IMAGE EVALUAflON
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
*
.**"^.v ^.
< <i'
^
:/.
Kc.
^^
1.0
1.1
1.25
£ IS 112.0
— 6"
i4
U 11,6
Photographic
Sdences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
fV
iV
•1>'
<^
%
V
^1?
6^
?
^
,5^^^.
.V
^r^i^
:&
y<^
^.^j^
%
l/.
%o
CIHM
Microfiche
Series
(l\/lonographs)
ICMH
Collection de
microfiches
(monographies)
Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques
< nn
Technical and Bibliographic Notes / No.es techniques et bibliographiques
The Institute has attempted to obtain tNe best original
copy available for filming. Features of this copy which
may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any
of the images in the reproduction, or which may
significantly change the usual method of filming, are
checked below.
Coloured covers/
Couverture de couleur
D
I I Covers damaged/
n
Couverture endommagee
Covers restored and/or laminated/
Couverture restauree et/ou pellicul6e
□ Cover title
Le titre de
missing/
couverture manque
I I Coloured maps/
Caites geographiques en couleur
□ Coloured ink (i.e. oti
Encre de couleur (i.e
n
other than blue or black)/
autre que bleue ou noire)
Coloured plates and/or illustrations/
Plar-ches et/ou illustratio. i en couleur
x/
D
n
Bound with other material/
Relie avec d'autres documents
Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion
along interior margin/
I.P reliure serree peut causer de I'ombre ou de la
distorsion le long de lo marge interieure
Blank leaves added during restoration may appear
within the text. Whenever possible, these have
been omitted from filming/
II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutees
lors d'une restauratior^ apparaissent dans le tex; i,
mais, lorsque cela etait possible, ces pages n'ont
pas ete filmees.
Additional comments:/
Commentaires supplementaires:
This Item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/
Ce document est filme au taux de reduction indique ci-dessous.
10X 14X 18X
r
;
12X
16X
20X
L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur <!xemplaire qu'il
lui a iti possible de se procurer. Les details de cet
exemplaire qui sont peut-fitre u.iiques du point de vue
bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image
reproduite. ou qui peuvent exiger une modification
dans la inethode normale de f ilmaga sont indiques
ci-dessous.
□ Coloured pages/
Pages de couleur
□ Pages damaged/
Pages endommagees
□ Pages restored and/or laminated/
Pages restaurees et/ou pellicul6es
Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/
Pages decolorees, tachetees ou piquees
□ Pages detached/
Pages detachees
QShowth rough/
Transparence
Quality of print varies/
Qualite inegale de I'impression
□ Continuous pagination/
Pagination continue
□ Includes ir
Comprend
index(es)/
Comprend un (des) index
Title on header taken from:/
Le titre de I'en-t^te provient:
n Title page of issue/
Page de titre de la li
□ Caption of issue/
Titre de depart de la li
D
vraison
vraison
Masthead/
Generique (periodiques) de la livraison
2X
Z6X
24 X
28X
30X
32 X
qu'il
I cet
t de vue
ge
ation
ues
1
The copy filmed here has been reproduced thani<s
to the generosity of:
National Library of Canada
The images appearing here are the ber i quality
possible considering the condition and legibility
of the original copy and in keeping with the
filming contract specifications.
Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed
beginning with the front cover and ending on
the last page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All
other original copies are filmed beginning on the
fiiiit page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, and ending on the last page with a printed
or illustrated impression.
The last recorded frame on each micrcfiche
shai: ':ontain the symbol — ♦- (meaning "CON-
TIIMUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"),
whichever applies.
Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at
different reduction ratios. Those too large to be
entirely included in one exposure are filmed
beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to
right and lop to bottom, as many frames as
required. The following diagrams illustrate the
method:
L'exemplaire film6 fut reproduit grSce d la
gdn^rosit^ de:
Bibliothdque nationale au Canada
Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le
plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et
de la netteti de l'exemplaire film6, et en
conformity avec les conditions du contrat de
filmage.
Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture an
papier est imprim6e sont film6s en commenpant
par le premier plat et en termlnr.ri soit par la
dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second
pittc, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires
origiriaux sont film6s en commenpant par la
premidre page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'illustration et an terminant par
la dernidre page qui comporte une telle
empreinte.
Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la
dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le
cas: le symbole — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE ", le
symbole V signifie "FIN".
Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre
filmds d des taux de reduction diffdrents.
Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre
reproduit en un seul clich6, il est film6 d partir
de I'angle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite,
et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre
d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants
illustrent la mdthode.
22X
1
2
3
4
5
6
m
I 'J
* f
N.' I
EXTRACT FROM THE MANUAL.
FOR THE
MILITIA AUTILLEKY OF CANADA,
PART III.
SCIEItTTIIFIO.
SECTION T.
PRINCIPLES OE GUNNERY.
QUEBEC :
Gunnery School Press.
1878.
PAET III
SECTION I.
PlilNCIPLlOS OF GUN.\ERY.
r>EFI>fITIONS.
Matter. -Th^^ substance of which biidles are composed, mav bo
sohd liquid or gaseous and imponderable. ' ^ ^
^od2/.— Any definite portion of matter perceptible by our senses
or which may act or be acted upon by otlfer bodies "enses,
I^irttcle.-An atom or a point so minute as to be indivisible
wS't. ' •l"''^"tity of matter in a body, it is estimated by
CoWon.-The force which holds together the particles of a bodv
without cohesion a stone would be dust. ^ '
Volume or Bulk.— The space ;■ body occupies
figure.— The form or shape of a bcxly, thus a round shot an,i o
tltyTS;«Jr''li,°i?,';'^K'o„"V,',rk.''''''''"'''' '•"'"»■ ''"^>' "■• '■'"> I""-
Elasticity.— \n inherent property in bodies bv which fhPvronrv,T„„
wholly or partially their former li^nire ()rstatc^^.fIS the removal of
external pressure tension or distortion. removal of
Jnem-a.-A property of matter by which it cannot of itself put it-
SK»r"^:;iin"tr[|s'';^otr" P"^^^-"' ^^^^^'^" it-It to^^lVeV
-<Vo<i-on. -The passing of a body from one place to another
a £«««c'<y--The degree Qf swiftness with which a body moVes over
a certain space in a certain time, it is uniform wlien moving over
equal spaces in, equal periods of time, variable when movinl Sver
unequal spaces in equal tinu>, it Is accelerated when mov lover
greater spaces in each equal successive portion of time retarded
time! '""'''"° ""^^^ '"^ ^'''' ^^"^"'^ ^" ^^'^^^ ^*l"^i .successive ijortkin of
V^me'S^'a^S^:''''''''^ ^' *^« ^"«*^"t «f <l«Parture of the
Terminal Velocity. -If a body be allowed to fall In the atmosDhere
there is a certain limit to the velocity it will acquire, this i^attained
t-
PuiNciPLES OF Gunnery.
Pakt III
i
Hi
I f
theoretically whon the resistanoe of the air lias become equal to
the ur'tvlorating force of -ravity; Mi« inofionof the body wlfl then
be uiiiforni, and is called its terminal velocity.
Innul Velocity. —Tlw velocity r,f the projectile at the end of a
given range. v >. ^x »
VelocUij of Rotation— The luiniber of turns of a proiectile on its
centre or axis ofrotation during a given time,
r ^o\^7'^ ^^'* '^^ notation— The ])oint or axis about which a body
iJfo??i,'n<ir/n.— The (luantity of power in amoving body, this is al-
ways eciuai to tlie mass (,lt lie body multiplied liv its velodtv
A 7 por. slieil moving at tlie rate of l,:iit() f(. per second has more
momentum than a 9 por. projectile moving at tlie rate of IMM) ft.
per second. '
/''orce.— Any power which moves or stops, or tends to move or
stop a body. It is measured by weight, a force wliieli l)ends a
spring into the same i)oyition as a 4 lb. weiglit would do is called a
4 U). toi'ce.
^j-/c<jon.—Tlje resistance whicli a body meets from tlu' surface on,
or the medium through which it moves. '
Force of Gravity.— Tho tendency of everything to fall in a straiglit
hue towar.ls tlie centre of the earth, the measure of it is weight
Specific Gravity.— T\\fi weiglit of a bfxly compared to that 'of
anotlier body of equal bulk. Air is the standard for gases, water for
otlier bodies. A cubic foot of water weighs
1,(M)0 ozs.--62.i lbs. \ ,^,S'^'!"" weighs 10 lbs., at average temperature.
^ ' < D.i " " 1 cubic feot.
Centreof Gravity.— The \w\i\t on which, if supr'orted, the whole
boily would balance in any position.
A Concentric Body.— X body whose centre of gravity and centre
of figure coincide, If tliey do not coincide the body is eccentric
Resistance of the ^j;-.— Tlie resistance a bodv encounters in itP
fliglit through the air, whicli is due to its displacing from its pa h a
greater or smaller number of particles of air according t^ the
velocity with which it moves, these resistances will be as the cube
of the velocity at ordinary gun velocities, r. c, from 1,100 to 1,400 ft
per second, and is tlie chief cause of the irregularities in the flitrht
of rifled projectiles.* *'
Approximately for low velocities resistances vary as v"
" " high " '« " v"-
• It is said by some that the particles of air cannot move anK)ng-
themselves faster than the rate at which waves of sound are trans-
mitted through the air, 1,150 ft. per second. Wiien the proiectile
has attained about this velocity the rate <jf burning of time fuzes is
aflected. It is thought, by the increased pressure due to the creation
of a vacuum behind the shot which the particlesof air cannot move
fast enough to till until the speed of the shot slacitens when th-re is
^i^®J**L*'°^.F*'^'^"*'<^ <^" the head of the projectile. Opinions are
divided on the above theory.
Skc. I
PBINGIPr.ES OF QUNNKRY.
. the end of a
hjL' surface on,
II.
PROPELLING FOKCR.
Propelling Force.— MoUon as previouslj' defined is the passing of
a bcxly, viz a shot or shell from one i)hic<- to another, i. e., from
(nnr7.!, 1? *^^'' objoet ainuMi at; but as tho projectile, because of Its
InertiJi, can no more than any other inanitnate bcxiv move itself.
It roquires a force or power to propel it from tlie guirto the object.
.Propelling Power.-Is produced in artillery by i)lacing at the
bottom ofthe bore of the gun and behind th/ proieUiie a certain
ilv^n ^ "'^ guupou'dor and Intlaminj? it, the poWder burns and
pi duces a great vohnne ot gas (about 1,0(J() times the bulk of now-
dei ) which expanding in the boro, and finding a resistance on every
rore^oriL/v^-lSc^^^^^^^^ projectile, forces if out of the gun with
The force thus produced by the inflammation of the charge will
H„,l«,iiw m^"k'^ of the powder used in the charge, as the heat pro-
duced by the burning of the powder and as the rapidity ot its in-
'i*''i<im iTiei lion,
^^Z?^^/*'*"l''^''^^ force })rodHced by the explosion of qunpowder has
«fo?i, on?"**"**^^ ^^' experiment. It can produce a pressure of
snnn.^*?S^oh"VH^l'l"'^''''*",^^.'^^^"'"*""^«> th^^^ *» to Say that each
squaieinchofthe bore and base of the projectile against which
thlM)ressure was exerted, was submitted to a force equal to nearly
III.
RESISTING FORCES.
The propelling force is not the only one which acts on a proJeC iV,
there are otliers which also affect its motion, but it is bv resis. .v'
«rv,".>V"i^ f-r^^,!^' ''''"?® y;^}^'^}^^ ^]^^ projectile moves inside the gun.
others after the proje-tile has left the bor \
^- J^/f^ose forces which act on theprnjrciil ■ whilst m the bore, are :—
riir. ^hf* /"ff'f^ I'i'7i"C<''l t>y the resista. c of the column of con-
densed air in front of the prf)jectile in the bore of the gun ; which
o mV^^'lT''''^'^^ rapidly as the projectile acquires its velocity.
♦w. X3.? V-T'' l^'l'r^V'^^f' by tlie resistance due to friction between
the piojoctile and thebore.-In smooth bore guns it is not conside-
awl^H*\^ projectile simply rolls on its natural axis and rebounds
Sl?3* ^^?r- ,^"'''rtPd guns the artificial rotathm imparted by
grooves and lead coated or studded projectiles causes conslderablfi
f^ro i^o'i!; uhic.ihas been determined ijy experiment to be equal
f^UoJilr; '■'f^'^'' S"'i to a weiglit varying from 3 to 20 tons. -l^he
following conclusions may be accepted.
The resistance opposed to the motion of a projectile in the bore of
a gun depends upon the form and weight of tlie projectile, upon the
Se'ystem Of rffll'ii\So^red.'^"^ smooth- bored or rifled, and upon
li:
!:
1:1
S ■'
■i
Pkincipi.es ok Gunnery.
Part III
The projoctllo ^ylll oomnienco to move when the force of the ir,,«
hns become equal to the resistance otlereU to motion ^ "
^IJ^P muximum strain upon tlie metal of the sun will nminlv de-
P<W^,^ "I'V/I *,'"' nipl'ilty (,f the convorslon of the p wder imo -as
poTuon to U ;'n nl'h'nV/''^*; P.;ojoe.lle n.ay not, however be fn pro-
portion to the maximum strain, but tsHciuare varies as the wnrk
the^ a?t 'or :''"'^' ^^ ''' "''^ Pressures in'o ihe s pace's tlmn/glx which
P. s.
Where P
W V^
2g
pressure of gas in pounds.
\ s - space in feet through which P acts.
W — weight of projectile in poumls.
V -- velocity of projectile in feet per second.
• g -accelerating force of gravity.
»«„„ * ^,^ ^ '^'^'^y small Interval a fair approximation to fh*^
and If s.
Itecoil. ^^^ := Energ}' of recoil If ^ ~ weight of gun
2g V -velocity of gun.
Momentum WV of gun = momentum of projectile,
g
R^'^^n"^r of recoil depends on the friction .apposing the recoil Ac
Th; ^rr^r",^/'^^''*'?^ '^* projectile after leaving theb(y,eo/theavn
The projectl e on leaving the muzzle of the gun is suhmitted tcf t^hl;
influence of 2 forces which atlict its motion The forcesarA- i or„
vlty • 2 resistance of the air. - If these fcM-ce "did not Sist TpV"^^^^
Snn^/i:?"' *'?""' ^"}"^ ^'^^^^ indefinitely in a straight ine^throuch
equal spaces in equal times. Thus It would travel from A to R m^ n
during say the first second of time, from B tS C eqS™ space durtni
the second second of time, f rom C to D In the third and soon ^
Fm-ee of Oraviti/.-Bat as the force of grav Uy Sofuhe?ro ectlle
ippn.?i?fV-^ '^"'' "? '^ Proceeds onwardffall 16 leet, B Kt?irflr8t
C P n.^d .V/Vr' V^'^ -i' ^^"^ ^^^°"^^ ««^««n^ it Will have al en 61 feet
C, E, and at the third second of time 114 feet, D, C, (or as 16 mul-
1 ^^U^^^ *^"d i second are the units, as usual.
g = 32.2 approximative.
This value differs at different poln ts of the earth's surface r^nr tv «
purposes of this Manual, the number 32 is sufficiently accurate.
Part III
force of tho gas
Urn.
)f tli«,' qimiitity of
(Icjxnd iijion the
urtrldgc, uud tho
1 will mainly de-
wder into gas.
wever, be in pro-
ios as tlic Work
L's through wliicli
P arts,
is.
per second.
clmatlon to the
. B. gun may be
of gun
7 of gun.
lie.
g the recoil, Ac.
I bwe o/the gvn.
ubmitted to the
•cesare:— 1, gra-
?xist a projectile
?htllne through
>m A to B (flg. 1)
lal space during
, and so on.
f>n the projectile
B, E, in the first
e talien 64 feet>
, (or as 16 mul-
bo
urface. Fortl:©
y accurate.
I
^^'^' ^ PlUNCrPLEM OK (^UNNEHY. 7
a curved lino A, E, F (" which wmTu^'H^ '^^^'P^c Ively, doscrlblng
Jontlle strikes an obstac'ir. r r .«nV,Lj V^ "''^ curvlriR until the pro-
partially ,,r .aitirolystomK^^^^^^ ""^"♦•'* "^^^Hon Is
tho''projeouio1'f^i was' m-ed'^hrnn'M'''"^' ^''"'"^ ''^ .losorlbed by
there*^wasnoalr B.U Uu"air ItHoif S ,Hr''V"'' V]"^ »^ ^o say ff
ance to the proloptilp's inl Lr. „ 1 '^ »''*^''i''y «'il<I, offers resist-
projectile ^«^,!;sfth nVh'the ;T^^^ !1 ' '»<-<'a..se the
ofalr which iro In Its wav 11 1 sonVi L'ii'^^' apart all the i)artlclo«
the projectile has n^CA^lxv,l^^r^^^^^^^ Pj-opt^HlnR force which
powder In the gun Is expen led ,lSL*io^''"r'or ""^ \^^ ^*''^''K« ^^
a gun with the usual sA-vl "rehVir^r r!f J U ^ ^} P""- «fiot fired from
tance from the air equal toloOi.omuiw.'^S '* '*" '''"1*^:* ^'^^ a reslst-
quence reach 1-5 of tfiedlstar* U w ni?^ *'"''^ ?"'^ ' ''^ ""* *" onse-
of the air had not prevenVeS 1 t^^' l'^' '^«^e^^^
would reach the earth at a noinf mf./i,^'^'^'^*'".'' """"» the flrst, and
the force of gravftyyaftf,e^o"X Pora'^SVC^gHSn^ ^'^" '^
coL™rby r;£n7rraTlel to^the%?;i:'^^'^.'/*>^ f «' ^t«^^^^^^^it
800 feet pe? second The paraboMc f&rV^^^ '"'' '^"'^'^ "^ 200 or
results; the following fonnSamivhLfr''*'^ ,^ '^b'^' accurate
certain cases of Stlcal g. mn^v^« i.h o^^^^^ '"""'^ "««f"' *"
mortars and smalf charges. ^' '^"^'^ '^'^ ^'^^^ a"g'e Are with
Let y ^ Initial velocity.
R - range.
T 5 time of flight.
a - angle of projection.
_ g — gravity.
Thee<,„aK1,f^,-e'l?JlSi;}-Ji-;';:f''JS.''"''™'»'-
Is y =: X tan a - S ^
2 V^cos'-^a
(1)
R
V- si a 2 a
- (2)
T — 1
t Experiments in France.
I R tan a (3)
it
ss
Pkinciples op Gunnery.
Paiit III
*&om the Krouud i. e. fis the distance Ufail^ 1^ th "^ ^''^''^^ '^^ ♦'^ ^e^'^
if»l*ed by tke square of the time. ^^^^ ^"^^ "'*^**"<' *»'»•"-
^ IV.
AIR RESISTANCE.
^l^cK'l^Sruae'rft^Sl'ncf^^^ ^^« fP"""" through
ms the squares of the times vpti(^i«' ^^" *P successive seconds are
4mcti(jo~not so with tlie res^stlnU^f fn""?* '^"^.*^"^ uniform In Its
:*ua ««.nsequently the dSS throuih^w ''^f''\?f '* ^«'''"«
:im*j be more or loss "iSishPd hv?/ ,Y^^*\* projectile travels
««ensal,y a,,,! its form i^ise th^^r»«ilf' ''« contents, its surface, Its
-•vel «ity with vhicha\VmWfii^ J^*^**'®^**."^® *^^ the air to a«t.ct the
lessoii the iSfen S o^"h7n^^^?,^ t^,^ resistance of the air wo ,l,| ( e
^etvre^n the two w be pronortioniuo?r'HlU^ ""^^ "'« «Mir<.r(.iu e
.*iM^., which are .X>i t hi^thi Srof n to r^ ?hn?';f f'^-' "^' ^ ''«'''• ^^•''-
:*« to.ay as^^'i^sShi^^.^i^i^z^s;^;;;^^
- t.o cubes of ti^^s£^^&; ssi^^^Sv^- IS lira
Paiit III
t resiatance of
ation Im given
projHfitlle will
I laid without
he curve doN-
erurnH ] and 2,
ntfU dlHtanoe
Jnd 8ocond It
I'toc, and In
'III roaoh fur-
intionf'd. But
y With whlnh
Loth<^gri)und
y at a height
two Hooonds
ght of <W fert
Bcond multi-
''OS through
sccondH are
I form In Its
tof It varioH
Mllo travels
1 surface, Its
o aflfect the
k'KH dogroe.
air on yphc-
I'oJcctllcH.
t has Im'ou
OHUflK* dlu-
h criiial vo-
ir would he
3 d in; TO nee
'1' their den-
' as to their
li" diameter
laturully of
ffoet of the
leterN, that
H t'lii! cubes
ovhig, the
>W feel per
)H. and t)ie
<'ry nearly
hat in this
F'l Cr
2
'7
Sec. I
Instance W
the veloclt
8al(i to be s
We have
tending to '.
fall to theg
done if the
the resistai
to the right
spherical si
ceives bofoj
caused eith
terofthe Ik
Ji'irst caus
the projecti
leaves the g
that from m
It also a rot}
strike an op
out recclvli
struck the ii
left, and inc
tation from
Therefor
The experl
known from
•withadiflen
If a round i
Initial veloci
a. velocity of
The velooit
retardation v,
Or inverselj- ;
With spheri
velocity and,
than for solici
tardation of tt
Sec. I
Pkinciples op Gunnery.
the resistance of the Vlr m..v caus^ snhi'J'^^T*^ ""-'^ *" fOMHl.!.,,- huw
to the right or left Tlie »^r Li^il „^ "*^'^'^i^' projeetlle.s to (iovlntn
spherical shot or shell is tC riWionT. ?\ ^l\^'«'^' 'levlutloi/s w I 'u
ceives before orjust at the momS?t U^ il'^'i t^ "'^"^ "'i '^''*'" '•''■
caused either, 1st by winrhiffp nr till n!?'^^*^*^ ^^^ f^"" 'i'"' which Ih
terofthe bore and ^f™rKile2,K^^^^^^^^^ ''h'^^Y^"" <"cdiu m"
,, J^irst cause: Windage... A Hhotr^^^^^^
the projectile does not fit acciKatel v ? t " "^'^ bore of a Run bcc/uiHo
leavestheguntakinean'ic.-iJAntoi^i ^1^*^ ^"'^''' '""^ 't K<Mieri(llv
that from which Se1,^s Sun.Ucik See t^*."'';."^'?'^'^" •^'" ''^
it also a rotary motion fson Fici Ji iP ^ ''^^^- '^"^h ''oboundH irivn
strike an oppSsln?s« Vice'at a"lesi' an^i.Th"? ^I'h'^yir"' body cu
out receiving rotation hi,! if o.u ?^. l"'"^ aright auKle with-
struck the ^^t7aT<TthVi>riV\yU^^^^^ ''■'' V"J«'''"''' •'"*
left, and incline to the left flnal v Tr thL r.^h* '^P.*'"^*" <'"'»m ritflit to
tation from left to rightri^ffi,'/cS^e"f;a'';t,' tHi^''' '' '^>'
* Therefore If— d ;
V
diameter of ball,
' velocity.
inifiirvlJl'i'ci ?"o'f te^et^reo^^ ""'J'"^ "'«•. ^Ith an
a velocity of i,65')pr ' '^^'^""^^^ resistance to 10() pr. ^hot with
a velocity of 1,65') pr
1,000
R=
R
:: 1,580
1,000 X 9^ X
3
3
i,a5o
S X 1,5.S0 I
— ] cJ4i ii)f5
remr'dlttn^^^il??:?'!^"^^^*'^^^"^^^"'^"^^ of this resistance or Itn
d2 v3
^^J* Inversely as the Avoiglit. **
v^!|;^s^i:f!i.is^^!;nj;^?t^^-s^'^^^^ ^^r '"^''- '"""^'
than for solid shot • at lon«- r',A„L A^ '^**^ elevation s re(|iil."ed
]0
PlUNCIPLES OF OUNNKRY.
Part 111
Second cause; EccentricUy.--EcQentriciiy may also cause the projec-
tile to acquire rotation, thus the force of the powder Is ecjually dis-
tributed over the liind part of the projectile, and if the centre of gra-
vity and centre of hsiure coincide exa(!tly, there will he nf» rotation,
but if the centre of gravity and the centre of figure do not coincide
(are not in the same spot) as in Fig. 5 or 6 where the centre of gra-
vity is not in the same svjot as the centre of tijure F, but to the left
of it, the result will b >, that, that part of the projectile on the right
of F will be lighter than that part on the left of it, and would offer
less inertia than tln! left part, it would therefore start the first,
making the projectile whirl from right to left. The rotation would
befi-om left to right if tlie centre of gravity (i was on the right of
centre of figure F, because the left side of the shot wouhl then be the
lightest and would start the first. Having explained liow rotation
is produced, let us now consider its effect.-— Su|iposlng th(^ slmt to ro-
tate on its axis from right to left the result will be tliis ; the side of
the shot which rctotes forward (the right side) meets with more re-
sistance than the side which rotates backwards (tlie left side), for
not only does the air oppose the onward motion of the projectile on
the right side, but it also opposes Its rotation, whilst on the left side
it resists the onward motiun of the shot and helps the rotary motion.
The consequence of this is that the shot deviates to the side where
it meets least resistance, that is to the left in this instance. One
case would occur, when eccentricity would not help to produce ro-
tation, it is when the centre of gravity Is in the same straight line
as the propelling force, either in front or in rear of the centre of
figure F. Fig. 7. The elTect of the eccentricity of the projectile would
we must remark also tend to limit or extend the flight through the
air, according as the rotary motion given to the projectile tended to
make it deviate upward or downwards, that was the principle
worked upon, by the utilizers of eccentric projectiles tor obtaining
long ranges.
^ect of the Resistance of the Air on Elongated Projectiles,— It
having been discovered that the resistance of the air to spherical
shot was proporti(mal to their diameter and inversely as their
weight. Endeavours were made to find a form of projectile wliich
offering the least surface directly to the opposing force of the re-
sistance of the«,ir, would, at the same time, have the greatest mass
to overcome the resistance, and the result was the adoption of the
elongated projectile.
But as the elongated projectile naturally tends to rotate on the
short axis passing through its centre of gravity, it was found neces-
sary to give the projectile, by mechanical means, a rotation which
would brins and keep the head of it towards the front, and thus
present its smaller diameter to bear against the air, and expose to
its resistance the least surface possible, whilst the mass of its
elongated form gave the projectile greater power tt> oveicotne the
resistance.
As a consequence, by using elongated projectiles the resistance of
the air being much reduced, the motion of the projectile is more
prolonged and greater distances are passed through in given times
Part 111
se the projoc-
! e(]UaH.v dls-
:;f'ntrfofgra-
) no rotation,
not coinoide
ioiitro of ^a-
iiit to tlio left
on the right
d would ofler
art the first,
tfition would
the right of
i\ then be the
how rotation
lie shot toro-
! ; the side of
v^lth more re-
left side), for
projectile on
I the left side
tary motion,
e side where
stance. One
> produce ro-
straight line
he centre of
jectlle would
through the
lie tended to
he principle
or obtaining
"ojectiles,— It
to spherical
}ly as their
ictile which
Be of the re-
I'eatest mass
>ptlon of the
)tate on the
found neces-
atlon which
It, and thus
id expose to
mass of its
•eicome tiie
fesistance of
tile is more
given times
rz^
*^^-T?t
g-- 4
^ — ^-
N
•nr^
y^>~
ViD'
'5
R^.7
r{y. 6 .
ricr e
^^^ ^
h
"i — \
E P
f( \ \
h ^
■~5-
■g'
\
> \
:^ ^
^i
— A
B
;*) I:
R
<r
■v.
ft
ir
In
8C
P<
PI
th
th
fu
J
ac
tic
wi
rei
]
ba
Iff
of
ed
bo<
Pre
% III i
Sec. I
Principles of Gunnery.
n
a lipor shot, elon-ated, a.ui a 12 ij..n slK)t,snh(>rioa movinLr i tf?o
same rate, the resistance of tlie air varies as t he so rirU of ti^iin
It remains to be ascortaiiiod whether the resistance of the jHi-
Thus, even the wind blowing against a wall has its force exnenrioH
In compressing the particles of stone and in straining the mortar
some particles of which are compressed, while otherslrestrXhed'
So also, tlie resistance of the air to a movinrproiectiK is e^*
pended partly in retarding its velocity, partly nteCng to turn U
though this rotation may not be perceptible at first Ri^htv»tu«
full effect must be exerted in sornerrlnner ^ ' ^''^ "^
If a billiard ball, at rest and free to move, be struck hv tven fm-r^^c
1- ,.^' ?.^.^ ^ ^^^ O B i-e present the separate velocities irio- a fv.«
^Vf^lTnu'' "^''''^ independent velocities are impretsed iinon it
It will be shewn that the same principle can be extended so as to
.-i....,,,,,mertriit aj.tLS, u lesultant axis can be found about whi^h tua
body really rotates with a resultant velocity. ®
Pr;Sff^ii;tS C.^iSe^^^;\.Sff ^ '^ Major Kensington, R. A.,
luli ll
^^ Principles of Gunnery. Part Til
su^re!;3f;5SK?t',sra'e^r,TK'? "'''"' """>»' »'""'™
Angle = ^^'^
radius. (^)
T^ = ^^'^^«'--'^ •• (2)
Velocity ^ ^~. =space described In one second, if a second
1)6 the unit of time
Linear velocity may be either in a strai'^ht or in a riirvp'ri fin^
fure^d itT^e <^™a^-;y [i^eS^rciyil'^ J^^ ^« "-
Since angle = _^, ,t is evident that angular velocity =
linear velocity
radius (4)
the same AT«n if 'fho v*\'^* "'f angular velocity of every point is
th/.Sis'Sl^LMin*'^^''* P^"^'*^ "'^''^^"^' then that point is in
thIri.rslf.l\l'ton,T^iS^ '"^"^^' ^^«" th« «t^-'^»^t line Joining
As in equation (3) for linear velocity, so we have-angular velo-
city = ^"^le described v, , .
Ui^^ot describH^^ ^ ^"^^"^ described in one second. (5)
So the velocity of the minute hand of a watch Is ^ right angles
2 X 3-1 416 -010472 ^,,,^ ""*^^ h^"'"
It must be remembered that this is the decimal of the unit an-le
of circular measure; see equation (2), so that it means tlmtt ho
hand describes -001745 of .57^ 18' per second. '"^.ans tliat the
If the minute hjind of ii. o]no\r hp f^np f(><^f irmo- Ha. n^ir^t ttiii .
If a watch bo itself turned round In the same direction astlie
minute hand and with tlie same velocity, the hand wil? ha?e a rota-
Cll H'l^
Part th
ratio of the arc
(1)
ircular measure)
and it contains
(2)
ond, if a second
(3)
I curved line,
tiove with "an-
loc.lty," is mea-
ses
liar velocity =
(4)
ng bfxiy move
stance from the
every point is
n, and also its
ole body can be
hat point is in
ht line joining
-angular velo-
ine second. (5)
r ight angle s
one hour ""
"the unit angle
leans that the
oint will myvG
ise arc — angle
Irection as the
ill have a rota-
Sec. I
Principles of Gunnery.
IS
city is said to bo n(-ativ.. • ti^^^ f- ...V "','^.'.«\e'-.se direction its velo-
in the same dirk-t on b ■ .,Ii,si S 'i s nn nn^'„V"' '''T I'^'^'^y^ 1^"^"^
-•001715 0. "Ji-ccuisc itnat, no angular velocity for •(J()1745
that is in the reverse diroction ^ ^ '''"''' ^^''^ ^« negative,
aS-- l-^^ir-;---.-i3^M ^::^^ff^^ wi^an
With an angular velocity 'I^, both veiocit.es being of t^iirm!
M:!;;!;fVt--i,i^:-jsiL!;i':;/K^ ->'» velocity
evident that at s .nrpS ' b,'^^^^^^^^^^^^ %""•"'• it is then
will be equal and oimos te • tl ■ t isVliP nn t" ^f P / '^ ''"?''' ^'elocities
seqiKMitly the axis of rotatioti! ^ ^ ^ '' ''' ''*''''^' ^">'^ ^^ co^"
These linear velocities are respectively E P x a and S P x "o
. . E P = ^ ^ E S ^2
12 = 1^
To And the angular velocity, divide the linear velopit^r ,^f•„
venienr, point, " E" by its .listknce from P. ft"- the an.rnV r (.^i """J?"
of any one point is the same as that of tlie wliolV hn/lv nl*^'"'"'^'^
oiisly shown. " "• mt, wuoie Dody, as ])revl-
a
• • ■ Angular velocity - ! ]^ _ lo y — . f^,. ^/^ = 13
E P - ^'^ ^ 12 ' 'o' E P
= o -f-
12
ff i^. „ „ , f *""iof t'lecomponentangular velocitle<»
Dmi.lom ,.„mi,l„i„K tho roliitions of i, nrolpolli? * "" ''"'
Lpt the ang liar velocities be a. finds r«cnpptiv«iv hAth^ftu^
"t ',*> ".n.':;v ' 'V"' i^ '-evolving in the same airSn, alie^f from O
T I.' .rr(MVs shew thr. direction left goingover o the Meht— -
fr.m^heruJu^.'^ '■'""' P"""-"^^*'^ with^igh^t handed TwVsts^
Find clie true axis and velocity of the resultant rotation.
^^-kI
'i ■''' If*'
J M * |i
u
Pkinciples op Gunnery.
Pakt III
Hf'
Take O M : O N : : a : jS that is proportional to tiie angular veloci-
ties, complete tlie parallelogram O M P N ; O P siiall be tlie required
axis.
For at the point P the velocity downwards due to the rotation
about O B is P E X i3.
And at the same point the velocity upwards due to the rotation
about O A is P D X a. if P D and P E be drawn perpendicutar to O A,
O B respectively.
P D OP sin P O M sin P O M M P ^
o"m -- 'IT
But
P E - O P sin P O E — sin O P M ~
.-. PDXa— PEX^
Therefore the linear velocities at P are equal in magnitude, but
opposite io direction ; therefore the point P is at rest. Similarly
any other point in O I' is at rest. Inerefore, O P is the axis of re-
sultant rotation. Next, consider the motion of the point " E " to
obtain the angular velocity, as in the preceding Problem.
Draw E li, E F perpendicular to O A, O P, respectivelj'.
. „ , „ , .X r t:, linear velocity of E E L X a
Angular velocity of E — — — Ci_
— E P' — V V
For its linear velocity is only E L x a since, being in O B, it has
no velocity due to the rotation about O B.
.-. Angular vel. of E= „. Q E sin A O B ^ sM n O M P ^ ^ OP
O E sin B O P sin 0PM O M
Angular velocity of E : a : : O P : O M
cities holds also for angular velocities or rotations.
That is -.—If straight lines be drnivn representing the axes of rotation
indirection, and the velocities of rotation, in magnitude ; and if the
parallelogram be completed ; the diagonal mil represent the direction
of the axis and magnitude of velocity of the result jnl rotation.
The problem of the projectile may now be en.eied upon.
On 5eaving the gun. the axis of tho projocJle Is, or should be,
coincident with the line of night; and hv the law of inertia this
axis will always remain parallel to itself un'e^s S')me other rotation
should be communicated to the rro|<'(;:il >, wlilcli, compounded with
the former rotation, would result in a lotution about some different
axis.
The line of flight is a curve; th>r.'fore tho ax s of the projectile
soon becomes inclined to ti.> lirecM m of the resistance of the air,
which acts parallel to the line ol llit'ht, as shown by tlao arrows.
Fig. 11.
In the case of th^ servir-i nri>p.-:,i!,'> ; of all m^ l.-^rn rifled guns the
resuliant effect of thi-i r ^sIsUim n.i.snsa')wo th;iC3ntre of gravity
of the projectile, and t-n Is to give it u rot ition about the shorter
axis; or in plain li-isrii," ti; rHistanoo acts chiefly under the
point and tends to lift it. If tlvi giv »n rofc.itlon were not sufllcient,
this tendency would turn tho projectile over.
Part III
: angular veloci-
be the required
to the rotation
to tlie rotation
ndicutar to O A,
magnitude, but
rest. Similarly
the axis of re-
3 point "E" to
)b]em.
Dectivelj\
_ ELx g
J in b B, it has
) MP
O P
O M
) P M
)M
' is proportional
whole body,
ograrn of velo-
? (ixps of rotation
tide ; and if the
ent iff e direction
■Ota t ion.
I upon.
, or should be,
of inertia this
Q other rotation
m pounded with
t some different
f the projectile
;ance of the air,
by the arrows.
rifled guns the
nitre of gravity
ant the shorter
ietty under the
) not sufflcient,
r
; I
^^
\S^^----'
RLa-h}
)
111;
Hi!
8ec. I
Principles of Gunnery.
15
with the given rotation Proaucosa^^::^^';:;^:^!:;!^^!:'^^^
amfo N^^r M WrS?^^^^^^^^ «»^u''-"- velocity, Fi.. ,2
slightly inclined to G B Lit Knmn.^.r*, '^o^a'^l""- It will bv hiit verr
projectile as follows ' «"^»cio«tly so to alFect the flight of u'f
As^the projectile rotates about G P the point will roll over to the
#HiiSSSS^^ Willi's
^^S^ ffi^aSSEr-^-^'- ^- rotateover to
Owen In his Modern Artillery ^''■^*^^^>'^t'» and accepted by Colonel
^lel^i^^J^£^t^!:^^^S^^:i I?r"J^ctJIe does not remain par-
supposed, but that it has a f^ cnf i m""''^u "'^''^t- .is was at first
very nearly coinciding with it t ah^.v>^"t?.n r '"* ^'^" ""^ ^'^ ««? 't
Postlon than ui»nTxactcaleuK n,,. ^h"''^'''"' """'■ "P"" »ii -
Jciicy ,)l the roslstanoe of thp'ilr iX ii J, ,' '=""'.''>'1«1 that the ten-
The method adopted for°al,\uat,nVthie4'„';&''"' "f.'l''' Pr'Oeotlle.
?a^t.='o",'f,?e°"BS;" sss'^S '"^^^^^^^
C;^«o„, ..K.S.. JSe^lif .J t4"r.rt"e?-hrtCail-^„ii^<*i^
th?rffe'K,KK?'t';re'^?;:re,s?is™^^^^
le said to be dlsproved^'v the e ifeHm Jn','« ^'.VK "Vl'"' """-evfr;
jectlles, reoonled In Owen'« "m<-i? '^fn , "'"' «»t-liw>ded nroi
»|«h u IS shewn that theV dellk'Je'iS";!,? ie'X'I'k^' ^ ' rg\K
thrrisS°'i,f';Ki??jrt'i^"f,fr;h?tSi S"/.'-" '""<>»'•'' "f
16
PniNCiPLKS OK Gunnery.
Pakt III
iffi-
i
ThiiH, the primary efT.'ot must bo to nuke the flat-hemled projec
tlh' tend to the le/t for tlu- same rnathcnifitinil rfusons jin bcforf.
4, ?J'!"" •'>'V"'^"l''*''"''^''f'''^'"^''^''' I>i<>J«^<'tiles it must ho ropoatoii
that thooflrctor till' (Munhiiiod rotations Is lo cause tho pdint to
rotate over to the rlffht and that the i.ro)ectilo Iblh.ws its point, that
A^..«*^V^\i '^ ivslstanoe of tho alreoniin-,' on the left, tho ja-ojoctlle
nl!'vf;Hf';;nS^il,li;.Sf'""'-^^"^' ^^""^ ^^^^^^ *" ^"« "g^^^ the
It Is this drift that is cailod "derivation."
VI.
Pknp:tration of Pkojectiles.
The nrojectllp, after riaving received a greater or less Inii/nlse
from the powder In the bore of the gun and overcome all the resis-
tance which i)])posed its onward motion in thof-un, leaves the bore
with a cortiain swiftness ol motion, which Is called initial velocity
and which will vary according to the force of the impulse it has re-
: ved from the explosion of the charge and also the amount of re-
si>.ance it has met with in tho bore. From this itappears that with
two guns a smooth bore and a rifled gun, the prov.plHngeirectof the
charge and the weight of the projectile being e.n'il, the initial velo-
city ()f the smooth bore projectile will be superloi to that of the riUed
gun, because t^lie resistance ottered by tho rifled bore to the nassaeo
of the j.rqjectUe through it is greater than that ottered by tRe
smooth-bore to Its own projectile. But asalready explained in con-
seqiteuce ol th.-ir form tho resistance of the air is greater, to the
J^,?, "'rJ^. 'il'';'>J^'<'tilf\t'.V»»n asnuK)th-bore gun than to that of a rifled
gun. 1 lie s. IJ. projectiles lose, therefore, more rapidly their power
of motion than the projectiles of rifled s'lns. t^ipowei
iSdw let us consider how that same propelling power which
causes i)iQ)ectiles to overcome, in a more or less degree, theeflect of
theif'pomnn.Mon "^' ''"'^ »-^^«*'^tance of the air, is also implicated In
In the first, place penetration is the passing of an bjectcomplete-
ij oi partially through anothor. A projectile moving throu"h the
air with a certain swiftness meets an obstacle, such as as a wall it
w.U penetrate through the material, of which'the wall is construci-
tlLif. \ , ''^'^ ^' motion It possessed is expended or the wall
^f\ nc ti mod •
This force or power, we will bear In mind, might not only be ex-
Ki'n"^. H Pi'"etrating the obstacle, but also in breaking up or
altering the form of the pro ectile, then the stronger the proiectile
IS, by the quality and disposition of its material, the more of te
power will be expended in destroying the obstacle, because less of
JecUle"'^'''' expended in altering the form of the pro-
Jn considering the causes which make the penetration of projec-
Selo^'gTted pCcK': «^«P'^^^-^«^1 projectiles first, and afte?wirds
Paut hi
headed projec-
iiis UN boforp.
St l)«) T'('i)<>atod
!' tlif point to
< its point, tlmt
, tlni i)roJ('etlle
tlie right the
Skc. I
r less Impulse
o all the rosis-
euvos till- bore
iiUial velocity
)nls(' it has rc-
ainount of re-
lear.s that with
n^eirectof the
!io initial velo-
iitoCtheriQcd
to the passage
•ftered by the
)lained in con-
;reater, to the
that of a rifled
ly their power
power which
e, theetlect of
implicated in
jectcompleto-
r throufrh the
s as a wall, it
11 is construct-
or the wall
t only be ex-
eaking up or
tlie projectile
more of its
>cause less of
'in of the pro-
iou of projec-
ad afterwards
PuiNC]l'M.:s OK (Jknnkuv.
17
..in 'u.;";;!;:;;l;;': •;!;; E?';^:!:.;!';' z'r/?-^ ""•-'-^- - -. have
\Y'l. ^velocityl.r],2! ,v .. p,.''s ■(■o ;;' u'T "";"■ '•<'^P' '-tivo i s"
;^l>ot struck the sanu. nl ^k l^'f'r^Jhj:^^^^^^ iftheds ■
•••I'W!! greater final vel,,..!,. ,..'.'!:.,' i'L '^i I'*'.'-- it lifiving at ordinaVv
I'm. #....- •'
;;n.geagn:at;.;-,inar'.i •rrw::;,! ';; '?■"?••' '' i'-'inirM-to ,;; ; :
•ion So that it woi.1,1 an , .n , ,, ,,;''V' '"'VtVi greater i...ne) • ?.
')^57;-"-;.-
|1 i^t^n.aier tlwrnt/, ••;!,;:. :;';::;^--'^-'! P>-oiectlles. M-e find l),.,,
'nve the san.e initial ve Hv:iV.Tbe ',>',',''''' •'^'^''f-'''^ M-hen b i
'•(■eaiise the tonner nivv,.,,, , , ill ,.. /"[, '^>"owing reasons -firsi
"''tii.M,bj<.cf,s..,.onJh iVLn^^'.''* ''♦''•''' '•♦■■^I'^'.-'m
AV-IN.aveagn.at,'r/i^K ;;. ,. 'rbel,^'/:!::;! '^
IiigiMieral, however llie el,, cn<.i ^•'"'^ '•'•'■"'•''■< dnrin- flini,
vyitha,|ow^rini.iVlV<V/.i,^'' f, V/,,'\V.^^^^^^^^^^^^
^; I!, gun, and lluMvlV.iv al a Jl w .,' ' ''V.''' !"1"'''' "•■'^^''1 "•"•■
jrn.aler pen,.tn,fion Ihai h H ni ^ ,' 'In' ''" ';'""'" ""*-''" '"iv '
•reases so will the l.en..lra in - i w^^ ''^ <""' '•'•"ge n-
^•'■•'^^v.l nnun.ai,,\tsvel,K.i;'yK;,' 4!';,;;-'/j;.^^
Iw.r/Arn.strontr shot el,.,, ......... , ' " . " '""l"' spJ'<rieal.
,. r^ p....'Arn.st,.,>ng sho .uZZaV V , '"" ^»'''--i«-''
^'•'•"'■"•i(l<..igun an.lpM-.Vnur^^^^^^^^^^ yi"' ••' '•'''"■ge of i
mge.nHi;^inehes at '.2.K.y;;!|;^^ -"'-'<.
^v:!:..:^^.'s.n'''M:.Mn.fraf.Vinioi: ;e ::!^^^^^^^
J,:;<'>n a S. Ji. jr„„ i.ene7rai'.';i"ini;r;;';i* r -l'^/*'''''' ^^'i"' ■" ••liiirg,:',;)' j
f;.rn-l:::jn'\;:;;ri,!;r'-;;;;!';i;;j^^
fur her (or th.. resistan... va • es\ s ."■;, ^ '■^,1"'!; ^^-f"" ', P-nHrafe
asd'. Se.. page ,S on n-sisianee ,' f 1 ,e ■ > • ' "'ovnigfoivp varie..
t^ate nearly twice as lar as a !. \.o';.. h-Ve(;,:,t]i;r,;^/-;:;;;!-"lci l>ene-
18
rUIN'CU'I.r.S OF (JUNNKUY. i'AUT
VII.
CALOULATIOX Oi' KIXAF. VKI.OCITV,
iir
f' 'I
frma u;''ciln;n;S^^ of „ervlee puns arc given in ImI.I.s .lorlvo.l
from 'tK?hlr.'hw ;;r*^i''''.^''''' '■••"V^^l"'^'. ^""Pl" rornu.la .loriv.-l
iroin iiK) ciihk luvv ol rcsistniiof", wliU- i sjivcH the relation between
jic't ory i'. '"'" """' velocities, V and v, at any Van«o or i ,a.'t of [m-
1 ! c V
I. H
I: J.
':!
f
Whoii V = Initial volorlty.
V -. Ilnal voloelfy.
c = a <'o-r.iliclon|. (lepondinjr on tijc weiRlit, form and
dianxelurof the projeetlio.
al'K!'f;J'i.''lf/""^''"; *''V<"'"'"'f''i' '"'V'' '"'f^n detorminod experiment -
?7m\^^w.,.y''r /'*'''''" ''\''"^"'' ^'>'" ff"' velocities l,etw<'en !Hl(l and
im!i. V^' '"".' '"'■ ^J?'"''l^"il IJctween ,S% and 2,15ll feet. The -o-
tfflMent c varies hh aoove stated, hnt for similar forms it will Ije as
R2 Hi
W "' ^ - ""w"' ^' '**'''"^ "■ P<>»»tant determined by experiment.
ne?"spe ^^ vfr'*7i »'''"><''''f"r T.'f'' velocities* from ],m to ],0(;() feet,
gives?- »'i^»"()rih, ilndlnK the co-emclent varied but llttl,.;
= 1
•UO()Ol«
to
•OiiOOOO.
gJng ibfmniaf-'''"''**''' ^''^ '''"'"' ^^'"^ i^^actlcal use of ilio foro-
wmV^e s'ewt \VV'' ^.'"'^^''^'''^ ''''•^" substituted for that of!, lbs.
v!,.^ i . 1^*- ^' • ^''- ^^' ''f''*' ?""^ "' Cana( a, the char-io of uowder
a? f^i? •n*^"''' '"'"*■' l'^'« '"'"'" ^*'l"^i'y "<■ tlio !» I'or. Ijeh J taken
at l,m leet per .second, and tha ; of the 12 por., j.snn feet • find t iie .•'
niuining veiocMty of both projectiles at 2,(M*0 vards. and'Mscert'd'n
m^SeSfi-^rd^r"^^''''"''''"'^''-^^'''-^''^'''^
I'AUT irr
n tables (ffiivcrf
Ibrnuilii (KtIvciI
relation between
u;o or part, oftra-
eifiiit, Inriu an(J
noil oxperlrneiit-
betwecM !l(l(» iind
ill I'eet. The eo-
rnis IL will be as
by oxporiment,
,50(1 to 1,000 feet,
varied but little,
ri'I for siiFierical
use of I ho foro-
br that of lbs.
hargo of powder
)or. boin<i taken
feet: find th<M-e.
<, and aseertain
a\ .'rayeartillery
For i» |)i)i'. prujeeiile, .j- cUbre :-
Where V iMi.ialveloelty 1. 1(H. fe,.t p,,,- seeond
« - eo-ellielenL lor weight, form and dian
10
Jectlle - 'WiHHi-2 ~ '-
nler of pro-
W - IJ lbs.
TI
ten V —
V
TTTv'yt: •'^"'•«f'fi''i'i!f above Values.
I'sinj,' logratblnis:—
liOf,'. <• 7 ();j|iiiiii2)
p)-. I (Oil feet \V^ .•Mi(il2so( addln-
•. Log. e ■— 7^(i;;i!iti!l2
l'!»oii2Hi Ooll.iT nai. nun.ber ; J.
,, , - J ""lllir log. 27!l7(i.-d;
^ = lof,'. ■■flltiI2s0 3
" 271170^, r"""'""'""^-
1 r (• V X
V
•' ^><fif(122y_73.5'2;neet.
HcnianiiniX velocity of ii |i,s. shot at 'iwwi ...... i
ijoi, at ^iHH) yanls — T.i) feet i)or sec
V _ iniiial veloeily, IHiH) twl.
\ re!naini!i-4- "'
' li-
c = ooooua
W
x = 2;KIi» yards = (J')Oilfeel.
\V=I2 1hs. '-^'*^'-
H- ■'■
F,f . „
m
f- •' !
.Mr
ii
20
J*J{IN('IIM.f.:S OK (iCNNfsin',
Vaut ill
TlicM Msinjisjiinc roniiula v "i h c V \~ siihsl llnliii-; sis Im Ion
1 -i- ■()()<;(i«i2 Jl«f" X i;{(M» X (i<l(K)
12
V -. i;;(K) -- Ln<i:!-ii;;!»i;{i r.o;;. -(mmmkb ^ iv7!(2;)fii7>
[ Ailrl.
" K-i ^ -120 I 21<).mK) >
f-!)S(i2fI7 ^
W = 12
I-(l7i)!SJ2i
Siidli'iict.
i
»• - 8!M)70;!0r)>
V ^ 3ii:;!ti;;i, A.id.
X ^ ;j-77,sir)];{y
liOf^ fi
2!)()!» = lh7!)()12i")2
Lof? -(mm I 1 — ()-21II(ll!>
V — ;Mi;!!ii3n
Ii'>K V -- -j— — T7— >Subtr!ic(injr.
^ ' ^ -^ r- (»-2111(U!l^
Lor V = 2!)()2.S.3.Sr, ~ tod (eel.
i. fi. the 12 jior will) tlio loAvfst iiiitiiil vcloril\- Ikis I lie lii>rfi,.v( |,,.
iiiiiiiiiiiK v<!l«)cit.v at 2()((()yMr(ls raii^e, tlic I'casoii l.cint; ilmi |||,. ^f
])or. lias <,n-('at('r wfitrlit to ovcrcoiiic resistance oCair ami incscnts
only same area of icsislaiicc. IL is in cvorv scnsp the most noucr-
liil project ilccontaini?i<r also more si)ac<' lor Iinilcl sir a sliraiinrl and
;i lar^'cr bursting' charge if common slicll.
VI r I.
HUMOUR PI.ATK PK.VKTIiA'/'ION.
There were Im'o mot Iiods of alteinptinn tin (JesfrnctioM ol iion-
clad vessels when first introehiced, termed res]ie<-iivel.\- riickiiia and
jmncJmif/, tlie former American, tlie latter the Uritisli'syslem
For rackim/, heavy projerliles of lar«:e diameter ar*' liied wifli
low velocities, to dest.oy and shal^e oil the ai'monr hv lepealed
shocks witliont i)enetralion. and thus to expose the vess(d lo the
otiipcts of ordinary- laojectiles.
For jr>imc7ii«f/, elonjratrd projectiles of mo<h'rate weiyld are lireif
will! h.iirh vclncities ko a^-- t<v i^erforate tlu- arrntXir, if nr;\r tiie
water-line to sink the vessel, or at any other jtart to Inlnre nu'n or
macliinory, or explode tfie majjazine within the vessel*
Racking was used chiefly by the Federals in the late American
war, beiny ospccially adaiiled to their larger S. h. rasl, k'iiis, with
I'Anr III
lliliU us hrrm-).'
V.l.f.
<iifilrjicl.
(III.
S the IlJ!„r[,,.s( 17..
ciiin Ihiil I he I'_'
ili'MinI lircsciits
IIh' irmsl iidwcr-
il ii slini|iii»'l iuid
.rtu-tioii ni iiori-
i<'l,\' rackiriii and
if-li syslciii,
r jiH' lircfl Willi
iiir l).v r."|icjilc((
w Vcj-scI 1(1 I he
vvclylit ace lirc(f
liir, if luar tiic
o iiijiiic iiicii or
ssci.
liitc Ainci'u'Mii
CIIH), tfiiiis, with
Sf.c. 1
l*r{i.v(-ii>i,i-;.s OK (
■ Hi.MiiM.Ks OK (Jnx.VKRY. 21
''^''''^^^}-U^nn^'^-U's^iu^Xlv^.^tu^ \\\ J''"^''^"'' with h,.;,vj.
^^<HM^.H;laL.!;V.'^'S:n;^SworiiH:;!S ponotrau. mUil i,,s
^'1 ix-ncti-atin- Iracturin.V , • ^^' V"^ ""'^ ^'"'"k will I,,. c.n-.h.ikI. ,J
"|"l When Mie' latMc^l^- A'.'.', ■';'''", ^'"''■"i"" *» M.(^dl '•
JHcasm-o of work done. Wli, n .fo.nt .', 1"**''"<"''<J '^ ^i.J'l to he a
without losin- fonu th,: e.K s , , i " I'V,".' ""''"'■'' "" i''<>" M-'Uc
''I'ls may he done ).y Mio Rule of Work:-
vv^)l•k or J', s. =_ ._^il'\":
Where W wei^^ht of pi•oje<•tih^' '
V -- liiial velocity
iilliiisiiii^
Ejj
ci-gj'pcrinehofcii-cuiule
eiiumherofiiis. in u tun)
iHlbi-eiic,. o/ii
re nee :;- --—
2 V U~liIW
22
Pltlxfll'I.KS OF (it'NNKllY.
n ~ ? IIKJ— wlierc K — radius of sliot.
Taut III
Example:— U ;i !) iucli Palliscr slicll fired with a hatlcriii^i (•iiarjj:^
at a vessel 2(10 \ards distant, have a final ve]o<-it.v of 1,;>0I feet, wliat
is tlie tf)tal energy or work on inipael in foot tons', ;uid tlie enei-gy per
iiu'li (if r'il'eiini foi'enrx. '>
incli of circumference ?
iiero, Wiir 2o() lbs,, weisiht of projectile
,S<)0
R — —— — 4-41) inciies, nidius of jirojectile.
z
Total energy — 2'j O \ 1304 j
()1'4 X 22J0
rr291(v9 foot tons.
And ener;,?y per inch of circumference
' _ 2(»4(i'il
~ 2X 3- 1416 X 4-lfi
— ]Oo-l()foot tons.
From experiments carried out by the Royal Arliriery Oi'idiance
Select Committee tlu^ followiiifj; yjrac/rcr/i conclusions were (h'awn
by Major W. ii. Nol)le, R. A. The i)rojcctilesuro in the first, instance
consi(l(>red as fired direct at armour itlates,
1st. An unbacked wrought-iron i^late will be perforated witlie(|ual
facility by .solid steel sliot, of similar form of head, and havinyr the
same diameter, (U'ovided tliey liiive the same w's rw« on impact ,•
and it is immaterial whether this vis viva be the result of a heavy
shoi and low velocity, or a. liRht shot antl a hiKh velocity, within
tlie usual limits of leufith, etc., whicli occur in practice.
2nd. All unbackeil iron plate will be penetrated by solid steel shot,
ot the same foriTi of head but diflerent diameters, provided their
strikinjj; I'ismY-a varies as the diameter, nearly, that is, as the cir-
cumference of the shot
3rd. That the resistance of unbacked wrouiiht-iron plates to ab,s()-
lule penetration l)y solid steel shot, of similar form, and ecfual
diameter, vai'ies as the square of their thickness nearly.
4th. These experiments have proved that, althousrli iii the cmsc of
cast-iron a lif^id piojectile movin<r with a, hisrli velocity will indent
iron plates to a jfi'eater depth than a heavier projectile with a low
V(,'locity, but equal " work," it is not as necessjiry that there should
be a, hij^li vej()cit,\' when t-h(> projectiles are of a hard matei'ial, such
i\s steel ixnd ehilled iron, and this result will be much in favour of
rilled «uns. I)y enabliu};: them 1o prove effective witheom])aratively
moderate ciiai'ires.
To put tiiese results in an Algebraic form we shall have, taking
tlio units Hs the pound and foot : —
^^Z! -2.Ukb^ (1)
•-if?
And
I'AKT HI
l,;i()l I'l'ct, wliiit
I llu' energy per
lory Oi'(fiiiuic('
IS were (Iriiwii
10 first instiincc
itcd with <'(|ii!il
uid liMVinjz the
iva "11 iinpacl ;
suit of u hf'jtvy
r;l()city, witliin
solid steel shot,
provided their
t is, us tlio eir-
plutes to iihso-
irm, and oqiiul
irly.
1 III the ense of
'ity will indent
tile with ii low-
lit there shoiilif
material, siieh
;•!> in favour of
eom])aratively
1 have, takhig
(1)
I
Skc. I
Principles of (Junnery.
23
AVlmre W ^ woisht of shot in lbs
V - veloeity on iinjtaot ii'i feet
K = the force of {,'ravity = 82-2.
IVi - diameter of shot in feet.
h = hiekne^s of unbacked plate in feet
k ^- u co-efheient depen.Iin- o, he
wrought-irou in the plate ad
Ti.,. V1..4 1 ^'^rm of head of the shot '~~ "'" """
nature of
tlif nature
the
sind
— \- yT
W
Jindfork,
k =
^ irRg k
W v2
(2)
(3)
^^^i^^d^ ""' ''' ««" ^'-"^ « series Of equatit>ns'If the
4 TT R g b2 k - W, V,2 -: o
4 TT R.j <T b2 ic _ wr^ v;;2 ^ o
= SS"-"' •' "' •'•■^'•™- ™-V.';t'«fc,.phor and multiply bv
Here we have,
R = 3- 11 inches =: oaW-17 foot,
k =: .VJ.57,20(). -""*^'^
And substituting these values in equation (!) we And that:-
W V2
2g = 1,832,522 lbs.
;.;rj;|..tiu.. .iocs ,K,t vaV,^';!5?,fu?ffi;;feSf?„/i"^^ s^rvTS
''■';>
f'l!f
N{flKJ.KS OK (UrNXKU^-,
Tlicrcforo hv m
tnosi, of III,! (>(H-ct
ojiiis ofMic forcnoinir fM|ti;itii)Ms wo
(".u\ (l(<(('nnin('
iuii|>|,.s!ir(> Lcivcii ill
s iiirjiinst iiiibMckcd phiics, mikI i'ik- (oIIow
III I
irooi
111:4- cx-
k.va:mim,k r.
WliJit thicki
Hh; iiupncl of a. solid 1
U'ssoi" inilmclc'il wroiprht
iron |>latc will wKlislaiid
W(
H;iiiisi)li,.ri<-al iicadcd sicrl shot of 1 1/, If
i'Xiit. and (I !t:J inches dJariK'tcr, (ii'cd willi !i(-l
(lie 7 inch ii(ii/,/|,. loai
J'ciiiaiiiiiii,^ vclocii \- al
lai'i^c ofii.' Ihs, fi-on-i
II
<>i"e we iiuvc tVoni
iuii i-in(>d Woolwich -run al l,(»(lirvai-d's, 11
1 lial (hslauc ■ • •
'iliiiiLioii (li),
•JllO l(
l> - V f
And Hiil),sti(.ntiii,<,f Mi<> values ul
VV
1 n 14 tr l<
Tl
rnori
ihovc, we fiml
l> -; tilMl incllrS.
K! Uiickhnss of pluto to res is I, t,|
liaa ti ;"► inches.
lis shot, ony;ht thei-(>for,. (,> i
) he
■ > t f
K.VA.Mri,!-: II.
_ Tli(> (vS i>i-. siuooth-l
t'lhs w<Mf,-hl, aiid7!H Indies d
-I to yards hoi n if l,;{(j,-, (rot.
\y hat thickness of unbacked
•bore-un is liivtl wiM. u spherical st,cl shot, oi'
iiviiu^tciv the striking veltwitv at
Hel^'^ilSe us t^lbS;:!:"^ ^""^^ ^"' '^ l'--^'"'^'- '
1>=:V J'
\V
AiuJ substituting tho above values:—
1 IT 11 <r k
!>:- s-2 Inohes: a If
10 proved l)y e.xperinjoiit.
KXAiMI'LK m.
Th
•spherical stet^l shot of.JIl-J H
i\ I-";.'! inch gun of 22 ton« wfis t
;ir
ciiai
,^'!»0 lbs.; the striki
>S, W(
•cd ;it an 11 incli plate will
ought it, to hiiyc penetrated the plate?
Now tile thickn
ight ;uul j;i 21 inches diamele
.Vf J,^'**?'/.,^''*"S J,574 feet at 21)0 van!
err
tiiite cuu be louiul from euuuti
es6! of unbucked plate which this shot will
on
(2)
pene-
And suhstitutiuir < !u< aJx
W
1 T It g k
A shot of the above uati
depth of 1-9 inches, and I
Ux>vc values wu liiul.
10 11 inches.
reiiKlentPdan 11 inch unb.'icked plate t
iroke 11i(^ plate in (wo.
o i\
r.u.'T ill
•til) (l(>(('nniii('
li r<»ll<)Wiliu; cx-
I'ill witlisliiiul
l\<)l or 11.) Ihs.
oil!-' ihs, iVoin
,lH)i» yards, ilic
KVc^fofc to ),(•
il steel slioi, of
If; vcUx-ily iU
plate Willi it
cs (lijiiiiclcr,'
lit '2m yavds t
ot will pciK-
kcd pinto to ii
Skc. I
l'iu.\Oft.r,K.s or- (;^^^•XK|;v.
KXA.^riM.i-; rv.
\r^!n'S'"^:r"S^^^ I-.I ..,
ifcn. \v(. hitvc Irom (■(, nation (I)
V -^ ij ^^ < T I t K k"
AM,ls,,l,sU(M|„,.n,,,,,,,,,,.^.^..,,,^^,^^^.^,^.__^^^
won... p....,..,.. .;. [„i!R' - i-i;'^r;.^^.sj'r^:;':; C i!-:
26
'w,
UK
"< J,2i)0y,inj,H,
11
OX oMM(ii'!.; |.ri;i.;.
luiuiilum (l)willUu..vron.h,.,.ornf..
And (2)
2ir
a T li k 1)2
.Sin-
b - V Sin 6 /
VV
m«°atXc;!l;'';;:!i^u,l!"r',,,V,'.".'..'' '' '"«" ""'..vk..! „,,
tion thni. if niakn.y;!
(0 wo Hntithiii' tho f(
n angiu of .is wiUi tl
wo place the plntn in h!u-!
!!^v!!:^i^v<<^i>iotumsK,;^i;'^^
10 ground. Fn
! it
pOHl-
foot tons per inch or. sij
!;s^S"'rs.'^!;';«¥?;uj"u;i:.'iii:;iil;::!
foi-e, thut a loss i
lot of (1-22 inches diuni
ots circumferonco. Wg
p.iicedut jin anKl(> of -is
;"■'?; .5'" ""t ponotrato'u I
P"Nl(|oi|
.Hl.l>, expeci, lli.T,.-
■JiiK-li unl
'a<-kor| i)|,it,,
I «■
lit !
SKCJTION IJ,
C0\STJ{L:(;TI()N of OJiI)NAN(^I^.
COXSTKUCTIOX OF S. 7i. CAST OJIDNANCK.
envoi on Iho oarriaKe ' *^"^ ^' increases recoil by the
the centre
ate, iiiut
of
c
"Uised by the tendencv h) mtntP r/^.V,!^
t«"nned the p'remnderance wfl^ ii'mofthe trunnions is
allow the brJeell to t'Sy Sviled o^K^L!^,;^ "'*""""'" ^«
• This form is not altered by tin- l-aiiiser process ^.f conversion.
I.'
'Z-i
V .
M
J' I
(-'ONSTUUCTlOX OK ()l!I)N-.\\(K
DjlnUion nf Cdlihrc—Vhi.
(•aliui'c ol the siiiii
iliuiiu'tcr
(lie
f'AIlT 111
is tcriiicil the
Dcjiniliini of Win<l(((i)..~Wh\Kh\,\'<j Is tlio di
tliaiiii't
ol llic hor.' aiKl ol tlic projcctlh
illcrtMicc hi'lwcca lla
1. Ki'oai lac iaiiiossihiljtv o
a ar'c'ssitv ia S. I!
:uas :—
of aail'ona diaau'toi .
To allo.v or iiua-cas
1' oldi;
r casMaj^ sliot j)i'i'lcrt,ly spliciicai or
,,^,.^(j,jl 01 (ijaaicirr iVoia rast or cxpansioa whan
••5.T()l>''rmltloadm- Willi -rcatcrlaciiit.vwiu-n lla- l.on. hccoaics
loul Irota coniiaaad liria<{.
Tlics,. ,toa<litioasnilllll,.d, wiada-c niasl 1),. as siaall as i.ossibk'.
Admntu(j<:s oj \\ ind<ui<'--^. it admits ilu" i>assa';c of ila- llaaic
'''n\\i('fii/c''''''''"''^'''''''' ""'•''■'•"'"i''l^'*'<'l' I'll'' .^'i"i u-liich i-aitcs tlu.
2. Diaiiiuslics the strain on l,lu> t;ua when liriii"-
J)ls(ulr(mt,i<mo/ Wlna<i,,c.~\. f.oss oi a poi'Mon of the rorccorthf
(•har-n ironi ih.- ..scai),. '>i uk- clasUc HukI round tli-. shot, rcsullin"
111 a i'tHlu<-i'd initial velocity. "
...•^•v!u'i^','!'""'.'-\*" W'^ »'J,^lit ot Mie projectile from its centre of
j,'i, \ l,> bin- be ()w the axis ol the t^un, tans iiermlttin^- the -as to
. . V V • '*' '*^' "* ^"V i"'<>Jt'«'"^'. 'i'"l t^'i'iso it l.y a s",ccess°on of
ivhonnds in tlie bore, to loavo the muzzle in an accidental direc-
its'cxi't'"""^ *'* ^''*^ '""^ **'^'"' '"" ^'"'" "'^' '■^''♦'♦""^l"^ •>'■ t-'"' '^liof ill
l'e?ii!-Tlie vent of a .i,am is the channel passing throu.rh tho
metal trom the exterior of tlie breech into the boreT by means of
which It IS tired. ' -^ '"^•""' '"
f .wf M?^f/ "'"/' ^''i*i>Z- ~^'\ «fi'vlce ordnance veiit.^are coiistriu-ted
two-nmtjis ol an inch m diameter, and tiiey are bouched with
copper, irom the fact that this metal witliAtands the (•heiii •
action of j-unpowder betUa- than any other. iauuc ai
Chdmbevs-Thv chamber of a -un is the cell or cavity at tlie
hot tola ol the bore to receive the charge of powder
the'servi'l^'"""''""'"^''''''''' '"""' ^^^'•* ''"■'"•^ *'^' ••'"i"'!*^"'- adojited in
1. Tli,i cylindrical.
'2. Tho conical or goiuer.
.... V ^l'?" ^""" *^^ ^^"<^ ''^ '" tile base ring. In shot guns it is i,,
irontolthe oa.se ring, in what i.s termed the veat-iatc This i«
one means ot distinguishing a shot gun from a shell -nn
1 hey may also be distinguished by tlie shell guns h?iviiV>-o-ilv two
muzxie ,„o„!,!,„gs, whilst sh( I guns have t.iiree. T u\uh^\\\U^^^^^
ing the gnu with only two 1
them being run out oV tl
nouldin-s. This was do
10 port-holes of wood
some shot guns at iJigljy, N. S., which I
tnriied oh.
en shnis.
ne to enable
licre art^
lave the Miinl moulding
f'AllT III
rl'lllcil lllc
IWccll till'
;,Miiis ;—
pliciicil or
sioii wIkmi
'(■ licconics
■1 )>()ssil)li'.
lll(> (IjllllC
^i'liitcs (lie
arcc ol'Mio
, I'csiiliiiijj:
cc'iilrc (»r
Liu! y-'i'^ to
•cession oi'
lUil (Ufcc-
ic shot ill
■oiiyh the
iiieans ol'
>iisLfU(.'tod
•luid witli
(^licniical
ty ut, Mic
(l()})toii ill
IS It is ill
1. This is
ronly two
I'd iiioiild-
i\vii, Icav-
to t'nal)Ic
PhcM-c arc
moiildii)'?
f^Kc n.
(
o.\sri;i:c;iJoN ok ()i:i
>.\.\.\(K
Tl
;;i':::':.!v^^:!"-!>:'>''^'"''"'nHiad:
'<• second ),,.|s tl
eoniiiM'iiccs to ninv
e advatilat'e il
<'. all wind
'l'le<i oii|\' (,, ,s(
I'd Mhen tlicsiiol is I
I'iill eli.-ii
• '•«:es.
""lie, nnlil i(
'Mu a sj.ace to exist hetwc'ii t]i(. e 1 -V . ' .. "'^■■^"^■■•"i»"fre ota llow-
(xuns, Mortars and IlowUzers- '''""'''■" '^ '"^-'^^"'J ">tnf lirccMdass,.,.
M'.Jc?;fS^n:'|j;:, •r;,;^','.;,!^:- V^--.m-fu^^ sl.n, .nd sUhi .„ ,„J
Hty and ..>nse,„o,^!,^;;V;;'n J!;K^' "> •">'-" ^-^U i^m^.^Z
>~iniooih bore "'nnv •ii-<. ,>r)... 1 • ',' •
'n!n'f.5''''^' "■'^•^" ^^'i»l' II'' m."""' '^" ^'•"•''i«:".'de<I hy ,ho welih, „t
Ihe (litlereni natnresarefi !l l^ m oi w ,., -„
^^S^i^ Guns.-^U.n .nns are a.^^i^iaFii^Ky'fii:;';.?;^/,;^ •.-;;t;- ,
^..ons^ffi^t^';!,;';;-^^^ "^'^-"^ >i^'>ter pi,..„s, and y., nri. J
';;»>Sless liMhleto l)urstt ,a iri in^ '"<'<'■". ••""1 f.,n. , i,-
ncfhod or
* r«,
vidcd tl
s beinj,' (luestionod wl
le <>-nn be str
lether tliis spa
...,,;.;:. Sf ,K. ^;s;!5s;;""«i;jj;"^'' ?-.:^;:-;" .
rifled Kill
'>ore, have been
<•(' is a disadvaiita«-e
pro-
.n'«'^'''(lian (h
exjK"ri7iientaIly introdu.od iv^;:
r
m
HI: ■.
•^'' (^OXSTIIUOTION OK OkUNANCK.
/Aj?/u72^7-5 — Hnwlt/orsaro a dcHcrlptloii of rIjcII-"....
)>iir|. piitcli ; Kliortor, lint witli a bore of liirj,^ r(liain»'n>r tl
proi.orUdiijit ' wciglit; iui<; hUoiid'jd to lire shells at 1
reduced vidoeitv
l-AKT III
nil, vvltli !i dis-
iMii n ji^uii of
ow unifies and
Mortars. -.Mouars are tln' sliortost, \)U-('r of ordnance in the
Service; Mit! trniinions an; placed in r<-ar ofMu" vciiL at, the hrccch;
the b(M-e Is very lar-e eoni})ared to the length of the piece, and is
l>rovided with a j^.'diicr chanibei'.
r'jre.— They are used at hiiili anslos, generally at 4") de^'n'os, for
micluii- ()bjects [,y tliuir vertical itre, when injury cannot I...
eiu'cted 1).\' direct lire.
Conntrnction.— They iiro constructed stronj^er than L'uns on ac-
couiiLoltn:' liijj;h (dcvation ut which tli( y are llred, and shorter.
l!fn-Vh '■ 'l""f-"'ty <>'■ loiiding tiiein would be increased by their
Fired from 7?e;d.?.— Mortars arc; tired from beds instead of carria"-es
onaceounl n\[.h 'ir li.^^h (■ievation, the recoil forcing the jiiece down-
wards, as well as backwards; imparting a .-train that no wIkm-I
carriages could long sustain.
There are 5 sizes of mortars f<.r land service, vi • the 1.!'. 1(1' and
S on roil weighing, 'id cwt., iscwt. and (»cwt. resi)ectively.and the
.). Koyaland 4 2-.)' Coehorn, made of bron/.e. the two latter are of
the same calilire as the 21 and 12 por. guns.
There are no si)eclal projectiles made for them, the 2h>or. and 12
Iior. common shells being suitable, 4 men can carry one ol tliese
pieces a moderate distance when it is loi d necessary to chaniro
their position. ^ b
Rendering Ordnance useless— 'f^nnwih-nuvo owUvmwq can be dis-
abiecl by knoclviiig a trunnion oti; or they can be made useless for
the time being by spiking the vent with a nail or proi)erIv forme('
spike II ladc'for the purjiose. i i .
ffi
m
lu.
:'!■
SIGHTS FOU S. 11. OKDxVAXCE.
Sights ,-T\u' following are the sights used with S. IJ. Ordnance.
iM, liars Sight; .-Tangent scale or Jiindsight at the broch and
(lisi)art, or loresight, in front of 2nd reinforce.
Thedisi)art or foresight is necessary in order to gain a line parallel
to the axis ol the gun, in coiiseipience of the gradual decrease of
metal from breech to imiz/le.
Above the clearance angle of the gun, a No. 1 wooden tangent
sea e IS usei and graduated ui) to, Sdegrees :-a No. 2 wooden tangent
scale IS ii.sed lor tho.'^e gnns not lilted with Miller's sights, butean be
o) service only above the line of metal elevation.
Short Jiadivs —Thv brass tangent scale mav be said to be a tan-
gent to an arc, t!ie radius of whicli is the distaiice from the ln.r|iev;t
f)oiiu o! tile loicMght to the back of the haul sight and the divisions
IS calculated accordingly; this distance is called the short radius
Long iic(t/i»A'.-,The wooden tangent scale may 1
tangent to an ar<; of which the radius is the dist
:)e
laid
b
ince from the notch
on the swell ol the muzzle to the back ol the hind sight; this d
tance is <-alled the long radius.
is-
i'AKT III
in, Willi a (lis-
• tlifui (I lifun of
)\V illlj^lcs iliul
ifUicc in Mi(>
il tli(> bi't'C'li;
' piece, lUiU Is
> (l('>rr(;os, for
•y caniioi ho
ijuii.s, on jic-
, iiiitl shorter,
ase'l l)y Llieir
I of ciirriasos,
(' piece (l()\vii-
lat MO vvh(>el
e ]■!", 10' and
^ely, and tiie
hitter are of
21por, and 12
• one ol these
ry to change
can he dis-
e useless for
lerly formed
Ordnanco.
hre/'ch and
line parallel
1 liecrease ot
den tangent
)den tan^-ont
;s, hut can he
I to he a tan-
I the hi'.^host
the divisions
wt radius.
said i() he a
n\\ the n«»tch
ht ," this dis-
Skc. J I.
Oo.VSTIU'rTTOX UV OunXAXCR.
PA
KUI,K ^OU ,,BN„TI, „K Z.K«HKK „.V TA«U,V,. s,.^,.„
Tile hrass tangent s.-ilr. Jv ^ *
up and down wllho„rt:^ chln^\he'^^^^^^^^ •^" tl'at it may slide
I ;^o.,hts must then .i/l^StS^^o^Killl'^i;;:' il^JlJ.^.-^..^
tl^sum;;^-;!K^S;r^> imoor meta. must coincide. ,. r., he in
KOIt SIGIITIXU H. B. OKDXAXCK
«ight, hut is raised ah()vt i e t • ,.n"i ^ '!' '"'^ '« not the true (,u-irtei-
tlH
Tiii
metal.
riSiSS^'^;l™^Eisi^"-'-. - --.0.,
■ listed to lay also at a l.-ss ej
'vation than the lino of.
i -I £
(N)Nsll;r( I KiN o|.' Oltl)\AN( K
'J'islifif/ SifiklH. \
siirlifs <iji ii .siii()(i(li-l
i'»u;:li nicthdd <.t tcsttii',' lli.- coi'ivrt
Www III,
Hiss ()1 tlu>
flllCl', J
fill
I'liil siu'lit shuiild )),. cxji'rti
I'M.' piiii is III riiisc till' t;iiij,'i'nl .smk' to llir
inil pm:-s ii Hik thn-jiil tVoiu tlii' toj. nC tl
l«('l|l scjil,, ,,VI'|- III,, (lis) ;ii-t skrht to U
fiiiii/./lc i!r)t<'ii ; tJH' (11s-
IH' sii'-ht iPt;
true
y t<>uclilii!j;;in(i,iiic,.M\- iiii,|,.r this tlirotid
^MMn::;!':(^n,;^:i-;:;^^'';':'''^''V';''.''!' <''T.vs-i.>M ....y i
ontiiMiici' witliiiiit iisiii;.' ti
)(' «:ivi'ii
(I
I'Vcl (jiijidiiiiit, or tl
<• <'lcv!iti<>ii jiIk.vc the li(,il/(,ii, l.til I
11 llic olijrct, tllld di'tcliiiliiiii^' II
""'"■y "idy, liowcvcr, ^jvc
ic .i,M:iiiM'rs (lUiidiiiiit. Tl
V II... l„Mi/,„i, tl.c n'.„:i.vd olcvatiou ..i.-.y utu.nv//rd.s I,,
y Ifiyiiij;' till. y;iiii point hinidt
'»'\jilioii ahovc or depressed
,'iveii
Col'l'KK \K.\TlNJi.
All (..•.s|,-i.„,n Mild l.i-Mss nrdnjiiiee m-v vente,; hefor,. issue witii
l.oiieh,.. ,,( ,„,,,. e„p,,„,, n.ortar,.. only iijf is n i-.-ired.
v.;\ t'.'T'-^, '•'"■-- I •"■.^' ■•"•'' inviiriiil.ly ..1 tlie snine diinneler l,i,l
Ni \ i" Icli^'lluiecoidiiiijtotli,. thiekllessoliMclal "•'""'"' '""
I iK'ii' are l\V(.iiatnr<.s(.rv(.iit.
J he cone vent and tliroii;,di-veiit. \
Iheeone vent Is a cylinder, terminating in a frustruin .)ract)no
UH' ::;!.!ndrS;ir,:irn:^'"' ■■"•-■' ••"• ••"••-• '-t i,ein,;.a;;';e(t^;(;ri
t iH^v win ad^i'iV ,lr ir"" '"■ '"' ''''" ^'""' »"" ^*"- ■•'^ven(in« gnns, ir
tiuv;;d'ls;';;S!;:i';;:t',;r^;!;;;:l;-;::'' <»-'-??'-'-' h- whoio ieng,h,n.o
Kan iiiipressionoftlie hotlojii of th(> vent show- flssiirev whi,.ii
wonid ,,,., he removed hy (ho Ins. rtion of a .-one "t.^,, a throJ.g," l-.'n'l
Mm:/.,/ of ]irv,'ntinf,.~A {run must hv revented if th>e vent
Kl mt.s ol a fr„,,j,,., ..J., ,,„.,, p,,ssi.i{rd(wn it. If the lissur e" at lu'
' neVc^n VmMv;L''n''*^r''"'''*'^'"^?'" '♦^'•••''''•^•"^'^^^^^
.1 tone vrnt niay he ii-.'d lor revoiit ny:. If ne.re than ;« Me,! m. t
more than • l,",, a thn.i.-h-vent must be us, d. ' '
Hcyond these limits the ^un must he condemned New- vents
:ii'econstriict(>dwilh 7 threads to an inch. '""'"'"*"• ^^^^ ^^"'^
If, I-
CONST IMH-r TON' OK ItlKLBjI) OJiJINANCK
h.™,::;::n;r;^;;!:;.;;;!l;i:^'-^"-'-- >" ^'- ^'--'>-" -rvicearc
Ji. L. r;7,n.v.-The H. i. rifled -uiis are (livi(l(.d int., two classes.
Th
he sitrhls for the rided khus now ii
Militia Artillery have I
til
cir I'e.vpecliv.. iiea.linu
>c('.ji tiescrihod s])eeially for tl
1 possession of the (.'anadian
losp ji-inis under
Sec. II.
CONSTUUCTION OP OllDNANCE,
88
bore ; the vcM,t-,)lect?KKd^^^^^^ tlic (•hmMl„w of f j ,'.
<^'l« top Of the brepch. „.„. „.
'' '' ltP?roTn7olI t';!?.^'' «" *^^ «--« ^^'^tem. the " Ar„.strong,"
* P5**'*''*lit! till I1I11
named after the Inventor. - - — - -^^'^^^^Lyjuir-.
syst';7^'3M;'1;-?r!^:ftee^r^^^^^ Of construction of this
tube so as to ^'iv!^il^,;e^c^ss' ryTuMuJllf ':f-;;V". •'^';!"'"' '"" t- the
Of £"teir„'ii''sf,j/,;,!;r„Ki?,ft <i.o a.„
sy
««^i«e are, 6 ror. and 7 inoh guns "^ ^- ^- ^""« 1" the Canadian
1" tKaSnn'rrTlcr^':!^ «'^«««« of rifled muz.L- loaders
I' I nor' M "/"r • '^ronze mountain guns.
Ife^e^-^^r^i^SKSjun..^^^,,^^^^
H.y^^^nT^wlS ir;'.;^I^,rt'.:?^^?^^ ^^. '^"T" - the WOO..IH,
tnc^unisriried with thre(M>r moVo^ ^''^ ^'•f'l^h svstnrn
tile lias two studs to each groo^. "^ '"^''' grooves, and ttie project
.ore are no wedge B L. R. guns in Canada.
31
Construction of Ordnance.
Part III
I
.»
Grpoves.— The grooves cut in the bore of a rifled sun are slmnlv n.
portion of the thread of a female screw havInSrifng'puSh ^^ "^
Lands.— The lands are the spaces between the grooves
Loading and Driving Edge.-ThQ 9 por. M. L. ft. gun has a load-
ing and a driving edge, the loading edge is more perpendicular to
fh^f^T^*\^f S^^*"^ ^^"f" ^^^" ^^« ^''ivi^S edge which Is sloped off HO
that the stud in coming out must get a bearing somewhere on its
surface so as to centre the projectile in the boreT i. e., make Ite axis
coincident or nearly so with that of the gun. "»»«.« i wt axis
Two Classes of Twist.— Tyvo classes of twist are adopted, known as
the uniform and increasing twist »""wjj u»
In the flrst case the spiral commences at the moment the oroleo-
tile moves, and is constant throughout the length of bore.
IncreaHng Twist.-ln the second theprojectiro is allowed to move
directly forward for a short distance (i. e., without rotatory motion )
the muzzle f" commences, slight at flrst, but increasing towards
Advantages 0/ Increasing Twist, Vide " Majendie," ».6-0.— The in-
creasing twist is preferred, as the strain on the gun andconsenuont
^f*flrV^ ''^ ^^'^^^ ^^ possesses a slight advantage in accuracy
^The muzzle-loading rifled guns adopted into the Brmsh service
The converted 32 pr,, and 8" S. B.-W pr > tt ., ^
" 68 pr and 8" S. B.-80 pr i Uniform Twist.
7-inch— 115 pr. Uniform Twist.
8-lnch— 180 pr. 1 . '
9-lnch— 250 pr.
10-inch— 400 pr. \ Increasing Twist.
12-lnch— 600 pr. |
* 35 ton gun— 700 pr. J
JPalliser System.— In the Palliser converted system the 32 pr 8"
and 68 Pf-, S. B., are bored out, and a wrought-lron tubo inserted
rifled with three grooves.
Building Up o/Guns.-The original building-up princlpb was In-
troduced by 8ir William Armstrong, o *- * f
There are three methods in use for the construction of M L
rifled guns, viz : the Armstrong Fraser and Palliser metfiods.
Armstrong Method.— In the Armstrong method, the breech-nlecG
is forged solid, a number of small coils are then shrunk on it and
hooked together to prevent longitudinal separation,
Fraser Melfiod.— In the Fraser method, inste.ixl of a solid broech-
piece being forged, a breech coil composed of treble and double
colls is welded to the ti'unnions to form one mass, and the whole Is
shrunk on in one operation, and the muzzle strengthened by a tube
of two coils nnited= vi/.^c
Aiivantages.—A cheaper iron is u.sed with the Fraser construction
witu as good results, while tlie shrinking on is performed In ono
operation.
* The Htud system Is apparently bolna; gradually superseded bv tho
polygroove with a gus cheek which iiiii)arts rotaticm.
Part III
i> are simply a
; pitch.
ves.
in has a lood-
rpondlcular to
iH sloped off HO
lOWhtTO on Its
make Its axis
)tcd, known as
jnt the projeo-
3ore.
owed to move
atory motion.)
islng towards
5.6-«.— Theln-
ad consequent
B In accuracy
trltlsh service
►rm Twist.
Sec. 1
CONSTKUCTION OP OrbN'ANCE.
85
the 32 pr., 8",
tubo insorteu
iclplg was In-
;tlon of M. L.
nethodH.
broech-pleco
nk on It and
solid broeoh-
e and double
1 the whole Is
sned by a tube
r construction
formed In one
o^tToT^fS'tSn^^^^^^^^ smooth bor.
Jackets have been cas .poch llv fo nV*'; ^^''^'^r^ *^^'''«^ <^h^^
6. There 1, a flatter tm|ectory. "■"
^disadvantage.— Bad rieoohf.f ir,««„
expense of mruiufactinvrincrA^^^ complicution, and extra
^disadvantages 0/ B L. Oun\~TnUT^^-
ment with detonating compotition u nn^"""* ''^ Percussion urranjre-
and the extreme cold of the cliSo n?n ^^^'''V'^^ *« 'SniW the A,f e
cult to manipulate in winter "'^'^ "^ Canada makes thorn difll-'
.u^lf ^^^^^^^^^ mnzzle-load.n, rlflod
'sedod by tho
i-'
Du
ii]
Ll ff
J
PRACTICE OF GUNNERY
SECTION I.
DEFINITIONS.
Pi-ece.-Is an imaginary line passing down the centre
A. AxU
of the hr
of the gii ^ ""• ^"^ ^^^ vertical plane passing through the axis
withfetnf ofsSr'*-^'' '""^ '^"^^^ ^hl«h the line of Are makes
to?s^^ffi%l?e^nTsSe-J.l;,%T^^^^^^^^
muzzle are in line. ""umbparc sight, and the notch on the
J. Jumv.—la thp difforonon k 1 J.^*''^*"^ '"6 niiizzle.
thoang.^releva^.%^?-^aS^-^uEfcffll.Sffi^^^
.1eLry"?i\\^KS''^Vi:i%^^^ to the tra-
impact on the object ^ ' ^' ^^^ ^^^^ ^''^^e, or at the point of
i\T. T^fxyiftfi ^^^\i3 fH- r?*-'
second intersection of ti?e''[m)eSrvwil^ "''/*?« ?"" ^o the
Practice of Gunnery.
Part III
P. Point njunJc Range— Isi the ranffo ohtalnod at the first graze of
the shot when the ])K'ce placod on its carriage is fired with the
sei vice eharge, on a hfirizotal ])lane with no elevation ; that Is to say,
when the axis ol the piece is parallel to the plane. '
q. Z,me 0/ JWetaJ.->Is a visual line joining tlie notches cut on the
highest points of the base ring and swell ot the muzzle, when the
trunnions are perfectly horizontal.
K Line of Metal Elevation.— li^ the elevation obtained when the
gun IS laid upon an object by means of the line of metal (there
being no dispart patch). ^
8. Quarter Sight Line.— 'if, a, line Smnins a not<!h on the base rlnir
and a notch on the muzzle made on both sides of the gun, it is rar-
the trumr- '^« ''^ "*'*'''^ above it so as to clear the cap squares of
T. Line of Horizontal ^a;/s.^The line of horizontal axis is the true
quarter sight Jine, and marlced only on the right side of the gun, at
the base ring, trunnion and muzzle. h h »'^
• . rfv^'^"c«i '<l^ine of Axis of Trunnion.— Is only marked on the right
Bide of the gun. It is simply a perpendicular to the line of horizon-
tflil clXlS.
y. Deflection.-~lsl\\e horizontal distance of the trajectory to the
light ()!• loft of the line of fire.
, ^V-P.^'l^y^f''^^'—}^ the consumt-bearlng away to the right or left,
in its tlight, ol an elongated projectile, caused by the rotatory motion
iniiiarted to it on its longer axis.
II.
The firmer division of the Practice of Gunnery into " horizontal
file "and vertical fire" has been lately changed on tlie recom-
mendation of a committee of Royal Artillery ofllcers, assembled for
the purpose ot considering what terms were to be used in distinguish-
ing the vfirious njxtures of artillery fire, liaving reference to the angle
ot elevation, and it was determined that they should be classed
under three terms, viz : j ^. ,>.. o<. u
1st " DIRECT FIRE."
ceedhi" f""*^ ^^'^^' service charges at all angles of elevation not ex-
2nd " CURVED FIRE."
From guns with reduced charges and from howitzers and mortars
at all angles of elevation not exceeding 15°.
3rd •' HIGH ANGLE FIRE."
^^Fjomguns, howitzers and mortars at all angles of elevation ex-
' Tti-"l^'r^ terms to have reference to the condition within the
'^\
Part III
first graze of
rod with the
that is to say,
I OS cut on the
le, when the
5d when the
metai (there
;he base ring
run, it is par-
ip squares of
;is is the true
)f the gun, at
1 on tlie riglit
e of horizon-
!Ctory to the
right or left,
itory motion
" horizontal
tlio rccom-
^sembledfor
distinguish-
! to tlie angle
d be clat-sod
tion not ox-
and mortars
levation ex-
i within the
Sec I.
Pkactice of Gunnery.
39
front," or ''frontal," may be "onrvpri"LJ<i<'^ ^'"'^o JJmnnt'r m
nhf<?"?^^ ii ^^'■iety 'of "curved fir J-'^'wUh y^T^" nUuK'Au't /I "o
placed in the prolongation, or n earl v so nf n h ^' A""«' w»""»> ar
ustr n !;f ^ being reduced £^nd the elevation nS^.v^^"''.'/'* "/ "^^'^^l
pa^a^pet,forinstance,\&a^^^^^^^^^^^^
of*;fe\^r7SU'irb^^^^^^^^ the bounds or rla.h.,.
superseded by curved fiie with ^r^nL^ ^5 reliable, ifc ban b .en
clearing the Parapet oJtraTersefSSnir^f^' "^^ P''"J««ffl« u«t
them. Curved Are may be '• /ront 'W^l"^ **" impact bclilnd
already mentioned. It is so when^L ""^ '"frontal," m hHri""!
tame^d are placed perpendSik^rlv tn n*',?"*'^.^^'^"^ which It 1« ob-
mai!!'g;i?;x;i?syferi'„r'i^'""!' ■"»>' "» ""-i for .„.
iiinfllade curved fire will bt^ nsAd <f riV
mountordnancealong a ficp of tnrlo*' ^"r*" »^« Intended to dlH-
create casualties amoL defen irr Th P''9t««ted by travorwos S
mustrationofthe effeSvencss of fhS^^^''!f^^'/""PP'^'' '« 'i goS
The Prussians enfiladed thf feces of^/hl*' ""^ ".'^'"^ curvod flro
ordnance and creatine' e-ism u t J. V^? , t"® works, dlHmounJlnw
this the Pruralan's efeS S raflHrti"'!??,,""' ''iS'i an<l WM,? " ,'
work., sliewlngthe g„„, \a wltll°.n^''''''""VP'^^^^^ "f S SS
arl„« Short at the ne^Jt'tT^r TiS ^^Szd'ZHJS:
I
!■ ,
40
PRACTICK OF GUNNEIIY.
It |i^
r ,.
! •
fl
Part 111
?uZ^,^'' .1^^^ parallelogram of error in " curved " or " direct " enfllnrlP
r m, r^ T'^''; T:-'"' ••^^IV'intagoous than in " curved "or "difect"
depth? ^"'*'' ""'^^"'^ ^'^^ "''•'•^^'^ i" the latter case has great
III.
y LAYING GUNS AND HOWITZERS.
In order that a projectile flred from a gun or ho\vlt/or mnv sf rikr.
rBrTn<i?he a'xls'of th^^r^^^^''^ to layfthe gun?^^ Tly^'^^
9 r-Kr^^.f. < ^i\^^^ P*®^<^ "^ '^ vertical plane with the obiect •
(rnl?ss fiffnt^wftf n 'l? "r^^^ ^ certain elevation above the object
range.) ° * ^"" '^*' "^ t^^^^anoe within point blanlc
But, as the axis of the piece is not visible it Is necessarv to mnko
se of notches or sights outside the piece on its exterior .Tirnao^ to
determine practically the position of the axis. In a B Kuns two
notches are cut on the highest points on the base r n "and! e sS
of the muzzle, and ti.e visual line joining them is called as atre^dl
mentioned in definitions, the line of metal, ana it is by ^^^^
on the Ime of metal and I'n the same vertical Tj^^ane as the axis of ?hP
piox3e tiiat their axis may be brought in line w t". the oblm
It IS necessary in order to counteract tlie ettect of gravity on
to .r 'T-'fT^'''^' :'^ 'y':?!^^^y mentioned in the princTi^es of Jumffcry
to give the axis of the gun a certain elevation; this is d ?ie by
?f ^ro^"^^^''^'''*"^ t?^ '^•^"-^ according to the visible elTect produced
It was necessary to silence the worlds on the Danisii right f?rst for
thnf fl?.nw'''°"f v/'^^nf'"^^'^ ^^^ Prussiau infantry was ordered on
nnrt t^T/i", ^"If'^^ the Danes from tlieir line of operation and retreat
and tq hem them into the angle formed by the arm of the sea b-fore
mentioned, the Prussian Are was so accurate as to mder the attS
l>y the infantry comparatively easy. Tlie officer commanding th^
ueTVfn nf"'!^7 was tried by court-martial EoSg so few^gf/^!
}h^?f iH?.M\*f^''"*"i,' ^"t acquitted on the ground, tiiat he prfved
that the Prussian flro was so accurate it passed harmlessly over
men'}^';!"^!;':^''''*''';'*,'^^""""^ tlie guns and puttlng^mf d^etach-
montHjiors d<i combat m succession from theright; and after a shm'f
..V.?^ u ^Tf "»»<^«''?«^/.v loss of life, he fourid it adv s.^^ le to w h^
diaw the detachments from the guns in succession as soon is the
unerring fire reached them. Po.fsibly a veVy active com ma^idint
Sht fav'e l^J^na^n^fo'lT'"' ''''''' ca'rriaTes'knd matSiTat hand
migiit nave lemountcd the guns and recommenced the defence.
Artni^V.^;^;n-^*r'^^'*f- ^•'^- ^r-Cf-. late Lt-Col. Inspector of
AlJ'^/ '7-'",^^"'^'^^ '"^•'^ Inveniod asystem of laying guns Td mor-
tars behind parapets which intercept the sight of the obiect it Ims
been approved by tlie War Office. = " "i tnc oujccc, it uas
i%
Part III
Vwect" enfllade
" or "direct"
mse has great
Sec. I
PuACTicK OF Gunnery.
41
er may strike
Is to say :
h the object.*
)ve the object
1 point blank
!sary to make
or surface, to
5. B. guns two
and the swell
ed, as already
sights placed
the axis of the
object.
of gravity on
s of gunnery,
s is done by
3Ct produced,
•iffht first, for
IS ordered on
1 and retreat,
.he sea before
ler the attack
tnanding the
r so few gun-
at he proved
mlessly over
gun detach-
l sifter a short
iable to with-
i soon as the
iommandant
3rial at hand,
e defence.
Inspector of
unsa dmor-
object, it has
SIGHTS OP s. B. GUNS.
dispart Of the gun at that Jart of ^on^f^lfii^ Tori^^hS i'r'o^
other%VToo"dVo?lfeavis V*°^ «*?•?*« ^'^'- one of brass and fh«
ninu Imm the dispart, aiehi, -imlthi . . '^'^ wtiioh sepiirjites th*.
ated to the long rijtoyfh,{'(l'"l''j« »'<!«len.tangont BaSlHgrMu.
SIGHTS OF RIFLED GUNS.
ohliatlononhetanB«.nt.S;i«.f " T!}"" laying the "an lliiX
the left of the oWecfsuKSMf ',''''' ""* "^Is of tEe ph- "e to m nt f,:
sSl^l-*^--«'o,r^^^^^^^^^ >»af, whteh ,.
ance may be given in layliie the min fv^^ :.',f^^"^^ ^"' exact allow-
Influence on the oonrU r.f- fL ^"1* ^^r wind or other distuVhi.L
siglit p aced on the hlg ie^tturHfl?f\V^*"' tangent bar and a fore
perfectly horizontal. ^ "'^^^''^ "^"^^ fe'"". the trunnions behig
I «
i
42
Practice op Gunnery.
Part III
The 9 ix)r. M L. R. has the fore sight on a dispart patch at the
muzzle. In all cases the tangent bars are Inclined at ingles to tht
left varying for diflerent guns to counteract derivation, these bars
are also prpv ded with sliding leaves .oglvedeflectlon Aplrt from
w nd as a disturbing agent there Is also the inclination of the piece
when Its trunnions are not perfectly horizontal; this imperfect
levelling of the trunnions would have no ellect If firing with no
elevat on, but If firing wlih elevation it would tend, by Inclining
the axis of the piece towards the side which is lowest, to throw thf
Sr^-'.^^r^ln'^'T ^"^.^^^ 9.^ ''^^^ ""^ 1«" «f the object aimed at a n^ the
greater the elevation the more considerable will be the error. (FIk
.) The line of sight making an angle with the line of fire.
Angles of elevation or depression are also given by means of
the spirit level quadrant, and also by the gunner's Quadrant
These instruments only gi>^e the elevation abo#e thlhorlzon, but
If you first ay the gun point blank on ftie object and ascertain the
degree of elevation the quadrant marks when the long arm Is pro^
Sfte^w^ardf be given ""' *""" ^""' '''' ''"^"*''"^ ellv™n'^ay
Angles of depression are taken by placing the quadrant aealnst
B L r! guis? ^ ^' ^' ^- ^""' °'' *° "'^ P^^^«^ chamlfer of
At gun prao^ce It Is unadvlsable to alter the elevation after each
round unfess the error Is considerable, short or over, but the result
of several rounds should govern these alterations, as there is a cer-
tain parallelogram of error due to each gun. t e « ic a cer
The ranges corresponding to the angles and minutes of the
tangent scales are determined by experiment, a range curve beln^
constructed representing the mean range of a gun fired with tl
service charge at certain elevations. It is with tL aid of this range
curve that range tables are made. kiub lange
To make use of range tables when at practice the distance of the
object aimed at must be known, as It is according to its greater or
less distance that elevation is given when firing. B'«aier or
RANGE FINDING.
The distance ofan oblect maybe ascertained by judging, which is
very uncertain for the long ranges of artillery, and also by meansof
instruments, practice will enable you to estimate distances prettv
accurately up to 600 or 700 yards, but when firing at objects over that
range Instruments should be used. A pocket lextant is «ie most
portable and useful Instrument for that purpose, and the ranges are
r?rt'^Zlw^rr"if^°'°/*^5!?"' either"^ of natural tangent! with
right angled triangles or In oblique angled triangles, thi principle
ofwhlch is, by the proportion as one side Is to the sine of its oppo-
ofthe application onheabovVrin^
The known side, as a base, being 100 yards in length, or when !ong
ranges are required, 200 yards, the result being of course doubled :-
X.
I
Pakt III
i patch at the
b angles to the
on, these bars
n. Apart from
)n of the piece
;his imperfect
firing with no
, by inclining
:, to throw the
led at, and the
he error. (Fig.
of Are.
by means of
3r's quadrant.
J horizon, but
ascertain the
ig arm is pro-
le vati on may
drant against
jr chamber of
ion after each
but the result
there is a cer-
nutes of the
e curve being
3red with its
1 of this range
[Stance of the
its greater or
ring, which is
o by means of
tances pretty
ects over that
t is the most
he ranges are
mgents with
the principle
3 of its oppo-
te angle,
i un example
ed triangles.
)r when long
se doubled :—
Sec. I
Practice of Gunnery.
NATURAL TAJ.-GENT8 TO A RA8E OF
48
TO MEASURE BISTANCES U8ING TABLES.
tionf Iu%1S?rTt "llftL^ ' ^'"'^t« the opera-
A B. the base; which musf hi* . ^"^.^^^^<l»*'•ed; mfd
, Two men place thpSiil^„«i^r«^»"ynieas{n-ed
oasG, the mjin at A. havlnc;'s^7 ?h''i'^h *^^^" «ntl of
tant at 90^ moves him sp/fhA^ ^^^. ^^^^^ of his sex-
or so only is glZmUytea^&Z^l'^''''^ (a pace or
made to move unt he 11 r^i.^L*'?®.^"^"** B. is
abovetheobjectX.,thellnJAVwinl*'"i?'^^l«tely
angles to A. X. Th^ man^St^/M^^'^en b^^^^^^^^^^^^
44
Practice op Gunnery.
Part 111
his sextunt at zero, looks at A. through the olear glass, and moves the
man^a?T'^hl",*nH^***' object A is reflected Immediately above the
o,.H tJ?1»;' ^^,^ 1?^^' ^''"^ ^'" "'«" indicate the number oi degrees
and minutes in the angle A. B. X. On reference to the tables opnosito
the angle thus obtained, will h*. found the distance A. £'''' °»'P°*^"«
nn^b^ A R Y fT?"^*-' k'^ ^l^.V^^'^V'' ^*^<^ ^^^"^ 1*^'' y'i''fl«' and the
be IWOyds! ^^' ^^ ™'"" "»e distance A. X. would
ONE SEXTANT WITHOUT TABLES.
onl«H"^^^,*''??"**"l'^l^"*'®.^' *' *^ ^'ct at 90= at A. Aflshlngreel mea-
^ZSntt ?f ^'iiVH.^'"''^."' the ground at A. by a spike screwed into
the butt of a fishing rod or other pole to which the reel Is fastened
tlie pole serving to mark the end of the base. The line is run 100
^hP ^'n^n LT'^^Hl^S^ '^*""*.*^ ^y '^^ assistant at right angles to A. X.
fl?cte^ ovpr Y- snil^^^f""^ corrects the man at %. getting him re:
ftnffi^oall-'^- Sticks his sword or a lance In the ground at A. if no
aSe when^xP';rr^^i'^''i^^ «'*Ji"8^J«^'' ^^^^^ ^o B. and takes the
A % y« /l^ 5i,i^^?,^,®,«<*lo^e'* P- ,^en without tables, distance
A. B. in/eet X 1150 divided by angle at X. In minutes = range in yds.
N. B.— Angle X = 90 - angle B.
ROUGH RULE FOR SAFE RANGES.
Projectiles from rifled and S. B, guns with full service charce as
L^Hc^'i^i/"*^' ^^^ ""^^^ the undermentioned dlsta-:;es, on the
sands at Shoeburyness, before coming to rest.
Rifled Guns :
7 inch.
8 inch
9 inch.
13 Inch.
n
M2por..
40 por. .
7 inch.
64 por..
Smooth-Bore :
18 por..
24 por..
S2 Ttnr
8 fn'ch
68 por..
10 Inch.
;i
6,000 to 6,000
with batter-
ing charges.
3,500
4,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
5°.
6,000
4,000
4,500
4,000
3,.300
3,600
10^
5,500
4,500
5,000
3,500
4,000
3,500
Part III
i, and moves the
atoly above the
mbf'' of degrees
; tables opposite
A. X.
3 yards, and the
nee A. X. would
shlngreelmea-
:e screwed Into
eel Is fastened,
e line is run llW
; angles to A. X.
getting hi in re-
fund at A. If no
3. and takes the
;ables, distance
= range in yds.
rice charge, as
ta-^es, on the
Sec. I
Practick of Gunnery.
10^
5,500
4,500
5,000
9 .<avi
4,000
3,500
45
twSTXrtS'tr.'o' r1j5['?bo°flli V"^'' ^""« >-"h a right handed
500 yards to the rlgK'^Mne''o?llr^?"" ^"^"^' oUonrrommt
IV.
SHELL PIRINO.
timeSSj'th!rs",rellX^^^^ length 1„ a certain
tain rtlstunee (luring a cKinfnS%&'* "^-e n'l»Pted move a SV"
In order that the fuzes be urenn?iri'«*;^® '*.*"* ''/^fffht must be known
required dlstanc... ^ Prepared so as to explode the shells at S
the shell should bo made tooxnl^o^«^''*\"''^^o"«e« "«• earth work J
'^ Wh^^ ^"i*^ «houkrbe bored 1^15*" ^""'" '>«^*»^ '^'^^d in the object
wSf c"aSfh?Kn?bt;;.'s[^2i) s^o ^s' S'^ r ^^^p--'- ^um it
column, a greater distance if in n^^^*^'^'^'' '"'^"''^"'^ the object, if a
she 1 burst too soon (the fuze be?nl^L''/M^''»!''"'^^<^ "''^'er, for f the
part at least, of the bullets eonfnjLA'"/*^.^*^*' ^^ole or the greater
ground befo^ reaching tSoEfMnl"th'''' "^^" ^^» strK tho
of penetration, and If the shni irfiii^^ /!^ '^'l"'^ accuracy and nower
Its eftect as shrapnel will be Ins? n^ "'® ''^J^^*^ without expfcSTni^
Pr*l?."'^';'y^f*^ept1ongKstVe lf?^?fi^i''^^'y than Is Intended
thelinlandoft^enPthehe1gKfthlbK"n^^^ *^^f"^ to estimate
tence at which it occurs. When flrln^ «hCi^® ^^l"' ^"t not the dis-
monly arises from a too sanguine est^m a tp^?*"'^ ^"i"^ Practice com-
the appearance of the bur8taloni%.o J/i /^ of effects. Judging from
fore be paid to any visib fmSf of thl^h.'n''^"^"""" should therj!
oMce^«ying up; or^^ ^ l^ ^^^^rnU^^J^^
f^^e'i^ief?oJi^^!iS^^^^^^^ masses of troops than
'I
48
PUACTIC : OF GUNNEKY.
Part III
If /I, rondlly bo JudL'od In this case by tho smoko earth, Btorios, ac,
Hw "^h"" "P '7/^>" «l)llntors. In firing at an object, on A rocky site
nn^.Hn n 'Jfi'I''?.'"'"^'''' "»^ ?'• ""i '^»^» "'C rcsults oil the objecf very
Uful}^}^' ^"""'^'"f"" very (Instructive, at others Just tho reverse.-
JL, f,/H i:"l"' "". V'" "'i^^ "f '^ '""' the shell will probably penetrate,
Tn n^ t»'e «roun(l be soft, or be deflected should t be rou« , or stony
d^.en ^rw '^f^lf I""'/ "^''f ^'^'"" or Uncleared land, attempts t > p o-
dlsapp'TiltnTent/'^ bursting snolls on Impact will probably eiid In
vit ^wifh^i^ 'ilPn''Pr""^ """ s'l^'-vpnel must be stoadll.A kept in viow-
ylz., with a shell of a certain weight to cover any u,venarei with
»u) powerful and ettectlvo a bullet fire as possible, and thus todisabk
?i'rj?„"',"^°/:*''^ *^° ^"«\"y- To take a., ox^eme SseX In^^^^^
iame'w^?o.M?.u*.?i'HP"''' '' ^^"pry, supplied with a solid sl^ot of the
^^,}1 Y>^^^ *^" Its shrapnel, flrlng at a single rank. Each prolectllo
Siii Xto k-f Tf /«^fl^*»,^i'''''^ with a time fuze, would account for
If the shrapnel shell of a field gun is burst lying at rest unon falrlv
trfheTon"t'^'f^h'r„^r!""'^ bulfetswlH be founfl from 3^C40 jS
to the front; the splinters, some to the right, some to the leftfronf
rV^^'^'^i^*' ^"^/"Ir^'^^^'* »»d tlie base blown 50 or W yds to the rear'
<^yf«lt"ii«¥A^'"t'''tP"«l [^ burst enclosed between four 9-ft.y
^i^^x. T^torViz 5;ii'airdSs«p;L%,^vnir^
{rafnts^WarX lH^el^ll^'^'' ^^« O-pn^-L.^Sc^epTt^t
ih^^^ l^^,^^ produced by the shell is therefore evidently not due to
the bursting charge, which may be said to have prdctlcallv no
accelerating and but very little disturbing tendency. ^
laUe? heln^h^v'^n^r ?i?^''' ""^.^^^ splinters and bullets-that of the
latter being by far the most important of the two— is simnlv riiiotn
l^u^''^^'^^^y "^^^""^ *he shell may have at the time it bSfts and
which ihey, as component parts of it, retain. When the 'she
open:, they continue to travefforward with this velocity and wo , hi
t^rshell&h^rSfl'^ V""^ ^5^."'^ Imve' been^ ff r5ectory"of
tne Shell if It had not burst, were it not for three causes : - -^ "'
1. The disturbing eflect of the bursting charge.
i' A \J^'^^/[^'^P\ f^*"^^ imparted by tTie rotation of the shell
JL^t, ?^^ of velocity, greater than that which the shell in its
tS^l^lSvT^rlk'Zi^'r ^'^"•^ «'^P«''»-»««<'. d«e to K dSencetf
Majors. J. Nicholson, R. H. A.
procejdings, by
Paut III
rth, BtonoB, Ac,
111 n rocky Kite,
the object very
t the rovorso. —
fibly nonotrute,
roiif^h or stony,
tompts t ) pro-
robably end In
kept In view—
ven iircu with
thus todisabh;
) nvse, for Jn.s-
r»Ud shot of tho
Much projectile
Lirther on that
Id account for
cabled thato,ll
est upon fairly
m 35 to 40 yds.
) the loft front,
is. to the rear,
n four 9-ft. ■
win be foutui
visible on tho
ii., except that
itly not due to
jractlcally no
1— that of tho
simply due to
It bursts, and
len the shell
ity, and would
! trajectory of
3s: —
the shell.
! shell in its
3 dilference of
3ce3dings, by
Sec 1
Practice op Gunnery.
Those causes produce a cone of dispersion.
Cones of Dtsperaion.
Under 600 yards to ■
oOO to LSOO "^ '• Z 2000 to 2.=00 yards ino
J ^ I 2800to3000 " ... 12D
be, spik\1!f ™oSujf ;.rfS;«rf' «P-s,on for dmerentlngles will
For fip...
9= .".■; "^^i of the length.
lOo "IS <•
TABLE A.
Length from Burst in Yards.
n
SSife-SlfSStP^K
■ 1
1
; 1
I ';
N
48
Practice op Gunnery.
Part 111
Taking one of the angles lust mentioned as those due to ordinary
ranges-vlz.S^-the following will be the square yards of area in
the cone at ulfferent lengths of burst :— j un ui mc» lu
TABLE B.
Length of Burst in Yards.
20
Yds.
40
Yds.
80
Yds.
80
Yds.
100
Yds.
120
Yds.
140
Yds.
160
Yds.
180
Yds.
200
Yds.
8°
sq.
y'rd^
6
sq.
y'rds
24
sq.
y'rds
55
sq.
y'rds
98
sq.
y'rds
154
sq.
y'rds
222
sq.
y'rds
302
sq.
y'rds
394
«q.
y'rds
408
sq,
y'rds
615
When a por. M, L. shrapnel shell is burst at rest, the followine
Is the average result:— "yiub
Splinters, effective 22
" non-effective 6
Bullets (};3
Effective total 86
,,J.'^e foj'owing will therefore be the number per square foot at the
difterent areas, as above stated :—
TABLE C.
Length of Burst in Yards.
Guns.
20
Yds.
40
Yds.
60
Yds.
per
sq. ft.
80
Yi.d.
100
Yds.
120
Yds.
140
Yds.
160
Yds.
180
Yds.
200
Yds.
per
sq. ft.
per
sq. ft.
per
sq. ft.
per
sq. ft.
per
sq. ft.
per
f^q. ft.
per
sq. ft.
por
sq. ft.
per
H(l. ft.
C7 p-LTl , .
1(5
•1
•17
■]
•06
■043
03
■024
•(;2
•015
16 por. .
2-5
•62
•26
•15
•1
•07
•05
•01
•03
•021
Part 111
le to ordinary
ds of area In
Sec. 1
Pkactioe ok Gunneky.
49
)
180
Yl)8.
200
Yds.
iH
Hq.
y'rdH
408
Hq,
y'rds
615
the following
22
6
6.3
85
irofootattlio
Jcctmust be Postponed ibr a second |iiUo„'''"^*^'-'""" "'^ ^i"« «»b-
T. Blanj) Stkange, Lt.-Ool, !Ji. A.
J- of A., Canada.
V.
CURVED FIRE.
S"S ^-""'"""SfKrft''^ '^<'!?'«'«'' foop, behind
if'J
A.
5J
I'ltAcrrrK of Gunxkhy.
Part 111
V j ^
il
i
much work a-ain as thnS.K.g'in.s witti a greatly diniinishecl ex-
penditure of powUer and Iron. The results stcx)d as loliows :-
t;'^,. ,.ifl 1 ^'''^*"- Powder.
For rifled gmis 2.^m lbs. 51 1 lbs.
I or .s. 13. guns o 6S1 " 3,720 "
The same practieeofbreufhing revetments, &c., lij,.s boon carried
re-uVl"s'''"»'^''" "'"'' '■^"'''''"" ''''^'■'' ^""''' ^''^-^ ^'^'■>' «^^^''^f'i<-'f'f'o
in tiiofie days of long range, small arm branch loaders, l)rearhir<'
batLer.es, have to be opened at considerable disi.inces, and often in
such positions that they may be built and armed witiiotit ob'erva-
tlou: the gunners taerefon, labor nudor the disadvantug(, of n t
being ab e to see the object ot fire. The masonry of u fortiT-s beh)<^
covered by the glacis M,e sln-H must be made to lob over the cr.vs.'
of t^ie gl.acis or protec'iag counter-guard, and strike the escarp wall
sumciently Low tor tiUMlebris to form a praclicable breach, f'-n
f. and H. Thl.s me.-insa curved trajectory, or a considerable an?ie
of descent, nece.ssitatuig high elevation and low final velocitv
combined of neces.sity, with iliminislied oeneLration and accuracv
(hunariding consid .raijly niorc skill from' the gunners than tiie okl
metlKKi of direct fire !'t short range.
For curved fire, the distance of tlie batteries from the work beino-
known (rorn tile map or calculate I by range finder, the reduired
angle ol descent must be ascort,ained by construction from the pro-
tiles of the fortre,<s, ano the amount of thediarge that will givesnich
angle found from practice tables or calculated: Homo visible part
of the work direcliy above or near the sr,ot of the required breach s
selected, iind iired at with agiven numb >r of rounds to find the point
of inf-an imp'HM whicii ,s tlien transferred tothespor intended to
breach, calculating the decrease of elevation and tiie amount of de-
flection to the right or left. A hori«)nt,al cut is fir.si made in fh^
Fl^ToTi'd f"*^'*"^ ^'""''* *''*® ^^'='**' "^"'^^*^ ^'^'' ^'■"'" the bottom,
When tills cut is supix)sod to be efTected bv a series of shots
yerli(;al cuts upwards are tlmn made from tlie extremities of the
Imrizontalone.and nt.nuediati cuts n:adc until the wall comes
down, (1; ig. 8),.but this extreme theoi-f.tical accuracy is not obtained
m practice, especially when the completion of the first hori/ont-il
cut can only be conjectured from certain phi'nomena viz • ""''"
l-it- TJV? concuMsion and e.x'.iosion of a shell has li hard, sliarp
sound. It it hits s^idi.jMsonry; on the other hand, it lias a hollow
.and famt soun 1 ii it. hits maso-,ry either wholly or part broken
the'walV '"'^■'^'^ ■^''^" '"■^'*''"''"" '" tlie earth behind
1-iid. Fragments of s;<>ne are hurled into the air as Imul' /m tlie
ma.'-onry re.-ii -is. ^
Pakt III
imiiiished ex-
uHows :—
511 Ihs.
,72t) "
s boon carried
y sati slue Lory
ors, l>rcMC!lung
i, and ofLeii in
hout observa-
aiit;ig(! ol' not
f')rtroi-sb(>in<j
over the t-rcst,
tie escarp wall
bieat'h, Figs.
derabie angle
inal velocity,
and accuracy.
s tlian tlie old
le work being
the reiiuired
Crom tliG pro-
will ^ive such
e visible part
ired bi-each is
find tlio point
It intended to
miount of de-
niade in the
I the bottom,
ries of shots,
■mities of the
e wall comes
not obtained
.St horizontal
viz.:
hard, sharp
las a hollow
part broken
earth belli nd
1 long as tlie
with fiirvi'd
Ml publi:<h(!l
\\
BREACHING BY CURVED
Sec. II.
3i-d. Th
above th
masonry
tije srnok
rises sl()\^
RAN
Dkokee,
10
12
15
10
12
15
10
12
15
10
12
15
The chareof^
wrk discs, an
tliouffh they h
'"uricatiijff tli
PRAorroE OP Uusnehy.
Sec. ir.
REDUCED CHARGES.
62
Practice of Gunnery.
Part 111
used. Snwdust or wood shavings will answer when cork cannot be
got, in this case the gun must be cleaned with a wet sponge or the
grooves will clog and ignited sawdust raay remain.
• VI,
High angle fire.
Under this now term as before stated, is comprised fire obtained
from guns, mortars and howitzers, at all angles of elevation exceed-
ing 15^, and the old term vertical tire is done away with.
Projectiles are generally fired from mortars elevated at an
angle of 45°, though in some instances they have been fired froni
mortars at a smaller angle as will be seen by range tables given
hereafter, at close ranges where penetration is desired, they are
fired at higher angles than 45'^.
The laying 6f a mortar so as to ensure a correct direction to the pro-
jectile fired from it, is accomplished by means of a plummet which
is held in the hand, immediately behind the mortar, and the string
of which plummet Is made to coincide with two pointing rods placed
upon the parapet, and«iirected upon the object.
The mortar is then traversed till the centre line drawn with chalk
on its highest surface coincides with the plummet string.
Sometimes when there Is no parapet between the mortar and the
object, or the object can be seen above the parapet, the mortar is
laid on the object itself, by bringing the object, the line on the
mortar and the string of the plummet In the same vertical plane.
Should the bed on which the mortar rests, be level, this line drawn
on the surface of the mortar, will be In the same vertical plane as
the axis of the mortar, but if the bed Inclines to the right or loft,
this line will no more coincide with the axis. To remciy this
another chalk line must be drawn on the highest surface of the
mortar, readily found by means of a small level Issued for the
purpose.
If the platform is In good order and level the mortar may be laid
by means of a line chalked on the platform, on each side of the bed,
or by a batten of wood nailed to the platform and touching one side
of the bed, when the mortar is accurately laid— a very useful expe-
dient in night firing.
The elevation of the mortar being fixed, or generally so, no means
are thus afitorded of limiting or extending the range, except by redu-
cing or Increasing the charge of powder used. A ready rule will
hereafter be given to find the quantity of powder necessary for
given ranges.
The large mortars, viz., the 13, 10 and 8 Inch, are generally used to
bombard towns, works, magazines, &c., for this purpose the fuzes of
their shell r-lioukl be bor.?d long, f^n that they may cau?!e the shells
to burst alter having penetrated the object to be destroyed, the
shells act in those cases as mines at long ranges, mortar shells fall
with the velocity due to their own weight, and practically the
higher they fall from the more power of penetration they have.
Sec. :
The
used
theref
before
spllntt
the do!
The]
tars, vi
usually
oza. drs
6
7
7 8
«
''^mall c
were ofte
They are
with a be
fire. The
there is a
the whee
double she
common .'^
, There ar
liave beer
Canada, ai
and howiti
Rifled nn
with eflPft.
M. u nh
gWKl re Hi It:
S. B. guns
siege of Gib
With timbe
Spanish car
""tK" "'^^l'- °^ ^'*""' ^" "'-It or a 24 Dor "s ' u
With eflp"; u thG^^?- "''^-■''i"^^ mortars,) wor^^n^p^, k, ,h
M U rifle J-liS^tVp^C^.V.""''"''" '" isTO. ' "'^'^ ^^ the Germans
good reuilts. ""witzers are now in the service th«v. .
S-B. sunshavoni« • ^'^^^e, they give very
51
I'nACTirE OF GUNXERV.
i\vf!T in
The followliij,' lahlPK show tlio rrsults of practloo oarrlKl wllh
dinerent kmds of ordmuu-e both iit cnr—i l\ lilih angle tin' :-
RANGES OUTAINED FROM RIFLED ORDNANCE WITH
REDUCED CHAR(iES.
u
Natuue.
<
X
7" B. L.
lbs.
Howtz. (A)
2.00
it
" 1
l(
gun.
3.00
ozs.
10
'A
O
H
»
o '
10
lo
21)
25
30
.•!-)
10
..
20
Zj i)
30
35
3.24
3.32
yards.
37(>
520
010
770
820
S.50
010
930
ll-'iO
imo
1510
lOfV)
1060
1000
NATCiJK.
-' B. L.
1 Howtz. (A)
IbB.
4.00
5 00
H
10
15
20 U
25
30
35
10
15
2<1
2.5
30 V
gun
I(
35
ozs.
1
...
fi
5
2.88
15.16
yards.
'•,0
I.IIO
KiSO
1010
2U>0
2100
12:0
IHJSO
2320
2000
28.^)
■S'UiO
10«JO
1000
S"
■i'2 por.
^ -.
^^'" UtOM SMOOTH
'if)
o
yards.
!)t)0
I .MO
KiSO
1040
2m)
2((X»
12:0
18H0
2320
2600
2Srj()
o'KiO
1000
lOGO
«-^^k; aiz.:""" """« *-"
56
I'KACTICE OP GtTNNEUY.
VAHT III
THE K<JLL()VVIN(rrAI{IJ«; OF UICOCUKTPUArTIf^E 8HKVV8
FECT, AT DIFFERENT RAN(iEH, WITH GUNS AND
PRACTICE CARRIED ON AT WOOLWICH HETWEENTHE
Nature.
24 For.
Iron 9 ft.
18 For.
Iron 8 ft ■
yds
600
800
600
12 For.
Iron 8j ft
600
800
600
o
Ibsoz
8
10
12
12
1
1 4
1
1 4
12
1
400 !»
12
1
1
1 8
() 12
1
400 6
H
600
800
600
8
10
(i 12
12
1
H
10
<
X .
OH
S c
H H
oo
0.
>'.
•«;
SB
»
or
2«
W t
18
;{2
.•i2
24
19
2t
19
16
12
;f2
24
11
r^
6'4
(il-,;
4-^
8V
^H
6><;
S2 61^
2<
18
IS
12
24
18
.'32
21
2i
19
10
16
12
2 J
19
4'%
4'..<
W
K
■/:
C
SJ
15
15
;5()
;{()
iu
1")
lo
20
SO
CO
O
B .
s? o
i
7
4;4
7i.<^
o
O'/iJ 30
10
9
IK
15
17
10
10
9
fi
7
11
30 23
30 8
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
3(.!
5
30
3)
15
15
10
10
12
9
13
10
20
11
12
I)
7
15
M
a 'A
^ I
J',
►J
C
K
13
10
20
19
19
7
11
10
11
8
27
11
13
JO
13
8
9
%
-Xi nearly
%
k nearly
J -
^ri nearly
2-5
<
Rkmahk.s.
.1 r
% nearly
i|
,'-i^ nearly
Work
without
traver-
ses.
19
,'/< nearly
21
■A
12
Yi, nearly
i.j
o
2-5
id
'4 nearly
10
%
2
\ W'ork
S trave'oil.
Work
without
r traver-
I ses.
^ Work
S trave'eU.
Work
without
i traver-
ses.
\ Work
\ travo'cd.
«Rn. I
THF OTT.r. '^«^f''"CR OK Qvssuny.
Natch., I ^ I b= l^h'ji Sl S«
Ism >o 35 «^ ?« fc^Jr «¥
9 Per r >-''4"^''^^r" r -r-r- -^-^' '
Fiol,i' J 60() r, 28 ,,,/ ,n ' I
Service j •■•■ D « UM 71/ /n I 1 " •■•. I i Work
Bronze. [•••• 7 20 J^ JJ 1 ^ :::::; ^vitKt
(iSPor. cl '1 ' ' •••• i n^r-
Car'uude J I 600 2 -'li | ,5,^^ 10 , r
21 Por. < I cof) 1., on I I
««Wfc^'r W. ... 10 2* S'rl 'i?, i"' 16 1... ( II ^ork
1^ Por. do. 6()0 10 1!) 5y ,„ J ' ' ' ' f ''''avor-
63 Practice of Gunnery.
ROUGH RULES FOR GUNNER'S.
Ordinary S. B. Ouns-
Charge.— \1y) to 42 pr. y^ weight of igiot.
5(j and 6S per. i< " '*
jiungc. 1 . j>. ^ garri.-on guns, KK) yards.
Every V^-' up to V gi^ . s 100 y;',rds rnngo.
Beyond P " 2^ '' 90 "
" 2' " ;> " HI) '•
Part III
8^
/o
noarlj',
if'wzc— Siibstract 5 Irom range in hundreds for common slicl', and
() for shrapnef H'loll.
Bursting Charge for Shrapnel *S''ie?i:.— Multiply hlgljost calibre (S')
by 10 for cliari^e in drs. Reduce by 10 lor fMch calibre, (X j r.i.
<.i-S" = SOdrs. o'ipor. =7'i. -12 I'or. ^- 60. 32 por. - 5'i. 21 ifor. ~- 40.
18 por. " 30. '
Ii'on Moi'tars
Charge— ^V^ tiints the hundreds of yams in range phis 10 .: cIiMrgc
in oun(;e.s for the 13 Inch.
For 10" ]4 tlie above.
" «■■ ih
Fvze.—Aih\ 17 to tlie number of liunc^eds of yardH In r:nigc for
tenth!* of fuze.
Tackles.
Po?/>cr.— The number of returns from the movable block gives the
power gained.
Combinations -'When one tackle Is put on to tho running end of
another, multiply tlie powers togetlier for the roKult; lujt frl<rtion
very much diiainisiies thi gain.
Rope for Blovks.—Lf^v.^ih of block, divided Ijy 3, gives sl/e of rope
to tit.
W,
Rifled Guns.
B. L.— Charge, % weight of projectile.
Range 7 -inch.— 'M) yards -= ,38'
From 50 ) io lOOO yards LV f::r every KjO yards
" 10()') to loOO '.' 17' " ' "
" ir>i):} upwards, 20' '* "
«K(', 1
I^RACTICR OF GuxxFRy
1" ^^^SaSt"iBf •;[ '^'^h coast bat(.,,c«
59
s- Height of bat tory
pioss]oninnilnutt...T,
'»'* Practice of Gunneky. Pakt 111
RANGE TABLES FOR ORDNANCE IN CHARGE OF CANA-
DIAN MILITIA.
9 For. M. L. R. Rifled Field Guns. -Charge 1 lb, 12 oz.
Range.
Elevation
Tenths
OF Fuze.
1
Range.
^ Tenth.s
Elevation
OF Fuze.
yards.
deg. min.
yards.
deg. min.
100
1900
4 18
11-5
200
1
2000
1
4 40
12
300
14
15
2100
5 2
13
400
20
2
2200
5 24
14
500
;»
2-5
2'300
5 47
15
()!)0
52
3
2100
H xO
10
700
1 5
3-5
25!)0
^U
10-5
SiX)
1 18
4
2()(X)
(J 59
17
000
1 ;ji
4-5
2700
7 2}
18
10(X)
1 44
5
28iX)
7 52
19
1100
1 57
2900
8 20
20
1200
2 12
6-5
3000
8 48
1300
2 28
7
3100
9 18
1400
2 45
8
3200
9 49
1.500
;5 2
8-5
3300
10 21
1000
S 2\)
0-5
3100
10 53
1700
■ :\ :?H
10
35; K)
ii 27
1800
.S .58
"
Sjjc I.
Practice of Gunnekv.
s«, luoz. Weight 221 lbs.
Range,
Elevation.
Time.
01
11-5
12
13
11
15
10
Kia
17
18
1!)
20
yards.
200
m)
■iOO
500
GOO
700
«00
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1.500
im)
1700
WX)
i\m
2000
2200
2100
2000
^^S. min.
u
'>D
1
2(
1
5.5
2
27
3
1
3
30
4
13
4
51
6
32
6
14
58
7
46
8
32
.9
22
10
14
11
8
12
5
13
4
14
5
16
15
18
35
21
(J
■^ ^_
seconds.
11
l(i
2-1
20
3-2
3-7
4-2
4 7
5-3
5-8
6-3
6-8
7-4
7-9
8-4
!>0
0-7
10 3
110
12-3
13-0
14-8
62
K
1-5
o
h
C
M
<
200
300
■JOO
5')0
()(H)
700
800
900
KMX)
1100
1200
l-JOO
iwo
IJOO
h'm
1700
ISOO
1000
20IW
2100
22(H>
2;{oo
2100
2rm
2';oo
2700
2S(N)
2aoo j
aooo I
Practice of Guwneuy. Part III
RANGE TABLE FOR RIFLED FIELD GUNS.
6 por. Armstrong, B. L. R.
C
c
dog. m.
9
20
;ii
00
1 lo
1 ;?.-)
1 00
2 ](j
2 37
3
3 22
3 11
•1 53
.5 10
5 -15
« 10
6 3o
/
7
7
8
8
9
52
1()
41
« i
9 33
9 5!)
ID 2ti
10 53
O
K
sec.
•58
•86
122
Ot)
92
30
1
1
2
2^65
3-00
3-3()
73
10
■17
83
20
GO
00
6-10
^•7S
7-20
7^()0
8 02
8 •16
8-90
9^32
9 80
10 '3)
10 78
11 -2.^
11-80
N
O
W
H
E time
inches,
•27
•10
•50
•70
•92
00
■21
■;w
51
71
■fW
05
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2 21
2 30
2-57
2 -70
2-91
3 11
3^30
3-4!)
307
3^81
■I 08
Length of bore, 1' 5".
Total length, 5' 01".
Calibre, 2 5'.
Weight, 3cwt.
Charge, 12 ozw.
No. of grooves, 32.
Twist of rlrtiiig, 1 turn jn 30 calibres.
E time fuze (only issued for sea ser-
vice,) burns at the rate of 1" in 2 18
seconds.
The time of flight can be obtaine<l
approximately by dividing the num-
ber ot hundreds of yards range by 3-
and the length of fuze (E time) by
dividing the number of hundreds of
yards range by 6.
Hough Mule for Elevation.
500 yards, 65'.
500 to 1000 yards add 20' for each hun-
dred yards.
Example by above rule :—
500 yards, 55'.
KKtO yards. 55' 4- ]00' — 2^ 33'
1500 yards, 2 ' av -{- V .50' := 4'^ 25'
200 J yards, 4' 25' + 2^ 5' =-■ (^ 30"
4-4
Sec. I.
■Practice of Gvssehy
^^or. s. B. Bronze Field Gun. -Charg., i ,v,,
63
oz>i.~,Woii(Ut,iu-wt.
^^ Practice of Gunneuy. pakt III
RANGE TABLES.-( Con^ijiuerf.)
9 For. S. B. Field Guns ( Bronze. )-Chargo 3 Ibs.-Weight, 133^ cwt.
SOLU
") Shot.
(4
SPilERICAL CAS
E.
NGE.
Com.
Case
Ricochet.
^'
pa
Ra
M
H
•
c4
'A
-11
"A
<
M
>
P,
>4
tf
« c
^
<
P3
<
Deg.
yds.
In lOths.
deg.
yds.
yds.
deg
yds.
ozs
deg
yds.
P. B.
300
B2
IK
610
920
P. B.
1.50
7
5
500
kt
400
C3
1%
800
1060
H
175
6
6-Jr(
.500
^.
fjOO
D4
2xi
930
1180
Vi
200
5
6:)<
.5<J0
•X
(iOO
E5
2%
1050
1290
-%
225
7
6U
600
1
700
(J
•'JJu
1160
1390
1
2.50
6
7V.
600
l|4
775
•7
3%
1260
1480
IK
275
5
9U;
600
1^2
800
•8
4%
1360
1570
lU
300
1;^
925
f)
5K
14;jo
ia>5
2
1000
'>X
15;50
1740
i2J4
1050
1
«%
1640
1820
1
23^
1100
2
7
1725
1895
2%
1151
3
7%
1805
196.5
3
1200
4
5
6
7
^'4
8%
10
1885
1960
2030
2095
20a5
2100
2160
2215
1
1-8 1
10%
21(15
2275
'A
C
H
'A
W
%
1
'IK
3
Sjsc. I
63
yds.
500
500
600
600
600
i^RACTICK OK GUNNKtJY.
RANGE TABLEH.~iContinnea.)
;<;
.
^
-^
X
.»N
►-(
n
S
C^
y.
<
<
f.
M
.i^
aj
5
^
^
63 d
7
yds.
•IIK)
-100
500
500
600
600
66
Practice of Gunnery.
RANGE TABLE9i.-{C(mtinued.)
Part III
21 Por. S. B. Bronze Howltzer.-Charge, 2yj Ibs.-
Welght, 12>^ cwt.
h
;^
w
e
05
<
!?
42
7
Elevations.
. B.
•2
'W
1
.■)00
i' I ;i^ i 4 I 5
■■■' ! -7 } -8 f •!)
8 Inch Howitzer.
«00 I 700 I 900 I 1]00
_l5 I •() I -8 I 1-
(i
HOO
1
1800
1-3
1600
1-3
1.5(Hj
1-7
1800
1-6
ih
Sec. I
«
a
y*
-f
«
yds.
400
It
500
600
Practice of Gunnery.
RANGE TABLES.-(Con^,-n„,d.)
18 Por. Garrison S. B. Gun.-38 or 42 Cwts.
Charge, 6 lbs.
e7
Range.
Shot and Shrapnel
Shell.
Common Shell .
Yards.
300
400
500
000
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
• 1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
PUACTICE OK OUNNBBY.
RANGE TAB1jE9.~{ Continued.)
21 For. Garrison S. B. Gun.— 50 and 48 Cwt.
Charge, 8 lbs.
Pakt 111
Shot and Shrapnel
Common Shell.
Shell.
Range.
'
Elevation.
Fuze.
Elevation.
Fuze.
yards.
Deg.
Inches.
Deg.
Inches,
800
400
P.B.
P. B.
500
600
'i
51
700
800
r^
•2
900
1000
\i
•3
•4
•2
•3
1100
2
•5
2
•4
1200
laoo
2k
•6
•7
Wa
•5
•6
1400
Wa
•8
/
•8
1500
i
•9
3K
•9
1(500
33^
10
4 '
10
1700
4
4l<
1 1
1800
4>^
h'^
1-2
1900
5
G
1-3
2000
6
7
\\
2100
7
6
1'6
2200
8
9
1-8
2300
9
10
2-0
2400
10
_.
Part 111
Src I.
•2
•3
•4
•5
•6
•8
•9
•0
.1
•2
•8
•<
•6
•8
•0
Practice of GuNNERr.
RANGE TAJiLEH.-(Continued.)
32 Por. OarriHon S. B. Gim.-5fl Cwt.
Charge. 10 lbs.
SUOT AND ShbAPNEI,
Common Shell.
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)
1.0
I.I
M
2.2
^ ■- lllllio
1.25 i 1.4
1.6
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
m
\
iV
A
\
%
V
».
A>,
70
I
Range.
Yards.
300
400
f„K)
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2100
2200
2300
9AiO
2500
mio
2700
Practice of Gunnery.
RANGE TABLFSi.~(Continued.)
42Por. Garrisons. B. Gun.— (fTCwt.
Charge, 1014 lbs.
Part 111
Shot and Shrapkel
Shell.
Elevation.
Beg.
P. B.
3
4
o
5^
9
Fuze.
Inches.
Common Shell.
Elevation.
Deg.
P
9
10
Fuze.
Inches.
■2
•3
•3
■4
•4
•6
•0
•8
•7
•8
•9
1
•2
1-3
1-4
1-5
10
20
tt0f^
Part III
Sec. r.
PkACTICK of GUxNNEKY.
RANGE TABLES.-(Ccniinued.)
56 For. Garrison S. B. Gun.-98 and 87 cwt.
71
4
[ELL.
Ranqk
Fuze.
Inches.
•2
•8
•3
•4
•4
•5
(5
•(5
8
y
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
i
9
20
Yards
300
400
500
800
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
170C
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
Shot and Shrapnkl
Shell, 14 Lbs.
Common Shelb. lo Lbs.
72
Phacticr of Gunnkrv.
RANGE TABhEf^.-(Continuecl.)
8 Inch Garrison S. B. Gan.-66 Cwt,
Charge, lo lbs.
Tart III
Range.
Hollow Shot and
MiiKAPNEL Shell
Yards.
800
400
600
600
700
800
)NN)
12*)
L'JfK)
14(M)
irm
17(H)
1H(K)
IfHM)
2(J!N)
2100
22(N)
2«()0
24CM)
2ri4N)
2(t<M)
Elevation,
Deg.
g
2)4
4
4%
8
•)
10
Fuze.
COM3ION Shell.
Elevation.
Inches,
Beg.
I
P
2%
f'
4
iU
5"
«
7
S
9
10
Fuze.
Inches.
•2
•2
•;j
•3
•4
•r)
•6
■7
•8
■9
1
11
12
1-3
1-4
15
16
1-7
IK
If)
20
Taut III
Sep. ir.
PnACTroE OF Gunnery.
RANGE TABLES.^((7on^,-n««/.)
^ P«r. Garrison S. B. Gans.-9r. Cwt.
Charge, ic lbs.
78
■2
■2
•3
Range.
Yards,
300
400
500
000
700
SOO
900
1000
1100
12«X)
1300
1400
I,5(K)
1600
1700
]«00
1900
2000
2100
2200
2^^)
2100
2.500
2800
2700
2800
2900
3000
^HOTANDSilUAHNEL
CoaiJioN Shell.
Pakt in
'^ Practice of Gunnery.
RANGE TABLES.-(Continued.) '
64 For. <Jan-ison a M L. Converted Guns of .58 Cwt.-Churgo, 8
i^bSMR. L. G. Powder.-Projectile, Common .Shell.
Mean Elevation due to each 100 yards of Range by Interpolation.
a
o
o
»
CO
Yds.
100
200
;«)0
•JOO
500
(iOO
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
'A
O
M
H
H
ft!
o
O
M
deg. m. sec.
1
1
1
1
1
2
2 20
10
21
32
43
5.5
7
19
32
45
5H
12
2
2
40
55
3 10
3 25
3 41
3 .57
4 14
4 31
•25
•50
•75
102
1-29
157
180
215
242
2^72
2-99
3-29
3^,5S
3-89
4-20
461
4-81
515
5-48
5-82
o
O
W
inches,
•05
•10
•15
.25
•30
•35
•45
•50
•,5.5
•60
•70
•75
•80
•90
•05
105
MO
1-20
1-25
1^35
a
o
o
o
a!
Yds.
2100
2200
2:m
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
3100
3200
3300
3400
;-?5oo
3tK)0
3700
3S0O
3900
400<J
o
M
>
w
deg. m,
4
5
5
5
6
48
6
25
44
4
6 24
6 45
7
7
7
8
8
9
9 24
9 49
10 14
6
28
50
13
36
o
Hi
fa
o
sec.
6 16
6 -.51
6-87
7-2!]
7 •SO
7-96
8^32
8^70
909
9 47
9 '87
10-27
10-68
1109
11 '51
11-93
u
s
fa
o
03
«
o
U
Inches.
1-40
1.50
1-60
i-()5
: ?5
1-
1 jO
2-00
N
O
n
W
o
Inches.
I-IO
1'50
160
1()5
I 75
1- ■
1 vU
200
Sec. 1
7 Jnch
P«AOTICE OF GUNNEny.
drought-iron Garrison Riflpdfi t r-
11 r hu r. "^"''^ ^^- 1-'. Guns of 82 Cwf f
7fi
Cliarjifp,
Mean
Elevation due to each
lWyardsofRan,.ohylntorpola
tlon.
o
f;
U
N
t3
H]
Ec
iZl
b
X
C
U
H
S
cr
Yds. deg. m
KJO
200
300
4(X)
5()0
()()0
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
ISOO
1400
1500
1«00
1700
1800
1900
2000
9
21
;i3
45
,w
1
11
1
2,5
1
40
1
5.5
2
10
2
2t)
2
43
a
a
17
3
;i{
3
52
4
11
4
30
4
JO
5
8
Yds,
21(K)
2200
2-S()0
24()0
25<X)
2im
27m
2800
2900
mm
3100
3200
3.S(K)
.<^1()0
a^oo
3<J00
3700
38fH)
syoi)
4000
70
Pra«tice of Gunnery. Part IU
Range tables. -{Continued.)
40 Por. B. L. Gun.-Charge, 5 Lbs.-Projectile, Common Shell.
Mean Elevation due to each 100 yards of Range.
o
H
o
M
Yds.
100
200
300
400
500
000
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
i:m
1400
Km
1700
1800
li)00
2000
o
M
deg. m,
10
21
as
45
58
1 12
1 27
1 42
1 57
2 13
2 29
40
t
21
m
57
15
;S3
51
9
o
sec.
•;i5
•05
•95
1^25
\'^
r85
2*15
2-45
2-75
3-05
3-3.5
3^70
4^00
4*30
4'6S
4^95
5-30
5-00
5^95
0-30
N
O
O
1-3
inches,
■m
•10
•15
•20
•25
•a5
•40
•50
•5.5
•00
•0.5
•75
•80
-85
•95
TOO
ro5
1-10
1^20
h25
o
o
o
<
Yds.
2100
2200
2300
2400
2rm
2000
2700
2800
2900
3000
3100
3200
3300
3400
3500
.3000
3700
3800
3900
4000
o
M
H
>
dog. m,
5 27
5 45
4
24
44
7 5
7 27
7 49
8 12
8 35
8 58
9 22
9 40
10 10
10 35
11
11 25
11 50
12 10
12 42
o
O
u
"H
N
ft.
O
W
H
C5
sec. 'inches.
0-00
1-;^
7-00
1-40
7-;«
1-45
7^70
l-.5n
8^05
1-00
8^45
1-70
8^80
1-75
9-20
1-8.5
9-00
1-90
10-00
2-00
10-40
2-10
10-80
2-20
11-25
2-2.5
ii-a5
2-30
12-0.5
2-40
12-45
2-50
12-90
2-(i0
13-35
2-70
13-80
2-75
14-25
2-8.5
Sec. I
O
S
H
1^
1-35
1-40
1M5
l-of)
1-60
1-70
1'75
1-85
1-90
2-00
2-10
2-20
2-2o
2-30
2-10
2-50
2-(i0
2-70
2-75
2-85
I'n ACTICK OV OUNNKUY.
UANGE TABLKH.-iContinuea.)
Mortars, J5 Dogroes.
77
Yartls
2()0
2.')0
3(X)
3r,o
4()0
I
J5() 1
5()0 2
.5.K) 2
600 2
6.-)0
2
700
2
7.50
2
800
2
8.50
3
000
;!
050 1 3
1000 3
10.50
H
1100
H
11.50
H
1200
4
1.'500
4
1.500
4
1700
.5
2000
2400
2{»00
9
12
1-8
1.5
1-9
1
2-0
3
21
.5
2-2
7
2-3
2-4
Ilk
2 1.5
13!4
2'5
2 -.5,5
2
2-(i
4
2 ft5
7 2'7
9 2-7.5
11 2-8
14
2-85
2-9
.5
3
11
3-2
10
3-4
2
78
PUACTtCE OF GiTJfXEnY.
KANOE TATiLE9i.-(Cuntinued.)
Mortars nt 4v5 dogreos.
Paut III
HA^f<JK,
YrtriJx,
!*)()
tm
tm
700
7/V»
HIM)
WiO
()00
(>.'»(»
iuoo
GK IlK'ir liltASS.
ClIAKOE,
OzH. drs.
Fuzn.
4
8
(
12
f)
5
4
r,
8
5
12
U
II
4
(>
8
II
12
7
1
7
1)
7
11
H
8
Ineh.
l-({.5
1-7
1.7.3
1-S
1-9
l-W
2-0
2-1
2-2
2-;}
2s
2-15
2-5
2-,'>,5
4 2-5 Incu Brass.
Chargk.
OZH.
2
2
2
2
2
;}
;j
.3
;j
4
4
4
4
drs.
3
fl
9
12
1
8
RANGES P^OR CARRONADES.
Fuze.
Inch.
1-5
1-65
1-65
1-7
1-76
1-8
l-8o
l-f>
12
I'OS
2-0
5
2-1
10
2-2
15
2-3
1100
1260
1100
12.S0
1040
1180
075
1170
970
1080
9;w
1090
900
1030
850
020
Pakt III
tASH.
Fuze.
Inch.
1-5
I-fW
]-(),5
1-7
1-75
IvS
1-So
l-f>
l-f)5
2-0
2-1
2-2
2-3
1260
1280
1180
1170
1080
1090
1030
920
V.
TEOJ
TACl
DISCJ
8CIE1
Ouw, (
Sho
Can
Puzi
Tub£
Prim
Portf
Mate]
Puze-
Wad,
Qunpt
CARRIAG]
Llmbe
Sleig,
INDEX.
TECHNICAL.. p.
X'ACK.
TACTICAL ■■ II
DISCIPLINARY \\[ 41
SCIENTIFIC .. 169
•
SECTION L.TKcnz^icA,.
AMMUNITION U
Shells. J Common, , ,'/
Shot, Cii«e, ^ '' ** . •• 18
Cartridges. ^Service, ',', ■'■•'•'•^I'l::'.:::'" ]t
Fuzo«,Pf"^«°3;ai£Hbt'y, '! :.::::::::: ?
'( Time. ^ ? seconds ' •• \l
/r,^^ toseconas. " "" ia
Tubos. gs,» ;; ;.•.■.•:::::•.:::■•••••■•.■ |
( fapor or Dutch <* ^'
Primer,. ;ghn,g„,^swi. .. i:;;...:;.'::.-;;;;;;:;; |
Portfires. . J C«^mmon. „ !:;." «
4^uze-hoIe plue " 2S
W^,Paple''r"rlkch^. - :;:;;;••; g
wanpuwaer, "' . :a
' II •*.. 21
Carriage, 9 For. K. M r «„„ T^ •• 25
Limber and W%^' ajfir^A^^^^^Ption o/
St-Eioa CabriS^.^.^^'-- ^^' Mciie of packing " ^
"•• * 27
30
li
Index.
m-t
m
liUMPS PXm COMl'KTITIVE FraCTICE ^^^%
flection ol m;irksmon i\
Prizes i>f
Drivers *.'.,. 33
Practice 33
Order of FiriiK' .. . <fi
■ R:ingo Ol]lc(,T '. '^
Points 35
Marker at J3aitory '.'.". ' " '^^
i'(3;''jn«sio:i I''u^l> ... o"
Time Fuzo 3tf
MortciJ-s 36
Time 37
Ties ; ."7
auperintoiiding oiiicor'.' .■.■.■.'.'.■.'.■.'.■.■;.■. .v.;;. '.:;;;;;;; ' |J
TlietiirgJt. ■.'.'■.■. ■.■.■.■.■.;■.; •••• 8«
Rango 38
40
SECTION II. -Tactical.
DEFINITIONS
41
Deii.l, kinds of
Preliminary remarks.'." *^
Explanation of terms *^
Elevation, to v Jjast .scale ibr 12
• 48
To liAYAGUN
Fixed objects, flrijiff at ; ^^
Moving objects, '- J9
Deflection to adjust s'calc for .V. ^
Judgmg distail'ces •• ^
51
"""»£? olr™"--'' 5.
Position and general duties."". V'3
LoRdinf?.....". " (^•«'i«ceaNos:):::::;:;;;::;;::;;:.: ^*
Unloading 55
Cease tirinL' . 58
„ 58
Positions of Detachments :
In order of march ...
In front 5f)
In r.'^ar . •,,......... so
Right or le'f t' .";'.; 50
Mounted 5!)
To mount 59
To Dismount <^*
60
Dr,
(
J
c
r
o
D
Cl
M.OVH
Tc
To
DiSAB
Re
Ex
Hhi
Pm
•MOVIN
Gui
Gur
Gun
Gun
Drat
Adv
Prol(
Sleigii
Hool
l'o.stf
I'l-OlJl
Comi
Marci
Move
Foot Dk
Foot ]
Saiuti
Groom
Fittinj:
PutUui
Too
D'spoa;
Page
... 31
... 32
... 33
... 33
... 3-1
... 36
... 35
. . ;5U
... 30
... 3a
... 36
... 37
... 37
... 37
... 38
... 88
... 88
... 40
41
46
47
■ ••••• 48
48
49
• ••**« yy
■••••• 50
•«••* tHi
51
51
51
5i{
53
5J
65
55
58
58
5!)
.... .^0
5f»
m
5!l
60
60
Index.
"«Ao ROPES, ExorcLsoBwixh p "'
''"K.^SKs^jsr---: ^""
detachment rear ?rom Ord?/ or'!' '"^^^
cSSn '*^"^ '•^''^'^fSm KV"^ front ; ! ! ; ; S
^Hanging rounds . ^^'^ ent front 03
lieplfujnig a damaged wh^^i
SSK--2''Sff^«,:::::; ^
Cutting on drag shoe i."!:: 6»
•MOVING DMA WT^r. /^ 69
gun wifh^'g^on cS.fSf «« disabled
lii^?^ii^r'^-^3;disah^^^^
^!^^^^a?-*<^-SropoH:::::;;::;:; :::::::::;:::;: 55
Si-ErGir Dkill . ■ V.".".". ^f
Hookingin. ^*
losts of detachment .".* 76
Ma^vhW'"*^* 'Action 77
Mai ching order. 78
Movements.. 78
FoOTDiur^L; ••••^. '■::::::: 2«
l^oofc i,arade. . '®
oaluting
^i^i'^'i^fe,!™i™r'^"--:::: «i
a«(
Iv
Tndex.
Oenfral iNSTmroTioNs FOR Diavniif^.— (Continued.)
»arne.«sing
ankots , , ,
Carrying a Feed
Hooking in
Page
88
00
90
90
Equitation :
Introductory Remarks 92
Open Manage .....*. f)2
Preparatory Instructions m
Saddling when not in Draught .., 93
Bridling a Horse not in Draught 9;t
Leading the Horse '. ' . 93
Mounting with Stirrups 94
to Mount on the OffSide ;,.. ' " q^
To Dismount OH Side ".",..*.".! 96
Mounting and Dismounting wimout Stirrups .....*! 96
Position Mounted —with Rein in ea<;h Hand 9«
Position of Bridie-Hand with the Bit 9y
Dressing 93
Leapini; ;;.;;; i,^,g
FiUnglnand Ont ofStahles 107
Mounting with Harness Bridles ]] I07
Sit-at-Easo ,'..*," 107
Dismount! ng with Harness Bridles ,...'.'.'.. l(n
Stand-at-Ease , \[ _ 1Q7
Saluting when Mounted 108
The Sword:
Preparatory Sword Drill on Foot ..:. lOi
Dismissing a Battery off Parade .'...," 102
Swor(i when Mounted 102
Rules for Markers 103
Officer's salute 104-
Sword arm Signals ....'.',.', 104
Sights and Sounds 105
Driving Genkrat^ltt
Moving Off fi'om a Halt ; |09
Halting or Pulling Up [,[[' io9
Alteration of Pace 110
Taking Ground .!.'..'..' 110
Reversing ^ .......Ill
Inclining ... ill
Aetion .' m
Tjimberlng Up 112
Wheeling and Shoulders I orv. ard ..... 112
.1 ntor vrt'-- snd Distances '. 113
Frontage , . ' 113
J^-'^timce^ ....'...'.'.'.'.'.'. 113
Depths .... ,.. 114
, ^im:,. •
Page
.... 88
. ... 90
.... 90
.... 90
02
93
9;(
03
94
95
96
96
96
98
98
106
107
107
107
107
107
108
101
102
102
103
Iflt
104
105
109
109
110
110
111
HI
111
112
112
113
113
113
111
,, Index.
1 ARADB
Turninsf out . . .
ToHV^go»an.l proving a batterj^ Paok^
Battery ' ' '
Manceuvres :
coi^^;j)^2^g^c,.ments.:;:::::::;;:;;;.;
Umnee front. .
^-chellon .
g^e Of ft-orit and position::;;: ••'••
Action ....;;
^^^fwI^^/^^VREs: ' "••••.■.■ ."187
JSStKfth^iiB'^ttery
'^irn''"^ ^"^"t?Se!moao?f '^ *" P'^tes : ; 129
Lineci)anffesoffyrvn:f? ^^^'<^D 180
„r'l.ieciaanSof^?P«^*^?.''5«Von. ...:::;;:• 131
131
132
132
1.33
116
119
119
120
120
121
123
124
125
125
128
126
127
187
I'lne ciianem! rCf A.^'. ^P^ action .
3.-ChanfeJSr|,ufo?^t*f^"---"-"'.^^ •
5.-.Chflno.^ >;:,-::•;.••• ' "'^ Quarter rigjit for
J:-RSS!l„"lsS^^^:ii■^^;■::::::::::,■■••■■'^
lO.-From line to inclln^ "* *° ** ^^0^ •.•.... ^36
16.-— From lin<i f,\ > ""^^'visions from a
FIKM) MoyKMV.tiTH,— [Continued.)
ll>.— From lino to retire by alternate dlvjijlons lo action from a
flunk _ J39
20.— In line to change front to the rear. . . . . !.....!...'.' .^" 139
^-il.— In line to chiingo front to the rear when at diminished
intervals , j.jq
22.— To rciverso u battery in line when at dimlnlshefilntervjils 140
2.5.— In line limbered up to ehange front on a tlank sub-division 141
^i- r" IJ"^ limbered up to cliange front right back 141
2ft.— In lino limbered up to change front left back " ' " 142
20.— In line limbered up to change front on a central sulj-
divisiou J42
27.— In line limbered up to change front for action .'.'.'.".'. 143
28.— From line— A battery in cchellon of divisions to cliaiieo
Its front when in action I43
21).— From line to change position to a flank ......'.'.', 143
30.— From line to claange position by throwing biick a flank^ " ' 144
81.— In line to form column of divisions in rear of a flank 144
32.— Column of divisions in rear of the left " '"145
a8.-Adyancln» in line close intervals, line to the right for action
right or left I45
3-1.— In line t o break into column of divisions to ii flank ! . . .... ! 145
Movements prom Column :
;{6.— From column of route to form column of divisions 146
86.— From column of divisions to advance in column of route. 146
m.—b rom column of divisions to wheel into line 147
88.— From column of divisions to form lino on the leading divi-
sion " 147
{«>.— From column of divisions to torra line on the rear divi-
sion 24g
40.— From column of divisions to form Urio to the rear "on tiie
roar division l,jg
41.— Retiring in column of divisions to form line oti tlie iGadiiig
division for action rear 149
42 —Changing the order 0/ a column ......," " " 149
43.— To countermarch a column of divisions 149
44.— Advancing by double column of subdivisions from "tiie
centre— Right and left of the front form line 149
46.— Advancing in double column of subdivisions from the
centre, line rignt or left for action 150
48.- From column of divisions or subdivisions line right or left
on the leading division or subdivision for action 150
47.-^A battery in line in action as a rear guard defending a
bridge or deflle, retiring from both flanks alternately. . . 150
jNHPKtmON OF A BATTERY , , 1 Al
March past, close interval ' 151
Trot past • , 159
Uallop past ■.■..■....■'...'........'..'.'.'.'.'..'..'. 152
•C.LKATtINO AND PrBSEKVATION OF HARNESS . J53
139
139
shed
110
■valK 140
Itjlon 141
141
142
8Ub-
142
143
mgo
143
143
k... 144
144
145
sition
146
146
.... 151
. ... 151
. . . . 152
. . . . 152
.... 153
is DUX.
vM
AcculoMts to moantod men. ir>5
Obstacj.e.s. . . l'»5
Pjissago of rivers.".' ." i5K
Mode of .swimming a'uo'rsc.:.;.;::... •;;;;; '■■'■i?
FiGTiTiNG Tactics iv r^^^r^,^ ^"^
])ivisk,„ui ASnilry^''''^''^'''"'^ Wi'm qtiiek Anns * 158
teE„*]f^'''^«-»^""»'--V ■'■''■'■'■'. I'r^
iMio discipline 102
*•• * fit,,
TheCommanc?oTo/thcTA^r"S^^^ ^^«^«^^ Aktii,lkuv:
Artillery orgauizatloa . ^ 161
107
Offlo.r«1 SECTION HI.-DISCIPLINE.
Officers In general
gf^r««^mandlngbauerl^s:;::;::::;:;; •;;;•; 1
? Officers on duty. . ' " «
he Surgeon .... g
ho Adjutant.... ;•.:•.;•. ..•;;: ,f.
Master Gumior " "®^ °^ ^»eld Artillery 17
nrHi^7l®^^®*^"t-Maj6r;;;; ■'■'■'■'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.:' u
pi^'K^jo^SKIfe^d^^^^^^^ 11
Mounteu orderlies .... ^^ oAicers in charge of subdivisions " i o
stable duties! .."'''"''° '''''^ guidance of young soldiers ?i
l^arades • f^
Orders for staij'lVguard'"' ' ••'•'•"."." m
Guards audprisoK"^:; '. :::.•••• S
Orders for the march. " • ■ w
^"^tructioas for billeting .■.■■■ ^
omcc^soi ^1; -. .tt^^,„,-^„,^:..^^^..^^ g
p„ SECTION IV.-SciENTIFIC.
peflnltlons , . .
Propelling force." ! ." 0.
Resisting forces . . r
Air resistance '.'.','.■.".".■.■ '.'.'.'.' 5
vlJi Index Page.
SECTION IW-SciKHVUnc- (Continued.)
PBINCIPLE3 OK QUNNKBY : ... 11
Dijviation of Rifled Projectiles jg
Penetration of Projectiles jg
CulculaMon of final velocity 20
Armor plate penetration 21
Deflnitions
Construction of Ordnance : 27
8mcx)th bored ordnance 30
Sights for S, B. oi'dnance * „;.„ i,; 31
Rule for length of degree on tangent scale ^J
Sighting 8. B. Ordnance 3q
Copper venting __ 31
Kined ordnance — '• ■•••• ■
PKACTicE OF Gunnery : 37
Deflnitions " . . 88
, Directflre ... 88
Curved fire . 38
High angle fire ..... ... ■• ' ' ' . . ^
Laying guns and Howitzers ^
Sights of B. B. guns ; 41
Sights of rifled guns 42
Range finding '".. 45
Shell firing • ■ • • • ". ; . . . 49
Curved fire •.••-.• " ' ' ... 52
High angle fire........ ■ • " .. gg
Rough rules for gunners
Range Tables fob Guns of Can adi an Militia :
Range table for 9 Por. R. M, ^L. gun. . . . . . . . ..... ^ .•...;.•• ;• ; ; ; ; ^
" r! 6 •' B. X^ R. gun, (AJmstrong) - ^
«» 6 " S.B.gun, (Kronze) ^
„ .. 12 •« S. B. " " S
24 " S. B. Howitzers, (Bronze) •»
•« 18 •' S. B. gun, (iron) ^ "i
«. 24 " •' " '••• ^
1 ♦' •' " " ;v
68"por. " " '* ■■;■■■ 74
•i '• 64 ^ R.M.L., (converted)..... ''
« .. 7 inch B. L. R., (Armstrong) •• ^'^
" " 40 por. " * • • 77
«• " Mortars ; 7^
« '« Carronades < •
Page.
...... 11
16
18
20
21
27
30
31
31
30
31
37
88
88
........ 38
4&
41
41
42
4ft
49
52
58
.,.• 60
1.. 61
62
68
G4
65
;.. m
i^ 67
....... 68
68
70
71
'■ 72
■■ 73
;. 74
75
;.'..... 76
■ 77
.■ 78