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BF.'.ON OF KINO- BRWN HOBU 1000 1 M Diidc'.i:iiiv, +'-W-'" A ■' %>', I A POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND: FBOH THX EAKLIEST PERIOD TO Tm tfmaittiption of t^t Cat|0Ka BT THOMAS D'ARCY MoGEE, B.O.L., OOBBKSPONDINO MKMBEa OP THB N«W TOBK HISTOBIOAI. BOOIHTT. IJ>r TWO VOLUMES. VOL, II. NEW YORK: D. & J. SADLIER & CO., 81 BARCLAY ST., BOSTON:-128 FEDERAL STRKET. lCO!miBAL:-COR. Of NOTHB DAKB AND ST. rEANOIS XATMB ITS. 1863. latered according to Act of Congress, In (he year 18M, Bt D. Jk J. 8ADLIBR As 00., la (he Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United B(a(ej for (h* Boathem District of New Tork. S^-e^A: HISTORY OF IRELAND. CHAPTER IV BIHHENBT SIDNEY'S DEPCTTSHIP-PAHtlAMENT OP 1569-THB SECOND GERALDINE LEAOPE."-SIR JAMES FITZMAUaiCB. Sin Henbt Sidney, in writing to his court, had always re- ported John O'Neil as " the only strong man in Ireland." Be- fore his route at Lough Swilly, he could commonly call into the iield 4,000 foot and 1,000 horse ; and his two years' revolt cost Elizabeth, in money, about X150,000 sterling " over and above the cess laid on the country"-besides "8,500 of her Majesty's soldiers" slain in battle. The removal of such a leader in the very prime of life was therefore a cause of much congratulation to Sidney and his royal mistress, and as no other ' strong man" was likely soon to arise, the Deputy now turned with renewed ardor to the task of establishing the Queen s supremacy, in things spiritual as well as temporal. W...h this view he urged that separate governments, with large .hough subordinate military as well as civil powers, should be created for Munster and Connaught-with competent Presi- dents who should reside in the former Province at Limerick and m the latter, at Athlone. In accordance with this schem^ --which continued to be acted upon for nearly a century-Sir Edward Fitton was appointed first President of Connaught. and Sir John Perrott, the Queen's illegitimate brother, Pre«i. dent of Munster. Leinster and Ulster were reserved as the special charge of the Lord Deputy 'JtZ *^' *rt'' '^'^''•'' '^'^''' Sidney made an official pro- gre through the South and West, which he describes as Tf h« ^ "'Tn '^ r ' ^°* *"^" ^"^ ''^^'^y- The earldom of the loyal Ormond was far from being well ordered • and Z o her great nobles were even less favorably reported ; the Earl carty wanted force and credit;" the Earl of Thomond had 891 392. POPULAR HISTORY OF IBEL^NO. neither wit to govern " nor grace to learn of others ;" the Earl of Clanrickarde wa« well intentioned, but controlled wholly by his wife. Many districts had but " one-twontietli" of theif ancient population ; Galway was in a state of perpetual defence, Athenry had but four respectable householders left, and these presented him with the rusty keys of their once famous town, which they confessed themselves unable to defend, impov- e. Whed as they were by the extortions of tlieir lords. All this to the eye of the able Englishman had been the result of that " cowardly policy, or lack of poncy," whose sole maxims had been to play off the great, lords against each other and to retard the growth of population, least " through their quiet might follow" future dangers to the English interest. His own policy was based on very different principles. He pro- posed to make the highest heads bow to the supremacy of the royal sword— to punish with exemplary rigor every sign of insubordination, especially in the great — and, at the same time, to encourage with ampl« rewards, adventurers, and enterprizes of all kinds. He proposed to himself precisely the part Lord Strafford acted sixty years later, and he entered on it with a will which would have won the admiration of that unbending despot. He prided himself on the number of military execu- tions which marked his progress. " Down they go in every corner," he writes, " and down they shall go, God willing !" He seized the Earl of Desmoiid in his own town of Kilmallock ; he took the sons of Clanrickarde, in Connaught, and carried them prisoners to Dublin. Elizabeth became alarmed at these extreme measures, and Sidney obtained leave to explain his new policy in person to her Majesty. Accordingly in October he sailed for England, taking with him the Earl and his brother John of Desmond, who had been invited to Dublin, and were detained as prisoners of State ; Hugh O'Neil, as yet known by no other title than Baron of Dungannon ; the O'Conor Sligo, and other chiefs and noblemen. He seems to have carried his policy triumphantly with the Queen, and from henceforth for many a long year " the dulce ways" and " politic drifts" recom- mended by the great Cardinal Statesman of Henry Vlllth, lat remorseless struggle in which the only were! way POPULAR HISTORY OP IRELAND. 393 ) ;" the Earl d wholly hy th" of theil ual defence, ft, and these imous town, end, impov- ds. All this Bsult of that maxims had )ther and to I their quiet iterest. His 88. He pro- imacy of the rery sign of le same time, d enterprizes le part Lord 1 on it with a at unhending ilitary execu- ' go in every willing !" He Kilmallock; ;, and carried rmed at these [) explain his ;ly in October nd his brother blin, and were ret known by )'Conor gligo, ve carried his lenceforth for drifts" recom- lenry Vlllth, which the only alternative offered to the Irish was — uniformity or extermina* tion. Of this policy, Sir Henry Sidney may, it seems to me, be fairly considered the author; Strafford, and even Crom- well were but finishers of his work. One cannot repress a sigh that so ferocious a design as the extermination of a whole people should be associated in any degree with the illustrious name of Sidney. The triumphant Deputy arrived at Carrickfergus in Septem- ber, 1668, from England. Here he received the "submission," as it is called, of Tirlogh, the new O'Neil, and turned his steps southwards in full assurance that this chief of Tyrone was not another " strong man" like the last. A new Privy Council was sworn in on his arrival at Dublin, with royal instructions " to concur with" the Deputy, and £20,000 a year in nddition to the whole of the cess levied in the country were guaranteed to enable him to carry out his great scheme of the " reduction." A Parliament was next summoned for the 17th of January, 1569, the first assmbly of that nature which had been convened since Lord Sussex's rupture with his Parliament nine years before. The acts of this Parliament, of the 11th of Elizabeth, are much more voluminous than those of the 2d of the same reign. The constitution of the houses is also of interest, as the earlier records of every form of government must always be. Three sessions were held in the first year, one in 1570, and one hi 1571. After its di. olution, no Parliament sat in Ireland for fourteen years— so unstable was the system at that time, and 80 dependant upon accidental causes for its exercise. The first' sittings of Sidney's Parliament were as stormy as those of Sussex. It was found that mr , . v :.embers presented themselves pretending to represent tow; i not incorporated, and others, oflicers of election, had returned themselves. Others igain were non-resident Englishmen, depend- nt on the Deputy, who had never seen the places for which they claimed to sit. The disputed elections of all classes being referred to the judges, thay decided that non-residence did not disqualify the latter cla.s8 ; but that those who had returned themselves, and those chosen for non-corporate towns, wore inadmissible. This 804 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAKD. double decision did not give the new House of rommons quits the desired complexion, though Stanihurst, Recorder of Dub- lin, the Court candidate, was chosen Speaker. The opposition WQS led by Sir Christopher Barnewall, an able and intrepid man, to whose firmness it was mainly duo that a more sweeping proscription was not enacted, under form of law, at this period. The native Englishmen in the House were extremely unpopular out of doors, and Hooker, one of their number, who sat for the deserted borough of Athenry, had to be escorted to his Mrr. ings by a strong guard, for fear of the Dublin mob. The chief acta of the first session were a subsidy, for ten years, of 13s. 4d. for every ploughland granted to the Queen ; an act suspending Poyning's act for the continuance of that Parliament ; an act for the attainder of John O'Neil ; an act appropriitting to her Majesty the lands of the Knight of the Valley ; an act authorizing the Lord Deputy to present to vacant benefices in Munster and Connaughl for ten years ; an act abolishing XVIth Earl, Jo},n, and James. He had also an elder son by a first wife, from whom he had been divorced on the ground of consanguinity. This son disputed the succession unsuccess- fully, retired to Spain, and there died. Earl Gerald, though one of the Peers who sat in the Parliament of the second year of Eli- zabeth, was one of those who strenuously opposed the policy of Sussex, and still more strenuously, as may be supposed, the more extreme policy of Sidney. His reputation, however, as a leader, suffered severely by the combat of Affane, in which he was taken prisoner by Thomas, the Xth Earl of Ormond, with whom he was at feud on a question of boundaries! By order of the Queen, the Lord Deputy was appointed arbitrator in this case, and though the decision was in favor of Ormond, Desmond submitted, came 'to Dublin and was reconciled with his enemy in the chapter house of St. Patrick's. A year or two later, Gerald turned his arms against the ancient rivals of his house— the McCarthys of Muskerry and Duhallow-but was again taken prisoner, and after six months' detention, held to ransom by the Lord of Muskerry. After his release, the old feud with Ormond broke out anew— a most impolitic quarrel, as that Earl was not only personally a favorite with the Queen, but was also nearly con- nected with her in blood through the Boleyns. In 1567, as before related, Desmond was seized by surprise in his town of Kilmallock by Sidney's order, and the following autumn con- veyed to London on a charge of treason and lodged in the tower. This tvas the third prison he had lodged in within three years, and by far the most hopeless of the three. His brother. Sir John of Desmond, through the representations of Ormond, was the same year arrested and consigned to the same ominous dungeons, from which suspected noblemen sel- dom emerged, except when the hurdle waited for them at the gate. This double capture aroused the indignation of all the tribes of Desmond, and led to the formidable combination which, in reference to the previous confederacy in the reign of Henry, may be called " the second Geraldine league." The Earl of Glaacarty, 4ad such of the O'Briens, McCarthys, and Butlers, POPULAP HISTORY OF IRELAKD. 397 ler son by a ground of I unsuccess- , though one year of Eli- i the policy pposed, the however, as 16, in which of Ormond, boundaries, appointed cision was to Dublin, pter house turned his McCarthys •isoner, and le Lord of lond broke as not only aearly con- In 1567, as lis town of itumn con- ned in the in within hree. His itations of led to the lemen sel- lem at the the tribes which, in of Henry, e Earl of d Butlers, as had resolved to resist the complete revolution in property, religion, and law, which Sidney meditated, united together to avenge the wrongs of those noblemen, their neighbors, bo treacherously arrested and so cruelly confined. Sir James, son of Sir Maurice Fitzgerald of Kerry, commonly called James Fitz- Maurice, cousin-gennain to the imprisoned noblemen, was chosen leader of the insurrection. He was, according to the testimony of an enemy, Hooker, member for Athenry, "a deep dissembler, passing subtilo, and able to compass any matter he took in hand ; courteous, valiant, expert in martial affairs." To this we may add that he had already reached a mature age ; was deeply and sincerely devoted to his religion ; and, accord- ing to the eulogist of the rival house of Ormond, one whom nothing could deject or bow down, orner of luxury and ease, insensible to danger, imperviou. co the elements, pre- ferring, after a hard day's fighting, the bare earth to a luxu- rious couch. One of the first steps of the League w as to despatch an em- bassy for assistance to the King of Spain and the Pope. The Archbishop of Cashel, the Bishop of Emly, and James, the youngest brother of Desmond, were appointed on this mis- sion, of which Sidney was no sooner apprised than he pro- claimed the confederates traitors, and at once prepared for a campaign in Munster. The first blow was struck by the taking of Clogrennan Castle, which belonged to Sir Edmond Butler, one of the adherents of the League. The attack was led by Sir Peter Carew, an English adventurer, who had lately appeared at Dublin to claim the original grant made to Kobert Pitzstephen of the moiety of the kingdom of Cork, and who at present commanded the garrison of Kilkenny. The accom- plished soldier of fortune anticipated the Deputy's movements by this blow at the confederated Butler", who retaliated by an abortive attack on Kilkenny, and a successful foray into Wex- ford, in which they took the Castle of Enniscorthy. Sidney, tak- ing the field in person, marched through Waterford and Dungar- van against Desmond's strongholds in the vicinity of Youghal. After a week's^siege he took Caatlemartyr, and continued his route through iiarrymore to Cork, whore he established his head- 84 898 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. I quarters.^ From Cork, upon receiving the submission of some timid members of the League, lie continued his route to Limerick, where Sir Edmond Butler and his brothers were induced to come in by their chief, the Earl of Ormond From Limerick he penetrated Clare, took the Castles of Clonoon and Ballyvaughan ; he next halted some timo at Galway, and returned to Dublin by Athlone. Overawed by the activity of the Deputy many others of the confederates followed the example of the Butlers. The Earl of Clancar- ty sued for pardon and delivered up his eldest son as a hos- tage for his good faith ; the Earl of Thomond— more suspected than compromised— yielded all his castles, with the sole excep- tion of Ibrackan. But the next year, mortified at the insigni- ficance to which ho had reduced himself, he sought refuge in France, from which he only returned when the intercession of the English ambassador Norris had obtained him full indemnity for the past. Sir James Fitzmaurice, thus duserted by his con- federates, had need of all that unyielding firmness of charac- ter for which he had obtained credit. Castle after castle be- longing to his cousins and himself was taken by the powerful siege trains of President Perrot ; Castlemaine, the last strong- hold which commanded an outlet by sea, surrendered after a three months' siege, gallantly maintained. The unyielding leader had now, therefore, no alternative but to retire into the impregnable passes of the Galtees, where he established his head quarters. This mountain range, towering from two to three thousand feet over the plain of Ormond, stretches from northwest to southeast, some twenty miles, descending with many a gentle undulation towards the Funcheon and the Blackwater in the earldom of Desmond. Of all its valleys Aharlow was the fairest and most secluded. Well wooded, and well watered, with outlets and intricacies known only to the native population, it seemed as if designed for a nursery of insurrection. It now became to the patriots of the South what the valley of Glenmalure had long been for those of Leinster— a fortress dedicated by Nature to the defence of freedom. In this fastness Fitzmaurice continued to maintain POPULAR HISTORY OD.F IRKLAN 399 lission of some '■ his route to brothers were :1 of Ormond le Castles of d some time le. Overawed e confederates rl of Clancar- ) son as a hos- lore suspected he sole excep- at the insigni- ght refuge in ntercession of full indemnity ed by his con- 3SS of charac- fter castle be- ' the powerful e last strong- endered after le unyielding ■etire into the itablished his from two to retches from cending with eon and the II its valleys wooded, and only to the I nursery of f the South for those of defence of to maintain himself, until a prospect of new combinations opened to him in the West. The sons of the Earl of Clanrickarde, though released from the custody of Sidney, receiving intimation that they were to be arrested at a court which Fitton, President of Connaught, had summoned at Galway, flew to arms and opened negotia- tions with Fitzmaurice, The latter, withdrawing from Ahar- low, promptly joined them in Qalway, and during the campaign, which followed, aided them with his iron energy and sagacious counsel. They took and demolished the works of Athenry, and, in part, those of the Court of Athlone. Their successes induced the deputy to liberate Clanrickarde himself, who had been detained a prisoner in Dublin, from the outbreak of his sons. On his return — ^their main object being attained — they submitted as promptly as they had revolted, and this hope also being quenched, Fitzmaurice found his way back again, with a handful of Scottish retainers, to the shelter of Aharlow. Sir John Perrot, having by this time no further sieges to prose- cute, drew his toils closer and closer round the Qeraldine's retreat. For a whole year, the fidelity of his adherents and the natural strength of the place enabled him to baffle all the President's efforts. But his faithful Scottish guards being at length surprised and cut off almost to a man, Fitzmaurice, with his son, his kinsman, the Seneschal of Imokilly, and the son of Richard Burke, surrendered to the President at Eilmal- lock, suing on his knees for the Queen's pardon, which was, from motives of policy, granted. On this conclusion of the contest in Munster, the Earl of Desmond and his brother. Sir John, were released from the Tower and transferred to Dublin, where they were treated as prisoners on parole. The Mayor of the city, who was answer- able for their custody, having taken them upon a hunting party in the open country, the brothers put spurs to their horses and escaped into Munster (1674). They were stigma- tized as having broken their parole, but they asserted that it was intended on that party to waylay and murder them, and that their o.ily safety was in flight. Large rewards were offered for their capture, alive or dead, but the necessities of both 400 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. parties compelled a truce during the remainder of Sidney's official career — which terminated in his resignation — about four years after the escape of the Desmonds from Dublin. Thus were now elements of combination, at the moment least expected, thrown into the hands of the Munster Catholics. CHAPTER V. THE " tJNDBRTAKEES" IN ULSTER AND LEINSTEE — DBFBAT AND DEATH OF SIR JAMES FITZUAUBICE. QuEBN Elizabeth, when writing to Lord Sussex of a rumored rising by O'Neil, desired him to assure hor lieges at Dublin, that if O'Neil did rise, " it would be for their advantage ; for there will be estates for them who want." The Sidney policy of treating Ireland as a discovered country, whose inhabitants had no right to the soil, except such as the discoverers graciously conceded to them— begat a new order of men, unknown to the history of other civilized states, which order vre must now be at some pains to introduce to the reader. These " Undertakers," as they were called, differed widely from the Norman invaders of a former age. The Norman gener- ally espoused the cause of some native chief, and took his pay in lund ; what he got by the sword he held by the sword. But the Undertaker was usually a man of peace — a courtier like Sir Christopher- Hatton— a politician like .Sir Walter Raleigh— a poet like Edmund Spenser, or a spy and forger like Richard Boyle, first Earl of Cork. He came, in the wake of war, with his elastic " letters patent," or, if he served in the field, it was mainly with a view to the subsequent confiscations. He was adroit at finding ilaws in ancient titles, skilled in all the feudal quibbles of fine and recovety, and ready to employ the secret dagger where hard swearing and fabricated documents might fail to make good his title. Sometimes men of higher mark and more generous dispositions, allured by the temptations of ^ijg sftcial rftvslutjnn would enter on the ssime t^ursuitSf but POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 401 1, unknown to r we must now they generally miscarried from want of what was then cleverly called "subtlety," but which plain people could not easily dis- tinguish from lying and perjury. What greatly assisted them in their designs was the fact that feudal tenures had never been general in Ireland, so that by an easy process of reasoning they could prove nineteen-twentieths of all existing titles " de- fective," according to their notions of the laws of property. Sir Peter Carew, already mentioned, was one of the earliest of the Undertakers. He had been bred up as page to the Prince of Orange, and had visited the Courts of France, Germany, and Constantinople. He claimed, by virtue of his descent from Robert Fitzstephen, the barony of Idrone, in Carlow, and one half the kingdom of Desmond. Sir Henry Sidney hod admitted these pretensions, partly as a menace aaainst the Kavanaghs and Geraldines, and Sir Peter established himself at Leighlin, where he kept great house, with one hundred serv- ants, over one hundred kerne, forty horse, a stall in his stable, a seat at' his board for all comers. He took an active part in all military operations, and fell fighting gallantly on a memo- rable day to be hereafter mentioned. After the attainder of John the Proud in 1569, Sir Thomas Smith, Secretary to the Queen, obtained a grant of the dis- trict of the Ards of Down, for his illegitimate son, who accord- ingly entered on the task of its plantation. But the O'Neils of Clandeboy, the owners of the soil, attacked the young undertaker, who met a grave where he had come to found a lordship. A higher name was equally unfortunate in the same field of adventure. "Walter Devereux, Earl of Essex (father of the Essex still more unfortunate), obtained in IF "3 a grant of one moiety of Farney and Clandeboy, and having mortgaged hla English estates to the Queen for £10,000 associated with himself many other adventurers. On the IGth of August, he set sail from Liverpool, accompanied by the Lords Dacre and Rich, Sir Henry Knollys, the three sons of Lord Norris, and a multitude of the common people. But as he had left one powerful enemy at court in Leicester— so he found a second at Dublin, in the acting deputy, Fitzwilliam. Though gratified with ihtk fifla /\f 'Dr'><>Mfin^ "' TT'-*ii- * -■'^ J- j-i--* --• 402 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRBLAKD. Marshal of Ireland, he found his schemes constantly connter- Bcted by orders from Dublin or from England. He was fre- quently ordered off from his headquarters at Newry, on expeditions into Munster, until those who had followed his banner became disheartened and mucinous. The O'Neils and the Antrim Scots harassed his colony and increased his troubles. He attempted by treachery to retr'eTe his fortunes. Having Invited the alliance of Con O'Donnell, he seized that chief and sent him prisoner to Dublin. Subsequently his chief opponent Brian, lord of Clandeboy, paid him an amicable visit, accom- panied by his wife, brother and household. As they were seated at table on the fourth day of their stay, the soldiers of Essex burst into the banquet hall, put them all, "women, youths and maidens," to the sword. Brian and his wife were saved from the slaughter only to undergo at Dublin the death ttnd mutilation inflicted upoft traitors. Yet the ambitious schemes of Walter of Essex did not prosper the more of all these crimes. He died at Dublin, two years afterwards (1576), In the 86th year of his age, as was generally believed from poison administered by the orders of the arch-poisoner, Leicester, who immediately upon his death married his widow. It is apparent that the interest of the Undertakers could not T)e to establish peace in Ireland so long as war might be profit- ably waged. The new " English interest" thus creat'-d was oft«n hostile to the soundest rules of policy and always op- posed to the dictates of right and justice ; but the double de- Bire to conquer and to convert — to anglicize and Protestantize —blinded many to the lawless means by which they were worked out. The massacre of 400 persons of the chiaf fami- lies of Leix and Offally which took place at Mullaghmast in 1677, is an evidence of how the royal troops were used to pro- mote the ends of the Undertakers. To Mullaghmast, one of the ancient raths of Leinster, situated about live miles from Athy in Kildare, the O'Mqres, O'Kellys, Lalors, and other Irish tribes were invited by the local commander of the Queen's trjops, Francis Cosby. The Bowens, Hartpoles, Pigotts, Ho- Tendons, and other adventurers who had grants or designs upon the neighboring territory were invited to meet them. 0. stantly connter- d. He was fre- at Newry, on id followed his Che O'Neils and sed his troubles, tunes. Having I that chief and chief opponent le visit, accom- As they were the soldiers of 1 all, "women, 1 his wife were lublin the death the ambitious the more of all «rward8 (1576), Y believed from arch-poisoner, rried his widow, akers could not might be proflt- us creat'^d was and always op- t the double de- id Protestantize hich they were the chief fami- Mullaghraast in ere used to pro- ighmast, one of five miles from and other Irish of the Queen's es, Pigotts, Ho- anta or designs to mdet thenw POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 403 i One of the Lalors, perceiving that none of those who f ntered the rath before him emerged again, caused his friends to fall back while he himself advanced alone. At the very eiitriince he beheld the dead bodies of some of his slaughtered kinsmen ; drawing his sword he fought his way back to his friends who barely escaped with their lives to Dysart. Four hundred vic- tims, including 180 of the name of O'Moore, are said to have fallen in this deliberate butchery, Rory O'Moore, the chief of his name, avenged this massacre by many a daring deed. In rapid succession he surprised Naas, Athy and Leighlin. From the rapidity with which his blows were struck, in Kil- dare, Carlow, and Kilkenny, he appeared to be ubiquitoui. He was the true type of a guerilla leader, yet merciful as brave. While Naas was burning he sat coolly at the market cross enjoying the spectacle, but he suffered no lives to be taken. Having captured Cosby he did not, as might be ex- pected, put him to death. His confidence in his own prowess and resources amounted to rashness, and finally caused his death. Coming forth from a wood to parley with a party of the Queen's troops led by his neighbor, the Lord of Ossory, a common soldier ran him through the body with a sword. This was on the last day of June, 1578— a day mournful through all the midland districts for the loss of their best and bravest captain. While these events occupied the minds and tongues of men in the North and East, a brief respite from the horrors of war was permitted to the province of Munster. The Earl of Des- mond, only too happy to be tolerated in the possession of his 570,000 acres, was eager enough to testify his allegiance by any sort of service. His brothera, though less compliant, fol- lowed his example for the moment, and no danger was to bo apprehended in that quarter, except from the indomitablo James Fitzmaurice, self-exiled on the continent. No higher tribute could be paid to the character of that heroic man than the closeness with which all his movements wore watched by English spies, specially set upon his track. They followed him to the French court, to St. Malo'a fwhere he resided far some time with his family), to Madrid, t uence he sent his two 404 POPCTLAU mSTOUY OF IKELAND, sons to the famous University of Alcala, and from Madrid to Rome. Tlie honorable reception ho received at the hands of the French and Spanish Sovereigns was duly reported ; yet both being at peace with England, his plans elicited no open encouragement from either. At Rome, however, he obtained some material and much moral support. Here he found mnnv zealous advocates among the English and Irish refugees- among them the celebrated Saunders, Allen, sometimes called Cardinal Allen, and O'Mulrian, Bishop of Killaloe. A force of about 1,000 men was enlisted at the expense of Pope Gregory XIII., m the Papal States, and placed under an experienced captain, Hercules Pisano. They were shipped at Civita Vecchia by a squadron under the command of Thomas Stukely an English adventurer, who had served both for and against the Irish Catholics, but had joined Fitzmaurice in Spain and accompanied him to Rome. On the strength of some remote or pretended relationship to the McMurroghs, Stukely ob- teined from the Pope the titles of Marquis of Leinster and Baron of Idrone and Ross; at Fitzmaurice's urgent requost- so It IS stated-he was named Vice- Admiral of the fleet The whole expedition was fitted out at the expense of the Pope but It was secretly agreed that it should be supported, after anding m Ireland, at the charge of Philip II. Fitzmaurice travelling overland to Spain, was to unite there with anothe^ party of adventurers, and to form a junction with Stukely and Pisano on the coast of Kerry. So with the Papal benediction gladdening his heart, and a most earnest exhortation from tho Holy Father to the Catholics of Ireland to follow his banner this noblest of all the Catholic Geraldines departed from Romo to try again the hazard of war in his own country. This was in the spring of the year 1579. Sir Henry Sidney aftermany years' direction of the government, had been recalled at his own request ; Sir William Drury was acting as Lord Jus- tice ; and Sir Nicholas Malby as President of Munster Ex pectation of the return of Fitzmaurice, at the head of a liber- atmg expedition, began to be rife throughout tho south and west, and the coasta were watched with the utmost vigilance, in the month of June, three nersnns hnirinr, Ut^a^a :_ j;-_...-_ POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 405 from Madrid to at tlie hands of Y reported ; yet ilicited no open ?er, he obtained he found mnny rish refugees — )metimes called 06. A force of Pope Gregory m experienced ped at Clvita liomas Stukely, and against the in Spain and if some remote '; Stukely ob- f Leinster and ;ent request — < the fleet. The of the Pope, pported, after Fitzmaurico, with another h Stukely and il benediction ition from tho m his banner, d from Rome, y- lenry Sidney, been recalled ; as Lord Jus- [unster. Ex- td of a liber- he south and ost vigilance, d in ulsguigo from a Spanish ship, at Dingle, were seized by government spies, and carried before the Earl of Desmond. On examina- tion, one of them proved to be O'llaly, Bishop of Mayo, and another a friar named O'Rourke ; the third is not named. By tho timid, temporizing Desmond, they were forwarded to Kil- mallock to Drury, who put tliem to every conceivable torture, in order to extract intelligence of Fitzmaurice's movements. After their thighs had been broken with hammers, they were hanged on a tree, and their bodies used as targets by the brutal soldiery. Fitzmaurice, with his friends, having survived ship- wreck on the coast of Galicia, entered the same harbor (Dingle) on the 17th of July. But no tidings had yet reached Munster of Stukely and Plsano; and his cousin, the Earl, sent him neither sign of friendship nor promise of co-operation. He therefore brought his vessels round to the small harbor of Smerwick, and commenced fortifying the almost isolated rock of Oilen-an-oir — or golden island, so called from tho shipwreck at that point of one of Martin Forbisher s ves- sels, laden with golden quartz, some years before. Here he was joined by John and James of Desmond, and by a band of 200 of the O'Flaherties of Galway, the only allies who pre- sented themselves. These latter, on finding the expected Mun- ster rising already dead, and the much talked-of Spanish aux- iliary force so mere a handful, soon withdrew in their own gal- leys, upon which an English ship and pinnace, sweeping round from Kinsalo, carried off the Spanish vessels in sight of the powerless little fort. These desperate circumstances inspired desperate councils, and it was decided by the cousins to en- deavor to gain the great wood of Kilmore, near Charlevillo — in the neighborhood of Sir James' old retreat among tho Galtee Mountains. In this march they were closely pur- sued by the Earl of Desmond, either in earnest or in sham, and were obliged to separate into three small bands, the bro- thers of the Earl retiring respectively to the fastnesses of Lym- namore and Glenfesk, while Fitzmaurice, with " a dozen horsemen and a few kerne," made a desperate push to reach the western side of the Shannon, where he hoped, perhaps, for bettpr "i'l" — mt-! icvc^juuii. iiiia proven lor 406 POPULAR H18T0RT OP THKLAND. him a fatal adventure. Jaded after a lona dav'« rM„ ^. followers immediate^ Inedadfl 7 T °' ^T' ^''"- his saddle the wounded rhref r« , I ''^^''""^ ^'•°™ Of religion fron. the hands tDrAZ m. "1 "^^"^ ^-"^^ tated by one of his follower Thatlhe no, f I . "^ '''' '^'''^'- suhjected to indignity 2 hr/ IT ^'"^ "'S^' °°t ^^ was soon afterw^rdis^c^r d TJ^^^^^^^ there hung up for a target and a show Thi, / , ' '"^ y <.f A,.gu., iCT. "r.; Tbi p';"s r "" ""■ sons: It is added by some writers thaf h.l a ! ^" receipt of so xnany Lors. bZ\^.:IL fl^ftr r ■''' hopes of Sir James Fit.maurice. So ended in „ ^ T' with churls about cnit'« on the bank, of o a squabble a career which had drl^ / , e attt „ of"?'"'""'^'""'"' inspired with apprehens. the Z^Z.I ^ZT "' ''' As to the expedition under Stukplv 5t« «„^ romantic. His squadron having put fiitotllV''' T" "°'' the King of Portugal, Don SeL'st a^on thl^: of' 'T' against the J.oors, and from some p om"se of aff r T"^ induced to ccomnnn,, tKof u- , ^ ''™'^® of after aid was field of Alloar s'ukTlv p '""''T ^""'^- <^" ^''^ ^^^al command Shared the fate^^/irp^f *^« Italians under their Neither Italy nor Ire^d^^d^f 2^0^""^^ "' ^^^ Gregory XIII. did not abandon the cause On ^^ an these iU-tidings he issued another ^\.,:^S:!:i!^f^' «^. • — B--V irauuaiory of •4 ^ti POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 407 the virtues of James Fitzmanrice " of happy memory," and granting the same indulgence to those who would flght under John or James of Desmond, "as that which was imparted to those who fought against the Turks for tho recovery of the Holy Land." This remarkable document is dated from Bom«, the 18th of May, 1580. CHAPTER VI. BEQUEI, OP THE BECOND GERAiiDINB LEAOPE — PLANTATlOr OP MUNSTER — EARLY CAREER OF flUOH O'NEIL, EABL f * TYRONE — PARLIAMENT OP 1685. Wb must continue to read the history of Ireland by the light of foreign affairs, and our chief light at this period it derived from" Spain. The death of Don Sebastian concen- trated the thoughts of Philip II. on Portugal, which he forcibly annexed to the Spanish crown. The progress of the insur- rection in the Netherlands also occupied so large a place in his attention that his projects against Elizabeth were post- poned, ye.->r after year, to the bitter disappointment of the Irish leaders. It may seem far-fetched to assert, but it is not the less certainly true, that the fate of Catholic Munster was intimately involved in the change of masters in Portu- gal, and the fluctuations of war in the Netherlands. The " Undertakers," who had set their hearts on having the Desmond estates, determined that the Earl and his brothers should not live long in peace, however peaceably they might be disposed. The old trick of forging letters, already alluded to, grew into a common and familiar practice during this and the following reign. Such a letter, purporting to be written by the Earl of Desmond— at that period only too anxious to be allowed to live in peace— was made public at Dublin and London. It was addressed to Sir William Felham, Lae tem- porary Lord Justice, and among other passages contained this patent invention-tliat he (the Earl and his brethren) "had t-akes this r\attef iu band with great auihorily, both from the »k i 408 POPULAR UI8T0KV OF IHCLAND. 'i Pope'8 hoHnesB and King Philip, who do undertako to trnthfr us in ow Affairs, as we shall need." It is utterly incredible that any man in Desmond's position could have written such a letter-could have placed in the hands of his enemies a docu- ment which must forever debar him from enterin-r into terms witli Elizabeth or her representatives In Ireland. ^Ve have no hesitation, therefore, in classing this pretended letter to Pelhain with those admitted forgeries which drove the unfor- tunate Lord Thomas Fitzgerald into premature revoit, in Uu. reign of Henry VIII, Sir John of Desmond had been nominated by the gallant Fitzmaurice in his last moments as the fittest person to rally the remaining defenders of religion and property in Munater. The Papal standard and benediction were almost all he could bequeuth his successor, but the energy of John, aided by some favorable local occurrences, assembled a la-ger force for the campaign of 1579 than had lately taken the field. Without the open aid of the Earl, he contrived to get together at one time as many as 2,000 men, amongst whom not the least active oflBcer was his younger brother. Sir James, hardly yet of man's age. Drs. S"r„ders and Allen, with several Spanish officers, accompanied this devoted but undisciplined multitude, sharing all the hardships of the men, and the counsels of the chiefs. Their first camp, and, so to speak, the nursery of their army, was among the inaccessible mountains of Slievelogher in Kerry' where the rudiments of discipline were daily inculcated! When they consideied the time ripe for action they re- moved their camp to the great wood of Kilmore, near Charle- ville, from which they might safely assail the line of comma- nication between Cork and Limerick, the main depots of Ell- zabeth's southern army. Nearly half-way between these cities, and withm a few miles of their new encampment, stood the strong town of Kilmallock on the litCo ii.e>' ^uubach. Tl is famous old G aldine borough, the f-.cuH «/ spv.^al roads ' -' the habitual stopping place of the ■ -m- -, in their progress as well as of English soldie-s on their march. The ancient fortifications, almost obliterated by Fitzmaurice eleven years before, had been replaced by strong -.alls, lined with earth- POPULAR HIRTORT OF IRELAND 40» works, and crowned by towors. Hern Sir William Drory fixed his headquarters in the spring of 1679, summoning to hh aid all the Queen's lieges in Munster. With a force of not less than 1,000 English regulars under his own command, and perJiaps twice that number under the banner of the Munster " r udertakers" and others, who obeyed his summons, he made an unsuccesaful attempt to beat up the Geraldine quarters at Kilmore. One division of his force, consisling of 800 men by the Irish, and 200 by the English account, was cut to pieces, with their captains, Herbert, Price, and Eustace. The re- mainder retreated in disorder to their camp at Athneasy, a ford on the Morning Star River, four miles east of Kilmallock, For nine weeks Drury continued In the field, without gaining any advantage, yet so harassed day and night by his assailants that his health gave way under his anxieties. Despairing of recovery, he was removed by slow stages to Waterford — which would seem to indicate that his communications both with Cork and Limerick were impracticable — but died before reaching the first mentioned city. The chief command ir Munster now devolved upon Sir Nicholas Malby, an officer who had seen much foreign service, while the temporary vacancy in the government was filled by the Council at Dub- lin, whose choice fell on Sir William Pelham, another distin- guished military man, lately arrived from England. Throughout the summer trnd autumn months the war was maintained, with varying fortune on either side. In the com- bats of Qortnatibrid and Enagbeg, in Limerick, the final success, according to Irish accounts, was with the Geraldines, though they had the misfortune to loose Cardinal Allen, Sir Thomas Fitzgerald and Sir Thomas Browne. Retiring into winter qu:r!ors at Aharlow, they had a third engagement w:n the garrison of Kilmallock, which attempted, without success, to intercept their march. The campaign of 1580 was, however, destined to be decisive. Sir John of Desmond, being invited to an amicable conference by the Lord Barry, was entrapped by an English force under Captain Zouch, in the woods surrounding Castle Lyons, and put to death or the spot. Tiio young Sir James had previously been captured oq 35 410 POP„« H,«o»V „, ,»,,,„„, graffon against the Anglo rru? ' ^ * '^''^nd at Knocfc at that period, taken together Sn'' ''"^"'^ ^'•^^^ «--ices ^ue sequel nf ti, f^™'"™ l-'O landed ^0^. '""' "' """""l*, wle™ POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 411 For four years longer the Geraldine league flickered in the South. Proclamations offering pardon to all concerned, ex- cept Earl Gerald and a few of his most devoted adherents, had their effect. Deserted at home, and cut off from foreign assistance, the condition of Desmond grew more and more intolerable. On one occasion he narrowly escaped capture by rushing with his Countess into a river, and remaining concealed up to the chin in water. His dangers can hardly be paralleled by those of Bruce after the battle of Falkirk, or by the more familiar adventures of Charles Edward. At length, on the night of the 11th of November, 1584, he was surprised with only two followers in a lonesome valley, about five miles distant from Tralee, among the mountains of Kerry. The spot is still remembered, and the name of " the Earl's road" transporta the fancy of the traveller to that tragical scene. Cowering over the embers of a half-extinct fire in a miserable hovel, the lord of a country, which in time of peace had yielded an annual rental of " 40,000 golden jileces," was despatched by the hands of common soldiers, without pity, or time, or hesita* tion. A few followers watching their creagMs or herds, farther up the valley, found las bleeding trunk flung out upon the highway ; the head was transported over seas, to rot upon the spikes of London Tower. The extirpation of the Munster Qeraldines, in the right line, according to the theory of " the Undertakers" and the Court of England, in general, vested in the Queen the 670,000 acres belonging to the late Earl. Proclamation was accordingly made throughout England, inviting " younger brothers of good families" to undertake the plantation of Desmond — each planter to obtain a certain scope of land, on condition of set- tling thereupon so many families — " none of the native Irish to be admitted." Under these conditions, Sir Christopher Hatton took up 10,000 acres in Waterford ; Sir Walter Raleigh 12,000 acres, partly in Waterford and partly in CorK ; Sir William Harbart, or Herbert, 13,000 acres in Kerry ; Sir Edward Denny 6,000 in the same county; Sir Warham St. Leger and Sir Tliomas Norris 6,000 acres each in Cork; Sir William Courtney 10,000 acres iu Limerick ; Sir Edward Fitton 11,600 acres in 412 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. Tapperary and Waterford, and Edmund Spenser a modest 8,000 acres m Cork, on the beautiful Blackwater. The other notable undertakers were the Hides, Butchers, Wirths, Berklys Trenchards, Thorntons, Bourchers, Billingsleys, &c., &c. Some of these grants, especially Raleigh's, fell in the next reign into the ravemng maw of Richard Boyle, the so-called "great Earl the? r'^f^ *'"'""' P'""^ '^^P°"'t« t« ^« found in the long roll of the " Munster Undertakers " Before closing the present chapter, we must present to the reader, in a formal manner, the personage whose career is to occupy the ch.ef remaining part of the present Book-Hugh Ned, best known by the title of Earl of Tyrone. We have seen lum in the camp of the enemies of his country Earning the art of war on the shores of Dingle Bay-a witness toSe horrors perpetrated at Smerwick. We may find him later in the same war-in 1584-serving under Perrott and Norril Scots. The following year, for these and other good services he received the patent of the Earldom originall/conf eTon his grandfather Con O'Neil, but suffered to%ink'into ab yance ' ma, A ' ''' ''"'" '''' ^••«"^'"^" "- days when ho made h,s peace with the Queen. The next year he obtained romh. clansmen the still higher title of O^Neil, and tl is he contrived to combine, in his own person, every princ I of authority likely to ensure him following and obecli nc the ther amon, the clansmen of Tyrone, or'the townsmi: rpj: ui O'Neil's last official act of co-operation with the Dublin gov- ernment may be considered his participation in the Parliament convoked by Sir John Perrott in 1585, and prorogued i the following year. It is remarkable of this Pa liamem, th h d and last of Elizabeth's long reign, that it was utterly ba en of ecclesiastical legislation, if we except "an act agahist sorcery and w. chcraft" from that category. The attaincL of tl e a I Eail of Desmond, and the living Viscount of Baltinglass in arms w,h the O'Byrnes in Glenmah.re, are the on ly nt ur s of consequence to be found among the Irinh statutes of tl^ 27th and 28th of ElijinhfiH, Rut fhr»~' • ^'^^ "/ "'« nm. tnouiju iiut remarkable for POPULAn HISTORY OF IRELAND. 41a its legislation, the Parliament of 1685 is conspicuously so for its composition. Within its walls with the peers, knights, and burgesses of the anglicized counties, sat almost all the native chiefs of Ulster, Connaught, and Munster. The Leinstcr chiefs recently in arms, in alliance with the Earl of Desmond, generally absented themselves, with the exception of Feagh, son of Hugh, the senior of the O'Byrnes, and one of the noblest spirits of his race and age. He appears not to have had a seat in either house ; but attended, on his own busi- ness, under the protection of his powerful friends and sureties. CHAPTER VII. BATTLE OP GLENMALURE — SIR JOHN PEEROTT's ADMINISTRA- TION — TUB SPANISH ARMADA — LORD DEPUTY PITZWILLIAM — ESCAPE OP HUGH ROE o'dONNELL FROM DUBLIN CASTLE— THE ULSTER CONFEDERACT FORMED. In pursuing to its close the war in Munster, we were obliged to omit the mention of an aflfair of considerable importance, which somewhat consoled the Catholics for the massacre at Smerwick and the defeat of the Desmonds. We have already observed that what Aharlow was to the southern insurgents, the deep, secluded valley of Glenmalure was to the oppressed of Leinster. It afforded, at this period, refuge to a nobleman whose memory has been most improperly allowed to fall into oblivion. This was James Eustace, Viscount Baltinglass, who had suffered impri^onment in the Castle for refusing to pay an illegal tax of a few pounds, who was afterwards made the object of a special, vindictive enactment, known as " the Statute of Baltinglass," and was in the summer of 1580, on his keeping, surrounded by armed friends and retainers. His friend, Sir Walter Fitzgerald, son-in-law to the chief of Glen- malure, and many of the clansmen of Leix, Offally and Idrone, repaired to him at Slieveroe, near the modern village of Bles- sington, from which they proceeded to form a junction with tho followers of the dauntless Feagh McHugh O'Byrno, of 414 POPULAR HisTORV OP IREtAND. and determined [o s^r ke?;!;, .^^"^r- \""' ^'^^'^""^' proceeding to the South 111 tL ^ , '" ^'''^'''^' ^«f<"-« «ervice-the Malbys, DucH "'.,"; r''""" " ''"' ^"^^'^ repaired to meet him at Dubh ' n ^ ' '''' *^«°^«-'^ad --„a,i„tothenei:hhori:^^i,rnr ThTclr^ ^'^ knew, were concentrated in th^yT.t ^^^^^holics, fhey Of which Lord Grey constructed 1 ILr/r ^' ^^'V'"^^" havmg selected the fittest tronpsL the s"^^' '"^ '^^"• attack the Irish camp. Sir WH hi sm , '' ^'"^ ''^^^'^ *« ■ in command, well describes the n . . ^^' °"' ^^ "'^ "^^ers Walshingham : " When w« ! ^f ' "' "^ ^'""'" '« ^^'^''^tary were forced to s^tmlt^^rr^^^^^^^^^^^^ could stay our feet; it waT n dl^ ^ ^^'^''"''' ''' w« Jeast a mile, full of stones eks ZT' " '"^ "^ ^'^'-«'^. -» tom thereof a river full o oos« J . "'°°^ ' '" "'« ^°*- to cross divers times * * 1 1,^^/'^"^^. ^hich we were driven glen, which is four miles in lenX«,r' '''' *'''*'"^' ^^« very hotly * * * * jt ,,^3 the S \ '"'""^^ *='^"g«d us e-Isaw.fortlK, time,Lan;plac?' '!«" VT'' '''' expected, the assailants ^vJ , ""^'^^ ^'^^^^ been among the slain were Si^plterc^r', "'' ''^^^^ >- '• of Mullaghmast memory Co ot^M '"'' ^•'""^•^ ^^^^^ guished ofBcers. ThefSleJ.Tr^r'' """^ ''^'' ^J^^""' from Elizabeth, as w^H L Tt o 'u '.' '"'^'^^ ^^« ^'""'^^-'ed patches; butbefcveth end Of r '''.'" *'« ««^-> d- we have quoted, conveyed the n T! P"""'' ^^"^"' ^"'^h a., The action was foug ,'0 the '/S? ?' '"*;"'"-"''"^« ^« ^^« --t. Lord Grey's deputvslWn 7. '^ °^ ^^"^"«'- eluded the'thrl: de S ; "it- ^ '"!^' '^"'^ ^^ ^--. '- 'lescribed. At the period o^S^S 'llt^ 'T' '^''^'^ the summer of 1682 that " mnlf , ^""^ ^^ absence- try." to use the forci e lanZlTr" T' ^^^""^"^ -"- Edmund Spenser, was .educeno '• „ ^ "^"'"^ ^^"^''^^. ashes." The war had been trulv a J T^ '' '"''''''' and did Munster recover her due nfn r "' ^^'"'"'"ation ; nor tbe .land for nearly iZ ^Z^^Z:!^' ^^^"^^"^ «' POPUIAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 415 The appointment of Sir John Perrott dates from 1583, though he did not enter on the duties of Lord Deputy till the following year. Like most of the public men of that age, he was both soldier and statesman. In temper he resembled his reputed father, Henry Vlllth ; for he was impatient of con- tradiction and control ; fond of expense and magnificence, with a high opinion of his own abilities for diplomacy and legislation. The Parliament of 1585-6, as it was attended by almost every notable man in the kingdom, was one of his boasts, though no one seems to have benefited by it much, except Hugh O'Neil, whose title of Earl of Tyrone was then formally recognized. Subordinate to Perrott, the ofiice of Governor of Connaught was held by Sir Richard Bingham — founder of the fortunes of the present Earls of Lucan — and that of President of Munster, by Sir Thomas Norris, one of four brothers, all employed in the Queen's service, and all destined to lose their lives in that employment. The most important events which marked the four years' administration of Perrott were the pacification of Thomond and Connaught, the capture of Hugh Roe O'Donnell, and the wreck of a large part of the Spanish Armada, on the northern and western coasts. The royal commission issued for the first mentioned purpose exemplifies, in a striking manner, the exigencies of Elizabeth's policy at that moment. The persons entrusted with its execution were Sir Richard Bingham, the Earls of Thomond and Clanrjckarde; Sir Turlogh O'Brien, Sir Richard Bourke (the McWilliam), O'Conor Sligo, Sir Brian O'Ruarc, and Sir Morrogh O'Flaherty. The chief duties of this singular commission w^re, to fix a money rental for all lands, free and unfree, in Clare and Connaught ; to assess the taxation fairly due to the crown also in money; and to substi- tute generally the English law of succession for the ancient customs of Tanistry and gavelkind. In Clare, from fortuitous causes, the settlement tliny arrived at was never wholly re- versed ; in Conni-ught, the inhuman severity of Bingham rrndered it odious from the first, and the successes of Hugh Roe O'Donnell, a few years later, were hailed by the people of that proviiico as a hoavcn-sent deliverance. 416 POPULAR IIISTORY OF IBKLANB. Of ?h! Surr' '"''"'' '' *'" y«""'^"^ ^»^-f^in was one arlilice ,,l,icl, hmvlv '"•' /'"I'I'WM of an etaborate dolight of the Lord Deputy and hi Council J ' ^'■'"* of fetters and privation .™ '"' ^°"°f' '• Five weary yeai^ pass in the ^410:717:7^X7^^^^^^ f« the air of their native North ^ ^*^^ ''^ain tl-ugh of minor importancUdded Tut Sitv to "' V"""''. quarrel. Sir Willinm qf„„i„J i '"'■onsicj to the national ».r WUIiam Stanley, whose account of the battle of POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 417 Qlenmalure we lately quoted, went over to Philip with 1,300 English troops, whom he commanded as Governor of Daventer, and was taken into the counsels of the Spanish sovereign. The fleet for the invasion of England was on a scale commen- surate with the design. One hundred and thirty-five vessels of war, manned by 8,000 sailors, and carrying 19,000 soldiers, sailed from the Tagus. and after encountering a severe storm oflF Cape Finesterre, reassembled at Corrunna. The flower of Spanish bravery embarked in this fleet, named somewhat pre- sumptuously " the invincible armada." The sons of Sir James Fitzmaurice, educated at Alcala, Thomas, son of Sir John of Des- mond, with several other Irish exiles, laymen and ecclesiastics, were also on board. The fate of the expedition is well known, A series of disasters befel it on the coasts of France and Belgium) and finally, towards the middle of August, a terrific storm swept the Spaniards northward through the British channel, scatter- ing ships and men helpless and lifeless on the coasts of Scot- land, and even as far north as Norway. On the Irish shore nineteen great vessels were sunk or stranderl. In Longh Foyle, one galleon, manned by 1,100 men, came ashore, and some of the survivors, it is alleged, were given up by O'Don- nell to the Lord Deputy, in the vain hope of obtaining in return the liberation of his son. Sir John O'Doherty in Innishowen, Sir Brian O'Ruarc at Droniaiiaire, and Hugh O'Neil at Dun- gannon, hospitably entertained and protected several hundreds who had escaped with their lives. On the iron-bound coast of Connaught over 2,000 men perished. In Galway harbor, 70 prisoners were taken by the Queen's garrison, and executed on St. Augustine's hill. In the Shannon, the crew of a disabled vessel set her on fire, and escaped to another in the offing. On the coasts of Cork and Kerry nearly one thousand men were lost or cast away. In all, according to a state paper of the time, above 0,000 of the Spaniards were either drowned, killed, or captured, on the north, west, and southern coasts. A more calamitous reverse could not have befallen Spain or Ireland in the era of the Reformation. It is worthy of remark that at the very moment the fear of the armada, ivns mnst. int^naoitr faU !« f^^i^-j iu- t •_. . " .: —•V »■« xjugittiiu — lilts uc{jiimmg 118 POPULAR HISTORT OF IRBLAND. the native chiefs rather ll^ ' ^''' *^^" '"'' "-^'iance on had made ^ti^^^ »„ U. eouniers of Dub,i„ Ca.stle i^eputy of a different chTritefsrVTr^t' '^ '^ ^«^* Who had filled the s.rnlomT'I TT ^'^-^''"'•a™ - yea. before. The administa tio^of tt noEr™" '^'^''''^^ tracted till the year 1594 „„/ "obleman was pro- jection with the onitt: „f ,/' T'' "''""'•^^'^ '•" ^°«- tl.e leadership of Nran/o'^nneir '°"'^'"^^^' "'^'^^^ at once marched into the terrUorv of o°r ^^'^ '""^ '^ "'" ^^ O'Ruarc fled to Scotland, w^^n^p bv"?"' r^'"'"*^ ' and subsequently executed JTa^ ^y order of Ja,„e3Vl., John O'GaUagher " to If th Tf °" ' ^'^"'^^''^y ^"^ Si were sei.ed a;d c^ntltd i t C^ n:?!^" ^" ''''-' more monstrous kind was n^rl f . !' *^"'™Se, of a still elected chieftain of Orl Si M^r ''''' °" ^^« ^^'^ engaged Pitzwilliam by ;S of 600 T""^' ''^ '''^'^ succession, he was seize'd by o.^ Tr\T^ *° T'"'""^ ''' jury of common soldiers on „ f r ^ ^P"*^' tried by a and executed at h^;^door Tr "r'"? ''^ " ^^^^''^^ '' Marshal of Ireland, had his headm nw "^ ^"-""^ "'^°' «« Fitzwilliam himsel, profited mfr^' "' ^«-y. next to and settlement of McMa" onWast est^ '""?"'"* P"""""" the impunity which attended such hJt^I^Jr^'^":' '' andmstigatedbythe Marshal, Fitzwifarlv ^''^^^^'^'^g^' against the ablest as well as the ml ^^^" *° P'^^ctise em chiefs, who had hi to ^n ?""'"' ''^ '^^ and soldier of the Queen Thl T ""'^ ^^ '^ ^°"'«er Tyrone, another of Sir Hen'rvSn"''.""^^' '''^''■■'' ^^^ ^^ additional advantage f be ' ^1" L' ?^^T^ --'" -'th the POPULAR HISTORY OF lUELAND. 9 government, is reliance on Dublin Castle, f"i by a Lord i'itzwilliam — 0(1 seventfMsn nan was pro- rable in con- leracy, under lad no sooner !■ commission aniards were ne of it," he O'Doherty; >( James VI. rty and Sir I in Ulster," le, of a still n the newly igh he had cognize his 1 tried by a " treason," al who, as y, next to it partition idened by oceedings, practise he North- i courtier Earl of ' with the with the ) live in govern 419 Ulster with all the authority attached to his name. Bred np in England, he well knew the immense resources of that king- dom, and the indomitable character of its queen. A patriot of Ulster rather than of Ireland, he had served against the Desmonds and had been a looker on at Smerwick. To sup- press rivals of his own clan, to check O'Donnell's encroach- ments, and to preserve an interest at the English Court, were the objects of his earlier ambition. In pursuing these objects he did not hesitate to employ English troops in Ulster, nor to accompany the queen and her Deputy to the service of the Church of England. If, however, he really believed that he could long continue to play the Celtic Prince north of the Boyne, and the English Earl at Dublin or London, he was soon undeceived when the fear of the Spanish Armada ceased to weigh on the Councils of Elizabeth. A natural son of John the Proud, called from the circum- stances of his birth "Hugh of the fetteis," communicated to Fitzwilliam the fact of Tyrone having sheltered the ship- wrecked Spaniards, and employed them in opening up a correspondence with King Philip. This so exasperated the Earl, that, having seized the unfortunate Hugh of the fetters, he caused him to be hanged as a common felon — a high- handed proceeding which his enemies were expert in turning -to account. To protect himself from the consequent danger, he went to England in May, 1590, without obtaining the license of the Lord Deputy, as by law required. On arriving in London he was imprisoned, but in the course of a month obtained his liberty, after signing articles, in which he agreed to drop the Celtic title of O'Neil ; to allow the erection of gaols in his country ; that he should execute no man without a commission from the Lord Deputy, except in cases of martial law ; that he should keep his troop of horsemen in the Queen's pay, ready for the Queen's service, and that Tyrone should be regularly reduced to shire-ground. For the performance of these articles, which he confirmed on reaching Dublin, he was to place sureties in the hands of certain merchants of that city, or gentlemen of the Pale, enjoying the confidence of the Orown. On oueb. Lard coudiiions his earidckm was couflrmed 420 ^OPCUR iriSTORV OF IREUND. B- " ta r r rtr =•-« - -•« w ... -"onal policy fro. t^e 4 7^^^^^^^^^^^^ »•■•« ^^''- and J^* ^a.ly exercise. Wl,en he discorertd ' ""^' '^""^'^^ '"'<> Pa«S'on Of the Lord 'beputy hlZlt T^ '' »>« '^e master the escape of Hug, Roe O'Dill f^ ^ n H' '''""'"''^''^^ «»* ^ark night in the depth oAZL'T ^"^''" Cust'c On a ;-eralof his companfons, su e ,ed ! r"- '"' '^'''' ^'^'^ >n the neighborhood of PowlT l"'^^"'^ ^o the hiJIg bewildered, they were a JinTkTn"^ ,'"^ ^"^^''^--'^ -« dungeons. Two years later ♦,,,?' ""'^ '■^'"'•n«d to their fortunate, m ChrL^L^ek ^ot "' '^^^^"'^^" -« -te a sewer of the Castle, with Ile^rv !ni^ 4 ?"'" '^'^^P^''' through f e Proud. In the street theyZ'^V; ''''"'' ^""^ «^ Jo'» «fnt of Tyrone, waiting to Se ^ "T' "'' '"""'''""^' Qlenmalure. Through the d5« ™ *° "'^ ^^^^ness of ^ieklow highlands the p 1 :nnJ7:- <>' ^he Dublin a,^ way. After a weary tramp tW „.,'"" ^"'^« P^^^^ed their ^'^elmed with fatigVTn Jhl ' r'-^' '""^ ^°^" «-«- ^-e-ible by a parfy despat hd "v P \""^ "^^« ^-"<^ ONeil, on being raised un fZT\ ^ ^®*"b O'Byrne ; Art -n was so -vVll'lSL tta7r r/^^^^^'^'- «'^- «any months the free use of hi r V ^"' ""' '''^^'^ fo. companion he was nursedTtwir- """' ''^ ^«'"--«-g he became able to sit a Zl T"7 '' ^'^^^^'-re, uj Although the utmost vigilanc; w ''* °"* ^"'^ home, warders of the Pale, he c or, The r'';''"^^ ^^ ^" *be undiscovered, rode boldly 1^^ k I ^^"^ ^^^ the Boyne andfoundanenthusiastfw 2e 2%^'"^'^ °^ ^""<^^'" gannon, and soon after from the!' 7 .''"^ ^^'•'^"^ i» !>""' Castle Of Ballyshannon. r" ly'^ Zf T'- ''^ '"'''''' '" t^e -acy,ofwh,chfortenyea..O'NeiIa„d POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 4S1 O'Donnell were the joint and inseparable leaders, was now imminent. Tyrone, by carrying off, the year previous to O'Donnell's escape, the beautiful siste." of Marshal Bagnal whom he married, had still further inflt.med the hatred borne to liim by that officer, Bagnal complained bitterly of the abduction to the Queen, charging, among other things, that O'Neil had a divorced wife still alive. A challenge was in consequence sent him by his new brother-in-law, but the cartel was not accepted. Every day's events wera hastening a general alliance between the secondary chieftains of the Province and the two leading s;,!rits. The O'Ruarc and Ma- guire were attacked by Bingham, and successfully defended themselves until the Lord Deputy and the Marshal also marched against them, summoning O'Neil to their aid. The latter, feeling that the time was not yet ripe, temporized with Fitzwilliam during the campaign of 1693, and though in the field at the head of his horsemen, nominally for the Queen, he soems '.o hav^e rather employnd his opportunities to promote that Northern Union which be had sor much at heart. CHAPTER VIII. THE PLSTKR CONPEDEKACT — FEAGH MAC IlUOn O'bYRNE — CAM- PAIGN OP 1695 — NEGOTIATIONS, ENGLISH AND SPANISH — BAT- TLE OP THE TELLOW FORD — ITS CONSEQUENCES. In the summer of 1594 the cruel and mercenary Fitzwilliam was succeeded by Sir William Russell, who had served the Queen, both in Ireland " and in divers other places beyond sea, in martial affairs." In lieu of the arbitrary exaction of county cess— -so grossly abused by his predecessor— the shires of the Pale were to pay for the future into the Treasury of Dublin ft composition of £2,100 per annum, out of which the fixed «um of £1,000 was allowed as the Deputy's wagec. Russell's administration lasted till May, 1597. In that month he was mcceeded by Thomas, Lord Borough, who died in August fol- (owing of thR wounds received in .an espoditiou against Tyrone j 36 "«" 432 POPULAR BISTORT OF IRELAND. ■nrt even at Uie Conncil table ml h„' k "" !" "'" «'"■■ r r'r :r"t'" t »"" ^-» -- -t^^^^^ C«;: to"'.;!; 1"'; ';i:7.!'„s':r "- ---^ discover, if nossibl,, ti,» • , . " charges, and to "' II possible, the instructbns of Russell Tr ,•.. respect ho wa"' '''''''"''■ for its renewal was not hon7ed wi;^ IntZ ''Kf c"°" trary, his sureties at Dublin, Geoffrey son of H, >. .T against its chief n! ' .Z'"";'^' ™^<^« » g'-«und of charge fiA;ro:;-nft^^^^^^^^^^ tions in the Glen, and that Brian Oge O'Rourle had 17T passed to and fro through Dublin ci^ and county as con fiT"^ tml agent between Feagh Mac Hugh and TyZl ' \ Deputy, by a night march on Glenmalure succeeded Tnc prising O'Byrne's house at Ballincor and' TJ 7 "''" the aged chieftain prisoner. l" th^VR^e oTool^^^ w.fe, was wounded in the breast, and a pri^f dete^tLtdi': POPDLAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 438 in a thicket WM shot dead. Peagh retired to Dromceat, or the Ciit's-back Mountain — one of the bout positions in tl>e Qlon— . ■while a strong force was quartered in his former mansion to observe his movementa. In April, Iiis son-in-law Fitzgerald was taken prisoner, near Baltinglass, in a retreat where he was laid up severely M'ounded ; in May, a party under tiie Deputy's command scoured the mountains and seized the Lady Rose, who was attainted of treason, and, like Fitzgerald, bar- baiously given up to the halter and the quartering knife. Two foster brothers of the chief were, at the same time and in the same manner, put to death, and a large reward was offered for bis own apprehension, alive or dead. Hugh O'Neil announced his resort to arms by a vigorous protest against the onslaught made on his friand O'Byrne. Without waiting for, or expecting any answer, he surprised the fort erected on the Blackwater which commanded the high- way into his own territory. This fort, which was situated be- tween Armagh and Dungannon, about five miles distant from either, served, before the fortification of Charlemont, as the main English stronghold in that part of Ulster. The river Blackwater on which it stood, from its source on the borders of Monaghaii to its outlet in Lough Neagh. watered a fertile valley which now became the principal theaire of war ; for Hugh O'Neil and afterwards for his celebrated nephew it proved to be a theatre of victory. General Norris, on reach- ing Ireland, at once marched northward to recover the fort lately taken. O'Neil, having demolished the works, retreated before him ; considering Dungannon also unfit to stand a re- gular siege, he dismantled the town, burnt his own castle to the ground, having first secured every portable article of va- lue. Norris contented himself with reconnoitering the Earl's entrenched camp at some distance from Dungannon, and re- turned to Newry where he established his headquarters. The campaign in another quarter was attended with even better success for the Confederates. Hugh Roe O'Donnell, no longer withheld by the more politic O'Neil, displayed in action all the fiery energy of bis nature. Under his banner he united iJIHli 424 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. six hundred Scots, led by MacLeod of Ara, obeyed his com- mands. He first descended on the plains of Annaliy-O'Farrell (the present county of Longford), driving the English set- tlera beff^re him ; he next visited the undertaker's tenants in Connaught, ejecting them from Boyle and Ballymoate, and pur- suing them to the gates of Tuam. On his return the important town and castle of Sligo, the property of O'Connor, then in England, submitted to him. Sir Richard Bingham endeavored to recover it, but was beaten off with loss. O'Donnell, finding it cheaper to demolish than defend it, broke down the castle and returned in triumph across the Erne. General Norris, having arranged his plan of campaign at Newry, attempted to victual Armagh, besieged by O'Neil, but was repulsed by that leader after a severe struggle. He, how- ever, succeeded in throwing supplies into Monaghan, where a strong garrison was quartered, and to which O'Neil and O'Donnell proceeded to lay siege. While lying before Monaghan they re- ceived overtures of peace from the Lord Deputy, who continually disagreed with Sir John Norris as to the conduct of the war, and lost no opportunity of thwarting his plans. He did not now blush to address, as Earl of Tyrone, the man he had lately pro- claimed a traitor at Dublin, by the title of the son of a black- smith. The Irish leaders at the outset refused to meet the Commissioners— Chief Justice Gardiner and Sir Henry Wallop, Treasurer-at-War.in Dundalk, so the latter were compelled to wait on them in the camp before Monaghan. The terms demanded by O'Neil and O'Donnell, including entire freedom of religious worship, were reserved by the Commissioners for the consideration of the council, with whoso sanction, a few weeks afterwards, all the Ulster chiefs, except " the Queen's O'Reilly," were formally tried before a jury at Dublin, and condemned as traitors. Monaghan was thrice taken and retaken in this campaign. It was on the second return of General Norris from that town he found himself unexpectedly in presence of O'Neil's army, advantageously posted on the left bank of the little stream which waters the village of Clontibret. Norris made two attempts to for CO iho passago, but without success. Sir XhoMas Noi'iid, POPULAH HISTORY OF IRELAND. 425 and the general himself, were wounded ; Seagrave, a gigantic Meathian cavalry officer, was slain in a hand to hand encoun- ter with O'Neil ; the English retreated hastily on Nevry, and Moiiaghan was again surrendered to the Irish. This brilliant combat at Clontibret closed the campaign of 1595. General Norris, whj, like Sir John Moore, two centuries later, com- manded the respect, and frankly acknowledged the wrongs of the people against whom he fought, employed the winter months in endeavoring to effect a reconciliation between O'Neil and the Queen's Government. He had conceived a wai-rn and cliivalrous regard for his opponent; for he could not deny that he had been driven to take up arms in self-defence. At his instance a royal commission to treat with the Earl was issued, and the latter cheerfully gave them a meeting in an open field without the walls of Dundalk. The same terms 1 which he had proposed before Monaghan were repeated in his lultimatutn, and the Commissioners agreed to give him a positive lanswer by the 2d day of April. On that day they attended at fDundalk, but O'Neil did not appear. The Commissioners de- ; layed an entire fortnight, addressing him in the interim an urgent remonstrance to como in and conclude their negotiation. On th<> I7th of the month they received his reasons for break- ing off the treaty — the principal of which was, that the truce had been repeatedly broken through by the English garrisons — and so the campaign ot 1596 was to be fought with renewed animosity on both sides. Early in May the Lord Deputy made another descent on Ballincor, which Feagh Mac Hugh had recovered in the autumn to lose again in the spring. Though worn with years and in- firm of body, the Wicklow chieftain held his devoted bands well together, and kept the garrison of Dublin constantly on the defensive. In the new chieftain of the O'Moores he found at this moment a young and active coadjutor, In an affair at Stradbally Bridge, O'Moore obtained a considerable victory, leaving among the slain Alexander and Francis Cosby, grand- sons of the commander in the massacre at Mullaghmast. The arrival of three Spanish frigates with arms and ammu- nition in Donegal Bay was wclconjc nows to the Northern 426 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. Catholics. They were delivered to O'Donnell who was inces- santly in the field, while O'Neil was again undergoing the forms of diplomacy with a new royal commission at Dundalk. He himself disclaimed any correspondence with the King of Spain but did not deny that such negotiations might be maintained by others. It is alleged that, while many of the chiefs had signed a formal invitation to the Spanish King to assume their crown, O'Neil had not gone beyond verbal assurances of co- operation with them. However this may bo, he resolved that the entire season should not be wasted in words, so he attacked the strong garrison left in Armagh, and recovered the prima- tia city. According to the Irish practise, he dismantled the fortress, which, however, was again reconstructed by the Enghsh before the end of the war. Some other skirmishes of which we hav« no very clear account, and which we may set down as of no decisive character, terminated the campaign. • J I' f^' ■^°''^ J^O'-o»gh. who had distinguished himself m the Netherlands, replaced Russell as Lord Deputy, and assumed the command-in-chief, in place of Sir John Norris Simultaneously with his arrival Feagh Mac Hugh O'Byrne was surprised in Glenmalure by a detachment from Dublin, and slam ; he died as he had lived, a hero and a free man. O'Neil who was warmly attached to the Wicklow chief, immediatei; despatched such succor as he could spare to Feagh's sons, and promised to continue to them the friendship he had always entertoined for their father. Against Tyrone the new Lord Deputy now endeavored to combine all the military resources at his disposal. Towards the end of July, Sir Conyers Clifford was ordered to muster the available force of Connaught at Boyle, and to march into Sligo and Donegal. A thousand men of the Anglo-Irish were assembled at Mullingar, under the command of young Barnewell of Trimbleston, who was instructed to effect a junction with the main force upon the borders of Ulster. The Lord Deputy, marching in force from Drogheda, penetrated, unopposed, the valley of the Black- water, and entered Armagh. From Armagh he moved to the rehe of the Blackwater fort, besieged by O'Neil. At a place called Drumfliuch, where Battleford Brid.« „«.. POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 421 stands, Tyrone contrived to draw his enemies into an en- gagement on very disadvantageous ground. The result was a severe defeat to the new Deputy, who, a few days after- wards, died of his wounds at Newry, as his second in command, the Earl of Kildare, did at Drogheda. Sir Francis Vaughan, Sir Thomas Waller, and other distinguished oflScers, fell in the same action, but the fort, the main prize of the combatants, remained in English hands till the following year. O'Donnoll, with equal success, held Ballyshannon, compelled Sir Conyers Clifford to raise the siege with the loss of the Earl of Thomond, and a large part of his following. Simultaneously, Captain Richard Tyrrell, of Westmeath— one of O'Neil's favorite offi- cers—having laid an ambuscade for young Barnev/ell at the pass in Westmeath which now bears his name, the Meathian regiment were sabred to a man. Mullingar and Maryborough were taken and sacked, and in the North, Sir John Chichester, Governor of Carrickfergus, was cut off with his troop by Mac- Donald of the Glens. These successes synchronize exactly with the expectation of a flecond Spanish Armada, which filled Elizabeth with her old apprehensions, Philip was persuaded again to tempt the fortune of the seas, and towards the end of October his fleet, under the Adelantado of Castille, appeared off the Scilly Islands, with a view to secure the Isle of Wight, or some other station, from which to operate an invasion the ensuing spring. Extraordinary means were taken for defence; the English troops in France were recalled, new levies raised, and the Queen's favorite, the young Ea-l of Essex, appointed to com- mand the fleet, with Raleigh and Lord Thomas Howard as Vice-Admirals. " But the elements again fought for the north- ern island ; a storm which swept the channel for weeks drove the English ships into their ports, but scattered those of Spain over the Bay of Biscay. In this second expedition sailed Florence Conroy, and other Irish exiles, who had maintau.ed for years a close correspondence with the Catholic leader.i. Their presence in the fleet, the existence of the correspond- enco, nnd the progress o.f the revolt itself, will sufflcienMxr account for the apparent vacillations of English policy in 428 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. \mu Ulster m the last months of 1597. Shortly before Christmas Ormo.d now Lord Lieutenant, accompanfed by the eI^ of Thomond, attended only by their personal folLers vtited Dungannon and remained three days in conference with O'S and Donncll. The Irish chiefs reiterated their old demands attached to the:r anc.ent ra .k. They would admit Sheriffs Lv L!r' J\^^°.^^°°^ -^'^S natives of their counties, but they dechned to give hostages out of their own fam lie Tl e e term, were referred to the Queen's consideration, who" MoJJa 7'";"'^' '" "^"^ ''"' ^^'^"^ -«««^ them the i^t Tvrlf ' ' "f. f ^.'"' ''° '''''' «^^» *o O'Neil's pardon. But Tyrone, guided by intelligence received from Spain or England or both, evaded Lhe .oyal messenger charg d to dehver ham that instrument, and as the late%ruce expired JXatLr '' '""^' '-'-' '"^-'^^ -- - -'-y In the month of June, 1598, the Council at Dublin were in a sta^e offearful perplexity. O'Neil, two days after the e^p irl on soltd r'%'"'" '' "" '"'' "" "^° Blackwater, and seemed re- solved to reduce it, if not by force, by famine. O'Donnell a, usual, was operating on the side of Connaught, where he had brought back O'Ruarc, O'Conor Sligo, and McDermot, to the Confederacy, from which they had been for a season est anged Tyrrell and O^Moore, leading spirits in the midland counfies were ravaging Ormond's palatinate of Tipperary almost without opposition. An English reinforcement, debarked at Dun- tm2 ""'Y'T'"^ '"^ '^ "^^••^h towards Dublin, and lost 400 men. In this emergency, before which even the iron ne vo of Ormond quailed, the Council took the resolution of ordering one moiety of the Queen's troops under Ormond to march south against TyrrelJ and O'Moore ; the other under Marshal Bagnal, to proceed nortliward to the relief of tho Blackwater fort. Ormond's campaign was brief and in- glonous. After suffering a severe check in Leix, he shut Welf up m Kilkenny, where he heard of the disastrous fate of Bagnal's expedition. On Sundny, the 13th of Anfrnst th^ Ma-l-al r-=-' - 1 " - — — I'itirjfiiai fcauiicu iixewry ND. before Christmas, d by the Earl of followers, visited srence with O'Neil !ieir old demands : substantial power Id admit Sheriffs, ieir counties, but lir own families, nsidoration, who, •atifled them the O'Neil's pardon. I from Spain or iger charged to truce expired Qew to military )ublin were in a 3r the expiration ', and seemed re- . O'Donnell, as ;, where he had jDermot, to the sason estranged, dland counties, 'almost without irked at Dun- •ublin, and lost even the iron 3 resolution of 3er Ormond to e other under 3 relief of tho brief and in- Leix, he shut disastrous fate 'cached Newry POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 429 with some trifling loss from skirmishes on the route. He had with him, by the best accounts, six regin.ents of 'nfantry, nutn- bering In all about 4,000 men and 360 horse. After resting a day his whole force marched out of the city in tliree divisions ; the first under the command of the Marshal and Colonel Percy, the cavalry under Sir Calisthenes Brooke and Captains Montatrue and Fleming ; the rear guard under Sir Thomas Winglield and Colonel Cosby. The Irish, whose numbers both mounted and afoot somewhat exceeded the Marshal's force, but who were not so well armed, had taken up a strong position at Ballinaboy (" the Yellow ford"), about two miles Horth of Armagh. With O'Neil were O'Dornell, Maguire, and McDonnell of Antrim — all approved leaders beloved by their men. O'Neil had neglected no auxiliary means of strength- ening the position. In front of his lines he dug deep trenches, covered over with green sods, supported by twii,8 and branches. The pass loading into this plain was lined by 500 kerne, whoso Parthian warfare was proverbial. He had reckoned on tho head- long and boastful disposition of his opponent, and the result showed his accurate knowledge of character. Bagnal's first divi- sion, veterans from Brittany and Flanders, including OOOcuras- siers in complete armor, armed with lances nine feet long, dashed into the pass before the second and third divisions had time to come up. The kerne poured in their rapid volleys ; many of the English fell ; the pass was yielded, and the whole power of Bagral debouched into the plain. His artillery now thun- dered upon 'Neil's trenches, and the cavalry, with the plain before them, were ordered to charge ; but tliey soon came upon the concealed pitfalls, horses fell, riders were thrown, and confusion spread among the squadron. Then it was O'Neil in turn gave the signal U charge ; himself led on the centre, O'Donnell the left, and Maguire, famous for horseman- ship, the Irish horse. The overthrow of the English was com- plete, and the victory most eventful. The Marshal, 23 superior officers, with about 1,700 of the rank and file fell on the field, while all the artillery baggage and 12 stand of colors were taken : the Irish loss in killed and wounded did not exceed cw mt-ii. - li ivas a gionous victory for the rebels," sayn the 430 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. roTsnJl\''y''' "™' '""^ Pronsions^and Ty. the „a.es Of O-Neil and O'DonneLt';';^ ofbralltr ous Catholics with enthusiastic admiration The battle wa^ over by noon of the 15th of Aueust • and th« only effort to arrest the flight of the survivor was Jade by oneo'cw,:';' O'Reilly." who was slain in the att Lp By' one o clock the remnant of the cavalry under Montague were ^en Ornlon" T'^'^^^^'y P^-d by the moulted 9t;rirb:s:--:--^^ citizens Of Dublin were enrolled to defeni the^tal Lord Ormond continued shut up in KUkennv • o-m TJ who entered Munster by O'Zu'l.T I ^,^°°''«^"d Tyrrell, Of resistance. compeLd^LtrPre:^^^^^^^^^^^^ The castle had served for thirteen yeai^ L a?En;il^^^^^^^^^ the end of the yea 1598 neai alUh' "T". 7"' *''* '''"''' arde and the sLounding Sdci were •'. ".^ '' '^''°"'=^- policy or conviction t7aL^r educed, either from Confederacy ' ^'"" ^" '''''' '^''''''^ *« ^^^ Northern ND, nd of special ad- oviSiODs, and Ty- as the author of attracted renewed md Rome, where :en of by all zeal- August; and the ors was made by he attempt. By ' Montague were by the mounted the Blackwater Armagh surren- 'Ving their arms r and wide ; the ieir walls; Lord )ore and Tyrrell, lie the elements retire from Kil- tieadquarters at ich he' had pur- I and 300 cows. English strong- i later to with- i'rom this point 8 arm in every as, that before Its of Clanrick- >d, either from > the Northern POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 431 CHAPTER IX. BSSEX'a CAMPAIOH OP 1599— BATTLE OP THE CtJRLIEU MOUS- TAIN8— O'nKIL'S NBaOTIATIONS WITH SPAIN — MOUNTJOT, LOBD DEPUTY. • The last favorite of the many who enjoyed the foolisL, if not guilty, favors of Elizabeth was Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, son of that unfortunate nobleman spoken of in a pre- vious chapter as the " undertaker'" of Farney and Clandeboy. Born ia 1567, the Earl had barely reached the age of man- hood when he won the heart of his royal mistress, already verging on three score. Gifted by nature with a handsome person, undoubted courage, and many generous qualities, he exhibited, in the most important transactions of life, the reck- lessness of a madman and the levity of a spoiled child ; it was apparent to the world that nothing short of the personal fasci- nation which he exercised over the Queen could so long have preserved him from the consequences of his continual caprices and quarrels. Such was the character of the young nobleman, who, as was afterwards said, at the instigation of his enemies, was sent over to restore the ascendancy of the English arms In the revolted provinces. His appointment was to last during the Queen's pleasure ; he was provided with an army of 20,000 foot and 2,000 horse ; three-fourths of the ordinary annual revenue of England (£340,000 out of £450,000) was placed at his disposal, and the largest administrative powers, civil and military, were conferred on him. A new plan of campaign in Ulster was dec* led upon at the royal council table, and Sir Barauel Bagnal, brother ofthe late Marshal, and other expe- rienced officers were to precede or accompany him to carry it into execution. The main feature of this plan was to get pos- session by sea and strongly fortify Ballyshannon, Donegal, Derry, and the entrance to the Foyle, so as to operate at once in the rear of the northern chiefs, as well as along the old faisihar base of Ncwfy, Mouaguan, and Arciagh. 432 POPULAR HISTORY OF IKELAND. i spondcd to this invitation TT? , ^ ^"'' P"'"'""^ '•"■ ments to th« „.. . "^'''''^ ^^^ "^-^t despatched reinforce- Soo es and rr ^i'^'^'"" ^"' ^^"«' '"--^^ ^^ ^he -ai^Ct p^tr Cr^ rZe-T"'^^ tions, it had been agreed before heleft^n VT^ ''P"™- . .n,»»,. '" ■^^" '^y thetitlaatfhe s"g.estL:ro^:^^^^^^^ i-alid. assumed the Desmond by tlf; greater n^rr' .1/'' '"ecognized as family. Fitz.aurSce, Lord of LixZ th '^r'^Jf " "' ^'''^^ the White Knight, the' Lord Roche Sree\!c^^^^^^ 1^' ^'^'""j Bruff, the last descendant of Hugh deTacv Z 1 f'.""** of Roderick O'Connor with the Arr!. ^ '^''""''*"'" O'Sullivans, Condons;a;d L po^rS, ''''''''''''''''' :::^^ofr--v~r^^^ POPULAR HISTOBY OF IRELAND. 433 others Sir Henry Norris, the third of those brave brothers who had fallen a victim to these Irish wars. In leturning to Dublin, by way of Waterford and Kildare, he was assailed by O'Moore at a difBcult defile, which, to this day, is known in Irish as " the pass of the plumes" or feathers. The Earl forced a l)assage with the loss of 500 lives, and so returned with little glory to Dublin. The next military incident of the year transpired in the West. We have spoken of Conor Sligo as the only native chief who followed Essex to the South, He had been lately at the English Court, where he was treated with the highest distinction, in order that he might be used to impede O'Doii- nell's growing power in lower Connaught. On returning home he was promptly besieged by the Donegal chief in his remain- ing castle at Colooney, within five miles of Siigo. Essex, on learning this fact, ordered Sir Conyers Cliflford to march to the relief of O'Conor with all the power he could muster. Clifford despatched from Qalway, by sea, stores and materials for the refortification of Sligo town, and set out himself at the head of 2,100 men, drafted from both sides of the Shannon, under twenty-flve ensigns. He had under hin^ Sir Alexander Bad- cliffe. Sir Grifftn Markham, and otli'^r experienced officers. Their rendezvous, as usual, was the old monastic town of Boyle, about a day's march to the south of Sligo. From Boyle, the highway led into the Curlleu »'■' "Stains, which divide Sligo on the south-east from Roscoirmou. Here, in tho strong pass of Ballaghboy, O'Donnell with the main body of his followers awaited their approach. He had left the remain- der, under his cousin and brother-in-law, Nial Garve (or the rough), to maintain the siege of Colooney Castle. O'Ruarc and the men of Breffni joined him during the battle, but their entire force is nowhere stated. It was the eve of the Assump- tion of the Blessed Virgin, and the first anniversary of tho great victory of the Yellow Ford. The night was spent by the irish in fasting and prayer, the early morning in hearing Mass, and receiving the Holy Communion. The day was far ad- vanced when the head of Clifford's column appeared in tho defile, driving in a barricade erected at its entrance. The 37 434 POPJLAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. battle wa, Cht s.,^r V J*' "''^ "■» "-iok «nh, guard MI Zwl ,f '^ '"""l" Eadcliffe, .ho led the t.„- . Clifford, 8comi„: to flv If ^. °^ ^°^'"- '^^° S^"^"* J>e at once surrendered to O'DoS 1/."^^°'"°""^' Northern Confederacy tLhT, .^^ ', ®"'®''^'' ^"'^ t^e the «„e,. .e.t rnT JrS™A°ot.;;^r "'r'' »' niitted to O'Donnell nn,l «,nc • , ^ ^^'^O' a'so sub- from which LeTadll, j;, r™r' '' '•'^"^'^ *« "»« P^^^ Essex. Whose rnind tas a Iv t^ '"' "■''"^"* ^■"*''"«-«- enemies in England LdH ^7. apprehension from his couid undertatrt Snjra : nL^ T" '^ ^^ credible that the I fiftno . i ? ' ^' ^^^^^ J^ardly coming should be mr,vHv" "■'°^' '" '^« ''^""^'•y '^* ^^^ cannot'othet-se a" unt forth' ^^ '"""'^ '''''' ^^^ - fleld. He asked for 2^0 fLj '''^^PPT^^^^ ^^m the their arrival senJ Ifl'T ^'fV ''P'' ^""^ ^^"° ^^'aiting "wivdi, sentirf, detachment of GOO men intr. w,vm , were repulsed with loss hv Pi,«7- Wicklow, who Clnef of the oCnes Essex I 1 J'" "^ ^''"''' "'« "«- rage at this newfc^r The ol J"™ ^^^'^ transports of by court martial and contrtrw T- ''''° ^^*''«^t°'i were tried - s ;. me;re;e7nL7aSyl=;^^^^^^^^^^ —' Hve:^:^th f ttirr^^^it^sr n^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^- - now hastened to make a deJol Tr' ''°™ *^" <^"««°- «« though, from so^eause uritrr ';■■"' ^^°"«' ^' bave drawn out the whoi: ZZT,^';^^ pTIT '^ he proceeded northward towards Carrlvf ^'''™ ^^^'^-y 1,300 foot and 300 horse On the^? 1''"'''^^^^^^'' ^^^h only the river Lagan. oveZkinXtS^f ^^.^ «^ .. _, — „rc. ^Hugc. ne rouna the POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 439 host of O'Neil encamped, and received a courteous message from their leader, soliciting a personal interview. Essex at first declined, but afterwards accepted the invitation, and at an appointed hour the two commanders rode down to the op- posite banks of the river, wholly unattended, the advanced guard of each looking curiously on from the uplands. O'Neil spurred his horse into the stream up to the saddle girth, and thus for an hour, exposed to the generous but impulsive Eng- lishman, the grievances of himself and his compatriots. With all the art, for which he was distinguished, he played upon his knowledge of the Earl's character : he named those enemies of his own whom he also knew to be hostile to Essex, he showed his provocations in the strongest light, and declared his readi- ness to submit to her Majesty, on condition of obtaining com- plete liberty of conscience, an act of indemnity to Include his allies in all the four Provinces; that the principal ofBcera of state, the judges, and one half the army should in future bo Irish by birth. This was, in effect, a demand for national in- dependence, though the Lord Lieutenant may not have seen it in that light. He promised, however, to transmit the proposi- tions to England, and within presence of six principal officers of each side, agreed to a truce till the 1st of May following. Another upbraiding letter from Elizabeth, which awaited him on his return to Dublin, drove Essex to the desperate resolu- tion of presenting himself before her, without permission : the short remainder of his troubled career, his execution in the Tower in February, IGOl, and Elizabeth's frantic lamentations are familiar to readers of English history. In presenting so comprehensive an ultimatum to Essex, O'Neil was emboldened by the latest intelligence received from Spain. Philip II., the life-long friend of the Catholics, had, indeed, died the previous September, but one of the first acta of his succes- sor, Philip III., was to send envoys into Ireland, assuring its chiefs that he would continue to them the friendship and alliance of his father. Shortly before the conference at Anaghclart, a third Armada, under the Adelantado of Castile, was awaiting orders in the port of Corunna, and England, for iuo inird iimo in ten years, was placed iu a posture of defence. 436 foTO.iB nisionr or imuiiD. .hec.„.He/':rc :Hl'Jr'l;?^"'"'°' aid of the Catholics Tl,, nl , , , '"'' '" '"'»"<' l» tho for,u„a.e cai^p.i,' '„ ™" '™ 1 "V°"° """"« Catliollc., and was ,.Tl.,. ', , " ""' ""''' '»" >>7 »<» gav, additS t .d. : rnTrnre,"' t"^"""" ""'"'• That fact was placod CZ^l ! ^ ""' •'""W""!™. Spanish shipsltn" rr Zo^'f"'''T"" °"''» -jip Of T.ra;,„T«Sir„rr. rinr 's*"^r- planted strong garrisons on ♦»,« . n ' ^avrng first Uiste,hen.ar'ch:dri hefdorsX'^ '^cJ''"-^ "^'"^ Where he obliged Lord Delvin and si Thr^ald D^^^^^^^ the Confederation From M»ofi, k ^''•'^fald Dillon to join chief hepunisheSfor ITate rc'o? t "'"."' '" ^''' "'"« -oldie™ invited to l^^nT l^Zl ^ 'T ''''''' venerate t),e reli6 of the Holy Cr ^^X^"'^'''^ ''''''' '^ through LimorTSoC 1 " '"r"'"''" accon^panied him jnds ^of their e^enl^ h^ VarT/ 7efr ^^LT r/" ^^Z Onnond With a corps of observation movi g on a P aS life of inarch, but carefully avoiding a collision Tnn! nv.r Lee, .boot fi™ mile, „e,t „, c„k. ac,o ^.^.1° rOPULAR HISTORY OK IRELAND. 437 remained three weeks In camp consolidating the CathoUo party in South Munster. During tliat time ho was visited hy the chiefs of the ancient Eugenian clans — O'Donohoo, O'Dono- van, arl O'Mahoney: thither also came two of the most remarl.able men of the southern Province, Florence McCarthy, Lord of Carberry, and Donald O'Sullivan, Lord of Bearehavon. McCarthy " like Saul, higher by the head and shoulders than any of his house," had brain in proportion to his brawn ; O'Sullivan, as was afterwards shown, was possessed of military virtues of a high order. Florence was iniwigurated with O'Neil's sanction as McCarthy More, and although the rival house of Muskerry fiercely resisted his claim to superiority at first, a wiser choice could not have been made had the times tended to confirm it. While at Inniscarra, O'Neil lost in single combat one of his most accomplished officers, the chief of Fermanagh. Maguire, accompanied only by a Priest and two horsemen, waa making observations nearer to the city than the camp, when Sir War- ham St. Leger, Marshal of Mnn- ' led out of Cork with a company of soldiers, proJi- on a .similar mission. Both were in advance of their attendants when they came unex- pectedly face to face. Both were famous as horsemen and for the use of their weapons, and neither would retrace his steps. The Irish chief, poising his spear, dashed forward against his opponent, but received a pistol shot which proved mortal the same duj. He, however, had strength enough left to drive his spear through *,he neck of St. Leger, and to cfiect his escape ' om the English cavalry. Saint Leger was carried back to Cork where he expired ; Maguire, on reaching the camp, had barely time left to make his last confession when he breathed his last. This untoward event, the necessity of preventing possible dissensions in Fermanagh, and still more, the menacii.sT movements of the new Deputy, lately sworn ill at Dublin, obliged O'Neil to return home earlier than he in- tended. Soon after reaching Dungannon he had the gratifica- tion of receiving a most gracious letter from Pope Clement :/"■_' !°?^.'?'''' "T*'^ ^.."'■°'!° ''^ ^^'""""'^ feathers, symbolical ^■1 v-6 --eiisidenition with which Im was regarded by the Sove- reign Pontiflf. 438 POPULAR HISTORY OP IRELAND. A new Deputy had landed at Howth on the 04 ,, „, „ the loss of the countrv w ' ^' ^^ ^^^ "« ^^ar of trdZit:- --•'-• -MuJeT' 'r,:-— advanced leaning on his «(^ff l!^ T • , '^''''^- ^^^ P"««t «ion that aroe^e^-J^J '"^'''''^' heat of a discus- clansmen, suspecting da "gt to J^e Wt'" 'J f ^ "■^- ^'^ dragged the Earl from h hoi S 'Jh '7"' '^"'^ President, takine the alnrm r^r I" .u ? ^''^""nd and the too glad to escape Orr/ .""'"■ 'P""' ^"^^ ^«^« ^ut to June, during whichTnteL??"' " ''""""^^ ^^^^^ ^P"'' into the Church trwhichhT , ""'' ''"''"'^ ^^ A^«^'>er death. On"i:^';Cti:Ve?nrd ^?"^^' ^'" ''' '^' °^ ^^« I bonds for £8.oon nntf: POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 439 to make reprisals, but Mountjoy took vengeance for him. The fair,, well- fenced, and -well-cultivated land of Leix was cruelly ravaged immediately after Ormond's release — the common soldiers cut down with their swords " corn to the value of £10,000 and upwards," and the brave chief, Owny, eon of Bory, having incautiously exposed himself in an attack on Maryborough, was, on the 17th of August, killed by a musket shot. CHAPTER X. MOUNTJOY'S administration — OPERATIONS IN ULSTER AND MUN8TI5R — CAREW'8 " WIT AND CUNNINO" — LANDING OP SPANIARDS IN THE SOUTH — BATTLE OP KINSALE — DEATH OF o'dONNELL in SPAIN, The twofold operations against Ulster, neglected by Essex, were vigorously pressed forward by the energetic Mountjoy. On the IGth of May, a fleet arrived in Lough Foyle, having ca board 4,000 foot and 200 horse, under the command of Sir Henry Dowcra, with abundance of stores, building materials, and ordnance. At tht same moment, the Deputy forced the Moira pass, and made a feigned demonstration against Armagh, to draw attention from the flieet in the Foyle. This feint served its purpose ; Dowcra was enabled to land an'l throw up de- fensive works at Derry, which he made his headquarters, to fortify Culmore at the entrance to the harbor, where he placed 600 men, under the command of Captain Atford, and to seize the ancient fort of Aileach, at the head of Lough Swilly, where Captain Ellis Flood was stationed with 150 men. The attempt against Ballyshannon was, on a nearer view, found impracticable and deferred; the Deputy, satisfied that the lodgment had been made upon Lough Foyle, retired to Dub- lin, after increasing the garrisons at Newry, Carlingford and Dundalk. The Catholic chieftains immediately turned their attention to the new fort at Derry, appeared suddenly before 5(. wifh K (V)n man Vinf ftWna ♦'» .4««.~ ~.,f li- J-* i =—-1 — _, —CI., „„„ j«.ii,.!g v>.- \itctTr vuti Its Ucit3i:ut:i3, nuu 440 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. distinguished soldifir nf ). « Donnell, the most and Chief On the ofithof'r' "'''' ''^ "^"^^"«"« ^°"«^° headed by Si^ fohn rL l^""' ' ^"''^ ^^ *^« ^««'«g«d. works, bufwerednl,^? ;.?"'' '"'^''^ "^ ^^^^ ^-"^ the On th; 29thTju ; Sior n '^ '"' Chamberlaine killed, annual incursion it r''/'^'*' "^"^ ^^*"™«d ^••«'« his English = Vores.tr^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ "- . besieged, who had issued out to SLcue Tro'v °'j'« Dow.ra was carried back wounded inloTeL "" ''" '^'^^^ election of chiefs ^0^^!^ f 'g'^boring clans. The ing and env/stppLll ""'''' ''"'''"^ ^°"^«« "^ bicker- prLely,olici;-.o 'dil n rl"^ '"'^""' "P°" ^^-^ "oicty of Desmond, and met his death at Glenmaiure. s a soldier of the new school, who prided himself espe ... ^u his " wit and cunning," in the composi- tion of "sham and counterfeit letters." He had an early ex- perience in the Irish wars, first as Governor of Askeaton Castle, and afterwards as Lieutenant General of the Ordnance. Subsequently he was employed in putting England in a state of defence against the Spaniards, and had just returned from an embassy to Poland, when he nas ordered to join Mountjoy with the rank of Lord President. Ho has left us a memoir of his administration, civil and military, edited by his natural son and Secretary, Thomas Stafford— exceedingly interesting to read both as to matter and manner, but the documents "em- bodied in which are about as reliable as the speeches which are read in Livy. Some of them are admitted forgeries- others are at least of doubtful authenticity. After escaping with Loid Thomond from the scene of Ormond's capture, his first act on reaching Cork was to conclude a month's truce with Florence McCarthy. This ho did, in order to gain time to perfect a plot for the destruction of 'Neil's other friend called in derision, by the Anglo-Irish of Munster. the sugan'e (or straw-rope) Earl of Desmond. This plot, so characteristic of Carew and of the turn which English history was about to take in tho next reign, deserves to be particularly mentioned. There was, in the service of tho Earl, one Dcrraid O'Conor, captain of 1,400 hired troops, who was married to lad. Margaret Fitzgerald, daughter to the late, snd niece io tho new-made Eixvl of Desmond. This lady natur- 442 POPULAR HISTOF.T OF IRELAND. ally interested in the restoration of her younir brother ^t, the Queen's ward or prisoner at Lond ^ to the n' . estates was e.ily drawn into the sche.^e 0;^ ,' V er\t him or ... e.,.j^Tai^ir^^^^^^^ pre-arranged, was intercepted by the latter.Tho wa cShi! l^night, the Knight if Gl'?p? ^astle-Ishin, but the White confine Jnt,lbirhrb;TedXl re: It^^^^^^ J™ f^ ored, was compelled to quit the ProvLI; Th ' !! . " • °* was attacked while marchinJfw 1%, , ^^^^^''^''^'''S^e lessiyputto death bTTheobadTurL'^j;' '"' '•^"''"«- bald of the ships. ^''^^"^''^ ^Hrke, usually called Theo- from the tower and ^^r hii t T"."^ '°" °' *'« '"*« ^"^ young noble.an,tttri b™a*c :t!;rpl"''r" ''' watch al, his movement., landed 2 Whrwhl' T *° received by the Lord President th« ri , , '. ® ^° ^""^ Boyle, afterwards Earf ^f CoTk fnd M", V"' ^°""'="' ^'•• tote ecclesiastic, who had be 'f, ^ ' ^^'■''*^' ^'^ ^P««- Cashel. By his inflltf wUrth^la'rZ^r '^'"^ ?' Kerry, surrendered to the President On : ^*'""™'*""«' "» lock, he was received with such «1 f' ^'°^ ^""•^'■ the effort of a guard of soldil^ enthusiasm that it required the crowd. Lcordin J o t, ! ?^' ^'^ ''"■ ^'"'^ '''''^^^ anger and shamB rJ J '"'\"™'"P' "ot unmrngled with a Pr,trf!n7hr>." J*'*' ^"""S lord, who had been bred „p POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 443 house. They clung round him in the street and endeavored to dissuade him from proceeding, but he continued his course, and on his return was met with hootings and reproaches by those who had hailed him with acclamations the day before. Deserted by the people, and no longer useful to the Presi- dent, he was recalled to London, where he resumed his quar- ters iu the tower, and shortly afterwards died. The capture of the strong castle of Glynn from the knight of that name, and the surrender of Carrigafoyle by O'Conor of Kerry, were the other English successes which marked the campaign of 1600 in Muriler. On the other hand, O'Donaell had twice exercised his severe supremacy over southern Connaught, burning the Earl of Thomond's new town of Ennis, and sweep- ing the vales and plains of Clare, and of Clanrickarde, of the animal wealth of their recreant Earls, now actively enlisted against the national confederacy. The eventful campaign of 1601 was fought out in almost every quarter of the kingdom. To hold the coast line, and prevent the advantages being obtained, which the possession of Derry, and other harbors on Lough Poyle gave them, were the tasks of 9'Donnell; while to defend the southern frontier waa the peculiar charge of O'Neil. They thus fought, as it were, back to back against the opposite lines of attack. The death of O'Doherty, early in this year, threw the succession to Innishowen into confusion, and while O'Donnell was personally endeavoring to settle conflicting claims, Nial Garve soi^d on the famous Franciscan monastery which stood at the head of the bay, within sight of the towers of Donegal Castle. Hu-rh Roe immediately invested the place, which his relative Is stoutly defended Three months, from the end of June till the end of Septeii ber,che siege was strictly maintained, the garri- son being regularly supplied with stores and ammunition from sea. On the night of the 29th of September an explo- sion of gunpowder occurred, and soon the monastery was wrapped in flames. This was ihe moment chosen for the flnal attack The glare of the burning Abbey reflected over the beautiful bay, the darkness of night ail round, the shouta of the assailants, and the nhriaVa «# *%.,. * li... , . ^ „. ^,„^ ..j„,j^.,.5._^ urivon Dy 444 POPULAR HISTORV OF IRELAND. dreds of th.T T ^''^'^ ''*'■ ""^''^'y combines. Hun- dreds of he besieged were slain, but Nial Garvc himself wifh the remamder, covered by the fire of an Engh^h sWp L^^o oarml place of h» ancesto, a„d the chief .chool of hi/i|„7 men, ™ a .keleton of stoo, ,t.„d„,g a,,,id °bbti^^ ««he,. I'".sn.v,rrol«habite(H,ytheFr.ncH! A »f but. „p„„ the ,hore ,.„ed them o, IXraJ;* ^""J c^bapo, for a p,aee of ™b,p, ,vh.e ZZ;Z^ ™S al at„ ff^irt'Thr'T' '''°"°°''''«''^<'"™'-''-° take ,t. In June of this year he was in the vallev'ofTbrnT I water, menaced O'Neil's castle of Benburb and w/«,r^, Danvors wifh 'znn f ^ , ,^1 "''"°"'^'^. and left Sir Charles mnvcra With 760 foot and 100 horse in possession of Armagh He further proclaimed a reward of X2 000 for ihZ ,^^- the command of Captain Williams, the bravo defender of th« hi Ulster at this period the 4,000 foot and 400 horse under Keine adhered to Arthur O'Neil and NialGarve; with Chi POPULAR HISTORY OP IRELAND. 445 Chester in Carrickfergus there were 850 foot and 150 Iiorse • with Danvers in Armagh 750 foot and 100 horse ; in Mount Norris, under Sir Samuel Bagnal, 600 foot and 50 horse ; in and about Downpatricli, lately taken by the Deputy, under Moryson, 300 foot ; In Newry, under StafiFord, fOO foot and 60 horse ; in Charlemont, with Williams, 300 foot and 50 horse : or, in all. of English regulars in Ulster alone, 7,000 foot and 800 horse. The position of the garrisons on the map will show how firm a grasp Mountjoy had taken of the Northern Province. The last scone of this great struggle was now about to shift to the opposite quarter of the kingdom. The long-looked for Spanish fleet was known to hare loft the Tagus— had been seen off the Scilly Islands. On the 23d of September the Council, presided over by Mountjoy, was assembled in Kilkenny Castle : there were present Carew, Ormond, Sir Richard Wingfleld, Marshal of th^ Queen's troops, uncle to Carew, and founder of the family of Powerscourt ; also Chief Justice Gardiner, and other memberii less known. While they w^re still sitting a message arrived from Cork that the Spanish fleet was off that harbor, and soon another that they had anchored in Kinsale, and taken possession of the town without opposition. The course of the Council was promptly taken. Couriers were at once despatched to call in the garrisons far and near which could possibly be dispensed with for service in Munster. Let- ters were despatched to England for reinforcements, and a winter campaign in the South was decided on. The Spanish auxiliary force, when it sailed from the Tneceniber. O'Neil, unable >j maintaia himpelf on the river Roe, retired with '^OO foot and GO horse, to Glencanoean, near Lough Neagh, the most secure of his fastnesses. His brotlier Cormac, McMahon, and Art O'Neil, of Clandeboy, shar-^d with him the wintry hardships of that last asylum, while Tyrone, Clandeboy, and Monaghan, wnre given up to horrors, surpassing any that had been known or dreamt of 'n tonner wars. Mory.on, secretary to Mountjoy, in his account of this campaign observes, " that no spectacle was more frequent in the ditches of towns, and especially in wasted countries, ihan to see multitudes of these poor people dead, with their mouths all colored green, by eating nettles, docks, a-d all things they coufd rend above ground." The new year, opening wi^thout hope, it began to be ru- mored that O'Neil was disposed to surrender on honorable terms. Mountjoy and the Enghsh Council long urged the aged Queen to grant such terms, but without effpcfc. Her pride as a sovereign had been too deeply wounded by the re- volted Earl to allow her easily to forgive or forget his of- fences. Her advisers urged that Spain had followed her own course towards the Netherlands, in Ireland ; that the war con- sumed three-fourths of her annual revenue, and had obliged her to keep up an Irish arrcy of 20,000 men for several y 'ars past. At length she yielded her reluctant consent, and Mount- joy was authorized to treat vith the arch-rebol upon honora- ble terms. The agents em^'oyed by the Lord Deputy in this negotiation were Sir William Godolphin and Sir Garrett Moore, of Mellifont, ancestor of the Marquis of Drogheda— the latter, a warm personal friend, though no partizan of O'Neil's. They found him in his retreat near Lough Neagh early in March, and obtained his promise to give the Deputy sn early moet- inO' At Mollifnnf.. KlixnTlofll'd pot-inxa i11r.~«. - l-J o. 456 rOPULAK HISTORY OF IRELAND. T'"' O'Neil, though well known to Mountjoy, hastened the negoti- ations. On the 27th of March he had intelligence of her de- cease at London on the 24th, hut carefully concealed it till the 5th of April followuig. On the 31st of March, he received Tyrone's submission at Moore's residence, the ancient Cister- cian Abbey, and not until a week later did O'Neil learn that he had made his peace with a dead sovereign. The honorable terms on which this memorable religious war was concluded were these : O'Neil abjured all foreign alle- giance, especially that of the King of Spain ; repoanced the title of O'Neil ; agreed to give up his correspondence with the Spaniards, and to recall his so.n Henry who was a page at tlio Spanish Court, and to live in peace with the sons of John tho Proud. Mountjoy granted him an amnesty for himself and his allies ; agreed that he should be restored to his estates as he had heia them before the war, and that the Catholics should have the free exercise of their religion. That tho restoration of his ordinary chieftain rights, which did not con- flict with the royal prerogative, was also included, we have the best possible evidence : Sir Henry Dowcra having complained to Lord Mountjoy that O'Neil quartered men on O'Cane, wlio had surrendered to himself, Mountjoy made answer— " My Lord of Tyrone is taken in with promise to be restored, as well to all his lands as to his honor and dignity, and OCano's country is his and must be obedient to his commands." That the article concerning religion was understood by the Catiio- lics to concede full freedom of worship, is evident fron subse- quent events. In Dublin sixteen of tho principal citizens Buflfered fine and imprisonment for refusing to comply with the act of uniformity ; in Kilkenny tho Catholics took posses- sion of the Black Abbey, which had been converted into a lay fee ; in Watorford they did the same by St. Patrick's Church, where a Dominican preacher was reported to have said, among other imprudent things, that " Jesabel was dead"— alluding to the late Queen. In Cork, Lim«rick, and Cashel, the cross was carried publicly in procession, the ola Churches restored to their ancient rites, and enthusiastic proclanvation made of tho public restoration of religion. These events having POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 457 obliged the Lord Deputy to make a progrec-^ through the towns and cities, he was met at Waterford by a vast procession, headed by religious in the habits of their order, -who boldly declared to him " that the citizens of Waterford could not, in conscience, obey any prince that persecuted the Catholic rehgion." When such was the spirit of the town populations, we are not surprised to learn that, in the rural districts, almost exclusively Cj,thollc, the people entered upon the use of many of their old Churches, and repaired several Abbeys— among the number, Bxittevant, Kllcrea, and Timoleague in Cork; Quinn Abbey in Clare; Kilconnell in Galway; Rosnariell in Mayo, ard Multijarnham-in Westmeath. So confident were they that the days of persecution were past, that King James prefaces his proclamation of July, 1605, with the statementn- " Whereas we have been informed that our subjects in the kingdom of Ireland, since the death of our beloved sister, have been deceived by a false rumor, to wit, tiuat we would allow them liberty of conscience,=' and so forth. How cruelly they were then imdeceivod '.olongs tot^e history of the next reign ; here we need only remark that the Articles of Limerick were not more sliamefully violated by the statute 6th and 7th, WiMiam III., than the Articles of Mellifont were violated by this Proclamation of the third year of James I. CHAPTER XIL STATE OP KELiaiOX AND LEARNItrO DtTPINO THE HEIQ.V OF ELIZABETH. During the greater part of the reign of Elizabeth, the means relied upon for the propagation of the reformed doc- trines weri' more exclusively those of force and coercion thap even in the time of Edward VI. Thus, when ilr William Drury was Deputy, in 1578, he bound several citizens of Kil- kenny, under a penalty of MO each, to attend the English Church service, and autliori/od tho Anoli^an Blah"" " *q "lai^a 39 o ^ - POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. a rate for the repair of the Chu/oh, and to distrain for the payment of it" — the first mention of Church rates we remenv ^ ber to have met with. Drury's meUioc! of proce.-ilaig may bo further inferred from tlie fact, that of the thirty-six execu- I'ons ordered by him in the same city, " one was a blacka- vnocr and two were bitches, who were condemned b> the i.v.v nature, for there was n< positive law against witchcraft [in T<'ot<3.ndl ia tlio^e days." That defec*. was soon supplJ'd*, howov;M', by ihe sUitalo iTlii of Elizabeth, "against witch- craft and sor.'fry." St John Pr'rott, successor to Drury, trod in the same irj.tU, a- ws judpo fiom the charge of severity against rocusants, u;;:on .vhlch, among other articles, he was re- called t'rc'v. the govvn* jnicnl. Towards the end of the sixteenth centur) however, it began to be discovered by the wisest observers that violent methods were worse than useless with the Irish. Edmund Spenser urged that " religion should not bo forcibly impressed into them with terror and sharp penal- ties, as ;i'W is the manner, but rather delivered and intimated with mildnoss and gentleness." Lord Bacon, in his " Consider- ations touching the Queen's Service in Ireland," addressed to Secretary Cecil, recommends " the recovery of the hearts of the people" as the first step towards their conversion. With this view he suggested " a toleration of religion (for a time not definite), except it be in some principal towns and cities," as a measure " warrantable in religion, and in policy of absolute necessity," The philosophic Chancellor farther 8ugg.-.-'''d, as a means to this desired end, the preparation of " versions of Bibles and Catechisms, and other works of in- struction in the Irish language." In accordance with these views of conversion, the University of Trinity College was established by a royal charter, in the month of January, 1593. The Mayor and Corporation of Dublin had granted the ancient monastery of All Fallows as a site for the buildings ; some contributions were received from the Protestant gentry, large grants of confiscated Abbey and other lands, which afterwards yielded a princely revenue, were bestowed upon it, and the Lord Treasurer Burleigh graciously accepted the office of its Chancellor. The first Provc^t was Archbishop Loftus, and of POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 459 the first three students entered, one was the afterwards illus- trious James Usher. The commanders and officers engaged at Kinsale presented it with the sum of £1,800 for the purchase of a library; and at the subsequent confiscations in Munstor and Ulster the College came in for a large portion of the for- felted lands. Although the Council in England generally recommended the adoption of persuasive arts and a limited toleration, those who bore the sword usually took care that they should not bear ,t in vain. A HighXJommission Court armed with ample powers to enforce the Act of Uniformity had been established at Dublin m 1593 ; but its members were ordered to proceed cautiously after the Ulster Confederacy became formidable and their powers lay dormant in the last two or three years of the century. Essex and Mountjoy were both fully convinced of the wisdom of Bacon's views ; the former showed a par- tial toleration, connived at the celebration of the Holy Sacrifice even in the capital, and liberated some priesti from prison. Mountjoy, in answer to the command of the English Council " to deal moderately in the great matter of reli-ion " rephed by letter that he had already advised " such as"" dealt m It for a time to hold a restrained hand therein." " The other course," he adds, " might have overthrown the means of our own end of a reformation of religion." This conditional tole- ration-such as it was-excited the indignation of the more zealous Reformers, whose favorite preacher, the youthful Usher, did not hesitate to denounce it from the pulnifc of T irni^Tx"?^^' ^" unhallowed compromise with antichrist. In ICOl, Usher, then but 21 years of age, preached his well- known sermon from the text of the forty days, in which Ezekiel was to bear the iniquity of the house of Judah-a day for a year." " From this year," cried the youthful zealot will reckon the sin of Ireland, that those whom you now embrace shall be your ruin, and you shall bear their iniquity " When the northern insurrection of 1641 took place this rhetorical menace was exalted, after the fact, into the dignity of a pro- phecy fulfilled. After the victory of Kinsale, however, the Ultra Protestant party had lesscansA tn nnmr.i<.:.. «**i.. * . . — —f"'"< \ri fit.c icmponziJig 460 POPULAR HISTORY OF IREr,AND, of the civil power ; tlio pecuniary mulct of twelve Denco for each absence from the English service was again enfot< od, at least in Dublin, and several priests, then in prison, were, on various pretences, put to death. Among those who suflfered in the capital was the learned Jesuit, Henry Fitzsimons, son of a Mayor of the city, the author of BriUanomachia, with whom, while in the Castle, Usher commenced a controversy, which was never finished. But the terms agreed upon at Mellifont, between Mountjoy and Tyrone, again suspended i'or a short interval the sword of persecution. ^ Notwithstanding its manifold losses by exile and the scaf- fold, the ancient Church was enabled through the abundance of vocations, and the zeal of the ordained, to keep up a still powerful organization. Philip O'Sullivan states, under the next reign that the government had ascertained through its spies, the names of 1,100 priests, secular and regular, still in the country. There must have been between 300 and 400 others detained abroad, either as Professors in the Irish Col- leges in Spain, France, and Flanders, or as ecclesiastics, awaiting major orders. Of the regulars at home 120 were Franciscans and about 50 Jesuits. There are said to have been but four Fathers of the Order of St. Dominick remaining at the time of Elizabeth's death. The reproach of Cambrensis had long been taken away, since every Diocese might now point to its martyrs. Of these we recall among the hierarchy the names of O'llely, Bishop of Killala, executed at Kilmal- lock in 1678 ; O'Hurley, Archbishop of Cashel, burned at the stake in Dublin in 1582 ; Crcagh, Archbishop of Armagh, wlio died a prisoner in the Tower in 1585 ; Archbishop McGauraii, his successor, slain in the act of ministering to the wounded in the engagement at Tulsk, in Roscommon, in 1593 ; McEgan, Bishop of Ross, who met his death under pre- cisely similar circumstances in Carberry in 1003. Yet through all these losses the episcopal succession was maintained unbroken. In the early part of the next reign O'Sullivan gives the names of the four Archbishops, Peter Lombard of Armagh, Edward McQauran of Dublin, David O'Camv of Cashel. and Florence Conroy of Tuam. On the POPITLAR HISTOnV OF IRELAND. 461 Other hand the last trying half century had furnished, so far llItntZZ7 "° '?''"' '' apostacy among the Bishop., and but half a dozen at most from all orders of the clergy. Wo read that 0.ven O'Connor, an apostate, was advanced by letters m lo70, by the same authority, elevated to the See of Killaloe vrhich he resigned in 1612; that Miler Magrath, in early life a Franciscan friar, was promoted by the Queen to the sees of Clogher, K,l ala, Anchory and Lismore successively. He flnally settled m the see of Cashel, in which he died, having ecretly returned to the religion of his ancestors. For Ihe rest! the Queen's B,shops" were chiefly chosen out of England though some few natives of the Pale, or of the walled towns educated at Oxford, may bo found iu the list ' Of the state of learning in those troubled times the brief Tern Z T' T- n '" ^"'"^ ""'''' ««" «--b«d -d was he d m honor by all ranks of the native population. The national adversty brought out in them, as in others, many noble tra,ts of character. The Harper, O'Dugan, was he W companion that clung to the last of th'e Des^on'drthe bI d of Tyrconnell Owen Ward, accompanied the Ulste; chiefs in tl .r exile and poured out his Gaelic dirge above their Roman graves. Although the Bardic compositions continued to be chiefly personal, relating to the inauguration, journeys ex- ploits, or death of some favorite chief, a la;ge number of devotional poems on the passion of our Lord and the glories of the Blessed Virgin are known to be of this age. Tho first forerunners of what was destined to be a numerous progenj the controversial ode or ballad, appeared in Elizabeth's rei^n n the form of comparisons between the old and new religions - ^mentations over the ruin of religious houses, and the Ipos- tecyof such persons as Miler Magrath and the son of the ^^IH^TT^- ^'' ''^'"'^ "' '"''"y of the authors are admitted by Spenser, a competent judge, but the tendency of their writings, he complains, was to foster the love of lawless- ness and rebellion rather than of virtue and loyalty. He recommended them for correction to the mercies of the Frovost M ^Vdhal. whom be ...-niW hn^^ «♦ n. .,_- . 46^ POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. With half a dozen or mlf a score of horsemen," in quest of tlie treasonaltle poets. As this was the age of the general difTvKior, " 'nting we may observe that the casting of Irish i^pe for the use of T I- nity College, by order of Queen Elizabetli, is commonly dated from tht year 1591 ; but a^ tho College was not opened for two years later the true date must be anticipated. John Keari.v -', Treasurer of St. Patrick's Church, wlio died about the y a' ICOO, published a Protestant Catechism from the C>.T! -ge Press, which, says O'Reilly, " was the flrst book ever printed in Irish types." In tlie year 1593, Florence Conroy ui-nslated from the Spanish into Irish a catechism entitled " Christian Instruction," which, he states in tlie preface, he had no oppori aiity of seifding into Ireland " until the year of the age of our Lord 1508." Whether it v a.s then printed we are not informed, but there does n' fc sena to have been any Irish type in CathoH hands before the foundation of the Irish College at I,ouvain in 1616. The merit oi drst giving to the press in the native language of the country, a -arsion of the Sacred Scriptures, belongs clearly to Trinity College. Nicholas Walsh, Bishop of Ossnry, who died in 1685, had comnienced, with the assistance of John Kearney, to translate the Greek To- lament into Gaelic. He had also the assistance of Dr. Neheiuiah Konnellan, and Dr^ William Daniel, or O'Daniel, both of whoi subsequently filled the See of Tuam. • " * tran ' Jon, ded > ted to Kim,' James, and published by 0' Daniel in 1603, is still reprinted by the Bible Societies. The flrst Protestant translation of the Old Testament, made unde- - 'op Bedel's eye, and with such re- vision of particular passages as his impei.t-ct knowledge of the language enabled him to suggest, though completed in the reign of Charles I., was not publishe(i ' w of Catholic suffering and Catholic constancy exercised a powerful influence on this accomplished scholar ; he became a convert and a Jesuit. For members of tliat order there was but one exit out of life, under the lawof 1. ,J.ind: he suffered death at Tyburn in 1581. Richard Stanihurst, son of the Recorder of Dublin, and uncle of Archbishop Usher, went through precisely the same experiences as his friend Campian, except that ho died, a quarter of a century later, Chaplain to the Archdukf>s at Brussels, instead of expiring at the stake. His English hexameters are among the curiosities of literature, u t his contributions to the history of his country, especially h fusions to events and characters in and about his own tlm- . are not without their use. Stanihurst wrote his historical tracts, ; did Lombard the Catholic and Usher the Protestant Prim ' s'Sullivan, White, O'Meara, and almost all the Irish writers of that "c;e, without exception, in the Latin language. The first Lat lok printed in Ireland is thought to be O'Meara's poi, i praise of Thomas, Earl of Ormond and Ossory, px^blished in 1C15. The earliest English books printed in Ireland are unknowivto me ; tho collection of Anglo-Irish statutes, ordered to be published while Sir Henry Sidney was Deputy, was the most important undertaking of that class in the reign of Elizabeth. As to institutions of learning, if we except Trinity College, which increased rapidly in numbers and reputation under the patronage of tlt*^ Crown, and the Colletre of Saint Nicholas, at Gal way — protected by its remtdi- situation on the brink of the Atlantic — there was is > famous seat of learning left in the island. In tho next reign 1,300 scholars are stated to haro attended that western "school of humanity," when the Eccle- siastical Commissioners despotically ordered it to be closed, v$C5l" VitV !•.••.. ;' Lvnch " wou1'= not 'P' ■ 464 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRKLAND. conform to the religion established." But the greater num- ber of the children of CatholicB, who still retained pro- perty enough to educate them, wove sent beyond seas, a fact with which King James, soon after his accession, reproached the deputation of that body. A proclama- tion issued by Lord Deputy Chichester, in 1010, al- ludes to the same custom, and commands all noblemen, merchants and others, whose children are abroad for educational purposes, to recnll them within one year from tho date thereof ; and in case they refuse to return, all parents, friends, &c., sending them money, direc tly or indirectly, will bo punished as severely as the law permits. It was mainly to guard against this danger that "tho School of Wards" wau established by Elizabeth, and enlarged by James I., in which the great Duke of Ormond, Sir Pholim Neil, Murrogh, Lord Inchiquin, and other sons of noble families, were edu- cated for tho next generation. Early in the reign of James there wore not less than 300 of these Irish children in the Tower, or at tho Lambeth School,— and it is humiliating to find the great name of Sir Edward Coke among those who gloried in the success of this unnatural substitution of tho State for the Parent in the work of education. roi'lI-AR HISTORY OF 1RKI,AND. 466 BOOK IX. FROM THE ACCESSION OF JAMES I. TILL THE DEATH OF CROMWELL. CHAPTER I. JAHEB I. — PLIGHT OP THE EARLS— CONFISCATION OF ULSTER— PENAL LAWS — PARLIAMENTARY OPPOSITION. James the Sixth of Scotland was in his 37th year when lie ascended the throne under the title of " James the First, King of Great Britain and Ireland." His accession naturally excited the most hopeful expectations of good government in the breasts of the Irish Catholics. Ho was son of Mary Queen of Scots, whom they looked upon as a martyr to her religion, and grandson of that gallant King James who styled himself "Defender of the Faith," and " Dominus IlihcrnicB" in introducing the first Jesuits to the Ulster Princes. His ancestors had always been in alliance with the Irish, and the antiquaries of that nation loved to trace their descent from the Scoto-Irish chiefs who first colonized Argyle and were for ages crowned at Scone. He himself was known to nave assisted the late Catholic struggle as effectually, though less openly than the King of Spain, and it is certain that he had employed Catholic agents like Lord Home and Sir James Lindsay, to excite an interest in his sujcesifon among the Catholics, both in the British Islands and on ♦he Continent. The first acts of the new sovereign wore calculated to coa- flrm the expectations of Catholic liberty thus entertained. I*' ff 1 It 466 POPUI-AR HISTORY OF IRELAND. He was anxious to make an immecliate and lasting peace with Spain ; refused to receive a special embassy from the Hollan- ders ; his ambassador at Paris, was known to be on terms of intimacy with the Pope's Nuncio, and although personally he assumed the tone of an Anglican Churchman, on crossing the border he had invited leading Cathohcs to his Court, and con- ferred the honor of Knighthood on some of their number. The imprudent demonstrations in the Irish towns were easily quieted, and no immediate notice was taken of their leaders In May, 1603, Mountjoy, on whom James had conferred the higher rank of Lord Lieutenant, leaving Carew as Lord Deputy, proceeded to England, accompained by O'Neil, Roderick O'Donnell, Maguire, and other Irish gentlemen. The veteran Tyrone, now past threescore, though hooted by the London rabble, was graciously received in tliat court, with which hf had been familiar forty years before. Ho was at once con firmed in his title, the Earldom of Tyrconnell was created f.n O'Donnell, and the Lordship of Enniskillen for Maguire. Mountjoy, created Earl of Devonshire, retained the title of Lord Lieutenant, with permission to reside in England, and was rewarded by the appointment of Master of the Ordnance and Warden of the New Forest, with an ample pension from the Crown to him and his heirs forever, the grant of the county of Lecale (Down), and the estate of Kingston Hall, in Dorset- shire. He survived but three short years to enjoy all theso riches and honors ; at the age of 44, wasted with dissipation and domestic troubles, he passed to his final account. The necessity of conciliating the Catholic party in Er.jland, of maintaining peace in Ireland, and prosecuting the Spanish negotiations, not less, perhaps, than his own original bias, led James to deal favorably with the Catholics at first. But having attempted to enforce the new Anglican Canons, adopted in 1604, against the Puritans, that party retaliated by raising against him the cry of favoring the Papists. This cry nlnrmed the King, wh.) had always before his eyes the fear of Preabytcrianism, and ho accordingly made a speech in tho Star Chamber, declaring his utter detestation of Popery, and puuhshria a pr'-jCiamaiion if^-..! 3 — - ■ POP0LAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 467 from the country. All magistrates were instructed to enforce the penal laws with rigor, and an elaborate spy system for the discovery of concealed recusants was set on foot. This reign of treachery and terror drove a few desperate men into the gunpowder plot of the following year, and rendered it diffi- cult, if not impossible, for the King to return to the policy of toleration, with which, to do him justice, he seems to have act out from Scotland. Carew, President of Munster during the late war, became Deputy to Mountjoy on his departure for England. Ho was succeedfc T in October, 1G04, by Sir Arthur Chichester, who, with the exception of occasional absences at Court, continued in office for a period of eleven years. This nobleman, a nativr, and occasionally aa Lord Justice, had ample opportunities, during his long career of forty years, to indulge at once his avarice and h\3 bigotry ; and no situation was over more favorable than Chi- chester's for a proconsul, eager to enrich himself at the expense of a subjugated Province. In the projected work of the reduction of the whole country to the laws and custom--, of England, it is instructive to observe that a Parliament was not called in the first place. The reformers proceeded by proclamations, letters patent, and orders in council, not by le2i*!lft':loni The whole island was divided intn 468 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 32 counties and 6 judicial ci.cuits, al) of which wero visited l)y Justices in the second or third year of this reign and after- wards semi-annually. On the Northern Circuit Sir Edward Pelham and Sir John Davis were accompanied by the Deputy in person with a numsrous retinue. In some places the towns were so wasted by the late war, pestilence, and famine, that the Viceregal party were obliged to camp out in the fields, and to carry with them tlieir own provisions. The Courts were held in ruined castles and deserted monasteries ; Irish interpreters were at every stop found necessary ; sheriffs were installed in Tyrone and Tyrconnell for tlie first time ; all law- yers appearing in court and all justices of the peace were tendered the oath ot supremacy—the refusal of which neces- sarily excluded Catholics both from the bench and the bar. An enormous amount of litigation as to the law of real property was created by a judgment of the Court of King's Dench at Dublin, in 1G06, by which the ancient Irish customs, of tanistry and gavelkind, were declared null and void, and the entire Feudal system, with its rights of primogeniture, heredi- tary succession, entail, and vassalage, was held to exist in as full force in England. Very evidently this decision was not less a violation of the articles of Mellifont than was the King's proclamation against freedom of conscience issued about the earao time. Sir John Davis, who has left us two very interesting tracts on Irish afiairs, speaking of tho new legal regulations of which he was one of the principal superintendents, observes that the old-fashioned allowances to be found so often in tho Pipe-Rolls, pro guidagio et spiagio, into the interior, may well be spared thereafter, since "the under sherifis and bailiff's errant are better guides and spies in time of peace than they were /ound in time of war." He adds, what we may very well believe, that the Earl of Tyrone complained he had so many eyes- upon him, that ho could not drink a cup of sack without the government being advertised of it within a few hours afterwards. Tliis system of social espionage, so re- pugnant to all the habits of tho Celtic family, was not the only mode of annoyance resorted to against the veteran chief. POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 469 Every former depondant who could be induced to dispute his claims as a landlord, under the new relations established ^y the late decision, was sure of a judgment in his favor. Dis- putes about boundaries with O'Cane, about the coramuta- tion of chieftain-rents into tenantry, about church lands claimed by Montgomery, Protestant Bishop of Derry, were almost invariably decided against him. Harassed by those proceedings, and all uncertain of the future, O'eil listened willingly to the treacherous suggestion of St. Lawrence. Lord Howth, that the leading Catholics of the Pale, and those of Ulster, should endeavor to form another confederation. The execution of Father Garnet, Provincial of the Jesuits in England, the heavy fines inflicted on Lords Stourton, Mor- daunt, and Montague, and the new oath of allegiance, framed by Archbishop Abbott, and sanctioned by the Bnglish Parlia- ment-all events of the year 160G— were calculated to inspire the Irish Catholics with desperate councils. A dutiful remon- strance against the Act of Uniformity the previous year had been signed by the principal Anglo-Irish Catholics for trans- mission to the King, but their delegates were seized and im- prisoned in the Castle, while their principal agent, Sir Patrick Barnwell, was sent to London and confined in the Tower. A meeting at Lord Jlowth's suggestion was held about Christ- nms, IfiOG, at the Castle of Maynooth, then in possession of the dowager Countess of Kildare, one of whose daughters was married to Christopher Nngent, Raron of Delvin" and hor granddaughter to Rory, Earl of Tyrconncll. The; 3 wei3 present O'Neil, O'Donnell, and O'Cane, on the one part, and Lords Delvin and Howth on the other. The precise result of this conference, disguised under the pretext of a Christmas party, was never made known, but the fact that It had been held, and that the parties present had enter- tained the project of another confederacy for the defense of the Catholic religion, was mysteriously communicated In an anonymous letter, directed to Sir William Usher, Clerk of the Council, which was dropped in the Council Cham- ber of Dublin Castle, in March, 1607. This letter it is now generally believed was written bv T.nril . iT«,.,ti, ,..i,„ ,»„- 40 410 POPCLJIB HISTORY OF IRELAND. thought to have been employed by Secretary Cecil, to entrap the nortliern Earls, in order to betray them. In May, O'Neil and O'Donnell Tvero cited to attend the Lord Deputy in Dublin, but the charges were for the time kept in abeyance, and they were ordered to appear in London before the feast of Michael- mas. Early in September O'Neil was with Chichester at SI ine, in Meath, when he received a letter fio.n Maguire, who had been out of the country, conveying information on which he immediately acted. Taking leave of the Lord Deputy aa if to prepare for his journey to London, he made some stoy TNith his old friend, Sir Garrett Moore, at Mellifont, on parting from whose family he tenderly bado farewell to the children and even the Eervants, and was observed to shed tears. At Dungannon he remained two days, and on the shore of Lough- Swilly he joined O'Donnell and others of his connexions. The French ship, in which Maguirehad returned, awaited them off Rathmullen, and there they took shipping 'or France. With O'Neil in that sorrowful company, were his l*Bt countess, Cathcr rine, daughter of Magennisa, his tliree sons, Hugh, John, and Brian ; his nephew Art, son of Cormac, Rory O'Donnell, Caffar, his brother, Nuala, his sir.ter, who had forsaken her husband Nial Oarve, when he forsook his country, the lady Rose O'Doherty, wife of Caffar, and afterwards of Owen Roo O'Neil; Maguire, Owen JLicWard, chief bard of Tyrconnell, and several others. " Woe to tho heart that meditated, woe to the mind that conceived, woo to the council that decided on the proiect of that voyage !" exclaimed the Annalista of Donegal, in the next age. Evidently it was the judgment of their immediate successors that the flight of tho earls was a rash and irremediable step for thum ; but tho information on which they acted, if not long ulnce destroyed, has, as yet, never been made public. We caji pronounce no judgment as to tho wisdom of their conduct, from the incomplete state- ments at present in our possession. There remained now fow barriers to tho wholesale confisca- tion of Ulster, so long sought by " tiio Undertakers,!' and these were rapidly removed. Sir Cnhir O'Doherty, chief of jp,j,i=hn,vsn, althoush he had earned his Knighthood while a I'OI'Ur,AR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 4T1 mere lad, fighting by the side of Dowcra, in an altorcation with Sir George Paulett, Governor of Derry, was taunted with conniving at the escape of the Earls, and Paulett in his pas- sion struck lum in the face. The youthful chief— he was scarcely one and twenty— was driven almost to madnsss by Uiis outrage. On the night of the 3d of May, by a successful 8 ratagem he got possession of Culmore fort, at the mouth of lough Foyle, and before morning dawned had surprised Derry ; Paulett, his insulter, he slew with his own hand, most of the garrison were slaughtered, and the town reduced to ashes, Nial Garve O'Donnell, who had been cast off by his old protectors, was charged with sending him supplies and men, and for thiee months ho kept the lield, hoping that every gale might bring him assistance from abroad. But those same summer months and foreign climes had already proved fatal to many of the exiles, whoso co-operation he invoked. In July Rory O'Donnell expired at Rome, in August Maguiro died at Genoa, on his way to Spain, and in September Caflar O'Donnell was laid in the same grave with his brother, on St. Peter's hill. O'Neil survived his comrades, as he had done his fortunes, and like another Belisarius, blind and old and a pen- sioner on the bounty of strangers, he lived on, eight weary years, in Rome. O'Doherly, enclosed in his native peninsula, between the forces of the Marshal Wingfleld and Sir Oliver Lambert, Governor of Connaught, fell by a chance shot, at the rock of Doon, iu Kilmacrenan. Tlie superfluous traitor, Nial Garve, was, with his sons, sent to London and imprisoned in the tower for life. In those dungeons, Cormac, brother of Hugh O'Neil, and O'Cano also languished out their days, vic- tims to the careless or vindictive temper of King James. Sir Arthur Chichester received, soon after these events, a grant of the entire barony of Innishowen, and subsequently a grant of the borough of Dungannon, with 1,300 acres adjoin- ing; Wingfleld obtained the district of Fercullan near Dublin, with the title of Viscount Powerscourt; Lambert was soon after made Earl of Cavan, and enriched with the lands of Carig, and other estates in that county. To Justify at once the measures he proposed, as well mm te 472 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. divert from the exiles the sympathies of Europe, King James •issued a proclamation bearin? date the 5th of November 1G08 giving to the world the T^nglish version of the flight of the Earls. The whole of Ulster was then surveyed in a cur- sory manner by a staff over ..hich presided Sir William Par- sons as Surveyor-General. The surveys being completed early in IGOO, a royal commission was issued to Lhicnesiei, Lambert, St. John, Ridgeway, Moore, Davi«, and Parser^, with the Archbishop of Armagh, and the Bishop of Derry, to inquire into the portions forleited. Before these Comm.ssmn- ers Juries were sworn on each particular case, and these Juries duly found that, in consequence of "the rebellion of O'Neil, O'Donnell, and O'Doherty, the entire six counties of Ulster, enumerated by baronies and parishes, were forfeited to the Crown. By direction from England the Irish Privy Council submitted a scheme for planting those counties with colonies of civil men well affected in religion," which scheme, ^vith several modifications suggested by the English Pnvy Council, was finally promulgated by the royal legislator under the title of " Orders and Conditions for tl>« Plant«rs^ According to the division thus ordered, upwards of 43,000 acres were claimed and conceded to the Primate and the Protestant Bishops of Ulster; in Tyrone, Derry, and Armagh Trinitv Collecre got 30,000 acres with six advowsons in each county. The'' various trading guilds of the city of London-- Rich as the drapers, vintners, cordwainers, drysallers-ob- tained in the gross 209,800 acres, including the city of Derry, which they rebuilt and fortified, adding London to its ancient name The grants to individuals were divided into throe classe3-2,000, 1,500, and 1,000 acres each. Among the con- ditions on which these grants were given was this-" that they should not suffer any laborer, that would not take the oath of supremacy," to dwell upon their lands. But this despotic, condition-equivalent to sentence of death on tens of thou- sands of the native peasantry-was fortunately found imprac- ticable in the execution. Land was little worth without hands to till it, laborers enough could not be obtained from Eng- land and Scotland, and the namilloim, gtewr.rts, FolHots, Chi- POPULAR HISTORY OP IRELAND. 4t8 ChesterB, and Lambert., having, from sheer necessity, to choose between Irish cultivators and letting their new estates Ihey made'' ^°P^°fi'^^>«' ^^ i« »««dless to say what choice The spirit of religious persecution was exhibited not only in the means taken to exterminate the peasantry, to destroy the northern chiefs, and to intimidate the Catholics of "the Pale- by abuse of law, but by many cruel executions. The Prior of the famous retreat of Lough Derg was one of the victims of this persecution; a Priest named O'Loughrane. who had accidentally sailed in the same snip with the Earls to France cZ *^n'n ^"'''T '° ^'' '''''™' '^^"Sed and quarterea! Conor Devany, Bishop of Down and Connor, an octogena- rian suffered martyrdom with heroic constancy at Dublin in 1611. Two years before, John, Lord Burke of Brittas was executed in like manner on a charge of having participated in the Catholic demonstrations which took place at Limerick on the accession of King James. The edict of 1610 in relation to Catholic children educated abroad has been quoted in a previous chapter, apropo, of education, but the scheme sub- mitted by Knox, Bishop of Raphoe, to Chichester in 1611 went even beyond that edict. In this project it was proposed that whoever should be found to harbor a Priest shouldVorfeit all his possessions to the Crown-that quarterly returnn should be made out by counties of all who refused to take the oath of supremacy, or to attend the English Church service-that no Papist sliould be permitted to exercise the function of a schoolmaster; and, moreover, that all churches injured during the ate war should be repaired at the expense of the Papist Inhabitants for t he use of the Anglican congregaOon. Very unexpectedly to the nation at large, al^r a lapse of 27 years, during which no Parliament had been held writs were issued for the attendance of both Houses, at Dublin on be 18th Of May. 1613. The work of confiscation and pla;ta tion had gone on for sever., years without the sancUon of the legislature, and men were at a Ions to conceive for what pur- pose elections were now ordered, unless to invent new penal lawn, or to imnosa trttah hnr,ianB «« *i.- x._ ~,.f. .. , ^-h^A i,--,- . II ill 416 POPULAR niSTORY OF IRELAND. their opposition ; but they had influence enough, fortunately, to oblige the government to withdraw a sweeping penal law which it was intended to propose. An Act of oblivion and amnesty was also passed, which was of some advantage. On the whole, both for the constitutional principles which they upheld, and the religious proscription which they resisted, the Recusant minority in the Irish Parliament of James I. deserve to be held in honor by all who valus roligicus and civil liberty. CHAPTER II. LAST YEAE.^ '.' ■ JAMES — CONFISCATION OP THE MIDLAND COUN- TIES — A. " ;: SiioN OF CHARLES 1. — GRIEVANCES AND " GRACES" — ADM:N!; VK.VA10N OF LORD STRAFFORD. Fbom lh« t,i! ^solution of James's only Irish Parliament in October, 16i ., intil the tenth of Charles I. — an interval of twenty years — the government of the country was again exclu- sively reguTated by arbitrary proclamations and orders in Coun- cil. Chichester, after the unusually long term of eleven years, had leave to retire in 1816 ; he was succeeded by the Lord Orandison, who held the office of Lord Deputy for six years, and he, in turn, by Henry Carey, Viscount Falkland, who gov- erned from 1622 till 1G29 — seven years. Nothing could well be more fluctuating than the policy pursued at different periods by these Viceroys and their advisers ; violent attempts at coercion alternated with the meanest devices to extort money from the oppressed ; general declarations against recusants were repeated with increased vehemence, while particular treaties for a local and conditional toleration were notoriously progressing ; in a word, the administration of affairs exhibited all the worst vices and weaknesses of a despotism, without any of the steadiness or magnanimity of a really paternal gov- ernment. Some of the edicts issued deserve particular notice as characterizing the administrations of Grandison and Falkland. POPULAR HISTORV OF IRELAND. ill Council deprived of the 'n TT^' '''"' ^^ «° ^d^'" 'n from them for ninl I i'"^ '^'''■'"'•' ^^^'^^^ ^«« '^i" e':f«rced in other citie. Z^TZsr'"'- T "'^^^^^'^ costs, which not seldom swenlT*^? 'nvanably levied with A new instrument fTp'e LI >■""'' *" '"" ^"'"^'• time, invented-" the CoZZ ? ' '° '° ^°'^ Orandison's ive Titles... At th ifead o tl'r ^'^ .^'f^°-^^ ''^ ^^^-t- Willi.m Parsons, the Surve Jr o "^""r^'"" ^™« P'aced Sir the kingdom in a menh T . ■''^' ^^" ^'^'^ '^"'"^ '"to half cen'ury of g^ilTa'd c !"?."' '"' "^'' ^''^^"^'^ ^ '""S destruction'of itstLi 'n h?;;r"'"'"''' '' ""^^ '° ^^« anned conqueror could Tae don LTT" °'^'"' " ^"^ Ulster being already annloJ!/ , ,, ^''^^ °^ ^''^ «^^ord. -nipulatio^ofthlTEr^;';^: Z-;^- ""'^^«"«'"^ *^« for the Parsons Commission o^yth^m^TrT' " ^ '^^'^ naught. Of these they made the mos fnT. T^'"' ^"^ ^°"- time. A horde of clerklv snLl ' V^' '^""'^''^ «P^^« of of " Discoverers,., to ransVck o,dT iT"''^ ''''^'' *« "^"^^ of Dublin and London ^,^1'",'""^" '" ^^^ ^^^'-^ ^hort time 60,000 acr.T ^k^^ r^s^r^'" '^ ^^^^ Leitrim, Longford fl,A ivr„ .t, , <58o,000 acres n Countie;, were "1 ; w to';! ^J"^ ^-»"'« ^nd Queen's Crown... The meZ lilVT'' *° ''^ ^^«*«^ '" the some cases, tt\ircrs:cre^rce'r3 Z^-^T'-' '^ the most revolting description I„ he wfckll'"'' ™ ^' martial were held beforA »^ ^ ^icklow case, courts- tried on the charge ^tU J JT "'^"^^^^^ -- death. Archer .„e of ,>, ™ ^ '"""^ ''^'"^"^ P"t to red hot nTan:::^^^^^ flre.tm he offered to ttt "Z aTy thin'" thaT Ta" '^ ^'^^^^^^ ret on evidence so obtained whollL necessary. -ere declared forfeited to tToJown '""" ^'^'^ ^^""«- worse even than the actui wLl'^;.!^"!'?-'! "^-^'tion ~ "^J- «^"durea— counted IMAGE i:VALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) k / O O ti. *•" mp.. ,> /ij sants, declaring that the laws against them, at the suggestion of the Lords Justices, should be put strictly in force. The Justices proved unwilling to enter this letter on the Council book, and it was accordingly withheld till Strafford's arrival, but the threat had the desired effect of drawing " a voluntary contribution" of £20,000 out of the alarmed Catholics. Equip- ped partly with this money Strafford arrived in Dublin in July, 1633, and entered at once on the policy, which he himself designated by the oneemphatic word — " TnoROCOH." He took up his abode in the Castle, surrounded by a Body Guard, a force hitherto unknown at the Irish Court ; he summoned only a select number of the Privy Council, and, having kept them waiting for hours, condescended to address them in a speech full of arrogance and mena e. lie declared his inten- tion of maintaining end augmenting the army ; advised them 484 POPULAR HISTORY OP IRELAND. to amend their grants forthwith ; told them frankly he had called them to Council, more out of courtesy than necessity, and ended by requiring from them a year's subsidy in advance. As this last request was accompanied by a positive promise to obtain the King's consent to the assembling of Parliament, it was at once granted ; and soon after writs were issued for the meeting of both Houses in July following. When this long prayed-for Parliament at last met, the Lord Deputy took good care that it should be little else than a tn- bunal to register his edicts. A great many oflicers of the army had been chosen as Burgesses, while the Slieriffs of counties were employed to secure the election of members favorable to the demands of the Crown. In the Parliament of 1C13 the recusants were, admitting all the returns to be correct, nearly one-half; but in that of 1C34 they could not have exceeded one-third. The Lord Deputy nominated their speaker, whom they did not dare to reject, and treated them invariably with the supreme contempt which no one knows so ■ well how to exhibit towards a popular assembly as an apostate liberal. " Surely," he said in his speech from the throne, " so great a meanness cannot enter your hearts, as once to suspect his Majesty's gracious regards of you, and performance with you, once you affix yourselves upon his grace." His object in this appeal was the sordid and commonplace one— to obtain more money without rendering value for it. He accoidingly carried through four whole subsidies of £50,000 sterling each in the session of 1634; and two additional subsidies of the same amount at the opening of the next session. The Par- liament having thus answered his purpose, was summarily dissolved in April, 1635, and for four years more no other was called During both sessions he had contrived, according to his agreement with the King, to postpone indefinitely the act which was 10 have confirmed "the graces," guaranteed in 1628 He even contrived to get a report of a Committee of the House of Commons, and the opinions of some of tli£ Judges, against legislating on the subject at all, which report gavr King Charles " a great deal of contentment." With sufficient funds in hand for the ordinary expenses of POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 485 the government, Straflford applied himself earnestly to the self-elected task of making his royal master " as absolute as any King in Christendom" on the Irish side of the channel. The plantation of Connaught, delayed by the late King's death, and abandoned among the new King's giaces, was resumed as a main engine of obtaining more money. The proprietary of that Province had, in the thirteenth year of the late reign, paid £3,000 into the Record Office at Dublin, for the registra- tion of their deeds, but the entries not being made by the clerk employed, the title to every estate in the five western counties was now called in question. The " Commissioners to Inquire into Defective Titles" were let loose upon the devoted Province, with Sir William Parsons at their head, and the King's title to the whole of Mayo, Sligo and Roscommon, was found by packed, bribed, or intimidated juries ; the grand jury of Gahvay, having refused to find a similar verdict, were sum- moned to the Court of Castle Chamber, sentenced to pay a fine of £1,000 each to the Crown, and the Sheriflf that empanneled them a fine of £1,000. The lawyers who pleaded for the actual proprietors were stripped of their gowns, the sheriflf died in prison, and the work of spoliation proceeded. The young Earl of Ormond was glad to compound for a portion of his estates ; the Earl of Kildaro was committed to prison for re- fusing a similar composition ; the Earl of Cork was compelled to pay a heavy fine for his intrusion into lands originally granted to the Church ; the O'Byrnes of Wicklow commuted for £15,000, and the London Companies, for their Derry estates, paid no less than £70,000 : a forced contribution for which those frugal citizens never forgave the thorough-going Deputy. By tliese means, and others less violent, such as bounties to the linen trade, he raised the annual revenue of the kingdom to £80,000 a year, and was enabled to embody for the King's service an army of 10,000 foot and 1,000 horse. Tiiese arbitrary measures were entirely in consonance with the wishes of Charles. In a visit to England in 1636, the King assured Strafford personally of his cordial approbation of all he had done, encouraged liirn to proceed fearlessly in the same course, and conferred on him the higher rank of 486 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. Lord Lieutenant. Three years later, on the lirst rumor of a Scottish invasion of England, Strafford was enabled to remit his master £30,000 from the Irish Treabury, and to tender the services of the Anglo-Irish army, as he thought they could bo safely dispensed with by the country in which they had been thii" '-- recruited and maintained. I CHAPTER III. LORD STBAPFORD'S IMPEACHMENT AND EXECUTIOK— PAHLIA- JenJoP 1639-'41— TUB INSUREECTION OF 1641— TliE IRISH ABROAD. The tragic end of the despot, whose administration we have sketched, ^Ya3 now rapidly approaching. When he deserted the popular ranks in the English House of Commons for a Peerage and the government of Ireland, the fearless Pym pro- phetically remarked, " though you have left us, I will not leave you while your head is on your shoulders." Yet, although conscious of having left able and vigilant enemies behind him in En-land, Strafford proceeded in his Irish administration as if he scorned to conciliate the feehngs or interests of any order of men. By the highest nobility, as well as the hum- blest of the mechanic class, his will was to be received as law ; so that neither in Church, nor in State, might any man express even the most guarded doubt as to its infallibility. Lord Mountnorris, for example, having dropped a casual, and alto- gether imiocent remark at the Chancellor's table on the private habits of the Deputy, was brought to trial by court martial on a charge of mutiny, and sentenced to military execution. Though he was not actually put to death, he underwent a ong and rigorous imprisonment, and at length was liberated without apology or satisfaction. If they were not so fully authenti- cated the particulars of this outrageous case would hardly be r.vedible. POPULAR HISTORY OP IRELA>fD. 487 The examples of resistance to arbitrary power, which for some years had been shown by both England and Scotland, were not thrown away upon the still worse used Irish. During the seven years of Strafford's iron rule, Hampdon had resisted the collection of ship money, Cromwell had begun to figure in the Houhe of Commons, the Solemn League and Covenant was established in Scotland, and the Scots had twice entered England in arms to seal with their blood, if need were, their opposition to an episcopal establishment of religion. It was in 1640, upon the occasion of their second invasion, that Strafford was recalled from Ireland to assume command of the royal forces in the North of England. After a single indecisive campaign, the King entertained the overtures of the Cove- nanters, and the memorable Long Parliament having met in November, one of its first acta was the impeachment of Straf- ford for high crimes and misdemeanors. The chief articles against him related to his administration of Irish affairs, and were sustained by delegates from the Irish House of Commons, sent over for that purpose : the whole of the trial deserves to be closely examined by every one interested in the constitu- tional history of England and Ireland. A third Parliament, known as the 14th, 15th and IGth Charles I., met at Dublin on the 20th March, 1639, was pro- rogued till June, and adjourned till October. Yielding the point so successfully resisted in 1613, its sittings were held in the Castle, surrounded by the viceregal guard. With one exception, the acts passed in its first session were of little importance, relating only to the allotment of glebe lands and the payment of twentieths. The exception, which followed the voting of four entire '^ bsidies to the King, was an Act ordaining "that this Pai. xi .ant shall not determine by his Majesty's assent to this and other Bills." A similar statute had been passed in 1635, but was wholly disregarded by ^^trafford, who no doubt meant to take precisely the same course in the present instance. The members of this Assembly have been severely condemned by modern writers for passing a high eulogium upon Strafford in their first session and reversing it after his fall. But this censure is not well founded. The 488 rOPULAB HISTORY OF IF.KLAND. .„,.,„. .« .«.auc.d ^.x"r bC^c rr.u" part of the preamble to Ibe f "PP? V^ted in ^* >"^emou , ^^^^^^^ ^^ session of the House, ^ookj^e^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^.^^^ ,,,, the journals and a copy of it '^^^P";^?^ ^^^^ ^^^ as the second proceeding took r^'^?^ J" ^.f,;:^^;„th of November Lord Lieutenant was not arraigned td the mo ^^^ .onowing. the usual denu^ciauon^o^^^^^^^ akogtither undeserved. At no pei ^^^^^^^ Karl more formidable as an -f™/;;^; ;^,,. ,i ordered the protest against " ^^'^^ -^^^ ;/,rJ' oTthe Commons of "to be entered among t^^« ^'^'^'"''""' /u,elf to mere pro- Ireland. Nor did this parliament confln .t^oH to^^ ^^^^ P^^^ testations against the a]>-««^°//^^\;7;^° ,f January, they opening of the b--^/^^'^"' „""b' King in England, with appointed a committee to. a^ on *ef!^J ^^ Poyning's la., instructions to solicit a bill in exp .^^^^ ^f their another enabling tliemto^o^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^ own House, a right ^''^^'"'''^IJ th. courts of law, the col- King's consent to the regi^ationof ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^.^^^_,y lectins of the -jenue -d t e q^^^^^_^^ ^^ ^^^ . ^^,^ ^^ statute instead of by O.ders i ^^ ^^^^ j^^^^^^^ February the House submit ed a et of q «,,, ^^estion. the nature of which ^^y D- "^f*'";'! ^ ^^^^ ^e a free ,.„.: ..Whether the «"^J«f ^j/^^; J^^ common law of people, and to be g"-'"-^ .°" f,3''Kin;do- ^ When the England, and sUtu^s passed in ^Kj^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ answers received ^«J« ~ ^, resolutions, proceeded to turning ^^^^^^^X^T^Z^^^^ ^^ ^^^ P°'"^' *'^ "^'^' vote on them, one ny on«> constituents. the liberties, and the P-^^^f^.^.^ .fg.rafford occupied the The imi,eachmcnt and attamder ol ^^^^ ^„,^t those ,reat p.t f March and Apr^lC^^^^^^^^^^^^^ n^onthB the delegates fr^- Iielan ^^^^ ^^^^.^^^^^^ . Westminster Hall and tl.e^^morable session ; the great northern insurrection in October having, of course, prevented subsequent sessions from being held. Constitutional agitators in modern times have been apt to select their exampbs of a wise and patriotic parliamentary conduct from the opposition to the Act of Union and the famous struggles of the last cen- tury ; but whoever has looked into such records as remain to us of the 15th and 16th of Charles First, and the debates on the impeachment of Lord Chancellor Bolton, will, in my opinion, be prepared to admii, that at no period whatever was constitutional law more ably expounded in Ireland than in the sessions of 1640 and 1641 ; and that noi only the principles of Swift and of Molyneux had a triumph in 1782, but the older doctrines also of Sir Ralph Kelly, Audley Mervin, and Patrick Darcy. 490 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. Strafford's Deputy, Sir Christopher Wandesford, having died before the close of 1C40, the King appointed Robert, Lord Dillon, a liberal Protestant, and Sir William Parsons, Lords Justices. But the pressure of Puritan influence in Eng- land compelled him in a short time to remove Dillon and sub- stitute Sir John Borlace, Master of the Ordnance-a mere soldier-in point of fanaticism a fitting colleague for Par- sons. The prorogation of Parliament soon gave these admi- nistrators opportunities to exhibit the spirit in which they proposed to carry on the government. When at a pubhc enterUinment in .he capital Parsons openly declared that in twelve months more no Catholic should be seen in Ireland, it was naturally inferred that the Lord Justice spoke not merely for himself but for the growing party of the English Puritans and Scottish Covenanters. The latter had repeatedly avowed that they never would lay down their arms until they had wrouT)agh." During the Parliamentary session of 1640 he took lodgings in Dublin, where he succeeded in enlisting in his plans Conncf Maguiro, Lord Enniskillen, Philip O'Reilly, one of the mem- bers for tho county of Cavan, Costolloe McMahon, and Thor- logh O'Neil, all poi-sons of great influence in Ulster. During the ensuing assizes in the Northern Province he visited several country towns, where in the crowd of suitors and defendants he could, mthout attracting special notice, meet and converse with those he desired to gain over. On this tour he received the important accession of Sir Phelim O'Neil of Kinnaird, in Tyrone, Sir Con Magennis of Down, Colonel Hugh McMahon of Monaghan, and Dr. Heber McMahon, Adminis- trator of Clogher. Sir Phelim O'Neil, the most considerable man of his name tolerated in Ulster, was looked upon as the greatest acqiMsition, and at his castle of Kinnaird Ills associates from the neighboring counties, under a variety of pretexts, contrived frequently to meet. From Ulster, tho indefatiga'lile O'Moore carried the threads of the conspiracy into Connaught witli equal success, finding both among tho nobility and clergy many adherents. In Leinster, among the Anglo-Irish, he experienced the greatest timidity and indiiTerence, but an unforeseen circumstance throw into his hands a powerful lever, to move that province. This was tho permission granted by the King to the native regiments, embodied by Strafford to enter into the Spanish service, if they 80 desired. His English Parliament made no demur to the arrangement, which would rid the island of some thousands of disciplined Catholics, but several of their officers, under the inspiration of 0'J[oore, kept their companies together, delaying their departure from month to month. Among these were Sir James Dillon, Colonel Plunlsett, Colonel Byrne, and 42 494 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. Captain Fox, who, with O'Moore, formed the first directing bodv of the Confederates in Leinster. tf May 1641. Captain Neil O'Neil arrived from the Nether- la s :Jh an '.J.t request from John Earl of Tyrone, to all his clansmen to prepare for a general insurrection Ho aL brought them the cheering new. that Cardinal J^f heu- then at the summit of his greatness-had promised the exdes arms money, and means of transport. He was sent back, nrmlktely, with the reply of Bir Phelim O'Moore and their friends, that they would ^^\^^'^%'{'''2^^1 field a few days before or aft^r the festival of All Hallows thi 1st o^ November. The death of Earl John, the last sur viving son of the illustrious Tyrone, shortly afterwards, though it grieved the Confederates, wrought no change in their plans In his cousin-gcrmain, the distinguished defender of Arras they reposed equal confidence, and their confidence could DOt have been more worthily bestowed, CHAPTER IV. THE INSUBBKCTIOS OP 1641. THE plan agreed lapon by the Confederates included four .xiain feature.. I. A rising after the harvest wa. gathered in^ and a campaign during the winter months, when supplies fiom England Jere^most difficult to be obtained by their enemie • II. A simultaneous attack on one and the same day or night on all the fortresses within reach of their friends. III. To surprise the Castle of Dublin which was said to contain arms for 12,000 men. IV. Aid in ofTicers, munitions, and money from abroad. All the details of this project were carried su.- ce^fully into eff-ect, except the seizure of Dubhn Cast e-the most difficult as it would have been the most decisive blow to. "Twards the end of August a meeting of those who could ■^ , .. ■, 1.-1J in Tiiihlin Ther- were moat conveuieutiy aiwsuu moo u^.-.! .- - POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELANB. 495 present O'Moore and Maguire, of the civilians, and Colonels Plunkett, Byrne, and McMahon, of the army. At this meet^ ing the last week of October, or first of November, was fixed upon as the time to rise; subsequently Saturday, the 23d of the flrst-named month, a market day in the capital, was se- lected. The northern movements were to be arranged with Sir Phelim O'Neil, while McMahon, Plunkett, and Byrne with 200 picked men, were to surprise the Castle guard-consistin'-'^. threat of retaliation, so cuslomarvl I, ^"'P''''" ^^'^ the third day of th« ri«in ''"''''™*'y >" «" wars, was made on genciesruf/monslou Sr ^^^"/''«"y '« future contia- as yet inventetnt ,r ;\ir"f ' °° *^« ^^^^ -- not ter, written in Ireland^: IZCZToToTj '"T '^" the first days of Novemlmr » T October, or during blood and jLTlfT^a^ ,'' '""'^ ^° ''^^^ ^^«« «f so greedily swaUowed -^-^nously circulated, and thf2o^5::i^^^:,;rf^^^r^"-'«^-^-"-. declared to beTn a sJa e of J- ^°'^'"'^^^^"« ^'n^or. Dublin was lished; armsw ere di!tHbuted tl'rr ™^^"''' ^-^« ^^tab- «ome Catholics- Ld a r '"^ ^''^'^^'^^t citizens, and City under pa n f de ", sT/r "^^ -^«-d to quit the Of Galway, ^ho arrived on tht niroTtre'22r '^' '"^™°^ With the command of the Castle, srrChay^^^^^ '"*^"^*^^ Military Governor of the city a"d the EaSnf!?"'"''''^ of Ormond, was summoned from Car ick on '« r*'^' ^"''^ mand of the army As Coo Hi, T^^""" *" *^^^ <=°'"- in the opening aceL o t ^^ tn/oZ^r"^" '''' ;^ay.ewell to describe th.mi^r^:---^^ filled the Offices P^or la JaT ." v'"'""^''*' ^^"^''^ '^^ reign of James I. rrTZjlf"' V T''^'^'^^^-'"- '" the nc<„„, a:, u„ Lndertalter entitles him rOPOLAE inSTOEY OF IBEI^S"- i 498 ,0 .anuria, a. ..una. aav..^-^-^tS ia Roscommon, SHSoLe.tr.m Queen ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ Ws possessions and Pn^^^S^^ J^'^^J ^^ ,,,3 a colonel of foot, richest subjects of lus time. J YZhabits of a Provost-Mar- withtbe estates of a I'""^ ^^^^'j^; .^rtuy has survived the Charles Coote. , jj ^^^ of Ormond, James Butler. ^^^^^^ ,7^^^^^^^^^^^ deservedly ranks amongst the princip ^^-^ eon During a public career o^raoref.^n^^'^ distinguished by duct in many eminent -^'^^^^^J^H^ consistency. As a supreme ability ife-long ^ « ^^^^ .„p„3sible that he courtier of the House of ^""t' >^ ^^^,.^,,33 ^jthout par- should have served and saUsfleA both C ^^^^^^^^_ ^„4 ticipaling in --//'^^''^^^^^;,:d%ot from the Irish bu^ originating some of them J ''^'f/^',,, tract standard but the imperial P^'"^ "^^''^J' ^f '^e ^vill bo found fairly ,y the Pul^^- -°y^;;^J, ?/,•';„£ Duke" bestowed on him deserving of the title of tn« ° ^^^^ L^rds Justices to during his lifetime. J/^, — tl Lrty-llrst year of Ms tbeir assistance in !«*/■ J^ J^"' ,^,4 himself in political hfe age, and had so far only d^^^^^^^^^^^ He had. however as the friend of the late l.or ^^^^ ^^^^^^^ „f t,e good fortune to -;t°^« "^ f ^'^^y Jere granted in great Ws family, notwithstanding hat th y^^^^J^^^ ^^ ^^^ part to others by King J^™«« ' ' ^,,„uniented by the fact of King Charles --;^ ^'-y^tet/dlS iU-fated favorite had that the partiality of that l2''^^^,,ea,,^ry wealth and the enabled him to retrieve ^°^!^ "^"J^^^,! ^^elonged to the ,ig, political -^--;;,^^^,,SLable to the Lords Ormond Butlers. Such .'^^ f [ f ^ ^„/etion ; but it was evi- justices in the first Pa">« «^^3\ loyalist and a.church- rrornrrg::tr::r;;. such devoted Purita. _' -o-vIt?" and Coot«. as parsons, uOiia.,.., au-i POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 499 The military position of tlie several parties-there were at least three— when Ormond arrived at Dublin, in the first week of November, may be thus stated: I. In Munster and Con- naught there was but a single troop of royal horse, each, left OS a guard »vith the respective Presidents, St. Leger and Willougliby; in Kilkenny, Dublin aad other of the midland counties, the gentry, Protestant and Catholic, were relied on to raise volunteers for their own defence; in Dublin there had boon got together 1,500 old troops ; six new regiments of foot were embodied ; and thirteen volunteer companies of 100 each, In the Castle were arms and ammunition for 12 000 men, with a fine I lin of field artillery, provided by Strafford for his campaign in the north of England. Ormond, m Lieutenant-General, had thus at his disposal, in one fortnight after the insurrection broke out, from 8,000 to 10,000 weU appointcxl men ; his advice was to take the field at once against the northern leaders before the other Provinces bec5Juo equally inflamed. But his judgment was overruled by the Justices, who would only consent, while awaiting their cue from tlie Long Parliament, to throw reinforcements into Drogheda, wliich thus became their outpost towards the north. II. In Ulster there still remained in the possession of " the Undertakers" Enniskillen, Derry, the Castles of Killeagh and Crohan in Cavan, Lisburn, Belfast, and the stronghold of Carrickfergus, garrisoned by the regiments of Colonel Chi- chester and Lord Conway. King Charles, who was at Edic- burgh endeavoring to conciliate the Scottish Parliament when news of the Irish rising reached him, procured the instant despatch of 1,500 men to Ulster, and authorized Lords Chi- chester, Ardes and Clandeboy, to raise new regiments from among their own tenants. The forpe thus embodied— which may be called from its prevailing element the Scottish array— cannot have numbered less than 5,000 foot, and the propor- tionate number of horse. III. The Irish in the field by the first of November are stated in round numbers at 30,000 men in the northern counties alone ; but the whole number sup- plied with arms and ammunition could not have reached one- third of that nominal total. Before the surprise of Charlemont I 4 i POPUI-AR HISTOBY OF lUEl.AND. 500 c- TJi.^r.m O'Neil had but a barrel or two and Mountjoy fort«. Sir ^''^ '^J^f;^ ^^ ^,,,,, 70 barrels taken at Newry by M^g^"^'^;.'"\f,,,; outside could not well Bimultai.eo«s attack ^^■luch ^^ J^ ^d ',„;, ,„Ure equip- exceed 4,000 or ^,000 stand-const tut^^^^^ ^^^^.^^^ ^^^^_ ment. One of Ormond's cluef ^'^'^^^^l''^ ^j^, ^o get p.i,n in the North was to prevent ^^e- l.av- _^ ^^^^^ i. pikes made"-which shows the.r deflc^n ^^^ ^^^ .e^o..l^^^^J;^ZZ,Zek t^tho prof.- more serious. Sir i uci m ^^^^ ^^^.^^^^ . sion of the 1..V , f-y^^^^^Jf'^t:' others had promised to and although Colonel Owen ONeU an ^ accidcnU join then. '' at fourteen da^s noUce a va^^ J^ ^^^ .^^ ^^^^ prevented the arnval of any offlc r ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^,^ '"^' TZ Sle of ''LoraenLl of the catholic Ar.y in ^MeT' and the still .ore popular title with the Gaehc speak- 5n^ population of " The O'Ncil." ^^^,^ ^^^_ TUe projected ^'^^^ ^^ZfioZZa^ern Insurgent., cesses, did not t-" o^^ ^^^f ^^^^ „„,,a ,y the barbarous The beginning of Novemoer ' . j Carrickfergns slaughter conirnitted ^y^^J^^^'^l^ are said to have in the Island Magee. Three thousan i ^^ ^^^^ ,een driven into tHe ff ^^omless nor h - _ ^^^^_ island, or to have penshea by he swora ^^^^ .itants could not '-- excee.o. one ten^ as^^^^ ^y. ^^ ^^^^ presence of so large a numl^ nay be ^^^^^^ ^,^ supposition that ^^-J ^-^ ^ '^ J 7,,f, ,„a were pursued to peninsula, which IS left diy at -V '^^^^^^^^ ^^„„ ,,.,3 their last refuge ^y'^l^^^n of Owen Roe ONeil to the date fo^^J - ^^ ,i', ;:r; Lsumed a ferocity of character command, the aortbernj ^^^^ Magennis. foreign to tho nature « j> ^^^^^'^^^ not sometimes in his That Sir Phelim permitted '^ ^^^/^'^ " ^ cruelty, which gusts of stormy passion ^"^^.gate, hose acts ot 7^ Lve stained his otlierwise ^-^ ^ f,;;^;:^ , ani that ^•rir:ri^h::;".acter. Brave to rashness and 1 1! POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND, 601 disinterested to excess, few rebel chioft over made a more heroic end out of a more deplorable beginning. The Irish Parliament which was to have mot on the ICth of November was indefinitely prorogued by the Lords Justices, who preferred to act only with thei. chosen quorum of Privy Councillors. The Catholic Lords of the Pale, who at first had arms granted for their retainers out of the public stores, were now summoned to surrender them by a given day ; an insult not to be forgiven. Lords Dillon and Taafe, then deputies to the King, wore seized at Ware by the English Puritans, their papers taken from them, and themselves imprisoned. O'Moore, whoso clansmen had recovered Dunamase and other strong, holds in his ancient patrimony, wr , still indefatigable in liis propaganda among the Anglo-Irish. By his advice Sir Phelim marched to besiege Drogheda, at the head of his tumultuous bands. On the way southward he made' an unsuccessful attack upon Lisburn, where he lost heavily ; on f '-e 24th of November he took possession of Mellifont Abbey, from whose gate the aged Tyrone had dopartpd in tears, twenty-five years before. From Mellifont be proceeded to invest Drogheda ; Colo- nel Plunkctt, with the title of aener^V being the sole experi- enced officer as yet engaged in his ranks. A strongly walled town as, Drogheda was, well manned, and easily accessible from the stia, cannot be carried without guns ani engineers by any amount of physical courage. Whenever the Catholics were fairly matched in the open field, they were generally successful, as at Julianstown, during this siege, whore one of their detachments cut off five out of six companies marching from Dublin to reinforce the town; but though the investment was complete, the vigibnt Governor, Sir Henry Tichburne, successfully repulsed the assailants. O'Moore, who lay between Ardee and Dundaik with a reserve of 2,000 men, found time during the siege to continue his natu- ral career, that rf a diplomatist. T'je Puritan party, from the Lord Justice downwards, were, i ideed, every day hasten- ing that union of Catholics of all origins which the rounder of the Confederacy so ardently desired to bring about. Their avowed maxim was that the more iiien rebelled, tho more 603 rOPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 11 wtatMi there ynm^A be to confiscate. In Munstcr, their chief Instruments wn'' 'he ngod Earl of Cork, still insatiable as ever for other men's possessions, and the President St. Leger ; ia Leinster, Sir Charles Coote. Lord Cork prepared 1,100 indict- ments against men of property in his Province, which ho sent to the Speaker of the Long Parliament, with an urgent request that they might be returned to lilm, with autliority to proceed against the parties named, as outlaws. In Leinster, 4,000 similar indictinenta were found in the course of two days by the free use of the rack witli witnesses. Sir John Read, an officer of the Kng's Bedchamber, and Mr. Barnwall, of Kil- brue, a gentleman of tluee score and six, were among those who underwent the torture. When these were the proceedings of the tribunals in peaceable cities, we may imagine what must have been the excesses of the soldiery in the open county. In the South Sir William St. Leger directed a series of murderous raids upon the peasantry of Cork, which at length produced their natural effect. Lord Muskerry and otlier leading rescusants, who had offered their services to maintain the peaci of the Province, were driven by an insult- ing refusal to c" ibine for their own protection. The 1,100 Indictments of Lord Cork soon swelled their ranks, and the capture of the ancient city of Cashel by Philip O'Dwyer announced the insurrection of the South. Waterford soon after opened its gates to Colonel Edmund Butler ; Wexford declared for the Catholic cause, and Kilkenny surrendered to Lord Mountgarret. In Wicklovv Coote's troopers committed murders such as had not been equalled since the days of the Pagfen Northmen. Little children were carried aloft writhing on the pikes of these barbarians, whose worthy commander confessed that " he liked such frolics." Neither age nor sex was spared, and an ecclesiastic was especially certain of instant death. Fathers Higgins and Whii' of >"!»,iS,iiKildare, were given up i <; Coote to these "lambr," "•,"■!. each had been granted a safe conduct by his r\ , ■• c .\;er, Lord Ormond. And these murders were taking place at the very time when the Franciscans and Jesuits of Cashel were pro- tecting Dr. Pullen, the Protestant Chancellor of that Cathedral ^ |;j|i: POPULAU UIsrOnY of IRKLA^fD. 503 and other Protestant prisoners; liilo also tho Castle i,f Cloughouter, in Cavan, tho rcsiaenco of Bishop Bedell, wa« crowded with Protestant fugitives, all of whom wore carefully guarded by the chivalrous Philip O'Reilly. At length the Catholic Lords of tho Pale began to feel the general glow of an outraged people, too long submissive under ©very species of provocation. The Lords Justices having sum- moned them to attend in Dublin on tho 8th of December they met at Swords, at the safe distance of seven miles, and sent by letter their reasons for not trusting themselves in the capital. To the allegations in this letter the Justices replied by procla- mation, denying most of them, and repeating their summons to Lords Fingal, Gormanstown, Slane, Dunsany, Netterville, Louth and Trimleston, to attend in Dublin on the 17ih. But before the 17th came, as if to ensure tho defeat of their own summons, Coote was let loose upon the flourishing villages of Fingal, and the flames kindled by his men mij^ht easily be discovered from the round tower of Swords. On the 17th, the summoned Lords, with several of the neighboring gentry, met by appointment on the hill of Crofty, in the neighboring county of Meath ; while they were engaged in discussing the best course to be taken, a party of armed men on horseback, accompanied by a guard of musketeers, was seen approaching. They proved to be O'Moore, O'Reilly, Costelloe McMahon, brother of the pri- soner. Colonel Byrne, and Captain Fox. Lord Gormanstown, advancing in front of his friends, demanded of the new-comers " why thoy came armed into the Palo 1" To which O'Moore made answer " that the ground of their coming thither was for the freedom and liberty of their consciences, the mainte- nance of his Majesty's prerogative, in which they understood he was abridged, and the making the subjectd of this kingdom as free as those of England." Lord Gormanstown, after con- sulting a few moments with his friends, replied : " seeing these be your true ends we will likewise join with you." The lead- ers then embraced amid the acclamations of their followers, and tho general conditions of their union having been unani- mously agreed upon, a warrant was draAvn out authorizing the _ • ti -ttc jjcijtij' ui luu couniy to a final meeting at the Hill of Tara on the 24th of December. 504 POPULAR BISTORT OF IRELAND. CHAPTER V. THB CATHOLIC CONFEDERATION — ITS CIVII. OOVrHNMENT AND MILITARY ESTABLISHMENT. How a tumultuous insurrection grew into a national organ- ization, with a senate, executive, treasury, army, ships and diplomacy, we are now to describe. It may, however, he as- sumed throughout tlie narrative, that the success of the new Confederacy was quite as much to be attributed to the per- verse policy of its enemies as to the counsels of its "best lead- ers. The rising in the midland and Munster counties, and the formal adhesion of the Lords of the Pale, were two of the principal steps towards the end. A third was taken by the Bishops of the Province of Armagh, assembled in Provincial Synod at Kells, on the 22d of March, 1642, where, with the exception of Dease, of Meath, they unanimously pronounced " the war just and lawful." After solemnly condemning all acts of private vengeance, and all those who usurped other men's estates, this provincial meeting invited a national synod to meet at Kilkenny on the 10th day of May following. On that day accordingly, all the Prelates then in the country, with the exception of Bishop Deaso, met at Kilkenny. There were present O'Keilly, Archbishop of Armagh, Butler, Arch- bishop of Cashel, O'Kealy, Archbishop of Tuam, David Rothe, the venerable Bishop of Ossory, the Bishops of Clonfert, Elphin, Waterford, Lismore, Kildare, and Down and Connor; the proctors of Dublin, Limerick and Killaloe, with sixteen other dignitaries and heads of religious orders— in all twenty- nine prelates and superiors, or their representatives. The most remarkable attendants were, considering the circum- Btances of their Province, the prelates of Connaught. Straf- ford's reign of terror was still painfully remembered west of the Shannon, and the immense family influence of Ulick Burke, then Earl, and afterwards Marquia of Clanrickardo, POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 505 was exerted to prevent the adhesion of the western population to the Confederacy. But the zeal of the Archbishop of Tuara, and the violence of the Governor of Qalway, Sir Francis Wil- loughby, proved more than a counterpoise for the authority of Clanrickarde and the recollection of StrafTord : Connaught, though the last to come into the Confederation, was also the last to abandon it. The Synod of Kilkenny proceeded with the utmost solem- nity and anxiety to consider the circumstances of their own and the neighboring kingdoms. No equal number of men could have been found in Ireland, at that day, with an equal aipount of knowledge of foreign and domestic politics. Many of them had spent years upon the Continent, while the French Hugue- nots held their one hundred " cautionary towns," and " leagues" and " associations" were the ordinary instruments of popular resistance in the Netherlands and Germany. Nor were the events transpiring in the neighboring island unknown or un- weighed by that grave assembly. 1 lo true meaning and in- tent of the Scottish and English insurrections were by this timo apparent to every one. The previous months had been espe- cially fertile in events, calculated to rouse their most serious apprehensions. In March the King fled from London to York ; in April the gates of Hull were shut 'n his face by Hotham, its governor, and in May the Long Parliament voted a levy of 1G,000 without the royal authority. The Earl of Warwick had been appointed the Parliamentary commander of the fleet, and the Earl of Essex, their Lord General, with Cromwell as one of his captains. From that hour it was evident the sword alone could decide between Cha-les and his subjects. In Scotland, too, events were occurring in which Irish Catholics were vitally interested. The contest for the leadership of the Scottish royalists between the Marquises of Hamilton and Montrose had occupied the early months of the year, and given their enemies of the Kirk an ! the Assembly full timo to carry on their correspondence with the English Puritans. In April all parties in Scotland agreed in despatching a forco of 2,500 men, under "the memorable Major Monroe," for the protection of the Scottish settlers in Ulster. On the 15th of 43 I I* 506 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. ■ 11 I that month this officer landed at Carrickfergus, which was "given up to him by agreement," with the royalist Colonel Chichester; the fortress, which was by much the strongest m _ that quarter, continued for six years the head-quarters of the Scottish general, with whom we shall have occasion to meet again. The state of Anglo-Irish affairs was for some months one ol disorganization and confusion. In January and February the King^had been frequently induced to denounce by proclama- tion°his " Irish rebels." He had offered the Parhament to lead their reinforcements in person, had urged the sending of arms and men, and had repeatedly declared that he would never consent to tolerate Popery in that country. He had failed to satisfy his enemies, by these profuse professions had dishonored himself, and disgusted many who were far from being hostile to his person or family. Parsons and Borlase were still continued in the government, and Coote was en- trusted by them, on all possible occasions, with a command distinct from that ef Ormond. Having proclaimed the Lords of the Pale rebels for refusing to trust their persons within the walls of Dublin, Coote was employed during January to destroy Swords, their place of rendezvous, and to ravage the estaies of their adherents in that neighborhood. In the same month 1,100 veterans arrived at Dublin under Sir Simon Har- court; early in February arrived Sir Richard Grenville with 400 horse, and soon after Lieutenant-Colonel George Monk, afterwards Duke of Albemarle, with Lord Leicester's regi- ment, 1,500 strong. Up to this period Ormond had been restrained by the justices, who were as timid as they were cruel, to operations within an easy march of Dublin. He had driven the O'Moores and their Allies out of Naas ; had rein- forced some garrisons in Kildare ; he had broken up, though not without much loss, an entrenched camp of the O'Byrnes at Kilsalgen wood, on the borders of Dublin ; at last the Justices felt secure enough, at the beginning of March, to allow him to march to the relief of Drogheda. Sir Phelim 0»-«.T_!| i,-.j :»«»«f»yi *i»«, «^in/iA fn.1* TviAro flifln t.Tirpft months. had been twice repulsed from its walls, made a last desperate POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 507 attempt, towards the end of February, but with no better suc- cess. After many lives were lost the impetuous lawyer-soldier was obliged to retire, and on the 8th of March, hearing of Ormcnd's approach at the head of 4,000 fresh troops, he hastily retreated northward. On receiving this report the Jus- tices recalled Ormond to the capital ; Sir Henry Tichburne and Lord Moore were despatched with a strong force, on the rear of the Ulster forces, and drove them out of Ardee and Dun- dalk— the latter after a sharp action. The march of Ormond into Meath had, however, been prodcutive of offers of sub- mission from many of the gentry of the Pale, who attended the meetings at Crafty and Tara. Lord Dunsany and Sir John Netterville actually surrendered on the Earl's guarantee, and were sent to Dublin ; Lords Gormanstown, Netterville and Slano offered by letter to follow their example ; but the two former were, on reaching the city, thrust into the dungeons of the Castle, by order of the Justices ; and the proposals of the latter were rejected with contumely. About the same time the Long Parliament passed an act declaring 2,500,000 acres of the property of Irish recusants forfeited to the State, and guaranteeing to all English "adventurers" contributing to the expenses of the war, and all soldiers serving in it, grants of land in proportion to their service and con- tribution. This act, and a letter from Lord Essex, the Parliamentarian Commander-in-Chief, recommending the trans- portation of captured recusants to the West Indian Colo- nies, effectually put a stop to these negotiations. In Ulster, by the end of April, there were 19,000 troops, regulars and vol- unteers, in the garrison or in the field. Newry was taken by Monroe and Chichester, where 80 men and women and 2 priests were put to death. Magennis was obliged to abandon Down, and McMahon Monaghan; Sir Phelim was driven to burn Armagh and Duncannon, and to take his last stand at Charle- mont. In a severe action with Sir Robert and Sir William Stewart he had displayed his usual courage with better than Ilia usual fortune, which, perhaps, we may attribute to the nrfisp.ncfl with him nf Sir Mo-trnry^nr. tWoTv .--n i ii *- I .. — „* „.. _^.. f«*i'vniieii, biuLiiri" tu Lord Antrirs, tho famous Colkitto of the Irish and Scottish m m\ w, 508 POPDIiAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. !'t ff. pill wars Bat the severest defeat which the Confederates had was in the heart of Leinster, at the hamlet of Kilrush, within four miles of Athy. Lord Ormond, returning from a second reinforcement of Naas and other Kildare forts, at the head, hy English account, of 4,000 men, found on the 13th of April the Catholics of the midland counties, under Lords Mountgar- ret Ikerrin and Dunhoyne, Sir Morgan Cavenagh, Rory O'Moore, and Hugh O'Byrne, drawn up, by his report, 8,000 strong, to dispute his passage. With Ormond were the Lord Dillon. Lord Brabazon, Sir Richard Grenville, Sir Charles Coote, and Sir T. Lucas. The combat was short but murder- ous. The Confederates left 700 men, including Sir Morgan Cavena'^h, and some other officers, dead on the field ; the remainder retreated in disorder, and Ormond, with an inconsid- erable diminution of numbers, returned in triumph to Dublin. For this victory the Long Parliament, in a moment of enthu- siasm, voted the Lieutenant-General a jewel worth £500. If any satisfaction could be derived from such ..n incident the violent death of their most ruthless ener>y. Sir Charles Coote, might have afforded the Catholics some consolation. That mer- ciless saberer, after the combat at Kilrush, had teen employed in reinforcing Birr, and relieving the Castle of Geashill, which the ladv Letitia of Offalley held against the neighboring tribe of O'Dempsey. On his return from this service he made a foray against a Catholic force, which had mustered in the neighbor- hood of Trim; here, on the night of the 7th of May, heading a sally of his troop he fell by a musket shot— not without sus- picion of being fired from his own ranks. His son rnd name- sake, who imitated aim in all things, was ennobled at the restoration by the title of the Earl of Mountrath. In Munster the President St. Leger, though lately reinforced by 1,000 men from England, did not consider himself strong enough for other than occasional forays into the neighboring county, and little was effected in that Province. Such was the (;ondition of affairs at home and abroad when the National Synod assembled at Kilkenny. As the most _„.^.i»> tribv.nal invested with the highest moral power in the kingdom, it was their arduous task to establish order and POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 509 authority among the chaotic eiemente of the revolution. By the admission of those most opposed to them they conducted their deliberations for nearly three weeks with equal prudence and energy. Tliey first, on the motion of the venerable Bishop Eothe, framed an oath of association to be publicly taken by all their adherents, by the first part of which they were bound to bear " true faith and allegiance" to King Charles and his lawful successors, " to maintain the fundamental laws of Ire- land, the free exercise of the Roman Catholic faith and reli- gion." By the second part of this oath all Confederate Catholics— for so they were to be called — as solemnly boimd themselves never to accept or submit to any peace "without the consent and approbation of the general assembly of the said Confederate Catholics." They then proceeded to make certain constitutions, declaring the war just and lawful ; con- demning emulations and distinctions founded on distinctions of race, such as " new" and " old Irish ;" ordaining an elective council for each Province ; and a Supreme or National Coun- cil for the whole kingdom; condemning as excommunicate all who should, having taken the oath, violate it, or who should be guilty of murder, violence to persons, or plunder under pretence of the war. Although the attendance of the lay leaders of the movement at Kilkenny was far from general, the exigencies of the case compelled them to nominate, with the concurrence of the Bishops, the first Supreme Council of which Lord Montgarret was chosen President, and Mr. Richard Belling, an accomplished writer and lawyer, Secre- tary. By this body a General Assembly of the entire Nation was summoned to meet at the same city, on the 23d of October following— the anniversary of the Ulster rising, commonly called by the English party " Lord Maguire's day." The choice of such an occasion by men of Moantgarret's and Boiling's moderation and judgment, six mouths after the date of the alleged " massacre," would form another proof, if any were now needed, that none of the alleged atrocities were yet associated with the r.iemory of that particular day. The events of the five months, which intervened between iLo ttUjyurumeut of the National Syuod at the end of May, 510 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. and the meeting of the General Assembly on the 23d of Octo- ber, may best be summed up under the head of the respective provinces. I, The oath of Confederation was taken with en- thusiasm in Munster, a Provincial Council elected, and Gen- eral Barry chosen Commander-in Chief. Barry made an attempt upon Cork, which was repulsed, but a few days later the not loss important city of Limerick opened its gates to the Confederates, and on the 21st of .Tune the citadel was breached and surrendered by Courtenay, the Governor. On the 2d of July St. Leger died at Cork (it was said of vexation for the loss of Limerick), and the command devolved on his son-in-law, Lord Inchiqnin, a pupil of the school of AVards, and a soldier of the school of Sir Charles Coote. With Inchi- quin was associated the Earl of Barrymore for the civil admin- istration, but on Barrymore's death in September both powers remained for twelve months in the hands of the survivor. The gain of Limerick was followed by the taking of Loughgar and Askeaton, but was counterbalanced by the defeat of Lis- carroll, when the Irish loss was 800 men with several colors ; Inchiquin reported only 20 killed, including the young lord Kinalmeaky, one of the five sons whom the Earl of Cork gave to this war. II. In Connaiight Lord Clanrickarde was still enabled to avert a general outbreak. In vain the western Prelates besought him in a pathetic remonstrance to place himself at the head of its injured inhabitants, and take the command of the Province. He continued to play a middle part between the President, Lord Ranelagh, Sir Charles Coote the younger, and Willoughby, Governor of Galway, until the popular impatience burst all control. The chief of the O'Fla- hertys seized Clanrickarde's castle, of Aughrenure, and the young men of Galway, with a skill and decision quite equal to that of the Derry apprentices of an after day, seized an English ship containing arms and supplies, lying in the bay, marched to the Church of Saint Nicholas, took the Confederate oath, and shut Willoughby up in the citadel. Clanrickarde hastened to extinguish this spark of resistance, and induced the towns- men to capitulate on his personal guarantee. But Willoughby, on the arrival of roinfoicemeuts, under the fanatical Lord POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 511 Forbes, at once set the truce made by Clanrickarde at defiance, burned the suburbs, sacked the Churches, and during August and September exercised a reign of terror in the town. About the same time local risings took place in Sligo, Mayo and Ros- common, at first with such success that the President of the Province, Lord Ranelagh, shut himself up in the castle of Ath- lone, where he wa^ closely besieged. III. In Leinster, no mili- tary'movcment of much importance was made, in consequence of the jealousy the Justices entertained of Ormond, and the emptiness of the treasury. In June, the Long Parliament re- mitted over the paltry sura of £11,500 to the Justices, and 2,000 of the troops, which had all but mutinied for their pay, were despatched under Ormond to the relief of Athlone. Com- missioners arrived during the summer appointed by the Par- liament, to report on the aff^airs of Ireland, to whom the Jus- tices submitted a penal code worthy of the brain of Draco or Domitian ; Ormond was raised to the rank of Marquis, by the King ; while the army he commanded grew more and more divided, by intrigues emanating from the castle and beyond the channel. Before the month of October, James Touchet, Earl of Castlehaven, an adventurous nobleman, possessed of large estates both in Ireland and England, effected his escape from Dublin Castle, where he had been imprisoned on suspicion by Parsons and Borlase, and joined the Con- federation at Kilkenny. In September, Colonel Thomaa Preston, the brave defender of Louvain, uncle to Lord Gor- manstown, landed at Wexford, with three frigates and several transports, containing a few siege guns, field pieces, and other stores, 500 oflicers, and a number of engineers. IV. In Ulster, where the first blow was struck and the first hopes were ex- cited, the prospect had become suddenly overclouded. Monroe tookDunluce from Lord Antrim by the same stratagem by Avhich Sir Plielim took Charlemont— inviting himself as a guest, and arresting his host at his own table. A want of cor- dial co-operation between the Scotch commander and " the Undertakers" alone prevented thera extinguishing in one vigorous campaign the northern insurrection. So weak and disorganized were now the thousands who had risen at a bound 512 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. one short year before, that the garrisons of Enniskillen, Derry, Newry and Drogheda, scoured almost unopposed the neigh- l,nnnf 6,000 foot and 600 horse, encountered Monk at Tymahoe and Ballinakil, with some loss ; but before the close of December ho had reduced Birr, Banagher, Burris, and Fort Falkland, and found himself master of King's county, from the I POPULAR inSTOnV OF IRELAND. 616 Shannon to tho Barrow. In Fobriiary, how,,n> r, ha sustahied a serious clieck at llathconnell, in endeavoring to intercept tho re treat of tho English troops f.-om Connoi.ght, under tho connnund of Lord Ranelngh, and tho younger Coote; and in March equal ill success attended Ids nttnnpt to intercept Ormond, in his re treat from the unsuccessfui siege of the town of Ross. Lord Castlelmven, who was Preston's second in command, attributes both these reverses to the impetuosity of tho general, whose im- prudence seems to have been almos-, as great as his activity Was conspicuous. In April and May, Preston and Castlelmven took Boveral strongholds in Carlow, Kild.xro and AVcstmeath. and tho General Assembly, whi.h met, for its second session, on the 20th of May, 1643, at Kilke my, had, on tho whole, good grounds to be satished with tho success of tho war in Leinster. In the Southern Province, considerable military successes miglit also bo claimed by the Confederates. The Munster troops under Purcell, the second in command, a capable soldier, who had learned the art of war in tho armies of tho German Empire, relieved Ross -Men besieged by Ormond; General Bnrry had successfully re- pulsed an attack on Lis head quarters, tlio famous old Desmond town of Killmallock. In Juno, Barry, Purcell and Custlehavea drove tho enemy before them across tho Puncheon, and at Kil- worth brought their main body, under Sir Charles Vavasour to action Vavasour's force was badly beaten, himself captured with his cannon and colors, and many of his officers and men' Inchiqilin,who had endeavored to forma junction with Vavasour, eenapcd to one of tho few remaining garrisons open to him- probably Youglial. In Connaught, tho surrender of Golway, on the 20th of June, eclipsed all the previous successes, and they were not a few of Lieutenant-General Burke. From the day Lord Ranelagh and the younger Coote deserted tho Western province, the Confeder- ate cause had rapidly advanced. The surrender of " the second fort m the Kingdom "-a sea-port in that age, not unworthy to be ranked with Cadiz and Bristol, for its commercial wealth and re- putation-was a military event of the first importance. An En-^lish fleet appeared three days after the surrender of Willoughby in Galway harbor; but nine long years elapsed before the Con- 616 POPULAR H18TOUY OF IRELAND. fedorato colors wore loworec! from tho towers of the Connaughl "'tnlho North. O-Neill, who, without injustico to any of hU contemporaries, may ceUainly bo said to have ""^f .^"""f »- BBven years command the l.ighest European reputation, among he Confederate generals, gathered his recruits mto a rugged district which forms a sort of natural camp, in the northwest corn of the i.huul. The mountain plateau of Le trim which sends its spurs downwards to the Atlantic, towards Lough Erne, and into Longford, accessible only by four or five hues of road Ldin.^ over narrow bridges and through deep defiles, wa tho nur ory selected by this cautious leader, in which to collect and organize his forces. In tho beginning of May-soven montas after tho date of his commission, and ten from his solitary land- in., at Doe Castle-we find l>im a long march from his mountain fortress in Leitrim, at Charlemont, which ho had Btrengthened and garrisoned, and now saved from a surprise attempted by Munroe, from CarricWergus. Having effected that immed.ato obiect, he again retired towards tho Leitrim high ands, fighting byth; way a smart cavalry action at Clonish, with a superior force, under Colonels Stewart, Balfour, and Mervyn. In this affair, O'Neill was only too happy to have earned off his troop ^vith credit ; but a fortnight brought him consolation for Clonish in the brilliant affair of Porllester. He had descended in force from his hills and taken possession of tlio greater part of the ancient Meath. General Monk and Lord Moore were dispatched against him. but reinforced by a considerable body of Meath.an Confederates, under Sir James Dillon, he resolved to risk his first regular engagement in the field. Taking advantage of the situa- tion of the ground, about five miles from Trim, he threw up some field works, placed sixty men in Tortlester mill, and patiently awaited the advance of tho enemy. Their assault was over confi- dent, their route complete. Lord Moore, and a largo portion of tho assailants were slain, and Monk fled back to Dublin. NeiU cathering fresh strength from these movements, abandoned hia mountain stronghold, and established his head quarters on the river Erne between Lough Oughtev (memorable in his life and death) and the upper waters of Lough Erne. At this point stood POPURAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 611 the town of Bclturbct, wlucli in " tho rinntnticn " of Jamea I., Imd been turned over exi'lusivcly to Britisli suttlers, wlioso " coge- work " houses, and four acres of garden ground each, had elicited the approval of tho surveyor P^'nnnr, twenty years beforo. Tlie surrounding country was covered witli tlio fortified castles and looplioled lawns of tlio cliief Uwhrtidcrs — but few were found of BufKcient strcngtli to rcbist the orms of O'Neill. At Uelturbet, ho was within a few days' march of tho vital jjoints of four other counties, ond in case of tho wornt, within the same distance of his protective fastness. Hero, towards the end of September, busied with present duties and future projects, ho heard for the first time, with astonishment and grief, that the requisite majority of '■the Supreme Council" had concluded, on tlie 13th of thot month, a twelve-months' truce with Ormond, thus putting in peril all the advantages already acquired by the bravery of the Confederate troops, and tlie skill of tlieir generals. Tho war had lasted nearly two years, and this was tho first time tlie Catholics had consented to negotiate. Tho moment chosen was a critical one for all the threo Kingdoms, and tho interests involved were complicated in tho extreme. The Anglo-Irish who formed tho majoritj' of the Supreme Council, connected by blood and language with England, had entered into the war, purely as one of religious liberty. T^ationally, they had, apart from the civil disabilities imposed on religious grounds, no antipathy, no interest, hostile to the general body of English loyalists, repre- sented in Ireland by the King's lieutenant, Ormond. On his side, that nobleman gave all his thoughts to, nnd governed all his actions by the exigencies of tho roj-al cause, throughout the three King- doms. When Charles seemed strong in England, Ormond rated tho Catholics at a low figure ; but when Teverses increased ho estimated their alliance more highly. After the drawn battle of Edgehill, fought on tho very day of the first meeting of the General Assembly at Kilkenny, the Kinghad established his headquarters at Oxford, in tho heart of four or five of the most loyol counties In England. Here ho at first negotiated with the Parliament, but finally the sword was again invoked, and while the King pro- claimed the Parliament rebels, " the solemn leogue aud covenant'' was entered into, at first separately, nnd afterwards jointly, by the {•• I 518 POPULAR HISTORY OP IRELAND. Puritans of England, and Presbyterians of Scotland. The military events during that year, and in the first half of the next, were upon the whole not unfavorable to the royal cause. The great battle of Marston Moor, (July 2d, 1644,) which " extinguished the hopes of the Royalists in the Northern counties," was the first Parliamentary victory of national importance. It was won mainly by the energy and obstinacy of Lieutenant General Cromwell, from that day forth the foremost English figure in the Civil War. From his court at Oxford, where he had seen the utter failure of endeavoring to conciliate his English and Scottish enemies, the King had instructed Ormond— lately created a Marquis— to treat with the Irish Catholics, and to obtain from them men and money. The overtures thus made were brought to maturity in September; the Cessation was to last twelve months ; each party was to remaia in possession of its own quarters, as they were held at the date of the treaty ; the forces of each were to unite to punish any infrac- tion of the terms agreed on ; the agents of the Confederates, during the cessation, were to have free access and safe conduct to the King ; and for these advantages, the Supreme Council were to present his Majesty immediately with £15,000 in money, and pro- visions to the value of £15,000 more. Such was " the truce of Castlcmartin," condemned by O'Neill, by the Papal Nuncio, Scarampi, and by the great majority of the old Irish, lay and clerical ; still more violently denounced by the Puritan Parliament as favoring popery, and negotiated by popish agents ; beneficial to Ormond and the Undertakers, as relieving Dublin, freeing the channel from Irish privateers, and securing thera in the garrisons throughout the Kingdom which they still held ; in one sense advantageous to Charles from the immediate supplies it afforded, and the favorable impression it created of his liberality, at the courts of his Catholic allies ; but on the other hand disad- vantageous to him in England and Scotland, from the pretexts it furnished his enemies, of renewing the cry of his connivance with Popery, a cry neither easily answered, nor, of itself, liable quickly to wear out. POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 519 CHAPTER VII. THE CESSATION AND ITS CONSEQUENCES. While the Confederate delegates, reverently uncovered, and Ormond, in hut and plume, as representing royalty, were signing " the cessation " at Castlemartin, the memorable Munroe, witli all his men, were taking the covenant, on tlieir knees, in the church of Carrickfergus, at the hands of the informer O'ConnoUy, now a colonel in the Parliamentary army, and high in the confidence of its chiefs. Soon after this ceremony, Munroe, appointed by the English Parliament commander-in-chief of all their forces in Ulster, united ucder his immediate leadership, of Scots, English, and Undertakers, not less than 10,000 men. With this force he marched southward as far as Newry, which ho found an easy prey, and where he put to the sword, after surrender, sixty men, eighteen women, and two ecclesiastics. In vain the Confederates entreated Ormond to lead them against the common enemy in the Korth ; pursuing always a line of policy of his own, in which their interest had a A'cry slender part, that astute politician neither took the field, nor consented that they should do so of themselves. But the supremo council, roused by the remontrances of the clergy, ordered Lord Castlehaven, with the title of commander in oliief, to march against Munroe. This was virtually supersed- ing O'Neill in his own province, and that it was so felt even by its authors is plain from their giving him simultaneously tho command in Connaught. O'Neill, never greater than in acts of self-denial and self-sucrifice, stifled his profound chagrin, and cheerfully ofTercd to servo under the English Earl, placed over his head. But the nortliera movements were, for many months, languid and uneventful ; both parties seemed uncertain of their true policy ; both, from day to day, awaited breathlessly for tid. ings from Kilkenny, Dublin, London, Oxford, or Edinburgh, to learn what new forms the general contest was to take, in order to guide their own conduct by the shifting phases of that intricate diplomacy. Among the first consequences of the cessation were tho de- Hi 520 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. iii barkatiou at Mostyn, in Scotland, of 3,000 well provided Irisli troops, under Colkitlo, (the left-handed,) Alexander McDonnel, brother of Lord Antrim. Following the banner of Montrose, these regiments performed great things at Saint Johnstown, at Aberdeen, at Inverlochy, all which have been eloquently re- corded by the historians of that period. "Their reputation," says a cautious writer, "more than their number, unnerved the prowess of their enemies. No force ventured to oppose them in the field ; and as they advanced, every fort was abandoned or surrendered." A less agreeable result of " the cessation," for tho court at Oxford, was the retirement from the royal army of tho Earl of Newcastle, and most of liis officers, on learning that such favorable conditions had been made with Irish Papists. To others of his supporters— as the Earl of Shrewsbury— Charles was forced to assume a tone of apology for that truce, pleading the hard necessities which compelled him ; tho truth seems to be, that there were not a few then at Oxford, who, like Lord Spencer, would gladly have been on the other side— or at all events in a position of neutrality— provided they could have found " a salvo for their honor," as gentlemen and cavaliers. The year 1644 opened for the Irish with two events of great significance— the appointment of Ormond as viceroy, in Januarj', and the execution at Tyburn, by order of thoEnghsh Parliament, of Lord Maguire, a prisoner in the Tower since October, 164L Maguire died with a courage and composure worthy of his illus- trious name, and his profoundly religious character. His long absence had not effaced his memory from the hearts of his devoted clansmen of Fermanagh, and many a prayer was breathed, and many a vow of vengeance muttered among them, for what they must naturally have regarded as tho cold-blooded judicial murder of tlu'ir chief. Two Irish deputations— one Catholic, tho other Protestant— ' proceeded this year to the king, at Oxford, with tho approval of Ormond, who took care to be represented by confidential agents of his own. The Catholics found a zealous auxiliary in the queen, Henrietta Maria, who, as a co-religionist, felt with them, and, as a Frenchwoman, was free from insular prejudices against them. Tlio Irish Protestants found a .scuvecly less ismucntial advoeatt' POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 621 in the venerable Archbishop Usher, whose presence and counte- nance, as tlie most puritanical of his prelates, was most essential to tlie policy of Charles. The king heard both parties graciously —censured some of the demands of both as extravagant and beyond his power to concede— admitted others to be reasonable and worthy of consideration— refused to confirm the churches they had seized to the Catholics— but was willing to allow them their "seminaries of education"— would not consent to enforeo the penal laws on the demand of the Protestants— but declared that neither should the Undertakers be disturbed in their posses- sions or offices. In short he pathetically exhorted both parties to consider his case as well as their own ; promised them to call together the Irish Parliament at the earliest possible period ; and so got rid of both deputations, leaving Ormond master of the position for some time longer. • The agents and friends of the Irish Catholics on the Continent were greatly embarrassed, and not a little disheartened by the cessation. At Paris, at Brussels, at Madrid, but above all at Rome, it was regretted, blamed, or denounced, according to the temper or the insight of the discontented. His Catholic Majesty had some time before remitted a contribution of 20,000 dollars to the Confederate Treasury ; one of Richelieu's last acta was to invite Con, son of Hugh O'Neil, to the French Court, and to permit the shipment of some pieces of ordnance to Ireland ; from Rome, the celebrated Franciscan, Father Luke "Wadding, had remitted 26,000 dollars, and the Nuncio Scarampi, had brought further donations. The facility, therefore, with which the cessa- tion had been agreed upon, against the views of the agents of the Catholic powers at Kilkenny, without any apparently sufficient cause, had certainly a tendency to check and chill the enthusiasm of those Catholic Princes who had been taught to look on the insurrection of the Irish as a species of Crusade. Remonstrances, warm, eloquent, and passionate, were poured in upon the most influential members of the Sujjreme Council, from those who had either by delegation, or from their own free will, befriended them abroad. These remonstrances reached that powerful body at Waterford, at Limerick, or at Galway, whither tl\ey had gone on an o — cia. viF.i.s...!r'.r!^ f.-> near complaints, settle controTcrsies, and 522 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. provide for the better coUection of the asaessmenta imposed on each Province. An incident which occui-red in Ulster, soon startled the Supreme Council from their pacific occupations. General Munroe, having proclaimed that all Protestants within his command should take "the solemn league and covenant" three thousand of that re- ligion, still loyalists, met at Belfast/to deliberate on their answer. Munroe, however, apprised of their intentions, marched rapidly from Carrickfergus, entered the town under cover of mght, and drove out the loyal Protestants at the point of the sword. The fugitives threw themselves into Lisburn, and Munroe appointed Colonel Hume as Governor of Belfast, for the Parliaments of Scotland and England. Castlehavcn, with O'Neill stiU second m command, was now despatched northward against the army of the Covenant. Munroe who had advanced to the borders of Meath, as if to meet them, contented himself with gathering in great herds of cattle; as they advanced he slowly fell back before them through Louth and Armagh, to his original head- quarters ; Castlehaven then returned with the main body of the Confederate troops to Kilkenny, and O'Neill, depressed but not dismayed, carried his contingent to their former position at Bol- tnrbet. , -i. In Munster, n new Parliamentary party had time to form its combinations under the shelter of the cessation. The Earl of Indiiquin, who had lately failed to obtain the Presidency of Jlun- Bter from the King at Oxford, and the Lord Broghill, son of the great Southern Undertaker-tho first Earl of Cork,-were at the head of this movement. Under pretence that the quarters allot- ted them by the cessation had been violated, they contrived to seize upon Cork, Youghal, and Kinsole. At Cork, they publicly executed Father Mathews, a Friar, and proceeding from violence to violence they drove from the three places all the Catholic in- habitants. They then forwarded a petition to the King, beseech- ing him to declare the Catholics " rebels," and declaring their own determination to " die a thousand deaths sooner than conde- scend to any peace with them." At the same time they entered into, or avowed, their correspondence with the English Parlia- ment, whicJi uaturuily enough encouraged, and assisted thea- POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 623 The Supreme Council met these demonstrations ^ith more strin gent ms ructions to General Purcell, now their chief in command" Barry hav.ng .-etired on account of advanced age,) to Zerve the cessatio,, and to punish severely every infrac^ioi of it IS the same t,me they permitted or directed Purcell to enter into a truce with Induquin till the following April ; and then they rested n the,r arms za religious fidelity to the engagements ley had signed at Castlemartin. ^ of the treaty. Accordingly, at his request, Lord Muskerry. and five other con^missioners, left Kilkenny on the last day of August for Dubhn. Between them and the Viceroy, the cessation wl prolonged till the first of December following; and wh aM day came it was further protracted, as woull ^ppel; ^ th e months, by which time, (March, 1645,) Ormond informed them ^haU.o had powers from the King to treat for n permanent settl^ nro^r'I^?" .f ""7'^" *^"* "'° °'"'-'"^l ^«^^'^«°« -«3 thus protracted by the policy of Ormond, the supreme council sen abroad new agents, "to know what they had to trust to, and Father Hugh Bourke was sent to Spain, and Sir Richard Belling to Rome where Innocent X. had recently succeeded to that generous friend of the Catholic Irish, Urban VIII. The voyage of hese agerrts was not free from hazard, for, whereas, beforTthe cessation the privateers commissioned by the council, sheltered and pphed in the_ Irish harbors, had kept the southern coast clear of hostile shipinng, now that they had been withdrawn under tho truce, the parliamentary cruisers had the channel all to them selves Waterford and Wexford-the two chief Catholic port in that quarter-instead of seeing their waters crowded with pmes now began to tremble for their own safety. The strong fort of Duncannon. on the Wexford side of Waterford harbor m corruptly surrendered by Lord Esmond, to Inchiquin and the Pun ans After a ten-weeks" siege, however, and the expen- diture of 19,000 pounds of powder, the Confederates retook tha .or., xn spico oi uH the efforts made for its relief. Esmond old 524 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. ..a blind, oscaped by a ti.ely ^^^l^^j::^^]^^ treason. ^0"-^^ "P;"7;,,':^" th/ saL party, other southern strongho d8 "^ P°J«'^;^°" Doneraile and Lib- Carroll surrendered on articles, ^°Jellan c , ^^_ ,uln-s brother. - — ^^^ ^^^^ f,::^ sea. suecessLy equally aetive. To -P— J- ^J^^^^^^^^^^^ fr. ul .olLcted Sligo could mt hop» lo co.te.d, a.d soon, Ln wore daily kunchod upon tl.o ndjommg couutiy. Lora CLn, 0^*, I voy.. pro.ideut o, ..,. P-'"'!' » ^f^fcS „!»».. u,u.Uy .re in t'"-;;™-" ^^^^^ Xco nd of Meathhad also to ,nouru their chiefs ; and several *:«."»? it ISngtad. TM. tragedy,.* Sligo »oured 0. Sunday, October 26th, 1646. POPULAR HISTORY OP IRELAND. 625 CHAPTER VIII. GLAMOBGAn's treaty. — TUB NEW NUNCIO BINUCCINI.- POSITION. — TUB BATTLE OF BENBURB. d'neill's Okmond had amused the Confederates with negotiations for a permanent peace and settlement, from spring till midsummer, when Charles, dissatisfied with these endless delays, despatclied to Ireland a more hopeful embassador. This was Herbert, Earl of Glamorgan, one of the few Catholics romain'ng among the English nobility ; son and heir to the Marquis of Worcester, and son in-law to Henry O'Brien, Earl of Thomond. Of a family de- voutly attached to the royal cause, to which it is said they had contributed not less than £200,000, Glamorgan's religion, his rank, his Irish connections, the intimate confidence of the King which he was known to possess, all marked out his embassy as one of the utmost importance. The story of this mission has been perplexed and darkened by many controversies. But the general verdict of historians seems now to be, that Charles I., whose many good qualities as a man and a ruler are cheerfully admitted on all hands, was yet utterly deficient in downright good faith ; that duplicity was his besetting sin; and that Glamorgan's embassy is one, but only one, of the strongest evidences of that ingrained duplicity. It may help to the clearer understanding of the negotiationa conducted by Glamorgan in Ireland, if we give in the first place the exact dates of the first transactions. The Earl arrived at Dublin about the 1st of August, and, after an interview with Ormond, proceeded to Kilkenny. On the 28th of that month, preliminary articles were agreed to and signed by the Earl on behalf of the King, and by Lords Mountgarrett and Muskcrry on beh.ilf of the Confederates. It was necessary, it seems, to get the concuirence of the Viceroy to these terms, and accordingly the negotiators on both sides repaired to Dublin. Here, Ormond contrived to detain them ten long weeks in discussions on the ar- ticles relating to religion; it was the 12th of November when >m Pfel u 826 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRKLAND. they returned to Kilkenny, with a mueh -odifiedtreaty On Ih, next day the 13th, the new Pa,ml Nuncio, a prelate ^slio, l.> lus , " , k hfs'cloqucnc; and his i„nn-udeuce, .as destined to exerc.o a pjwevful Luenco on the Catholic councils, made h.s pubUc ^"TC^ate'was John Baptist Binuecini Arci>bishop of Femo in the Marches of Ancona, which see he had preferred to :: Ire exalted dignity of Florence ^y;'^^^;^^ . new Nuncio had distinguished himself fro,n boyho-,d bj his pas r raUachment to\is studies. At Bologna, at rer«g., and at Rome, his intense application brought Inm early ' -^ ; ^^ earlv physical debility. His health, partially restored in the se- US his nativcUey of the Amo, enabled ..to M^^^^ again to Rome. Enjoying the confidence of Greg yXV^an^^ Urban VIII., he was named successively, Clerk of the CI amber. IZly of'the Congregation of Rites, and Archbishop^f 1 ernia This was the prelate chosen by the new Pope, Innoc nt X for the nnnciature in Ireland: a man of noble birth, in the fifty-third y ar o his age, of uncertain bodily health, of great learning, s- pe ally as a canonist, of a fiery Italian temperament^" regular S even austere in his life, and far from any taint of avarice or corruption,"-such was the admission of his enemies. Laving Italy in May, accompanied by the Dean of Ferm , who has lelus a valuable record of the embassy, his other house- to d officers several Italian noblAien, and Sir Richard Belling. Jhl sptSagent at Rome, the Nuncio by way of Genoa and Mar- seilles reached Paris. In France he was detained nearly five Months Tn a fruitless attempt to come to some definite arrange- rr:: to tl. conduct of tl. CathoUe war. ^^^^f^^^^^ rietta Maria, then resident with the young Prince of W ales-after wards Charies II,-at the French court. The Queen, like most persons of her raLk, overwhelmed with adversity, was often un- reLon b°y suspicious and exacting. Her sharp woman's tongue dtd not spare those on whom her anger fell, and there were not tanl.^ hose, who, apprehensive of the effect in England of her Tgo iaUng directly with a papal minister, did their utmost^o defay, or to break r ^aud^^^^^ At the city gate ho re\. recited some congratulatory ^^J^'J ■ here the procession of the clergy and the c tj gu ^^ ^^^ graciously aLatin oration was delivered ^-1 ^ '^ 6ross he was escorted to replied in the same language. J^^^^Hl ^.^^^.,^, ,y ^he aged th3 Cathedral at he djor of^^ ^^^ .^^^^„,,, ,,, ^e Bishop, Dr. David ^ot '«• ^Uhe l | .^ benediction. Then he i>.u,«, and gave ^^^^ "^"'f ."^"^ ;';!" ';, ,vas soon waited upon by ^as conducted to his ^"^1=-"^ '^^^'^^V Jio brouM.t him to Kil. Lord Muslcerry and «--»^J;:;^J;,:';, Solicited even a l.enny Castle, -bere in he greagaUy^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ Florentine's admiration, he was '^^''^^^ Another Latin ,,e President of 2!^^^:^^:^:^.., by the Nun- rrspltdrrneb: Bisho/o^ Clogher.and so the cere- mony of reception ended ^^ ^.g.^^^^^^^ .^ The Nuncio brought from Par^ a n J^_ ^^ ^^ ^^^^_ ^^^^^ the form of a memorial from the ^»S ^^ ^i^ieh ingthattheymigMbeinclud^^^^^^^^^^ JV ^^ ^^^^^ might be made by their ^^ ' "^ ' ^^,^^ ^.^b^rs of the same No-thing could ^^'^<:^^j;l^:l^'Z^Z tusTbut nothing could persecuted church should make «°™™ .^ ^j,, English .emoreim^Mcthans^^^^^^^^^^^^ ::rl "is^ ^-y or^..^ . the^i^b . ^? jrt: i^^r:i::X ^ -^-y, if tucy «"^'Jt Wt tlevsaS^ independence of all parliamentary and "^?^"^t^ *tH Vet several of the stipulations of this POPULAR HISTORY OF IR!C.T-AND. 59Q niemorial, were after many modifications and discussions, adopted by Glamorgan into his original articles, and under tlio treaty thus ratiQcd, the Confederates bound tliemselvcs to despatch 10,000 men, fully armed ond equipped, to the relief of Chester and the general auccor of the King in England. Towards the close of December, the English Earl with two Commissioners from the Supremo Council, set forth for Dublin, to obtain the Viceroy's sanction to the amended treaty. But in Dublin a singular coun- terplot in this perplexed drama awaited them. On St. Stephen's day, while at dinner, Glamorgan was arrested by O.mond, on a charge of having exceeded his instructions, and confined a close prisoner in the castle. The gates of the city were closed, and every means taken to give eclnt to this extraordinary proceeding. The Confederote Commissioners were carried to the castle, and told they might congratulate themselves on not sharing the cell prepared for Glamorgan. " Go back," they were told, " to Kil- ke'my and tell the President of the Council, that the Protestants of i ngland would fling the King's person out at his window, if thcij believed it poKsible that he lent himself to such an undertaking." The Commissioners accordingly went back and delivered their errand, with a full account of all the circumstances. Fortunately, the General Assembly had been called for an early day in January^ 1C46, at Kilkenny. When, therefore, they met, their first resolu- tion was to despatch Sir Robert Talbot to the Viceroy, with a letter suspending all negotiations till the Earl of Glamorgan was set at liberty. By the end of Januai-y, on the joint bail, for £40,000, of the Earls of Clanrrickarde and Kildare, the English envoy was enlarged, and to the still further amazement of tiie simpler-minded Catholics, on his arrival at Kilkenny he justified, rather tlian censured the action of Orraond. To most observers it appeared that these noblemen understood each other only too well. From January till June, Kilkenny was delivered over to cabals, intrigues, and recriminations. There was an " old Irish party," to which the Nuncio inclined, and an " Anglo-Irish party '' headed by Mountgarrett and the majority of the countul. The former stigmatized the latter as Ormondists, and the latter re- torted on them with the name of the Nuncio's party. In Feb- 45 m i ,„„>., cme «e« of • foreign trc.ty ™a» - »»"•. "^ ^ Ko J,™ D«.,y ».. ...0 >M.«'. Mi.«-. 7; X„» :.* conceded, in fact, all the n.o«t csscntud ^^^"^^]^^ \^2 secured them equal rights a« to property, m the ^ " > ^ Universities, and at the Bar ; they gave them seats m both I m.s 8 anTon the iench ; they authorized a special ---;7;;/^^j J and Terminer, composed .vholly of Confederates; they d clared « at trindJpendency of the Parliament of Ireland on t a of England,' should be decided by ^''^--f'-^/^L-'n short 'a-n-eeably to the la^vs of the Kingdom of Ireland. In Bhort tl fll form of Glamorgan's treaty gave the ^^^^^^ » 1646 all that was subsequently obtained either for the chud or 104b, au I _ ,Kft„ 1^03 or 1829. Though some conditions the country, in 1782, 17.'.i. or 10-.. _ o Prelates were omitted, to which liinuccini and a majority of he 1 re atea attached importance. Glamorgan', treaty was, "1-^ ^^ ^^^^^^^^^ a charter upon which a free church and a free pe<.ple might we have sld,' as the fundamental law of their religious and civil ''''ThJ't;eaty thus concluded Ut the end of March was to lie as anil An «ie hands of the Marquis of Clamickarde till the 1st ^^M V awaiting Sir Kenelm Digby with the Roman protocol ind ttnTot^;^tl.tanding the dissuasion, of Rinuccim to th tn run it was to be kept secret from the world, though some of ts obl'a Lrwere expected to be at once fuliiUcd on their side Ty he^Catholics. The Supreme ( ouncil. ever eager o ex .ib> Ion loyalty, gathered together liOoO troops for the leliof of Ch tei and'he service of the K .ng in England, so soou as both ^rea Uthe Irish and the llonian-should be signed by Charl s mtsowaiting.they besieged andtookBunrattyca^Ie-^^ referred to-but Sir Kenelm Digby did not '»'"^«/7%3 andTley now learned, to their renewed amazement, that Glamo - gan' whl -gotiation was disclaimed by the King in England fn the me infcrval Chester fell, and the King wns obliged to hrow Llf into the hands of the Scottish Parliament, who fcH.fe POPULAR HISTORY OK IRELAND. ■nrrundorod hiiu for a price to thotr English coacljiitors. ThoBfl tidings readied Ireland during Mny, and, varied witli tlio capture of an occaHionnl fortress, lost or won, occupied nil mcn'a minds. But tlie first days of June were destined to bring witli them a victory of national — of European importance — won by Owen O'Neill, in the immodiiito vicinity of his grand-uncle's famous battlefield of the Yellow-ford. During these three years of intrigue and negotiation, the posi- tion of General CNeill was hazardous and difficult in the extreme. One can)paigii he had served under a stranger, as second on his own soil. In the other two he was fettered by the terms of " cessation " to his own quarters ; and to add to his embarras- ments, Ins impetuous kinsman Sir Pheliui, brave, rash, and am- bitious, recently married to a daughter of his ungenerous rival, General Preston, was incited to thwart and obstruct him amongst their mutual clansmen and connections. Tlie only recompense wliich seems to have been awarded to him, was tlie confidence of the Nuncio, who, either from tliat knowledge of character in whicli tlie Italians excel, or from bias received from some other source, at once singled him out as the man of his people. What portion of the Nuncio's supplies reached the Northern Genaral we know not, but in tlio beginning of June, he felt himself in a posi- tion to bring on an engagement with Monroe, who, lately reinforced by both Parliam had marched out of Carrickfergus, into Ty- rone, with ft ^^l•^v of penetrating as far south as Kilkenny. On the 4th day of June, the two armies encountered at Benburb, on the little river Blackwater, about six miles north of Armagh, and the most liignal victory of the war came to recompense the long- endari' jj patience of O'Neill. The battle of Benburb has been often and well described. In a naturally atrr.ng position — with tliis leader the choice of ground seems to have been a first consideration — the Irisli, for four hours, received and repulsed the various charges of the Puritan horse. Tlion as the sun began to descend, pouring its rays upon the opposing force, O'Neill led his whole force— five thousand men against eight — to the attack. One terrible onset swept away every trace of resistnnce. Tliere were counti'd on ttie field, 3,243 of the Covenanters, nnd of the Catholics, but 10 killed and 100 532 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. wounde.1. Lord Ardes, and 21 Scottish' officers, 32 standards, 1500 draught horses, and all the g-nns and tents, were captured, Munroe fled in panic to Lisburn, and thence to Carrickfergus, where he shut himself np, till he could obtain reinforcements. O'Neill forwarded tlie captured colors to the Nuncio, at Limerick, by whom they were solemnly placed in the clioir of St. Mary's Cathedral, and afterwards, at the request of Pope Innocent, sent to Rome. Te Deum was chanted in the Confederate Capital; penitential psalms were sung in the Northern fortress. " The Lord of Hosts," wrote Munroei " had rubbed sliame on our faces, till once we are humbled ;" O'Neill emblazoned the cross and keys on his banner with the Red Hand of Ulster, and openly re- sumed the title originally chosen by his adherents at Clones, " the Catholic Army." i:':i i CHAPTER IX. FROM THB BATTLE OF BKNBURB TILL TUB LANDING OF CEOMWELL AT DUBLIN. The Nuncio, elated by the great victory of O'Neill, to which ho felt he had personally contributed by his seasonable supplies, provoked and irritated by Ormond's intrigues ond the King's insincerity, rushed with all the ardor of his character into mak- ino" the war an uncompromising Catholic crusade. In this line of conduct, lie was supported by the Archbishops of Dublin and Cashel, by ten of tlie Bishops, including the eminent Prelates of Limerick, Killalla, Ferns, and Cloglier; the Procurator of Ar- magh; nine Vicars-general, and the Superiors of the Jesuits, Dominicans, Franciscans, and Augustinians. The peace party, on tlie other hand, were not without clerical adherents, but tliey were inconsiderable, as to influence and numbers. They were now become as auxious to publish the Tliirty Articles agreed upon at tlie end of March, as they then were to keep them secret. POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 533 Accordingly, with Ormond's consent, copies of thp tr„nf sent early in August to the sheriffs o^ coZ:^ tli:: S s the r'" ^"f°^-^-h, the Nuncio and hisLp. at AVaterford, on the 12th of August, solemnly declared that tSev gave no consent, and would not, "to any peace "that t^^ grant "further, surer and safer considerationf Tor t r r %i n Ju,g aud country," according to the original oath of the CoS The rupture between the clergy and the laymen of the council confidence were at nn f>n,l Tt ^ 1 , . , i-"iiLora ana Mountgarret in f^: presMn^'^f^ tht^f ' ^" ''''''' "°^^ »ri,„ 1 ,, , ° pii-aKieni 01 the ia/e supreme council » were stigmatized byh.sname; while the Nuncio, suspicious of Preston, wrote urgently to O'Neill to lead his army into^L ^te/ and remove the remnant of the late council from Kilkenny IS hat those who held a middle course between the extr meLofld do was to advocate an early meeting of the General A^semS Jcu/l '";™""« """"^'^^ wer. months of triumph for Ri- nuccuH. Lord D.gby appeared at Dublin as a special agent from h Kmg. to declare his consent to Glamorgan's ori.i„rterms b..0rmo„d3t II insisted that /.had no authority og:be7nd ur mon 1,; • had marched southward with a guard of l.l'i:! "Ld ':::::' i,r:, mm ' [!■■■ ■ft ' wi -fh'^^^M ''^'l^M 534 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRKLAKD. to endeavor to conciliate the towns, and to win over the Earl of Inchiquin. In both tliese objects he failed. He found O'Neill before him in his county palatinate of Tipperary, and the mayor of Cashel informed him that he dared not allow him into that city, for fear of displeai^ing the northern general. Finding him- self thus unexpectedly within a few miles of " the Catholic Army," 10,000 strong, the viceroy retreated precipitately through Kil- kenny. Carlow, and Kildare, to Dublin. Lord Digby, who had accompanied him, after an unsuccessful attempt to cajole the Synod of Waterford, made the best of his way back to France; the Marquis of Clanrickarde, who had also been of the expedition, shared the flight of Ormond. Towards the middle of September, O'Neill's army, after capturing Roscrea Castle, marched to Kil- kenny, and encamped near that city. His forces had now aug- mented to 12,000 foot and 1,500 horse ; on tlie 18th of the month, he escorted the Nuncio in triumph into Kilkenny, where the Urmondist members of the old council were committed to close custody in the castle. A new council, of four bishops and eight laymen, was established on the 26th, with tlie Nuncio as pre- sident; Glamorgan succeeded Castlehaven, who had gone over to Ormond, as commander in Munster ; while O'Neill and Px-eston •were ordered to unite their forces for the siege of Dublin. The sarguine Italian dreamt of nothing less, for the moment, than the"creation of viceroys, the deliverance of the Kiug, and the complete restoration of the ancient religion. O'Neill and Preston by different routes, on which they were delayed in taking several garrisoned posts, united at Lucan in the valley of the Liffey, seven miles west of Dublin, on the 9th of November. Tlieir joint forces are represented at 16,000 foot, and 1,600 horse— of which Preston had about one-third and O'Neill the remainder. Preston's headquarters were fixed at Leixlip, and O'Neill's at Newcastle— points equi-distant, and each within two hours' march of the capital. Within the walls of that city there reigned the utmost consternation. Many of the inhabitants fled beyond seas, terrified by the fancied cruelty of the Uls^ermen, But Ormond retained all his presence of mind, and readiness of resources. He entered, at first covertly, into arrangements with the Parliamentarians, who sent him a supply of powder ; he wrote POPULAR HI8T0KY OF IRELAND. 535 urgently to Munroe to make a diversion in Ins favor ; he demolished the mills and suburbs which might cover the approaches of the enemy; heemployedsoIdiers.civilians, and even women, upon the fortification3,-Lady Ormond setting an example to her sex ^ rendering lier feeble assistance. Clanrickarde, in Pree^nn'^ tent ^-as doing the work of stimulating the old antipathy of that General towards 0-M, which led to conflicting advi< Jin councU and some irritating personal altercations. To add to the Confederate embarrassment, the winter was the most severe known for many years ; from twenty to thirty sentinels being frozen at ni^ht at their posts. On the iSth of November, while the plan of the Confederate attack wa, still undecided, commissioners of the Par- liament arrived with ample stores in Dublin Bay. On the next day thev I.ndeJ at Ringsend and entered into negotiations with t fa-nu; on the 10th the siege was raised, and on the 23d Or- '. •., broke off the treaty, having unconsciously saved Dublin ■ • -_ .ne Confederates, by the incorrect reports of supplies being received, which were finally carried northward to Munroe The month of January brought the meeting of the General Assembly. The attendance in the great gallery of Ormond Castle was as hvrge and the circumstances upon the whole as auspicious as could be desired, m the seventli year of such a struo-de The :nembers of the oh. council, liberated from arrest, were in their places. O'xYeill and Preston, publicly reconciled, had signed a solemn engagement to assist and sustain each other. The Ifun m, the Primate of Ireland, and eleven bishops took their seats ^ the peers of oldest title in the kingdom were present, two hund- red and twenty-four members represented the Commons of Ire- land and among tlie spectators sat the ambassadors of Franco and .pam. „nd of King Charles. The main subject of discussioa V as the sufficiency of the Thirty Articles, and the propriety of ir/r''''^ Tr i'^'^^'^-S-'^^ «g<^in«t those who had signed them. The debate embraced all that mavbe said on the question o clerical interference in political affair^, on condit^nal and unconditional allegiance, on the power of the Pontiff speak- ing e^ ca^/Wra, and the prerogatives of the temporal sovereign It was protracted through an entire month, and ended with a compromise, which declared that the Commissioners had aetr d m Jf t^i POPULAB HISTORY OV lEKLAND. 636 r i»a wWle it iuHified the Synod of good faith in signing the "^ytf;' ™/^l,e and intent of the ^aterford for having, as i^^^ ^l^'^^.^^^r^i and nnaccept. oath of confederation ^«f f ^^J^^JV ^.^j. the associ- able. A new oath of confedera y, olem- .^ ^^^.^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ates not to lay down their -^^^^ '^^"^^^1^,^,,^ i, the reign of and puolic exercise of ^f^^^^^^l^^Z ^"^^^ ««"^''''' ^^''^"' Henry VIL, ^as framed and t'^^^^J^y; ^^^^^.^t and nnaccept- Uy , L Thirty ArUcle^v-^^^^^^^^^^ g^^,,^, Coun- ablc by all but a minority of twelve ^ o ^^^^^^ ^ cil of twenty.fonr was <^'^^^^Xl,'^ZTv^U The ehurch be above four or five P^'^.^-r/^.^Tdere J to be coined into piate throughout the ^^-f -^ L Jl with the Viceroy on The military events of the year ^ Munster, Pres- than its polities. G^™^- llTXter and Connaught. The ton in Leinster. and O'Neil m !>o«^ ^^f^^ J^j , ,,,,,, of 5,000 first was confronted by I'^-^^^f "f '^;^^ji; the English Pur- foot and 1.500 horse, ^^^"^^^tX^, Drogleda and Hans; the ^-ond saw - ga^^^^^^^^ Covenanters, and fed by Dublin reinforced by fiesU ic«i .^ ^,^^ ,,^,j^rt ParV,amentaryBupplie_sfromthesea, * l^t^^^^ ^^^^_^^^^.^^ „^, of Connaught organizing an^c™ ; ^^^,^ ,„thing and things within his ^-^I'^^lJZZm was soon joined by the ammunition. In ^"""^"^M.^^ ^,^„,e and Nuncio, who, as cl'-^c"^^-/ J f^^^^^^^^^^^ in Munster, more on the strong arm of *«/>;'°; ^^^^^,^,„m, and clamored the army refused to follovj the le d of G^ani • g ^^^ ^^ ^^^^ for their old chief Lord ^uB^^-^y ' f^^'n il to Lord Taafe, a national troops was ^^^^l^^^^^ ^VcCclcarde. wholly des- politician of the soliool -^Ovmo.a .^ ^^^ ^.^^^^ tituteof mUitary experience, ^hc vi ^^^^ ^^^^^^ aifRculty ir dealing with Buch «" /"^ ^-^^^^^ unparalleled till without a blow in i^^'^^^-^f'^tforrd^ld its str-ets and tue days of Drogheda and Wexfoul, rttluj^ea POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 637 diurchea. At Knocknos, later in the autumn (Nov. 12th), Taafe was utterly routed ; the gallant ColkUco, serving under him, la- mentabl}' sacrificed after surrendering liis sword; and Inchiquin enabled to dictate a cessation covering Munster — far leas favo- rable to Catholics than the truce of Castlemartin — to the Supreme Council. This truce was signed at Dungarvan, on the 20th of May, 1648, and on the 27th the Nuncio published his solemn decree of excommunication against all its aiders and abettors, and himself made the best of his way from Kilkenny to Maryboro', where O'Neill then lay. The military and political situation of O'Neill, during the latter months of 1647 and the whole of 1648, was one of the most extraordinary in which any general had ever been placed. Hia lute sworn colleague Preston was now combined with Inchiquin against him ; the royalist Clanrickarde, in the western counties, pressed upon his rear, and captured his garrison in Athlone ; the Parliamentary general, Michael Jones, to whom Ormond had finally surrendered Dublin, observed rather than impeded ;a3 movome. ts in Leinster; the lay majority of the Supreme Council proclaimed him a traitor — a compliment which he fully returued ; the Nuncio threw himself wholly into his hands ; finally, at the close of '48, Ormond, returning from France to Ireland, con- cluded, on the 17th of January, a formal alliance vith the lay members, under the title of " Commissioners of Trust," for the King and Kingdom ; and llinuccini, desp.niring, perhaps, of a cause so distracted, sailed in his own frigate, from Galway, on the 23d of February, Thus did the actors change their parts, alternately triumphing and fleeing for safety. The verdict of history may condemn the Nuncio, of whom we have now seen the last, for his imperious self-will, and his too ready recourse to ecclesiastical censures ; but of his zeal, his prolity, s.a'} hia dis- interestedness, there can be, wo think, no second opinion. Under the treaty of 1049 — which conceded full civil and reli- gious equality to the Roman Catholics — Ormond was once more placed at the head of the government and in command of the royal troops. A few days after the signing of tliat treaty, news of the execution of Charles I. liaving reached Ireland, the Vice- roy proclaimed the Prince of Wales by t^e title of Charles II., at POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 538 sale, cau^d the same ceremony o W-e ^^.^^^ p^eston, cientborough. ^^HU Onnond jme now ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ Inchiquin, Clanrickarde, -f^^^^^^^^^^ ,f the advanced age Supreme Couneil devolved in cons^q^en ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^_ „, Lord Mounga.et.an O^jema^^ ^^^^^^^ p,„ee. an exU. missioners of Trust, ini. ^^^ expected bo the son of that Cathohe queen ft m .horn y^^^ ^^ ^^^ .^^^^^^ „„ch, ^vas far from ""P^P"^'^^" jj^ ..idely diffused through The Anglican interest was « -^ ^d^v y^^^^^ ,,te. like bothU-insterandMunster; and except a ^ ^^^^^ ^.^^ p, French, Bishop of Ferns or a^^h^^^^U^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^ «-° "^ Tttt'S:. i T- ;^^^^^^^^ the national, or !rr i:Li:;^2y;h:^ tcidedly lost grom.d from the hour of the Nuncio's departure ^^ ^^^^^ j,^tional • Owen O'NeiU and ^'^^ff^vc^^niX.s' truce with General policy. The former ^'^^'^'^J'^le.n the command of all the Monek. who had succeed d Mnnroe xu ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ Parliamentary troops in h,s P^°; j ^ ^les to O'Neill, to ^as even exhibited of Monck ^^^ZT^nA O^eiU coming to the be used against Inchiqum and Om^d, an ^ ^^ j^^„,,„,,„y. rescue of Coote, and ^'^^-"^ f J J^ ;,„„,,eda. Trim, Dundalk, Inchiquin, in rapid ''^^''^''^ZtJj to join Ormondinbe- Newry,and then ^^^^''y^^'''^:^\^e Ly, both generals sieging Dublin f^^^'^^'^ Parliamentarians under Mi- wore surprised ^nd defeated by t ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ed, they chaclJones. Between ^'^f'^^T^^.o, and by the Puritan ^-*' ^' T TSooTnTractLw. the virtual close o^^ accounts above 6,000 men. ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ the Ormond's military career , ho neve ^^.^ ^.^.^^ ^^ ^ .^^ Parliamentary forces m ^^^'^^^f^.^'l.ons ; a synod of the Hckand ^^'^^-f^f:-^^:^ZX loscommon), strongly re Bishops, assembled at Jamesto^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^^11 commended his withdrawal «™ ^^'^ ^ ^^^^^^^.g„_ had arrived, resolved to finish th war^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^,„^„ -™i^!^fr::::r::^trmonarchy. the great Protector. POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 530 CHAPTER X. cbjmwell's campaign — 1649-1650. An actor was now to descend upon the scene, whose char&ctet - has excited moi« controversy than that of any other personage of those times. Honored as a saint, or reprobated us a hypocrite, worshiped for his extraordinary successes, or anathematized for the unworthy artifices by which he rose — who shall deal out, with equal hand, praise and blame to Oliver Cromwell ? Not for the popular writer of Irish history, is that difficult judicial task. Mot for us to rei'cho cries of hatred which convince not the indiffer- ent, nor correct the errors of the cduccted or cultivated: the simple, and, as far as possible, the unimpassioned narrative of facts, will constitute the whole of our duty towards the Protector'a campaign in Ireland. Cromwell left London in great state, early in July, "in a coach drawn by six gallant Flanders mares," and made a sort of royal procession across the country to Bristol. From that famous port, where Strongbow confederated with Dermid McMurrogh, and from which Dublin drew its first Anglo-Norman colony, he went on to Milford Ilaven, at which he embarked, arriving in Dublin, on the 1 5tli of August. Ue entered the city in procession, and addressed the townsfolk from " a convenient place." He had with him two hundred thousand pounds iu money, eight regiments of foot, six of horse, and some troops of dragoons ; besides the divi- sions of Jones and Monck, already in the country, and subject to his command. Among the ofiicers were names of memorable interest — Henry Cromwell, second son of tl.e Protector, and future Lord Deputy ; Monck, Blake, Jones, Ircton, Ludlow, Hardress Waller, Sankcy, and others equally prominent in accomplishing the King's death, or in raising up the English commonwealth. Cromwell's command in Ireland extends from the middle of August, 1649, to the end of May, 1650, about nine months in all, ond is remarkable for the number of sieges of walled towns 540 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. crowded into that brief period. There was, during the whole time, no great action in the field, like Marston Moor, or Bcnburb. or Dunbar; it was a campaign of seventeenth century cannon against raediieval masonry ; what else was done, was tho supple- inental work of mutual bravery on both sides. Drogheda, Dun- dalk, Newry, and Carlingford, fell in September; Arklow, Enniscorthy, and Wexfo 1 in October; Ross, one of the first seaports in point of commerce, surrendered the same month; Waterford, was attempted and abandoned in November ; Dun- garvan, Kinsale, Bandon, and Cork, were won over by Lord Broghill in December ; Fethard, Callan, and Cashol in January and February; Carrick ond Kilkenny in March; and Clonmel, early in May. Immediately after this last capitulation, CromweU ■was recalled to lead the armies of the Parliament into Scotland: during the nine months he had commanded in Ireland, he had captured five or six county capitals, and a great number of les3 considerable places. The terror of his siege-trains and Ironsides, ■was spread over the greater part of three Provinces, and his well- reported successes had proved so many steps to the assumption of that sovereign power at which ho already aimed. Of the spirit in which these several sieges were conducted, it is impossible to speak without a shudder. It was, in truth, a spirit of liatred and fanaticism, altogether beyond the control of the revolutionary leader. At Drogheda, the work of slaughter occu- pied five entire days. Of the brave garrison of 8,000 men, not thirty were spared, and these " were in hands for the Barbadoes ;» old men, women, children, and priests, vrere unsparingly put to the sword. Wexford was basely betrayed by Captain James Stafford, commander of the castle, whose midnight intervie'W ■with Cromwell, at a petty rivulet without the walls, tradition Btill recounts with hui .or and detestation. This port was par- ticularly obnoxious to the Parliament, as from its advantageous position on the Bristol channel its cruisers greatly onnoyed and embarrassed their commerce. " There are," Cromwell writes to Speaker Leuthall, " great quantities of iron, hides, tallow, salt, pipe and barrel staves, which are under commissioners' hands to be secured. We believe there are near a hundred cannon in the . . _'_j -i.-ii->-"'» '" and about the town. Here is likewisa POPULAR HISTORY OP IRELAND. 541 Bome very good slapping; hero are tliree vessels, one of them of • thirty-four guns, whicli a week's time would fit for sea ; there is another of about twenty guns, very nearly ready likewise " He also reports two other frigates, one on the stocks, which "for her handsomenesa' sake" he intended to have finished for the I'arhament, and another "most excellent vessel for sailintr " taken within the fort, at the harbor's mouth. By the treachery of Captain Stafford, this strong and wealthy town was at tht mercy of those "soldiers of the Lord and of Gideon," who had followed Oliver to his Irish wars. The consequences were the same as at Drogheda-merciless execution on the garrison and the mhobitanis. In the third month of Cromwell's campaign, the report of Owen ONeill's death went abroad, palsying the Catholic arms. By common consent of friend and foe, he was considered the ablest civil and military leader that had appeared in Ireland dunng the reigns of the Stuart kings. Whether in native abilitv he was capable of coping with Cromwell, was for a long time a subject of discussion ; but the consciousness of irreparable national loss, perhaps, never struck deeper than amid the crash of that irresistible cannonade of the walled towns and cities of Leinster and Munster. O'iXeill had lately, despairing of binding the Scots or the English, distrustful alike of Coote and of Monck, been reconciled to Ormond, and was marching southward to his aid at the head of 6,000 chosen men. Lord Cimncellor Clarendon assures us that Ormond had the highest hopes from this junction and the utmost confidence in O'Neill's abilities. But at "a ball at Derry, towards the end of August, he received his death, it is said, in a pair of poisoned russet leather slippers presented to him by one Plunkett; marching southward, borne, in a litter, he expired at Clough Oughter Castle, near his old Belturbet camp on the 6th of November, 1649. His last act was to order one of his nephews-Hugh O'Neill-to form a junction with Ormond in Munster without delay. In the chancel of the Franciscan Abbey of Cavan, now grass-grown and trodden by the hoofs of cattle, his body was interred ; his nephew and successor did honor to his memory at Clonmel and Limeriok. It was now remembered - even by his enemies, with astonighment and admiral"" h""- for 46 542 POPOLAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. Beven long years he Imd subsisted and kept together an army, tl,. oroftture of his genius; without a government nt his back, without regular supplies, enforcing obedience, establishing disr cipline. winning great victories, maintaining, even at the worst, a native power in the heart of the kingdom. When the archives of those years are recovered (if they ever are), no name more illustrious for the combination of great qualities will be found preserved there than the name of this last national leader of the illustrious lineage .if O'Neill. The unexpected death of the Ulster general favored still farther Cromwell's southern movements. The gallant, but impetuous Bishop of Clogher. llebar McMahon, was the only northern leader who could command confidence enough to keep O'Neill's iorce together, and on him. therefore, the command devolved. O'Fer- rall one of Owen's favorite officers, was despatched to Watcrford, and mainly contributed to Cromwell's repulse before that city; Hugh O'Neill covered himself with glory at Clonmel and Limerick ; Daniel O'Neill, another nephew of Owen, remained attached to Ormond. and accompanied him to France ; but within six months from the loss of their Fabian chief, who knew as well when to strike as to delay, the brave Bishop of Clogher sacrificed the rem- nant of " the Catholic Army" at the pass of Scariffhollis, in Done- gal and, two days after, his own life by a martyr's death, at Om'a^h. At the date of Cromwell's departure— when Ireton took command of the southern army— there remained to the Confed- erates, only some remote glens and highlands of the North and West, the cities of Limerick and Galway. with the county of Clare, and some detached districts of the province of Con- naught. . The last act of Cromwell's proper campaign was the siege ot Clonmel. where he met the stoutest resistance he had any where encountered. The Puritans, after efl-ecting a breach, made an at- tempt to enter, chanting one of their scriptural battle-songs. They were, by their own account. " obliged to give back a while," and finally night settled down upon the scene. The following day, finding the place no longer tenable, the garrison silently with- drew to Waterford, and subsequently to Limerick. The inhabi- tents doiuunded a parley, which was granted ; and Cromwell takes POPULAR HISTORY OP IRELAND. 643 credit, and deserves it. when wo consider the men ho had to humor, for having kept eonditions witii them. From before Clonn.el he returned at once to England, where ho was received witli royul honors. All London turned out to meet the Conqueror who had wiped out the humiliation of Benburb and humbled the pride of the detested Papist. He was lodged in the palace of the king, and chosen •' Captain-general of alltho forces raised or to be raised, by the authority of the Parliament CHAPTER XI. CLOSE OK THE CO.NFEDKRATE WAU. The tenth year of the contest of which we have endeavored to follow the meat important events, opened upon the remaining Catholic leaders, greatly reduced in numbers and resources, but firm and undismayed. Two chief seaports, and some of the western counties still remained to them ; and accordingly we find meet- ings of the Bishops and other notables during this year (1660) at Limerick, at Loughrea, and finally at Jamestown, in the neio-h- borhood of Owen O'Neiirs nursery of the first " Catholic Army » The Puritan commander was m w Henry Ireton, son-in law of tromwell, by a marriage contracted about two years before The completion of the Protector's policy could have devolved upon few persons more capable of understanding, or more fearless in ex- ecutmg It ; and in two eventful campaigns he proved himself the able successor of the Protector. In August following Cromwell's departure, Wnterford and Duncannon were taken by Ireton- and there only remained to the Confederates the fortresses of Sli-o Athlone, Limerick, and Galway, with the country included within the irregular quadrangle they describe. The younger Coote making a feint against Sligo, which Clanrickarde hastened to de- lend, turned suddenly on his steps, and surprised Athlone. Sligo naturally a place of no great strength after the invention of ardl'- ery Boon after fell, so that Galway and Limerick alone wereleft at the beginning of 1651, to bear all the brunt of Puritan hostility. i^oniinal fcuent" "' err--'- --' ■ > ... ■' --«i -.euu. ... gr.rr.1 iijicix-st nappe: cu duiiug Uie two r %i 544 POPULAR IlISTORT OF IRELAND. short years of Ireton'a command. The Assembly, which met al Jtiniestown in August, and again at Loughrcii in November, 1660, made the retirement of Ormoiid from the (iovernment a condi- tion of all future efforts in the royal cause, and tiiat notileman, deeply wounded by thJH condition, had finally sailed from Gulway, in December, leaving to Clanrickardo the title of Lord Deputy, and to Cnstlehaven the command of the forces which still kept the field. The nowa from Scotland of the young king's subscription to the covenant, and denunciation of all terms with Irish Papists, came to aid the councils of those, who, like the eloquent French, Bishop of Ferns, demanded a natim 1 policy, irrespective of the exigencies of the Stuart family. An embasny was accordingly despotched to Brusnels, to offer the title of King-Protector to the Duke of Lorraine, or failing with him, to treat with any " other Catholic prince, state, republic, or person, as they might deem expedient for the preservation of the Catholic religion and nation;" A wide latitude, dictated by desperate circumstances. The am- bassadors were Bishop French and Hugh Rochfort ; the embassy one of the most curious and instructive in our annak. The Duke expressed himself willing to undertake an expedition to Ireland — to supply arms and money to the Confederates — on the condition of receiving Athlone, Limerick, Athi iiry and Gal- way into his custody, with the title of Protector. A considerable sum of money (£20,000) was forwarded at once ; four Belgian frigates laden with stores were made voady for sea ; the Canon De Benin was sent os envoy to the Confederates, and this last ven- ture looked most promising of succep... had not Clanrickardo in Galway, and Charles and Ormond in Paris, tuking alarm at the new dignity conferred upon the Duke, countermined the Bishop of Ferns and Mr. Rochfort, and defeated by intrigue and corre- epondence their hopeful enterprise. The decisive battle of Worcester, fought on the 8d of Septem- ber, 1651, drove Charles IL into that nine years' exile, from which he only returned on the death of Cromwell. It may be considered the last military event of importance in the English civil war. In Ireland the contest was destined to drag out another campaign, before the walls of the two gallant cities, Galway and Limerick. POPUtAR HISTORY OF IBKIAND. 545 moved uVn ii krtto '" 1.^."""^ '"''^ ^'"-«' ''^ Castlehavea fled to a-nfll., Tf * ''""'^ °' "'« ''^«'-' ^^He horse, all tbat reined ^l'' 7 m 'T^' ^'"^ ** ^""""^ "^ ^-^y by Ormond. From he -"^ ^ ?'' "*"• '^'l"""*'^^'' '''™ a diversion in faTr^ Li;.: iT ''"' """^'""^ ''"«'°P^ by "the «yi„, z .'^t,:^:;^''^:^'-^^^^. thus not only deliv ro, ,.' a .v Z v- i" hesiegera were troops-if Z "Un :::4r ^;\ ^»* --^-d by native which n,ade them the ,^^L • . , , ^'"P*""'^ ''"""^ «^ rounded an Irish city tol 'T '" """^ '^"^ '"''^ «^«^ «"- October, the ma n2;o of theF "i-^r^T '" '''' '"* "''''''^ °^ with every species of °11 > ' "''^ Anglo-Irish, supplied government, however composed J^Z c "^""'^pal city, men whoso trade Z It war T '^ ^^'^'y '- *^^ enthusiastic, formed . tli:d7:^^ra%:rt:;^!'"Tf "" "^' any price Wifh fi.^ ™ ^ ., i"*"/ in j j ,/. of peace at "mbfMd to COM, 2T ''°"™',""'"el»>-J"dml.forto„, «»P0dtoLdlr.!,^ " "•"°"' I-" Bishop of Itocru *- ui Kuo uisgurse of a common anlr1?«» -» J J! - 1 . ^ 4.(j* • ' """' u'cu at isrussels ; 546 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. ! O'Neill's life was saved by a single vote ; Sir Geofifrey Gabney, Aldermen Stritch and Fanning and otlier leading Confederates expiated their devotion upcn tlio scaffold. On the 12th of May foUowing— seven months after the capture of Limerick, Galway fell. Ireton, who survived the former siege hut a few days, was succeeded by Ludlow, a sincere repubhcan of the school of Pym and Hampden-if that school can be called, in our modern sense, republican. It vras the sad privUege of General Preston, whose name is associated with so many of the darkest, and with some of the brightest incidents of this war, to order the surrender of Galway, as he had two years previously given up Waterford. Thus the last open port, the last considerable town held by the Confederates yielded to the overwhelming power of numbers and munitions, in the twelfth year of that iUusf.rious war which Ireland waged for her religious and civil liberties, against the forces of the two adjoining kingdoms, sometimes estranged from one anot^.er, but always hostile alike to the reli- gious belief and the political independence of the Irish people. With the fall of Galway, the Confederate war drew rapidly to a close. Colonels Fitzpatrick, O'Dwyer, Grace, and Thorlogh O'NeUl, sur-endered their posts ; Lords Enniskillen and Westmeath foUowed their example; Lord Muskerry yielded Ross Castle, on Killarney, in June; Clanrickarde laid down his arms at Carrick, in October. The usual terms granted were liberty to transport themselves and followers to the service of any foreign state or prince at peace with the commonwealth ; a favored few were per- mitted to live and die in peace on their own estates, under the watchful eye of some neighboring garrison. The chief actors in the Confederate war not already accounted for term .ated their days under many different circumstances. Mo'untgarrett and Bishop Rothe died before Galway feU, and were buri 1 in the capital of the Confederacy ; Bishop McMahon, of Clogher, surrendered to Sir Charles CooL.. and was executed like a felon by one he had saved from destruction a year before at Derry; Coote, after the Restoration, became Earl of Mountrath, and Broghill, Earl of Orrery; Clanrickarde died unnoticed on . hU English estate, under the Protectorate ; Inchiquin, after many ^„^S,.,.a -.n fnyfiio-n lands, turned Catholic in his old age, and POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 647 Peters, perished on tl e la^ wUh ^ ^ ^^^^^ ^T'"' """^^ by order of the Fn^li.i. p , "^"^ regicides executed eJllsof e^L vi^itt ffil?r"'; ?™r' ^^-"^«^-dthe Wion, became 1 t^I'/ 'S J r;itt ' W^ ^^^ ^ consent, at the head of the peerage of thr' ^^ *=°°™on of treason, a comn^itteo closeted behind the bench dictatinlT interrogatories to his judges, and reeeivin,r hi.T '^'''T"^ ^^^ th. P»r,l., colonel, Ho«o„, on th. very ,tep. of „,, , .i!^""?^ '^ FK i\ h 548 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. CHAPTER xn. IEKLAN> imEE THK PR0TKCT0KATK.-ADMINI8TnATI0N OF HENET CROMWELL.— DEATH OF OLIVER, Thk English repubUc rose from the scaffold of the King, in 1649; its first ^overnmer,. was a "Council of State" of lorty-oue members; under thi« council. CromweU held at first the title of Lord General ; but, on the 16th December. 1663. he was solemnly installed, in Westminster Hall, as "Lord Protector of the Com- mousvealth of England. Scotland, and Ireland." He was then in his fifty-fourth year ; his reign-if such it may be called-lasted less than five years. The policy of the Protector towarda Ireland is even less defen- Bible than his military severities. For the barbarities of war there may be some apology, the poor one at l^^s* t^^t such outrages are inseparable from war itself ; but for the cold-blooded, deliberate atrocities of peace, no such defense can be permitted before the tribunal of ft free posterity. The Long Parliament, still dro.gging out its date, under the shadow of Cromwell's great name, declared in its session of 165"-, the rebellion in Ireland " subdued and ended." and proceeded to legislate for that kingdom as a conquered country. On the 12th of August, they passed their Act of Settlement, the authorship of which was attributed to Lord Orrery, in this respect tl.e worthy son of the first Earl of Cork. Under this Act, there were four chief descriptions of persons whoso status was thus settled: Ist All ecclesiastics and royalist proprietors were exempted from pardon of life or estate. 2d. All royalist commissioned officers were condemned to banishment, and the forfeit of two-thirds of their property, one third being retained for the support of their wives and children. 3d. Those who had not been in arms, but who could be shown, by a Parliamentary commission, to have manifested " a constant, good affection," to the war, were to for- feit one third of their estates, and receive " an equivalent" for the remaining two-thirds west of the Shannon. 4th. All husband- men and others of the inferior sort, " not possessed of knds or POPULAR HISTORY OP IR3LAND. 649 goods exceeding the value of £10/'.wcre to have a free pardon on condition also of transporting themselves across the Shannon' _ This last condition of tlie Cromwellian settlement distinguished It m our annals, from every other proscription of the native popu- lation formerly attempted. The ^r.at river of Ireland, rising in he mountaias of Leitrim. near], .vers the five western counties from the rest of the kingdom. Tlie province thus set apart, though one of the largest in superficial extent, had also the largest pfo. portion of waste and water, mountain and i«>.orland. The new inhubitants were there to congi-egate frcm ai: the other provinc-^s lefore the Ist, day of May, 1654, under penalty of outlawry and al! Its consequences; and when there, they were not to appear >vithm two miles of the Shannon ov four milci of the sea A rigorous prssporc system, to evade which .vas death without form of trial, completed thi. settlement, the design of which was to shut up the remaining Catholic inhabitants from all intercourse with mankind, and all communion with the other inhabitants of their own country. A new survey of the whole kingdom was also ordered, under the direction of Dr. William Petty, the fortunate economist, who founded the house of Lai.sdowne. By him the surface of the kingdom WE8 estimated at ten millions and a half plantation acres, three of which were deducted for waste and water Of the remrinder, above 6,000,000 were in Catholic hands in 1641 • 300,000 were church and college lands; and 2,000,000 were 'm possession of the Protestant settlers of the reigns of James and Elizabeth. Under the P.otectorate, 6,000,000 acres were confis- catod; this enormous spoil, two-thirds of (;ie whole island, went to the solu.ers and adventurers who had served against the'lrish or had contributed to the military chest, since 1641— except M0,000 acr.8 given in "exchange" to the banirhed in Clare and Connaught, and 1,200,000 confirmed to "innocent Papists" Such was the complete uprooting of the ancient tenantry or clansmen, from their original holdings, that during the survey orders of Parliament were issued, to bring ba . individuals from Connaught to point out the boundaries of parishes in Munster It cannot be imputed among the sins so freely laid to the historical Account of tixR nnfiva larriolot.i-n fUnt «- t_!-i- . ,. ... .f^ ...uTr; TI1S5 Su ifisu paruameiic hau F -Tt #r 650 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. any share in sanctioning this universal spoliation. Cromwell an- ticipated the union of tlie Icingdoms by i hundred and fifty years, when ho summoned, in 1653, that assembly over which "Praise- God Barcbonea " presided ; members for Ireland and Scotland sat on the same benches witli the cummons of England. Oliver's first deputy in the government; of Ireland was his son-in-law, Fleetwood, who had married the widow of Ireton ; but his real representative was his fourth son, Henry Cromwell, commander- in-chief of the army. In 1657, the title of Lord Deputy was transferred from Fleetwood to Henry, who united the supreme civil and military authority in his own person, imtil the eve of the restoration, of which he became an active partisan. We may thus properly embrace the five years of the Protectorate as the period of Henry Cromwell's administration. In the absence of a parliament, the government of Ireland was vested in the deputy, the commander-in-chief, and four commis- sioners, Ludlow, Corbett, Jones, and Weaver. There was, more- over, a High Court of Justice, which perambulated the kingdom, and exercised an absolute authority over life and property, gi-eater than even Straflford's Court of Castle Cliamber had pretended to. Over this court presided Lord Lowther, assisted by Mr. Justice Donnellan, by Cooke, solicitor to the Parliament on the trial of King Charles, and the regicide, Reynolds. By this court. Sir Plielim O'Neill, Viscount Muyo, and Colonels O'Toole and Bagnall, were condemned and executed ; by them the mother of Colonel Fitzpatrick was burnt at th i stake ; and Lords Muskerry and Clanmaliere set at liberty, through some secret influence. The commissioners were not behind the High Court of Justice in execu- tive offices of severity. Children under age, of both eexcs, were captured by thousands, and sold as slaves to the tobacco planters of Virginia and the West Indies. Secretary Thurloe informs Henry Cromwell that " the Committee of the Council have authorized 1,000 girls and as many youths, to be taken up for that purpose." Sir William Petty mentions 6,000 Irish boys and girls shipped io the West Indies. Some coteniporory accounts make the total number of children and adults so transported 100,000 souls. To tliis decimation, we may add 34,000 men of fighting age, who had nermission to enter the armies of foreicn powers, at peace with POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 651 the commonwealth. The chief commissioners, sitting at Dublin had their deputies in a commission of delinquencies, sitting at Athlone and another of transportation, sitting at Loughrea. Under their superintendence, the distr.'bution made of the soil nmon,- the Puritans "was nearly as complete as that of Canaan by the Israelites." Whenever native laborers wore found abac lutely necessary for the cultivation of the estatss of their new masters, they were barely tolerated "as the Gibeonites had been by Joshua." Such Irish gentlemen as had obtained pardons were obliged to wear a distinctive mark on their dress under pain of death ; those of inferior rank were obliged to wear a round black spot on the right cheek under pain of the branding iron and the gallows; if a Puritan lost his life in any district in- habited by Catliolics, the whole population were held subject to military execution. For tlie rest, whenever " Tory" or recusant fell into the hands of these military colonists, or the garrisons which knitted them together, they were assailed with tlie war cry of the Jews-" That thy feet may be dipped in the blood of thine ene- mies, anc ihat the tongues of tliy dogs may be red with the same." Thus penned in between " the mile line " of the Shannon and "the four-mile line" of the sea, the remnant of the Irish nation passed seven years of a bondage unequaled in severity by any thing which can be found in tlie annals of Christendom. The conquest was not only a military but a religious subjuga- tion. The 2Yth of Elizabeth-the old act of uniformity-waa rigorously enforced. The Catholic lawyers were disbarred and silenced ; the Catholic schoohnasters were forbidden to teach, un- der pain of felony. Recusants, surrounded in glens and ewog offering up the holy sacrifice through the ministry of some daiw.g pneat, were shot dowa or smoked out like vermin. The etxl^nt astics never, in any instance, were allowed to escape. Among those who suffered death during the short space of the Protects rate, are counted " three bishops and three hundred ecclesiastics ' The surviving prpf-tes were in e: r,, except the bedridden Bishop of Kilmore, who for years had been unable to offlciat. So that, now, that ancient hierarchy which in the worst Dan, ^ ...ars had Btili recruited its ranks as fast as tliey (vere broken, seemed on the very eve of extinction. Tliroughout all the island no epis- m S62 POPULAR HISTORY OF IR.E5,A?ID. copal haul remained to bless alta s to or uiu prie>5t.5, or ^r> ton- firm the laithful. The li^ah chiuch as v/elJ m the Irish state, touched it; lowest poiut oS 'uffering und enduu.ace in the decade which inter\-aT;od botweeu i-be death ol' Cnarles I. and the death of Cromwcii. The new papulation imposed upott the l-ir.gdom, soon split 14) into a mnltitndj jf sects. Scjuo of them 'ieca-tie Quakert;; roaviy adhered to the Anabaptists ; othors, nfiai- the Kestoif'n, con- formed to the established chnrcb. 'Dsat deenor tincure of Puritanism which may be traced in the liisb., nt; compared with the Eneiifch establishment, took its origin even luore from the Cir.iawellian settlement than from the Calvinistic teachings of Arch? Ishop Usher. Oliver died in 1658, on hia " fortunate day," the 3d of Sep- tember, baving England to experience t A-enty months of repub- lican intrigue and anarchy. Richard Cromwell— Lambert— Lud- low— Monk— each played his part in this stormy interval, till, the time being ripe for a restoration, Charles J I. landed at Dover on the 23d of May, 1660, and was carried in triumph to London. i^ POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 558 BOOK X. FROM THK RESTORATION OF CHARLES II. TO THE ACCESSION OF GEORGE I. CEAPTEE T. KEIGN OF CUAELE8 II. Hope is dear to the heart of :«a„, „„d of all her votaries none sZn T r''?°""-«"* "'- *'- I"^''- Half a century of the Stuarta had not extinguished their blind partiality for" the de- scendants of the old Scoto-Irish lipf \'ther address' TO made from the Roman Catholics of Ireland, 'ki fr i i 1 % 656 POPULAR H18T3BY OF IRELAND. as to the Bill of Scttlemeat," closed the controversy, and the Act soon aftei- receivud the royal assent. Under tliis net, a roiirt v-o, establiahed at Dublin, to try the claims of " noc.-; ,..iu ' ....i<.> nt." Notwitlmtnnding every in- fluence which could 1)0 brought to bear on them, the judgea, who were Englishmen, declared in their first session, one hundred and sixty-eiglit innocent to nineteen noccnt. Proceeding in this spirit " to the great loss and dissatisfaction of the Protostants," the letter, greatly alarmed, procured the interference of Ormond, now Lord Lieutenant (1662), in effecting a modification of the com- mission, appointing the court, by wliich its duration was limited to an early day. The consequence was, that while less than 800 claims were decided on when the fatal day arrived, over 8,000 were left unheard, at least a third of whom were admitted even by their enemies to be innocent. About 500 others had been restored by nnme ii the Act of Settlement itself; but, by the Act of ICxplanati a (1006), "no Papist, who had not ' .'n adjudj^^ed innocent," under the former act, could be so adjudged thereafter, " or entitled to 'laim any lands or settlomt-nts." • Thus, even the inheritance of h pc, and the reversion of expectation, were ex- tinguished forever for the sons and daughters of the ancient gentry of the kingdom. The religi )U8 liberties of this people, so crippletl in property and poli<'?al power, were equally at the mercy of the mob and of the monarch. To "ombat thi- war of calumny waged against them by the Purit; press and pulpit, the leading Catholics re- fiolved L^ join in au flicial and a ithentic declaration of their true principles, as to the spiritual power of the Pope, their alle-iance to the prince, and their relations to theiv fellow subjects of other ^.licsuinations. With this intent!,' a meeting was held at the hL'. so of the Marquis wf Clanrickariie, in Dublin, at which Lords Clancarty, Carlingford, Fingul, Castlehavr ,, jnd L.chiqu.n, and the leading common,.-, of their faith, were pTC?ent. At this meeting, Fat^> Peter Walsh, a Franciscan, and r.n old corrtier of Ormo'ud't, . Pro' "vator of all the Clersry of Ireland," secular and regulai .odu ! credentials signed by the surviving bisliopsor t: vi. ai —including the Primate O'Reilly, the Bishops of Meath, Ardagh, KUmore, and rns. Richard Bel- POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 6b1 Hng, tho secretary to the first Confederate Council, and envoy to Rome, submitted the celebrated document known as "Tho Re- monstrance," deeply imbued with the spirit of the Galliean churcl, of that day. It was signed by about seventy Catholic peers and commoners, by tho Bishop of Kilmore, by Procurator Walsh, and by the townsmen of Wexford — almost the only urban community of Catholics remaining in the country. But the propositions it contained as to tho total independency of the temporal on the spiritual power, and the ecclesiastical patronage of princes, was coridci ="d at the Sorbonne, at Louvnin, and at Rome. The regular orders, by their several superiors, utterly rejected it; the exiled bishops withdrew their proxies from Father Wnlsh, and disclaimed his conduct; the Internuncio at Brussels, charged with the affairs of the British Isles, den. .iticrd it as contrary to the canons ; and the elated Procurator found hmiself involved in a controversy from which he never aft»-- wards escaped, and with which his memory is still a^erilv associated. ^ The conduct of Ormond in relation to this whole business of the Remonstrance, was the least creditable part of his administra- tion. Writhing under the eloquent pamphlets of the exiled Bishop of Ferns, keenly remembering his own personal wrongs agmnstthe former generation of bishops, of whom but three or four were yet living, he resolved "to work thnt division among tho IJomish clergy," whieh he had long meditated. With this view, he connived at a meeting of the surviving prelates and the , superiors of regular orders, at Dublin, in 1666. To this synod ' safe conduct was permitted to the Primate O'Reilly, banished to Belgmm nine years before ; to Peter Talbot, Archbishop of ^ ; iblin Joiu, Burke, Archb!sl,.,p of Tuam, Patrick Plunkeu, Bishop, ' Ardagh, the vicars general of of her prelates, and the e • -vin 01 the regulars. This venerable body deliberated anxic ,iy lor an entire week, Father Walsh acting as embassador between then and the Viceroy ; at length, in spite of all politic consider- ?-f *V^":°"'' ^"'"^^' '''''''' '"-^ iU-triou8 VIC im, Archbishop Plunkett, perished on the scaffold at Tyburn Within these two points of time what a chronicle of madness' tolly, perjury, and cruelty, might be written ? inc^ermT''' w "^^ '" T"""^^' '' ^'""'^^ ^'^ "^° ^^'«t«°«« <>{ these ..credible plots, was also too well aware of the dangerous element W T T ''^''''''''^ ^y Titus Oates, and his imitators, to sub- himself to suspicion. On the first intelligence of the plot, he nstant^ issued his proclamation for the arrest of Archbishop Tal- bot, of DuMin, wl.. hra ;.e»n permitted to return from exile under rl ' f ^Ji. ^'''■^"'•'' """^ ^"^ '^'' '^''^'^ ^ith his brother Colonel Talbot, at Cnrtown, near Maynooth. This prelate waa of Ormond s own a^e. and of a family as ancient ; while his leara- ') i iP 560 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRKLAND. I! ■ ing, courage, and morality, made him an ornament to hia order. He was seized in his sick bed at Cartown, carried to Dublin m a chair and confined a close prisoner in the castle, where he died two years later. He was the last distinguished captive destined to end his days in that celebrated state prison, which has snca been generally dedicated to the peaceful purposes of a reflected royalty. Colonel Talbot was at the same time arrested, but aUowed to retire beyond seas ; Lord Mountgarret, an octogenarian, and in hia dotage, was seized, but nothing could be made out agamst him; a Colonel Peppard was also denounced from England, but no such person was found to exist. So far the hrst year of the plot had passed over, and proved nothing against the Catholic Irish. But the example of successful villainy in England, of Gates idolized, pensioned, and all-powerful, extended to the sister kingdom, and brought an illustrious victim to the scaffold. This was Oliver Plunkett, a scion of the noble family of Fiagal, who had been Archbishop of Armagh, since the death of Dr. O'Reilly, in exile, in 1669. Such had been the prudence and circumspecuon of Dr. Plunkett, during his perilous administration, that the agents of Lord Shaftesbury, sent over to concoct evidence for the occasion, were afraid to bring him to trial in the vicinage of his arrest, or in his own country. Accordingly, tUcy caused him to be removed from Dublin to London, contrary to the laws and customs of both Kingdoms, which had first been violated towards state prisoners in the case of Lord Maguire, forty years before. Dr. Plunkett after ten months' confinement without trial in Ire- land, was removed, 1680, and arraigned at London, on the 8th of June, 1681, without having had permission to communicate with his friends or to send for witnesses. The prosecution was con- ducted by Maynard and Jeffries, in violation of every form of law and every consideration of justice. A " crown agent," whose name is given as Gorman, was introduced by "a stranger" in court, and volunteered testimony in his favor. The Earl of Essex interceded with the king on his behalf, but Charles answered, almost in the words of Pilate-" I cannot pardon him, because I dare not. Ilia blood bo upon your conscience ; you could have saved him if you plensed," The Jury after a quarter of an hour's POPULAR HISTOET OF IRELAND. 561 deliberation brought in their verdict of guilty, and the brutal t S:;r rrTl!'''^ *° '- l^ung^„/oweIeVand';t' teied on tlu, 1st day of July, 1681. The venerable martyr for Buch he jnay well be called, bowed his Lead to the be 1 and excla.„,ed: I^eo r,nUia.sf Eight years from the very da^of Ms execution o„ the banks of that river beside which LL be" seued and dragged from his retreat, the last of the Stua t Idn" was str,cken from his throne; and his dynasty atricken f m fs tory! Does not the blood of the innocent cry to IleZ or vengeance? ■' -^J^^uvtn lor ^^:s:r-i--:^^^^^ ve :; S If "•' '""' '' "'^'•""^^"••'^' anduihrLdhoS several meetings to raise men and money for these purposes Utterlv absurd and false as these charges were, they^stilH m icate tS roubled apprehensions which filled the dreams'of the alcctdene; pait^. The fear of French invasion, of new insurrections, of the resmnption of estates, haunted them by night and day. Every sign was to them significant of danger, and every rumor of co7 spiracy was taken for fact. The report of a stra'nge fleet off tie inir ::r°"'l Tf "' *"™^' °"* *° ^^ ^"^^"^'^^ '^-w them tu ffixed LX 1 '''' ^'™" ™" ^■^"'^^ ^he peasantry Bt™.to ra b""'T:" °°"'"^'"* ^'^"^ ^'"•"^ I'^Fstde^ strof PrZatt"^' '' '''-' '" ''''^' '- "'« ^— -- Under the pressure of these panics, real or pretended procla- mtion after proclamation issued from the castle. By Te of Castle ot Dublin, or any other fortress; from holding fairs or inarke s within the walls of corporate towns, and from^ r "in ' arms to such resorts. % another, he declared au lelati os of known Toncs-a Gaelic term for a driver of prey-to be arres ed lOT ,,s were killed, or surrendered, within that tune. Where this device tailed to reach the destined victims-„a in the! bra d case of Count Redmond O'Hanlou-it i« t- h. f^.-i.S h-P '!»! 662 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. not hesitate to .vhet the dagger of the assassin, which was stiU Bometimes employed, even in the British Islands, to remove a dangerous antagonist. Count 0'IIa«lon, a gentleman of ancient lineage, as accomplished as Orrery, or Ossory, was inoeed an ■ outlaw to the code then in force ; but the stain of his cowardly assassination must forever blot and rot the princely escutcheon of James, Duke of Ormond. The violence of religious and social persecution began to sub- side during the last two or three years of Charles II. Monmouth's banisiiment, Shaftesbury's imprisonment, the execution of Russell and Sidney on the scaffold, marked the return of the English public mind to political pursuits and objects. Early in 1685, the king was taken mortally ill. In his last moments he received the rites of the Catholic cliurch, from the liands of Father Huddle Bton, who was said to have saved his life at the battle of Worces- ter, and who was now even more anxious to save his soul. This event took place on the 16th of February. King James was immediately proclaimed successor to his brother. One of his first acts was to recall Ormond from Ireland and to appoint in his place the Ear) of Clarendon, son of the historian and Btateaman of the Restoration. Ormond obeyed, not without regret ; he survived his fall about three years. He was interred in West- minster in 1688, three months before the landing of William, and the Becond banishment of the Stuarts. CHAPTER HI. THK STATE OF BELIOION AND LEARNING IN IRELAND DUBING TIM SEVENTEENTH CENTUUT. BtFORE plunging into the troubled torrent of the revolution of 7.688, let us cast a glance back on the century, and consider the state cf learning and religion during those three generations.^ If we divide the Irish literature of this century by subjects, we shall find extent a respectable body both in quantity and POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 563 quality, of theology, history, law, politics, and poeiry. If we divide it by the languages in which that literature was written we may consider it as Latin, Gaelic, and English. I. Latin continued throughout Europe, even till this late day the language of the learned, but especially of theologians, jurists' and historians. In Latin, the great tomes of O'Sullivan, Usher! Colgan, Wadding, and AVhite, were written-volumes which re- main as so many monuments of the learning and industry of that age. The cliief objects of these illustrious witers were to restore the ancient ecclesiastical history of Ireland, to rescue 'the memory of her saints and doctors from oblivion, and to introduce the nati\e annals of the kingdom to the attention of Europe Though Usher differed in religion, and in his theory of the early connection of the Irish with the Eoman Church, from all the rest yet he stands preeminent am eg them for labor and research! The Waterford Franciscan, Wadding, can only be named with him for inexhaustible patience, various learning, and untiring zeal. Both were honored of princes and parliaments. The Con- lederates would have made Wadding a cardinal; King James made Uslier an archbishop: one instructed the Westminster Assembly ; the other was sent by the King of Spain to maintain the thesis of the Immaculate Conception at Home, and subsequently was entrusted by the Pope to report upon the propositions of Jan- senius. O'SuUivan, Conde de Berehaven, in Spain, and Peter White, have left us each two or three Latin volumes on the history of the country, liighly prized by all subsequent writers But the most indispensablo of the legacies left us in this tongue are Colgnn's" Acta Sanctorum "-fro.n January to March -and Dr. John Lynch's "Cambrensis Eversus." Jlany other wo-\8 and authors might be mentioned, but these are the great Latimsta to whom wo are indebted for the most important services rendered to our national history. U. In the Gaelic literature of the country wo count Geoffrey Keating, Duald McFirbis, and "the Four Masters" of Donegal Few writers have been more rashly judged than Keating. A poet, as well as a historian, he gave a prominence 'n the e.arly chapters of his history to bardic tales, which English critics have seized noon to rlamiurn liio Kontitat-ion f«- t- i-t,A-i_ ■. J __ .^^,...,.!.„j,5 i^^.. vruviiluiacas auu gOOQ #' 564 POPULAR HISTORT OF IKELANn. Benae. But these tales he gives us tales— as curious and illustrative —rather tlmn as credible and uiiquestionoble. The purity of his style is greatly extolled by Gaelic critics ; and the interest of his narrative, even in a translation, is undoubted. McFirbis, an annalist and genealogist by inheritance, is known to us not only for his profound native lore, and tragic death, but also for tho assistance he rendered Sir James Ware, Dr. Lynch, and Roderick O'Flahertj'. The master-piece, however, of our Gaelic literature of this age, is the work now called " the Annals of the Four Mas- ters." In the reign of James I., a few Franciscan friars, living partly in Donegal Abbey and partly in St. Anthony's College, P.t Louvain, undertook to collect ond collate all the manuscript re- mains of Irish antiquity they could gather or borrow, or be allowed to copy. Father Hugh Ward was the head of this group, and by him the lay brother Michael O'Clery, one of the greatest benefactors his country ever saw, was sent from Belgium to Ire- land. From 1020 to 1630, O'Clery traveled througli the kingdom, buying or transcribing everything he could find relating to the lives of the Irish saints, which he sent to Louvain, where Ward and Colgan undertook to edit and illustrate them. Father Ward died in the early part of the undertaking, but Father Colgan spent twenty years in prosecuting the original design, so far as concerned our ecclesiastical biography. After collecting these materials. Father O'Clery waited, as he tells us, on " the noble Fergall O'Gara," one of the two knights elected to represent the county of Sligo in the Parliament of 1034, and perceiving the anxiety of O'Gara, " from tho cloud which at present hangs over our ancient Milesian race," he proposed to collect the civil and military annals of Erin into one large digest. O'Gara, struck with this proposal, freely supplied the means, and O'Clery and his coadjutors set to work, in the Franciscan Convent of Donegal, whi<-li still stood, not more than half in ruins. On the 23d of January, 1632, they commenced this digest, and on the H'th of August, 1636, it was finished— having occu- pied them four years, seven months and nineteen days. The MS., dedicated to O'Gara, is authenticated by the superiors of the coiivcMi ; from tliat original two sditionB have recently been l.„ll, Io« .J- ...I*, POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 566 These annals extend to the year 1616, the time of the com- P lers Ongmally they bore the title of " Annals of the Kino-do" of Ire and " but Colgan having quoted them as '< The Annals oT the IV Masters" that name remains ever since. The 'Four Masters were Brother Michael O'Clcry, Conary and Peregrin Clery, l„s brothers, both laymen and natives of Donegal and Florence Conroy. of Eoscommon, another hereditary anUquary The first edition of the New Testament, in the Gaelic tono-ue so far as we are aware, appeared at Dublin, in 1603, in quarto.' The translation was the work of a natire scholar, O'Cionga (Angheued.K,ng). It was m.de at the expense and undertle Sit?"", n": r? "" '^'^°°"^"' ^'^^ °^ ^'^•^ «-* ^-'"o- of Dr O^ P»l^l'shed at the cost of the people of Connanght. Dr. Donnell, an amiable man, and an encn:y of persecution, be. ame subsequently archbishop of Tnam, in which dignity he died. in 1628. A translation of the Book of Common Prayer by 16 5), a translation of the Old Testament, made for Bishop Bedell by the Gaehe scholars of Meath and Cavan, wa. published at the expense of the famous Robert Boyle. Bedell had also caused to be pubhshed Gaelic translations of certain homilies of Saint Loo and Saint John Chrysostom, on the importance of studying th« holy ocriptureg. The only other Gaehe publications of this pmod were issued from the Irish colleges at Louvain and Rome. Ihence issued ti,.e devotional tracts of Conroy, of Gernon, and OMo loy and the Irish grammars of O'Clery and Stapleton- The devotional tracts, with their fanciful titles, of " Lamps," and Mirrors, were smuggled across from Ostend and Dunkirk with other articles of contraband, and did much to keep alive the flame ofjaith and hope in the hearts of the Gaelic-speaking popnk- The bardic order also, though shorn of much of their ancient 6plendor,„„d nndcr the Puritan reffime persecuted as vagrants. Btill flourished as an estate of the realm. The national tendency to poetic writing was not confined to the hereditary versemake.4 but was illustrated by such nen as the martyred Plunkett, and the Bishops of Meath and Kerry-Dr. Thomas Dense, and Dr. John O Conncll. But the great body of Gii«lio verso of the first l,«lf 48 ¥rri:' ' 566 POPULAR HISTORY OP IRELAND. I ■'! of this century is known under the name of " the Contentions of the Bards," the subject being the relative dignity, power, and prowess of the North and South. Tlie gauntlet i. tins poetic warfare, was thrown down by McDaire, the Bard of Donogh O'Brien, fourth Earl of Thoinond, and taken up on the part of Ulster by Lewy O'Clery. Reply led to rcjomder, and one epist.e to another, until all the chief bards of the four provinces had taken sides. Half a dozen writers, pro and con, were particularly distinguished; McDaire himself, Turlogh O'Briea, mid Art oge O'Keefe on behalf of the Southerners; O'Clery, ^' '"^"«^^^' a,ty ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^ere excluded cither ^-^ ^^J^/^,. „,p„inted, who concurvcd bench, but those only -^'«; f^^^^^ ,,.ie,,e, pretty certain to i, the new -^angements^ ami w en - ^^ ^^^^^^^ of Elizabeth, establisliingcommuon^^^^^^^^ ^^^ .^ as the test of fellowship, ^f "f ^^^^^ ^,, seized in the several particulars interfered ^^ ^^ ^^^ ^,^^ ,„„„,i King's name under f^^^Z^^JLlJ^^^ arbitrary parliamentary grant of £388, y'^^ j^ apprehension, but Its filled the more J"'^-;^ ll^tn ng nn.Mtude. Dr. Mac gained the loud ai;P^7-J^^'^^^^^^^^^^^ pu Jett, who felt in Ulster euire, the successor ot me m.i y . of a memorial ?he rising tide of resistance, --;;::^ ;fvie violent proceed- to the king. .-IRrsH PAHUAMENT OF 1689 anxiet/a. to the^Z f"' J ' ^^nat't r'""'"= ^^^"' the fugitive monarch " you w 11 , u ^ ? ""^ '"'"'''" ^"-"t^ power, and I hope this Cl .I "'^ ^ *'^ "*"°«^ '' >'-- the Prince of Orano^ will 21 ^'''' *^° Hollanders, that AH the aid he odd oli f r "• " '° 'P"""^ ^^^ ""-'^ y""" o-.ooo.u.et:,T\itrr:^^^^^^^^^^^ Maryshoid'ro^it ri::^: tr.'""r'".^^^ they were proclai„,eH as k „ri1 f °'°'- ^^ February " king and q^oo^ of " England, Trance. ..JT"! N't I. 674 POPTJLAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. I J" and Ireland," and in May, tho Scottish commissioners brought them the tender of the crown of Scotland. The double heritage of the Stuart kings was thus, after nearly a century of pos- session, transferred by election to a kindred prin-.e, to the exclu- sion of the direct descendents of the great cliampion of " the ri'rht divine," who first united under his scepter the three king- doms. James, at the Court of France, was duly informed of all that passed at London and Edinburgh. Ho knew that ho had power- ful partisans in both conventions. The first fever of popular ex- citement once allayed, he marked with exultation the symptoms of reaction. There was much in the circumstances attending his flif^ht io awaken popular sympathy and to cast a veil over his errors. The pathetic picture drawn of parental suffering by tho great dramatist in the character of King Lear, seemed realized to tho life in the person of King James. Message followed mes- sage from the three kingdoms, urging him to return and place himself at the head of his faithful subjects in a war against the usurper. The French king approved of these recommendations, for in fighting James's battle he was fighting his own, and a squadron was prepared at Brest to carry the fugitive back to his dominions. Accompanied by his natural sons, the Duke of Ber- wick and the Grand Prior Fitzjames, by Lieutenant-Generals do Rosen and de Maumont, Mnjors-Genoral de Pu-'-nan and de Lery (or Geraldine), about a hundred officers • ranks, and 1,200 veterans, James sailed from Brest, witl:' o of 33 ves- sels, and landed at Kinsale on the 12th day of March {old style). His' reception by the Southern population was enthusiastic in the extreme. From Kinsale to Cork, from Cork to Dublin, his pro- gres.* was occompanied by Gaelic songs and dances, by Latin ora- tions, loyal addresses, and all the decorations with which a popular favorite can be welcomed. Nothing was remembered by that easily pacified people but his great misfortunes and his steady fidelity to his and their religion. Fifteen chaplains, nearly all Irish, accompanied him, and added to the delight of tho popu- lace ; while many a long-absent soldier, now came back in the following of the king, to bless the sight of some aged pareut or faithful lover. The royal entry into Dublin was the crowning POPULAR HISTORY OP IRELAND. 675 pageant of this delusive restoration. With the tact and taste for such demonstrations hereditary in the citizens, the trades and arts were marshalled before him. Two venerable harpers played on their national instruments near the gate by which he entered; a number of religious in their robes, with a huge cross at their head, chanted as they went; forty young girls dressed in white, danced tlio ancient Rinka, scattering flowers as they danced. The Earl of Tyrconnell, lately raised to a dukedom, the judges,' the mayor and corporation, completed the procession, which marclied over newly sanded streets, beneath arches of ever- greens and windows hung witli "tapestry and cloth of Arras." Arrived at the castle the sword of state was presented to him by the deputy, and the keys of the city by the recorder. At the inner entrance, the primate. Dr. Dominick Macguire, waited in his robes to conduct him to the chapel, lately erected by Tyr- connell, where Te Dcum was solemnly sung. But of all the incidents of that striking ceremonial, nothing more powerfully impressed the popular imagination than the green flag floating from the main tower of the castle, bearing the significant inscrip- tion — " N'ow or Never-^Noio and Forever." A fortnight was devoted by James in Dublin to daily and nightly councils and receptions The chief advisers who formed his court were the Count d'^vaux. Ambassador of France, the Earl of Melfort, principal Secretary of State, the Duke of Tyr- connell, Lieutenant-General Lord Mountcashel, Chief Justice Nu- gent, and the superior officers of the army, French and Irish, One of the first things resolved upon at Dublin was the appoint- ment of the gallant Viscount Dundee as Lieutenant-General in Scot- land— and the despatch to his assistance of an Irish auxiliary force which served under that renowned chief with as much honor aa their predecessors had served under Montrose. Communications were also opened through the Bishop of Chester with the west of England Jacobites, always numerous in Cheshire, Shropshire, and other counties nearest to Ireland. Certain clianges were then made in the Privy Council; Chief Justice Keating's attend- ance was dispensed with as one opposed to the new policy, but his judicial functions were left untouched. Dr. Cartwright, Bishop of Chester, and the French Ambassador were sworn in, ^k' 576 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. i h iN and writs were issued convoking the Irish ParUament for the Tth day of May following. Intermitting, for the present, the military events which marked the early months of the year, we will follow the acts and deliber- ations of King James's parliament of 1689. The houses met, according to summons, at the appointed time, in the building k-nown as "the Inns of Court," within a stone's throw of the castle There were present 226 Commoners, and 46 members of the Upper House. In the Lords, several Protestant noblemen and prelates took their scats, and some Catholic peerL* of rifccieut date whose attainders had been reversed, were seen for the first time' in that generation in the front rank of their order. In the lower house the University and a few other constituei -,rr°"' °" ''''^"'"^'^ ^'*"' ""'I the Inns of Court bill had shocked some of his most devoted adherents But l.e proceeded from obstructive to active despotism. He" ubfed by h,s mere proclamation, the enormous subsidy of £20 000 monthly voted him by the Houses. He established^.y tfe s'ame author^y a ank and decreed in his own name a bank'restri Z ac. He debased the coinage, and established a fixed scale of prices to be observed by all merchants and traders In one respect-but in one only-he grossly violated his own pr Lsed purpose of establishmg liberty of conscience, by endeavoring o tZ^ZrT'''''' ""^"'^ University of "Dublineontr'ary t« Its statutes. He even went so far as to appoint a provost and Jbranan without consent of the senate. However we may eon demn the exclusiveness of the college, this was not the way to roTher ' ' °" "" '" '""' "'" '"'' J"^"^^ despotism on raffor/^'^f ^1' T *^' ''"''''''^^^'^ of the king for the resto- ration of rural schools and churches, and the decent maintenance of the clergy and bishops. His appointments to the bench we e ttr " TI,r"r- ' ^ T^^'T^ "^^ °' '"' ^^^^^ ^'--^est charac- ter. The administration of justice during this brief period" says Dr. Cooke Taylor, " deserves the highest praise. With the exception of Nugent and Fritton, the Irish judges would have been lUi honor to any bench." "»ve oeen %t J 49 E J HIS rOPCLAR HISTOBT OF IRELAND. i If- .| CnAPTER VI. TBB KBVOLUTIONAnY WAR.— CAMPAIGN OF 1689.— BIEQKS OF DERRt AND ENNI8KILLEN. Whin Tyrconncll met the king at Cork, he gave his majesty a plain account of the posture of military affairs. In Ulster, Lieutenaut-General Richard Hamilton, at the head of 2,500 regu- lar troops, was holding the rebels in check, from Charlemont to Coleraine ; inMunster, Lieutenant-General Justin McCarthy, Lord Mountcnshel, had taken Bandon and Castlemartyr ; througliout the four provinces, the Catholics, to the number of fifty regiments (probably 30,000 men), had volunteered their services ; but for all these volunteers he had only 20,000 old arms of all kinds, not over 1,000 of which were found really valuable. Tliero were besides these, regiments of horse, Tyrconneli's, Russell's, and Gal- moy's, and one of dragoons, eight small pieces of artillery, but neither stores in the magazines, nor cash in the chest. While at Cork, Tyrconncll, in return for his great exertions, was created a duke, and general-in-chief, with De Rosen as second in com- mand. A week before James reached Dublin, Hamilton had beaten the rebels at Dromore, and driven them in on Coleraine, from before which he wrote urgently for reinforcements. On receipt of this communication, the council exhibited, for the first time, thoeo radical differences of opinion, amounting almost to factious oppo- sition, which crippled all King James's movements at this porind. One party strenuously urged that the king himself should msnch northward with such troops as could be spared ; that his personal appearance before Derry, would immediately occasion the surren- der of that city, and that he might, in a few weeks, finish in per- son, the campaign of Ulster. Another, at whoso head was Tyrconuell, endeavored to dissuade his majesty from this course, but he at length decided in favor of the plan of Melfort and his friends. Accordingly, he marched out of Dublin, amid torrents of April rain, on the eighth of that month, intending to form a junction with Hamilton, at Strabane, and thence to advance to Derry. The POPULAR HI8T011Y OF IRRLAND. 679 march wns a weary one through a country stripped bare of every ' sign of life, and desolate beyond description. A week was Bpent be- tween Dublin and Omagli ; at Omagh news of an English fleet on the Foyle, caused the king to retrace his steps hastily to Charlemont. At Clinrlumont, however, intelligence of fresh suc- cesses gained by Ilaniilton and Do Rosen, at Cladyford and Strabane, came to restore his confidence; he instantly set for- ward despite the tempestuous weather, and the almost impassable roads, and on the eighteenth reached the Irish camp at Johns- town, within four or five miles of Derry. It was now four months since " the youthhood" of Derry had shut the Watergate against Lord Antrim's regiment, and established witliin their walls a strange sort of government, including eighteen clergymen and the town democracy. The military com- mand remained with Leiutenant-Colonel Lundy, of Lord Mount- joy's regiment, but the actual government of the town was vested first, in "Governor" Baker, and afterwards in the Reverend George Walker, Rector of Donaglimore, best known to us as Gov- ernor Walker. The town council had despatched Mr. Cairnes, and subsequently Captain Hamilton, founder of the Abercorn peerage, to England for succor, and had openly proclaimed Wil- liam and Mary as King and Queen. Defensive works were added, wherfi iiecessary, and on the very day of the affair of Cladyford] 480 barrels of gunpowder were landed from English ships and conveyed within the walb. As the Royalist forces concentrated towards Derry, the chiefs "of the Protestant Association fell back before them, each bringing to its garrison the contribution of his own followers. From the valley of the Bann, over the rugged summits of Carntogher, from the glens of Donegal, and the western sea coast round to Mayo, troops of the fugitives hurried to the strong town of the London traders, as to a city of refuge. Enniskillen alone, resolute in its insular situation, and in a courage akin to that which actuated the defenders of Derr}', stood as an outpost of the main object of attack, and delayed the junction of the Royalists under Mount- cashel with those under Hamilton and De Rosen. Coleraine was abandoned. Captain Murray, the commander of Culmore, forced his way at the head of 1,600 men into Derrv. contrar" tn the .wf 680 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. wishes of the vacillating and suspected Lundy, and, from thr mo- ment of his arrival, infused h's own determined spirit into all ranks of the inhabitants, Those who had advised King James to present himself in person before the Protestant stronghold, had not acted altogether upon presumption. It is certain that there were Jacobites, even in Der.;, T,undy, the governor, either despairing of its defence, or undecided in h'-i allegiance between James and William, had opened a correspondence with Hamilton and Do Rosen. But the true answer of the brave townsmen, wlien the kin- advanced too near their walls, was a cannon shot which killed one of his staff, and the cry of " No Surrender " thundLTcd from the walls. James, awakeno'l from his self-complacent dream by tliis unexpected re- ception, returned to Hublin, to open his Parliament, leaving General Hamilton to continue the Bolge. Colonel Lundy, dis trusted, overruled, and menaced, escaped over the walls by night disguised as a common laborer, and the party of Murray, Baker, Walker, and Cairnes, reigned supreme. The story of the siege of Derry— of the heroic constancy of its defenders— of the atrocitieJ of De Rosen and Galmoy— the clem, ency of Maumont— the forbearance of Hamilton— the struggles for supremacy among its magnates— the turbulence of the towns- folk—the joyful raising of the siege— all these have worthily em- ployed some of the most eloquent pens in our language. The relief came by the breaking of the boom across the harbor's mouth on the last day of July ; the bombardment had commenced on the 21st of April ; the gates had been shut on the 7th of De- cember. The ectual siege had lasted above three months, and the blockade about three weeks. The destruction of life on both sides has never been definitely stated. The besieged admit a loss of 4,000 men ; the besiegers of 6,000. The want of siege guns in the Jacobite camp is admitted by both parties, but, nevertheless, the defence of the place well deserves to be celebrated, as it has been by an imperial historian, " as the most memorable in British annals." Scarcely inferior in interest and importance to the siege of Derry, was the spirited defnce of Enniskillen. That fine old town, once the seat of the noble family of Magirtre, is natur- POPULAR HISTORY OP IRELAND. 681 ally dyked and moated round about, by the waters of Longh Erne In December, '88, it had closed Its gates, and barricaded its cause! ways to keep out a Jacobite garrison. In March, on Lord Gal- mo/s approach, all the outlying garrisons, in Fermanagh and Cnvan, had destroyed their posts, and gathered into Enniskillcn. The cruel and faithless Galmoy, instead of inspiring terror into the united garrison, only increased their determination to die in the breach. So strong in position and numbt-rs did they find themselves, with the absolute command of the lower Lough Erne to bring in their supplies, that in April they sent off a detachment to the relief of Derry, and in the months of May and June made Beveral successful forays to Bnllincarrig, Omagh, and Bclturbet in July, provided with a fresh supply of ammunition from "tho fleet mtonded for the relief of Dcrry, they beat up the Duke of Berwick s quarters at Trellick, but were repulsed with some loss. The duke being soon after recalled to join De Rosen, the siege of Enmskillen was committed to Lord Mountcashel, under whom aa commander of the cavalry served Count Anthony IlamUton au- thor of the witty but licentious "Memoirs of Grammont,»'and her distinguished officers. Mountcashel's whole force consisted of three regiments of foot, two of dragoons, and some horse ; but he expected to be joined by Colonel Sarsfield, from Sligo and Berwick, from Derry. The besieged had drawn four regiments _ot foot from Cavan alone, and were probably twice that number in all; and they had, in Colonels Wolseley and Berry, able and energetic officers. The Enniskilleners did not await the atta-^k withm their fortress. At Lisnaskoa, under Berry, they repulsed the advanced guard of the Jacobites under Anthony Hamilton • and the same day-the day of the relief of Derry-their whole force were brought into action with Mountcashel's at Newtown- Butler. To thocryof'NoPoper, Yolsely led them into an action, tho most considerable yet oight. The raw southern evies on the Royalist side, were routed by tho hardy Ennisk' leners long familiar with the use of arms, and w-il acquainted with every „,ch of the ground; 2,000 of them were left on the field; 400 prisoners were taken, among them dangerously, but not mortally wounded, was the Lieutenant-General himself. The month of Angust was a month of general rejoicing for the 49* ;.^-/.; 682 POPDIiAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. WiUiamitea of Ulster. De Rosen .nd Berwick had re eatcd from Derry ; Sarafield on hla way to join Mountcashcl fell back to Slir. on hearing of hi« defeat nt Newtown-Butler ; Culmore, Coleraine, and Ballyshannon. were retaken and well supplied; fuKitives returned triumphantly to their homes, in Cavan, ler- nmnagh. Tyrone, and Armagh. A panic, created by f»l«e reports spread among his troops at Sligo, compelled Sarsfield o fa 1 sUU further back to Athlone. Six months after his arrival, with th« exception of the forts of Charlemont and Carrickfergi.s King James no longer possessed a garrison in that province, which had been bestowed by his grandfather upon the ancestors of thosj who now unanimously rejected ond resisted him. The fall of the gallant Dundee in the battle of Killicrankie. five days before the rblicf of Derry, freed King William from immediate anxiety on the side of Scotland, and enabled h.mo concentrate his whole disposable force on Ireland. On the 13th of August, ar, army of eighteen regiments of foot and four or five of horse, under the Marshal Duke de rchomberg. with Count Solmos as second in command, sailed into Beliast Lough, and took possession of the town. On the 20th. the marshnl opened a fierce cannonade on Carickfergus, defended by Colonels McCarthy More and Cormac O'Neill, while the fleet bombarded it from sea After ei<'ht days' incessant cannonade, the garrison surrendered on honorable terms, and Schomberg faced southward towards Dublin. Brave, and long-experienced, the aged duke moved ac- cording to the cautious maxims of the military school in which he had been educated. Had he advanced rapidly on the capital James must !iave fallen back, as De Rosen advised, on the line of the Shannon; but O'Regan, at Charlemont, and Berwick, ao Newry, seemed to him obstacles so serious that ne.nriv a month was wasted in advancing from Belfast to Dundalk. where he en- trenched himself in September and went into winter quarters. Here a terrible dysentery \>roke out among his troops, said to have been introduced by some soldiers from Derry, and so de- structive were its ravages, that there were hardly left healthy men enouch to bury the dead. Several of the French Catholics under his command, also, deserted to James, who. from his headquarters at Drogheda, offered every iuducoment to the deserters. Others PO?CLAB HISTORY OF IRBLAND. 589 discovered In the attempt wiro tried and i.anged, and otliors sMll, Btmpected of similar designs, were marcl.ed down to Carlingford' and sliipped for Englnn.J. In November, James returned from Droglieda to Dublin, much clnted that Duke Schomberg. whoso fat..l cnmp at Dundalk he had in vain attempted to raise liad shrunk from meeting him in the field. CHAPTER VII. THE BEVOLUTIOjrAKT WAR.-CAMPAIQK OF 1690.-BATTLE OF TOT BOYNE.— ITS JONSEQUKVCKS.— TUB BIEOES Of ATUtONE AND LIMERICK. The armies now destined to combat for two kings on Irish Boil, were strongly marked by those distinctions of race and re- ligion which add bitterness to struggles for power, while they present striking contrasts to the eye of the painter of military life and manners. King James's troops were chiefly Celtic and Cath- olic. Tliere were four regiments commanded by O'Neills, two by O'Briens, two by O'Kellys, one each by McCarthy More, Ma-uire O'More, O'Dor.nell, McMahon, and Ma^xennis, principally re^ cruited among tlieir own clansuen. Thire were also (he rcgi- ments of Sarsfield, Nugent, De Courcy, Fitzgerald, Grace ,.ad Burke, chiefly Celts, in the rank and file. On the other hand Scliomberg led into the field the famous blue Dutch and white Dutch regiments ; the Huguenot regiments of Schomberg, La MU- hn.er.Du Cambon, and La Callimotte; the English regiments of Lords Devonshire, Delamcre, Lovelace, Sir Jolm Lanier, Col- onels Langston, Villiers and others; the Anglo-Irish regiments of Lords Meath, Roscommon, Kingston and Drogheda ; with the Ulstermon, under Brigadier Wolseley, Colonels Gustavus Hamil- ton, Mitchelburne, Loyd, White, St. Johns, and Tiffany. Some important changes had taken place on both sides during the win- ter months. lyAvaux and De Rosen had been recalled at James's request ; Mountcashel, at the head of the first Franco-Irish brioade Li '* ¥'■ if H 684 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. J <■ , ft nnr> Vrencli under De Lauzan, who armed the following ^^^t williftm was to command in ;:::r:^lJi:'^^>^^^>^^ « an in^cationp., Tant with other changes to the minds of lus adherent. Their abundant supplies of military stores from EnglanU wled from every po t upon the channel, where James had not r k eJaZ enaJed the Williamite army to take the initiative in a keel atloat, ena Brigadier Wolseley repulsed reSrrBe XwithlheZsW^oLienands^ fficert But the chief incident preceding WiUiam's arriva . -s The Bio- of Charlemont. This siege, which commenced app an y „ the "previous autumn, had continued ^-ing several mont^tll he garrison were literhUy starved out, in May. The famished the garrison j Schomberg, and their survivors were kindly treatea, uy ui" , . , . ■, t,., ti,„ T.!n--- ^f/^Tf/.f ^ that purpose found „er advanced, and three !>-- ^^l^t L the evening of the a ford above the bridge, and "t -x o ock o ^^^^^^^ ^^^^ .^_ last day of June. J-OO l-^^^.-^ i':X st'roUe of a bell. M ton's g^-»<^-;\^^^J\t t„^ ;[ b,,,evies on the Leinster s de the same instant all tke i^ngi .^ ^^^^^_ ^^^ j,^. opened on the Irisl. ^o^^'^'^^^^^J^^ ^aint Ruth was. at this tracting the attention of the bes^e r ^,^^^^^_ ^^^^, ^^^^^ critical moment, at his camp two mi es o^^, ^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^ xnandant. was also abBont jro™ ^ P -^^^.^^^ ^^^.^^^ ^^, Williamites were masters of the heap .^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^_ been Athlone, with a loss of less t an fifty m ^^.^^^^ ^^^ ea. For this bold and ^'^^^^^M^Z^s were 3"stly en- created Earl of Athlone, and his clue ^^^^^ ^.^^. nobled. Saint Ruth, ^^f'-^'^f'^''XciZ!vv^V'^reCi to risk drewtoBallinaslocbehindtherver Suck a p ererything on the \^^^^Yi:ltuolf^,^rs^^ of his enemy. On the morning of the lUh ot J y , ^^^^ ^.^^^.^ ^^^^^ ^f i, .reathsfrom the lan^-P^'^^; ^..^ ,„ the upland of Kilcom- the Irish, drawn up, north and bou , ^ ^^.^^^ ^^^ n.odan hill, with a ---/;; fj^Ttl.; pass of Urrachree." two narrow causeways,- on t le r^ ^^ Aughrim. on the left, the causew. y/f ;f ^^^t^cTf o- ll.OOO to 20.000 Saint Ruth's ^o-e r ast have numb ,r^^^^^^ ^en, with nine field pieces ; D^^inUe ^^^^^^^ ^.^ ^^^^ ^^^^ 30.000. with four batt-es-7 o^ - ^^^^^^_ .^ ^,^ ,,.,,uon of During the entire da> '^t^'^;" " ^ ^^^ the assailants were POPCLAB HI8T0RT OF IRELAND. 605 atletiipt was made with equal 111 success. "Now, my children," criud tlie elated Soint Ruth, " the doy ia ours 1 Now I shall drive them boclc to the walls of Dublin 1" At that moment he fell by a cannon shot to tlie earth, and stayed the advancing tide of -ic- tory. Tlio enemy marlied the clioclf, halted, rallied and returned. Sarsfield, who had not been entrusted with his leader's plan of action, was unable to remedy the miscliief wliich ensued. Victory arrested was converted into defeat. The sun went down on Au- ghrim, and the last great Irish battle between tlie Reformed and Roman religions. Four thousand of the Catliolics were liilied and wounded, and three tliousand of the Protestants littered tlie field. Above five hundred prisoners, with thirty-two pairs of colors, eleven standards and a large quantity of small arms, fell into the hands of the victors. One portion of the fugitive survi- vors fled to Golway, the larger part, including all the cavalry, to Limerick. Tliis double blow at Athlone and Aughrim shook to pieces the remaining Catholic power in Connaught. Golway surrendered ten days after the battle; Balldearg O'.Donncll, after a vain attempt to throw himself into it in time, made terms with Do Ginkle, and carried his two regimenta into Flanders '^o fight oa the side Spain and Rome had chosen to take in the European coalition. Sligo, the last western garrison, succumbed, and the brave Sir Teige O'Regan marched his 600 men, survivors, south- ward to Limerick. Thus once more all eyes and all hearts in the British Islands were turued towards the well-known city of the lower Shannon. There, on the 14th of August, Tyrconnell expired, stricken down by apoplexy. On the 26th, do Ginkle, reinforced by all > prevailing party in Ulster had long recognized him, and the only expression of the national will then possible accepted his title, in the treaty signed at Limerick on the 3d of October, 1691 , For three years Ireland had resisted hia power. ■il.' ti-H ,►■,/- bMf" 698 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. m for twelve years longer she was to bear the yoke of his govern. ment. , . . t i j Tlough the history of William's twelve years' re.gn in Ireland is a history of proscription, the king himself is answerable only as ., consenting party to such proscription, llewas neither by temper nor policy a persecutor ; his allies were S-pain, Austria and Rome ; he had thousands of Catliolics in his own army and he gave his confidence as freely to brave and capable men of one creed as of another. But the oligarchy, calling itself the Pro- testant Ascendancy » which had grown so powerful under Crom- well and Charles II., backed as they once again were by all the religious intolerance of England, proved too strong for Wilham s good intentions. He was, moreover, pre-occupied with the grand plans of the European cqalition, in which Ireland, without an Irmy, was no longer an element of calculation. He abandoned, therefore, not without an occasional grumbling protest, the van- quished Catholics to the mercy of that oligarchy, whose history during the eighteenth century, forms so prominent a feature of the history of the kingdom. The civil articles of Limerick. Avhich Sarsfield vainly hoped might prove the Magna Charla of his coreligionists, were thirteen in number. Art. I. guaranteed to members of that denomination, remaining in the kingdom, " such privileges in the exercise of their religion as are consistent with the law of Ireland, or as they en- joyed in tlie reign of King Charles II. ;" this article further pro- vided, that " their majesties, as soon as their affairs wdl permit them to summon a Parliament in this kingdom, will endeavor to procure the said Roman Catholics such further security in that particular as may preserve tliem from a.y dhturhancc on account of their said religion." Art. II. guaranteed pardon and protec- tion to all who had served King James, on taking the oath of allegiance prescribed in Art. IX., as follows : "I A B do solemnly promise and swear that I will be faith- ful and bear' true allegiance to Uieir majesties. King William and Queen Mary ; so help mo God." , » *= t Arts III IV V and VI. extended the provisions of Arts. J. and II.'to merchants and other classes of mon. Art. VII. permits " every nobleman and geulieman comproriiised in the said .irticles /fr i POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAKD. 609 to carry side arms, and keep " a gun in their houses." Art. VIIL gives the right of removing goods and chattels witliout search. Art. IX. is as follows : " The oath to be administered to such Roman Catholics as sub- mit to their majesties' government shall be the oath a/oremid, and no other." Art. X. guarantees that " no person or persons who shall at any time hereafter, break these articles, or any of them, shall thereby make or cause any other person or persons to forfeit or lose the iKiiefit of them." Arts. XL and XII. relate to the ratifi- cation of the articles " within eiglit months or sooner." ' Art. XIII. refers to the debts of " Colonel John Brown, commissary of the Irish army, to several Protestants," and arranges for their satisfaction. These articles were signed, before Limerick, at the well known "Treaty Stone," on the Clare side of the Shannon, by Lord Scravenmore, Generals Mackay, Talmash, and De Ginkle, and the Lords- Justices Porter and Coningsby, for King William, and by Sarsfield, Earl of Lucan, Viscount Galmoy, Sir Toby Butler, and Colonels Purcell, Cusack, Dillon, and Brown, for the Irish. On the 24th of February following, royal letters patent confirmatory of the treaty were issued from Westminster, in the name of the king and queen, whereby they declared, that " we do for us, our heirs and successors, as far as in us lie?, ratify and confirm the same and every clause, matter, and thing therein contained. And as to such parts thereof, for which an act of Parliament shall be found to be necessary, we shall recommend the same to be made good by Parliament, and shall give our royal assent to any bill or bills that shall be passed by our two houses of Parliament to that purpose. And whereas it appears unto us, that it was agreed between the parties to the said articles, that after the words Lim- erick, Clare, Kerry, Cork, Mayo, or any of them, in tlie second of the said articles ; which words having been casually omitted by the writer of the articles, the words following, viz. : ' And all such as are under their protection in the said counties,' should be inserted, and be part of the said omission, was not discovered till after the said articles were signed, but was taken notice of before the second town was surrendered, and that our said jusUces and lii i^ r .. 600 POPCLAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. generals, or one of them, did promise that the said clause sMA be made good, it being .vithiu the intention of the captula ion andlsert^d in the foul draft thereof: Our further will and plea^ "e is. and wo do hereby ratify and confirm the said omit d words viz., 'And all such as are under their protection in the ad count(es,' hereby, f -us. our heirs and successors ordaining and declaring that all and every person and persons therem co - erned shallLd may have, receive, and enjoy the benehUhereof, in such and the same manner as if the said words had been in- serted in their proper place in the said second article, any omi - 8 on defect, or mistake in the said second article in any wise not- w thstanding. Provided always, and our will and pleasure is Th t hese our letters patent shall be enrolled n our court of cLancery. in our said kingdom of Ireland, within the space of one vear next ensuing." ^ . j i, ii,„ ^ But the Ascendancy party were not to be restrained by the faith of treaties, or the obligations of the sovereign. The Sun- day following the return of the Lords Justices from Limenck, Dopping. Bishop of Meath, preached before them at Cl>ri«t a church, on the crime of keeping faith with Papists. The grand jury of Cork urged on by Cox. the Recorder of Kinsale. one of the his- torians of those times, returned in their inquest that the restor- ation of the Earl of Clancarty's estates " would be dangerous to the Protestant interest." Tliough botli William and George I. interested the:.iselves warmly for that noble family, the hatred of the new oligarchy proved too strong for the clemency of kings, and the broad acres of the disinherited McCarthys, remamed to enrich on alien and bigoted aristocracy. In 1692 when the Irish Parliament met. a few Catholic peers, and a very few Catholic commoners took their seats. One of the first acts of the victorious majority was to frame an oath in dir- ect contravention to the oath prescribed by the ninth civil article of tlic treaty, to bo taken by members of both Houses. This oath solemnly and explicitly denied " that in the sacrament of the Lord's supper there is any transubslantion of the elements; and as solemnly affirmed, "that the invocation or adoration of the Virgin Mary, or any other saint, and the sacrifice of the mass ^g tjiey ar» — ^ """d in tbo church of Rome, are damnable and POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. Ht\\ idolatrous." As a matter of course, the Catholic peers and com- xuor.LTS retired from botli Houses, rather than take any such oath, and thus the Irish Parliament assumed, in 1692, that exclusively Protestant character which it continued to maintain, till its ex- tinction in 1800. Tho Lord-Justico Sydney, acting in tlie spirit of his original iuKtructlons, made some show of .esistance to the proscriptive spirit thus exhibited. But to teach him how they regarded his interference, a very small supply was voted, and the assertion of the absolute control of the Commons over all sup- plies-a sound doctrine when rightly interpreted— was vehem- ' ently asserted. Sydney had the satisfaction of proroguing and lecturing the House, but they had the satisfaction soon after of seeing him recalled through their influence in England, and a more congenial viceroy in the person of Lord Capel sent over. About the same time, that ancient engine of oppression, a Com- mission to inquire into estates forfeited, was established, and, in a short time, decreed that 1,060,792 acres were escheated to the crown. This was almost the last fragment of the patrimony of the Catholic inhabitants. When King William died, there did not remain in Catholic hands " one-sixth part " of what their grandfathers held, even after tho passage of the Act of Settle- ment. In 1695, Lord Capel opened the second Irish Parliament, sum- moned by King William, in a speech in which he assured his delighted auditors that the king was intent upon a firm settlement of Ireland upon a Protestant interest." Large supplies were at once voted to his majesty, and the House of Commons tlien pro- ceeded to the appointment of a committee to consider what penal laws were already in force against the Catholics, not for the pur- pose of repealing them, but in order to add to their number. Thfl principal penal laws then in existence were : 1. An act, subjecting all who upheld the jurisdiction of tho See of Rome, to the penalties of a premunire ; and ordering the oath of supremacy to be a qualification for ofiice of every kind, for holy orders, and for a degree in tho university. 2. An act for the uniformity of Common Prayer, imposing a fine of a shilling on all who should absent, themselves from places of worship of the established churcli o', Snndavfl 51 ou2 POPULAR niSTORT OF IRELAND. I J 6. Aa act, allowing the Chancellor to name a guardian to the child of a Catholic. . . 4 An act to prevent Catholics from beconiing private tutors in families, without license from the ordinaries of their several parishes, and taking the oath of supremacy. ^ To the.e.the new Parliament added. 1. An act to deprive Catholics of the means of educating their children at home or abroad, and to render them incapable of being guardians of their own or any other person's children; 2. An act to disarm the Catholics; and, 3. Another to banish all the Catholic priests and prelates. Having thns violated the treaty, they gravely brought La bill "to confirm the Articles of Limerick" "The very title of the bill," says Dr. Cooke Taylor, " contains evidence of its in- justice." It is styled, "A Bill for the Confirmation of Arieles (not the articles) made at the Surrender of Limerick. And the preamble shows that the little word the was not accidentally omitted. It runs thus :-" That the said articles, or so much of them as may conshl mlh the safety and u-elfare of your majesty s subjects in these kingdoms, may be confirmed," Ac The par s that appeared to these legislators inconsistent with " the safety and welfare of his majesty's subjects," were the first article, which provided for the security of the Catholics from all disturbances en account of their religion ; those parts of the second artic e which confirmed the Catholic gentry of Limerick. Clare, Cork Kerry, and Mayo, in the possession of their estates, and allowed all Catholics to exercise their trades and professions without ob- struction ; the fourth article, which extended the benefit of the peace lo certain Irish officers then abroad; the seventh article which allowed the Catholic gentry to ride armed ; the ninth article, which provides that the oath of allegiance shall be the only oath required from Cath.^lics; and one or two others of minor importance. All of these are omitted in the bill for " 1 he confirmation of Articles made at the Surrender of Limerick." The Commons passed the bill withont much difficulty. The House of Lords, however, contained some few of the ancient nobility, and some prelates, who refused to acknowledge the dog- ma, " that no faith should be kept with Tapists," as an article of their crood. The bill was strenuously resisted, and when it was POPULAR UISTOnV OF IRELAND. CGS at length carried, a strong protest against it was signed by lords Londonderry, Tyrone, and Duncannon, the barons of Ossory, Limerick, Killaloe, Kerry, Ilowtli, Kingston, and Strabane, and, to their eternal honor be it said, the Protestant bishops of liildarei Elpliin, Derry, Clonfert, and Killala 1 The only other political incidents of this reign, important to Iieland, were the speech from the throne in answer to an address of the English Houses, in which William promised to discourage the woolen and encourage the linen manufacture in Ireland, and the publication of the famous argument for legislative iudepend- ance, " The Case of Ireland Stated." The author of this tract, the bright precursor of the glorious succession of men, who, often defcated or abandoned by their colleagues, finally triumphed in 1782, was William Molyneux, member for the University of Dublin. Molyneux's book appeared in 1698, with a short, respectful, but manly dedication to King William. Speaking of his own motives in writing it, he says, " I am not at all concerned in wool or the wool trade. I am no ways interested in forfeitures or grants. I am not at all concerned whether the bishop or the society- of Derry recover the lands they contest about," Such were the domestic politics of Ireland at that day; but Moly- neux raised other and nobler issues when he advanced these six propositions, which he supported with incontestible ability. " 1. How Ireland became a kingdom annexed to the crown of England. And hero we shall at large give a faithful narrative of the first expedition of the Britons into this country, and King Henry II.'s arrival here, such as our best historianb give us, " 2. We shall inquire whether this expedition and the English settlement that afterwards followed thereon, can properly be called a conquest? or whether any victories obtained by the Eng. lish in any succeeding ages in this kingdom, upon any rebellion, may bo called a conjMc*^ thereof ? " 3. Granting that it were a conquest, we shall inquire what title a conquest gives. " 4. We shall inquire what concessiom have been from time to time made to Ireland, to take off wliat even the most rigorous asserters of a conquerer's title do pretend to. And herein we Bhall show by what degrees the English forn. of government. • y ' .J. - ^01 POPULAR tllBTORY OF IRELAND. , J;a inl Uw. relating U> .his »..ter,.ith ob.erv.i.on, """rwe .h»U consider tte re.son. .»d .n;»"«°" "f ""J >" UnLltll o„. .ids and .'Other. »d w. .h.U d,.w .0». :™ir rt"=r:f rr.i .... .0™ "'BurwmS^'d.J. wo ..r.»dy .u»W. 0« .h. 8,h of M^^mnhea little more «... fifty ye.™ of .g.,l.e d.ed f 1 tt .ffe'eta rf . bU from M. horee. Uis «!gn over Irel.nd r™»ym to the „,lods ot th.t people of dle..ter, pro.enp^ 18 synonyiu""" broken compacts but tion and spoliation; of v-l-te \ ■■ \ C06 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. or profits arising out of the same, or of holding any lease of lives, or other lease whatever, for any term exceeding thirty-one years. And with respect even to such limited leases, it further enacts, that if a Papist should hold a farm producing a profit greater than one-third of the amount of the rent, his right to such should im- mediately oase, and pass over entirely to the first Protestant who ■ should discover the rate of profit. The seventh clause prohibits Papists from succeeding to the properties or estates of their Pro- testant relations. By the tenth clause, the estate of a Papist, not having a Protestant heir, is ordered to be gavelled, or divided in equal shares between all his children. ITie sixteenth and twenty- fourth clauses impose the oath of abjuration, and the sacramental test, as a qualification for office, and for voting at elections. The twenty-third clause deprives the Catholics of Limerick and Gal- way of the protection secifred to them by the articles of the treaty of Limerick. The twenty-fifth clause vests in her majesty all advowsons possessed by Papists. Certain Catholic barristers, living under protection, not yet excluded from the practice of their profession, petitioned to bo heard at the bar of the House of Commons. Accordingly, Mr. Malone, the ancestor of three generations of scholars and orators, Sir Stephen Rice, one of the most spotless characters of the age, formerly chief-justice under King James, and Sir Theobald Butler, were heard against the bill. The argument of Butler, who stood at the very head of his profession, remains to us almost in its en- tirety, and commands our admiration by Its solldty and and dignity. Never was national cause more worthily pleaded ; never was the folly of religious persecution more forcibly exhibited. Alluding to the monstrous fourth clause of the bill, the great advocate ex- claimed : — " It is natural for the father to love the child ; but we all know that children are but too apt and subject, without any such liberty as this bill gives, to slight and neglect their duty to their parents; and surely such an act as this will not be an instrument of restraint, but rather encourage them more to it. " It is but too common with the son, who has a prospect of an estate, when once he arrives at the age of one and twenty, to think the old father too long in the way between him and it; and how POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 607 much more will he be subject to it, when, by this act, he shall have liberty, before he comes to that age, to compel and force my estate from me, without asking my leave, or being liable to account ' with me for it, or out of his share thereof, to a moiety of the debts, portions, or other encumbrances, with which the estate might have been charged before the passing tliis act 1 " Is not this against the laws of God and man ? Against the rules of reason and justice, by which all men ought to be governed ? Is not this the only way in the world to make children become nndutiful? and to bring the gray head of the parent to the grave with grief and tears? " It would be hard from any man ; but from a son, a child, the fruit of my body, whom I have nursed in my bosom, and tendered more dearly than my own life, to become my plunderer, to rob me of ray estate, to cut my throat, and to take away my bread, is much more grievous than from any other and enough to make the most flinty of hearts to bleed to think on it. And yet this will be the case if this bill pass into a law; which I hope this honorable assembly will not think of, when they shall more seri- ously consider, and have weighed these matters. " For God's sake, gentlemen, will you consider whether this ia according to the golden rule, to do as you would be done unto ? And if not, surely you will not, nay, you cannot, without being liable to be charged with the most manifest injustice imaginable, take from us our birthrights, and invest them in others before our faces." AVhen Butler and Malone had closed. Sir Stephen Rico was heard, not in his character of council, but as one of the petitioners affected by the act. But neither the affecting position of that great jurist, who from the rank of chief baron had descended to the outer bar, nor the purity of his life, nor the strength of his argument, had any effect upon the oligarchy who heard him. He was answered by quibbles and cavils, unworthy of record, and was finally Informed that any rights which Papists "pretended to be taken from them by the Bill, was in their own power to remedy, by conforming, which in prudence they ought to do ; aod tliat they had none to blame but themselves." Next day the bill passed into law. The remnant of the clergy were next attacked. On the 11th 608 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. Z :r r;e :Z^: -.as ..d inducements .e.e ia- tiet ^ULst clauseVlaree. that no Papist ff^l^^fH^^ s ^^and ipon make an order for the support o such co^ ominKchild or childrqn, and for securing such a share of tho iTer^y after the father's death, as the court shall dunk fit^ ThTfouLentiiand fifteenth clauses secure jointures to Popish l\:::Z^irco.iorr.. The sixteenth prohibits a Papist from reaclinreven as assistant to a Protestant master. The e.gh^ teentrSves a salary of £30 per annum to Popish priests v.I>o shal mlm. The Lentieth provides rewards for the discovery f Po^ h Fdates. priests, and teachers, -ov liu, to the fdlow- 1 whimsical scale:-For discovering an a.<;bishop bishop v"Lten ral. or other person, exercising any foreign ecclesiastical lurXi n £50; for discovering each regular clergyman, and iach e da clergyman not registered, £20, and for discovering IZI Popish schoolmaster or usher, £10. The twenty-first clauso "poll two justices to s«mn.on before them any Papist ove eXeen years of age, and interrogate him when and where he Jit heard mass said, and the names of the persons present and kw touching the residence of any Popish priest or schocl- !mirer ; and if he refuse to give testimony, subjects him to a fine of £20 or imprisonment for twelve months. Several other penal laws were enacted by the same parliament, of wS we canVv notice one; it excluded Cathd^s fron. U.e office of sheriff, and from grand juries, and -«f ■ ^ha . in ua upon any statute for streng'>".ning the Protestant >nteje«t, ".a pLntiff might challenge a ju.or for being a Papist, which chnl- lena;e tlie jud2 . v.'oo to allow* POPULAR HISTORY OF IKELAND. 60» I By a royal proclamation of the samo year, all "registered priests" were to take "the oatli of abjuration before the 25th of March, 1710," under penalty of premnnire. Under (his proclama- tion and the tariff of rewards just cited, there grew up a class of men, infamous and detestable, known by the nickname of " priest hunters." One of the most successful of thes o traffickers in blood, was a Portuguese Jew, named Garcia, settled at Dublin. Ho was very skillful at disguises. " lie sometimes put on the mien of a priest, for ho affected to be one, and thus worming himself into tlio good graces of some confiding Catholic, got a clue to the whereabouts of the clergy." In 1718, Garcia succeeded in arrest- ing seven unregistered prifists, for whose detection he had a sum equal to two or three thousand dollars of American Tnoney. To B /-h an excess was this trade carried, that a reaction set in, and a Catholic bishop of Ossory, who lived at the time th38e acts were still in force, records that " the priest-catchers' occupation became exceedingly odious both to Protestants and Catholics," and that himselt had seen " ruffians of this calling assailed with a shower of stones, flung by both Catholics and Protestants." But this creditable reaction only became general under Georgo II., twenty years rfler the passage of the act of Queen Anne. We shall have to mention some monstrous additions made to the code during the first George's reign, and 6ome attempts to repair and perfect it" diabolical machinery, even so late as George III ; but the great body of the penal law received its chief accessions from the oligarchical Irish parliament, under Queen Anne. Hitherto, we have often had to point out, how with all its constitutional defects — with the law of Poynings, obliging heads ot bills to be first sent into England— fettering its freedom of initiative ;— how, notwithstanding all defects, the Irish parliament had asserted, at many critical periods, its own and the people's rights, witii an energy worthy of admiration. But the collective bigots of this reign, were wholly unworthy of the name of a parliament. They permitted the woolen trade to be sacrificed without a struggle,— they allowed the bold prop, ositions of Molyneux, one of their own number, to be condemned and reprobated without a protest. The knotted lash of Jonathan Swift was never more worthily applied, than to " the Legion f^' 010 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. a.K .MC ..0 has consigned - ^^ ^ ^^ ^Z:l „ p..n,n..nt and personal reven «> b t -^ ^ ^^ ^^,^, „,,„j, „„„ca hun.hl* f.avle.« ««e «;, '^fj^^'^^i.^y u.e first lit.nn y n,akel.imthcflrBt f'^'^?^;;'"; ^^ ^ a country so bare and character of Ireland at that day in J ^^ .^^ ^ „„,ed as he found it; ^;;^^: y':7„; ITapaeUy to evoke bofore hin, ; it needed no ord"^»;y ^° ' ^ .^ ^[, „« be just to nnythlng like public op.nion ° J^^'.''^ > '^p,,,,,,„, that Irish that moBt unhappy »>.»" of genms , let i p nationality, bleeding at ^y^--^ P"'^!;;;^;;,^ „ Iwift. and took by the .ayside. found «'-^^- -/^;,^';t Ithn.an. before „ew heart from ^'^ ;-'" ^^^ ^f V»»'ops. and the viceroy, xvhom the parliament,! the benon oi i' . trembled. CHAPTER XIL „. ^Sn SO^IKBS ABHCU ^ - «-« «' ^ ^- T„. Close of the second reign ^r^^^^^:!^ ^'St!^ ^- '':r ICrLi:: Xr^etv: Teen, m tens of r:dr::jSt:u.bard.^^^^^ Many of the Meath and I'-f;^^';',:„ied their swords commanders, the K..r.„^ „, ,,,tria. and into the service of W'll>«"'« ""y- j' « ^f Prince Eugene, distinguished themselves in all thuimpag the northwest, the Spain attracted to her standard the .i^l of ^^^^.^^ Joonnells, the O'Reillys ^-l^^;^''^^^, ,,y fames of UUter „ore than one reign, <^^-'^X^^^^^;^Z.^., which decided the oHgin. ^^^'^'':''''l'::'^:^:,:^,t\y O-Mahonys foot and Spanish --f-7"' J-^^^t txt year Spain had five Irish regi- Fitzjames's Irish ho se. 'Hie next y , ^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^ ments in her regular •'""^ ^'"^ ",_ ^„„„n, O'Rnlly and -aer tUe co™d ^I^^y;^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ in the POPULAR UISTORr or IRELAND. Oil greatest number, nnd n ide the most impreselve history for themselves and their dt^scendnnts. The recruiting agents of Fronce hod long been In the habit of crossing tlio narrow seos, and bringing back the slalv.ort sons of tiie western Island to serve their ambitious kings, in every corner of the continent. An Irish troop of horse served, in 1652, under Turenne, against the great Cond6. In tlie campaigns of lt)78, 1674 ond 1676, under Turenne, two or three Irish regi- ments were in every engogement along the Rhine. At Alten- heiin, their commander. Count Hamilton, was created a major- general of France, In 1690, these old regiments, with tlie six new ones sent over by James, were formed into a brigade, and from 161)0 to 1693, tliey went tlirougli the campaii;naof Savoy and Italy, under Marshal Catinat, against Prince Eugene. Justin McCar- thy, Lord Mountcabhel, wlio commanded them, died at Bareges of wounds received at StafTardo. At Marsiglin, they routed, in 1693, the allies, killing Duke Schomberg, son to the Huguenot general who fell ot the Boyne. The "New " or Sarsfield's brigade was employed under Lux- embourg.against King William, in Flanders, in 1692 and 1698. At Namur and Eiighien, they were greatly distinguished, nnd William more than once sustained heavy loss at their hands. Sarsfield, tlieir brigadier, for these services, was made mareschal- de-camp. At Landen, on the 29th of July, '93, France again triumphed to the cry, " Remember Limerick!" Sarsfield, lead- ing on the fierce pursuers, fell mortally wounded. Pressing his hand upon the wound, he took it away dripping w:*h blood, and only said, " Oh, that this was for Ireland 1" In the war of the Spanish succession, the remnants of both bri- gades, consolidated into one, served under their favorite leader, the Marshal Duke of Berwick, through nearly all his campaigns in Belgium, Spain and Germany. Tlie third Lord Clare, ofter- wards Field-Marshal Count Thomond, was by the Duke's side at Phillipsburg, in 1733, when ho received his death-wound from the explosion of a mine. These exiled Clare O'Briens commanded for three generations their famous family regiment of dragoons, Tl.e first who followed king James abroad died of wounds re- ceived at the battle of Bamillies; the third, with better fortune, j||£- '«• I f'" 612 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. outlived for nearly thirty years the glorious day of Fontcnoy. The Irish cavalry regiments in the service of France were She'don'3, Galmoy's, Clare's, and KiUmallock's ; the infantry werfl known as the regiments of Duhlin, Charlemont, Limerick and Athlone. There were two other infantry regiments, known as Luttrel's and Dorrington's~and a regiment, of Irish marines, of which the Grand Prior, Fitzjames, was colonel. During the latter years of Louis XIV., there could not have been less, at any one time, than from 20,00C to 30,000 Irish in his armies, and durmg the succeedmg century, authentic documents exist to prove that 450,000 natives of Ireland died in the military service of France. In the dreary reigns of William, Anne, and the two first Georges, the pride and courage of the disarmed and disinherited population, abiding a« home, drew new life and vigor from the exploits of their exiled brethren. The channel smuggler and the vagrant ballad-singer kept alive their fame for the lower class of the population, whUe the memoirs of Marlborough and Eugene, issuing from the Dublin press, communicated authentic accounts of their actions, to the more prejudiced, or better educated. The blows they struck at Landen, at Cremona, and at Almanza, were sensibly felt by every British statesman ; when, in the bitterness of defeat, an English king cursed " the laws that deprived him of such subjects," the doom of the penal code was pronounced. The high character of the famous captains of those brigades was not confined to the field of battle. At Paris, Vienna, and Madrid, their wit and courtesy raised them to the favor of princes, over the jealousy of all their rivals. Important civil and diplo- matic offices were entrusted to them— embassys of peace and war —the government of provinces, and the highest administrative offices of the state. While their kinsmen in Ireland were de- clared incapable of filling the humblest public employments or of exercising the commonest franchise, they met British ambas- Bfdors abroad as equals, and checked or countermined the im- perial policy of Great Britain. It was impossible that such a contrast of situations should not attract the attention of all think- ing men 1 It was impossible that such reputations should shine before all Europe without reacting powerfully on the fallen for- tunes of Ireland 1 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. ei8 BOOK XI. FROM THK ACCESSION OF GEORGE I. TO THE LEGISLA- TIVE UNION OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. CHAPTER I. ACCESSION OF GEORGE I. — SWIFTS LEADEESUIP. The last years of Queen Anne had been j'ears of intrigue and preparation with the Jacobite Ir'aders throughout the three king- doms. At their head stood Ormond, the second and hist Dulce of his name, and with him were associated at one stage or another of his design, Bolingbroke, Orrery, Bishop Atterbury, and other influential persons. It was thought that had this party acted promptly on the death of the queen, and proclaimed James III. (or " the Pretender," as he was called by the partisans of the new dynasty), the Act of Succession might iiave remained a dead letter, and the Stuarts recovered their ancient sovereignty. But the partisans of the elector were the first in the field, and King George wna accordingly proclaimed, on the let of August, at London, and on the 6th of August, at Dublin. In Dublin, where serious apprehensions of a Jacobite rising were entertained, the proclamation was made by the glare of torches at the extraordinary hour of mitlnight. Two or three arrests of insignificant persons were riade, and letters to Swift being found on one of them, the dean was thought by his friends to be in some danger. But it is not correct to say, as many writers have -done, that he found it necessary to retire from Dub- lin. The only inconvenience he suffered was from the hootinga and revilings of the Protestant rabble in the street, and a brutal threat of personal violence from a young nobleman, upon whom he revenged himself in a characteristic petition to the House of 52 'A'r. ilk:> 614 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. Lords " for protection against the said lord." Pretending not to bo quite sure of his assailant, he proceeds to explain : " Your r etitioner is informed that the person who spoke the words above mentioned is of your Lordships' house, under the style and title of Lord Bkney ; whom your petitioner remembers to have introduced to Mr. Secretary Addison, in the Earl of Wharton's government, and to have done him other good offices at that time, because lie was represented as a young man of some hopes and a broken fortune." The entire document is a curious picture of the inso- lence of the ascendancy party of that day, even towards digni- taries of their own church who refused to go all lengths in the only politics they permitted or tolerated. It was while smarting under these public indignities, and ex- cluded from the society of the highest class in his own country, with two or three exceptions, that Swift laid the foundations of his own and his country's patriotism, among the educated middle class of tlie Irish capital. From the college and the clergy he drew Dr. Sheridan,— ancestor of six generations of men and women of genius 1 Doctors Delaney, Jackson, Ilelsham, Walmsley, Stopford (afterwards bishop of Cloyne), and the three reverend brothers Grattan. In the city he selected as his friends and companions four other Grattans, one of whom was lord-mayor, another phy- Bician to the castle, one a school-master, the other a merchant. "Do you know the Grattans?" he wrote to the lord-lieutenant, Lord Carteret; "then pray obtain their acquaintance. The Grattans, my lord, can raise 10,000 men." Among the class rep- resented by this admirable family of seven brothers, and in that of the tradesmen immediately below them, of which we may take his printers. Waters and Faulkner for types, Swift's haughty and indignant denunciations of the oligarchy of the hour pro- duced striking effects. Tlie humblest of the community began to raise their heads, and to fix their eyes steadily on public affairs and public characters. Questions of currency, of trade, of the administration of justice and of patronage, were earnestly discussed in the press and in society, and thus by slow but grad- ually ascending steps a spirit of independence was promoted where hitherto only servility had reigned. The obligations of iiis cotomporarics to Swifl are not t^ he POPULAR HISTORY OF IBELAND. 615 counted simply by what he wns able to originate or to advocate in _ their behalf-for not much could be done in that way, in such tunes, and in such a position aa his-but rather in regard to the enemies and maligners of that people, whom ho exposed and pun- ished. To understand the value of his example and inspiration we must read over again his castigations of Wharton, of Burnet, of Boulter of Whitshed. of Allan, and all the leaders of the oligarchy m the Irish Parliament. When we have done so, we shall see at once, how his imperial reputation, his personal position, and every faculty of his powerful mind were employed alike to combat in justice and proscription, to promote freedom of opinion and of trade, to punish the abuses of judicial power, and to cultivate and foster, a spirit of self reliance and economy among all classes- especially the humblest. In his times, and in his position, with a cassock "entangling his course." what more could have been ex- pected of him ? The Irish Parliament met in 1 71 6-elected. according to the then usage, for the lifetime of the king-commenced its career by an act of attainder against the Pretender, accompanied by a reward of £t0.000 for his apprehension. The Lords-Justices, the Duke of Grafton and the Earl of Gal way, recommended in their speech to the Houses, that they should cultivate such unanimity among themselves as " at once to put an end to all other distinctions in Ireland, but that of Protestant and Papist." In the same speech, and in all the debates of that reign, the Catholics were spoken of as "the common enemy," and all who sympathized with them, as enemies of the constitution." But far as this Parliament was from all our ideas of what a national legislature ought to be. it was precisely at this period, when the administration could not be worse, that the foundation was laid of the great contest for le-is- Jative mdependence, which was to continue through three genera- tions, and to constitute the main staple of the Irish history of this century. '' In the year 1111, the English House of Lords entertained and decided, as a court of last resort, an appeal from the Irish courts, already passed on by the Irish Lords',in the famous real-estate case of Annesley vers,» Sherlock. The proceeding was novel. '^^- -m proicstod against ia the English house x»t the timo by 616 POPULAR HISTORY 01'' IRELAND. the Duke of Leeds, and in the Irish, by the majority of the ^hole louse But the British Parliament, not eontent .ah clmm.ng the p'wer. proceeded to establish the principle, by the declaratory aet-6th George I.-for securing the depondance of Ireland on he ::L of'jreft Britain. This statute, even -e ohj^-„a^ than the law of Poynings, continued unrepealed t.U 17;S2, not Sslding all the arguments and all the P--^;^^^^^^ r^^triot nartv The Lords of Ireland, unsupported by the b.gotta S'npdc pled oligarchy in the Ccmons. were shorn of the. anpeZo jurisdiction, and their journals for many years contain Jew entries of business done, beyond servile addresses to succes- Bive viceroys, and motions of adjournment. In ieir se sion of 1723. the ascendancy party in the Common, procerded to their last extreme of violence .gainst the prostrate Sholks An act was introduced founded on eight resolutums, "Ser to prevent the growth of Po,e.y." One of these reso u- tions r gulaSy transmitted to England by the viceroy-propo d thTt evtry priest, arrested within the realm, should suffer the penary f Islrakon ! For the first time, a penal law was re- nted wU^ horror and indignation by the Enghsh Prxvy Couucd. lltttrlle elaborate edifice, overweighted ^vith the- las Pro- positions, trembled to its base. But though badly shaken, it was yet far from coming down. ^ » Do not the corruptions and viUamies of men, said Swif to his friend Delaney. " eat your ilesh and exhaust your spmt Sey certainly gnawed at the heart of the courageous dean, but !t h'e sle tim!. they excited rather than exhausted Ins s^... In IWO he resumed his pen, as a political writer, m his famous Proposal " for the universal use of Irish manufactures Waters. S 'printer of this piece, was indicted for a -ditious libel, befc. Chief Justice Whitshed. the imm.rtol "coram nobis, of the de I^pScal ballads.' The jury were detained eleven hours and sent out nine times, to compel them to agree on a verdict They rt length finally declared they eould not agree and a nl. ^'71 Lfn after eLred by the crown. This t- o^ ^'^^ printer in 1720, is the first of a long series of due« with the Tw" lawy.rs,'which the Irish press l.s ^J^^^^^^^ RS much firmness and Belf-sacrmce. as asy p— - POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 617 And it may be said that never, not even under martial law was a conspicuous example of civic courage more necessary, or more dangerous. Browne, Bishop of Cork, had been in danger of de- privation for preaching a sermon against the well-known toast to the memory of King William; Swift was threatened, as we see a few years earlier, with personal violence by a Whig lord, and pelted by a Protestant rabble, for his supposed Jacobitism; hia friend Dr. Sheridan, lost his Munster living for having accident- ally chosen as his text, on the anniversary of King George's coro- nation, ■' sufficient for tlie day is the evil thereof." Such was the intolerance of the oligarchy towards tlieir own clergy. What must it have been to others ! The attempt to establish a National Bank, and the introduction of a debased copper coinage, for which a patent had been granted to one William Wood, next employed the untiring pen of Swift. The halfpenny controversy, was not. as is often said, a small mat- ter ; it was nearly as important as the bank project itself Of the £100,000 worth coined, the intrinsic value was shown to be not more thaa £6,000. Such was tlie storm excited against the patentee, that his Dublin agents were obliged to resign their con- nection with him, and the royal letters-patent were unwillindv canceled. The bank project was also rejected by Parliament adding another to the triumphs of the invincible Dean. During the last years of this reign, Swift was the most power* ful and popular person in Ireland, and perhaps in the empire The freedom with which he advised Carteret the viceroy and remonstrated with Walpole, the premier, on the misrule of hia country, was worthy of the ascendancy of his genius. No man of letters, no churchman, no statesman of any country in any age, ever showed himself more thoroughly independent, in his intercourse with men in oifice, than Swift. The vice of Ireland was exactly the other way. so that in this respect also, the patriot was the liberator. i-""*"!. Eising with the rise of public spirit, the great churchman. In his fourth letter, in the assumed character of M. B. Drapier con- fronted the question of legislative independence. Alluding to the pamphlet of Moljneux. published thirtv tmo.o Vnf„>„ x,^ pronounced its arguments invincible, and the contrary system o2* W J-. 818 POPULAP, HI8T0BT OF IRELAND. « the very aefinition of slavery." " The remedy." !>« co'^f "^«»' addreBs ng the Irish people. " is ^vhoUy in your own hands and he eforo I have digressed a little, in order to - -^J'l - tinue that spirit so seasonably raised among you. and to let you Bee that, by the laws of God, of nature, of nations, and of j our country V0» are, and ougU to he, a. free a people a. your ire^^ rSw" For this letter also, the printer, Ilardmg was m itd!tut-the Dublin ^^^^^:^^^:iz:^^ srmtrsr ": divtro^ t. autho. but . informer could be found base enough to betray him For a time ho™ to escape tl>e ovations he despised, and the exeitement S tried his health. Swift retired to his friend Sher.dan's cot- wfon the banks of Loeh Ramor, in Cavan, ad there recrea ed Sdf with long rides about the country. a„a the compos.txon ^^rs::^v:i;x;— -"i^^^^^^- of popu^ mtei. ,-rdeterL.i.ev^ =l:;i::^t::nre^ad.tan.-anda^^^^ moUelett nis yon^y >»* tv- members in mar- .pher. md Interior talents permitted. To l'»y '»'""''™ L overt, «ith F»■H!»."«'™'"'':"^™™y;7"'I,k„^„ ..en. of ..enrtn. . ^"^^^J, ZCLJiu^^^'^ ;e;":mBh;;ermsfailu;e in his first state trial, against Harc.a, POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 619 the printer nothing discouraged him ; ho had come into Ireland to secure the English interest, by uprooting the last vestiges of Popery and mdependence, and he devoted himself to those objects with persevering determination. In 1727-the year of George the Jirst 8 decease-he obtained the disfranchisement of Catholic electors by a clause quietly inserted without notice, in a BUI regu- lating elections ; and soon after he laid the foundations of those nurseries of proselytism, " the Charter Schools." CHAPTER II. EKIGN OF GKOEGE II.— GROWTH OF rUBtlO SPIRIT-THE " PATRIOT " PARTY- LORD CIIESTERFIELD's ADMINISTRATION. The accession of King George 11. in 1727, led to no consider- able changes, either in England or Ireland. Sir Robert Walpole continued supreme in the one country, and Primate Boulter in the other. The Jacobites, disheartened by their ill success in 1715, and repelled rather than attracted by the austere character of hun they called King James III., made no sign. The new king's first act was to make public the declaration he had addressed to the Privy Council, of his firm resolution to uphold the existing constitution " in church and state." The Catholic population, beginning once more to raise their heads, thouglit this a suitable occasion to present a humble and loyal address of congratulation to the Lords Justices, in the absence of the viceroy. Lord Delvin and several of their num- ber accordingly appeared at the Castle, and delivered their address, which they begged might be forwarded to the foot of the throne. No notice whatever was taken of this document either at Dublin or London, nor were tlie class who signed it permitted by law to " testify their allegiance" to the sovereign, for fifty years later— down to 1778. _ The Duke of Dorset, who succeeded Lord Carteret as viceroy Ju 1731, unlike his immediate predecessor, refrained from suggest mg .idditional sevefitios against the Catiiolics. His firs*^: term of .,/ 620 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. ffl.« two vears-was almost entirely occupied v^ith the :r cr Jv^::; wmC had eve^ .^ d i. Ir.and h^tween t o ■Fctablished Church and the Protestant Dissenters. The ground of tt p^^^^^ ^vas the sacramental test, imposed by law upon 1 members of both houses, and all burgesses and councillors of op rite towns. By the operations of this ^'^■^^^ enforced. Trcsbyterians and other ^^^^^^^l^o^^'^l excluded from political and munic.pal offices "^^ ^atholics tlu^m selves A-ainst this exclusion it was natural that a body so numerourand possessed of so much property, especially n U™ luld make a vigorous resistance. Relyir>g on the grea Share they had in the revolution, they endeavored though ^ fff" u Uy!to obtain uker King William the repeal of the Tcs^ Act King Charles II. Under Queen Anne they were equally unsuccessful as we may still read with interest in the pages of SwJ DC Foe. Tennison, Boyse, and King. Swift, especially, brought to th controversy not only the zeal of a churchman but the prejudices of an Anglo-Irishman, against the new-come in the north lie upbraids them in 1708, as glad to leave their Ltn hills of Lochabcr for the fruitful vales of Bown and An^ trim, for their parsimony and their clannishness. He denied to them, with bitter scorn, the title they had ^^^^^^'^t'iJl^^!^, Prot stants," and as to the Papists, whom tl^ey affected odes- pise, they were, in his opinion, as much superior to the D ssen^ ers, as a lion, though chained and clipped of is claws, is a Btr;nger and nobler animal than an ang.^ cat. at liberty to fly at the throats of true churchmen. The language of the Presby- terian champions was equally bold, f"^^-- ^"f. ^P^"'; Thev broadly intimated, in a memorial to parliament, that under the operation of the test, they would be unable to take up arms awi G22 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRKLAND. Ibcforo ho sunt into liia Inst Bad scene of dotage, were found scribbled all over with his favorite lines — "Better wc all were in our graves, Than live in slavery to slaves." But the seeds of manly thought he had so broadly sown, though for a season hidden even from the sight of the sower, were not • dead, nor undergoing decay. With something of the prudence of their founder, " the Patriot party," as the opposition to the Cnstlo party began to be called, occupied themselves at first with questions of taxation and expenditure. In 1'729, the Castle at- tempted to make it appear that there was a deficit— that in short ■' the country owed the goverment "— the large sum of £274,000 I The Patriots met this claim, by a motion for reducing the cost of all public establishments. This was the chosen ground of both parties, and a more popidarly intelligible ground could not be taken. Between retrenchment and extravagance, between high taxes and low, even the least educated of the people could easily decide; and thenceforward for upwards of twenty years, no session was held without a spirited debate on the supplies, and the whole subject of the public expenditure. The Duke of Devonshire, who succeeded the Duke of Dorset as viceroy in 1737, contributed by his private munificence and lavish hospitalities to throw a factitious popidarity round his administration. No Dublin tradesman could find it in his heart to vote against the nominee of so liberal a nobleman, and the public opinion of Dublin was as yet the public opinion of Ire- land. But the Patriot party though unable to stem successfully the tide of corruption and seduction thus let loose, held their difficult position in the legislature with great gallantry and ability. New men had arisen during the dotage of Swift, who revered his maxims, and imitated his prudence. Henry Boyle, speaker of the House of Commons, afterwards Earl of Shannon ; Anthony Malone— son of the coiifrhre of Sir Toby Butler, and afterwards Chancellor of the Exchequer, Sir Edward O'Brien, member for Clare, and his son. Sir Lucius, member for Ennis, were the pillars of tlie party. Out of doors, the most active spirit among the Patriots, was Charles Lucas, a native of Clare, who from his POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 623 apothecary's shop in Dublin, attempted, not without both talents, Eeal and energy, to play the part of Swift, at the press and among tho people. Ilis public writings, commenced in 1741, brought him at first persecution and exile, but they afterwards conducted him to the representation of the capital, and au honor- able niche in his country's history. The great event which may be said to divide into two epochs the reign of George II. was the daring invasion of Scotland in 1745, by " the young Pretender"— Charles Edward. This bravo and unfortunate Prince, whose adventures will live forever in Scottish song and romance, was accompanied from Franco by Sir Thomas Sheridan, Colonel O'Sullivan, and other Irish refugees, still fondly attached to the house of Stuart. It is not to be sup- posed that these gentlemen would bo without correspondents in Ire- land, nor that the state of that country could be a matter of indiflfer- ence to the astute advisers of King George. In reality, Ireland was almost as much their difficulty as Scotland, and their choice of a viceroy, at this critical moment, showed at once their esti- mate of the importance of the position, and the talents of the man. Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield, a great name in the world of fasliion, in letters, and in diplomacy, is especially memorable to us, for his eight months' viceroyalty over Ireland. That office had been long the object of his ambition, and he could hardly have attained it at a time better calt'ulat«d to draw out his eminent administrative abilities. By temper and conviction opposed to persecution, he connived at Catholic worship under the very walls of tho Castle. Tho sour and jaundiced bigotry of the local oligarchy he encountered with bon mots and raillery. The only " dangerous Papist " he had seen in Ireland, he declared to the king on his return, was a celebrated beauty of that religion — Miss Palmer. Relying on the magical effect of doing justice to all classes, and seeing justice done, he was enabled to spare four regiments of troops for the war in Scotland, instead of demanding additions to the Irish garrisons. But whether to diminish the influence which his brilliant administration had created in England, or through the nrachinations of the oligarchy, still powerful at Dublin, within ten days from the decisive bat- 624 POPULAU HISTORY OF IRELAND. tie of CuUoden, he was recalled. The fruits of his policy might be already observed, as ho walked on foot, his countess on his flrm, to the place of embarkation, amid tlie acclamations of all ranks and classes of the people, and their affectionate proyers far his speedy return. CHAPTER IIL THE LAST JACOBITE MOVEMENT.— THE 1UI8H SOLDIERS ABROAD.— FRENCn EXPEDITjION fXDER TIIUROT, OU oVaRUELL. The mention of the Scottiali insurrection of 1746 brings natu- rally with it another reference to the history of the Irish soldiers in the niilitarv service of France. This year was in truth the most eventful in the annals of that celebroted legion, for while it was the year of Fontenoy and victory on the one hand, it was on the other the year of CuUoden and defeat. The decisive battle of Fontenoy, in which the Franco-Irish troops bore so decisive a part, was fought on the Uth of May, 1745. The Frencli array, commanded by Saxo, and accompanied by King Louis, leaving 18,000 men to besiege Namur, and 6,000 to guard the Scheldt, took a position between that river and the allies, having their centre at the village of Fontenoy. The British and Dutch, undo the king's favorite bon, the Duke of Cumberland, were 55,000 strong; the French 45.000. After a hatd day's fighting, victory seemed to declare so clearly agamst France, that King Louis, who was prestut, prepored for fli^'ht. At this mo,i lit Marshal Saxe ordered tinal charge by the seven Irish regiments under Counts Dillon and Thomond. The tide was turned, beyond expectation, to the cry of " Remember Limer- ickl" France was delivered, England checked, and Holland re- duced from a first to a second-rate power upon that memorable day. But the v ictory was dearly bought. One-fourth of all the Irish officers, including Count Dillon, were killed, and one-third of all the men. The whole number slain on the side of France POPULAn llISTORr OF IRELAND. Q2b u uy insn aid, quite as much as by French or Sroft!«l, onerKlan the pnncet. preceptor, who with Colonels O'^ullivan The Sootlbh chief., ,U lo ™ ' """*'■ rr ""''""■ loto he toot com»„d i. tho Sold, or ,„ g.„i„„. , J^^^;" Charles, ou his part, placed full confidence in his Irish offif.rs In his proclawmtion »ft^r n.. i.-..^,- -" v ■ ■ V g„ *'"*" "» ircBion, iie declttiod it was III Iii^ 626 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. not his intention to enforce on the people of England. Scotland Aom of a risrhtful prince, retained a due sense o' so ^ r 1. ^^r,KnV,w Sir Tliomas Sheridan s. One oi \^nuii«no Sir.£t:' C llcho, ,v,.o kept . io»n.l ot «. ca™. i!.ngusii UU.1C , _ influence under which lie paign, notes, complainingly ^^^^'^^^^^v Tliomas Sheridan." »Moi\ "The nrinceand hisolQ governoi, oil i a e;peciauj objected to. and the " Irish favorites." are censured n a body While at Edinburgh, a French ship, containing soni r«.Llie3 an.' "Irish officers," arrived; at tne same time 7ZsZ^etlt. recruit for the prince in Ireland; but the « llZtake^ i- some cases, the channel narrowly watched, ZTv'o^^ol^^ry eager to join the service, few recruits ThelSt France, as if to cover the inaction of their country- Jn'at home, strained every nerve. '^^l.^^^^l^t^^Z^ of Paris were liberal bankers to the expedition. In o their hanas ties-exhausted his treasury»to support his gaUai^son^ A Fontainebleau. on the 23d of October. Colonel » ^^";^' ^^^ lart of the prince, and the Marquis D'Argeusson for Louis XV., oTmed aXeaty of "friendship and alliance," one o e cl^us. «f which was, that certain Irish regiments, and other Irencn l;^,tould'be sent to sustain the ^-^f^^l'^'^J:^ John brummond a thousand men were shipped from Dunkirk, and arS at Montrose in the Highlands about the time Charles hadTnetrated as far south as Manchester. The officers, wi^th the prTnco here refused to advance on London with so smal a orce a retreat was decided on; the sturdy defence of Carhsle, l.d victory of Falkirk, checked the pursuit ; but the overwhelm- nt f^ce of 1 Duke 'of Cumberland compelled them to evoc. at! Edinburgh, Perth, and Glasgow-Operations which consumed February. March, and the first half of April, 1716. XI:, .l.n of onerations seems to have been to concentrate in Ui'e western Uighlands, with Inverness for headquarters. The POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. town Cliarles easily get. but Fort George, a powerful fortress, built upon the site of tlie castle where Macbeth was said to have murdered Duncan, commanded the Lough. Stapkton and hi8 Irish, captured it, however, as well as the neighboring Fort Au- gustus. Joined by some Highlanders, tliey next attempted Fort \\iniam the last fortress of King George in the north, but on the 3d of April were recalled to the main body. To cover Inverness, his headquarters, Charles resolved to give battle. The ground chosen, flanked by the river Nairn was spotted with marsh and very irregular ; it was called Cul- loc en, and was selected by O'SuUivan. Brigadier Stapleton and Colonel Kerr reported against it as a field of battle; but Charles adopted Sullivan's opinion of its fitness for Highland warfare. \\ hen the preparations for battle began, " many voices exclaimed. Well give Cumberland another Fontenoy!'" The Jacobites were placed in position by O'Sullivan, "at once their adjutant and quartermaster-general,' and. as the burghers of Preston thought, " a very likely fellow." He formed two lines, the great cans being in the first, the Ogilvies. Gordons, and Hurrays; the French and Irish in the second. Four pieces of cannon flanked each wing, and four occui)ied the centre. Lord George Murray commanded the right wing, Lord John Drummond the loft, and Brigadier Stapleton the reserve. They mustered in aU less than five thousand men. The British formed in three lines ten thousand strong, with two guns between every second regi- ment of the first and second line. The action commenced about noon of April 16th, and oefore evening half the troops of Prince Charles lay dead on the field, and the rest were hopelessly bro- ken. The retreat was pell-meU, except where " a troop of the Irish pickets, by a spirited fire, checked the pursuit, .,Mch a body of dragoons commenced after the Macdonalds, and Lord Lewis Gor- don's regiments did similar service." Stapleton conducted the French and Irish remnant to Inverness, and obtained for them by capitulation "fair quarter and honorable treatment." The unhappy prince remained on the field almost to the last It required." says Mr. Chambers, "all the eloquence, and in- deed all the active exertion, of O'Sullivan to make Cliarles quit the fie.d. A cornet in his amvlco, when questioned on this sub. :$<'^' 628 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. . . ffT,<.T^nintof death declared he saw O'Sullivan, after using ""iZt. nlght forth, O'Sumvn, O'N.U, "O « P""' J^U c.mer«tEainburgh,call.a Burke, accomp.mea him In »U l.» w"na" i.™ .na .av»lurc3 »»»g tho Scottish ..toa.. Al long r"jMi»F.o™M0Bo„».a.HeJ..an.^^^^^^^^^^ French cutter hove in sight and took oft O buiiiva » „Z .fv.nturc., .., finally ..ton »« »'?'''7* ."d" ,1 « „fSeple,nb»,a746,%.hoLH.„„„,,.F™h^ .M.h C.....ain Bl.»a.„ (son . ,S,r «;«'„,,„„,. „„, dXl. «"'t r.h nna Se«.eh .»ice„, he we. weL pop..„ in,.gina«on In b..., -^-j'^f/;; '/."re"™" Ch&rles But the cause was dead. As it to Dury ?har ■ in despair, grew dissipated and desponding n 1756 fused to acknowledge ^^J J'^J^J^ Cardinal York contented rir:r,::.tt::r::^^^^^^^^^^ IV *„„!«. Rpv " He was the last of the btuarts. °"«^;rn"";\e -«' ««' "tin's;":: .„a.be.cn«.™e.t..J.b.»-;^^^^^^^^^ POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 629 flaus, and another at Dunkirk, undei- Commodore Thurot, whose real name was O'Farrell. The former, soon after putting to pca, was encountered at Quiberon by the English under lla.vke, and completely defeated ; but the latter entered the British cliannel unoppos'id, and proceeded to the appointed rendezvous. While cruising in search of Conflaus, the autumnal equinox drove the intrepid Thurot into the Northern ocean, and compelled him to winter among the frozen friths of Norway and the Orkneys. One of his five frigates returned to France, another was never heard of, but with the remaining three he emerged from the t^cottish Islands, and entered Loch Foyle early in 176<». He did not, however, attempt a landing at .Oerry, but appeared suddenly be- fore Carrickfergus, on the 21st of February, and demanded its surrender. Planing hiriSelf at the head of his marines and sail- ors, he a'< . '\ d liie town, which, after a bravo resistance by the ccmma«'.li-at, .Jolonel Jennings, he took by assault. Here, for the first ti . ■.:. earlier Paul Jones heard of the defeat of hia admi- ral ; after levying contributions on the rich burgesses and pro- prietors of Carrickfergus and Belfast, he again put to sea. His ships, battered by the wintry storms which they had undergone in northern latitudes, fell in n ;ar the Isle of Man with three Eng- lish frigates, just out of port, under Commodore Elliott. A gal- lant action ensued, in whicli Thurot, or O'Farrell, and three hun- dred of his men were killed. The survivors struck to the victors, and the French ships were towed in a sinking state, into the port of Ramsay. The life thus lost in the joint service of France and Ireland, was a life illustrative of the Irish refugee class among whom he became a leader. Left an orphan in cliildhood, O'Farrell, though of a good family, had been bred in France in so menial a condition tl at he first visited England as a domestic servant. Frofu +liat condition he rose to bo a dexterous and successful captain in the contraband trade, so extensive in those times. In this capacity he visited almost every port of either channel, acquiring that ac- curate knowledge which added to his admitted bravery and capacity, placed him at length at the head of a French squadron. " '1 hroughout the expedition," says Lord Mahon, '" the honor and humanity of this brave adv?ntorer ore wsrifily r.cknowledgod hy I;;'' %•'' r i1 630 POPUIiAE HISTORY OF IRELAND. hla enemies. " He fought his ship," according to the same author, "until the hold waa almost filled with water, and the deck cov- ered with d»ad bodies." I CHAPTER IV. EKIGN OF GEOEGK H. (CONCLUDED.) — MAI.ONK'8 MADEnSHIP. Thk Earl of Harrington, afterwards, Dulse of Devonshire, suc- ceeded Lord Chesterfield in the government, in 1*746. He was provided with a prime ^ninister in the person of the new Arch- bishop of Armagh, Dr. George Stone, whose character, if he was not exceedingly calumniated by his cotemporaries, might be com- pared to that of tlie worst politicians of the worst ages of Europe. Originally, the son of the jailor of Winchester, he had risen by dint of talents, and audacity, to receive from the hands of his sovereign, the illustriouo dignity of Primate of Ireland. But even in this exalted office, the abominable vices of his youth accom- panied him. His house at Leixlip, was at once a tavern and a brothel, and crimes which are nameless, were said to be habitual under his roof. " May the importation of Ganymedes into Ire- land, be soon discontinued," was the public toast, which disguised under tlio transparent gauze of a mythological allusion, the in- famies of which he was believed to be the patron. The prurient page of Churchill, was not quite so scrupulous, and the readers of tlie satire entitled "The Times," will need no further key to the horrible charges commonly received on botli sides of the channel, against Primate Stone. The viceroyalty of Ireland, which had become an object of ambition to the first men in the empire, was warmly contested by the Earl of Harrington and the Duke of Dorset. The former, through his Stanhope influence and connections, prevailed over his rival, and arrived in Ireland warmly recommended by the popular Chesterfield. During his administration. Primate Stone, proceeding from one extreme *o another, first put forward the dangerous theor^^, that ftU surplua revenue belonged of right to W, POPULAR HISTOBY OF IRELAND. 631 tlio crown, and might be paid over by the Vice-Treasurers, to his majesty's order, without authority of Parliament. At this period, notwithstanding, the vicious system of her laud tenures, r.nd her recent losses by emigration, Iroland found herseK in possession of a considerable surplus revenue. Like wounds and bruises in a healthy body, the sufferings and deprivations of the population rapidly disappeared under the ap- pearance even of improvement in the government. The observant Cliesterfield, who continued through life warmly attached to the country in which hib name was remembered with so much aifec- tion, expresses to his friend Chsvenix, Bishop of "W'aterford, in 1751, his satiafuctibn at hearing "that Ireland improves daily, and that a spirit uf industry spreads itself, to the great increase of trade and manufactures." This new-born prosperity the pri- mate am' politicians of his school would have met by an annual depletion of the treasury, instead of assisting its march by tho reduction of taxes, and the promotion of necessary public works. The surplus was naturally regarded, by the Patriot party, in the light of so much national capital ; they looked upon it as an im. provement fund, for the construction of canals, highways and breakwaters, for the encouragement of the linen and other manu- factures, and for the adornment of tho capital with edifices worthy of the chief city of a flourishing kingdom. The leader of tl^e Patriot part}', Anthony Malone, was compared at this period, by an excellent authority, to " a great sea in a cnlra." He was considered, even by the fastidious Lord Shel- burne, the equal, in oratory, of Chatham and Mansfield. lie seems to have at all times, however, sunk the mere orator in the states- man, and to have used his great powers of argument even more in council, than in the arena. His position at the bar, as Prime Sergeant, by which he took precedence even of the Attorney- General, gave gi-eat weight to his opinions on all questions of constitutional law. Tho roystering country gentlemen, who troubled their heads but little with anything besides dogs and horses, pistols and claret, felt secure in their new-fledged patriot- ism, under the broad a;gis of the law extcuded over them by the most eminent lawyer of his age. The speaker of the Commons, Henry Boyle, aided and assisted Malone, and when left free to com- ■m 032 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. bat on the floor, Ins high spirit and great fortune gave i.dditional force to his example and confidence to hi8 followers. Both were men too cautious to allow their adversaries any parliamentary advantage over them, but not so their intrepid coadjutor out of doors, Apothecary Lucas. He, like Swift, rising from local and municipal grievances to questions affectinp the constitution of Parliament itself, was in 1749, against all the efforts of his friends in the House of Commons declared by the majority of that house to be " in enemy to his country," and a reward was accordingly issued for his apprehension. For a time he was compelled to retire to England; but he returned, to celebrate in his Freeman s Journal the humiliation of the primate, and the defeat of tlie policy both of Lord HaS:rington, and his successor the Duke of Dorset. , This nobleman, resolved to cast his predecessor into the shade by the brilliancy of his success, proceeded to take vigorous meas- ures Pgainst the patriots. In his first speech to Parliament m 17fil he informed them his majesty "consented" to the appro- priation of the surplus revenue, by the House of Commons, and a clause was added to the annual supply bill in the English counciU containing the same obnoxious word, "consent." On this occa- sion, not feeling themselves strong enough to throw out the bill, and there being no alternative but rejection or acceptance, the Patriots permitted it to pass u.ider protest. But the next session, when a similar addition was made, the Commons rejected the supply bill altogether, by a majority of 122 to III. This was a measure of almost revolutionary consequence, since it left every branch of the public service unprovided for, for the ensuing twelve months. Both the advisers of the king in England, and the viceroy in Ireland, seemed by their insane conduct as if they desired to pro. voke such a collision. Malone's patent of precedence as Prime Sergeant was canceled; the speaker wcs dismissed from the Privy Council and the surplus revenue was withdrawn from the vice- treasurer, by a king' letter. The indignation of the Dubliners at these outrages rose to the utmost pitch. Stone, Healy, Hutchin- son, and others of the Castle party, were waylaid and .nenaced in tlio streets and the viceroy liimself hooted wherever he ap- POPULAR HI&rORY OF IRELAND. 633 peared. Had tho popular leaders been men less cautious, or less infiuential, the year 1753 might have witnessed a violent revolu- tionary movement. But they planted themselves on the authority of the constitution, they united boldness with prudence, and tliey triumphed. The primate and his o-catures raised against tliem m vam the cuckoo cry of disloyalty, both in Dublin and London. The English Wliigs, long en-aged themselves in a similar strug- gle with the overgrown power of the crown, sympathized with tho Irish opposition, and defended their n.otives both in society and in Parliament. The enemies of the Dorset family as naturally took their part, and the duke himself was obliged to go over to protect his interest at court, leaving the odious primate, as one of the Lords-Justices. At his departure his guards were hardly able to protect him ll-om the fury of the populace, to that water- side to which Chesterfield had walked on feot, seven years befove. amid the benedictions of the same people. _ The Patriots had at tliis crisis a great addition to their streno-th in the accession of James, tho twentieth Earl of Kildare, suc'ces. sively Marquis and Duke of Leinster. This nobleman, in the prinie of life, married to the beautiful Emily Lenno:^. daughter of the Duke of Pviclimond, followed Dorset to England, and pro- sented to the .dng,.with Ins own hand, one of the boldest memo- rials ever addressed to a sovereign by a subject. After reciting the past services of his family in maintaining the imperial connection, he declared himself the organ of several thousands of his majesty's lege subjects, " as well the nobles as the clergy, the gentry, and the com,nonalty of the kingdom. Ho dwells on the pecul«tion and extravagance of the administration, under " the Duumvirate » of the viceroy and the primate, which ho compares with the league of StraflFord and Laud. He denounces more especially Lord George Sackville, son to Dorset, for his intermcdd]inrn frnm t.lin tiartv of the primate, ino ron- POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 635 Bonby party, still directed by Mnlone, wished to follow up the recent victory on the money bills, by a measure of Catholic relief, a tax upon absentees, and a reduction of thS pejipion list, shamelessly burthened beyond all former proportion. Lord Kil- daro and his friends were not then prepared to go such lengths, though that high spirited nobleman afterwards came into most of these measures. After endeavoring in vain to unite these two interests, the Duke of Bedford found, or fancied himself com- pelled, in order to secure a parliamentary majority, to listen to the overtures of the obsequious primate, to restore him to the council, and to leave him together with his old enemy, Lord Shan- non, in the situation of joint administrators, during his journey to England, in 1788. The Earl of Kildare, it should be remarked, firmly refused to bo associated with Stone, on any terms, or for any time, long or short. The closing of this important reign is notable for the first Catho- lic meeting held since the reign of Queen Anno. In the spring of \161, four hundred respectable gentlemen attended by mutual agreement, at Dublin, among whom were Lords Devlin, Taafe, and Fingal, the antiquary, Charles O'Conor, of Balanagar, the historian of the Civil Wars, Dr. Curry, and Mr. Wyse, a merchant of Waterford, the ancestor of a still better known laborer in the same cause. The then recent persecution of Mr. Saul, a Dublin merchant of their faith, for having harbored a young lady whose friends wished to coerce her into a change of religion, gave par- ticular significance to this assembly. It is true the proceedings were characterized by caution amounting almost to timidity, but the unanimous declaration of their loyal attachment to the throne, at a moment when French invasion was imminent, produced the best effect, and greatly strengthened the hands of the Clan- brassils, Ponsonbys, Malones, Dalys, and other advocates of an enlarged toleration in both houses. It is true no immediate legis- lation followed, but the way was prepared for future ameliora- tions by the discretion and tact of the Catholic delegates of 1757. They were thenceforth allowed at least the right of meeting and petitioning, of which they had long been deprived, and the restora- tion of which marks the first step in their gradual recovery of their civil libertiea. .^ f ill 080 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRBLAMD. In 1-769, a rumor broke out in Dublin that a legishvUvc union WK« ir contcnplation by the primate nnd bi« faction. On the ZA of Dccembor, the citizens rose en massr, and surrouruled the, liouses Of parliament. They stopped the carriages of members and obliged them to swear opposition to such a measure, borne of the Protestant bishops, and the Lord Chancellor, were roughly handled ; a privy councillor was ll„ svn into the river; the attorney gen- eral was wounded and obliged to talco refuge in the college; Lord Inchiquinwas abused till he said his name wa« Bnen. when the rage of the people " vu.s tuned into acclamation^. The speaker, Mr. Ponsonby. and the chief secretary. Mr. R.gby had to appear in the porch of the House of Commons, solemnly to assure the citizens that no union was dreamed of, and if it was pro- posed, that they would bo the first to resist it. Public spirit had evidently grown bold and confident, and we can wel be .eve Secretary Rigby when he writes to the elder Pitt that "he mob" declared, "since they have no chance of numbers in the bouse, they must have recourse to numbers out of doors. CHAPTER V. ACCESSION OF OEOROE III.-KLOOD'S LEADERSUir.-OCTESNIAL rARLIAMENTS KSTABLISnED. George IIL, grandson of the late king, commenced, in Octo- ber mo, at the age of two and twenty, the longest reign in British history. Including the period of the regency, he reigned over his empire neorly sixty years.-an extraordinary term of royal power, and quite as extraordinary for its events as for its extreme length, ., i • • „<■ The great movement of the Irish mind, at the beginning of this reign, was the limitation of the duration of parlinment hitherto elected for the king's life. This reform, long adyocn ed out of doors, and by the more progressive members within the house, was reserved for the new parliament under the new reign. To this pai-liamentwcro returned several men of great promise, POPULAR HISTORY OP IRELAND, 637 men of a now generation, nurtured in the scliool of Swift and Ma- lono, but going even beyond tlieir masters in tlieir determination to libernto the I.-gislature of tlieir country from tlie undue influ- ence of tlio crown and the castle. Among those new members were three destined to national celebrity, Dr. Lucas, Mr. Hussey Burgh, and Mr. Dennis Bowes Daly; and one destined to univer- Biil reputation -Henry Flood. This gentleman, the son of a former tliief Justice, intermarried into the powerful oligarchical family of the Beresfords, was only in his 28th year when first elected member for Kilkenny; but, in point of genius andaoTiire- ments, he was even then the first man in Ireland, and one of the first in the empire. For a session or two ho silently observed the forms of the house, prej-aring himself for the great contest to come; but when at last he obtained the ear of his party he was Iieard to some purpoRo. Though far from advocating extreme measures, he had abundant boldness; he was not open to the ob- jection leveled against the leader of the past generation, Mr. Malone, of whom Grattan said, "ho was a colony-bred man, and he feaicd to bring down England upon Ireland," The Duke of Bedford vacated the viceroyalty in 1761, and Lord Halifax took his place. In the first parliamentary session. Dr. Lucas introduced his resolutions limiting the duration of par- liament to seven years, a project which Flood afterwards adopted and mainly contributed to carry. The heads of the bill embody- ing these resolutions were transmitted to London by the Lord- Lieutenant, but never returned. In 1763, under the government of the Marquis of Hertford, similar resolutions were introduced and carried, but a similar fate awaited them. Again they were passed, and again rejected, the popular dissatisfaction rising higher and higher with every delay of the reform. At length, in the session of 17g7, " the Septennial Bill," as it was called, was returned from England, changed to octennial, and with this alter- ation it passed into law, in February, 1768. A new parliament the same year was elected under the new act, to which all the friends of the measure were triumphantly returned. The faithful Lucns, however, survived his success little better than two years ; he died amid the very sincere regrets of all men who were not the enemies of their country. At his funeral the pall was borne bv 54 r jr "•II 638 POPULAR HiarORT OF IRILAND. the TAmivU of Kildare, Lord Charleniont, Mr. Flood, Mr. Hussey Bur-Th 8ii- l.iieius O'Brien and Mr. I'onsonby. Lord Halifax, and his chief secretary, Mr. Hamilton (known to usas'Hho single-speech Hamilton," of literary history), re- ceived very gracionsly the loyal addresses presented by the Catho- lics, soon after his majesty's accession. In a speech from the throne, the viceroy proposed, but was obliged to abandon the pro- position, to raise six regiments of Catholics, under their own officers, to be taken into the service of Portugal, tho ally of Great Britain. His administration was otherwise n iiiarkablc neither for its length nor its importance; nor is there anything else of consequence to be mentioned of his lordship xcept that his nephew, and chief secretary, had the honor u> have Ed mmd Burke for his private secretary, and the misfortune to offend him. During the government of the Marquis of Hertford, and his ancci'.ssor, Lord Townaend (appointed in 1708), the Patriot party contended on the ground of rendering the judges independent, diminishing the pension list, and modifying tiie law of Poynings, requiring heads of bills to be sent into England, and certified by both Privy Councils, before they could be passed upon by the legis- lature. The question of supply, and that of the duration of Parliament, being settled, these reforms were the next objects of exertion. When we know that the late king's mistresses, tlie Queen Dowager of Prussia, Prince Ferdinand, and other connec- tions of the royal family, equaUy alien to the country, were pen- sioners to the amount of thousands of pounds annually on the Irish establishment, we can understand more clearly the bitterness of the battle Mr. Flood and his colleagues were lalled upon to fight in assailing the old system. But they fought it resolutely and perseveringly. Death had removed their most un8crui>ulou8 enemy. Primate Stone, during the Hertford administration, and the im{.roved tone and temper of public opinion would not toler- ate any attempt to raise up a successor of similar character. Lord Townsend, an old campaigner and ton vivant, was expressly chosen as most capable of restoring the old system of government by closeting and corruption, but he found the Ireland of his day very matcriiilly altered from the defenceless province, which Stone and Dorset had attempted to cajole or to coerce, twenty years before. POPULAR UI8T0EY OF IRELAND. 630 The PHrliamont of 1160— fho first limited Parliniimnt which Ireland lind seen since the revolution — proved, in ni'.st repects, worthy of the expectations formed of it John Pouionhy was chosen speaker, and Flood rognrded, around him, well filled benclios and cheering countenances. The usual supply bill was passed and sent up to the castle, but on its return from England was found to be altered— 16,000 men, among other changes, being charged to the Irish military establishment instead of 12,0i)0, aa formerly. The Commons resolute to '■■ '■^pvt their rights, threw out the bill, as had been done in ' , >S, am the Lord Lieutenant protesting in the House of Lords .gai-ist the' conduct, ordered them to be prorogued. Proroga kc fctllowei prorogation, till February, IVY I, the interval beii.j ; ocupic."! in closeting and coquetting with members of tlip oppo; , c, n the creation of new places, and the disposal of them to the relatives of those capable of being bought. No one was surprised, when the housi reas- sembled, to find that a bare majority of the Commons voted a fulsome address of confidence to the Lord Lieutenant. But this address, speaker Ponsonby indignantly refused to present. lie preferred resignation to disgrace, and great was the amazement and indignation when his friend, Mr. Perry, elected by a bare majority, consented to take the post — no longer a post of honor. In justice to Mr. Perry, however, it must be added that in tlie chair as on tlie floor of Parliament, he still continued the patriot —that if ho adva?iced his own fortunes, it was not at the expense of the country— that some of the best measures passed Tiy this and the subsequent Parliament, owed their final success, if not their first nuggeetion, to his far-seeing sagacity. The methods taken by Lord Townsend to eflfect his ends, not less than those ends themselves, aroused the spirit, and combJvicd the ranks of the Irish opposition. The press of Dublin teemcU with philippics and satires, upon liis creatures and himself. The wit, the scholarship, the elegant fancy, (he irresistible torrent of eloquence, as well as the popular enthusiasm, were against him, and in 1112, borne down by these combined forces, he confessed his failure by resigning the sw. rd of state into the hands of Lord Harcourt. The new viceroy, according to custom, began his reign by taking 640 POPULAR HI8T0EY OF IRELAND. an exactly opposite course to his predecessor, and ended it by ?ir nfo nearly the same errors and abuses. He suggested an Sentretax.wlL.asintroducedbyFlood.b^ the preponderating influence of the landed aristocracy. In pre- to £265,000, and an annual increase of £100,wu, lo u he estin.at;s. Moreover, his supply bill -- ^--7 nel dt second reading, to extend over t.o ^'V"' '^^ ''Za raised covery ^uch occasioned the greatest ^'^^^^SnaUon Hood rai ed his powerful voice in warning, not unmingled with menace, BurghTtred. that if any member should a.-^^^i-g J. -'J- bilUo would himself move his expulsion from the Hous . wW George Ogle, member for Wexford, proposed that the bill itselt sh3uld be' burned before the porch, by the -— f "^^g"^^ He was reminded that the instrument bore Je g-t -^.^^^ which he boldly answered, that the seal would help to make t W the blr' It was not thought politic to take notice of this revolutionary retort. CHAPTER VI. K.OOn'8 .KAPKB8H.P.-8TAT. OF THK COONTET BBXWK« llZeO AND 1776. Emia»» m. e.g.grf In two great war. daring the period of H. Jo e«pr.n,.cy in th, Iri.l. p.rlia.neat-tl,. .even year, w.^ Suae?; tHo^aacc of Pari. ;a KCS » «.;_^»- ^ r burdens imposed on their more limited resource, ll^on^^^^ tl. burdens imposeu ou mv.L .- ^ .^ ral result was.'that that incipient prosperity wuicu vh POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 641 hailed with pleasure in 1751, was arrested in its growth, and fears began to be seriously entertained that the country would be driven back to the lamentable condition from which it had slowly and laboriously emerged during the reign of George II. The absence of employment in the towns threw the laboring classes more and more upon the soil for sustenance, while the landlord legislation of the period threw them as helplessly back upon other pursuits than agriculture. Agrarian injustice was en- countered by conspiracy, and for the first time in these pages, we have to record the introduction of tie diabolical machinery of secret oath-bo and association among the Irish peasantry. Of the first of these combinations in the southern counties, a eotempo- rary writer gives the following account: "Some landlords in Muiister," he says, "have let their lands to cotters far above their value, ard, to lighten their burden, allowed commonange to their tenants by way of recompense: afterwards, in despite of all equity, contrary to all compacts, the landlords enclosed these commons, and precluded their unhappy tenants from the only means of making their bargains tolerable." The peasantry of Waterford, Cork, and other southern counties met in tumultuous c' owds, and demolished the new enclosures. The oligarchical n^ajority took their usual cue on such occasions: tliey pronounced, at once, that the cause of the riots was "treason against the state ; " they even obtained a select committee to " inquire into the cause and progress of the Popish insurrection in Munster." Although the London Gazette, on the authority of royal commis- sioners, declared that the rioters "consisted indiscriminately of persons of different persuasions," the Castle party would have it " another Popish plot." Even Dr. Lucas was carried away by the passions of the hour, and declaimed against all lenity, as coward- ly and criminal. A large military force, under the Marquis of Drogheda was accordingly despatched to the south. The marquis fixed his headquarters at Clogheen, in Tipperary, the parish priest of which was the Rev. Nicholas Sheehy. The magistracy of the county, especially Sir Thomas Maude, William Bagnel, John Bng well, Daniel Toler and Parson Ilewitson, were among the chief mamtainera of the existence of a PonUl. pi ^t t" brip" v- *h" of f loyne w s arr.^ted but enlarged ; Mr. Nagle. of Garnavilla (a relative Tf Edn,und Burke). Mr. Robert Keating and -ver.l respe^- able Catholic gentlemen, were also arrested. It «Pr«''! '"^^ !;'^^ mund Burke was charged by the ascendancy party -^h ha ng .. sent his brother Richard, recorder of Bristol, and M- Nagljj^ relation, on a mission to Munster, to l^vynioney on he Popish ' - -vho wtix- eACUi -.»••' J - -i-'-- body for the use of the iDoys POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 643 Il^nf r ■ *^'^\^"^« ^'^ -%^«te n subscription fc - tho de- fence of the second batch of victims, who, throu4 his and othZ exort.ons,werefortu„atelysavedfromthef:teoftretXcessora nans ca led "Heart, of Steel." formed among the absentc" Lord Downshire's tenants, in 17G2; the "Oak Bovs," so cal ed from weurmg oak leaves in their huts; and the ■ ..p o'D y B^i^ th precursors of the Orange Association. The infection of con Bpiracyran through all Ireland, „„d the disorder waT nither short-hved nor trivial. Right-Boys, Defenders, and alze'I other denominations descended from the same evil genius t^ he was tha fi.st introduced the system of dgns, and plXd/ and midnight meetings, among the peasantry f Ireland The celebrated society of United Irishmen was the highest fo m whlh that pimc>plo, ,n our politics, ever reached. In its origin It was mamly a Protestant organization ° From the first, the Catholic bishops and clergy strenuously opposed these secret societies. The Bishop of Cloyne Tssued I reproba ory pastoral; Father Arthur O'Leury employed hTs facile pc^ agamst them ; the Birhop of Ossory anathematLd tW in bs diocese. Pr.estn in Kildare. Kilkenny and Munster we" often m personal danger from these mldalght lerf viators • tloir chapels had been frequently nailed up. and their S p^^ad b en ften obhged to remove them from one neighborhood :o another prevent worse con-equences. The infatuation was not to be stayed: he evil was engrafted on society, and n^,ny a lon<. year and woM ,ee„e, and blighted life, and broken heart, was to siLal! rze the perpetuation of secret societies among the population hese startling symptoms of insubrrdination .nd la^i^ssness. while hey .uinished plausible pretexts to the advocates of repre« Bion still further confirmed the Patriot party in their belief that 01 r« '^^ '•^"^^'""'^ -'^ ^^^--y branch of the public service could save he nation from bankruptcy and ruin. This was l^ZT'^'r' t '"' '"" '°"^ '^^°^"'^«d - '^^ J^'^ding spin the party. The aged Malone, 'rue to his principl of couchation and constitutionalism to the last, passed away from the Boene in th-* tri-'-'- -^ ti- - •■• »"»jf nuui -«ue, m tn... miu=^ m tJic cA-ciung evenly of lllo. i^'or some 644 POPULAR HI6T0RY OF IRELAND. years before his death, his former pkee had been filled by the younger and more vigorous member for Kilkenny. >vho however, lid not fail to consult him with all the deference due to lus age, his serviees, and his wisdom. One of his last official acts, w-as presiding over the eommittee of the whole House, winch ^oted [he American contingent, but rejected the admission of German troops to supply their place. CHAPTER VII. ORATTAN'S LEADERSniP.-" FKKE TRADE," AND THE VOLUNTEERS. The revolt of the American colonies against the oppressive legislation of the British parliament, was the next circumstance that deeply affected the constitutional struggle, in which the Irish parliament had bo long been engaged. The -f -^ in the grievances of Ireland and the colonies, the close ties of kindred established between them, the extent of colomal commerce involved in the result, contributed to give the American Do la- ration of Independence more importance in men s eyes at Dublin, than anywhere else out of the colonies, except, perhaps. London. The first mention made of American affairs to the Irish legis- lature. was in Lord Townsend's message in 1776, calling for the despatch of 4.000 men from the Irish establishment to America and offering to supply their place by as many foreign Protesta.1^ (German) troops. The demand was warmly debated. The pro- position to receive the proffered foreign troops was rejected by a maiority of thirty-eight. and the contingent for America passed on a division, upon Flood's plea that they would go out merely as "4 000 armed negotiacors." This expression of he great parliamentary leader was often afterwards quoted to his preju^ dice but wo must remember, that, at the time it waB employed, no one 'on either side of the contest had abandoned all hopes of accommodation, and that the significance "^ . ^'^ /'^'^^ J" . . ■, - -v-.. T,„.-i Vr.i-th t'-nn airainst the colonies, rather pointea ugainat i."' i^-' — -" a POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 64 5 The 4 000 men went out, among them Lord Kawdon (afterwards Lord Moirr), Lord Edward Fitzgerald, and many others, bJth cotnL? "'"' ""^'^ ""'' "'''''"''^ "" "°''"^'' °^ "^"^y- ^' the Some slight rela.-ation of the commercial restrictions which operated so severely against Irish industry were made during the same year but these were more than counterbalanced by the em- ar?;^'; '\T^"''\''' J^'-"™''^"^ t° ^'««"-. i-Posed In Febru- ary. 1 < n Tins arbitrary measure-imposed by order in council -was so near being censured by the parliament then sitting, that the house was dissolved a month afterwards, and a new electior. ordered To meet the new parliament it was thought advisable to send over a new viceroy, and accordingly L^rd Buckinghamshire entered into office, with Sir Richard Heron aa chief secretary. In the last "session of the late parliament, a young protejS of .ord Charleinont-he was only in his twenty-ninth year-had take., his seat for the borough of Charlemont. This was Henry Grattan, son of the Recorder of Dublin, and grandson of one of Uiose Graaan. who ncco^^ing to Dean Swift, " could raise 10,000 men. The youth of Grattan had been neither joyous nor robust ; in early manhood he had offended his father's conserva. tisn, ; the profession of the law, to which he was bred, ho found .rkeome and unsuited to his tastes; society as then constituted xvas repulsive to his over-sensitive spirit and high Spartan ideal of manly duty; no letters are sadder to read, than the early cor- respondence of Grattan, till he had fairly found his inspiration in listening enraptured to the eloquent utterances of Chatham or comparing .olitical opinions with such a friend as Flood. At length he found a seat in the House of Commons, where during his first session he spoke on three or four occasions, briefly Z*!""^' '"? ^'^^ ^'"^ '^''^- t^'^r*^ '''^d been no sitting durin^ 776, nor before October of the following year ; it was, therefore^ in Che sessions from '78 to '82 inclusive, that tius young membe; ra.sed himself to the head of the most eloquent men,fn one of the most eloquent assemblies the av jrld has ever -p^u The fact of Mr. Flood, after fourteen years of opposition, hav- Ing accepted ofhce under Lord Harcourt's administra:'n„, «„d I $ tllfv ''1 m POPULAR HISTOnY OF IRELAND. defended the Ansorican expedition and the embargo, had greatly lessened the pop.ilarity of that eminent mar The> c •was iniHl, no lack of ability still left in the ranks of the o; positici—for Eurgh, Daly, and Yelvertoji were there ; Imt for a supreme spirit lilce Grattan— whose burniup; tongue was e'.-f i- fed from h'°. heavt of fire— there is always room v\ a free Bwiut i, how many soever able and accomplished men may surround him. The fall of 1777 brought viiAl intelligence from An.jrica, Gen- eral Burgoyne had inirrendered ui iiaratoga, ai.u Irnnce liad de- cidird to ally herself with the Americans. The effe-.t in England and :a (rylitd wa's i:nmense. W hen the Irish houses r.uft, Mr. Grattta }ijov';u m ^iddress to thu king in favor of retrenchment, and ttgaiiisf. tb pension Hal, and Mr Daly moved and carried an address J< nlov'ug U(C continuance of the American war, with a i?,.)Yernmei.t)i. ^miendm >nt assuring his majesty that iio might still rely osi the servicos of hia faithful commons. The second Catholic relief bill authorizing Papists to loan money on mortgage. to lease lands for any period not exceeding 999 years — to .inherit and bequeath real property, so limited, passed, not without some difficulty, into law. The debate had been protracted, by adjourn roent after adjournment, over the greatest part of three months; the main motion had been further complicated by an amendnumt repealing the Test Act in favor of Dissenters, which was, fortun- ately, engrafted on the measure. The vote in the Commonn, in favor of the bill so amended, was 127 i/eas to 89 nays, and in the Lords, 44 Contents to 28 Noncontents. In the English House of Commons, Lord Nugent moved, in April, a series of resolutions raising the embargo on the Irish provision trade ; abolishing, so far as Ireland was concerned, the most restrictive clauses of the Navigation Act, both as to ex- ports and imports, with the exception of the article of tobacco. Upon this the manufacturing and shipping interest of England taking the alarm, raised such a storm in the towns and cities that the ministry of the day were compelled to resist the pro- posed changes, with a few trifling exceptions. But Grattan had caught up, in the other island, the cry of " free trade," and the people echoed it after their orator, until the whole empire shook with the popular demand. POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND* 647 But what gave pith and power to the Irish demands was the en- rollment and arming of a numeroua volunteer force, rendered abso- lutely necessary by the defenceless state of the kingdom. Mr. Flood had long before proposed a national militia, but being in op" position and in the minority, he had failed. To him and to Mr. Perry, as much as to Lord Charlemont and Mr. Grattan, the mUitia bill of 1778, and the noble army of volunteers equipped under its provisions, owed their origin. AVhether this force was to be a regu- lar militia, subject to martial law, or composed of independent companies, was for some months a subject of great anxiety at the castle; but necessity at length precipitated a decision in favor of volunteer companies, to be supplied with arms by the state, but drilled and clothed at their own expense, with power to elect their own officers. The official announcement of this decision once made, the organization spread rapidly over the whole king- dom. The Ulster corps, first organized, chose as their com- mander the Earl of Charlemont, while those of Leinster elected the Duke of Leinster. Sunultaneously, resolutions against the purchase of English goods and wares were passed at public meetings and by several of the corporate bodies. Lists of th» importers of such goods were obtained at the custom houses and prmted in handbills, to the alarm of the importers. Swift's sar- donic maxim, "to burn everything coming from England, except the coah," began to circulate as a toast in all societies, and the consternation of the castle, at this resurrection of the redoubta- ble Dean, was almost equal to the apprehension entertained of him while living. While the castle was temporizing with both the military and the manufacture movement, in a vague expectation to defeat both the press, as is usual in such national crises, teemed with publica- tions of great fervor and ability. Dr. Jebb, Mr. (afterwards Judge) Johnson, Mr. Pollock, Mr. Charles Sheridan, Father Art-mr O'Leary, and Mr. Dobbs, M. P., were the chief workers in this department of patriotic duty. Cheered, instructed re- Btramed within due bounds by these writings and the reported debates of parliament, the independent companies proceeded with their orgamzation. In July, 1779, after all the resources of pre vancation had been exhausted, arms were issued to the several m ,,pr 648 POl'ULAU HISTORY OF IRELAND. recognized corps, nnd tlio Irish volunteers became in reality a national army for domestic protection and defence. When this point was reached, Mr. Grattan and his friends took anxious council as to their future movements, rarliament was to meet on the 1 2tli of October, nnd in tliut sweet autumnal month, Grattan, Burgh and Daly met upon the seashore, near Bray, in view of one of the loveliest landscapes on earth, to form their plan for the session. They agreed on an am'bndment to the address in answer to the royal speech, demanding in explicit terras " free export and import" for Irish commerce. When par- liament met, and the address and ameu'impnt were moved, it was found that Flood, Burgh, Hutchinson, and Gardiner, though all holding offices of honor and emolument under government, would vote for it. Flood suggested to substitute the simple term "free trade," and with this and one other verbal alteration suggested by Burgh, the amendment passed with a single dissenting voice. The next day the speaker, Mr. Perry, who was all along in the confidence of the movers of the amendment, Daly, Grattan, Burgh, Flood, Hutchinson, Ponsonby, Gardiner, and the whole house, ■went u^) with the amended address to the castle. The streets were lined with volunteers, commanded in person by the Duke of Lein- ster, who presented arms to the patriotic commons as they passed. Most of the leading members wore the uniform of one or other of the national companies, and the people saw themselves at the Bame moment under the protection of a patriotic majority in the legislature, and a patriot force in the field. No wonder their en- thusiastic cheers rang through the corridors of the castle with a strangely jubilant and defiant emphasis. It was not simply tht spectacle of a nation recovering its spirit, but recovering it with all military &clat and pageantry. It was the disarmed armed and triumphant — a revolution not only in national feeling, but in the external manifestation of that feeling, A change so profound stirred sentiments and purposes even deeper than itself, and sug- gested to the ardent imagination of Grattan the establishment of en- tire national independence, saving always the rights of the crown. The next day, the houses, not to be outdone in courtesy, voted their thanks to the volunteers for " their just and necessary exer- tions in defence of their country I" POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 649 CHAPTER VIII. ORATTAN'S I.KADKR8niP.--.K0ISIATIVK AND JUmciAL IKDKPKNPENCB ESTABLISHED. not^r ^"r ^^'"^■^"- ^'■'^"'"^ ^'^' •=""'^'1 "P°° to undertake was 1 t V'' '^" "'"""^ "'"'^'''^ «'"«« °f th« tern iTe was a Monarehist and a Whig in general politics ; but le was an Irshman proud and fond of his country/and a incere over of the largest rehgious liberty. With the independence of thildi cary and th. legislature, with freedom of LmeZ and of ^ Ihe sea he said, in his lofty figurative language "protests against union-the ocean against separation." But still "uhin ertam legal limits, his task .a. revolutionary, and w ' Tnder ^s Th: '"'^'""^ ^"^^*"^^'^*' ''- '«^^ -^ ' ^^roT wu: toThe castW iT'""?'' °^ '"^'°'"^ ''PP"^^ ^- instructions toiWwK J? .°r"^^- ^"'' '^° ™°'"«"t « collision similar to that which had taken place at Boston, on a not dissimilar issue Beemed imminent. A frigate was stationed off Howt'w th in! struetions,it was said, to intercept the prohibited wo lis bu Alderman Horan, by the advice of his friends, allowed his appS cation to remain on the custom house files. It had served Us purpose of bringing home practically to the people, the value of mp^trlVr'"' " ^^-^— ^forfreelL'f expoSand imports At the same time that this practical argumen was dis- cussed ,n every circle, Mr. Grattan moved in the'^House of Com- S^h" Tr ' *° '^' '"PP'y ^'"' t'^^*' "At this time it is inexpedient to grant new taxes." The government divided the lii W i flpn poriLjtft lUf'' OF inELAND. house, but ta thoir inurtitication found only 47 supporters ; for Grattan'fl Hin.;.Klment there were 170. A subsequent amendment agninst granting duties for the support of the loan fund, was also carried by 13« :o TOO. lUe.ia adverse votes were comnuinicated with great trepidation, by the Lord Lieutenant, to the Bri'' 1^ Aihiv-.'.s; :ion. At length lord North thought it cssentiul to make some conccn.ions, and witli this view he brought in resolutiuns, declaring the trade with the British colonies in America and Africa, and the fruo export of glass and woolens, open to tlic Irish merchant. A week later, i-lmilar resolutions were passed in the Irish Commons, and in February, 1780, "a free trade" in the sense in which it had been demanded, was established by law, plocing Ireland in most re- spects, as to foreign and colonial commerce, on nu equality with England. In February, the viceroy again alarmed Ihe British administra- tion, wit !i the reported movement for the repeal of "Poyning'a law," th'; statute which required heaflg of bills to be transmitted to, ond appoved in England, b< fore twoy could be legislated upon. He received i'l reply, the royal commands to resist by every means in his power, any attempted " change in the constitution," and he su .iceeded in eliciting from the House of Lords, an address, strongly condemnatory of " the uiisguided men." who sought to raise such " groundless jealousies," between the two kingdoms. But the Patriot Commoners were not to be so deterred. They declared the repeal of Poyning > act, and the 6th of George I., to be their ultimatum, and notices of motion to that effect, were im- mediately placed on the iournals of t' • House of C^omraons. In the earlj : ' s of A r^^ 11, Grattn who, more .han any of our orators, except o.fhap's Burke, was sensitive to the aspects of external nature, and imbued with the poetry of her works, retired from the city, to hi? :^v\e Dean Marlay's house, Cellbridge Abbey, formerly the resiw jnce of Swift's ill-fa' 1 Vanncssa, • Along the banks of that river, ' he said, many years aftenvards, " amid the groves and bowers of Swift and Vannes^n '. grew convinced that I was right; arguments, unanswerable came to my mind, and what I then presaged, confirni -ne in my determination to per- eevere." With an enthusias- er ied and r(«trainod— but •^ *. POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. HI wonderful in thef5re and grandeur of its „tterance-I.e rose in hi. place on th,. 19th of the month, to move that ■' the KingLol^ and Commons of Ireland, are the onlv power competent t'ocnac; laws to bind Ireland." He .as supported by Coy B.Lh foundation of his future estrangement from Grattan; Daly waa al for del ,v; Fit.gibbon. afterwards Lord Clare, Provost Hut- :.orn"' TJcT''''' ''''''-'''' ^-^ ^'■^^■'' ^^^ motion. The Castle party moved in amendment that, '"there b.ngane,uivalentresolutionalreadyonthejournalsofthellouse'' -a luding to one of the resolutions against Strafford's tyranny a l«41-a new resolution was unneeessary. -his amendment w^a adopted in 1641 but depriving Grattan of the honor of putting it. nlus own word,,, on the record. The substantial result, h^ow- descubed it, a great day for Ireland." " It is with the utmost coneern." writes the viceroy next day to LoVd Hillsborough < I must acquaint your lordship that although so many gentle^ea o pre sed their concern that the subject had been introduced, th^ B. of the House a^ahsl the obligation of a„y statutes of the to"n,. IT ?'"' ,^"'"^°' '"'""" ^^'' ^"°Sdom. is represented to me tc have been almost unanimous." Ten d :, . later a motion of Mr. Yelverton's to repeal Poyning'a law . ar .s related to the Irish privy council's supervision^f heacl-j of bills, negatived by 130 to 105 J.T%^\'^' 'f"" °^ ^^' '''^'°° '^'^ ^^«t«° of iadepend- ence was fought on tl-e Mutiny Bill. The viceroy and the chief secietary, playing the game of power, were resolved that the lufluence of the crown should not be diminished, so far as the nnhtary establishments were concerned. Two justicea of the peace in bhgo and Mayo, having issued w, -s of habeas corpus in eT ImT^^'I ^'""^ '^' "™y' °" '^' ^"^""^ that neither the British Mutiny Act, nor any other Britisli statute, was binding on Ireland, unless confirmed by an act of its own legislature b ought up anew the whole question. Lord North, who? with all his proverbial tact and _ ood humor, in the House of Commons always pursued .he most arbitrary policy throughout the empire, i 6KSI POPUtAR IIT8T0RY OF inKLAND. proposed a per- .tiinl Mutiny Bill for Ireland, Instead of the Annual Bill, in lorco in England. It was introduced in the Irish House of Commons by Mr. Gervase Parker Bnshe, and, by a vote of two to one, postponed for a fortnight. During the interval, the British authorities remained obdurate to argument and re- monstrance. In vain, the majority of the Irish privy councillors advised concession ; in vain, Plood, who was consulted, pointed out the futility of attempting to force such a measure ; it was forced, and, under the cry of loyalty, a draft bill was carried through both houses, and remitted to England in June. Early m August it was roli.rned ; on the 12th it was read a first time ; on the 16th a second; and it was carried through committee by 114 to 62. It was at this emergency the Volunteers performed the second act of their great drama of Ireland's liberation. A series of reviews were held, and significant addresses presented to Lord Camden (then on a visit to the country). Lord Charlemont, Mr. Flood and Mr. Grattan. On the ro-ossembling of Parliament m August when the bill was referred to, Mr. Grattan declared that he would resist it to the last ; that if passed into law, he and his friends would secede, and would appeal to the people in " a formal instrument." A new series of corporation and county meetings was convened by the Patriot party, which warmly condemned the Perpetual Mutiny Act, and as warmly approved the repeal of Poyning's Act, and the Oth of George I. : questions which were aU conceived to be intermixed together, and to flow from the assertion of a common principle. Parliament being prorogued in September, only threw the whole controversy back again into the furnace of popular agitation. The British government tried a lavish distribution of titles ond a change of viceroys,— Lord Carlisle being substituted in December for Lord Buckingham— but the spirit abroad was too general and too earnest, to b« quelled by the desertion of individuols, however numerous oi influential. With Lord Carlisle, came, as chief secretary, Mr. Eden, afterwards Lord Auckland; he had been, with his chief, a peace commissioner to America, two years before, ond had faded ; he was an intriguing and accomplished man, but he proved himself as unequal as Heron or Rigby to combat the movement for Irish independence. POPPLAR HI8T0HY OF IRELAND. 083 oitTv?."! ""'/'"'A""*^'' '"^'^''"^^ "" "- -nth of tioa of the Mutiny « II L . ^ , ""''' '""^"^ ^''' » l™i"»- • l.i-elf i„ .' : , 1" J :;" r? ■:;«' = <» ''«>e later. Mr. Flood outvoted twot^nolnT '\ '"""""' ^^'"^1. w„, also ton having abrdon'ed "Lf "' '-'T^ ''"' ^""■"'"' ^^^'■- ^'">-'- Flo.! took t n . mo" d it r, ^7'■""'" "'"^•'""^' ^>"'^''^. of relief for 1 oL„ r H '• ''"' '''^'^^""^''- ^^ ^""-"ht measure Of the et o m" ^ ^' t;;- ";'■"'"■"' '•>- '''• ^'-^--. -thor «i«tedbvriood in th ^ ^ '"''^""''"^ by Grnttan, was re- other. It L ca ied r Jr' "f ^"^^ ^■-'™^ - the --nthe actual r^d^^r;::-:-:--™^^ orato X";;r'"" '""" *"'''" ^^'"^^ ^<'^-- the to pilot Charle.ontir„„.seastothe JohS;; ;:3 '^Tef^ ^' agreed on the constitutional question • Grattan nfl- ^'"^ ^'™ -usi,„dopted;^::S:s:--^!--p3;nani. the old headquarters of IJu-d, O'Nei tn f .? ' " ' *^''°°' equivocal demand for civil a^ reH^ " I e X Tl"' " T of Ulster soon spread through Irelat 1 Ar I '"^'""P^° Bter volunteers, Mr Flood ntl.«.r ^ ""f' "^ °^ "'° ^«^°- theMunstcrcop ndored itunn 'f'"'' ^' '"" ^"^"°' Port«„,„a-an historic '^potsrett'ersSr """"" "' declaratory of the riH,f««fT , , February, his motion gg* •• -nacpona-.iitx-. Jc waa on this tS § II ;» ;! -.■:•:-««!:-■■'" ■—*«!■.' 684 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. occasion that he exclaimed: "I found Ireland on her knees; I watched over her with a paternal solicitude ; I have traced her progres's from injury to arras, and from arms to liberty. Spirit of Swift! Spirit of Molyneux! your genius has prevailed I Ireland is now a nation ! in that new character I hail her I and bowing to her august presence, I say, Esto perpetua /" Never was a new nation more nobly heralded into existence 1 Never was an old nation more reverently and tenderly lifted up and restored! The houses adjourned to give England time to consider Ireland's vUhnofan,. Within a month it was accep ed by the new British administration, and on the 2'7th of May, the new Whig viceroy, the Duke of Portland, was authorized to announce from the throne the establishment of the judicial and legislative independence of Ireland. CIIArTER IX. THE ERA OF INDEPENDENCE.— FIRST PERIOD. The accession of the Rockingham administration to power, lu 1-782 was followed by the recall of Lord Carlisle, and the iubsti- tutio'n, as viceroy, of one of the leading Lords of the Whig party The nobleman selected to this office was William Henry, third Duke of Portland, afterwards twice prime minister; then m the prime of life, possessed of a very ample fortune, and uniting in his own person the two great Whig families of Bentinck and Cavendish The policy he was sent to represent at Dublin was undoubtedly an imperial policy; a policy which looked as Qnxi- ous'y to the integrity of the empire as any Tory cabinet could hove desired ; but it was, in most other respects, a policy of con- ciliation and concession, dictated by the enlarged wisdom ef Burke and adopted by the magnanimous candor of Fox. Yet by a generous people, who always find it more difficult to resist a liberal than an illiberal administration, it was, in reality, a pobcy more to be feared than welcomed ; for its almost certain effects - was ,von. ^ "'' °^ ''""S lost, almost as soon as it wits and „,e'n o Lli J, ' f""'^' ''"""^' «"" "^ *'-- I-U m^?d,e a,.d later y^^K:!!^ oZZu'T'JL '''''' T ''' political friend of Flood n,.,vi ? "^ personal and n-ish seeretary f^ 4 "l ^^J'".^^.7"t.. ""^ Grattan, and the first ovation .vith wh"h the DnJ^'Tp"'',""' '^ ^'""'^ *^« ^""=-t perial in .so far a ' oppo d ^rn- "'T''^^;--^--^. *'- -- tional advantage in the socnl ' ''°"''^' ^"""^ "" '^^'^i' finniess -/ he £,7e' L boT', '""'t'^' '°^ '^^'•''"'^- ^he Grattan, whose c^ w as 'no tim'°""^"" -^'^y especially of attitude of the volLZs. rr 17^^ c ;::■ ' ""'r ''' '"^°^="^" han. ..,nd Mr. Fox bv letter fhl • ^ ""■ ^°'^ ^°^'^''"ff- -n, h.d ur.ed ev fy „ ;„^ :;:: ^^^^'''^'l --^'-y - pel Crattan's ^■^^i.atumia^Z^l^ -Ijournment and delay, but f-ahy accepted. The demands ^r^^f"^' "" ^"""^^J the 6th of Georo-e I n Th. , V / ^'"^ '■*'P°''' ^^ >.-t ITT An AM I u ^, '^''"^ °^ ^''e Perpetual Mutiny court, .nd thetir Hrel/L^ ^7x1"'°" °^^^^ ^^'^^ uinK's Law Thi, xv„= ,u °' •^"'^^3. V. The repeal of Pov. •iiSni.y „f . f„; „„,i„„ "°"' » "■•' ""'"'J'. i» >h. rank „d proclaimed no less exnlicitlv !>v p. i ,"• ^"8'""^' it was L5.»a ana a^crrtaii^a 656 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. forever." But there was, unfortunately, one ground for dispute still left, and on that ground Henry Flood and Henry Grattan parted, never to be roconciled. The elder Patriot whose conduct from the moment of hia retire- ment from office, in consequence of his Free Trade vote and speech in "79, had been, with occasional exceptions arising mostly from bodily infirmity, as energetic and consistent as that of Grattan himself, saw no sufficient constitutional guarantee, in mere acts of parliament repealing other acts. He demanded " express re- nunciation " of legislative supremacy on the part of England ; while Grattan maintained the sufficiency of " simple repeal." It is possible even in such noble natures as these men bad — so strangely are we constituted — that there was a latent sense of personal rivalry, which prompted tliem to grasp, each, at the larger share of patriotic honor. It is possible that there were other, and inferior men, who exasperated this latent personal rivalry. Flood had once reigned supreme, until Grattan eclipsed him in the. sudden splendor of his career. In scholarship and in genius the elder Patriot was, taken all in all, the full peer of his suc- cessor ; but Grattan had the national temperament, and ho found his way more readily into the core of the national heart ; he was the man of the later, the bolder, and the more liberal school ; and such was the rapidity of his movements that even Flood, from '79 to '82, seemed to be his follower, rather than his coadju- tor. In the hopeful crisis of the struggle, the slower and more experienced statesman was for the moment lost sight of. The leading motions were all placed or left in the hands of Grattan by the consent of their leading friends ; the bills repealing the Mutiny Act, the 6th George I., and Poyning's law, were entrusted to Burgh, Yelvcrton, and Forbes ; the thanks of the house were voted to Grattan alone after the victory, with the substantial addition of £50,000 to purchase for him an estate, which should become an enduring monument of the national gratitude. The open rupture between the two great orators followed fast on the triumph of their common cflForts. It was still the first month — the very honeymoon of independence. On the 13th of June, Mr. Grattan took occasion to notice in his place, that a. late British ncl relating to the importation of sugars, was so generally POPULAR mSTOKV OV IRELAND. G57 Rights, dcdarino-^Xsnl , , ""^' ^" "" W-sh Bill of gave notice of a nnseh:evoua .notion to assert the external supre- ! 658 POPULAU HISTORY OF IRELAND. macy of the Englisli Parliament; and Lord Manslield, in the Kin'-'s Bencli, decided an Irish appeal case, notwithstanding tiie recent statute establishing the judicial independence of the Irish courts It is true the case had been appealed before the statute was passed; and that Lord Abingdon withdrew his motion for want of a seconder; but the alarm was given, and the popular mind in Ireland, jealously watchful of its new-born liberties, saw in these attempts renewed cause for apprehension. In opposition to all tliis suddenly awakened suspicion and jealousy, Grattan, who naturally enough assumed his own interest in preserving the new constitution to be quite equal to those who cast doubts on its security, invariably held one language. The settlement already made, according to his vi*ew, was final ; it was an international treaty; its maintenance must depend on the ability and disposi- tion of the parties to uphold it, rather than on the multiplication of declaratory acts. Ireland had gone to England with a charter, not for a charter, and the nation which would insist upon the humiliation of another, was a foolish nation. Tliis was the lofty light in which he viewed the whole transaction, and in this light, it must be added, he continued to view it till the last. Many of the chief English and Irish jurists of his time, Lord Camden, Lord Kenyon, Lord Erskine, Lord Kilwarden, Judges Cliamber- lain, Smith and Kelly, Sir Samuel RomraiUy, Sir Arthur Pigott, and several others, agreed fully in Grattan's doctrine, that the settlement of '82 was final and absolute, and " terminated all British jurisdiction over Ireland." But although these are all great names, the instinct of national self-preBt-rvation may be considered in such critical moments more tlian a counterpoise to the most matured opinions of the oracles of the law. Such must have been the conviction also of the English Parliament, for, im- mediately on their meeting in January, 1783, they passed the Act of Jienuncialion (23d George III.), expressly declaring their admission of the " exclusive rights of the parliament and courts of Ireland in matters of legislature and judicature." This was Flood's greatest triumj.h Six months before his doctrine ob- tained but three supp.irtcrs in the Irish Commons ; now, at his suggestion, and on his grounds, he saw it unanimously affirmed by the British Parliament. POPLaAR msTouy of Ireland. 659 «n5?u,*''° °'^-I T'f"'"' °^ '^' "*™°^* importance these leading spirits r.3o widely differed. Grattan was in favor of. and Floof opposed to Catholic cnancipation ; while Flood was in favof and Grattan. at that moment, opposed to. a complete reform of parhamentary representation. The Catholic question had its nex. greattriumph after Flood's death, as will be mentio ed f ' 4 a°nd '85 " Tl? '' "''^ '"''' ^■^^°'™ '—-' ^^^^l 84. and 85, may best be disposed of here. The Reformers were a new party rising naturally out of the pop lar success of 1782. They were composed of all but a ew of the more aristocratic corps of the volunteers, of the town! men especially in the seaports and manufacturing town o7Z admirers of American example, of the Catholics "vho had 1 1 q ired property and recognition, but not the elective fran Wse of he gentry o the second and third degree of werlth ov ! llT , °^!"'"^'^°^^'*''^ ^y "- greater lords of the soil. The ubstantial grievance of which they complained was. that of the Qi 1 . „ , i'^ouieis, Willie 5^ Commoners nominated what ought to have been the people's house was, therefore sub Btantial ly m the hands of an oligarchy of about a huncS ' reat' proprietors, bound together by the spirit of their class by irter marriage and by the hereditary possession of power. To r ducj lus exorbitant influence within reasonable boLds. was the 1u t and w,,e design to which Flood dedicated all his nergi „C Irr • ', ''1 ^" "^ ^-«"-'-. "">i the success'of w^^l; .ould .rtainly have restored him to complete equality wiSh iIIa !J'>'°"'"g «f 1^83. the famous coalition ministry of recuons. County meetings were held ; conventions by district. M CGO POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. and by provinces Avere called by the reforming Volunteers, in July, Angust and September. The new Parliament was to be opened on the 14th of October, and the Volunteers resolved to call a convention of their whole body at Dublin, for the 10th of November. The Parliament met according to summons, but though search- ing retrenchment was spoken of, no promise was held out of a constitutionol reiform ; tlic limitation of the regular troops to a fixed number was declared ailvisable, and a vote of thanks to the Volunteers was passed without demur. But the proceedings of the houses were soon eclipsed by the portentous presence of the Volunteer Convention. One hundred and sixty delegates of corps attended on the appointed day. The Royal Exchange was too small to accomodate them, so they adjourned to the Rotunda, accompanied by mounted guards of honor. The rjplendid and eccentric Bishop of Derry (Earl of Bristol), had his dragoon guards ; the courtly but anxious Charlemont had his troop of horse ; Flood, tall, emaciated, and solemn to sadness, was hailed Willi popular acclamations ; there also marched the popular Mr. Day, afterwards Judge, Robert Stewart, father of Lord Castle- reagh, Sir Richard Musgrave, a reformer also, in his youth, who lived to confound reform with rebellion in his old age. The Earl of Charlemont was elected president of this imposing body, and for an entire month Dublin was divided between the extraordinary spectacle of two legislatures — one sitting at the Rotunda, and the other at College Green, many members of each bt>ing members of the other; the uniform of the volunteer sparkling in the houses, and the familiar voices of both houses being heard de- liberating and debating among the volunteers. At length, on the 29th of November, after three weeks' labor- ious gestation. Flood brought before Parliament the plan of re- form agreed to by the convention. It proposed to extend the franchise to every Protestant freeholder possessed of a lease worth forty shillings yearly ; to extend restricted borough constituen- cies by annexing to them neighboring populous parishes ; that the voting should be held on one and the same day ; that pen- sioners of the crown should be incapable of election ; that mem- bers accepting office should be subject to reelection ; that a strin- POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 661 gent bribery oath should be administered to candidates returned • and finally, that the durauon of Parliament should be li.iLd bill for T\ M ""' '"''^°'' "" ^""^""'^ ^••""'•''^-t K^'f-m bdl for tl^ugh the eo„vention had received Father Arthur of Cathohe rights, the majority were ..till intolerant of ,v//,.-o,„ freedom n this majority it is painful to have to reeorci t e names of Flood and Charlemont The debate which followed the introduction of this proposed G attan who just one month before (Oct. 28th) had that fierce vituperative contest with Flood familiar to evei-y school-bov n It worst and most exaggerated form, supported the propo a[ The law offieors of the crown, Fit.gihbon, Yelverton, Hoc t de- nounced ,t as an audacious attempt of armed men to diefat'e to the house us own constitution. The cry of privilege and prero- gative was raised, and the measure was rejected by 15Y to 77 Flood, weary in mind and body, retired to his home; the Con" vention, wh.eh outsat the house, adjourned amid the bitter in- dignation of some, and the scarcely concealed relief of others Two days ater they met and adopted a striking address to the throne and adjourned .W <;/,. Tins was, in fact, the last Im- portan day o th. Volunteers as a political institution. An attempt a month later to reassemble the convention, was dexter- ously defeated by the President, Lord Charlemonf. The re.^ular army was next session increased to 1.5,000 men , £20,000 were voted to el.,the and equip a rival force-" the Militia "-and the Parliament u^dch had three times voted them its thanks, now began to look with satisfaction on their rapid disorganization Rnd disbandment. This, perhaps, is the fittest place to notice the few remaining years of the public life of Henry Flood. After the session of 1785 I" which ho h.d been outvoted on every motion he proposed! he retired from the Irish Parliament, and alkwed himself to be persuaded, at the age of fifty-tliree, to enter the English. Re was eh'cted for Winchester, and made his first essay on U.e new scene on hii favorite subject of representative reform. Cut his health was undermined! he Mled, except on one or two ne,.n«i..p. ^o 66 662 POPULAR niBTORY OF IRELAND. catch the ear of that fastidious assembly, and the figure he made there somewhat disappointed liis friends. He returned to Kil- kenny to die in 1791, bequeathing a large portion of his fortune to Trinity College, to enrieh its MS. library, and to found a per- manent professorship of the Irish language. " He was un oak of liie forest," said Grattan, " too old to be transplanted at fifty." " He was a man," said one -who also knew him well, Sir Jonah Barrington, "of profound abilities, high manners, and great ex- perience in the affairs of Ireland. He had deep information, an extensive capacity, and a solid judgment." In his own magnifi- cent " Ode to Fame "he has pictured his ideal of th-i Patriot- orator, who finds some consolation amid the unequal struggle •with the enemies of his cotintrj', foreign and domestic, in a pro- phetic vision of his own renown. Unhappily, the works of this great man come down to us in as fragmentary a state as those of Chatham j but enough remains to enable us to class him amongst the greatest masters of our speech, and, as far as the drawbacks allowed, among the foremost statesmen of hi'j country. It is painful to be left in doubt, as we are, whether he was ever reconciled to Grattan. The presumption, from the silence of their coteraporaries, is, that they they never met again as friends. But it is consoling to remember that in his grave, the survivor rendered him that tribute of jualice which almost takes the undying sting out of the philippic of 1783; it is well to know, also, that one of Grattan's hitest wislies, thirty years after the death of Flood, when he felt his own last hours approaching, was, that it should be known that he "did not speak the vile abuse reported in the Debates" in relation to hU illustrious rival. The best proof that what he did 6ay was undeserved, is that that rival's reputation for integrity and public spirit has sur- vived even his terrible onslaugiit. POPULAR HISTOBir 04 IRELAND. 003 CHAPTER X THE EHA OF INPEPE.VDENCE.-8EC0ND PERIoa The second period of the era of independence may be said to Y^ZZ^r "'" T"' ''''"'"^ ''""' ^^^ ^'«««1"«"" «f the last Volunteer Convention, at the end of 1V84, to the passage of the teSt H v"^"' °' ''''■ "'^^^ ^"-^ 5-- of contfnued iu- Zlof m''" T"\'^°''' ''^ *''^ P^P"'"^ -^"d parliamentary a fa rs of the country; but the events are, with the exception of the last named, of a more secondary order, than those of the pre vious period. ^ F'^ The session of 1785 was first occupied with debates relating to what ,,,g,,t be called the cross-channel trade between England and Ireland. The question of trade brought with it. necessarily. e question of rovem.e; of the duties levied in both Icingdomf ot 1 1.0 coufliot of their commercial laws, and the necessity of thei^ ass.mdat.o„; of the appropriations to be borne by each, to the genorni oxpcm«e of the army and navy ; of the exclusive right of he Enghsh East India Company to the Indian trade ;-in short. l.e whole of the fiscal and commercial relations of the two coun! UralTellt'^ri^,' """""' ""' ^'i-'^'^^'-^ their constitu- tional relations had been in previous years The first plan came from the castle, through Mr. Thomas Orde then chief secretary, afterwards Lord Bolton. It consisted of eleven propositions, embracing every division of the subject. They had been arrived at by consultation with Mr. Joshua Pirn a most worthy Quaker merchant, the founder of an equally worth^ family Mr. Grattan, Mr. Foster and other.s. They were passed as resolutions in Ireland, and sent by Mr. Orde to L^laiKUo e ChatT, ^^ rt '' "'"P''-''' '''''-' "'^°= ^^-^ «-0"d Pitt, then Chancellor of the Exchequer, gave his concurrence, but when he ntroduced to the English Parliament M. resolutions-twenty a d ff^JdT T f "f ""^ " '''''''' ^"^P^^^-' -■^P-*^ they seld toT *'';.^riP-P-»tionB. On being taken up and pre- rented to the Irish Parliament, in August, the administration 664 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. found they could command, in a full house, only a majority of Bixteen for their introduction, and so the whole arrangement was abandoned. No defiiiit -. commercial treaty between the two liing- doms was entered into until tlie Union, and there can be little doubt that the miscarriage of the convention of 1786, was one of the determining causes of that Union. The next session was chiefly remarkable for an unsuccessful attempt to reduce the Pension List. In this debate, Currau, who had entered the House in 17«3, j.articularly distinguished him- self. A fierce exchange of personalities with Mr. Fitzgibbon led to a duel between them, in which, fortunately, neither was wound- ed, but their public hostility was transferre* to the arena of tijc courts, where some of thfe choic«.-st inorc'aiix of genuine Irish wit were littered by Curran, at the cxpcn-r of his rival, first as Attor- ney-General, and subsequently as Chancellor. The session of 1787 was introduced by a speech from the throne, in which the usual paragraph in favor of the Protestant Charter Schools was followed by another advising the establish- men!, of a geneial system of schools. This raised the entire qtK"-u.<;- .)f education, one of the most difficult to deal with in the ^-)H. l" j;. ige of Irish politics. On the 10th of April, Mr. Orde,— rlmUmii to be the author of just, but short-lived projects— intro- duce •'! !iis plan of what might be called national education. He proposed to establish four great provincial academies, a second university in some north-western county, to reform the twenty- two diocesan schools, so richly endowed under the 28th Henry VIII., and to affiliate on Trinity College two principal preparatory schools, north and south. In 1784, and again in this very year, the humane John Howard had reported of the Irish Charter Schools, then half a century established, that they were " a dis- grace to all society." Sir J. Fitzpatrick, the Inspector of Prisons, confirmed the general impression of Howard: he found the' chil- dren in these schools "puny, filthy, ill clothed, without linen, in- decent to look upon." A scries of resolutions was intrcduced by ■ Mr. Orde, as the basis of better legislation in the next session ; but it is to be regretted that the proposed reform never went far- ther than the introduction and adoption of these resolutions. The session of 1788 was signalized by a great domestic and a POPULAR IIISTOUY OP IRELAND. 6^5 great imperial disc„ssion-the Tithe question, and the Regency The Tithe question had slumbered within the waUs of parliament ».nce the days of Swift, though not in the lonely lodges of le si cret agranan societies. Very reeent outbreaks of the oldlrarlat hTLe-rsr^ "'"'T '?"—-« -'^'3 -'I exeessivl tf;: " the Lems er as well as in southern counties, had c-aied gen. tention to the subject, when Grattan. in 1787 movedthat S i ,a appear by the commeneoment of t .e fo low^s^^^^^^^^^^^^^ other of those speeches, which it is impossible to read even !* of Walo, ,^ , , ' '" ^^^^- Thoquestion was,whether the Prince restrictions. Mr Pitt and h r.!n "-^stnctiona or no for restrictions in S^ Ch^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ rTgene^ 'Thl I"': ''""""''"* "•^'^^ ^^ - "nUditira rendered their i -^ '°''''''«"' *' ^--^^'y «« t^ey had Lieut::l !!L1;^^^^^^^^ ^^^ the'lord their over-zealous Zs/andb^^^^^^^^ '"^ ^™°«"'^* of both Houses reachTd\td^rw^:trri:f '!'-^^^^^^^ RQ, ..jcuijjtj i,t, naa rucovoreal IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) y /, {/ 'fM^^ , %.S S %s M //// '^^ A Ua 7e\ 1.0 I.I IM 2.2 1-25 iu 12.0 1.8 1.6 V] (^ /] / up, Fhotographic Sciences Corporation i\ ^% V L1? :\ \ % .V ^'\ 6^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 '% 606 POPULAR HISTORY OP IRELAND. They received the most gracious reception at Carlton Houso, but they incurred the implacable enmity of William Pitt, and cvoited a second determining cause in his mind in favor of an early legislative union. The prospect of the accession of the prince to power, wrought a wonderful and a salutary change, though temnorary, in the Irish Ck)mmon8. In the session of iTsg, Mr. Grattan carried, by 105 to 86, a two months', in amendment to a twelve-months' supply bill. Before the two months expired ho brought in his police bill, his pension bill, and his bill to prevent officers of the revenue from voting at elections, but e'er these reforms could bo passed' into law, the old king recovered, the necessary majority was reversed, and the measures, of course, de^'eated or delayed till better times. The triumph of the oligarchy was in proportion to their fright. The House having passed a vote of censure on Lord Buckingliam the viceroy, for refusing to transmit their address to the Kegent, a threat was now held out that every one who had voted for the censure, holding an office of honor oremolumentin Ireland,would be made " the victim of his vote." In reply to this threat a " Round Robin," was signed by the Duke of Leinster, the Arch- bishop of Tuam, eighteen peers, all the leading Whig commoners —the Ponsonbys, Langrishof , Grattan, Connolly, Curran, O'Neill, Day, Charles Francis Sheridan, Bowes Daly, George Ogle, etc., etc. —declaring that they would regard any such proccription as an attack on the independence of Parliament, and would jointly oppose any administration who should resort to such proscription. But the bold and domuieering spirit of Fitzgibbon— the leader of the Castle party, then, and long afterwards— did not shrink before even so formidable a plialanx. The Duke of Leinster was dis- missed from the honorary office of Master of the Rolls, the Earl of Shannon, from the Vice-Treasurership, William Ponsonby from the office of Postmaster general, Charles Francis Sheridan, from that of Secretary at War, and ton or twelve other prominent members of the Irish administration lost places and pensions to the value of £20,000 a year, for -heir over-zeal for the Prince of Wales. At the same time, Mr. Fitzgibbon was appointed Lord Chancellor, a vacancy having opportunely occured, by the death of Lord Liflford, in the very midst of the prescriptive crisis. POPULAR HISTOnr OP IRELAND. QQ>j This elevation transferred liim to the Upper House whnro f *, chical faction, before and after the Union ^ ^''"■" sition peers, th« Earls of AntJ "'1^°'°''- ^^ «^™™P the op.,o- «tl.erp„d for h«,r patmte, i„ boro»gl„, „, i„ M,d caal n wutlerepy reign .„d carnival «f c„rr„ptl„„, „ J„S' J «t. : »^-'"« f •»«*r-a .r„ ..Viag „r Mi^S'T. block but in a°°°, '' '"'" °' ""'""' '""""J' '"■'» '» lb" Enl tL .1 '°'"""'»° eovernedliko a proTince, to tl,o hclmr «. tx"™.!":? c:;:;tit: -' ™ '--- ■» - The WhigClub-an out-of-door auxiliary of the opposition- thT'r r.":'"'" ^'^^'•- ^^ --^-^d the chiefT rsoT the "Round Robin," and gained „,any adherents. It exe sed for le few following years, until it fell to pieces in the presence Backed though he was by Mr. Pitt, both as his relative and nncpal. the Marquis of Buckinghan. was con^pelled to r L^t lhUirr"^"l'° '"""' "^'''^^'•°'" I>"Win'underco"r!f were sworn n ns Justice.,, until the arrival of tho Earl of Westmoreland, in the ensuing January. 6G3 POPULAR niBTOUY OF IRELAND. The two last viceroys of the decade thus closed, form a marked contrast worthy of particidar portraiture. Tlic Duke of Rutland, a dashing profligate, was sent over, it was thought, to ruin public liberty by undermining private virtue, a task in which he found a willing helpmate in his beautiful but dissipated Duchess. During his three years' reign were sown the seeds of that reckless private expenditure, and general corruption of manners, which drove so many bankrupt lords and gentlemen into Uie market overt, where Lord Castlereagh and Secretary Cooke, a dozen years later, priced the value of their parliamentary cattle. Lord Kutland died of dissipation at little over thirty, and was suc- ceeded by the Marquis of Buckiiigliam (formerly Lord Temple), the fouuder of the Irish Order of Chivalry, a person of the great- est pretensions, as a reformer of abuses and an enemy of govern, ment by corruption. Yet with all his affected superiority to tho base arts of his predecessor, the ISIarquis's system was still more opposite to every idea of just government, than the Duke's. The one outraged public morals, the other pensioned and ennobled the betrayers of public trusts ; the one naturalized the gaming-table and the keeping of mistresses as customs of Irish society ; the other sold or allowed the highest offices and honors of the state — from a weighcrship in the butter market to an earl's cornet — to be put up at auction, and knocked down to the highest bidder. How cheering in contrast with the shameful honors, flauntc^ abroad in those sliameful days, are even the negative virtues i the Whig patricians, and how splendid the heroic constancy (i Charlemont, Grattan, Curran, and their devoted minority of honest legislators 1 "With Lord Westmoreland, was associated, as chief secretary, Mr. Ilobart, formerly in the army, a man of gay, convivial habits, very accomplished, and, politically, very unprincipled. These gentlemen, both favorites of Pitt, adopted the councillors, and continued the policy of tho late viceroy. In pursuance of this policy a dissolution took place, and the general election of 1790 was ordered. We have already exhibited the influences which controlled the choice of members of the House of Commons. Of the one hundred and five great proprietors, who owned two-thirds of tlie seats, perhaps a fourth might be found in the ranks of the POPULAU HISTOIiy OF IKKLAND. 609 Lord Mayor and 2 S ft A '"""" f"'"^ ^'' ^'""''•' °^-"- ^''^ of the cisl C„ " P ?'™'"' ^"''^■'^'^ ^^ "''^ ^^•'^"l^ power familiar ^aTVelonZ^'u' T" '■"'"'"^- ^" "-- "^^ atUI wider Ze A,Z AV if f "" '""'"'' '° '^^i'"'^ ^^ -* O'Connor, n, ^rt Phi i! ^ ''' r""?" '"■ ^"'"' ^••'"- for Tuam and lloL.^ ^f '"H-Ftown Jonah Barrington. member Down th;n Ivt I' °"° "' ''" '"^'"^"'^ ''^^ ''^'^ <=o"nty wardF 1" °dd wi -en y.econd year, and, next to Lord Ed —need hi. eaS: •. t^Z^ ^^ ^ ^ ^J^ "' answer to the speech from the throne 1 ° ''' '" The new Parliament M-bich met in Tnlx^ ttoa -for the great orator had still a free press nnH „ i dence to instruct and elevate. The tru h l^hn , "' """ ' 670 POPULAR UlSTOBY OF IRELAND. exultation, or pious fear, or panic terror, in the hearts of the lead- ing specwitora of that awful drama, according to the prejudicea or principles they maintained. Over all the three kingdoms there ,yas a preternatural calm, resembling that physical stillness which m other latitudes precedes the eruption of volcanoes. CHAPTER XI. THE EEA OF INDEPKNDENCE-TIIIED PERIOD :-CATnOLIO REtlEF BILL OF 1T93, Before relating the consequences which attended the spread of French revolutionary opinions in Ireland, it is necessary to exhibit the new and very important position assumed by the Roman Catholic population at that period. The relief bills in 1774 and 1778, by throwing open to catholios the ordinary means of acquiring property, whether movable or immovable, .lad enabled many of them to acquire fortunes, both m land and in trade. Of this class were the most efficient load ers in the formation of the Catholic Committee of 1790— Jolij Keogh, Edward Byrne, and Richard McCormick. They were all men who had acquired fortunes, and who felt and cherished the independence of self-made men. They were not simply Catholic agitators claiming an equality of civil and religious riglits with their Protestant fellow-countrymen; they were nationalists, in the broadest and most generous meaning of the term. They had con- tributed to tho ranks and tha expenses of the Volunteers ; they had swelled the chorus of Grattan's triumph, and borne their share of the cost in many a pc.pular contest. The new generation of Protestant patriots— such men as the Hon. Simon Bulter Wolfe Tone, and Thomas Addis Emmet, were their intimate asso- ciates, shared their opinions, and regarded their exclusion from the pale of the constitution as a public calamity. There was another and a smaller, but not less important class —the remnant of the ancient CathoHc peerage and landed t ^ntry who, through four generations, had preferred civil death to ro' POPULAR HISTORT OF IRELAND. 671 ligious apostacy. It was impossible not to revere the heroic con- . ancy of I.at class, and the personal virtues of many amon. then. But they were, perhaps constitutionally, too timid and to^ p ncfhous o conduct a popular movement to a successful issue. Ihey had after much persuasion, lent their presence to the com- m.ttee, but on some alarm, which at that time seems to have been premature, of the introduction of French revolutionary princi- pies among their associates, they seceded in a mass. A formal remonstrance against what remained, pretending to act for the Cathohc body was signed by Lord Kenmare and sixty-seven others, who withdrew. As a corrective, it was inadequate; as a preventive, useless. It no doubt hastened in the end th^ evil 1 deprecated m the '..ginning; it separated the Catholic gentry from the Cathohc democracy, and thrust the latter more and more ownrds those liberal Protestants, mainly men of the middle class tVrfl'V " ^'^""^ "^°"' '^'' «™« to club together at Belfast and Dublin, under the attractive title of "United Irish- men. ^Vhatever they were individually, the union of so many heredi ary Catholic names had been of very great service to the committee. So long as they stood aloof, the committee could not venture to speak for «« the Catholics ; it could only speak for a part, though that part might be nine-tenths of the whole: this gave for a time a doubtful and hesitating appearance, to their proceedings. So low was their political influence, in 1791. tZ .ey could not get a single member of Parliament to presen i..>d on the table and never noticed afterwards. To their further embarrassment, Mr. McKenna and some others formed the Cathohc Society," with the nominal object of spreading a knowledge of Catholic principles, through the press, but coverSy to raise up a rival organization, under the control of the seceders At this period John Keogh's talents for negotiation and diplo^ rbTcin; '''' '''''"'''' '°'^ ^°" «'^"^^- *-- «^ — £ rettt Witt aT f fTf ''' '"'""= '"'"^'^ ""^ y^"' °'^ '^' '^^-f «««• the Castle, of further concession. They were "dismissed without an answer." Under these circumstances, the Committee lot at «72 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. Allen's Court. "It was their determination," says Keogh, "to give up tlio cause as desperate, lest a perseverance in what they considered an idle pursuit might not only prove ineffectual, but draw down a train of persecution on the body." Keogh endeav- ored to rally them; proposed a delegation to London, to be sent at the expense of the committee; offered, at last, to go at his own charge, if they authorized him. This proposal was accepted, and Keogh went. " I arrived in London," he adds. " without any introduction from this country, without any support, any assist- ance, any instructions." lie remained three months, converted Mr. Dundas, brought back with liim the son of Burke as secre. tary, and a promise of four concession!: 1st. The magistracy. 2d. The grand juries. 3d. The sheriffs of counties. 4th. Tho bar. It was in this interview that Keogh, after obtaining Mr. Dundas's express permission and promise not to be offended, said to hina, according to Charles Butler's account, " Since you give me this permission, and your deliberate promise not to be offended, I beg leave to repeat, that there is one thing which you ought to know, but which you don't suspect: you, Mr. Dundas, know nothing of Ireland." Mr. Dundas, as may be supposed, was gnatly surprised; but with perfect good humor told Mr. Keogh that he believed this was not the case ; it was true that he never had been in Ireland, but he had conversed with many Irishmen. " I have drunk," he said "many a good bottle of wine with Lord Hillsborough, Lord Clare, and the Beresfords." "Yes, sir," said Mr. Keogh, "I believe you have; and that you drank many a good bottle of wine with them before you went to war with America." On the return of Keogh to Dublin, a numerous meeting was held to hear his report. At this meeting, the fair premises of the English ministers were contrasted with the hostility of the Castle. Tlie necessity of a strong organization, to overcome the tmtt and hasten the other, wos felt by all: it was then decided to - ««e committee into a Convention. By this plan, the Catholics \n each county and borough were called on to choose, in a private manner, certain electors, who were to elect two or more dele- gates, to represent the town or county in the general meeting at Dublin, on the 3d day of December following. A circular, signed POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. G73 by E.i..urd Byrne, chairman, and Richard McCormick sccretarv oxp a„„„, the plan and the .ode of election. Zt:rT^: 14th _of January, and the Catholics everywhere pr^l^Vto The corporations of Dublin and other cities, the grand inies Derry. Donegal, Leitrim, Roscommon, Limerick Corln. other counties, at once pronounced mos strongi; a' , .'t ' ala.mng. most dangerous;" tliey denounced it as a copy of yould esist ,t to the utmost of their power;" they pledged he. hves and fortunes" to suppress it' The only Ls^r of he Catholics was the legal opinion of Butler and Lrton wo em uent lawyers. Protestants and King's counsellor, Zl tie ofZrt" "'r^' 'T' '""^ P^""^'^^'^ -^^^ thei'r select on F om hel?' "1 "" * " ''PP'''"^'^'' "^^y "- Convention met "Zi \^T " I'T''"^' "''^ '=°"^^""''" ^"^ PoP'-ln'-ly called the Back Lane Parliament." Above 200 member, were pres nt itsdrtheTnW??™''"''' ^'''- ^^""^ '-^ ^''« '=>'-^) t°' -^«- tself the only body competent to speak for the Catholics of Ire- Hon f ^,^'y"^^*^'^'^"«^'''* *« « re- the vorV lowest order ^e ZZT' " "'^'"''"^ "'^'^^ »'"» affecting Catholics as to Iv "^ '^"reasonable distinetioua donoaJay; ^ arm; 1^^/';, ^^ ' "'" '>«"yj--.are trust are opened trthr^'.K .."'''■ °^"^^ ""'' P'««" "^ after to h^ZlTsXltTr " '^'v"" ''^ ""^ ''""^^^ '-- be a .ember oft; Se • i ! aTd tlTt r" "'? ^'"^" '=°"^'^« aively for the education oS.:,eV'Tl 1"'. ""'"I "^''• any lay body corporate, except Tr ity ^ol^a ,"""'"' ''' or by-law of «uch corporation to tho ..^ ^ "'"' ''**"'«' They may obtain de/ees in t, e ut ^^"Tf S'''^'^";?^' and some lesser immunities anrl "^ Tf''''^ °^ ^"^''n- These. more important, they were exoln^„^ epa«celior. What was much ^^ -eisin, ,e,iSr^d- ^;:.S ^"ST^ Thoma. MooreT "''' ^''■° ^""'^^ O'^^^^"^" «nd taryt;;:rtrrof\rb1^^^^^^^^^ ^n- *^""^« totheparliamen. under d'e'bate. Some mem t" risfr:"^"^""" '"'"^ ''^- reform to their program! I tt ^"' '" ^ ^^""''^ '^^ were not sufficient tftat ^j TTr' ''" ^^""^ '''^« would have ,one .uch f^rth^thTn ^e W sol '"^'" f ""^ tent to rest on their laurels tL '^^*°™ '/""^e were v,^A con- and conservatives. eveTif u Jt^^he ^ ' "'^"^^ ""' nacrous than Wolfe Tone iited or Jplted ThI^ T T' "" tionist had indeed af hnff. ^^^^^^d. That ardent revolu- "iJBeu with that body because he needed a 676 POPULAR niSTOBT OV IRELAND. party; he remained with them because it gave him importance: but he chiefly vahiod the position as it enal.Ied him to further an n tenor design-an Irish revolution and a republic on the French plan. The example of Franco had, however, grown by this time Tlr^iJr'"/'""' "" ""■■"'""" *° "'"'•° '^"""""^ «"«" than Tone Edward Byrne. Sir Thomas French, and other leading Catholics, were openly hostile to any imitation of it, and the »ra t ^ ^ '' *° •"'''^™''' '^' '"*'"">^'° "^ *•'" «<='. ^v"8 strongly ant^Gallican m spirit and senthncnt. Keogh, McCormick, and McNevm. however, joined the United Irishmen, and the two lat- m«T/ °" '^' ""'''"''''y- ^'^■""'' ^'"'drew. when. In 17»0, that organization became a secret society The bishops who had cheered on, rather than participated in the late struggle, were well satisfied with the now measure. Pil 7r'c .7 "^""'"°" ""^' ''""^i'^tion, conservatives. Dr. Plunkett of Meath. Dr. Egan, of Waterford, Dr. Troy, of Dub- Im, and Dr. Moylan, of Cork, were the most remarkable for influ- ence and ability at this period. Dr. Butler, of Casliel, and hia opponent, Dr. Burke, of Ossory, the head of the resolute old ultramontane minority, were both recently deceased. With tho exception of Dr James Butler, bishop of Cloyno and Ross, who deserted his faith and order on becoming unexpectedly heir to an ear dom. the Irish prelates of the reign of George III. were a most zealous and devoted body. Lord Dunboyne's fall was the only cause of ft reproach within their own ranks. That unhappy pre late made, many years afterwards, a death-bed repentance, was reconciled to his church, and bequeathed a largo part of his inher- .ted wealth to sustain tho new national college, the founding of which, ever since the outbreak of the French revolution, the far- seeing Burke was urging upon Pitt and all his Irish correspond- In im the Irish bishops having applied for " a royal license " to establish ncademies Pnd seminaries, were graciously received the aJ ff """''^'^^""•"^"* '""^ '^-^ -«-•> broughlin ItuLZ T> n ^^' ^"^'>P«"<^J the following October with fifty students. Dr. Hussey. afterwards bishop of Waterford. the frienj of Burko. who stood by his death-bed. waa first President; some POPULAR mSTOBV OF IBKtANU. 077 [hlT,.'"p"K ^^^'""^ ^««-o appointed to professorship,- „„d ias t .0 Z r '^^""f ''°"- Muynootl, whatever its after lot was tho creatum u. the first instance of the Irish P«rlianu."t.' leTrL tr" '" """' ""'"^^"'^^^ ^'- reformation fr three great rehg.ous wars, after four confiscations, after the most .ngemous, cruel, and unchristian methods of ^ppTeL n Ld frsin'ci iT '1'' """ '"'^ ^^"«'^' *"^ granT;;;::, :' wic i.atiiolic8 of Ireland restored if not full^ „„f ♦ ^u Drecions nf M,-. • -i , =""••". " not tuUy, yet to the most precious of Je c.v.l „n,l religious liberties of a people I So powerless against conscience is and ever must bo coercion 1 CIIAITER XII. I.V IREI.AND._8ECES8ION OK OUATTA.V, CUUBAN, AND TI.KiU FRIEND* FEOM PARLIAMENT, IN 1797. >" '"UU FRIENDS, The Era of Independence which we have desired to mark dig. Unctly to the reader's mind, may be said to terminato in 179 «ame J' ZT^ """"" "' """''" ""'^ ^"^ ^"-''^ '-- P- lament Did the events within and without the house justify that extreme measure? We shall proceed to describe them as the nt f . ' J^';°^'"^^'^^ °f "ther important results. Under the p ea of the spread of French principles, and the wide-spread organization of seditious associations-a plea not wanU g a evt dence-an Arms Act was introduced and carried, prohibftlitthe lo^ortation of arms and gunpowder, and authori;iCoSa'^ VI s, at any hour of the night or day, i„ search of such amf 1oL7t , ;°? ''" ''""«"'' "' ^'"^ ^"'- b-vely but va I opposed by Lord Edward Fitzgerald, and the oppo^tion geS »Uy. the surviving Volunteer corps, in Dublin and Its vicinity! wet^ 678 rOPULAR HISTOBV OF IRELAND. disbanded, their arms, nrlillery, Riid atnraunitiou taken possesaion of eitlier by force or negotiation, and the very wreck of that onco powerful patriot army s.vept nwa}-. In its stead, by nearly the same majority, the militia were increased to 16,000 men, and the regulars from 12,000 to 17,0()0 — thus placing at the absolute con- trol of the coramander-in chief, and the chiefs of the oligarchy, a standing army of 33,000 men. At the same period. Lord Clare (he had been made an earl in 1792), introduced his Convention Act, against the assemblage in convention of delegates purporting to represent the people. With Grattan only 27 of the Commons divided against this measure, well characterized as " tlie boldest step that ever yet was made to introduce military government." "If this bill had been law," Grattan added, " the independence of the Irish Parliament, the emancipation of the Catholics, and even the English revolution of 1688, could never have taken place 1" The teller in favor of the Convention Act was M.ijor AVellesley, member for Trim, twenty years later — Duke of Wellington 1 It became and still remains the law of Ireland. Against this reactionary legislation we must credit the session of '03, besides the Catholic Relief Bill and the East India Trade Bill, with Mr. Grattan's Barren Lands Bill, exempting all newly reclaimed lands from the payment of tithes for a period of seven years; Mr. Forbes's Pension Bill, limiting the pension list to £80,00'.) sterling per annum, and fixing the permanent civil list at £250,000 per annum ; and the excellent measure of the same in- valuable member, excluding from parliament all persons holding offices of profit under the crown, except the usual ministerial offi- cers, and those employed in the revenue service. This last salvo was forced into the bill by the oligarchical faction, for whose junior branches the revenue had long been a fruitful .source of provision. Parliament met next, on the 21st of January, '94, and held a short two-months' session. The most remarkable incidents of these two montlis were the rejection of Mr. George Ponsonby'a annual motion for parliamentary reform, and the striking posi- tion taken by Grattan, Currati, and all but seven or eight of their friends, in favor of the war against the French republic, Mr. Ponsonby proposed, in the spirit of Flood's plan ten years earlier, to unite to the boroughs four miles square of the adjoining coun POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 079 thllcZT ""^^^^"^"^ b"'' °°d on the debate on the address all who called themselves fLdsoftxeir T' doms. In the great .oeial schism whicrhad' takel J r^ 7' rope in consequence of the French revolution of .s'; H " kingdoms, the favorite seat of free innuir and frn." could not hope to escape. The effects wrtL re; ~:' Heists, most of all. the shock was ml eve ewJlt ii: F,f T i It separated Burke and Windham from Fox Er^Hno sf ' f -a Grey; in Ireland it separated Gratta.J^S C™ i^^ll^ SSjZdl^^^^^^^^ h- nature to do anything by halves, and he th refer .Sllv of t .It. .? X '"'' '^ «=°°stitutionalist of the Briti. . not If o f ; T- '" "" ^"^"•3"'='^^ ^^'•°™ debate he dc^c a" hat he would always and ever resist those who sought to en ode o sue rd^stn" Mr ' f T '''''''' '°"^ '^^ *^'« -^--^- ..resent XlJ r ~ ' design-- has thrown back for the I t , n^ i:rn.ii, and has betrayed a good reform " 680 POPULAR HISTORY, OF IRELAND, to the hopes of a shabby insurrection." Proceeding in his own coa« densed, crystalline nntithesis, he th\is enlarged on his own opin- ions : " Tlicre nre two clmracters equally enemies to the reform of parliaiMunt, and equally enemies to the government — the level- ler of the constitution iind the friend of its abuses ; they take different roads to arrive at the same end. The levellers propose to subvert the king and parliamentary constitution by a rank and unqualified democracy — the friends of its abuses propose to sup- port the king and buy the parliament, and in the end to overset botli, by a rank and avowed corruption. They arc both incendi- aries ; the one would destroy government to pay his court to liberty ; the other would destroy liberty to pay his court to gov- ernment ; but the liberty of tke one would be confusion, and the government of the other would be pollution." We can well understand that this language pleased as little the United Irishmen as the Castle. It was known that in private he •was accustomed to say, that " the wonder was not that Mr. Sheares should die on the scaffold, but that Lord Clare was not there be- side him." He stood in the midst of the ways, crying aloud, with the wisdom of his age and his genius, but there were few to heed his warnings. The sanguine innovator sneered or pitied ; the truculent despot scowled or menaced ; to the one his authority was an impediment, to the other his reputation was a reproach. It was a public situation as full of conflict as man ever occupied, and we are not astonished, on a nearer view, that it led after three years hoping against hope, to the despairing secession of 1'797. A bright gleam of better things shot for an instant across the gloomy prospect, with which tlie 5'ear '94 closed for the country. Lord "Westmoreland was recalled, and Lord Fitzwilliam, largely connected with Ireland by property, and one of the most just and liberal men in England, was to be his successor. The highest expectations were excited ; the best men congratulated each other on the certain promise of better times close at hand ; and the nation, ever .eady to believe whatever it wished to believe, saw in prospect, the oligarchy restrained, the patriots triumphant, and the unfinished fabric of independence completed, and crowned with honor. This new reign, though one of the shortest, was one of the POPULAR HISTORY or lUKLAND. ggl those who. with th: dZ onir%:„f f^ ^^''^-^-^ °^ Windhan,, had followed the '' g at Ed„^ n ^^'"r' ""' ''^• from the Fox-and «!f,«,.;,i • . ^"'""°'^. '« his secession anxious to conet'e , e ! r'"^";^ "'.''"* P"'>'' ^" ^^^^^ ^''tt, office in im-E; Fit! ,7 '"' ^"' ^'"""^'^'^ ^''^'^ "" "'^o position of Presfde^ oTT 'f V^^^ - ^he dignified viceroyalty he w7o to aJrt '''"" ^P"'^"" ^^ ^^ ''^^ brought Grattan to London^vie^'h I^ wo" .T'" "^""^ benefit of ^e 1^^ I^Z!;: ^^r^^i ^l" ^'^^ disappointed and dissatisfied, but he s 11 Lnod , ""'' great good from the appointment of wt-/Tv " '"'P'''''*^ of viceroy. It seems to 1 1 -T i . ,? ^'*"^^'""*m *« the office lordlieu'tenal; d , ; -e'fu^;^^ ""'?'"^' ''-' '"'' "- ciouswork of Catholic emTc^rt .'^rulTf^^' "T''" standing, Mr Grattan «•-,<., , ' ^ express under- of the ^cheqfer b.; sZTTr '""'''' "" Chancellorship tionSirHen yS al ol, '' '?'= '" "^''^'^^'^ ^° *^"^ P^^'^ oneofafamfyrliriX^^^^ recollection. He washout ^"'1^^'' *° '■°"*'" ^ S'""'^^"! others of his fr endrTn' ^r ' """' ^°"'°"^y' ^""«". «nd ^here they wett: ^o s^^ Z^rrt ^f th ^^^^^ 7"^^'' tration. At the kin«.'= i., measures of the new adminis- . viceroy was as Tu Want . """.° ""^ "" ^^■^"*' ^^ "'« -- greatintroversfw as at wL'rf « " '^"^•'°^^' "'"' ^'^^ auspices. ^ ^'°^*^ *° ^° ^^^^ ''losed under his On the 4th of January, Lord FitzwilUam reached Dublin ; and 682 POPULAB lIlSTOrvY OF IRELAND. on tho 23th of March ho was recalled. The history of these thfte months — of this short-lived attempt to govern Ireland on the ad- vice of Grattan — is full of instruction. The viceroy had not for a niomcut conceded his intention of thoroughly reforming tho Irish administration. On his arrival at the castle, Mr. Cooke was removed from the secretaryship, and Mr. Beresford from the revenue board. Great was the consternation, and unscrupulous the intrigues of the dismissed. "When the Parliament met at tho end of January, Grattan assumed the leadership of the House of Commons, and moved the address in answer to tho speech from the throne. No opposition was offered — and it passed without a ' division. Immediately, a bill granting the Catholics complete emancipation — rendering them eligible even to the office of Chan- cellor, withheld in 1829 — was introduced by Grattan. Then the oligarchy found their voices. The old cry of " the Church in danger" was raised, delegations proceeded to London, and eveoy agency of influence was brought to boar on the king and tho English cabinet. From the tenor of his letters, Lord Fitzwilliam felt compelled in honor to tell Mr, Pitt, that he might choose be- tween him and the Beresfords. He did choose — but not till the Irish Parliament, in the exuberance of its confidence and gratitude, had voted the extraordinary subsidy of 20,000 men for the navy, and a million, eight hundred thousand pounds, towards the expenses of the war with France ! Then, the popular viceroy was recalled, amid the universal regrets of the people. The day of his depart- ure from Dublin was a day of general mourning, except with tho oligarchical clique, whose leaders he had bo resolutely thrust aside. To them it was a day of insolent and unconcealed rejoic- ing ; and, what is not at all uncommon under such cirumstances, the infatuated partisans of the French revolution, rejoiced hardly less tlian the extremest Tories, at tho sudden collapse of a gov- ernment equally opposed to the politics of both. Grattan, than whom no public man was ever more free from unjust suspicion of others, always remained under tlie conviction, that Pitt had made merely a temporarj- use of Lord Fitiwilliani's popularity, in order to cheat the Iri«h out of the immense supplies they had voted ; and all tho documents of the da}% which have since seen the light, accord well with that view of tho transaction. Lord Titzwilliam waa i POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 683 Orangemen and Defenders ThZ "^'^ ^'''''«°" tlat above » tl, rf of ,1° V T "'"" "»"'" " " «'«'• trates from ih. indemnity Act protecting mairis. iraits irom the consequences of exerrUin,,- « „ • i. , law" tJiATJi^f A *. • • exercising a rigor beyond the 684 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. when to move or to divide tlie House, had become a wetclied farce, humilintinjr to the country and unworthy of his own earnest and enthusiastic patriotism. Under these circumstances, the powerless leader and hia devoted staflf resolved to withdraw, formally and openly, from further attendance on the House of Commons. The deplorable state of the country, delivered over to an irresponsible magistracy and all the horrors of martini law; the spread among the patriotic risin-j generation of French principles ; the scarcely concealed design of the Castle to goad the people into insurrection, in order to deprive them of their liberties ; all admonished the faithful few that the walls of Parliament were no longer their sphere of use- fulness. One last trial was, however, made in May, 1191, for a reform of I'arliament. Mr. George Ponsonby moved his usual motion, and Curran, Hardy, Sir Lawrence Parsons, Charles Ken- dall Bushe, and others, ably supported him. The division was 30 to 117. It was on this debate, that Grattan, whose mournful manner contrasted so strongly witli his usual enthusiasm, con- cluded a solemix exposition of the evils the administration were bringing on the country, by these affecting words : " We have offered you our measure— you will reject it; we deprecate yours— you will persevere ; having no hopes left to persuade or to dis- Buade, and having discharged our duty, we shall trouble you no moj-e, and after this day shall not attend the House of Commons." The secession thus announced was accomplished ; at the general election twomontlis later, Grattan and his colleague. Lord Henry Fitzgerald, refused to stand again for Dublin ; Curran, Lord Ed- ward Fitzgerald, Arthur O'Connor, and others, followed hia example. A few patriots hoping against hope, were, however, returned, a sort of forlorn hope, to man the last redoubt of the Constitution. Of tlieso was William Conyngham Pluiikett, mem- ber for Charlemont, (J rattan's old borough, a constitutionalist of the school of Edmund Burke, worthy to be named among the most illustrious of his disciples. In the same July, on the 1i\\ of the month, on which the Irish elections were held, that celebrated Anglo-Irish statesman expired at Beaconsfield, in the sixty-seventh year of his ago. His last thoughts— his last wishes, like his first— were with his native POPULAR HISTORY OP IRELAND. 685 land. His regards continued fixed on tlio state of T.-elnnrl wi •^ thins. 11.3 knowlclgo „f |,i,i„ „,„„„,„„,, "^ 'n I"s prophetic fury, admonished nations." ' ^ CHAPTER xni, THE UNITED IRISHMEN. Half measures of justice may satisfy the generation which odjievcs them but their successors will look wx^h other eyl a, ^^•el on what has been won as on that which is withheld Th! part m possession will appear to their youthful «ense of abstract ngh and wrong far less precious than the part in expectanc" their tathers will stimulate the':C„e^irZrS^:^^ * • • '^" "KLtssary is it for statesmen, when thev -i-JMri ::.:i:r.tr,r::-" '"• "■ "• -- — . -■ " s ;.:» TI,o celebrated gr«„p k„»„„ ,„ „, „ „ „„ p^,^ j^.^^^^^ ,, 686 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAJJD. were the birth of a new generation, entering together on the pi b- lie stage, ^\itll few exceptions, the leading characters wcv'; all Lorn witliin a few years of eacli other: Neilson in 1701, Tone, Arthur O'Connor and Lord Edward Fitzgerald in 'C2,McNevin in '63, Sampson and Thomas Addis Emmctt in '61, and llussoll in '67. Tliey had emerged into manliood wliilo tlie drums of tlie Volunteers were beating victorious marches, wlicn the public hopes ran high, and the language of patriotism was the familiar speech of every-day life. In a settled state of society it would have been natural for the first minds of the new generation to carr}' their talents, gratefully nnd dutifully, into the service of the first reputations of the old ; but Irish society, in tlie last j'^ars of the last century, was not in a settled condition; t'e fascination of French example, and the goading sense of national wrongs only half-iighted, inflamed the younger generation with a passionate thirst for speedy and sum- mary justice on their opi)ros3ors. "We must not look, therefore, to see the Tones and Emmetts continuing in the constitutional line of public conduct marked out by Burke in the one kingdom, and Grattan in the other. The new age was revolutionary, nnd the new men were filled with the spirit of the age. Their actions stand apart ; they form au episode in the history of the century to which there may be parallels, but a chapter in the history of their own country original and alone. The United Irish Society sprung up at Belfast in October, 1791. In that month, Tlieobold Wolfe Tone, then in his 28th year, a native of Kiklaro, a member of the bar, and an excellent popular pamphleteer, on a visit to his friend Thomas Russell, in the nortli- ern capital, was introduced to Sanuiel Neilson, proprietor of the Northern Star newspaper, and several otlicr kindred spirits, all staunch reformers, or " something more." Twentv of these jren- tlemen meeting together, adopted a programme prepared by Tone, which contained these three simple propositions : that " English influence " was the great danger of Irish liberty ; that a reform of parliament could alone create a counterpoise to that influence ; and that sudi a reform to be just should include Irishmen of all religious denominations. On Tone's return to Dublin, early in November, a branch society was fiormed on the Belfast basis. populah iiisToav or ikklakd. jgj ration or oath l.inflinn. n, '«s«""«r}. liio solfini! il.cln- a union of .oj':!!:'^^^'^ r:r"'"" ^' '^"^^' ""^ was drawn up by the D,. , ,, \ ? ^^■'""' I''''-«""«i""3.» bondof orffanizatfon T . V'"^ ^"'"'"^ ''"' ""'^•'■••««1 troi the popiTC: :„t:rt^'"•""''''°'^"^^""'^°^■ w«s not, in I iaceptiorr for" t ti ;e:;:x:::;'r^ ^"""^ society. Wlicn that rn,li,.ni i '•'' ■>^""' """'wards, a secret compelled to rohV,, <• """"••>. who felt themselves at length ti.o/™ d „. C ™l°.Tt •'°',' "" '"""■"'«' "' "'^^ imsand tactics of their bodv w1,!m ""''"„"'"' ^''^ «'-'8'naI max. I" m., Simon BltleratlotrBrd T ''"' ^'°^^-'°^^'- merchant of northern or -r!,, V, "^"'^ prosperous Dublin House of LordH 1 ae Sd^ ■' "'"'^""°'^ '° "" '^'"' ^^^ ^^'^ most chivalrous characters of flnvnl 1'"'"'''* ""^ juryofcirculaliu.tleflro.^ S^^ of his friend Dr VV r T ^'"^"'^'^l Emancipation " address He,:^'2.:^:d^zrrs;:'x-^""r"""^'''^^-^^ which occurs his apostroplL to tL I "'""' '^''''^'^ ^» eipatio„,.but he itoS t : e S WatoT""' ^r^' The regular place of meeting of the Di.Mi,, -• • "' "'^ 'Jnifurm of luo new Autiowil 688 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND, Gimrd, whose standard boro the harp without the crown, nddrcsaed his i>assioimte liarangues to tlio appli.utling multitude ; here, Tone, ■wlioso forle, however, was not oratory, constantly attended ; hero, also, the leading Catholics, Keogh and McCorninck, the "Gog" and " iilagog," of Tone's extraordinary Memoirs, were occasionally present. And here, on the night of the 4th of May, 1794, the Dublin society, found themselves sud'lenly assailed by the police, their papers seized, tlieir officers who were present arrested, and tlieir meeting dispersed. From tliat moment wo may date the new and scent orgimization of the brotherhood, though it was not in gen- eral operation till the middle of the following year. This now organization, besides its secresy, had other revolu- tionary characteristics. For, " reform of Parliament," was substi- tuted in the test, or oath, representation " of all the people of Ireland," and for petitions and publications, the enrollment of men, by baronies and counties, and the appointment of officers, from the least to the jiighest in rank, as in a regular army. Tho unit was a lodge of twelve members with a chairman and secre- tary, who were also their corporal and sergeant ; five of these lodges formed a company, and tho officers of five such companies a baronial committee, from which again, in like manner, the county committees were formed. Each of the provinces had its Direct- ory, while in Dublin the supremo authority was established, ui an " Executive Directory " of five membf^rs. The orders of the Executive were comnumicated to not more Lhan one of the Pro- vincial Directors, and by him to one of each County Committee, and so in a descending scale till the rank and fii vere reached; an elaborate contrivance, but one which proved wholly insuffi- cient to protect tho secrets of the organization from the ubiquit- ous espionage of the government. In May, 1795, the new orgimizati m lost the services of Wolfe Tone, who was compromised by . strange incident, to a very serious extent. The incident was the arrest and trial of the Rev. "William Jackson, an Anglican clergyman, who had imbibed the opinions of Price and Priestley, and had been sent to Ireland by the French Republic, on a secret embassy. Betrayed by a friend and countryman named Cockayne, tho unhappy Jackson took poison in prison, and expired in the dock. Tone had been seen POPPI.AR nrsTony of irkland. 689 country, i„ order to preserveT.i Z7^ru """"''• ^° ^"'' ^I.e with his family to Befrt Ihr,;' ''^''•'^- "« Proceeded America, he renewed S 'l.ra firl °'''. *"''"«^ «''W-^ ^-r projects, on the su.n.it ' 1 ^veTn » "', .''^■■'* ^°"« -<^ upon the ridi valley of the Tn ^"^°/""' ^^'ich looks down «t its outlet Before nultnt'Sn"?" "'''''' ^"^^^ ""'^ P-'^ laed E™n,ett and Russel i "fhn fi "' " """"^ '""^'""''y P-™" fast friends in the se ond 1 U.e ^ n '""?' " "^^ ''' »"« ««'" Wa '•o"/. to France, wh re ]. "l 11 t """' "'' ^"''^'^ »*«*«« alliance. for "the UnUed Wsrel "'^ "'' '^ '"'"•'^'''''^ -«"-' t'-e British „rn.y. joiL^t soc'r ^^^^^ Z ''T' ' ^"^"^ ^ close-Thomas Addis Emraett w. „ 1 , "'""^ Jear-near its denceofthepromoters.jord ;sTid 7 T '"" '" '^« -"^fi" O'Connor, nephew of CtC^ine T^^^^^^ ""*' !:""«■ ^'"'" I'pstown. and Dr. William JameS J,-! r'"'""'^"' ^"'* ^''"- educated in Austria, then nraZln , ' " ^"""""^''t CatLolic. -ccess in Dublin. Ti^re'™ 'li?:?"'''""" '^^^'^ «'"^"-' and all four were called unonfo If ? u ""P^"*'*"* accessions, from time to time, durir,;:: ::X'^° ^-"«- Directory/ -the domiciliary visltsf^ther^irf "" '^™'«'' ''"^ «'««*here try-the fr,e quarC wl^ " ^^ °"*''"^'« '" t«^n ""d coun- Bion of the Tubrp L!jffS^^^ total supprel William's reVr annti Sre 7'p""'™ ^' ^"^"^ ^'*- reform-finally. the despaSg3t'e3^Ln Of r^ "°"°° ^«' from Parliament-had ail teS? ^^.^^^attan and his friends years before was conll*::^!^^"' ''t^^^'*'"' "'"^^ "^ and Dublin, into the dimension of aTr "T^''^'' '' ^'''^' the close of this vear Kon nnn , "*'°°*^ confederacy. By part of the col^.'^^;^^^^^ ^^''^'^ *^« *-t, i/every' , 680 POPtfAA HISTORY OF IRELAND. I 1 .ktwllng. remained in the hands of the Executive, nftor nil the 00»W>y which had taken place, in i,i--uring anna, in extending the jMlon, and in defending prisoners arrested as members of the Bociety. Lord Edward Fitzgerald was chosen commander-in-chief; but the moin reliance, for munitions, artillery, and officers, woa placed upon the French republic. CHAPTER XIV. KHaOTIATlONS WITU FRANCE AND HOLLAND.— THE THBIK BXPKDI- TI0N8 NKOOTIATED BY TONE AND LEWINKB. TuE close of the year 1795 saw Franco under the government of the Directory, with Carnot in the cabinet, and Pichegru, Jour- dain, Moreau, noch6, and Buonaparte at the head of its armies. This government, with somo change of persons, lasted from Octo- ber 1796 to November '99, when it Avas supplanted by the con- sular revolution. Within tho compa-' of those four years lie tlie negotiations which were carried on and the three great expeditions ■which were fitted out by France and Holland, at the instance of the United Irishmen. On the Ist of February, 1796. Tone, who had sailed from Bel- fast the previous June, arrived at Havre from New York, pes- sessed of a hundred guineas and some useful letters of introduo- tion. One of these letters, written m cipher, was from the French Minister at PTiladelphia to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Charles Lacroix; another was to the American Minister in France, Mr. Monroe, afterwards President of the United States, by whom' ho was most kindly received, and wisely advised, on reaching Paris. Lacroix received him courteously and refd .(d him to a subordinate called Mao,:..tt, but after nearly thre^ months wasted in interviews and explanations. Tone, by t h- ui- vice of Monroe, presented himself at tlie Luxembourg palace, and demanded audience of the " Organizer of Victory." Carnot also listened to him attentively, asked and obtained his true name, POPULAR lUSTORV OF IRELAND. 001 and gftvo him another renden'o.u tt» Clarke (ufterwnrds Due do J. Z ^ ?" """' introduced to an Imhnmn, whom he f.l..,f'""^' •*' ^^"'•' <"'««'>" of finally, on the ^2iVot T, ' T''''''' '' '^^^'--^' «nd Plea.i.0 for .0,000; I'h ",:;?'"" "i'T "-' -'"'« ^on^ <«•"" ! T. „ ho would J" in i " rr^"*"* *''° ''"'""""'J. I'e or La Vendee." as the vounl ! ^'""''■" '^^'' " P^-fi^ator ■''-t.y.two.-wo„„t e r^^,S^:; ;- -"-'-''0 was on,^. tho United Irishmen ami t „ iT ^""'"«'"«tic fo.m.k... of. favorable impression I L wa^atr" '" ''"'" '"'"''' "" ^"1"""^ tni-ion of a ././•,/, CX of , 77 r"--«"^<^'' with the con^ that of colonel with us-fnd ° "f"'\y-'^ ™"k answering to end's staff. UoJZs 2 alT ' "f " "''•'■"'""' "" ^''4en- J-nonbyexpressinJ -stlief rr; ""l^^^^'' ^'"'•-' '^''--d operation;" aL certfij^ xte .v 'l llll"' '^ "'' "^^ ^""-^ expectations, or allow thm to e-anorT """ '" '^"'"^ ^'"^•' assurances. ' "P°'"'° '" "^ere complimentary fitter::faX:Tlltr''^ "- expedition was busily bein, by Tone, had sent an agent of thl ""'"' "' represented meeting was arranged rttsw'f "T" 'l "•«'""^' ^^^ -'-m a Fitzgerald, Arthu.^ O'Connor DM "v"- '''"''"' ^"''^ ^^'^^^ ti^is .neeting-the secret of'h^h fe le.::;"' r ' ""''• ^^°™ general returned in the highrst ni I 1 ^"T"'-'^'' ^°""& to I'is adjutant. At lengU? earfv ^ D T """'^'" """ '"^'^ and on the ],ith the Bresf fleot f December, all was ready. li'-e, 13 frigates, and 13 smaller T' ""' '" ^'"= ^^ ^^^ '' ^^3 troops, the ^/.7c of "the Armv of .h''^' """""^'"^ ^^''^"'^ Pi'^'^ed artillery and munitions of rrT '"' ""' "^""^""ee of truns, commanded by a Uanarli.',, "* T"' '" *''° ^n,hmpiable, 80 id.rral in the friitoZ'v -""''"'''• ''''''' '''^' "'« ti'o part he played tC and aZt'" ?""'^'^' ^" '"•^'"^••"^'^ ^"^ On the third m'ornin'Xr ^'"''l ^"^ '''''''^ '" —and. in Atlantic fog, one-h^lf ^ Sef ^^t' Tf I"'""' ""'"' «^"«- -■•*•'' ....-if 'i: ttiaili fl 692 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. I ii! They entered Bantry Bay, and came to anchor, ten ships of war, and " a long line of darli hulls resting on the green water." Three or four (lays they lay dormant and idle, waiting for the General and Admiral; Bouvet, the Viee-Admiral, was opposed to moving in the absence of his chief; Groucliy was irresolute and nervous; but at length, on Christmas day, the council of war decided in favor of debarkation. The landing was to take place next morn- ing; 6,500 veterans were prepared to step ashore at daylight, but without their .artillery, their military chest, and their general. ^Two hours beyond midnight Tone was roused from sleep by the wind, which he found blowing lialf a gale. Pacing the gallery of the Indomptable till day dawned, he felt it rising louder and angrier, every hour. The next day it was almost a hurricane, and the Vice-Admiral's frigate, running under the quarter of the great 80 gun ship, ordered them to slip anchor and stand out to sea. The whole fleet was soon driven off the Irish coast; that part of it, in which Grouchy and Tone were embarked, made its entrance into Brest on New Year's day ; the ship which carried Hoche and the Admiral, oidy arrived at La Rochelle on the 15th. The Directory and the General, so far from being discouraged by this failure, consoled themselves by the demonstration they had made, of the possibility of a great fleet passing to and fro, in British waters, for nearly a month, without encountering a single British vessel of war. Not so the Irish negotiator ; on him, light- hearted and daring as he was, the disappointment fell with crush- ing weight ; but he magnanimously carried Grouchy's report to Paris, and did his utmost to defend tlie unlucky general from a cabal which had been formed against him. While Tone was reluctantly following his new chief to the Meuao and the Rhine — with a proj:iise that the Irish expedition was delay- ed, not abandoned— another, and no less fortunate negotiator, was I'aising up a new ally for the same cause, in an unexpected quar- ter. The Batavian republic, which had risen in the steps of Pichegru's victorious army, in 1794, was now eager to imitate the example of France. AVith a powerful fleet, and an unemployed army. Its ciiicfs were quite ready to listen to any proposal which would restore the maritime ascendancy of Holland, and bring back to the recollection of Europe the memory of the puissant POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. ggg Batch republic. In this state of affairs, the new a^ent of tl,« Irish Directory, Edward John Lewines a DublinlTf!. loreign Affairs, the Commander-in-chief General r>nn^„ i i the Admiral, De Winter, entered heartily^!to e pSr Th"^' were .n the Texel 16 ships of the line a^nd 10 fi "^ lu L for three month, with 15,000 men and 80 field's o bo d The only serious difficulty in the way was removed byTe d ^ mterestedness of Iloch^-- tI,-> Vr.^,, i i' • , "y me ais- had ,n the Brest expedition, and Lewines to return, and ron J" as "Minister-resident" at Taris. On the 8th of J ly TonTwas on board the flag-ship. the Vr.Md. 14 g„„, in the Tex" Z 4S:^' for a wind," to lead anothef na;y to tlllS of t But the winds, '- the only unsubsidized allies of England " were awa^ w.thout affording a single day in which that ,ni„.).t. flj .ould znake au ofling. Sometimes for an hour or two it shifted to ^ U C94 POPCIAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. the desired point, the sails were unclewed nnd the anchors short- entd, but then, as if to torture the imi)aticnt exiles on board, it veered back again and settled steadily in tlie fatal south-west. At length, at the end of August, the provisions being nearly con- sumed, and the weather still unfavorable, the Dutch Directory resolved to laud the troops and postpone the expedition. Do Winter, as is known, subsequently found an opportunity to work out, and attack Lord Duncan, by whom he was badly beaten. Thus ended Irish hopes of aid from Holland. The indomitable Tone rejoined bis chief on the Rhine, where, to his infinite re- gret, Hoche died the following month — September 18th, IVO'? — of a rap=d consumption, accelerated by cold and carelessness. " Hoeh6," said Napoleon to Barry O'Meara at Saint Helena, " was one of the first generals France ever produced. He was brave, intelligent, abounding in talent, decisive and penetrating. Had ho landed in Ireland, he would have succeeded. He was accus- tomed to civil war, had pacified La Vendee, and was well adapted for Ireland. He had a fine, liandsome figure, a good address, was prepossessing and intriguing." The loss of such a patron, who felt himself, according to Tone's account, especially bound to fol- low up the object of separating Ireland from England, was a calamity greater and more irreparable than the detention of one fleet or the dispersion of the other. The third expedition, in promoting which Tone and Lewines bore the principal part, was decided upon by the French Direc- tory, immediately after the conclusion of jjcace with Austria, in Octobei-, T797. The decree for the formation of "the Army of England," named Buonaparte Commander-in-Cliief, with Desaix as his second. Buonaparte consulted Clarke as to who he most confided in among the numerotis Irish refugees then in Paris — there were some twenty or thirty, all more or less known, and more or less in communication with the Directory — and Clarke answered at once, " Tone, of course." Tone, with Lewines, the one in a military, the other in an ambassadorial capacity, had frequent interviews with the young conqueror of Italy, whom they usually found silent and absorbed, always attentive, some- times asking sudden questions betraying great want of knowledge of the British Islands, and oecRj^ioniiHy, tl'.n\!gh rarely, breaking POPULAR HISTOnr OF IRELAND. 696 out into irresistible invectives against Jacobinism and the Eng- lish system, botli of wliich he so cordially detested. Every assurance was given by the General, by the Directors, by Merlin du Doua., Barras. and Talleyrand especially, that the expedition agamst England would never be abandoned. Tone, in high spirits as usual, jomed the division under the command of his country- man, General Kilmaine, and took up his quarters at Havre, where he had landed without knowing a soul in France two years before The winter wore away in busy preparations at Havre, at Brest, and at La Rochelle,-and, which seemed mysterious to the Insh exdes-at Toulon. All the resources of France, now without 0-. enemy on the continent, were put forth in these preparations Lu- It Boon appeared they were not put forth for Ireland On t.e 20th of May n98-within three days of the outbreak in DuUin AV exford. and Kildare-Buonaparte sailed with the iUU of al that expedition for Alexandria, and "the Army of Eng- land became, in reality, "the Army of Eo-ypt" The bitterness, the despondency, and desperation which seized on the Irish leaders in France, and on the rank and file of Ue llnited Irishmen at home, on receiving this intelligence, are suf- ficiently illustrated in the subsequent attempts under Humbert and Bompart, and the partial, ineffectual risings in Leinster. Ulster, and Connaught, during the summer and autumn of K98. After aU their high hopes from France and her allies, this was what It had come to at last I A few frigates, with three or four thousand men. were all that could be spared for the succor of a kingdom more populous than Egypt and Syria combined ; the granary of England, and the key of her Atlantic position. It might have been some comfort to the family of Tone to have read, thirty years afterwards, in their American asylum, or for the aged Lewines to have read in Ihe Parisian retreat in which he djed, the memorable confession of Napoleon at Saint Helena. I instead of the expedition to Egypt. I had undertaken that to Ireland, what," he asked, "could England do now? On such chances, he mournfully added, "depend the destinies of em- i ! I 696 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. CHAPTER XV. THE INSURRECTION OF 1108 It is no longer matter of assertion merely, but simple matter of fact, that the English and Irish ministers of George III., re- garded the insurrectionary movement of the United Irishmen, as at once a pretext and a means, for effecting a legislative union between the two countries. Lord Carnden, the viceroy who suc- ceeded Lord Fitzwilliam in March '95 — with Mr. Pelham as his cliief secretary, in a letter to;hi3 relative, the Hon. Robert Stewart, afterwards Lord Castlereagh, announced this policy, in unmistake- able terms, so early as 1793 ; and all the official correspondence published of late years, concerning that period of British and Irish history, establishes the fact beyond the possibility of denial. Such being the design, it was neither the wish nor the interest of the government, that the insurrection should be suppi =ased, unless tlie Irish constitution could be extinguished with it. To that end they proceeded in the coercive legislation described in a previous chapter; to that end they armed with irresponsible power the military officers and the oligarchical magistracy ; with that view they quartered those yeomanry regiments which were known to be composed of Orangemen, on the wretched peasantry of the most Catholic counties, while the corps in which Catholics or United Irishmen were most numerous, were sent over to Eng- land, in exchange for Scotch fencibles^ and Welsh cavalry. The outrages committed by all these volunteer troops, but above all by tlie Orange yeomanry of the country, were so monstrous that the gallant and humane Sir John Moore exclaimed, " if I were an Irishman, I would be a rebel 1" It was, indeed, impossible for any man however obscure, or however eminent, to live longer in the country, without taking sides. Yet the choice was at best ;i hard and unhappy one. On the one side was the Castle, hardly concealing its intention of goading on the people, in order to rob them of their Parliament ; POPULAR HISTORY OF IRKtAND. 697 their own ra„L, Li ^J^ . ; ir^^t, ^ ^ ??? ^" chiefs under the auspices of an infidel 'eZlie'^ If ''"'?' two courses men mnAo election ncIZl T • ?'"''" "'" necessities, or as thev ol W^ "''°'^'^'°V° "''''' ^'"'^ «'• «'eir cal views of the sitSi n ^.^'rT'l °^ "-'°^- monsly sustained the governn, nt Z W "^VrS-^^^-? -«-" did the iuflxrps ♦!,„ 1. ''•nment against the insurrection; as »ajori,,r„f ,1.. Catholic peasantry Jrlaftl^™,!. ^ ^'''', Wit.,. ,.„,f, p .,,„„. ,>„,„ r:v;:.;r:: ,:;:,;' Catholic layman from Catholic priest tenant fr,.m i , 'f'f^'''' foni neigliW. father fro™ son/a„d MStlrL;:'' "'^''"'^ Of "rs":^::^:?:"^^ """^ -- - - ^™- i-«tion.both Eng\u «~i;h:t":r;er^^^^^ was more formidable than they had foreseen Tw" i ?^'' el informed by their legion of spies both on the Continlntt J n Ire and every possible military precaution was taken Te Loi-d Lieutenant's proclamation for disarming the peop e issu d No th. Two hundred thousand pikes and pike-heads were sail to have been discovered or surrendered, during the Z and several thousand firelocks. The yeomanry, afd Engl sh and Scotch corps amounted to 35,000 n.en, whilf the regula toons .•0 increased to 60,000 and subsequently to 80,00^0, iLludl .ee regiments of the Guards. The defensive ^ork at CV,7 and other vuinorable points u«r« strengthened «t «n ' - ="*-"^- noned at an umnonse coat : ov ' 698 POPULAR IIISTORV OF IRELAND. the " Pigeon House " fort, near Dublin, was enlarged, for the city itself was pronouuced by General Vallaneey, Colonel Packenham, and other engineer authorities dangei-ously wak, if not wholly untenable. A system of telegraphic signals was establislied from all points of the coast with the Capital, and every precaution taken against the surprise of another French invasion. During the summer assize, almost every considerable town and circuit had its state trial. The sheriffs had been carefully selected beforehand by the Castle, and the juries were certain to bo of " the i-ight sort," under the auspices of such sheriffs. Isnmense sums in the aggregate were contributed by the United Irish for the defence of their associates ; at the Down assizes alone, not less than seven hundred or, eight hundred guineas were spent in fees and retainers ; but at the close of the term, Mr. Beresford was able to boast to his friend Lord Auckland, that but one of all the accused had escaped the penalty of death or banishment ! The military tribunals, however, did not wait for the idle formal- ities of the civil courts. Soldiers and civilians, yeomen and towns- men, against whom the informer pointed his finger, were taken out, and summarily executed. Ghastly forms hung upon the thick-set gibbets, not only in the market places of country towns, and before the public prisons, but on all the bridges of the metro- polis. Many of the soldiers, in every military district were shot weekly and almost daily for real or alleged complicity with the rebels. The horrid torture of picketing, and the blood-stained lash, were constantly resorted to, to extort accusations or con- fessions. Over all these atrocities the furious and implacable spirit of Lord Clare presided in Council, and the equally furious and implacable Luttrel, Lord Carhampton, as commander-in-chief. All moderate councils were denounced as nothing short of trea- son, and even the elder Beresford, the Privy Councillor, was com- pelled to complain of the violence of bis noble apsociates, and his inability to restrain the ferocity of his own nearest relatives — meaning pr-obably his son John Claudius, and his son-in-law, Sir George Hill. It was while this spirit was abroad, a spirit as destructive as ever animated the councils of Sylla or Marius in old Rome, or prompted the decrees of Robespierre or Marat in France, that the POPULAR HISTORT OF IRELAND. 699 genius and courage of one man, redeemed the lost reputation of the aw and upheld against all odds the sacred claims of per sona hberty. This n.an was John Philpot Curran. the it" dauntless of advocates, one of the truest an' bravest f l.is Ta tt nH" -M '."""""" "' "" ^^'-''^ «f «-«"". -d whoii; u„: Si" ; ""!• P"-'^'^-''- ^'lentified himse» absolut ,; with Is unhappy clients. " predoomed to death." The genius of iZ^l.ZlT^''''' '^''''' ^° l>ave withdrawn Lrth in the W Ir : '""""'""' ^'"^ P'^^"-'"«»t. now reappeared cou^slTl^rlr'r''''' '''^^ ''•^^'^ -pected-in those courts of death, rather than of justice-before those predeter pTonir;:;'r ^ ''- '''-'-^ ^-^- ^^ "•« erowd^i ix fhe cC? V "'^P'"•^°'^ °f Curran. Often at midnight, amid times, as in Dubhn, where the court rooms adjoined the j^risons ng accents breaking the stillness of the early morning pleLng or justice and mercy-pleading ahvays with superSman per r:r; f '^'"''" - --• ^«ther mdes of arres . darin! r •. """f^^"''''°"' ^^^ P^-- to intimidate that all- of huLn'T ; ""■ '' "'^^ ''^ ^^'^'^' ^«''^' ^"^'^ *he whole library of human history present us a form of heroism superior in kind or degree to that which this illustrious advocate exliibi d dur ^ dutch ^fM ^^V"'' *' ''"'"''' ^"-"^ human victim from the clutch of the destroyer thirsting for his blood ces sotrr'^'C^'r™' «-^ fro- fear of personal consequen- ces, some from official pressure in a high quarter, Lord Carllp. ton resigned the command of the forces, and Sir Ralph Abel cromby was appointed in his stead. There could not be a more tnking ilustrationof the system of terror patronized by gov! ernment than was furnished in the case of Sir Ralph as Com- centit'f • ^''* ^-«°g"-hed soldier, witi his haTf century of services at his back, had not been a week in Dublin before he discovered the weakness of the viceroy, and the violence rea. w7t r? '''' '''''^'^"°'*' *'>^ '^'''^'^'' ^ord Castle- Bays, The abu«o, of all kinds I found here can scarcely be be. 100 POPULAR HISTOHY OF IRELAND. lieved or enumerated." The instances ho cites of such abuses are sufficiently liorrible to justify the strong language which brought down on his head so much hostility, when he declared in his proclamation of February, '98, that the Irish army wa» "formidable to t^ery one but the enemy." These well-k.;own opinions were so repugnant to the Castle policy that that party held a caucus in the speaker's chambers, at which it was proposed to pass a vote of censure in Parliament on the General, whom they denounced as " a sulky mule," " a Scotch beast," and by other similar names. Though the Parliamentary censure dropped' they actually compelled Lord Camden to call on him to retract his magnanimous order. To this humiliation the veteran stooped " for the sake of the. king's service," but at the same time he proffered his resignation. After two months' correspondence, it was finally accepted, and the soldier who was found too jealous of the rights of the people to be a fit instrument of their des- truction, escaped from his high position,, not without a profound sentiment of relief His verdict upon the barbarous policy pur- sued in his time was alwn3's expressed, frankly and decisively. His entire correspondence, private and public, bears one and the same burthen — the violence, cruelty, and tyranny of Lord Cam- den's chief advisers, and the pitiful weakness of the viceroy him- self. Against the infamous plan of letting loose a lustful and brutal soldiery to live at " free quarters " on a defenceless and disarmed people — an outrage against which Englishmen had taken perpetual security at fhcii- revolution, as may be seen in " the Bill of Rights," he struggled during his six months' com- mand, but with no great success. The plan, with all its horrors, was upheld by the Lord-Lieutenant, and more than any other cause, precipitated the rebellion which exploded at last, just as Sir Ralph was allowed to retire from the country. His tempo- rary successor. Lord Lake, was troubled with no such scruples as the gallant old Scotsman. Events followed each other in the first months of 1798, fast and furiously. Towards the end of February, Arthur O'Connor, father James Quigley, the brothers John and Benjamin Binns, were arrested at Margate on their way to France ; on the 6th of March, the Fress newspaper, the Dublin organ of the party, as POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. ^Ql LoJT] ''"^^r '^' ^^'''' °''^'"'' ^*« ««'^«'l by government extended he number of their associates who were in the pnv of ers, time has, however, long since "revealed the secrets of tha pnson-honse," and we tnow now, that men they trusted with al uIL'sIe "' ^^^' '•''' " ''-^^y and^IcGucj" _ The most influential members of the Dublin Society remain bTst i:f;r;r' ^° ""^^^^-^^ ^^"^ ^-^^ other.^Tto m it Dy stealth after the arrest at Bonds. The vacancies in fl,« Executive were mied up by the brothers John an^^m^^^^^^ bo h barr:s era, sons of a wealthy Cork banker, and former mTm ber of Parhament, and by Mr. Lawless, a surgeon. For tTo LoTdEdtT 'T ^'•'""---""n-d toact'inconce wUh Lord Edward, who remained undetected notwithstanding all the efforts government, from the 12th of March till the 19 h of brother. Sh.„e. i„.. „.„„,, .„„„^ „„,^„^ j!,^ C.p,.,°, J^ 702 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAHD, "Wftrneford Armstrong, of the Queen's County Yeomnnry, whom they supposed they had won over, but who was, in reality, a better-class spy, acting under Lord Castlcrcagli's instructions. Armstrong cultivated them sedulouslj', diiicd at their table, echoed their opinions, and led the credulous brothers on to their des- truction. All at last was detcrmiiied on ; the day of the rising was fixed — the 23d day of May — and the signal was to bo the simul- taneous stoppage of the mail coaches, which started nightly from the Dublin post-office, to every quarter of the kingdom. But the counter-plot anticipated the plot. Lord Edward, betrayed by a person called Iliggins, proprietor of the Freeman's Journal, was taken on the 19th of May, after a desperate struggle with Majors Swan and Sirr, and Captaiu.Ryan, in his hiding place in Thomas street ; the brothers Sheares were arrested in their own house on the morning of the 21st, while Surgeon Lawless, escaped from the city, and finally, from the country, to France. Thus for the second time was tlie insurrection left without a head ; but the organization had proceeded too far to bo any longer restrained, and the Castle, moreover, to use the expression of Lord Castle- reagh, " took means to make it explode." The first intelligence of the rebellion was received in Dablin on the morning of the 24th of May. At Rathfarnham, within three miles of the city, 500 insurgents attacked Lord Ely's yeomanry corps with some success, till Lord Roden's dragoons, hastily des- patched from the city, compelled them to retreat, with the loss of some prisoners and two men killed, whom Mr. Beresford saw the next day, literally " cut to pieces— a horrid sight." At Dun- boyno the insurgents piked nn escort of the Reny Fenciblcs (Scotch) passing through their village, and carried off their bag- gage. At Naas, a large popular force attacked the garrison, con- sisting of regulars, Ancient Britons (Welsh), part of a regiment of dragoons, and the Armagh militia ; the attack was renewed three times with great bravery, but finally, discipline, as it always will, prevailed over mere numbers, and the assailants were re- pulsed with the loss of 140 of their col 'des. At Prosperous, where they cut off to a man a strong garrison composed of north Cork militia, under Captain Swayne, the rising was more success- ful. The commander in this exploit was Dr. Esmonde, brother POPULAR HISTORV OF I«EtAND. V03 iir!: ™ .trr:: '"""^ '""'"^ '^- ™» -' '■■• - f.JImviiiS monlh "'" "" "'» ""i •>' to of Kildare, every i.n-fsl nf 1, r '""'^ <^occ..?Ao county Dublin. Fro. Lv^:: boi te re'^-; ''" " '''"' "'^-'' "^ -^. Pe-h«p.s, one of the Ztt X'tZi: J^'^^'r^' '^ «t,I A . I^illcullen, wanton cruelty in sabrino- „. i i .• ^"' *^"'"<'« I^uff 's tude on the Cur ^^ . f £ I :t"^' '''''' "" — "«• -ulti. •"iuation party in'theTa^t^w ^ o^^^^^^ ''\ T' das.narrowly escaped being repriuiandld fol ! ""'^ ^""■ the insurgents under Avlm^rf • granting a truce to that leadfr and btL^l^^r b;^ "b! '' ''' T"^- '' six Kildare encampment, nf ^ beginning of Juno the "- «... « :r.r„f,:rsn":° '*»r-'-i»...., r--— !■ -r fugitives west or south. 704 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. By a preconcerted arrangement, the local chiefa of the insur- rection in Dublin and Meath, gathered with their men on the third day after the outbreak, at the historic hill of Tara. Hero they expected to bo joined by the men of Cavan, Longford, Loutli ondMonaghan; but before the northerners reached the trysliug place, three companies of the Roay Fcncibk'S, under Captoin Mc- C;luan, the Kells and Navan yeomanry under Captain Preston, (afterwards Lord Tara.) and a troop of cavalry under Lord Fin- gal, surrounded tlic royol liill. The insurgents, commanded by Oil- BJiine and other leaders, entrenched themselves in the graveyard wliich occupies the summit of Tara, and stoutly defended tlieir position. Twenty-six of the Highlanders and six of tlic Yeo- manry fell in the assault, but the bullet reached fartlier than tlio pike, and the defenders were driven, after a sharp action, over tlie brow of the eminence, and many of them shot or sobred down as they fled. Southward from the capital the long pent-up flame of disaf- fection broke out on the same memorable day. May 23d. At Dunlavin, an abortive attempt on the barrack revealed tlie fact that many cf the yeomanry were thoroughly with the insurgents. Hardly hud the danger from without passed over, when a mili- trtry inquiry was improvised. By this tribunal, nineteen Wex- ford, and nine Kildare yeomanry, were ordered to be shot, and the execution of the sentence followed immediately on its finding. At Blessington, the town was seized, but a nocturnal attack on Carlow was repulsed with great loss. In this last affair, the rebels had rcndezvomcd in the domain of Sir Edward Crosbie, within two miles of the town. Here arms were distributed and orders given by their leader, named Roche, Silently and quickly thoy reached the town they hoped to surprise. But the regular troops, of which the garrison was chiefly composed, were on the alert, though their preparations were made full as silently. When the peasantry emerged from Tullow street, into an exposed space, a deadly fire was opened upon them from the houses on all sides. The regulars, in perfect security themselves, and abundantly sup- plied witli ammunition, shot them down with deadly, unerring ai!n. The people soon found there was nothing for it but retreat, and carrying off as best they could their killed and wounded, POPULAR HltirORT OF IRELAND. >JOS they retired sorely discomfited. For nllegod comnllcitv ir tl,!, and executed. There was not a shadow of proof „g„i„; ' . ^^ but he was known to sympathise with the suftonn^s of W m! ryrnen. to have conde,u„ed in strong I„„,.,„,o the^policy of "^ vocat.on and that was sufticient. Ho paid with the pi>lty of his head for the kindness and generosity of his heart -*** — CHAPTER XVI. tnz IVSURRECTION OF lYQS.-TIIE WEXFOHD I^SURBECTION. The most formidabio insurrection, indeed the only really for- ^ dab le one, brok-o out in the county of Wexford,^a counV in Which z was stated there were not 200 sworn Unit d Irlshn c„ and winch Lord Edward Fit.gerald had altogether onntted o „' h.s oftc.nl hst of counties organised in the mouth of February In that brief interval, the government policy of provocation had he desired effect, though the explosion was of a Lture Ir ' those who occasioned it. Wexford geographically, is a peculiar county, and its people are a pecuhar people. The county fiUs up the south-eastern corner of the island, with the sea south east, the river Barr.w to the west, and the woodc and mountains of Carlow and AVicklow th, IT J' ,'?^°"' ^"''^ """•=' ^""S ^y twenty-four broad ; the surface undulating and rising into numerous groups of de! tached lulls, two or more of which are generally visible from each conspicuous summit. Almost in the midst flows the river Slaney, springing from a lofty Wicklow peak, which sends down on Its northern slope the better known river Liffey. On the cstu ary of the Slaney. some seventy miles south of Dublin, stands the county town, the traveller journeying to which by the usual route then taken, passed in succession through Arklow, Gorev ferns, Enniscorthy, and other places of less consequence, though fiimiliar enough in the fiery records of 1^98. North-westwaid the only road in those days from Carlow and Kilkenny. c.-o«sp,1 106 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. ri:, t the Blackstairs at Scollagh-gap, entering the county at Newtown- barry, the ancient Bunclody ; westward, some twenty miles, on the river Barrow, stands New Ross, often mentioned in thia his- tory, the road from which to the county town passes tlirough Scullaboguo and Taghmon [Ta'muyi), the former at the foot of Carrickbyrne rock, the latter at the base of wliat is rather hyper- bolically called " the moxmtain of Forth." South and west of tha town, towards tlie estuary of Waterford, lie the baronies of Fcrth and Bargy, a great part of the population of which, even within our own time, spoke the language Chaucer and Spenser wrote, and retained many of the characteristics of their Saxon, Flemish, and Cambrian ancestors. Through this singular dis- trict lay the road towards Duncannon fort, on Waterford harbor, with branches running off to Bannow, Ballyhack and Dunbrody. We shall therefore speak of all the localities we may have occa- sion to mention as on or near one of the four main roads of the county, the Dublin, Oarlow, Ross, and Waterford roads. The population of this territory was variously estimated in 1798, at 150,000, 180,000, and 200,000. They were, generally speaking, a comfortable and contented peasantry, for the Wexford landlords were seldom absentees, and the farmers held under them by long leases and reasonable rents. There were in the county few great lords, but there was little poverty and no pau- perism. In such a soil, the secret societies were almost certain to fail, and if it had not been for the diabolical experiments of Lord Kingsborough's North Cork Militia, it is very probable that that orderly and thrifty population would have seen the eventful year we are describing pass over their homes without experienc- ino" anj of the terrible trials which accompanied it. But it was impossible for human nature to endure the provocations inflicted upon this patient and prosperous people. The pitch-cap and the triangle were resorted to on the slightest and most frivolous pre- texts. " A sergeant of the North Cork Militia," says Mr. Hay, the county iiistorian, "nicknamed, Tom the Devil, was most Ingenious in devising new modes of torture. Moistened gun- powder was frequently rubbed into the hair cut close and then Bet on fire ; some, while shearing for this purpose, had the tips of their ears snipt off; sometimes an entire ear, and often both POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 707 ears were completely cut off; and many lost part of their noses during the like preparation. But, strange to tell," adds Mr. Hay, I' these atrocities were publicly practised without the least reserve in open day, and no magistrate or officer ever interfered, but shamefully connived at this extraordinary mode of quieting the people 1 Some of the miserable sufferers on these shocking occa- sions, or some of their relations or friends, actuated by a prindple of retaliation, if not of revenge, cut short the hair of several parsons whom they either considered as enemies or suspected of having pomted them out as objects for sucli desperate treatment. This was done with a view that those active citizens should fall in for a little experience of the like discipline, or to make the fasliion of short hair so general that it might no longer be a mark of party distinction." This was the origin of the nickname " Croppy," by wliich, during the remainder of the insurrection, it was cus- ternary to designate all who were suspected or proved to be hostile to the government. Among the magistracy of the county were several persons who, whatever might have been their conduct in ordinary times, now showed themselves utterly unfit to be entrusted with those large discretionary powers, which Tarliament had recently conferred upon all justices of the peace. One of these magistrates, sur- rounded by his troops, perambulated the county with an execu- tioner, armed witli all the equipments of his office; another carried away the lopped hands and fingers of his victims, with whicli he stirred his punch in the carousals tliat followed every expedition. At Carnew, midway between the Dublin and Carlow roads, on the second day of the insurrection, twenty eiglit prison- ers were brought out to be shot at as targets in the public ball alley; on the same day Enniscorthy witnessed its first execution for treason, and the neighborhood of Bullaghkeen was harried by Mr. Jacob, one of the magistrates whoso method of preserving the peace of the county has been just referred to. Tlie majority of the bench, either weakly or willingly, sanctioned these atroci. ties, but some others, among them a few of the first men in the county, did not hesitate to resist and condemn them. Among these were Mr. Beauchamp Bagenal Harvey, of Bargy Castle, * 1* ^J "* ifCTT^aiit, auu iiiz-, johu Henry Uuiciough, of 708 POPCLAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. Tintern Abbey; but all these gentlemen were arrested (.l Satur- day, the 26th of 3Iny— the same day, or more strictly speiiking, the eve of the day on which the Wexford outbreak occurred. On the day succeeding these arrests, being Whitsunday, Father John Murphy, parish priest of Kilcormick, the son of a small farmer of the neighborhood, educated in Spain, on coraino- to his httle wayside chapel, found it laid in ashes. To his flock as they surrounded him in the open air, he boldly preached that It would be much better for them to die in a fair field than to await the tortures inflicted by such magistrates as Archibald Jacob, Hunter Gowan, and Ilawtrey White. He declared his readiness to share their fate, whatever it might be, and in re- sponse about 2,000 of the country people gathered in a few hours upon Oulart Hill, situated about half-way between Enniscorthy and the sea, and eleven mUes north of Wexford. Here they were attacked on the afternoon of the same day by the North Cork niihtia. Colonel Foote, the Shilmalicr Yeoman cavalry. Colonel Le Hunte, and the Wexford cavalry. The rebels, strong in their position, and more generally accustomed to the use of arms than persons in their condition in other parts of the country, made a brave and successful stand. Major Lambert, the Hon. Captain De Courcey (brother of Lord Kinsale), and some other oflicers, ^11 before the long-shore guns of the Shilmalier fowlers; of the Jforth Cork detachment, only the Colonel, a Sergeant, and two or three privates escaped; the cavalry, at the top of their speed galloped back to the county town. The people were soon thoroughly aroused. Another popular priest of the diocese, Michael Murphy, on reaching Gorey find- ing his chapel also rifled, and the altar desecrated, turned his horses head and joined the insurgents, who had gathered on Kil- thomas hdl, near Car.iow. Signal fires burned that night on all the emmences of the county, which seemed as if they had been designed for 80 many watch-towers; horns resounded ; horsemen galloped far and near; on the morrow of Whitsunday all Wex- ford arose, animated with the passions and purposes of civil war. On the 28th, Ferns, Camolin, and Enniscorthy were taken bv the insurgents ; the latter after an action of four hours, in which a POPULAR mSTORV OP IRELAND. 70f) capt„5„, two lieutenants, and eighty of the loci yeomanry fell T surv.vors fled to Wexford, .-hich was as rapidly s «s b e Plaeed j„ a s ato of defenee. The old walls and' ga e we e U in good repa.r, and 300 North Cork. 200 Donegal and Voi lo a .gcd but .ctiv., was „,do Eotemor of the ,o«n ^„ I,"?*^' ZZIh ^ . "" Duncannon had utterly failed. General Mel •"' °" '^' '°"' °^ ^^"^-'"^ "^^-^need guard oJ Jo Meathmn yeon^anry. having in charge three howitfere whose go a-v-Jts-'ers. eleven gunners, and several -vS«- 710 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. prisoners taken ; making the third considerable success of the insurgents within a week. Wexford county now became the theater of operations, on which all eyes were fixed. The populace gathered as if by instinct into three great encampments, on Vinegar -hill, above Enniscortliy ; on Carrickbyrne, on the road leading to Ross, and on the hill of Corrigrua, seven miles from Gorey. The principal leaders of the first division were Fathers Kearus and Clinch, and Messrs. Fitz- gerald, Doyle and Redmond ; of the second, Bagenal Harvey, and Father Philip Roche ; of the last, Antliony Perry of Inch, Es- mond Kyan, and the two Fathers Murpliy, Michael and John. The general plan of operations was that tlie third division should move by way of Arklow dnd Wicklow on the capital ; t!ie second to open communication with Carlow, Kilkenny, and Kildare by Newtownbarry and Scollngli-gap ; while the first was to attack New Ross, and endeavor to hasten the rising in Slunster. On tlie 1st of June, the advance of the northern division march- ing upon Gorey, then occupied in force by General Loftus, were encountered four miles from the town, and driven back with the loss of about a hundred killed and wounded On the 4th of June, Loftus, at the instance of Colonel Walpole, aid-decamp to the Lord Lieutenant, who had lately joined him with considerable reinforcements, resolved to beat up the rebel quarters at Corri- grua. It was to be a combined movement ; Lord Ancram, posted with his militia and dragoons at the bridge of Scaramalsh, where the poetic Banna joins the Slaney, was to prevent tlie arrival of succors from Vinegar hill; Captain McManus with a couple of companies of yeomanry, stationed at another exposed poiut from which intelligence could be obtained and communicated ; while the General and Colonel Walpole, marched to tho attack by roads some distance apart, which ran into one witliin two miles of Cor- rigrua camp. Tho main body of tlio king's troops were commit- ted to tho lead of Walpole, who had also two six-pounders and a howitzer. After an hour and a half's march he found tlic country changed its character near tho village of Clogli (do'), wliere the road descending from the level arable land, dips suddenly into the narro.v and winding pass of Tubberneering. The sides of tlie pass were lined with a busliy shrubbery, and the roadway at 1-OPULAU HISTORY OF IRELAND. 7n the botton. embanked with diteh and dyko. On can.e tbe confi- dent Walpole never dreaming that these silent thiekets were so soon to reecho the cries of the onslauo-ht The 4tl. Z p>ards the Ancient Britons «nder Sir ^^r^n^ he'T tnm m.ht:a under Colonel Cope, had all entered th'e defile before el wU?" r: f "'"'''• '^^«"' ''' t^'' fi-t volley ^alto L fell with several of those immediately about his cerson nJi the shrubbery rushed the pikemen/cleari" g ^teh aTddX':: t e s ;,tTtT "*"' '"^^'T ""* '"^'^ "^^ ^^« --^ >^« - turned on fV, V ™'''''' "'' '^'''' ^""^ ^^"^^^ «"Pt«red and turned on the flying survivors; the regimental flags taken with all the other .poils pertaining to such a retreat. It was in ." h an immense victory for a mob of peasants, marshalled by men wfo forty-eight hours they were masters of Gorey, and talked of no h xng^ess than the capture of Bublin, within Lther Itk o^^' From Vinegar hiU the concerted movemert was mn.i. • . banks of the Slaney, under cover of a 8ixnound..r ih. f under command of Colonel L'Estranin M *^%^'^"'^'^«° &»»«. siladooa both sides were dri.^rt'bM^^^^^^^^^ V^^ '"- of following up the blow disperse:L';i:r ::'::s;Ct' were attacked in turn, and compelled to retreat wUhT .J taut action, and a yet more disastrous repulse from the ««lf7 cause, took place at New Ross, on the Barrow ""' The garrison of Ross, on the morning of the 6th of Jun^ wT. General Harvey appeared before it, consisted of 1400 men ^2 hn Meath Donegal and Clare militia, Mid-Lothiaf f S;; .nd English artillery. General Johnston-a veteran soldier !!' con.majid and the place, strong in its well /re e/vet Mr," had not heard a shot fired in anger, since the time of (^o^' lowflT "'"''' *" '''''' "'^'^ ^'^ ^"'OOOmon; butT e allow for the exftD-D-prntion "f ....~,u . .' "^ ^_ !.. ..! ?,.,muf,-3 common to all «uch move- 112 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. ments, we may perliapa deduct one-half, and still leave him at the head of a formidable force — 10,000 men, with three field pieces, Mr. Furlong, a favorite officer, being sent forward, to summon the town, was shot down by a sentinel, and the attack began. The main point of assault was the gate known as " three bullet gate," and the hour, five o'clock of the lovely summer's morning. The obstinacy with which the town was contested, may be judged from the fact, that the fighting continued for nearly ten hours, with the interruptioft of an hour or two at noon. This was the fatal interruption for the rebels. They had, at a heavy cost, driven out the royalists, with the loss of a colonel (Lord Mount- joy), three captains, and; above 200 men killed; but of their friends and comrades treble the number had fallen, '^till the town, an object of the first importance, was theirs, when \s orn out with heat, fatigue, and fasting since sunrise, they indulged them- selves in the luxury of a deep unmeasured carouse. The fugi- tive garrison finding themselves unpursued, halted to breathe on the Kilkenny bank of the river, were rallied by the veteran. John- son, and led back again across the bridge, taking the surprized revellers completely unprepared. A cry was raised that this waa a fresh force from Waterford ; the disorganized multitude endeav- ored to rally in turn, but before the leaders could collect their men, the town was once more in possession of the king's troops. The rebels, in their turn, unpursued by their exhausted enemies, foil back upon the'r camping ground of the night before, at Cor- bet hill and Slieve-kielter. At the latter, Father Philip Roche, dissatisfied with Harvey's iranagement, established a separate com- mand, which he transferred to a layman of his own name, Edward Rcche, with whom he continued to act and advise during the re- mainder of this memorable month. The summer of 1798 was for an Irish summer remarkably dry and warm. The heavy Atlantic rains which at all seasons are poured out upon that soil, seemed suspended in favor of the in- surgent multitudes, amounting to 80,000 or 40,000 at the highest, who on the difl'erent hill summits posted their nightly sentinels, and threw themselves down on turf and heather to snatch a short repose. The kindling of a beacon, the lowing of cattle, or the hurried arrival of scout or messenger, hardly interfered with POPULAR III8T0BV OF IRELAND. ^jg were supplied wrTenff f f''''' ""^ "^"^ '^'^^ "l^«ys before thT „' was fair vabo".". '^ '"'^ "^''^ "''^ -"'^'-'^ -fenced ^^^Z^^^Z^ ''W'-' sonal strength, swiftness and a^mtv t1> ^ T "^"' '^'"' P*-"- the ease with which their wlf^'/' *'"""'^ ^^ "f«' ""'I astonishn.nt of s 12^^^^^^^ ^%° f-^^''^' --ted the Thetr„tl.is,thatthevir!uoTSpO^, '. *''' '"''^"^"^ "™y- before the outbreak Il„n i f '^ ''^^ """* P"'*^^^"! peasantry hardships under wlLhC!.'^ "^""*""^ P"^"^""- «"d Several signs now n.arked the I r i ' of tt t' i" ' '"'^'• men of Wexford. Waterford dlrl . ^ " . ^^^ "»"•"'* ^^^ while Munster. generate as ft to rr-1"/'" '^^^^^^ back in hopes of anot f^ V , ""^'^''''^^d councUs, or held June had P ssed ov ^ ^d nTth ""^f "'• '''" ^''' ^^^'^ ^^ there -/.oven^eridr rn^r^^^^^^ - voted county the combined armies w neh w , ' *^'" against its camps. A^nboat Zfl- t "°'^ "^'"''^'^ round to Wicklow, wTuch soot Z "T' '""^ ^"""^"^ and forced an entr'ance into ^Z^'Tflt f '""f"' '"^' rr:::rh:r it ""^ "-^ ^^^^^^: morning of the 9th of June the mrM f I • ^ "^^ "'" left Gorey ia two colunH^ri:. ordr^noTsibrr; ■' "" ^^'^'^ from Arklow One hn^„ T ^ ^^° *° '^"^^ this force turn the ^^\ls^To^Sr""'^J '^ *'" *^°'^«* ^'^'i J^°P^'l *« the inner betf the Z^^ """^f *'° '''•"°'^' ^'^^ other Ling opper or iZ^'^^;-^:;^-^!^ ">« to.n . i.^ QQ=K J-i.^rai x,vcuham had made the , ! I 714 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. most of hia two days' possession ; barricades were erected acrosa the road, and at the entrance to the main street ; tlie graveyard and bridge commanding tlie approach by the shore road, were mounted with ordnance; the cavalry were posted where they could besj operate, near the strand ; the barrack wall was lined with a banquette or stage, from which the musketeers could pour their fire with the greatest advantage, and every other precaution taken to give the rebels a warm reception. The action commenced early in the afternoon, and lasted till eight in tlie evening — five or six hours. The inland column suffered most severely from the marksmen on the banquette, and the gallant Father Michael Mur- phy, whom his followers believed to bo invulnerable, fell leading them on to the charge for the third time. On the side of the sea, Esmond Kyan was badly wounded in the arm, wliich he was sub- Bequently obliged to have amputated, and though the fearless Shilmaliers drove the cavalry into and over the Ovoca, discipline and ordnance prevailed once again, over numbers and courage. As night fell, the assailants retired slowly towards Coolgreney, carrying off nine carloads of their wounded, and leaving, perhaps, as many more on the field ; their loss was variously reported from TOO to 1,000, and even 1,600. The opposite force returned less than 100 killed, including Captain Knox, and about as many wounded. The repulse was even more than that at Ross, dispirit- ing to the rebels, who, as a last resort, now decided to concentrate all their strength on the favorite position at Vinegar Hill. Against this encampment, therefore, the entire available force of regulars and militia within fifty miles of the spot were con. centrated by orders of Lord Lake, the commander-in chief General Dundas from Wicklow was to join General Loftus at Carnew on the 18th ; General Needham was to advance simulta- neously to Gorey ; General Sir Henry Johnson to unite at Old Ross with Sir James DuflF from Carlow ; Sir Ch'arles Asgill was to occupy Gore's bridge and Borris ; Sir John Moore was to land at Ballyhack ferry, march to Foulke's mill, and united with Johnson and Duff, to assail the rebel camp on Carrickbyrne. These vari- ous movements ordered on the 16th, were to be completed by the 20th, on which day from their various new positions, the entire force, led by these eiz general officers, was to surround Vinegar POPULAR niSTOKY OF IRELAND. 7]g TwtCt Mlt^^^^^^^^ """^^ "^°" "- '-^ ^'-."'-I'l of hln,I Ih, 1-.T "^ "™ "!'"'•«' «i«l ■«^» formed bi at a heavv met f l,»^ », ^'^-^ory. By this affair, however, though ..e.,„,pi,-,r.s■■™J':/r.rs;t;^ time to complete the investrnrofthlhm ""' ""^ "^ ^" On the morning of the appointed day, about 13 000 w> i L3jrj»,:rt.src :r» r'" -'" -' .»i»noe Which eom^Jw Z wt:™irjf° °' " of these guns, so advantageously placed Aft!. , ^ ir;:r' -"■'""" ----"' ?-- 2 It ™ a,, iMi o„..id,„bi, ,«„. of a, w^„rt ,|,i.g, .„d 119 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. I I all tho consequencesi which followed being attributed arbitrarily to this cause, helped to invest it with a diaproportionatc import, ance. The only leader lost on tho rebel side was Father Clinch, of Enniscorthy, who encountered Lord Roden hand to hand in the retreat, but who, while engaged with his lordship whom he wounded, was shot down by a trooper. The disorganization, however, which followed on the dispersion, was irreparable. One column had taken tho road by Gorey to tho mountains of Wick- low — another to Wexford, where they split into two parts, a portion crossing tho Slaney into the sea-coast parishes, and facing northward by the shore road, the other falling back on " the three rocks " encampment, where the Messrs. Roche held together a fr'-^ment of their former command. Wexford town, on tlie 22d, was abandoned to Lord Lake, who established himself in the house of Governor Keogh, the owner being lodged in the common jail. W^ithin the week, Bagenal Harvey, Father Phillip Roche, and Kelly of Killane, had surrendered in despair, while Messrs. Grogan and Colclough, who had secreted themselves in a cave in the great Saltee Island, were discovered, and conducted to the same prison. Notwithstanding the capitulation agreed to by Lord Kingsborough, the execution and decapitation of all these gentle- men speedily followed, and their ghastly faces looked down for many a day from the iron spikes above the entrance of Wexford Court House. Mr. Esmond Kyan, the popular hero of the district, as merciful as brave, was discovered some time subsequently paying a stealthy visit to his family ; he was put to death on the spot, and his body weighted with heavy stones, thrown into the har- bor. A few mornings afterwards the incoming tide deposited it close by the dwelling of his father-in law, and tho rites of Chris- tian burial, so dear to all his race, were hurriedly rendered to the beloved remains. The insurrection in this county, while it abounded in instances of individual and general heroism, was stained also, on both sides, by many acts of diabolical cruelty. The aggressors, both in time and in crime were the yeomanry and military ; but the popular movement dragged wretches to the surface who delighted in repaying torture with torture, and death with death. The butcheries of Dunlavin and Carnew were repaid by the massa- POPULAR UISTOIIY OF IRELAND. 717 c 08 at Scullabogue and Wexford bridge, in the former of which 110, and nitl>e latter 36 or 40 persons were put to death in eold b ood, by the monsters who absented themselves fru,„ the battles of Ross and Vinegar Hill. The executions at AVexford bridge wo..ld probably have been swelled to double the number, had no father Cornn. one of the priests of the town, rushing in between ins Proestant neighbors and the feroeious Captain^ixo. and ummonmg all present to pray, invoked the Almighty " to show them the same merey" they showed their prisoners, "^fhi,", M «upphcation .aimed even that savage rabble, and no fu ler kI:ZS1^2J::1!:;:1 .-_ afterward, capt.: whom hr hS Tl ^'''*''' discoverer, and others Mowed to ?^ 'T ""'-'•^^••-P of the executioner. Mowed to the grave that revered and devoted minister of It would be a profitlev. task to draw out a parallel of the crimes tw^of Tl '^'"""" ^^^^oli^hoa or burned in Leinster, (twenty- huref That of on « '''^''''^^' •=°""^^^' ""^'^ ^^ ^-'-*-* churcl that of Old Ross, was destroyed in retaliation; and that het T """' "^""""'^- "^"^ ^" --«• ^'^ rebels a ted on the fierce Mosaic maxim of " an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth, no outrage upon women is laid to their charge, even by their most exasperated enemies. S . even oy -*♦♦- CHAPTER XVII. THK INBCEBEOTION ELSEWHEEK-PATK OK THE LEABINO t^TED IRISrOTEN'. fa,SaMn'i'* "' '""■ *^/"'-'^^"'« ^"--'Jl-. ^hose name is so o a ume 1?"'='" '^"'^ ^"'^ ^"^^'^ ^^«*-y, arrived in Dublin, to assume the supreme power, both civil and military. As his cluef secretary, ho recommended Lord Castlereairh. whr.l.«H .m.a 718 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRKLAND. in that cnpnclty during tho latter part of Lord Cnmden's n. :rgent8 were surrounded between tl.o forces of (.eneral Needham. Sir James DufT. and the Marquis of Huntley. T^ns was the last considerable action in which the Wicklow and Wexford men were unitedly engaged. In the dispersion which followed. ' Jhlly ]}yrne of Ballymauus," the hero of his county imul the forfeit of his life; while his brother Garrett subsl' quently surrendere.l, and was included in the Banishment Act Anthony I erry, of Inch, and Father Kearns, leading a much dnnnnshed band into Kildure, formed a junction with Aylmer and Reynolds of that county, and marched into Meath, with a view of reaelung and surprising Athlono. The pkn was boldly and well conceived, but their n.eans of execution were deplorably de- ticient. At Clonard they were repulsed by a handful of troops well armed and posted; a combined movement always possible in Mcath, drove them from side to side durincr the mid-week of July, until at length, hunted down as th,- ,,,., ,i,ey broke un m twos and threes to seek any mea„ ,oape. Father Kearns ;Tw !/"r 7^7"""' ^'""'"^''' "■■'"''"''• '^"'^ '""''^''^ by martial 'aw at Kndenderry. Botli died bravely; the priest sustaining and exhorting his companion to the last Still another band of the Wexford men under Father John Murphy and Walter Deve, n.x crossed the Barrow at Gore's bridge, and marched upon Kilkenny. At Lowgrango they sur- prised an outpost; at Castiecomer. af.er a sharp action, they took the town, wWo], Sir harles AsgUl endeavored, but without suc- cess, to re heve. Thence they continued their march towards Athy in Kildare, but being caught between two or rather three fires, that of Major Mathews, from Maryboro', General Dunne from Athy. and Sir Charles AsgiU, they retreated on Old Lei-h! Iin, as If seeking the shelter of the Carlow mountains. At Kil- comney bill, however, they were forced i.to action under most unfavorable circumstances, and utterly routed. One Father Mur- Phy.fell m the engagement, the other, the precursor of the insnr- m am 'Jv4 ^20 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND, rection, was captured three days afterward, and convejed a prisoner to General Duff's headquarters at TuUow. Here he M as put on his trial before a military commission composed of Sir James Duff, Lord Roden, Colonels Eden and Foster, and Major Hall. Hall had the meanness to put to him, prisoner as he was, several insulting questions, which at length the high-spirited rebel answered with a blow. The commission thought him highly dangerous, and instantly ordered him to execution. His body was burned, his head spiked on the market-liouso of TuUow, and his memory gibbetted in all the loyal publications of the period. On his person, before execution, were found a crucifix, a pix, and let- ters from many Protestants, asking his protection ; as to his repu- tation, the priest who girded on the sword only when he found his altar overthrown and his flock devoured by wolves, need not fear to look posterity in the face. Of the other Leinster leaders, Walter Devereux, the last col league of Father Murphy, was arrested at Cork, on the eve of Bailing for America, tried and executed ; Fitzgerald and Aylmer were spared on condition of expatriation ; months afterwards. Holt surrendered, was transported, and returned after several years, to end his days where he began his career ; Dwyer alone main- tained the life of a Rapparee for five long years among the hills of Wicklow, where his adventures were often of such a nature as to throw all fictitious conceptions of an outlaw's life into common- place by comparison. Except in.»tho fastnesses frequented by this extraordinary man, and in the wood of Killaughram, in Wexford, where the outlaws with the last stroke of national hu- mor, assumed the name of The Babes in the Wood, the Leinster insurrection was utterly trodden out within two months from its first beginning, on the 23d of May. So weak against discipline, arms, munitions and money, are all that mere naked valor and devotion can accomplish 1 In Ulster, on the organization of which so much time and labor had been expended for four or five years preceding, the rising was not more general than in Leinster, and the actual otruggle lasted only a week. The two counties which moved en masxe were Down and Antrim, the original chiefs of which, such ao Thomas Russell and Samuel Neihon, were unfortunately in prison. POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 721 The next leader on whom the men of Antrim relied, resigned his command on the very eve of the appointed day ; this disappoint- pelled a full fortnight's delay. On the 7th of June, however the more determmed spirits resolved on action, and the first move- ment was to seize the town of Antrim, which, if they could have held i^ would have given them command of the communications with Donegal and Down, from both of which they might have expected important additions to their ranks. Thekader in this enerpnse was Henry John McCracken, a cotton manufacturer of resoW TT ^'"""" '^ ''^'' ^'^^ '^''''''^' accomplished and resolute, with whom was associated a brother of William Orr the proto-martyr of the Ulster Union. The town of Antrim was occupied by the 22d light dragoons. Colonel Lumley, and the local yeomanry under Lord O'.Yoill. I„ the first assault the insurgent were successful. Lord O'Neill, five officers, forty-seven rank and dragoons had hardly vanished out of sight, when a strong reL forcement from Blaris camp arrived and renewed the Ltion changing premature exultation into panic and confusion. Between wo and three hundred of the rebels fell, and McCracken and his staff deserted by their hasty levies, were arrested wearied and hopeless about a month later, wandering among the Antrim hUls. The leaders were tried at Belfast and executed. In Down two actions were fought, one at Saintfield on the 1th of June under Dr. Jackson-where Colonel Stapleton was severely handled-and another and more important one at BaUynahincli nnder Henry Munro. on the 13th. where Nugent-the district General, commanded in person. Here, after a gallant aefense the men of Down were utterly routed ; their leader, alone and on foot, .vas captured some five or six miles from the field, and exe- cuted two days afterward before his own door at Lisburn He died with the utmost composure; his wife and mother looking down on the awful scene from the windows of his own house In Munster with the exception of a trifling skirmish between wlT, r '!? ^'?"°''^ "°^'' ®'' ""g'^ <^'K«%. ^vith whom IZ^l 7"' ^'^'°° """^"^ ^'i'' ^""'^«' '»"d a body of 300 or 400 ill-nrmed peasants who attacked them on the 19th of June 61 Y22 POPUI.AE HISTORY OF IRELAND. on the road from Clonakilty to Bnndon, there was no notable attempt at insurrection. But in Connoiiglit very uuexpectedh-, as late as the end of August, the flame extinguished in blood in Leinster and Ulster, again blazed up for some days with portent- ous brightness. The counties of Sligo, Mayo, Roscommon and Galway, had been partially organized by those fugitives from Orange oppression in the North, who, in the years '95, '96 and '97, had been compelled to flee for their lives into Oonnaught, to the number of several thousands. They brought with the tale of their sufferings the secret of Defenderism ; they first taught the peas- antry of the West, who, safe in their isolated situation and their overwhelming numbers, .were more familiar with poverty than with persecution, what manner of men then held sway over all the rest of the country, and how eosily it would be for Irishmen once united and backed by France, to establish, under their own green flag, bot)' religious and civil liberty. When, therefore, three French frigates cast anchor in Killalla Bay, 6n-the 22d of August, they did not find the country wholly unprepared, though far from being as ripe for revolt as they ex- pected. These ships had on board 1,000 men, with arms for 1,000 more, under command of General Humbert, who had taken on himself in the state of anarchy v/hich then prevailed in France, to sail from La Eochelle, with this handful of men, in aid of the insurrection. With Humbert were Mathew Tone and Bartholo- mew Teeling; and immediately on his arrival he was joined by Messrs. McDonnell, Moore, Bellew, Barrett, O'Dowd, and O'Don- nell of Mayo, Blake of Galway, Plunkett of Koscommon, and a few other Influential gentlemen of that Province — almost all Cath- olics. Three days were spent at Killalla whi<;h was easily taken, In landing stores, enrolling recruits, and sending out parties of observation. On the 4th, (Sunday,) Humbert entered Pallina without resistance, and on the same night set out for Cnstlebar, the county town. By this time intelligence of his landing was spread over the whole country, and both Lord Lake and General Hutchinson had advanced to Castleb&r, where they liad from 2,000 to 3,000 men under their command. The place could be reached only by two routes from the northwest by the Foxford road, or a long deserted mountain road which led over the paau of Barna< POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 728 gee. withb sight of the town. Humbert accusto.T^ed to the Ions mrches and difficult country of La Vendee, chose the ufrf quented and therefore unguarded rouf.3. and to the con Wnatbt of the Bntish ger-rals descended through the pass of Ba nle Boon after sunrise, on tl>e morning or Monday. August 27th 1 is ce consisted of 900 French bayonets, and between 2 000 and 3,000 new recruits; the action which commenced at 7 o'clock Tua,. 1- f, *"" "'^''* "^'"^^"S rein till .hey reached anland'a! I 1 ," ''*"'' '''''' '"''' '^'^ *eir falsehoods as fir mland as Athlone-more than sixty miles fi om the scene of action c^nfe ed Se T ' f .T^^^^^ - " ^^e races," the royalist and about 3«o " "°""''^' °' P"^"'^^"' "^ 1« ««««", kSled a one ir ' '"' '"'"'"'^'^ •'°™™«"^«^ -«™«t«d the kUIed alone at 60 .-teen British guns and five stand of colors were also , ,. ^ ^,, ^,,,,^ ^^^ ^^^^j; ^^^^J distance by tne native troops under Mathew Tone, TeelL a^d he Mayo officers ; but Lord Roden's famous corps f " FoJlmn t s,» covered the retreat and checked the pursuers at Frnch hiU Immediately after the battle a Provincial Governmenrras estabhshed at Costlebar, with Mr. Moorr, of Moore Hall, as Prlt dent ; proclamations addressed to the inhabitants at krge cZ ZZZZT ™H"'"f ""^^'''^'^ payable by the futu^ro'lrirh republic, were issued m its name Meanwhile the whole of the royalist forces were now in move- ment oward the capital of Mayo, as they had been toward VinI: gar hill two months before. Sir John Moore and General Hunter marched from Wexford towards the Shannon. General Tav or with 2,500 men advanced from Sligo towards Costlebar SZ Well wa. ordered from Enniskillen to assume command ^ S go ; General Nugent from Lisburn occupied Enniskillen, and he Viceroy, leaving Dublin in person, advanced rapidly thr;ugh the midland counties to Kilbeggan, and ordered Lord Lake and General Hutchinson, with sucb of their command as could be de pended on to assume the aggressive from the direction of Tuam Thus Humbert and his allies found themselves surrounded on Jl ides-their retreat cut off by sea, for their frigates had returned to France immediately on their landing; three thousand men 124 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. against not leas than thirty thousand, witli at least as man y more in reserve, ready to be called into action at a day's notice. The French general determined if possible to reach the moun- tains of Leitrim, and open communications with Ulster, aad the northern coast, upon which he hoped soon to see succor arrive from France. With this object he marched from Caatlebar to Cooloney, ("5 miles), in one day ; hero he sustained a check from Colonel Vereker's militia, which necessitated a change of route; turning aside, ho passed rapidly through Dromahaine, Manor- Hamilton, and Ballintra, making for Granard from which accounts of a formidable popular outbreak had just reached him. In three days and a half ho had mjirched 110 miles, flinging half his guns into the rivers that he crossed, lest they should fall into the hands of his pursuers. At Ballinamuck, county Longford, on the boi'ders of Leitrim, he found himself fairly surrounded, on the morning of the 8th of Sfiptember ; and here he prepared to make a last desperate stand. The end could not bo doubtful, the numbers against him being ten to one ; after an action of half an hour's duration, two hundred of the French having thrown down their arms, the remainder surrendered, as prisoners of war. For the rebels no terms were thought of, and the full vengeance of the victors was reserved for them. Mr. Blake, who had formerly been a British officer was executed on the field ; Mathew Tone and Teeling were executed within the week in Dublin ; Mr. Moore, President of the Provisional Government was sentenced to banish- ment by the clemency of Lord Cornwallis, but died on shipboard ; ninety of the Longford and Kilkenny militia who had joined the French were hanged, and the country generally given up to pil- lage and massacre. As an evidence of the excessiA'^e thirst for blood it may be mentioned that at the recapture of Killalla a few days later, four hundred persons were killed, of whom fully one- half were non-combatnnts. The disorganization of all government in Franco in the latter half of '98, was illustrated not only by Humbert's unauthorized adventure, but by a still weaker demonstration under General Reay and Napper Tandy, about the ?ame time. With a single armed brig these daring allies made a descent on the lYth of Sejv tember, on Rathlin Island, well equipped with eloquent i)roclama- POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 725 tions, bearing the date "first year of Irish liberty." I,om the postmaster o the island they aseertained Ilumbfrfs fate and n,med.ate y turned the prow of their solitary ship in the ppo site direction; Reay. to rise in after times to honor and poiver : Tandy, to continue in old age. the dashing career of his nmnhood. and to expiate in exUe the crime of preferring the coun- ^h which she was united. Twelve days after the combat at Balna„,„ek while Humbert and his men were on their way BoZrt "^ w- *° ^r°^^' "°^^^^^"^'^ «-*' -'^-•' Admiral Bompart. consisting of on,, 74-gun ship, "the Iloche," eight frigates and two smaller vessels, sailed from Brest. On board this fleet were embarked 3,000 men under General Hardi, the remnant of the army once menacing England. In this fleet sa^ed Theobald Wolfe Tone, true to his m^tto nil *.,;, j^i: Tf Ge lal TT r ■; "" '''"^"' °' '''' '^^'''^"^y- The troop 12th of October, after tossing about for nearly a month in the o/Zorr ""'^/'^^^n'^ ^*'-«°' they soared off the coast of Donegal, and stood m for Lough SwiUy. But another fleet •also was on the horizon. Admiral Sir John Borlase AVarren ^ithan equal number of ships, but a much heavier nrmament' had been cruising on the track of the French during the whole tune hey were at sea. After many disappointments the flag-ship and three of the frigates were at last wiU.in range and the action began. Six hours fighting laid the Iloche a helpless log upon the water; nothing was left her but surrender; two of the frigates shared the same fate on the same day ; another was captured on the 14th. and yet another on the 17th. The remainder of the fleet escaped back to France. The French officers landed in Donegal were received with cour- tesy by the neighboring gentry, among whom was the Earl of c7oZ:t-n °"*^':*t' ^ ^'^'^ "' ^''''''- "•^'•° if ^^'"« that Sir George Hill, son-in-law to Commissioner Beresford, an old college friend of 1 one's, identified the founder of the United Irishmen undt he uniform of a French Adjutnnt-general. Stepping up to his old Bohoohnate he addressed him by name, which Tone 'nstantlv ac knowledged, inquiring politely for Lndv Hill. a,,i] other members ^F- i'^- it 726 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. of Sir George's family. He was instantly arrested, ironed, and conveyed to Dublin under a strong guard. On the 10th of Nov- ember, he was tried by court-martial and sentenced to be hanged : he begged only for a soldier's death — " to bo shot by a platoon of grenadiers." This favor was denied him, and the next morning he attempted to commit suicide. The attempt did not immedi- ately succeed ; but one week later— on the 19th of November— he died from the results of his self-inflicted wound, with a compli- ment to the attendant physician upon his lips. Truth compels us to say he died the death of a Pagan ; bat it was a Pagan of the noblest and freest type of Grecian and Roman times. Had it occurred in ancient days, Beyond the Christian era, it would have been a death every way admirable ; as it was, that fatal final act must always stand between Wolfe Tone and the Christian people for whom he suffered, sternly forbidding them to invoke him in their prayers, or to uphold him as an example to the young men of their country. So closed the memorable year 1798, on the baffled and dispersed United Irishmen. Of the chiefs imprisoned in March and May, Lord Edward had died of his wounds and vexation ; Oliver Bond of apoplexy ; the brothers Sheares, Fa- ther Quigley, and William Michael Byrne on the gibbet. In. July, on Samuel Nelson's motion, the remaining prisoners in New- gate, Bridewell, and Kilmainham, agreed, in order to stop the effu- sion of blood, to expatriate themselves to any country, not at war with England, and to reveal the general secrets of their system, without inculpating individuals. These terms were accepted, as the Castle party needed their evidence to enable them to promote the cherished scheme of legislntive Union. But that evidence delivered before the Committees of Parliament by Emmett, Mac- Nevin, and O'Connor, did not altogether serve the purposes of government. The patriotic prisoners made it at once a protest aga'nst, and an exposition of, the despotic policy under which their country had been goaded into rebellion. For their firmness they were punished by thrie years confinement in Fort George, in the Scottish Highlands, where, however, a gallant old soldier, Colonel Stuart, endeavored to soften the hard realities of a prison by all the kind attentions his instructions permitted him to show these unfortunate gentlemen. At the peace of Amiens, (1802), POPULAR HISTORY OF IRKIAND. 727 -here they .harelZTj^nt TT''''' '' '"''"^ *° I^^^^- Corbet. ALn. Ware „Id oil ..r^'''" ''''= O'^^"^-' tl-y nil rose to d £ion F."t ' m" ^°* ^"^ ^'•*"-' ->-•« tf e ra.n, of Tone "T:;!:^:^^^:^;^^^^^^ -' cimngea and distractions of a great metrolm ^^'^ """^ -t even yet obliterated the «es 'Tth •^^'^'^^^'^^ ^^^^^ ents, and their accomplishments * ^''"'"''' "'^^'' ^^l- Prit;;;er: t ^^^^^^^^^ -';^-ed g^onp of men whose tiny, without bearin^L HcT S " "'"'^' ^'"'' ^""''^''^'^ ^^^ as a class. If ever I boiv o 11"°"^' *" "'*'"' -^^^'^'^ l^^li^ies of a brotherhood of h:e^s sot " "r.'"''"'^'^ "'" •=^--*- self-denial, truthfulneej^d J, ^J Z^^'T' ^°"^^^' heroin,, these men deserved% C^eh lete/T^ """^"'^ tbeir conduct, and the intrinc- '^'^^lacter. The wisdom of questions. As between the H^Iirf "' '''''' P'''-' «« ^'her Grattan and OWr h ^ '^^ their countrymen ve;yc^c:ddr "'" 'r* P"''^''^' ^^^ but natural: but Ls to ^0 n '^''^"'■'^"^'^^ °f «Pinicn. That is nnited irishmen thll'^berditrnt^^;^:^ i^^ °^ ^'- seen a more sincere or more self-sacrlfil; 'generrt^l ""' CHAPTER XVIII. ' illustrated in e^t I on ?1,::""^?r.'''™"'^^™"°"' -- dom, before the recCiy L^r? ^^^.^''''"" °' *'" ^'"^- surreetion. '" "'"'^^ anniversary of the in- TJiifl project, the favorite anrl Ion- rbr-i-h - ' ^ • . - im^-rne. lohcu design of Mr. Pitt, 728 POPULAU HISTORY OF IRBLAND. was cordially approved by his principal colleagues, the Duke of Portland, Lord Grenville, and Mr. Dundas; indeed it may be questioned whether it was not as much Lord Grenvillo's de- sign as Pitt's, and as much George the Third's personal project as that of any of his ministers. The old king's Irish policy was ^ always of the most narrow and ilUberal description, la his memorandum on the recall of Lord Fitz-illiam, he explains his views with the business-like brevity which characterized all his communications with his ministers while he retained possession of his faculties; he was totally opposed to Lord Fitzwilliam's emancipation policy, which he thought adopted " in implicit obedience to the heated' imagination of Mr. Burke." To Lord Camden his instructions wore, " to support the old English inter- est as well as the Protestant religion," and to Lord Cornwallie, that no further " indulgence could be granted to Catholics," but that he should steadily pursue the object of effecting the union of Ireland and England. The new viceroy entered heartily into the views of his sover- eign. Though unwilling to exchange his English position as a Cabinet Minister and Master-General of Ordnance for the troubled life of a j^ord-Lieutenant of Ireland, he at length allowed him- self to be persuaded into the acceptance of that office, with a view mainly to carrying the Union. Ha Avas ambitious to connect his name with that gi eat imperial measure, so often projected, but never formally proposed. If he could only succeed in incorporating^ the Irish with the British legislature, he declared he would fuel satisfied to retire from all other public employments; that lie would look on his day as finished, and his evening of ease and dignity fully earned. He was not wholly unacquainted with the kingdom against which he cherished these ulterior views; for lie had been, nearly thirty years before, when he fell under the lai«h of Junius, one of the Vice-Treasiu-ers of Ireland. For the rest lie was a man of gi-eat information, tact, and firmness; indefatigable in business; tolerant by temperament and conviction; but both as a general and a politician it was his lot to be identified in India and in Ireland with successes which might better have been faUures, and in America, with failures which were much piore beneficial to mankind than his successes. POPULAR mSTORr OF IRKLAND. 729 «'o eon of what in tharclTrJ • u .'''^"""^ ^''^ Chancellor. "-Secretary, the son of :;t^X f " V^""^' ^"-*'" -'^ ^Reform Convention. It is 1! I? 'n '"'^ "'''"''«'• °f Flood's ^"'-e high officials in nnclolfnrf ' T^"^'^ ^^^ <=-duct of national legislature of th r ^n "! ""' '^^"-"^'"^ ^^e ancient that of Lord Cornwallis oTi Pi "tf ", r" ""° ^'"^^^ ^ fc"t natural, that as Eng ishnfi H ! ?"' ^'■'"^'"^- ^t was t''e empire in the first ptc ha H "^"' "" ''"'^' '°"'^'''"- all the resources and all th!' 'J"* *"^^ «'>°"W desire to centralize f-t to then, the e:iste 1 Xtf ""' ^"^ '^'""^^ ^ ^^^on «n. with its ample control o -0?,?''^'"'''^* ^"••««"«"t at Dub! fences, and the Lde o that\- j^ '"^ ' ^'^ '•«^''""««' the de- «nd a hindrance to the un H^ o tf eTmnt •" ' "^^"^ "" ^^^^^^^^ pon.t of view they were qufte iSftT'd "f^™- ''"" ">°^- end, complete centralization bv ho ^^ *'''^ ^"""^"^^ their could attach to them etrin [he r I' ''""''' ""^ ««g™« Lords Clare and Castlereaji he caseT "I'f'"^"' ^"* ^^'^ ^n the land, deriving income as wT '"'""^ ^^'^^''^"t. Born eleetedtoitsparliaL^t byth 1 fi^ "'"''"'='' '''"^ "- ^o", attainmg to posts of honor'^in con? "'' "' '''''' countrymen they should voluntarDy olrthe" ?'"' "' ''"''' '''°*=«°'' *hat and a hostile policy on thrruWr^^^^ '" ''*"^"* ""«"«« tion, which, with an its llZTZ n ^ 7" """""'^ ^°°«tit«. this betrayal of their own a^'the d^ntT ;"°' ""^ ''"''"^''^I^' always place the names of clr and ct? T'" ^''''' ^^'" l'«t of public traitors. Yet hm-H ' ^"^'^ ""^ ^he detested identified, no two n,en could be mo '" ?"* '""^°" ""'''''' »°ne persons therein named to surrender before 1st of December, 1798. under pain of high treason. Among the fifty-one were the principal refugees at Paris and Hamburg: Tone. Lewines, Tandy, Deane Swift, Mojor Plunkett, Anthony McCann, Harvey Morres, etc. On the same day in which the session terminated, and the royal sanction was given to these octs, the name of Henry Grattan was, a significant coincidence, formally struck, by the king's commands, from the roll of the Irish Privy Council ! This legislation of the session of 11 9S, was fatal to the Irish i'arliament. The partisans of the Union, who had used the re- POPULAR HISTORV OF IBKLAND. I^ HI own up within tho era of indeDendcnp.. T,. ,., i ^i ! ill °"""* *''" i''"'P'°' ^^'«« <^« place a gulf between it and tho affections of that people in the day of fria ^o ^Ike he anti-unionista in Parliament, sueh as the speaker. Sir Law rsibtr'tr "':;•' .''''""'^'•^' '-'' ^-'^' person % rl ^Ts't^d tr '*'"' ""' '"°*' *° "'^ "-'^ of\:'z2z ste in 99 Th ", T'^ ."" --hinations of that same niin- istei in 99 The last months of tlie year were marked besides by events already referred tn nn^ k .■ ■ oesiaes carried on bofh in p , , . ^ negotiations incessantly Smof both „ ^^ "' '"'""'' "^ "'^''' «^ "- Unlon"^ Members of both Houses were personally courted and canvassed by the prime minister, the secretaries of state, the viceroy and th Irish secretary. Titles, pensions and offices wereTreelv WhLtT A ^ \" ^°^' "' ''''''''• "^'•^ '•^•"•"ed from V h.tehaU An army of pamphleteers marshalled by under- sec etary Cooke, and confidentially directed by the able bu «ional Bishop of Meath, (Dr. O'Beirne.f and t^\lTa s Ir' fr""*^".^' ^'''' '""^'^ P^"^ - ^-- «f "the con' So mint; T, :?' .""^^-^ J°-'"«y« to England, to assist the Ceriro nfi!; "" '°"' -f--»tion, and to receive his L?:"f.r "'.' "" ''*"'°- ''''^ Orangemen were neutralized ■V ^ccuxiBfe- a xaajoiity of their leaders; the CathoUcs. by the 782 PdPt'LAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. establishment of familiar communicfttlon with the bishops. Tlia viceroy compllraontcl Dr. Troy at Dublin ; tho Duko of Port- land lavished porsonal attentions on Dr. Moylan, In England. The Protestant clergy were satisfied with tiio assurnnco that tho maintenance of their establishment Avould bo made a fundamental article of tho Union, while tho Catholic bishops were given to understand that complete Emancipation would bo oiio of the first aeasures submitted to tho Imperial Parliament, Tho oligarchy were to be indenmified for their boroughs, while the advocates of reform were shown how hopeless it was to expect a IIouh' onstl- tuted of their nominees, ev»r to enlarge or amend its own exclu' sivo constitution. Thus for every description of people a particular Bet of appeals and arguments was found, and for those who discard- ed the affectation of reasoning on the surrender of their national existence, there were the more convincing argimieut.i of titles, em- ployments, and direct pecuniary purchase. At tho close of the year of the rebellion, Lord Cornwallls was able to report to Mr. Pitt that the prospects of carrying the measure were; better than could have been expected, and on this report ho was authorized to open tho matter formally to Parliament iu his speech at the opening of the following session. On the 22d of January, 1199, the Irish legislature met under circumstances of great interest and excitement. The city of Dublin, always keenly alive to its metropolitan interests, sunt its eager thousands by every avenue, towards College Green. The viceroy went down to the Houses, with a more than ord'iLary guard, and being seated on the throne in tho House of Lords, tho Commons were summoned to the bar. Tho House was considered a full one, 211 members being present. The viceregal speech congratulated both Houses on the suppression of tho late rebel- lion, on tho defeat of P.ompart's squadron, and the recent French victories of Lord Nelson ; then came, amid profound expectation, this concluding sentence :—" The unremitting industry," said the viceroy, " with which our enemies persevere in their avowed de- sign of endeavoring to effect a separation of this kingdom from Great Britain, must have engaged your attention, and his majesty commands me to express his anxious hope that tliis consideration, joined to the sentiment of mutual affection and common interest. POPaLAU ,.,8T0RV OF iriKLAKD. 733 may dlspoflo the parlianifnts in botJ, fcin. i . possible, into ono firn, a,,,! Ir'A "^ '^""^"J'Jatin-, as far „« the address, reiichoi.,,,. fi.: ' "-'"P^^e. ()„ the paragraph of largo "...joru; : fi;:"^;"r*' ^^'-'^ -«B carrL'bv which laie, till o„:otwt'of Totu "■'"', " ''' """'"''- Ponsonby, Parson,, Fitzgerald iar-in , " ' '"" ^P"'^^ "ell and Busho; i. its lvor\ ?'^' ""''"' ^ '-'°' ^•^'"'- f^"^cor.^.F;.,iJ::i^:::^:^"::^ - ^v ^"^^"*°^ littlo known. The galleries an, "iiT' "" °''''"" '"''"^bers Jy.tho first people'; ee,"; f ll^ ! ^^ ---'^d all night d'vision was being taken the !«/ f °'"'' ""^ ^^'""^ the festod, within doo; anl J 17 ^f r^' T"'*''^ "'^^ -«"'■ their report to the speaL^ tlf 'T'' ""^ ^'^''^''^ ""»^e it^vas annonneed thai th'^u^'^^^^^^^^^^ and fop the amendment 100 " so t},« « , ^^^ '''^'''"''^s 'OB, elating the empire" was' J lyoZZ^il '"^" ■7^'^"^'^«- address tainted with the associatiol If H '•«'"«>"der of the was barely earried by 107 to'o m p° '^^""^'"^ Paragraph, to follow his vietor/byl 3oemn ^.T^^ """^ "'^^'^^^^^ never again to entertain^he ^eT ^k ^' "^'"^ '^^ ""'J'»-% objocted and the ^oTo^ w'a^ ^1 J' ''^"""' '"'''"'^-^ Bome eonsolation in this withlZ I'tS' /'° "'"'^^'^ ^-"-i " a retreat after a victory » but tT I . v ^^ ^^aracterized as place much stress on the minolet etf", k"/* '"^''' """^^^ *° but the broad, general fact that tl fi / '' "°"^^' W^^'-^d been rejected, 'it was aC^f fl^ "^'i'"^"" ^"^ « ^nion had leading anti- Unionists w re'^esc ^d Tn T' V " ''"'"" '^ *^« whiletheUnionistswereproteoTJK . *""™Pl' *« their homes, tho popular indignati n A n St M -T^ ""'^'^'"^ '^^'^'''^ ^'^r^ the patrols were doubled as a w r " ^' "^"^ iU«minated, and Mr.Ponsonby.sanJ:d:::tS^^^^^^^^^^ was in these words •_'• That tTnU ^ ^°"'® °^ Commons. !"to any measure short of sueit"" T^ ^' ''"'' '' ^"^- -dependent legislature al Trb'tT. "'^rir' -''l-* -<1 6i3 Xiiis was tho 734 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. ultimatum jf the great party which rdlied in January, 1799, t< the defence of the established constitution of their cour.try. The arguments with which they sustained their position were few, bold, and intelligible to every capacity. There was the argument from Ireland's geographical situation, and the policy incident to it ; the historical argument ; the argument for a resident gentry occupied and retained in the country by their public duties; the commercial argument ; the revcbue argument ; but above all, the argument of the incompetency of Parliament to put an end to its own existence. " rouraelves," exclaimed the eloquent Plunkett, " you may extinguish, but Pariiament you cannot extinguish. It is'enthroned in ihe hearts of the people— it is enslirined in the sanctuary of the constitution— it is as immortal as the island that protects it. As well might the frantic suicide imagine that the act which destroys his miserable body should also extinguish his eternal soul. Again, therefcie, I warn you. Do not dare to lay your hands on the Constitution— it is above your powers ! " These arguments were combatted on the grounds that the isl- ands were already united under one crown— that that species of union was uncertain and precarious — that the Irish Parliament was never in reality a national legislature ; that it existed only as an instrument of class legislation ; that the Union would bene- fit Ireland materially as it had benefited Scotland; that she would come in for a full share of imperial honors, cxpenditr.re sad trade ; that such a Union would discourage all future hostile attempts by France or any other foreign power against the con- nection, and other similar arguments. But the division which followed the first introduction of tlie subject showed clearly to the Unionists that they could r t hope to succeed with the House of Commons as then constituted ; that more time and more prepa- ration were necessary. Ai ordingly. Lord Castlereagh was autho- rized in March, to state formally in his place, that it was not il.e intention of the government to bring up the question again dur- ing that session ; an announcement which was hailed with a new outburst ■■ rejoicing in the city. But those who imagined the measure was abandoned were Badly deceived. Steps were immediately taken by the Castle to ;ipv,i««e : House of its maioritv- and to sunnlv their places be- POPULAR HISTORY OF XBKLAj,j,, . ^35 fore another session with fortv nr fift be entirely at t],e beck of the chLf ^ "''" """^''''^' ^^° ^°"W tl>irty4wone,veou„tyjud! 1, '/''" ^^^^"^ ^^^ view, of additional inspecto^rsiinfa'reor-'''''^'' '^ ^™* ""'"l^^ at the Minister's disposal tlirn"r"''^^'^'-'^''^«°Pl''«ed themselves or for thefr wtes w thro"" ^ '''' ^'''^'^'^ f- and nineteen others were IT ntedT""'" '' *^'^''' «'"Wren. The "Escheatorship of Munster " f Tt"' '"^•■''"^'' ^'^''^s office-was aecepted by tlse "hoT '", '''"'"" ^^""^''^'^^ position, for s„eh con.^d at lis b^ff *° ^f^'^^-- f-n, op- reverse their votes B^fT '''''* """^'^ "ot be got to Of -eret service'^ley'i frs Z7 1^ "^^^ ^^^>^^^ '^ajorityof-not lesstlL fifty" Zd), '''•■• '''"'^ ^"P'^'^'^d The other events of the stir t";;:"' '"""^" "'« ^'-• themselves, are of little importa",! n ?°^ "^teresting i„ bates. In tl,e English PaT ! *=°™Pared to the union de- - the Irish, a para^aph Lr, ' ^f' ! "^* °" "^ -- ^ly Cornwalii- in introduefnV e j;t ^ ^>' ^ord >« the ki ,g.s speech. To lis?"! f ° ^""''' ^^ -«-ted dress, an amendment ..asZ.TT"^''''^''''^ ^» *»>« ad- Brinsley Sheridan, and ::itrih\":i "'^'""'''' ""'''-' fenor to his own. by his former ^"ll,''"^"^^' """'^ "^■ Canning. Canning, like Slu-rid^l f , """"tO-man, George Irish literateurs and actors he h^ .'^""^ ^™™ «* ""« of of his illustrious friend, w/hlLjn, "'-''^ "'* ^'^^ ^--» senumont of personal pride T„ v f '''''^""'' ""^ a higher great oratorical talents he 'ha^ Jvf '"^ ^ ^'^'' distinguished by Mr. Pitt, while ShorSn eml f r";?^'"""''^^'^ ^"'"B^'f tl ranks of the Whig or Hbera Tarlt T''T *° '''^ '"^*' ^° the tors both had. at bottom vtri^ ''" '''"'' ''^ «'^''' «"ce.s- looked down o„ her no 'itl,?f ,' ^'°°'' ^''''^^^ '^ but Canning Sheridan felt for itlC'ZlZr '"'^"^ ^^ ^"'^-e. whSf an expatriated son. Wc an I'lr IT' '''''' "" '^'^^^^^'^ of tan, years afterwards, wiien LI ,r:.'" ^^"'•^"^«"* ^o Graf [0 the Union, he .aid, he L , "j^*" f T'^^""' "^P°«'«°" ^^nees," to preserve the Cortitutio I/f 1 " '^°"' ^^ '"« course he had with him !/ ^'''''"'^- ^^ taled by Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Lawrence, and some twenty othera. were put a.id carried. Tho following are the resolutions : 1st. " In order to j..i"^motc and secure the essential interests of Great Britain and Ireland, and to consolidate tho strength, power, and resources of the British empire, it will be advisable to con- cur in such measures as may tend Co unite the two kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland into one kingdom, in such manner, and on such terms and conditions as may ha established by acts of the respective parliaments of his majesty's said kingdoms. 2d. " It would be fit to propose as the first article, M serve as a basis of tlie said union, that the said kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland shall, on a day to bo agreed upon, bo united into cue kingdom, by the name of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. 3d. " For the same purpose it would bo fit to propose, that the succession to the monarchy and the imperial crown of the said united kingdom, shall continue limited and settled, in the same manner na the imperial crown of tho said Great Britain and Ire- land now stands limited and settled, according to tho existing law, and to the terms of the union between England and Scotland. 4th. " For the same purpose it would bo fit to propose that tho said ivuited kir u'dom be represented in one and the same parlia- ment, to be .si^. .d the parliament of tho United Kingdom of great Britain and Ireland ; and that such a number of lords, spiritual and temporal, and such a number ot members of the house of commons, as shall be hereafter agreed upon by the acts of the respective parliamonts us aforesaid, shall sit and vote in the said parliament on the part of Ireland, and shall be summoned, chosen, and returned, in such manner as shall bo fixed by an act of the ■ parliament of Ireland previous to the said union ; and that every POPCLAU insvoHY Oi IKELAND. 737 declarations as arc re S W W to t ; 1°' "'*'" ^'^'^ ^-^^^ •^'-de by tho members of tt.r,ar,L .' T°' '"^ ^"''«'^' '^''d Ireland. ^^' parliaments of Great Uritain and th"lZ:;„*J"En7atf„?;;:ef T"''.'^ ^' topropo.e.that discipline, and .ovet:^e„tl ^ofli*'^ '"'™*^' ^°^^'^'^-' law established. ' ^^ ''^ Preserved as now by 6th. "For the same purpose it would b« «f f n^ajestys subiects in Ireland shll afl r u ^"'^°''' *^'"* ^''^ same privileges, and be on tt 1 ' '' ^' '°"*^'^*^ *« the and navigation In all ports an^.irVT""^ '" ^«^P°*=* "^ ^''-de and in all cases wi.h resnecrto S Lh \ T^ '° '^'•'="* ^"^'*'^- ^ -jesty, his heirs, ofsl^ir^ ^ ^ f "" '^ ""^^^ ^^ his majesty's subjects in Great Britl « T^ T^'' P"^^''' «« posed on the import or Spo t blw ' - "" ^'^ """ ^' '"* - ;-d. of any artieles nowcC ^^ "/Z' ^""^^ '''' ''- there ahall beestabli^hed.for atil to b«T- f /' "'^''' «''t'°l«« -te of equal duties as shill prv'ous tol: ' "'' ^ °'^^''*« upon and apDrovPd h,r fi i"^^-°U3 to the union, Lo agr'-ed ^e expiratiroTaue;; ti?S:\rrT"^ ^'^^^^^^^ with respect to both iingdoms but?; ° ^'"""^''^'' ^^"'^"y that all articles, which may at anl tlf^ ,"''' .*" ^' '"^^^««'''^ = into Great Britain from forey„p„;CsZlb" '" '"P°'*^^ either kingdom into thn nH , ^ ''^ importable throu^u lations. as if thorme 1 • '' '""' *° '^^ "''^ ''""es r.nd reiu that Where anyVrJ^CrS:^^^^^^^^^^^^^ either kingdom, are subfeof f? ■' ^ '' °'' ""^nufoeture of such counter-va W S'r "" '."'''"""^ ^^^'^ '" °"° ^^^ngdom to be fixed aslltTZtrr^ '''"^^ ""^ ^"«- «- i™por to prevent any inrouaS^^^^^^^ ""^"^'^'^ ''^ «''«» he necessary trade and coLer^ fh ^ t^^^^^^^^^ others as may before he uninnT ^^'''Sou^g. md than such due -ourag'ement Of he ;hc^,^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^P- ^- the respective kingdoms shall rTm " u '"«n"f««tures of the time by the ,„.L. i!,:!"/""""'" ^« ^^ "-^gnlated from time to 62* ^38 POPULAR HISTORY OP IRELAND. 7th " For the like purpose it would be fit to propose, that the charge arising from the payment of the interests or sinking fund for the reducf m of the principal of the debt incurred m eithef kiniugUj!>5 y ' ' - POPULAR HISTORY OP IRELAND. 739 the enjoy::/!; ,:/b3S:/"r" ''^'^ '^-^'^^'"^ -^^^^ ^ Th,-= 1 .. °'cs8 figs of a free con8titution own views with all the ^Pnl7 . ? P"''''"» ^'"'^^"'•'l its one sic'e they were aborini f T™"' °' "'^" ^^^''^ ^«^' ^hat on e-pire.. Tw7i„cde'r f^t^:^'r"^^^^^^ the other for the patriot ranks, the dl h at In "f T' ""''^'^ '''' ^° '^^ Charlen^ont, the best tlr of hT" . '^r f *'" ^'^""'^^^^ Jmown, and the return tTtL I- / °'^'' ^'^^^''•' ''^^ ever Charlemonfs early fi^"/' f""^ ""^ '"'^ *^ P"^"" ^^^-^ <>' I'Ord spent above atariiw T-f ' '''"'^ ^^'^'^''°- ^e had Wight. His health alUr!' ' "f ^ ^" ^^"'''^ ^"^^ the Isle of W and desprdent t^^ 'f been wretched; his spirits entertainedfSsirH ri'l'*^'" ^"" '' ^"'"^ ""^ts or to hoar threxci b. net f ^^l ''^''^'''"^ *° ^^'^^ °^ -"to. by that adn^iraX ri :;:l^^^^^^^^^^ -^ cheered passed the crisis bnt »,« 7 ,™^''^°"'=« bad given him, ho greatly enfeeWd in J. ? '" ^'^"'^^ ^"^ ""^"^^ «ir, Sarge'of tS 1 :ffLt«or^^^ "^ --^- '^^- Grattan by the Uniontts !- " t "g^^^^^^ '1" '^^^^'^^ '^^''^«* Bonal habits, was sin^plic tyUs f It ta"! ' " 'V'" P"" of serious contradiction. "^'"'S^ »''l.iy of Waterford, mid Dr. Dixon of Down and Connor, had the couras^e t ) side with their country rv.ainst their order, Ir the Commrn-? th< • c- was ua infu- sion of some 50 new borough members, many oV thetti general ofiicer.', wch as Needham, and Packenham, all of Ihcn, r.oniinees of ii!i i't>ntle, ericept Mr. Saurin returned for Bi-.'.-isingion, and Mr. ', -.ittaii/at the last -j.oment, for Wicklow. The great con- Etitutionai bf o ,' of the l^ar had, at a general meeting, the previous Deceini-<-. .VcW. cd against the measure by 162 to 33. Another iv;v.Yeriu! bxV', the baakers, had petitioned against it, in vhe inter- en!-, of the public credit. The Catholic bishops in thrir annual meeting l,ad taken up a position of neutrality as a l.Mly, but under the artful management of Lord Castlereagh, the Archbishops of Dublin and Tuam, with the Bishop of Cork, and sonu; others, were actively employed in counteracting anti-Union movements among the people. ^Although the vast majority of that po.ople had too much reason to be disgusted and discontented wi! >i the le<-islation of the previous three years, above "700,000 of them petitioned against the measure, while all the signatures Nvhich could be obtained in its favor, by the use of every means at the command of the Castle, did not much exceed "7,000. The Houses were opened on the IBth of January. Tlie vice- roy not going down, his message was read in the Lords, by the Chancellor, and in the Commons, by the Cliief Secretary. It did not directly refer to the basis laid down in England, nor to the subject matter itself; but the leaders of the Castle party in both houses, took care to supply the deficiency. In the Lords, proxies included, Lord Clare had "75 to 26, for his Union address; in the Commons, Lord Castlereagh congratulated the country on tlie improvement which had taken plaoe in public opinion, since the former session. Ho briefly sketched his plan of Union, which, while embracing the main propositions of Mr. Pitt, secured tlie Church establishment, bid high for the commercial interests, ■linted darkly of emancipation to the Catholics, and gave the p etors of boroughs to understand that their interest in those > 'oat coustitucncii ^ ould be capitalized, and a good rount" ■ • ga-en POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. ^41 ^2 and the debate proceeded on this motion. Ponsonby replied Castlere,^h; Phmkett and Bnshe were answered bv the Z jn^. St GeergeDalyandLnkeFox; Toler«^^^^^^ ^ and Dr Du.genan h.s fanaticism. Through the lon»- hom-s of U>e winter's n ght t:.e eloquent war was .porously ma tned ^.In "" '""'' ' d-ting„ished actor !n the str lie TsJ Jonah Barnngton.) has thus described it : " Every mind "he it '' was at its stretch, every talent was in its vigfrT "t lat a mo nientous tnal ; and never was so genera] and so deep a s LatTon' felt m any country. Nun.erous British noblemen and eommonl ° were present at that and the succeeding debate, and they expr'sed opmions of Irish eloquence which they had never before o„ man on that mght seemed to be inspired by the eubiect Sn. Ji herdS%"",' 't""' ""' ^"^'^^' - ^oth 2s ne r: :: heard in the Insh Senate ; it was a vital subject. The subHme «.e eloquent the figurative orator, the plain the connect Z metaphysical reasoner, the classical, the learned and th! li declaimer.ina succession of speeches so ^ of' Irgy ^t^ tlmsmsm, so interesting in their nature, so important! fhoirV sequence, created a variety of sensations even t tt b om fa" stranger, and could scarcely fail of exciting some syLp Z w th a .ation whicli was doomed to ciose for ever that S of do quenee which had so long given character and celebX to Irish At the early dawn, a special messenger from WicMow iust arnvedm town, roused Henry Grattan from his bed II"' C b en elected the previous night for the borough of Wickl w which cost him £2,400 sterling), and this was the bearer of iTe returning officer's certificate. His friends, weak and feeb e s -e was, wished him to go down to the House, and his hero c wifb s eon ed t eir appeals. It was seven o'clock in the mo^ni:; f he 16 h when he reached College Green, the scene of his first Si: -T*"^'"''^ '/°^*'- *^-%-. one of the stall anti-Uniomsts, was at the moment, on Bome i-umor. probably, ctf 742 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. his approach, apostrophising warmly tlie father of the Constitu- tion of '82, when tliat striking apparition appeared at the bar, "Worn and emaciated beyond dosiription, ho appeared leaning on two of his fi lends, Arthur Moore and W. B. Pijnsonby. He wore his volunteer uniform, blue with red facings, and advanced to the table, where he removed his cocked hat, bowed to the speaker, and took the oaths. After Mr. Egan had concluded, he begged permission from his seat beside Plunkc-t, to address the House sitting, which was granted, and then in a discourse of two hours duration, full of his ancient fii'e and vigor, he asserted once again, by the divine right of Intellect, his title to be considered the first Commoner of Ireland. Gifted men were not rare in that assembly ; but the inspiration of the heart, the uncontrollable utterance of a supreme spirit, not less than the extraordinary faculty of con- densation, in which, perhaps, h e has never had a superior in our language, gave the G rattan of 1800 the same preeminence among his cotemporaries, that wa? conceded to the Grattaa of 1782. After eighteen hours discussion the division was taken, when the result of the long recess was clearly seen ; for the amendment there appeared 96, for the address 138 members. The Union major- ity, therefore, was 42. It was apparent from that moment that the representation of the people in Parliament had been effectu- ally corrupted ; that that assembly was no longer the safeguard of the liberties of the people. Other ministerial majorities cc • firmed this impression. A measure to enable 10,000 of the Irish militia to enter the regular army, and to substituto English militia in their stead, followed ; an inquiry into outrages committed by the sheriff and military in King's county, was voted down ; a similar motion somewhat later, in relation to officials in Tipper- ary met the same fate. On the 6th of February, a formal mes- sage proposing a basis of Union was received from his Excellency, and debated for twenty consecutive hours — from 4 o'clock of one day, till 12 of the next. Grattan, Plunkett, Parnell, Ponsonby, Saurin, were, as always, eloquent and able, but again the division told for the minister, 160 to 117 — majority 43. On the 17th of February, the House went into committee on the ^jroposed articles of Union, and the Speaker (John Foster) being now on the floor, addressed the liouse with great ability in review of Mr. Pitt's POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. ^43 Throughout the months of Februflrvftn,! Af.>„i -.u adjournment, the Constitutio:' batr'as^^^^^^^^^^ permitted by the forma of tl,A ™^ '^'*' *°"SM, on every point There, a,er,w.,lM,iifflc„lfvtr,jLihl " ^"?'""'- Upper Home, Lord, Derby, HolLTZdV T"~ '° ""' in the I„„er, She,ld„, tLIv "'' "IS '' "''''""^ " ' » . divisloe, 30 vote, ■«..»> pJrjieot^r.wTSrv passage of the measure was effected That It " ?' ^""^ "At ]eni:th the expectec' moment arrived: the order of the day for the third reading ho biU for a ' legisIativnLn £ 744 POPULAR HISTORY OP IRELAND. tween Groat 'Rritain and Ireland,' waa moved by Lord Castle- reagh. Unvuriod, tamo, cold-blooded, the words seomed frozen 88 they issued from his lips; and .V ,. _ ..: citizfin of the ■world, he seemed to have no eensucion on the subject. "At that moment ho had no country, no God, but liis ambl- tioa. lie made his motion, and resumed his seat, with the utmost composure and indifference. •' Confused murmurs again ran through the liouse. It was visi- bly affected. Every character, in a moment, seemed involun- tarily rushing to its index — some pale, some flushed, some agi- tated — there were few cotintenances to which the heart did not despatch some messenger. Several members withdrew before the question could be repeated, and an awful, momentary silence Bucceed..' ! their departure. The speaker rose slowly from that chair which had been the proud sou '^e of his honors and of hia high character. For a momc it he resumed his seat, but the strength of hi 'uind sustained lam in his duty, though his strug- gle was apparent. With that dignity whicli never failed to sig- nalize hio official actions, he hel ' up the bill for a moment in silence. He looked steadUy around him on the last agony of the expiring parliament, lie at length repeated, in an emphatic tone, 'As many as are of opinion that this bill do pass, say ay.' The affirmative was languid, bui indisputable. Another momen- tary pause ensued. Again iiis lips seemed to de< line their office. At length, with an eye averted from le object he Imted, he pro- claimed, with . bdued >■ ice, ' T/( yeb have il.' The fatal sen- tence was now p.c.iounced. For an instant he stood statue-like; then indignantly, and with disgust, flung the bill upon the table, and sank into his cH.'r 'vith an exhausted spirit. An independent coimtry was thus logruded into a pro* iice. Ireland, as a nation, was extinguished." * • The final division in the Commons w 1 53 to 8f, nearly 60 members absenting themselves, ".nd in ae Lords, 76 to 11. In England all the stages were i August, the anniversary of th" wr.3 given to the t.vofold legis) . of Great Britain and Ireland, o p.d in July, find on the 2d of Js "ossion, the royal ; .^sent n, w. h declared the kingdoms and inseparable! By the provisions of this statute, compact, or treaty, the bot* VOPVLAH niSTOHY OF IRELAND. 745 one hundred; ^^om J.^n, t^^Ci; ^f""' '° "" ""'"''^^ "^ were to be elected for life '!, 7 ^ ^'^'■'^'■''''■"*''^'^«r''«'-3 -'I five); the ehurehes of E lf;l^;;T? '° "'"' '""'"'^^ the ki,.gdom.., and declareflfn ■ '^^ ''''' '""'^'^ 'iko The debt of I eland ; ' :, ?! Z '" '^^^^ "-' ^--Pline. tionate share of gener Ita.! '" ' \" ''''''""^'' ^''''-° P'-Por- of that of the u!Z^^r The o" T"™"^^'" "^ ^'-^^"- Council, adthaV orZuv "■ ^^ ^"'"''^ "^ I-''^^-- the Privy ta.i..ndtheshado;s:rd':s;:ira;r Cons:;'\ri:l/:r'.^««^-.'-» --^-e with thls^reat London xJl S i^XcX"' f ^rT' ^'"^^ '"" "^ - the royal title, w! .vas etOoH , f' ^''' '''"^^ ^'''"^ "enceforth of the Woi 2., " l^i? "'^^^ *" '''^"^^^^ -ay be nece ;?; t vt i„?T'^ "''"^''"^'y -'^'-^^d- I* J'ostility of the Irish peon, ' H ' '"''°""' '^'" ^''-^ ''"""'^"^^ joars- experience fifsS^l! " "'"""; "" ' "°"° ^''^ "^^^ Of all who voted for the In o TT'"^"*'^ *'^°™ ^'"-^ '^"•^Ay- only si. or sevent. WnV"> '' 'T'''' '* ""« ^'^^ ^^'^^ ^-t borough pr:;rietorr rj\ ;:;^- r Trr-'-'''^- '•eceired as ,.ueh as €45.000 .terfin. ' .J ""^ ^''^^ ^'>"'^-". ^o.e,is not4:r£7:;r:t?; '; r -■- purchased twice over is now Zi:!, '"l*;?" "^ '"^'^ «.l •■irysiori., 740 t I'ULAR HISTORY OF IRKtAND. an active partizan of the measure, writing in February, 1800, tc his friend the Ma.-quia of Buckingliam, franlily says: "The ma- jority, whicli has been bought at un enormous price, must bo bouglit over again, perhaps more than once, before all the de- tails can bo gone through." His lordship himself, and the order to which he belonged, ond those who aspired to enter it, were, it must be added, among the most Insatiable of these purchased supporters. Tlie Dublin OazetU for July, 1800, announced not less than sixteen new peeroges, and the same publication for the last week of the year, qontained a fresh list of twenty-six others. Forty-two cr^ationB in six months was a stretch of prerogative far beyond tlio most arbitrary of the Stuarts or Tudors, and forms one, not of the least unanswerable evidences, of the utterly corrupt coniiderationa which socvred the support of the Irish majority in both houses. It was impossible that a people like the Irish, disinterested and unselfish (,o a fault, should ever come to respect a compact brought fibout by such means and influences as these. Had, however, the Union, vile as were the means by which it was accomplished, proved to the real benefit of the country— had equal civil and religious rights been freely and at once extended to the people of the lesser kingdom— there is no reason to doubt that the measure would have become popular in time, nnd the vices of the old system be better remembered than its benefits, real oi' imaginary. But the Union was never utilized for Ireland ; it proved in reality what Samuel Johnson had predicted, when spoken of in his day: " Do not unite with us, sir," said the gruff old moralist to an Irish acquaintance; "it would be the union of the shark with his prey ; we should upite with you only to des- troy you." in glancing backward over the long political connexion of Ire- land and England we mark four great epochs. The Anglo-Normon invasion in 1169; the statute of Kilkenny decreeing etevnnl separation between the races, "the English pale" and •' the Irish enemy," 1367; the Union of the Crowns, in 1541, and the Legis- lative' Union, in 1801. One more cardinol event remains to be , recorded, the Emancipation of the Catholics, in 1829. POPULAR HISTOHV OF IRKLAND. 747 BOOK XII. 'ROM THK UNION OF ORKAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND TO TDK EMANCIPATION OF THK CATHOLICS. CHAPTEK I. AFX.U XH. UMOX.-OKATU 0. .Oap C^-aoBKHT BMM«TT's K3IEUTB, usIrsJelch ?^ ""' ^'''' compendium of Irish history oblige, all of ho I'T ^T 'f ""' ^'^^ I'"""-^ and rellgi remaps to show how their rell,i libertl^irretaH;!' TJio first striking effect of the Union was to introduce Catholio Emancjpa ion into the category of imperial diffieuirs and to ass-gu xt the very first place on the list^ By a sir^u ar retribu 12 : T "fr«^™«- -'h its 200 of a^Iouse^of Lmmo:; rnajorxty, its absolute control of the Lords, and its sevi"! years' prescription in its favor, fell upon this very q„ LTon afteJ they had used it to carry the Union, within a LTcT'oflZ consummafon of that Union. The cause of this cr7sL was tL nvxncble obstinacy of the king, who had taken into h s ^id a a i nTa^h i'°'*^??!^-"--'« --» f^om Ireland, that hi coro- th.^xLordKe„yo .dLordStoweK^^^^^^^ of a Tliff.rLnf ^? ''"^'^ '°^ ^"'^ ^^'^"'^ ^«^^" unfortunately of a different opinion. With Geoi^e III., the idea became a 748 POPULAR HISTORY OF IBKLANT). monomaniac certainty, and there is no reason to doubt that he would have preferred abdication to its abandonment. The king was not for several months awaro how far his j/rime minister had gone on the Catholic question in Ireland. But thoe? who were weary of Pitt's nscendaney, were, of course, iiiteiested in giving )»im this important information. The minister himself, wrapped in his austere self-reliance, did not volunteer explana- tions pven to his sovereign, and tlie king broke silence very un- expectedly a few days after the first meeting of the Imperial Tar- liar lent (January 22d, 1801). Stepping up to Mr. Dundas at the , levee, he began in his usual manner, " What's this? what's this? this, that this young Lord (Cast lereagh) has brought over from Ireland to throw at my head? The most Jacobinical thing I ever heard of 1 Any man who proposes such a thing is my per- sonal enemy." Mr. Dundas replied respectfully but firmly, and immediately communicated the conversation to Mr. Pitt.' ' Tlie king's remarks had been overheard by the bystanders, so that either the minister or the sovereign had now to give way. Pitt, at ental in carrying it, were disappointed and dis 1 ent wxth the,r new situation in the empire. Of these, the Zt conspicuous and the least to bo pitied, was Loni CIa;e. Z haugh y, aomineering spirit, accustomed to dictate with nlmos absolute power to the privy counciUors and peerage of IreC expe..nccd nothing but mortification in the LpeHal Hc^t of Lords. The part he hoped to play on that wider stage he found and the astute Loughborough, law lords as absolute as h J who soon made him conscious that, though a main agent te Duke of Bedford reminded him that "the Union had not trans ferred h,s dictatorial powers to the Imperial Parliament," otC noble lords were hardly less severe. Titt was cold, and Gr n ville ceremomous; and in the arrangements of the AddinXn nm.s tr, he was not even consulted. He returned to Ireland be ' ore the firs, year of the Union closed, in a state of mi^d and ter per which preyed upon his health. Before the second ^ess on of the Imperial Parliament assembled, he had been borne tT he t- -e amid the revilings and hootings of the multitude. Dublin C'lfl^ >*«/°"ent disposition, which led the townsfolk of the tyemh ...ntury to bury the ancestor of Dermid McMurrogh w th Ciiancellor with every description of garba.re On the other hand Lord Castlereagh, lounger, suppler and niore accommodating to English prejudices roso^rom on Cabi let oft.ce to another until at length, in fifteen years from the Un ^ he d,rected the de*inies of the Empire, as absolutely, as he had nent. The sons ot the spendthrift amateur. Lord Mcrnington were reserved to rule India, and lead the armies of Europe S the son o Flood's colleague in the Reform convention o7msZ destined to ^i.e law to Christendom, at the Congress of Vienna. :; 11 750 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. A career very different in all respects from those just mention- ed, closed in the second year of Dublin's widowhood as a metro- polis. It was the career of a young man of four-and-twenty, who snatched at immortal fame and obtained it, in the very agony of a public, but not for him, a shameful death. This was Bobert, youngest brother of Thomas Addis Emmett, whose emeute of 1803 would long since have sunk to the level of other city riots, but for the matchless dying speech of which it was the prelude and the occasion. This young gentleman was in his 20th year when expelled with nineteen others from Trinity College, in 1198, by order of the visitors, Lord Glare and Dr. Duigenan. His repu- tation as a scliolar and debater was already established within the college walls, and the highest expectations were naturally entertained of him bj' his friends. One of his early college com- panions — Thomas Moore — who lived to know all the leading men of his age, declares that of all ho had ever known, ho would place among " the highest of the few " who combined in " the greatest degree pure moral worth with intellectual power " — Kobert Em- mett. After the expatriation of liis brother, young Emmett visited him at Fort George, and proceeded from thence to the Continent. During the year the Union was consumc:ated he visited Spain, and travelled through Holland, France, and Switzerland till tho peace of Amiens. Subsequently he joined his brother's family in Paris, and was taken icto tlie.fuU confidence of the exiles, then in direct communication with Buonaparte and Talleyrand. It was not concealed from the Irish by cither the First Consul, or his minister, that tho peace with England was likely to Imve a speedy termination ; and accordingly, they were not unprepared for the new declaration of war between the two countries, which was officially made at London and Paris, in May, 1803 — little more than twelve months after tho proclamation of tho peace of Amiens. • It was in expectation of this rupture, and a consequent inva- sion of Ireland, that Robert Emmett returned to Dublin, in Octo- ber, 1802, to endeavor to reestablish in some degree the old organization of tho United Irishmen. In the same expectat ion, MacNevin, Corlet, and others of the Irish in France, formed them- selves, by permission of tho First Consul, into a legion, under POyPLAR HI8T0UY OF IRELAND. 761 command of Tone's trusty aid-de-camp, McSheehey ; while Thomas Addis Emmett and Arthur O'Connor remained at Paris the plT" potenuaries of their countrymen. On the rupture with Enf. " ...uonaparto took up the Irish negotiation with much earnestner. heevensuggested to the exiles the colors and the motto S; to be A :^* ^--^''Pf'"^" Irlandaise. The legend at large was to be Lindepend,r^e de Vlrland^.-Uhcrte de Co,mience ■ a motto ^vhlch certainly told the whole story. The tZLST suggested the formation of an Irish Com It e't PaH "ndt preparation of statements of Irish grievances for the i/'Ll, and the semi-official papers. ^uonuew, Robert Emmett seems to"have been confideuJy of opinion soon after his return to Dublin, that nineteen out of the hi"y two counties would rise; and, perhaps, if a sufficient French for etd o" U irr ° "^ '"^•' ^^-^i^^^m.^ by the fact S ^a lot think however, John Keogh, Valentine Lawless (Lord Clon curry) and other close observers of the state of the coin , Z Emmett was enthusiastic, and he inspired his own spirit into Sr sf' W .r'^'"' '"^ '^-^^^---'^^ "f the recentlath of 1 s ft tr st„ek to the amount of £1,600 converted into cash nnd ^T'^^.'^'^T'"''''''''''' ^"« preliminary ^epar^ „!?M H ^^»«f f "fidants and assistants were Thomas RusseU and Mathew Dowdall, formerly prisoners at Fort George but nTw \W f ! ^'"''^' ^ P""'""''* ^'•°t«"« i" disguise; Gray a Wexford attorney; Colonel Lumm of Kildare, an old frie J'of fo^an E? U-n'^""'"= ""'■ ^""^' ^''^^^ -option da.^ on, an Enmskillen barrister, married to Russeirsni.ee. Janes In « e motw m' 1"° '" "'""^'^'"'^'^ '" "« ™°"»t--- Fr L ITl , . ''''' ^*^'^" "" '^"-^^^^l "f '»-«l!ties with France was decided on in England, the preparations of the con «^ rators were pushed forward with redoubled .nergy ^1.0^11 vious w.ntor, tlie seep«t and the fato of which was we!! uJL to i 152 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. the Dublin lenders— Dowdall being Despard's agent— did not in the least intimidate Emmett or his friends. Despard suffered death in February, with nine of his followers, but his Irish con- federates only went on with their arrangements with a more reckless resolution. Their plan was the plan of O'Mooro and McGuire, to surprise the Castlo, seize the authorities and secure the capital; but the Dublin of 1803 was in many respects very different from the Dublin of 1641. The discontent, however, arising from the recent loss of the Parliament might have turned the city Bcale in Emmett's favor, had his first stroke been successful. The emissaries at work in tlie Leinster and Ulster counties gave besides sanguine reports of success, so that, judging by the information in his possession, an older and cooler head than Robert Emmett's might well have been misled into the expectation of nineteen counties rising if the signal could only bo given from Dublin Castle. If the blow could be withheld till August, there was every reason to expect a French invasion of England, which ■would drain away all the regular army, and leave the people merely the militia and the volunteers to contend against. But all the Dublin arrangements exploded in the melancholy e7ncute of the 23d of July, 1803, in which the chief-justice. Lord Kilwar- den, passing through die disturbed quarter of the city at the time, was cruelly murdered ; for which, and for his cause, Emmett suffered death on the same spot on the 20th of September follow- ing. For the same cause, the equally pure-minded and ciiivnlrous Thomas Russell was executed at Downpalrick ; Kearney, Roche, Redmond and Ilowley alsf suffered death at Dublin; Allen, Putnam, McCabe and Dowdall escaped to Franco, where the for- nier became an officer of rank in the army of Napoleon ; Michael Dwyer, who had surrendered on londition of being allowed to emigrate to North America, died in exile in Australia, in 1825. Others of Emmett's known or suspected friends, after undergoing two, three, and even four ye»rH' imprisonment, were finally dis- charged without trial. Mr. Long, his generous banker, and James Hope, his faithful .'inissary, were both permitted to end their days in Ireland. The trial of Robert Emmett, from the wonderful death speech delivered at it, is perfectly well known. But in justice to a nian POPULAR HISTORY OF IRKLAND. 753 to c Uver 1!! , '' "°'''' '''^"''^••^'^' ""^^ ''"^ "° justification that speech Pluntff ! " ""'' '°'°"'"=* ^^■'«^°"« «f hnf fn ^^"^J^c". "3 attorney-general. in 1803, had no option or p.r.;,»i. o, lilt ;;r"r» 't T',r' "'"•""'■ ready to seal their patriotism with their blood -Sir \hl Doherty and Hugh Roe O'Donnea ^'"""l-Sir Cahir I6i POPULAR HISTORT OF IRKLAND. m-t*A CHAPTER II. ADMINISTRATION OF LORD HAKDWICKE (1801 TO 1806). AKD OF THK DUKE OF BEDFORD (1806 TO 1808). During tho five years in which Lord Hardwiclco ■waB\iceroy of Ireland, the habeas corpus remained suspended, and the In'iur- rection Act continued m force. These were the years in which the power of Napoleon made the most astonishing-; strides; the years in which ho remodeled the German Empire, placed on hia own head the iron crown of Lombardy, on his sister's that of Etruria, and on his brother's that of Holland ; when tlie Conaulato gave place to the Empire, and Dukedoms and Principalities were freely distributed among the marshals of the Grand Army. Dur- ing all these years. Napoleon harassed England with menaces of invasion, and excited Ireland with corresponding hopes of inter- vention. The more far-soeing United Irishmen, however, had so little faith in these demonstraiions that Emmctt and MacNevin emigrated to the United States, leaving behind them in the ranks of the French army, those of their compatriots who, either from habit or preference, had beconi.3 attached to a military life. It must however bo borne in mind, for it is essential to tho under- standing of England's policy towards Ireland, in the first twelve or fourteen years after the Union, that the wild hope of d French invasion never forsook the hearte of a large portion of the Irish people, so long as Napoleon Buonaparte condnued at the head of the government of France. During tho whole of that period the British government were kept in constant apprehension for lie- land; under this feeling they kept up and increased the local militi.'i; strengthened garrisons, and replenished magazines; constructed a chain of MarteUo towers round the entire coast, and maintained in full rigor the Insurrection Act. They refused, indeed, to the Munster magistrates in iS03, and subsequently, tho power of summary convictions wluch they possessed in '98 ; but they sent special Commissions of their own into tho suspected counties, who sentenced to death \\ith as little remorse as if thej POPULAR HI8T0UT OF IRELAND. 166 had been so many hydrophobic dogs. Ten, twelve, and even twenty capital executions was no uncommon result of a single Bitting of one of those murderous commissions, over which Lord Norbury presided; but it must be added that there were oiher judges, who observed not only the decencies of every-day li-o but who interpreted the law in mercy as well is in justice They were a minority, it is true, but there were some such, neverthe less. Tlie session of the Imperial Parliament of 1803-'4, was chiefly remarkable for its war speeches and war budget. In Ireland 60,000 men of the regular militia were under arms and under pay; 70,100 volunteers were enrolled, battalioned and radyto be called out in case of emergency, to which it was proposed to add 25,000 sea-feucibles. General Fox. who it was alleged had neglected taking proper precaution .-vt the time of Robert Emmett's cmeulc, was replaced by Lord Cathcart, as commander-in-chief The pubhc reports at least of this officer, were highly laudatory l.t the uHCipline and conduct of tlio Irish militia. In Ma3 , 1804, Mr. Pitt returned to pcwer, as ChancoUor of the Exchequer and Prime Minister, when the whole Pitt policy to- wards Ireland, France, and America, was of course resumed- a policy which continued to be acted on during the short remainder of the life of its celebrated author. The year 1805 may bo called the first year -.f the revival of public spirit and public opinion after the Union. In that year Grattan had allowed himself to be persuaded by Fox, into enter- ing the Imperial Parliament, and his old friend Lord Fitzwilliam found a constituency for him, in his Yorksliire borough of Malton About the same time, Pitt, or his colleagues, induced Plunkett to enter the same great nsson^bly, providing him with a constituency at Midhurtt, in Sussex. Bat (hey did not 8u«ceed-if they ever attempted-to matdi Plunkett with Grattan. Thooe great men were warm and close friends in the Imperial as they had been in the Irish Parliament; very dissimilar in their genius, they were both decided anti-Jacobins ; both strenuous advocates of the Catho- lic clahns, and both proud and fond of their original country Grattan had more poetry, and Plunkett more scienee; but the heart oi the man of colder exterior onened and swelled sut in ^56 POPULAR HISTORY OP IRELAKD. one of the noblest tributes ever paid by one great orator to another, when Phinkett introduc. .1 in 1821, in the Imperial Par- liament, hia allusion to his illustrious friend, then recently de- ceased. Preparatory to the meeting of Parliament in 1805, the mem- bers of the old Catholic Committee who had not met for any such purpose for several years, asfsemblcd in Dublin, and prepared a petition which they authorized their chairman, Lord Fiiiirill, to place in such hands as he might choose, for presentation in both Houses, His lordship on reaching London waited on Mr. Pitt, and entreated him to take clmrgo of tlie petition ; but he found that the Prime Minister had promised the king one thing and the Catholics another, and, therefore, declined acceding to his request. He then gave the petition into the charge of Lord Grenville and Mr. Fox, and by them the subject was brought accordingly before the Lords and Commons. This debate in the Commons was remark- able in many respects, but most of all for Grattan's debut. A livel}' curiosity to hear one of whom so much had been said in his own country, pervaded the whole House, as Grattan rose. His grotesque little fictuvo, hi? eccentric action, and his strangely cadenced sentences rather surprised than attracted attention, but as he warmed with the march of ideas, men of both parties warmed to the genial and enlarged philosophy, embodied in the intevfitsod vliotoric and logic of the orator ; Pitt was seen to beat time with his hand to every curiously proportloiiid period, and at length both sides of the House broke into hearty acknowledge- ments of the genius of the new member for Malton. But as yet their cheers were not followed by their votes ; the division against going into Committee was 88tS to 124. In sustaining Fox's motion. Sir John Cox Ilippesley had sug- gested " the Veto " as a safeguard against the encroachments of Eome, which the Irish bishops would not be disposed to refuse. Archbishop Troy, and Dr. Moylan, Bishop of Cork, gave consid- erable praise to this speech, and partly at their request it was published in pamphlet form. This brought up dircc4ly a discus- sion among the Catholics, which lasted until 1810, was renewed in 1813, and not finally set at rest till the passage of the bill of 1829, without any such safeguard. Sir John C. IJippesley had POPULAR HISTORY OP IRELAND. 767 Uiurch. Her privileges/' he added, " depended on two promi- nentmax.„,s: 1st. That the Pope had no authority to ordZr ^ erfere m anything in which the civil rights of U.e k n.do" ^vero concerned. 2d. That notwithstanding the Pope's suprr «cy was acknowledged i. cases purely spiritual, yet in othe r^ c. s of the realm." The Irish church, therefore, was to be similarly admm,stercd, to obviate the objections of the opponents oTom plete civil emancipation. Power^Wth'?' ''''; " "" '""^ °' ^^"' ^^- ^°- '^«»e -to ApuLthe Duko of Bedford arrived, a,s viceroy at Dublin and the Catholics presented, through Mr. Keo..h a mild Zu presaivo of their hopes that "iha !^'''''''' " .'"'''^ ''^'^''ess, ex- mnnuclpatlon woul7re tslved f^T" '^^^'^"^^^"^ " °^*'^«- T^ 1 " "i- iebi,i\ea lor the new covernmenf Tha Due returned an evasive answer in public, but ^a dy. bofh n .„bii.. and London, the Catholics were assured that a soon as the new premier could convert the king-as soon as L was"; n position to act-he would make their cause his own NoTlouit ZfLt!T V''''' """ ^•*="^' ^- f°»°-d hi« great at In C''!hf<=« accept ,d this proposal with pleasure but at the opening of the session of 1807, in a deputation to the irish gove nment. agam urged the question of complete emanei, a "n The bill in relation to the army and navy had. original y the king's acquiescence: but early i„ March, after i hadTae^d ho Commons George III. changed his mind~if the express on ay eredTt at fi r "• '''' ""^^ "^^ '^^^'"^^^ ^« ^^^ - -nsxl Itedth f!f ^°,™P--^-t -J'e afterwards found it; he inti- nmted that It could not receive his sanction; he went arther- ho required a written pledge from Lords Grey ar,d qZIi^ »^:. 758 POPULAR HISTORT OF IKKLAND. never again to bring forward such a measure, " nor ever to pro. pose iinjtliing coiincotcd witli tlic Catliolic question." This un- constitutional pledge they refused to give, hurried the bill into law and resigned. Mr. Speneer Perceval was then sent for, and ■what was called " tlie No-Popery cabinet," in which Mr. Canning and Lord Castlereagh were the principal secretaries of state, was formed. Thus, for the second time in six years, had the Catholic question, made and unmade cabinets. Tlio Catholics were a good deal dispirited in 1805, by the over- whelming majority by which their petition of tliat year waa refused to be referred to a committee. In 1806, they contented themselves with simply addressing the Dnke of Bedford, on his arrival at Dublin. In ISOV, the "No-Popery cabin- 1," by the result of the elections, was placed in possension of an immense majority — a ftict wliich excluded all prospects of another change of gover; ':, fit, But the Committee were toj long accustomed to disapp., ".u.ris'iMB to despair even xmder these reverses. Early in the nt V. ;•; •'l,>?i their petition was jirosented, by Mr. Grattan in the CoaauOJJ'-, and Lord Donoughmore in the Lords. The major- ity aguinv; ' )ing into committee was, in the Commons, 153; in the Lords, tii. Similar motions in the session of 1808, made by the same parties, were rejected by majorities somowliat reduced, and the question, on the whole, might be said to have recovered Bomo of its former vantage ground, in despite of tlio bitter, per- tinacious resistance of Mr, Perceval, in the one House, and the Duke of Portland in the other. The short-lived adniinistration of Mr. Fox, though it was said to include " all the talents," had been full of nothing but disap- pointment to his Irish supporters. Tiie Duke of Bedford was, indeed, a great improvement on L«rd Hardwicke, and Mr, Pon- sonby on Lord Kedesdale, as Chancellor, and the liberation of the political prisoners confined since 1803 did honor to the new ad- ministration. But there the measures of justice so credulously expected, both as to persona and interests, ended. Curran, whose professional claims to advancement were far beyond those of dozens of men who had been, during the past ten years, lifted over his head, was neglected, and very naturally dissatisfied; Gratton, never well adapted for a courtier, could not obtam even minor roPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. ^59 In truth, the Catholic body at this poriod an I W „ f mibsequently, wns deplorably disorirod T „ ' """' lion of Catholic lawyers who ha, if! ^'°""^ ^'"""''^ of 'oq fj„„ ^u •>, ^ ^"° '"'" grown up since the relief net men In ifins i • T^ overruled by younger and more ardent men of the Catholic body should be all pfotes tants A generous or tolerant spirit tha'n Grattan's nevetl d; a clear or more fearless intellect than Plunketfs was not to be found nobler and more disinterested friends than Ponsonby Cu "«„' Burroughs and Wallace, no people ever had; but stiin.y w^^^^^^ friends from without men of another reli-. Sheridan and Kirwan se! ! """"' ^""-^ ^^"^-J- -^ Fingal. however was nT '''•^"'*"''«' ^^^e arrested. Lord «nd one of themer;^: ^l^!"*^''' ^.^ ^'^^ «--^-ies were' tion of the act. To^et ^2' ''"P™°'>™ent his viola! Catholic Committee dissolved bul 17 T'"''' °' '"^^'^"^y- 1^« vulnerable form, as « the cS;!^ ^o^ I? ''"'^'^'^^ -<^- « less It 18 from the year 1810 fhnf theCathoIicsthem'^Belve if adi tr."""',- '""^ *'" ^^««' """"S the circumstances of the present 'T ^^ " °' P"'*"'^' '^''^^ ^ ;nce of a group of pubL'^r 1;:^'''''/"' "^^ '^"^ "PP-- forcing that policy. Not thatlT ^^ ™«'ntaining and en- were found deficient in forme . '"°."'"* ^''^''' "^ ^''^t body -ination; but new «me eald frn '" " '°"^'"^'>* ^ ^«'- were now to seek their em "cfp In T "" - ''" """' '"'^"""^^ »»ent; new tactics and new "0^ W-'''"*" *'^ '"P^""*! g-vern- cesa; and. in brief, instead be^^n" ^''' "^^^^^^"-^ ^o suc- the good will and pleasure of ll^ , '"'''^ ^'■°'" ''^'^^^ ^onds at to be tested whethe they^re c^^^^^^^^^^^ ^*^^^""'«' '* -« -w own emancipation,_whefhrr L? ° '""'"^"''"S *« their th^r friends and t; punitri^Iir'"^ ""'^ "^'^ *^ ^^^^ tlon a:?™::^!;;:^^'::'^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^««-"^' --t m conven. ^othing to prevent them a LemWin '''"7'=°"'"'"y™eu. there was of the kingdom, withou c aT^l^ r"'"'^"'''" ^^'^^^P^* happy idea of "the aggrcat! itt^'T'. ^'"» ^''°"' the tainly known, but tol? ^ ,Tnd S '""^^' ^^ "°' ^- spirits this was a machinery capawf o '°""^''' ''' °^ '"'"''^S effect. No longer co.fin/dTa s IctT "t;' "''' ^°°^ mainly of a few aged and cautious fit ^."'""^"ee, composed the fearless "agitators" aTn' f" ^"^tinguished persons, feee to face with tlbVofU^ T *" '° ''''''' ^'^^^ ^l-eatro i„ Pishamblo st^t l^/tTt H r^t"- ^'"'"^"-^ "" •"' ""•''• *'«hiuml place of meeting V64 POPULAR HI8T0BT OF IRELAND. in Dublin, and tliere, in 1811 and 1812, tlie orators met to criticise the conduct of the Duke of Richmond-to denounce Mr. Welles- ley Pole-to attack secretaries of state and prime rainisters-to return thanks to Lords Grey and Grenviile for refusing to give the unconstitutional anti-Catholic pledge required by the king, and to memorial the Prince Regent. From those meetings espe- cially in the year 1812, the leadership of O'Connell must be dated. After seven years of wearisome probation, after enduring seven years the envy and the calumny of many who, as they were his fellow-laborers, should have been his friends; after demonstrating for seven years that his judgment and his courage wore equal to his eloquence, the successful Kerry barrister, then in his thirty- seventh year, was at length generally recognized as "the coun- sellor" of his co-religionists— as the veritable "Man of the Peo- ple." Dangers, delays and difficulties lay thick and dark in the future, but from the year, when in Dublin, Cork and Limerick, the voice of the famous advocate was recognized as the voice of the Catholics of Ireland, their cause was takn out of the cate- gory of merely ministerial measures, and exhibited in its true light as a great national contest, entered into by the people them- eelves, for complete civil and religious freedom. Sir Arthur Wellesley had been succeeded in 1810 in the secretaryship by his brother, Mr. Wellesley Pole, who chiefly signalized his administiation by a circular against convent'ons, and the prosecution of Sheridan and Kirwan, in 1811. He was in turn succeeded by a much more able and memorable person— Mr., afterwards Sir Robert Peel. The names of Peel and Wel- lington come thus into juxtaposition in Irish politics in 1812, ns they will be found In juxtaposition on the same subject twenty and thirty years later. Early in the session of 1812, Mr. Perceval, the premier, had been assassinated in the lobby of the House of Commons, by Bellingham, and a new political crisis was precipitated" on the country. In the government which followed, Lord Liverpool became the chief, with Castlereagh and Canning as members of his administration. In the general election which followed, ilr. Grattan was again returned for Dublin, and Mr. Plunkett was elected for Trinity College, but Mr. Curran was defeated at Newry, POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 765 ctk ZnT 7 't^ ''"*'='^^^""' ^^'^ ^'^-^ --"elate, at Catholc cause, and the question was certain to hove several ad di Jonal Insh supporters in the new House of Con^mons In the administrative changes that followed, Mr. Peel though 2 of Chierf "-'r^"' '''-' ^'"^ "P^-'«^^ *<> the :.; tan post of Chief Secretary. The son of the first baronet of the mme-this youthful statesman had first been elected Tr Cashel stl::;:;" "° ™ °^ "^'^' "^ ^«°«- ^^^ contlnued'cS yea 0? LI n-'f"'" *'° twenty-fourth to the thirtieth mens almostT; '" '"^^'^'^'^ ''-««'f - the House of Com- ZZT r°" "' ''' '""'^'■"^ ^*' '»"<1 1»>« predictions of his fu ure premiership were not, e.en then, confined to members of limSt h"::^-. ,!",^"«"''^' ^*«^^--' -- t'^e death ofTu RoW P r^'f'^'^ '" ^•■''''* ' P*^^^"- •» I"«h affairs as Sir ^^ha nfl„^n;^^^V^'^"'°^°' ™P-*-* t° -n-der, under what „fl„ence, and by what maxims he regulated his public con- oSI; th;;r:"'^'"^^ "^ -t important admLstratlv-e his^Oxltd Id'^'t-'^^-t*.*" ''" '"^'^ government, notwithstand- his Oxford education and the advantages of foreign travel which he had enjoyed prejudices the most ilUberal, on the suit of aS oth rs on which a statesman should be most free fromSudice ^d eL t: T'^''^''' "' ^'^ '''''''' ''^ '''■ ^™»"-" tTn TSln ' ""? "°"°" " favor of Catholic Emancipa- tion. That older men, born in the evil time, should be bigots and defenders of he Penal Code, was hardly wonderful, but a yo-m" scate man exhibiting at that late day, such studied and Xl ho tility to so large a body of his fellow subjects, naturally dew h so Ibr T """"'°^ °' "" ^"^'^ ^'^-^ onfranehiLmenT he so^tubborny resisted. Even his great abilities were most absurdly denied, under this passionate feeling of wrong andT JUS ice His Constabulary and his Stipendiar^y Magistfartere resisted r diculed and denounced, as outrnges'^on ti.e ibertrof 1 1 p'7 ' r' "'""''^ "'^ '''' independence of the b.nch. The iTuH^t; ';r;r;r r -f 5 ^^y- -^-- and traitor, vretary ^33 dcicsted not only for the iUiberal 766 POPOLAR HISTORY OP IRELAND. sentiments lie had expressed, but for the machinery of order he had established. After half a century's experience, we may safely say, that the Irish Constabulary have shown themselves to bo a most valuable police, and ns little deserving of popular ill-will ns any such body can ever expect to be, but they were judged very differently during the secretaryship of their founder; for, at that time, being new and intrusive, they may, no doubt, have de- served many of the hard and bitter things which were generally said of them. The first Session of the new Parliament in the year 1813— the last of the Duke of Richmond's viceroyalty— was remarkable for the most important debate which had yet arisen on the Catholic question. In the previolis year, a motion of Canning's, in favor of "a final and conciliatory adjustment," which was earned by an unexpected majority of 235 to 106, encouraged Grattan to prepare a detailed Emancipation Bill, instead of making his usual annual motion of referring the Catholic petitions to the consider- ation of the Committee. This bill recited the establishment of the Protestant succession to the crown, and the establishment of the Protestant religion in the State. It then proceeded to pro- vide that Roman Catholics might sit and vote in Parliament; might hold all offices, civil and military, except the offices of Chancellor or Keeper of the Great Seal in England, or Lord Lieutenant, Lord Deputy, or Chancellor of Ireland ; another sec- tion threw open to Roman Catholics all lay corporations, while a proviso excluded them either from holding or bestowing benefices in the Established Church. Such was the Emancipation Act of 1813, proposed by Grattan; an act far less comprehensive than that introduced by the same statesman in 1795, into the Parlia- ment of Ireland, but still, in many of its provisions, a long stride in advance. Restricted and conditioned as this measure was, it still did not meet tho objections of the opponents of the question, in giving the crown a Veto in the appointment of the bishops. Sir John Hoppesley's pernicious suggestion— reviving a very old traditional policy— was embodied by Canning in one set of amendments, and by Castlereagh in another. Canning's amendments, as summarised by the eminent Catholic jurist, Charles Butler, was to this effect: POPULAR HISTORY OP IRELAND. 161 He first appointed a certain number of Commissioners who jere to profess tlie Catholic religion, and to be lay peers of Great iintain or Scotland, possessing a freehold estate of one thou- sand pounds a year; to be filled up. from time to time, by his majesty, h.s heirs, or successors. The Commissioners were to take an oath for the faithful discharge of their ofiice, and the observance of secrecy in all matters not thereby required to be disclosed, with power to appoint a Secretary with salary (pro- posed to be five hundred pounds a year), payable out of the con- olulated fund. The Secretary was to take an oath similar to mat ot the Commissioners. " It was then provided, that every person elected to the dis- charge of Roman Catholic episcopal functions in Great Britain or Scotland should, previously to the discharge of his ofiice, notify his then election to the Secretary; that the Secretary should notify It to the Commissioners, and they to the Privy CouncU ^.th a certificate 'that they did not know or believe any thine of the person nominated, which tended to impeach his loyalty or peaceable conduct;' unless they had knowledge of the contrary in which case they should refuse their certificate. Persons ob! taming such a certificate were rendered capable of exercising episcopal functions within the United Kingdom; if they exer- csed them without a certificate, they were to be considered guilty of a misdemeanor, and liable to be sent out of the kingdom "Similar provisions respecting Ireland were then introduced » "The second set of clauses." says Mr. Butler, "was suggested by Lord Castlereagh, and provided that the commissioners under the preceding clauses-with the addition, as to Great Britain of the Lord Chancellor, or Lord Keeper, or first commissioner of the Great Seal for the time being, and of one of his majesty's princi- pal Secretaries of State, being a Protestant, or such other Pro- testant member of his Privy Council as his majesty should appoint -and with a similar addition ir, respect to Ireland— and with the further addition, as to Great Britain, of the person then exercia- mg episcopal functions among the Catholics in London-and in respect to Ireland, of the titular Roman Catholic Archbishops' of Armagh and Dublin,— should be Commissioners for the purposes thereinafter mentioned. 768 POPULAR HISTORY OP IRKLANO. " The Commissionera thus appointed were to take an oath for the discharge of their office, and observance of secrecy, similar to the former, and employ the same Secretary, and three of them were to form a quorum. "The bill then piv, 'dcd, that subjects of his majesty, receiv- ing any bull, dispensation, or »,'her instrument, from the see of Rome, or any person in foreign j.arts, acting under the authority of that see, should, within six weeks, send a copy of it, signed with his name, to the secretary of the Commissioners, who should transmit the same to them, " But with a proviso, that if the person recoiving the some should deliver to the Secretary of the Commission, within the time before prescribed, a writing under hia hand, certifying the fact of his having received such a bull, dispensation, or other in- strument, and accompanying his certificate with an oath, declar- ing that ' it related, wholly and exclusively, to spiritual concerns, and that it did not contain, or refer to, any matter or thing which did or could, directly or indirectly, affect or interfere with the duty and allegiance which he owed to hia mojeaty'a sacred per- son and government, or with the temporal, civil, or social rights, properties, or duties of any other of his majesty's subjects, then the Commissioners were, in their discretion, to receive such cer- tificate and oath, in lieu of the copy of the bull, dispensation, or other instrument. " Persons conforming to these provisions were to be exempted from all pains and penalties, to which they would be liable under the existing statutes; otherwise, they were to be deemed guilty of a high misdemeanor ; and in lieu of the pains and penalties, under the former statutes, be liable to be sent out of the king- dom. "The third set of douses provided that, within a time to bo specified, the Commissionera were to meet and appoint their Sec- retary, and give notice of it to hia majesty's principal Secretaries of State in Great Britoin ond Ireland ; and the provisions of the act were to be in force from that time." On the second reading, in May, the Committee of Porliament, on motion of the Speaker, then on tlie floor, struck out the clause enabling Catholics " to sit and vote in either house of Parliament," POPULAR ,„8T0Ry OF IRELAND. 76 D clauso," was ...worthy both of tL p 1 r '" '""'°"' ^'o without a division, ond tho Fmnn- ,"'"• ^''« cornmltteo rose, doncd. • "° ^'"«"<"P«tioii Bill of 1813 wns «b„n' Unhoppily, tho coritest i„ relation tn ♦., ir . "nginated in tho Hoi.se of Comr " ^''°' '^•'''^'' '""1 "0 body at largo. Several of t"' "n '""''"''^ '' "'« ^'«^'- board, were nof averse to ^r J "°^'""*'"' "''"^^''^ "^ ^''e «J-ncd to the crown so^oo '"u """/"' f""^'' "« -- -"'^ious to be emancipated tl. /"•"^''^•""nal class, more f'^vorod the same view ^ Tht b T ""'"""'"'■ "^ *° "'« '"--• -ore known to have ntcr^ led t^M "' "" "'"" °^ "'« l^"-" b«d published their let e " whi ^ ""'""' ^'' *'°''" "■PP'^^'ey "'V-P-'- Butthe"ronT J^^^^^^^ not diseo..ra,I majority of the laity, and all the , "'^^'' "'" """^«n«« over vacant sees, in'i^el: ^ Ir:;^'^'''!' ^»"«'' '« I'-i^e opposed to any such connexion w.^thl ''"i 7' ""■" ^'^"^^3^ *'»« Part3', Mr. O'Connell w„s Th „ "'^ °^ "'° ^'«'«- ^f perhaps, it was his course on thi^ v ""'-""'"f'^'"'^'"? organ, and. ti.an anything else. whTe cstat^S " '"' "' ''° ^'''°' •"-•> sidered the leader of the Calnif, P''«t<'n«ions to be cou- f ;be majority, the cllS p^tt';^^^ J->- the prompting declaring that thev could nnf ! . "'^ P'^''^'^ « resolution tory settlement S to LZ^^^^ ^^^ ^'" ^' ^^^^ as a satisfac the Catholic Board, who voterth" - ""^ -'""""icated to thusiastic thanks. The m 1* 'nCBo?^' "'" '"°"°"' - than satisfied, and their dissatisLr T '''' '° ^"^"* '"''"'er absence from the Board 1 ttj t I^ T ''°"" "^''" '^^ ^''- M.-. O'Conneirs nosition f ^!. ^^ ''P^" opposition, understood froj tL tl: • Thicirh'^"^' '°^"''"'' '"»•>' ^^^ ^-* bates of parliament T he h ''"' '''"''■'" °^ '" ^''« wn and Connor, Ossory, Raphoo, Cioghcr Dro- more. Kildare and Leighlin, Ardagh, and the Warden of Ga'lway Dr. Murray, and Dr. Murphy, Bishop of Cork, were commis- sioned to carry this new remonstrance to Rome, and the greatest anxiety was felt for the result of their mission. A strange result of this new emhroglio in the Catholic cause was, that it put the people on the defensive for their religious liberties, not so much against England as against Rome. The unlucky Italian Monsignor who had volunteered his sanction of the Veto, fared scarcely better at the popular gatherings than Lord Castlereagh, or Mr. Peel. "Monsieur Forty-eight," as he was nicknamed in reference to some strange story of his ancestor tak- ing his name from a lucky lottery ticket of that number, waa declared to be no better than a common Orangeman, and if the bitter denunciations uttered against him, on tue Liffey and the Shannon, had only beeii translated into Italian, the courtly Pre- late must have been exceedingly amazed at the democratic fury of a Catholic population, as orthodox as himself, but -luch more jealous of state interference with things spiritual, x'he second order of the clergy were hardly behind the laity, in the fervor of their opposition to the rescript of 1814. Their entire body, secular and regular, residing in and about Dublin, published a very strong protest against it, headed by Dr. Blake, afterwards Bishop of Dromore, in which it was denounced as " pregnant with mischief" and entirely " non-oblieatory upon the f 'ath^Iie G5* 1U POPDLAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. Church in Ireland." Tlie several ecclesiastical provinces followed up these declarations with a surprising unanimity, and although a Vetoistical address to His Ilolineas was dispatched by the Cis- alpine club in England, the Irish ideas of Church government triumphed at P.ome. Dra. Murray and ililner were received with his habitual kindness by Pius VII. ; the illustrious Cardinal Gon- salvi was appointed by the Pope to draw up an explanatory re- script, and Monsignor Quarrantotti was removed from his official position. The firmness manifested at that critical pe -iod by the Irish church has cince been acknowledged with many encomiums by all the successors of Pope Pius VII. Tlie Irish government, under the new Viceroy, Lord Whitworth (the former ambassador to Napoleon), conceiving that the time had come, in the summer of 1^14, to suppress the Catholic Board, a proclamation forbidding his majesty's subjects to attend futuio meetings of that body issued from Dublin Castle, on the 3d of June. The leaders of the body, after consultation at Mr. O'Con- nell's residence, decided to bow to this proclamation and to meet DO more as a Board ; but this did not prevent them, in the follow- ing winter, from holding a new series of Aggregate meetings, far more formidable, in some respects, than the deliberative meetings which had been suppressed. In the vigorous and somewhat ag- gressive tone taken at these meetings, Lord Fingnl, the chief of the Catholic peerage, did not concur, and he accordingly with- drew for some years from the agitation, Mr. Shell, the Bellews, Mr. Ball, Mr, Wyse of Waterford, and a few others, following his example. With O'Connell remained the O'Connor Don, Messrs. Finlny and Lidwell (Protestants), Purcell O'Gorman, and other l)opular persons. But the cause sustained a heavy blow in the temporarj' retirement of Lord Fingnl and his friends, and an attempt to form a " Catholic Association," in 1816, without their cooneration, signally failed. During the next five years, the fortunes of the great Irish question fluctuated with the exigencies of Imperial parties. The second Americaia war had closed, if not gloriously, at least with- out considerable loss to England ; Napoleon had exchanged Elba for St. Helena ; Wellington was the Achilles of the Empire, and Oastlereagh its Ulysses. Yet it was not in the nature of thoso POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 775 free Islanders, the danger and pressure of foreign war removed ic r" 7!: !°''^''""* '' '""^ *"" ^-«* questions of Zes: •c pohcy-Catholic Emancipation and ParlLentary RerrL int I'TT 1l'\'' ' "°"°° '' «^^ "^^^^ Newport/to inquire Peel tut : rl .r"'' "^f """^'""^ '''''''' ^y «- «'be coddno 1 n ""^ '*''" ''^P"^"'^ ^''«""Si" England could not be as weU ignored by a Parliament sitting in London In returnmg from the opening of the Houses in jLuary's ? he Regent was hooted in the street, and his carriage ridd fd w th nTadefs'T' "' ^'''''' ^^^"''^ ^"^ "^ apprehension of the tTtt nnn lC'^.^"'!!f^^^^ ''^^' '^ ^^« ^-'. -^thout leading 10 tiie apprehension of the assailants . crcTseVr""'* unpopularity of the Regent seems to have in- c eased, m proportion as death removed from him all those who Sr" c^al?^""^ . '^ ''°''-'-- ''''■ ''^ "^'-^ chl?: uicinncess Charlotte, married to Leopold, since Kin- of Belsrium tl f; lil T . ^^ '" '''' ^'Shty-^'cond year of his age, deported «us hfe. Immediately afterwards the former Princess ^f Yales Continent to claim her rightful position as Queen Consort The d.sgracefu accusations brought against heMhe t ill b L^he House of Lords which followed, the courage and eloqu nee of W counsel. Brougham and Denman, the eagfrness 3 1. e the P pie made her cause their own, are aU tvcll remembered etnts dtdll"! :^7" ^"^'-^- Theunfortunat ady died after a short illness, on the Tth of Ausrust IS01 . fi,„ -onth in which his Majesty-George IvIT; ; ed n t at S jom-ney so satirized in the undying verse of ^Moore and Byl Two other .eatha, far more affecting than any among the mor T r T'?' '"""'^'^ "'« P''""'^ »* -'"ch -e havCarrivod These were the death of Curran in 1817, and the death of Slan; Curran after his failure to be returned for Newry, in 1812 had uever again attempted public life. He remained I^ his office of Master of the Rolls but his health began to fail sensibly Dur- sila. dTT", T ""' ''^''"' ^°"^''* ^- --e-ition in bcotlaud. England and France, but the charm which travel cuuld 778 HWTOBY OF IRELAND. not give— tho charm of a cheerful spirit — was wanting. In Octo- ber, 1817, his friend, Charles Phillips, was suddenly called to his bed-side at Brompton, near London, and found him with one side of his face and body paralyzed cold, " And this was all," says his friend, " thnt remained of Curran — the light of society — the glory of the forum — tho Fabricius of the senate — tlie idol of his country." Yes ! even to less than this, was he soon to sink. On the evening of the 14th of October, he expired, in the 68th year of his age, leaving a public reputation as free from blemish as ever did any man who had acted a leading pai't, in times lilte those through which he had passed. lie was interred in London, but twenty j^ears afterwards, tho committee of tlie Glasnevin Cemetery, near Dublin, obtained permission of his representa- tives to remove his ashes tb their grounds, where they now finally repose, A tomb modeled from the tomb of Scipio covers the grave, bearing the simple but sufficient inscription — Curran. Thus was fulfilled the words ho had uttered long before — " Tho last duties will be paid by tliat country on which they are de- volved ; nor will it be for oliarity that a little earth will be given to my bones. Tenderlj' will those duties be paid, as the debt of well-earned affection, and of gratitude not ashamed of her tears." Grattan's last days were characteristic of his whole life. As the session of 1 820 progresped, though suflfering from his last struggle with disease, he was stirred by an irresistible desire to make his way to London, and present once more the petition of the Catholics. Siuce the defeat of liis Relief Bill of 1813, there had been some estrangement between him and the more advanced section of the agitators, headed by O'Connell, Tliis ho was anxious, perhaps, to heal or to overcome. He thought, moreover, that even if he should die in the effort, it would be, as he said himself, " a good end." Amid — "The trees which a nation had given, and which bowed As if each brought a new civic crown to his head," he consulted with the Catholic delegates early in May. O'Connell was the spokesmen, and tho scene may yet be rendered immortal by some great national artist. All present felt that tho aged patriot was dying, but stiil ho would go once more to London, to full, as he POPULAR HISTOBV OF IRELAND. 777 little churchyard of Movnnn!.. "^'^^^ ^' '^""*'<^ ^'^ «>« in 17821 irrea hod"^^^^^^^^^^^ May. and proposed toL.'.^ ''"^''' "* '^^ ^^'^ «f n^orningof the4tratrr, T/°' ^'^"'"^'^ ^'"^ «» «>« 8ide.andordLedh;™ to h . t'.'^ '"'''^ ^'^ «°» *« his bed- i-iitie«iopii:r. Add 7"hr''-r"/°"''*'^ ^-^ ^-* antithesis, " that I dittth 1 1 '"^'^^r"' "" '"^ ''^^ ^«^« «f th. declaration in^trT. cX t ^^ ^1- "'''' ""' w.' inS^ V^t^J^.r- 7- of ^elr;tatta. He Westnainster 7bbey the I T ' ""'"''^ '""^^ ^°^' ^° statesmen, and thfcathol ™r '"''"''"^ ''^^ ^'ShoBt i.nperial pronounced in the House f 7 ''"'""' ^'^ ^^^^i™ wa. — .andintSr^^-:J2^--,ha. ■'•f» ■ CHAPTER V. H,.BOS..CX OK .n. SX.XH OK ..UO.. ... .....,,«,,,,, T^IE KEIGV OF GEOEGK m. Before relating the decisive events in the contest for r.,^, declare that "the Ia3id L^ °' ^"' ''"^'^ """"^^ *« kingdom;" but undertht ""' ^7™° «* ^^^^t to exist in the agaLt tLatl :.tk Xr^ -'coessor, though much tional victory tri Xr ^ th^'r?' '"" °"° *'"°^"'- p„-i w , i ano,ner, tUl they stood, in the ner«on «f *i,„ Earl .Wa, cm the very steps of the throne. {. Yhe" <;own: 778 POPULAR HISrORY OP IRELAND. and cities, tho Catholic laity, onco admitted to commerce and the professions, rose rapidly to wealtli and honor. A Dublin Papist was at the head of tho wine trade ; another was the wealthiest grazier in the kingdom ; a third, at Cork, was the largest pro- vision merchant. With wealth came social ambition, and the heirs of these enfranchised merchants were by a natural conse- quence the judges and legislators of the next generation. The ecclesiastical organization of Ireland, as described in 1800 by the bishops in answer to queries of the Chief Secretary, was simple and inexpensive. The four archbishops and twenty bishops, were sustained by having certain parishes attached to their cathe- drals, in commendam : other Calhcdraticum there seems to have been none. Armagh had then 350 parish priests, Tuam 206, Cashel 314, and Dublin 156: in all 1126. The number of curates or co- adjutors was at least equal to that of the parish priests ; while of regulars then returned the number did not exceed 450, This largo body of religious — 24 prelates, nearly 3,000 clergy — exclu- sive of female religious — were then, and have ever since been, sustained by the voluntary contributions of the laity, paid chiefly »t the two great festivals of Christmas and Easter, or by custom ary offerings made at the close of tho ceremonies of marriages, baptisms, and death. Though the income of some of the churches was considerable, in the great majority of cases the amount re ceived barely sufBced to fulfil the injunction of St. Patrick to his disciples, that "the lamp should take but that wherewith it ■was fed." The Presbyterian clergy, though in some respects more de pendent on their congregations than tho Catholics were, did not always, nor in all cases, depend on the voluntary principle for their maintenance. Tho Irish Supply Bill contained an annual item before the Union of £7,700 for the Antrim synod, and some other dissenting bodies. The regium donum was not, indeed, general ; but that it might be made so, was one of the induce- ments held out to many of that clergy to secure their countenance for the Legislative Union. The Established Church continued, of course, to monopolize University honors, and to enjoy its princely revenues and all political advantages. Trinity College continued annually to farm POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 119 Us 200,000 acres at a rental averaging £100,000 sterling. Its wealth, and the uses to which it is put. are thus describe! by a recent writer: "Some of Trinity's senior fellows enjoy higher incomes than cabinet ministers; many of her tutors have reve- nues above those of cardinals ; and junior fellows, of a few days' standmg, frequently decline some of her thirty-one church livings tbe ,ta r; "^"^"°:^'^ ^'"""« '^<^ poverty of scores of col id"' u\ ''^'"■''^' ""''''''''' -^J'Wshops. Even eminent judges hold her i^ofessorships; some of her chairs are vacated for the Episcopal bench only; and majors and field officers would acquire increased pay by being promoted to the rank of head porter, first menial, in Trinity College. Apart from her princely fellowships and professorships, her seventy Foundation, and six teen non-Foundation Scholarships, her thirty Sizarships and her fourteen valuable Studentships, she has at her disposi an aggrl gate, by bequests, benefactions, and various endowments of in permanent exhibitions, amounting to upwards of £2,000 per annum." The splendor of the highest Protestant digoitariec may be inferred from what has been said formerly of the Bishop of Derry of the Era of Independence. The state maintained by tho chief bishop-Pnmate Eobinson, who ruled Armagh from 1765 to n95-is thus described by Mr. Cumberland in his Menwirs tohirnn''? w'"'"^' Cumberland, "on Sunday forenoon to hs cathedral. We went in his chariot of six horses attended by hree foo men behind, whil.t my wife and daughters, with Sir William Robinson, the primate's elder brother, foUowed in mv fathers coach, which he lent me for the journey. At our ap proach the great western door was throw open, and my friend (m person one of tho finest men that could be seen) entered like another Archbishop Laud, in high prelatical state, preceded by his officers and ministers of the church, conducting him in files to he robing chamber, and back again to the throne. It may well be conceived with what invidious eyes the barely tolerated Papists of the city of Saint Patrick must have looked on all this pageantry, and heir feelings were no doubt those in some degree of all their coreligionists throughout the kingdom The Irish EstabUshment, during the reign of George III., num- bered amoiig its prelates and clergy many able and amiable men. 780 POPULAR HISTORY OP IRELAND. At tlio period of tho Union, tlie two most distinguished were Dr. O'Beirno, Bisliop of Meath, nn cx-priest, and Dr. Young, Bisliop of Clonfert, a former follow of Trinity College. As a Biblo scholar. Dr. Young ranked deservedly high, but as a variously accomplished writer, Dr. O'Beirno was tho first man of his order. His political papers, though occasionally disfigured witli tho bigotry natural to an apostate, aro full of a vigorous sagacity ; his contrfbutiona to general literature, such as his paper on Tanistry, in Vallency's Collectanea, show how how much greater things still he was capable of. It is not a little striking that the most eminent bishop, as well as the most celebrated Anglican preacher of that age, in Ireland (Dean Kirwan), should both have been ordained as Catholic priests. The national literature which wo have noted a century earlier, as changing gradually its tongue, was now mainly, indeed we might almost say solely, expressed in English. It is true the songs of " Carolan the Blind," were sung in Gaelic by the Longford fire- sides, where the author of " the Deserted Village " listened to their exquisite melody, moulding his young o.ir to a sense of harmony fiill as exquisite ; but the glory of the Gaelic muse was past. He, too, unpromising as was his exterior, was to be one of the bright harbingers of another great era of Hiberno-English literature. When, within two generations, out of the same ex- ceedingly restricted class of educated Irishmen and women, we count tho names of Goldsmith, Samuel Madden, Arthur Murphy, Henry Brooke, Charles Macklin, Sheridan, Burke, Edmund Ma- lone, Maria Edgeworth, Lady Morgan, "Psyche" Tigho, and Thomas Moore, it is impossible not to entertain a very high opinion of the mental resources of that population, if only they were fairly wrought and kindly valued by the world. One memorable incident of literary history — the Ossianic out- break of 1760 — aided powerfully though indirectly in the revival of the study of tho ancient Celtic history of Scotland and Ireland. Something was done then, by the Royal Irish Academy, to meet that storm of Anglo Norman incredulity and indignation ; much more has been done since, to place tho original records of tho Three Kingdoms on a sound critical basis. The dogmatism of the unbelievers in the existence of a irenuine body of ancient POPULAR HISTORV OP IRELAND. 781 Celtic literature Ims been rebuked ; and tl.e follv of tT.„ f^ • . To tl,e stage, within the same range of time Trolnn,i iiiit of all the arts, that in which the Irish of tL r... • oheridan, and Sir Pliiiii.^ v^ • , , , ' -""^6, Harre, it was illustrated in the ranks of all ThlrT- ' ../.P*'^*'^^' '» reeolleetion, applauded as hearti ' thrTnlh IV" ,"7" '"" Canning, Croker. and North, as tho'^Wl iJs l2 ""1 • "^°'' "' similar qualities in their En,;neipation is' "'''''"" °' terms. Though a certain^amily rese^^^^^^^ ^^"'^''"^ -.orousp:r:j--j::-s?^ 782 POPULAR HISTORY Or IRELAND. eembled Flood, but the temperament of the two men— and Ora- tory is nearly as much n, matter of temperament as of intellect- was widely different. Flood's movement was dramatic, whilo Plunkett's was mathematicol. In structural arrangement, Shell occasionally — very occasionally — reminds us of Grattan ; but if he has not the wonderful condensation of thought, neither has he the frequent antithetical abuses of that great orator. Burko and Sheridan are as distinguishable as any other two of their contem. poraries ; Curran stands alone ; O'Connell never had a model, and never had an imitator who rose above mimicry. Every combin- ation of powers, every description of excellence, and every variety of stylo and character, may bo found among tho masterpieces of this great school. Of thejr works many will live forever. Most of Burke's, many of G rattan's, and one or two of Curron's have reached us in such preservation as promises immortality. Selec- tions from Flood, Sheridan, Canning, Plunkett and O'Connell will survive ; Shell will be more fortunate, for ho was more artistic, and more watchful of his own fame. His exquisite finish will do, for him, what the higher efforts of men, more indifferent to the audience of posterity, will have forfeited for them. It is to be observed, farther, that the inspiration of all theso men was drawn from the very hearts of the people, among whom they grew. With one or two exceptions, sons of humble peas- ants, of actors, of at most middle class m^, they were true, through every change of personal position, to the general inter- ests of the people— to the common weal. From get -ous thoughts and a lofty scorn of falsehood, fanaticism and tyranny, they took their inspiration ; and as they were true to human nature, so will :nankind, through successive ages, dw 11 fondly on their works and guard lovingly their tombs. POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 788 CHAPTER VI. THK ,R,8H ADROAD, VVmsc^ ^HE RK.ON OF OKOROK HI. Thk fond tenacity with wliich the large numbers cf fl,n t • u final and successful stru^Io for Ca ^01,^7^7 . ^^"""°"» fV, ADDe, like the celebrated preacher Mrrnr-th^ thJllT"''' ""*'?': "'''^^^^^""^ nary governments from>9I to'99 trevri ^ ' ^"' "°'^''' *« Consulate and the EmpTre 1 ey rose to many employments of the second class, and a f^wof the very first. From the ranks of the expatriated of o« ^ «„„(. 1- . ^'""""s, lo expect ia him a deliverer On tha r ^ration of the Bourbons, the Irish officers who had acqui d d.st notion under Napoleon, adhered generally to his fortunes „„d endered the r resignations ; in their p'lace. a new gr up fIco' T, I Li! f T ^'"■"' """^ *''° ^"'•«'»«« «f t],o Ministers The laBt Bwords drawn for " the legitimate branch" in 'o, ^^ 784 POPt ' AR HISTORY OF IRELAND. \iy Count Dillon and his friend, ro""">t "Wnll ; their last defender, In ^'"*80, was ("M'tioral WiiU of the eume fiuiiily. Though tl>o Irish in Frnncc, especially those resident ut Paris, exercised the greutest influence in favor of their original coun- try — an iiifliicnco which met all traveled Englishmen wherever the French language was understood — their compatriots in Spain ond Austria hud also (•r>ntnl)uted their share to range Continen- tal opinion on the side of Ireland. Threfs times, during the cen- tury, Spain was represented at London by men of Irish birth, or Irish origin. Tlie B. itish merchant who found Alexander O'Reilly Governor of Cadiz, or the diplomatist who met him as Spanish ambassador, at the Court of Loui^ XVI., could hardly look with uninstructed eyes, upon the lot of his humblest namesake in Cavan. This family, indeed, produced a succession of eminent men, both in Spain and Austria. " It is strange," observed Napo- Icon to those around him, on his second entry into Vienna, in 1809, " that on each occasion — in November, 1805, as this day — on arriving in the Austrian capital, I find myself in treaty and in intercourse with the respectable Count O'Koilly." Napoleon had other reasons for remembering th'! officer; it was his dra- goon regiment whicli saved the vfinnant of the Austrians, at Austerlitz. In the Austrian army list at that period, when she was the ally of England, there were above forty Irish names, from the grading of Colonel up to that of Field-marshal. In almost every field of the Peninsula, Wellington and Anglesea learned the value of Ceorge the Second's imprecation on the Penal Code, wliieh deprived him of such soldiers as conquered at Fontenoy. It cannot be doubted that even the constant repetition of the names of the Blakes, O'Donnel.s, and Sarsfields, in the bulletins sent home to England, tended to enforce reflections of that description on the statesmen and the nation, and to inspirit and sustain the struggling Catholics. A powerful argument for throwing ov r. the British army and navy to men i !* all religions, was drawn from these foreign experiences; and, if such men were worth * hold military commissions, why not also to sit in Parliament, and on the Bench ? The fortunes of the Irish in America, though less brilliant for th*^ few, were more advantageous as to the many. They were ctluLl'b'lolVoLt 2?"":' """ ""' "« »f '«''A « very rop-l .f the Penj l''"' .; '^'I'^/;'. '" moving for the ^"Ut...,. Irish tr.o,.Zl^2^;'^]T' «->'-". .tu, -hire. Franklin in his visi to tli ^f. ^■^''"'' "^ ^"^ ""'"^ Jeff-son in his correspond ,o , , 1" ' "'"" "" '"'''"-• «"<» one element of reliance in 7 ^" ^""meratcs the Irish a« the Empire. "'"' '" "" '^""^'=«' between the Colonies an^ Pec;.ilHVi:Se1.Tthirj" °^/«^^'^''^« P-P>-ere -d " once a subject always a s"S" " "" '"'"^''^ '' -«-»' " emigrant could hope to becon.e-ir ' """V" P'"*'"'''' ^ ^eh to enjoy the protection of-an A m„ •''"'? ""'"' *'""''' h°Pe fore, natural that men of that owT" f ''''"■ ^' ^"«. ^herV l'' the war. and it ^^.ZJsZtlZlT *"'" " ^^^^^ '"'^-^^ Btance, wh.n wo find in the I ^ ^ , '"" '""'•''»*°"« ^ircum- ;«e of 181, .bich «utir;redi Tprii:: ' "^r ^°""'^- levies-an Irish enJjrrunt John « .,?""^""° '"'^o the necessary who acted under theTow;?s l! '"V",' '." "'« ^^-'-y-t-war! grant, John Caldwell CaTluorthll-' V"" """^ '"«" «»'' the war which followed, we find in T ?"''f'"' ''"*'""«'•' ^"'''>g Mullany. McComb, Cr.,Z ^^^117^7'' ^'^'^ McDonough, and on the ocean cZ a ''^^^' Commodore «» Irish. On the Missi I;! "^^^^^ ^^"^ ""^ Stewart- parents, with his favoritelia! c"" ",1 °' '"^^ ^'""'^-^ brought the war to a close " e tfcfd T' 7' ^""-' eans The moral of that vl^ Jy wa "",1 f ''' "^ ""'^ ^'■ thellfeof Andrew Jackson witharH! r * "^"'" ^"g'''"*^.- Ireland" was published at L.T„d 1 and n n" "u" "" ^^"^'^ «' '^Ily popular writer of tha dav WM. r* ^^ "'« """^t &«"" In the cause of South A ^"^'-W.Iham Cobbett. O'Higgins anricKel^rS 1^'^' ''' ''''' ""''- Martin in Colomfcia and Peru t-. T ' ''°"""'- """^ «•"> •^bly distinguished. Colone oSn„^° V"^"^^^^^ Ban Martin's chief of the eteff a "r""; T'^''' ''^ ^''♦'"'•' -«« staff. General Deyeren^r, ^fth hi, JHsh •ii'l* 786 POPULAR HISTORY OP IRELAND. legion rendered distinguished services to Bolivar and Don Ber- nardo. O'Higgins was hailed as the Liberator of Chili. During that long ton years' struggles which ended with the evacuation of Carraccas in 1828, Irish names are conspicuous on almost every field of action. Bolivar's generous heart was warmly attached to persons of that nation. " Tlie doctor who constantly attends him," says the English General, Miller, " is Dr. Moore, an Irish- man, who had followed the Liberator from Venezuela to Peru. He is a man of great skill in his profession, and devotedly attached to the person of the Liberator. Bolivar's first aide de-camp, Col- onel O'Leary, is a nephew of the celebrated Father O'Leary. In " 1818, he embarked, at the age of seventeen, in the cause of South American independence, in which he has served with high dis- tinction, having been present at almost every general action fought in Colombia, and has received several wounds. He has been often employed on diplomatic missions, and in charges of great resposibiUty, in which he has always acquitted himself with great ability." That these achievements of the Irish abroad produced a favor- able influence on the situation of the Irish at home, we know from many collateral sources ; we know it also from the fact, that when O'Connell succeeded in founding a really national organization, subscriptions and words of encouragement poured in on him, not only from France, Spain and Austria, but from North and South America, not only from the Irish residents in those coun- tries, but from their native inhabitants— soldiers and statesmen— of the first consideration. The services and virtues of her dis- tinguished children in foreign climes, stood to the mother country instead of treaties and aliiances. POPULAR HISTORT OJ- IRELAND. 787 CHAPTER VII. oW^...s ^.,r>...n Aseoouxxo..- 1821 TO 1826, vait oJ his^llf""^ "' *'' ^'"' ''''• ^'^--^". during the inter- political writlno-s HU n\ ! .""^ '"°'* *'"'"''''''°' "^ l»« with the Enfflish reformAM a • . !, • ^'°'^"'' '° conjunction ridiculed •' aVZ ', Z' , "^^^'Hst thm conclusion-.vhich he nuiouieu as the fashion for Januarv 1821" M„ au- i i ,. . a bitter, clever, rhetorical reply owich ^ol ^^ P"^''^''^^ forth a severe and v^tha. / OConnell at once sent quite CO, jr.. wH P.tk.r"'.' *'"n"- """" "" declared he had no limi^ in .ws- securities. Connell Veto. aU^:'. f.i!:i:'t x*"" t "■"*' °' * to IreUnd .. „„ . „,„i„„ „f c.„cll»U„„ ■■ ^ ^^ "" ""'"« this pe ™d of 1, 1^'"^ r''' '''^•^''' *'" P""''"*'« '- o-^hibited at was strfar frot'h ' ' ?."" '"'"'""^ i-Petuous temperament was stiU far from being subdu-ed by the frosts of age Many liberal Protestants ntthi^nerio^M- !• • i, ■ ^ ■ pel !oent, acting al vays .viZ th! P ./"^ unauthorized Parlla- -odificatiof of treTli 1,7*''""™' ^"''^ ' ^'^^ '^ 'he those laws themselver ^ ,' ^ '"'""' "°* prohibited in Bi.nple in forC a nat.f di:,: tr fT" '"V.° ^°''^^^"°''' '^' «nd for a people stron^lv^rr.: ^°'^,^^''^y«'•■^»berator to form. one. at the'saS retlirroX:!" ''' '"'" *° '^'^P*' "^"^ circumstances to bus taTn f!- ^ ?" '''"■° """^^""""^ o^ leader less eUrrivtanTreT^^^^^^^^^^^ other strange alterat^Lo'dctre::'^^^^^^ "'^'^^^""^ ^ highest honors of the empire died hi 7-^ ^"^ """^""^ ^^^ year. Lord LiverpoZ lli'l ^ ' T ^""^ ''^^ P''^^'""' lor, Mr. Canning becar^ f2 1 ^'"''''' ^^''^ E'^"" Chancel- Secretary. th?DukeTf W. f f '"'"^' ^'''^ ^'■- ^««1' Homo of the OrCce To h^f "^ r '"^"""""^ Master-General Chosen organ o^he IHsf Sitir^^^^ SS^ "•'^*''°"^' ''' associated as Irish Attorney G "^rd His «V' 7 "r"""^ was in the session of 1823 oL nf . i^ situation, therefore. cis Burdett and t^e radS re o L^ t ot:"^ "•' f "^""■ the debates which foUowedTrZ /, • P^^^^'^ed. and in quoted against l^LT:^ZZLtn:r^'''''!'- ''''' promises on so vital a question Tn^sf, '^'°°"°'\"^ '"^'"''* "°'"- -tion. when he rose tTre^;; . !\^rttIV "" -'^^^ ^"''^• His speech, as always, was'^m stile buft^ir' '" \'°'-" sat down, broke into an uproar of co^f.^ p°"''' "^ ^' exceedingly high; the poLibUit^r/ r;,,:^; f;P'^^y- ^luring the session was doubtful, and a motiolt a^ "" "' va ed. A fortnight later, at tl. first mT^ of htTthS 790 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. The new Catholic organization was laboring hard to merit popular favor. Within the year of its organization we find the Saturday meetings engaged with such questions as church rates ; secret societies; correspondence with members of both houses; voting public thanks to Mr. Brougham; the penal laws relating to the rights of sepulture; the purchase of a Catholic cemetery near Dublin ; the commutation of tithes ; the admission of Catho- lic freemen into corporations; the extension of the dissociation into every county in Ireland, and other more incidental subjects. The business-like air of the weekly meetings, at this early period, is remarkable: they were certainly anything but mere occasions for rhetorical display. But though little could be objected against, and so much might be said in favor of the labors of the Associa- tion, it was not till nearly twelve months after its organization, when O'Connell proposed and carried his system of monthly penny subscriptions to the"CathoUc Rent," that it took a firm and far-reaching hold on the common people, and began to excite the serious apprehensions of the oligarchical factions in Ireland and England. This bold, and at this time much ridiculed step, infused new life and a system hitherto unknown into the Catholic population. The parish collectors, corresponding directly with Dublin, estab- lished a local agency, coextensive with the kingdom ; the smallest contributor felt liimself personally embarked in the contest; and the movement became, in consequence, what it had not been be- fore, an eminently popular one. During the next sk months the receipts from penny subscriptions exceeded £100 sterling per month, representing 24,000 subscribers ; during the next year they averaged above £500 a week, representing nearly half a million enrolled Associates I With the additional means at the disposal of the Finance Committee of the Association, its power rose rapidly. A morning and an evening journal were at its command in Dublin ; many thousands of pounds were expended in defending the people in the courts, and prosecuting their Oiunge and other enemies. Annual subsidies, of £5,000 each, were voted for the Catholic Poor schools, and the education of missionary priests for Amer- ica; the expenses of parliamentary and electioneering agents wore POPUiAR HISTOBY OF IRELAND. 791 also heavy. But for all these purposes " the Catholic Rent " of « <^ tioseot 1824, the government, reallv alarmed af fh» Ireland, was introduced bv Mr Oniiniii,^ „i i j Sir Robert Pppln.ri,- <■ c . ^°^^""». who had succeeded r uobert Peel as Chief Secretary, and was supported by Plunkett ZJh H '""^' "' •*" ^"^^^'^g'^l combination^^ It w« aimed directly at the Catholic Association, and passed bZ houses; but O'Connell found means "to drive" as he said ^^^ coach and six through it." The existing AssocLi" dialed on the passage of the act; another, called "the Mw CatholirAl ciatiou,.. was formed for "charitable and other^:po XiX to their title, and immensely additional Sclat and success. other tlr' '^''.'''''^'' "«"« defeated was followed by an- other, the long-promised Relief Bill ft passed in the Commons n May accompanied by two clauses, or as they were caTed nungs," most unsatisfactory to the Catholic body. One ckuee disfranchised the whole class of electors known as the "foZ shilling freeholders;" the other provided a scale of state maS nance for the CaUiolic clergy. A bishop was to have £1 Z per annum; a dean £300; a parish priest £200 ; a curate Sr/hU measure was thrown out by the House of Lords, greatly Juie sa IS foe ion, at least, of the Irish Catholics. It ^;af durW twi debate in the upper house, that the Duke of York pre mLt« heir to the throne, made what was called his " L' spe^ h •" from his habit of dosing himself with that stimulant on trying occasions. In this speech he declared, that so "help hi God^' ward bv trc r r " "7f ^^ "'°°^'^^^^« ^^^ '^''-^ P"t f- ZIZ I P'-^^^"'^ «f that Awful Being whose name he h„, 30 „shly invoked, and his brother, the Duke of Clarenr assumed h.s position, as next in yuccesaioa fn fh« ^hror- 793 POPULAR HISTORY OV IRELAND. The Catholic delegates, Loid Killeon, Sir Thomas Esmonde, Lawless, and Shiel, were in London at the timo the Duke of York made his memorable declaration. If, on the one hand, they were regarded with dislike amounting to hatred, on the other, they were welcomed with cordiality by all the leaders of the liberal party. The venerable Earl Fitzwilliam emerged from hla retirement to do them honor; the gifted and energetic Brougham entertained them with all hospitality; at Norfolk House they were banqueted in the room in whicli George III. yaa born: the millionaire-demagogue Burdett, the courtly, liberal Lord Grey, and the flower of the Catholic nobility, were invited to meet them. The delegatts were naturally clieered and grati- fied ; they felt, they must have felt, that their cause had a grasp upon Imperial attention, which nothing but concession could ever looaen. Committees of both houses, to inquire into the state of Ire- land, bad sat during a great part of this Session, and among the witnesses were the principal delegates, with Drs. Murray, Curtis, Kelly, and Doyle. The evidence of the latter— the eminent Pre- late of Kildare and Leighlin— attracted most attention. His readiness of resource, clearness of statement, and wide range of information, inspired many of his questioners with a feeling of respect, such as they had never before entertained for any of his order. His writings had already made him honorably distin- guished among literary men ; his examination before the Commit- tees made him equally so among statesmen. From that period ho could reckon the Marquises of Anglesea and Wellesley, Lord Lans- downe and Mr. Brougham, among his correspondents and friends, and, what he valued even more, among the friends of his cause, Mr. O'Connell, on the other hand, certainly lost ground in Ireland by his London journey. He had, unquestionably, given his assent to both "wings," in 1826, as he did to the remaining one in 1828, and thereby greatly injured his own popularity. His frank and full recentation of his error, on his return, soon restored him to the favor of he multitude, and enabled hun to employ, witli the best etfect, the enormous influence which he showed he possessed »t the general elections of 1826. By him mainly the Beresforda were beaten in Waterford, the Fosters in Louth, and the Leslies POPULAR HISTORY OP IRELAND. 7J)3 in Monaghan. The independence of Limerick city, of Tippernry Jaf ' Wh °' *'r ?'''="°"' '"^ ""^ ^•"P''-^ «* '<»rge waa very "the Catholic question." ' ' ""' "''"'^ Postponement of -»♦« CHAPTER Vni. CW.U'8 L.AX,KHBHXP.-™ CLAKK ELKCnOK.-KMAKaPAXZO.V 0, THE CATIIOUCS. the'^Ci""'; ;??'"" f ^""'^'-'«*''i»<^^«.-enatthisday. "lo magnitude of the contest in whirh 0'Pr.r,.,„ii j., ■, popular leader, during the reign of G ote jy jn gL n T-"' "u, soven-tiguths 01 the 67 * people, one-third 794 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. of the gentry, the whole of the Catholic clergy, tke numerous and distinguished array of the Catholic bap, and nil the Catholic townsmen, taxed but unrepresented in the corporate bodies, were to enter on a new vil and social condition, on the passage of the act. In the colonies, except Canada, whore that church was pro- tected by treaty, the change of Imperial policy towards Catholics was to be felt in every relation of life, civil, military and ecclesi- astical, by all persons professing that religion. Some years ago, a bishop of Southern Africa declared, that, until O'Connell's time, it was impossible for Catholics to obtain any consideration from the officials at the Cape of Good Hope. Could there be a more striking illustration of the magnitude of the movement, which, rising in the latitude of Ireland, flung its outermost wave of influence on the shores of the Indian ocean ? The adverse hosts to be encountered in this great contest, in- cluded a large majority of the rank and wealth of both king- doms. The king, who had been a Whig in his youth, had grown into a Tory in his old age; the House of Lords were strongly hostile to the measure, as were also the universities, both in Eng- land and Ireland ; the Tory party, in and out of Parliament ; the Orange organization in Ireland ; the civil and military authorities generally, with the great bulk of the rural magistracy and the municipal authorities. The power to overcome this power should be indeed formidable, well organized and wisely directed. The Lord Lieutenant selected by Mr. Canning, was the Marquis of Anglesea, a frank soldier, as little accustomed to play the politician as any man of his order and distinction could be. Ho came to Ireland, in many respects the very opposite of Lord Wellesley ; no orator certainly, and so far as he had spoken for- merly, an enemy rather than a friend to the Catholics. But he hSd not been three months in office when he began to modify his views ; he was the first to prohibit, in Dublin, the annual Orange outrage on the 12th of July, and by subsequent, though alow de- grees, he became fully convinced that the Catholic claims could be settled only by Concession. Lord Francis Leveson Gower afterwards Earl of EUesmere, accompanied the Jfarquis as Chief Secretary. The accession to office of a prime lyinister friendly to the Cath- POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. 795 tholioa WM the signal for a new attcipfc to raise that "N„- of the London riot of ITSO . At n^rr,, t^, w .^ , ° ♦!,„ I. 11 , liioj. . At L»erry, Dubhn, Carlow andPnpIr the challenged agreed to defend their doctrines VnZ m • ' which hardly any other occasion'coT aTe "e^^^^^^^^^ R.ght Rev. Dr. Doyle, however, considered them f tl bl ficial the cause of true religion; and though he toLTateTa SeA rr ".f '"""'"^ P°^'"-'y forbade a sTel; ^tes to the 7 f^'^f ."' °"'^'" P'-^''^*- --d their i The notoriety of " the Second Reformation " was chiefly due to the ostentataous pa ronage of it by the lay chiefs of the Irish oliga^ chy Mr. Synge m Clare. Lord Lorton, and Mr. McClintock at Dunda k were indefatigable in their evangelising exertions Tl^, Bible-threw all h.s other books into a fish pond on his estatT Lord Farnham was even more conspicuous In the revival • ho Bpared neither patronage nor writB of ejectment to convert his 706 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. tenantry. The reports of conversions upon his lordship's estate. Curtil 7^r"*x. "°""'^'' "'''"''"'^ ''^ '""•'•^ "»"''«. that Drs. Curtis, Crolly, Magaurnn, O'Reilly, and McHalo, met on the 9th of December, 1826, at Cavan, to inquire into the faot«. They reformnt r.?''' ''"?'"" """''^ exaggeration on the part of tZ reformers, that some hundreds of the peasantry had, by various poWul temptations been led to change their' fonu'er^reS 11 e Bishops received back some of the converts, and a jubilee established among them completed their re- conversion. The Hon Mr. Noel and Captain Gordon posted to Cavan. with a challengi to discussion for their lordships; of course, their challeng 3 not accepted. Thomas Moore's Inimitable satire was the mo^ effective weapon against such fanatics. The energetic literature' of the Catholic agitation attracted much more attention than its oral polemics. Joined to a St S^ ? f ^"'.'""' '""^"''"^ ^^' ^«y'«' Thomas MoJre. Thomas Furlong, and Charles Butler, there was the powerfu phalanx of the Minbur.k Jievie. led by Jeffrey and Sid ey Thomas Campbell, the Poet of Hope, always and everywhere U.e William Henry Curran, whose sketches of the Irish Bar and Bench, of Dublin politics, and the county elections of 1826 will hveaslongas any periodical papers of that day. The indefa- besides, to the Gazette de Krance, a series of papers, which were read with great interest on the Continent. 'fhL articles we e itself tr Jr'T ''""*""• ^»>''"<^-^U'-teunlmpo;tant in Itself, gave additional .est to these French articles. The Duke deMontebelo, with two of his friends, Messrs. Duvergier and Thayer visited Ireland in 1826. Duvergier wrote a fe ries ^f very interesting letters on the " State of Ireland," whichTt thl Unie. went through several editions. At a Catholic meewL Ballinaslocthe Duke had some compliments p. i him whkh ^e f.r ai"'r'^'"1' ^^P'^^^'"^ ''' -^«'- ^- the 'sue of England, flie Pans press was roused in consequence, and the VOl'ULAR niSTORY Oi' UiBLAND. VOT Fronch Catholics, becoming more and more interested voted an addrcB, and subscription to the Catholic nssociaUon Tl o Bavr^ rmn Catholics foUowed their example, and similar comn.unicat „„" were received from Spain and Italy. mn.un.cations But the movement abroad did not end in Europe. An address from Bnfsh India contained a contribution of thre. thousand pounds sterling. From the West Indiee and Canadl generous assistance was rendered. ^""'"uo, generous V Iktr,"''''! ^'^'"" «>'"P''">e"c feeling was most active. New ItZl ?.^f V"'"''""' °^ " ^"""^« "f Ireland " were formed at New .ork, Boston. Washington. Norfolk, Charleston AuguTta were prepared for these societies, chiefly by Dr. McNevin at Ike the French press, became interested in the subject, and elo January, 1828, the vc.eron McNevin wrote to Mr. O'Connell^ Ptbhc opmmn in America is deep, and strong, and universal m your behal . This predilection prevails over file bro d "osom of .ur extensive continent. Associations similar to ours ar" vor here starting into existence-la our largest and wealhie ttns aTf.r ' ""' ""■■ '''"^''-'- our most remote sec tions , and at this moment, the propriety of convening, at Wash- i gton. delegates of the friends of Ireland, of all £ states, is under serious deliberation. A fund wiU erelong be derived fr;! American patriotism in the United States, which will astonish your haughtiest opponents." -"^ouisn aarV^"'!?'"?!"'?' ^°'*""'' °^ '^' ^^^"* 1"«««on were at the eame time brightening. The elections of 1826, had, upon the who e, given a large increase of strength to its adv;cares n England md Scotland, under the influence of the " NoPoperv" cry, they had lost some ground, but in Ireland they had had an Weneda^T J'° ^^^^ "^ the generous-hearted Canning, Wtened as it was by anti-Catholic intrigues, gave a momentary d.eck to theprogi-ess of liberal ideas ; but they were retarded only Irr!.' 7k '7"'" '^"""'^ '" ^""^^ *^«"' - *e next few J ears, farther than they had before advanced in an entire century. ti< • - lllV 708 POPULAR UI8T0RV OF IRELAND. The ad interim administration of Lord Godcrich n^ave way, by Ita own internal discords, in January, 1828, to (lie Woilington and Peel ndministration. Tlie Diiko was Premier, the Baronet leader of the Ui,mo of Commons; with Mr. L'uskisson, Lord Pnlmer- ston. in the cabinet ; Lord Anglcsea remained as Lord Lieutenant. But tlds coalition with the friends of Canning was not destined to outlive the session of 1828 ; the lieutenants of the late Premier were doomed, for some time longer, to suffer for their devotion to his principles. This session of 1828, is-in the history of religious liberty— the most important and interesting in the annals of the British Parliament. Almost at its opening, the extraordinary spectacle was exhibited of a petition signed by 800,000 Irish Catholics, praying for the repeal of '< the Corporation and Test Acts," en- acted on the restoration of Charles IL, against the non Conform- Ists. Monster petitions, both for and against the repeal of tliese Acts, as well as for and against Catholic emancipation, soon be- came of common occurrence. Protestants of all sects petitioned for, but still more petitioned against equal rights for Catholics ; while Catholics petitioned for the rights of Protestant dissenters. It is a spectacle to look back upon with admiration and instruc- tion ; exhibiting as it docs, so much of a truly tolerant spirit in Christians of all creeds, worthy of all honor and imitation. In April, " the Corporation and Test Acts " were repealed ; in May the Canningites eeceded from the Duke's government, and one of the gentlemen brought in to fill a vacant seat in the Cabi- net—Mr. Vesey Fitzgerald, member for Clare— issued his address to his electors, asking a renewal of their confidence. Out of this event grew another, which finally and successfully brought to an issue the century-old Catholic question. The Catholic Association, on the accession of the Wellington- Peel Cabinet, had publicly pledged itself to oppose every man who would accept office under these statesmen. The memory of both as ex-secretaries— but especially Peel's— was odious in Ire- land. When, however, the Duke had sustained, and ensured thereby the passage of the repeal of " the Corporation and Test Acts," Mr. O'Connell at the suggestion of Lord John Russell, the mover of the repeal, endeavored to get his angry and uncompro- POPOLAU HWrOBY OF IRELAND, 799 raising resolution nirainst tha n.ibn'a but this gentlcnmi aff n I . "'' ""^' I'^rsonnlly poi^ular; ti" the ^:r:^!rz^z^z^, rr '^■' '- '-'-'-' to stand against his friend Mr It ' ''? ""'^ '^"'^""^^ of the associated CatI X *''^- '"^«'"-"'"' *° «- ^reat dismay firs: iltivtrsirir i™' " '''' '^"'^ °''^"->' ^'^^^ ^^ -- -^t broughttoar f t is^treTrr '^"""°" """•'^ "--'o bar of the IlZootc'T ' """"^''' ''^"'^^ ^^"-^^ »* "»" few were at ";::!. Z^^^^^^ 'r""^'"^ ^^ -'• A trusted "ellhimselfjnderel;", , r^.'^ gion. should co.eT:a;dtr£^^^^^^^^^^ and diverse the judgrnen s ^e iv 'd ,7 '"""" ''^' ^»"«">*»^ion». o" the reeeptioa ofTfrrmat f ol T, '"^""'' '"' "* ^"-'"S"'' strong assuLce of suZr the tr/rM^"""? ^''''''' ^''^^'^ S'^^* himself Thn Zu °^ "'° "^^venture decided for ""iiseu. ihe bold course was ajrain eelectod «« fi,„ „ • and the spirit-stirring address of ' ''f*'^^ "'° ^'"^ course. Of my qualification to fill that sfatl^n t 1 .na ., .0,,™ „..„ „„,, .l';r;i';t:r„ ■:^:»r*; 1 . — , t-j ; It 800 POPULAR HISTORY OP IRELAND. 1 I I l! I members of Parliament ; but the authority which created thes* oaths (the Parliament), can abrogate them: and I entertain a confident hope that, if you elect me, the most bigoted of our enemies will aeo the necessity of removing from the chosen repre eentativo of the people, an obstacle which would prevent him from doing his duty to his king and to his country." This address was followed instantly by the departure of all the most effective agitators to the scene of the great contest. Shiel went down as conducting agent for the candidate ; Lawless left his Belfast newspaper, and Father Maguire his Leitrim flock; Messrs. Steele and O'Gorman Mahon, both proprietors in the county, were already in the field, and O'Connell himself soon followed. On the othe? hand, the leading county families, the O'Briens, McNamaras, Vandeleurs, Fitzgeralda and others, de- clared for their old favorite, Mr. Fitzgerald. He was personally much liked in the county ; the son of a venerable anti-Unionist, the well-remembered Prime Sergeant, and a man besides of supe rior abilities. The county itself was no easy one to contest ; its immense constituency (the 40-shilling freeholders had not yet been abolished), were scattered over a mountain and valley region, more than fifty miles long by above thirty wide. They were almost everywhere to be addressed in both languages — English and Irish — and when the canvass was over, they were still to be brought under the very eyes of the landlords, upon the breath of whose lips their subsistence depended, to vote the viverthrow and conquest of those absolute masters. The little county town of Ennis, situated on the river Fergus, about 110 miles south-west of Dublin, was the centre of attraction or of apprehension, and the hills that rise on either side of the little prosaic river soon swarmed with an unwonted population, who had resolved, subsist how they might, to see the election out. It is hardly an exaggeration to say that the eyes of the empire were turned, during those days of June, on the ancient patrimony of King Brian. " I fear the Clare election will end ill," wrote the Viceroy to the leader of the House of Commons. " This business," wrote the Lord Chancellor (Eldon), "must bring the Roman Catholic question to a crisis and a conclusion." " May the God of truth and justice protect and lirospcr you." was the public invocation for O'Connell's success, POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. gOl by the bishop of Kildare and LeiehUn " if Sir Robert Peel. long afterwards i ,. rT ^°''*''''"'" «"^ be the turning point^of the Sic 1 t on' ^ t-""'' """^^ and to all sort, of men this thZ ^" "" ''' ""P^cts, national event of thl utmo!. T'"' °" "•■'^'"'"■>- ''^^"^"on, but a Thirty thousand ptpWom:^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^°"-^-- versal sobriety and LeTelTl • T" '°'° ^°'^'^' ""^ »»i- troops ealled o'Lt to overawe thet". '''• P""""^^"^^- ^he vailbg good humor, joSlnJrcrr^ polling and the declaration ha^lV I nomination, the pen of Shiel. At ^ oJe rthr.trj''^' '^ *'''' ^»P^- O'Connell, 2,067; FitzLaW , o.f ^^ ''^^ """'^^''^ ^"e- clared duly dect d „Sdst hI / '' ^""'^^ ^'^''""«" ^"^ ^e- ofpopuJentlmlfrmTr^^^^^^^^^^ the popular verdict sat down f ' ''° S^ceMly bowed to Sir Robert Peel "In th! ' J'"'' '"^ '""°"« d'«P-t«J> to Peel, broke do:l:an1helfe;t:t"f'' '^^ ^''^^' ""3'^- scene as we have had Sul ? ^ "'''^'"''- ^"*='' «» before us I" ®"''' " tremendous prospect as is open revoluUonaryX'c Tr^^o^^^^^^^^^ T' '''' ' ^^ '^^"^ was accompanied bva /Jt ^°""'"' °" ^'"eturn to Dublin, highly i.p!sin; dcsL;;r irzi tr • ^ ^°"^' ^^ « fast, was escorted throu.rh Mp«fi , ,>f ' " ''^^"'■" *» ^el- estimated at 100.000 mefwh;!" .r^""'"" '^ "^ ""^"'"^« sionsof the Catholic c^; a^ rap;X^^^ liberal commander of the distriof r , n?. ^ell-kncwn to disperse. Troops from En! 1 , ™^ ^^°™*°"' ^"^uced slderable numbers brwhoff ''"'• "'''"'^ "^^'^ ^° '^°- C«tholics,sig„ali.:dttir la t;TtT2f"7r '' ''''"^ cheers for O'Connell. Reports of the 1 1 T^ ^"^"" ^^ government suggested de^tfc err' ^"f ^'? r^"^ solicitor, openly pronosed Jn fi. " ^'^- ■*^'^' ^ord, a Catholic .nd . ™'„ :„ /,CT. s s;oS°^Hrr;', "^tt ■"-'''■^ ford, and Mhcr Uadlnir 0™„™ ' t,. ^ "'"' ""»'"«" »«"»■ of the .»„,. .„d :e;r7,Tr' """"'^ ""''"« * ""•" m m 802 POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. landed, fully resolved to make no terms witli those lio had re garded from a distance as no better than rebels, became now one of their warmest partisans. His favorite councillor was Lord Clon curry, the early friend of Emmett and O'Connor ; the true friend to the last of every national interest. For a public letter to Bishop Curtis, towards the close of 1828, in which he advises tho Catholics to stand firm, ho was immediately recalled from the gov- ernment ; but his former and his actual chief, within three months from the dato of his recall, was equally obliged to surrender to the Association. The great duke was, or affected to be, really alarmed for the integrity of the empire, from the menacing aspect of events in Ireland. A call of parliament was accordingly made for an early day, ^nd, on the 5th of March, Mr, Peel moved a committee of the whole house, to go into a " consideration of the civil disabilities of his Majesty's Roman Catholic subjects." This motion, after two days' debate, was carried by a majority of 188. On the 10th of March tho Relief Bill was read for the first time, and passed without opposition, such being the arrange- ment entered into while in committee. But in five days all the bigotry of the land had been aroused ; nine hundred and fifty- seven petitions had already been presented against it ; that from the city of London was signed by more than " an hundred thou- sand freeholders." On the l7th of March it passed to a second reading, and on the 30th to a third, with largo majorities in each stage of debate. Out of 320 members who voted on the final reading, 178 were in its favor. On the 31st of March it was carried to the Lords by Mr. Peel, and read a first time ; two days later, on the 2d of April, it was read a second time, on motion o^ the Duke of Wellington ; a bitterly contested debate of three days followed; on the 10th, it was read a third time, and passed by a majority of 104. Three days later the bill received the royal assent and became law. The only drawbacks on this great measure of long-withhcltl justice, were, that it disfranchised the " forty-shilling freeholders " throughout Ireland, and condemned Mr. O'Connell, by the inser- tion of the single word " hereafter," to go back to Clare for re- election. In this there was little difficulty for him, but much petty spleen in the framers of the measure. POPULAR IIISTOUy OF 3KELAND. 803 While the Belief BiU was still under discussion, Mr O'Connell presented himself, with his eounsel, at the bar o the Hous" of Com.nons, to claim his seat as member for Clare. The n" ad ^s T Tt [ t^ ^ ^"y- ^ committee of the House of which Lord John Russell was Chairman, having been appoi. t'ed iltt meantxme to consider the petition of Thomas Mahon and othe^r ZZt 1 r f ^ °' "" ''"''''''' ^•'P-*^'^ that Mr. O-Col li had been duly elected. On the 15th of May. introduced by Lord Ebrmgton and Duneannon. the new member entered the House and advanced to the table to be sworn by the Clerk On the oath tt^trt th?' 'TT. ''""' '' -'' -r -au'dlMXe words- that the sacrifice of the mass, and the invocation of the ctSoTS''"^"'-""' °"^" ^'^'"^^-^ -vvpraeticed in h Church of Rome, are impious and idolatrous:" at the subseauent passage relative to the falsely imputed Catholic " doctrine of tt dispensmg power" of the Pope, he again read aloud, and paused Mr C leS tf iri'''''' T^' '" ^°^^'^''' -^ '^^^^^' "I decline Mr. Clerk to tako tins oath. Part of it I know to be false • aa other part I do not believe to be true " ' He was subsequently heard at the bar, in his own person ia explana^on of his refusal to take the oath, and, accordi'; to c'u" tom, withdrew. The house then entered into a very animated discussion on the Solicitor General's motion, "that Mr.'^C Z , having been re urned a member of this House before the passing- o he Ac for the Relief of the Roman Catholics, he is not en ut ' .r T '" ""' ''°"^*^ ""'^^^ h« fi-<^ t-'^- the oath of Bup emaey.' For this motion the vote on a division was 190 against 116 : majority, 14. So Mr. O'Connell had again to seek the suffrages of the electors of Clare A strange but well authenticated incident, struck with a some- wua superstitious awe both Protestants and Catholics, in eo. |.er of Ireland the most remote from Clare, but not the least in crested m the result of its memorable election. A ofty WHO fell at the Boyne, armed with a sword, typical of Ins martia -J -^"-j . , ^ , , , , b'""-"--'""}?. Juany long years. -^gn,., iiau his Bworu, bHcrod to liberty or ascendancy, SOi POPULAR HISTORY OF IRELAND. According to the oyes with which the spectator regarded it, turned its steadfast point to the broad estuary of TiOch Foylo. Neither wintry storms nor summer rains had loosened it in the grasp of the warlilte churchman's effigy, until, on the 13th day of April, 1829 —the day the royal signature was given to the Act of Emancipa- tion—the sword of Walker fell with a prophetic crash upon the ramparts of Derry, and was shattered to pieces. So, wo may now say, without bitterness and almost without re^)roach, so may fall and shiver to pieces, every code, in every land beneath the Bun, which impiously attempts to shackle conscience, or endows an exclusive caste with the rights and franchises which belong to an entire People I INDEX. PAOB 573 Abdication of James [I, de- clared ... ' Abercron,bie,re8ign;,(VonoV, bir Ralph, opinions of 7oo Accession of Charles I.. • lys George I •••• *(« V^orge III •••• ill James I... °i° JamesII...;; 1°^ Queen ElizabethV. '.;■*■• Qrn the British P,r:iament . Uniformity.'::: tot Acts of First Clristian King; 1? t.h?Nutivo Princes..^ ooi Administration of AngleVea: ^Alarquisof. *= '>,(., Bedford, Duke of. lot Bedford.Dukeof. •••^!^ Buckingham, Lord .::: g45 Cumden, Lord ,j^^ Capel Lord, in 1695::: 601 Car isle, Lord " g^o Carteret, Lord " gj! Che.sterfield,Lord. :-62l Chichester.Sir Arthur : 467 Cornvvall,s,Lord... m Cromwell. Henry. :::Ii5 Administration of Hartford.'^" Marquis of gW Liverpool, Lord :: Jgi March, Eurl of. 070 Mountjoy, Lord.....::: 438 Ormond, Earl of ttr Portland Duke of.: :: s^ Richmond, Duke of... "go Ru.ssell, Sn- William .421 Sidney, Sir Henry... " 39 J Struft^ord.Lord.r. "I^l lalbot, Sir John.,.. 094 Townsend, Lord ' ess Tyrconnell f.^ Wellcsley Marquis.::::: 788 Westmoreland, Earl of. 668 Whit worth, Lord 774 Age and rule of Gerald, 8th Earlof Kildure...... 315 Aggregate Meeting of Ca. tholics .. Agitators active ■operation of, to elect O'Connell for Clare face to face "with people Agrarian combination's gainst excessive rents and excessive tithes ... C85 Injustice RAt Agncola, Roman GoveV" of Britain 763 the 800 768 ernor 85 Alraain, battle, between Lein- ster and the Monarch. Amergin, Poet, Pdest and Prophet.... . z".-.""." .,. I American War of 181 2:,:"" fal Gray, Lord Leonard tit ^"T"' ^"^'^ Constitutio,',' " 17 Halifax, Lord ••• t2 Anglesea, Marquis of. Ad" "»' * r . ea7 I ministration of \aj Anglo-Irish, efrect;'of"ciVii War in England on tno "«"iax, i,ord H„ Harcourt, Lord '• ^tl Hard wicke. Lord.... • 75? Har.-ingtoD.Lord... llx M (806) 254 806 INDEX. Anglo-Irish, dc-sire of to naturalize themselves 256 Noblemen of the 15th Century, Menfil re- sources of • 382 Peerage, a new gQx towns under nutive Pro- tection goi Anglo-Norman Invasion, For- eign Relations, pre- vious to 149 Religion nnd Learning among the Irish pre- vious to 133 Social condition previous to 141 Anne, reign of Queen. ..;.... 605 Ardee, Ford of, battle at. ... 80 Ard-righ, or High-King .... 5 Arms Act, passed, 17!)3 677 Armor and Tactics of the Normans and Irish... 163 Armstrong, Capt. Jn.Warne- ford, treachery of. .... 701 Arrest and seizure of officers and papers of I3ack Lane Parliament 688 of the Earl of Glamorgan 529 United Irishmen 701 Articles of Mellifont 457 the Treaty of Limerick.. 598 Art ll'Murrogh, expedition against 282 ArtM'Jlurrogh, LordofLein- . , sjer. 2G8 Arts, during the Georgian f^a 781 Ascendancy of the Gerald- inesof Kildare 3I8 Ath-senaid, battle of 37 Assemblies, general, of An- cient Erin 21 Athenry, battle of 245 Athlone, siege of. . 586 Atmospheric Wonders..'...! 39 Atrocities perpetrated on the United Irishmen 698 Aughrim, battle cf 594 B. Back Lane Parliament 687 Back Lane Parliament, arrest PAOI nnd seizure of officers and papers 683 Balis, Bishop, destruction of shrines 374 Baliol, John, of Scotland. . . 234 Baun River 1 Bardic order, preservation of 26 Bards and Story-tellers 2 Bards, histrionic 6 Barrington, Jonah, descrip- tion of the passage of the Union Resolutions 744 Battle of Almain, between Leinster and the Mon- arch 85 Athenry 245 Ath-senaid 37 Aughrira . 694 Belain 84 Beuburb 531 Boyne, its consequences, 586 Brcagh 77 Castio Dermot 66 Clont^rf , , 99 Curlieu mountains 4S3 Dublin 81 Faughard 249 Fontenoy 624 Ford of Ardee 80 Fore 66 Glonfesk 389 Glenamalure 413 Inveruabark 62 Killicrankie 582 Killucan 294 Kilmainham 293 Kinsttle '. .... 449 Kiiockdoe 825 Moira, in 637, 30 Monabraher 326 Near Tara 84 Newrv 73 Rathfarnhain 76 Rathfarnham 702 Rathmines 533 Rathmore, in Antrim, in 680 and 684 81 Slane 81 Sulchoid 88 The Boyne 585 Thurles 184 Yellow Ford 419 Bedford, Duke of, adminis- tration of. CM INDRX. 807 Bedford p..ke of, adminis-- _ , tradon of. ^«nii, battle of," PAoa Bryan.^Sir Francis, ambition''^*" ^'""'fi,^im;Si;Ed,;'dVLord: ^^ I ^"''''{?,!l?,'"-^?'-'dVadn;inis: ^^^ Bei Be 757 84 ^n.burb, battle of, . . * ' ' f .^f Bu^gov „,, surrender of ' Vt nisnua. rn„^i„.:_ l^-UV- o^^l Saratoga .' „.„ Burke,^Edm,.nd;'d;athof.-in '" Burke, Lieut! Gen;surr;nder''* 'g'|_^s, coadjutor of Pat Bishops appointed b>"iho" I n ., "f G«lway"Vor"'"^""" ^r ^"en ''"^ demned to fine aud imprisonment.... aR7 of tbe United Irishmen' "- 331 Bog of Bombarament," 'first,' 'by „ Juns!" ""■''^'"^ ^''"^ Bomb'3ment of Cari'c'kfergu's' 582 Bond^ „f the Irish racf. '' 55I ilond, Oliver, condemned to Booko'f"l,^'?3rP"-™%«87 Borough. Thomas. 'Lo;d,"ad:'^^ ministration of. . . aor ^°"'"^|V^i;'-jate. high-posil^^^ Boyne, Battle of ihe E^ Breagh, battle of, ^f. Brian Born '' Brian Boru Brian Horn Brian 687 0. Camden, Lord, administra- Campaign of 1595.... lit of Essex in 1599... ■.;■'■ 4,? of 1643 i^l of 1689... °i° of 1690 of 1C91. 679 683 692 85 death of,...;;;; loo Boru, great battle of . tlontarf,... S ,"°''"' mu'iificMi'c'e'of.; Brian Boru, tributes to Bridget, Snint.... BrogTiiil, Lord, I'r'o't'estant and Irish opinion of Bruce Robert, arrival ana nrst campaign of,.... 047 coronation of , at Dun- di'k - . oAo Northern Irish ^nt^riAto nllinnce with ow of Scotland,... . HJ " '"p'''i;u of 242 601 596 Canning death of, 1826..."" 79I ,, . , , ,,, , C«°"'«. Ban sh. founded hi's ^^ Hnru, fortunes of the Pnn^i t''"''f^"'^°g'«id... 107 ^"."i'l.V of 11A I ^"P^'' I'O'-d, admiufstratioii or, 1695 Capitulation of Limerick " " n-v'-n^",'?*'/ °f John Care.?S:-;,t„^-^:"S8. c»^i°^SSS^:- „ . lion of „. CaXef t°5"'"P^'""'?'^«»' 66 ' v^arieret, Lord, adrainistra- tion of. .. . «.. Cflshel chief seat' of power ^ forMunster........ 7 CasteDermot, battle of., ' 66 Castle Martin, truce of.. sig Castlereagh, Lord, high po- ^ _, sitionof.. ' h.o r^lh^}-^''°,!,"^''"'g'"^'«°of.'. 199 Catholic addresses to Georg; 638 114 99 95 94 57 ijui u, 1 roiestant leader -.„ Brown, Archbishop,: ;;;•••• as? Bruais, or Farmers;. s Bruce. King Edward, CMs'e'- quences of his inva- sion o.n death of,....'. IZ s-a Of;..:.... ;;;;;;;•••• ^« 252 HI.. agitation, literaVu'r'e' of.;' 798 army, the •• i^" ass.^nintjon *•-,,— J ■. : • • "'•» -—1.11.11, lOiinuaiion °' 788 808 IITDKX. PAOB 7P0 643 763 774 Catholic Associations, ques- tions for consideration of. Bishops, opposition of, to secret societies. . . . Boaid, institution of, 1811 Board, suppression of. . concessions to, 1807 757 Committee, dissolution „ , of.lSll 763 Catholic Confederation 504 adherence of the Lords of the Pale 503 civil government of 508 Connuught, events in.. 510 Leiuster, events in 511 Lords of the Pule pro- claimed rebels 506 meeting of Bishops.. .. 504 military, Hstublishment of 506 Munster, events in 510 National Synod of Kil- kenny 508 Ormond's operations 500 rising in the Midland and Munster Counties 499 Ulster, events in 611 Catholic Convention, 1792-3. 673 deputation to Charles I.. 520 Catholic Emancipation, Ad- dress of Mr. Keogh.. 757 agitation of, after the Union 747 committee reconstruct- ed, 1809 762 complete, hopes for 732 complete, introduction of, into the Irish Par- liament 682 complete, rejected 683 debate on petition, lost, 1805 756 defeat of Bill for, 1813. . . 769 defeat of Pitt adminis- tration ; 747 discussions upon, 1810, .1813 750 distinct line of policy in favor of 703 final Passage of, 13th April, 1829...., 802 Flood opposed to 650 _.,,._ PAOB Catholic Emancipation, Grattan's annual motion in favor of 765 Grattan's debut 756 Grattan's detailed Bill for.... 706 Grattan's motion defeat- ed, 1816 770 Grattan's motion defeat- ed, 1817 770 Qrattan in favor of 659 great Irish Questions, fluctuations of 774 ijreat issue of, in elec- tions of 1807, '12, '18, and '26 762 important Debate, 1813. 766 in 1816 775 inquiry into state of Ire- land, 1824 792 Keogh, address of 757 magnitude of the ques- tion, 1826 793 mo'^ement in favor a- broad 797 no-popery Cabinet, 1807 758 Parnell's motion for a committee rejected, IS- IS 770 Pell's resolutions, 1828, carried 802 petition of 800,000 in 1828 798 petition of old Catholic committee, 1805 756 petitions of 1807 rejected 758 petitions of 1808 reject- ed 753 question of, again urged, 757 Belief Bill in Commons, passed 802 Relief Bill, in Lords, passed 802 Resolutions in favor of.. 6.53 "Veto, the" 756 Catholic meeting, iirst, since Queen Anne 035 Catholic reliefbill, the second 648 Relief Bill of 1793 071 Rent 790 Statesmen of, all Pro- testants 759 Celebrities in Ancient His- tory e Cel Cea Ch( Cba Cba Chet Chic Chiel Chrie Chria P Civil n w Clare Clare, L( Claren 1 Clarem < CIoncM t Cloncui f Clonma Clontar d Close C oftl oftl Coalitioi la Colkitto, bn Golumbli deat INDEX. 800 Txe* Celtic unity in Irish govern-'"**'" mentlost.. ini Cessation and its connequen- ces ^ Cliange of dynast^ in EnR- land * Charlemont, death of the ven- erable.. 519 288 Columbkill. Saint... '*?? Commercial restrictions," Ve- laxation of.. oak Conciliation committee' foVro". „ , cd,1821 yoo Confederation. Catholic. "■■ " Confederate delecatps gign- 504 Charles I., accession of::;:: 478 OnnfJ"^ ^''^^;^•'«8''«on"•" «1» I., execution of. ::; g Sn&fJL^M^'"' formed 418 24 8 10 ., restoration of 552 II., proclaimed kinir..:: 537 ^^ II., death of. T 562 Chesterfield, Lord, adminiV- tration of cot, Chichester, Sir Arthur, ad- _, . ministration of... 46? Chief officers of ancient king^ Christian immigration to Ar- gyle Christianity, flrVt" dawn" of" " preached at Tara, and results Ojvil affairs after the "death ofBrian 104 war in England 253 Clare election, 1828, turning point of the Catholic question oAi Clare, Lord, death of in 1806 749 iiord, unenviable posi- „, -'on ^\ y.g Clarence, Duke of, lord-lieu"- _, tenant „/., Clarendon, Earl of, ""lord deputy f-^n CloncMrry, tord, public "l"e"tl ter of. of)^ Cloncurry, Lord, O'Conneil'a rinnm, ^°"'® ."ounsellor. . . 802 C onmacnoise, battle of gS Clontarf, great battle of. unl der Brian Boru 99 Close of the career of D^ .yourcy and De Burgh 200 Confederate W^iTthe. "'fill war, the close of...;;::' 646 Confiscation of the midland counties 47- Confiscation of Ulster. . "47^ CongaUII.,king [[-l ^ ill., king qX ConnaU and Kellach," "j"o*int reijgn of, 640 . . . 09 Connaught, ancient. " " 7 r, rising in ;:;;"" 244 Conor IL. king. ^ Conor Moinmoy. death of " * lfl« Conquest of Munster '""■]?? Contest between the North ^ ^ and South .120 Controversy betweer Estab"- lished Church and r«„=„ri*l'®*'*°„* Dissenters 620 Consolidation of the empire ,.Pens in favor...... '731 Constitution, first prepared under auspices of St. ratncfc Constitution, how the'kinea ke^t it * Constitution of 1763".'re8olu'. p„„ "°° to remain inlact.. 741 Convention act, passed, 1793 678 of the volunteers.. 658 „ .°V2!l""*^e''sin]783.*" rorm«' Yk'"''"?' '° Franc; Cormac, the prince bishop. . Cornwallis, lord, adminis- tration of 71 y 17 17 660 783 72 65S of the Confederate war flflfl r^J"'".-®'"'*'" o*"' effects of. . of the revolutionary wirS ™" »t n" "S ^e^^*"* »">«« Coalition ministry in Ens- ./'•^'"'^^''f • • • • 242 land,1783..... .. ^ 659 r„,J*''';'.<'"'. oldest form of. . 21 t*« .u-..^, •••••• :••.•• 659 f Corporation and Tost Acts 800,000 Irish Catholics praying for repeal of.. 798 Corporation and Test Acts. Colkitto, the loft"-han"d"e"d,"d"e*- nM P.T.'fationatMostyn.. 620 Columbkill, Bishop..,..'^ 94 death of in 688, 24 QQ (ft If repeal 01 la 1628. 798 810 INDEX. ! _ „ PAOl Croft, Sir James, lord-deputy 87a Croni, the ^od of fire 7 Cromer, primate, death of... 866 Cromweirg campaign of 1640-1650 539 death of 552 Henry, administration of 550 Henry, lord-deputy 540 Oliver, death or 652 Crosbie, Sir Edward, com- plicity of and execu- tion 705 Crowning of ancient mon- archs 20 Crowns united 860 Cruchain, chief seat of power for Connaught 7 Cumberland, Duke of,' fights 'he French at Foute- noy, and is defoatod . . 625 Curlieu mountains, battle of 483 Currnn, distinguished in de- bate 664 John Philpot, genius and courage of 699 last days of 777 neglect of the adminis- tration 758 rejected at Newry 764 retirement from public life, 1813 775 death of, in 1817 776 D. Danes of Dublin, first con- versions to Christian- ity, in 948 81 Daniel O'Connell, first men- tion of 675 Danish descent on the Coast of Ulster 40 Invasion 49 Darcy, Patrick 514 Dark ages of Ireland 140 Death of Brian Boru 100 Charles II 582 Cromwell 552 Dermid M'Murrogh .... 175 Donald III... 88 Earl of March 279 Lord StraflFord 488 Niaim 64 PiOl Death of Oliver Cromwell.. 652 William G04 Do Bermingham, John 245 Do Burgh, close of the career of 200 Richard, conflicts of . . . . 233 Decay of English interest in 1376 207 De Courcy, close of the career of 200 John, expeditions of. ... 108 Defeat :-.nd death of Sir James Fitzmaurice 400 De Lacy, Hugh 182 Dermid and Blatbmac, joint succession of, in 658. . 29 M'Murrogh's death at Vernamore 175 M'Murrogh's Negotia- tions and success with Henry II 156 Derry, siege of 680 Desmond, liarl of. Execution of 813 Destruction of relics, etc 387 Shrines 374 the Spanish Armada... . 417 Devonshire, Duke of, admiu- i istration of. 622 Popularity of ". . 628 Diffusion of Printing in 1591 463 Disabilities of Papists 606 Dissolution of Parliament, 1789 668 Division and decline, con- tinued, of the "Eng- lish Interest" 805 Donald II., succession of, in 624 29 IIL, king 87 IV., king 88 Donough I., king 88 II-, king 77 Dorset, Duko of, administra- tion of. 619 Dowdal, Archbishop 377 Doyle, Dr., distinguished position of 793 Druidism, the religion of an- cient Erin 7 Drury, Sir William, adminis- tration of 457 Dublin, battle of T2 sieg« of , 81 INDEX. Pioa well.. 552 604 245 career 200 of.... 233 rest iu 287 career 200 of.... 198 James 408 182 , joint 656.. 2» th at 17* gotia- i with 158 580 iutiou 818 to 867 874 la.... 417 Imiu- • 622 ..,•.. 622 I 1591 462 606 nent, 668 con- Eng- 805 of, in 29 87 88 88 77 istra- .... 619 377 shed 798 f an- .... 7 linis- .... 457 .... 72 81 DukoofYork. Richard, ad-'*"" niiniatration of. . "n? l)i.nboy,u., Lord, apostaevof 67R Ji.ndee,fallofthegallnnt ssS i)i.vcrg,er8 scries ,.f letter^ Djnasty, change of, in Eng. 811 PAOI land E. 2,-)l 1 664 232 Earldom of Ultter, extinction of. Barl Richard, death of.' ir", first Campaign of... ' igo second Campaign of. "■ 17^ Earls Hi.ht of tWh...;- 470 Is;;'/ .9«>^g>-npby of Ireland Educational question, 1787 E&ward I., of England.. '" -,« II., of England....: "■■ 232 IV., events of the reigii Eighth''ce„tuV;yVkingrof:':-^j5 Election ancient forms of. . . 20 hZX ^fT' '«'«ssi"n of 880 death of Queen Ar.f> Emamr, chief seat of poww -jr Ulster. f «. iimbargo on export of prol visions to Ame.ica: . C4'5 on export of provisions' PmK P''<'Posed removal of. , 646 Embassy of the Earl of Gla- . morgan m/. Eminent Irish Saints..:. it iimraett, Robert, emeute of " " 1803 289 428 751 267 in 752 762 execution of in 1804 ' ' " expulsion from Trinity College ' f^gr. personal reputation of :: 753 return to Dublin of... 750 travels of ir^ wonderful death speech Emmett ■ "Thomas ' Addis,' of ^^^ the United Irishmen.. 68fi England and Ireland, union ^ of the Crowns of. ... . 341 England, civil war in. 25, civil war again in..*"" sos S°K aid's seven jrears- war.! 640 " •— -T-tticnca Uio English and Anglo-Irish in- tercst. . English and Spanish "ne'goti"- ations,... " English hostililiVs" ■ '.with franco .... 288 *^"sHHlUnterest,dec"a>""o"fin continued "di'vision ' and decline of jq^ PnJ'l" ""^^'"^ ^° turn for:: 318 Eng K,h power, low ebb of. . 317 ijngish Republic rio Enni.skillen. siege of :::'•• 581 Epochs four g1.eat, Anglo'- Worman invasion in 11C9 1,1. liOgislative union "inigoi 746 Statute Kilkenny, Ens- l'9h Pale, and Irish enemy 1367 743 Union of the Crowns in 1541 1,.^ Era of Independence," "first period of. second period of :::" " third period of . . : : termination of "iniyg? K°f King Richard Bruc^: 232 Era of the Reformation.. 370 Erin, ancient, state of societv m ^ _ Esmonde, Dr., M'e'c'utJon" of : 702 Essex's campaign in 1599 iqi Essex, Lor^ tlie-^ « UndeV- ^ taker," -^i Establishment of MaVn'ooth College..., (-7^ Estrangement of Flood 'and CJrattan »/-, Eugenian race of the'South: " « Events of the reign of Edl 654 063 670 677 45 ward VI.. 870 Pbilin and Mary....'" 376 Events ofthe 13th Centu,:;:" 2OI Excommunication of Queen Elizabeth 30.1 Execution of Charles I. " * " " tw Earl of Desmond...:::: 3il wd Afaguire 520 Expedition of Prince Chari;; iidward cor Exodus to thn North' :A:~eV!l can Colonies in 1729.. 621 mi 812 INDEX. Expedition of Admiral Con- flaus 820 Commodoro Thurot..,. 620 Express renunciation, reso- lution of. 667 F. Failure of the great Expedi- tion I'roni Brest, 1706. 6l'2 Falkland, Viscount, adminis- tration of 476 Pall of Oal wa^ o48 Fall of Limerick 545 Fate of the Leading United Irishmen j .... .. 720 Faughard, battle of '. 249 Feargal, king 36 Felony to introduce armed Scotchmon into Ire- land 879 Fifteenth Century, relations of the Races in the. . . 803 Final passage of Catholic Emancipation Act,13th April, 1820 802 Finn, father of Ossian 6 Finnacta, death of 84 Finnacta, reigned twenty years in the seventh century 80 Firearms, first employment of, in 1480 881 First campaign of Earl Rich- ard 169 expedition of Richard II. to Ireland 272 inhabitants 1 First Period of Era of Inde- pendence 654 First Story of Ireliind before it became Christian. . . 2 Fitzgerald, Lord Edward, of the United Irishmen.. 680 Margaret, decision of, character of 829 McVesev, address of, to the Clare Electors.... 798 Fitzmaurice, .lames, insur- rection under 897 Sir James 898 Sir James, defeat and death of 403 Fitz-Ralph, Archbishop of Armagh gga i'ltzntcnhcn, Rt. aprisoner.. 178 Fitzwillinm, Lord Deputv. . . 418 Fitzwilliam, Lord, adminis- tration of 675 Flaherty, king 80 Flan, king ((» Flight of the Enrls ..!!.!!.'.' 470 Flood and Orattan, final dis- agreement between. . . 6,''>6 death of, in 1701 662 decline of popularity .. . 048 entry of, into the 'Eng- lish Parliament 662 estrangement from Grat- tan, foundation of ... . 651 greatest triumph of ... , 658 leadership of 6S6 " Ode to Fame" of 662 opposed to Catholic Emancipation 659 outvoted on every motion 001 plea of, refusal to receive foreign troops 044. professorship of the Irish language in Trinity College 602 propo.sed extension of the franchise rejected OCO remaining years of the public 1/f'o of 000 retirement from the Irish Parliament 681 Firbolgs, or BolgiB, the third immigration into Ire- land 8 Fontenoy, battl. of. ..'...!" 624 Forbes, Pensio-, bill of 078 Fore, battle of 66 Foreign Re! tions of the Irish jrevious to the Anglo-Norman Inva- sion J49 Forgartah, king .' gO JJormonans, or Sea Kings; descendants of Ham., 8 Pour ancient provinces the. 7 Four great Epochs in Irish History 745 Fox, death of, in September, ^1806. '757 general, replaced by Lord Cathcart 755 PiOl lop of 338 Honor.. 17S inty... 418 iuiinis- 675 80 fin 470 ml dis- een... G.'iO 602 itv . . . 048 ! Eng. 692 651 658 6SC INDEX. Fr«nconnd Holland, negofia. lions w (I. * " lions wit! nan 690 Fr..;Sr!l:::!!^"ieVica 6^^ of. ro- 6(!0 .ISC, extension „ . jected f rcedorn of Tfi> « „ "i F-e T,.a.,iI'.V^t,ro'".J;i.„: «•''« leers .... P„//«2'"'ion8 pusied." .' ." ' " * ntl JVenchr^vj^on.pr^,io^s^ O. Gaelic poetry of the Seven- teenth Century.™ B6y 0».i- ""llfi""! Colony ' . Galhcan Church. libeiiieVof ^ oahvay.fairof:;:; l^l River. o46 General A.ssembly in ieiy* ' ' .,i mcotinginioVo ."'•• ^?L' -eetjnK^of.atKilkenny-/^-' ^"^^""iSd"" "'■'""'•onof Ire- ''^^ George r.,acc'essionof;;'-- b,,^ n-. accession of.... :::-^J^ III-, accession of. Mr Geraldine League l^A second. ' Geraldines, of Kildare cendency of Munster. iniportai.i tion of Glamo^rgy,,EaVrof;;rrestof5l9' as- ac- 36 813 f^lenmalure, battle of.. f?f Orandison,J.o..d,„d.n,ni.stra- ^™"^„;i;:»r?i-„ed-fbr 1812. 413 476 764 813 rioa Grattan and Flood, final d.,- agreement between «/^fl deftthof."bls^f7^2 de/>ut of. in Ho;- l/OmnionB, 1805 detailed bill of. foVca'- , tholio Eman ' of 743 678 769 775 756 election of, f„r Wiclclovv" Hi •^"ters the Imperial ?„T:^^' 'lament ^ .,,_ ''^0fi|[l*'1'-'^-*°P^^«°''8 fi/e'dl^Sro"/"-^-g ^"o^'niSn.i!'.^. «--> 1 hosti,^ to French p^n:^« in '■«vo/"of""cathoric , emancipation . ■ a^ astd«y.s'„f... : ««» leadershiii of. ''.'^ lendciMhip '■ -'■■••••••• "■i^ a of. continua- Onmm'''''^ House of vommons.. "of cTm"l?r «-- return of; to theKinR- strt^'^;iLP"^--'i/--.r39 649 632 758 740 C65 684 . from the Irish , I'nvy Council Ro [ thanks of • the voted to Trade motion of, House 730 6,56 683 _, . ultimatum of. accp'nVoV ' nrf Grievances and "Graces" 4^n Growh„fp^^,.^ aces 480 ^'^'^^' ^SC^.-. contest with E.Vi ^^ ofKiirrr*"'"'^'-' 817 ameminient to ' Supply ' '* r„i'°/''- ^ministration rf ill J/LT:'^^ .%66 I '"^^^' &>°»i"-d. adminl *'* in.., (,,j. o/y I Guns, great, first eonard, admin- of. use of.. 3*0 831 i m I'l'] 8U IMOKX. H. PAOB Half-penny controversy 617 Halifax, Lord, administration of 637 Harcourt, Lord, administra- tion of. 639 Hardwicke, Lord, adminis- tration of 754 Harrington, Earl of, admin- istration of 630 Hearts of Steel 643 Henrietta Maria, queen of Charles 1 520 Henry IL, in Ireland 178 Henry IL, return to England 181 Henry VIIL, proclainled at London and Dublin... 360 Hertford, Marquis, adminis- tration of 637 Hiberno-Norman town-life.. 223 Hiberno-Scotch alliance 305 Hippesley, Sir John 0., liber- ties of the Qallican Church 757 Hoche, Commander of the French Expedition... 691 death of, in 1797 694 Holy See, political position of 772 Hospitality of the old Irish. 328 Hostages, a form of ratifying a treaty .sg Hugli IL, reign of 23 Hugh, kingof Ireland, death of, in 59.") 28 Hugh IIL, succession of 29 Hugh IV., succession of, in 599 29 Hugh v., king [', ifi Ilugli VI., king 49 Hugh VI L, king 68 Hugh Je Lacy, assassination „ of 19S Hugh of the Fetters 419 Hy-Nial race of the north.. . 6 I. Impeachment of Lord Straf- ford 488 Imperial Standard, new, run up on Dublin Castle, 1801 745 Independence, era of, first period of 654 second period of. 663 third period of. 670 termination of in 1797. . 677 Independence of 1641 atfirni- ed in 1780 651 Iniquitous deprivation of equal civil rights 620 Insurrection of Silken Tho- mas 348 of 1641 490 of 1798 696 under Fitzmaurice 397 Invasion of Scotland by the Young Pretender 623 Invernabark, battle of 63 lona, growth of, under Co- lumbkill 24 islet of 24 Ireland and Scotland, rela- tions of 233 Ireland, as a nation, extin- guished 744 under the Protectorate.. 548 Irish abroad 492 abroad, in the reign ot George III 733 abroad, in O'Connell's final and successful struggle for Catholic Emancipation 783 Administration, reform of 682 and Anglo-Irish Society, stale of during the 14th and 15th centu- ries 327 beef imported into Eng- land a nuisance 553 Chiefs, negotiations of with James V\ of Scot- luiid 353 Constabulary, 1812 766 exodns to the North American Colonies... 621 immigration, first, into Scotland in 258 23 in America, fortunes of. 784 opinion of Edward IJrucc 252 Parliament, last session of 740 policy of Henry VI 11. during time of Cardi- nal Wolsey 342 INDK.: 816 W8h Prelates of reign 0'^"" George III * 57. reform movement..! .'.■; 659 Saints, lives of the bqI wcriptures, first version of g ,„ soldiers abroad..." .■,■■■■■ 46? soldiers abroad durina " the reign of William and Anne Whigg Lord Moiria and ^Ir. Ponsonby, leaders 610 772 ^'°^n1„^t *''« eighth century'ls ninth century... ^ 49 seventh century. on tenth century... yi Kmsale abandoumentofV " " 58q battle of ..II9 K-„:if"'^'"5 «' James ir. at.: 574 Knighthooas conferred... 801 KnightsofSt.John... • HI Knights of St. Patriclco^d^r KnockdoV, 'battk ofV.V,; '.'.,', tS 619 624 Jacobites disheartened. Jacobite movement... ^.,. Ta^'"""T"S'' anticipations of! 013 J«mes I. accession of, until ^ death of Cronnvpll ark James II., abdication of ;•• 573 accession of. ... . ?, « ^ >n Ireland 5^^ James v., death of...".' fl? "Defender of the Faith" ot Scotland, negotiations _ of Irish Chiefs with RnH Judicial and legislative inde- pendenoe established. 649 353 K. Keating, Jeffrey ,(,, Kenmare, Lord, death of," 18- Kenneth," ki'ng .".■.■.■;: ''ll Keogh .lohn, absone; " "of. irom illness 7,50 K-^^f ''i^'"''°!'*"'^<''«''ation3 o'f 799 Kenfala, leigned four years in tlie seventh century 80 Kildare, Earl of, death of. .! 35O Gerald, 8th Earl of.... 314 James, 20th Earl of.. " 6^3 ninth ai.d last Earl of. ;■ 845 Thomas, 7th Earl of..., 813 Kilkenijy, city of, capital of tlie tonfederacv. fsiQ statute of f.; ^'^ Kiliorankie,bnnioof.. •• figo Kilmamham, battle of. ooq Klllucan. hoftU ,.«• r?** . ,,, .^,j^ Lancasterians and Yorkists. t,ast session of the Irish Par- 289 liament fin f'^fMt''1ggIeoftheStu"«rt"s". 627 Latn helps to early history. 4 Latter davs of the Northmen in Ireland in? Leadership of Grattan ...*"" ' 644 continuation of.... " luZ Leadership of O'Connell, 1812 785 in 1813 iji,f^ Legislation of 1708, fatal" to to the Irish Parlia- ment ysf, Legislative and judicial" inl dependence establish- ed g,g Legislative independence 'es- . tabiished eiio Legislative union of G"r"eat . ""'ain and Ireland... 613 Legislature, ancient, of the Kingdoin,proposed ex- tinction of... nqiT Leighlin, chief seat of po"wer forLeinster 7 Ijeinster, ancient.. 7 Lewines, Edward Joh"n,",V"ith Li«Falirthf'^''^*P'"^'"''"-''93 Liffey battle on th^;" three days, gg Limerick, capitulation "of. ". '. ." 696 '?" ot gj- ,. Siege of B8? Lionel duke of Clarence, loi^d lieutenant oni Literature of thn r!a*i'"'>"'':c agitation ".'.. 706 •iFl I'm] 816 IHDBX. Lirerpool, Lord, administra- tion of 764 death of, 1826 793 Lives of the Irish Saints. ... 564 Lucaa, Dr., death of 637 resolutions of 637 Lord and tenant, new rela- tions of 868 Loingsech, succession of, in , ,603 80 Lough Corrib l U. . Magennis, Arthur, Bishop of Dromore j. S72 Magna Charta of Irish Pro- testantism ,"554 Maauire, Lord, execution of oJO Mahon, King of Cashel, mur- der of 89 Malachy, I., King 65 „ II-. K^ig 86 Malcolm of Scotland 101 Malone, Anthony, leader of the Patriot army 631 Malone, death of. 643 Mant, Bishop 872 March, Earl of, administra- tion of. 279 lieutenancy antt death of 279 Marlborough, assault of, upon Cork 589 hrst mention of 539 leadership of, under Queen Anne return of to England Mary, Queeo, legal difficulty in ti le '0 Queen of Ire- land Mass, first celebrated in a barn Maynooth College, establish- ment of 676 McNamara, Major, declin- ation of 799 McNevin, of ihe United Irish- „ , men 686 Meath, ancient 6 MellifoDt, articles of 457 Memorial of the English Ca- tholics ut Rome 528 Mental resources of an Anglo- Irish nobleman 882 605 589 877 12 Midland counties, confisca- tion of 477 Milesian Kings, the first. . '. .' 8 Milesians 3 Militia Bill of 1778 '.'..'. 647 Militia, increase of, 1798.,.! 678 Military events, 1647 536 subjugation of Ireland. . 551 McMurrogh, Art, Lord of Leinster 26S Moirn, battle of, in 637 30 Monabraher, battle of 326 Moore, inimitable satire of... 7iagh, reigned six'y'e'a'rs in the seventh Century onicl, educated at Stoney- hurst 663 795 688 643 80 770 reply of to O'Connell, .1821 ; 785 Richard Lalor, eloquence 770 Sidney, bir Henry, adminis- tration of 391 Sir Henry, deputysh/p!." 391 Sir Henry, lord-deputv 381 Siege of Athtone, ,.,,,,..;. 555 Siege Of Derry 'gg' 01 Dublin igg of Enniskillen.... '.',!!!! bSl of Limerick 587 Silken Tiiomas, insurrection 348 Simnel and Warbeck, York- ist pretenders 820 oiane, battle of 81 Slaughter at Drogheda!!!!! 540 Shgo, castle and town sacked 241 oocial condition of the Irish previous to the Anglo- Norman Invasion... 141 Spaniards, landing of, in the ,, .South 445 Spanish Armada 415 Stage, the, during the Georg- ian Era 7 781 State of the Country beiweeii 1760 and 1770 640 Insh and Anglo-Irish the 14th and loth cen- turies 327 Statute of Kilkenny," ■ "and some of its conse- auences 283 State of Religion and Learn"- ing during 14th and loth centuries 333 religion and learning during the reign of Elizabetii 457 reiigion and learning in the 17th century 562 religion and learning during the reign of George III 777 society and learning dur- ing the Norman Period 227 Leger, Sir Anthony, lord- deputy 350 Stone, Dr. George, Primate of Ireland 050 Stone of desti ny 3 St, Patrick, Knights'of!!!!! 659 Strafford, Lord, administra- tion of 484 impeachment of and exe- cution 487 lord-deputy 434 Subdivision of Tribes 'and Territories 299 Succession disputed in ScoV- 'sud _, 238 St. 822 INOKX. Sulchoid, battle of 88 Superstitioua incident at Derry, 13th April, 1829 804 Survey of the whole King- dom 649 Sussex, Lord Deputy 881 Swamps and marshes, ex- tent of. 2 Swift, antipathies to the cl'er- , ey--- 621 leadership gi7 peculiarities of. .* 621 rA«B Talbot, archbishop of Dub- lin, arrest of 559 Sir John, administration of 294 Tandy, Napper, of the UniUd Irishmen 687 Tara, battle near 84 chief seat of power 7 Tainsv or successor 5 Taxation, resistance of, by Columbkill 27 Third era of Independence. . 670 Thirteenth century, events of the 201 no conquest of the coun- try in the 220 Thirty ivrticles, .he, publica- tion of 633 Thomond, Prince of, attempt to restore 'the Monar- „^ ciiy 302 Three days' battle on the Lin'ev gg Thurles, ba'ttle of. 184 Tithe question, 1788 665 Tone and Lewines, third ex- pedition of, not con- summated 695 Tone, Theobold Wolfe, arri- val of, at Havre 690 death of, in 1798 726 of the United Irishmen. 686 sailing of the great ex- pedition from Brest.. . 691 vows and projects of . . . 689 Totness, Earl of 441 Touch not, say.s Kildare .... 634 Townseud, Lord, administra- tJou of 688 Trade questions between England and Ireland. 1785 ; 808 Traditions of Ireland 2 Treachery of Cant. John W. Armstrong 70I Treaty of Limerick 59s Treaty of 1649 537 Tribes and Territories, sub- division of 298 Tuatha de Danans 3 I Turgesius, eath of 64 Tyrconnell, Earl of, adminis- tration of 568 landing with a French fleet 591 Tyrone, Earl of, at Dublin'.".*. 422 Earl of, early career of.. 412 John, Earl of, death of.. 494 U. Ulster, ancient 7 Ulster and Leinster, " the undertakers " in 400 Ulster and Munster, opera- tions in 441 Ulster confederacy formed.'." 418 Ulster, conflscation of. 473 earldom of, extinction of 251 Undertakers, the, in Ulster ai>d Leinster 400 Uniformity, act of 382 Union, an era of honor and advancement to some Irish families 749 final passage of resolu- tions of 748 history after the 747 in the English Parlia- lianient 735 Legislative, of Great Britain and Ireland.. 618 negotiations carried on in favor of 731 of Great Britain and Ire- land 742 of the crowns of Eng- land and Ireland 341 resolutions passed in the British Parliament... 743 speeches against 733 United Irishmen, atrocities perpetrated upon 69S INDKX. Pnited Irishmen baffled and'"" dispersed yg. deprivation of the ser" vices of Wolfe Tone, „ 179i) »£,o fate of the leading.';;; ' joQ Fitzgerald chosen com- , niftnder in chief insurrectionary move- ment of, in 1798 secret orguuization'of in 1794 ' the v.. three great 'eip'editions fitteoT out by France and Holland at the in- stance of the . . . . vast expansion of.' t^niversal Deluge.. Usqnebagh, first mention of Its use 823 rAoi 690 696 684 690 2 831 Veto, approbation of, by Qnarrantotti.. 770 controversy in ma.'.'.'.'. 770 Volunteer convention of 1783 660 ofinT.'?.""'"*^' «53 the, and 'Free 'Trade! .' ! .' 647 War of succession ^a Wellesley Colonel, teller of the Convention Act... 678 Wellesley Marnui8,ndmini8. tration of 70- Sir Arthur, impartiality WellingtM, 'Duke "of;" first ^" mention of. ^,0 Westmoreland, Earl of, ad ministration of... rrq Wexi"rHV'"'"°'"''°179i::680 wf^J°J,«'^"su'-''ection, 1798.. 705 Whigclub, creation of, 1789 607 Whiskey (usquebagh) first WhitebTs"°" "'"^ "''•••• ^^1 Whit«^orth. Lo;d;'adminis'.*''^^ tration of »/,, William and "- ■'■■ ^^^ , Mary proclainV- ed king and queen losses before Limerick and Athlone.. Winterof 1690 '91 Witchcraft, 574 589 588 ft, charges of. " ' qan Wolsey,Cardinar... H?, Women, high estimation'of.. 303 Wooded state of the country 2 Y. Yeliov. rord, battle of consequences of "the battle of. Atn ,Plngue in 664 ...;;;;•■■• ai York^ Duke of, death of " ' " JJuke of, memorable de- duration of 701 and Wurbeck gao 429 31 791