to any northern nuMunneiits; conse- iHitiitly I may introduce liere better than elsewhere such miscellaneous matter as wouKl naturally come at the close of my descri])tiou of Nahua aiiti(|iiitit!s. The collections in the city of ^Texico, end>racin'^ vchcs (tf aboriginal times gathered at vlitferi'ut dates tVniii all })aits of the country, are ilescribed by trav- elers us very rich, but little cared for. Tbt' public ('(ijh'ctions were gradually united in the National Museum, whei'e it is to i)e supj)osed they an' still |nvsiiv('d and cared for under novi'rmne'iit auspices. M. (h' Waldeck at otie time imdertook tlu! woik ol" ]>uhiishins the most complete account of the monuiiiciits gathered in this and some other collections in tliu city of Mexico, illustrated by many cuts besides thdso wliich I 'lave had occasion to copy or to mention in describin<^' the monuments of particular localitiis. I make some quotations from this author resptctiiii,'' miscellaneous objects. "In the city of Mexico I constajitly saw serpents, carved in stone, in tlu; ^a^i- ous collections of antitjuities. One was presented to lue by the Conde del l*enasco, and the drawinos he- low rei>resent the fii^ures of two 'feathered seri»eiit.s,' which, after considerable labor I disinterred (1 may say,) from a heap of dirt and rubbish, old hexes, chicken-coops, and decayed fruit, in the court-yard of the University." "The carvinof with which thiv are covered is executed with a neatness and o-racefuhie!?s that would make them, as mere ornaments, worthy of the chisel of an ancient sculptor." "On the benches around the walls, and scattered over the Hoor, are numberless fii^urcs of dogs, monkeys, lizards, birds, serpents, all in seemingly inextricable confusion and n» Fossey, Mcxique, pp. 213-14. THK MKXICAX MISEUM. C55 utter ncufk'ct." A mortar of ImHult ^vith a roiled sti|iriit round the rim, and a heautilully cut liumau liLiid of the same material. "In the a(lj(»inini,'' cases [o\' the Museum] are all the smalka- Mexican anti<|- uitits, which have heen ji^athered toytitlur hy the liilior of many years, and arran;L^ed uith some atten- tion to system. In one department you tind the li.itchets used hy the Indians; the ornaments of hiads (it" (thsidian and stone worn round their necks; the iiiiirois of ohsidian; the masks of the same material, which they hunt in the de])artment of picture-writings; it contains a lari;c number of stone idols and trinkets, pi|tes, and calendars. The Christy collection in London is ])ar- tieulai'ly rich in small scul})tured figures, many of them from Central America. It includes the sipiat- tiiig female figure carved from hard black basalt, "• Mucin's Mrx. fix it TI',7.9, pp. 31-2. 84-.', ST-lOfi. '272-fl; /'A, Mix. Az- '"', (^■., vol. ii., pp. 205-74; /y llinnholdt as an iV/Avc prioHtoss;"'- aiul also lnonzo mt'dlos and tin; l»it)nzo bells shown in tin- cut, which I take IVoni Tylor. The wamo author aUo nroiizc Bells — Clirinty Collection. describes and illustrates various other relics seen Ity him in Mexican and European collections. Tlusc in- clude stone and ol)sidian knives, spear-heads, and arrow-heads; lieads and small idols in terra (Dtta; pottery, consistiiii^ of vases, altars, censei's, lattKs, flageolets, and whistles; and masks of obsidian, stdiio, wood, and terra-cotta, lves})ecting' obsidian ivlics Mr Tylor says, "Anyone who does not know (jbsidiaii may imau'ine i>reat masses of bottle-y'lass, such as diir orthodox ugly wine bottles are made of, very liard, very brittle, and — if one breaks it with any ordinary implement — j^oing", as glass does, in every dirt'ctidii but the right one." "(Jut of this rather unpromising' stutt' the JSIexi 'ans made knivef., razors, arrow- and epear-heads, an '. other tilings, some of great beauty. 1 say nothing ♦f the polished obsidian mirrors and ornaments, nor ven of the curious ma^ks of tlu' liii- nian face that i e to be seen in collections, for tln'se were only labor) usly cut and i)olished with jtwrKis' sand, to us a co' 'mon-})lace process." "We got sev- eral obsidian maces or lance-heads — one about ten 112 llumbohU, Vites, torn, i., pp. 51-fi, [date of front and roar; /"' , in Antiq. Mf.r., toni. i., div. ii., i)p. 1(-1(», suppl., ])1. i. Ht'inarksoii tln' ^intiie liv Visi'onti, in hi., p. 32; i'iates iti LinriKUii/ii^re, Mr.v. it (iiml.. |il- xxviii., I). 48; J'rcsroft, Hist. Coii'j. Mcx., toni. i., p. 389; und V' I "J'dd'n Antii/. Aiiter., p. GI. MOSAIC WUKK. BST nu']\M lonsf -wliicli were taper from base to point, an ! luvtied witli tai)c'r Hutin<^H; and tlierc are otlier tliiinjfs which present jjfreat difticulties." "Tlie axes and cliisL'ls of stone are so exactly like those found in Eii- n»j hiitcjiets. "Many speciiniius are to he seen of the ivil and hlack ware of Cholula." "The terra-cotta rattlijs are very characteristic. They Jiave little halls ill them wiiich shake ahout, and they puz/led us iiiiich as the a))ple-dumplin_ijf did i^ood Kinreat .syniinetiy, is studded also with numerous projecting j)ieces of tunpioise, rounded and polished." The wood is tlie fragrant cedar or cypress of Mexico. The knit'i; handle is "scub>tured in the form of a crouching hu- man figure, covered with the skin of an eagle, and j)resenting the well-known and distinctive Aztec tyjic of the human head issuing from the mouth of an ani- mal." "The second mask is yet more distinctive. The incrustation of tunjuoise-mosaic is placed on tlie forehead, face, and jaws of a human skull.... The mosaic of turquoise is interrupted by three hinad transverse bands, on the forehead, face, and chin, ot a mosaic of obsidian similarly cut (but in larger jiiece.-«i and highly polished, — a very unusual treatment of this difficult and intractable material, the use of which in any artistic way, appears to have been confined to the Aztecs (with the exception, perha})S, of the Egyiitians). The eye-lialls are nodules of iron-pyrites, cut iieiiii- M^ ..!■■ ; - \?, I THE AZTEC HUITZILOl'OCHTLI. 669 siilicrically and liighl}'' polished, find are surrounded liv circles of hard white shell, similar to that toi'niino- the teeth of tlie wooden mask. The Aztecs made t'i.iir mirrors of iron-pyrites polished, and are the only pe()j)]e who are known to have })ut this material 1 1 oiiiamental use." These mosaic relics, and two >iiiiil;ir l)ut danuiL^'ed masks at Co}>enhaj4en, are proh- alily American, if not Aztec; hut this cannot he directly proved ; for while soniethini*' is known of their iuir()|>ean history, their origin cannot he detinitely as- aTt;iiiied."^ The image shown in the following cut is given hy Image of Huitzilopochtli. Sr Ciimdra as representing the Aztec deity Huitzilo- jMclitli, although he gives no reason for tlie opinion ; unr ddcs he name the material, or dimensions of tiie relic Sr Chavero also spealcs of several images of the same god, in his possession or seen by liim. They •He (if sandstone, granite, mai"l)le, quartz, and one of s iliil n()hh Several had a well-detined heard."" (Jon- "ha L;ivos plates of many weapons, imphinents ui' ^'■uljitine and sacrifice, funeral urns, and nmsical in- struments. The Diacaua, an Aztec aboriginal wea})on, "' W'lli/rrk; Pnh-iiqiir, p. viii., pi. x!,v. ; Ti//ors Aiirihiinr, jip. 1 10, M7- '■' Mr r\ lor iiott's tliiit in an old work, Altlnnutnihis, Miisnitni M lullinini, ''"lii^'iia liUS, tlii-re wore (lrawin;,'s of a Unifo and wooden mask with ino- ^■iii'"iii;iiiicntation, Itut of a dillereiit (lesi;,'n. '■'' /'(■' \(7(/^, Hifit. Coil'/. .'»/. I'., toin. iii., p. 70, jil. xiii.; C/ntrrro, in 'j'dlu, llumOns Iluntfcn, torn, i., pp. 14G-7; Gilltuiii'n True, pp. 41-5. I il I I i'i I 11 I ! I p if "' ""~,"ra 1' i" 1'' w 5C0 ANTIQUITIES OF THE MEXICAN REPl P.Lir. shown in tlie cut, is coi)ie(I from one of his plates. The material is probably a basaltic stone."' ^ (y^^^at8a-a-artg -B^5^-__ W 'lli'i An Aztec Macina. In 1831 a report was n>.tde to the French Geo- j^raphical Society on a collection of drawinys of JSIexican anti([iiitics executed l)y M. Franck. This collection embraced drawings of about six luuidrcd objects, most of them from the National Museum in Mexico; ei«^hty in the museum of the Philosophical Society at Philadelphia; forty in the Penasco col- lection in Mexico, and others belonifiniif to Castafitda and other private individuals. They were classilitd as follows: one hundred and eii^hty figures of men and women; fifty-five human heads in stone or clay; tliirty masks and busts; twenty heads of difll;rent aiiiinals; seventy-five vases; forty ornaments; six l)as-rrlit'fs: six fragments; thirty-three flageolets and whistles : and a miscellaneous collection of weapons, ini}»lc- ments, and divers objects. 118 Sixteen specimens of Mexican relics, in the posses- sion of M. Latour-Allard in Paris, are reprcsciitcd by Kingsborough luiaccompanied by explanations. The objects are mostly sculptured heads, idols, and animals. Bullcx'k also gives plates of six Mcxiciiu idols, about which nothing definite is said; Hunilnddt pictures an idol carried by him from Mexici to Berlin; and Nebel's ])lates show about thirty miscel- laneous relics, in addition to those that have hcea already mentioned. Humboldt also ofives an A/.tcc hatchet of green feldspath or jade, which has in- cised figures on its surface. He remarks that lie 11' I'irscoff, Ili.sf. r„„q. Mix., toin. iii., pp. 82, 87. 00. 101, pi. xv.-xv. ii'*.s'w. (iaiij., JiiiNr/iii, Unn. v., No. '.C), p. 11(5, No. 'J8, \i. I'S:!, ct .ii'4-; IVun/cii, ill Aiifiij. M(.i:, toiii. i., iliv. ii., pp. 30-40. r. Is plates. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 5G1 never lias found this iiuxterial 'in place' in !N[cxioo, altliiiii^ii axes mado of it aiu c(.)ninion enough."'' The two musical instruments shown in the cuts are taken nch Oeo- winn's of 3k. This hundred useuiu ill losojihiral iaseo cul- Jastafifda [iHsitied as men and ly; tliirty , animals; Eis-reliet's: Avhistlts: .k- mi} le posscs- iresciited mat it Ills, ois, and ^Fexieaii umliiildt exifit to iiiscei- V 1 lieeii ■m Aztec ha> iii- that lie 1. XV -N>;. Aztec Flageolet. fmrn Waldcck's plates. Their material is terra cotta."° Other miscellaneous cuts and descriptions Tcrra-Cotta Musical Instrument. are n'iven in the work of the CJerman traveler Mul- It'i'. and in the ap[)endi.\. to the ( Jerman translation of Drl Kio and Cabrera.'^^ Jose ^lari'a Butstamante tnld Afr Lyon of an ohsidian ring, carried away hy Iltniil)(ddt, which was perforated round the eircum- teniiee so that a straw introduced at one side would traver.se the circle and come out aLiain at the same '^ Kiiii\^lii)rnu92, et slmj. ; Cabrera, lii.srhrriliiDnj rincr ullt.K I'^t'ii/t. a|)p('iiilix. Vol. IV UO ■ wsi 1 > << li I J t. TWa 'h^ 562 ANTIQUITIES OF TIIK MEXICAN KEITUMr. opening.*-^ The two idols shown in tho cut wtrc Aztec Idols— British Museum. copied by Kini^sboroiig-h's artist in the Brltisli ^\n- seum. The figures of the cut are one sixtli of tlir original size.^"^ Prescott tells us that "a ^lent rol- lection of ancient pottery, with various other spKi- niens of Aztec art, the gift of Messrs l\)insftt and Keating, is deposited in the cabinet of the Aiuovicaii Philoso})hical Society, at Philadelphia," a list of tlie relics having been printed in the Transactions <>[' that Society. 121 riiiillic Itclic in National Museum. '?2 Z//r))f'.s- Joiiriifif, vol. ii., p. 11!>. ''■" l\i)i th(JUi(ht to be the dedication of tlie oreat teni|ilt.' nf Mexico, begun by Tizoc and c()ini»leted l)y Ahuitzntl. The same bh)ck is shown in one of Waldccks I )hites, 125 I may also notice a small collet-t Kill (it jVIexican relics in my possession, obtained by JNnttr 0. Bliss dui-inn- his travels in the country. Tliis col- lection includes a i»rotes(pie mask of clay; a head of terra-cotta, eight inches high and six inches uidu, in- cluding head-dress; a small head carved from liiiiL- stone; u wooden te})onaztli; a co[)per coin oi' hutdut: five terra-cotta faces, whose dimensions ai. nciu rally V or- ith ubout two indies; six fragments of j)()tteiT, must iiamented with raised and indented Hgui'es one w raised fiijfures added after the vessel was coniiiKtrd. one with painted tiii'ures, one <>'lazed, and oi 1 le apjiar- ently engi'aved; and seven I'ragments, some of wliirh seem to have been handles or legs of large \(>si|-.. J close my description of Mexican Antiipiitics witii the two following (piotations, somewhat at \ariaiicr witli the matter contained in tlie ])receding pa^vs. "This, like otlier An)eiMcan countries, is of too icivia civilization to exhibit any monuments t>f anticjuity. "'-" " I am informed by a person who resided long in N\u Spain and visited almost every province of it. tliat there is lutt, in all the extent of tliat vast enij)iiv. any momimeiit or vestige of any building more ain ii hi than the coiuiuest, nor of any bridge or hi'-hwav cept some remains of the causeway from (!uai! r\- Ih'lll to the gate of .Mexico."^-'' 1 gi\e in a note a li-t authorities which contain descriptions more or \< comjiK'te of ^fexican relics, but no infurmatiini in ad- dition to what has been presented I'JS 12-, A' Xof Id. Ill I'rcsrui/, Hist. Cfiii'/. ^^l.l•., tom. a. 1()(;--J1; Wiihlirk; /'ii/niiji'r, pi. Hi I-'' lli;//,iilir.s Vliiri,/ llir U'or/i/, Vol. v., [i. .VjrS. '-' lidlii r/stiii'.i Ilis/. Aiinr., vtil. i., p. "JCiil. ^'^* Aiiqnix, J'ruiii. en Aiiicr., toiu. ii., pp. 'JOlJ-T, il'l'l- I'l'- .».S7-02; .1 riii'ii, ir IC. 1, or Frlu to |V]il'l>- ZOC. Tln' ilptinv i> teinplt' of ■Vlmit/.iitl. Waldcrk'. Icctiuu iif by J'drttr This cul- a lirad (if s ^vi(K■, iii- Voiu liuK- »r liutclut : mostly iii- - out' with „'uin|ikti(l. jiio ai'iiar- ot' wiiirli i-e V('ssc!>. iiitirs witli t variaiuv no' |ia;^vs. ()0 rriTlit uity."'- .• in Ni'W it. tli;il i|)iiv. ;iiiy (■ aiii'i'i.t iway. i\' ia(lal.'ii|i- . a li~t pf loll in ail- ii., >iiiti-.i'r' til NAIIUA MONUMENTS. 5G5 No tjcnoral view or rt'smiid of Naliua monuments seems necessary here, nor are extensive coneliidinn" itiiiaiks called for, in addition to wliat lias been said ill coiiiiection Avith particular jj^roups of monuments, and to the conclusions which the reader of the pre- (•idiiiu;' pa<,a'S will naturally form. The most imj)ort- iiiit l)carin<^ of the monuments as a whole is as a iniitinuation of the Nahua civilization as it was found to exist in the sixteenth century, re})orted in the pages of the conquerors and early chroniclers, and as All'- .Ui:r., pp. 47-50; Aiifhrirs' Ilhixt. W. lurl., pp. 73-4; P,emifny\i Mix. Illiislr., |ip. 198-9; lioiiinjri(st/c\i S/kiii. Awn:, vol. i., ]t. .')•_'; Ilrail/Dnl's Aijin-. Aiifiq., jip. 108-1.3; Broir/irll'.i Itid. liarrs, pp. 50-4; ('((lilrroii (If Id I'nn-ii's I.i/rni .V(\i\, Vol. i., ]>. 93, vol. ii.,p. 1.3(i; <.'li5; Dnnocnifir lirriru; vol. xL.jip. (Jll-13; Jiiirii Aiir. Aiitrr., jip. G-7; Drlo/iild'-s Anfiq. Aiiirr., pp. ,30, 50, (>1; 7>i;- 'li, Jour., pp. 'J89, 371; /yOrliif/in/, Vojutfjr, p. ,3.3t); J'^'liiibiirijh llr- .Iiilv, lS(i7; EIrmnilof (le d'loif. Vii'il, ]>. 29; Kraii.f' Uiir i!i.stcr Jlr/)., Xi):i; Fro.^r.s I'l'rt. Jli.sf. Mr.r', pp. 44-0; (iillidtns Trnr., i)p. 95-9; Mill' rir/r. Hist. (1)1(1 Groq. Mrin., ])]). 45-(); Id., Anciriit ^fl■.r., vol. i., ]i[ •JOIS; (irri/(iri/\^ Hist. Mr.r., p. 17; Groiic, Jirirfr, ])p. 9 !-•_', 90-7; Ihllrr, ll'i.-i'ii, pp. 148-50; llrljis' Spun. L'onq., vol. i., pp. '_'S8-90, vol. ii., \>. 1 (1; ll-i:'ir/, Kirrlini-drsrliirhtr, toiii. ii., p. 499; llill'n TrarrLs, vol. ii., ]>]). 'S.iS- 4J; Ili.s>. Mmj., vol. iv., p. "271; Kniditll's A'((r., vol. ii., j). 328; Klrnnn, '■„// iir-drm hir.htr, ti 111. v., i)p. 5-0, 8, .17-19. 137-43, l.")3-()3; Larruiaid nrr. M'.i: if l lli.sf.. •J93, 2-.t5, 400, 440, 400; MrS/irrri/'s El Piirlirro, yy. 151-5; Mrji ih. Mr.v.l .Vr dr III Srr. K.sludo. 1835. I'I» I I II 42-4; Mr ■III- /.iiHfiindr, j)p. 372-0; Mrxirn, Trip to, \t. (ili; .Mr.rico, Slorir,^ of. NT. 105; Mr.rirn in IS.}.', J)]). 80-7; Mniii/larr, Ji l.p. .5, ii-i;{. S; ]f',rfiiii'.i Critnin Amrr., p. 149; .IKivi, ('nrtus Mrj., y\^. 80, 90-3, 132 Wrrrrlil, ](. 219; M iildrnpfordt, Mrjiro, toll :U',l-.V.I: M,„ifi(, |i 22'.t, torn, ii., pt ii., jip 1, :95, 318-19, ,3.")2; Mall iiirriuiiniA ■hr r yli'iiiiiim, ]ip. 45, 457-9. 4(i3-4, 400-8. 49S-9. 543-5, 549-02, (1 42-0; Xiiriiuni'.i H'iiiililr<< in Ym:, ])p. 277-80; /'/., Juinddr.i bij Land and H'litrr, \t\>. 199- -ii); X'l/t mid Gliildon'.s Indii/. h'nn-.s-, pp. 184-7; I'imrntrl, Afrm. .suhrr In H'K'i Iiiiliqrnii, j)p. 9-10, 54-.5'; I'l-isrot/'.-i Mr.r., vol. ill., jip. 402-4; Pri '3-0, 111 l'i-i'-il's .\ini-r. Aniii/., p]). 255-7; llnnhiiiii'.s lli.sf. lirsriirrhrs, jip. 353-t lill'i I,.. . J t ir - A"^ ¥ I !.- \' ....-II... I I.. . .1.. T' W-'.\\ Uii.(lons Ad rrn. Mr.r p. 4 [d.. I'^'iO, toni. rxxvi.. jip. 45-0; Sntxrday Miiijar. rllr.s Aiindlc.s dr.s ]'iii/. nir, vol. VI. 2,\' .. 4'J SilllUII s I'll ■/>//)..<, pp. 1."),'), l.")7, p.lO, 283; Siir. Afrx. Groij., JSolrtin, 2din'-\>i>rii, ttilii '■ |>. 37; Sliiirk'.i ('ill. Srrnp-lioiik., p. 057; Ti(i/iir, in Conil/r d'Arrh. 1 800 ]). 142; Tdi/liir'.-i Kldonido, vol. ii., pp, 159-0(»; Tlininp -I''., I'p. 110-17 213; flnimiiirl, Mr.riko, pp. 134-.5, 182-3, 240-7, 3.3(1; Tii.liir'.s Xnr., vol. ii., pp. 239-40, 2.53-5; Wnldrrk, I'oi/. Pitt., )). 72: .'.M-i; 'I'/i'ins. Grni). ii. Sl((t.. \)\>. 180, 18S, 192, 190; Wi^r'.i Los Grin ijos. ]i] Will I'j'n Hint. Mcx., p. 21. inirr. Hist., pp. 73-4, 87-9; fl'urtlri/'s Trav., pp. 194-8; 1-5 . I r>u(> ANTIQl'ITIKS OF THE MKXICAN UKPrHLIC. it lias l)ueii exliiljited in a procL'diiiLjf vohnnL-. Tli.it thc'i'o were exa<4;i4'e rat ions in the reports that h;i\(' t'oiiio down to us is (loul)tlt'ss true, as it is \,iv natural; hut a ])coj)lo who (,'ould execute the Wniks tliat have heeii descrihed and pictured in this and tlio two })i'ecedini( chapters, were surely far advanced iii luany of the elements of what is termed civilizatinn. And all this they did, it nmst be rememhered, wliili.' ])i'actically still in their 'stone ai^'e;' for althoui^h cn])- ])er M>,s used by them, it has been seen that ini|ilc- ments of that metal but randy occur in the li>t of relics described. It is d(iubtful if any known }ic(i]»]u ever advanced so far under similar circumstances— that is in their 'stone a^'e,' or in the earlier stages of their 'bronze aire' — as did the Nahuas and ^lavas of this continent. Not oidy do the northern nKmnmcnts conlirni tlio re])orted culture existing- at tiie Concpiest, but tiny a^ree, so far as they «.^o, with the traditional aiiii.ds of Anahuac dur'.ni^ the centuries preceding' the coiii- ino' of the Spaniards. Teotihuacan and Cholula dif- I'ei- fi'oni any woiks of the later Nahua epochs; while Xochicalco and ]\Iitla are far superior to any known works of the Aztecs i)roper. All remains sustain tlic traditions that the Aztecs were superior to their iiriL;]i- liors (diieriy in the arts of war, and that the oldei- in- habitants were more devoted to the arts of architecture and sculpture, if not more skillful in the practice of them, than their successors. Still, this must not ho imderstood to indicate anythino- like a permanent de- terioration, or the be,oinnin_o' of a baidvward niaicli of civilization, Avhose march is ever onward, altlmuLili making but little account of centuries or oeneratioiis. 'JMie comparison of Nahua with ^laya monunieuts is a nu)st interestin!»- subject, into the details of wiiieli 1 do not propose to enter. In the use of the pyram- idal structure, comnuni to l)oth branches of Anieii- caii civilized nations, and in a few scul}itured end>!eiii> there is doubtless a resemblance; but this likeness is N.MIUA AND MAYA UKLICS. 5C7 utti rly iiisnffit'lont to support wliat has been in tho p;iM a favorite! theory anumi^ writers on the subject; — iiaiiu'ly, tliat of a civiHzed people nii_L,n*atiuiif slowly soutliwai'd, and leavini^ behind them traces of a y'rad- iially iiiii)roving but identical culture. The resem- liliuices in ([uestion have in my opinion been <,^reatly ix;iL:m'rated, and are altogether outnumbered and uiitwrighed by the marked contrasts, which, as they ixist between the monuments of Yucatan and Chia- pas, ami those of Mexico and V^era Cruz, do not need to lie pointed out to one who has studied the })reced- hi'j; descriptions. It is true that the best archi- tortural specimens of Nahua art have been entirely (k'strnyed, still there is no reason to doul)t that if they could be partially restored they would reseml)le the structures of Vera Cruz, or at best, Xocliicalco, ratlii r than those of Uxmal and Palen(pie. Till- ditferences between the northern and southern ivmaiiis, while far more clearly marked than the re- sLinliLinccs, and constituting a much more forcible aintiiiieiit against than in favor of the theory that all American peoples are identical, must yet not be lyi^aicK'd as in any way conclusive in the matter; for it may be noticed that the likeness is very vague be- tween the Nicaraguan idols of stone and those carvctl hy the hands of tho northern Aztecs. Yet the peoples were doubtless identical in blood and lan- .iiua^o, as tho divinities which the respective artists attempted to symbolize in stone were the same. The leader will jirobably agree with me in the con- elusidii tluit, while a comj)arison of northern and ^fiuttirrn monuments is far from proving or dis]>rov- iii;'' the original identity of the Civilized liaces of the Tacific States, yet it goes far to show, in con- nection with the evidence of language, tradition, and institutions, a Nahua and a Maya culture, progressing lu separate paths, — though not without contact, tVic- ti'iii, and intermimifling, — during a long course of cen- tunes. \l % CHArXER X. ANTIQUITIES OF TUK NOUTHEUX MEXICAN STATES. The Homk of tue rmcniMKfs— MicnoArw -Tzintzintzvn, 1.\ki: rATZCl Alio, TKHKMKNIH)— ANK UK AM* .iKitlt.I'AN Cnl.lM \ All- MKii(A AM) CivfTbAN -Jalisco — ToNAi.A, (Uadai-a.iai; a, ('ii\- C'AI.A, SAYII-A, Ti:rATITI,AN, ZATOThAX, NAYAKIT, TKI'K , S\M1. A(iO IXcriNTI.A, ANIl lltU.ANOS— (U'ANA.irATO -San ( lltKiinMlii aNH Santa Catauina—Zacatkcas La c/ikmada ano Ti:i i. T\mm- UPAS- ENfAliNACION, SANTA BaHHAHA, i'AltMKI.OTK, Tliril.\,TAM I'U'O, AXIJ IJlKinTA— NlKVO LkON and TKXAS— ("OAHI II,A iidlsoN DK Mai'imi, San Mautkko- l)ri!AN(io -Zapk, San A(;i sun, anh La r.iMj^A — Sinaloa .iND Lowkk Cai.ikounia -('i:i;1!u di. i.as TlUNCllKRAS IN SONOllA— CASAS URANDKS IN CHIIIUAHl A. A somewhat irrc\o'iilar line cxtendinq' amiss the continent from north-east to soutli-west, terniinatiiiL;' at Tam})ieo on the i^ulf and at tlie bar of Zacatulii o!i tlie Pat'iHe, is tlie limit which the proi'-ress nortlnvaid of our antiijuarian exj)loration has reached, the ivsults havino- been recorded in the preceding chapters. Tlio re^'ion that now remains to be traversed, exicptiii'i the sino'le state of Michoacan, the home of the Taras- cos, is without the limits that have been assii^iK <1 to the Civilized Nations, and within the bounds v\' (oni- j)arative savao^ism. The northern states of wliat is now the jNIexican Republic were inhabited at tlio time of the Con(piest by the hundreds of tribes, wliidi, if not all savao-es, had at least that reputation ninoiii,' their southern brethren. To the proud resident v\ Andhuac and the southern plateaux, the noithcrn w:ii. TAllASrAX MOXr.MF.XTS. BCD Jiovdcs were Clilrliiinocs, '(lon^s/ hiirltarlans. Yet sev- eral of tliese so-called Itarbariiin trihts were probaMy as l;ir advanced in certain elements of i-ivilization as sonic of the natives that liave hecn included ainontjf the Xahuas. They were tillers of the soil and lived tiiidcr systematic forms of j^overnment, althouu^h not nji])arently nuich jjfiven to the arts of architecture and siiilpture. ^hdy one n^raiid pile of stone ruins is known to exist in the whole northern ( 'hicJiimeo re- (ri( »ii, and the future discovery of others, thoui,di pos- sil)t(', is not, I think, very likely to occur. Nor are smaller relics, idols and implements, very numerous, except in a few localities; hut this may he attrihuted ])( rliaps in o^reat dei^ree to the want of thorough ex- [iliiration. A short chapter will sulHce for a di'scrij)- tioii of all the monuments south of United States ten-itorv, and in des('ril)ini»- them 1 shall treat of each state separately, i)roceedin_t- Avard t»f (his city of 'i'zintzuutzan, ou the slo|»i' nf ,i H'reat hill called Van'uarato, a hundred [taces fmni tlitj settK'inent, are si-eii on the surface of the L;roiiiiil some sultterranean foundations, which ext»'nd iVdiu north to south ahout a liuntlred and Hftv jiaces. ainl ahout fifty from east to west, where there is a tiadl- tion that the palace of the ancient kin^s wassituatid. In the centre of the I'oundation-stones are live small mounds, or cuicillos, which are called stone ijiinihis, and hewn l)locks, over which an Indian j^iiai'dian is ne\er wanting', for even now the natives will nut prr- mit these stones to he removed." "On the shores of l^ake Sira^'uen are found ancient monuments of tliu thiuj^s which served tor the pleasure of the kin^s and nohles, with othei- ruined edifices, which occur in various jtlaces."- Tzintzuntzan is on the south-eastern shore of the lake, sonic leaiifucs northward from tliD modern Patzcuaro. Lyxii in later times was tnld that the roval i)alace and vther interestinuf ri'inains were yet to bo soon on tlnj lake shores, but ho did nut visit them.'^ 2 Ilcfniiiionf, Crnii. ^^<'rhoflrn)1, JIS., pp. 45-(). Iliuafzii), ]i1(i1im1iI.v \W truo 11111111' (if till' tKWii calK'il l)y JJeamiioiit I^iiatzio, ' rci-iiorila imi- sii^ iiii- ti,uiii'ilailcs (la I'in'uiiidt' ami no destniida. (jiR' It's scrvia ilc pla/a ik' aiin;i-: (itras l'((''. l''';. ^ Li/>iti\s ■hinrind, vol, ii., pp.71--. 'Some R-lk'snf tlic Taiascau ani;i- tcctiiiv aiv said to lie found at this jilaee, Init we do not, possess any an- tiieniic .•iicoiints or di;i\vin-s of tliein.' Maii'i's ilex. Az/ir, ifr., vol. ii., [i. '2';tl. Mention in Mii/ilctqifunK, Mjico, toiu. ii., pt ii., p. 30',»; ir^vv"""'. Geoff, u. Stat., p. 1(JT TKItr.MKMXt AM) ANKIH:. 571 AimtlitT rarlv wi'iter, N'mji-Sufinr v Sniiclic/, savs thai ill 171- lio, with a compuiiion, riitiird what xriiicil a cavuni in a deep harraiira at 'ri.'iviiitii
  • , (i^lit h'an'iK's soiith-wust of N'alladithd, or Moirha. ••Tin IV wiTo discovoi'i'd pHxli^ioiis ahorjuiiial vaults, liniiiuli'd hy vi'iy stroiij^* walls, i-t'iidcrt'd solid hy lire. hi iht' ct'iitro of the second was a l)oii<'h like tlu' foot of all altar, whiu'e there were many idols, and IVesh (ill'i lilies of copal, and woolen stulls, and varii»ns li^iii'fs of men and animals." It was found arcord- iiiu' to this author that the huilders had coiistincted walls (if loose stones of a kind easily melti'd, and tin II l>v (ire had joined the hlocks intcj a solid mass without the use of mortar, continuinijf the jiroeess to till' roof 'I'he outside of the .structure was over- uicwii with shrubs and trees.^ At Aniche, an island in Lake Patzcuaro, !^^r ]')! ail'' A' discovered some hieros»lvphio llyures cut on a ruck; and at Irimho about fifty miles east of Murclia, he was shown some small mounds which till' natives called forthications, although thcu; was iintliiiin' to indicate that such liad been their u^e.' in till' mountains south-east of Lake Chapala, in the iv'^joji of Ji(juil^ian, Sr ( Jarci'a re[)orts the remains of an ancient town, and .says further that o])als and iitlit r |)rt'cious stones well worked have been obtained litiv.''' Humboldt })ictures a very beautiful obsidian liiaivli't or ring, worked very thin and brilliantly ]inlis|i(Ml; and aiK^ther wi^iter mentions some Li'iants' bolus, all found within the limits oi' JSliclujacan.'' At tlie time when official explorations were nndei'- takt 11 by L^u[)aix and Castaheda in the .southein [)arLs * I'i'fi-Si ilor 1/ Sdiichcz, Thralfo, toin. ii., jiji. 70-1; nioiitiim in IIhsmI, -V .'. (;,i,,t., II. 154. ■ l',:nif„ifs M'x. I/hisfr., ji. 100. *>■'/'•. Mr.v. (tnuj., Hull till, lMii I'lxK'a, torn, iv., ]>. 5.")0. " ll'i,ii'i\ vii., fly;. 13; >>'"■. .1/. .(•. Gcuij., livktin, torn, viii., j... 5oS>. w m if'j" 572 ANTIQUITIES OF COLIMA. of New Spain, it scoins that officials in .some nortli- crn ro^-ions also were requcstod by the Spanish oov- ernmcut to report upon such remains of antiquity as niii,*'ht be known to exist. The antiipiarian i^'ciiius to whom the matter was referred in Colima, tiuu a dej)artnicnt of Miehoacan, but now an indepeiulciit state, made a comprehensive report to the eti'ect tliat he "had not been able to hear of anythin,i]f excc]»t an infinite numbe^' of edifices of ruined towns," and sdiuo bones and other remains apparently of little iiH|)(iit- ance, which had been taken fro;x. excav?tioiis on the hacienda of Armcria and Cu/uti'crv, i^'d which scciiud to have been destroyed and coveiv.d up by volcanic erupilons. If this archaeologist had found more than *an iiiHnitc nund)er' of ruins, it might possibly liavc occurred to him to describe some of theui.^ iS'otliiiig more is known of Colima anticpiities. At Tonala, probably just across the Colima liae northward in the state of Jalisco, the re])oi't sent in reply to the inquiry just spoken of, mentioned a liiil which seemed to be for the most i)art artificial, and in which excavations revealed walls, galleries, and rooms. Similar works were said to be of fV(M|',uiit occurri'iice in that region. In digging'for the ibiinda- tions of the Koyal Hosj)ital at Guadalajara, "tluie was found a cavity, or subterranean vault, wi 1! ])ainte(l, and several statues, especially one wliidi represents an Indian woman in the act of grinding' corn." It was hollow, and probably of clay. N' ir Ai'tlan, in the south-west, there were said to c\i>t IK' some traces of feet sculptured in the rock, one at t ford railed Zo])ilote, and another on the road between Autlan aiul Te{)anola. Near ' liacala, still furtliei' south, "there is a tank, and ne u- it a cross A\ell carved, and on lU foot certain ancient unknown !< t- tors, with points in. five lines. On it was seen a nin>t devoted crucifix. Under it are other lines of cIkii- ^ K>uc, J few. Gcog., Bolctin, -da I'pocu, toiii. iii., p. 277. PYUAMID OF TEl'ATITLAN. C73 'actrrs witli tlu; said points, Mliicli soomod llc'l)iv\v or S\ liac." 'I'liis inlbrmatioii coiiu's from an old author, and is a specimou of the absurd re})orts of tlio Cliris- tian gospel liaviiig boon proaclied at various j)oints in tlu'sc rcL^ions, ^vllioll arc still believed to a coiisidera- 1)1(' extent by a certain class of the j)eoj)le of ^[exico.* An author who wn^te in 1778 states that between Guadalajara ■;iid JSaynla, and four leagues north-oast nf the latter town, "there is a causeway of stone and cartli, about half a lea^'ue loui,*-, across the narrowest ])ait of a niarsli, or lan'oon. There is a tradition that till' n'ei. tiles built it in ancient times. On most ])ai'ts of its shores this marsh has little ]ieai)s of pottery in fragments, very Avide and thick, and there can still be found tii;'ures of lar^'e vessels, and also foundations and tiaci's of small houses t)f stone. Tradition relates thai the antiiji'uos of dilfei'ent nations came hero to make salt, and that they had several blood v lisjhts, of w liich many traces a[)[)ear in the sha[>e of black transparent Hints worked into arrow-])oints.""' Mr L(iwenstern discovered near Tepatitlan, some fifty miles north-east of (Guadalajara, a |)yramid de- .si;i. tiiiii. ,ii,. |i|i. '" A'/eo, ill Sui\ MiX. li'i'i/., Il'jlcdii, -All t'liocii, tola, ill., p \^'.'i. I -sa I 574 ANTIQUITIES OF JALISCO. mid was not a natural hill liko Xochicaleo witli sdino artificial improvement. The hill is called Cerrito do Montezuma, tlio custom of applying this monarch's name to every relic of anti(piity being even niuiv common in the northeiMi regit)ns than in other ])ai'ts of the country. The author of Cuiciimafiis' Tr(ir,'l..i^ mentions a 'mound' at Zapotlan, about fil'ty iniK-.s east of Guadalajara, which is five hundred feit liii^li. He does not expressly state tliat it is artificial, and a gentleman familiar with the locality tells me tli.jt it is not generally so regarded, having the appearaiuv of a natural grass-covered hill." In the northern part of the state, in the region i>f Tepic, the Spaniards seem to have found grandei' tem- ples, a more elaborate religious system, and a (JNil- ization generally sonicwhat more advanced than in most other parts of the north or north-west. Still no well-defined architectural monuments are repoitcd on good authority in modern times. It is to tiic earlier writers that we must go for accounts t)f nnv extensive remams, and such accounts m all cases j)robal)ly ret r to the buildings which the Spaniards found still in use among the natives; and the old writers were ready to seize upon every scrap of iii- mor in this direction, that they mi<>-ht successi'ullv trace the favorite southward course of the .A/.tucs to Anahuac. Hervas savs that "there liave been found and still exist in Na^-arit ruins of edilicLS which by their form seem to be ]\texican, and the natives say that the ^Fexicans built them when they were in Nayai'it."^'^ This was another of the n'gims where some wandering apostle jireached thegosprl in alK)riginal times, and the 'cross of Tepic' was one of tlio celebrated Christian relics. Some woiuLrful foot-piints in the stone are also among the re[)orted relics.'^ A " Liiirrnsfmi, ^fl\riqllr, pp. 'JO.j 7, 'JSO, 344; /-/., ill Xinin!l,s A.' ifc.t Vii;/., ISJO, toiii. Ixxxvi., i)]). ll!t-"2(»; ///., ill Loud. (rcog. .S't/c. Vi)l. xi.. j>. 104; Ciiiriiniafii.s' rnirr/.-i, ji. •2it{). •'' /frrriis, ('iifi>/i) /cr, rh'Ktrn, torn. ii.. pp. 'J()',)-70. 'VV.fi, y./.v/. ^tltll, vol. ii., It. Til."). '''''//, \\\ >\iii\ Mi.r. (iidij., /)(//<7//;. tiiiii. viii., ]). lOCc Ti riuin r-l 'niii/ifitix, ill .Vi,./,-, //,.< .liiiiii/is ifi.-i ]'iii/., 1S4'J, toiii. xcv., p. I'll."); f-aiiic ;uiipuuI ill M'jfiV'i, Ej/,/or., turn. 1., p. l(tl. 57G ANTIQUITIES OF JALISCO. foreiij;']! rosidents of Topic. Tlio ()l)j(jrts co, slst of idols ill huiuiin and animal forms, axes, iuid Lnices, tlic pottery being- in many cases briglitly colored. Tlio cut shows six of the tliirty-eiglit relics pictured ojcsoo-^"-"-^ '->,-' lit Relics from Santiago, Jalisco. ill the ])latcs o-Iven by lletes. Fig. 1, 2, arc Hi.' heads of small stono idols, the first liead hciii-' <>iil,v two inches in height. Fig. 3 is a head of wliat tlif ANTKiUlTIES OV (irANA.JlATt >. 577 nutlior calls a 8i)liinx. Fijjf. 4 is aii eartliuu-waro mold for staini)iii!4' dcsiii^ns on cloth or i)()tteiT; thero art' several ot" those I'cpresciitcd in the collection. Vvj;. .") is an earthen jar six inches hi^^h, of a matei'ial maily as hai'tl as stone. ^lany of the jars I'ound ,iiL' very similar to those now made and used in the siiiie rcL-'ion. Fii,''. G is an earthen idol four inches lii'ili. Amon<^ the other ohjects is a Hint lance-head with notches like saw-teeth on the sides." Similar itllcs, hut of somewlni^ ruder style and coarser n)a- tciiiil, have heen found . <1. '•'' Li/ihi's Jo'iniiif, vol. i., ]i]i. ;t2"2-.1. '"' IJ:i-.fiiiii"iif'\ in Sue. Mtx. Ucoj., Bulidn, torn, i., pp. i5C-7. Vol. IV. :j7 ii m 'uH AXi'li.tli rnis OK ZACATKCAS. most p.'irt, s])riiil claiiiied hy some to he a pi^trilaction, hut the autlmr is ol' a eoiiti'arv opinion, although lie helieves thir, is nothing- aitilieial ahout it e\ee|)t tlu' inoiitli.-' l"i iially r>erlana>(. with a , ummit platform lilt 'v\\ t'et't scpiare. The inr ri'spondino' dimensions ol" the westi'rn mound aiv eii^ht'. en, thii'ty-sewn, and til'teen I'eet. They are enlv tit'teen or twenty Teet apart, ; nd aiv joined hy an en, haidvinent ahout livo i"oet hi^h." The most imj)ortant and fainous vuins of Ihe wjieli iiorthei'u re^'ion are those known to the worM uiidn the name ol" Quemada, in soi thern Zacaticas. Tin ruins ar(> hari-ly mentioned hy the early writers a- (mc ol" the prohahh* stations ol' the mi^ratin^' .\zttr>; and the modern explorations v hi«'h have itsnhcd in ])ui»lished descri|>tions were made hi'twei'ii iSiMi iiihI IS;')!, althoun-h ^[anuel (Jutierre/, parish ju'iest et' tlir locality in ISO;"), wrote a slight account whirli ha^ heen reciMitly puhlished.-' ("apt (i. F. I^yon \i>itKl (.^luemada in I8l'(), and puhlished a lull descri|ttiuii, illustrated with three small cuts, in his Jonriial."' (Jov. (hircia «)l" Zacati'cas ordereil Sr l<>|>ar/a in IS"'" to ex|)lore the ruins. 'I'he latter, however. l>y rt.isun of other duties and a fear of snakt^s, was not ahl«' '" make a personal visit, hut ohtaiiiod a r^'port Iimhi 1'' »i CitstiUo, in T(L, -(111 (''|)o('ii, toiii, iv.. \\\\. 107 S. S- III rill iiiliir iiiitl Tliori /. Piunn, \>. 'I't. "■' Siir. Mi.r. tiioij.. liiiliiiii. 'Jilii i'|)oi'ii, toin. iii., jiii. 'JTS-V. pn icili'il ''^ :iii ai'ciiiiiit (|uiitoii ti'Diii 'riir(|iu'iMaila. -< l.i/uii'a Juuntid, vol. i., iip. •_'2r>-44. Ill I \v;is IU'( uriNs (»i- (,»i T.MAKA. r.:.) i u\ t I'.i w Iio li;ul iiiado siicli ;i visit. Tliu ri'port |iilltiislu!(l ill the s;ililf yi'ur.-'^ Mr r>('rjj;'li('s, u (u'riiuui iiiiiiiiiL;' eiiniiioLT, coii- trd with tlio IJiMioiis W'tii ( Ji'aiidi' silver iiiiiics, siir\('y of t\\v niiiis in l.s;!!, foi- (Juv. (J;irri;i, nil tlu! survey j)re|)ar('(l u detailed and pit'- iii.'hii' a, ;iihI IV( >iii iii:ilily aeeiiratr |Maii ot tlu; works, wliieli was alter- i.irds puMislied l>y \el»el, and which 1 shall <"<>jty in liis elia|>ter. Mr Ihirkart, another engineer, was he ((inipanion (»!' Uer^'hes, and also visited (Jiie- iii.iila on several o ther d 1 occasions. II IS iMihllshed cull wii Nclul visited Oiii'mada ahont tht.! same tinu ml IS accoin|>anie(l hy a. j>lan an'rceinn' vi'iy we li that of l)eriL>hes, hut containin<4' lewi'r details. II ■J7 IS • 1,1 iVnlil M) I;i Its all' two ill nuinher, ii L>eneral \ iew of []\v I'liiiis the sonth-wc:st, and an interior \ iew of one of -linctiiri iH'SKleS Ilerol les plan II s views. V as I know, are the only ones evi'r |>nl»lisiie(l.'-'*^ The location is ahont thirty miles southward of apital city of Zacatecas, and six miles north- 'IC ( ward ol \ illanileva. TI le stream (»n which th niiiis siaii d is spoken of hy Ihirkart as iJio (h \ill;iiiiie\a, and hy Lyon as the Kio del l*ajtido, lU' (^)ik'iiiada, 'hurnt,' is that of a neij^h he iiai iiuriir. Iiach'iula, out .-i league distant toward the siiutli-wi.'s t. I (h o not know the origin of the aiiie as a[)[>lied to the hacienda, hut there is no e\i- 'K'S 111 lllr }l>, sn, M, iiriiic, |)|(. .1'.. Idiii. i. -S. 'I'lir sMiiic ii'iiorl iiUii |i\it>lislic(l ill |S|: I'- \\lii( saw tin- ruins in IS.'tl ls,>. ct Til Willi Mltll-Il> iiiiu' rciiijiiks liv Hie I iiiiiilaliini <> iiii'liiili IhMii l'rrj(s, ('iiiiijiii.\lii tic /.iifiilcfds, an illlc'lii|il \n r\c;w ll|i liic tiri;:'ili ain ii-lmv 111 the niiiicil citv, and a plalc rciluccd tnuii I'liirhirl, Anfi iilhiill, Inn *' '"'/'■. Mis Mcxifaii tri| lip. '.IT in.'i m;i. 1. 11. 1 iifi;aii ill Nrli: '-'/'»;., lUilht; tnlii. Ill, (1 i: • iii'kai't met liini in /ai'al('(-a> xniii' lime Ixluic oiiirr ai'Cdiiiils t'lintaiiiiii;: no aililitional infurniali i\i('|il one (!!• (WD, tnini Ihc aiitiidritics alicailv niciilicnit nil. ami niailt' n|i, in Siir. -til li; /'/., M, /., liiihliii, tiiMi. viii., |)ii. 44l-"_* M. Azt, VV •m; ll/i f s •h. I, Mr I HI. It II" I'l'- Villi s ilcsi'i'Mii lull am ■NiluTs |j|ati'; /(/.. ill Scluiiilmi/rs Arr/i., vol. vi., p. ."iSI; Ilrni/J'nril's A iinr. ■I"''7 . p|i. ".1(1-,"); Mii/ilrii/if'i,rilf. Mt/'lro., toin. ii., |it ii.. p. l".!'!'; ]l'ii/)/iii>ix, ''■"■I ". S/,if., ||. 'Jitl; Fri',.s/'s I'Irl. Hist. M, i\, \\\y ')S()i;; /-/.. limit Cltl.s, I'l'. oiil IJ, futs; Itiv, Iksvlitril), litur nU. Sladt., apiioniliN, pp. 70^). G30 ANTiQrrni:s of /acatkcas. i J. ■ 1 doucc' tliat it lias any conncc-tioii Avitli tlie iiii:>. The local naiiitf of tlio latter is Los Kdilicios. Th' only other name which I have fonnd a))plie(l to tlic place is Tnitlan. Fv Tello, in an nnj)ul)lished historv of Nueva (Jalicia written about 1050, ti-lls us that the Spaniards under Capt. Chirinos "found a L;i»at city in ruins and abandoned; hut it was known tn have had most sumptuous edifices, with u^rand struts and plazas well ai'rano'ed, and within a distance of a (piarter ol' a lea^nie four towers, with causeways of stone leadiuL;' from one to another; and this city was the y-reat Tuitlan, where the ^lexican Indians it- maiiicd manv vears when thev were iournevin"' tVniii the north."'-'' This ruined city was in the rei;ion of of the modern town of Jerez, and without nnidi douht was identical with Quemada. Sr (!il a|i|ilits tlie same name to the ruins. Othei's without any known authority attem})t to identify Quemada with Chicomoztoc, 'the seven caves' Avhence the A/.trr^ set out on their mii^'rations; or with Ama((uein((aii. the ancient ('hichimec capital of the ti'aditioiis. (iil rather extrava^'antly says, "these ruins aif tin ^ii'i'andest which exist amoni*- us after those of I'a- leiKpie; and on examining;' them, it is seen that tiny ■were the fruit of a civilization more advanced thnii that Avhich was found in Peru at the time of thr Incas, or in Mexico at the time of ^lontezuma. "" The Cerro de los Edificios is a lonijif narrow i ohitiJ liill, the summit of which forms an irreuiilar OMikcn l)lateau over half a mile in leni^th from nortli to -Diitli, and from one hundred to two hundred yards wi(h'. ex- cept at the northern end, where it widens to al'mit live liundred yards. The hein'ht of the hill i^ i^ivcii 1)V TiVon as from two to three himdrcd feet, Imt hy JJurkart at ei_L;ht to nine hundred feet above tlic Icvd ^ T1//0. rroiiiiiniffi.-i, ill Tr((zh(th'rtn, Col. ih' ft'ir., toiu. ii., p. .'Ill 3" ,S'm". Mi.r. (iiivf.. li()!r/iii. toiii. viii., p]). 441-'_', I'.Ki; I'ltjr.s, in 1A'>'" Mcx., tuiii. i., jip. 18G-'.I; Lijijii'a Jusly oil (litruiviit sides i'or ai)out a huiulred and til'ty feet, and tlicii sti'etehes ill a ^'ontler slope of from two to four limidred yards to the surroundini;' plain. ( )n tlie slopo ami skirting' the whole ciivumference of the hill, (,'\- it|)t on the north and north-east, are tra<'('s of ancient I'liails crossmi^' eaeU other a It ditil ',ul erunt anijles, and eon- ii''i t( d hy ci'oss roads runninti;" up the slope with the lit. iJer^hes' plan of Qucinada \,urks on tne suinm i> '/wrw on the followiiiL;' l)ai;e, on which the roa(h -iinkiii of are indicated hy the dotted lines maiked 1 « II, 11, 11, ete. This plan and Bui'kart's plan and de- Nri[)iion ai'e the only authorities for the existence of loads runninu' round the hill, Lyon and other v is- itiii icakino' oidy of those; that diverge' foni it: hut it is pi'ohahle that In'ri^hes' suryey was moi'e cai'eful and tlioi'ou^'h than that of the (>Jiers, and his plan -liniild he accepted as i^ood authority, esj)ecially as the iitlui' jiccounts au'ree with it so i'ar as they n'o/'^ One of the roads, which turns at a I'inlit an^le I'Miiini the south-Avestern slope, has traces of havini^' !iivn enclosed or raised hy walls Avliose foundations Wi remain ; and from it at a ])oint near the an^ie a, raised causeway ninety-three feetwide extends straight i'.|i the slope north-eastward to the foot of the hlnlf. he wal sui)|H)se( 'PI Itol lave raise( Itl lose SoUtll-Weste!:i n:u Is are not spoken of hy iJurkart or shown on his an: Lvon siieaks of certain walls hen w lii.-l I Ik; !■ in>i(|er,' osi; o 'liiDi a til point near f an enclosed area of some six acri th junction of tin; roa< and ;l^ lill Willi i iir ('\|ilMnntiiiii of tlic jiliin liy tlic Icttcrin;,' . I' till' iiiliTiiir of tL'iiiiilcs. Iv Isolatcil I'yriiiiiiils. 1'. Itiiins of dwcll- liij;s, K. 1- M, A lilt r. Stairway; I'lliliraliciiis II. Aiicifiit roads. .1. Kiiiil of L Small stair\\a\> anai'. Uii'U'iit toiiiiilatiiiii |ila/a ill- ariiias. din;;' to tlic (oiirl of tlic tciii|i!c, ( ). iialtcriis ill tlic l..:ii: of la/oti'as). 1'. .Modern cross on tlic siiiiiiiiit of the liill. i). \\ i;n.k. "v. liall wilii 11 coliiiiiii.s to siiii|)ort the louf. S. J'wo coliiiiiiis Stream. 582 ANTKil'ITlKS OF ZACATIX'AS. H>. ';j f causowu}' throe niisecl roads, paved \vitli roiiuli stnius extend, accord iiiLi;' to IjVoii, in pcrleetlv strai'^Iii liiH- S. W., S. S. W.', and S. AV. by S. The tii'st tmiii- nates in an ai'tiHcial mound across tlie ri\'er towai'd- the hacienda of Queniada;^'- tlie second extends tour ^■- Itivora, j)]i. r)(!-S, says tliat tlu' causeway li-adiii;,' towan! tlic li;i icmia runs S. v.. I,()S KDIFM'Ius OF <,H KMAhA. .'.s:? mil, s t(t tile ('oy»)tL' Itiiiiclio; iuid tln' tlili'd is sjiid li\ ilic iiJitivus to tcnniimte ut u inoiiiitaiii six iiiilcs distant. Two fsimiliir roiids thirtt'cii or loiirti-cii it'ct wide c.vteiid from the castcni slope of tlie lull, one (it" tln'ia cnj.-isiiiij^ ji .stream and termiiiatiiiL;' at a dis- t inc.' of two miles in a eiiii-illo, or liea}) of stones. iSinkait found some evidence that the heajM-oiistituted ric luins of a ren'ular struetui'e or pyramid; and \{\- vi la locates the cidcillo on the summit of the Sierra (Ic I'alomas. He also speaks of a r<»ad runninn' west tioni the iiorth-westerii part of the hill to the small hills of San Juan, on the Zacatcfcas road. ( )f the ntJH r loads radiatine is not in itself a sutii- (Uiit l)arrier to tl lose seelvm<»' access to the sunnnit [one |ilatrau, the hrow of the hill is guarded hy walls of marked J3 on the plan f . r the northern por- and indicated I'l'enerally by the black lines in ith. Indeed the northern end of the mesa. loMs, the >(»! lu le the ai)[)roacli is somewhat less j»reci])itous than here, is continuously guarded hy sut'h a wall, ■icw in ilia nine to twelve feet thick and hiiih, eiu'losiiin' an v^ulai- triangular area with sides of about four hun- nd Hfty yards: this area being divided I)y ilivd iintlicr wall into two inie([ual jiortioiij- file most numerous and extensive ruins are on the uitlieiu pt)rti on of tl le hi II. where a lander ]>art o tllC I racrs nieven surface is formed into ])latforms or ter- l»V means of walls of solid masonry. ( hie of these sii|)po)-tmg walls is ( doiil )ie that IS, c< )mi >ose(l o f t\V(» walls placed in contact side by side, one havin<>- I'liii completed and ])lastered bel'ore the other was 'h 141111, the whole structure Ijeinijf twentv-oiie feet 4 m I ■5" 1 till' lin it'iiii.i ^' I'rcjcs, ill .}fii.svo Mix., toni. i., ii. ISO, s|i('iiks of 'tics ralziulas tie ■'•'N v;ir:i> di' iincliii i|ii(' |H>r liiiuas (li\t'r;;i'iiti's forieu al iiiudit)iliii al;,niiias li;-:iiii> lia>ta jionlciM! tie vista.' Kv f .(J. m i II 684 .\NTI(,triTlF,S OF ZACATIX'AS. hiu^li Jind of tlie suiiK' tliifkncss.'^ On the plattnniis tluis t'oniu'd lire ii urt'.it nimiUcr of odiHce.s in ditl'i icnt le, referring' the reader to the |tlan and to one \ mr. lew dl th wliicli 1 sliall copy, tlie on lished. dy sat isiactoiy one vwv \ ip.i' Near eacli end of the wide causeway ah'eady iiu tioneil are two coinpai'atively small masses of ri;i One of them appears to Inive hi'en a s(|iian huildiiiL;' tliiity-oiio feet s(juare at the haso and »»l same height; the otiiers, i Mm. low comn .letel V m ii; may jierhaps have heen of similar dimensions, so f; as may he judged by the dehris. In the ceiitiv i the causeway, perhaps at F of the })lan, although di serihed as nearer the hlutf, is a heap of stone over star-shaped horder or })avenient. ( )n the lowci' of the mesa, at the extreme southern end and near the head of the causeway, at A iv of the | is a quadrantifular s])ace measuriuij^ two lumdrnl ly two hundred and forty feet,'*'' and hounded, at ie;ist « n the north and east, by a stone terrace or einhaiikiiu :.r four or five feet hioh and twenty fei't wide, tlie w iillli of which is probably to be included in tlie (hiiirii- ;il1 lll^n i|;ili. ^' Liinn. Ai'conliiii^ to the Miisco Mix., ttnn, i., )>. KS7, it is ."> oidxara^ hi'th iiiid 10 i\w\i. ^' niiriy 232 IMu'iiisli feet. s,iiih"1i;i! liir^'i-r tliiiii Kii^'liili fi'ct; Itivcra says ',\7i (ir 40 varus smiaiv. Tlii- aiiili' i' also iidtiit'il (III tile sl(i|ic of tilt' hill licuno rcacliiii;,' tlif steeliest iiari, a | y- raiiiid iilpdiit 20 feet lii^'li ami 11 feet si|iia:-e, imw Iriiiicated luii ai'i'ii- eiitly ]M(iiite(l ill its ori^'iiiul eoiiditiou. This was j'l'obalily the In ap ni stones iiieiitioiied above. I. A (^ K.MADA. ■'•M,') >iuns '^Ivcii.''"' Afr iJiiikiirt states that near tlic iiiticr el ;•(• (tf this terrace is a canal a lutit (lee|» ami wide, ciivereil with stoiK," lla'4"s. On the outi^r ed'^e <>t" tlnj I ir.ice, on th(! eastt'l'li side, stands a wall eii;iil leet t'iirk and I'i^htcen feet hii;'h. Mv Lyon thinks the r sides were always open, hut Jhiikart speaks <»f (iilH IS t.K' wall as liavni'4' originally enclosed the sipiare, and liavinn' heen torn down on three sidi-s, which set-n iiiiiili inort' |>i"ohal)le. At one |»oint on the eastern ti rr.ii'e stands a ronnd pillar nineteen leet in ciicnni- I'l riiice and of tho same heie'lit as the wall, or eighteen I'crt. There are visihle traces of nine other siniihir pillnrs, seeniinu'ly indicating;' the former presence uf a iii;is>ive cohimn-su[)ported portico. Adjoininn' this enclosure on the east, \vitli (ndy a iiaii'ew p.-issa'^'e interwninijf, is another, ii of the jiliii. nieasurinn' according- to Ihn'kart's nieasure- iiHiit, which an'riHis vc;rv nearly with that of iJer- 'f\u-<, one hundred hy one lumdred and thirty-eii^ht t'lvt,'' with walls still ])erfect, eii;liteen feet liieii .iii'l ei'^ht feet tliick, in connection with which no trrract's ari' mentioned, althou^'li Kivera spe;d\'s of strps on the west. Within the walls, twenty-three t tiMin the sides and nineteen and a half from the I'll! I I I me of eleven })i liars — Lv on savs fourteen, iiid llivera ten — each seventeen feet in cii'cuml'erence a:i( I tif the same hei^'ht as tho walls. 'J'heiv can ese CO lumns ont'e sustained a roof. little douht that th Mr l)ern"hes in one of liis excavations in Is-'ll is ^'lid, l>y Xehel, to liave found an ancient roof sup- piirted hy a coluum, and showinn" exactly the methixl iiillowod hy the l)uilders. 'J'he roof was made of I.iruv llat stones, covered with mortar and supported I'V hcanis. It is not quite clear how an tixcavatioii tcct ilcc]); ami this is ](nilialily the case, :!■* it M-icfs with thi' idaii iif smut' nthfi' struct iirt's uii the iiill. '" l.\oii says i;{7 hy ir)4 tVi't; liivfra, ')!» to s in the centre of encli side. Back of tlio ter- nifc on the cast, west, nnd south sides stand Malls ci'^ht or nine feet in thickness and twenty feet hiii;h. Till' north side of the S(juarL! is hounded hy the steep sul' of the central cliff, in which ste[)s or scats are cut in some ]>arts in the si)lid rock, and in others Imih up with i-ou^h stones. In the centre of this sill', and partially on the terrace, is a truncated jjyra- iiiid, with a hase of thirtv-eiuht 1)V thirtv-Hvc feet, and nineteen feet high, divided into several stories — live accoi'dinn' to Nehel's drawing', seven according to Lyon's statement.^ hi front of the pyramid, and nearly in tlie centre t)\' the s(piare, stands a kind of altar or small pyra mid seven feet s(piare and five feet high. A veiy clear idea of this s([uare is given in the following cut tViiiii Nehel's drawing. It pi'esents an interior view I'lMiu a i>oint on the southern, teri'ace. 'J'lie jtyramid in tive stories, the central altar, the eastern terrace with its ste}>s, and standing portions of the walls are all clearly ])ortrayed. The view, howe\er, disagrees very essentially with the jil-in in representing exten- sive remains nert'.'ward iioni the enclosui-e on the ujijier slojie, where, according to J>erghes' ]ilan, no liiins exist. There is im entrance; in the centre of the eastern wall, another in the western, and two on the S'Hith. These entrancv'S do not seem to he in the i'n'in of doorways, hut extend, according to the di"aw- iiig. to the full height of the walls. That on the fist is thirty feet wide and leads to an adjoining s [iiare with sides of two Ivundred fi'et and walls still ]i('rr"ct. The arrangement of these two adjoiniug .s|Uares is much like that of tlioSi> at A i\- in the s"U>h, hut in the northern structures there are no pil- lar- to he seen. The opening through the western wall leads to th(» c'atiaiice to a cave, re[)orted to he of great extiJiit. l.iJu '" limkiirt j.'1'.cs tilt- iliiiii'MNi.piw cif tlif i>viiiiiiiil ii'^ .'in t'cMt sip mio ami 3');Vci lii-li; ami of ilio altar in I'nuit as (J fi'i-l .sci^uuiv ami (i li'tl liiyii. :V^ ^m % m 588 ANTIQUITIES OF ZACATECAS. not oxplori'd l)y any visitor on account of tlio niimil condition of tlu- ])assau'o leading' to it or, as ( Jutin ivz savs, hocauso tlio wind issues c( I onstantlv from tli^ c\\- trance \\itli sucli force that no one can enter wiili liglits. I'lie mouth of tlie sid»tei'ranean ]:)assage is mi ItClNS OF (,>ri:MADA. 580 the Lrliik of tho wetstcrn prec-ijticc; tlio walls were jihistcrt'd, and the titp siH)i)oi"tcd by cudar hoaiiis. Stiaiincly oii()U<4-h the structure at A iii, so dearly (li 'iiicd on the plan, is not deserihed at all. It seems til !)(' very similar to the enclosures described. The ruins on the northern j)art of the plateau are similar in character to those in the south, hut fewer in numher. Among" them are stjuare terraced en- rliisuivs like those already mentioned; a pyi'amid \viih sloj)inn' sides, and eighteen feet S(|uare at the >iiiiiniit; a s(piai'e building sixteen feet sijuare at t!if base and sixteen feet high; and two })arallel >{n\\r mounds thirty feet lonsf. On the lower southern sl()})es the foundation-stones lit' numerous buildings are found, and many paits of the ailjoining ])lain are strewn with stones similar to thtsc employed in the construction of the editices ahiive. There is now no water on the hill, but there aiv several tolerably perfect tanks, witli a well, and wliat seem to be the remains of a(|ueducts. The material of which all the works descrll)cd are hiiiU is the gray |)orj)Iiyry (.)f this and the neighbor- iii;4- liills, and iJurkai't states that the building-stone nf Los KdlHcios was not (piarried in tiie hill (tn \vhi( h they stand, but brought from another across the valley. The nature of the stone ])ermits it to hv \erv easily fr.".;ti'.ved into slabs, and those emphyed in the buiUi'no-s are <) II'. hfwn. two or They are th f ditl •1 erc;nt sizes, l)ut raiclv e\- ireo mciies in liiicKiiess an( •k laid m a mortar ol rechiish chav not •1: mixid witli straw, in which one visitor found a corn- The mortar, accoi'ding to Ihirkart, is of an III! iiileiior (|uahtv, —although otiiers represent it as very an( 1 on ti lie outer walls and m all exposed situa- ti HIS is alm;)st entirely washed out. Kxeept this \vashiiig-oiit of the mortar, time and the elements li ive committed but slight ravages at (j)uema(la, the (hla|iid;ition of the buildings being due for the most part lu man's agency, since most of the Iniildings of 690 ANTIQUITIES OF ZACATECAS. the ncin'li1)<>ring liacienda liavo l)eoii eonstructtd df blocks taken from Los EdiHcios. Lyon tbinul suhil' eviduncu that tliu walls weru originally i)lastt'i-ud and whitened. A lai'ijfe cinnilar stone from ten to thirteen feet in diameter and from one to three in thickness, according' to different observers, on the surface of wliich wciv sculptured representations of a hand and font, was found at tlie western base of the hill, or as iinrkarr says, at the eastern base. The editor of the Mnsn, 2L',i-ii''ments, human remains and burial dei)osits, some or all of which are strewn in sd ii'reat abundance in the vicinity of most other Aiut i'^ lean ruins, are here utterly wanting; or at least tlic only exceptions are a few bits of ])or[)hyry soniewliat resend)lin<4- ari'ow-hecids, and some small bits nt pot- tery found by Lyon in the circular i>it on the sunnnit. The works which have been described natuiaily imply the existence in this spot at some time in tin.' past of a great city of the plain, of whicii tlie < Vi- ro de los Kditicios was at once the fortified citadel and temple. 'I'he })aved causeways may be regarded as the ])i-in(dpal streets of the ancdent city, on whitdi the habitations of the peo[)le were built of peiishalili' material, or as constructed for some purely religieiis ])urpose not now miderstood. ^[r Burkart su<'V^t^ that the land in the vicinity was once s.\"am]ty. and the causeways were raised to ensure a dry road. An examination of their foundation should settle \h;\t j)oint, as a sim))le pavement of Hat stones oii tlif suriace of a marsh would not remain permanently iu ItUINS OF l^H'KMADA. 591 lilai'c As siinj)lo roads, sucli structures wrrc hardly Kicdi'd ])y l»aroto()ted or saudalcd natives, liaviiiL'' no (•;iniaL;es or beasts of burden; ;ind it seems most ivas.tnable to believe that they had a connection with rcliiiious rites and processions, serving at the same time as main streets of a city. The ruins of Quemada. show but few aualogies to any of the southern remains, and none \vhate\er to any tliat we shall find further north. As a strongly i'nrtitied hill, beariug also teiuj)les, Quemada bears considerable resemblance to Quiote|)ei' in ()ajaca; and |)!)ssil)ly the likeness would be still stronger if a ]ilaii of the Quiotepec fortifications were extant. Tlir massive character, number, and extent of the niiiimmeuts show the builders to have been a ]»ower- uiu 111 some res}>e('ts an advancetl })i'op d .le. 1 lardlv K'ss so, it would seen^ at first thought, than the ])e( ]i!is of Central America; but the absence of nain )W aiilduigs covered l)y arches ot overla])j)mg stones, f all decorative sculpture and painting, nuike and o the contrast very striking. The })yramids, so far a> tlicv are described, do not ditfer verv mati'rialb' from MIMIC in other ])arts of the country, l)ut the location he i'.y raniK is si lown in the drawiu* au( I pi wirliin the enclosed and tei'raced scjuares seems unii|ne. The pillars recall the roof structures of Milhi, but it is quite ])ossible that the jiillai's at Qiicinad;! sup[)orte(l balconies instead of roofs; in- deed, it seems im})rol)abIe that these lai'ge s the woa iiosence )ons, of the usual pottery, inijdemeiits, and Tht e peculiar structure, several times le- pcated, of two adjoining quadrangular spaces e cloHcd n- or oar 1' •tiallv so, hv hi<'h walls, and one oi" ■fi 1 vrl 1 - i.'»^:i , ly)-l ANTKJUITIES OF ZArATECAS. tliein rt)rnic'(l \)y a low terrace into a kind of sijuan; l)iisin, containing' soniething like an altar in its ctn- tre, is a feature not elsewhere noted, Thiic cini li:irdly 1)0 any doubt that these and other portions u\' the Editicios wei'e devoted to relin'ious rites. Wliile Queniada does not coni])are as a spcciiiKii of advanced art with ITxnial and Palencjue, and is inferior so far as scul[)ture and decoration arc (.•dh- cerned to most other Nahua architectural niDUu- nients, it is yet one of the most remarkahlo of American ruins, presenting strong contrasts to all the rest, and is well worthv of a more careful ixaia- ination than it has "ver yet i-eceivud, Sudi an examination is rendered comiiai'ativelv easv hv tlio accessihility of the locality, and would, J lia\e no doubt, he far from nnproiitable in an antiquaiiaii ])oint of view. Los Editicios, like Coj)an and I'a- lt.'n(|ue, have, so far as has yet been ascortaincd, im ])lace in the traditional annals t)f the country, yi't tliey bear no marks of very great anticpiity; that is, there is more reason to class them with Xochicalco, Quiote])ec, Monte Alban, and the fortified towns u\' Vera Cruz, than with the cities of Yucatan and Chiapas, or even the pyramids of Teotihuaean and Cholula. At San Jnan Teul, nearly a hundred miles south- ward from Quemada, the Spaniards found a gi.ind aboriginal temple when they first came to tnis jiait ut' the country; and Frejes, an early writer, says, ''thtiv ai'e ruins of a temple and of dwellings not tar tioni the i)resent pueblo." There is, however, no latir information respecting this group of remains. At a ])lace called Tabasco, about fifty miles from Queniada, Ksparza mentions the discovery of some stonu axes No other antirpiities have been definitely reported ii. the state of Zacatecas, although Arljgui tells us that the early missionaries were much troubletl, and hin- dered in their work of conversion by the cuu-tant AOrA.-CAl.lKNTES AND SAN Ll'I.S I'OTOSI. r)93 (liscovury of idols and templus concealed in the iiioiiutains.''''' I have no record of any relics of antiquity in the state of Aij^nascaliontes: !San Luis l*otosi has hardly jnoved a more fruitful field of archceological research, Ahiyer i^ives a cut representing a stone axe from this state ; Cahrera re[)orts some ancient tonihs, or cuicillos, — which he calls cuiztillo.s; the word heing written (litiereiitly hy cliflerent authors, and as api)lied to dif- ferent states — in the suhurhs of the city of San Luis Pi»t()si; and according to a newsjiaper report two idols and a sacrificial hasin, cut from a concrete sandstone, \\v\v found in the sierra near the city ancl brought to Xu\v Orleans. One of the idols was of life size, had two faces and a hole for the insertion of a torch in its iii;lit hand; the hasin was two feet in diameter, and Jn-ld by intertwined serpents/*^ In southern Tamauhpas relics are quite al)undant iiiid of a nature very much the same as that of those wliirli have already heen described south of the Kio i*ihiuc(>, the bouinlary line between Tainaulipas and Vela ('ruz. At Encarnacion, in the vicinity of Tani- ]'ii(>, yiv Furber reports the stone idol shown in front and profile view in the cut. The sculpture is described as rude, and with the idol, three feet high, were dug up several implements and utensils." Near a small 3' 'Ti(Mip csto piioWo fToiil"! pnr ralipza iin porro al prinfipin Piiadrailo (■'Miiii lie \K'hi\ tajiida, y arrilia l )irinu'n) liuy tii;ita cajiacidad (iiic calu'?! iiiiis dc vt'iiite mil iiulios. . . . Kn c^^tc niuiitc tMii)i,i una sala, en dcnuh! cstalia sii idido, ([uo llanialian el Tootl. . . .ticno iiia> una pila de losas dc jnntnias di" I'inco varas do larj^'o y trcs dc aiiclio, villus iinclia de an'il>a que de aliajo. . . . Ksta ]iila tienc ilos cntiadaH; la 'iiiii I'll la es({iiina ([ue iiiira al Norte, con cineo j;iadas, y la "tra (lue mini til t'^i[iiiiui al Sur, roll otias cineo: no lejos do esta pila, eomo tlo.s tiros til' aicaliuz, cstiin ilos montccilloH que erau los c ....^s de los iiidios (|iie ^:ll■ri^n■allan.' 'J\//o, in Ii-nzliiilcrtri, Cal. (Ic Doc, torn, ii., jip. .St!"_*-4; /(/., ill lSi(ii/iiiiiiif, Criiii. Mif/ioiirini, ^IS., )>. 300; description oi the temple, I"', in Siic. .}[r.r. (iraij., Jhlcfiti, torn, viii., j). 407; mention of ruins, Fnjis, ill Miixi;, Mi.r., torn, i., p. 18(5; stone axes, Es/tnrza, Informr, j), 7; eon- I'l'ili'd teiii]pk's and idols, Arfci/iii, C/irdii. Zfini/rrKs, ]). Oo. '" ^f'll|,■r's ^[^'X. as if IVits, p. OS; Cahrcrrt, in Soc. Mcx. Orng., Dolctin, '.Mil (■pcMM, torn, iv., J). "24; Aimnn/ Sririi. Discor., 1850, p. 3G1. '1 F,i,-l,rr.-i Tirr/rr Mvntlin Vuliuitccr, pp. 387-8. Vc IV. ;i8 l< i ii ■^'.1 K t 594 ANTUiUITIES OF TA.MALLllMi:; Idol from Tamaiilipas. salt lake between Tula and Santa Barbara, ^h Lymi found a ruined pyramidal niuund of hard eaitli or day, faced with flat nnhewu stones, with siiiiilai- •stones projectinj^ and forming steps leading- up tin- slope on one side. This })yramid is thirty paces in circumference at the base, and is divided by a toiJUL' into two stories, the lower of which is twenty t'cit hiiji'h, and the u])i)er in its present state ten ti''t. Some stone and tei'ra-cotta images have been taken from this mound, and another much smaller but simi- lar structure is reported to exist somewhere in the same vicinity.*" On the Tamissee River, which flows into Tanipico Bay, traces of ancient towns have been found in tw^ localities near the C'armelote Creek. They consist (4' scattered hewn blocks of stone, covered with vimta- ble mold and overgrown with immense trees and lank vegetation. At one of these localities the remains include seventeen large earthen mounds, with traces of a hyer of mortar at the bottom. In them Inivc been found broken pottery, rudely carved images "ments of pottery and ohsidian. Many of the hlocks bear decorative sculj)tured tin- invs. A female face carved from a block of tine dark ivddish sandstone, was l)rou<'ht awav bv ^Ir Norman 1111(1 j>r(isented to the New York Histoi'ical Society. It is shown in the cut. The face is of life size, very Stone Face — Topila Ruins. svnimctrical in its form, and of a Grecian type. All! it I nr monument .sketched by the exploivr w;is a. stune turtle, six feet lony', with a human head. The Miilptnre, especially of the turtle's shell, is descrilied IS v( ly tine; the whole rests on a lai'^e i>loek of coii- ii'tte sandstone, and is called bv the finder the Anier- i'"Ui S|)]iynx. This relic was somewhat damaged, but tile features of the human face seemed of a ( ' lucasian latlier than a native ty{te. flic To[)ila ruins include twenty mounds, both cir- cular and square, from six to twenty-fi\e feet in li'i^lit, built of earth and faced with unil'orm blocks "t sandstone, eighteen inches S(]uare and six inches tliick, The facings had for the most part fallen, and *^ .\',riiiaii\i Rambles hi/ Land and Water, pp. 100-70. i I". 1 1 '-■'■J' ■v, ? I ' :' -^ i iJG ANTKMITIKS or TAMAILIPAS. (lijit iiiviu-ialtly liiw.'ird in tlu> siiiMllcr inoimds, indi. citiiiL;' |)crlm|)s tlirii" ofi^iiiiil wso ns toiiilis. M.inv nf (1k' I»I(K'I|u'are(l. Of nil the mounds »)nlv one has iinv trace of a ti'iiacf. ;iii(l in tliat one it is very taint; and tluMH^ is n(» eNidcnrc that mortar was employed in layinijf thf stones. Tlu' lai'i;'est covered uhont two iieres, and hore on its sinii- mit ;i wild ti^-tree one huiuh-ed feet hinli. At its l>ase is a eireular wall of stone, tlie top of which is even with tlu^ snrfaeiMif the ground --perhaps a well - -and which is tilled with stones and hroken poth ly. Its top is covered with a eireular stone foni" fr( t and nine inches in diameter and sevt'U inches thick, with a hole in its centre and some ornamtMital lines sciilp- tured on I ts upi )er surlace, A not I icr round .stoiu twelve tcet in diameter and three feet thick, on tl front ot" which is carvi'd a colossal human head, hhown m tlio cut Tl le au thor n» s|)eaK,'5 vauiulv ol Colossal Head Topila Ruins. "vast piles of broken and crumhlinsj^ stones, tlie rnins of dila|>idated buildings, wliich were strewed «'\(i' ;i vastspact-;" and his cuts of t\\v ivlics which I ]i;i\i' copied show in the hacku^round, not incdudcd in my cojties, rei^idar walls of hewn stone. ^Ir Norman iv ji'ards this onmp as the remains of a i>reat city, tlif jsite of which is now covered hy a heavy forot. In another locality, seven miles further north-wot cii the To[)ila Creek, and a few n»iles from tin- raniic" Hi' er, is another grouj) of circular mounds, oiio ut nol.SUN DK MAIM Mr. m tlii'iii I wriity-llvf l('«'t liiL;li, jiiid the l(»\\i'i- pdftiotis !';ii((l with lint Iicuii stoiK's. Jlown l>l(»ck.s df xiiiioiis liiiiiis iiiid si/t's iWi' also scattcrt'd alxMit tlu; locality, liut iioiit! <•!" tliciii arc! sciil|»tiirt'(l." liVoii Irlls us tliat •' ri'iiiaiiis of iitriisils, statues, \\('a|MHis, and cvi ii >krl('|oiis," lia\t! Ik'«'M ol'tf'ii loiiiid ill dinniiin" l"!" tli(! t'niiiidatioiis of new l»uildiiiL;s in tlii! vicinity of Tain- piul>lish, of (\V(» Very pcrloct hasalt idols, and iiii'iitioiicd also sonio hoiu^ carvinn's and tcira-cott;i iiliils loiind in this rcL^don.^"' In iiorthcrn 'ramaidipas I tiiid only oiu! mention of ahorii^iiial inonnnu'iits, a;i(l that at Ihin'ita, ahout twenty miles east iVom M.itamoras, respect ini,^ which locality llerlandier says, "(III a, small hill which is seen two or three; hundred pacrs j'rom the ranclio of Pmrrita are I'oiind in alaind- aiice (as the I'aiiclieros say) the hones ol' ancient K'd IK'S. Ni iiivo Loon, adjoinm!^ lanianlipas on tlu^ Avest, !•< allot her ol" the states within whose; limits no an- tii[iiities liaN't! heeii i'eportt;d; and in Texas on the iinrili almost, the sanii; ahseiice ol" ahorii^'inal remains is lo he remarked, althounh one i^roiip ol" rock-in- ii|itioiis will he noted ill a I'litiire clia|tter at iJocky Dfll creek, in the north-western part ol" tin; stati nrdcriii"'' on Xew Mexi CO. II the rc'ion herd eriii'"' "11 tile \alley known as the Txilsoii de Mapimi, com- jil'lsiii^' parts ol" the states ol" ('oahiiila, I )iirali;_;it, and 'liiliuahiia, the natives at sometime in tlu; past seem til li;i\e (le|)osited their (K'ad in natural caves, and sev- 'lal of tlu;s(^ hiirial deposits ol" L)r(;at extent ha\(; 'ii'cii disco\(;red and reported. Xoiu; ol" tlieni are a'viiiMtcjy located hy any traveler or writer, nor is it, iKissilile to tell in which of the three states any «>n«-' "v U'l iiililcs hi/ fjiviil (Dill Wiitir, pii. rJl-:!7. <' l.'imi's .fiiKrniil, vol. i., |)|i. '_'!, 'JS. I I \. Mi'iilioii of 'riiiiiiiiilipiisi aii- 'i'|jiilii> fnim Ndiniiiii iiml Lynn, in Mnii'i-'s Mi.r. A.lcr, I'l' -"i-!l; /'/., ill Scliiiiih-riifl'fi Arch., vol. vi., )>. .^Sl. Nc\v>-]ia|icr "'iiiu' rrlii-s lit" ('iii'istiiinity, in ('rmiisi'.f < 'c/'/'nniiii, \>. 'M. ''' /)' i/,(,i(l,(r mil/ T/iiirc/, Jiittriu, \>. 1.'>1, ;ii'('i)iinl III ^;KX C9H ANTKirrriKS of COAIiriLA. ; of tliciii should 1k! (les(;i'il»L'tl. As anti(]uitios, Imw- ever, these hiiriul cuves do not re of cavei'iis excav'itid from solid rock, hearinsj^ inscvihed fi!j;'ures of aiiiiuals and men, the latter dressed like the ancient Mexi- i-ans. Some of them were descrihed 1)V Fr lletia as iifti'en hy thirty feet, and identical prohahly with ( 'hicomoztoc, the famous 'seven caves.' A writer in Si//iiiitl'i>li'i ,1 I'.i'iii- :!i \:wv> 111 . r the •ii , niiiit'V- iditi 111 I'"' .0(1 u!' al- I )('!)! lies. ,1c ti) the lUltl.M- CAVKS. 5<»U (liyiu'Ms of tlu! i'.ir and tlio presonoo of saltpetre. I'lits (»!' tlu? lii'.iiiiinlL's, of tho wrappiriLj-clotiis, Imiiio lit ads anil heads of Idiie stono, wiMi parts of a l»elt and tassels, were proseiited to the ( alifoi'nia Academy (if Natural Scieiicos in Jidy, IH()4. Sr Avila (h?- Ndihes two of these eaves situated in the vicinity of San l^oienzo, al)oiit thirty-tive h'ayiies west of l*ar- ia>, in Coahiiiia. One liad t<) ht; entered from tht^ top l»y means of ropes, and the other had some of its I'oiks artificially cut and painted, in hoth of these deposits hones \vere found instead of munnnies, hut thiv Were as in tiiu other cases wrap|)ed in cloth and <;aily decked with l)ea(ls, sti(ds, res|)ectinn' some remains on the haeii'iida of 8an Martei'o, about twentv-si.v miles from Monclova. "The spot bears every appearance of !iavin<^ once been a })oj)ulous city. St(Mie founda- tions are to be seen, covering many acres. Innunier- ^' U'i-!i.:r)ii,s' Tom; pp. 01) 70. This .author says tho hodics aro sup- l"'Mi| i(( liclonjj; to the hijians, ,]n(/i/iiijif'ori/f, Mijinj, torn, ii., ]it ii., p. ■'!">; ~ ' ni's Joiiniid, vol. xx.x., jt. .SS; M((iii)'s .}lr.i\ ti.s it Was, pp. 'I'M)- I"; / Mix. Aztrr, etc., vol. ii., p. S.SH; SilliiiiKii's Jniir., vol. xsxvi., jt. -"I'; ' 'il. Ari((/. Xdf. Srinifr.'i, vol. iii., |ip. KiO-l; I'or. Muntlilii. vol. xi., ]! 7s;i; XdiircUrH AiuKili's ilis I'"//., 18;{'.t, toiii. Ixxxi., ]ip. l"J(i-7; I.int- l' I' I'i's Xiifr.i in Mix., ]). in."); Ariln, \\\ A/lntin Mi'.r., tniii. i., |i|). 4(').">-S; .!.'.'//•,■, ///\7. CoiHj). dc Jcau^, toiH. i., p. 418; liiOas, Hint, dc lus Trivm- I'-i'i^ \<. (is,"). ;' '-« ' in 'ii •A ■' ,i 600 ANTIQUITIES OF DURANGO. able columns and walls rise up in every direction, composed of boUi limestone and sandstone. Tlic col- umns are built in a variety of shapes, some round, others sijuare, and bear every imprint of the work of human hands. . . .For miles in the vicinity, the l)asin is covered with broken pottery of burnt clay, fantas- tically painted and ornamented with a variety ut" in- exijlicable designs."*^ In Durango, besides the sepulchral deposits al- luded to, Kibas in his standard and very rare ^vo^k on the 'trium})hs of the faith' in the northern regions, mentions the existence of idols, columns, and tlu ruins of habitations at Zape. in the central })art of the state: and Larios tells us that in the vicinity of the ehurch which was being built in his time, there were found at every step burial vases, con- taining ashes and human bones, stones of various colors, and, most wonderful of all, statues or images of men and animals, one resembling a priest.*'* At San Agustin, between the city of Uurango and San Juan del Kio, Arlegui notes the existence of some bones of giants. The good padre did not rely in making his statement on mere reports, l)ut saw with his own eyes a jaw-tooth which measured <»V( r eight inclies scpiare, and belonged to a jaw which must, according to his calculations, have roeasuitd nine feet and a half in the semicircle.'''^ In the vol- canic region extending south-eastward from the city f>f Durangc, known as La Brena, there arc laruc numbers of very curious natural caves, the bottoms of which are covered with a thick layer of fine ilu^t, containing much saltpetre. In this dust, fSr .hi-^L' Fernando Kamirez discovered various antitpKuian relics, which he deposited in the National ^luseuni of Mexico. The only one s[)ecially mentioned wa-; a <'' D(tii)iavfiii\i A]). T)-! 5; Julms, Hist, (fr /lis Tr.' iii/i/ios. |>, '■^H'^■, Orozro // Ikvni, Grwjni/iit, ]>. Iil8. i'^ Arlcfjr.i, L'iiron. Zaada'ds, \\\i. (i, (i7. REMAINS IN LA BRENA. GOT very small stone turtle, not over half an incli in di- ameter, very perfectly carved from a hard material. The region of La Brefia has always been a land of mystery poi)iilarly supposed to contain immense C(,>n- cealed treasure, the localities of the de])osits bein^ marked by siujdl heaps of stones which occurred IVocjuently in 'jut-of-the-way places not covered by tlu> :orrent of lava. Most of these stone lieaps, pcr- ]ki[)S ailars or burial places of the ancient inliabitants, have been destroyed by the treasure-seekers, always without yieldiui'' the sou<>-ht-for deposits of i^old or siher. The only other relics of aboriginal times in La J3rena are certain small cup-shaped excavations ill the living rock, supposed to have been used (irigiually for offerings to the deities worshiped by the natives."^ I find no record of any ancient monuments in Sinaloa, and across the gulf in the state of Lower Cahfurnia, witli the exception of some idols, said to have l)een l»rouglit to the priests by tlie natives they were attempting to convert, and a smooth stono about .six feet long, bearing a kind of coat of arms and some inscril)ed characters,^'^ the only accounts of an- ti(juities relate to cave and clitf paintings and inscrip- t;'))is, which liave never been copied, and concerning wliirli c()nse([Uently not much can be said. Chivigero says that tlie Jesuits found, between latitude 27° and -6% "several great caves excavated in living mck, ar.d iiainted with fiijfures of men and women deceiitlv •.lad, and of several kinds of animals. These ])ic- tufes, thougli rude, rej)resente(l distinctly the (»bjc(ts. Thu ('olors em[)loyed in them were obtained, jis may Ite plainly seen, from the mineral earths which are t'nuud about the volcano of Virgenes." 'I'he j)aiiitinL:s V\er(j not the work of the natives found in j)o.ssess)i()n '■'^ J!'iinhr:., X')/iri'''";/., Ijiil'liii, tiim, v., pp. 10-1 1. ^' J>nr. ][isl. Mrx., si'ril' iv., titlll. V., ]ip. _M.'?, 'J.")4. 602 ANTIQUITIES OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. ■'f?1- of the country, at least so tlie Spaniards decided, and it was considered remarkable that they had renmiiieci through so many centuries fresh and vuiinjurtd liy time. The colors were yellow, red, green, and l)lark, and many designs Avere placed so high on clifls tliat it seemed necessary to some of the missionaries ti) suppose the agency of the giants that were in 'tliosc days.' Indocd, giants' bones were found on the ])eninsula, as in all other parts of the counti y, and the natives are s;iid to have had a tradition that the ])aintings wero the work of giants who canic tVoia tlie north. Clavigero mentions one cave wliose w ill> and roof formed an arch resting on the floor. 1 1 was about fifteen by eighty feet, and the pictures on its walls represented men and woman dressed like ]\h\i- cans, but l)arefooted. Tlie men had their arms raised anwards the sea, some ])ainted fishes, bows, anows, and obscure characters. A rock-inscription near Purmo, thirty leagues from Santiago, seemed to tlio Spanish observer to contain Ciothic, Hebrew, and Chaldean letters. From all that is knov/n of the Lower California rock-jiaintings and inscriptions, there is no ivason to supi)ose tliat tliey differ nmeh from, or at least are su[)erior to, those in tlie New Mexican region, of whieh we shall find so many speei- mens in the next cha])ter. It is not improbable that these ruder iiiseriptions and pictures exist in the southern country already ])assed over, to a much gi'eater extent than ap[)ears in the preceding ]>aues. but have remained comparatively unnoticed by trav- el (^-s in se-aivh of more wonderful or perfect relies ut anti(piity.'''^ M rlnri>;rr<), ^hrln dclhi CuL, toiii. i., pp. 107-9; Doc. Hist. -V.,r, so-ii' CEUKO DE LAS TllIN'CHEKAS. G03 r)iily one nionumGnt is known in Sonora, and tliat only throuo-li newspaper reports. It is known as the ( Viro cle las Trinclieras, and is situated about fifty miles south-east of Altar. An isolated conical hill his a spring- of water on its summit, also some heaps of loose stones. The sides of the cerro are encircled hy ;i' y or sixty walls of rough stones; each ahout nine feet hii*-)! and from three to six feet thick, occur- ring' at irre^-ular intervals of tifty to a hundred feet. E;i*;li wall, except that at the base of the hill, has a L;;iteway, but these entrances occur alternately on op- posite sides of the hill, so that to reach the summit uii enemy would have to ti^'ht his way about twenty- live times round the circumference. One writer tells us that Las Ti-incheras were first found — probably \y the Spaniards — in 1G50; according- to another, the Datives say that the fortitications existed in their javseut state Ioiil*" before the Spaniards came; and linally Sr C. M. Galan, ex-governor of Sinaloa and Lower California, a o-entlenian well acquainted with all the north-western rei^ion, informs me that there is much doubt amouo' the inhabitants of the locality AvliL'ilier the walls have not been built since the Span- is! i C;)n(piest. Sonora also fiirnished its quota of ,^"iauts' bones."* TIktc are three or four localities in tlie state of (liiliuahua where miscellaneous remains are va^'uelv lii iitioued in addition to the burial caves already re- i ■ii'.'il to in the extreme south-east, liardy reports a lave near the jiresidio of San Buenaventura, iVom wliich saltpetre is taken Ibr tlu; manufacture of pow- (l T, and in wliich some arrows have been found, with f^>Mie curious shoes intended for the hoof of an aiii- lail, arraii'4-ed to be tied on heel in iVoiit. with a vi> \v of misleadini^" pursuers. The cave is Ncry lari^'e, iv., loin. v.. |,],. '21;?, 2.")4; Tm/loi; in Cnl. Faniin; Ihc. •_'!, isiio. NDv. •_••_», l^^'il. .Ian. II). is:;_»; lfr.y,rri'l,i, vol. iii.. p. "i.Sil. ■'' N 0( I-'nnirisrit Eriiiiiiif l!ii//ifiii. .Iiily lt>, 1S(U; (''//. I'uniirr. Mari-ll 20, ISCI!, .\[iiil 4, I.S(J2; Dor. /li^t. Mi\c., wrVit: iii., tnni. iv., y\). (liid 7. 604 ANTIQUITIES OF CHIIILAHL'A. and tlie natives have a tradition of a subterranean passage leading northward to the Casas Grandis, over twenty miles.°^ Lamberg mentions the exist- ence of some remains at CorraHtos, and amioinKes his intention to explore tliem.^*^ Garcia Condo says that ancient works are found at various points in tin; state, specifying, however, only one of tliem, Avliieli consists of a spiral parapet wall encirchng the sides of a hill from top to bottom, near the canon of Ba- chimba.'^'' One celebrated group of ruins remains to bo de: scribed in this chajiter — the Casas Grandes of nurtli- ern Chihuahua. These ruins are situated on tlio Casas Grandes River, — which, flowing nortlnvard, empties into a lake near the United States boundary, — about mid wav between the towns of Janos and (ia- leana, and one hundred and fifty miles nortli-west of the city of Chihuahua. They are frequently men- tioned l)y the early writers as a probable station nf the migrating Aztecs, but those early accounts aio n\ore than usually inaccurate in this case, lioheit son found in a manuscript work a mention t>f tlie Casas Grandes as "the remains of a paltry building' of turf and stone, plastered over with white earth or liine."'^^ Arlegui, in his Chronica, speaks of tlieiu as "grand edifices all of stone well-hewn and ])olislie(l from time innnemorial." So nicely joined were the blocks of stone that they seemed to have been 'hi an so,' without the slightest trace of mortar; but tlic author adds that they might have been joined with the juice of some herbs or roots.^" Clavigero, wlut claims to have derived his information froi i parties who had visited the ruins, — since the hostile .itlitiulc N 55 ITardji's Trar., p, 407. s" I.diiihcrii. ill Sue. ^^l^x. G('n(j., Bahtln, toiii. iii., p. 2o. 'y (riirriit f'diiilr, Kiisinfo nohre (Uiihuii/iiia, p. 74. 5'^ llnhrrlsoii's llisl. Aiiirr., vol. 1., ]). 'J(il). ^^ Ar/r,/it>\ Clirdii. Ziivdlccas, pp. 104--5. Sfiiiie in Podillo, Cd)!'/. X Galtcia, AIS., pji. 484-5. ifir CASAK (JUANLES OF CIIIIIUAIIUA. G05 (if tlio Apaelics at tlie time of liis own rosidence in till' country made a visit impracticable — was tlie first to oive any definite idea of tliesc monuments, al- tliituuh lie also falls into several errors. He says: 'This })laco is known by tbe name of Casas Grandes on account of a vast edifice still standinij^, which ac- (Midiiiij^ to the universal tradition of the people was liuilt by the IVIexicans in their pil|i. 'JIM-."); rc- I"'ati'il ill (hivcin Coin/i', Knsni/o suhrc Chi/tua/itiu, \>. 71; Oru-co ij JJcrra, ii"i:inij'i,r, pp. 1H»-1|. '- .i////(/,/. .lAx, toiii. i.. i)p. .S74-5. ^ Huit/i/'s Tcac, pp. 4(J5-(5. i IS m I' 606 ANTIQUITIKS OV CIIIIIUAIIUA. soquently faulty."* Fin.ally Mr Eartlott cxpk)rc(l tlie locality in 1851, and his description illustrated with cuts is by far the most satisfactory oxtant. From Ins account and that in the Album most of the follow ill^• information is derived.*'' The ruined casas are about lialf a mile from \]w modern ^[exican town of the same name, located in ,i finely chosen site, connnandin,<»' a broad view ovei' tlic fertile valley of the Casas Grandes or San ^Mi^m I I'iver, which valley — or at least the river bottom is hero two miles wide. This bottom is bounded hy ;i j)lateau about twenty-five feet higher, and the ruins are found partly on the bottom and partly on tl.j more sterile phiteau above. They consist of wiills, generally fallen and crumbled into heaps of rubliisli, l)ut at sonie points, as at the corners and where sup- jtorted by partition walls, still standing to a height df from five to thirty feet above the hea])s of debris, ai:tl some of them as high as fifty feet, if reckoned iVnin the level of the ij^round. The cuts on this and the IK if. Casas Grandes — Cliiliualuia. opjiosito pages represent views of the ruins from tlneo different standpoints, as sketched by ^Mr Bartlett. "■I Wlr.lir.nnif;'' Tniir.Y\\ fiO-fiO. '■' lliir/!f/f\s' /Vr.v. Nor., vol. ii., pp. 347-04. Otlior roin])iIed acniiiiits may 1m' found in Mtnirrs Mix. Az/rr, etc., vol. ii., p. 'X\'^\ Avnilii, Ihi-i Ihn- tif^r ^^rx., ]!]). 'J()i)-70; Miillhiiic^rn, T(i'it'h, ]ip. .'U'-'-l,'?; Midilinpfi'riU, Mijiro, tin... ii i)t ii., p. ."vj."); Thihintnl, Mfxiko,^. .S47; It" chapter on the New Mexican region, wliii-c the buildings are of a similar nature. 'J'hc walls ;ire in some parts tive feet thick, hut were so iiuicli damaged at the time of ^fr Bartlett's visit that nothing could be as^/urtained, at least witliout excavation, respecting their iinisli on either surface. riic author of the account in the AlhiDii states that the plaster which covers the blocks is of ])o\vdei'ed *^titiic, but this may bo doubted. There is no doubt, howtver, that they were plastered on both inte- rior and exterior, with a composition much like that 608 ANTIQUITIES OF CIIIHUAHrA. of wliicli the l)lo('ks wcro made; Escndero fuiiiK! some }u)itions of the phister still in place, hut docs not state what was its composition. The remains df the main structure, Avhich was rectani*'ular in its plan, extend over an area measuring ahout eight hmidivd feet from north to south, and two hundred and titty from east to west.*"" Within this area are three iri'cat lieaps of ruined walls, but low connecting lines (if debris indicate that all formed one editlce, or were at least connected by corridors. On the south the Avall, or the heaps indicating its existence, is continuous and regular; of the northern side nothing is said; but on the east and west the walls are very irregular, with many angles and projections. The ground plan of the whole structure could not be made out, at least in the limited time at Mr IJait- lett's disposal, vie found, however, one row of ajjait- nients whose plan is shown in the cut. Each of tlic LUILiJim Ground Plan — C.isas G ramies. f^ix shown is ten by twenty feet, and the small struct- ure in the corner of each is a pen rather than a room, being only three or four feet high. In the All'mn, the usual dimensions of the rooms are given as about twelve and a half by sixteen and a lialf feet; ouc very perfect room, however, being a little over lour feet square. Bartlett found many rooms altogetlitr too small for sleeping apartments, some of great size, whose dimensions are not given, and several en- closures too large to have been covered l)y a roof, doubtless enclosed courtyards. One portion of stand- ing wall in the interior had a doorway narrower at *•• Although the dimensions in the AUmni are <;iven as 414 hy K>'^1 tt-'ot- probably including yoiue structures reckoned by Bartlett as dutachod. CASAS (niANDKS. (309 the ti»p than at tlic Imttoin, and two cireuhir oponin'jfs or windows above it. The exjihirer of 1H42 sjtcaks dt" doorways \ou*^, H(|uai'e, and round, some of them hciiiL,^ walled up at the bottom so as to form windows. Xot a fninfment of wood or stone remained in 18,51 ; nor could any holes in the walls be found which seemed to have held the orii^inal floor-timbers; and consequently there was no way of determinini;- tiie miniber of stories. In 1842, however, a piece of rot- ten wood was found, over a window as it seems; and the people in the vicinity said they liad found many lieanis. No traces of any stairway was, however, visible. No doubt the earlier accounts spoke of w linden stairways, or ladders, because such nieans of iiitrance were commonly used in similar and more iiindern buildings in New Mexico; later writers con- verted the conjectures of the first visitors into actual fact; hence the i^-alleries of wood and exterior stair- ways s[)oken of by Wizlizenus and others. It is difficult to determine where the idea orig- inated that the structure had three stories; for the w ills still standing- in places to a lieight of fifty feet, notwithstanding- the Mear of three centuries at least, would certainly indicate six or seven stories rather than three. These hiyh walls are ahvavs in the in- terior, and the outer walls are in no ]»art of a suffi- • ient heii-'-.t to indicate more than one story. 'J'he i;' iieral idea of the structure in its oi'i^inal condition, f'linied from the descriptions and views, is that of an immense central ])ile — similar to some of the J*neI)lo towns of New Mexico, and particularly that vi Taos, of wliicli a cut will be o-iven in the followinu;' chajiter — lisiiiu- to a heio'ht of six or seven stories, and sur- i'liiihded by lower houses built al)out several couii- vardsj and presenting? on the exterior a rectanoular torm. Notwithstandino' the inij)erfect exjdoration of this ruin and its advanced state of dilapidation, the reader of the fidlowing chapter will not fail to un- VoL. IV. aa GIO ANTIQUITIKS OF (illllUAHU V dorstand clearly what thin Casa Grande was ]\h Avheii still inhabited; for there is no doul)t that tlii^ l)iuldini; was used for a dwellin<^ as well as Im otlier purposes, and tliis may he regarded as tlio iirwt instance in the northward progress of our in vesti<^ation where any remains of authentic aboriginal dwellinj^s have been met. About one hundred and fifty yards west of tlie main buildini^ and somewhat higher on the ])l;it{an, are seen the foundatior, ■( of another structure of simi- lar nature and material, indicatin<^ a line of siniil aj)artments built round an interior court, accordin'^ to the ground i)lau shown in the cut, the whole i'uim- Ittttttt^ Ground Plan — Casus Grandes. ing a square with sides of about one hundred and fifty feet. There are S(jme other heaps in the viciii ity which may very likely rei)resent l)uildings, df whose original forms, however, tliey convey no idea, besides some remains of what seemed to Mr Bartlttt to be very evidently tliose of modern Spanisli l)uil(l- ings, Betw^een the two buildings described there are three mounds or lieaps of loose stones each about fif- teen feet high, wliich have not been opened. J">iii- dero, followed by Oarcia Conde, states that through- out an extent of twenty leagues in length and ttii leagues in widtli in the valleys of the Casas Graiuks and Janos, mounds are found in y-reat numbers over two thousand, as estimated in the Album — and that such as have been opened have furnished paintcil put- nUoKF.X PUTTER Y, 6U tiTV, nictates, stone axes, and otlior utonslls. One visitor tliou<^}it that one of the niounds jn-esentcil oicat reguhirity in its form and liad a sunnnit jthit- forni. Kscudero and Hardy report the existence of an ii([ii(.'(hict or canal wliicli formerly bronij^ht water from a spring to the town. The following cut shows Pottery from Casa.s Gnuidos. specimens of broken pottery foimd in connection \vith the ruins. The ornamentation is in black, ivd, or brown, on a white or reddish ground. The luiitcrial is said to be superior in texture to any iiuimiractured in later times by the natives of this C12 ANTIQirriKS OK CIIIIIl'Am'A. n><,»"ion. The wliolo vallcv fur miles nrouiid is strewn with such fr.'ii^ineiits. IJiihroiveii HpLriinciis of jMit- tory nro not ahuiuliiiit, as is naturally the cmsk in a country travorsod continually by rovinij;' hands (tf n.i- tivcs to Avhoni it is easier to pick up or di'^- out earthen utensils than to manufacture or huy them. Three s])ecimens were however found ])y Mr Jjartictt, and are shown in the cut. !N[r Hardy also skttcliul ■ ■> P^ Potti-ry from Casus CJrandes. a vase very .similar to the first fi^^ure of the cut, and he speaks of "i^ood specimens of earthen ima'^rs in the Ei4yj)tian style, which are, to me at least, sn pir- fectly uninteiestiui^, tiiat I was at no pains to pnuuiv any of them." Ai'cordiiii^ to the Alhum, some idols had been ft)und hy the inhabitants amonof other rtdiis, and the wtmien claimed to have discovered a monu- ment of anti(|uity whitdi was of practical utility to themselves, as well as of interest to archreoloi^ists— namely, a jar filled with bear's o-reasel The |ti]ie shown in the cut, has a suspiciously modern look, Pipe from Casas Orandos. althoui^li included in Bartlett's plate of Chihualuuui antiquities. FOUTIIKSS AT CASAS (illAXTlES. m The inhaMtiints pointed out to Burtlctt, on tlio top of a lii,L;h mountain, soinu ten miles south-west of tlie ruins (lescril)e(l, >vhiit they sr.id was a stone t'ort- ivss of two or tiiree stories. Kscudero describes this monument, which lio locates at a distance of only two leai^ues, as a watch-tower or sentry-station on tilt- top of a hio'h diti'; and says that the southern sl()[»e of the hill has many lines of stones at invi,nilar iiitci'vals, with hea})s of loose stones at their ex- tiviaities. This is prohahly, in the absence of mojo definite information the more credible account. The Allniin ic})resents this momnnent as a fortress built of <4'reat stones very ])erfectly joined, thonyh without the aid of nujrtar. The wall is said to be eij^'hteen or twenty feet thick, and a road cut in the rock leads to the summit. At this time, 1842, the works were lifino' destrc^yed for the stone they contained. Clavi- gcrct s[»eaks of the hill works as "a fortress defended on one side by a high mountain, and on other sides l»y a wall about seven feet thick, the foundations of which yet rciuain. There are seen in this fortress stones as largo as millstones; the beams of the roofs are of ])ine, and well worked. In the centre of tho vast edifice is a mound, built as it seems, for the jiiupose of keeping guard and watching the enemy," I'lavigero evidently confounds tho two groups of ruins, and from his error, and a similar one by others, come the accounts which represent the Casas Grandes as l)uilt of stone. He mentions obsidian mirrors among the relics dug up hero, jn'ohably without any authority. The cut from Bartlett shows a stone luetute found among the ruins. Mctate from Casas Orandcs. So far as any conclusions or comparisons suggested C14 ANTIQUITIES OF CHIHUAHUA. hy th.'s Ciiihualiuan ruin are concerned, tliey iiiay i)jst be detorred to the end of the following- cha})ttr. The Casas CIrandes, and tlie ruins of the northoin or New Mexican group, should be classed togctlitr. They were the ^vork of the same people, at about the Baoie ei^och. w- CHAPTER XI. ANTIQUITIES of AlMZnNA AM» NKW MKXICO. Ai;i:\ KNCLOsr.i) r,v riir, (;ir.\. Ivio (iuA.'DK dki. Norm:, ami Coi.o- i;\ii(>--A Land or .Mvsttk.kv Wondkijfii. IIei-outs and Auvkn- Ti iti:s oi- Mission a lilies, Soi.dikks, IIiNTKiis, Minkhs, and I'l- (im;i;i;s - Kxpi.ouatii'X IIaii hoad Siuvkvs— I'lassu-ic tion or llKMAINS --MONL'MENTS OK Illi; (Wl.A VaI.I.KY — lUxi.DKi;-! ..scitll'- TIONS -TllK ("ASA (iKANDK n| AltlZONA ivVKKV Accol NTS AND MnliKllN K.\ri.»«KATIoN ADOItK l!i I I.DINfJS - ViKW AND I'l.ANS MlsciiLLA3fEU*S KEMAr\S, AcKl,"! IAS, AND I'oTTKKY (ITIIKI! Kl INS hn the (iti.A - A'ai.lky or tiik liio s u.ADo liio Vkhdk I'i kisi.o ClIKKK -ri'ri:i; (ill.A - TuUUTAlilKS o|- TIIK CoI.OHADO ItoCK-lN- SCKII'TIONS, nil.l, Wll.l.lA.MS I'OUK IillNKD ClTIKS ol' TlIK Ciil.n- K\|IO <'HHiliro IllO PUKRfO L|TI1oDI;NDI!ON <'Rl.t>.K Navakko Hl-lflNl. Zl'Jil VAI,I.1;V - All. !l SPklNti Zl N( 0,J0 DKI. Pkmado Is MiMiTioN Hock Itio San .Iian - Iti ins or the <"iii;i.i.v and < llACO ("ANONS - V VI.I.KV OK I'lli: l{lO (rHANDE -I'lKlil.O I'oUNS, ImIAIUTED AND IN !.l IN^ TlIK MiK.HI T<»\VNS -TlIE SlA E.\ I'lTIE.S UK ClliOI.A— IlKsr.Mi;, Co.Ml'AlilSoN^, .iND < 'ON( M-SK/N: ( rossiiiijc tb.c l)ouiKlary lino bctwtM.'U the iKift'icrii aii'l soutlu.-ni repiil'lics, ;uid enteriiiof the territory ot' till' Pjicitic United States, 1 .shall ])ivsent in the Jtrcsfiit eiiapter all that is known of untiiinitits in Aiizdiia and New NTexico. An area a|>)>i'o\iniatin^' Noiiirwliat the tbrni of a rio;']it-ani;'le trianij^le, witli ;i •t" tour hundred miles and a |)eri»e'n(lieular ot' tillVi uiulred, includes all the remains in tlii s jVLjum. lilt.' valley of the Uio (Jila, with those of its tiihu- tary streams, is the southeiMi hitundai'V, oi" I i;ise r>i CU't AXTIi,H ITIKS >:" AKIZ tNA AM> NIAV .MEXICO. strutcliiiii'- ;il(tii<'- tlu' thii'ty-tliinl i)arallel of latitiidi-; tliu llio Cilraiide del Norte, tiowiii^;' soiitliwanl lir- tweoii the one liiiii(lietl and sixtli and one liundrid and seventli nieritliaiis, iornis with it.s valley tlie east- ern limit or perpendicular; while (Mi the north and Ave.st the re^'ion is hounded hy the Rio Colorado as ,i liypothenu.se, aJheit a very winding' one. 'Die lattn- river nii^ht, howe\er, he straightened, thus inipinv- inn" inatei'ially the y'eonietrieal syinnietry of my tri- anL;-iidr M'orld, hav(> always had, as they still Inivo, m<»iv ny less of the mysterious connected Avith them. Ih if luive been located for over three hundred years u><: ■wonderful ])eo])les, mai'velous cities, extensive j'uiiis, mines of untold wealtli, un})ar;dleled natural phciimii- vuii, sa^■a^•es us as connect*'*! wifli the ahorii/ines, wiieJ'O th«' native I'aces yvt di>*|/uf<' the prouji'es.^ <^ n foi-ci'/n civili/w^yjii. And tlu' wondrous talord< )• land ii(tw'c<:i tiviiizatioiii and sava/isrri, at^v>'ny^ i(t%fi/^^OYiito(\, liad ijeverthelexH mwh fna af i\ w<;nderful p< when we consid'T tiio wall of sav- agisff» whicli envried i<<:ructureH /iru biN^.tf>r foiuuhitv )/'!, on.- *'«*!■ FA'PLOIIATION OF NEW MEXICO. 617 in tlio ])a.st iiiore miinerous, ])()\V(.tI"u1, and cultiii-id, than Eiiropoan.s have found tliuni; ri(.-li minus nw hdw worked, and yet ricliur ones nru awaitiiit;' dcvclo]!- nicnt; few <^TeatL'r natural cuiMosities have l»een seen in Auiei'iea than the ('afiun of tlio Colorado, witli per- ]tondicular sides in some j)laees a mile in luiuht; and the A])aehes are yet on the war-path, making' a ti'ip thrnut;h the eouiitry inuch more dan_<»'erous now than at the time when the Spaniards first visited it. Although a lai"i4'e ])ai't of these states is still in the ])()ssession of the natives, and no oHici.il or sciciitilie coiunnssion has made ex{»h)rations \\ !iii-li were esj)e- I'ially directed to its anti([Uarian treasui'es, yet (he lahorsof tlie priest, hunter, immii^rant, liuhaii tiulitei-, raih'oad sui'veyor, and prospector, have left few val- leys, hills, or canons, mountain passes or desert ])lains iui\ isitt,'d. While it is not prohahle that all even of tlh- mi>re impoi'tant ruins have heen seen, ordescrihed, We may feel very sure, here as in Yucatan, from the iinit'ormity of such niomiments as have heen hi'oui^'ht t I ii^'ht, that no veiy imj)ortant dt'\elo[»ments remain to ho made res})ectinti' the character, or type, of tiio N< w Mexican reiuj uns. This country was first visitcMl hy tlio Si)aniards in till' middle of tin; sixteenth century. The ]tart known to them as New Mexii'o, and to which tlu'ir '■tl'oits HM c«»n(|uistadoi'es and missionaries wen; ])ar- ticiilarly directed, was the valley ot* tlie Ivio (Ii.inde ;ui(l its tributary stre;ims, hut the whole district was iVr.jUi'ntly crossed and i'; Caheza de Vaca, shi wi'ecked on the coast of ttir Sfoxicnn gulf wandereil ihrouifh the rcLiions south ill' iiul near Now Moxit;o, in looG-G; roused hv the ''lipw recked soldic^r's tale, Fv Marco do Xiza pono- nt least into Arizona from Sinaloa in 1539, '! I' lii£, G18 ANTK^LITIKS OF AUIZOXA AND NEW MEXICO. and was followed by Yasinicz do Coronado, mIio readied the Pueblo towns on tlie llio (Jrande in If) 10; Antonio do Espejo followed tlie course of the oicit river nortlnvard to the Pueblos in 1583, and in I.V.i.S New Mexico was brought alto<>'ether under S|);iiii>li rule by Juan de Onate. In 1G80 the natives tlin w off the yoke by revolt, but were ag'ain sul)dued litb'in years latei", and the Spaniards retained tlie jxtwt r, thougli not always without difficulty until 1848, wlicii the territory came into the possession of the Fnitiii States. The archives of the missions are said to liiivc been for the most part destroyed in the rcNoh of 1G80, and consequently their history previous to tliat date is only known in outline; since 1G80 the annals are tolerably clear and complete. The diaries of tlic S{)anisli jtioneers have been, most of them, jtrestivcd in one form or another, and show that the authois visited many of the ruins that have attracted tlio attention of later explorers, and also that tliey found many of the towns inhabited that now exist only as ruins. Their accurate accounts of towns still stand- ing' and iidiabited attest, moreover, their general veracity as explorers. It is, however, to the explorations undertakin under the authority of the ITnited States goxciii- ment, for the purpose of surveying a practical •It- route for an interoceanic railroad, and also to estah- lish a boundary line between American and ^lexiiaii territory, that we owe nearly all our accurate de- scriptions of the ancient monuments of this gniiip. These exploring parties, as well as the militaiw expe- ditions dui'ing the war with Mexico, were accompa- nied by scientific men and artists, whose observations v-'re made public in their official reports, togfthcr with illustrative j)lates. They generally followed the course of the larger ri\ers, but the ruins disco\('ied by them show a ivmarkable similarity one to anotlui", and conse([uently the reports of trappers and giiiiles res]tecting I'emains of similar ty}»e on the sniallir MOUTH OF Tin: COLORADO 619 streams, may be <>-eiierally accepted as wortliy of more im})licit conHtleiice than can generally be ac- corded to sucli reports. In this division of Pacific States anti;r()tes(|Uo form;,, all ])ecked in with a sharp instrument." Tliu accompanyini,'' cut shows some of these houlder-scul])- tiires as they were sketched by Bartlett in Iboii. Boultlcr-Sciilpturcis on tlio (lihi. Some of thorn seemed of recent origin, while many were much defaced by exjiosure, and aj»}mriiitly "I' iireat aye, Tho newer carviim's in some cases ext^ <1 ovei- the older ones, and many are found on the undv f side of the nxks, whei'e they must have been ex- ecuted before they fell to their present }H)sitiun. Tlio ROCK-INSCRIPTIONS OF THE CJILA. 621 locality of the sculptured rocks is shown on the maj); the first is about fifty miles east of Fort Yuma, and tlie second twenty miles west of the hi^- bend of the (Jila, both on the south bank. Two additional incised figures are ^iven in the following- cut from Fi'oebel's sketches, since tlie author thinks tliat JJart- litl^ may have selected his specimens with a view to sricnothen his theory that the figures are not hiero- ^Ivphics with a definite meanin*'-.^ BotiKlcr-Sciilpturos on tlip (lil;i. Bt'tween tlie Pima villages and the junction of tiic Sail I'udro witli the (jlila, stands the most fa- iiKiiis ruin of tlie whole region — the C'asa Cirande, or Casa do !^^ontezuma, which it is safe to say has ln( II mentioned bv every writer on American an- tiiiuity. Coronado (hiring his trip iVom ( 'uiiacan to t!ie 'seven cities' in 1540, visited a ])uildiiig called ('liichilticale, or 'red liouse,' ^\]li('h is supposed with iiiihh roasvHi to have been the ( asa (irande. The iiiily account v)f Coronados tiip which gives any de- srription of the building is that of Castafieda, who "vyvs, "Cliichilticale of which so much bad been said 'joHtkibly by the guides or natives] proved to be; a liiiiise in ruins and without a roof; which seemed, lu'Wever, to have been fortifie, -IK); Frorhi/. Alls Jnnr., totll. 'i . ' 4(kS; /(/., Cent. Anicr., pp. .")iy-'J4; Kmvrij's Uecuniiuinsancc, pp.82, Ml- 'I, with plate. !> - l.;'li 1- ^'i'"'^^ i kk.M G22 ANTI(,)1 ITIKS OF ARIZONA AND NEW MHXU'O. this Ikmiso, Iniilt of rod earth, was tlic work of civ- ilized ])t^()plo wlio liad coino from far awaj'." "A house which liad loui;" l>eeu iiiliahited hy a poo})lo wlio oaiue from ( 'I'hohi. The earth in this eouiiti'v is red. The liousu was Lirge; it seemed to have servetl as a lor tress. Father Kino heard of tlio ruin wliile visitiiiL;- tlic northern missions of Soiiora. in the early ])art of lO'.l-l. He was at first incredulous, hut the infoiniation hav- ing' Ih'o n conHrmed hv other reports of the nativ poi' , es. lie visited the Casa Grande later in the same year, and said mass within its walls. Since Kino was imr acconi]»anied at the time hy Pach'e ^Fani^'e, his secit- tar}^ who usually ke])t the diary of ids expeditions, no definite account resulted from tliis first visit.* in 1()1)7, liowever, Pa(he Kino revisited the jilacc in comi)any this time with ^laiin'e, who in iiis diaiy of the flip wj'ote what may he regarded as the lii>t definite description.'' 3 Cii-ifanrf/ff, in Trriiaiir-rotiijians, Voi/., s('iic i., toni. ix., ji]). 10-1, liil- 2. Two iitlier accimiifs of tlic tri|i were wiiltcii niii' hy .hiaii .laiaiiiillii, wliicli limy lie foiiinl in tiic saiiu.' volume of 'l"('iii;m\-<'oni|iiiiis' woiU ; iu\d the sucond by Coidiiailo liinisi'if, an llaliaii translation of wiiicli a|i|Miir(il ill Ritiiiiisio, Xfin'iiii/io/ii, toiii. iii., fol. .'!.")',>, ct seq., and an l'',ii;:li>ii Iraii:-- latioii ill //(i/,iii)//'s I'oi/,, vol. iii., |i. 'AI'A, I't se(|. For an ali>tiact of tin- trip anil (iisciission aliotit tlic location of tin; routo, see (Inlhtti Klh UK), .StlC -.lift. >l. ii. SiflK A I for N( (1 s; l>er, IS4S; ll'/ii/,/ili\ rt 111., in I'ar. li. R. llrpf.i., v( Smif/isDiii'iii 111 pi., IS.")!), ji. 'M)\\, ut .si'ii. The last is the best artiilc snlijfit, ami is ai'coiiiiiaiiied liy a nia I unison. Ml on lilt' All th fact that the I'xjiedition )iassed thioiij;h Chiehiltieale, hut only the i aeconiits inentioii tl e lie luoteil desiiihes the hnildin, ^ I, J\fllHI/i III i])iiiito en eiiiliiion ] l>or. Ilixt. Ml n iior no liahev ido vo d cste deseiiliriineiitu.' serie toni. ■■- In hiir. I list. M,. I'P •'."I'.t. r.i, 8(>: serie iv., toni. i., \t]>. 'JS'j is as follows: -' One of tliein is a lar;;(' eiiiiiee, th -3. Mi lirii iiij;e s descrijitinn i|ial roiiin in Hie CLMitre iiein;; four stories liij,di, and those idjoiiiin;,' it on its four sides, lime stories; with walls two vaias fhieU, of siion^' iirt/iiiiiiisii ij Imnti [that is, the material of which adohes are m,ide| so smooth on the inside that liny I'osenihle iilaned hoards, and so ]iolislied th.'t they shine liUe Piielila pul- tery. 'I'he corners of the windows, which are iiiuarc, ;ue very strai.L.lit and ithoiit siijiports or ('ross])ieces of woi il, as ;f inadi \\ith a mold; tl door of I tl th: loiiifh, narrow. iiid hv this u is known to he the wmk ndiaiis; it is lid ]iaees loiii; hy 2! wide <1 II Imilt. At t lance of an aninehnse-shot are with tl iicU w :.y seei 1 twtdve other hniid'nv's half fal le ills- II. iil-i) ills; and all the roofs 1> nnied out except one . 'W room, wlmli lias round beams apnareiitlx of cedar, or satiino, small iind iver them ntnlrs (rei loiiih. am it lal nze, .'iiid a lav r of hard mud :llli| orlar. formiiii;- a very curious roof or Hour, la the \iciuitv are seen maii\ in. \'ir(). ovk of fiv- way. A people who iitry is 1T<1. iurvud as a visiting" tlie art of ir.'.M. Illation liav- lIic natives, same yt-'ar, ^ino was nut V, liis sfcrc- ... expeditions, ; visit.* xl tlu- ]tlac(\ in his (haiv as tlie iii>t ix., l>]>- !"-'• V''' .liiiui .huuiiiillii, i|iaiis' wiirk ; luid wliich iii'iKiincl liii Kii^li>l' iraiir- 1 iiliMiiict (if the a//, dill, ill 'l"i"'' ,■('.((■ fur Ntivi'iii- iuul Siiii/iiDii. ill ,■^1 article oil ilic Its uH'iilii:" tl e i)iit only tUf •iiiL' (Icsculiriinfiitii. mi-i. iiiue's (Ipscriiitinn jipTll Vtinlll ill tilt' four si.lcs, iliive (/ hiirni [tliiit is, 'insiilf that tlnV likf I'url.lai'"'; Ivcrv sti-iu.-lit ail lith" a iiioM; 'li^' u to 1»' tin' wnik liilt. At tlif'li- half fall. 11. Ills'' |; .\\ room, wliiili ;n,l , :iiootl\, ami liimd ami ii'oilav. !,ceu many oi-""^ (ASA CIRANDE OF TIIK CIT.A. 023 Padre Jacobo Si'delniair visited tlie Casa (Jrando ill 1744, l)ut in his narrative he coj)ies Man^i^'s ac- count. He Aveiit further, however, and discovered •)\\\< r ruins.'"' Lieut C ^r. Bernal seems to liave heen niilitary coiiiniandant in Kino's expedition, and he also de- siiihes tlie ruin in liis re|tort.'' Padres (Jarces and Font made a jt)uruey in 1775-0, under Ca[it. Anza, to tlie (iila and Colorado valleys, and thence to the missions of Alta California and the ^lotpii towns. J)otli mention the ruin in their diaries, the latter ui\inL;' (juite a full account. I know not if Pathe Font s diary has ever l)een jninted, hut I have in my rollcction an Enolish manuscript translation from the oii'^inal in the archives at Cuadalajara, — })er]iaj)s the same copy from which ^Ir Bartlett made the extracts wliirli he printed in his work.^ Font's plan is not niiM> aiitl stories, and lionps of nildiish ■svliicli cover tlie >;roiiiiil fur two lia;rui'>; witii inin'li hroUcii pottery, ])lates, anil o/las i>i lini' eiay jiaintetl ill \aiioiis eoiors ami lesenililinj,' the (luadaiajara jpottery of New Spain; liiiiic it is inferrei' I'lat tlie eity was very lar;;u and the work of a civilized 1ii'ii|p1c iimler a ;.'overnnient. Tliis is \erilied hy a eanal wliicli runs from tile ri\cr over the jilaiii, ein'irciin;,' the settlement, which is in the centre, three lea;,'ues in circumt'eroiiee, ten varas wide and four di'ejt, carryinj,' per- iiiip^ liall the river, and thus servinj; as a defensive ditch as well as to su[i- |ily water for the houses and to irri;;ate the surrounilin;^ liidils. ' '' Si i/ifumir, Ri'liirioii, in line Hist. Mix., serie iii., torn, iv., ji, 817. Oru/eo y Herra, (/iminif'iii, \\\). 1(»8-1(), takes this description from Sedcd- iiiaii- MS. in the .Mexican archives, as hein;,' written liy one who was 'al- iim^t the discoverer,' hut it is a literal copy of .Man;;e"s diary. .\Ian;:e"^^ (liaiy, so far as it relates to the Casa (irande, is translated in SrhndlcruJ'rs Arrli., vol. iii., ]>. 'M)\; and I lurt/i //'.•< I'ns. \iir., vol. ii., pp. 'JSJ-'J. ' ' N' vimos toda la vivienda lUd edilieio (|iie es muy ;;rande de ijuatio altos, I'liailradas las ]iaredes y muy ;^ruesas eomo dc dos varas de aiiclio del dii'ho laiici lilauco, y auunm.' estos jentiles 1o han (pieniado distintas veces, se ven 1"~ i|iiatioaltos, (Niii hue I las >al as, a pose lit OS y ven tanas cnriosauiente eiiili, |ior ( lentr () y tuera de maiieia ijue estau l.is pareues cncaladas y lisas )Ioradi iata> " I.I i>arri) alj^o eo or fuera once easas alL;o nieiion puertas iiiuy pari'jas Ti uniiieu hav innie- s f; iiiricailas con la iiropia cm insula ih \:vl y vlt; IS. . .V on laiLTo distrito se \e niu ■hal h prop osa iiueliiaila y \i r. !aniliieii se ve tina seiiuia niaestra de die/, \aras lU' am Im y i|iiatiii de in hordi) muy j,niieso hechn de la misnia tierra ipie \a ii la casa pur illl. V I litriiiil, in Ih)!-. J//s/. .lA' »'., sihie iii., toiu. iv., p. SOi. ill M 'idri' (Jarces savs, m this river is situated the house which they "teznma's, and many other ruins of other edilices with \eiy many iiM-iiients ot pottery )otn iiaiii ■It III. Ml I h ited lllc pi; iin. From what 1 afli d.- lave formed a vevv dill'erent idea from that which 1 hiforo 'iileii.iineil respecting; tliese hiiil Oilli Dor. Hisf. .1/c iliii>:s, 1 sc^rie II., lom. i. i'ferrin;; to I'adre I'mil for luoit If. I' >nt acciiunt Is sul)- -i.uiii.iily ii-i followjj;— 'Wo carefully e.s.i.iiuued this etlilice and its mius ■ill ill i !B ;i" ' i i Mi 024 ANTliil ITir.S OF AKI/(»NA AND NiAV MKXKd. /'/,./- «»'ivon with the translation, hut in IJcauniont's ( cii (ff Mrc/i(iiicy made from the oriL^iiial I'or the Mi'-vicau Imjiei'ial Lihraiy of Maximihaii, 1 find a desei'iption of the Casa (Irande, which appears to liavu heen (luoted Hterallv from Font's diarv. and Avhich also contains the ground plan of the ruined eddice 1 shall n(»tice hereaftei' its Aariations tVon the plan which I shall c'i)})y.''* .V hrief account \va.- . Kr' lilt' ('cliiio.i^fnililiiciil i)laii (if wliicli I licrc lay ilnwii I'l'lic iilaii ilcics nut ac t'i>iii|>aiiy tlif translaliiiii, lilt I 111 ami' an ill aiiiitlirr MS, w lijch I ill sciiliy iiii'iiti(iii| ami the lictlcr tci uiiiiiTsiaiiil it 1 j:i\f I lie I'l lli;^' ili'si'i'i|itiiiii ami <-\|ilaiialii>n 111 cic fdllowN an ai'i'iiiiiil uf liic In (It the ('a>.a liy I lie .\/.U Oil liii'ir wav ill Analiiiai ilii'ii tin- l>i'\il It'll tliciii tliniU''li til 'rill- Nile iili wliirli tliis li< I'M' ri'i.'iuiis liiiilt is Mat (HI ail silk's anil at tlu' ilislaiirc of almnt niif Ica'Mic fnnii llu' ri\i'r ( iila. ainl tlir ruins (if ilic lidiisi's w liicli cciiniins tiiwaiils the I'.ast ami tlic Canliiial il t1 |M(int> 11^ tnwn cxtriiil inm II lan a l('a',:iii' ami all tlii^ ii-tialK il will I iiicccs (I f 'ts. JU^'S. I lat( ivc, Minii' (•iiininiiii ami ntlu'is jiainli IC WcHK 1.1 .if ilill'i till" rinias. A I'ari'fiil nu'asuii'inciit inaiU' willi a lame sln.wt'il thai 'll rent (.'iiluiirs, \\ liitc. liliii", rcil,' \c., vciv ilillcri'iit fruni tl ll iiiiisc tiirnis an iiIiIuiil; .si| anil I'liiinil ai" facing; ('\ailly tin- fniir ( 'ai'iliiial iinint lint it tlii'ic art' niiiis imlicatiii;; a fcnci' nr wall wliirli >iir- cnnicrs, w hiTi' nmnilril tlic limisi' ami iitlicr linililin,L,'s, |)arliciilaily in tlic it ainicars lliat tliciv lias lici'ii sniiu' cililiic liUc an iiitcrinr c; tiiwiT, fur in tilt' aii'Mi' wlp 'li fai'i's tnwanls tlic S. W. there stainls a ruin w illi stl e nr waii'l itsdi i\ isiiins anil an ii]i|ier story. Tl le exterior plaee [iila/a| extemls frmii N. to S. l-.*il feet ami from K. to W. iVIO feet. Tlie interior of tlic li sists of live halls, tho three iiiiddk' on trciiie ones longer.' 'J'lie three iniilill iiiL! of one size ainl the Iwr ex- e ones are •_'i; hv 10 feet, \\v others ;>S liy I'J feet, ami all 11 feet lii>;h. The inner iluurs nre of npial size, twohy live feet, the oilier ones lieiii;,' of doiilile widlll. 'I'lie iniirl wal ue four feet thiek and well jilastered, and the mityr walls six feel ilii Th house is 70 hv .")t) feet, tl le walls sloiiiii';- somew hat on tl ll.' IllllSllll', 'i'x'fore the i'lastern duorway. sejiarate frinii the house there is aiioilur ImildiiiL'," •_*() hv IS feet. ithiint eouiitiny; the thicUiie: o f ll 11' \\a Tl le tiniher, it appears, was ot pino, am 1 Ih nearest inoiilitaiii lieari pine is at the distanee of "J,") lea,i,'ues; it likewise hears some nn'ziiiiit All the huildin^- is of earth, and aei-ordiii;; to appearances the walls are Imill in lioxi's I mollies] of diirerent sizes. A trench leads from the river at a wn was snp|ilieil with water; it is now iicarlv inried up. Finally, it is perceptihlc that the I'.dilice lud three stories, ;inil ll distance, hy which the to iinried if il he true what the Indians say it had 4, the h'-t liein;; a kind of • Ull- terraiican vault. l''iir tl 10 iiuriiose o :lit to the rooms, nothiii'' w seen Imt the doors and some roiind holes in the middle of the walls whii ll face III the l-'ast and West, and the Indians said that the I'rince wliniii iIk'V louj;!! these hole (whirl I are it stairs remain, ainI wi' call the " hitter man"' used to salute the siiii th jiieity lar;,'e) at iN risin;f ami setiiii;,'. No therefiire snp]iose that they must have heen of wood, and that tlicy wnv destroyed when the hnildini,' was luiriit hy the Apaches,' Font's .Juuiiinl, MS., pp. 8-10; also (Hinted in liurtlrli's J'ir.i. X( ll. lis,. F 'h translation in 'J\ itiix-CuiiijKtns V I'l'- r 's-Sii; serie i., tom. i\. ^ JJdtui/iuiif, Croii. Ma'hijaciiii, MS., jip. oOt-S. See an ahriilgcl .KXU"t>. ArTiioijiTiKs (»\ Tin; casa ckandi: (ij > lout s ( 'riii.i- i la'Vi'i' luili- i the oriuiiial [iixiniiliiin. I •hicli MpiHais t's diary, and f tlu) ruiiud [.riiitioiis tVom accovuit was Jllall l\oV^ lint 111- llinllliT MS. wliiih it 1 M-ixc the InllnW- inii ipf till' liiiililiiiL; r(iil;,'li tlit'M' ifi^iiiM-. sf is liiiilt is tiat HU !■ river (lilii, mihI iln' limn' tliiui a lca;:iie land i-^ iiartiail> ici\- 1 ami i.tlu-rsiiainlnl it I'roiu till" sM'ik Ml I. slii.wfcl thai Mhc ('anlinal jMiinN . . or wall wliii h >nr- 1 tlio niriiiTs, ulinc .ritir castli- nr waiiii- L' staiuls a mill willi a] I'xH'iHlsfrdiii N. ot' llic lii'iiM' "■•■>i>- zi" aii'l tlif twi fX- 10 tV.'t, aiul tin' (U)urs nrc «i I'ipial I. 'I'lii- iiiiu'i«alN rails six feet tlii''l<. at oil till! iiiil>iili'. it' tliiTo is aiinlli.T kiicss of till- vvalls. iiii.iiiitaiii lirariiiu' Mil' iiu'/tiiii'i' •''" ,e walls aivUii ill 111 .)m the livfi- at ;v tor; it isiiowii.Milv ;,l tliive stoi-ii-.aii.l iuj; a kind "I >"'.'• u- riMiiiis, nothing; '•* „f till' walls whiHi ■ rriiH'c wlimii tiioy iVso holes (wUiiliave lirs ri'iiiaiii. ai»l «^' anil that tlu'V "»'i)' s.' Font's ,l""fi,"l. ..1. ii., vv- ->-^"- i-ie i., toni. IN , 1'!'- si'c an ubriilgi'l :>'^'- ir oivcii in till' I'm/o /\ns•_*-.'{. 'I'iiis author speaks of 'aluiinas naredes il'' nil ;4;iaii estani|iii', lieelio li inaiiii ile eal y eaiito.' Similar anoiint in M' trr, Ili'.f/. Ciiiii/). (Ir ,/iniis, toiii. ii., |i]i. '-Ml-l'J. " F.iiiiirifs Ili'i'iiin(i>insiuivi\ |)|i. .Sl-Ii; •lulnislon's Jniiniiil, in A/., ]i|i. ."lUT-liail; Uriiirid's .l/iiif/ir Cii/i/ifr//, jip. II l-'Jl; Harthit's J'irs, Xiir., Ml), ii., u\>. '271-81. Other authorities, eciiitainiii;;, I lielieM", in. original iiifiiriiiation, are as follows: lliniiliiiUlt, I'Limd I'nL, \i\\. 'J'.t7-t>; lUilthrni'a ■ \iii\ Aiiicr., ]}. 82; Mn/nts, K.r/i/nr. , toni. ii., \t. 'MW; (iutiifrit, in I'rrsrott, lli-il. ('i)iii/. .!/('.'•., toni. iii., \>. lit; Mm/rr's Mrr, ArJn\ rlc, vol. ii., p. ',\W\ witlicilt; III., Dlisn-riilliiiis. p. I."); /-/., M ill Itiiin'lniiirij. Ilisf. Xitt. dr., toiii. (-.,/ \>. (>s-<»; /;, 1' 1!»7 ill .',/, '.•M); Ii (liiiil. rii.ssi iir >i. 'si'liiwtnti, .'^/iiinii 'SC-S; J)n .l-frlc. S/if., p. ■_".I7; Cliffs' Coil'/, iif p|i. ,{ll'.l-l 1: l.iifiinil, I'lii/iiiiis, toiii. (7('.v /hsf-rls, V(d. i., ]ip. :iSl-4; Mullln p. \'l; 1. 1 III if. s A I 1' ir); /. iirniii iii/iiri Ii, 7 Ml iiiir- ■ I., torn. VI. 1.. l.-):i: Mill's Hi si. M, il \V. /.. p].. ISil I; Miilfi-I'.nni, /'. ,!,■ Ill l!>'_'-:!; Mmiilli^ I' I7ii; Miililiii/i/nnlf, Mrjini, foiii. ii., ]it ii., ]))>. 4:i.")-(i; Miillii I ' rri liifi t 'III. ]). .")l{.'; lliilliitiii, ill Xi rill- Ai ilisilis V IS.-. I, •wxi., pp. "JSl-ti, 'H\\; Frill liil, A lis Ai, ■■ii's Ilisf. (dill Irriiij. Mr V^v-r I'i' Si; Cill. Srrii/i-lliiiil,; ]i. (ill'.); Iluli III., A I 'li II. ton's toni. it., ]ip. l.'il '1: . !•()•, Tlii .p. !t:M; .Mr.i;l,„ I'm,, l/E cl L'Ai VV- I.SS-!»; /.' 'I'i; Sill il.rfiiii, I'm ill a; rllr 1(14; 117; J fr- it lis ilr.i I 'In Ai rlr. .Ian. 1"), lS,-)(», toni. exxvi., pp. 40, 4( .i\ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 J^^IIIM in IM IIIII22 m ""^ 1110 mil 2.0 1-4 ill 1.6 V] •c*l m % .> /: 7 /A Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. MS80 (716) 872-4503 V ^v -^ \\ ^9> .. o #> 6^ V ^\J^^ '%'■ \ o, ^' <" ^x i/.A <,. 626 ANTIQUITIES OF ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO. — that is all the early writers call the distance about a league ; Bartlett and Emory say nothing of the dis- tance, and Ross Browne says it is half an hour's ride. The Gila valley in this region is a level bottom of varying width, with nearly perpendicular banks of earth. Opposite the ruin the bottom is about a mile wide on the southern bank of the river, and the ruin itself stands on the raised plateau beyond, surrounded by a thick growth of mesquite with an occasioiuil pitahaya. The height and nature of the ascent From the bottom to the plateau at this particular point are not stated; but from the fact that acequias are re- ported leading from the river to the buildings, it wnuld seem that the ascent must be very slight and gradual. The appearance of the ruins in 18G3 is shown in the cut as sketched by Ross Browne. Other sketches by Bartlett, Emory, and Johnston, agree very well with the one given, but none of them indicate the presence of the mesquite forest mentioned in ^Ir Bartlett's text. The material of the buildings is adobe,^- that is, the ordinary mud of the locality mixed with gravel. Most writers say nothing of its color, although Bernal in 1G97 pronounced it 'white clay,' and Johnston also says it is white, probably with an admixture of lime, which, as he states, is abundniit in the vicinity. Mr Hutton, a civil engineer well ac- quainted with the ruins, assured Mr Simpson that the surroundinve the iden- tity of the building with Castaneda's Cliichilticali', which he expressly states to have been built of led •* Adobes arc properly sun-dric; to the exact (juality or proiiortions of the iiiyrctlicutH, many varictio it earth or clay heiui; tMuplovcil, accconliii}^ to tiie locality and tiie iiatmi' nf tiie structure, with or without a mixture of straw or ))el)l»lcM. Hiit adul"' is a very convenient word to indicate tiie material itself without nfirciin' to the form and size of its blocks or tlie exact nature of its ingredients; ami Bueh a use of the word Heem» allowaljle. CASA GRANDE OF ARIZONA. 627 '"■»,, I ri^ . jtches ■ r f well H je the H u :Mr ■ c ■ £. mixed H color, ■ cluv,' H f ith an ■ ant in H ull ac- ■ lat the ■ o-h hy H >h ap- ■ H idea- ■ tieale, H of red 1 -<>fi'ri'iu'>' ^M H ^M lit Mllil'"' ^1 ut^; ainl ^1 628 ANTIQUITIP:.S of ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO. earth." The material instead of being formed into hinjiil rectangular or brick-shaped blocks, as is cus- tomary in all Spanish American countries to this day, seems in this aboriginal structure to have been nicjldtd — perhaps by means of wooden boxes — and dried where it was to remain in the walls, in blocks of varying size, but generally four feet long by two feet ill width and thickness. The outer surface of the walls was plastered with the same material wliich constituted the blocks, and the inner walls were hard- finished with a finer composition of the same nature, which in many parts has retained its smooth juid even polished surface. Adobe is a very durable build- ing-material, so long as a little attention is given to repairs, but it is really wonderful that the walls of the Casa Grande have resisted, uncared for, the rav- ages of time and the elements for over three hun- dred years of known age, and of certainly a century — ])erhaps nuicli more — of pre-Spanisli existence. The buildings that still have upright walls arc t'lree in number, and in the largest of these both the exteri<>»' and interior walls are so nearly perfect jis to show accurately not only the original form and size, but the division of the interior into apartments. Its dimensions on the ground are fifty feet from north to south, by forty feet from east to west. The outer wall is about five feet thick at the base, dimiuisliiiin- slightly towards the top, in a curved line on the exte- rior, but per})endicular on the inside." The inteiioi is divided by j)artition walls, slightly tliiinier than the others, into five apartments, as shown in the ac- companying ground [dan taken from Bartlett. Fonts ])lan given by Beaumont agrees with this, except that additional doors are represented at the points nuiiked " Snu'fhsnnifin lirpt., 1800, p. 320; Castnilcdn, in Trriinux-C'ouipiuis, Voif., s('tu' i., toin. ix.. |)j». 41, KU-'i. " ;i(i l)y "21 ]iiU'i'.s, MiiiKjc, ill Dor. Hist. Mtr., sihie iv., toiii. !., y. '1'>'M 7 ) l»v .^>0 fi'i't, tmtiT Willis fei't thick, iiiiu-r t feet, Fdiil'.i Jinininl. MS., J) ). 8-'.»; walls hctwciMi \ and .'"> foot \\\\c\. /hir//r//\t /',/x Xxr., \'<\. ii., j>. '27-; GO fi'ot siiiiaiv, Emoiy'is liicoiiiioi.smdicr, p. SI. CASA GKAXDE OF AUIZUNA. ti2'J Ground I'liin of the Casa Grande. with a dot, .and no doorway is indicated at n. The tlirco central rooms are each about eight hy fourteen feet, and the others ten by thirty-two feet, as nearly as may be estimated from Bartlett's j)lan and tiie statements of other writers.*' The doors in the centre of each fai^-ado are three feet wide and five feet \\\\i\\, and somewhat narrower at the to]> than at the huttom, exce[)t that on the "western front, which is two by seven or eii^ht feet. There are some small windows, both stjuare and circular in the outer and inner walls. Tiie followinjjf cut shows an elevation of the side and end, also from Bartlett.*^ €> a o Elevations of the Casa (Jraiidf. Tvemains of floor timbers show that the main walls wore three stories hi.u'h, or, as the lower rooms are ir presented by Yowi as about ten English feet hi'^h, alumt thirty feet in height; while the central portion 15 Central rooms, Sfiliv 10 feet; the others 38 bv \'2 feet. Fmirs Jmirntil, Ms., y. <). '" It will he noticed that althonjjh y\r Bartlett speaks of an entrance in tile cciitreof eiicli side, his |ilan sliows none in the south. 'II n"e.\iste point ill' [lortes au re/.-de-ehauss'ie.' Mofnis, Explur., toin. ii., p. 3G1. 630 ANTIQUITIES OF ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO. is eight or ten feet — probably one story — higher, Mr Bartlett judged from the mass of debris witliiu that the main building had originally four stories; but as the earliest visitors speak of three and four stories — some referring to the central, others appar- ently to the outer portions — there would seem to be no satisfactory evidence that the building was over forty feet high, although it is possible that the outer and inner walls were originally of the same height. Respecting the arrangement of apartments in the upper stories, there is of course no means of judging, all the floors having fallen. There may, however, have been additional partition walls resting on the floors, and tiiese may have helped to make up the diibris noticed by Mr Bartlett. The floors were evi- dently supported by round timbers four or five inches in diameter, inserted in the walls and stretching across the rooms at regular intervals. The holes where the beams were placed, and in many cases the ends of the beams themselves are still visible. At the time of Padre Kino's visit one floor in an adjoin- ing ruin was still perfect, and was formed by cross- sticks placed upon the round floor-timbers and cov- ered with a thick cake of mud, or adobe." No marks of any cutting instrument were noticed by any visitor except Mr Browne, who says "the ends show very plainly marks of the blunt instrument \7ith wJiich they were cut — probably a stone hatchet."*^ The timbers, of cedar, or sahino, show by their chaned ends that the interior was ruined by fire; and Joliii- ston found other evidences that the walls had been exposed to great heat.*" Nothing seems more natural than that the building should have been burne[M' •7 Mnnffe, Itincrario, in Doc. Hist. Mcx., s^rie iv., torn, i., pp. 282.3. 18 lirowne's Apache Country, p. 118. •9 Johnston, in Emory's Hcconnoissance, p. 598. CASA GRANDE. 681 stories may be reasonably supposed to have been wooden ladders, still used by the Pueblo natives in Imildings not very unlike what this must orij^inally have been. Mr Bartlett and also Johnston found and sketched some rude figures painted in red lines on the smooth wall of one apartment, but which had disappeared at the time of Mr Browne's visit. The descriptions of successive explorers show clearly the gradually increasing effects of ti'-^^ie and the ele- ments on this ruin; from Browne's sketch it would seem that the walls, undermined at the base by the yearly rains, as is always the case with neglected adobe structures, must soon fall; although I learned from a band of Arizona natives who visited San Francisco in 1873 that the Casa was still standing. When the adobe walls have once fallen, they will refjuire but one or two seasons to crumble and be- come reduced to a shapeless mound of mud and H'ravel ; as has been the case with most of the eleven otlier buildings reported here by the first comers, and the existence of which there is no reason to doubt. Of the additional casas seen by Kino and others no particular description was given, save that Font de- srriht's one of them as measuring twenty-six by eiii^liteen feet on the ground. Only two of them show any remains of standing walls, one on the south-west and the other on the north-east of the Casa Grande. The standing portions of the former seemed to indi- cate a structure similar in plan to the chief edifice, altliough much smaller; the latter is of still smaller dimensions and its remains convey no idea of its orig- inal form. " In every direction," says Mr Bartlett, "as far as the eye can reach, are seen heaps of ruined editiees, with no portions of their walls standing," and flange. Kino, and Font observed also shapeless heaps covering the plain for a distance of two leagues. Father Font found "ruins indicating a fence or wall which surrounded the house and other buildings," mentioning a ruin in the south-west angle which had 632 ANTIQUITIES OF AUIZONA AND NEW MEXICO. diviHioiis and an upper story. Tliis corner striutr.ie rnay be the same that has been mentioned as standin'^- south-west of the Casa Grande, and Font very hkrly mistook the heaps of fallen houses for the remains of a wall, since no such wall was seen by Kino and Mani^e. The dimensions of this supposed wall, four hundred and twenty feet from north to south, and two hundred and sixty feet from east to west, muiv erroneously applied by Arricivita and Humboldt, fol- lowed by others, to the Casa Grande itself, an encjr which has given a very exaggerated idea of the size of that edifice.^ Traces of acequias are mentioned by all as occurring frequently in the vicinity, especially in the Gila I'ot- tom between the ruins and the Pima villages. No plan or accurate description of these irrigating woiks has been given. Probably they were simple shallow ditches in the ground, still traceable at some i)oints. Mange describes the main canal as twenty-seven fcrt wide, ten feet deep, capable of carrying half tlu; water of the Gila, and extending from the river for ii circuit of three leagues round the ruins. Consideiiny- the gciieral conformation of the bottom and platiiui in this part of the Gila valley, it seems imjmssiUlu that a canal ten, or even twenty, feet deej) could liuvo reached the level of the river, or that so grand an acequia should have escaped the notice of later ex- plorers. The miscellaneous remains near the Casa Grande, besides the mounds formed by fallen houses, the irri- gating ditches, and the fragments of pottery stn wii over the adjacent country in the greatest profu>^inn, are two in number. The first is a circular embank- ment, three hundred feec in circumference, situated about six hundred lieet north-west from the chief ruin. Its heiorht and material are not stated, but it is nn- doubtedly of the surrounding earth. Johnston oon- *<> Arricivita, Crdnica Serdfica, pp. 402-3; Humboldt, Essui Pol., torn, i., r. 297. MISCELL.WEOrs HEMAIN'S. siders it a fillcd-up well; wliilo Bartlett pronounces the circle a simple corral, or enclosure for stock, al- though of course it could not have been built in aliori^inal times for such a purpose. The second monument is only a few yards north of the circle, and is described by Johnston, the only one who mentions its existence, as a terrace nieasurinoc about three hundred by two hundred feet and five feet high. Resting on the terrace is a pyramid ordy eight feet jiigh, but having a summit platform seventy-five feet s(|uare, atibrding from the top a broad view up and down the valley. A nrt)re complete survey of this j>yiamid would be very desirable, not that there is uiiy reason to (juestion Mr Johnston's reliability as an exjdorer, but because, as will be seen, this mound, it' it be not like the rest, formed by fallen adobe walls, together with the circular embankment, ])resent a jiuirked contrast to all other monuments of the New Mexican group.''^ Sedelmair and Velarde speak rather vaguely of a reservoir, or tank, six leagues southward of the Gila, which was one hundred and ten by one lunidred and sixty-tive feet, with walls of adobe *or of masonry.' A few miles further up the river, westward from the Casa Grande, and on the opposite or noi-thern side Padre Kino's party saw a ruined edifice, and three men were sent across to examine it. They found some walls over tliree feet thick still standing, and other heaps of ruins in the vicinity showing tliat a large town had once stood on the site. Emory tonnd there onl}'' a "pile of broken ])ottery and found- ation stones of the black basalt, making a mound about '' JiJni/iton, in Emon/'s Rrrnntioinsmice, p. 59S. 2- ' Hiil)ia taiiibieii weis luguim distiiiite (fel rio hilcia el Siir, iin al;,'ivi' (le a,i,'iiii lit'cho d niaiio mas que euailratlo 6 paralcio, j,'ramle de sesciita viiras (le largo y cuarciitinle aiiclii*; sua hordos parccian paredes 6 pretil lit' aij;amasa o cal y canto, scgnn lo fuerte y dun> del material, y por sus cuatro angnlos tienc sus imertas por donde se conduce y ftc recoge el ajxiia lliivL'iiiza.' Se.iiclinair, Rcweion, in Doc. Hint. Mcu:, uMa iii., tom. iv., p. SIS. ' Sc ven algunas jjaroles de un gran estanque, liecho d niano dc o oastorn siil«', all covorod witli looso basaltic rooks, dirt, and pot ton. I oonsissil»lo that this mound was t'onnod l»y the walls of a l>uildin, cunu) iiii oastillo y otras A sus oontoriios, jhto ttulo do fiUirioa aiitiirua.' Miunji , Itiir'- Vririo, ill /(/., sorio iv., toin. i., p. 282; Soiiom, liin/o Eii.iiit/o, p. !'.»; Hmnni'^ Ju'Coinioi.tsiiiKr, p. S3. Whipple, in l'a<: Ji. H. Jirpt., vol. iii., p. 7."'. ^poalMi of a oiroular doprossion in the earth at this point. *• Jo/iiistoii, in Kiiiori/'s Jicconnoisnancf, p. (UK). »i Siitilinnh; J^c/ncion, in Doc. Jlisf. Mix., st^rie iii., toni. iv.. p. SiT. There is no foundation whatever for the 8t«ten>ent of Mofras that in ilii* ro>;ion 'en fai.sant des fonilles on trouve encore des idoles, dos potoiics. dos amies, et des niiroirs en nierre indi nonimes ''..li.' Explor., toin. ii.. v •*•''• ** I'ftn nii; in Hoc. Hist. J/«r., at^ric iv., toni. i., p. 34>.3. " Sfiiiliiiair, Jtilnci'oti, in Doc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., toin. iv. p. S47. w Vilnnlc, in Dor. Hist. 3/fx., si'rie iv., torn, i., pi>. .l-kS. .Sf).'?. ' Po otros cditicios do mas cxteucion, arte y siuictria, he oido referir al Padre Vgiuuio IJKMAINS IN THE SALAIM) VALLKY. C35 A <»'iiiilo roportotl to Emory a rjiHJi ii» the Siiliulo vallt-y, rtmiploto oxcopt tho Hikh'h jiiul nxA', of larjjfo iliiiitiisions, with ^luzod walls, and tho imprint of a iiakctl foot ill the iuIoIkj.*' Ono of four stoiio axes shown ill a out to ho jj^ivon later, was found in this villi y and skotfhod hy Whipple.* Tho Salado ruitm lictwoen tho (iila and Verde, on tho south hanlv, aluiiit thirty-fivo miles from the mouth, were exam- iiu'd hy Mr Bartlett. They are huilt on the jdateau liivoml the river Iwttoiii, and are exelnsively of adoho. Tluy are voiy numerous, hut consist for the most part of shapeless heaps indicating; the location of itiiildinijfs and lon«jf lines of walls. In oidy two in- stances tlid portions of standinuf walls remain; heini:; ill itiie case the ruins of an adoho huildini*" over two liumlred feet lonsj and from sixty to eitfhtv feet wide, taciiiLT tho cardinal points, and, so far as could )e j 1(1^(1 hy the dehris, three or four stories hii^fh; tho iitluis were ahout two hundred yards distant, and rep- ivst-ntod a smaller structure, riiere are traces of a wall which appears to have surrounded the lar(>. ^^ Whipple, Ewoank, and Turner, in Pac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 45, 47. 030 ANTlgilTIKS OF ARIZONA AND NIAV MKXICO. exteiuls for inaiiv miluH. The wliolu vicinity ol' tV' riiiiiH, as ill the (Jila V^allov, in strewn witli fVauim ms of earthen ware. These earthen ware f'ra«^nieiits r.iv of a very uniform eliaracter throujj^liout the Niv Mexican reinn' a diniv. part of which has heen printed.''^ lie claim?^ to have found tile river haidvs covered in many jilnces \\it!i ruins of st«)no Luildins^s and hroken ])()ttery. Tin walls were of solid masonry still standinin' iVoin t, n to twent}' feet \ihj;h in two stories, three feet t' i k and from fifty to seventy-Hve feet lonf*-. Except i:i material the structures were not unlike the ('as;i Grande of the Ciila, and were o-enerally situatrd in the most fertile parts of the valley, surrounded ly traces of acerpiias; althor h in one instance thi- iiiiiis of a town were ten miles irom the nearest water. A complete chani>e of buildinj^ material within so slmrt a distance is somewhat extraordinary, but there is no other reason to doubt the accuracy of this re|Hirt, These ruins arc not very far from Prescott in tin' north, and Fort McDowell in the south, and I re-ivt not having beeti able to obtain from otiicers in t!u Arizona service the information which they must liavi acquired respecting those remains, if they actually exist, during the past ten or fifteen years.*^ 31 Utirffrf/'x Prrs. l^nr., vol. ii., pp. 242-8, with ii cut of one of the ]n\\]> of ruiiiH. MolllKtiisen, TdijrLiirh, )»i). 308-9. Cuts of luiiuy .' "' jMtftorv from the (Jila Valiev, in Juhii/iloii, in Eiiiorifn Jicruiuioi.sstiiK'. |.p 5% ,()iM). ii Whipple, Eirbank, and Turner, in Pac. R. Ii. Rrpt., vol. iii., it 1^ 15. 33 Mr Leroux also reported to Bartlctt the existence in tlic Venlc valliv of heaps of debris like tliose y him in IS;")! (HI l*ut'l)l() ( 'reuk u'm! otlu r small stieiims which toiiii the hoiul wjitors of the V cMo. Thoy consi.st of wh.it Hoem to have houii two turtlHcd fL'ttliiiuontH, and a third suparato fortification. The first wa.s an ii*re located i'l a fertile sjiot on a fork of the J ueblo Cvck, and coji: isted of a mass of stones, six fe«>t i!ii«k and several feet hii;h, forming a scpiare enclos- ing "fi'. '' paces in the clear." 'J'he third work is situated about eii^ht miles further west, and com- luaiids what is known as Aztec l\'iss. It is an en- I losiire one hundred feet lonijf, twentv-five feet wide ;it (Hie end and twenty at the other, the walls being" tour feet thick and five feet in height, in the ab- sriu'o (jf any definite statement on the subject these iiiirthern fortifications are j)resumed to be of rough, or unhewn, stones without nu^rtar.^ From the mouth of the San Pedro, which joins the (lila about forty miles eastward of the Casa CJrande, uji the (Jila valley ea.stward, ruins of ancient edifices iiv fVe(iuently found on both banks of the river. Hiiiury says "wherever the mountains did not im- imii;e too close on the river and shut out the valley, til V wore seen in great abundance, enough, I should think, to indicate a former population of at least one Iniiidrod thousand; and in one ])lace there is a long widf valley, twenty miles in length, much of which is lovered with the ruins of buildings and broken pot- l"i:i ii., jit ii., p. 5.SS. V'\\ic, Explnr. Trrn:, p. ,130, says vory a1)'n/iiiii.ainted stone, a beaver-tooth, and marine shells were the miscellaneous relics found bv John- stou among the ruins, besides the usual large quan- tities of broken pottery. Emory speaks of a few Miiianients, principally immense well-turned beads of the size of hens' eggs, also fragments of agate and (il)sidian. The latter explorer gives a jdate of rock- hieioglyphics of doubtful antiquity, and F'roebel also skctehed certain inscriptions on an isolated rook'. 8ix or eight })erfectly synunetrieal and wuU-turn^'d liciles alK)ut ten inches deep and six or eight inches wide at the top were noticed, and su[)posed to have (MTVed for ufrinding corii.*^ 3' Fiiiorif's PiYoiinni'.i.'^ntH'', pp. OS-O. RO, 13S-4, vifV. ruts and plates; Jnhii.st'iii, in /(/., ]i]i. r>Sl-'.l(»; ]V/ii/)/ifi\ lurhmik, mid 'I'lii'iirr, \\\ I'tir, 11. U. Hill'., Vol. iii., ]), •2'A, with fut illustratiii;^ tiio lines of t'niinilatiiui-stones. Friiilnl, Alls Ann r., toiii. ii., p. 4-M; JiL, Vint. Amir., ]k -ISS. witli eiit of liierci;;ly|iliies. Two |)lates of colored fraf^iiients of pottery, in Sr/i,iii/i'rii//'.i Airli., vol. iii., ])p. 82-."), vtd. vi., p. (W. Uespeetinjr the liiiihleis of tliO niiiicil structures, see (liirirs, Oiiino, in I)or. Hist. Mr.r., serie ii., toui. i., It' •I-". ■■{-!•; I'lis/iiiirifii, ill Tirnini.r-Cninjtiiiia, Vv>i.. si'rie i., toiii. i.\., jip. Iiil-'.'; Sii/i/iiiin'r, liiliii'.iiin, in Ihtr. Hist. Mrx., Hcrie iii., toin. iv., p. 847. Utiicr n fercnces o • (iilu remains are: Sniiorii, Kiulit Kn-snifi', |). Ii), with I'Ul (if laliyrintii; ] if/n-Sirior i/ Sinir/ifz, Tlicutrn. toni. ii., pp. ',\''\-\\; Fii'. I'i'nil, \\\ ('ill., J'li.sf, /'n'.v., ((//(/ Fiiliiri', p. 144; Fniiiniil iiml Kmuriji •Vv/'ir^' Tiac, \t. 40; l'iii}mnVs Ihiaan/us, vol, v., j)p. 42J-:{; /(/., Mat. GIO ANTIQUITIES OF ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO. ITf'vina- ])roscntcd all that is knoAvn of aiiti(juitics upon tlie (iila and its tributaries, I pass to tho ( 'olo- rado, the western and nortliern boundary of the Xuw ]\[exican territory. The banks of tlio C'oloiado Canon, for tlie river forms no valley ])ro])er, arc for t'le most })a]'t unexj)lored, and no relies of aiiti(|iiity are reported by reliable authorities; indeed, from tlit" jieeuliar nature of this region, it is not likely tljut iiay ruins ever will be found in the inuuediato vi- cinity of the river.""' On Bill Williams' Fork there is a newspaper re- port, restin^■ on no known autliority, of walls eiidus- mp. r)14-15, SOS; Dnmriirrh's Dr.'irrfa, vol. i.. jip. .'iS'J-H; V(tl. Fdriiirr, Fi'l). "JS, 1S(»2; Ciiicinnatns' Trards, j)|i. S.")r)-7', dollidin, in Xdiiirllis AniKtIr.i ilfs Voi/., 1851, toin. cxxxi., ji]). "JOI?-!. I lind an :ii'- ('o:iiit <;oiii^r till" rouiidis of the newspajR'rs of n wonderful jj;r"ii|) i>\ nlill^ 'on the (Jilii .some niile.s ca.st of Florence,' discovereil hy l.ieiil. Wiinl. 'I'liev consist of very extensive fortilicntions, and other striietiircs Imill of liewn stone. tli(! walls lieinjj; yet twelve feel hi;;h, and two towers stamiiii; 'Jii and ;U feet respectively. Copper and stone implements, ^inldiii (Hiia- iiients and stone vases were foniul here, r iiially, the whole account i> dcjiilil- le.s.s a hoax. sti .V writer in the A'". 1'. Tribune, — see Hist. M^mj., vol. x., supiil., y. H'' — descrilies a pyramid on the (Colorado Itiver, without ;;ivin.ir the ior.iliiy. It is lot feet s(|uari'. •_'() feet hi<.;h, and has at ])resent a summit iilati'iiini. It seems, however, to have heen ori;;inally pointed, jud;^in;.' from tlic ilc- liris. The material is liewn ntone in blocks from IS to 'M\ inclu's thirl;, t'lose of till! outer facinij; liein;^ etit at an an;ile. This ri'port is piiliii|i< fiiiinded on some of the rnins on the Colorado Chi(piito yet to he incii- tioiu'il, or (|uite as jtroliahly it Inis no fouc'iatioii whatever. 'Cpnii tln' liwer part of the l!io Colorado no traces of permanent dwelling's luneliccii dis;'overeil.' }l'/ii/i/i/<\ Kir/xni/c, find T.iinur, in J'ur. Jl. J!, lo/if.. Mil. iii., ji. ir». Arizona miners occasionally refer to the rnins of old Indian lnfiM- in_rs on the ('(dorado, 4i) miles ahove La I'a/, on the easti'rn side. >iin:'ar iii (diarai'ter to those of llu; Gila. On I".hrenl>er;,''s Mn/i n/ Arnii'n'. b'''^. they are so locatccl. and that is all that is kimwn of them. Sun Fivncinoi Erciiiini Ilii//i/iii, .lidv 1 1, IS(!4. " Cal. Farmer, .March '2~, 1SG3. TIMIJUTAUIES OF THE COLORADO. G41 on cliffs very difficult of access. The cut shows a KQX^^ Rock-Paintings — Bill Williams' Fork. specimen from the sketches made hy Mollhauscn. The streak wliich crosses the cut in the centre, ex- tends to the left beyond the other figures, and only luilf its length is shown. This streak is red with white borders; the other figures are red, j)urple, and wliite.^ Leaving Bill Williams' Fork, and passing the Pueblo Creek ruins already des('ril)ed, which are not far distant, I follow the routes of Sitgreaves, Ives, and Whi[)ple, north-westward to the Colorado Chi- ijuito, a distance of about one hundred miles, striking the river at a point a hundred miles above its sup- posed junction with the main Colorado. In this it^ion we again find numerous ruined buildings with the usual scattered pottery, respecting which our knowledge is derived from the exidorers just named. The ruins occur at all prominent jioints, both near the river and away from it towards the west, at in- tt'ivals of eight or nine miles, the exact location not heing definitely fixed. The material em})l,)yed here i>; stone, and some of the houses were three stories high. A view of one ruin as sketched by Sitgreaves ^^ MiiUhnuscti, Titgcbuch, p. 370; Whipple, in Pac. E. R. llcpt., vol. iii., I. lO(i-7. Vol. IV. 41 642 ANTIQUITIES OF ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO. is shown in the cut. On a rocky eminence were Ruin on the Colorado Chiquito. found by Whipple stone enclosures, apparently for defense. According to Mr Sitsfreaves the houses resembled in every particular, save that no adobo was used, the inhabited Pueblo townis of New Mexico. His descrij)tion, like that of Mollhausen and A^'llil^ pi ; would doubtless be much more complete and sat- isftictory, had they not previously seen the Piielilo towns and other ruins further east. Some of thu ruins are for from water, and Sitgreaves suyoests that the lava sand bhnvn from the neighbc)iiii«( mountains may have filled up the springs which originally furnished a supply. The cut from Whipple shows two vases found here, restored from fraofments. This is one of the rarest Vases from the Colorado Chiqiiito. kinds of pottery found in the region, and is s.'iid l»y Whipple not to be manufactured by any North American Indians of modern times. It is seldom colored, the ornamentation being raised or indented, RKMAINS ON THE COLOnADO CIIIQUITO. C13 somewhat like that on molded o^lassware, and of ex- cellont workmanship. The material i« lij^ht-colored and i)orous, and the vases are not glazed. The or- dinary fragments of earthen ware found on this river will he represented in another part of this cha]>ter. Some very rude and simple roek-inscriptions were no- ticed, and a newspaper writer states that the names of Jesuit priests who visited the place in the sixteeiitli century are inscribed on the rocks. Some additional and not very well-founded reports of antiquities are "•iven in a note.'*'* At a bend in the river, about fortv miles above the ruins last mentioned, arc the remains of a rectangular stone building, measuring one hundred and twenty by three hundred and sixty feet, and standing on an isolated sandstone hill. The walls are mostly fallen, but some of the standing portions ai'e ten feet thick, and seem to contain small apart- ments. Many pine timbers are scattered about in ^'^ Sifr/ranrs' Report, Ziini (ttxl Colorado Hirers, 1S.'3, jtn. S-0; Whip- ph; iu J'((c. li. li. Rrpt., vol. iii., itp. 81, 4(i-50; /ccv' Cohirailo Rir.. j). 117, 111) details; Mollliausrn, Tni/ehiieh, pp. 30()-S; J(/., Rrinrii in die Ftl- soi'jeh., torn, ii., p|). 148-50, Kit-,"), ;v,M)-4(ll; .Vf7i!rvoA'/v//V',v Jjv/*., vol. iv., pp. 'ITt'ii, vol. vi., p. G8, pliites of iiiscriptioiiH; //((//, in •*>''((•. Mi\r. dioff., Bdleliii. 2(lii epoca, torn, i., ]>. 20; Foster's Pra-ltisf. Riiees, pj). l4()-7. X writer in the San Franeiseo EreniiKj Bulletin, July '^, isdS, says that the mont extensive rnins in Arizona or New Me.xici. are situated above the hi<;h falls of the I,ittli Colorado, 20 miles north of the San Fnuii'istM ' 'ntains. They extend for miles aion;; the river, ami in- tlnilc well niiole walls of hewn stone !iow standing to the heijrht of six or i'i;:lit feet, liotli streets and irrigating canals may he tnieed for miles. This writer speaks Of the Jesuit iuserii)tions. Aeeording to an arti<'le in tlie >'(/// Fntiieiseo lleni/il o( 18.'>H, (jnoted iu the Cat. Former of June 22, ISiid, ('apt. Josei>li Walker found .some remarkahle ruins ou the Colorado t'hiiniito in 18.V). He speaks of 'a kind of a eitadcl, around whieh lav the mills of a city more than a mile in lengtii.' The streets were still trace- alile, running at ri<'ht angles. 'J'ho huildings wen; all of stone 'reduced til mills hy the action of some great heat which had evidently ]iasse(l over tile whole country. . . .All the stones were htirnt, some of them almost cin- il red, others glazed as if melted. This appearance was visilde in every ruin lie met with. A storm of lire seemed to have swept over the whole iiiiiiitiy and the inhaliitants must hiive fallen hcfore it.' The central hiiild- iii^' with walls 1.5 or 18 feet long ami 10 feet high, of liewn stone, stood uii a nick 20 or 30 feet high, itself fused hy the heat. The ruins seen hy \\iilker were in all prohahility similar to those descrilied hy Sitgreaves, ami 'lie Ca|itain, or the writer of this article, drew lieavily on his Imnginatiou MX iiiany of his facts. I 6M ANTIQUITIES OF ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO. jifood preservation, and two posts twelve fuel in liei^''lit still remain standing.*" ►Some twenty-five miles still ftirther up the lljo Piieico flows into the Colorado Chiquito from tliu north-east, and at the junction of the two stroiiins Mollhausen noticed some remains \vhich he does not describe." Twelve miles up the Puerco valley, on tlie banks of a small tributary, called Lithodeudiou Creek, were scattered fragments of pottery, and re- mains of stone houses, one of the walls extending several feet below tlie present surface of the ground. Still farther up the Puerco and five miles south of the river, at Navajo Spring, scattered pottery and arrow-heads are the only remaining trace of an ab- original settlement, no walls being visible. On a neigliboring hill, however, was noticed a circular de- pression in the earth forty paces in diameter. Tho cut from Mollhausen represents some of the aborig- inal inscriptions on Puerco liiver." o: ^ B t I C) f Rock-Inscriptions on Rio Puerco. Forty or fifty miles farther south-east, the Colo- rado Chiquito receives the waters of the Rio Zuni, flowing from the north-east in a course nearly parallel to that of the Puerco. Aboriginal inscriptions and ])ictures are found on the sandstone cliffs wliicli bor- der on the stream wlierever a smooth surface is j)resented, but no buildings occur for a distance of *o Whipple, in Par. E. R. Erpt., vol. iii., p. 76. i'je- hucli, p. 255. REMAINS ON THE RIO ZUSl. about fifty miles, until we come to within ei^-lit miles of the Puehlo town of Zuni, where tlie tuhle- liuuls about Arch Spring are covered witli ruins, Avliic'h were seen, althouji^h not described, by Sit- i,nvaves jind Whipple. All the ruins of the Zuni valley seem, however, to be of the same nature — stone walls laid in mud mortar, and in a very dilapi- dated condition. The cut from Whipple shows also Rock-Inscriptions at Arch Spring. a sample of the rock-inscriptions about Arch Sprint*'." Zufii is a Pueblo town still inhabited, and 1 shall have somethino- further to sav of it in comiection with the Pueblo towns of the Ivio Grande and its tributaries, for the purpose of comparing the inhab- ited with the ruined structures. Two or three miles south-east of Zuni, on the south side of the river, is an elevated level mesa, about a mile in width, bounded oii every side by a javcipitous descent of over a thousand feet to the jilaiii below. The mesa is covered with a growth of cedar, and in one part are two sandstone; jdllars of natural formation, which from certain }»oints of view scLMu to assume human forms. Among the cedars on the mesa, "crumbiino- walls, from two to twelve feet hiuh, were crowded together in confused bea[)S over several acres of ground." The walls were constructed of small sandstone blocks laid in nuid mortar, ami were about eighteen inches thick. They seemed, « .s'/V'/^vY/ )•>'.<' Ziih! K.i\, p. fi; Whittplc, Eirbdnk, (did Turncv, in Vac. 1!. A'. Iiur/i, "pp. •2S.V4, 278, with t-ut of altai : Smi/i- son, in Sitiit/isoiiiini Rrpf., 1809, pp. .T20- 32; Dun's' El (IriiKjo, ]). 12S; li'mu- nrc.h\f Drsvrfs, vol. i., pp. 211-i;t; lUirhcr and Iluiir'n Western States, [>. .V).'!; Shuck's (Jul. Scrap- liuuh; i)p. 310-12. OJO DKL PESO ADO. Gil cliocolate color. A vast nmount of labor has been s[)cnt on decorating the iii)i(|ue lip. A fine border- line has been drawn alonjjf the edjjfe and on both sides of the deep embattled rim. Horned frojjfs and tad- jiolt's alternate on the inner surface of the turrets, while one of the latter is represented on the outside of each. Lar<,'er froj,»'s or toads are portrayed within the body of the vessel.*' One of these figures is j)re- soiited in the cut enlarged. The second vase is five inches deep, ten inches in diameter at the widest part, and eight inches at the lips. Both outer and inner surface bear a white glazing, and tliere are four inojections of unknown use, one on each side. The decorations are in andjer color, and the horned or tufted snakes, shown above the vase, are said to be almost unique in America." At and near some springs called Ojo del Pes- cado, on the head-waters of this stream, some twelve miles above Zufii, there are at least four or five ruined structures, or towns. They are similar ill character to the other ruins. Two of them near tlic si)ring have an elliptical shape, as shown by the lines of foundation-stones, and are from eight hun- dred to a thousand feet in circumference. The houses seem to have been built around the periphery, form- ini-- a lariTfe interior court. Tiiese towns are so com- l»letely in ruins that nothing can be ascertained of the details of their construction, except their general Iniin, and the fact that they were built of stones and mud. About a thousand yards down the river from the springs are ruins covering a space one hun- dred and fifty by two hundred yards, and in much better preservation than those mentioned, though of the same nature. Tlie material was flat stones and cement, and the walls are standing in places to the lieiij;lit of two stories. Mollhausen tells us that *' Whipple, Ewbanl; and Turner, in Pac. li. E. liept., vol. iil., pp. 45-6. 648 ANTIliUITIKS OF ARIZONA AND NEW MKXICO. the roofs and fire-places were still standing at the time of his visit. 8inii)son describes a ruin as Ixin^^r two miles below the spring, and which may possJMy be the same last mentioned. The buildin/' ^ were originally two stories high and built continuously about a rectangular area three hundred by four hun- dred feet. In the interior of the enclosed court was seen a square estufa, twelve by eighteen feet, .ukI ten feet high, with the roof still perfect. Tlie tut shows some of the rock-inscriptions at Ujo del IVs- cado." , Rock-Inscriptions — Ojo del Pcscado. About eighteen miles south-east of the sources of the Zuni River, but belonging as properly in this val- ley as any other, is a sandstone rock known as in- scription Rock, or to the Spaniards as El Moro, I'loni its form. It is between two and three hundred tat high, with steep sides, which on the north and east are p»erpendicular, smooth, white, and covered near the base with both Spanish and native inscriptions. Specimens of the latter, as copied by Simpson, aiu *<' Simim»i's Jour. Mil. Rfr.nn.,]m. 95-7; ^follftnme■)l\^i Joiimei/, \i>\. »■■ p. 8i2; fi/., Tdifcltnrh, pi). '27.5-7; Whip/ilr, I'Jirlxni/i, ((ml Turner, in /'"''. 1{. It. Unit., vol. iii.,p. .39. Col. Donipiian found in 1840 on tiic liial waters of the I'iscao (Pcscado, Znfii?) tlie ruins of uii ancient city, wliiili formed a scinarc surrounded by double walls of stone 14 feet ajjurt. '\\w space between the walls was divided into compartments 14 feet si|naic, oi)enin}^ into the interior. The houses were tiiree stories hi^h, the lnwi i- story beinj; ]>artially subterranean. Larj^e quantities of red cedar. ;ipi':ii- cntly cut for firewood, were found in connection with tlie buiMiii;;-. Ilui/lics' I)(iiiij)fiiiii'ii K.r., pp. 197-8. Simpson explored the stream til it- source, and found no ruins excei)t three at Ojo del Pcscado, wliii'li wiT'' ])robably the same on which I)oni])han's report was founded, altliinigh there is no resemblance in the descriptions. I:L Mono, OR INSCIUPTION ROCK. GiO shown ill tlio cut. The fonuur were all t'i)|tit'd l)y tho :r^ '7 A' Inscriptions — El Moro. same explorer, but of course have no connection with tlie subject of this volume: they date back to 1(50(5, but make no reference to any town or ruins upon or about the rock. The ascent to the suniiuit is on the south and is a difficult one. The cut shows a plan of .„|P;JI»\W Plain of El Moro. El Moro made by Mollhausen, the locality of tho in- S('iMj)ti()ns beiiijjf at a and b. The summit area is divided by a det-p ravine into two parts, on each of which are found ruins of large edifices. Those on the southern — or, accordinj^ to Simpson, on tlie eastern- division, B of the plan, form a rectangle moasurinn- two hundred and six by three hundred and seven fuot, standin<^ in some places from six to eiyht feet high. According to Simpson the walls agree with «»:.() AM'li.d nils III' AI!l/o\ A \NH m;>v MI;\|( n (lit* I'Mi'iliiiMl piiintM, ImiI \\'Ih|>|)Ii' sImIcs ||i<< i uii. (IMIV. Tlu" Willis iilT liH't'd willl NillulstolK' Morks M\ l»V r»Mir(«>rll ilH'lli'S iUmI llnlii llili'c In ri>>li( llli'lirs (llit'k, 1,'litl ill llllld IIKUImI' no IIM to ItlC'lL jnints; liiil (lie liiilk III' I he wall is a nililtU* of |-t>ti<4li sloiics hihI iiMiil. Two iniii^t's of looms limy l'«' (latrd tin (In- iiorlli and west, sides, and llio iiiMiisli iiidicalcs iIkii lliiTi" wno also soiiio a|»arliiutds in (ho iiiln ioi cuimI. 'I\v4» rooms moasiiicd i-acli ultoiil soxcii l»y oi«_;lil Irrj. A riicidar isliila lliiily oin' l'o»(. in tliamrlrr was also nolirt'd, atui llicto woio rrdai' (imliois loimd in (oii lU'ction willl (lio ininod walls; ono itiocc, lirirm itu h. . lono' and lour inrlios m diamotot' was lomid slill m |>la«'o, and l>oro, arfordiiii;' (o \\'lii|i|tlo, no si^iis ortiil (ino- ((utis. Tin' roinains across (lii< ravine, A of llic plan, are of similar iia(iir(< and mal«n (ho l»riidv of a |trrti|tico, Itcini^ eom|tloti' lo a lioii^lil «»(* oiyld. loot, 'riioro is a sprin-^ rnrnisiiino' I>iil a small ainomd of water at (lie t'ool of the elill' at (/. hVa^nu-nls of poltery aii" alaiiuliiiit 1 icro as t Isewl u'l'e 47 This completes my aeeoiintor remains on tlieCol U"M loCi iKinito, aiit I I >ass It) tl le next and last trilm tarv of the (\»l(»r;nlo within the territory «'o\'eretl l>v tliis chapter the San .Inan, which (lows in an cast- wardlv course al»»n<'- the honndarv line hetweeii Ari- zona and New ^' -xico ou the som!i, and IMah and (V)lorado on tlu> i trth. The valley of (ho main San Juan has heeii 1' xcry slightly explored, hnt pitih ahly contains ext siv(> remains. jndt;in!' its (rihiMaries. radrcs |)omin!4nez and V /alante W(MiI in IVTl't iVoni Saiitii Fo north-west wart' lo I'tah Lake, ami noticetl scmimI f y inliKifi ,« Jour. Mil U ,S !>. <>s io<), ^.^ CO 1. vit-ws of iiiiv, |ii. •m-TI. iii>(ri|iluiiis; |il (i.'l, j;ii>miil itlau ol' liiiiiilin<;; |i|. (i|, imntTN , i iil | l(K>, plan 111' tork. H /liii/ili-, it n/., in I'm-, li. /i. Iv/i/s, vol. lii., |'|'- '■^■' ' (i;i J. willl lilali-f*; Mnllli Ifrv; /-, | Tiniihiii-/i, |i]i. 'JllCi 7'.', |il. of plan aiiil jiol /'.- /(',v />(•>'. (•/,«, viil. i., pp. •-'aS->», »!."> IS; Ihiris' A? Uniii/o, pp. -»-- .'»; Fn.ifir'sl'nllist. lii j>. 117; liinbii- iniil llnitr'n fi't.sfiiii Stolis, p. .'iOI. in INS ol rill.M.V CASitN. m niiiiM Nvhirli it in iin|il*< to lonilf, lidoic ('I'dHsIii^r I III' ( 'ololililo. I hIimII llMVr (MTUHioli ill tlir rollowitli^ t li;i|)(ri' to iio(in< huiik- iiii|ioi-(;iii( niiiis lnl*ly discuv. < ii'd on (III* iioi'llirni liiltiitiirirN dl' llit> Snii Juiiii, iu ilic Huiitlii'i'ii I III it (if ( *i)li>niil<» iiiiil ('ImIi/** Tim ( wo rliit r hiltiilniii'H of the Sun .liiiiii iVdiii tlio .sniitli )ir«< (lid ( 'Ih'lly iiimI ( 'Iimco, llMwiii;^ (Iii'oiim|i drip i.iiioiis ill (lid lidiii°(. df (lid NiiMijii riiiiiidv. (Ml Itddi nrilidMd HddiiiiiM, |i)ir(iiiiliiily »!..■ ImKit, mtv im- |Mii(jiii(. niiiiM li.'ivd liddii disidNdidd mid «lisnil»dd l»y Mr Siiii|tsdii, wild dX|ildi(tidiriilnr. Siiiipsdii dspldi'i'd (lid cm'idii I'di' dii^ld. iiiilis IVdin i(H iiidiitli, wliirli ddds ti«>t ddirdNpdiid \vi(li (lid iiidiidi of (ill' liMT. Ill It Itrmicii cmidii ol' n. rliiinifd'r Hiiiiilm* (d (llll( dl' (lid lllllill Htl'dlllll lid rdlllld HdVdl'al HMIilll li:il)i(:i(idiis IdniKHl liy Imildiiid' wjiIIh of stdiid mid iiidiliir ill iVdid of nvdrlimij^iiiLf I'drk.s. Sonid Idur mill's up (lid main niiidii lid saw on a sIkII' lil'ly jirl liiuli and diilv urrdSHiIdd l»v nidaiis of liiddcis a. sm.'ill ruin «>!' sdtiid, iniicli likd (lidsddii (lid < 'h.-in) yd(, Id ltd ddsnilidd. SdVdii inili'S I'nuii tlid nidiidi iiiidl ji(>r ruin was discovdred dii (.Im iiordi sidd as sliown ill did cut.. I(' was l>iiilt pardy uii tla; l)d((Miii di' (lid ('.'Uidii, and pm'dy like tlid otid last nidiilidiidd, on a slicll' (illy |\'('t hii^li widi pdr|)dndi<'ular sidis, Tlid walls indasiii'd lorty Hvd liy a liiiiididd and I'drty livd i'ltl, ai'd altdiit di^ldd'H li'dt lii'^ii in (Jii-ir pri'sciit st.ild, and arc l>uilt of Haiulstdiio and nnji(iir, lia\in«?; '^ Ihiiin'iiiiiiiz mill Huriifiiiifi', lliiiiin, in Ihir. /list. Mr.r., Mi'iic ii., tniii. i,, I'l' llMt '_'. A coiTt'slHUiili'llI of llir Sun /'niiirisrn Kniiiiiij /lii//i/iii, illily ''i. ISi'il, sa,VM lliat till' Sun .liiiiii Millrs in h|i'i-\mi with riiiiiH I'lir limiilirilM III mill's, Niiiiii' iiiiil(liii;;H lliri'i' sliiiirs lii;^li iit r*it\\i\ iiiiiMomy still htaliilili;;. Iiavis, A'/ tlri'iiifii, p. 117, liiiil Ik'iii'iI ol soiiif iiiiiis on till' noi'tlici'ii liutik of till' San ■liiaii, Iml nono fiirllii'i' north, ''i'lu* \alli>,vs of (In- itio il<' las Ani- lii.is ami San •liiiin an* slrrwn witii tlif ruins of ritics, maiiv of thi'ni of Kiilnl masonry. Sloiu' hiiihlin^s, tiiiri' stories hi^'h, air yrt htaiulin}{, of A/icc ari'hitci'liiri'.' Utikrr, xni'n/. i'linmr, .liiiii; ID, lS(i;i. 652 ANTIQUITIES OF ARIZONA AND NEW INIEXICO. Kiiiii iu the Chelly Canon. square opening's or windows. A eircuiar estufa was also found in connection with these clifF-dwelliiH^s. Fragments of pottery were not lacking, and speci- mens were sketched by Mr Simpson.''^ Eastward from the Chelly, at a distance of about a hundred miles, is the Chaco, a parallel tributurv nf the San Juan, on which are found ruins perhaps tlio most reniarkal)le in the New Mexican group. Li' ■<, l']'. 559-00, witli cut. The ( tlio gui( tiiiiiinnco — approximates to the form of a circle. The fourth side of the court is in some ruins open, and in others enclosed by a wall extending in a curve from one extremity of the building to the other. The fol- lowing cuts show the ground plans of two of the Ground Plan— Pueblo Ifunfro Pavie. s:-.^r.:^^v**^"-^ Ground Plan— Pueblo Bonito. 65G ANTIQIITIES OF AIIIZONA AND NEW MEXICO. ruins, tlie Puoblo Hunf^o Pavie, 'crooked nose,' and Pueblo Bonito. The cii-cumferenee of five of tliese buildings is respectively eight hundred and seventv- two, seven hundred, sevetiteen hundred, tliirteen Juiii- dred, and thirteen hundred feet; the number of looms still traceable on the ground floor of the same build- ings is seventy-two, ninety-nine, one hundred and twelve, one hundred and twenty-four, and one Jiuii- dred and thirty-nine. These apartments are fiom five feet square to eight by fourteen feet. A room in the Pueblo Chettro Kettle was seven and a hali" \>y fourteen feet, and ten feet high. The walls were plastered with a red mud, and several square or rect- angular niches of unknown use were noticed. The supporting beams of the ceiling were two in number, and the transverse poles were tied at their ends with some wooden fibre, and covered with a kind of cediir lathing. Ropes hung from the timljers. A room in the Pueblo Bonito is shown in the cut. Interior of Room — Pueblo Bonito. This room is unplastered, and the sides are con- structed in the same style as the outer walls. Tlic transverse poles are very small, about an indi in, diameter, laid close together, very regular, antl re- semble barked willow. It was another room in THE PUEBLO r.ONlTO. 057 tliis ruin which had the smooth boards in connection with its ceilini»'.°" o i" Dr Hiinirnnnd, a companion of Simpson, describes this room as fol- Iciws: 'It was ill I lie nccdikI of tiiri'c ranges of niKins, on tiii' north side of the rnins. The door opened at tlie liase of the wall, towards the interior art; \et their ends were attached to each other hy withes of oak with its hark well preserved. 'I'lie room was in the form of ;i panillelo;;ram, ahout twelve feet in length, ciu'lit feet iii;;h, and the walls, as they stood at tlie time of (d)servation, seven feet lii;,di. Tlie floor wustif earth, and the surface irre;.'-iilar. 'I'lie walls were iiliiiut two feet thick, and i)lastered within w ith a layer of red mud one fiiiii'th of an inch thick. The latter, liavini,' fallen off in |)laccs, showfd the material of tiie wall to he sandstone. The stone was ^fnnind into jiieccH tlie size of our ordinary liricks, tiie angles not as perfectly formed, tiimigli nearly so, and put up in hreak-joint.s, having intervals hetween them, on every side, of ahout two inches. The intervals were filled with lamiiue of a dense sandstone, ahout three lines in thickness, driven firmly in, ami linikeii off even with the general jdane of the wail— the whole resemhling iiiiisaie work. Niches, varying in size from two inches to two feet and a li.iif s(|nare, and two inches to (uie and a half feet in horizontal deptii, were scattered irregularly over the walls, at various heights above the floor. Near the place of the ceiling, the walls were jieiietrated, and the .surfaces (if tlieiii per[)endicular to the length of tlie heani. 'I'hey had the ajipear- iiiee of having been .sawed ofl' originally, e.vcept that there were no marks ;iiii(>th as if jdaned, excepting the ends; the angles as regular and ]ierfect ::■■ could he retained by such vegetable matter — they are |iriibalily of pine nr cedar — exposed to the atmosphere for as long a time as it is probable iicse have been. The ends of the ]ilank, several of which wen; in view, I iiiiinated in lines per|iendicnlar to the length of the plank, iiiid the ]ilank i!|ipears to have been severed by a blunt instrument, flu- planks I exani- i led tliein minutely by the eye and the touch, for the marks ol the saw .•ind ii!lier instruments — were smootli, and colored brown by time or by smoke. I'lcsdiid the jilank nothing was distiifguishable from within. The nxuii v.as redolent with the perfume of cedar. Kxtermilly, upon the top, was ii ii('a|i of stmie and mud, ruins that have fallen from above, immovable by l!ie instruments that we had along. The beams were ])robably severed liy tMutusions from a dull instrument, and their surfaces ground jilain and Vol. IV. ii ( ! Jj 658 ANTIQUITIES OF ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO. The doors by whic\ the rooms communicate Avlth each other and with the courtyard are very small, many of them not exceeding two and a lialf flut square. There are no doors whatever in the outer walls, and no windows except in the upper stories. The larger size of the windows and of the inner doors indicate that the rooms of the upper stories were Larger than below. In some cases the walls corre- sponding to the second or third stories had no win- dows. In one case lower story windows were found walled up. The tops, or lintels, of the doors and windows were in some cases stone slabs, in others small timbers bound together with withes, and in a few they are reported to have been formed by over- lapping stones very much like the Y* ^atan arch; a specimen is shown in the cut. Arch of Overlapping Stones. The higfhest walls still standing at the time of Simpson's visit had Hoor-tiinbers, or their marks, fur four stories, but it is not impossible that some of the buildings may have had originally five or six stories. The outer walls were in every case perpendicular to their full height, showing that the houses were not built in receding terraces, or stories, on the outside, as is the case with many of the inhabited I'uelilo towns, and with tlie Casa Grande on the Gila. There can be no doubt that they, were so terraced on the in- smooth l)y a slab of rock; and the planks, split or hewn from tlie frees, were, no douht, rendereil sniootli by the same means.' Hammond, in Sinqi- son's Jour. Mil. Jiecuii., pp. 131-3. KUINS OF THE CIIACO CAJTOX. 659 tc'i'ior or court ; at least in no inataTice were the inner walls sufficiently high to indicate a different arrange- ment, and it is hardly possible that all the ranges Avere of the same heijxht, leaving without lijjfht most of the thousand rooms which they would contain if built on such a plan. There were no traces of stair- ways or chimneys seen. The whole numljer of apart- ments in the Pueblo Bonito, supposing it to have been built on the terrace plan, must have been six hundred and forty-one. The cut on the next page shows a restoration of one of the Chaco ruins, taken from Mr Baldwin's work, and modeled after a similar one by Mr Kern, a companion of Simpson, although ^[r Kern made an error of one story in the height. I have no doubt of the general accuracy of this res- toration, and it may be regarded ay nearly certain that access to the upper rooms was gained from the court by means of ladders, each story forming a platform be- fore the doors of the one next above. Each ruin has from one to seven circular structures, called estufas in the inhabited Pueblo towns, sunk in the ground and walled with stone. Several of these are shown in the two ground plans that have been given. They occur both in the courtyards and under- neath tlie rooms. Some were divided into compart- niuiits, and one, in the Pueblo Bonito, was sixty fct't in diameter and twelve feet deep, being built in two, and possibly three, stories. Near some of the larger buildings are smaller de- taclied ruins, of which no particular descri[ition is yivcu. In one place there is an excavation in the side of a cliff, enclosed by a front wall of stone and iiiortar. In another locality there is an isolated ellip- tical enclosure of stone and mortar, eight by sixteen fcL't, and divided into two compartments. Near one of the ruins, in the northern wall of the canon, al)(>ut twelve feet from the base, are three circular holes t\N'o feet in diameter, with smaller ones between them, all in a horizontal line, with a vertical line of still smaller 600 ANTIQUITIES OF ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO. holes 1 -Mr Sii cavatic fortress also soi the ho tor soni tion of were f amoni,'' Bhick . 7T.. The Clm Chelly, if arc o-enci Pintado i al»oiit thi i'lgs do 11 " riinro r "iriifcrciice, s'pf'iriicn.s (»f •*(•• I'l. 23-5. fiKuiiifcieiic; RUINS IX THE CIIACO CA5r0X. CCl holes leadliij:^ up the olitf to one of the larger ones. Mr Simpson was unahlo to explore this sinj^^ular ex- cavation, and its use is unknown; it may l)e a room ta* fortress excavated from the solid rock. There are also some hieroglyphics on the face of the cliff under the holes. The quarries which furnished the stone for some of the buildings were found, but no descrip- tion of them is given. Hieroglyphics on boulders were found at a few points. Tlie pottery found among the Chaco ruins is illustrated by the cut. Black and red seem to be the only colors employed. Pottcn-— riiiico rufion. TI10 Chaco canon, although wider than that of the ( liully, is Iiounded by precipitous sides, and the ruins iiio o-enerallv near the base of the clitf". The Pueblo Pintado is built on a knoll twenty or thirty feet high, about three hundred yards from the river. The build- ings do not exactly face the cardinal points." ^' riiaro ruins as dispovrrpd 1>y Simpson: Pucltlo Piiitarlo, 40.? fnot i-ir- cmiifcrcnce, Sslurit's, ,')4 rooms on jj;roiiud floor, pp. M-Ci, \t\. 20, 22, 41; view, si«'iiini'iis of niasonrv, and of poltt-rv. IvOfk-inscriiUions at Camp 0, p. 'M\. pi. 23-.5. Pncl)lo\Ve,je-f,'i. 1."? miles from Puclilo Pintado, 700 feet in ciiviiiiifcrenc; yj rooms, 'walls 25 feet higli, pp. 30-7, pi. 20-7; view and iili GG2 ANTfl^riTlKS OF AlllZUNA AND XKW MKXK^O. I now come to the last division of the picstut j^roup, tlie j)erpen(Jiciilar of our triann^le, thu Kio (Jraude del Norte and its tributaries. This vallt y, the New Mexico i)roper of the Spaniards, when fiist visited in the sixteenth century, was thickly iiili.il)- ited by an ag'ricultural semi-civilized people, d\vulliii(r ill towns of stone and mud houses several stories in hei<,dit. Respectinjj; the number, names, and exact locality of these towns the early accounts are some- what vaj^ue, but many of them can be accurattly traced by means of an examination of autlioiitits which would be out of j)lace here. From the fiist feet circumference, 112 rooms, 3 stories, 7 estufas, pp. 42-3, pi. 41, li;: '-; s]K'cimen of nuisonry. Simpsoii's Jour. Mil. liccou., ])p. 34-4.3, l.'illi. Nlij^lit a(^count from Simpson, in Doincnech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. l',i!l--iH), 37!>-81, 38"); Anniad Sricti. Discor., 1850, pp. 3G2-3; B(tl(hriii\s Aii<: Anicr., pp. 8G-0, cut; Barber and Howe's Western States, pj». 5r)(;-!t. cut.-; Tlnimmel, Mexiko, i>p. 347-8. A newsjiajjcr rejrart of a ruin disiovcnd l)y one Roberts nuiy be as well mentioned here as elsewhere, altlioii;;li the locality given is 90 miles within the Arizona line, while the Cliiini remains are in New Mexico. This city was built on a mesa vitli |iii'- ci]>itous sides, and covered an area of 3 square miles, bein remains of timber were found in the city, which must have confaimil (ni;;- inally 20,000 inhabitants. It was laid tuit in plazas and streets, Mini tin; walls bore sculptureil hieroglyphics. San Francisco Chronicle, I)cr. j'J, 1872. See also Alta California, June 2(5, 1874. I give but few of tin >t' newspa]ier reports as specimens; a volume might be lilled with tliciii, with- out luuch prollt. I'UEiJLo ui:mai\s on tiik iiu) i;i:ani)i:. G->3 and there is every reason to ])elievo that all are so, (•xce[)t a few that may have heen built duriiiuf the Sj)anish domination. The inhabited ]\iel)lo towns, (tr those inhabited durinj^ the nineteenth century, are iil)out twenty in number, althout»'h authors disaL,'reo (HI this point, some eallinsf Pueblos what others say lire merely Mexican towns; but the distinction is not iiiH)ortant for my ])resent purpose/^ The important fact is, that the Spaniard found no race of ]»eo})le in New ^Texico which has since l)ecome extinct, nor any class of towns or buildini^-s that differed from the Pueblo towns still inhabited. Besides the towns still inhabited there arc many of precisely the same materials and architecture, which are in ruins. Such are Pect)s, Quivira, Val- \(!rde, San Lazaro, San Marcos, San Crist6l)al, Socorro, Senacu, Abo, Quarra, Rita, Poblazon, (lid San Felipe, and old Zuni. Some of these were abandoned by the natives at a very recent date; some have ruined Spanish buildings among the ab- (iiiginal structures; some may be historically identi- fied Avith the towns conquered by the first European visitors. These facts, together with the absence of any mention of ruins by the first explorers, and the well-known diminution of the Pueblos in numbers and power, make it perfectly safe to affirm that the ruins all belong to the same class, the same people, and about the same epoch as the inhabited towns. This conclusion is of some importance since it renders it useless to examine carefullv each ruin, and the diicuments bearing on its individual history, and en- ahlcs the reader to form a perfectly clear idea of all the many structures by carefully studying a few. While the Pucblo towns cannot be regarded as ^^ Davis' list of PueTilo towns is as follows: — Taos, Piooris, Nainne, TcziKiuo, Pojuaque, Sail Jtian, Sail Yldefonso, Santo Doiniii^^o, Saii Fe- lijic. Santa Ana, Corhiti, Isleta, Silla, Lajjuna, Atonia, Jeniez, Znfii, San- ilia, Santa Clara. A7 Gri)if/o, |>. 11.5. Barreiro, Ojciula, p. 15, adds Peros, iiiiil omits S.an Juan. Sinijmon, Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 114, says that Ce- liiillctn, Covero, and Mo(iuiiio, are uot properly Indian pueblon, but ordi- iiaiy Me.\icau towns. r>(>i ANTK^llTIKS OF ARIZONA AND NKW MKXICO, ol)je('tH of ^rt'.-it luystfry, as the work of a race that has jM!ai'c'(l, or as a station of the Aztiics u Iiilr on their way southward, yut tht^y aro ]»ro|u'riy tniitnl as aiiti(|uitit;s, siiico tlicy were doul)th!Ss huilt i»y tlic native races l)eforo they conie in contact with tin- Spaniards. Tiiey occupy tiie same position with ic- spect to the suhject of this vohnne as tlie remains in Antiiuiac, exceptinj^ ])erhaps Chohda and Teotiliiiii- can; or rather they have the same importance that the city of Thicopan wouhl liave, had the Spaniards permitted that city to stand in possessi(jn of its native inhahitaiits. An accoimt of the Pueblo huildiniifs liasl)ccn i^ivcii in another vohnne of this work/''^ and 1 cannot do better here than to (pjote from oood autliorities a de- scription of the princi])al towns, both iidiabited jin(' m ruins. Of Taos Mr Abort says, "One of the nortliern foi'ks of the Taos river, on issuini^ iVom the mountains, forms a deH<^htful nook, wliicli the Indians early selected as a permanent residence. By j^-radnid improvement, from year to year, it has finally becoinu one of the most formidable of the artificial strong- holds of New Me.\.ico. On each side of the little mountain stream is one of those immense 'adobe' structures, which rises by successive steps until an irre<.(ular pyramidal buildin*^, seven stories hi^h, pie- sents an almost impreii^nable tower. These, with the church and some few scattering houses, make u}) the village. The whoL) is surrounded by an adobe wall, strengthened in somo ^iaces l)y rough palisades, the different parts so arranged, for mutual defence, as to have elicited much admiration for the skill of the untaught engineers." Of the same town Davis says, " It is the best sample of the ancient mode of buihlinL'. Here there are two large houses three hundred or \\>\\y hundred feet in length, and about one hundred and fifty feet wide at the base. They are situated ujioii opposite sides of a small creek, and in ancient times M See vol. i., pp. 533-8. riKISLO TOWNS OF NKW MKXK O 0(15 arc said to havo boon oomicntod liy a l)ri(lening, or narrow way, is formed between a huge square tower of rock and the perpendicular face of the cliff. Then the road winds round like a s[)iral stair way, and the Indians have, in some way, Hxed logs of wood in the rock, radiating from a vertical a.vis, like steps .... At last we reached the top of tlie r(jck, which was nearly level, and contains about sixty acres. Here we saw a large church, and several con- tinuous blocks of buildings, containing sixty <»r sev- enty houses in each block, (the wall at the side that faced outwards was luibroken, and had no windows until near the top: the houses were three stories high). In front each story retreated back as it as- cended, so as to leave -v platform along the whole front of the story: these plaUbrms are guarded by parapt t walls about three feet high." Jjadders are used for first and second stories but there are steps in tliu Avail to reacli the roof."® Mr Grtgg tells us that Saii Felipe is on "the very verge of a ])recipice several lumdred feet high," but Simpson states that "neither it nor Sandia is as purely Indian in the style of its buildings as the other pueblos.""' Santo Domingo "is laid out in streets running perpendicularly to the Kio Grande. The houses art' corwfnicted of adobes, (blocks of mud, of greater or less dimensions, sun-dried;) are two stoi-ies in height, the ui)per one set retreatingly on the lower, so as to make the superior covering of the lower ans\ver for a terrace or platform for the upper; and have roofs which are nearly flat. These roofs are made first of transverse logs which pitch very slightly outwaid, and are sustained at their ends by the side walls of ^ Ahrrt^s Xrir Mry., in Emorjf\t Ttrcoitnnin.mnrr, p. 470-1, ivitli It views. The most ancient and extraordinary of all the Puehlos, on u laMi' of 00 acres, SfJO feet almve the plain. Identical with Coronado's .Vcuki. O'lmciicdt'i Jhstrfs, vol. i., jip. '202-3; Oiii/'fs Coin, rrairitti, vol. i., pp. 277-8. 57 Grrrjifs Com. rniirim, vol. i., p. 277; Simpson's Jour. Mil. Bcron., p. 121; view of Sun Felipe, nv AbcrVs New Mcx., in Einuri/'s Iiccuiiii"ig- sance, p. IGl. PUEBLO TOWNS OF NEW MEXICO. CC7 the biilklini^; on these, a layer of slabs or brush is laid; a layer of bark or straw is then laid on these; and covering the whole is a layer of mud of six or more inches in thickness. The lieiuht of the stories is about eight or nine feet."^^ "On my visit to the pueblo of Tesuque we entered a large Sijuare, around which the dwellings are erected (•lose together, so as to present outwardly an un- hroken line of wall to tlie heiglit of three stories. \ iesed from the inner square it presents the ap- |>jarance of a succession of terraces with doors and n'indows opening upon them .... This general de- scription is a])^'licable to all the Pueblo vilhiges, how- ever they may ditler in size, j)osition, and nature of tlie ground — -some being on bluffs, some on mesas, and most of those in the valley of the iiio Grande \ver story. Aliars Xrw l/.r., in Kinori/'s lici'otntoisaKiirr, \^. 4tiJ, with view; MttUhuKsin's Juunici/, \i. 'I'M, witii view; IfdiiinirrJi's />c.v( r/;, vol. i., p. 107. ^' Mi/iiic's Two Thousdinl Milrs, |ip. 'JOti 7. ''" Sii'ii).s<>,i\s Join: Mil. Hiyoh., ]<]). W)-'.'.. 'It is d'videil into four solid 'Op' liavinf? but two streets, erossin;.; its centre at ri;;lit aii;;les. Ail til'' ...idin^^s are two stories Iii;,'ii, coiiiiiose^i of >-, in-dried liriii<. 'rii«> first -•tory presents a sidid wall to the street, and is so constriieted. thai eaeli ii'iti.M' join.s, until one fourth of the city may lie said to he one iMiiidin;,'. Tiie seeond stories rise from this vast, solid siniet;»re, so as to (ie.-ii;nato rmh house, leavinf" room to waliv upon tlie root of tin lirsl stur\ between fiiili liiiildin;,'.' Ifiii/lics' /tniii/i/iKii'.s h'j.'., ]). lit."); see also ll'/ii/ijilf, m I'uc. A', 1{. liijif., vol. iii., pp. (J7-8., witii view; Jlullinii.ncnis Jnunxy, p. 1)7. 668 ANTIQUITIES OF ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO. isolated mountainous regir-i about midway hetwooii the Colorado Chiquito and the Chelly canon, in l;iti- lide 35° 50', and longitude 110^ 30', are very similar to the Puehlo towns of the Rio Grande. They wt'ic l^rohahly visited by the earliest Spanish ex})l(>rer.s, and have a claim to as great an anti(|uity as any in the whole region. Lieut. Ives visited the Mocjuis in 1858, and his description is the best extant; from it I quote as follows: "I discovered with a spy-glass two of the Moqui towns, eight or ten miles distant, upon the summit of a high bluff overhanging the opposite side of the valley. They were built clrv- to the edge of the precipice. . . .The outlines of tl; • closely-packed structures looked in the distance I'k' the towers and battlements of a castle." "The face of the bluff, upon the summit of which the town was i)erc)iod, was cut up and irregular. W'c were led through a passage that wound among s(jinc low hillocks of sand and rock that extended hall-way to the top.... A small plateau, in the centre (»(' which was a circular reservoir, fifty feet in dianutii', lined witli n\asonry, and filled with pure cold watci-. The ba(-'n was fed from a pipe connecting with some source ot sup})ly upon the summit of the mesa. . . . Continuing to ascend we came to another reservoir, smaller, but of more elal)orate construction and finish .... Between the two the face of the bluff hud been ingeniously converted into terraces. These were faced with neat masonry, and contained gardens, each surrounded with a raised edge so as to retain watei' upon the surface. Pipes from the reservoirs permit- ted them at any time to be irrigated. Peach tiees were growing upon the terraces and in the hollows below. A long flight of stone steps, with sharp turns that could easily be defended, was Ir.iilt into the face of the jaecipice, and led from the u])per reservoir to the foot of the town." "The town is nearly square, ami surrounded by a stone wall fifteen feet high, the top of which forms a landing extendinfjf around the whole. THE ^lOQUI TOWNS. 660 Flif*'hts of stone steps led from the first to a second landing, up(jn which the doors of the honse open." "The room was fifteen feet by ten ; the walls were made of adobes; the partitions of substantial beams; the rloor laid with clay. In one corner were a fireplace and chimney. Everything was clean ard tidy. Skins, bows and arrows, rpiivers, antlers, blankets, ai'ticles of clotliing and ornament, were hanging from the walls or arranged upon shelves. Vases, flat dishes, and gourds filled with meal or water were standing along one side of the room. At the other end was a trough divided into compartments, in each of which was a slo[)ing stone slab two or three feet square for grind- ing corn upon. In a recess of an inner room was })iled a goodly store of corn in the ear." "We learned that there wore seven towns; that the name of that which we were visiting was ^fooshah- neli. A second smaller town was half a mile dis- tant; two miles westward was a third, . . , Five or six miles to the north-east a Idufif* was pointed out as the location of three others, and we were informed that the last of the seven, Oraybe, was still further distant, on tlie trail cowards the great river." "Eacli ])ueblo is biiilt arourid a rectangular court, in wliicii we suppose .)i«: ^,iiO springs that furnish the sujjply to the reser- voir. The exterior walls, which are of stone, have no •ij.'enings, and woidd have to bo scaled or bat- i.o'-ijd down before access could bo gained to the lilt '•''.. The successive stories are set l)ack, one boliind tlie other. The lower rooms are ivachcd through trap-d(joi"s from the first landing, 'i'hu houses are three rooms deep, and o})en u})()n the in- fi'vior couit.' "lie led the way to the east of the oiu'^' on wliit-h Oravbe stands. Eiybt or nine miles hiougiit I' 1 ^rain +o ah angle formed by two faces f)f the ))rec!j!*'-t ... i\.c fc;;t v.'aL: n ves;,.tMoir, and a ■ ('oad road iuding up the steep ascent. On either i()e the blutt's were cut into terraces, and laid out into gardens 'imilar to tho, '^ seen at ^loosliahneh, _^ ftr;-! 670 ANTIQUITIES OF ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO. and, like tliem, irrigated frvora an upper reservoir. The whole reflected great credit upon i^Ioquis in- genuity and skill in the department of engineer. iiLf. The walls of the terraces and reservoirs were of partially dressed stone, well and strongly built, and the irrigating pipes conveniently arranged. Tlio lit- tle gardens were neatly laid out."^^ Thus we see that a universal peculiarity of tlio Pueb1» ♦^owns m that the lower stories are entercl liy ladder, ay of the roof Their location xnr'ws from tho ' valley to the elevated mesa and ])Vv- cipitous cliu; their height from one to seven storie.><, two stories and one terrace being a common form. Most of them recede in successive terraces at oacli story from the outside, but Tesuque, and perha])s a few others, are terraced from the interior court. TIk' building material is sometimes adobe, but generally stone ])lastered with mud. The exact construction v\' the walls is nowhere stated, but they are i)resumal)ly built of roughly squared blocks of the stone most accessible, laid in nuid. With each town is con- nected an estufa, or public council-chamber antl jilacc of worship. This is in some cases partly suhter- ranean, and its walls are covered with rude painting.s in brio-lit colors."^ ■:. 21-2, pi. 7-11. PUEBLO OF PECOS. C71 Pocos was formerly one of the most important, and was still inhabited in the early part of tiie present century. The cut copied from Emory for Mr Bald- win's work, represents a portion of the ruins, which ^!W*^^S',>».»^^-»..'^.'^ ^ lliiins of Pecos. include Spanish and aboriginal structures, both of jidol)e. Enu)ry noticed large well-hewn timbers. Davis says the ruins of the village cover two or three hundred yards, and include large blocks of stone, square and oblong, weighing over a ton, with marks of having been laid in mortar. Hughes s[)eaks of the traces of a stone wall eight feet high, which once surrounded this Pueblo town. Kit Car- sun told Mr Meline that he found the town still inhabited in 182G. It was here that in former times was ke})t burning the everlasting tire which formed part of the religious rites in honor of theii' deity, or. ac('ordini»' to tlie modern account, of Montezuuiii. There is no evidence, however, that tlie aborigines in ancient times had any deity, or nioiiarch of that name; it is (piite certain that they did niit bear of the Aztec monarch Montezuma miuiy centuries be- loic he began to reign; just possible that they did hear of liis fame a few ye irs before the Spaniards J 672 ANTKiUITIES OF ARIZONA, AND NEW MEXICO. came to New IMexico ; but altogether probable that they first heard the name of Montezuma, of the Aztec people, and of their former migration .south- ward, from the Spaniards themselves, or their native companions."' With the Quivira located by Thomas Gage and other early writers and map-makers, " on the most Western part of America just over again.st Tartury," as with the great city of Quivira which Francisro Vasquez de Coronado sought and has been popularly supposed to have found, I have at present nothing to do. It should be noted, however, that the latter Q'livira was not one of the Pueblo towns of the Rio Grande, but a town of wigwams on the plains in tlio far north-cast. The ruined town of Quivira or Gran Quivira, cast of the Rio Grande, entirely distinct from that of Coronado, includes, like Pecos, a Spanish church amono: its ruins. The buildincrs arc of liown stone and of great extent. Gregg speaks of an aque- duct leadincf to the mountains ci^i^ht or ten miles (lis- tant, the nearest water. This town was very likely, like manv others, ruined at the revolt of 1G80. Abo, Quarra, Laguna, and the rest, present no new feat- ures. There are, moreover, on the Pucrco River — a tributary of the Rio Grande, and not that of the Colorado Chiquito already mentioned — many traces of Pueblo buildings which have no dofmitc names.''' 03 Eiiinn/'a Rrmunot'ssance, p. 30, with plate; Ahrrfs Xrv ^^r■l■., in /(/.. ]ili. 44(!-7, 4S:{. willi ])liite; Darin'' El (In'ni/o, p. .')."); IIiiijIk's Jihiu'/i/ihii'.s Kx., ]i|i. 71-."); Mliiiv's Tirii ThoitSitliil Mills, pp. '2.")r)-S; (iirijifs ('mii. I'niirirs, Vdl. i., ii|). 'JTO-.'t; Miillluiiiaoi, llrisrn in ilh' Fi/sciii/i/i., tmii. ii., ])p. 'i'.U-S; Cii/f's ('i)ii'/. ofCiif., ji. 7'.(; Duiiuiicch'n JJcsrrts, \{>\. i., pp. \M'k Hahliriii'n Ant'. Aimr., p. 79, With cut. W lf((ifr\s Xrir Siirrrif, p. 102; Grrrfg's Coin. I'niirirs, vul. i., ii|i. l(i4-5; hiti-i.f' El (iriiu/o, pj). 70, 12.S-7; AlurCs Nc.tr Mr.c., in Eniiifj/'s Ji'ft)itiiiti.s\iiit'r, pp. 48S-',I; I)tiiiicnir/i'.-i Drsirfs, vol. i., pp. lS'_'-:>; d'/r- liirntts'' Titiir, ]>. 2."); Ctirlftoit's litiiii.i of Aho, in Sniif/istiitiitit I!r/il., MiiUIttttisfn, Flitrhlliitti'. toni. !., pp. 718-2.'), 2211. •-':!!•. 1S,-)1, 1>1'- .•{ID- I> I.'i; 2i)7-72; III., Ilrisni, tuni. ii., pp. 2!)(), 40.")-(!; Frofht-rs Cntt. Amrr., y. .Sill; f/., Alts Aiifr., totii. ii.. pp. l.")0-2; <}iilltttiti, in Noitrtllr.s Attnulr.f tl':s I'll.!/., 1S.")1, toin. fX-wi., pp. 2'.)8-!). Ahcrt, m Em or if s ll-riiiiitiii.s.:iiii'r. \i\i. 4i)r)-7, 481, tell.-* MS that at Ti'/iipic the ruins of tiie ancient Imlian tnwii firo i)artially covered witli the huildinj^s of tlie uioderu; also that at I'oM.i- zon, on the I'lierco itiver, the nrineipal ruins of stone are arran.^rcil in a S(iuare with sides of 200 yards, out other reumius are scattered in the vi .SEVLN CITIES OV CIDOLA. 673 The cut shows some rock-inscriptions copied by Rock-Inscriptions — Rio Granilo. Froebel in the valley of the Rio Grande. In the Sierra de los Minibres, towards the source of the Gila, are some old coj)])er mines, and connected witli them an adol)e fort with round towers at tno corners, but I do not know that these works have ever l)een consid- ered of aboriginal origin. In a newspapf'r 1 find the rcniarkal>le statement that "from the volcanic cones of the Cerrillos was furnished, a great part, if not all, the Chalchiuite, so much worn for ornament, and so liiohly i)rized by the ancient Mexicans. ... The an- cient excavations made in search of it are now dis- tinctly visible, and seem to have been carried to the depth of two hundred feet or more.""^ The ruins of Old Zuni have already been described, and there is no reason to doul)t that both these ami tlie other remains on the Zuhi Iviver, rej)res('iit towns that were inhabited when the S[)aniards lirst came northward. Indeed it is almost certain that they, to- ciiiity, incliidinji a ciivulnr and one elliptical ondosnre. AccDnlinj; to '•n'L,% i'liiii. I'viiirii't, vdl. ii., )>. 71, the inlialiitants were (lri\tM fiuni N'al- vcrile, on the Uio (Jrande, liy tlic N'avajoH. .Mollhansen, Jonnn //, vol. ii., p. .")."), speaks of ruins on rocky hcij,dits two miles from l.aiiiina. " 'i'lio I'liiis of what is usually calleil (>/(/ S((ii Fch'/ir are ](lainly visilile, ]ierchcd III! the ed;,a' of the? mesa, aliout a mile aliove the present town, on liie west fsiile of the rivt'r. ' Sint/isttii'ti Jmir. Mil. Iticmi., ]>. \'1\. 65 f'nti'lti/^ Alls- Anil r., toin. ii., ])p. Uili, 4(l!t; Jn/uisfnii, in L'ii/l-<' Coiiq. of fill., p. 1S3; Xcir/jtrri/, in Cal. Fanner, April 10, IbGS. \UL. IV iii i'lf C74 ANTIOriTIKS OF ARIZONA AND NFAV .MKXKO. ^•otlior Avitli tlio Pucl)l() town of Zuni, ivprcscut Coroiiiido's fuiiions 'sin'cn cities' of C'il>ol;i. Most Avriturs liavo so decided, as CJallatin, S(|uier, AVliipplc, Turner, Kern, and Sini])S()n.''''' I'lio course and dis- tance of Coronado's inarch frcjni tlie Gila un'iecs nmiv. exactly witli Zuni than with any other town; t\\" ^^'i^ quite prohahly < )1(1 Zuni; Cibola is said to have been the lirst town reached in coniini^ across the desert from tlie south- west, and the last left in returning; the positions ot' Tusayan, a [)rovinco of seven viUages, five days' jour- ney north-west from Cil)ola, and of Acuco, five days eastward, agree very well with the location of tlii' Moqui towns and of Acoma with res])ect to Zuhi. Finally wo have Esjiejo's statement that he visited the province of Zuni, twenty-live leagues west of Acoma; that it was called Zuni by the natives and Cibola by the Si)aniards; that Coronado liad bnn there; and that he found there not only crosses and other emblems of Christianity, but three Cliristians even. Coronado left three men at C/ibola, and tlnir statements to Esjiejo respecting the identity of Cil>i 'la and Zuni, must be regarded as conclusive.*^' '•'i Alu'rt, N'rir .l/i.r., iii Eitinrifs 7?'ro»»r)/.s'';'"n( v, pji. 4S0-02, idciililii's Cilidlii witli Ai'oiiia anil llic >ix ail juiiiiii^ I'uchlo t>»\viis; anil MiirL:aii. in A'. Aiiirr. ]irririi\ April, lS()!t, with the Chai'i) ruins. c' Sl'c C!)-71. ' W'Viitc y "-vi. i[\k\ sc nnnibia on lonj^na do los> niia-* scnnalcs do ("liristianidad (|ue sionipre so ostaiian on i.io. llallainii aii-i inosniK tros Indios Cliristianos i|iio so auian iinodadi) do ai|nollii jmiiaila, ciiyos nuniln'os oran Andres do Cnyoaoan, (iaspar do Mo.xicu, y Antnnici lio (inadalajara. Ins ijualos toiiian oasi nlnidada sii niosnia louiiua, y >al'iaa miiy hion la didos naluralos. anni|no a |)iioas Imcdtas i|no los halilainn -i' oiili'ndiornn laoilnionto.' Ksjiriit, I'luJ''. in niil,/tiif/\^ ]'(>>/.. \::ii, lllsl. ('/nmi. Mail:;'!, h">X(); h'.it milliin;.'' of tlio kind anpoars in the Spanish edition ol lliat Murk, loiU), (ir in tlio Italian oditiiui of loiSU. (;i:n::i:ai, hksiml:. 675 Xow !^^ox^('an aiititniitifs, divided as at the l)(.'niii- niiiL;' (»(' tin.' cliaptci' into six. {'lasses, may lie l)iietly considered, eu resume, as I'ollows: 1st. "Remains of ancient stone and adol)e l)uildin,L;s in all stages of (lisinten'i'ation, from ^;tandinn■ walls with roofs and iiooi's, to sliai)eless l)e;t[»s of deUris, or sinijde lines of foundation-stones." This first class of remains has icceivcd most attention in the preeedin.*" })a,i;es, and little need he said in addition. It has heen noted that adohe is the material used almost exclusively in the (Jlila and other southern valleys, as in Chihuahua, while further north stone is preferred. The most im- portant fact to 1)0 noted is that all the ruins, without eKce[)tion, are precisely identical in ]»lan, architecture, and material with the Puehlo towns now inhahited or known to have l»een inhahited since the coming;' of the Spaniards. !Many of them, particularly those of the ("haco caHon, mavhavo heen nnich ijrander structures and have disj)layed a hin'h"" dcLiree of art than tluj niode)-n towns, hut they all belong to the same class of l)uildini;s. 2d. "Anomalous structures of stone or earth, the }Mn[)osc of wdiich, either by reason of their advanced state of ruin, or of the comparatively slight atten- tion given them by travelers, is not a[)])arent." Such remains, which have l)een described as far as possible wlicrever they have appeared, are: 1. Fortifications, like the stone enclosures on the Pueblo Creek and licad- waters of the Kio Yerdo; and the battlements guarding the path of ascent to Old Zuni. !Maiiy of the ruined towns were, moreover, etiectually futificd by the natural ])ositioii in which tliey were built. I 1. ^lound-lilvo structures and t^levations. These include the low terraced ]>yrami<1 ivported on the (lila near tlic Casa Grande, and another of like nature on the north side of the j-iver; the shapeless heaps of earth anil stones in the (!ila and Salinas A'allovs, most of nliich are doubtless the remains of fallen walls, but s >\\h} of which may possibly have a diil'erent origin i 5 C76 ANTIQUITIES OF ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO. uiul (l(jsii,>'n ; and soinu siimll liujips of loose sstonos on tlio (lilfi iit the moiitli of the Santo Domin^'o. It i.> iiotic'oablu that no l)urial mounds, of so connnoii (m - currenoe in many parts of America, have been found here; and no pyramids or mounds presunuihly cdn- net'ted in any way with religious rites, indeeil, notli- iui^ of the nature of tomples or altars, save tin,' estufas still in connnon use. III. Excavation^ Those are, a reservoir with stone walls nieasuiiiin forty by sixty yards, reported by the early \viiiri>, near the Casa Grande on the Uila; a circular dejircs- sion forty paces in diameter on the north bank of tliu Gila, and a similar one at Navajo Spring- near tluj Pvio Puerco of the West; a triangular de[)ressioii at the mouth of the Santo Domingo; quarries of sand- stone near some of the Chaco ruins, and pits in llio Salinas, whence the earth for building is su])}i()srd to have been taken; and the circular holes that ])eiie- trato th.e canon walls of the Chaco. IV. Enclosures for various or unknown purposes. Such is the cir- cular enclosure a hundred yards in circumference mar tlie Casa Grande, and another north of the river; the structure indefinitely reported as a labyrinth up the (iila from the Casa Grande; a small round enclosure on the Salado; an elli})tical enclosure of stone and mortar, eight by sixteen feet, and divided into twn com])artments, in the Chaco canon; and the laiue and irregular lines of foundation-stones i:i the i«il.i A^alley above the San Pedro. It Avill be observid that thei'e is very little of the mysterious conncrtid with tliose remains of the second class, and a gnat part of that little would probably disappear as a re- sult of a more careful exploration. 3d. "Traces of aboriginal agriculture, in the sliape of acc(|uias and zanjas, or irrigating canals and ditches." Such remains have been noticed in ci'ii- ncction with many of the ruins, particularly in the south, and recpiireno further remarks. So far as described, they are nothing but simple ditches dug ni CENKHAL IlHSlMl':, ct; tlio surface of tliu ground, of Viirviu<;" doptli aiiil lL'iiL(th. Tliu (jjirliur ivports of canals witli called siiles arc very |)rol)ably uiifouiuied. 4th. "Implomoiits and oriianients." Tlioso aro not nnnierous, includu no articles of any metal whatever, and do not differ materially from articles now in nsc iimonii^ the Pueblo Indians. Such lelics have been found scattered amon^- the debi'is of the fallen walls, and not taken from reijfular excavations; conse<|uentlv no absolute proof exists that they are the work of the builders, though there can be little room for doubt on that point. The wandering' tribes that have occu})ied the country in modei'n times are nnich more likely to have sought for and carried away relics of the original inhabitants, than to have de- ])osited amoni^ the ruins articles made by the modern ]'ueblo Indians. A detailed account of each i-elic would be useless, but amoiiiif the articles that have lieen found aro included, — I. Jniplements of stone. ^.Fetates, or corn-u^rinders, jjenerallv brok(,'n, Avere found at various })oints on the CJila, Salado, and amon-^ tlio ruins near Pecos. Stone axes, are shown in the cut from Whipple, of which No. 4 was found on the New Mexican Stone Axes. Salado, where implements called hoes, and a stone pi-stle, are also rej)orted. A stone axe was also found oil the Colorado Chiquito. Arrow-heads of obsidian C7.S ANTi(,»ririi;s of auizona and m:\v mkxiio. wcw, ]>lcki'(l iij> at ( )I(l Ziifil, on tlic ( 'oloi'ad > ( 'Ii! (juito, on tlu' llio I'ut'i'co of tin; wrst, and ,ii Iiiscri|»tii)n Kotk; of cai-ncliin on the ( 'oloi'adi ('Iii(|nito; of a^att) and jaspoi' on the Uio Puoiti' and of (juartz near I'ccos and on I'utMo Cnik i{ lo.ss l>ro\vni! nt'ar( I of ] tone awls luivmti' itvvw dii M U|> at tliu ( asa (jlrando. 11. ( )rnanicnt.s. Sca-slu wci'i' I'ound at t]]v ( asa fJraiidc, on tliu nortli l»aid< the (Jila, and in the Salado valley; also on the (Jil ;i head ot" hhie niarl)le fhiely turned, an inch and . I.'>, 47; Wln'/iplr, in /'/., i.|i. r>4, (I'.t, 73, 7i;. !>l: I'.m-thlt's; I'n-^. X,ir., v..l. ii . jiip. '2i')-'i; JJrotriica Ajiurlic Coiiiitri/, p. IIS; (Jul. Farnt'.r, J u no •_'_', 1 ■» 0. CJKNEKAL i;i:si'MK. (]?} htitious ciistom. The fraiicnionts are voiy liko owv to aiiiitluT ill Jill parts of tliu Nuw McxiiMii rrnioii, ainl ill <|ii;ility and oriuiiiieiitatioii nearly idciiticMl willi tliu Willi.' still inaiiuracturt'il aiul used l>v the I'litMos. It lias lufii iiotitcd, liowt'vur, that the older |)ottery is siijieiior iLfoiiurally iu material and workiiiaiiship to th th le luodeiii; and also in the southern valleys it is ith lolllK Jtaiii ted oil tl le iiisiue as well as ou tsid O, C'OU- tiary as is said to the present iisa^e. Very few IVan- iiieiits show anything' like ylaziiii;'. The painted ornaiiieiitation consists in most instances of strii)es or aiiLjiilar, more ran a I ly of curv ost instances ot strip ed, lines, in Mack, uiiite id red. Paintetl i"e])resentations of any detinite ol»- jicts, animate or inanimate, are of very rare occiir- reiice. Some specimens are, however, not ])aiiited, liiit decorated with considerahle skill i'V means of raised or indi'iited h^nres. I have ,i;iven cnts of uiaiiy s[)eciniens, and the tliirty-Hve ii^^nres on the next l>an"c from different localities will siitiice to ex- plain the nature and uniformity of Mew Mexican })ot- lerv (Ith. "Painted or en^Tavcd figures on clills, houl- (Lrs, and the sides of natural caverns. Tl lese l\>j;- nivs ha\e l)een nu'iitioned Avlienc'Ver tluy occinied, and some of them illustrated. Ther e are aduiliona lili d |iaintinn's m a rocky j)ass between All>U(|uer(|ue aia LaL>'una, mentioned and copied l»y jMoIlhaiiseii, and lii)tli])aintiiins and sculptures in Texas at Sierra Wai tliirtv miles east of El Paso, and at lioekv ])ell ^Voll la tlu ii' • Vf 1 1 I'V UljK ' v ■ /./. 1 'i 1,1.. 1- 'i -, 1 .:o. '''> W/ii/uifr, Kirlxnik, miiJ Turner, in /'"'•. It. It. Jli/i/.. vol. iii.. |i|i. ■IS-<»; also U'hljijilr, in A/., |i|i. (il-,"), C.'). T.'i, 7(1, SI. Of tlu' --cl liad iiaidcncd; IIl:. •_'.'>, '-".l, :i iif the iiinst tinif-worn carving's n|i. Cut of a fiaj,'ineiit and eomparisuu with ono ) uuid ill Indiana. Fonlcr's rrc-Uitst. Itaccs, pp. "-'rJ-oO. C80 ANTIQUITIES OF AIIIZONA AND NEW MEXICO. Nev Mexican Pottery. Creek, in lat. 35^ no\ long. 102° SO'.'^ Tn another volume of tliis v.ork.'^ soinethiiii^ hii.-; been sjiid r.[' hiero,i>'lyj)liie the mass i)f speculation, tradition, and so-called history, tliat luis ( onfused the whole subject since first the missionary ])adres visited and wrote of this region, and sought diliu'entlv, and of course successfullv, for traditions re- specting the Asiatic origin of the Americans, and the southern migration of the Aztecs from the mysterious regions of the (yalifornias to Anahuac. These coti- clusions are not lengthy or numerous, and apply witii cfjual force to the Casas Grandes oi Chihuahua, out- side of the geographical limits of this chapter. 1. The ruined structures offer but little internal t'\idence of tlieir aire. There is not even the s'iu'ht M "2 Sco Si,npx"ii'.s Jour. Mil. Rrcoii., pj), 20-2, pi. 7-1 K " Fiocbd's Cent. Aiitvi:, \\ 5'21. 682 AXTK.UTriES OF ARIZONA AND NEW :srEXICO. uid of f'oivst n'rowth found in nearly all other parts of America. The different buildins'-s show verv ditllr- unt degrees of dilapidation it is true, hut to \vliat ex- tent in each case the ravairos of time have heeii assisted hy the roaming Apaches and other saAanos, it is imjxjssihlo to decide. The Casas (Jrandes of Chihuahua firo much more clila[)idated than the similar Casa Onando of the Gila; hut, although hotli aiv Iniilt of nnul, a slight difference in the quality of tlio nuid employt'd, with the more abundant rains of Chi- huahua, would account for the better condition of tlu; (Jila remains, and jirevent us from assigning necessa- lily a greater antiquity to those of Chihuahua. It is known as a historical fact that the southern buildings Avere not only in ruins a' the coming of the Span- iards in the middle of the sixteenth century, l)ut had l)een sg long in that condition that the native knowl- v(]'j;t} respecting them had passed into the state uf a tradition and a superstition. Certainly not less than a century Avould suflice for this. Of the nortlui'n I'uins very many are known to have been inhabited and flourishing towns when the S])aniards cainr. 'I'hat any were at that time in ruins is not pioven, though, possible. •J. 'J'he material relics of the New ^Fexican group bear no resemblance whatever to either Nahua or ]\[aya relirs in the south. It has been constantly stated and ivpeated l>y most writers, that all Aniti- ican aboriuinal monuments, the works of the ^Mound- Builders of the ]\Iississip})i, the ruins of New ^lexiiM and Arizona, the Casas (jlrandes of Chihuahua, the l^diticios of Zacatecas, the pyramids of ^Vuiihuac and the central ])lateaux, ^NEitla, Palenquo, the cities of Yucatan, and finally Copan, all belong evidently b> one class and present one type; that . '1 are such a> might reasonably be attributed to *:he same ])eo]ile in diilerent ])eriods of their civilization. It is vwn customary for travelers and writers to spt'ak without hesitation of .\ztec ruins and relies in Arizona, as if Ci).MPAUISOX8. C83 tlicrc were no lonnfor any (loul)t on tlio sulijoet. So i;ir as the New Mexican link in the cliaiu is con- corned, I most enipliatically deny the resemblance, on L>Toun(ls which the reader of the precedini;' pa^es already fully understands, I can hardly conceive of structures reared by human hands dilFerinL;- moi-e essentially than the two classes in question. In the )innion use of adobes for buildin^'-material ; in tl le ])lain walls rising to a height of several stories; in the terrace structure, absence of doors in the lower stoiy, and the entrance by ladders; in the absence of arclied ceilings (;f overla})ping blocks, of all }»yran)idal structures, of sculptured l)locks, of all architectural f any ])Oo[)le nearly allieil in blood and institutions to the Aztecs as they Were found in Anahuac. .'). Not only do the ruins of this grouj) bear no i\'semblance to those of tlie soutli, but tliey represent ill all I'espects buildings like those still inhabited by liie Pue' lo tribes and the ^Io([uis, and do not (liircr more among themselves than do the dwellings of the |u'oj)les mentioned. Everv one o\' tl lem mav lie mos t reasonably regarded as tlu; woi'k of the diicct an- tors of the ]>resent inhabitants of the i'ueblo ces C81 ANTIQUITIES OF AIIIZONA AND NFAV MEXICO. towns, who did not differ to any qreat extent In civilization or institutions from their descendants, though they m.ay very likely have been vastly su- perior to them in power and wealth. Consequent! v^ there is not a single relic in the whole region tli.it requires the agency of any extinct race of people, or any other nations — using the word in a somewhat wider signification than has sometimes been given to it in the preceding volumes — than those now living in the country. Not only do the remains not point in themselves to any extinct race, but if there wvw any traditional or other evidence indicating the past agency of sucli a race, it wovdd be impossible to rec- oncile the traditional with the monumental evidence except by the supposition that the Pueblos are ;i foreign people who took possession of the abandoned dwellings of another race, whose institutions tliey imitated to the best of their ability; but 1 do not know tliat such a theory lias ever been advanced, i am aware that this conclusion is sadly at variunci^ with the newspaper reports in constant circulation, of marvelous cities, the remnants of an advanced \n\t extinct civilization, discovered by some trapper, miner, or exploring expedition. I am also aware of the probability that many ruins in addition to tliose I have been able to describe, have been found liy military officials, government explorers, and private individuals during the past ten years; and 1 ho))e that the appearance of this volume may cause the publication of much additional information on the subject,— but that any of the newly discovered mon- uments differ in ty})e from those previously known, there is much reason to doubt. Very many of the newspaper accounts referred to relate to discoveries made by Lieut. Wheeler's exploring party during tlie jiast two or three years. Lieut. Wheeler informs nie tliat tlic reports, so far as tlioy refer to the remains of an extinct people, are without foundation, and that his observations have led him to a conclusion 2)racti- THE AN'CIENT PUEBLO TOWNS. C85 cally the same a« my own rospeotiiig tlic builders of the ruined Piiehlo towns. 4. It follows that New ^lexico, Arizona, and northern Chihuahua were once inhahited hy a<4riful- tural semi-civilized trihes, not differino- more amonijf themselves than do the Puel)lo tril.>es of the pres- ent time: the most fertile valleys of the rei>ion were cultivated by them, and were dotted by tine town- dwellings of stone and adobe, occupied in common l)y many families, similar but superior to the pres- ent Pueblo towns. At least a century, probably much longer, before the Si)aniards made their aj)})ear- ance, the decline of this numerous and jjowerful peo- ]ile began, and it has continued uninterruptedly down to the present time, until only a mere remnant in the ilio Grande and Mo^pii towns is left. Before the Spaniards came all the southern towns, on the Gila and its tributaries, had been aljandoned; since that time the decline of the northern nations, Avliich the Spaniards found in a tolerably flourishing condition, is a matter of history. The reason of the decline this is hardly the place to consider, but it is doubtless to the inroads of outside warlike and predatory tribes like the Apaches that we must look for tlie chief cause. It is not impossible that natural changes in the surface of tlie region, sucli as the drying-up of springs, streams, or lakes, may have also contril)uted to tlie same effect. These changes, however, if such took place, were })robably gradual in their operation; for the location of the ruins in what are still in most cases amono' the most fertile valleys, either in the \icinity of water, or at least of a dried-up stream, and their absence in every instance in tlie al)solutely desert tracts, show pretty conclusively that the towns Were not desti'oycd suddenly by any natural convul- sion which radically chano-ed the face of the country, it is not difficult to imagine how the agricultural I'ufblo communities, weakened j)erhaps at iiist by s >me international strife which forced them to neulect cso ANTIQUITIES OP ARIZONA AND XEW MEXICO. tl 10 tillage of their land, and hard pressed hy move than usually persistent inroads from bands of Apaclu':^^ who plundered their crops and destroyed their ini,;;!- tion-works, visited perchance by pestilence, or l.y earthquakes sent by some irate deity to dry up tlicir springs, were forced year by year to yield their laii* fields to the drifting sands, to abandon their soutluiu homes and unite their forces with kindred nortlidu tribes; till at last came the crowning blow of a forei";i invasion, which has well nigh extinguished an al)()rii;'- inal culture more interesting and admirable, if not in all lespccts more advanced, than any other in North America. CHAPTER XT I. ANTIQUITIES OF THE XOUTIIWEST. Cknkiial Chai! actkk ok NonTii-\vi:.sTi:u\ TJkmaixs— Xo Tracks op KxTiMT (ii! or (.'ivii.izKi) Hacks- Antk^iiiiks (i|- Cai.iioiima— Stoni: Imi'i.kmknts •N'KW.si'ArKH Ki:i'oi!Ts— Tavi.oi!'-; Wouk Coi.- oi; ADO I)kski;t— Tkail ami 1iOCK-1nscj;ii'TIons -r,ii;i \i, Itci.ics ok Sot rin;i!\ ("Ai.ri'ouxrA — IJonks ok (Jiaxts— Moinos in tiik Sati- (ov Vali.kv \i;\v Ai.MADKX Mink— ]'ui;-HisT(>i!ic Kkmcsix tuk ]\IlNIX(l SlIAKTS— Sl'd.XK IMI'I.KMKXTS, IIcmax I'.oxks, ano I!k- MAINS OK KXTIXCT AXIMAL SPKCIKS— V()V'.S WolMC - SAN JoACH'IX JJki.ics — Mkucki) Moi-\T)S— MAUTrxKZ- SiiKi.i, Morxns i!(>t xd Sax Fkaxcisco Uay, Axn tiikir ("oxtknts— IIki.k s kiiom a Sax Fi!AX( isco Morxn— AxTKiriTiKs ok Nkvada— I'taii -Mocxds of SaI.P l.AKK VALKKV— CoKOItADO-— Kk.MAIXS AT (iol.DKX «'lTV-EX- ti;n^ivk liLixs IX Southkux Cokohado and I'taii— Jacksox's Exi'Ki>rriox--^lAxcos Axn St Elmo Caxoxs- Idaho and Mon- TAXA— ()l!K(!OX — 'WASniXCJTOX— MoiXDS OX I'.CTK riiAIKIK-YAKI- MA EaI!TH-\V01:K — r.UnTSIl CoHMIilA- UKAXS' Exi'KOIiATIOXS — Mocxus AXi) Eautu-\V(»I!k.s of Vancoivku Island — Alaska. Ruins of tlic New ]\[cxioau Puelilo typo, dcscrihctl ill tlio preccdiiiof elia[)tur, extuiul across tlic l)t)Uii(laiy lines of Now ^[oxico and Arizona, and liavo l)oon ininid by travelers in soutliorn Utah and Ctjlorado; stuiio and l)ono iniploinents siini\w lo tlioso used by tlic natives wlitsn tlio fii'st Europeans canio and since that time, are frequently picked u}> on the suit'aco or t.ikcii from aboi'i^inal graves in most parts of the wliolo northern roo-ion; a few sciitterod rock-inscrip- tioiis are reported in several of the states; burial riW7) 688 ANTIQUITIES OF THE NORTHWEST. moiiiuls and otlior small earth-heaps of unknown use are seen in many localities; shell mounds, some of them of i»'reat size, occur at various pijints in tlic coast region, as about San Francisco Bay and on Vancouver Island, and they probably might be found along nearly the whole coast line; and the miuiui;' shafts of California have brought to light human re- mains i'nplements wrought by human hands, and bones of extinct animals, at great depths below the sur- face, evidently of great age. With tiie prei-ediiiL;- paragrapli and a short account of the ruins of Col- orado, I might consistently dispose of the antiiiuitics of the Northwest. There has not been found and re})orted on good au- thority a single monument or relic wliich is suilicient to i-rove that the country was ever inhabited by any people wliose claims to be regarded as civilized were su[)eri()r to those of the tribes found by Europeans within its limits. It is true that some imjdement.s may not exactly agree with those of the tril)es now occu})ying the same particular locality, and sonie graves indicate slight differences in the manner of burial, ]>ut this could hardly be otherwise in a country inhabited by so many nations whose boundaries were constantly clianging. Yet I have often heard tlic Aztec relics of California and Oregon very confidently spoken of. It is a remarkable fact that to most men who find a piece of stone bearing marks of liavint>' been formed by human hands, the very first idea sug- gested is that it represents an extinct race, while tlu- List conclusion arrived at is that the relic may be the work (jf a tribe still living in the vicinity where it a\ as found. California has within her limits large quantities nf native utensils and many burial de})osits, some d which doubtless date back to the time when no I'uni- pean had yet set foot in the country. A compKti' descri^jtion of such relics, illustrated with cuts ef CALIFOltMAX IIELICS. (i89 typical spocimuns from dittorcnt soctious of tlio state, would 1)0 of j^roat valuo in connoctioii with the ae- coiiiit of the Califoniian trihes o^iveii in a j)recediiiij volume; but unfortunately the material for su* h de- scription and cuts are utterly waiiting, and will not he Hup|)lied for many years. Officers and assistants connected with the IJ. S. Coast Survey and other government explorinj^ expeditions, are constantly, thou,!^h slowly, jj^atherinj^ relics for the national col- lection, and a lew individuals aotin<>- in an unofficial capacity have examined certain localities and de- scribed the aboriginal im[)lements found therein tlirouu;h trustworthy mediums. But ujost of the discoveries in this direction are recorded only in news- piper accounts, Avhich, in a larg-e maj(jrity of cases, itfi'er no sjcuarantee of their authenticity or accuracy. Many ai'e self-evident hoaxes; many others are doubt- less as reliable as if })ublished in the narrative of the most trust-worthy explorer or in the transactions of .my learned society; but to decide u[)on the relative merits of the i^reat bulk of these accounts is alto- gether impossible, to say nothino' of the absence of (Irawino's, which, after all, are the only satisfactory (leseri})tion of miscellaneous relics. I therefore deem it not advisable to till the pages of a long chapter with a compilation of the almost innumerable news- ]>aper items in my possession, useless for the most )»art to anti(|uarians, and comparatively without in- terest to the general reader. l)r Alex. S. Taylor has already made quite a complete compilation of the earlier accounts in Californian newspa[)ers, which he published in the Cullforiiia Farmer 'n\ 18(50-3. With- out, as a rule, going into details, I sha'' present a hi'ief resume of Avhat has been written about Califor- nian relics of al)original times, giving in full only a few re[)orts of undoubted authenticity.^ 1 'Since tlic^ landiiif:; "f tli*^ PilTand remains. These reports seem to have (;iin- inated in the correspondence of a Placerville news- ])aper; hut whether tliey were manufactured in tlic office of the paper, or were actually sent in by sou'ic roamiuii^ })ros})ectur of an inventive turn of miiid, does not ap})ear.'^ Mr i31alce found in the Colorado desert "several lon^Gc, ])ath-like discolorations of the surface, extending for miles in nearly straight lines, which were Indian trails. The only chanj^e which was produced appeand to be the i-emoval or dimming' of the polish on the pebbles. There was no break in the liard surface. and no dust. That the distinctness of the trail was made by the removin;^ of the polish only, becann' evident from the fact that fi|L*'ures and Indian hierd- jjflyphics were traced, or imi)rinted, on the surface adjoining the path, apparently by pounding or bruis- ing the surface layer of the pebbles. These trails seemed very old, and may have endured for many generations."^ A writer in the BuUetlu mentions a road which extends from the mouth of the Coahuila Valley of San Gorgonio Pass, beginning at Noble's mints, California has, perhaps, yiehled more in proportion to tlic extent nf territory, tiian any otiicr part of the Union.' Carpenter, in Hesperian, vul v., p. .W. ■^ Bnissenr de lioiirbourft. Hist. Nat. Civ., toni. i., p. 179; Srm Fmn- Cisco Errninr/ liiillefln, Fo'h. 11, 18f)2; Cid. Farmer, Dec. 14, 18G0. 3 Blake, hi I'ue. E. R. liepL, vol. v., p. 117. COLORADO DKSKiiT. c;i r;incli, I'listwiirdly across the desert In almost a stiMi^lit line, to tile mouth of the Coloi'ado ( "auoii. The earth is worn deep, and aloiio- its course tlu; suit'ace is sti'ewn with hroUen i)otterv. Jii many of the soft rocks the imprints of the feet ot" men and animals are still }>lainly visihle. 'i'he i-o.-id is not much over a foot wide, and from it hranch off side j)aths leading" to sprinui's or other sources of Wfiter. ' Thi' only other remains in the d(;sei-t of which 1 find any record are some rock-inscriptions at Pah ('t»^ Creek, located ahout thirty miles west from the ^^ojave villas^es. Mr Whipple _i;ives a drawinn' oi" the inscriptions, which hear a stronn' i"esend>lance in their general character, as mi^ht he expected, to tjiose which have been found in so many localities in the New Mexican regcion.' The vertical face of a j^ranite cliff at San Fran- cis([uito Tass, near a sprinuc, ^^"i^ covered with carved characters, ])rol)ahly similar to those last desci'ihed. ( )ne of the characters resemhled a k)nL>' chain, witli a, liall at one end, surrounded hy rays like those em- ployed in our i'e})resentations of the sun; another was like in form to an anchoi-. A\'ell-worn ancient [oot-})at]is, old reservoirs, and (tther undi'scrihed relir.-; are reported in the vicinity of ( )wen's lake and river/' Painted tinures in hlue, red, and white, are reported, toL>ether with some Spanish inscriptions of a date l)recedino, he twccn |)oints Sal and San l^nis, he examined (hii'in^ t!ie past year four i-eat uniformity is ohserred, indicating* that all the ;L;i'ave.s l)eh)nL'e(l to tlie same trihe of natives. Nino specimens arc shown in the cut on the opposite pat^'e, made from Mi- t'M-hiunacher s drawinys. Fii>'. J, 2, and '.), represent lari^e cookin^'-jtots, olohular or pi'ar-shaped, and hol- lowed out of ma^'nesian mica. The circular opemni^' of fi'^-. 1), havintj^ a small and narrow rim, nieasuics ordy tivo inches in diameter, ^vhile the oivatest di- ameter of the pot is ei'Lrhteen iiu-lies. Near the cdnc of the opening' this vessel is only a cjuartor of an inch thick, hut the thickness incivases regularly t )wards the bottom, ^vhore it is an inch and a (piai- tor. Sandstone mortars of ditt'erent dimensions, hut of similar forms, were found in <»'i"eat ahundaiice witli the otlior utensils, one of the largest of which is siiown in fit^. 8. This is sixteen inches in diameter a'ld thirteen in height. The smallest are only an river, twolvo itiilps from tlio valley, is wliat is called tlie !'intr I'oek ,i s;iioi»tli Hut rock liori/oiitally Hii|>ji(irteil by |)er|H'ii(liciil,M ■ ,ilicr>iili' a'loiit seven feet from the ;;roiiU(i, with a surface of ■_'!• ii ri .siiioi.ili ami level on the walled sides on which is iiainted in i artistic nIxIi'. representations of animals, reptiles, and hirds, and rm. ritin;,'s ■' men. women, and children. The |)aintinj; has withont doulit i n doi ny tin- present race of Indians. None of the Indians now lixiii;^, iioW' ir, Iwnc any Unowled;:e or tradition hy whoni or when it was done. Thi>- rock and the remains of their hahitations in many localities on ttie diH'ercnt .sticani^. are the onlv inilications of their lonj; ocenpaiK'v of this \alle\.' Mulii'ij (Indian A;;ent at Tnle liiver), letter of Anj,'. H», IST-', MS. I'aii'ited (i^'iin > in a larjj:e cave near the hot sjtrin^sof Tnlarcitos hills, east of Montery; i\\>'< on headwaters of the San Juan or Estrella creek. Ciil. Fariiur, April ■'>, ISuO. UUUIAL UliLICS IX THE SOL'Ill. tiU3 Relics from Southern California. CH ANTIQUITIES OF CALIFORNIA. iiicli and a half hl,i>"li, and tlirec inches in diain(>t('i-. The pestles are oi the same material, and their fonii is shown in i\[j;. 3. There was moreover, quite; an assortment of what seem to be cups, measuring Wowi one and a quarter to six inches in diameter, and noatly worked out of serj)entine, the surface of wliicli vas brightly polished. Specimens are shown in li^'. f) and 7. Another similar one, the smallest found, was enclosed in three shells, in a very curious nian- ner, as sho\v)i in fig. (5. In this enclosed cup was a (pumtity of what is described as paint; and traces of the same material were found in all the cu])s, indi- cating that they were not used to contain food. Fig. 4 represents a plate wliicli is presumably of stone, although tlie cut would seem to indicate a slull. These do.aestic implements deposited by the alio- I'igines with their dead were rarely broken, and wluii they were so, the breakau'e was caused in ewrv instance by the pressure of the soil or otlier siipi r- iniposed objects. One peculiar circumstance in ctm- nection witJi these relics was that some broken mortars and pestles were repaired by the use of asj)haltum as a cement. All the relics collected In' Mr Schumacher, as well as those wliicli I have copied, are ])reserved in the National Museum at Washington.'* Tiie same exjdorer is now eiigagid in making an examination of the islands of the Santa Barbara Ciiannel, where it is not im[)robable that many interesting relics may bo discovered. !Mr Tay- lor heard from a resident of San Buenaventura that "in a recent stay on Santa Rosa Island, in 18GI, ho often met witli the entire skeletons of Indians in the caves. Tlie signs of their rancherias were very fi'c- ([Uent, and tlie remains of nietates, moi'tars, earthen jiots, anil other utensils very connnon. The nictates were of a dark stone, and made somewhat alter tli^ pattern of the ^Mexican. Extensiv?^ caves were often « Sr/i I '■/irr. S'().;(<' A r/ir/i.1 fiillilif ill Ain'li'iit d I'diUS iif I'dlifi. JiS.-i., pii'x'iiti'il liy Uic auliiiir. MISCELLANEOUS REMAINS. co: inct Avith wliich scomod to servo as burial ])laccs of the IiuUans, as entire skeletons and numerous skulls were plentifully scattered about in their recesse.s." Some very Monderful skulls are also rej)orted as having been found on the islands, furnished witii double teeth al! the way round the jaw.'' MisceUaneoLis relics reported on authority varying- froiii inditfei'ent to bad at different points in the southern ])art of the state, are as follows: In 1819 an old lady saw a gigantic skeleton dug up by sol- diers at Purisima on the Lompock rancho. The na- tives deemed it a god, and it was re-buried by direction of the padre. Talieechayi)ah ))ass and the mission of San Buenaventura are other localities wlieie skeletons of extraordinary size have been found. The old natives at San Luis Rey have seen in the mountain jmsses tracks of men and animals in solid rock. These tracks were njade, those of the men at least, by their fathers tleeinof from some convulsion of nature which occurred not many jjfenerations back. Xine miles north of Santa Barbara on the ]3os l*ueb- los rancho, some small mounds only two or three feet high have been seen on the point of the mesa overlooking the sea. IMr Carvalho claims to have (lug from a small mound near Los Angeles the bones of a mastodon, including four ])erfect teeth, one of which weighed six ])ounds. ]Miss Saxon speaks of high mounds in the vicinity of rivers, said to have lieen once tlu' site of villages so located for |)i'otection a'^Minst Hoods.'" In the })lain at the mouth of the Saticoy Kiver, twelve miles beU)W San Ihienavcntura, and (i\e <»!• six miles from the sea, are re[)orted two mounds, regular, munded, and bare of trees. One of them is over a mile long and two hundred feet high, aiid the other ai)out half as lai'ge. If the re[)ort of their existence 'J Tin/lor'a fii>h'tiiio/'it/i/, in Cuf. Fitniirr, .Ian. 17, l.S(ii2. .Maicli <), IStJO, 1" ,S'(0( I'nnii'isro h' rill/' IK I liiilhliii, .Ian. 'I'l, l.Sti4; <''il. l-'urmir, Mav •-'■(, 18(12, Maicli (i, ISC.:!; the usual mortals and arrow-heads, ho!- .-. in the liviii.; rock, used ])robably as mortal's for ]»oun(ling acorns and seeds, are reported l)y Taylor; and the Santa Cruz 'skull cave' i;i spoken of as 'noted thi'ouglioia II Sim Fniiirlxm Erriiiliri DnHrfiii, Fcl). 11, lSli2; Cuf. Fiiniirr, Mai' h 28, ISd'i, Man ii (L ISC:!. '" /.on/'i \iif., vol. i., ]), '20'.). 'A (iiiaiitity (if rniiiid stidics. cvidi'iii'v from till' hniok, was foiiiid in ii jiassa^'i; with a iiuiiilicr of ski Ictoiis; ilir ilcstnictioii of lif<> )iaviii;t hci'ii caiisi'd iiiidoiiUtcdIy \>y the siiddt'ii caviii.' ill of till' earth, liiiryiiij^ the uiiskillL'd savajjcs in the midst of tlicir lahinv' rionccr, vol. ii., j). 'J'Jl. REMAINS PROM THE MINES. (;i)7 the country' for liaviuij^ furnished bones now preserved in the Smithsonian Institution.^^ One of the most interestinof chxsses of Cahfornian antiquities is that wliich inchides aborii^inal i-umains i.steni'y to deny that these implements date from a remote anti(piity. News[»aper items desci'il)ing I'elics of this class are almost numberless; a few of the specimens liave fallen into tlie hands of scieiitilic iiieu, who have carefully examined and described them; but a great majoi'ity, even of such im[)lements as liave iicit Iteen com[)letely overlooked by the miner who dug or '■' Titi/lur, ill ('(il. Fanner, Ajuil 20, ISliO; U'iiinnrf, <''ive a cut; spear-heads six oi* eight inches lon^-, and broken off at the hole where they were attached to the shait; and a scoop, or ladle, of steatite. These relics were found under Ta- ble jVIountain at the same depth as the preceding', t()i;'etlier with fossil hones of the mastodon and other animals, and are preserved in the Smithsonian Insti- tute and in the museum of Yale Colleue. The cut Stdiiij Moittii- Kiiiiiiid Flat. 700 ANTIQUITIES OF CALIFOUXIA. represents a stone mortar and pestle, found at Kin- caid Flat in elayey auriferous g'ravel, sixteen oi- twenty feet below the surface, where many utliur stone ini[)lements, with bones of the niastodtju, ele- jthant, horse, and camel, have been found at ditt'eront times. A bow handle, or shuttle, of micaceous slatt; found here will be shown in another cut with simil;a- relics from a different locality." At SIkiw's Flat, with Ijones of the mastodon, a stone bead of calc-spar, two inches lonp^ and the same in circumference, was taken from under a strata uf lava at a point three Innuh-ed feet from the mouth nt' the tunnel. The granite mortar shown iu the cut, Granite Mortar— .Siiaw's Flat. holding about a pint, came frcm the same mini 1114' town. At Blanket Creek, near Sonora, stone relics and bones of the mastodon were found tonether in 185.").'^ 1* '111 l.Sr)7, Dr. C.V. Wiiislow soiit to tlic Boston Natiiral History So- cicty, tli(! fiiiLriiR'nt of a luiiiiau craiiimii ton ml in the "iiay-iiiit 'in coiiiici - lion with the hones (tf the inastoihin and elephant, one linndreil ami eij:lii.\ feet helow tiie surface of 'I'ahle Mountain, California. Dr. W'inslow lia^ (lescriited to me all the |iarlienlais i.i refiMViire to this "lind," and there is no doiiht in his mind, that the remains of man and tin- ;i,reat (inadni- jKids were ilii:.-iied eontemiioraiieoiisiy.' Foster's J'ic-JIi.st. liacci, jip. ry>-4. '■' Klepiiant's tiisk five or six foot lonji, found in ISCJO, ten feet Itelow the surface, and lifleen iiiclu's ahove the ledi^e in auriferous sainl; also, IIm' years hcUoie, many linman skeletons, one of which was twice the u.sii.d TUOUMXn corxTY. 701 Wo(3d's Creole Wtis anotlicr locality ■\vhoro stone relics with fossil ])oncs, includiii,i>' those of the tapir, are re[)orted to have been dug out at a de])th of twenty to forty feet. The mortar and pestle siiown in the ••?!"5*«»f Granite Mortar — Gold Springs Gulch. cut is one of many stone implements found, witli i'ossil bones, at Gold Springs (Julcli, in 180.'^, at a tlcpth of sixteen feet in amiferous gravel, like the most of such relics. It is twelve and a half inches in diameter, weighs thirty pounds, and lujlds about two quarts. The cross-lines i)ecked in on the sides with some sharp instniment, are of rai'e occurrence if not unique. Among the other im}>lenients found hero, are what Mr Voy describes as "discoidal stones, or perhaps spinal whorls. They are from three to four inches in diameter, and about an inch and a half >\yi', witli stono mortars and pcstlos. Soiiorn Dfiiiorrdt, Dec. 1800; Cal. I' n-incr, Dei;. -1, 1800; Suit Franri.sco Ecvninif liitlUtiii, Jiiii. '22, 18G4. 7.)2 ANTIQUITIES OF CALII'OIINIA. tliiek, l)()tli sides bcinr^ concave, witli centre jioi-fo- rated. It lias been suo'i'-ested that tliese . anies wwr used in cei'tain Imrliuij;' oanies." Tliey are of nranitr and hard sandstone. The author lias heard ofsiniil;:r rehcs in Ohio, Denmark, and Cliili. Anotlier nlic, found at the same ])hice in 18()2, witli tlie usual hours under twenty to thirty feet of calcareous tufa, is ,1 Hat oval dish of granite, eij^hteen inches and a liulf in diameter, two or tlirec inches thick, and Aveit;'hi;i';' forty ]>ounds. It is shown in the cut, and, like tin- jirecedini^', is preserved in Mr Voy's cal)inet, now ;,t the Universitv of California. Texas Flat was anotlur Granite Diish— IJolil Sjirings IJulch. localiiv Avliore fossil bones were found with fresh- water 'si lel Is. ^« 'fi Other roported relies in Tnolumne county are as follows: — A tontli it an animal of (lie elopliant siwc'c, twelve feet below surface, under an niik three feet in diameter, at 'I'wist's lianeh, near Mormon ("reek, found in IS.")!. Jliifr/u'iijs' Co/. M<(fi., V(d. ii., j). "248, with enf. 'A tolerably veil exeiuted representation of a deer's foot, about six inches Ion;;, cut ont ut slate, and a tube about an inch in diameter, and live inches in leuL'tli, iiHidc of the same material, and a small, ilat, rounded piece of some very CALAVKltAS CorXTV 703 Calaveras Comity lias also yieliled many intorost- iiig relics of a ]»ast a^e, of thu same nature as those (lesci-ii»e(l ill 'ruoliiiiine." The famous 'Calaveras skull' was taken from a minin_L»" shaft at Altaville, at a depth of one hundred and thirty feet heneath seven strata of lava and oravel.*** The evidence ^vas suf- ficient to convince I'rof Whitney and othei- scientific men that this skull was actually found as claimed, al- tliounh on the other hand some douht and not a littK; ridicule have heen exj)ressed about tlie suhject. ^laiiy stone mortars and mastodon-hones have heen I'ouiid about Altaville and Murphy's, but not under lava.'' Imnl fliiitv rock, with a sqnnrc linlo in tlio router. TIiov Jiro all lii;;!iiy |Milisli('il, ami |)ci'fcct!y l)la<'k with a.uc \\ lui; j^ivcs a iiri'iiliar iiitiTi'st to llicsc ri'lics is tile tact that tliey were fouiid tiiirty feet lielow tiie .surface, ami over tiu; s|)i(t wiiero tiiey were found ii liii;,'e pine, tiie ;;ni\\tli of ceii- taries, lias reareil its lofty head.' These relics were found at |)on I'echo's liar in IS()1. ('al. Fnrnici; June 14, IStJl, from ('olninhin 'rimes, .May. lN(il. ' \\\ Indian arnnv-head, niaile of stone, as at tiio ])resent ilay, was lately ]iicked u|) from the solid cement at IJuckeye Hill, at a deiith of SO feet from the surface, and ahout one foot from the hed-rock.' Tui/lur, in '(//. F'lniiir, Nov. !•, Isi;0; JlinL Maij., vol. v., j). 52; Suti Fntiivisro Kmiimf lUill,'tl„, Oct. <;, ISCt. " '.All immense numher of skulls were found hy ("aiitain ^^ol•a>.'a in the vicinity of a creek, which, from that cireumst,uice, was called (alaveias, or the river of skulls. 'J'lio story was, that the triltes from the Sierras c.iu.e down to the valley to fish for Salmon. 'I'o this the \'alley Indians uli- jccted, ami. as the coiillict was irre|iressil)le, a liioody hattle was fought, ,i;,d three thousand dead hodies were left to whiten tiie hanks with their hone-.. 'I'he eountv in which the river rises assumed its name.' 'fnf/ii/r.s Hist. Cnl., "* I. lilack lava, 40 feet; 2, gravel, 3 feet; 3, lij,dit lava, .SO feet; 4, ^,'ravel, ."> feet; .">, liu'lit lava, 1.") feet; (i, jrravcl, 'J.') feet; 7, dark hrown la\a, '.t feet; S, (in wliii n tlu^ skull was found) ;;ravel, 5 feet; 0, red lava, 4 feel; III, rod <,fravcl, 17 feet. Cal. Ai'<(d. Anf. .SVvVv/cr.v, vol. iii., ])ii. ■277-S. 'This sUuU, adinittin,;;' its authenticity, carries liack the ad\enl of man to the i'liocene l",|poch, and is therefore oMer than the stone impleinents of •he ilrift-j;ravel of .\hheville ami .\mieiis, or the relics furnisliecl hy the cii.e- dirt of l!elj;ium and France.' Fosfrr's rrr-llisf. lltins, \>\t. iV_'-4. !'■» 'It was late in the month of Au;;ust (the l!tth), KS4<», that the ;,'i 11 di;,'j,'ers at one of the mountain cn(/citf. An arrastra or mill, siu li as is now used in gi'iiuling (juart/, with a quantitvof crushed stone live feet below surface near Portcriield. Iil., Nov. 30, 18(i0, May 1(>, 18()2. At (';i- laveritas large mortars two or three feet in diameter, with pestles, in tin' ancient bed of the river; at X'allecito Inunan skulls in post-diluvial stiat^i over lifty feet deej); at Mokelnmne Hill obsidian siiear-heads; at Murpliy's mammolh bones forty feet deep. Pioneer, vol. iii., p. 41; iiun Francisfa Hi raid, Nov. 24, from Calaveras Chronicle. STONI-: IIAMMKIIS. 705 .'it a (lojitli of toil feet, nt SliiniL'le Si)rinns in El Dn- nulo County. At ( loornetowii aiul vicinity tlicio wero found at (lifturont datoH, laru^e .stone dishes verv similar to that at Gold Sjn'inys (Julch, shown in a |ni'- cedino' cut; i^n'ooved stones like those at Spanish I'Mat, soon to 1)0 mentioned; and mortars resend)linii;' that at Ivincaid Flat. At Spanish Flat were found several stone Huniiiier— Simnish Flat. oval stones with grooves round their circumference, as shown in the preceding- cut, and weighing from a ] found and a half to two pounds. They wei'o a}>par- ently used as hammers or weapons by fitting a withe liandle round them at the groove. Many other mor- tars and stone implements were taken from the same locality, including two pendants, shuttles, or how-handles, very well worked from gi'oenstone, five or six inches long, and about one inch thick in the middle. These two relics, together with a similar (ine from Table j\[ountain before alluded to, are shown in the cut. At])iamond Sj)ring mortars were found at a depth of a hundred foot, and l)oth fossil hones and stone relics have lieen taken from time to time from the mines about Placerville.-^ '•!' San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Jan. 22, 18G4; Wimmcl, Californien, 1>, i:j. Vol. IV. 45 700 AXTIQIITIKS OF CAMFOUMA. ^^tm^^ Stone Iiii|ileiiiL'iitN S|iiiui!
  • H Gulcii. shown in a precedino- cut.'^'* in Nevada County stone implements liave hem found at ditt'erent dates, from ten t(^ eiyhtv feet Im low the surface, at Grass Valley, Buckeye Hill. Alyer's Ravine, Brush Creek, and Sweetland.'^^ Fossil hones of extinct animals and stone im]»li - ments like tliose that have heen descrii)ed, and wliicli I do not deem it necessary to mention particularly, 22 'An ancient slvlllot, maflo of Lava, liard as iron, cirrnlar, witli a spdiii iind three le;rs, was washed out of a deen ehiini at Forest Hill, a few d:!. - sinee. It will he sent to the Slate Fair, as a s|)eeinien of eroekery iimiI in the mines several thousand years ai^o.' (r'nisa I'nl/ri/ Xntiuiidl., Seji. 18l'>l, ill Sun Frini('/sn> Krrniiiq IhiUrtin, •Ian. 'I'l, 1S(14. Same implenniil apparently found ut Coloma in 1S.")1, 15 feet helow the snrfaee, nndei an oak-tree not less than 1000 years idd. Carpenter, in llisjttrian, vol. v., |i. 358. *3'J. E. Sipiin!, informs me that a stran;^e inseription is foinnl on tin- roeks a short distance helow Meadow liake. T.'ie rocks appear to liini' heen covered with a hlack coatinj,', ami the hiero;,'iy|ihics or characters c nt tlirouf^h the layer and into the rock. This inscription was, ))rohal»ly, m^t made by the present trihc inhahiting the lower jjart of Nevada (Jonnty. It may have heen done hy Indians from the other sid(> oi the mountains, \\\\" came to the lake rcjiion near the summit to lish; or it may have st 11 la 8tran<;;er orij^in.' Dirccfori/ Nevada, 1857. A human fore-arm hone witli cry.stallized marrow, imhedded in a petrified cedar G,'{ feet deep, at lli'l Do<^. liras>i Valley National, m San Fr( ISfi-L ranniseo Ei'enimj Bulletin, .Ian. MISCKLLANKOrs MINK UKI,[('S. Td- sitico Hucli iiH'iitioii would I»o l)ut.Ji I'cipi'titioii of wliat has ln'oii said, v»itli r list of dL!|)tlis mid localities, have heoii loiiiid, accordiiiLf to Mr \'oy"s (ix|>loratioMs, ill Butto (Joiuity at Now York b'lat, Orovillo, iiid- well's l>ar, and ("lierokeo Flat; in Stanislaus al>out Kiii'^iit's lA'iry; in Amador at Volcano, L'ttlc (Jrass N'allcy, .lacksoii, Pokervillu, Forest Koine, and l^^id- dletown; in Siskiyou at Trench Bar, on Scott Kiver, at V'reka, and (/ottonwood; in Trinit,' ahout Douglas ('ity; in IfumUoldt, at Ferndalo and Muinholdt Point; in Aferced at Siuillin"* on I)rv C'reek; in Mariposa, at Horse Shoe IV'iid, H«>rnitos, Princeto\vn,—;i mor- tar thirtv-six inches in diameter — iiuckeve Itavine, Indian (Julch, and liear Creek; in Fresno at l>u- chanan Hollow and Milleiton; and at several points not speciHed in Tulare and Fresno.-* The cut shows a stone relic discovered in digging a Relic from San Joaquin Valley. ** Two liatiil mills (mortars) takoii from the hank of flio Vtiha Rivfr at atlt'|itii of li; fcft. 'Tlii-y art! all niadc from a iit'ciiliiir kind of stmic. ^vl^u•ll liiis till! anpL'araiK'i' of a comliination of j;ranitc ami hurr-stuiii!.' 'Flic pcstk's are usually of j^ia'iss. '/>'///"/-, in Ca/. luirnnr, Dec. 14, IS(i(), Mny it, IS(>-_>. At Mciiilvary's, Trinity Co., was discovcrcl in IS.")(>. lu fcit lii'low till' siirfare, 'an Inilian skull iMicasud in a sea shell, liveliy ei;,'lit imlies, iusideof which were worked lijiuics and represeutalions, hoth siri- ;r'iliir and heautiful, inlaitl witii a material imperishahle, resemhlin^' ;,'(dd. which would not, in nice, iii;cenious workmanship, dis;;race the sculptors ill! of the |iresent diiy.' Smi Friun-i-sia Krciiiiii/ llnllrlui, Jan. 'I'l. 18(11, from Triiiitii llrniin-riil, IS.'id. Sliite liihes du;,' Up near Orovilie. Tuijlur, ill '',//. Fiirnirr, Nov. 2, ISlid. \ eollar-houe taken from the ;;raM'l of the ■,:;reiit hliie U-ad ' not less tlian 100(1 feet helow the forest-covered surface, ill lS.-)7. Hiifrhiiir/s' ('ill. Mmj., Vol. ii.. p. 417. Mamnioth holies at < 'olum- liia, Stanislaus Co., ;?."> feet deep; and ii hyena's tooth at Xdlcano, .Amiidor Co., at ade|)th of t>0 feet, /'/(inrrr, vol. iii., p. 41. Smiie HO ditl'erent instances iif the (liscoverv of fossil n'liiains hy miners have heen noted in the Cali- fornia papers since 18.">1. ('"/. Fnnnn; Afuy '2',i, lS(i'2; also four well-known (■uses of fjiant huinan remains. liL, March 20, 18(>:{. An iniiiiense hlock of ]iorphyry whose sides aii'hly-wrought a stone Mould liardiy have l)een used as a sinker for a fishino-net : it may have l)een suspended from the neck as a personal ornament, Wheu we consider its synuuetiy of form, the contrast of colors brought out by the jM'ocess of grindino- and polisliing, and the delicate di'illing of the hole through a material so liable to fracture, we are free to say it affords an exhibition of the lapidary's skill superior to anything yet fui iiished by the Stone Age of either continent," at least such is ^Iv Foster's conclusion. Prof Wliitney states that he has two or Ihi'ee similar implements, and that they are , (i^rnres, one of wliicli cxliiliitcil n (|iiit(> tnitlifiil roprcMontation of a ciali, auolluT liUe an aiichcir witli a lar^^c riti;;-, and still aiiotlaT vciUfsciiliii;.' aii airiiw iiassiii;; tliniiijili a liii^'.' Manjavillf JJciiWyrut, X^vW, 18(11. in ' '' Faninr, June 14, lS(il. 2' /•'o,v/,/-'.s' I'rr-lfisf. Uarrs, pp. r)4-C. «» In Cul. Funiur, March G, iSGiJ. SHELL MOUNDS. 709 for observatories, from which to survey the flomls, or as phices of resort for safety when the plains be- came suddenly inundated, and the ranoinL>' hunters were cauyht far in the interior."" In the banks ot a creek near Martinez, resting on yellow clay, under five feet of surface soil, a mortar and jiestle were recently found by some boys, accordiifij to a local newspaper. The mortar was ai.njut "-iviy inches in circumference, and weighed nearl ,^ two hundred pounds. "It has tlie form of a slightly llatteiied well-rounded duck t."j;^^; and has evidently been arti- ticially sha[)ed in exterior form, as well as in the howl, and looks as fresh as i^' it had but yesterday been turned off from the Indian sculptor's hands, wliile tlie jiolish of tlm pestle is smooth and lustrous, as if it had been in daily use for the hundi'fd or two years, at least, that it niust have been lyin_^ un>)• ii'itliiiig has l)een done in th.e way of such an exam illation, although a few mounds have l)t.'en ojM'iied in c\c,t\;it ing for roads or foundations u\' buildings. These lew liavc yielded numerous stone, boiir. iind >liill im|ile!nents and ol■nament^, together with hu- man remains, as is re[)orted, but the relics ha\e been tor the most part \o>X or scattered, and submitted to II' I scieiitiiic exammatiijii and com[)arison. l)i \'ates ■'" ( 'il/irnii's [fist. (^'ill.. Jl. 7">. ■-' M'irliiiiz I iiii/nt (iis/ii ipe howls, shell and jx-rt'o rated stone ornaments, an ancient awl and serrated implements of hone."-' A very larj^e shell mound is reported near San Pahlo, in Contra Costa ( 'ounty. If is said to he almost a mile lonn' and a half a mile wide, and its surface is covered with shruhhery. The shells (^omposino- this mound ai'e those '/f the oystei', clam, and mussel, all havino' heen exposed to the action (>f fire, and neai'ly all hroken. Frai>'ments of pottci'v made of red clav ar<' found on the surface and ne.u' the top.'^ Many sinaller sliell mounds are reported in the vicinity of San IVfiiteo, and one has hue!) oj)ened in makiiiL'' a I'oad at Saucelito durini'' t\u- present year, furnish iii;^' many stone relics, of which i Jmve no [)artii-ul;if de- scription. Quite a numhcr of mounds are knovsii to exist on the |)eninsula of San ^"rancisco, se\'ial l>ein^o^•ationJ^ f .-ohall haVic more fo say when treatiii'^' of fhe anti/jiiities of HrifiMi C(y!ii|nhiM. ha.^ hyon^ht ni.- a, lar/e nnmher of Ktx/ne and Im)? e /•/■lironiising field for patient investigation. The dirterence, after all, between this chapter and many ot those that ])recede it, in respect to thoroughness, is more apj^arent than real; that is, it results naturally from the nature of north-wfstern remains. For if there wwv architectural monuments, pyramids, teni- }>les, and fortifications, or grand sculptured idols and _-^. •:. ANTIQUITIES OF NEVADA. ri3 decorations, in California and her sister states, there is no douht tliat sueh monuments AVonl' Kxnt^ditioii,' and descrihed hy a correspondent of the \i'ir IDrk Ti'ihuiir. "On Octoher fifteenth, in the centre of a lai',L;e valkv we discovered some Indian salt Avorks, 1 ut tlu;i-o wen- no sin'us of their haA'iug heen lately used. In the southern section of the same valley, was a ("irious collection of rocks, mounds and pillars. c<.»veriny' sev- eral acres in extent and resemhling the ruins of an ancient city. We saw some remnants of what had once heen arches, with keystones still perfect, and a numher of small stone })illars constructe'les to lach othty. Some oi' the stones had evidently heiMi cut. into squares with hard tools, althou^'h their fo,vihs had been iieai'lv ilestroved itv centuries of Un\<:'. The im- pression forced iq)on our miiuls w^as tIi.-iC the j)lace had heen once inhahited hy humprri hein^s somewhat advanctd in civilization. Masiy tradeis noticed the existence (4' similar ruins^^-ih .)ther sections of the country iH-twtHii the ----riecky and Siei-ra Xevatli -Mouatain^. Thev ^auiv j'lubahly Ije the sites of once ■ti :m 714 ANTIQUITIES OF rTAII. fl()tiri>liiii,L;" ncids and ]i.'d)it;iti<)n.s of tliL- ancient Az- tecs.''' It is just possible that tliu .N\;\v Moxicaii type of ruins extends across into Nevada as it is known to into IJtali and Colorado, and that a i^roup of such rcoi.iins was tlie foundatit)n of tlie rejjort (pioted. It is quite as likely, however, that the re])ort is groundless. ^[r llao examined a 2froup of 1)urial mounds in the Salt Lake Yallev, Utah, and took iVom them "Hint sj)ear heads, flint arrow-heads, stone ini[)lements and fra!4'ments of rude pottery." These mounds had the appearance of n;\tural sand-hills, as the people in the vicinity su))|) )sed them to he.''^ An article in the SJt is t'iie only other authority that 1 find on tiie.se mounds, and this th^es not specify their locality. ''The mounds, as they exist to-day, do not exhihit nnich uniformity, but this can he accounted lor by the difsinteoTating- action of rains and winds, to wbit'h tliey have been so 1(Hi^' subject. Inuuediately north, south and west of the lai'u'est barrow, traces can be seen of otK"rs now all l>ut obliterated, and the locality beat's umnistakable evidences of once beini;' the site! of very extensive earthworks. In one mound or barrow only, the laru'est, were remains fountl, and tliev were exposed on or verv near the surface of the ••A t sandv soil, in one or two hum! hollows near the centre. The other barrows were destitute, at least on the sur- face, but what there may be below it is hard to say. Of all tlie relics, exce[)t those of charred bM)ne, which are comparatively plentiful, and some in a stnte of pet rifai-tioM. that of [)ottery is the most abundiint, and to this day some of it ivtains a veiy ])erfect <^laze. Much »»f it. however, is rou^'h, and from the spect mens we saw. the art does not ai)pearto ha\e attaint d to so hi'^h a (U'ufi'et' of ])erfection as amon^' the ancient nations tliat iidiabited the Mississippi aud(lhio val- 31 S>'ii rr Erniiii'i BiiJJiH,,, Oi't. 10, ISGO. 3- lliii'.s Wcslti-avd hij Rati, y\i. 1G'2-4. SALT LAKE VALLEY. 716 U'V.s. Tlio larufost piece of potti'iy seen wns not aUove tliree iiiehes .*s(piare, and it .ippeai'ed, a,s tliJ all the other pieces, to have formed a ])oition of some rounded vessel, [)roi)ahly a cinerary urn or soiiiethin<^ of that kind. ()ther articles were set;n, such as a fra,!4iiu'nt of pearly shell, several other shells, a white cylindrical head, a small rinu;' prohahly a head also, and a stone knife." There were also sevei'al nicely shaped aiTow-heads, of ohsidian, aiLjate, rock-ciystal, carnelian, and Hint. Granite mills arc; mentioned in addition to tlie other relics.''^ The same authority speaks of an e\tensive fortification or entrenched canij) at the head of Coon's Canon, ahout twenty miles south-west of Salt Lake Citv. The works are now from four to ei^'ht feet high, and the places of entrance are distinctly marked. Kemy and Brenchlev note tlie findinn" of colored iiotterv at Cedar Citv, indicatinuf "that the AFornion city is huilt on the site of a considerahle city helong*- ing- to the Aztecs," for there is no state anywhere in the noi'th where the Aztecs did not live at some time or other. W hole specimens of ])ottery are not found, hut the fragments are said to show a high degree of pe!-fection; the same authors claim that furnaces for the manufacture of p(»ttery are still seen, and I'urther say: "At some miles to the north as well as to the south (»f (Jedar, — to the north in^av Little Salt Lake, to the south near Harmony, ai-e to ho seen great rttcks covered ovci- with glyphic inscrip- tions. Mime portions of which, skctchetl at random, are accurately rej»resented in our engraving. These i'lsi-riptions or iigures are coarsely executed; hut k\\v\ all represent ohjects easy of rf cognition, ;ind for the most part copied fiom nature. '* bVoni ( 'iirvalho I (piote that "oji lied C'eek canon, si.v luilc'M nii'th oi' Parowan there are ve.'v massive, ah- ,:. J"! Sith T.iil.r Tihiji-iifih, inKiti'il ill Son Fnunisri) Errimtij llii/lcliii, Uijl. •I, ISC.S. ^■* liciiiij state 1 shall mention in con- nection with those of Colorado. About half a mile west of Golden Citv, Jeflx>rson ( '(junty, Colorado, ^Nlr Berthoud reports to the Smith- 3'- Crralhu's Tii'-nf. of Tmv., pp. 2()«-7. j'' Fiistrr.s I'n-Jlisl. li(ii-( X, p. 15'J. ii SchuokntfCn Airh., vol. iii., p. 4 r;i\ilies. Tliey ei>ii.sis( of M (•••III I'.il 111111111(1 (if L;r;iintic s.ind not dvcr (wrK, llielles lii'^li, with tr;i CCS (il ii\c or sl\ sIimIIoW I' .•lltoul. il ; ;ill surrounded li_V Irjices <>i";i \\;ill ci >iisist ii|._. (»r ;i circle ol' mess coN'ered relish slolies |);irti;dl_V ilii liedded ill (lie soil. South ol" lliecelilr.'ll IMolllid i, mIso a. saucer shaped pit, lueasiiriiii;' twi'lve I'eet in width and iVoiii lil'leeii to einlilceii inches in de|t(li. A(, (his |ioiii(. hullalo iioiies and ('rai>ineii(s of ant l«i>. are |t|i'iitiriil, and pieces ol' llint with plates of nii(;i have also heeii diseox i red.''^ Mr l"'arnliaiii speaks ol' a mined city coNciin^- an area of one mile hy tliiic lonrths ol' ;i mile, with stn>ets crossing' at ri^lit angles, hnildinn's of rou^'li trap rock in cement, ;i mound in (lu! ceidre, and much glazed podery all this on the north hank ol" the Colorado, I'oui hunditil miles up the river, and as likely to he in the tciii tory ol' ('olorado as anywhere.''''' Mr I'^oster (piotcs t'roni Ji DeiiNcr neMspa|ier a report of lar^c uraiiiir Itlocks, of the nature ol" 'dolmens' standini^' in an np rii^lit position, on the summit ol" the Snowy llaiiL^'e;'" and Taylor had heard through tlu! news|)a[»er,s ol" |iyr amids and hiidges in this territory. '^ There remain to l)e descrihed in tliis ])art ol' tlir <'()untry only the remains of ahori^inal structmcs in the south-western corner of ( 'oloi'ado and iIm' south eastern corner ol" I ^ tali, remains which, .il though made known to the world only through .i three or four days' exploration hy a party ol" thivr nuMi, are ol" the o'reatest interest and importan Thev are I'ound in the valleys or eafioiis of the riv cc er- M incos and Mcl'^Jmo, nortlu^rn trihntaries of tl San ,)uan, on the soutlu'rn tributaries of which riv ii- 3^ S!iiii'/i iin'/isiiimtn n-'/if., isc>7, p. ion. 39 fiiriiliiiiii's Life ill Cnl., |)|i. ."UtJ-l?. h'listn-'s I'lrl/ist. J, Kl'i'S, II. l.>. *' Tuijlov, ill Cnl. FariHi r, Juir' '11, ISGO. .(.\('i;s(>\'s i;.\ri;iM riuv. ■|'.» ;iri' I ill' nuns, jilrr.'idv <\r ;i rilici I, III" (lie ( 'Ii.M'o ;i||(| ( 'lu'llv rarmiis. Ill S<|iI('Iii1h r, IS7I, Mr W. 1 1. .I.uksoii jind M r Iiiljfcrsitll, (•(•iiiictlrd willi tlio I'liilcd Sl.ihs (i.ulo^i c'll juid < !t'()'4r;i|t|iir;il Siii'voy pMily, L^iiidcd liv (';i|it. .loliii Moss, an uld resident itcrlei-lly rainiliar with ilic ••..iiiil ly and i(s na.livcs, dcscriidcd liul li (liccaiKiiis rd'crri'd (o, Ta (lio t'\|)r('r.s ])iir|Mis(' of «'\aiiiiiiiii'_;' aii- cicnl st rial iiivM rc|M»rl('(| (o ('\ist tlaaf. Notwilli- standiii;^' (lir In id" diiral i<»n (»!" tlifir rxploralinn, an (liry nndi'istood their business and had a |ih'jia|ihi(r a|)|»aialns al(iii<_:, I heir uecoiints arc' ext I'eimly eoni- |tle(e and salisr.iclory. INFr I ii'_;'ei'S(il| |»iihlished an accniint, of the tii|) in the \cir }'nr/: Trilninc i>\' N(i\. •">, IS7I; and Mr daekson in thi' liiilhiin mI' (he Sur\'ey, |>rinted hy onveniinent.'" The lal til- aeeouiit. was aeionipanied liy lourfceii ilhislratidiis, and \*y(>\'. .1. \. Ilay(h'ii, (leoloLjist, in eharn'e<»l' th(! Survey, has hatl the kiiuhiess to I'uniish iik; also \\ itii the original |)h()t,n<^ra|)hs made (hiiin^- the; expi'dition. T M vio Alaiicos rises in the Sien-a I. a I Mat; a.nd lh>\\s south westward, at first through a, |)ark ni<(i valley, then euts a. deep carioii throiinh the Mesa. \'erde, and linally traverses an o|»en plain to join the San diiaii. In the valley hetweeii tia; niouiit.ains and the mesa, there are ahundant. shapeless mounds ol' di'hi'is, which tm examination are louiid to reju'i'- sent Mock s ot sijiian^ huildiii'. iHi eireuiar en closures all of adohe, \crv similar apparently to w hat we ha e seen ill tlu; Salado valley of Ari/.oiia. 'I'lii'ic is aiiotliei" resemhlaiic(3 to the southern remains in the shap(! of indented and |)aiii(('d pottery, strewn III ereat al)undaii('e a heut eNcrv iiiound, in Ira-'iiieiits rarely larL;"i;r than a dollar, -not a L;reenltack, hut a silvei' dollar, the rorincr hoiii!"- no standard for arel la' ell- oloo-icul comparisons. I shall make no further m tion of pottery; the reader may umlerstand that in ^2 lUilhliii III' till- I'. S. drill, null (iiiiij. Siirrni of tlir 7'irii/oiiis, iM ^•■rics, Ni W I ^hiii"lii:i, IS,.), IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I 1.25 ;ff iiiitt ^ m 12.0 12.5 2,2 1= M. Illll 1.6 V] .^^ m. M ■c^ ^;. y /J. w w Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 873-4503 V ^:^ n>^ :\ \ 1^^ V 6^ ^ <^ ^^ z^'^". ^fi 720 ANTIQUITIES OF COLORADO. this wliolo rc'LHon, as in Arizona and New ]\rcxiro, it is found in i,n'oat quantities about uveiy ruin that is to be mentioned. The canon through the Mesa Verde is on an averasjfe two hundred yards wide, and from six hun- dred to a thousand feet deep, with sides i>resentino-, .•IS Mr Jackson says, "a succession of benches, one jibove the other, and connected by the steep slopes oF tiie tahis. Side-canons penetrate the mesa, and ram- ify it in every direction, always presentiniL;' a perpen- dicular face, so that it is only at very rare intervals that the top can be reached " Mr Jnj^eisoU says: "Imagine East River a thousand or twelve hundred I'eet deep, and drained dry, the piers and slips on both sides made of red sandstone, and extending down to that dejtth, and yourself at the bottom, gazing up foi- human hal)itations far above you. In such a ])ictur'; you would have a tolerable idea of this Canon of the Rio Mancos." For four or five miles after en- tering the canon, the shajieless heaps of adobe debiis were of frecpient occurrence on the banks of the stream. The general characteristic was "a central mass considerably hiifher and more massive than the surrounding lines of subdivided scpiares. Small buildings, not more than eight feet S(piaro, were often found standing alone apparently." The high central portion suggests a terraced structure like the Casa Grande of the Gila. One of the buildings on the bottom, measuring eight by ten feet, was of sandstone blocks, about seven by twelve inches, and four inches thick, laid in what seemed to be adobe mortar. Somewhat further down the adobe ruins were found often on projecting benches, or promon- tories of the cliff, some fifty feet above the stream. Here they were circular, with a depression in the centre, and generally in pairs. Cave-like crevices along the seams were often walled up in front, so as to enclose a space sometimes twelve feet long, but oftener forming "cupboard-like inclosures of about the liigh in RIO DE LOS MANGOS. 721 size of a bushel -basket." A small square, formed by rough stone slabs, set up endways in the earth, was also noticed. The first stone building particularly described, and one of the most wonderful found during the trip, is that shown m the cut. The most wonderfui thing '-^:^i ClifT House — Mancos Cauon. aboiit it was its position in the face of the cliff sev- eral hundred feet above the bottom, on a ledge ten feet wide and twenty feet long, accessible only by hard climbing with finyfers and toes inserted in crevices, or during the upper part of the ascent by steps cut in the steep slope by the aborigines. The cliff above overhangs the ledge, leaving a vertical space of fifteen feet. The building occupies only half the length of the ledge, and is now twelve feet liigh in front, leaving it uncertain whether it orig- inally reached the overhanging cliff, or had an in- dependent roof The ground plan shows a front Vol. IV. 40 722 ANTigriTIKS OF ("OLOKADO. room six l>y iiiiio foot, and two rear rooms c.uli five by s(iven, projecting on one side so as to foriii an Ij. 'I'liei'e wore two stories, as is shown l)y tin- lioles in the walls and tra^nients of tloor-tinilx is. A doorway, twenty hy thirty inches and two Irrt ahove the Hoor, led from one side of the front room ti) the esplanade, and there was also a window about a foot s(piare in the lower story, and a window or doorway in the second story con\'spondini>- to tlut below. ()pj)osito this up])er ()j)eninjj^ was a snialli r one openini4" '"t** '^ reservoir holdinij^ abont two hoi^s heads and a half, and formed by a semicircular w.ill joiniiii'' the clilf and the main wall of the house. A line of ]»rojectini^ Avooden J)ei4s led from the windnw down into the cistern. Small doorways afforded comnuuiication between the apartments. The front portion was built of s([uare and smoothly faced sand stone blocks of ditierent sizes, up to fifteen inclics lonu;' and oi^ht inches thit'k, laid in a hard (j^rayisli white mortar, very compact ami hard, but cracked on the surface like adobe mortal's. The rear portions were of rouoli stones in mortar, and the partition walls wore like the exterior front ones, and seeniid to have boon rubbed smooth after they were laid. T^he interior of the front rooms was plastered with a coatinL,*- of a firm cement an eii^hth of an inch thick, colored ivd, and havini^ a white band ei«j;'ht inclns wide extending round the bottom like a base-bo.ir 1. There wei'e no other signs of decoration. The fl«H.r was the natural roi'k of the ledge, evened up in sonir places with cement. The lintel of the uj)per dooi- way or window was of small straight cedar sticks laid close together, and supporting the masonry above; the other lintels seem to be of stone. A very wonder- ful feature of this structure was that the front w.il! rests on the rounded edge of the precipice, sloping ai an angle of forty-five degrees, and the esplanade, or platform, at the side of the house was also leveled up by three abutments resting on this slope, where "it would seem tiiat a pound's weight ndght slide them (»fr. To\vi:iJs ox Tin: ino mangos. 723 The cut shows the yiouiul ])laii of a round stone Ground Plan — Mancos Tower. tower of peculiar form. Tlio diarnetcr is twenty-five feet, and that of the inner eirele twelve leet/^ the walls l)ein<( eiiji'hteen and twelve inches thii'k, stand iiii,' in places fifteen feet hii;li on the outside and ei^ht feet on tlie inside. This tower stands in tiie centre of a <^roup of faintly traced remains e\tendinh, the blocks composinjr the walls being veiy regular and well laid. Some of these houses were mere walls in front of crevices in the cliff. So strong are the structures that in one place a part of the cliff had bo- come detached by some convulsion, and stood inclined at quite an angle, taking with it a part of one of the walls, but without overthrowing it. Small apertures are so placed in all these cliff-structures as to afford a look-out far up and down the valley. Rude inscrip- tions are scratched on the cliff in many places, bear- ing a general resemblance to those farther south, of which I have given many illustrations. One of the most inaccessible of the cliff-buildings is shown in the cut. It is eight hundred feet high, and can only be reached by climbing to the top of tliu mesa, and creeping on hands and knees down a ledge only twenty inches wide. The masonry was very KUINS ON THE RIO MANC03 725 »»i7»W/ /'/■"'■" Cliir-Dwellin;,'— Mancoa Cafion. perfect, tlic l)lot'ks sixteen by tnree inches, ofroiiiul ])crfectly sniootli on the inside so as to recjuiro no plaster. Tlie dimensions were abont five by fifteen feet, and seven feet hij,di. The aperture serving" as doorway and window was twenty l>y thiriy inches and liad a stone Untel. Near by but higher on the ledge was another ruder building. These raised structures were invariably on the western side of the cafion, but those on the bottom were scattered on both sides (jf the river. On the bottom "the majority of tlie buildings weie square, but many round, and one sort of ruin always showed two square buildings with very deep cellars under them and a round tower between them, seem- ingly for watch and defence. \\\ seveial cases a large ])art of this tower was still standing." One of these ty[)ical structures is shown in the following eut. It is twelve feet in diameter, twenty feet high, with walls si.\.teen inches thick. The window facing northward is eighteen by twenty-four inches. The two aj)art- nients adjoining the towei-, the remains of whit-h arc shown in the cut, are about fifteen I'eet s(|uai'e. 'I'hey seem to have Ix^en originally underground structures, or at least ]>artially so. At the outlet of the canon tin; river turns west- ward, flowing for a time nearly parallel with the San .luan, whi(.'h it joins very nearly at the corner of the four territories. ^Eany groups of walls and heaps were visible in the distance down the valley, but the explorers left the river at this point and bore away to 726 ANTIQUITIES OF COLORADO. Watch-Tower— Maiicos Cufion. ,.-v (''jntments could only be conjectured. That portion of the outer wall remaining standini>' was some forty feet in length and fifteen in height. The stones were dressed to a uniform size and finish. CA^ON OF THE M( KLMO. '27 TTpon the same lovol as tliis ruin, and oxtondini^ hack, I slioukl think, liaH' a iniit,', wero jLfrouj»ud hno after lino of foundations and mounds, tlio j^rcat mass of wliich was of stono, but not ono remaining' n))<)n aiiotlier. All the subdivisions wore plainly niarkid, so that ono miiLfht, with a little care, count i'\ cry room or Ituildinn" in the S(!ttlement. iJelow the above i;rou|), some two hundred yards distant, and connnu- nicatini'' by indistinct lines of debris, was another i^reat wall, inclosini>' a space of about two Jiundred feet s([uare. Oidy a small portion was well enouiji-h preserved to enable us to jud«^o, with any a(( iiiacy, as to its character and dimensions; the i;reater por- tion consistin,<( of larij^e ridjj^es tlattened down so nnich as to measure some thirty or more feet aci'oss tlu; base, and five or six feet in liei_L!^ht. This better preserved portion was some fifty I'ecjt in lonjj^th, seven or eiyht feet in height, and twenty feet thiek, the two exterior surfaces of well-dressed and evenlv-laid courses, and the centre packed in solidly wath rubble-masonry, lookintif entirely different from these rooms which had been filled with debris, thou<;^h it is difficult to assign any reason for its beinj;' so massively constructed. It was only a portion of a system cxtendiiiL'- half a mile (Hit into the })lains, of much less importance, however, and now only indistinguishable mounds. The tov.-n luiilt about this sprint^ was nearly a sipiare mile in extent, the largvr and more enduring- buildings in the centre, while all about were scattei'ed and grouped the renmants of smaller structures, comprising the suburbs." Four miles from the spring is the !McElmo, a small stream, dry during a greater ]>art of tlu' year. At the point where the party struck this sti'eam, portions of walls, and heaps of debris in rect;ingular older were scattered in every direction ; among which two round towers were noticed, one of them with double walls, like that on the IVIancos, but larger, being fifty feet in diameter. Followiiiij: down the McElmo canon [ I 728 ANTIQUITIES OF COLOIIADO. aboricfinal vcstiet lon,<^ and twelve feet hiuh, and the blocks composinn" it are descri!)ed as more regu- larly cut than any i)efore seen. The only access to the sunuuit of the butte Avas by dimbini;- throun'h the window of the buildin;^. Other remains, includ- \\M^ many circular depressions of considerable de})th, and a sc^uare tower with one round corner, ai"e scat- tered about near the base of this butte, or crtsfouc. The next cut shows one of the cave-dwell inys near by, formed by walling up the front of a recess in the cliff. 780 ANTIQl'ITIES OF UTAH. "A -^T^ •> Cuvc-Dwclling on the MeElino. The trfulition rolatiii'j;' to tlic Avholo, and pnrtiiMi- liirly to thi« luciility, obtained l»y ( aj»t. Moss iVoiii Olio of tlio old men anionic the ^^o([llis, is i-eiidered l»y Mr Inyersoll aH follows: "Foriiiorly the abo- rii^ines inhabited all this country we had been over us far west as the head waters of the San Juan, as far north as the Kio Dolores, west some distaiiee into lUah, and south and south-west throuiiliout Arizona, and on down into Mexico. They had lived there from time immemorial — s'ncc the earth was a small island, which auj^mented as its inhabitants multi- plied. They cultivated the valley, fashioned what- ever utensils and tools they needed, very neatly and hjuulsomely out of clay and wood and stone, not knowing any of the useful metals, built their homes and kept their flocks and herds in the fertile river bottoms, and worshiped the sun. They were an emi- nently })eaceful and prosperous people, liviniic by agri- culture rather than bv the chase. About a thousand years ago, however, they were visited by savage strangers from tlio North, whom they treated hospi- tably. Soon these visits became more frecjuent and annoying. Then their troublesome neighbors — ances- tors of the present Utes — began to forage upon them, and at last to massacre them and devastate their farms; so, to save their lives at least, they built houses high ujion the cliffs, where they could store AlSOKKilNAI, TIIADITION. 731 f' 1(1(1 niid liidu uwav till tlu' raidt^rs loft. Hut ono Simiiiu'i' till! iiivm'.Ts did not «jfo l»uck to tlu'ii* iiioun- tiiiia as t\w people e\|.o> ltd, lait l>rouirlit tlirir f'ain- ilios with tlu'iii and .settl'jd down. So driMii from tlit'ir homes and lands, starvinjjf in their little niches on the hii^h clirts, they could only steal aw.iy durinLf tho niju'ht, and wander across the cheerhss uplands. To one who has traveled these step|;es, sncli a Hiyht seems teriii)le, and the mind hesitates to iiiciuru tho >ufrerinably of a small community-house. TTpon either Hank, and founded upon rocks, were buildings similar in size and in other respects to tlie hirge ones on the line above. As paced oil', the up})er or convex surface measured one hundred vards in lennth. Each little apai'tment was small and narrow, avei'ag- ing six feet in width and eight feet in length, tlie walls being eighteen inches in thickness. The stones of which the entire group was built were dressed to nearly uniform size and laid in mortar. A peculiar feature here was in the round corners, one at least appearing upon nearly every little house. They shielc side ^ HOVENWEEP RUINS. T.-JS were turned with considerable care and skill: beino- two curves, all the corners were solidly bound to- j,'ether and resisted the destroying influences the longest." The following cut presents a ground plan of this Hovenweep Pueblo town, and terminates the Ground Plan — Town on the Hovenweep. account of one of the most interesting antiquarian o.\})lorations of modern times. 1 append a few brief quotations from the diary of Padres Dominguez and Esealante, who j)onetrated ])robal)lyas far as Utah Lake in early times, referring to three places where ruins were seen, two of which cannot readily be located. (Jn the Dolores lliver "on the southern bank of the river, on a height, there was anciently a small settlement of the same ]»laii as those of the Indians of New Mexico, as is shown l)y the ruins which we examined." A ruin is also located on this river at the southern bend, on the U. S. map of 18()8. ()v the Rio de San Cosme, "we saw licar by a ruin of a veiy ancient town, in which were fragments of metates, and pottery. The form of the town was ciniular as shown by the ruins now almost entirely leveled to the ground." In tlie canon of Santa Deltina "towards the south, there is ([uite a high cliff, on which we saw rudely painted three shield 5, and a spear-head. Lower down on the north side we saw another painting which represented in a 734 ANTIQUITIES OF OREGON. confused manner two men fighting, for which reason wc Municd it the Canon Pintado."" In Iilaho and Montana I have no record of ancient remains, save a cliff* at Pend d'Oreille Lake, on which are painted in briglit colors, images of men, beasts, arul |)ittiiros of mdcnown import. The natives air said to rt;gard the painted rock with feelings of great sn[>erstition and dread, regarding the figures as tlir work of a race that preceded their own in the coun- try.« In Oregon aboriginal remains, so fiir as reported, are hardly more abundant. The artist of the IJ. S. Exploring Ex[)edition sketched three specimens of clitf- ins('ri|)tit)iis on the Columbia River, which are shown in the cut. Mr Pickering thinks that the figures pre- % A Rock-Carvings— Col iiinbia River. sent some analogies to the sculptures reported by Humboldt on the Orinoco.*" Mr Abbot noted "a few rude })ictures of men and animals scratched on the rocks" of Mptolyas canon." Lord speaks of lit- tle j>ik's of stones about natural pillars of conglom- erate, on Wychus C.'reek, but these were doubtless tlic work of modern Snake Indians, who left the hea])s in honor of the sjiirits represented by the pillars.** A gigantic human jaw is reported to have been dug u|» near Jacksonville in ISCi;*'-* and finally Lewis and « Dn,: Hisf. .lAr., sorie ii., torn, i., iip 301-2, •134-.", 444-r). « ,NA/r//.v, ill I'ar. 11. />'. Itrp!., vol. xii., p. l.")0; III., hi InU. Aff. Rint., 1854, n. -111. «"' I'ifl.rrliiifs Riirr.i. iti U. S. Ex. Ex., vol. ix., pp. 41-2. *i Ahhnl. ill I'm: R. R. Rrpt., vol. vi., p. 94. <'* r.orl's Xnt., vol. i., p. 'J!M>. c: or seven feet high. Three of them wcro opened, but [troved to contain nothing but a pavement of round stones in the centre and at the bottom, rest- ing on the subsoil of red gravel. The natives siiiorted the discovery of a large mound at the south end of the prairie, twenty-five miles from ( )lympia, which is three hundred feet high and nine hundred leet in dianuter at the hase. These later reports state also that all the small mounds opened in recent times have bieii found to contain remains of pottery and "other curi- ous relics, evidently the work of human hands."" 5» Lririsniiif C/iirh'.s Trar., ]i. .^(in. 51 Lon/'s Xdf., vol. ii., pp. 102-.% '200; Gihhs, in Par. 12. R. Rrpf., v,,l. i., p. 411. ^ « r. .v. F.r. lur., vol. iv., pp. S.'U. 441-2; rosfn-'s Pir-llrsf. Rfirrs, pp. li>l-2; I'ur/liiiiil //cm/f/, .Sept. 27, 1872; San, Franri.sro MuniiiK) ('nil, Si'pt. 28, 1872. 73G ANTIQUITIES OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. Tlie second locality where remains are found is on the lower Yakima River, where Mr Stephens saw an earth-work consisting of two concentric circles of earth about three feet high with a ditch Ijetween theni. The outer circle is eighty yards in diameter, and within the inner one are about twenty cellars, or ex- cavations, thirty feet across and three feet deep, like the cellars of modern native houses scattered over the country without, however, any enclosing circles. These works are located on a terrace about fifteen feet high, bounded on either side by a gulley.'* In British Columbia, some sculptured stones are reported to have been found at Nocjtka Sound, in which a fancied resemblance to the Aztec Caleiidar- Stone was noticed; also during the voyage of tlio 'Sutil y !^[exicana,' a wooden plank was found on the coast bearing painted figures, which 1 have co})ied in the cut, although I do not know th.at the })lank iuis any claims to be considered a relic of anti(piity.^* Painted Board — British Coliini'oia. Other British Columbian antiquities consist nf shell mounds, burial mounds, and earth-works, chieHy 53 Stevfnn, in Ind. Af. Rent., 1854, pp. 2.32-3; Id., in Schookrofl'.'i Arch., vol. vi., i)p. ()12-i;}; Gibhs, in Pac. R. R. Rcjit., vol. i., jip. 40S-'.»; Tai/lor, in Cat. Farmrr, Mav 8, 1803. 5* Riu^rhmnn)!, Spr. N. l\tfx. u. der Wcstscite des b. Nordumcr., p. SltH; Sutil y Mcxkaiiit, Viiuje, p. 73. DEANS' EXPLORATION'S. 787 confined to Vancouver Island, and known to me tlirough tlie investigations and writings of !Mr James Deans, Mr Deans lias lived long in the country, is perfectly familiar with it and its natives, and has given jmrticular attention to the subject of anticjui- ties. He makes no great pretensions as a writer, but has made notes of his discoveries from time to time, and has furnished his manuscripts for my use under the title o{ Ancient Itcntains in Vanroiivcr Lsfand and British Columbia. Like other explorers, he has not been able to resist the temptation to tJieorize without sufficient data on questions of ethnology and the origin of the American aborigines, but his specula- tions do not diminish the value of his cx[)lorations, and are far from being as absurd as those of many authors who are much better known. Burial mounds on Vancouver Island are of two classes, according as they are constructed chiefly of sand and gravel or of stones. One of the first class opened by Mr Deans in 1871, will illustrate the con- struction of all. It was located on the second terrace from the sea, the terraces having nearly perpen- dicular banks of fifty and sixty feet respectively. By a carefully cut drift through the centre, it was ascertained to have been made in the following man- ner. First, a circh" sixteen feet in diameter was n 'eu out, and the top soil cleared off' within the ciiTle; then a basin-sliaped hole, six feet in diameter, smaller at the bottom tlian at the top, was dug in the centre, in which the skull, face down, and the larger unburned bones were placed and covered with six inches of earth. On the layer of earth rested a large flat stone, on which were heaped up loose stones, the heap extending about a foot beyond the circumference of the central hole. Outside of this lieap, on the surface, a space two feet wide extending round tiie whole circumference was sprinkled with ashes, and contained a few bones also. Outside of Vol. IV. 47 738 ANTIQUITIES OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. tliis space as^ain, large stones two or three feet ](>iid in mounds of this class inchide stone hannners; arrow-points of ttint, slate, and of a hard green stone; spear-heads, knives, needles, and I 1 nil 740 ANTIQUITIES OF BRITISH COLUMIJIA. awls, of stone and bone, one of the knives heinn;- six- teen inclies lonyf and of whale-bone: bone wedijvs, Honiotiines c^rooved; and finally stone mortars, eoni- ])aratively few in number, since acorns and set'ds weic not apparently a favorite article of food. l[ii- man skeletons also occur in the shell mounds. At Coniox a skeleton is said to have been found Avith a bone knife broken off in one of the bones. A siull l)raeelet was taken from a m jund at Esquimalt; and from another was dug a t.jne dish or paint-pot, carved to represent a man holding- a mountain sheep. The man was the handle on one side, the sheep's head on the other, and the cup was hollowed out in tlio sheep's back. Mr Deans believes he can distino-ui.sli two distinct types of skulls in Vancouver Island — tlie *loni»'-headed' in the older cairns, and the * broad - headed' in the shell mounds and modern jfraves: and this distinction is independent of artificial flatteninn', wliicli it seems was practiced in a majority of cases on skulls of both types. In addition to the mounds, Mr Deans states that earth-works very similar to those found in the east- ern states are found at many localities in British Columbia. Indeed, he has sent me several plans, cut from Squier's work on the antiquities of New York, which by a simple change in the names of creeks and in the scale would represent equally well the north- western works. At Beacon Hill, near Victoria, a point one hundred feet high extends three hundred feet into the sea; an embankment with a ditch still six feet deep, stretches across on the land side and protects the a}>})roach ; there are low mounds on the enclosed area, the remnants of ancient dwellings, and down the steep banks are heaps of shells, with ashes, bones of sea-fowl, deer, elk, and bears, among whicli are some spear .and arrow points, needles, etc. On the sunnnit of Beacon Hill, near by, are burial cairns of the usual type. KARTII-WOItKS. 741 Another earth-work was examined hy Mr Deans at Baines Sound and J)eei) Bay. This was an oval I'ln- banknient surrounded at tlie l)ase l)y a ditch, elosu to the water on tlie hay side, l>ut now seventy yards from liisj^h-water mark on tlie side next tlie sound, aUhounii originally at the water edge. From the bottom of the ditch to the top of the embankment or mound is forty feet, and at the summit a ])ara})et bank now four feet high encloses an area of over an acre. On the sound side is an opening from which a road runs y the numerous stiHK! cindes, which lie scattered around. .. .'I'ln'sc stone circles point to a period in etiinolo;,dcal history, \vhi(di has no loiij:er a phu'e in tlie memory of man. Scattereil in irrcj,'nlar i^ronps of from three or fonr, to lifty or more, these stone circles are found, crownin;^ the rounded ]>romontories over all the South Eastern end of tiie Islaml. 'I'heir dimen- nious vary in diameter from three to eit;liteeu feet; of some, only a simple rin^ of stones nuirkin^' the outline now remains. In other instances the cinde is not oidy complete in ontliiu', i>ut is lilled in, huilt up as it were, to a hei;;ht of three to four feet, with masses of rock and loose stones, c(d- leeted from amoiif;st the numerous erratic houlders. which cover the surface of tiie country, and from the f^ravel of tiie boulder drift wliicli lills up many of the hollows. These structinvs are of considerahle antiijuity, ami ■wiiatever they may have heen intended for, have heen lon<^ disused, for, tlirou;;h the centre of many, the pine, (he oak, and the arhutns liave shot up and attained consideralile dimensions— a full {growth. The Indians when (luestiruied, can ;^ive no further account of the matter, than that, "it lielon^'ed to the
    Diti IIES -FoKTII'ICATIONS-^ SACIIEI) Enclosi uEs — MoiNDs— Temi'ee-Moinds, Animae-Moinds, and (,'oNicAi. Mounds— Ai/iAK-MoiNiis, Riuial Mounds, and Anom- alous Mounds— Contents ok the Mounds- Human Remains— Keeii's ok AnoRi(;iNAE Akt— Lmtlements and Ornaments ok Metal, Stone, Rone, and Shell-Ancient ('oim'eu Mines — KOCK-INSCUII'TIONS— ANTIQUITV OK THE MlSSISSIITI REMAINS — Comi'auisons— Conclusions. I announced in an introductory chapter my inten- tion to ijo in this volume l)eyond the o;'eoii;i-aphical limits of my field of labor proper, the Pacific States, and to includ a sketch of eastern and southern an- ticjuities. 1 i n not sure that this departure from my territory is fc ictly more necessary or api)ropriate in this than in le other departments of this work; — that is, that le material relics of the ;Mi.sHissii)pi Valley and So th America have a more direct hear- in<^ on the h ^titutions and history of the Native llaces of the Pacific, than do the manners and cus- toms, mytholotry, and lanofuage of the South Amer- ican and eastern trihes. Yet there is this difference, tliat to have included the whole American continent in the jireceding volumes would have required a new TUKATMKXT OF FOIJKICX UKMAIXS. 746 ')■ collection of iniitorial, additloiml time and roscarch, and an incivase of l>ulk in printed )>a,Lrt's, each ctiuul at least to what has been done; and I hi^lievt.! that the orilete, respecting every relic in each locality, and giving besides in every case the source whence the information was obtaineil. In this maimer the notes become a complete bibliograjihical index to the Avhole subject, not an unimportant feature, I believe, of this work. In the broad eastern region bordering on the JVIississippi and Us tributaries, a region thickly inhab- ited, antl thoroughly ex})lored by anti(juarians, or at least com])aratively so, so numerous are the relics and the localities where they have been found, that to take them up one after another for detailed descii[»- tion W(ndaralleled even in the pages 746 WORKS OF THE MOUND-BUILDEUS. of the present volume. Moreover, the books uiul other material in my ])ossession, while amply sutK- cient, I think, to furnish a clear idea of the ^Missis- sip[)i and South American monuments, are of courso inadetpite to a continuation of the bihlio^'raphicHl feature referred to. For these reasons 1 deem it host to abandon the elal»orate note-system hitherto fol- lowed, and shall present a oenoral ratlier than a de- tailed view of material rehcs outside the Pacific States, formed fi-om a careful study of what J l)eliev(j to be the best authorities, and illustrated by the cuts given in Mr Baldwin's work.^ ]\raterial relics of the aboriginal tribes are found in greater or less abundance throuu^hout tlie Eastern United States antl *:lie Canadas. But those found in New England and tlie region east of the Alleghanies, extending southward to tlie Carolinas, may be dis- missed in an account so general as the })resent with the remark that all are evidently the work of the In- dian tribes found in possession of the country, many of them evidently and others ])robably liaving orig- inated at a time subsequent to the coming of Eu- 1 The oliiof aatIii>ritios ooiisiiltocl for tliiH chapter on tlie reiiiiiiiis of tlic Mississippi \'alk'y, are the followiii;,': Hijuicr t(>i ! JJiiri.'i, A iicinif Mini iinutits nf the Misniftsippi VnUi>i. Wasli- ilijjtoii, 1848. Sijiiicr's Aiifii/iiitir.i 1)/ f/ii' Sfutr of Xrir Vork. III., Ub- scrraliiiiis on A/)iin'i/iiiiil Mnnuntrntu uf the Mississipjn Vallvij. New York, 1847. L/., Srr/irnt Si/iii/ti)/. Atwiiti'rti Atitiiiuilir.s of Ohio, ami other accounts in the Amcr. Aufii/. Soi'., Tnni'iiirfioiis. Sr/ioo/iriif/\s Arrhiri's of AhorirjiiHil Kuou'hdffr. Warili'ii, Urrhrri'his sur /is Aiifii/Kifrs 'hout this broad extent of tenitorv, but chierty on tlie fertile river-terraces of tlie j\[ississi|)pi and its tributaries, the works of the ancient inhaliit- ants are found in great abundance, and may be classi- fied for convenience in descrij)tion as follows: -1. Embaidvments of earth or stone, and ditches, ot'teu forminijr enclop'U'es, which are subdivided bv their location into, 1st, fortifications, and 'Jd, sacivd en- closures, or such as are suj>[)osed to have been con- nected with reli'Hous rites. 748 WORKS OF THE MOUND-BUILDERS. Map of Territory of the Moiiiul-Buiklers. IT. ^lounds of earth or stone, of varyiiij^ locatio?i, size, form, inatorial, and contents; divided l)y their form into, 1st, 'tem})le mounds,' of regular outUne and hir<2^e dimensions, havin<^ flat summit platforms, and often terraced sides with o'raded ascents; 2d, *animal-moun in i)roportion to other classes than in the north, and enclosures disap})ear almost altogether. The southern antiquities have, however, 760 WORKS OF THE MOUND-BUILDERS. been comparatively little explored, Mr Jones' late "vvork referring for the most part only to the state of Georma. Tlirousfhout the whole reofion traces of the tribes found by Europeans in })ossession of the country are found; and besides the three territorial divisions already indicated, it is noted that in the north-east, in western New York and Pennsylvania, the works of the Mound-builders merge so gradually into those of the later tribes, the only relics farther east, that it becomes well-nigh impossible to fix accurately the dividinidis. Their strong natural position, with due regard to the water supply, carefully planned means of exit, and in many instances graded roads to the water, leaves no doubt of their original design as fortifications, places of refuge and of protection against enemies. Tlie sliglit height of the embankments would suggest that they were thrown up to support palisades; indeed, traces of these palisades have been found in some cases. The practice of throwing up an embankment at the foot of palisades, although seemingly a very natural one, does not, however, seem to have been noticed among the Indian tribes of New York. In nearly all the en- closures remains of the typical Indian cac/ies are found, with carbonized maize, and traces of wood and EEMALNS IN NEW YORK. 751 Lark; and in and around tlieni tlio sitcH of Indian lodges or towns arc seen, indicated by the jjresence of decomposed and carbonaceous matter, together with burned stones, charcoal, ashes, bones, pottery, and In- dian ini})lenients. These circumstances go far to l)rove tliat all the New York works, if not Iniilt by tlie Indians, were at least occupied by tliem after their al)andonnient by the jMound-builders, from some of wliose works they do not differ much except in di- mensions and reixularitv of form. The enclosures vary in extent from three to four acres, the lariifest being sixteen acres. Tlie eml)ank- nients are from one to four feet high, generally accom- [)anied by an exterior ditch; — the highest is seven or eight i'eet from bottom of ditch to to}) of embaidc- ment. Many such works in a country so long under cultivation have of course disappeared. j\Ir S(piier ascertained the locality of one hundred of them in New York, and estimates the original number at not less than two hundred and fifty. The works of the ^lound-builders are almost ex- clusively confined to the fertile valleys still best fitted to sup})ort a dense po|)ulation. The ]\IississijH)i and its tributaries have during the progress of the centu- ries worn down their valleys in three or four succes- sive terraces, which, except the lowest, or latest formed, the ancient ])eoples chose as the site of their structures, giving the ])relerence in rearing their grandest cities — for cities there must have been — to the terrace plains near the junction of the larger streams. On these })lains and their surrounding heights, are found the ancient monuments, generally in grouj)s Avhich include all or many of the classes named above; for it is only for convenience in descri|)tion that the classification is made; that is, the classifica- tion is by no means to any great extent a geographi- cal one. I have already said that Ohio was the centre, apparently, of the Mound-builders' power. 752 WORKS OF TTIE MOUND-BUILDERS. Northward, eastward, and perhaps westward from this centre, the works diminish in extent, fortifica- tions become a more prominent feature, and tlie re- mainini^ monuments approximate i)erceptibly to those of the more barbarous and hitcr peoples. In fact, we find the modifications tliat might naturally 1)0 ex- pected in a frontier country. Southward from the Ohio rei,non down the Mississippi Valley, it is a com- mon remark in the various writings on the subject, that the nionuments increase gradually in niagnitude and numbers. This statement seems to have orig- inated, partially at least, in the old attemi)t to trace the path of Aztec migration southward. The only foundation for it is the fact that the cl'^ss of mounds called tem])le-mounds are in the south more numerous in proportion to those of the other classes. The largest mound and the most extensive groups are in the north; while the complicated arrangement of sa- cred enclosures appears but rarely if at all towards the gulf. It is not impossible that more extensive explorations may show that the comparative numbers and size of the large temple-mounds have been some- what exaggerated. Yet the claims in behalf of Nahua traces in the Mississippi region are much better founded than those that have been urijed in other parts of the country; although we have seen that the chain is interrupted in the New Mexican country, and I can find no definite record of temple-mounds in Texas. The total number of mounds in the state of Ohio is estimated by the best authority at ten thou- sand, while the enclosures were at least fifteen hun- dred. ;>;«L I begin with the embankments and enclosures. They are found, almost always in connection with mounds of some class, on the hills overlooking the valleys, and on the ravine-bounded terraces left by the current of rapid streams. The first, or oldest, terraces, with bold banks from fifty to a hundred feet FORTIFICATIONS. 7B8 Tlu Insures. with j;' the "ft by )kle«t, )d I'eet hi'.^h, furnish tlie sites of most of tlio works; on the lt)\vcr intcriuodiato terraces, wliose l)anks raiiiL^o from ten to thirty feet in height, tliey are also found, though less frecjuently than above; while on the last- formed terrace below no monuments whatever have ever been discovered The embankments are simply earth, stones, or a mixture of the two, in their natural condition, thrown iij) from the material Avhicli is nearest at hand. There is no instance of walls built of stone that has been hewn or otherwise artificially i)re])ared, of the use of mortar, of even rough stones laid with regu- larity, of adol)es or earth otherwise prepared, or of material brought from any great distance. The ma- terial was taken from a ditch that often accompanies the embankment, from excavations or pits in the immediate vicinity, or is scraped up from the surface of the surroundin<): soil. There is nothing in the })resent appearance of these works to indicate any dirt'erence in their original form from that naturally given to earth-works thrown up from a ditch, with sides as nearly perpendicular as the nature of the material will permit. Of course, any attempt on the part of the builders to give a synmietrical superficial contour to the works would have been long since obliterated by the action of the elements; but noth- ing now remains to show that they attached any importance whatever to either material or contour. Stone embankments are rarely found, and only in localities where the abundance of the material would naturally suggest its use. In a few instances clay has been obtained at a little distance, or dug from beneath the surface. Accordingly as they are found on the level plain, or on hill-toi)s or other strong positions, enclosures are divided into fortifications and sacred enclosures. Of the design of the first class there can be no doubt, and very little respecting many of the second class, although it is very probable that some of the latter *■ Vol. IV. 48 751 WORKS OF THE MOUXD-UUILDEIIS. had a (Uffcreut purpo.se, not now understood. Nat- urally sonic works oeciir which havo sonic of the features of botli classes. The fortificatitjiis arc al- ways of irreiicular form as deteriuined by the natiuc of the .•(round. A fortification at Butler Hill, near Hainilton, Ohio, is shown in the cut. The summit of the hill Fortification— Butler Hill. is two hundred and fifty feet above the river, the en- closing wall is of earth and stones, five feet liinh, thirty-five feet thick at the base, and unaccompanied by a ditch, although there are some pits which r which FOUTIFIED HILLS. 755 fiirnislu'd tlic matenul of tlio wall. Tvo mounds or heaps of roiiL»'li stones are seen witliin the enelosuiv and one Avithout, the stones of all showing- marks of fire. The next cut shows a work at Fort Hill, Uhio, sc/>Lr OOOfl-loLht Inch ^ ;'>0.:3« '"*""'■ Fort Hill, Ohio. which socms to unite the characters of tho two classes of enclosures. It measures twciity-ci^'ht hundred hy eigliteen hundred feet, and is on the second terrace. The wall aloni*- the creek side is of stones and clav, four feet hii>'h: the other main walls are six feet hiuh and thirty-tive feet thick, witli an exterior ditch. The walls of the s(|uare enclosure at the side are of clay, present some marks of tire, ami haye no ditch. Mr Squier concludes that this was a fortified town rather than a fort like many oth» rs. The Avails of the enclosure shown in the followino- cut, on x*aint Creek, Ohio, are of stone, thirteen hundred 706 WUlilCS OF THK MOL'ND-IIUILDKIIS. Fort near Bourncvillc. feet in circumference, and have no ditch. Tlio heaps of stones connected witli tliis work have been exposed to excessive lieat, either perliaps l)y heini;' used as fire signals, or by the burnlni^ of wooden structures which they supported. In tlie worlds at Fort Ancient, on a mesa two hundred and thiity feet above the Miami River, the embankment is four miles long in an irregular line round tlie circumfer- ence, and in some parts eighteen or twenty feet high. There are also some signs of artificial terraces on the river side of the hill. A line of these defensive works is found in northern Ohio, with which very SACUEO ENfLOSrHES. 757 ;u ir r- 1. 10 '7 few roij^ular inoiinds or .siiered cnclosiirt's arc con- nected. .Pi(lL,»'L'()U states tliut u single line of emltiMik- iiient may be traced lor seventeen miles, ananknients ori,iL»'inally hore [talisiidcs. They vary in height from tliree to tliirty feet, reckon- iw^ from the bottom of the ditch; but this oives only a very imperfect idea of their original dimensions, since in some localities the hein-ht has been nuicli more reduced by time than in others, owini;' to the nature of the material. In hill fortifications tlie ditch is usually inside the wall, but when the de- fences guard the aj)i>roacli to a terrace-point, the ditch is always on the outside. The entrances to this class of enclosures are governed by conveni- ence of exit, accessibility of water, and facilities Ibr defence. They are usually guarded by overla[»[)ihg Avails as shown in the cuts that have been })resented. Several of the larger fDrtifications, however, have a large nund)cr of entrances, generally at regular in- tervals, which it is very difficult to account for. Other enclosures are classed as sacred, or jKM'taining in someway to religious rites, because no other e!|ually satisfactory explanation of their use can be given. That they were in no sense woi'ks of defence is evi- dent from their position, almost invariably on the most level spot tliat could be selected and ol'ten over- looked by neighboring elevations. Unlikt; the forti- fications they are regular in form, the s(ni;ii't; and circle pretlominating and generally found in coiijunc- tion, l)ut the ^■llij)se, rectangle, crescent, and a great variety of other forms being frecpient. and several dirterent forms usually occurring together. A s<|uaro with one or more circles is a frecpient combination. The angles and curves are usually if not always per- fectly accurate, and the regular, or sacred, enclosures probably outnumber by many the irregular ones, al- 7:.H WuKKS OF Till': MorND-IU'ILDKUS. th(MiL;li tlu'V fire of lossor extent. Knclosed areas of one to Hftv aere.s are coinmoii. Tlie i'r()ni)s arc of oTcat t'xti'iit; one at Newark, Ohio, covers an area of nearly four s(juare miles. A reniarkaMe coinci- dence was noticed l)y Mr Scjuier in the dimensions of the square enclosures, five or si.K of these having- l»een fuund at Utwj; distances from each othei', which lueasured exactly ten hundred and ei^lity feet scjuare. ( ircles are, as a rule, smaller than the s(|uares -with which tlu'V are comiected, two huni^hed to two hun- dred and fifty feet heiniij' a common size. The hiryest of tlm enclosures, with an area of some six hundred aci'es, are those reported in the far west and north-west by early travelers whose reports are not confirmed. The emhaidvuient itself differs from those already descril)ed only in beiui;', as a rule, somewhat lower and nai'rower, although at Newark one is thirty fei't hiyh, and in heini^" construded with less excep- tions without the use of stones. The material as before was taken from the surface, ditches, or from ]>its, which latter are ofteri desci'ibed as wells, and may in some instances have served as such. The following' cut represents a jjfroup at Liberty, Ohio, typical of a hirij^e class in tlie Scioto Valley. The location is on t'vo third terrace, the embankments of earth are not over ''our feet IuljIi, there is no ditch, and the eartli seems to liave been taken exclusively from [)its, which, contrary to the usual custom, are within the enclosure. The S(piare is one of those already sixtkeii of as aijreeinii' exactly in dimensions with others at a distance. Additional dimensions are shown in the cut. The enclosures, both square and ]'()und, usually include several mounds. One at ]\Iound City, square with rounded corners, covering thirteen acres, has twenty-four sacrificial mounds within its walls. At Portsmouth, there are four con- centric 'rdes, cut by four broad avenues facinuf, with slight variation, the cardinal points, and having a 1^ >:^- x arge Theb feet in heigh cases, cular ditch of an Ohio, to ten s.vritr.i) i:N('F,osri{Ks. 7.7J Sacred Euc'lo>ht, from seven hundred to eight hundred feet l(Mih. At Madison, Louisiana, there is a raised way three feet liinh, seventy-tive feet wide, and two thousand seven huii- dred feet Iool*", with broad excavations three feet in depth extendiiiL!^ on both sides for al)out two thirds its length. Two parallel banks at Piketon, Ohio, are shown in the cut. They are ten hundred and eighty I'lmiUel Eniliaukiiients — Pikclou. feet long, two hundred and three feet apart at one end, and two hundred and fifteen at the other; the DITCH i:s AND MOUNDS. ros luMLilit on the outside l)eiiiLr from five to eleven feet. Imt nd. A hut on tlie niside twenty-two feet at one en modern carriai^^e road now runs between tlie mcjunds. From the entl of one of tliem a slit>lit embankment extends twenty-five hundred and eiglity feet to a L>"rou[> of mounds. In tlie n(n-th ditches seem never to occur, except \vith embankments; but in the south, where end)aidc- nients are r.rely if ever found, ditches, or moats, are sometimes cni^-lo^'ed to enclose otlier woi'ks, es[>e- cially in (JeorL^ia. Such a moat at (Jarterville com- municates witl). the river, extends tt) a j)ond perhaps artificial, and has two reservoirs, each of an acre, connected with it. The mounds and otliei' monu- ments are located between the river and tlu; moat. I have already s[»oken of tlie pits which furi»ished earth for the various works, sometimes called wells; some wells of another class, found in the bed of streams and su[)plied with round covers, were found by yiv Soulier to be tlie natural casts of septaria, or imbetlded nodules of hard clay. The mound or heap form is the one most common in American anti(piities as in those of nearly the whole world. Mounds are found throughout tlie ]\Iississi])pi re_<>'ion as before bounded, and beyoiul its limits in many directivins they meri^e into the small stone heaps which are kiKJwn to have been thrown uj) by the Indians at road-crossintrs and over graves. They are most numerous in the upper Mississipjii and Ohio valleys, in the same region where the eiiiliaiik- ments also most abound. As I have said, the num- ber in Ohio alone is estimated at more than ten thou- sand. They are almost always found in coiuiection with embankments and other works of the dilfereiit classes described, but they are also very numerous in rei^'ions where enclosures rarely or never occur, as in Wisconsin ami in the i»'ulf states. From the central region about the junction of the Mississippi, ^[issouri, roG WORKS OF THE MOUND-IJIILDEUS. .and Olilo, they j^radually diminish in nnnihors in (jvery direction, and also in size exc'e[)t perhii])s to- wards the sontli. They are found in valley and })lain, on hill-side and hill-top; isolated and in groups; within and witliout enclosures; and at long distances from other works. Bv their location alone no satisfai.'torv f I. class i tic; it ion could possibly be made; still, when con- sidered in connection with their contents and other circumstances, their location assumes importance, ijy their forms the tumuli are classitied as temple-mounds, anir.ial-niounds, and conical nuHUids. Temi)le-mounds always have level summit ])lat- forms, and are supposed to have once supported wooden .tructures, althouiifh no traces of such tern- pies remain. A graded road straight or winding, of gentler slope than the sides of the mound, oltcn leads to the top; and in many cases the sides have one or more terraces. One in Temiessce, four hundred and fifty feet in diameter and fifty feet high, has ten clearly m.arked terraces, exce})t on the east. The bases assume a variety of forms, sipiare, rectangular, octagonal, round, oval, etc., but the curves and angles are always extremely regular. In the north they are usually within enclosures, Itut in the south, where they are most numerous, they have no embankments and are often arranged in groujis, the smaller about a larger central mound. Jn size the temple-mounds vary from a height of five fei't and a diameter of forty feet to ninety feet in altitutle and a base-area of eight acres, in res[)ect to i'orm, material, sti'ucture, contents, and probable use they .admit of no subdivision. Like the emb.ankments they are made of earth, or rarely of stones, simply heaped up, with little care in the choice of material and none at all in the order of deitosit. The largest mound of this, or in fact of any, class is that at Cahokia, Illinois. Its base mejisures seven hundred by five hundred feet. The height is ninety feet. On one end above mid-height is a terrace plat- TEMl'LIi-MCtLNDS. irr, form one hiindrod and sixty by three Imndrcd ar.d fifty feet, und the suniniit area is twohuiuh'ed l)y iouv hundred and fifty feet, or nearly two acres, tlie base covering- over ei_L;l)t acres. („)n tlie top a small et»n- ical mound was found, with some lunnan hones, a deposit of doubtful antiquity. A mound is described at Lovedale, Kentucky, as beint^ of octaj^'onal base, five feet hii^h, witli sides of a hundred and fifty feet, three y a causeway, oi)|)o- site which a stairway of rou'^hly hewn stones leads U]) the northern slope. The toj) is covered hy a jdatfoi'iii of stone, in the centre of Avhicli lies a stone ten hy twelve feet, and eleven inches thick, hollowed ill the middle. This rejxM't without further coniirma- tion nuist be considered a hoax — at least so far as the stone 8te])s, pavement, and altar are conci-rned. The group of tem[)le-mounds shown in the cut is II! Ill Vol. IV. 4!) Mis.sis.sippi Tciiiiile-Mouuds. 770 WORKS OF THE MOlND-llL'lLDKUS. ill Wiisliiiiuftou County, Mississippi, Otlior.s siinilur ill iiiiuiy ruspucts to these are found at ^ladison, Louisiana. Teini»le-iiioun(ls are lionioi^^eneous and never strati- fied in their construction, and contain no relics; that is, the object in their erection was siinjdy to ati'ord a raised phitforin, with convenient means oi' ascent. Animal-mounds, the second class, arc those that assume in their <^n-ound plan various irregular I'oi ins, sometimes those of Hvim;- creatures, including- quadrii- })eds, hirds, re[)tiles, fishes, and in a few cases men. Mounds of this class are very numert)iis in the north- west, particularly in Wisconsin, and rarely occur further south, although there are a few excellent specimens in Ohio. They are most ahimdant in fer- tile valleys and rarely occur on the lake sliore. Nine tenths of tlieiii are simple straight, curved, or crooked embiinkments of irre^'ular form, sli^'litly raised ahove the surface, hearinn- no hkeness to any natural ohject. In many, fancied to be like certain animals, the re- semblance is imaginary. Those shaped like a ta}»er- insf club, with two knobs on one side near the larger end — a very common figure — are called 'lizard- mounds;' adtl two other protuberances on the o]>po- site side and we have the 'turtle-mounds.' Yet a few bear a clear resemblance to quadrupeds, birds, and serpents, and all evidently beloniJ!" to the same class and were connected with the religious ideas of the builders. They are not burial mounds, contain no relics, are but a few feet at the most above the ii'rouiid, and are always composed of whitish clay, or the sub- soil of the country. Their dimensions on the ground are considerable; rude effigies of human form are in some cases over one hundred feet long; quadrupeds have bodies and tails each from fifty to two hundred feet lonir; birds have wings of a hundred feet; 'liz- ard-mounds' are two and even four hundred feet in lenirth; straight and curved lines of embaidvinent CONICAL MOUNDS. 771 ro.'U'li over ii tliousaiid fetit; iiiid serpents arc C(|ually uxtoiisivo. Tlu'y are i^'roiiped \vitli(Jiit any a])jiarL'nt order too-etlier with conical mounds, occasional eiii- l)anknients, and tew enclosures. 'I'licy oIUjii t'orm a line extendini^ over a lari;e tract. In some cases the animal t'oiMn is an excavation instead of a mound, tiu! earth heinjjf thrown up on the hanks. An endiank- ment in Adams (Jounty, Ohio, on the summit of a hill much like those often occupied hy fortifications, is thou^'ht to resend)le a nionster ser])ent with curved l)ody and coiled tail, five feet hi,L;ii, thirty feet wide in the middle, and over one thousand feet Ioul;- if un- coiled. The jaws are wide (ti»en and a])|»arently in the act of swallowing' an oval mound nuMsurini;' oin; hundred and sixty hy eighty feet. ()nahill o\ii'- locjking Granville, Ohio, is a mctund six feet high and a hundred and tilty I'eet long, thought to resemhle the form of an alligator. Stones are rarely used with the earth in the construction of animal-mounds, and only in a few cases has the presence of ashes or other traces of lire been reported. The third class of tumuli includes the conical mounds, meiy heaps of earth and stones, so far as out- ward a[)pearance is concerned, generally round, often oval, sometimes s([uai'e with rounded corners, or even hexagonal and triangular, in their hase-forms, and varying in height from a few inches to seventy feet, in diameter from three or four to three hundred leet. A height (jf from six to thirty feet and a diameter of forty to one hundred feet would iirohahlv include a larger part of them. Of course the height h;; ^ l-'cn reduced and the hnse increased hy the action oi inins more or less in ditferent localities according t(» the material emj)loyed. ^[ounds of this class never liaM; sunnnit platforms or any means of ascent. They ar*; here as elsewhere in America nmch moi'e luiinei'ous than other mounds. Although so like one to another in form, they (J"(fer widely in location and contents. ■;r II 772 W()::ks of Tin: .M()i\F)-i!rii.i)i:i!s. 'riicy ari' lutiml on liill-tops and in the Kvcl iilaiii. In tliL' funm-i" case tliev aft- fit her isolated, uroiipud lound luititications, m- extend in loni;' lines .-it invi^- ular intervals Tor many miles, sun'^'e^tinL;' boundary lines uf tifc; sinnals. In the valleys they stand alone, in s^Toiiiis, or in eonnection with saered enelosures. 'I'he ^■roui>s arc sometinius symmetrical, as when a niimher ot" mounds are rennlarly arranged ahoiit a l.ii;.','er central one, or are so placed as to lorm s(|uareH, circles, and other reynlar lii;iires; hut often no sys- tiinatic plan is ohservahle. Also in connection with the enclosures ])art of them are symmetrically located with resjx'ct to entrances, ani^les, or tem|)le-moimds; wjiile others are scattered apparently without fixed order. There are few enclosures that do not have a mound ojiposite each entrance on the inside. A com- ]>lete survey and restoration woidd ])rol)al>ly slio ' manv mounds to helono- to some reu'ular svstem, t now appear isolated. The uiaterial of the mounds re(piiri'S no remark in addition to what has heeii said ol" other works. A larn'c majority are sim|»ly heaps of thi' earth nearest at hand. Stone mounds, or those of mixed materials, are rare, and are chiefly contined to the hill-top struc- tures. ^Fost of the earth mounds are liomo^eneous in structui'e, hut some ai'e )-eL;ularly and douhtless intentionally stratified. Some of them in the L>ulf states are composed of shells, in addition to the shell- mounds |)roper formed hy the gradual deposit of lefuse shells, the contents of which served as t'ood. The contents of tlio moimds sliould l>e divided into two i^reat classes; those deposited hy the Mound- liuilders, and those of moileru Indian or Kuiopean origin, 'i'he distinction is im])oi'tant, hut diHicult; and in this difficulty is to he found the oii^in of many of tlu; extraordinary repoi'ts and theories. The Indians ]iav(^ always felt a kind of veneration foi- the moimds as for something' of mvsterious oii'^in and CONTKNTS Ol" Tin; M()IM»S. purpose, and liavr used tlitlii as Itiiiial placts. Tlif Indian lialiit of Imi'vin;;" with their dead siu-h artidts us wero pri/A'd hy them when hvinijf, is well known; as is also the value attached hy them to trinUi'ts dh- tiiined hy purchase oi' theCt iVoin lMiro|»eans. ('on- s(!(|U(!ntly articles of iuirojiean inanulacture, such as nuist ha\(.! heeii ohtained Ioul;' hel'ore the country was to any i^nvat extent occu|>ied hy the whites, are often du'_;' from the mounds and found elsewhert\ TIk; dis- ooveiy of silver ci'osses, ^undtarrels, and l''i'ench dials. does not, however, as Mr S(|uiei' I'emarks, justify the conclusion that tlie Moun«l-huilders " wen; ( atholics, useil fire-arms, or s])oke Fi'ench." The mounds are usually opened hy injudicious ex|)lorei's or hy ti'eas- ure-seekers, Avho hav(t jiaid little attention to the location of the relics found or tht; condition of the suri"oundin"arded as not authentic unless accomi)ani('d hy most positive pi'oof. I Neither the emhankmeiits of saci'ed enclosures, tlie temple-mounds, nor the animal-moimds, have heen proved to contain any relics tliat may he j'ttrihuted to the oriij>'inal huildei's. ;^[any of the conical mounds do contain such ri'lics, ami hy their contents oi- the lack of them, are divided into idtar-mounds, hurial mounds, and anomalous mounds. Altar-mounds are always found within or near nil WOIIKS OF THE MOUXT)~BUIM)EnS. enclosure^, juhI each one i.s fouiitl to contain some- thing like an altar, made t)f hurned clay or stone. The altar.s are generally of fine clay brought from some distance, burned hard sometimes to a depth of twenty inches. They were not burned before being- put in place, but by the action of fires built upon or I'ound them. Such as were very sligiitly burned had no relics. The stone altars are very rare, and aic formed of rough slabs, and not hewn from a single block. They are S(juare, rectangular, round, and ov;i] : varv In size from two feet in diameter to lifteen by tiftv feet, but are o'enerally from fi\e to eight feet; ni'e rarely over twenty inches high; rest on or iicav the surface of the ground, in the centre of tlie mound; and have a basin-shaped concavity on the top. The basin is almost always filled with aislu'S, in which are the relics depositetl by the jMound- l)uilders. Relics are mucli more n.umerous in the altar than in the burial mounds, but as thev are of the same class, both may best be spoken of together. These altars are i)r()bably the structures s])oken of by early ex]ilorei's and wi-iters as lieartlis; there are reports that some of tlK'iii were made of burnt bi-icks. .\ i)ecuHavitv of the altar-mountls is that tliev are formed of regular strata of eaitli, gravel, sand, clay, etc., which are not horizontal, but follow the curve of the surface. Tlie outer laver is conunonlv of <>ravel. This stratitication renders it easy to detect any mod- ern distui'bance of the mounds, ami makes the altar relics es])ecially interesting and ^ahlable for scientific piu'|ioses. ( )ver the aslu's in one altai'-niound, Avere found plates of mica a'ld some human bones. Skele- tons are often foimd near the surface of these mounds, the sti'ata above them being disturbed; in one case the Indians had penetrated to the centre and de- jiosited a ])ody on the altar itself Sir John Lul)l)ock inclines to the opinion that these were really sepul- chral rather thati sacrificial mounds, althougji he had not personally examined them. Whatever then use, P.l RIAL AKUNDS. 775 tliev certainly constitute a clearly defined class dis- tinct tVuni all others, and the name altar-mounds is as a[)i)ropriate as any other. Unstratified mounds, never a\ ithin enclosures and ll^enei-ally at souie little distance iVom thi'in, contain- ing human remains in their centres and undouhtedly erected as [)laces of se})ulture, constitute the second class, and are called burial mounds. 'J'he custom of lieapinn' up a mound over the dead was })rol)ahly iiui- tated lor a lono- time hy the trihes that followed the Mound-huilders, so that the relics from these mouiuls are less satisfactory than those found on the altars. In tlie burial mounds that may he most coiiHdently ascribed to the Mound-builders, the human remains are found in a situation corivsponding to ihat of the altars. I'hey are usually enclosed in a frame-work of loys, a coverino- of bark or coarse niattinn', or a com- bination of these, which ha\'e left only faint trace>'. ( )f the skeleton oidy small frai^nients remain, which (•ramble on exposun.; to the air. In some cases tliere ai'e indications that the body was burned before burial. Each mound cental is, as a I'ule, a single skeleton, ^•enerally but not always ])laced east and west. AVlujre seveial skeletons are found together, they are some- times placed in a circle with the heads towai'ds the centre. The mounds never contain lar^e nund)ei-s of skeletons, and caimot be I'e^aided as cemeteries, but only as monuments reared o\er the remains of person- ao^-es hli>'li in rank. N'ery few skulls or bones are recovered sufficiently entire to ij;ive any idea of the !\round-builders' ]»hysi(pie, and these few show no clearly defined 'rou}), the smaller ones in such cases bein<>' ^'rouped round a larger central one, uenerally in contact with its base, ^[r Laphani sketched mounds in Wiscon- sin where the body is deposited iu a ce.itral basin- 77G WORKS OF THE MOUND-PA' ILDKIIS. shaped excavation in the j^round very iniieli like tliose in Vancouver Ishind ah'cady described. Of the eastern burial de[)osits not connected Avitli the mounds I sliall say very little. It has already been stated that the mounds were in no sense cenu- teries. Only a favored fe\v of what nuist have 1)ec!i a dense po[)ulation were honored by these sepulchr.;] momiments. Obli^-ed to seek elsewhere the _i>'eneral de[)()sitories of the dead, we find them of various classes in lari^'e numbers; l)ut as yet veiy little has been done towards identifying any of them as tlic resting-places of the ^[ound-builders. There aic many bone-jjits, or trenches tilled with human bones, in the moimd region; but some of the modern In- dians are well known to have ])eriodically collected and de})osited in pits the bones of their dead. Largi- numbers of bodies have been found in the caves of Kentucky and Tennessee, well preserved by the nat- iira.l deposits of saltpetre, and wra[)ped in skins, bark, or feather-cloth ; but tlie fact tliat such cloths Avere ma(h; and used l)y the soutlicrn tribes, renders the origin of these bodies micertain. ijesides the caves and trenches there are I'egular cemeteries, some of them very extensive. Seven of these are reported about Nashville, Tennessee, within a radius of ten miles, each being about a mih; in extent. 'J"he graves are of flat stones, lie in ranges, awd contain skeletons much decayed, with some relics. The coffins, or graves, vary from two to six feet in length, and tlu' smallest have sometimes been mentioned as indicating a race of pigmies; it is evick'nt, however, that in such graves bones were not deposited until the Hesh had 1»een removed. Sometimes there are traces of wooden coffins, in other cases there arc only stones at the head and feet, and often there is no trace ot any coffni. A few graves contain relics similar to those in the altai-- mounds, and were covered with large forest trees when first seen by Kuropeans. Yet the comparatively well-preserved skeletons, and the presence in many ANOMALOUS MolNDS. 777 cases of iron and relics clearly modern, render it well- nigh inipoHsihle to decide Avliicli, it" any, of these cem- eteries contain the remains of the ^lonnd-huilders. j\[()unds of the third class are called anomalons, and include all that are not evidently either altar or hurial mounds, or which haA'e some of the pecul- iarities of hotli classes; for instance, in an ellij)ticnl mound an altar was found in one centre, and a skele- ton in the other, ^[ost ]»rominent amon^* them arc the hill-top heaps of earth, or -oltener than in th*' plains helow — of stone. These have as a rule few ori^'inal hurial deposits, and no relics; are often ni'ar fortitications; and in many cases hear the marks of fire. Their use caimot he accurately determined, hut they are _<>'enerally ren'arded as watch-towers and tire; signal stations. Of course, comparatively few of t\\v whole numhcr of conical mounds have heeii explored, hut so far as examined tliev seem to l)e ahout eiiuallv divided hetween the three classes. The mouiid shown in the cut is at ^Tianiishuii;-, Ohio, and its class Momul at Miaiiiiwbiirf,'. 778 WORKS OF THE MOUM/-nUILT)ERS. is not stated. It is sixty-eight feet liigli uiid eight hundred and fifty feet in circumference. Shell- mounds al)ounding in relics of ahoriginal woik are very numerous in the gulf states. T shall pass ])rielly over the minor relics of abo- riginal art since it is impossible in this volume to present illustrative cuts of the thousands of objects tliat have been found, or even of typical sjiecimens. Such relics as are incontestal)ly the Avork of the jVIound- builders include articles of metal, stone, earthen ware, bone, and shell. They include imple- ments and ornaments, besides wliich many are of unknown use. Most of the smaller sjiecimeiis, wliose use is unknown, are called l)y !Mr ])ickeson and others aboriginal coins; perhaps some of them did serve such a purpose. The oidy metals found in the mounds are copper and silver, the latter only in very small (piaii titles. A few gold trinkets have been reported, but the evi- dence is not conclusive that such were deposited by tlie Mound-builders. Iron ore and galena occur, but no iron or lead. Co])per is found in native masses, and also ham- mered into implements and ornamojits. There is no evidence that this metal was ever ol)taincd f)om ore ])y smelting; it was all doubtless worked cold from native masses by hammering. Concerning tlie lo- cality where it was procured, there is little or no uncertainty. The abundant deposits of native cop- per about Lake Superior naturally suggest that region as the source of the copper sup}>ly; the dis- covery of anciently worked mines strengthens the supposition; and the finding among the mounds of coi>per mixed with silver in a manner o\]]y found at Lake Superior, makes the matter a certainty. The modern tribes also ol)tained some copper from the same localities. The Mound-builders were ignorant of the arts of casting, welding, and alloying. They ABORIGINAL POTTERY. 779 liad no means of liardoning their copper tools, l)cinLf in tliis respect less advanced than the Nahnas and !Mayas. In fact copper implements are nuicli more rare than ornaments of the same metal. The imple- ments include axes, hatchets, adzes, knives, spear- lieads, chisels, drills, etc. Ornaments are in the form of rin^s, gorgets, medals, bracelets, and beads, ^vith a large variety of small articles of unknown use, some of them probably used as money. Very small models of larger implements like axes are often found, and were doubtless Avorn as ornaments. Silver is of nuicli rarer occurrence than co])per, was obtained prol)ably from the same region, and is almost invariably found in the form of sheets hammered out very thin and closely wrapped about small ornaments of co|)per or shell. So nicely is the wrapping done that it often resembles jdating. The gold whose dis- covery has been re})orted has l)een in tlie form of beads and so-called coins. Mr Dickeson speaks con- Hdently of gold, silver, copper, and galena money left b}^ the ^lound-builders. There is no evidence that the use of iron was known, except the extivnie ditli- culty of clearing forests and carving stone with im- plements of stone and soft copper. S|)ecimens of aboriginal pottery are very abundant, altliouLih much less so within tlie mounds tlian else- ■where near tlie surface. !Mr Sipiier says, "vai'ious tliough not abundant specimens of their skill have been recorded, which in elegance of model, delicacy, and Hnish, as also in tineness of matei'ial, come I'ullv up to the host Peruvian specimens, to which they bear, in many respects, a close resemblance. They far exceed anything of which the existing tribes of Indians are known to have been capable." The speci- mens in the niound-de[)()sits are, with very lew ex- ceptions, broken. The material is usually a ]»ure clay, sometimes with a slight admixture of ])al\eiized quartz or colored tiakes of mica, but such admixtures 780 WOIIKS OF THE MOUND-DL'ILDEIIS. are mudi rarer tlian in modern specimens, Notwitli- staiidii)^' tlicir great regularity of form and beauty of finisli, none bear signs that the potter's wheel was used in their construction, and no vessels are glazed by vitrilication. They are decorated with various jTfraceful fi<'i'L'es, including those of living animals, cut in with sharp instruments. A few crucil)les, capa- ble of withstanding intense heat, have been found, also terra-cotta images of animals and men, and or- naments or coins in small quantities. Pottery-kil;is are found in the south, but that they were the work of the Mound-builders has not been satisfaetoiily proven. Specimens of the finer class of vases aic shown in the cut. The first is of [)ure clay with a Eurthcn Vases from the Mounds. slight silicious mixture. It is five and a half indies high and six. and a half in diameter, not over one sixth of an incji in uniform thickness, pierced with four holes in the line round the rim, dark brown oi- nmber in color, and highly polished. The decorative lines are cut in with a sharj) instrument which left no ragged edges. The second vase is of somewhat smaller size and coarser material; but more elaborately ornamented and only one eighth of an inch in thick- ness. give eai'it usu; tile senti in ti' The STONE DIPLE^IENTS. 781 Stone iinplemoiits arc more abundant tlian these of any otlier material in the altar-mounds and else- where They include arrow and spear heads, knives, rxt'S, hatchets, chisels, and other variously formed cut- ting- instruments, with hannners and pestles. These nvc made of (piartz and other hard vai'iotios of stone, all belonninij;" to the mound region exce})t the ohsid- i in. There is no doubt that obsidian imidoments Merc used Ijy the Mound-builders, and as this mate- rial is said not to be found nearer than Mi;xico and (.'alifornia, it is perhai)s as likely tliat the hn})le- ments were obtained by trade as that they were manufactured in the countr}". Neither the obsidian knives, nor other stone Avea})ons, sliow any marked diiferences from those found in ^lexico, Central America, and most other [)arts oi' the Wdrltl. Lance iind arrow heads, finished and in the rough, entire or more freipiently broken by the action of tire, are taken by hundreds and thousands from tlie altar- mounds; several bushels of lance-heads of milky ([uartz were found in one mound, it is a remarkable hu-t, however, that no weapons whatever are Ibund i:i burial mounds. Beads, rings, antl < tlier orna- ments of stone are often found, with a variety of anomalous articles whose use is more or less im- jterfectly understood. Besides wea])ons and knives, pi[)es are the articles most abundant, and on which the ^lound-buildei's expended most lavishly their skill, carving the bowls into a great variety of beau- tiful forms, at what must have been an inunense outlay of labor. A remarkable jieculiai-ity (jf their pi[»e-carvings is that accurate representations are given of (litK'i'ent natural objects instead of tlie rude (•ai'icatures and monstr(>s '.ies in which savage art usually delights. Nearly every beast, bird, and I'ep- tile indigenous to the country is truthfully repn^- sented, togetlu;r with some creatui'es now only ibund in tr()))ical climates, such as the laniantin and toucan. The i)i|);.'s '>'enerallv consist of a bowl risinu' from the 782 WOUKS OF THE MUUXD-UUILDEllS. centre of tlie convex side of a curved l)asc, one end of which serves as a handle and the other is {>ierced for a stem. They are always cut from a sinu^le ])iece, the material heing j^eneially a hard ]>or[)iiyry, (d'ten est red, and strongly resendjling in some cases the red i)i})e-stone of the Coteau des Prairies. The lo- cality where this j)i})e material was obtained is un- known. Many of the scul})tured figures show skillful workmanship and a high polish; 1 think that many of them are not inferior to the products of Nahua and jSIaya skill. Some rude stone images of un- known use have been found at various points, but 1 am not aware that any relics have been authentically reported from the altar-mounds which indicate tliat the ancient peo})le were worshipers of idols. Mica is the mineral most conmion in both altar and buriul mounds, where it occurs in plates cut into a gicat variety of foi'ms. Some of them have been con- jectured to have served .as mirrors. Bushels are sometimes deposited in a single mound. J^ieces of coal artiticially formed are included l)y Dickeson amonn" his aboriginal coins. Bones of indigenous animals are found worked into daggers, awls, and similar implements; or as ornaments in the form of beads. Similar use was made of the teeth and talons of boasts and bii'ds. Teeth of the bear, wolf, panther, alligator, and shark, have been found, some of the latter being fossils, together with large quantities of teeth resembling those of tlie whale, but not fullv identified. Five varieties of marine sliells, all from the gulf shores, have been examined, with pearls whose size and numbers pi'ove that they are not of fresh-water orii>in. Both are used for ornaments, cliieflv in the form of beads. Pearls are also found in a few in- stances serving as eyes for animal and bird sculj>tui'es. Some articles of bone and shell have been mistaken lor ivory and accredited with an Asiatic origin, ANCIHNT MINES. 783 tlir()iii;li ignorance that tlieir mati'i-ial is found on tlio shores of tliu jj;ult'. ^Eany ai'ticles I'ound in tlu; iiiouiuls, and not perhaps inchided in the |)rec('dinn- o-eneral des«'i-l})ti()n, are interefsting-, hut could only he descrihed in a detailed account, for wliich I havt; no space; hut most relics not thus included are of doul)tful authentlcitv, and a douhtful inoiiiniient of anticpiity .should always he attriljuted to modern times. The ancient minors have left mimerous ti-accs of their work in the reg'iou of Lake Su[)erior. At one place a piece of })ure copper weit^hinLf over live tons was found fifteen feet helow the surface, undei' ti'ces at least four lumdred years old. It had heen raised on skids, hore marks of fire, and some stone imj)le- ments were scattered ahout. There is no evidi;nc(! that the trihes foimd in poss(.!ssion of the country hy the tirst French missionaries ever worked these mines, or had any tradition of a peo[)le that had worked them, althou<4'h hoth they and their an(;estors h;id copper knives hammered from lumps of the metal, which are very commonly found on the surface;. All the traditi(jns and Indian stories of 'mines' may most consistently he referred to these natural su|)erticial (!■- ])osits. The ancient mines were f >r the most oart in the same localities where the hest modern mines ai'o worked. Most of thein have left as traces only slii^ht depressions in the surface, the finding- (»f which is reL(arded hy prospectors as a tolerahly sure* indication of a rich vein of co[)per. 'i'he cut represents a sec- tion of one of the veins of copper-heariuL*" rock worked hy the ancient miners. T.ie mass of coj)pi r at a weiLj'hed ahout six tons. At the to}) a portion (»f the stone had heen left across the vein as a su|)[)ort. Co[)per im[)l'rooved for withe handles. Some weigh froni thirty to forty [)ounds and have two ;si woijK.s OF Tin-: MouNn-iuiLi)i:i!s. Hectiini ot iiii old Cojuier Mine. L^Toovos; otlicrs a^uiii nro not jj^roovcid at all. In onc: case remain;-; of a liandlo of twisted cedar-roots were found, and much-worn wooden shovels often occur. There are no luiclosures, mounds, or other traces of <•>, jjermanent settlement of the ^lound-huilders in the minin<4' n'L>ion. it is prohahle that the minei's came each sununer I'rom the south; in i'act, it would have heeu impossible to work the mines in winter by their methods. Nearly all the coins, medals, stone tablets, etc., that have been discovered within the region occu})icd by the j\Ioimd-buildei-s, bearinii^ inscri])tlonH in regular apparently al])habetic characters, maybe proved to be of European orii^in ; and the few s])ecimens that do not admit of such ]»roof should of course be atti'ibuted to such an origin in the absence of conclusive evidence to the contrary, llude delineations of men, animals, and other recoijfnizable objects, toi^'ether with many arbitrary, })ei'liaj)s conventional, characters, are of fre- pn UihK INSCUII'TIONS. 7sr, (jiK'tit ot'ciiri't'iicc nil tilt' walls ot' c'lvcs, on luTpi'ii- y no means been ideiitilied as tile Work ol" the Moiiii(l-I>niIders. Tliese eastern rock-inscrii>tions do not call lor additional remarks, al'ter what has hoeii said of similar carNiii'^s in other re^-ions. Many •'!' the li'^iires ha\'e a iiieaniii'^' to those who iiiaki! them, Imt. that meaning', as in all wi-iliir^s of this class, perishes with the artist and his i'Minediate times. Attem|its hy /ealoiis anti(|iiaiies t.» penetrate till' si'^'iiilical ion ol" particular inscriptions — as that on l)ii;litou liock. Massachnselts, and other Well-known examples liaN'e lailed to com ince any hut the determined advocate of siidi theories as sei in to derive support Iroiii the so-called translation. My hither saw ;i stone tahlet takt'ii IVoiii a stone iiionnd n ar Newark, c(»vere(| with car\ed characters, which t!ie cli'i-^yman of tli(! town |iroiioiin<'cd to he the ten ciinmandiiieiits in ancient Ilehrew. I Jia\ c no douht t!iat tli»,' linuri'S did closely reseinhle the ancient Ile- hrew in one respect at least — that is, in hein^;' ecpially nnlamiliar to the clernvman. Without takine' up her(^ th(> A-arioiis tlieories i-e- s])ectin<;- the origin, history, and disappearance of" tho Moiind-huilders, it may lie well to e\|iress in a W'W liriet' conclusions what may he learned of this peoph; hy an exiiinhuitioii ol" the monninents which they liave left. Tliuy were a iiiimerous ]»eo])le, as is sntlicicMitly ]>roved by the man'iiitude and nco^raphical I'xtent ol" their works. 'J'Jiey Mere prohably ohc peo])le, that is, composed of trihes living under similar laws, religion, and other institutions. Such variations as are ob- served in the inonunients are only those that would naturally occur between central and frontier regions, I II Vol.. IV. 50 786 WOKKS OF TIIK MOUXD-nUILDKKS. filtliouyh tlio .iiiiiuMlH-iuomulH of the north -wost present sonic ditliculticH. The Mound-huilders were an aL;'ri('uhuriil })eo)»le. Tribes tliat live l)y hunting- never build extensive public works, neither would llie chase su]i})ort a sulHciently large pojtulation Ibr the erection of such Avorks. Moreover, the location of the nioiuinients in the most fertile sections oofs far to confii'ni this conclusion. Some of the lar^'•er enclosures have been sup})osed, — only by ri'iison of their size, however, — to have been cultivated fields; and evident traces of an ancient cultivation are Ibuud, although not clearly referable to the Mound-builders. There is nothiuL^' to sliow an advanced civilization in the modern sense of the word, but they were civ- ilized in comj)arison with the rovini^ hunter-tribes of later times. They knew nothing of the use of metals beyond the mere ]iammerin!>f of native masses of copper and silver; they built no stone structui'es; they had seemingly made no approach to the higher gracU's of hieroglyphic writing. Their civilization as recorded by its material relics consisted of a knowl- edge of au'iiculture: considerable skill in the art of fortification; much greater skill than that of the Indians in the manufacture of pottery and tlie cai'v- ing of sti)ne i)ipes; the mathematical knowledge dis- l^layed in the laying-out of perfect circles and ac- curate angles, and in the correspondence in size between different works. Their earth- works sliow more perseverance than skill ; no one of them neces- sarily implies the use of mechanical aids t(> l.il there is none that a large nundjer of nv n _;ht nun construct by carrying earth in simple 1 < All traces of their architecture ha\ iisappoared. It has been suggested that were the nipl > yet standing on their pyramidal foundations, the^ might compare favorably with those of Central America and Mexico. But the construction of wooden edifices with any pretensions to grandeur and synnnetry, by means of stone and soft copper tools, seems al)so- I'oNci.rsioNS. 7c7 lutfly iiii|)()ssli)lL'; at least siicli sti'iicturus would ruqiiii'c iiiiiiiitLly ,read I'tli^ious sys- tuni inidur a [)o\vcri"ul jiiiusthood; piivato d«.'Votioii luaiiilrsts itself oil a scale less niaL;uili»'ent, and oiu; involving- less hard work, ()f their riti-s wt; know iiothini;'. The altar-inouiMls su^'gest saerifice; l)uni((l human l)(>Mes, liuniaii sai-ritiee. (Gateways on the oast, and the east mid west direction of enihaiikinents and skeletons may connect worship with tin; sun; hut all is conjecture. No idols, kiKJwn to he such, have heen found; the cemeteries, if any of them helom;' to the Mound-I)uilders, show no uniform usa^e in l»urial. The aiR'ieiit peo))le lived inider a system of oovern- ment considerahly advanced, more than likely in the hands of the ])riesthood, hut of its details we know iKjthinj^. A social condition involving' some form of slavery would ho most favorahle for the construction of such works. The monuments descril)cd arc not the work of the Indian trihes found in the country, nor of any ti'iiies ivseiuhlinn' them in institutions. Those trihes had no definite ti'adition oven of past contact with a supeiior people, and it is only in the south ainoUL;' the little- known Natchez, that sli^'ht traces of a descent from, or imitation of, the ]\roun(l-l)uilders a]»])ear. Most and the hest authorities ileem it im[)ossil)le that the ]\lound-l)uilders were oven the remote ancestoi-s of the Indian trihes; and while inclined to he less positive than most who have written on the suhject respectino- the i)ossihle chanijfes that mav have heen effected hv a Ioiil;' course of centuries, 1 think that the evidence of a race locally extinct is much stronger here than in any otlier })art of the continent. The monuments are not sufficient in themselves to absolutely prove or disprove the truth of any one of rs8 Works of tiik Morxn-nnLDEns. 'tlie follow iiiL;' theories: 1st. An indinviious cuUui'o sj»riiiL;iii,iL'' uj> aiiiuiig the ]\lisssissij)pi tribes, loiiiidcd oil ai;ri(.'nlture, fostered l>yc'limiite and other uidcnowii ( ii(innsta:u-es, constantly n'l'owino' throunh loni;' i>,L;es, (hi\ ini;" back the snrionndiny' walls of savaL>isni, l»ut ai'tn-wai'ds weakened by unknown causes, yielding' '^i'adually to savuL;e hordes, and finally ainiihilated or (h'i\eii in renniants from their homes southward. I'd. A colony fnau the southern peoples already stai't<'(l in t'.ie j)ath of ci\iH/,a.tion, t^'rowinn' as bi'foi-i' in jiower, but at last forced to yield their home's into the pos- s;'ssioii of sava^vs, ;!d. A mi^i'atiiii^' colony from the north, dwelling;' lon^' in tlic land, n'raihially inciTasiuL;" ill powt'r and culture, constantly extending;' their do- minion southwai'd, and fnially altuiidomuL;' \t»luiitarily oi' a'.;iinst their will, the north foi' the moi't^ I'aNored south, where they modified or originated the southern ci\ilization. The last theory, lon^- ;i very ])opular one, is in it- sell" less consistent aud recei\es less support iVoni the relics than the others. 'I'he second, which has some points in connnon with the first, is most reasonable and best supjiorted by moimuiental and tiaditional t''>idence. 'I'he temple-niounds stroiii^ly ivsemb'le in t!nir j)i'incipal features the southern jtyi'amids; at 1 a^t they iniply a likeness of relit;i'>us ideas in the builders. The use of obsidian im[)lements shows a connection, either through ori^'in, war, or connnerce, with the Mexican natiectinn' the arrival on their cixists from the north-east, of iM\ilized !?trani;ers. There is very little evidence that ti:u j\Iound-builders introduced in the south the Xahuii civilization, and none whatever that the Aztec mi^ra- ticMi started from tlio Mississippi Valley, but 1 am inclined to believe that there was actually a connec- tion between the two ])eoples; that the !Mound-build- ers, or those that introduced their culture, were 4 ANTUiUITV OF Till; MoM MHNTS. rs'j oriiiiniillv a Xaliua colouv, find that those ])0(.i)lo may be refurred to in soiuo of tliu tmditioiis meniioiu'd. Without ('lainiin;;- to Ijo able to determiiiL' ex;ict]\' tlie relation between the ^Moiiiid-buildcrs and Xahiias, I sliall have soinutliinn' furthLT to sav (-)i this sunji'ct in another vohnne. Tile Avoi'hfi wi'i'e not built 1)_v a iiiiL^'ratinu' ()i'o|iI(', but by a race tliat li\t'd lou^- in tlic land, It srcm-; unlikely tliat thu rcstdts attained could lia\f i.ic;! accouiiilisluMl in less than ibur or live cfiiturics. Xutl;- ini^' indicates that the tinu; did not cxtmd to ilmii- sands oi" years, but it is only resj)ectin!4' the niinininni tiiui' that there can he any ^rounds for reasonaM,! eonjectnre. 1 1' we su]>[)ose the ci\ili/.ation indigenous, of course a nnich lon^'er period nuist b^' assi.;ned to its develo[)iuent than if it was introduc( d liy a niiMa- tion -oi' rather a, coloni/atioii, Ibr ci\irized and s( mi- ci\ ili/,"d peoples do not mi j rale en masse. )dor( o\ , |- a northern origin would im[i!y a lonu;cr durat ion oi'tiuu! than one from the south, where a decree of ci\ili/.a- tion is known to have existed. J low lou'.;' a time has ilapsed since tlie ,Moui d- l)uil(K'rs ah;ndoned tlu'ii' works^ Ib'ie ajain a mil. - nnun e.-tiniate only can be souLjht. No \\or!< is more endui-in^' than an embankment of earth. Thi re is \\.\ positi\'(; internal proof that they were m-t standiir;- oui', li\'e, oi' ten tlio"sand yi'.-'.rs a'_;'o. The e\ide;ii(S of an ancient ahandomneni of the works, or si rio.is decline of the hullders' |iowei', are as iollows: 1>',, tlie fact that none of tlnni stand on the last formi'd terrace of the ri\crs. iuo>t ou (he oldc-i terrarc. -ud that those on the second hoar in soinc ca>i> nurk-^ of havino' heeii insadcd hy watei-. 'I'he rale of ti rraie- formiiii4- \aries ou diilercnt streams, and there are no siilhcieiit data lor oiimatln.;- in yeais th" time I'o- (jiui\(l for the formation of any one of the leii.K ,.s^ at least scientilic men \\\\i ca.rel'id not to ^i\-e a (hliii- ite opiniitn in the matter; but it ise\iden( that eadi re(piii"ed a \ery lo)ie' perio'l. and tlie la t omi- a ne-cli '90 WORKS OF THE MOUND-BUILDERS. , L^iig'er tiiiio tlian any of the others, on account of the iL^'rathial longitudinal levelino- of the river-beds. 2d. The coni})l(jte disappearance of all wooden structures, which must have been of great solidity. J3d. The advanced state of deconipositi(jii of human bones in ;i soil well calculated for their preserv^ation. Skeletons are found in Euro])e well preserved at a known age (if eighteen hundred years, 4th. The absence of the ]\[ound-bnilders from the traditions of modern tribes. Nothing would seem more likely to be i)reser\ed in mythic or historic traditions than contact with a superior people, and the mounds would serve to keep tlie traditions alive, otli. The fact that the monu- ments were covered in the seventeenth century Avitli l)rimitive forests, uniform with those wliicli covered the otlier ])nrts of the country. In this latitude the ago of a forest tree may be much more accurately determined than in tro})ical climates; and trees from luur to five hundred j^ears old have been examined in many well-authenticated cases over niounds and em- bankments. E(|ually large trees in all stages of (leconn)osition were found at their feet on nnd under the ground, so that the abandonment of the works must be dated back at least twice the actual age of tlie standing trees. It is a fact well known to Avoodsnien that ^^•hcn cultivated land is abandoned the first growth is very unlike tlie original foi'est, both in the sjjocies aiid size of the ti'ees, and tliat .•^everal generations would be re(|uired to restore the ju'imitive timl)er. Conse([uently a thoi;::',!:d years UHist have ])assed since some of the woi'ks wvvo abandoned. 'I'he moiuinients of the ]\Iississi|)pi pre- sent stronger internal evidence of gi-eat antiijuity than any others in -America, altliough it ly no means follows that they are (tlder than J'a!en(|Ue and ("opaii. The height of tlie ]\lound-buiklers' jiower should not, without very [)ositive external evidence, be ]ila(e(l at a later date than the fifth or sixth ceiiturv of our tra. CHAPTER XTY. PERUVIAN ANTIQUITIKS. TU-O E,oc,I.S OF PeRI-VIAX CrVILIZATIOX-AliORIGIXAL GOVMVMFXT l'':i-'(n..N, AND Akts- 'Jontua.st.s-Ti.i.; Hi .ua.s~- II.m \n ]{,■•' MAINS -AUTICLES OK MkTAI.- COPPEU iMlM.KMKNT.S-doi.I," AND SII.VK U ^ ASKS AND OhNAMKNTS-UsK OF IltOX lNKNO\VN-AnouiG. INAF. hN.nNKi:i![NO_I'AVKI, I!OAI).S-I'K.a-VIAN POTTEltV- It.IN.S OP r AfHACAMAC-MACSOLKl-M OK CUELAP-CiHAX-CltlMU-lh- \r V ..^^r.SA-llCMI.^KOKTIIKS^N-I;KMAINS OX TUK Isl.AXI. OK TlTI- .A.A^-dlAVIN I.K HlANTA-IlL-ANlCO KL ViKJO-CLZCO-MoM:- MI-NT.S OK TlAllLAXACO-ISLAND OK COATI. _ I conclude with a short cliaptor on Peruvian antiq- uities, made up for the most part from tlie work of iuycro and Isehudi, and ilhistrated with tJie cuts copied from tlmt woi-k for ^h Baldwin's a.vount » AiuMcnt J eru inchuh'd also modern Ecuador, Bolivia and a hir-e part of Chih; and the m..st remarkahlJ monuments of anti<,uity arc consi.h.rod the woi'ks of a ]'|;oI..u iMccedui- that found l>y J >izarr.) hi possession <'f the country, and hearin- very much the same rela- tion to the suhje.-ts of tlie Incas as the ancient Mavas hore to the Quiches of ( iuat.Mnala, or j.erhaps the 1 oltecs to_ the Aztecs. The i>eruvians that ca.ne into contact with tlie 8pauiards wci'u superior in some re- M11113, />"'■'" /'I s Aiicuiit Atiicnc'i, utt, ^M-M ^ r.'.ii 792 PEIIUVIAN ANTIQriTIES. spccts to the Aztecs, At least equally advanced in the various mechanical and fine arts, except sculpture and architectural decoration, they lived under as ])er- fect a system of government, and rendered homaL;e tt) less hloodthirstv u'ods. Tlicv kept their records hv means of (/nipits, or knotted strings, a method j)rob- aMyas useful practically as the Aztec picturc-wi-itin^', but not so near an a]>})roach to an alphabet; while tlie more ancient nations have left nothinn" to com])arc with the hieroo-lypliic tablets of Central America, and the e\'idence is f;ir from satisfactory that they pos- sessed any advanced art in writing'. It will be seen from the specimens to be presented that their archi- tecture, th(MiL;h perhaps more massive than that of ]^[ayas or Xahuas, is not on the whole of a supe/ior character. The most marked contrasts are ibund in tlie orvv. rence in Peru of cyclo]:)ean structures, the use of larger blocks of stone, the comparati\e absenc(! of the pyramidal ibundations, of architectural and hieroglyphic sculpture, and the mere extensive use of adobes as a buihlinn'-material, lludcii is the Peruvian name for any veiieratt'd or holy structure, but is usually a[>plied to the conical mounds of the counti'V, niostlv mounds of se])ultuie. Thousands of these have been o]>ened and from thein have been taken a n'reat variety of relics, together uith ])reserved nunnmies Avra])[)ed in native cloth. The relics include imph-ments and ornaments of metal, stone, bone, shell, and wood. The Pei'u\iai:s seem to have had a more abundant snp]>ly of metals than the civilized nations of Xorth Anieiica, and to have been at least e(pially skillful in working tlKin. Th(! cuts show specimens of cojti)er cutting im))le- ments, of v.hich a gi'eat variety ai'e found. Px'sidcs cojjper, they had gold and silver in nuich greatci' abundance than the northern artisans, and the ai'ts of melting, casting, soldering, beating, iidaying, and carving these metals, were carried to a high di-gree of |)eifection. Everv one has read the marvelous ac- METALLIC llELiCS. 793 Periiviiui Copper Iinplemeiits. counts, naturally exaoueratotl, l)ut still witli much touiidatiim in truth, of the iininensc (quantities of ,H'ol(l obtained liy the Spaniai'ds in IVru; of Uw room tilled with ^'oldeii utensils I>y the natives as a ransom for the Inca Atahuallpa. ^\ ^-olden vase is shown in tliu cut. Large tjuantitios of gold have bueu taken Clold'ju A'aso fniiii Pern. in more modern times from tlu- huaras, where It was douhtless placed in many east's to keep it from the hands of the comjuerors. Most of the articles li;i\e of coui'se gone to the melting-]>ot, hut suHicieiit speei- mens iiave heen ])reserved or sketched to show th(( tlegrcu of excellence to which the Peruvian smiths 79-4 PERUVIAN ANTIQUITIES. had attained. The followiiiir cut shows a silver vase. \ "i Silver Vase from Peru, Tlie search for treasure in the liuacas still fyocs on, and is not always unrewarded. Tin, lead, and (juick- silver are said to have been worked by the natives. Iron ore is very abundant in Peru, but the only evi- dence tliat iron was used is tlie difficulty of executini*- tlie native works of excavation and cuttinu' stone withcnit it, and the fact that the metal had a name in the native lany'uai^-e. No traces of it have ever been found. The cut shows two copper tweezers. Copper Tmplenients from Peru. Amonpf the most remarkable Peruvian remains are the paxcd roads wliicli crossed the country in eveiy direction, esiiecially from nortli to south. Two of tlie urandest liin'hways extended from the reo'ion north of Quito southward to Cuzco, and according to ABOIMGINAL ROADS. 795 soiiio authors still tai'thcr to Chili. One runs over tlio mountains, the other chietly throu<;h the plains, 'i'lieir iun^th is at least twelve hundred miles, and the orading of the mountain road presented, as Mr Baldwin believes, far greater ditfieulties than the PaciHe luiilroad. These roads are from eighteen to twenty-six fuet wide, protected at the sides hy a thick wall, and paved generally with stone blocks, iiut sometimes with a mixture of cement and fine stone — an aborio'inal infrinijement on the '^Macadam' ])i\)cess. The highways followed a straight course, and turned aside for no obstacle, liavines and marshes were tilled up with masonry, and tiie solid rock of the mountains was cut away for many miles. But when rivers were encountered, light suspension bridges seem t(j have been resorted to instead of massive stone liridges. It is true that tlie most glowing accounts of these roads are found in the writings of the Conipiistadores, and that only I'uined ]»ortions now remain; but the reports of Humboldt a;id others, res})ecting the remains, leave little doubt of their former im])osing character. Articles of })ottery, of Avhich three sjiecimens are shown in the cuts, are at least e(pial in material and Peruvian Pottery. I 796 PEilUVIAN ANTUaiTlES. reniviaii rutteiy. fiiiisli to those ]iro(luoolii:,l (le[>()sits, aiul many utensils desi^'ned for inore cniu- nioii use are |)i'e;,erved by the ])resent inlial)itants, and ai'e ])ret'evred for tlieir solidity to the \vaint ai'i! visible. In the district of Santo Tonias in tlie norlli, at ( 'iiela]», a iicrand and ]tecnliai' ruin is desci'ilnd liy Si- Xieto in an oHii-ial i;o\ crnnient re|)oi't. A ina.^s of eui'th, ])rol»al)l_v, altliy ti\e tiundrcd tret and also Olio hundred and fifty feet hin'h. The lowci- wall is ]>ierce(l with three entrances to an inclined |ilano leading" in a. curved line to the suinniit, with sentiT- hoxes at intervals and on the suinniit. These j)as- wages arc six feet wide at the hase hut only two at tin; top, and those of the second story are similar. In hoth stories there are chaiuhers, in the walls of which and ill the outer walls there are small niches contain- 798 PERUVIAN ANTKaiTIKS. in;^'' skelotons. Some of tlie up[)er cliuiii1)ers are paved with lai'L^'e Hat stones, t)U each of wliich lies a skele- ton. The re[)oi-t of this ininieiise structure is proba- bly founded on fact but greatly exaggerated. The ruins of Gran-Chinu'i, in the vicinity of Truxillo, cover an area of three quarters of a league, and beyond these limits ,ire seven or eight great en- closures with adobe walls, in some of which are Clin- ical mounds, or huacas, and some traces of buildings. The two princijtal structures, called ])alaces, are sur- rounded l>y walls one hundred and forty feet high, sixteen feet thick at the base, but tapering to three or four feet at the top. Hound one of the palaces the wall is double, as shown by the section in the cut. The English translation of Rivero, instead of Adobe Walls at Grau-Cliiimi. surrounding one of the palaces with a double wall like the original, represents one wall as being twice as high and thick as the other. TJiese walls, like all the structures of Gran-Chimii, are of adobes nine by eighteen inches, resting on a foundation of rough stones laid in clay. In connection with the larger palace is a square containing apartments, the walls of which are a conglomerate of gravel and clay, smooth, and whitewashed on the interior. There are also ])lazas and streets regularly laid out, and a reservoir wliich by a subterranean aqueduct "\\ as supplied with RUINS OF GKAX-Cin.\ir 7W water from tlic Tvio troche two iiiilcs distaiit. This j)iilaco — and l>y palace, a n'roiip (tf edifices witliiii an enclosure, rather than a single editice, sctins to Ik; meant — has two entrances, one in the niiddk- of each \onfj; side. The second palace is one hnndred and twen- ty five yards furtlier east, and is also di\ idrd l»y scjuarcs and narrow streets. At one end i^ the huaca of Misa, surrounded by a low wall, ]»ierced hy t^all(,'rics and rooms in which have been found mummies, cloths, lipoid and silver, implements, and a woodm idol Avith }>ieces of puarl-shell. All the imier walls are built of a mass of clay and Lfi'avcl oi' of adobes. The cut shows specimens of the ornamentation, which Decorations ;it Ciran-C'hiiini. seem to 1)ear outwardly a slight resend)lance to the mosaic work of Mitla, although the method of their construction is not exi)lained. "Outside of these; notable edifices, there is an infinite number of squares and small houses, some round and others square, which were certainly dwellings of the lower classes, and whose great extent indicates that the population must have been very large." Aniijug the ruins are 800 rr.lMVI.W ANTK.HITIPX vimny tnnicutc-d conical nioiiiids, or luificas. of fino yravt'l, from sonic ol" which interest Iml;- relics jumI l;ir.L4-(' <|"""^'^''''^ '»♦' .i^'«>l'li stones and clay on the inside. In a huildinu^ spoken of as a fortress there is a covered way with rooms at its sides, all covered with sandst(jne blocks ahout twelve feet lonj^. The walls are six feet thick, and in the interior is the openin<;" to a suhterranean passage which is said to lead under the river to another hnild- inu;'. Tn the gallery human bones and some relics Avere found. The modern town is Iniilt mostly ovei* the ruins of an ancient aqueduct, and a bridge over the strciam is built of three immense stones, each over twenty feet loni*-, taken from the f are of roiiiid < l.ilcwiiy iit lluaini(-:>. stones irregularly laid in moi'tar, a kind of ruhltle called by the I * 'iiv iaiis pirra, but the gatt-way. shown in the cut, is built of hewn blocks three vaias — as Kivei'o says, ])robably meaning feet — by oi>e ami a half. The lintel is one stone block <'levi!n feet long, and the inclined posts are said to be ot' one piece, al- 80-i ]'KKl\ IAN ANTIQIITIHS tli(»UL,'"]i tliu rut iiidiciitus tliiit cu-li is roniposod of lV)ur. The animals sculpt iiivd owv the y-atcway at the sides arc; called monkeys hy Jii\ero. Within the structuio there are five similai' o-atuwiiys shown in the pi'eceding cut and in tiie followint;' <4-round plan. In ,: ii: 1 1 - - _,^__ J 1 _ _^J f— — r _ „J 1* _. (Iiiiiiiiil Flat lliuiuucit. the interioK are rooms of cut stone, with iiiclies in the walls, an a^jui'duct, and a r(s< r\;iiM, a iz/wcr jh mentioned on tlio ver'^'o !V!iftrrfiit /xf loi'ti(ic;iti(Ws Ofi t]u! |)r(!('ipi>t<'/w.s eli#s //f a ravine, huilt mostly of fmca/« -ou!* ;»lai/'. At (\\//'tf are some re- mains «/ Hh! <'ity '>f ^\n' lii'<'«s, andf rhc'e ^ said fo he HyMs founded on the ruini< t^ ariotiier udt of sUaM'K cut ill irre'/nlar f 'itii«, /;oii;o '/f' tSwnx //f ^f/';;*'^ si/A', aii'l very neatly joined. MOXl'MENTS OF TIAIHANAro. 805 Tlio ruins at Tialiiianaco, ten or twelve luilos from Lake Titicaca, are considered anioiiiif the most aut-ient in Pei'u. 'Llit-'y include stones from titteeii to twenty feet lii.u'h, some cut, others I'ouu'li, standing- in rows. All the structures Avere in a very (hla[tisults of the tendency referred to tnie or false, it is evidei.r that superstition has contributed more than science to the zeal that has «u])porfced them. END OF THK FOURTil VOLUME.