IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // ^./ ^ jSta p.% 1.0 1.1 itt iU 12.2 £f |j£ 12.0 u U& IL25 HI 1.4 l^f^ i' ^Sciences CorpQration 41^ u:%r^ 2S VVIST MAM STMIT WIBSTIR,N.Y. USM (71«) 172-4303 >^^^ ^P> ^ ^ 9'/* i I i^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Inatituta for Hiatorical Microraproductiona / Inatitut Canadian da microraproductlona hiatoriquaa Technical and Bibliographic Notaa/Notaa tachniquaa at MMiographiquas Tha Inttituta has attamptad to obtain tha baat original copy availabia for filming. Faaturas of this copy which may ba bibliographieally uniqua, which may altar any of tha imagaa in tha raproduction. or which may significantly ehanga tha usual mathod of filming, ara ehaclcad baiow. □ Coloured covars/ Couvartura da coulaur pn Covars damagad/ Couvartura andommag^a □ Covars restorad and/or laminatad/ Couvartura rastauria at/ou paliiculAa □ Covar titia missing/ La titre da couvartura manqua n Coloured maps/ Cartas gsographiqu^s an coulaur D □ y D D Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or blacic)/ Encre de couleur (I.e. autre que blaue ou noire) I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations an couleur Bound with other material/ ReliA avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La re liure serr^e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion la long da la marge intArieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certainas pages blanches ajout^as lors d'une restauration apparaissant dans la taxte, mais, lorsqua cela Atait possible, ces pages n'ont pas AtA filmAas. Additional comments:/ Commentairas supplAmentairas.- L'Institut a microfilm^ la meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a itA poaaibia da aa procurer. Lea details da cat axamplaira qui sont paut-Atre uniques du point da vua Mbliographiqua. qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dana la mAthoda normale de f ilmage aont indiquAa ci-dassous. r~n Coloured pages/ D Pages da couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommag^as Pages reatorad and/oi Pages reataurAas et/ou pelliculAes Pages discoloured, stained or foxai Pages dAcolortes, tachaties ou piques r~yn Pages damaged/ I — I Pages reatorad and/or laminated/ FTj Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ □Pages detached/ Pages dAtachtes Showthrough/ Transparence FTj Quality of print varies/ Quality inAgaia de I'impression Includes supplementary material/ Comprand du material suppMmantaire Only edition available/ Seule Mition disponible Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Lea pages totalement ou partiallement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont At A filmAes A nouveau de fapon A obtanir la meilleure image possible. This item is filmed at tha reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film* au taux da rAduction indiquA ci-dassous 10X 14X 18X 22X MX 30X y 12X 16X aox a4x 2tX 32X i TIm oopy filmed htr* has bMO raprodiiccd thanks to ttM gwMTOSity of: quality laglbillty tlM Univanity of MmiHoIm Winnipag Tho imagaa appa ar ing hara ara ttia posalbla oonaMarlng tlia condition of tlM orlfllnal copy and in kaaping filming contract tpadfleationa. Original copiaa in printad papar eovara ara fllmad baglnning with tha front eovar and anding on tho laat paga with a printad or iiluatratad impras- ston, or tlw back covor whon appropriata. All othar original copiaa ara filmad baglnning on tho first paga with a printad or iiluatratad Impraa- •ion, and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or iiluatratad impraaaton. L'axamplaira film4 f ut raproduit grica i la g4n4roait* da: Unhranity of Manitoba Winnipag Laa imagaa auivantaa ont 4t4 raproduitaa avac la plua grand coin, eompta tanu da la conditton at da la nattati da I'anamplaira film*, at an conformity avac laa conditiona du contrat da fNmaga. Laa aKamplairaa orlglnaux dont la couvartura an papiar aat imprimda aont fiimte 9n commandant par la pramiar plat at an tarminant soit par la damlAra paga qui comporta una amprainta dimpraaalon ou dlNuatratlon. soit par la sacond plat, salon lo caa. Tous laa autras axamplairas origlnaux aont fUm^a an comman^nt par la pramMra paga qui comporto una amprainta dimpraaalon ou d'lHuatration at an tarminant par la damiira paga qui comporta una taila amprainta. Tha last racordad frama on aach microfiche shaH contain tha symbol -^ (moaning "CON- TINUED"), or tha symbol ▼ (moaning "END"), whichavar appHas. Un daa symboias suhrants apparaltra sur ia damlAra imaga da chaqua microflcha, salon ia cas: la symbola -^ signifia "A 8UIVRE", la symbolo ▼ signifio "FIN". Mapa, plataa. charts, ate., may ba filmed at different reduction ratios. Tlioaa too large to be entirely included in one exposure ere filmed beginning in the upper left hand comer, left to right and top to bottom, as many framee ae required. The following dif grama iiluatrate the method: Lea cartee, pianclies, tableeux, etc., peuvent Atre filmte i doe taux da riduction diffArants. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour itre reprodult en un soul ciicli4, 11 est film* A pertir do rangle supMeur gauche, do gauche i droite, et do heut en bee, en prenant la nombre d'imagee n^ceasaire. Laa diagrammes suivants iiluatrent le mithode. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 THE O F E CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. H 1 1 v*-» «4«. ^ M ^* f *' * i ' '. 4 i ^ <9mtUi,/IOaff « • ii- 1^^^ . r^.' * ■»• % P THE £ o r qAPTAIN JAMES GO OK. TflAf «r Biiaris vM^aque txbaufim Piriatk Terra, VXRO. • B IP ANDREW KIPPIS, D. D^ F. R. S. and S. A. 't.V «X>'.Mi LONDON: fglNTED FOR O. NICOL, BOOKSELLER TO MIS MAJESTY, IN PALL-MALL; AND O. G. j. AND J. ROBINSON, PATER-NOSTXR ROW. M.OCC.LXXXTIII* ' ^ir^^mtm 'IW""*! if ^ TO THE K I N G. SIR, 1 ESTEEM myfelf highly honoured in being permitted to dedicate and preient the Life of Captain James Cook to Your Majefty. It was owing to Your Majefty's Royal patronage and bounty, that this illus- trious Navigator was enabled to execute thofe vaft undertakings, and to make thoie extraordinary difcoveries, which have con- tributed fo much to the reputation of the Britifli empire, and have reflected (uch pecu- liar glory on Your Majefty's reign. With- out Your Majefty's munificence and en- couragement, the world would have re- mained deftitute of that immenfe light which has been thrown on geography, navigation, and VI dedication; and the mod important (ciences. To Your Majefty, therefore, a Narrative of the Life and A£^ions of Captain Cook is with par- ticular propriety addrefled. • It is impoilible, on this occafion, to a- void extending my thoughts to the other noble inftances in which Your Majefty's liberal protection of fcience and literature has been diiplayed. Your Majefty began Your reign in a career fo gloribus to princes : and wonderful has been the increafe of knowledge and tafte in this country. The improvements in philoibphical fcience, and particularly in aflronomy ; the exertions of experimental and chemical enquiry, the ad- vancement of natural hiftory, the progrefe and perfection of the polite arts, and the valuable compofitions that have been pro- duced in every department of learning, have correfponded with Your Majefty's gracious wiflies and encouragement, and have ..-4W DEDICATION. have rendered the name of Britain famous in every quarter of the globe. If there be any perfons who, in thefe refpefts, would depreciate the prefent times, in compari- ion with thofe which have preceded them, it may &fely be aflerted that fuch per- ibns have not duly attended to the hiilory of literature. The courfe of my fludies has enabled me to {peak with fome con- fidence on the fubje£l; and to fay, that Your Majefty's reign is eminently diftin- guiflied by one of the greateft glories that can belong to a monarch. Knowledge and virtue conftitute the chief happlnefs of a nation : and it is devoutly to be wiftied that the virtue of this country were equal to its knowledge. If it be not fo, this does not arife from the want of an illuflrious example in the perfon of Your Majefty, and that of Your Royal Confort. The pattern which is fet by the King and Queen va • •• Vlll DEDICATION, Queen of Great Britain, of thofe qualities which are the trueft ornaments and felici- ties of life, affords a ftrong incitement to the imitation of the fame excellencies ; and cannot fail of contributing to the more ex- tenfive prevalence of that moral condud): on which the welfare of fociety fo greatly depends. That Your Majefty may poilefs every felicity in Your Royal Perfon and Family, and enjoy a long and pro(perou8- reign, over an enlightened, a free, and a happy people^ is the lincere and ardent prayer of, S I R, YOUR majesty's MOST FAITHFUI,, AND MOST OBEDIENT, SUBJECT AND SERVANT* Andrew Kippis. Crown Street, Weftminfter, June 13, 1788. *". . ■& PREFACE. ALTHOUGH I have often appeared before the Public as a writer, I never did it with fo much diffidence and anxiety as on the prefent occafion. This arifes from the peculiar nature of the work in which I have now engaged. A Nar- rative of the Life of Captain Cook muft princi- pally confift of the voyages and difcoveries he made, and the difficulties and dangers to which he was exposed. The private incidents concerning him, though coUedted with the utmoft diligence, can never compare, either in number or import- ance, with his public tranfadions. His public tranf- adions are the things that mark the man, that difplay his mind and his clTarader; and, therefore, they are the grand objefts to which the atten- tion of his biographer mufl be direAed. How- ever, the right condud of this buiinefs is a point of no fmall difficulty and embfirraffinent. The cjueftion will frequently arife, How fw the detail b fhould if ^ ( I [■ ?! M I PREFACE. fhould be extended? There is a danger, on the one hand, of being carried to an undue length, and of enlarging, more than is needful, on fads which may be thought already fufficiently known; and, on the other hand, of giving fuch a jejune account, and fuch a flight enumeration, of import- ant events, as fhall difappoint the wifhes and ex* pedtations of the reader. Of the two extremes, the lafl feems to be that which fhould mofl be avoided; for, unlefs what Captain Cook performed, and what he encountered, be related fomewhat at large, his Life would be imperfedly reprefented to the world. The proper medium appears to be, to bring forward the things in which he was perfo- nally concerned, and to pafs flightly over other matters. Even here it is fcarcely poflible, nor would it be defirable, to avoid the introdudion of fome of the mofl flriking circumflances which re-^ late to the new countries and inhabitants that were vifited by our great Navigator ; fince thefe confli^ tute a part of the knowlec^e and benefit derived from his undertakings. Whether I have been fo happy as to preferve the due medium, I prefume not to determine. I have been anxious to do it, without always being able fully to fatisfy my owa I J mind ' ■■■'I-, PREFACE. XI Hi xhb' that I have fucceeded; on which account I {hall not be furprized if different opinions (hould be formed on the fubjed. In that cafe, all that I can offer in my own defence will be, that I have afted to the beft of my judgment. At any rate, I flatter myfelf with the hope of having pre- fented to the Public, a work not wholly uninter- efting or unenteftaining. Thofe who are beft ac- quainted with Captain Cook*s expeditions, may be pleafed with reviewing them in a more compen- dious form, and with having his actions placed in a clofer point of view, in confequence of their being divefted of the minute nautical and other details, which were effentially neceflary in the voyages at large. As* to thofe perfons, if there be any, who have hitherto obtained but an imperfedt knowledge of what was done and difcovered by this illuftiious man, they will not be offended with the length of the following narrative. . In various refpe■ } 1728. 27 Oaobcr. •bA*-. from Gi(brough| in Cleveland, to Stockton upon Tees, in the county of Durham> at the diftance of fix miles from each of thefe towns. At Marton Captain Cook was bom^ on the 27th of Odtober, lyiS^*; and, agreeably to the cuftom of the Vicar of the parifli, whofe pra<5tice it was to baptize infants foon after their birth, he was baptized on the 3d of November foUqwing. He was one of nine children, all of whom are now dead, excepting a daugh- ter, who married a fiiherman at Redcar. The firft ru- diments of young Cook's education were received by him at Marton, where he was taught to read by Dame Walker, the fchool-miftrefs of the village. When he was eight years of age, his father, in confequence of the chara^er he had obtained for induftry, frugality, and ikill in hufbandry, had a little promotion bellowed upon him, which was that of being appointed head ier- vant, or hind f , to a farm belonging to the late Thomas Skottow, Efq. called Airy Holme, near Grezt Ay ton. To this place, therefore, he removed with his family % ; and his fon James, at Mr. Skottow*s expence, was put to a day fchool in Ayton, where he was inftru deduced from it." The obfervation was made at one of the Burgeo iflands, near Cape Ray, in latitude 47** 36' 19'', on the fouth-weft extremity of Newfoundland. Mr. Cook's paper having been communicated by Dr. Bevis to Mr^ Witchell, the latter gentleman compared it with an obfervation taken at Oxford, by the Rev. Mr. Homlby, on the fame eclipfe, and thence computed the difference of longitude refpedting the places of obfervation, making due allowance for the e£fe£t of parallax, and the prolate fpheroidal figure of the earth. It appears from the " Tranfadtions," that our navigator had already obtained the character of being an able mathematician ^. * Philofophical TraniaAions, vol. Ivii. p. 215, 216. -;> xr^^v'r I'HtSlih feafon, C2 CHAPTER 12 THE LIFE OF CHAPTER THE SECOND. Continuation of the Hijlory of Captain Cooik's Life, to the End of bis firji Voyage round the World, THERE is fcarcely any thing from which the natu- ral curiofity of man receives a higher gratification^ than from the accounts of diftant countries and nations. Nor is it curiofity only that is gratified by fuch accounts ; for the fphere of human knowledge is hereby enlarged, and various obje(Sts are brought into view, an acquaintance with which greatly contributes to the improvement of life and the benefit of the world. With regard to information of this kind, the moderns have eminently the advantage over the ancients. The ancients could neither purfue their enquiries with the fame accuracy^ nor carry them on to the fame extent. Travelling by land was much more inconvenient and dangerous than it hath been in later times; and, as navigation was principally confijied to coalling, it muft neceffarily have been circumfcribed within very narrow limits. The invention of the compafs, feconded by the ardent and enterprizing fpirit of feveral able men, was followed by wonderful difcoveries. Vafco di Gama doubled the Cape of Good Hope ; and a new way being thus found out to the Eaft Indies, the countiies in that part of the earth became more accurately and extenfively known. Another world was difcovered by Columbus; and, at length, Magalhaens accompliihed the arduous and hitherto unattempted >?f ^ ^W^«ta. ■■■I CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. nnattempted talk of failing round the globe. At different periods, he was fucceeded by other circumnavigators, of whom it is no part of the prefent narrative to give an account. The fpirit of difcovery, which was fo vigorous during the latter end of the fifteenth and through the whole of the (ixteenth century, began, foon after the commence- ment of the feventeenth century, to decline. Great navi- gations were only occafionally undertaken,and more from the immediate views of avarice or war, than from any noble and generous principles. But of late years they have been revived, with the enlarged and benevolent de- fign of promoting the happinefs of the human fpecies. A beginning of this kind was made in the reign of King George the Second, during which two voyages were performed ; the firft under the command of Captain Mid- dleton, and the next under the direfii 1 ■' ' ^fl j; ^1 * General Introdudion to Hawkefwordi's Voyagei, vol. I. p. iii. t Minutes of the CouociL contributing CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. II. 1768. contributing fomething to the iroprovcmcnt and the hap- chap. pinef nf the rude inhabitants of the earth. Though it was the principal, it was not the fole objeA of Lieutenant Cook*s voyage to obferve the tranfit of Ve- nus. A more accurate examination of the Pacific Ocean was committed to him» although in fubferviency to his main defign; and, when his chief bufmefs was accom- pliihed, he was directed to proceed in making farther dif- coveries in the great Southern Seas <>. The complement of Lieutenant Cook*s (hip condfted of eighty-four perfons, befides the Commander. Her vi* 29 oaobcr. ferved that luminous appearance of the fea which hath fo often been mentioned by navigators, and which has been afcribed to fuch a variety of caufes. Flafhes of light appeared to be emitted, exa£Uy refembling thofe of light- ning, though without being £b coniiderable ; and fuch was the frequency of them that fometimes eight or ten were vifible almoll at the fame moment. It was the opinion of Mr. Cook and the other gentlemen, that thefe flaihes proceedfid £rom fome luminous animal; andtheii'. opinion was confirmed by eitperiment*!^. ^^» ~sAt Rio de Janeiro, in the port of which Lieutenant Cook came to an anchor on the 13th of November, he did not meet with the polite reception that, perhaps, he had too fanguinely expeaed. His ftay was fpent in con- tinual altercations wiiii the Viceroy, who appeared not a little jealous of the defigns of the Engliih : nor were all the attempts of the Lieutenant to fet the matter right, capable of producing any efibdt. The Viceroy was by no means diftinguiihed either by his knowledge or his lovo of fcience; »nd the grand objed: of Mr. Cook^ expedi- •J3<: 13 Nov. • f-'t ■M. • Hawkefworth's Voyagei, voU ii. p.. M» 16, t Ibid4 p. 15, 16. :::.a tion m .■^:i THE LIFE OP f 1 .jrJvnC I Dec. 2 Dec; 5 Dec. tion was quite Ijeyond his comprehenfion. When he was told that the Englifh were bound to the fouthward, by the order of his Britannic Majefty, to obferve a traniit of the planet Venus over the fun, an aftronomical phaeno- menon of great importance to navigation, he could form no other coiu:eption of the matter, than that it was the pafling of ttS North ftar through the South Pole. During the whole of the conteft with the Viceroy, Lieutenant Gobk behaved with equal ip&rit and difcretion. A fupply of water and other neceiTaries could not be refufed him, and thefe were gotten on board by the i& of December. On that day the Lieutenant fent to the Viceroy for a pilot to carry the Endeavour to Tea; but the wind preventing the ihip from getting out, Ihe was obliged to continue fome time longer in the harbour, A Spanilh packet having arrived at Rio de Janeiro on the ad of December, with difpatches from Buenos Ayres for Spain, the commander, Don Antonio de Monte Negro y Velafco, ofifered, with great politenefe, to convey the letters of the Englilh to Europe. This favour Lieutenant Cook accepted, and gave Don Antonio a packet for the Secre- tary of the Admiralty, containing copies of all the papers that had paiTed between himfelf and the Viceroy. He left, alfo, duplicates with the Viceroy, that he might forward them, if he thought proper, to Lifbon. On the 5th of December, it being a dead calm, our na>d- gators weighed anchor, and towed down the Bay ; but, to their great aiSionifhment, two fliot were fired at them, when they had gotten abreaft of Santa Cruz, the principal fortifi- cation of the harbour. Lieutenasit Cook itnmediately caft anchor, and fent to the fort to demand the reafon of this ^ :}ndu£t; the anfwer to which was, that the Commandant had r CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. a3 HAP. II. had received no order from the Viceroy to let the (hip pafs ; and that, without fuch an order, no veflel was ever fuffered to go helow the fort. It now became neceffary ,^5^, to fend to the Viceroy, to enquire why the order had not been given ; and his behaviour appeared the more extraordinary, as notice had been tranfmitted to him of the departure of the Englilh, and he had thought proper to write a polite letter to Mn Cook, wilhing him a good voyage. The Lieutenant's meflenger foon returned, with the information that the qrder had been written feveral days, and that its not having been fent had arifen from fome unaccountable negligence. It was not till the 7th 7Dtc. of December that the Endeavour got under fail ^. In the account which Lieutenant Cook has given of Rio de Janeiro, and the country around it, one circum- / ftance is recorded, which cannot be otherwife than very painful to humanity. It is the horrid expence of life at which the gold mines are wrought. No lefs than forty thoufand negroes are annually imported for this purpofe, on the King of Portugal's account ; and the Englifti were credibly informed, that, in the year 1766, this number fell €3 fhdrt, that twenty thoufand more were drafted from the town of Riot. From Rio de Janeiro Lieutenant Cook purfued his voyage, and, on the 14th of January, 1769, entered the 1769. Streight of Le Maire,.at which time the tide drove the »4 January. (hip out with fo much violence, and raifed fuch a fea oflF Cape St. Diego, that (he frequently pitched, fo that the bowfprit was under water J. Onthe next day, the Lieu- • Hawkefwortii's Voyages, ubi fupra, p. 18—27. t IWd. p. 34. i iWd. p, 41, 4a, I"! tenant ^^1 a4 THE LIFE OF fi ii it: ;.i I! I ^769" -. Mr. Monkhoufe the Surgeon, and Mr* Green the aftronomcr, together with their attendants 9Dd f dayj the! beginning of which was; as inilid and> MTarm. as Chfi mon^h pf May ufiialiy is in England;^ > i > Inithe paQ&ge through the Streight of iLe M^ire,.Lieu^ tenant Cook and his ingenious aflbciates had an opporta-' nit^ Oi gaaiDdng a confiderahlejdiegreie of acquaintance wuth th^. ijohabitants. of ^the adjoining country. Here tit; wasr t^t %\k&fi ism. hnman; natuiie in its laweft form*. iThe i!|atives appeared, to ; be t^ mofli deftitute and foitlonvas^ well as the moft ftupid, of the children of men.- Thjsii?' lives ^ are fpent in: wandfiring: about the dipeary wafibsichat) furround them; and their dwellings are no other than * HnrkcTword^ ubi fupia, p. 43, 4^53*' ' ; aopri) . wretched r< CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. *S tnretched hovels of fticks and grafs, which not only admit the windy hat the fhow and the rain. They are almoft naked; and £o devoid are they of every convenience which is fumiftied by the mdeft art» that they have not fo much as an implement to drefs their food. Neverthelefsy they feemed to have no wilh for acquiring more than ^ey poffeffed; nor did any thing that was ofiered them by the Engliih appear acceptable but beads* as an ornamental fuperfluity of life. A conclulion is hence drawn by Dr. Hawkefworth, that thefe people may be upon a level with ourfelves» in refpedi to the happinefs they enjoy *. This,* however, is a pofition which ought not haftily to be admitted. It is> indeed, a beautiful cir-> cumftance, in the order of Divine Providence, that the rudeft inhabitants of the earth, and thofe who are fituated in the moft imfavourable climates, fliould not be fenfible of their difadvantages. But ftiU it muft be allowed, that their happinefs is greatly inferior, both in kind and degree, to that intellectual, focial, and moral felicity which ia capable of being attained in a highly-oultivated flate of fodety. In voyages to the South Pacific Ocean, the determina- tion of the beft pafiage from the Atlantic is a point of peculiar importance. It is well known what prodigious difficulties were experienced in this refpeCt by former navigators. The doubling of Cape Horn, in particular, was fo much dreaded, that, in the general opinion, it was far more eligible to pafs through the Streight of Magal- haens. Lieutenant Cook hath fully afcertained the erro- neoufnefs of this opinion. He was but three-and-thirty 1769, .fL: * Hawkefworth, ubi fupra, p. 59* £ days I'.M J769. If THELIFEOF days in coming round the land of Terra del Fuego, frorti the eaft entrance of the Streight of Le Maire, till he had advanced ahout twelve degrees to the weftward, and three and a half to the northward of the Streight of Magalhaens ; and, during this time, the ihip fcarcely received any da- mage. Whereas, if he had come into the Pacific Ocean by that paflage, he would not have been able to accom- pliih it in lefs than three months; befides which, his people would have been fatigued, and the anchors, cables, fails, and rigging of the veflel much injured. By the courfe he purfued, none of theie inconveniences were fufiered. In fhort. Lieutenant Cook, by his own exam- ple in doubling Cape Horn, by his accurate afcertainment of the latitude and longitude of the places he came to, and by his inftrudtions to future voyagers, performed the moft efiential fervices to this part of navigation *. a6 January. It was on the a6th of January that the Endeavour took her departure from Ciipe Horn; and it appeared, I March, that, from that time to the ift of March, during a run of fix hundred and fixty leagues, there was no current which afie(Sted the fliip. Hence it was highly probable that our navigators had been near no land of any confi- derable extent, currents being always found when land is not remote +. In the profecution of Lieutenant Cook*s voyage from Cape Horn to Otaheite feveral iilands were difcovered, to which the names were given of Lagoon Ifland, V Thrumb-cap, Bow Ifland, The Groups, Bird Ifland, and Chain Ifland. It appeared that moft of thefe iflands were inhabited ; and the verdure, and groves of palm-trees> Hawkefworth, ubi fupra, p. 67, 68. t Ibid, p. 66) 69. 5 , -t "Which %2lw». ■ V from i had three i aens; y da- ■/I Xean ;com- i) his ables. 7 the were — i3 xam- wM ment ie to. rmed i iVDur jared, I run irrent ^1 bable :onfi- land from ered. land. ■ v£ and were rees> hich CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. which were vifible upon ibme of them, gave them the afpeiSt of a terreftrial paradife to men who, excepting the dreary hills of Terra del Fuego, had feen nothing for a long time but Iky and water*. On the nth of April, the Endeavour arrived in fight of Otaheite, and on the 13th ihe came to an anchor in Port Royal Bay, which is called Matavai by the natives. As the ftay of the Englifh in the ifland was not likely to be very ihort, and much depended on the manner in which traffic fliould be carried on with the inhabitants. Lieutenant Cook, with great good fenfe and humanity, drew up a fet of regulations for the behaviour of his peo- ple, and gave it in command that they ihouM punAually be obferved-f. One of the firft things that occupied the Lieutenant*s attention, after his arrival at Otaheite, was to prepare for the execution of his grand commiffion. For this purpofe, as, in an excurfion to the weftward, he had not found any • ' - - ■ ^ Hawkefwordj> ubi fupra, p. 72— 78.— Lagoon ifland lies in kdtude 18* 47'' S. and longitude 139° 28^ W.j the Thrumb-«4;i, in latitude 1^* IS' S. and longitude 139° 48^ W.; Bow Ifland, in latitude 18* aj^ S. and longitude 141* x%' W.; the fbuth-eafternmoU of the Groups, in latitude I8' ix' S. and longitude 14a* 42' W.j Bird Ifland, in latitude 17048' S. and longitude 143° 3S' W.} and Chain Ifland, in latitude 17" ^^7f S.- and longitude 1450 54' W. t Ibid, p. 79 — 82. The rules were as fiJIows : •* I. To endeavour, by every fiur «« m^ns, to cultivate a friendlhip with the natives; and to treat them with all imagina- « ble humanity. II. A proper perfon, or perfons, will be appointed to trade widi the *» natives for all manner of provifions, fruit, and other produAions of the earth ; and « no officer or feaman, or other perfon belonging to die (hip, excepting fuch as are lb «* ^pointed, (hall trade, or offisr to trade, -for any fort of provifion, fruit, or other pro- * duAions of the earth, unlefs they have leave fo to do. III. Every perfon employed on *• ftore on any duty whatfof vcr, is ftriaiy to attend to the iarna } and if by any negleft he E 2 ♦» lofeth CHAP. II. 1769. II April. 13- « I '{■■,>• »B CHAP. II. 1769. THE LIFEOF any more convenient harbour than that in which the Endeavour lay, he determined to go on (hore and fix -upon fome fpot, commanded by the guns of the ihip^ where he might throw up a fmall fort fok' defence, and get every thing ready for making the aftronomical obfer- vation. Accordingly, he took a party of men, and landed, being accompanied by Mr. Banks, Dr. Solander, and Mr. Green. They foon fixed upon a place very proper for their defign, and which was at a confiderable diftance from any habitation of the natives. While the gentlemen were marking out the ground which they intended to occupy, and f^ing a fmall tent erected that belonged to Mr. Banks, a great number of the people of tibe country gathered gradually around them, but with no hoflile appearance, as there was not among the Indians^a fingle weapon of any kind. Mr. Cook, however, intimated that none of them were to come within the line he had drawn, excepting one, who -appeared to be a chief, and Owhaw, a native who had attached himfelf to the Engliih, both in Captain Wallis'^ expedition and in the prefent voyage. The Lieutena^it endeavoured to make thefe two perfons underftand that the grtrund which had been marked 01ft was only wanted to fleep upon for a certain number of nights, and that then it would be quitted. Whether liiis ■ M ■Ml M i' * Iofeihanyofh»araas,orwQridiigtooli,orftiflbi»dicatobeiM ** will be charged ogunft hia pay, acciMriUng taib^ cuAmu of die NaVy in'fueh atfea, ** and he IhaU receive fuch fiurther punifliaiBnt as die natave of the ofience naaydetevew ** IV. The fiune penalty will be infliAed o» every peribn vAto is found tu cmlMwb, ** tiad^ or ofl«r to trade, widi any part of dw fliip's ftores, of vriwt natuie.Toeyar. ** V. No fort of iron, or any thii^ that is made of iron, «r any fort, of dodv ^ odisr ** vk6H or necei&ury articles, are to be given in taschange for any thing but proviiiiHh) «J. C0OK,'\; meaning 9 ^>ii CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. meaning was comprehended or not, he could not certainly determine ; but the people behaved with a deference and refpedt that could fcarccly have been expedtedy and which were highly pleaf?' j. They fat down without the circle, peaceably and uninterruptedly attending to the progrefs of the bufmefs, which was upwards of two hours in completing. This matter being finifhed, and Mr. Cook having appointed thirteen marines and a petty officer to guard the tent, he and the gentlemen with him fet out upon a little excurfion into the woods of the country. They had not, however, gone far, before they were brought back by a very difagreeable event. One of the Indians, who remained about the tent after the Lieutenant and his friends had left it, watched an opportunity of taking the centry at unawares, and fhatched away his mufquet. Upon this, th€ petty officer who commanded the party, and who was a Midihipman, ordered the marines to fire. With equal want of confidcration, and, perhaps, with equal inhumanity, the men immediately difcharged their pieces among the thickeft of the flying crowd, who con- fifted of more than a hundred. It being obferved that the thief did not fall, he was purfued, and (hot dead. From fubfequent information it happily appeared, diat none of the natives bciides were either killed or woimded. Lieutenant Cook, who was highly difpleafed with the conduA of the petty officer, ufed every method in his power to difpel the terrors and apprehenfions of the Indians, but not immediately with efie£t. The next morning but few of the inhabitants were feen upon the beach, and not one of them came off to the fliip. What added particularly to the regret of the Englifh was, that «9 H * 30 THEI.IFEOP that even Owhaw, who had hitherto been fo conftant in his attachment, and who the day before had been remarkably active in endeavouring to renew the peace which had been broken, did not now make his appearance. In the evening, however, when the Lieutenant went on ihore with only a boat*3 crew and fome of the gentlemen, between thirty and forty of the natives gathered around them, and trafficked with them, in a friendly manner, for cocoa-nuts and other fruit *. 17 April. On the 17th, Mr. Cook and Mr. Green fet up a tent on ihore, and fpent the night there, in order to obferve an Eclipfe of the firft fatellite of Jupiter; but they met with a difappointment, in confequence of the weather's becom- ing cloudy. The next day, the Lieutenant, with as many of his people as could poffibly be fpared from the fhip, began to ere p. 114—121; F becoming /^ 34 THE LIFE OF 10. «4« CHAP, becoming flack, they were obliged for the firft time, on I'* the eighth of May, to bring out their nails; and fuch was the e£fe6l of this new commodity, that one of the fmallefl fize, which was about four inches long, procured twenty cocoa-nuts, and bread-fruit in proportion *. It was not till the tenth of the month that our voyagers learned that the Indian name of the ifland was Otaheite, by which name it hath iince been always diftinguifhed f . On Sunday the fourteenth, an inftance was exhibited of the inattention of the natives to our mods^s of religion. The Lieutenant had diredted that divine fervice fliould be performed at the fort ; and he was defirous that fome of the principal Indians fliould be prefent. Mr. Banks fecured the attendance of Tubourai Tamaide and his wife Tomio, hoping that it would give occaiion to fome en- quiries on their part, and to fome inftru6tion in return. During the whole fervice, they very attentively obferved Mr. Banks's behaviour, and ftood, fat, or kneeled, as they faw him do ; and they appeared to be fenflble that it was a ferious and important employment in which the Ehglifli were engaged. But when the worfliip was ended, neither of them aflced any queftions, nor would they attend to any explanations which were attempted to be given of what had been performed t. As the day approached for executing the grand purpofe of the voyage. Lieutenant Cook determined, in confe- quence of fome hints which he had received from the Earl of Morton, to fend out two parties, to obferve the tranfit of Venus from other fltuations. By this means he hoped that the fuccefs of the obfervation would be Hawkefworth, ubi fuprai p. 122. t Ibid. p. 123. t Ibid. p. 127. fecured. 4\ CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. iecured, if there ihould happen to be any failure at Otaheite. Accordingly, on Thurfday the firft of June, he difpatched Mr. Gore in the long-boat to Eimeo, a neighbouring ifland, together with Mr. Monkhoufe, and Mr. Sporing, a gentleman belonging to Mr. Banks. They wei.*e furniftied by Mr. Green with proper inftritments. Mr. Banks himfelf chofe to go upon this expedition, in which he was accompanied by Tubourai Tamaide and Tomio, and by others of the natives. Early the next morning, the Lieutenant fent Mr. Hicks, in the pinnace, with Mr. Clerk and Mr. Pickerfgill, and Mr. Saunders, one of the midfhipmen, ordering thecA to fix upon fome convenient fpot to the eaftward, at a diftance from the prin- cipal obfervatory, where they alfo might employ the inftru- ments they were provided with for obferving the tranfit. The anxiety for fuch weather as would be favourable to the fuccefs of the experiment, was powerfully felt by all the parties concerned. They could not deep in peace the preceding night: but their apprehenfions^ were happily removed by the fun's rifing, on the morning of the third of June, without a doud. The weather continued with equal clearnefs through the whole of the day ; fo that the obfervation was fuccefsfully made in every quar- ter. At the fort, where Lieutenant Cook, Mr. Green, and Dr. ' Solander were ftationed, the whole paiTage of the planet Venus over the fun's difk was obferved with great advantage. The magnifying power of Dr. Solander's teiefcope was fuperior to that of thofe which belonged to the Lieutenant tmd to Mr. Green. They all faw an atmofphere or dufky cloud round the body of the planet ; which much difturbed the times of conta6t, and efpe- cially of the internal ones ; and, in their accounts of thefe F 2 times. 35 2. 36 THE LIFE OF II. 1769. CHAP, times, they differed from each other in a greater degree than might have been expected. According to Mr. Green^ The firft external contact, or firft ap- h. mm. fcc." pearance of Venus on the fun, was 9 25 42I The firft internal contact, or total im- merdon, was - • 9 44 The fecond internal contact, or begin- ning of the emerfion, was - 3 14 8( The fecond external: contatHi) or total< emeriion, was - - 3 32 10. The latitude of the obfervatory was found to be 17" 29' 15''; and the longitude 149® 32' 30'' weft of Greenwich. A more particular account of this great aftronomical^ event, the providing for the accurate obfervation of which reflects fo much honour on his Majefty*s munificent patronage of fcience, may be feen in the fixty^firft volume of the Philofophical.Tranfa»Stion8 *. The pleafure which Lieutenant Cook and his friends derived from having thus fuccefsfully accomplifhed the firft grand object of the voyage, was not a Uttle abated by the condud^ of fome of the ihip*s company, who, while the attention of the officers was engrofled by the tranfit of Venus, broke into one of the ftore-rooms, and ftole a quantity of fpike nails, amounting to no lefs than an hundred weight. This was an evil of a public and ferious nature ; for thefe nails, if injudicioufly circulated among the Indians, would be productive of irreparable injury to the Englilh, by reducing the value of iron, their ftaple • Hawkefworth, ubi iiipra, p. 137— 141. Tiaoladions. vol. bd. p. 397. commodity. CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. s» II. 1769. 5 June. 12* commodity. One of the thieves, from whom only tevtn chap. nails were recovered, was detected ; but, though the pu- nishment of two dozen lalhes was inflidted upon him, he would not impeach any of his accomplices *. Upon account of the abfence of the two parties who had been fent out to obferve the tranfit, the King's birth- day was celebrated on the fifth, inftead of the fourth of Junef; and the feftiyity of the day muft have been greatly heightened by the happy fuccefs with which his Majefty's liberality had been crowned* On the twelfth. Lieutenant Cook was again reduced to the neceffity of exercifing the feverity of difcipline. Com- plaint ha>dng been made to him, by certain of the natives, that two of the feamen had taken from them feveral bows and arrows, and fome firings of plated hair, and the charge being fully fupported, he puniihed each of the criminals with two dozen of laihes. On the fame day it was difcovered, that Otaheite, likie ther countries in a certain period of fociety, has its bards and its minftrels. Mr. Banks, in his morning's walk, had met with a number of natives, who appeared, upon en- quiry, to be travelling muficians ; and having learned where they were to be at night, all the gentlemen of the Endeavour repaired to the place. The band confifted of two flutes and three drums ; and the drummers ;,ccompa- nied the mufic with their voices. ' To the furprize of the Englifli gentlemen, they found that themfejves were gene- rally the fubje(ft of the fong, which was unpremeditated. Thefe minftrels were continually going about from place to place ; and they were rewarded, by the mafter of * Ha^kdwordi, ubi fupn, p. 141. t Iblcl. p. 14a. the 1769. If U<1 ^ THELIFEOF p H A p. the houfe and the audience, with fuch things as they ^^' wanted. The repeated thefts which were committed by the inhabitants of Otaheite brought our voyagers into fre- quent difficulties, and it required all the wifdom of Lieu- tenant Cook to condulemnly and publicly declared, or of detaining them, to the great damage of thofe who were innocent. As a temporary expedient, he permitted the natives to take the filh,.but ftiU detained the canoes. So far was this meafure from being attended with advantage, that it was productive of hew confufion and injury; for as it was not eafy at once to diftinguilh to what particular perfons the feveral lots of fifli belonged, the canoes were plundered by thofe who had no right to any part of their cargo. At length, moft preffing inftances being ftill made for the reftoration of the canoes, and Lieutenant Cook having reafon to believe, either that the things for which he detained them were not in the ifland, or that thofe who fuffered by their detention were abfolutely Lx^apable of prevailing upon the thieves to relinquifh their booty, he determined, though not immediately, to comply with the folieitations of the natives. #• THE LIFE OF CHAP, natives. Our commander was, however, not a little mor- II • tified at the ill fuccefs of his prqje Oatara,.Opuruni, Tamou, Toa- houtu, and Whcnnuaia. per CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 53 per 4J per to diftinguifti them feparately by any other names chap. than thofe by which they were called by the natives. ^ "' , On the ninth of Auguft, the leak of the veflel having ,^6^. been flopped, and the frefh ftock that had been purchafed 9 Auguft. being brought on board, our Commander took the oppoi- tunity of a breeze which fprang up at eaft, and failed out of the harbour. As he was failing away, Tupia ftrongly urged him to fire a fhot towards Bolabola ; and, though that ifland was at feven leagues diflance, the Lieutenant obliged him by complying with his requefl. Tupia's views probably were, to difplay a mark of his refentment, and to fhew the power of his new allies *. Our voyagers,, purfued their courfe, without meeting with any event worthy of notice, till the thirteenth, when 13. land was difcovered bearing fbuth-eafl, and which Tupia informed them to be an ifland called Oheteroa. On the next day, Mr. Cook fent Mr. Gore, one of his Lieutenants, in the pinnace, with orders that he fhould endeavour to get on fhore, and learn from the natives whether there was anchorage in a bay then in fight, and what land lay farther to the fouthward. Mr. Gore was accompanied in this expedition by Mr. Banks, Dr. Solander, and Tupia, who ufed every method, but in vain, to conciliate the minds of the inhabitants, and to engage them in a friendly inter- courfe. As, upon making the circuit of the ifland, neither harbour nor anchorage could be found upon it, and,, at the fame time, the Afpofition of the people was fo hoflile, that landing would be rendered impracticable without bloodfhed, Mr. Cook determined, with equal wifdom and * Hawkefwordi, ubi fupra, p. 258— >270. humanity, 54 'V 15 Asiguft. 2|. 30. THELIFEOP > humanity, not to attempt it, having no motive that could juftify the riflt of Ufe ■^*. From Tupia our navigators learned that there were various iflands lying at different diftances and in different direorth-eaft there was an Khi-fj called Manua, Bird Ifland. 1 his he reprefented as l>eing af tlie diftance of three days fail ; but he feeiied niolt deiirous that Lieutenant Cook (l:iould proceed to the wel' yard, and defcribed feveral iflands in that fitu.ition, which he faid he had vifited. It appeared, from his defcription of there, that thefe were probably Bofcawen. and Keppel's Iflands., which were difcovered by Captain Wallis, The fait ?{l: iiland that Fupia knew of to the fouthward, Jay, "hq laid, at the diiviLice of abou': two days fail from Oheteroa, and was called Moittot;. But he added, that his father had informed him. of there being iflands ftiii more to the fouth. Upon the whole, our Commander determined to Hand Ibuthward in fearch of a continent, and to lofe no time in attempting to difcover any other iflands thart fuch as he might happen to fall in with during his courfet. On the fifteenth of Augufl, our voyagers failed from Oheteroa; and on the twenty-fifth of the fame mdnth was celebrated the anniverfary of their departure from England. The comet was feen on the thirtieth. It was a little above the horizon, in the eaftem part of the hea- * Oheteroa is fitualed in the latitude of 22* if IbuA, and in the longitude of 150** 4/ weft from die meridian of Gi|«enwich. It is thirteen miles in circuity and rather high than low; but it did not appear to be equal, either in populoufhefs or fertility, to the other iflands which had been feen in thefe feas. t Hawkefworth, ubi fupra, p. 272—279. vens. •it-'' CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. vens, at one in the morning ; and at about half an hour after four it pafled the meridian, and its tail fubtended an angle of forty-two degrees *. Tupia, who was among others that obferved the comet, inftantly cried out, that as foon as it fliould be feen by the people of Bolabola, they would attack the inhabitants of Ulietea, who would be obliged to endeavour to preferve their lives by fleeing with the utmoft precipitation to the mountains. On the fixth of Oftober land was difcovered, which appeared to be large. When, on the next day, it was more diftinaiy vifible, it aflumed a ftill larger appearance, and difplayed four or five ranges of hills, rifing one over the other, above all which was a chain of mountains of an enormous height. This land naturally became the fubjeA of much eager converfation ; and the general opinion of the gentlemen on board the Endeavour was, that they had found the Terra aujiralis incognita. In fadt, it was a part of New Zealand, where the firft adventures the Englifti met with were very unpleafant, on account of the hoftile difpofition of the inhabitants. Lieutenant Cook, having anchored, on the eighth, in a bay, at the entrance of a fmall river, went on fhore in the evening, with the pinnace and yawl, accompanied by Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander, and attended with a party of men. Being defirous of converiing with fome natives whom he had obferved on the oppofite fide of the river from that on which he had landed, he ordered the yawl in, to carry himfelf and his companions over, and left the pinnace at the entrance. When they came near the place 55 HAP. II. 1769. 6 Oaob«r. 7- 8. • The latitude of the fli^ was 38° M' foutb, and the longitude by log, 147" V weft. where I! 56 THELIFEOF where the Indians were aiTembled; the latter all ran away ; and the gentlemen, having left four boys to take care of the yawl, walked up to feveral huts which were about two or three hundred yards from the water-fide. They had not gone very far, when four men, armed with long lances, rufiied out of the woods, and running up to attack the boat would certainly have cut her off, if they had not been difcovered by the people in the pinnace, who ; <-;; called to the boys to drop down the ilream. The boys - * inflantly obeyed; but being clofely purfued by the na- tives, the cockfwain of the pinnace, to whom the charge of the boats was committed, fired a mufquet over their heads. At this they flopped and looked around them; but their alarm fpeedily fubfiding, they brandilhed their lances in a threatening manner, and in a few minutes renewed the purfuit. The firing of a fecond mufquet over their heads did not draw from them any kind of notice. At laft, one of them having lifted up his fpear to dart it at the boat, another piece was fired, by which he was ihot dead. At the fall of their aflbciate, the three '/.I remaining Indians flood for a while motionlefs, and Teem- ed petrified with aflonifhment. No fooner had they recor vered themfelves, than they went back, dragging after them the dead body, which, however, they were obliged to leave, that it might not retard their flight. Lieuten^mt . Cook and his friends, who had flraggled to a little diflancc from each other, were drawn together upon the report of the firfl mufquet, and returned fpeedily to the boat, in which having crofTed the river, they foon beheld the Indian lying dead upon the ground. After their return to the fhip, they ccfuld hear the peo^ le on fhore talk- ing tVl CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 9^ tag with great MmeftneTsy and ia a very loud tone of c h a p. ▼oioe*. ^ Notwithftanding tliis di&fter, the Lieutenant, being deiiraus of eftabUihing an intercourie with the natives, ordered, oa the following day, three boats to be manned with feamea and marine^:, and proceeded towards the fliore, acocxnpanied by Mi . Banks, Dr. Solander, the other gentbetnen, and Tupta. About fifty of the inhabitants feemed to wait for their landing, having feated themfelves upon the ground* on the opfiodke iide of the river. This foetng regarded as a iign of fear, Mr. Cook, with only Mr. Bainks, Dr. Solander, and Tupia, advanced towards them; but they had not gone many paces before all the Indians Aarted ixp, md every man produced either a long pik«« or a imaU weapon of green talk« Though Tupia called to tiiem in the language of Otaheite, they only an(wer- ed by flourifhing their weapons, and making figns for the gendemen to depart. On a mufquet*8 being fired wide of them, they defifted from their threats; and our Com- mander, who had prudently retreated till the marines could be landed, again advanced towards them, with Mr. BankSy Dr. Solander, and Tupia, to whom were now added Mr. Green and Mr. Monkhoufe. Tupia was a fecond time dire^ed to fpeak to them, and it was perceived with great pleaf«ire that he was perfeiftly underftood, his and their language being the fame, excepting only in a diverlity of dialedt. He informed them that our ^'^yagers only want- ed provifion and water, in exchange for iron, the proper- ties of which he explained as far as he was able. Though the natives feemed willing to trade, Tupia was fenlible, dming the courfe of his converfation with them, that 9 H«wlGefwnii]i, td)i fupn, p. 180— a86. II. 1769. 90a. their s« 1769. .-a ^^ T H E L I F E O F their ititentions were unfriendly ; and of this he ivpcat* edly warned the Englilh gentlemen. At length, twenty or thirty of the Indians were induced to crofs the river, upon which prefcnts were made them of iron and beads. On thefe they appeared to fet little value, and particularly on the irouj not having the lead conception, of its uff^. fo that nothing was obtained in return excepting a few feathers. Their arms, indeed,- they offered to exchange for thofe of our voyagers, and this being refufedf they made various attempts to fnatch them out of their hands. Tupia was now initrudted to acquaint the Indians, that our gentlemen would be obliged tokUl; them, if they pro- ceeded to any farther violence ; notwithftanding which, one of thejn, while Mr. Green happened to turn about, ieized his hanger, and retired to a little diftance^.with a Ihout of exultation. The others, at the fame time^^began . to be extremely infolent, and more of the natives were feen coming to join them from the* oppofite fide of the river. It being, therefore, neceflary to reprefs-them, Mri Banks fired, with fmall Ihot, at the diftance of about fifteen yards, upon the man who had taken the hanger* Though i^e was ftnick, he did not return the hanger, but continued to wave it round his head, while he llowly made his retreat. Mr. Monkhoufe then fired at him with ball, and he inftantly dropped. So far, however^ were the Indians from being fufficiently terrified, that the main body of them, who, upon the firft difcharge, had retired to a rock in the middle of the river, began to return, and it was with no linall difficulty that Mr. Monkhoufe fecured the hanger. The whole number of them continuing to advance, three of the Englifh party difcharged their pieces at themj loaded only with fmaJl ftiot, upon which they fwam back for the Ihore, and it' appeared, upon their landing, ^-: m. 'Tif ^^ repeat* twentf t river, beads. Lcularly its ufcj 5 a few cchange ■ 'Vd :dj. tiiey ■ J ■ hands. '^iM^jS^ that our ley pro- which, ', [1 about. ';f ^. with a. * ■ i e,,begail. 'j (Tcs were ;* e of the '■I em, Mr* if. about hanger* hanger, le llowly ■1 V lim with er, were the main d retired % :um, and if & fecured -1 nuing to ■iffl ;ir pieces il ich they •'1 on their landing, 1 CAPTATN JAMES COOK. Handing, that two or three of them were wounded. While they rctued flowly up the country, Lieutenant Cook and his companions ireimbarked in their boats. As the Lieutenant had unhappily experienced that no- thing, at this place, could be done with thefe people, and found that the water in the river was fait, he proceeded in the boats, round the head of the bay, in fearch of frelh water. Befide this, he had formed a defign of fiu-prizing fome of the natives, and taking them on board, that, by kindtreatfiient and prefents, he might obtain their friend- fiiip, and render them the inftruments of eftablifhing for him -an amicable intercourfe with their countrymen. While, upon account of a dangerous furf which every where beat upon the ihore, the boats were prevented from lauding, our Coknmander faw two canoes coming in from the fea, bxit undibr- fail, and the other worked with paddles. This he thought to be a favourable oppor- tunity for executing his purpofe. Accordingly, the boats were difpofed in fuch a manner as appeared moft likely to. be fuecefsful in intercepting the canoes. Notwith- ftandingthis, the Indians, in the canoe which was paddled^ exerted themfelves with fo much vigour, at the firft ap- prehenfion of danger, that they efcaped to the neareft land. The other canoe failed on without difceming the Engiifh, till ihe was in the mtdft of them ; but no fooner had (lie difcovered them than the people on board fhnck their fail, and plied their paddles fo briJkly as to outrun the boat by which they were purfuid. Being within hearing, Tupia called to them to come uiongfide, with aifurances that they fhould not in a;.y degree be hurt or injured. They irufted, however, more to their own paddles, than to Tupia*8 promifes, arid continued to flee la from 5^ 1769. 1769* I ; i ^ ^TBB LI F B O F '!» from our navigators with all their power. Mr. 0> tc, as thtf Icaft enseptionable expedient of accompliihing hit defigj^ ordered a mufquet to be fired over their heads. This» he hopedy would either make them ftu render or leap into the water, but it produced a contrary efEe&, The Indiant« who were feven in number, immediately farmed a reioltt* tion not to fly, but to fight. When, therefore, the boat cam« up, they began the attack with their paddles, and with (tones and other ofienfive weapons ; and they carried it on with fo much vigour and violence, that the Engliih thought themfelves obliged to fire upon them in their own defence; the confequence of which was, that four were unhappily killed. The other three, who were boys, the eldeft about nineteen, and the youngeft about eleven, inftantly leaped into the water, and endeavoured to make their efcape ; but being with fome difficulty overpowered by our people, they were brought into die boat *. It is impoflible to reflect upon this part of Lieutenant Cook's conduct with any degree of iatisfadlion. He, hlm- ielf, upon a calm review, did not ap^t>ve oi it; and he was fenfible that it would be cenfured by the fedings of every reader of humanity. It is probable that his mind was fo far irritated by the difagreeable preceding events of this unfortunate day, and by the unexpected violence of the Indians in the canoe, as to lofe fomewhait of that felf-poiTeflion by which his character in general was emi- nently diftinguifhed. Candour, however, requires that I ihould relate what he hath offered in extenuation, not in defence, of the tranfaCtion; and this fhall be done in his own words, as they are given us by E)ir. Hawkefwonhv K?^*3 ^ Ha«kcfwotdi| mU Sipn, p* a86«-i90» * Thefe ■^.nsKhi^ 1769* CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. ^ Thefe people certainly did not deferve death for not ** choofing to confide in my promifes, or not confenting « to come on board my boat, even if they had appre- « bended no danger. But the nature of my fervice re- « quiied me to obtain a knowledge of their country^ « which I could no otherwife effedt than by forcing my ** way into it in a hoftile manner, or gaining admiflion * through the ccmfidence and good-win of the people*- •'The natives C3l\ it TsAHOWiiAy* oe •^ 64 THEl-IF3e0P CHAP, of condnuiiig^ the chace» thitj cdHt&cd diemj^fies toge* "» ther, and, after a fliort coofukation, went qiiietly away. ^ «76«. ^ ^"^ ^'^^ fourteenth of Ofiiober, Lieutenant Cook having 14 oa. hoifted out his pinnace and long-boat to fearch for water, juft as they ^ere aibout to l«t o^ feveral boats, fufl of the New Zealand peopLe, were feen coming from the ihore. After fome time, Bye of thefe boats, having on board between eighty and ninety men* made towards Hie ifaip^ and four more followed at no ^eat diftance» as if to fuftain (he attadc. When tine firft five had gotten within about a hundred yards of tlie £ndeavour, they began to fing thdr war fong, and, brancHfibubng their pikes* prepared for an engagement. As the Lieutenant was extremely defirous of avoiding the unhappy necdEty of tiling fire-arms againft the natives, Tupia was ordered to acquaint them, that our voyagers had weapons wMdi« tike thunder, would deftroy them in a moment; that they woidd immediately convince them of their power by directing their effe6t £o that they fhould not be hurt; but that if they perfiil^d in axiy hoftile attempt, they would be expofed to the direct attack of thefe formidable weapons. A four-pounder, loaded with grape-dhot, was then fired wide of them ; and this expedient was forti>- natdy attended with fuccefs. The report, the flaih, and, above aQ, the ihot, which fpread very far in the water> terrified the Indians to fuch a degree, that they began to paddle away with all their might. At the inftance, however, of Tupia, the people of one of the boats were induced to lay afide their arms, and to conoie under the Hem of the Endeavour; in confequence of which they received a variety of prefents. On CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. . On the next day a circumftance occurred, which Ihewed how ready one of the inhabitants of Nev Zealand was to take an advantage of our navigators. In a large armed canoe, which came boldly alongfide of the Ihip, was a man who had a black Ikin thrown over him, fomewhat like that of a bear. Mr. Cook being defirous of knowing to what animal it originally belonged, offered the Indian for it a piece of red baize. With this bargain he feemed to be greatly pleafed, immediately pulling off the fkin, and holding it up in the boat. He would not, however, part with it till he had the cloth in his poffeffion ; and as there could be no transfer of property, if equal caution fhould be exercifed on both fides, the Lieutenant ordered the baize to be delivered into his hands. Upon this, inftead of fending up the fkin, he began, with amazing coolnefsi^ to pack up both that and the cloth, which he had received as the purchafe of it, in a balket : nor did he pay the leaft regard to Mr. Cook's demand or remonftrances, but foon after put off from the Englilh veffel. Our Commander was too generous to revenge this infult by any a6l of feverity. During the courfe of a traffic which was carrying on for fome fiifh, little Tayeto, Tupia's boy, was placed among others over the ihip's fide, to hand up what was purchafed. While he was tL';^ employed, one of the New Zealanders, watching his opportunity, fuddenly feized him, and dragged him into a canoe. Two of the natives then held him down in the fore part of it, and the others, with great adivity, paddled her off with all poffible celerity. An adlion fo violent rendered it indifpenfably neceffary that the marines, who were in arms upon the deck, ftiouW be ordered to fire. Though the Ihot was K direded ft! ;iil; I I *■ €6 THE LIFE OF i8oa. directed to that part of the canoe which was fartheft from the boy, and fomewhat wide of her, it being thought pre- ferable rather to miis the rowers than to run the hazard of hurting Tayeto, it happened that one man dropped.' This occaiioned the Indians tO quit their hold of the youth, who inftantly leaped into the vater, and fwam towards the ihip. In the mean while, the largeft of the canoes puUed round and followed him ; and till fome mufquets and a great gun were fired at her, did not defiil from the purfuit. T' fliip being brought to, a boat was lowered, and the poor hoy was taken up unhurt. Some of the gen- tlemen, who with their glailes traced the canoes to fhore, agreed in alTc r"ng, that they faw three men carried up the beach, wh^. appeared to be either dead or wholly dif- abled by their wounds *. While, on the eighteenth, the Endeavour lay a-breaffi of a peninfula within Portland IHand, called Terakako, two of the natives, who were judged to be chiefs, placed an extraordinary degree of confidence in Mr. Cook. They were fo well pleafed with the kindnefs which had been Ihewn them in a vifit to the Ihip, that they deter- mined not to go on fhore till the next morning. This was a circumftance by no means agreeable to the Lieu- tenant, and he remonftrated againft it ; but as they per- fifted in their refolution, he agreed to comply with it, provided their fervants alfo were taken on board, and their canoe hoifted into the fliip. The countenance of one of • HawkeTworth, ubi fupra, p. 298 — 306. To die cape off which this unhappy tranf- aAion happened, Mr Cook gave the name ai Cape Kidnappers. It lies io latitude 39** 43? •'>«*i longitude 182° 24^ weft. Its diftance from the Ifle of Portland is thirteen kagues fouth welt and weft. B-itween them is the bay of which it is the fouth point, uA which, in hooour of SirEJw^d Hawke, the Lieutenant called Hay^ke's B»y. thcfe CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. thefe two chiefs was the moil open and ingenuous that our Commander had ever feen, fo that he foon gave up every fufpicion of his entertaining any linifter defign. V^'hen the guefts were put on lliore the next morning, they exprefled fome furprize at feeing themfelves fo far from their habitations. On Monday the twenty-third, while the fhip was in Tegadoo Bay, Lieutenant Cook went on Ibore to examine the watering-place, and found every ihiiig agreeable to his wiflies. The boat landed in the cove, without the leaft furf ; the water was excellent, and conveniently fitu- ated; there was plenty of wood clofe to the high water mark ; and the difpofition of the people was as favourable in all refpe(Sts as could be dellred *. Early the next morn- ing, our Commander fent Lieutenant Gore to fuperintend the cutting of wood and filling of water, with a fufficient number of men for both purpofes, and all the marines as a guard. Soon after, he went on Ihore himfelf, and continued there during the whole day. Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander, who had landed on the fame day, found in their walks feveral things worthy of notice. As they were advancing in one of the valleys, the hills on each fide of which were very fteep, they were fuddenly ftruck with the fight of an extraordinary ratural curiofity. ** It <* was a rock, perforated through its whole fubftance, fo « as to form a rude but ftupendous arch or cavern, open- * Mr. Cook, with Mr. Green, having taken feveral obfervations of the fun and moon, the mean refult of them g-i^ole. At noon, this day, he took the fun's meridian altitude with an aftrono- mical quadrant which vras fet up at the waterinpr-place, and found the latitude to be K a « ing 67 230ft. H' 68 THE LIFE OF X769. aSOA. I Nov. " ing direftly to the fea. This aperture was feventy-five " feet long, twenty-feven broad, and five and forty feet " high, commanding a view of the bay and the hills « on the other fide, which were feen through it; and, " opening at once upon the view, produced an effect far " fuperior to any of the contrivances of art *. When, on the twenty-eighth, the gentlemen of the Endeavour went on fliore upon an ifiand which lies to the left hand of the entrance of Tolaga Bay, they faw there the largeft canoe they had yet met with ; her length being fixty-eight feet and a half, her breadth five feet, and her height three feet fix inches. In the fame ifiand was a larger houfe than any they had hitherto feen ; but it was in an unfinifiicd f^ate, and full of chips f . While ; lie iiiip was in Hicks's Bay, the inhabitants of the adjoii < confl were found to be very hoftile. This gave mucii unerfinefs to our navigators, and was, indeed, contrary to th. i i;j:pe(Slation ; for they had hoped, that the report of their power and clen^'^ncy had fpread to a greater extent. At day-break, on the firft of November, they counted no lefs than five and forty canoes that were com- ing from the fliore towards the Endeavour; and thefe were followed by feveral more from another place. Some of the Indians traded fairly; but others of them took what was handed down to them without making any return, and added derifion to fraud. The infoleiiice of one of them was very remarkable. Some linen hanging over the fliip's fide • Hawkcfworth, ubi fupra, p. 308, 309, 317, 318. t Ibid. p. 118—120. Among other trifling curioftties, which Dr. Solander pur- chafed of the liidians, was a boy's top, (haped cxa£tiy liL. thofe which children play with in England } and the natives fhewed, by figns, that it was to be whipped in vder to make it /pin. CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. ^ to dry, this man, without any ceremony, untied it, and put it lip in his bundle. Being immediately called to, and required to return it, inftead of doing fo, he let his canoe drop a-ftem, and laughed at the Engliih. A mufquet which was fired over his head did not put a ftop to his mirth. From a fecond mufquet, which was loaded with Imall Ihot, he Ihrunk a little, when the Ihot ftruck him iipon his back; but he regarded, it no more than one of our men would have done the ftroke of a rattan, and continued with great compofure to pack up the linen which he had ftolen. AH the canoes now dropped a-ftern, and fet up their fong of defiance, which lafked till they were at about four hundred yards diftance from the (hip. As they did not appear to have a defign of at- tacking our voyagers. Lieutenant Cook was unwilling to do them any hurt ;. and yet he thought that their going off in a bravado* might have a bad effect when it fhould be reported on more. To convince them, therefore, that they were ftill in his power, though far beyond the reach of aiiy miiliie weapon with which they were acquainted, he ordered a four-pounder to be fired in fuch a manner as to pafs near them. As the (hot happened to ftrike the water, and to rife feveral times at a great diftance beyond the canoes, the Indians were fo much terrified, that, without once lookin/^ behind them, they paddled away as faft as they were «wle. In ftanding weft ward from a fmall ifland called Mow- tohora, the Endeavour fuddenly flioaled her water from feventeen to ten fathom. As the Lieutenant knew that Ihe was not far from fome fm;vll iflando and rocks which had been feen before it was dark, and which he had in- tended to have paffed that vening, he thought it more prudent yo THELIFE or 1769. c H A r. prudent to tack, and to fpend the night under Mowtohorsi I'* where he was certain that there was no danger. It was happy for himfelf and for all our voya t^ers that he formed this refdlution. In the morning they difcovered, a head of them) feveral rocks, (bme of which were level with the furface of the water, and fome hebw it; and the Ariking againft which could not in the hour of darknefs have been avoided. In pafling between thefe rocks and the main, the (hip had only from ten to feven fathom water*. While Mr. Cook was near an ifland which he called the Mayor, the inhabitants of the neighbouring coaft difplayed many inftances of hoftility, and, in their traffic with our navigators, committed various adts of fraud and robbery. As the Lieutenant intended to continue in the place five or fix days, in order to make an obiervation of the tranfit of Mercury, it was abfolutely necefiary, for the prevention of future mifchief, to convince thefe people thit the EiagUfh were not to be ill-treated with impunity. Accordingly, fome fmall fiiot were fired at a thief of un- common infolence, and a mufquet-ball was difcharged through the bottom of his boat. Upon this it was paddled to about a hundred yards diftance; and, to the furprize of Mr. Cook and his friends, the Indians in the other canoes took not the leafi: notice of their wounded compa- nion, though he bled very much, but returned to the fliip^ and continued to trade with the moft perfect indifference and unconcern. For a confiderable time they dealt fairly. At laft, however, one of them thought fit to move off with two difierent pieces of cloth which had been given for the fame weapon. When he had gotten to fuch a * Hawkcfwortii, ubi fiipra, p. 345— 3*7: diftance CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 71 diftance tbat he thought himfelf fecure of his prizes, a crap. mufquet was fired after him, which fortunately ftruck. "♦ the boat juft at the water's edge, and made two holes in ,y^, her (Ide. This excited fuch an alarm, that not only the people who were (hot at, but all the reft of the canoes, ^ made oft' with the utmoft expedition. As the laft proof of fuperiority, our Commander ordered a round ihot to be fired over them, and not a boat ftopped till they got tolandr After an early breakfaft on the ninth of November, 9 Nor, Lieutenant Cook went on ihore, with Mr. Green, and proper inftniments, to obferve the tranfit of Mercury. Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander were of the party. The weather had for Ibme time been very thick, with much rain ; but this day proved fo favourable, that not a cloud intervened during the whole tranfit. The obfcrvation of the ingrefs was made by Mr. Green alone, Mr. Cook being employed in taking the fun*s altitude to afcertain the time*. While the gentlemen were thus engaged on fhorc, . . they were alarmed by the firing of a great gun from the fhip; and on their return received the following account { of the tranfadtion from Mr. Gore, the fecond Lieutenant, m I • The tranfit came on at yh. ac' k%" s^pxrent-time. According to Mr. Green's dbfervation, the internal contact was at izh. %' 58''^ the external at I2h. 9^ %$'f P. M. According to Mr. Cook's, the internal contact was at I2h. 8' 54^^, and the external I2h. 9' 48''. The latitude of the place of obfervation was 36° 48' s\". The lati- tude obferved at noon was 36° 48^ 28^^. The mean of this and of an obfervation made the day before gave 36° 48^ 28^' fouth, the latitude vr 1^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // 4^ ^^ 1.0 I.I ■^ Uii 12.2 [If |ii4 !^ U£ 12.0 IL25 III 1.4 i Hiotographic Sdences Corporation ^^ \ ^. a>^ 23 WIST MAIN STMIT WnSTIt,N.Y. 14StO (71«)I72-4S03 ^^ 11. J 769. , ' T Ft E L I F E O P e rt A p. wants to ftay any length of time. From the number of mangroves about it, the Lieutenant named it Mangrove River. In feveral parts of Mercury Bay, our voyagers faw, thrown upon the fliore, great quantities of iron fand, which is brought down by every Jittlc rivulet of frefh water that finds its way from the country. This is a de- monllration that there is ore of that metal not far inland j and yet none of the inhabitants of New Zealand who had yet been feen knew the ufe of iron, or fet upon it the lead degree of talue. They had all of them preferred the moft worthlefs ancj ufelefs trifle, not only to a nail, but to any tool of that metal. Before the Endeavour left the bay, the fliip's name and that of the Commander were cut upon one of the trees near the watering place, together with the date of the year and month when our navigators were there. Befides this, Mr« Cook, after difplaying the Engfifli colours, took formal polfeflion of the place in- the name of his Britannic Majefty, King George the Third*. In the range from Mercury Bay, feveral canoes, on the eighteenth, put off from different places, and advanced towards the Endeavour. When two of them, in which there might be about fixty men, came within the reach of the hu- man voice, the Indians fung their war fong; but feeing that little notice was taken of them, they threw a few ftones at the Englilh, and then rowed off towards the fliore. In a fliort time, however, they returned, as if with a fixed re- folution to provok€ our voyagers to a battle, animating themfelves by their fong as they had done before. Tupia, without any directions from the gentlemen of the Endea- vour, began to exjpoftulate with the natives, and told them J 8 Nov. * Havvkefworth, ubi fupra, p. 346—348, that *#■' CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 7S that our people had weapons which could deftroy them in a moment. Their anfwer to this expoftulation was, in their own language» <* come on (hwe, and we will kill " you all." " Well, replied Tupia, but why fhould you <* moleft us while we are at fea ? As we do not wifli to <♦ fight, we (hall not accept your challenge to come on " ihore ; and here there is no pretence for a quarrel, the <* fea being no more your property than the fhip." This eloquence, which greatly furprized Lieutenant Cook, and his friends, a« they had not fuggefted to Tupia any of the arguments he made ufe of, produced no efibcl upon the minds of the Indians, who foon renewed their attack. The oratory of a mufquet, which was fired through one of their boats, quelled their courage, and fent them inftantly away. While our Commander was in the Bay of Iflaiids, he had a favouraUe opportunity of examining the interior part of the country and its produce. At day break, there- fore, on the twentieth of the month, he fet out in the pinnace and long-boat, accompanied by Mr. Banks, Dr. Solander, aind Toipia, and found the inlet at which they entered ead in a river, about nine miles above the Ihip. Up this river, to which was given the name of the Thames, they proceeded till near noon, when they were fourteen miles within its entrance. As the gentlemen tlien found the face of the country to continue nearly the fame, without any alteration in the courfc of the ftream, and had no hope of tracing it to its fbvurce, they landed on the weft iide, to take a view of the lofty trees which every where adorned its banks. The trees, were of a kind which they had feen before., both in Poverty Bay and Hawke's Bay, though only at a diftanee. Iliey ,'1 .. JL 2 hH ■ . i a cat— Wf- CAPf AIN JAMES C60K. 77 a cat-o'iiine tails. When the othfer Indians who were on board faw him feized for this purpofe, they attempted to refcue him; and being refifted, they called for their arms, which were handed from the canoes. At the fame time, the people of one of the canoes attempted to come up the fide of the Endeavour. The tumult having called up Mr. Banks and Tupia, the natives ran to the latter, and jiblicited his interpofition. All, however, which he could do, as Mr. Hicks continued inexorable, was to afllire them' that nothing was intended againft the life of their com- panion, and that it was neceffary that he Ihould fufFer ibme praiilhment for his offence. With this explanation they appeared to be fatisfied; and when the puniftiment had been infli^ed, an old man among the fpedtators, who was fuppoied to be the criminars father, gave him a fevere beating, and fent hims down into his canoe. Notwith- ftanding this, the Indians were far from being reconciled to the treatment which their countryman had received. Their chearful confidence was gone ; and though thfcy promUed, -^it their departure, to return with fome fifh, the Englifii faw them no more *i ' On the twenty-nintli of November, Lieutenant Cook, Mr. B»iks, Dr. Solander^ and others with them, were in a fituation fbmewhat critical aiid alarming. Having land- ed upon an ifiand in the neighbourhood of Cape Bret,> they \/ere ia a few minutes furrounded by two or three hundred people. Though the Indians were allnrmed, they came onin fo cokifufed and ftraggling a manner, that it did not appear that any injury Was intended by them ; and the Englilh gentlemen were determined that hoftilities Ihould H A p. II. 1769. 29 NoV( i- !k* • Hawkefwordj^ ubi fuprs, p. 349— 355. a R t1/;>J not '^ THE LIFE OP 1/69. CHAP, not begin on their part. At firft the iiiatives continued ''• quiet; but their weapons were held ready to {trike> and they feemed to be rather irre(blute-than peaceable. While the Lieutenant and his friends remained in this ftate of fufpence) another party of Indians came up; and the bo)d« nefe of the whole body beiny increafed by the augmenta- tion of their numbers, they began the d^nce and fongt which are their preludes to 9, battJe. An attempt that was made by a number of them> to fei^e the two boats which had brought our voyagers to land, appeared to be the fign^ for a general attack. It now became neceflary for Mr. Cook to exert himfelf with vigour. Accordingly, he^ difcharged his mufquet, which was loaded with fmall (hot, at one of the forwardieft of the aflailants, fend Mr. Banks and two of our men fired immediately afterwards. Though this made the natives fall bac^ in fome confufion, neverthelefs, one of the chiefs, who was at the diftance of about twenty yards, had the courage to jcally them» and, calling loudly to hi§ companions, Jed them on to the charge. Pr. Solander iijftaiuly difcharged his piece at this champion, who, upon feeling the A)Ot, popped (bort, and then ran away with the reft of his countrymen. Still, however, they did not difperfCj but got upon rifing ground, and feemed only to vf am fome lejwiej: of refoJu^ tion to renew their aflfeflllt* M th«y were now gotten beyond the reach of im(^ lhot» t}»e far more numerous than in any other part of New Zeal^d which Lieutenant Cock had hitherto vilited. It'dicl' liot appear that they were united under one head ; and, though their towns were fortified, they feemed to live together in perfe(St amity. The -A CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. H The Endeavour, on the ninth of December, lying be- calmed in Doubtless Bay, an opportunity was taken to enquire of the natives concerning their country ; and our navigators learned from them, by the help of Tupia, that at the diftance of three days rowing in their canoes, at a place called Moore-Whennua, the land would take a Ihort turn to the fouthwanl, and thence extend no more to the weft^ This place the Englilh gentlemen concluded to be the land difcovered by Tafman, and which had been named by him Caee Maria van Diemen. The Lieu- tenant, finding the inhabitants fo intelligent, enquired farther, if tiiey knew of any country befides their own. To this they anfwered, that they had never vifited any other; but that their anceflors had told them that there was a country of great extent, to the north-weft by north, or north north weft, called UlimarSa, to which fome people had failed in a very large canoe ; and that only a par^ of them had returned, who reported, that after a pafTage of a month, they had feen a country where the people eat hogs. On the thirtieth of December, our navigators faw the 30. land, which they judged to be Cape Maria van Diemen, and which correfponded with the account that had been given of it by the Indians. The next day, from the appearance of Mcn^it Camel, they had a demonftration that, where they now weife, the breadth of New Zealand could not be i\oic than two 01; three miles from fea to fea. During this ( art of the navigation, two particulars occurred which are very remarkable. In latitude 35° fouih, and in the midft of fummer. Lieutenant Cook met with a gale of wind, which, from its ftrength and continuance, was fuch as he had fcarcely ever been in before; and he was three M weeks 82 'Af THE LIFE OF 1770. I January. »4« weeks in getting ten leagues to the weftward, and five weeks in getting fifty leagues ; for at this time, being the firll of January, 1770, it was fo long fince he had pafTed Cape Bret. While the gale lafted, our voyagers were hap- pily at a confiderable diftancc from the land ; fince other- wife it was highly probable that they would never have returned to relate their adventures *. The fhore at Queen Charlotte*s Sound, where the En- glifti had arrived on the fourteenth of January, feemed to* form feveral bays, into one of which the Lieutenant pro- IX)fed to carry the fliip, which was now become very fouly in order to careen her, to repair fome defedts, and to^ obtain a recruit of wood and water. At day-break the next morning, he flood in for an inlet, and at eight got within the entrance. At nine o'clock, there being little wind, and what thAe was being variable, the Endeavoui was carried by the tide or current within two cables' length of the north- weft fhore, where fhe had fifty-four fathom water. By the help of the boats fhe was gotten clear ; and about two our people anchored in a very fafe? and convenient cove. Soon after, Mr. Cook, with moft of the gentlemen, landed upon the coaft, where they found a fine ftream of excellent water, and wood in the greateft plenty. Indeed the land, in this part of the country, was one foreft, of vaft extent. As the gentle- men had brought the feine with them^ it was hauled once or twice ; and with fuch fuccefs, that different forts of fifh were caught, amounting nearly to three hundred weight. The equal diftribution of thefe among the fhip's company, furniihed them with a very agreeable refrefhment. • Hawkefworth, ubi fupra, p. 366, 368, 369, 37c, 3725 378, 379. When 11 A II. P. 1770. 16 January. CAPTAINJ'^MESCOOK. ^ When Lieutenant Cook, Mr. Banks, Dr. Solandcr, Tupia, and fome others, landed on the fixtccnth, they met with an Indian family, among whom they found horrid and indifputablc proofs of the cuftom of eating human flefti. Not to relume fo diHigrccable a fubjedt, it may here be oblerved once for all, that evidences of the fame cudom appeared on various occalions. On the next day a delightful objeft engaged the attcii- 17. tion of our voyagers. The Ihip lying at the dillance of fomewhat lefs than a quarter of a mile from the fliorc, they were awakened by the linging of an incredible num- ber of birds, who feemed to flrain their throats in emula- tion of each other. This wild melody was infinitely fu- perior to any they had ever heard of the iame kind, and feemed to be like fmall bells, moft exquifitely tuned. It is probable that the diftance, and the water between, might be of no fmall advantage to the found. Upon enquiry, the gentlemen \^ere informed that the birds here always began to fing about two hours after midnight; and that, continuing their mufic till fun-rife, they were fUent the reft of the day. In this laft refpedt, they refem- ble the nightingales of our own country. On the eighteenth, Lieutenant Cook went out in the 18. pinnace to take a view of the bay in which the Ihip was now at anchor ; and found it to be of great extent, confift- ing of numberlefs fmall harbours and coves, in every direction. The Lieutenant confined his excurfion to the weftern fide, and the coaft where he landed being an im- penetrable foreft, nothing could be feen worthy of notice. As Qur Commander and his friends were returning, they faw a iingle man in a canoe filhing : rowing up to him. Ma - to if fM ,:> Bt '> -• i t:' lit n H THE LIFE OF 19 January. 22. to their great furprize he took not the leaft notice of them; and even when they were alongilde of hhny continued to follow his occnpation, without adverting to them any more than if they had been mvilible. This behaviour was not, however, the refult either of fullennefs or ftupidity ; for upon being requeued to draw up his net, tliat it might be examined, he readily complied. He ihewed, likewife, to our people his mode of iifiiing, which was iimple and ingenious. When, on the nineteenth, the armourer's forge was fet up, and all hands on board were bufy in careening, and in other neceifary operations about the veifel, fome Indians^ who had brought plenty of Hlhy exchanged them for nails, of which they had now began to perceive the ufe and value. This may be confldered as one inilance in which they were enlightened and benefited by their inter* courfe with our navigators^ While, on the twenty-lecond, Mr. Banks and Dr. So* lander employed themfelves in botanizing n^ar the beachy our Commander, taking a feaman with him, afcended one of the hiHs of the country. Upon reaching its fum- mit, he found the view of the infet, rtic head of which he had a little before in vain attempted to difcover in the pinnace, intercepted by hills ftiD higher than that oa which he flood, and which were rendered inacceflible by impenetrable woods. He was, however, Mnply rewarded for his labour; for he faw the fea on the eaflxm fide of the country, and a pafiage leading from it to that on the weft, a little to the eaftward of the entrance of the inlet where the ihip lay. The main land, which was on the fouth-eaft fide of this inlet, appeared to be a narrow ridge of very high hills, and to form part of the fouth-weft fide of CAPTAIN JAMES COOIC. 1770. 24. of the ftreight. On the oppoHtc fide, the land trended ftway cad as far as the eye could reach ; and to the fouth- eaft there was difcemed an opening to the fea, whlcli waihed the eaftem coall. The Lieiuti^anl fnr, alio, on the eaft fide of the inlet, fome iflands which he had before taken to be part of the main land. In returning to the ihip, he examined the harbours and coves that lie behind the iflands which he had feen from the hills. The next 23 Januarj-. day was employed by him in farther furveys and dif- coveries. During a vifit to the Indians, on the twcnty-fonrth, Tupia being of the party, they were obferved to be con- tinually talking of guns and fliooting people. For this fubjedt of their converfation, the Englilh gentlemen could not at alt account. But, after perplexing themfelves with various conjedlures* thry at length learned, that, on the twenty-firft, one of ottr officers, under the pretence of going out to fiflit had towed up to a hippah, or village, on the coaft. Wheti he had done fo^ t\vo or three canoes coming off towards his boat, his fears fuggefted that an attack was intended^ in «$9t)i I i 86 THE LIFE OF •^ 1 7 70. CHAP. Solander, and entered one of the bays, which lie on the "• eaft fide of the inlet, in order to obtain another fight of the ftreight which paffed between the eailern and weftern ieas. Having landed, for this purpofe, at a convenient place, they climbed a hill of very confiderable height, from which they had a full view of the ftreight, with the land on the oppofite fliore, which they judged to be about four leagues diftant. As it was hazy in the horizon, they could not fee far to the fouth-eaft; but Mr. Cook faw enough to determine him to fearcli the paflage with the (hip, as foon as he fhould put to fea. The gentlemen found, on the top of the hill, a parcel of loofe ftones, with which they eredted a pyramid, and left in it fome mufquet balls, fmall fhot, beads, and fuch other things, which they happened to have about them, as were likely to ftand the teft of time. Thefe, not being of Indian workmanftiip, would convince any European who fhould come to the place and pull it down, that natives of Europe had been there before. After this, the Lieutenant and his fiiends went to a town of which the Indians had informed them, and which, like one they had already feen, was built upon a fmall ifland or rock, fo difficult of accefs, that they gra- tified their curiofity at the rifk of their lives. Here, as had been the cafe in former vifits to the inhabitants of that part of the country near which the Ihip now lay, they were received with open arms, carried through the whole of the place, and fhewn all that it contained. The town confifled of between eighty and a hundred houfes, and had only one fighting-flage. Mr. Cook, Mr. Banks, and Dr. Solander, happened to have with them a few nails and ribbands, and fome paper, with which the people were CAPtAIN JAMES COOK. were fo highly gratified, that when the gentlemen went away, they filled the Englifli boat with dried fifli, of which it appeared that they had laid up large quantities. A report was fpread that one of the men that had been fo rafhly fired upon by the officer who had vifited the hippah, under the pretence of fiihing, was dead of his wounds. But, on the twenty-ninth, the Lieutenant had the great confolation of difcovering that this report was groundlefs.^ On the ikme day he went again on Ihore, upon the weftem point of the inlet, and, from a hill of eonfider-able height, had a view of the coaft to the north- weft. The fartheft land he could fee in that quarter, was an ifland at the diftance of about ten leagues, lying not for from the main. Between this illand and the place where he ftood, he difcovered, clofe under the fhore, feve- ral other iflands, forming many bays, in which there appeared to be good anchorage for fliipping. After he had fet off the different points for his furvey, he eretSled another pile of ftones, in which he left a piece of filver coin, with fome muiket-balls and. beads, and a fragment ef an old pendant flying at the top; On the thirtieth of January, the ceremony was per- formed of giving name to the inlet where our voyagers now lay, and of ereuring village or hipfXihy where he mQt w*th an old mao» who had maintmnod a friendly iptercourit} with the EogUih. To this old iiian» and feveral Indians beiides» the Lieutenantt hy means of Tupia, Qjiplained his deOgn^ which he informed them was to eceA a mark upon the i(land» in order to ihew to any other ihip which ihould ha^^en to> come thither, that onr nayigators: had> heen there* hefore^ To this the inhabitants readily confented^ and: promif^N). that they would never puU it down. He then^gave fomething to every one prefenti and to the old man a filver three-^ pence* and- fpme fpike-nailst widx the kinj^s broad arrow cut deep upon them. Thefe were things which Mr. Cook thought were the moft likely to be long preferved. After this he conveyed the poft to the higheft par^ of the ifland ; and, having fixed it firmly in the ground* hoifted upon it the luiion-flag, and honoured, the inlet* witji the name of <}UE£N Charlottb's Squnj>. At the fame time, he took formal pofleifion o£ this and the adjacent CQuntry» in the name and for the ufe of his Mfy eft y King George the Third. The ceremony was concluded by the gentle-* men*s. drinking a bottle of wine to her Majefty*s health; and the bottle being given to the old man who had at- tended them up the hill* he was highly delighted with his preftnt*. A philofopher, perhaps* might enquire* on what ground Lieutenant Cook could take formal pofleffion of this x>art' of New Zealand* in the name and Jbr the ufe of the king of Great Britain* when the country was already inhabited, and of courfe belonged to thofe by whom it was occupied^ * Hawkerwertb, ubrfuj^p. 385«»4oa^ and CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. >9 Tind whofe ancefto aight have refided in it for many pre- ceding ages. To m the bed aiifwer feems to be, that the Lieutenant, in the ceremony performed by him, had no reference to the original inhabitants, or any intention to deprive them of their natural rights, but only to preclude the claims of future European navigators, who, under the aufpices, and for the benefit of, their refpetSlivc dates or kingdoms, might form pretenfions to which they were not entitled by prior difcovery. On the thirty-firft, our voyagers having completed their wooding, and filled their water-cafks, Mr. Cook fent out two parties, one to cut and make brooms, and another to catch fifli. In the evening there was a ftrong gale from the north-weft, with fuch a heavy rain that the little wild muficians on Ihore fufpendcd their fong, which till now had been conftantly heard during the night, with a plea- fure that it was impoflible to lofe without regret. The gale, on the firft of February, encreafed to a ftorm, with heavy gufts from the high land, one of which broke the hawfer that had been faftened to the Ihore, and induced the neceflity of letting go another anchor. Though, towards midnight, the gale became more moderate, the rain continued v/ith fo much violence that the brook which fupplied the Ihip with water overflowed its banks ; in confequence of which ten fmall cafks, that had been filled the day before, were carried away, and, iiotwith- ftanding the moft diligent fearch for them, could not be recovered. -:< ^ The Endeavour, on Monday the fifth, got under fail ; but the wind foon failing, our Commander was obliged again to come to an anchor, a little above Motuara. As he was defirous of making ftill farther enquiries whether N any 1770. 31 Jail, I Feb. : k 90 THE LIFE OF c HA P. any memory of Tafman had been preferved in New Zea- ' '• land, he direded Tupia to afk of the old man before men- .,-^ tioned, who had come on board to take his leave of the Englilh gentlemen, whether he had ever heard that fuch a veflel as theirs had before vifited the country. To this he replied in the negative ; but faid that his anceftors had told him that there once had arrived a fmall veflel from a diftant land, called Ulimaroa, in which were four men, who upon their reaching the Ihore were all killed. On being aiked where this country lay, he pointed to the northward. Of Ulimaroa Lieutenant Cook had heard fomething before, from the people about the Bay of Illands, who faid that it had been vifited by their anceftors. Tupia had alfo fome confufed traditionary notions con- cerning it; but no certain conclufion could be drawn either from his account or that of the old Indian. Soon after the ftiip came to anchor the fecond time, Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander, who had gone on fliore to fee if any gleanings of natural knowledge remained, fell in, by accident, with the moft agreeable Indian family they had yet feen, and which afforded them a better opportunity of remarking the perfonal fubordination among the natives than had before offered. The whole behaviour of this family was affable, obliging, and unfuf- picious. It was matter of lincere regret to the two gen- tlemen that they had not fooner met with thefe people, as a better a'^quaintance with the manners and difpofition of the inhabitants of the country might hence have been obtained in a day, than had been acquired during the •whole ftay of the Englifh upon the coaft. 6 Feb. When, on the fixth of February, Lieutenant Cook had gotten out of the found, he flood over to the eaftward, in CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 9t 1770. in order to get the ftreight well open before the tide of chap. ebb approached. At feven in the evening, two fmall "• iflands which lie oflf Cape Koamaroo, at the foiith-eaft head of Queen Charlotte's Sound, bore eaft, at the diftance of about four miles. It was nearly calm, and the tide of ebb fetting out, the Endeavour, in a very fhort time, was carried by the rapidity of the ftream clofc \i\k)i\ one of the iflands, which was a rock riling almoft perpendicu- larly out of the fea. The danger encreafcd every mo- ment, and there was but one expedient to prevent the (hip's being daflied to pieces, the fuccefs of which a few moments would determine. She was now within little more than a cable's length of the rock, anJ had above feventy-five fathom water. But, upon dropping an an- chor, and veering about one hundred and fifty fathom of cable, flie was happily brought up. This, however, would not have faved our navigators, if the tide, which fet fouth by eaft, had not, upon meeting with the ifland, changed its direction to fouth-eaft, and carried them beyond the firft point. In this lituation they were not above two cables' length from the rocks ; and here they remained in the ftrength of the tide, which fet to the fouth-eaft after the rate of at leaft five miles an hour, from a little after feven till midnight, when the tide abated, and the veflel began to heave. By three in the- morning, a light breeze at north-weft having fprung up, our voyagers failed for the eaftern fliore; though they made but little way, in confequence of the tide being againft them. The wind, however, having afterwards frefliened, and come to north and north-eaft, with this, and the tide of ebb, they were in a fliort time hurried through the narroweft part of the ftreight, and then ftood a^^ ay : > N 2 fur I ( •li 91 THE LIFE OF 1770. for the fouthermoft land they had in profpeft. There appeared over this land a mountain of flupendous height, which was covered with fnow. The narroweft part of the ftreight, through which the Endeavour had been driven with fuch rapidity, lies between Cape Tierawitte, on the coaft of Eaheinomauwe, and Cape Koamaroo ; the diftance between which our Commander judged to be four or five leagues. Notwithft^nding the difRculties arifing from this tide, now its ftrength is known, the ftreight may be pafled without danger. Some of the officers ftarted a notion that Eaheino- mauwe was not an iiland, and that the land might ftretch, away to the fouth-eaft, from between Cape Turnagain and Cape Pallifer, there being a fpace of between twelve and fifteen leagues which had not yet been feen. Though Lieutenant Cook, from what he had obferved the firft. time he difcovered the ftreight, and from many other concurrent circumftances, had the ftrongeft convidtion. that they were miftaken, he, neverthelefs, refolved to leave no poffibility of doubt with refpeft to an obje(5l of fo much importance. For this purpofe he gave fuch a di- re(5lion to the navigation of the fhip as would moft effedtually tend to determine the matter. After a courfe of two days, he called the officers upon deck, and aiked them, whether they were not now fatisfied that Eahei- nomauwe was an ifland. To this queftion they readily anfwered in the affirmative ; and all doubts being re- moved, the Lieutenant proceeded to farther refearches *. During Mr. Cook's long and minute examination of the coaft of New Zejiland, he gave names to the bays, * Hawkefworth, ubi fupra, p. 401—410. capes> CAPTAIN JAMIiS COOK. 93 capes, promontories, iflands, and rivers, and other places which were feen or vifitcd by him; excepting in thofe cafes where their original appellations were learned from the natives. The names he fixed nnoil Were either de- rived from certain Cnaradleriftic or adventitious circum- ftances, or were conferred in honour of his friends and acquaintance, chiefly thofe of the naval line. Such of the readers of the prefent work as defire to be particu- larly informed concerning them, will naturally have re- courfe to the hiftory of the voyage at large, or, at leaft, to the indications of them in the feveral maps on which they are defcribed. The afcertaining of New Zealand to be an ifland did not conclude Lieutenant Cook's examination of the na- ture, lituation, and extent of the country. After this, he completed his circum-navigation, by ranging from Cape Turnagain fouthward along the eaftern coaft of Poenam- moo, round Cape South, and back to the weftern en- trance of the ftreight he had pafled, and which was very properly named Cook's Streight. This range, which com- menced on the ninth of February, I ftiall not minutely and regularly purfue ; but content myfelf, as in the former courfe, with mentioning fuch circumftances as are more e, they i iv;ht, with a little induftry, very foon be fuppl cd, in ircat abundance, not merely with the neceflaries, b^ ^ even ' ith the liivuncs of life. li; i:,a: '^1 i-mauwethere are no quadrupeds bu: dogs and lats. At leaft, no other were feen by our voyagers ; and the luis are (6 fcarce, that they wholly efcaped the oticc of many on board. Of birds the fpecies arc not namc- rous; and of thefe no one kind, excepting perhaps the gannet, is exadtly the fame with thofe of Europe, li- fe6ts are not in greater plenty than birds. The fea mak js abundant recompenfe for this fcarcity of animals upon the land. Every creek fwarms with fifli, which arc no' only wholefome, but equally delicious with thofe in oui part of the world. The Endeavour feldom anchored in any ftation, or with a light gale paffed any place, that did not afford enough, with hook and line, to ferve the whole fliip's company. If the feine was made ufe of, it feldom failed of producing a ftill more ample fupply. The highcft luxury of this kind, with v/hich the Englifh were gra- tified, was the lobfter, or fea cray-fifli. Among the vege- table produdtions of the country, the trees claim a prin- cipal place ; there being forefts of vaft extent, full of the ftraiteft, the cleaneft, and the largeft timber Mr. Cook and his iriends had ever feen. Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander were gratified by the novelty, if not by the variety, of the plants. Out of about four hundred fpecies, there were O 2 not 1770. ii !1 t ,i if '*! ^o 'J ■ T II E L I F E O F not many which had hitherto been defcribed by botanifts. There is one plant that ferves the natives inftead of hemp and flax, and which excels all that are applied to the fame 2)urpofes in other countries. If the fettling of New Zealand (hould ever be deemed- an object deferving the attention of Great Britain, our Commander thought that the beft place for eftablifhing a colony would "ither be on the V:^nks of the Thames, or in the territory adjoining to the ..ay of Iflands. Each of thefe places poffeffes the advantage of an excellent har- bour. By means of the river, fettlements might be ex- tended, and a communication eftablilhed with the inland parts of the country. Veffels might, likewife, be built of the fine timber which is every were to be met with> at very little trouble and expence *. But I am in danger of forgetting myfelf, and of running into a detail, which may be thought rather to exceed the intentions of the prefent narrative. It is difficult to re- Itrain the pen, when fuch a variety of carious and enter- taining matter lies before it ; and I muft entreat the indulg- ence of my readers while I mention two or three farther particulars. One circumflance peculiarly worthy of no- tice, is the perfe(a and uninterrupted health of the inha- bitants of New Zealand. In all the vifits made to their towns, where old and young, men and women, crouded about our voyagers, they never obferved a fingle perfbn who appeared to have any bodily complaint ; nor among the numbers that were feen naked, was once perceived the llighteft eruption upon the fkin, or the leaJft mark \vhich indicated that fuch an eruption had formerly ex- m * Hawkefworth, ubi fupra, p. 435—444.. ifted. % r 1^: m CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. U^ed. Another proof of the health of thefe people is the facility with which the wounds they at .any time receive are healed. Jn the man who had been ihot with a muf- quet-bajl through the flefhy part of his arm, the wound feemed to be fo well digefted, and in fo fair a way of being perfectly healed, that if Mr. Cook had not known that no application had been made to it, he declared that he ihould certainly have enquired, with a very interefted cu- riofity, after the vulnerary herbs and furgical art of the country. An additional evidence of human nature's being untainted with difeafe in New Zealand, is the great num- ber of old men with whom it abounds. Many of them, by the lofs of their hair and teeth, appeared to be very ancient, and yet none of them were decrepid. Although they were not equal to the young in mufcular ftrength, they did not come in the leaft behind them with regard to chearfulnefs and vivacity. Water, as far as our navi- gators could difcover, is the uriiverfal and only liquor of the New Zealanders*. It is greatly to be wilhed, that their happinefs in this refpedt may never be deftroyed by fuch a connexion with the European nations, as Ihall introdidce that fondnefs for fpiritous liquors which hath been fo fatal to the Indians of North America, '-'^ From the obfervations which Lieutenant Cook and his friends made on the people of New Zealand, and from the fimilitude which was difcerned between them and the inhabitants of the South Sea Iflands, a ftrong proof arofe that both of them had one common origin ; and this proof was rendered indubitable by the conformity of their lan- guage. When Tupia addrefled himfelf to the natives of lOI 1770. V wm '\n : Kt ! *-A ■,n1 "^l :! ! :i. * Hawkefinwitb, ubi fiipra, p. 460, 461. Eaheinomauwe i H ; M' 102 THE LIFE OF I A O 1770. 31 March. 19 April. 28. III Eaheinomauwe and Poenammoo, he was perfeAly under- flood. Indeed) it did not appear that the language of Otaheite differed more from that of New Zealand, than the language of the two iflands, into which it is divided, did from each other *. . i . Hitherto the navigation of Lieutenaht Cook had been unfavourable to the notion of a fouthern continent ; hav- ing fwept away at leaft three-fourths of the pofitions upon which that notion had been founded. The track of the Endeavour had demonflrated that the land feen by Taf- man, Juan Femandes, Hermite, the commander of a Dutch, fquadron, Quiros, and Roggewein, was not, as they had fuppofed, part of fuch a continent. It had alfo totally deftroyed the theoretical arguments in favour of a fouthern continent, which had been drawn from the neceflity of it to preferve an equilibrium between the two hemifpheres. As, however, Mr. Cook's difcoveries, fo far as he had al- ready proceeded, extended only to the northward of forty degrees, fouth latitude, he could not, therefore, give an opi- nion concerning what land might lie farther to the fouth- ward. This was a matter, therefore, which he earneftly wiftied to be examined + ; and to him was, at length, referved the honour, as we fhall hereafter fee, of putting a final end to the queflion. • , -(ilJo m\ On Saturday the thirty-firft of March, our Commander failed from Cape Farewell in New Zealand J and purfued his voyage to the weftward. New Holland, or ais it is now called, New South Wales, came in fight on the nineteenth of April ; and on the twenty-eighth of that month the • Hawkefworth, ubi fupra, p. 473 — 476. t IWd. p. 477—479. t Cape Farewell lic& in latitude 40° 33^ fouth, and longitude 186° weft. fhip .i'.^' \:. - ft CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 103 1770. (hip anchored in Botant Bay. On the preceding day, chap, in confequence of its falling calm when the veflel was not "• more than a mile and a half from the ihore, and within fbme breakers, our navigators had been in a very difa- grecable lituation ; but happily a light breeze had fprung from the land, and carried them out of danger. In the afternoon the boats were manned ; and Lieute- nant Cook and his friends, having Tupia of their party, fet out from the Endeavour. They intended to land where they had feen fome Indians, and began to hope, that as thefe Indians had paid no regard to the Ihip when Ihe came into the bay, they would be as inattentive to the advances of the Englifli towards the Ihore. In this, how- ever, the gentlemen were difappointed ; for as foon as they approached the rocks, two of the men came down upon them to difpute their landing, and the reft ran away. Thefe champions, who were armed with lances about ten feet long, called to our navigators in a very loud tone, and in a harfh diffonant language, of which even Tupia did not underftand a fingle word. At the fame time^ they brandifhed their weapons, and feemed refolved to defend their coaft to the utmoft, though they were but two to forty. The Lieutenant, who could not but admire their courage, and who was unwilling that hoftilities ihould commence with fuch inequality of force on • their fide, ordered his boat to lie upon her oars. He and the other gentlemen then parlied with them by figns; and, to obtain their good-will, he threw them nails, beads, and feveral trifles befides, with which they appeared to be well pleafed. After this our Commander endeavoured to make them underftand that he wanted water, and at- tempted to convince them, by all the methods in his power, ^: h: *1 •f i»«i i r.|i| [ ; mmm ! ,1.1 WM^ 104 THE LIFE OF 1-770, power, that he had no injurious defign againfl them. Being- willing to interpret the waving of thyir hands as an invitation to proceed, the boat put in to the (hore ; but no fooner was this perceived, thaa it was oppofcd by the two Indians, one of whom feemed to be a youth about nineteen or twenty years old, and the other a man of middle age. The only refburce now left for Mr. Cook was to fire a mufquet between them^ which being done, the youngeft of them dropped a bundle of lances on the rock, but recolledting himfelf in an inftant, he fnatched them up again in great hafte. A ftone was then thrown at the Englifh, upon wliich the Lieutenant ordered a mufquet to be fired with fmall^fhot. This ftruck the eldeft upon the legs, and he immediately ran to one of the houfes, which was at about a hundred yards diftance. Mr. Cook, who now hoped that the conteft was over^ inftantly landed with his party ; but they had fcarcely quitted the boat when the Indian returned, having only left the rock to fetch a, fhield or target for his defence. As foon as he came up, he and his comrade threw each of them a lance in the midft of our peoj^j but happily without hurting a fingle perfon., At the firing of a third mufquet, one of the two men darted another lance, and then both of them ran away. After this the gentlemen repaired to the huts, and threw into the houfe where the children were, fome beads, ribbons, pieces o£ cloth, and other prefents. Thefe they hoped would procure them the good will of the inhabitants. When, however, the Lieutenant and his companions returned the next day, they had the mortification of finding that the beads and ribbons which they had left the night before, had not been CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. been removed from their places, and that not an Indian was to be feen *. Several of the natives of the country came in fight on the thirtieth, but they could not be engaged to begin an intercourfe with our people. They approached within a certain diftance of them, and after fliouting ieveral times went back into the v/oods. Having done this once more, Mr. Cook followed them himfelf, alone and unarmed, a confiderable way along She fliore, but without prevailing upon them to ftop+. On the firft of May, he refolved to make an excurfion into the country. Accordingly, our Commander, Mr. Banks, Dr. Solander, and feven others, all of them pro- perly accoutred for the exi^edition, fet out, and repaired firft to the huts near the watering place, whither fome of the Indians continued every day to refort. Though the little prefents which had been left there before had not yet been taken away, our gentlemen added others of ftill greater value, confifting of cloth, beads, combs, and look- ing glafles. After' this they went up into the country, the face of which is finely diverfified by wood and lawn. The foil they found to be either fwamp or light fand J. In cultivating the ground there would be no obftruc- tion from the trees, which are tall, ftrait, and xvithout underwood, and ftand at a fufficient diftance from each other. Between the trees, the land is abundantly co- * Hawkefworth, ubi fupra, p. 481, 483, 490—495. . .' ^ t This day Mr. Green took the fun's meridian altitude a little within the fouth entrance of the bay, which gave the latitude 34° fouth. J In a part of the country that was afterwards examined, the foil was found to be much richer } being a deep black mold, which the Lieutenant thought very Et for the production of grain of any kind, ^ :^ ...;;;.;:.:: j., ■ i» . . .• ,• • P vered n A P. II. 1770. 30 April, I May. ■ 1 'W(WK } IWWi , j' h f!»p|[i \m i 1 ■-1 li ^m I . <^(, ■ ■ ' "■! nil ] » 1 1 si n ifii io6 H A 11. 1770. m: ' THE LIFE OF vereci with grafs. Our voyagers faw many houfcs of the inhabitants, but met with only one of the people, who ran away as foon as he difcovered the Englifti. At every place where they went they left prefents, hoping that at length they might procure the confidence and good will of the Indians. They perceived fome traces of animals ; and the trees over their heads abounded with birds of various kinds, among which were many of exquifite beauty. Loriquets and cockatoos, in particular, were fo numerous, that they flew in flocks of feveral fcores together. While the Lieutenant and his friends were upon this excurfion, Mr. Gore, who had been fent out in the morn- ing to dredge for oyfters, having performed that fervice^ difmifled his boat, and taking a midfhipman with him^ fet out to join the waterers by land. In his way he fell in with a body of two and twenty Indians, who followed him, and were often at no greater diftance than that of twenty yards. When he perceived them fo near, he flop- ped, and faced about, upon which they likewife flfopped; and when he went on again, they continued their purfuit. But though they were all armed with Jances, they did not attack Mr. Gore; fo that he and the midftiipman got in fafety to the watering-place. When the natives came in fight of the main body of the Englifti, they halted at about the diflance of a quarter of a mile, and flood flill. By this Mr. Monkhoufe and two or three of the waterers were encouraged to march up to them ; but feeing the Indians keep their ground, they were feized with a fudden fear,,. which is not uncommon to the rafli and fool-hardy, and- made a hafty retreat. This ftep increafed the danger which it was intended to avoid. Four of the Indians immediately 4, CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 107 immediately ran forward, aiid difcharged their lances at the fugitives, with fuch force that they went beyond them. Our people, recovering their fpirits, Hopped to coUedt the lances, upon which the natives, in their turn, began to retire. At this time Mr. Cook came up, with Mr. Banks, Dr. Solander, and Tupia; and being de- iirous of convincing the Indians that they were neither afraid of them, nor defigned to do them any injury, they advanced towards them, endeavouring, by ligns of expof- tulation and entreaty, to engage them to an intercourfe, but without eflfedt. From the boldnefs which the natives difcovered on the firft landing of our voyagers, and the terror that after- wards feized them at the fight of the Englilh, it appears that they were fufiiciently intimidated by bur fire-arms. There was not, indeed, the leaft reafon to believe that any of them had been much hurt by the fmall (hot which had been fired at them when they attacked our people on their coming out of the beat. Neverthelefs, they had probably feen, from their lurking places, the eflfedts which the mufquets had upon birds. Tupia, who was become a good markfinan, frequently ftrayed abroad to flioot parrots ; and while he was thus employed, he once met with nine Indians, who, as foon as they perceived that he faw them, ran from him, in great alarm and con- fufion. While, on the third of May, Mr. Banks was gathering plants near the watering-place, Lieutenant Cook went with Dr. Solander and Mr. Monkhoufe to the head of the bay, for the purpofe of examining that part of the country, and of making farther attempts to form ibme connedlions with the iiatives. In this excurfion '''-^ ■■':' V" ^- P 2 '. they 1770. ; Mav, •tf\ \ ; ^\ >i| M i m : ^W4 io8 W hi ■']f 1770. May 4. : ' THE LIFE OF a they acquired additional knowledge concerning the nature of tlie foil, and its capacities for cultivation, but had no fuccefs in their endeavours to engage the inhabitants la coming to a friendly intercourfe. Several parties that were fent into the country, on the next day, with the fame view, were equally unfuccefsful. In the afternoon our Commander himfelf, with a number of attendatits> made an excurfion to the north fhore, which he found to be without wood, and to refemble, in fome degree, our moors in England. The furface of the ground was, how- ever, covered with a thin brufti of plants, rifing to about the height of the knee. Near the coaft the hills are low, but there are others behind them, which gradually afcend to a confiderable diftance, and are interfered with marfhes and morafTes. Among the articles of fifli which, at diffe- rent times, were caught, were large ftingrays. One of them, when his entrails were iuken out, weighed three hundred and thirty-fix pounds. It was upon account of the great quantity of plants which Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander collected in this place, that Lieutenant Cook was induced to give it the name of Botany Bay. It is fituated in the latitude of 34° fouth, and in the longitude of 208° 37' weft ; and affords a capa- cious, fafe, and convenient fhelter for fhipping. The En- deavour anchored near the fouth fhore, about a mile within the entrance, for the convenience of failing with a foutherly wind, and becaufe the Lieutenant thought it. the beft fituation for watering. But afterwards he found a very fine ftream on the north fliore, where was a fandy cove, in v/hich a fhip might lie almoft land-locked, and procure wood and water in the greateft abundance. Though wood is every where plentiful, our Commander faw \.* 5 Hawkcfwortb, ubr fupra, pj 496—506; ^osl/y^ fandy, 1770. C A 1^ T A I N J A M E S C O O K. 109 faw only two fpecies of it that could be confidered as timber, c Not only the inhabitants who were firft difcovered, but a^ who afterwards came in fight, were entirely naked* Of their mode of life our voyagers could know but little^ as not the leaft connection could be formed with them ; but it did not appear that they were numerous, or that they lived in focieties. They feemed, like other animals^ to be fcattered about along the coaft, and in the woods^ Not a fingJe article was touched by them of all that were left at their huts, or at the places which they frequented ; fo little fenfe had they of thofe fmall conveniences and ornaments which are generally very alluring to the un- civilized tribes of the globe. During Mr. Cook's flay at this place, he caufed the Englilh colours io be difplayed every day on Ihore, and took care that the ftiip's name, and the date of the year, fhould be infcribed upon one of the trees near the watering-place '••'. <>. .i.> . . At day-break, on Sunday the iixth of May, our navi- 6 May. gators failed from Botany Bay ;^ and as they proceeded on- their voyage, the Lieutenant gave the names that are indicated upon the map to the bays, capes, points, and, re- 1 markable hills which fucceffively appeared in fight. On the fourteenth, as the Endeavour advanced to the north- 14. ward, being then in latitude 30° 22' fouth, and longitude 206° 39' weft, the land gradually increafed in height, fo that it may be. called a hilly country; Between this lati- tude imd Botany Bay, it exhibits a pleafing^ variety of ridges, hills, valleys, and plains, all clothed with wood, of the fame appearance with that, which has been mentioned; before. The land near the Ihore is in general low and ■4', ;l 'U ' m^ ■ if h'li ^M«.:, ! i ,! ' M- Ha. m no THE LIFE OF I' CHAP, fandy, excepting the points, which are rocky, and over ^i« many of which are high hills, that, at their firlt ^ ~'q^ ~^ riling out of the water, have the femhlance of illands. On the next day, the veffel being about a league from the fliore, oiu: voyagers difcovered fmoke in many places, and having recourfe to their glalTes, they faw about twenty of the natives, who had each of them a large bundle upon his back. The bundles our peo- ple conjedtured to be palm leaves for covering the houfes of the Indians, and continued to obferve them above an hour, during which they walked upon the beach, and up a path that led over a hill of gentle afcent. It was remarkable, that not one of them was feen to flop and look towards the Endeavour. They marched along without the leaft apparent emotion either of curiofity or furprize, though it was impofiible that they ihould not have difcerned the Ihip by fome cafual glance as they went along the ihore, and though Ihe muft have been the moft ftupendous and unaccoimtable object they had ever beheld **. 17 May. While, on the feventeenth, our navigators were in a bay, to which Lieutenant Cook had given the name of Mweton's Bay +, and at a place where the land was not at that time vilible, fome on board, having obf<^ved that the fea looked paler than ufual, were of opinion that the bottom of the bay opened into a river. The Lieute- nant was feniible that there was no real groimd for this fuppofition. As the Endeavour had here thirty-four fa- thom water, and a fine fandy bottom, thefe circumftances * Hawkefworth, ubi fupra, p. S07*~SII> 512. ' + The latitude of Moreton's Bay is 26° 56' fouth, and itt longitude 206° 28' weft. alone ■«v ft' *A .f' 1770- CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. m alone were fudicient to produce the change which hatl been noticed in the colour of the fca. Nor was it by any means necelTary to fupixjfc a river, in order to account for the land at the bottom of the bay not being vifible. If the land there was as low as it had been experienced to be in a hundred other parts of the coall, it would be impoifible to fee it from the ilation of the (hip. Our Commander would, however, have brought the matter to the teft of experiment, if the wind had been favourable to fuch a purpofe. Should any future navigator be difpofed to determine the quef- tion, whether there is or is not a river in this place, Mr. Cook has taken care to leave the beft dire<5tions for findmg its fituation. On the twenty-fecond, as our voyagers were purfuing aa May. their courfe from Harvey's Bay, they difcovered with their glalTes that the land was covered with palm-nut trees, which they had not feen from the time of their leaving the iflands within the tropic. They faw alfo two men walking along the ihore, \/ho paid them as little atten* tion as they had met with on former occafions. At eight o'clock in the evening of this day, the Ihip came to an anchor in five &thom, with a fine fandy bottom. Early in the morning of the next day, the Lieutenant, accom- 23- panied by Mr. Banks, Dr. Solander, the other gentlemen, Tupia, and a party of men, went on Ihore, in order to examine the country. The wind blew frelh, and the wea- ther was fo cold, that, being at a confiderable diftance from land, they took their cloaks as a neceffary equipment for the voyage. When they landed, they found a channel leading into a large lagoon. Both the channel an and were furrounded with illands, which lay at different diftances from the main land, they fuddenly fell into three fathom of water. Upon this the Lieutenant an- chored, and fent away the mafter to found a channel which lay between the northermoft iiland and the main. Though the channel appeared to have a confiderable • From meafuring the perpendicular height of the laft tide^ and afcertaining tha time of low-water this day, the Lieutenant found that it muft be high-water, at tlie full and change of the moon, at eight o'clock. t Its W««ide is 208° 5«' weft. - '"^'*^ Q breadth, "3 H A P. II. 1770. 25 May, 26. * I' m \ t' . i'M ,ii"> •;. ' I :V ii I;: ;4 ■' 114 THE LIFE OF »770- CHAP, breadth, our Commander fufpedled it to be (hallow, and "• fuch was in fadt the cafe. The mafter rejjorted, at his return, that he had only two fathom and a half in many places ; and where the vcflel lay at anchor Ihe had only iixteen feet, which was not two feet more than Ihe drew. Mr. Banks, who, while the mafter was founding the channel; tried to filh from the cabin window with hook and line, was fuccefsful in catching two forts of crabs, both of them fuch as our navigators had not feen before. One of them was adorned with a moft beautiful blue, in every refpedt equal to the ultramarine. With this blue all his claws and joints were deeply tinged; while the under part of him was white, and fo exquifitely polifhed that in colour and brightnefs it bore an exa<5t refemblance to the white of old china. The other crab was alfo mark- ed, though fomewhat more fparingly, with the ultrama- rine on his joints and his toes; and on his back were three brown fpots of a Angular appearance. Early the next morning. Lieutenant Cook, having found a paflage between the iflands, failed to the north- ward, and on the evening of the fucceeding day anchored at about two miles diftance from the main. At this time a great number of iflands, lying a long way without the Ihip, were in fight. On the twenty-ninth, the Lieutenant fent away the mafter with two boats to found the entrance of an inlet which lay to the weft, and into which he in- tended to go with the veffel, that he might wait a few days for the moon's encreafe, and have an opportunity of examining the country. As the tide was obferved to ebb and flow confiderably, when the Endeavour had anchored within the inlet, our Commander judged it to be a river that might run pretty far up into land. Thinking that this 27 May. 7,3, ;a9. IV r CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. this might afford a commodious iituation for laying the c Ihip alhore, and cleaning her bottom, he landed with the mafter, in fearch of a proper place for the purpofe. He was accompanied in the excurfion by Mr, Banks and Dr. Solander ; and they found walking exceedingly trou- blefome, in confequence of the ground's being covered with a kind of grafs, the feeds of which were very Iharp and bearded. Whenever thefe feeds ftuck into their clothes, which happened at every ftep, they worked for- ward by means of the beard, till they got at the flefh. Another difagreeable circumftance was, that the gentle- men were inceflantly tormented with the flings of a cloud of mufquitos. They foon met with feveral places where the (hip might conveniently be laid afliore ; but were much difappointed in not being able to find any frefli water, hi proceeding up the country, they found gum trees,Vthe gum upon which exifted only in very fmall quantities. Gum trees of a fimilar kind, and as little pro- ductive, had occurred in other parts of the Coaft of New So'.i$'^ Wales. Upon the branches of the trees were ants ne?fts, made of clay, as big as a bufhel. The ants them- fdlvesJ^by which the nefts were inhabited, were fmall, and their bodies white. Upon another fpecies of the gum tree, wai found a fmall black ant, which perforated all thP twigs, and, having worked out the pith, occupied the pipe in which it had been contained. Notwithflanding this, the parts in which thefe infefts, to an amazing num- ber, Ind formed a lodgment, bore leaves and flowers, and appeared to be entirely in a flourifhing flate. Butter- flies were found in fuch multitudes that the account of them feems almofl to be incredible. The air was fo crowded with them, for the fpace of three or four acres, Q 2 that IIS 1770. I ■'■■ m Hi ■< ,i ' ! i'; ^ " iH. ii6 THE LIFE OF n 1770. CHAP, that millions might be feen in every diredlion; and the "• branches and twigs of the trees were at the fame time covered with others that were not upon the wing. A fmall filh of a Angular kind was likewife met with in this place. Its fize was about that of a minnow, and it had two very ftrong breaft-fins. It was found in places which were quite dry, and where it might be fuppofed that it had been left by the tide; and yet it did not appear to have become languid from that circumftance : for when it was approached, it leaped away as nimbly as a frog, indeed it did not feem to prefer water to land. Though the curiofity of Mr. Cook and his friends was gratified by the fight of thefe various obje<5ts, they were difappointed in the attainment of their main purpofe, the difcovery of frefh water; and a fecond excurfion, which was made by them on the afternoon of the ' fame day, was equally unfuccefsful. This failure of the I lieu- tenant's hopes determined him to make but a ftic^rt ftay in the place. Having, however, obferved from fln emi- nence that the inlet penetrated a confiderable way into the country, he formed a refolution of tracing it m the morning. Accordingly, at fun-rife, on Wednefduy the thirtieth of May, he went on ftiore, and took a view of the coaft and the iflands that lie off it, with their bearings. For this purpofe he had with him an azimuth compafs ; but he found that the needle differed very confiderably in its ix)fition, even to thirty degrees; the variation being in fome places more, in others lefs. Once the needle varied from itfelf no lefs than two points in the diftance of fourteen feet. Mr. Cook having taken up fome of the loofe ftones which lay upon the ground, applied them to the needle, but they produced no effed; 30 May. CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 117 I cfFe£l; whence he concluded that in the hills there was c h iron ore, traces of which he had remarked both here and in the neighbouring parts. After he had made his ob- fervations upon the hill, he proceeded with Dr. Solander up the inlet. He fet out with the firft of the flood, and had advanced above eight leagues long before it was high- water. The breadth of the inlet thus far was from two to five miles, upon a dire(5lion fouth-weft by fouth ; but here it opened every way, and formed a large lake, which to the north-weft communicated with the fea. Our Com- mander not only faw the fea in this dire<5tion, but found the tide of flood coming ftrongly in from that point. He obferved, alfo, an arm of this lake extending to the eaft- ward. Hence he thought it not improbable that it might communicate with the fea in the bottom of the bay, which lies to the weftward of the cape that on the chart is defignated by the name of Cape Towns hend. On the fouth fide of the lake is a ridge of hills which the Lieutenant was very defirous of climbing. As, however, it was high-water, and the day was far fpent ; and as the weather, in particular, was dark and rainy, he was afraid of being bewildered among the flioals in the night, and therefore was obliged to give up his inclination, and to make the beft of his way to the fliip. Two people only were feen by him, who fol- lowed the boat along the fliore a good way at fome dif- tance; but he could not prudently wait for them, as the tide ran ftrongly in his favour. Several fires in one direction, and fmoke in another, exhibited far- ther proofs of the country's being in a certain degree inhabited. While A P. I. 1770. • =■. No refrefhment of any other fort was here procured by our voyagerst. Our Commander, not having a fingle inducement to ftay longer in this place, weighed anchor in the morning 3t May. of the thirty-firft, and put to fea. In the profecution of the voyage, when the Endeavour was clofe under Cape Upstart, the variation of the needle, at fun-fet, on the 4 June* fourth of June, was 9° eaft, and at fun-rife the next day, ^' it was no more than 5° 35'. Hence the Lieutenant con- cluded that it had been influenced by iron ore, or by fome * Thiifty Sound lies in latitude 22° 10' fouth, and longitude 2I0* 18' weft, t Hawkefworth, ubi fupra, p. 521—532. Other CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 119 other magnetical matter contained under the furfacc of the earth. In the afternoon of the feventh, our naviga- tors faw upon one of the iflands what had the appearance of cocoa-nut trees ; and as a few nuts would at this time have been very acceptable, Mr. Cook fcnt Lieutenant Hicks aihore, to fee if he could procure any refrcfliment. He was accompanied by Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander ; and in the evening the gentlemen returned, with an account that what had been taken for cocoa-nut trees were a fmall kind of cabbage palm, and that, excepting about fourteen or fifteen plants, nothing could be obtained which was worth bringing away. On the eighth, when the Endea- vour was in the midit of a clufter of fmall iflands, our voyagers difcerned, with their glafles, upon one of the neareft of thefe iflands, about thirty of the natives, men, women, and children, all {landing together, and looking with great attention at the fliip. This was the firft in- ftance of curiofity that had been obferved among the peo- ple of the country. The prefent Indian fpedators were entirely naked. Their hair was fhort, and their com- plexion the fame with that of fuch of the inhabitants as had been feen before *. In navigating the coafl: of New South Wales, where the fea in all parts conceals fhoals which fuddenly proje(f^ from the fhore, and rocks that rife abruptly like a pyramid from the bottom, our Commander had hitherto condudled his veflel in fafety, for an extent of two and twenty degrees of latitude, being more than one thoufand three hundred miles. But, on the tenth of June, as he was pur- fuing his courfe from a bay to which he had given the * Hawkdwortb, ubi fupra, p. 532, 538, 541. name II A P, 'II. 1770. 7 Juac. Si X9« t ,1 U 120 THE LIFE OF 1770. CHAP. iKimc of Trinity Bay, the Endeavour feU into a fituation !'• as critical and dangerous as any that is recorded in the hiftory of navigation ; a hiftory which abounds with pe- rilous adventures, and almoft miraculous efcapes. Our voyagers were now near the latitude afligned to the iflands that were difcovered by Quiros, and which, with- out fufficient reafon, fome geographers have thought proper to join to this land. The fliip had the advan-, tage of a fine breeze, and a clear moonlight night ; and in Handing otF from fix till near nine otlock, fhe had deepened her water from fourteen to twenty-one fathom. But while our navigators were at fupper it fiid- denly flioaled, and they fell into twelve, ten, and eight fathom, within the compafs of a few minutes. Mr. Cook, immediately ordered every man to his ftation, and all was- ready to put about and come to an anchor, when deep water being met with again at the next caft of the lead> it was concluded that the veflel had gone over the tail of the flioals which had been feen at fun-fet, and that the danger was now over. This idea of fecurity was confirmed by the water's continuing to deepen to twenty and> twenty- one fathom, fo that the gentlemen left the deck in great tranquillity, and went to bed. However, a little before eleven, the water flioaled at once from twenty to feven- teen fathom, and before the lead could be caft again, the fliip ftruck, and remained immoveable, excepting fo far as flie was influenced by the heaving of the furge, that beat her againft the crags of the rock upon which flie lay. A few moments brought every perfon upon deck, with countenances fuited to the horrors of the fituation* As our people knew, from the breeze which they had in the evening, that they could not be very near the fhore^ there CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. T2I there was too much reafon to conclude that they were chap. upon a rock of coral, which, on account of the Iharp- "• nefs of its points, and the roughnefs of its fur face, is more fatal than any other. On exrmining the depth of water round the fliip, it was fpeedily difcovered that the misfortune of our voyagers was equal to their appre- heniions. The veffel had been lifted over a ledge of the rock> and lay in a hollow within it, in fome places of which hollow there were from three to four fathom, and in others not fo many feet of water. To complete the fcene of diftrefs, it appeared, from the light of the moon, that the ftieathing boards from the bottom of the fliip were floating away all round her, and at laft her falfe keel; fo that every moment was making way for the whole company's being fwallowed up by the rulhing in of the fea. There was now no chance but to lighten her, and the opportunity had unhappily been loft of doing it to the beft advantage ; for as the Endeavour had gone aihore juft at high-water, and by this time it had confi- derably fallen, Ihe would, when lightened, be but in the fame litttation as at firft. The only alleviation of this cir- cumftance was, that as the tide ebbed, the veffel fettled to the rocks, and was not beaten againft them with fo much violence. Our people had, indeed, fome hope from the next tide, though it was doubtful whether the fhip would hold together fo long, efpecially as the rock kept grating part of her bottom with fuch force as to be heard in the fore ftore-room. No effort, however, was remitted from defpair of fuccefs. That no time might be loft, the water was immediately ftarted in the hold, and pumped up ; fix gun3, being all that were upon the deck, a quantity of iron and ftone ballafty calks, hoop ftaves, oil jars, decayed R ^ ftores, ■HI - V, 111 i 1770. 122 T n E L I F E O F ftores, and a variety of things befides, were thrown over- board with the utmoft expedition. Every one exerted himfelf, not only without murmuring and difcontent, but even with an alacrity which almoft approached to chear- fulnefs. So fenfible) at the fame time> were the men of the awefulnefs of their lituation, that not an oath was heard among them, the deteftable habit of profane fwear- ing being inftantly fubdued by the dread of incurring guilt when a fpeedy death was in view. While Lieutenant Cook and all the people about him were thus employed, the opening of the morning of the 1 1 June, eleventh of June prefented them with a fuller profpe(5t of their danger. The land was feen by them at about eight leagues diftance, without any iiland in the interme- diate fpace, upon which, if the (hip had gone to pieces, they might have been fet a-lhore by the boats, and carried thence by different turns to the main. Gradually, how- ever, the wind died away, and early in the forenoon it became a dead calm ; a circumftan je this, peculiarly happy in the order of Divine Providence ; for if it had blown hard, the veflel muft inevitably have been deftroyed. High-water being expe(5led at eleven in the morning, and every thing being made ready to heave her off if fhe fliould float; to the inexpreflible furprize and concern of our navigators, fo much did the day-tide fall Ihort of that of the night, that though they had lightened the (hip nearly fifty ton, ihe did not float by a foot and a half. Hence it became necelTary to lighten her ftill more, and every thing was thrown overboard that could poflibly be fpared. Hitherto the Endeavour had not admitted much water ; but as the tide fell, it rufhed in fo faft, that Ihe could fcarcely be kept free, though two pumps were incelTantly CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 123 n. inceffantly worked. There were now no hopes but from c h a p. the tide at midnight; to prepire for taking the advan- tage of which the moft vigorous efforts were exerted. About five o'clock in the afternoon the tide began to rife, but, at the fame time, the leak increafed to a moft alarm- ing degree. Two more pumps, therefore, were manned, one of which unhappily would not work. Three pumps, however, were kept going, and at nine o'clock the fliip righted. Neverthelefs, the leak had gained fo confidera- bly upon her, that it was imagined that Ihe muft go to the bottom as foon as Ihe ceafed to be fupported by the rock. It was, indeed, a dreadful circumftance to our Com- mander and his people, that they were obliged to antici- pate the floating of the veflel not as an earneft of their deliverance, but as an event which probably would preci- pitate their deftru6tion. They knew that their boats were not capable of carrying the whole of them on fliore, and that when the dreadful crifis Ihould arrive, all command and fubordination being at an end, a conteft for preference might be expected, which would increafe even the horrors of Ihipwreck, and turn their rage againft each other. Some of them were fenfible that if they ihould efcape to the main land, they were likely to fuffer more upon the whole than thofe who would be left on board to per i(h in the waves. The latter would only be expofed to inftant death ; whereas the former, when they got on (bore, would have no lafting or effeftual defence againft the natives, in a part of the country where even nets and fire-arms could fcarcely furnifh them with food. But fuppofing that they Ihould find the means of fubfiftence ; how hor- rible muft be their ftate, to be condemned to languilh out the remainder of their lives in a defolate wildernefs, with- R 2 out »'r* n i 124 THE LIFE OF 1770. t.;^_t-}1 c II A p. out the pofTcflion or hope of domeftic comfort ; and to be ^ '• c\it off* from all commerce with mankind, excepting that of the naked favages who prowl the defert, and who per- il aps are fome of the moft rude and uncivilized inhabitants of the earth ! The dreadful moment which was to determine the fate of our voyagers now drew on; and every one faw, in the countenances of his companions, the picture of his own fenfations. Not, however, giving way to defpair^ the Lieutenant ordered the capftan and windlace to be manned with as many hands as could be fpared from the pumps, and the fhip having floated about twenty minutes after ten o'clock, t le gr-^nd effort was made, and Ihe was heaved into deep water. It was no fmall confolation to find that fhe did not now admit of more water than ihe liad done when upon the rock. By the gaining, indeed, of the leak upon the pumps, three feet and nine inches of water were in the hold ; notwithftanding which, the men did not relinquilh their labour. I'hus they held the water as it were at bay : but having endured excefiive fatigue of. body, and agitation of mind, for more than twenty-four hours, and all this being attended with little 1 ope of final' fuccefs, they began, at length, to flag. None of them could work at the pump above five or fix minutes toge- ther, after which, being totally exhaufled^ they threw theirfelves down upon the deck, though a flream of water, between three or four inches deep, was running- over it from the pumps. When thofe who fucceeded them had worked their time, and in their turn were ex- haufted, they threw themfelves down in the fame manner, and the others flarted up again, to renew their labour. While thus they were employed in relieving each othei^ an ' f. !; CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. an acci'lcnt was very nearly putting an immediate end to all their efforts. The planking which lines the fliip's hot- torn is called the cieling, between which and the out fide planking there is a fpace of about eighteen inches. From this cieling only, the man who had hitherto attended the well had taken the depth of the water, and had given the meafure accordingly. But, upon his being relieved, the pcrfon who came in his room reckoned the depth to the outfide planking, which had the appearance of the leak's having gained upon the pumps eighteen inches in a few minutes. The miftake, however, was foon detected ; and the accident, which in its commencement was very for- midable to them, became, in fadt, highly advantageous. Such was the joy which every man felt at finding his iituation better than his fears had fuggefted, that it ope- rated with wonderful ene ^y, and feemed to poflTefs him with a ftrong perfuafion that fcarcely any real danger remained. New confidence and new hope infpired frelh- vigour; and the efforts of the men were exerted with fo much alacrity and fpirit, that before eight o'clock in the morning the pumps had gained confiderably upon the leak. All the converfation now turned upon carrying the Ihip into Ibme harbour, as a thing not to be doubted ; and as hands could be fpared from the pumps, they were employed in getting up the anchors. It being found impoflible -to fave the little bower anchor, it was cut away^ at a whole cable, and the cable of the ftream anchor was loft among the rocks ; but in the fituation of our peoplie thefe were trifles which fcarcely attraded their notice. The fore-topmaft and fore-yard were next ere<5ted, and: there being a breeze from the feai the Endeavour^ at ■ J ■ elevem »»5 • hi 1 il ii l{ n 126 THE LIFE OF '/I ffm m . 'i 111 "■ }( ^ M I!' i7yo. eleven o*clock, got once more under fail, and ftood for the land. Notwithftanding thefe favourable circumftanccs, our voyagers were ftill very far from being in a ftate of fafety. It was not poflible long to continue the labour by which the pumps had been made to gain upon the leak ; and as the exadt place of it could not be difcovered, there was no hope of flopping it within. At this crifis, Mr. Monk- houfe, one of the midfhipmen, came to Lieutenant Cook» and propofed an expedient he had once feen ufed on board a merchant fhip which had fprung a leak that admitted more than four feet water in an hour, and which by this means had been fafely brought from Virginia to London. To Mr. Monkhoufe, therefore, the care of the expedient^ which is called fothering the fhip, was, with proper aflifl- ance, committed; and his method of proceeding was as follows. He took a lower fhidding fail, and having mixed together a large quantity of oakham and wool, he ftitched it down, as lightly as poflible, in handfuls upon the fail, and fpread over it the dung of the fheep of the vefTel, and other filth. The fail being thus prepared, it* was hauled under the fhip's bottom by ropes, which kept it extended. When it came under the leak, the fudlion that carried in the water, carried in with it the oakham and wool from the furface of the fail. In other parts the water was not fufficiently agitated to wafh oflF the oakham and the wool. The fuccefs of the expedient was anfwer- able to the warmefl expectations ; for hereby the leak was fo far reduced, that, inflead of gaining upon three pumps, it was eafily kept under with one. Here was fuch a new fource of confidence and comfort, that our people could CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 117 could fcarcely have cxprelTcd more joy if they had hccn chap. already in port. It had lately been the utmoft ol)je*ft ^'^ of their hope, to run the (hip aftiore in fomc harbour, ,^yg, either of an ifland or the main, and to builil a vcflel out of her materials, to carry them to the Eaft Indies. Nothing, however, was now thought of but to range along the coaft in fearch of a convenient place to repair the damage the Endeavour had fuftained, and then to profecute the voyage upon the fame plan, as if jio impe- diment had happened. In jufticc and gratitude to the fhip's company, and the gentlemen on board, Mr. Cook has recorded, that although in the midfl of their diftrefs all of them fcemed to have a juft fenfe of their danger, no man gave way to pallionate exclamations, or frantic geftures. " Every one appeared to have the perfedl pof- <* feffion of his mind, and every one exerted himfelf to ** the uttermoft, with a quiet and patient perfeverance, ** equally diftant from the tumultuous violence of terror, " and the gloomy ina(5tivity of delpair '•**.'* Though the Lieutenant hath faid nothing of himfelf, it is well known that his own compofure, fortitude, and activity were equal to the greatnefs of the occafion. To complete the hiftoi y of this wonderful prefervation, it is neceflary to bi jig forward a circumftance, which could not be difcovcred till the Ihip was laid down to be repaired. It was then found that one of her holes, which was large enough to have funk our navigators, if they had had eight pumps inftead of four, and had been able to keep them inceffantly going, was in a great meafure filled up by a fragment of the rock, upon which the En- ■ < f Hawkefworth, ubi ilipra, p. 544—553. deavour h ri \ /* . '. I 1: ! 1 i 1 i i ■f '<0,f 12$ THE LIFE or 1770. CHAP, deavonr had ftnick. To this fingular event, therefore, it II' was owing, that the water did not pour in with a violence which muft fpeedily have involved the Endeavour and all her company in inevitable deftrudlion ♦. Hitherto none of the names, by which our Commander had diftinguifhed the feveral parts of the country feen by him, v/ere memorials of diftrefs. But the anxiety and danger which he and his people had now experienced, induced him to call a point in light, which lay to the northward, Cape Tribulation +. j The next obje>' ' i till, MJ, t !frM m la'.!' ' 'ti H 130 THE LIFE OF hO 22 June. ■■%. ■4 %\. by him, that appeared to have been very lately inhabited ; and in his walk he met with large flocks of pigeons and crows. The pigeons were exceedingly beautiful. Of thefe he fhot feveral ; but the crows, which were exacSUy like thofe in England, were fo Ihy that they never came within the reach of his gun. It was not till the twenty-fecond that the tide fo far left the Endeavour, as to give our people an opportunity of examining her leak. In the place where it was found, the rocks had made their way through four planks, and even into the timbers. Three more planks were greatly damaged, and there was fomething very extraordinary in the appearances of the breaches. Not a fplinter was to be feen, but all wast as fmooth as if the whole had been cut away by an inftrument. It was a pecidiarly happy cir- cumftance that the timbers were here very clofe, iince otherwife the fhip could not poflibly have been faved.. Now alfo it was that the fragment of the rock was difco- vered, which, by flicking in the leak of the veflel, had been fuch a providential inftrument of her prefervation. On the fame day, fome of the people who had been, fent to Ihoot pigeons for the fick, and who had difcovered many Indian houfes, and a fine ftream of frefh water, reported at their return, that they had feen an animal as large as a greyhound, of a flender make, of a moufe colour, and extremfiiy fwift. As the Lieutenant was walk- ing, on the morning of the twenty-fourth, at a little dif- tance frbm the fhip, he had an opportunity of feeing aa animal of the fame kind. From the defcription he gave of it, and from an imperfect view which occurred to Mr. Banks, the latter gentleman: was of opinion that its fpecies was hitherto unknown* . The 1770- CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 131 The pofition of the veffel, while flie was refitting for fea, was very near depriving the world of that botanical knowledge, which Mr. Banks had procured at the ex- igence of fo much labour, and fuch various perils. For the greater fecurity of the curious collecSlion of plants which he had made during the whole voyage, he had removed them into the bread room. This room is in the after part of the Ihip, the head of which, for the purpofc of repairing her, was laid much higher than the ftern. No one having thought of the danger to which this cir- cumftance might expofe the plants, they were found to be under water. However, by the exercife of unremit- ting care and attention, the larger part of them were re- ftored to a ftate of prefervation. "' ?» ? On the twenty-ninth of June, at two o'clock in the agjtic. morning, Mr. Cook, in conjunction with Mr. Green, ob- ferved ai. * vrfion of Jupiter's firft fatellite. The time here was • 8 53'', which gave the longitude of the place at 214" 4i' 30" weft : its latitude is 15" 26' fouth. The next 30. morning the Lieutenant fent fome of the young gentlemen to take a plan of the harbour, whilft he himfelf afcended a hiH, that he might gain a full profpedt of the fea : and it was a profpeft which prefented him with a lively view of the difficulties of his iituation. To his great concern he faw innumerablie fand-banks and fhoals, lying in every direction of the coaft. Some of them extended as far as he could difcern with his glafs, and many of them did but juft rife above water. To the northward there was an appearance of a paflage, and this was the only dire77C. 2 July. have been extremely difficult, if not abfolutely irapofldble. On this, and the preceding day, our people had been very fuccefsful in hauling the feine. The fupply of fifli was fo great, that the Lieutenant was now able to diftribute two pounds and a half to each man. A quantity of greens having likewife been gatherer he ordered them to be boiled with the peas. Hence an excellent mefs was pro- duced, which, in conjunction with the fiih, afforded an unfpeakable refrelhment to the whole of the (hip^s com- pany*. Early in the morning of the fecond of July, Lieutenant Cook fent the mafter out of the harbour, in the pinnace, to found about the fhoals, and to fearch for a channel to the northward. A fecond attempt, which was made this day to heave off the (hip, was as unfuccefsful as a former one ha(? been. The next day the mafber returned, and reported that he had found a pailage out to fea, between: the ihoals. On one of thefe fhoals, which confifled of coral rocks, many of which were dry at low water, he had landed, and found there cockles of fa enormous a. iizey that a fingle cockle was more than two men could eat. At the fame place, he met with a great variety of other fhell-fifli, and brought back with him a plentiful fupply for the ufe of his fellow voyagers. At high-water, this day, another effort was made to float the fhip, which hap- pily fucceeded ; but it being found that fhe had fpnmg a plank between decks, it became neceffairy to lay her a- Ihore a fecond time. The Lieutenant being anxious to • On the firft of JuJy, the diennometer, in the flade, rofe to 87% which was highet than it had been 00 any day fince our navigators had come upon the coaft of New South Waks. attain \^ CAPTAINJAMESCOOK. 133 attain a perfe(St knowledge of the ftate of the veflel, got one of the carpenter's crew, a man in whom he cou)d confide, to dive, on the fifth, to her bottom, that he might examine the place where the flieathing had been rubbed off. His report, which was, thot three ftreaks of the Iheathing, about eight feet long, were wanting, and that the main plank had been a little rubbed, was perfectly agreeable to the account that had been given before by thf; mailer and others, who had made the fame examina> tion ; and our Commander had the confolation of finding tl: at, in the opinion of the carpenter, this matter would be of little confequence. The other damage, therefore, being repaired, the (hip was again floated at high water, and all hands were employed in taking the ftores on board, and in putting her into a condition for proceeding on her voyage *. To the harbour in which ihe was refitted for the fea, Mr. Cook gave the name of the Endeavour River. On the morning of the fixth, Mr. Banks, accompanied 6. by Lieutenant Gore, and three men, fet out in a fmall boat up the river, with a view of fpending a few days in examining the country. In this expedition nothing ef- daped his notice which related either to the natural hiftory or the inhabitants of die places he vifited. Though he met with undoubted proofs that fever: .1 of the natives were at no great diftance, none of them came within fight. Having found, upon the whole, that the country did not promife much advantage from a larther fearch, he and his party reimbarked in their boat, and returned, on the eighth, to the ihip. During their excurfion, they had g, ?■',' m fi"^' ^' M ; • HawkcTwottlvubi Aiiira, p. 557— 568^(v j v. DJ flcpt 134 :i t % T H E LIFE OF ? ,'i„. i Sill ''Mr m Brf''' 177c. c II A P. flept upon the ground in perfedt fecurity, and without ^ ' • once refleding upon the danger they would have incur- red, if in that fituation they had been difcovered by the Indians. Lieutenant Cook had not been fatisfied with the ac- count which the matter had given of his having traced a paflage, between the fiioals, into le fea. He fent him out, therefore, a fecond time, u, ^n the fame bufinefs; and, on his return, he made a different report. Having been feven leagues out to fea, the mafter was now of opinion that there was no fuch paflage as he had before imagined. His expedition, however, though in this refpe■ 1.-^6 .a^^THE LIFE OF 1770. 12 July, H- c H A P. upper part of their arms. Thus the love of onument II* takes place among them, though they are abfolutely deftir tute of apparel. Three Indians, on the twelfth, ventured down to Tu* pia's tent, and were fo well pleafed with their reception, that one of them went with his canoe to fetch two others, who had never been feen by the Engliih. On his return, he introduced the ftrangers by name, a ceremony which was never omitted upon fuch occaHons. From a farther acquaintance with the natives, it was found that the colour of their ikins was not (b dailc as had at firft been appre- hended, and that all of them were remarkably clean limb- ed, and extremely adkive and nimble. Their language appeared to be more harfh than that of the lilanders in the South fea. On the fourteenth, Mr. Gore had the good fortune to kill one of the animals before mentioned, and which bad been the fubje^ of much fpeculation. It is called by the natives Kanguroo ; and when dreffed proved moft excdlent meat. Indeed, our navigators might now be faid to fare fumptu- oully every day; for they.j^ad turtle in great plenty, and it was agreed that thefe ifrtXQ far fuperior to any which our people had ever tailed in England. This the gentle- men juftly imputed to their being eaten frefh from the fea, before their natural fat had been wafted, or their juices changed, by the iituation and diet they are expofed to when kept in tubs. Moft of the turtle here caught were of the kind called green turtle, and their weight was from two to three hundred pounds. In the morning of the fixteenth, while the men were engaged in their ufual employment of getting the ftiip ready for the fea, our Commander climbed one of the heights 16. CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 137 heights on the north fide of the river, and obtained from it an extenfive view of the inland country, which he found agreeably diverfified by hills, valleys, and large plains, that in rhany places were richly covered with wood. This evening, the Lieutenant and Mr. Green ob- ferved an emerfion of the firft fatellite of Jupiter, which gave 214° 53' 45" of longitude. The obfervation taken on the twenty-ninth of June had given 214° 48' 30" ; and the mean was 214* 48' yi'', being the longitude of the place weft of Greenwich. On the feventeenth, Mr. Cook fent the mafter and one of the mates in the pinnace, to fearch for a channel to the northward; after which, accompanied by Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander, l|e went into the woods on the other fide of the water. In this excurfion the gentlemen had a farther opportunity of improving their acquaintance with the Indians, who by degrees became fo familiar, that fe- veral of them the next day ventured on board the fliip. There the Lieutenant left them, apparently mych enter- tained, that he might go with Mr. Banks to take a farther furvey of the country, and efpecially to 1 dulge an anx- ious curiofity they had of looking round about them upon the fea; of which they earneftly wifhed, but fcarcely dared to hope, that they might obtain a favourable and encouraging profpeit. When, after having walked along the fliore feven or eight miles to the northward, they afcended a very high hill, the view which prefented itfelf to them infpired nothing but melancholy apprehenfions. hi every diredlion, they faw rocks and fhoals without number ; and there appeared to be no paffage out to fea, but through the winding channels between them> the navigation of which could not be accomplilhed without \ • ■ V ■ • T the 1770. 17 July. • ' > \:\ ..43, A ■^'^p 138 THE LIFE OF c HAP. II. 1770. 19 July. Pi the iitmoft degree of tlifnciilty and danger. The fpirits of the two gentlemen were not raifed by this excurfion. On the nineteenth our voyagers were vifited by ten of the natives ; and fix or feven more were feen at a diftancet chiefly women, who were as naked as the male inhabitants of the country. There being at that time a number of turtles on the deck of the Ihip, the Indians who came on board were determined to get one of them ; and exprefled great difappointmcnt and anger, when our people refufed to comply with their wifhes. Several attempts were made by them to fecure what they wanted by force ; but all their efforts proving unfuccefsful, they fuddenly leaped into their canoe in a tranfport of rage, and paddled towards the lliore. The Lieutenant, with Mr. Banks, and five or fix of the Ihip's crew, immediately went into the boat, and got afliore, where many of the Englifli were engaged in various employments. As foon as the natives reached the land, they feized their arnts> which had been laid up in a tree, and having fnatched a brand from under a pitch-kettle that was boiling, made a circuit to the wind- ward of the few things our people had on fliore, and with furprizing quicknefs and dexterity fet fire to the grafs in their way. The grafs, which was as dry as ftubble, and five or fix feet high, burnt with furprizing fury ; and a tent of Mr. Banks's would have been deftroyed, if that gentle- man had not immediately got fome of the men to fave it, by hauling it down upon the beach. Every part of the fmith's forge that would burn was confumed. This tranf- a£tion was followed by another of the fame nature. In fpite of threats and entreaties, the Indians went to a dif- ferent place, where feveral of the Endeavour's crew were waftiing, and where the feine, the other nets, and a li:rge .:• quantity ^M CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. quantity of linen were laid out to dry, and again fct fire to the grafs. The audacity of this frcfh attack rendered it iieccirary that a mufkct, loaded with fmall fliot, fliould be difcharged at one of them ; who being wounded, at the diftance of about forty yards, they all betook themfelvcs to flight. In the laft inftance the fire was extinguiHicd before it had made any confiderable progrefs ; but where it had firft begun it fpread far into the woods. 'I'he na- tives being ftill in fight, Mr. Cook, to convince them that they had not yet gotten out of his reach, fired a mufiiuet, charged with ball, a-breaft of them among the mangroves, uix)n which they quickened their pace, and were foon out of view. It was now expedled that they would have given our navigators no farther trouble ; but in a little time their voices were heard in the woods, and it was perceived that they came nearer and nearer. The Lieutenant, therefore, together with Mr. Banks, and three or four more perfons, fet out to meet them ; and the refult of the interviesv, in confequence of the prudent and lenient condu(St of our Commander and his friends, was a complete reconciliation. Soon after the Indians went away, the woods were feen to be on fire at the diftance of about two miles. This acci- dent, if it had happened a little fooner, might have pro- duced dreadful efFedls ; for the powder had been but a few days on board, and it was not many hours that the ftorc tent, with all the valuable things contained in it, had been removed. From the fury with which the grafs would burn in this hot climate, and the difficulty of extinguifli- ing the fire, our voyagers determined never to expofe themfelves to the like danger, but to clear the ground around them, if ever again they Ihould be under a necef- fity of pitching their tents in fuch a fituation. T 2 la no '/I I •'. U'' T40 THE LIFE OF 1770. CHAP. Tn the evening of this day, when every thing was "• gotten on board the fhip, and flic was nearly ready for failing, the mailer returned with the difagreeable account tliat there was no pallUgc for her to the northward. The next morning the Lieutenant himfelf founded and buoyed the bar. At this time all the hills for many miles round were on fire, and the appearance they afTumed at night was eminently ftriking and fplendid. In an cxcurfion which was made by Mr. Banks, on the ijj^y- twenty-third, to gather plants, he found the greateft part of the cloth that had been given to the Indians lying in a heap together. This, as well as the trinkets which were bellowed upon them, they probably regarded as ufelefs lumber. Indeed, they feemed to fet little value on any thing poffeffed by our people, excepting their turtle; and that was a commodity which could not be fpared. ■':.■:' As Lieutenant Cook was prevented by blowing weather from attempting to get out to fea, Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander feized another opportunity, on the twenty- fourth, of purfuing their botanical refearches. Having traverfed the woods the greater pnrt of the day without fuccefs, as they were returning through a deep valley, they difcovered lying upon the ground feveral marking nuts, the Anacardium orientale. Animated with the hope of meeting with the tree that bore them, a tree which perhaps no European botanift had ever feen, they fought for it with great diligence and labour, but to no purpofe. While Mr. Banks was again gleaning the country, on the twenty-fixth, t© enlarge his treafure of natural hiftory, he had the good fortune to take an animal of the Opojfum tribe, together with two young ones. It was a female, and, 24. a6. CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 141 and, thoiii^h not exactly of the fame fpccics, much rc- femblcd the remarkable animal which Monf. dc Buffon hath defcribcd by the name of p>balan;rer. On the morning of the twenty-ninth, the weather becoming calm, and a light breeze having fprung up by land, Lieutenant Cook fent a boat to fee what water was upon the bar, and all things were made ready for initting to fea. But, on the return of the boat, the officer re- ported that there were only thirteen feet of water on the bar. As the Ihip drew thirteen feet fix inches, and the fea breeze fet in again in the evening, all hope ci faiUng on that day was given up. The weather being more moderate on the thirty-firft, the Lieutenant had thoughts of trying to warp the veflel out of the harbour ; but upon» going out himfelf in the boat, he found that the wind ftill blew fo frefli, that it would not be proper to maki" the attempt. A difagreeable piece of intelligence occurn d on the fucceeding day. The carpenter, who had ex- amined the pumps, reported that they were all of them in a ftate of decay. One of them was fo rotten, that, when hoifled up, it dropped to pieces, and the reft were not in a much better condition. The chief confidence, therefore, of our navigators was now in the foundnefs of the ihip; and it was a happy circumftance that fhe did not admit more than one inch of water in an hour. Early on the third of Auguft, another .pfnccefsful attempt was made to warp the veflel out of tht harbour : but in the morning of the next day the efforts of our voyagers were more profperous, and the Endeavour got once more under fail, with a light rlr from the land, which foon died away, and was followed by fea breezes from fouth-ealt by fouth. With thefe breezes the fhip flood H A P. II. 19 July. 3»' 3 Auguft. I .' I iliiiif t ; ill m 14-2 THE LIFE OF 5 Auguft. flood off to fea, eaft by north, having the pinnace a-head, which was ordered to keep founding without intermiffion. A little before noon the Lieutenant anchored in fifteen fathom water, with a fandy bottom; the reafon of which was, that he did not think it fafe to run in among the flioals, till, by taking a view of them from the maft-head, at low-water, he might be al^le to form fome judgment which way it would be proper for him to fleer. This was a matter of nice and arduous determination. As yet Mr. Cook was in doubt whether he fliould beat back to the fouthward, round all the flioals, or feek a pafTage to the eaflward or the northward : nor was it poflible to fay whether each of thefe courfes might not be attended •with equal difficulty and danger *. . The impartiality and humanity of Lieutenant Cook's conduct in the diflribution of provifions ought not to pafs unnoticed.. Whatever turtle or other fifli were caught, they were always equally divided among the whole fhip's crew, the meaneft perfon on board having the fame fhare with the Lieutenant himfelf. He hath juflly obferved, that this is a rule which every commander will find it his intereft to follow, in any voyage of a fimilar nature. Great difficulties occurred in the navigation from the Endeavour river. On the fifth of Augaft, the Lieutenant had not kept his courfe long, before flioals were difcovered in every quarter, which obliged him, as night approached, to come to an anchor. In the morning of the fixth, there was fo flrong a gale, that our voyagers were prevented from weighing. When it was low- water, Mr. Cook, with feveral of his officers, kept a look-out at the maft-head> * Hawkefworth, ubi fupra, p. 568—588. to '//^ CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 143 to fee if any paflage could be difcovercd between the c ihoals. Nothing, however, was in view excepting break- ers, which extended from the fouth round by the eaft as far as to the north-weft, and reached out to fea, beyond the fight of any of the gentlemen. It did not appear that thefe breakers were caufed by one continued fhoal, but by feveral, which lay detached from each other. On that which was fartheft to the eaft ward the fea broke very high, fo that the Lieutenant was induced to think that it "was the outermoft ihoal. He was now convinced that there was no paflage to fea, but through the labyrinth formed by thefe ihoals; and, at the fame time, he was wholly at a lofs what.courfe to fteer, when the weather Ihould permit the veflel to fail. The mafter's opinion was, that our navigators ftiould beat back the way they came ; but, as the wind blew ftrongly, and almoft without inter* miflion, from that quarter, this would have been an endlefs labour : and yet, if a paflage could not be found to the northward, there was no other alternative. Amidft thefe anxious deliberations, the gale ^ncreafed, and con- tinued, with little remiflion, till the morning of the tenth, 10 Auguft. ■when, the weather becoming more moderate, our Com- mander weighed, and flood in for the land. He had now come to a final determination of feeking a paflage along the fliore to the northward*. i.' In purfuance of this refolution, the Endeavour pro- ceeded in her courfe, and at noon came between the farthermoft headland that lay in fight, and three iflands which were four or five leagues to the north of it, out at fea. Here our navigators thought that they law a cleai: ^i''v':i-','i; * Hawkefivorth, ubi fupra, p. 59c— 594. i ■■■; ..ti tin 4 opening •■A M 144 THE LIFE QF ^m 1770. opening before them, and began to hope that they were once more out of danger. Of this hope, however, they were foon deprived; on which account the Lieutenant gave to the headland the name of Cape Flattery '•••. After he had fleered fome time along the Ihore, for what was believed to be the open channel, the petty officer at the maft-head cried aloud that he faw land a-head, which extended quite round to the three iflands, and that be- tween the fliip and them there was a large reef. Mr. Cook upon this ran up the maft-head himfelf, and plainly difcerned the reef, which was fo far to the windward that it could not be weathered. As to the land which the petty officer had fuppofed to be the main, our Com- mander was of opinion that it was only a clufter of fmall iflands. The matter and fome others, who went up the maft-head after the Lieutenant, were entirely of a dif- ferent opinion. All of them were pofitive that the land in light did not conlift of iflands, but that it was a part of the main; and they rendered their report ftill more alarming, by adding, that they faw breakers around them on every fide. In a fltuation fo critical and doubtful, Mr. Cook thought proper to come to an anchor, under a high point, which he immediately afcended, that he might have a farther view of the fea and the country. The profpe(Sl he had from this place, which he called Point Look-out, clearly confirmed him in his former opinion; the juftnefs of which difplayed one of the nume- rous inftances wherem it was manifeft how much he exceeded the people about him in the fagacity of his judgment concerning matters of navigation. , . * Cape Flattery lies in latitude 14° 56^ Ibuth, and in longitude 2x4° 43' weft- The "v'm CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 145 C H A II. 1770. The Lieutenant, being anxious to difcover more diftindlly the fituation of the fhoals, and the channel between them, determined to vifit the northcrmoft and largeft of the three illands before mentioned; which, from its height, and its lying five leagues out to fea, was peculiarly adapted to his purpofe. Accordingly, in company with Mr. Banks, whofe fortitude and curiofity ftimulated him to take a (hare in every undertaking, he fet out in the pinnace, on the morning of the eleventh, n Augufl. upon this expedition. He fent, at the fame time, the mafter in the yawl, to found between the low illands and the main land. About one o'clock, the gentlemen reached the place of their deftination, and immediately, with a mixture of hope and fear, proportioned to the importance of the bufinefs, and the uncertainty of the event, afcended the higheft hill they could find. When the Lieutenant took a furvey of the profpedt around him, he difcovered, on the outfide of the iflands, and at the diftance of two or three leagues fiom theni, a reef of rocks, upon which the fea broke in a dreadful furf, and which extended far- ther than his fight could reach. Hence, however, he colle(5led that there were no ihoals beyond them; and, as he perceived feveral breaks or openings in the reef, and deep water between that and the iflands, he enter- tained hopes of getting without the rocks. But though he faw reafon to indulge, in fome degree, this expe(5tation, the hazinefs of the weather prevented him from obtain- ing that fatisfadtory intelligence which he ardently defired. He determined, therefore, by flaying all night upon the illand, to try whether the next day would not afford him a more diftin^ and comprehenfive profpe'X \n \f^ 1 'lU- T46 THE J^ I F E OF 1770. € H A p. ingly, the gentlemen took up their lodging under the ^i* Ihelter of a bufli which grew upon the beach. Not many- hours were devoted by them to lleep ; for at three in the morning Mr. Cook mounted the hill a fecond time, but had the mortification of finding the weather much more hazy than it had been on the preceding day. He had early fent the pinnace, with one of the matf^s, to found between the ifland and reefs, and to examine what appeared to be a channel through them. The mate, in confequence of its blowing hard, did not dare to venture into the channel, which he reported to be very narrow. Neverthelefs, our Commander, who judg- ed from the defcription cf the place that it had been feen to difadvantage, was not difcouraged by this ac- count. While the Lieutenant was engaged in his furvey, Mr. Banks, always attenti^'^ to the great objedt of natural hiftory, colle(5ted fome plants which he had never met with before. No animals were perceived upon the place excepting lizards, for which reafon the gentlemen gave it the name of Lizard Islat^d. In their return to the fhip, they landed on a low fandy ifland that had trees upon it, and which abounded with an incredible number of birds, principally fea- fowl. Here they found the neft of an eagle, and the nefl of fome other bird, of what fpecies they could not diilinguifh; but it mufl certainly be one otf the largeft kinds that exifls. This was apparent from th6 enormous fize of the nefl, which was built with flicks upon the ground, and was no lefs than fix and twenty feet in circumference, and two feet eight inches in height. ■«f' CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. M7 H A U. P. '/r height *!*. The fpot which the gentlemen were now upon, they called Eagle Island. When Lieutenant Cook got on board, he entered into a very fcrious deliberation concerning the coiirfe he Ihould purfue. After confidering what he had feen himfelf, and the mafter's report, he was of opinion that by keeping in with the main land, he fhovdd run the rifk of being locked in by the great reef, and of being compelled at laft to return back in fearch of another paffage. By the delay tbrt would hence be occaiioned, our navigators would almoft certainly be prevented from getting in time to the Eaft Indies, which was a matter of the utmoft importance, and indeed of abfolute neceflity ; for they had now not much more than three months provifion on board, at fhort allowance. The judgment the Lieutenant had form- ed, together with the fadts and appearances on which it was grounded, he ftated to his officers, by whom it was unanimouily agreed, that the befi thing they could do would be to quit the coaft entirely, till they could ap- proach it again with lefs danger. In purfuance of this refolution, the Endeavour, early in the morning of the thirteenth, got under fail, and fuc- 13 Auguft. cefsfully palfed through one of the xhannels or openings in the outer reef, which Mr. Cook had feen from the ifland. When the Ihip had gotten without the breakers, there was no ground within one hundred and fifty fathom, and our people found a large fea rolling in upon them from the fouth-eaft. This was a certain lign that neither land nor fhoals w^ere near them in that dire neft is mentioned, larger than that which is defcribed above. ' ■ " '"■' « 4- -{■^ I'- Ml %-i\. i-; A^Xl'' ;k ff' . * 148 THE LIFE OF So happy a change in the fituation of our voyagers was feiifibly felt in every breaft, and was vifible in every countenance. They had been little lefs than three months in a ft are that perpetually threatened them \i;ith deftruc- tion. Frequently had they paffed their nigh f 3 at anchor within hearing of the furge that broke over the fhoals and rocks ; and they knew that, if by any accident the anchors Ihoukl not hold sigainft: an almoft continual tempeft, they muft in a few minutes inevitably perifh. They bad failed three hundred and fixty leagues, without once, even for a moment, having a man out of the chains heaving the lead. This was a circumilance which perhaps had never happened to any other vefrel. But now, our navigators found themfelves in an open fea, ;vlrh d^ep water; and the joy they experienced was proportioned to their late danger, and their prcfent fccurity. Ne^Trthciefs, the very waves, which proved by their fwell that our people had no rocks or Ihoais to fear, convinced them, at the fame time, that they could not put a confidence in the fhip equal to what they had done before ftie ftruck. So far were her leaks widened by the blows fhe received from the waves, that flie admitted no leis than nine inches of water in an hour. If the company had not been lately in fo much more imminent danger, this faft, confidering the ftate of the pumps, and the navigation which was ftill in view, would have been a njatter of very ferious concern. The paffage or channel, through which the Endeavour paffed into the open fea beyond the reef, lies in latitude 14" 32' fouth. It may always be known by the three highiflands within it, to which, on account of the ufe they may be of in guiding the way of future voyagers, o9^|Pommander gave the appellation of the Islands of direction. ^ . It m CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. It was not a long time that our navigators enjoyed the fatisfadtion of being free from the alarm of danger. As they were purfuing their courfe in the night of the fif- teenth, they founded frequently, but had no bottom with one hundred and forty fathom, nor any ground with the fume length of line. Neverthelefs, at four in the morn- ing of the fixteenth, they plainly heard the roaring of the furf, and at break of day faw it foaming to a vaft height, at not more than the diftance of a mile. The waves which rolled in upon the reef carried the veflel towards it with great rapidity ; and, at the fame time, our people could reach no ground with an anchor, and had not a breath of wind for the fail. In a fituation fo dreadful, there was no refource but in the boats ; and, moft unhap- pily, the pinnace was under repair. By the help, how- ever, of the long-boat and the yawl, which were fent a- head, to tow, the fhip's head was got round to the north- ward, a circumftance which might delay, if it could not prevent deftru and the very tide of flood that would otherwife have been, their deftrudtion, enabled them to enter the openings through which they were hurried with amazing rapidity. Such was the force of the torrent by which they were carried along, that they were kept from driving againit either fide of the channel, which in breadth was not more than a quarter of a mile. While they were fhooting this gulph, their foundings were remarkably irregular, vary- ^ ing from thirty to ieven fathom, and the groimd at bottom was foul. As foon as our navigators had gotten within the reef, they cam J to an anchor ; and their joy was exceedingly great at having regained a fituation which three days be- ' fore they had quitted with the utmoft pleafure and tranf- port. Rocks and ihoals, which are always dangerous to the mariner even when they are previoufly known and marked. 151 HAP, II. .1770. ( ril ]•' 1 1 ^. 1 • f 'Hi '. "t, HI «5a . 1 ^ T H E LIFE OF CHAP, marked, are peculiarly dangerous in fcas which have , "• never been navigated before ; and in this part of the globe ,770, they are more perilous than in any other. Here they con- fift of reefs of coral rock, which rife like a wall almoft perpendicularly out of the deep, and are always overflowed at high-water. Here, too, the enormous vraves of the vaft fouthern ocean, meeting with fo abrupt a refiftance, break, with inconceivable violence, in a furf which cannot be produced by any rocks or ftorms in the northern hemi- fphere. A crazy fhip, fliortnefs of provifion, and a want ' of every neceffary, greatly increafed the danger to our pre- fent voyagers of navigating in this ocean, Neveithelcfs, fuch is the ardour of the human mind, and fo flattering is the diftindlion of a firft difcoverer, that Lieutenant Cook and his companions chearfully encountered every peril, and fubraitted to every inconvenience. They chofe rather to incur the charge of imprudence and temerity, than to leave a country unexplored which they had dif- covered, or to afford the leaft colour for its being faid, ' that they were deficient in perfeverance and fortitude*. It . fcarcely needs to be added, that it was the high and mag- • nanimous fpirit of our Commar'ler, in particular, which infpired his people with fo much refolution and vigour. The Lieutenant, Jiaving now gotten within the reef, determined, whatever might he the confequence, to keep the main land on board in his future route to the north- ward. His reafon for this determination was, that, if he had gone without the reef again, he might have been carried by it fo far from the coaft, as to prevent his heing able to afcertain whether this country did, or did not, join * Hawkefwortb, ubi fupra, p. 595—607. to II A 11. '77-' CAPTAIN J A \r > COOK. 153 to New Guinea; a qiieftion which he had fixed ui>on chap. refolving, from the firft moment that he had come witliia fight of land. To the oi^ening through which the En- deavour had paflcd, Oiir Commander, with a proper icnfc of gratitude to the Supreme Being, gave the name of Providential Channel. In the morning ot the fcvcn- ,7 Au-uft. teenth, the boats had been fent out, to fee what rcfrcfli- ments could be procured ; and returned in the afternoon with two hundred and frrty pounds of the meat of Ihcll- (ifli, chiefly of cockles. Some of the cockles were as much as two men could move, and contained twenty pounds of good meat. Mr. Banks, who had gone out in his little boat, accompanied by Dr. Solander, brought back a variety of curious fliells, and many fpecies of corals. In the profecution of the voyage, our people, en the nineteenth, were encompaffed on every fide with rocks ig. and fhoals : but, as they had lately been expofed to much greater danger, and thefe objedls were now become fami- liar, they began to regard them comparatively with little concern. On the twenty-firft, there being two points in 21, view, between which our navigators coidd fee no land, they conceived hopes of having at laft found a paflage into the Indian fea. Mr. Cook, however, that he might be ' able to determine the matter with greater certainty, re- folved to land upon an ifiand which lies at the fouth-eaft point of the paflage. Accordingly, he went into the boat, with a party of men, accompanied by Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander. As they were getting to ftiore, fome of tJ\e natives feemed inclined to oppofe their landing, but fc >n walked leifurely away. The gentlemen immediatuinca. Their difference is very great both in height and circuit, and many feemcd to be well covered with herbage and wood : nor was there any doubt ot* their being inhabited. Our Commander was pcrfuaded, that among thefc illands as good palVugcs might be found as that through which the vellcl came, and the accefs to which might be lei's perilous. The de- termination of this matter he would not have left to future navigators, if he had been lefs harrafled by danger ;ind fatigue, and had poflfeffed a (hip in better condition for the purpofe. To the channel through which he paflld, he gave the name of Endeavour Streiohts '>^. New Holland, or, as the eaftern part of it was called by Lieutenant Cook, New South Wales, is the largeft country in the known world which does not bear the name of a continent. The length of coaft along which our people failed, when reduced to a ftrait line, was no lefs than twenty-feven degrees of latitude, amounting nearly to two thoufand miles. In fa --* ;?-'^^J? ■' ifJU ;71 .,) -.:j' i;.>i> .-:; At day -break, on the third of September, our naviga- tors came in fight of New Guinea, and ftood in for it, with a frefh gale, till nine o'clock, when they brought tc, being in three fathom water, and within about three ^r four miles of land. Upon this the pinnace was hoifted, and the Lieutenant fet off from the Ihip with the boat's crev,, accompanied by Mr. Banks, Dr. Solander, and Mr. Banks's fervants, being in all twelve perfons well armed. 3 Sept. « The latitude was now lo** ic/ foadi, and the longitude 220° 12' weft. As CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. As foon as they came afhore, they difcovcrccl the prinrs of human feet, which could not long have been imprefled upon the fand. Concluding, therefore, that the natives were at no great diftance, and there being a thick wood which reached to within a hundred yards of the water, the gentlemen thought it neceffary to proceed with cau- tion, left their retreat to the boat fhould be cut cfF. When they had walked fome way along the fkirts of the wood, they came to a grove of cocoa-nut trees, at the fruit of which they looked very wiflifully ; but not thinking it fafe to climb, they were obliged to leave it without tafting a fingle nut. After they h&d advanced about a quarter of a mile from the boat, three Indians rufhed out of the wood with a hideous ftiout, and as they ran towards the Englifh, the foremoft threw fomething out of his haiid^ which flew or one fide of him, and burned exactly like gunpowder, though without making any report. The two other natives having at the fame inftant difcharged their arrows, the Lieutenant and his party were under a neceffity of firiiig, firft with fmall Ihot, and a fecond time with balL Upon this, the three Indians ran away with great agility. As Mr. Cook had no difpolition forcibly ta invade this country,, either to gratify the appetiu ,i or the Guriofity of his people, and was convinced that nothing was to be done upon friendly terms, he and his compa- nions leturned with all expedition towards their boat. When they were aboard, they rowed abrauit of the na- tives,, who had come down to the fiiore in aid of their countrymen, and whofe number now amounted to be- tween fixty and a hundred. Their appearance was much the fame as that of the New Hollanders : they nearly re- fembled them in ftature, and in having their hair fhort ?nd T59 CHAP. II. 1770. ;!..- * Hi >,¥ '■(.it x6o -^^ T H E LIFE OF 1770. i'?!' CHAP, and cropped. Like them, alfo, they were abfolutely naked ; but the colour of their Ikin did not feem quite fo dark, which, however, might be owing to their being lefs dirty. While the £ngli(h gentk^nen were viewing them, they were Ihouting defiance, and letting off their fires by four or five at a time. Oiu' people could not ima- gine what thefe fires were, or what purpofes they were intended to zn{\\ Thofe who difcharged them had in their hands a fliort piece of ftick, which they fwung fide- ways from them? and immediately there iffued fire and fmoke, exadtly refefi 1 ling thofe of a mufquet, and of as Ihort a duration. Tie man On board the fliip who ob- ferved this furprizing phenomenon, were fo far deceived by it as to believe that the Indians had fire-arms. To the perfons in the boat it had the appearance of the firing of vollies, without a report. The place where this tranfa6tion happened lies in the latitude of 6° 15' fouth, and is about fixty-five leagues to the north-eaft of Port Saint Auguftine, or Walche Caep, and is near what is called in the charts C. de la Colta de St. Bonaventura. In every part of the coaft, the land is covered with a vaft luxuriance of wood and herbage. The cocoa-nut, the bread-fruit, and the plantain-tree, ttourifh here in the higheft perfection ; befides which the country abounds with moft of ihe trees, fhrubs, and plants, that are common to the South Sea iflands, New Zealand, and New Holland *. Soon after Mr. Cook and his part y had returned to the ihip, our voyagers made fail to the weftward, the Lieute- lunt having refolved to fpend no more time upon this * Hawkefworth, ubi fupra, p. 650—658. coaft; \i\ % CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. coaft ; a reiolution which was greatly to the fatisfadlion of a very confitlerablc majority of his people. Some of the officers indeed were particularly urgent that a number of men might he fent afliore, to cut down the cocoa-nut trees for the fake of their fruit. This, however, our Comman- der abfolutely refufed, as equally unjuft and ciuel. It was morally certain, from the preceding behaviour of the natives, that if their property had been invaded they would have made a vigorous etFort to defend it ; in w hich cafe the lives of many of them muft have been facrificed ; and perhaps, too, feveral of the Englifli would have fallen in the conteft. The neceffity of a quarrel with the In- dians would have been regretted by the Lieutenant, even if he had been impelled to it by a want of the neceflaries of life ; but to engage in it for the tratifient gratification that would arife from obtaining two or three hundred green cocoa-nuts, appeared in his view highly criminal. The fame calamity, at leaft with regard to the natives, would probably have occurred, if he had fought for any other place on the coaft, to the northward and weftward, where the fhip might have lain fo near the fliore as to cover his people with the guns when they had landed. Belides, there was caufe to believe, that, before fuch a place could have been found, our navigators would have been carried fo far to the weftward as to be obliged to go to Batavia, on the north fide of Java. This, in Mr. Cook's opinion, would not have been fo fafc a paflage, as that to the fouth of Java, through the ftreights of Sunda. Another reafon for his making the beft of his way to Batavia, \ is the leaki- nefs of the veffel, which rendered it doubtful whether it would not be necelTary to heave her down when fhe ar- Y rived i6i mM 1770. ! ' I ■ i ,,t li:;"^^ 1* 1 i \\ I !^ ln^l- >.ii''! II J 62 THE LIFE OF »77o» 6 Sept. rived at that port. Our Commander's refolution was far- ther confirmed by the confideration, that no difcovery could be expelled in feas which had already been navi- gated, and where the coaft had been fufficiently defcribed both by Spanifti and Dutch geographers, and efpecially by the latter. The only merit claimed by the Lieutenant, in this part of his voyage, was the having eftablifhed it as a fa6l beyond all controverfy, that New Holland and New Guinea are two diftindl countries. ' ' Without flaying, liierefore, on the coaft of New Guinea^ the Endeavour, on the fame day, diredted her courfe to the weft ward, in purlVing which Mr. Cook had an opportu- nity of rectify "if: the errors of former navigators. Very early in the mi> riing of the fixth of September, our voy- agers pafled a fmal ' . land which lay to the north-north- weft; and at day-break they difcovered another low iflandy extending from that quarter to north-north-eaft. Upon the laft ifland, which appeared to be of confiderable ex- tent, the Lieutenant would have landed to examine its produce, if the wind had not blown fo frelh as to render his defign impradlicabk. Unlefs thefe two iflands belong to the Airou iflands, they have no place in the charts ; and if they do belong to the Arrou iflands, they are laid down at too great a diftance from Ne^v Guinea *. Some other land which was feen this day ought, by its diftance from New Guinea, to have been part of the Arrou iflands; but if any dependence can be placed on former charts, it lies a degree farther to the fouth. On the feventh, when the fhip was in latitude 9° o' • Mr. Cook found the fouth part of them in latitude 7° 6' fouth, and in longitude 225° weft. fouth. CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. fouth, and longitude 229" 34' weft, our people ought to have been in fight of the Weafel illes, which in the charts are laid down at the diftance of twenty or twenty-five leagues from the coaft of New Holland. But as our Com- mander faw nothing of them, he concluded that they mult have been placed erroneoufly. Nor will this be deemed furprizing, when it is confidered that not only thefe ifiands, but the coaft which bounds this fea, have been ex- plored at different times, and by different perfons, who had not all the requifites for keeping accurate journals which are now poflefled; and whofe various difcoveries have been delineated upon charts by others, perhaps at the diftance of more than a century after fuch difcoveries had been made. In purfuing their conrfe, our navigators palled the ifiands of Timor, Timor-lavet, Rotte, and Seman. While they were near the two latter ifiands, they obferved about ten o'clock at night, on the fixteenth of the month, a phx- nomenon in the heavens, which in many particulars re- fembled the Aurora Borealis, though in others it was very different. It confifted of a dull reddifli light, which reached about twenty degrees above the horizon; and though its extent, at times, varied much, it never com- prehended lefs than eight or ten i>oints of the compafs. Through, and out of the general appearance, there pafled rays of light of a brighter colour, which vanifiied, and .were renewed nearly in the fame manner as thofe of the Aurora Borealis, but entirely withoat the tremulous or vibratory motion which is ieen in thr pluenomenon. The body of this light bore fouth-fouth-eaft from the fliip, and continued, without any diminution of i*s brightnefs, till twelve o'clock, and probably a longer time, as the gentle- Y 2 men .163 HAP, n. 1770. u I ■ 16 Sept. " ,f. < "i I 'I I'', i i i . ^^ t64 THE LIFE OF 1770. •J 6 Sept. c HA P. men were prevented from obferving it farthefj by their re- "• thing to lleep. - ***** By the lixteenth, Lieutenant Cook had gotten clear of all the iflands which had then been laid down in the maps as fituated between Timor and Java, and did not expedl to meet with any other in that quarter. But the next morning an illand was feen bearing weft-fouth-weft,. and at firft he believed that he had made a new difcovery. As foon as our voyagers had come clofe in with the north fide of it, they had the pleafing profpedl of houfes and cocoa-nut trees, and of what ftill more agreeably furprized them, numerous flocks of Iheep. Many of the people on board were ht this time in a bad ftate of health, and no fmall number of them had been diflatisfied with the Liei>- tenant for not having touched at Timor. He readily em- braced, therefore, the opportunity of landing at a place which appeared fo well calculated to fupply the neceflities of the company, and to remove both the licknefs and the difcontent which bad fpread among them *. This place proved to be the ifland of Savu, where a fettlement had lately been made by the Dutch. The great defign of our Commander was to obtain provifions, which, after fome difficulty, and fome jealoufy on the part of Mr. Lange, the Dutch Refident, were pro- cured. Thefe provifions were nine buffaloes, fix fheep, three hogs, thirty dozen of fowls, many dozens of eggs, fome cocoa-nuts, a few limes, a little garlic, and feveral himdred gallons of palm-fyrup. In obtaining thefe re- frelliments at a reafonable price, the Englifti were not a little affifted by an old Indian, who appeared to be a per- * Hawkefworth, ubi fopra, p. 659—669. fon CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. fon of confidcrablc authority under the king of the coun- try. The Lieutenant and his friends were one day very hofpitably entertained by the king himfelf, though the royal etiquette did not permit his majefty to partake of the banquet *. , So little, in general, had the ifland of Savu been knowny that Mr. Cook had never feen a map or chart in which it is clearly or accurately laid down. The middle of it lies in about the latitude of lo" 35' fouth, and longitude 237" 30' weft ; and from the ihip it prefented a profpe5 l4;V 1770. 1(11 (• ¥m\ i! •it ii ■ \m Iff i66 THE LIFE OF II. •1770. ar Sept. loa. CHAP, it to the determination of their king. They will not fo much as make it the fubjeeople had fo long been abfent. Mr. Hicks brought back the agreeable intelligence, that the Swallow, com- manded by Captain Carteret, had been at Batavia two years before. In the morning of the fifth, a prow came alongfide of the Endeavour, with a Dutch officer, who fent down to Mr. Cook a printed paper in Englifb, dupli- * Hawkefworth, ubi fupra, p. 687, 688, 6^4, 695, 697, 702, 703.— Parklnfon's Journal of a voyage to the South feas> p. 163—169. cates .'! CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 167 '//* 90a, cates of which he had in other lan^iagcs. This paper chap, was regularly figned, in the name of the C5( vcrnor and •>• Council of the Indies, by their Secretary, and * ontaincd nine quelHons, very ill cxpreiled, two of which only the Lieutenant thought proper to anfwcr. Thefc were what regarded the nation and name of his veffd, and whither Ihe was bound. On the ninth, our voyagers flood in for Batavia road, where they found the r Tcourt India- man from England, two Englifli privat icis, and a number of Dutch lliips. Immediate. uiie on board the Endeavour, and the officer ^mandcd having enquired who our people were, a^iu wlience they came, inftantly returned with fuch anfwers as were given him. Tn the mean time, Mr. Cook, lent a Lieutenant afliore to acquaint the Governor of his arrival, and to make an apology for not having faiuted ; a ceremony he had judged better to omit ; as he could only make ufe of tliree gTins, excepting the fwivels, which he was of opi- nion would not be heard, til • It being univerfally agreed that the Ihip could not fafely proceed to Europe without an examination of her bottom, our Commander determined to apply for leave to heave her down at Batavia; and for this purpofe he drew up a requeft in writing, which, after he had waited firft upon the Governor General, and then upon the Coun- cil, was readily complied with, and he was told that he Ihould have every thing he wanted. In the evening of the tenth, there was a dreadful ftorm of thunder, lightning, and rain, during which the main- maft of one of the Dutch Eaft Indiamen was fplit, and carried away by the deck; and the main-top-maft, and top-gallant-maft were Ihivered to pieces. The ftroke was • probably 10. ,1 I it V ( il ■ ^■A. . Uc .1' ; ii ! l« f ' :\,''.^' :i?'t 'i • y iJl s^. *f*^* IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I Iti|2j8 |25 ■so *^~ IHH 1^ Hii 12.2 lll~ —11^ < 6" ► i Photographic Sciences Corporation \ 23 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SS0 (716)S73-4S03 u ■1 1 68 THE LIFE OF 1770. c HAP. probably diredled by ah iron fpindle which was at the "• main-top-gallant-maft-head. As this fhip lay very near the Endeavour, flie could fcarcely have avoided fliaring the fame fate, had it not been for the conducting chain, which fortunately had been juft gotten up, and which conveyed the lightning over the fide of the veffel. But though fhe efcaped the lightning, the explofion Ihook her like an earthquake; and the chain, at the fame time, appeared like a line of fire. Mr. Cook has embraced this occafion of earneftly recommending fimilar chains to every fhip ; and hath exprefTed his hope that all who read his narrative will be warned againfl having an iron fpindle at the mafl-head. The Englifli gentlemen had taken, up their lodging and boarding at a hotel, or kind of inn, kept by the order of Government. Here they met with thofe impofitions, in point of expence and treatment, which are too com- mon to admit of much furprize. It was not long, however, that they fubmitted to ill ufage. By a farther acquaintance with the manner of deaUng with their hoft, and by fpi- rited remonflrances, they procured, a better fumifhed table. Mr. Banks, in a few days, hired a fmall houfe for himfelf and his party ; and as foon as he was fettled in his new habitation, fent for Tupia, who had hitherto continued on board on account of (icknefs. When he quitted the fhip, and after he came into the boat, he was exceedingly lifelefs and dejedted ; but no fooner did he enter the town than he appeared to be infpired with another foul. A fcene fo entirely new and extraordinary filled him with amazement. . The houfes, carriages, flreets, people, and a multiplicity of other objedts, rufhing upon him at once, produced an effedt fimilar to what is afcribed to CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. lb enchantment. His bby^Tayetcv exprefled his wonder sind ddiglit in a ftill more rapturous manner, lit danced along the fbreets in a kind of extacy, examining every objedt with a reftkfs and eager curiofity) which was ex- cited and gfktified every moment. Tupia*8 attention was partibuitttfy excited by the various drefles of the palling multitude ; and when he Was informed that at Batavia every one wore the drefs of his own country, he exfU'eiTed his cklire of appearing in the garb of Otaheite. Accord- ingly, South Sea cloth beitig lent for from the (hip, he Quipped himielf with great expedition and dexterity. Lieutenant Cook imagine»d that at Batavia he^ ihould find it eafy to t«d&e up What money he might want for repairing and refitting the End^vbur; but in this he wais niiftaken!.' No private perfon could be found who had^bility and inclination to furnifh the fum which was necefikry. ]^ this exigency, the Lieutenant had recourfe, by a written reqtrtft, to Ae Governor, ftom whom he obtained an order for being Supplied out of the Dutch company*s treafvuy. i? < tVtien b^ voyagers had been only nine days at Bata- vis^ they bdgan to feel the fatal effects of the climate and fituation. Tupia, after his firft flow of fpirits had fub- fided, grew every day worfe and worfe ; and Tayeto was* feized with an inflammation upon his lungs, Mr. Bank« and Dr. ScAandeT were attackci by fevers, and, in a little time, ahnoft every perfon, both on boaixi and on Ihore, W^s fick. The diftrefs of our people was indeed very ^reat, and the proTpedl before them difcouraging in the higheH; degree; Tupia, being defirous of breathing a freer air than among the numerous houfes that obfh*u T>e ^fqiders ol Mr. 9ank8 and Dr^ Sdis^fix &Wst^, Alpb %i^ighttth.^th& phylician d^lared theysh^d ^,ipki^^ ojf^^:eferyin& their Uves but by reipnovinaintp |bp PctWO;- . Accordingly^ ?| houfe was hir^d for/them ^ tl^^i^^Wfi P?x*^?W two 1:^*^1 from the townr; jwfhereyi^ cx?piiJftHei^ mi ^ind being bettep nurl^4iby.i^mjMa%?»^ ^pp^Jf^ whom they had bought^ they recoy«r^ by ^low degrees* At length. Lieutenant, Cppk was hitf^U ta^ #»;^ put of the whp^ ihii^'& JJomiWiy* ^o^ijOC*^ were able to do duty. . liiV.Dx? - t.r [fci > r In the mm of thefeMJ^Him^^^^ diligently smd vigprpufly ,^tteiitiv^ to tbfi rc^ir-iPf hi^ veflel. When her bpttom ; c^p to be exaa^d, J^e was found to be in a worfe copdi|i^,thsin h >e^^j^^{^ hended. Her faMe keel an^ na?^n 1^ w^Ti v, '^ 9f ^^^^ greatly injured ; a hrge ^^P»?^ M ^ i^ef^^g ^a torn off; and mmong. iever4 P^P^. W??49¥ were nuich damaged, two of them, and -the^ half of a« ^ll^d^ W^f^ ^P worn for the length pf fix feet, ithsu;thcf w^upt abp:ye the eighth part of an inch ir^ tiaid^fs? afidhere tj?p worms had made way quite iiito tW ti^^i^^ In thi^ ftate the Endeavour had failed many hundred leagues, in a quarter C A P t AU IT J AU fi'S^ ' 00 O K. m U (fd^mr of the globe- Wh^ iM^vigation is dangarom in theh%teft degree. It W9S^ happy for our voyagert tfaac tfaey were ignorant of J^ir perilous fituation; for it mud haye'deeptyaffe^ledthetn, to Have known that a eonfider- able par«4lf{tlie^ bottom 'Of file Veflbl was thinner than the fole of ia fiio^ and that aU theh- lives depended upon fo fl%hti and fragile a barrier between them and the unfa- thoihabieoceam <>fiv/ ^r^j^ii .iiA <..r, i)t*AnjSi\,.ii, ./ *^Lvto ji / Thpii^lpiair of ih6^£iid«av«»ur^as» csuiied dn ^vety mtidi td MrjCboit*8;fati8faaidfi. i in jultice to the Duteh officers and workmen^ be hadi-dedased^^aty in his opinion^ there isinot a marine yard in the woridy where a ilup can be laid with mot^ omvenience, Me^y, and di^atch^ or repaired with greater diligence and ikM. He was particularly plei^ed with the inslnner of heaving down by two maftsi and gi\eisjit a decided preference to the method which had hi^ttto/beeapniSiffed by the £ngli(h. The Lieutenant f^9S not one of cfboie on^wbiMn the bigotry could be eharged^bf adbcillng tb old cuftdms^ in oj^fitien to the didla«ces ofreafon andeTpeiience. . By the eighth of December, the Endeavour was per- fe^y^efiited* : From ^at time to die twenty^fousthrour people were esoi^yed ia'cempleting her ilock of water, provifions^ and ftoties, in «re£&ig fome new pumps, and in various o&er neceffary operations^ AU this buiinefs wsould have been eifeded mudi iboner, if it had not been retarded by the general fickneis of the men* In theaftemopaof ithe twenty-fourth, our Commai^er took leave of the Oovemoi: of Batavia, and of feveral other gentlemen belonging. to the place, with whom he had formed connexions, and to whom he had been greatly obliged for their' civilities ahd affifomce. In the meaa Z a whUe, 1770. 8 Dec. I7« /i u • jt: tT.HB iLMW B or 1770? dSDec. while, an afX34eiit liic«nr«iied»< whkh might htivv beeit attended with difa^noeable efib^ A fMBiaii> wlkOL had run away from one of the Pul<^ ihipiB in the road, entered on hoard the Endeavow!* Upoix his hetng fecbim«l as si fubje^ of HoUaody MK*) CkK^k who was on fluire^.ds<- daredf that, if the man dppesired to be aputchnum, h9 ihould certainly he deliimed ufv When, however» the order was carried to Mr. Hicktf, who ocMnmauided (Hi hoacd, he relufedto furrenderf th«ie«man» aUegingi ihat his was & fuhje^ of Gxeat tBritaw^, hom in IKisiiid. In this condti^ Mr. Hii;iu.a^»Nl.iki^Kfeft confomity totiie Lieutenant's intentkm and dire^lions. i The Ga|icani.ajf the Dutch veflel# in thft next |4«cie^ hy » meflage.^NittL th* Qovemor General, demanded tb«; maa asttifuljed of Beit* mark. To this Mr.; Cook »(»lled> that there ntoft be Ibn&f miitake in the General's mefl«ge» ^ic6i he wdidd neNmr demand of him a.X>ikiilh^mMl,:w)ld^ pnfyjdrime that of ^ prefeis?ng the Enghfli tO' tshe Dutch .iervioe. . At the ^me time the Xieutboant adde^ ithat toiihcstf itho lincerity of his deiire to. avoid. d^^aites^ if .Ihe maiuwasitft Dane he fhould be delhre^ up as ft comSiefy ; but that if hie appeared to be an Engliihfiilifeift^ he flioiMibfe»k^iat aU evems. :: Soon after^rJl' >]etiernwiM (brought ifroni ;Mr| Hicks, containing indubitail^ prD<>f» Jdiat the ftaoakUri^ queftion was a futje^ oyf his Britannici maf efty ^ Tliia letter Mr. Gfiok &»it to; tlie Goveilnai^withjia afihisriite his Excellency that hst^iMild not ft4t*.witi^ the miiirooan^t terms. A condu^ M firm and dedfive pnnduced the de- fired effe<5t, no more being heard of . the affidr. In the evening of the tweoty-^fifth, ^oui: Commander went on board, together witli Mr. Banks and die refti the gentlemen who hadi refidediconftantlyioii fliore> The'' >: - gentlemen^ I77«. CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 173 gefMemtn, though oonfiderably better, were far from beia^ perfedtly recovered. At this time, the fick perfims in the ihip amounted to fortyt and the reft of the company trere in a very feeble condition; It was remaricable, that ev^ ind&tidUal had been ill excepting the fail-maker, who was an old man between feventy and eighty years of ag^, and who was drunk every day, during the refidence. of our pbdtpkitut Ba^Via. Three feamen, ^d Mr, Greenes ifervaht, idied^ bdldes {^o furgeon, Tupia, and Tayeto^ Toj^k did not entirely fyH a facrifice to the unwholelbme, fiagnaut, and pUtrid air of the country. As he had been acCUftome^ fytm lus biith, to fubfift chiefly upon vege* table^^)!^, and particularly on ripe frifiit, he foon con* trailed ■ the ^ibrders whiClh are incident to a £ea life, and wo'uld probably have funk under them, before the voy- age of thJe Engliih could havife been completed, even if they had n6t been obliged to go to Batavia to refit their veflfel*. ■"'-■" 4 ' 'iChir na^gatbn ^ not ftay at this place without gain* ttig an eitr..Sohuider went on ihore^ aad were conduced, by fyvae Indians t^ey met withy to a perfon who was feprefented %a tie the J^ing of the country. After exchanging a few compliments with his majefty^ the gentlemen proceed to bufinefsy but could not immediately come to a fettlement withhini) in refpedt to the pdce of turtle. They were more fuopefsful in their fearch of a watering-place, having found water conveniently iituated, and which they had reafon to be- lieve would prove good. As they were going o^» ibii^e of the natives ibid them three turtle* under a promife that the king fhould not be informed of the translation. On the next day, a traffic was eftabliihed with the Indians, upon fuch terms as were offisred4>y the Englilh ; fo that by night our people, had plenty of turtle. The three which had been purchafed the evening before, were in the mean time drefled for the ihip*s company, who, excepting on. the preceding day, had not, for nearly the fpace of four months, been once ferved with ialt proyi-* iions. Mr. Banks, in the evening, paid his refpedls to the king at his palace, which was iituated in the vaid^e of a rice field. His majefty was bufily employed in dreffing his own fupper; but this did not prevent him from receiv-* ing his viiitant in a very gracious manner. During the following days, the commerce with the natives for provi- iions was continued ; in the courfe pf which they brought down to the trading place, riOt only a quantity of turtle, but fowls, fi(h, monkies, fmall deer, and fome vegcj tables. On CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 175 -I'^ll the evening of the eleventh* when Mr. Cook went on fliore to fee how thofe of his people conduced their bufinefs who were employed in woo£ng~ihd watering* he was informed that an »ce had been ftolen. As it was a matter of confegjience toi prevent others from being en- couraged to'oommit thefts of the like kind, he refolved Boti to pafs over the ofience* but to infift upon redreft from the king. Accordingly, after fome alteration, his majeity promibfed that the axe ihould be reftored in the maiming^ and the piomife was faithfully performed*. 'On the fifteenth, out Conunander weighed,, anddood out for ftl*. Prmce^ ifland* where he lay about ten days, was formerly much fre^oented by the India fhips of mfttiy nations^ and e^^iaUy diofe of England ; but it had ktdy beien fornd^etr, on »ocount of the fuppofed badnefs of its water. iThi&.fuppofitioii, however, anofe from a w^aat 6f duly examining the brook by which the water is fupplied. It is, indeed, brackifli at the lower part of the brook^ btit higher ' up it win be found- excellent* The Liait^aii¥,ihei^fote^ wa8;^ai)d of opinio&Tthat Princess 18 a mote c^j^ble pliice^^j^^^^ ihips to tOUdi^dt, than 'i' ifjv so;. 4^^^ Ai^ aad b l toms^iand reduced our na^^aitors to » very mdandxolyi fitttation*. Ihs Mp #^ in' faft^ nothih^ b«ti!et thaii an ''jrii.s hofpitaj^ IS Jan; ! 17^ THE L I F £ O r >77». *Rb{ J CH A P. hofpital, in whidi thofe who could ^ about wci« HoKibf- "• ficient for k due attendance upoa theA who wet« lick. Left the water whkh had been taken in at Piritice'a lOand ihould have had any fliai^ in adding to the diibrder of the men, the Lieutenant ofdered, it to be puri&sd with lime f and at a fai^e^ reihedy againft infeaaooi Ik direded all the partt of the veflel between th» jdedca to be waihed whh vinegar. The malady had tidLen too dee|> root to hfi fpeedily eradicated. Mr. Banks was reduced £» low by ii^ that for.fiime time thete was no hope pf hit life; and £i fatal was the difeafe tarimany otfaersi that aknoft evfery nigjhtadead body was committed t6 the fta. There ^v«re buried; ki about the oonrie. of fix wedu» Mr. ^orio^ k gemletnan who was one o€ Mr^ BmaSuft attftants, iMe. Parkinfcny hit natuval hiftor^ painiery Mr. Qieien thd 9£^nm nomerVthe boatfwaui, the caifenter knd hisAmc^li^ ' lioiikboufir . ' -v. , . . , .... P Mr. Ounte Onen («t jm>tf» fim of Mr. JofrinOipfA o| 9titin^nm Rpthpriun, up Yorklhi^ a cpMkien*^ fivm^r, and » Int^u^K 9f )d^,j«o|M|lv) wu born in the jqir 1735* Tht f^at^t^ f«t of hb 4diicatioQ lie ikrived Acmb ^ ddeft 1>rotiier, the t^ev. Joliii Graen, hte'ojfDeiiaiuli^'^^ 'mffoka Green wu aufter tt a fchool in dot phe< m^ aft* ftne iIbi^ tack in Ms ^htia^ GhailesttattafliftaatteiclMr. In tto fityidaar teaMAIheh a^piigraft hi m»»m^^^ mica! kno^edge, di«t, in die latter end of die year 1760^ be heam^t^^fftf^-f^ %J &r1h^i!'i&;bt^6if'c«^illg1te ill Y7«l/'>^|^.SrS^^^ <9itiiM|«iffiMdWf7^ Uptn Mr. iBMifs ffpaini)|iett;tAilNjd)ipe/itAiktMMir^B .and his refidence chiefljf iM; Qxfbid^ dw |»rinctpel care ofttc obfervatkMM devbtred oii ft|r. Gfcen. Indeed, be wa« fb defiil to Mr. jm, jOut yibea^ ii^ ijfi^^ «>qj"ffc- fioii v^di D^. Maib^^ was ap^biiited W i« Cbmiifiiim (if^tlt^Bo^ gitude to go to Barbwioes, to make OoiM^^ M^ '^W^On^ ^:f 'W CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. t77 Monkliodfe the midihipmini another mUKhlpmahy the old chap. )oUy fail-mal:er and his affiftant* the fliip^s cxx>k» the cor- "• poral of the iiiauihet» two of the carpentei's crew* and nine fbamen. In all, thelois amounted to three and twenty per- fonsy 1771. tiflH-kwptri it WM agncd dM • ttmifenif ififtaat onlj Ihoiild M provided at Oraanvkb, tU hit ratum. Aocofdiaflj, he iwuiiNd at the oMwvatory till the death of Mr. BIU^ in Btpttwher, 1764, and the appointment of Dr. Maftcljme« in die ipring ibilowinf . After thi% he wa» cnplojred by a number of gentlemen, who had fe f m ed a ftheme of Winging water from fttme part of the rirer Coln^ below y^Aridge, to Marybooe. Bat Mr. Often having pnrrod^ bf this fiinrey^ that there wohM be a deficincj of Jal^ if the water fliould be taken ftem the tail of the lowtft B^ in that ftrfwn, and objoaioas being raiftd, by the proptieton of thofe (pillt, to the wiiter*! bdaig taken above them, Ae dafign dropped. Mr. Green's appointment^ hjr thr Rofd Bodctj, to obftrvsk together with Lieutenant Cook, the tranfit of V«iMaifti769, fawlngaliMdjrbimrdatBdinthecoitrfirof thb work,itisfuficient to add, that, ho fell a martjnr ttt the umrholeftase ai^ of Batavia ) for though he lived to quU tfMt plac^ he died twdvc dayi afterwards, of a dyienteiy, on the a9th of JawBU7,i7;i. . Mr. Orccn waa tolerafaly wd vcrfed in moft branches of the mathematics, and had a tinAwe of varimi* other fcleaces. Metaphjfical enquiries were his Avoarite pur< fuiti t and bc'waarmcira fond of difplajfing his knoadedge in this refped than was con- dudva to his advaotive. Thoa|^ he loved his friend modi, he fometimes ihewed tint he loved his jcft better, bf which he made himielf eoamies. He was a moft cxctUent dbftrvcr. Of this Dr. Mafledyne waft fo wdl convinced, diai^ tiiough thej had difiigreed at BariMdoes, and were not lAerwards on terms of friendUhip^ the DoAor not ontyptopeftd him to die Royal Society, as the moft proper perfim to ob- serve the tranfie of Venus, but iiipparted his intereft irith great eameftnefs, againft (bote Cfdters of tiie Sqdfty, who widwd to fipid out a diflisrent perfim. The obferva- tionaof Mr.OreenwIiidi particulariy rebited to. the tranfit of Venus, were printed in coi^unMon ^rrt^ thofe of Lieutenant Cook. His reaulning ones, whidi are pretty nnmerons, are now preparing for publication, under the direAion of the Cooimir- fioners of Longitude. BCr. Oreen was engaged for a tim^ m concert widi Dr. Scqt^ did i>releirt RcAor of Simonbum, Mr. Falconer, die audior of d>e Shipwreck, pmd JboN odier pcrfiNi% in vMting a didtonary of arts and ibicnoesji but he did not continue his affiftanoe durough mott than half the work; Mr. Oreen, as a rewaird for his going to Ba r bado es , bid been appointed puiier of the Aurora frigate^ which "^ :' ' A a i . !l 1771. 178 ' TITB^ LITr or ' 1 ftfns befidei the form who died at Boterift*. it h'peb^ bable that tfaefe fahmitnuy evnti» which could not fidl of making a powerftil impreffion on die mind of LientenaiDt Cook, might give occaiion to hit- turning hit thoughta more zealoufly to thofe methods of preferving the health of feamen, which he afterwards purfued with fuch re- markable fuooefs. 13 March. On Friday the fifteenth of Mardi» the Endeavour arriv- ed off the Cape of Good Hope ; and "as foon as (he wat- brought to an anchor, oar Commander waited upon. thai OovemoTy from whom he received aflhrances that he ihonld be fumilhed with every fopply which the co unuy could * afford*. His firft care was to provide a proper place for the! ficki whofe number was not imall; and a houfe was fpee^ dHy foupdy where it Mraa agreed that they Ibould be kxlged and boarded at the rate of two Ihiyings a day for each perfon. The run^ftom Java Head to the Cape of .Good Hope did not fumiih many fubje^s of remark that could be of any, ' great ufe to future voyagen. Such obfiirvations, however^ as occurred to him the Lieutenant has been carefbl to re^ tord, not being billing to omit the leaft circumftance thai^ may contribute to the fafety and facifity of navigation, , The Gape of Good Hope had been fo often deiodbed wuafterwiWUdtadediriiceoftocarryMr. Vinfittart^tnddi^odicrSwpen^ibnyOuf to India. At Mr. Gretn was dien abfent iritfi Lieutenaat Code, hia oU colleague^ Mr. Fakoner, applied t» die Comnufiooera of die Navjr, ibr leave to ejBchaogc die Briftol, to which he beIoii|ed^ fyr die Aurora. la ooafe^ueike o^ dua he wu loft' with heri andi probably, at no great dlfiancc^ eidier of ti|ne or fyact^ from where the bodjr of her quondam puder, Mr.'GreeD» waa committed to die dei^. .[From tha inJfbriaadon of Mr. Walet.1 , ■ ' . . . ■ ■ i ^ * ibvlcefwordi^ubifiyrkp. 767— 77s,779<-28o« ^ before CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. m Mbfccrar people i%oj>pedtliere» that circn if it had entered c hap. II. •77«- por ey appeared to be a miferable race, worn out by the united operation of exccffive labour and ill ufage ; and ^ Aa a Mr. 89. I Majr. Into Boy plan to give apirticutar acr^nmt of the coontriei vifiied by Mr. Cooky am* of the manners of their inhabi- tanti9 1 Ihonld have ofninitd what Dr» HawkeiWorth hath re- hted oonceming the plads. It it faffictcnt, therefore^ to fay» that the Lieutenant^ having lain at the Cape to recover the fldLy to procuie ftoini» wad to ie6t hit vefleU till the four* 14 April. ttinlh li Aprils ^len flood oat of the Bay» and proceeded iw hit voyage hnmewwd. In the morning of the t wenty- iBnth» he aioBkA his firtl mcrkfiant having circumnavi* gated the gloiw in the direAion from eaft to weft. The ponlequenoe :Of dds was> that he had loft a day* an allow- ance for whkh had been made at Batavia. On the firft of May he airrivcd at St. Helen% where he ftaid till the fouith to relreih ; dudng which' time Mr. Banlu employ- ed hin^df in making the complete dnuit of the Ifland, and in viiltlng die places moft wo^y of obfervation. ^ The manner in which ilaves are defcribed as being treated in this ifland mtift be mentioned with indignation. According to our Gommander*8 reprefentation, while every kind of labour is performed by them» they aire not fur* niihed either with horfes or with any of the various ma^ chines Which art has invemed to facilitate their talk. Carts might convenientlf be ufed in fome parts, and where the ground is too fteep for them, wheelbarrows might be em|^ed to great advantage; and yet there is npt a wheelbarrow in the whc4e ifland. Though every thing which is conveyed from place to place is done by flaves aloncf they have not the iimide convenience of a rtei^s knot, bat carry their burden upon their heads. i *7 ii "'» Va ■ 'I; i. J «V i8o THE L I P.E O ? i77i. 4 May. 10. Mr. Cook was forry to obferve, and to fay, that inilaiices of wanton crudty were much more frequent among hU countrymen at St. Helena^ than among the Dutch* ythfi are generally reproached with want of humanity, botk ai Batavia and die Gape 6f Gbtid Ho^*. It is impoffibk for a feeling mind to aToid being concerned that iucb aii account fhould be given of the conduA of any who aitt entitled to the name*^ of Britons. The: Lientenanifs 139-^ proof y if juft, hath> it mfty be hoped, long before tbla reached the place, ^and produced fome good eSe^f. If flavery,^ that difgrace to religton, to humanity, and, I wiU add, to found pdicy,' muft ftill be continued, every thing ought to be done which can tend to ifdften its horron. i a When our Commander dej^art^dt.filMn St. Htlena, on the fourth, it was in company with the Portland man of war, and twelve Indiaman. With this fleet he contiim^ to fail till the tenth, when perceivii^ thar the Endeavour proceeded' much more heaVily than iainy of the o|her vefTels, and that fhe was not likely ;to get home ib Coon as the reft, he made a iignal to fpeak with the Portland: Upon this Captain Elliot him&lf came on board, and Mr. Cook -'delivered to him the. common log-books of his (hip, and the journals of foikie of the officers. The * Hawkefwordi, ubi fiipnt p. 781—784, 794, 797. t Near the condufion of Ca^ain Cook's f«con^ voyage, there it the foUowii^ ihort note. - ** In the account :giveii of $t. Helena, in die narrative of mj former " voyage, I find fome miibket. Itt inhabtun(i are fiur from ez^rciftng » wantoii " cruelty over their fflavcs i tuidf they have had wbeel' t CHAPTER THE THIRD, T/fi Hifiory of Captain CooA*s Life, from tbt End ofbisfirft, to tbe Commencement of bis fecond Voyage roimd tbe World, 1771. CHAP. rriHE manner in which Lieutenant Cook had per- il i* X formed his circumnavigation of the globe, juftly entitled him to the protection of Goyernment, and the favour of his Sotereign. Accordingly, he was promoted to be a Commander in his Maj«ft7*S navy, by commif- 19 Attguft. iion bearing date on the twenty-ninth of Auguft, 1771 *. Mr. Cook, on this occafion, from a certaiil con^oufnef^ of his own merit, wifhed to have been appointed a JPoil: Captain. But the Earl of Sandwich, who was now at th^ head of the Admiralty Board, though he had the greateft regard for our navrgator, could not concede to his rdqueft^ becaufe a compliance with it would have been inconfifteht with the order of the naval fervice. The difibrence was in point of rank only, and not of advantage. A. Com*> mander has the fame pay as a Poll: Captain, and his autho- rity is the fame when he is in adtual employment. The diftin<5tion is a necefTary ftep in the progrefs to the highet honours of the profeffion f . It cannot be doubted, but that the Prefident and Council of the Royal Society were highly fatisfied with the manner * From the books of the Admiralty. t Frgm the infonnation of die Right Honourable dK Earl of Sandwich, in CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. I*" ^hich the traniit of Venus had been obferved. The I jXifB of Mr. Ciook and Mr. Green, relative to this fubje£t, were put into vhe hands of. the Aftronomer Royal, to be by him digefted, and that he might deduce frbm them the important oonfequences to finence which refulted from the obfer/ation. This was done by him with an accuracy and ability becoming his high knowledge and character. On the twenty-firft of May, 1772, Captain Cook conjmu- nicated to the Royal Society, in a letter addrefled to Dr. Mafkelyne, an ** account of the flowing of the tides in the ^ South Sea, as obferved on board His Majefty^s barky ^ the Endeavour*." c The reputation our navigator had acquired by his late voyage was defervedly great ; and the defire of the public to be acquainted with the new fcenes and new objects which were now brought to light, was ardently excited* It is not furprizing, therefore, that difl^rent attempts were made to £ttisfy the general curiofity. There ibon ap* peared a pubUdttion, entided, ** z Journal of a Voyage ** round the Woild." This was the produdion of fome peribn who had htca upon the expedition ; and, though his account was dry and imperfed, it ferved, in a certain degree, to relieve the eagemefs of enquiry. The journal of Sydney Paikinibn, draughtfman to Sir Jofeph Banks,. to whom it belonged by ample purchaie, was likewife printed, from a copy furreptitipufly obtained^ but ail injun^lioa hom the Court of Chancery for fome time prevented its appearance. This work, though dilhoneftly given to the world, was recommended by its plates. But it Was Dr. Hawkefworth's account of Lieutenant Gook*s 1772. ai Mtji PUk)A|phic«l TnaUS&oMy vol. bdi-p. 357^ 3s8. voyage l84 THE L I F E F CHAP, voyage which completely gratified the public ciiriofity.' 11^ This account, which was written by authority, was drawn up from the journal of the Lieutenant, and the papers of Sir Jofeph Banks; and, befides the merit of the com* poiition, derived an extraordinary advantage from the number and excellence of its charts and engravings, which ' were fiirnifhed at the expence of Government. The large price given by the bookfellers for this work, and the avidity with which it was read, difplayed, in the ftrongeft light, the anxiety of the nation to be fuUy informed in every thing that belonged to the late navigation and dif- coveries. Captain Cook, during his voyage, had failed over the Pacific Ocean in many of thofe latitudes in which a fouthern continent had been expected to lie. He had afcertained that neither New Zealand nor New Holland were parts of fuch a continent. But the general queftioa concerning its exiftence had not been determined by him^ nor did he go out for that purpofe, though fome of the reafons on which the notion of it had been adopted were difpelled in the courfe of his navigation. It is well known how fondly the idea of a Terra Auftralh incognifa hzd for nearly two centuries been entertained. Many plaufi* ble philofophical arguments had been urged in its fupport^ and many fa(Sts alleged in its favour. The writer of this liarrative fully remeni'bers how much his uxia£^at?<>n was captivated, in the more early part of Ms Ufe» with the hypothefis of a fouthern continent. He has often dwelt upon it with rapture, and been highly delighted with the authors who contended for its exiftence, and ^ifplayed the mighty confequences which would refult from its being difcovered. Though his knowledge was infinitely «»-. fm CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 185 infinitely exceeded by that of fome able men who had chap. paid a particular attention to the fubjedt, he did not come <"• behind them in the fanguinenefs of his hopes and expec- tation. Every thing, however, which rdates to fcience muft be ieparated firom fancy, and brought to the teft of experiment : and here was an experiment richly deferving to be tried. The objed, indeed, was of peculiar magni- tude, and worthy to be purfued by a great prince, and a great nation. Happily, the peiiod was arrived in Britain for the ex- ecution of the mofbki^Kirtant fcientific deiigns. A regard to matters of this kind, though fo honourable to crowned heads, had heretofore been too much neglected even by fome of the befl: of our princes. Our (M-efent Sovereign had already diftinguiihed his rdgn by his patronage of fcience and literature; but the beginnings which had hitherto been made were only the pledges of future mu- nificence. , With refpeA to the object now in view, the gracious ^pofitions of His Majefty were ardently feconded by the noble Lord who had been placed at the head of the Board of Admiralty. The Earl of Sandwich was pof- fefled of a mind which was capable of comprehending and encouraging the mpft enlarged views and fchemes with regard to navigation and difcov^y. Accordingly, it was by his particular recommendation that a refolution was formed for the appointment of an expedition, finally to determine the queftion concerning the exiftence of a fouthern continent^. <^mros feems to have been the r^- * Mr. Dalrymple had ttaewed the attention of the public to this obfcft by his hiftorical coUedion, in two vdumes, quarto^ of the fevcnd vojrages and diftoveries in the South Pacific Ocean* The firft volume aiQ^aied in 1770, and the fecond in i77». Bb firft' sK '■ it; 1- ;l. : jj . ^.IV* 1 m III i II x86 THE LIFE OP CHAP, find perfon who had any idea that fuoh « ooatinfint ex* in. ifted, and he was the firft that was fent out for the Halh purpofe of afceitaining the fa£t. He 4id not Aicceed in the attempt ; and the attempts of various narigators, down to the prefent century, were equally unfuocefsful ^. When the defign of aoGomi^iAung this jgreat o^bA was refolved upon, it did not admit of any hesitation by whom it was to be carried into execution. No peribn was efteemcd equally qualified with Captain Cook,iiE}r condufiU ing an enterprize the view of which was to give the utmoft poflibb extent to the geography o£'the globe, acKl the knowledge of navigation. For the greater advantage of the undertaking, it was determined that two ihifM Ihould be employed ; and much attention was paid to the -choice of them, and to their equipnoent for the Cervioe. After mature deliberation by the Navy Board, during which par- ticular regard was had to the Captain's wifdom and expe* rience, it was agreed, that no vefiels were & ptoptr foar difcoveries in diftant unknown parts, as thoie Which were conftru^led like the Endeavour. This Apioion concurring with that of the Earl of Sandwich, the Admiralty came t9 a refolution, that two (hips ihould be provided of a iimilar conftru(Stion. Accordingly, two veflete, both of which had been built at Whitby, by the fame peribn who built the Endeavour, were purchafed of Captain WilMam Hanunond* of Hull. They were about fourteen or iixteen months old at the time when they were bought, and, in Captain Cook's judgment, were as well ad^ed to the intended fervice as if they had been exprefsly conftrudted for that purpofe. The largeit of the two, which coniifted of four * IntrodufUon to die Voyage towards the South Pole, and round die Worid, p. xi. hundred CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. kmdwcfr and fixty-two tout biirt!lien» was named the Refi>- lotibn* To the other, which was three hundred and thirty- fix toos burthen^ wat gi/en the name' of the Adventure. On ^le tWBoty-cighth of November, 1771, Captain Cook was appointed to the command of the former ; and, about the £ime time, Mr. Tobias Fumeaux vf^A promoted to the eotnttiaid of the hnerr Tlie complement of the Refolu- fiont including officers and men^ was fixed at a hundred and twdfo perfons ; and tSiov of the Adventure, at eighty- ooev toi the eq«iipm«nt of theft ihipsy every circumftance Was attended to tlitat covdd oontribiite to the comfort and ' fuccefs of the voyage. They were fitted in the moft com- plete mannery and fupp^wd widi every extraordinary arti- cle whith was fuggcftol to be neceflary or ufeful. Lord Sandwldiy wfaofe zeal was indefatigable upon this occafion, ¥i£ited thu veilUs firom time to time, to be afiured that the Whole ^qnipinient was agreeable to his wiihes, and to the fttislajftion of dioft who were to engage in the expedition. Nor wem die Navy and Vi^ualUiig Boards wanting in pro- curing; fai tAie ihipa the very beft of Ibares and proviHons, * with ibtne alterations in the fpecies of them, that were adapted' to ^se nature of the enterprize; befides whklH there was an ample liip^y of amifboi1)Utic articled, fuch as malt, four krout, faked cabbage^ portable broth, faldupi mmftavd, mafiiialade of carrots, and inipiflated juice of wort and beer. r I«o kfs attention waif paid to the ca^e of fdenc^ iil general. The Admiralty engaged Mr, William Hodges, an excellent landfcape painter, to embark in the voyage, in order to make drawings and paintings of Aich obje^s as could not fo well be comprehended from written defcrip- tions. Mr. John Reinhokl Foriler aild his hii were fixed Bb a . upon 187 1771. a8 Nov. I 177 1. 188 T H E L I,F E O F upon to explore and colleA the natural hiSory of tM countries which might be vifitM, and an ample ibhi was granted by parliament iof the purpofe. That no- thing, might be wanting to accbmpUih the fdentific idewt of the expedition* the Board of Longitude agreed with Mr. William Wales^ and Mr. William Bayley* to make afirono- mical obTervations. Mr. Wales was ffcationed in the BxSb» lutiony and Mr. Bayley in the Adventure. By the fame Board they were furniihed with the beft of inftrtimentsy and particularly with four time-pieces* three confkrudted by Mr. Arnold* and one by M& Kendal oa Mr. Harcifon's •principles*. Though Cs^tain Cook, had been appbiiated to the coch^ 28 Nor. mand of the Refohition on the tx^enty-eighdi of Novem- ber; 1771* fuch were the preparations necefiary for ib long and important a voyage, and the impediments which ooea*- jjy2. iionally and unavoidably occurrec^* that theihip did not fail 9 April, from Deptford till the ninth of April following* nor did (he 10 May. leave Long Reach tiU the tenth of May. In plying down the ' river^. it was found neceflSUy to^.put into Sheernefiyinonder to make ibme alterations in her upper workr. "Tliefe the officers of the yard were directed immediatdyrto take in hand^ and Lord Sandwich and Sir Hugh Pallifer came down to fee them executed in the molt eflfeftual maimer: aa June. The fhip' being again completed for £ea by the twenty^ fecond of June* Captain Cook on that day ikiled hxxa 3 July. SheernefS) and* on the thii^ of JiHy* joineddie AJdventttire in Plymouth Sound. Lord Sandwid^* in his return from a viiit to the dock-yards* having met the Re&lution on the preceding evening* his Lordfbip and Sir Hiq;h Pallifeir f GemnI iDtroduaioiii uM fvpT»t P> xxui— jtzzr. gave CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 189 177a. gave the laft mark of their great attention to the object oi' c n a p. the voyagei by coming on board, to afliire themfelves that "i* every thing ^was doncj whi^h was agre^le to our Com- mander's wi(he8» and that his veflel was equipped entirely to his TatisfaAion. At PTymouth Captain Cbok received his inftruftions; with regard to which, without entering into a minute de- tail of them, Jt is fufficient to fay, that he was fent out upon the moft enlarged plan of difcovery that is known in the hiOory of navi^kan. He was inftrudted not only to drcumnavigatef the whcde globe, burta ci^'cumnavigate it in hi8^Cbttt^hfirn.Qf Ihe fouthern hemifphere to whieh a€5efS'Cf>Uld:,beb^ amol •i:v. ';■ :^ ; ;. ; , ; 'i^ 1otftir/f bah" ' -'•;!:] .:'■'. - 'iiuuot CHARTER ii I^ THK LI Fl: or rf ' cHAprER rnt FotritrH. 177a. TJbe Hiftory ^ Captain Coof^s Life during bisfecond Foyage ftotmi tbe World, 13 July. 19. I Aug. 10. «4« ON the thirteenth of Jtdy, Gaptain Ceofc ftttcd from Plymouthr and! on the twentyK-nimbr ofi the (tune month anchored in Fontihlales Rbdd^ in the isftuidiof Mam deira. Having obtained^ a ibppty of watciv wint^ and other necefHu-tes at that idandi he lefc it on the fiiilrof A^ifiift; and £uled to the fouthwtutK' As he proceedlBd in hie voy''' age, he made three' ptiAcheoiM of beer of the ini|>ifll(tcd juidB of male; and ' the fi^tio^prodiuiedwai> very brift and drinkable. The heat of the weaeherr andthe aghartoA of the ihip, had hitherto withftood all the endeavours of our people to prevent this juice from being, i^' a high ttztfioi fermentation. If it could be kept from felmenting, it would be a moft valuable artide at Tea. The Captain having found that hi$ ftock of water would not laft to the Cape of Good Hope, without putting his men to a fcanty allowance, refolved to flop at St. Jago, one of the Cape de Verd iflands, for a fupply. At Port Praya, in this ifland, he anchored on the tenth of Auguil, and by the fourteenth had completed his water, and procured fome other refrefhments ; upon which he fet fail, and pro- fecuted his courfe. He embraced the occafion, which his touching at St. Jago afforded him, of giving fuch a delinea- tion and defcription of Port Praya, and of the fupplies there to CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 191 to be obtainedy as might be of fervke to future navi- gaton. Ob the twentieth of the month, the nin poured down Vpoa our voyagen, not in drops, but in ftreams ; and the wind, at the {suae time, being variable and rough, the people were obliged to attend fo conftantly upon the decks, that few of them efcaped being completely (baked. This circumftanoe is mentioned to (hew the method that was taken by Captain Cook to preferve his men from the evil ooniequences of the wet to which they had been expoied. He had every thing to fear from the rain, which is a great promoter of iickneis in hot climates. But to guard againft this eSb^f he puiiiied Ibme hints that had been fuggefted to him by Sir Hugh Palliier and Captain Campb^ and took care that the fliip ihould be aired and dried with fires made>betweef> the decks, «o4fthat the damp places of the veflel ifaould be fmoked ; beilde which, ^t^ people were ordered to air their bedding, and to waih and dry their ckithes, whenever tto« was an opportunity. The reiult of thefe precautions was, that diere was not one fick peribn on board the Refcdution* Ct^Main Cook, on -the eighth of September, crofied the line in the longitude of If weft, and proceeded, without meeting any thing reoavkaible, tiU the eleventh of Odober, n oaobcr. when at 6^ 04" is.*, by Mr* Kendalls watch, the moon rofe about four digits edipfed ; ibon after whidi the gentlemen prepared to obferve the end of the eciipfe. The oUervers were, the GsqAatn himfelf, and Mr. ForAer, Mr. Wales, Mr. PickerfgiU, Mr. GObert, and Mr. Harvey. Our Commander had been informed, before he left England, that he failed at an improper feafon of the year, and that he fhould meet with much calm weather> near and under 8 Sept. ^I- 19» •«77»- 39 OAober. 30» . ^' ) 1? H B 1/ If F E O FH A % binder the line. But tho^h ftich weather ims^ happen in fome yearsy it is not always or even general1y» to be,a(^ pedted. So far was it fhmi being the cafe with Captain -Cook, that he hadi abri^t ibuthrweft wind in thofe vnj latitudes where the calms ^ad been predicted : nor was he expofed to any of the tornadoes, which are fo much fpo- ken of by other navigators. On the twenty'^iiinth of the month, between eight and nine o'clock at. nighty when our voyagers were near the Cape of Good Hop6, the whole fea^ within the compafs of their fight, became at once^ as it were, illuminated. The Captain had been focmeity con« vinced, by Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander, that fuch appear'* ances in the ocean were occafioned fay tniedls* , Mr. For- iter, however, feemed diiipofed to adopt a difiisrent dpin lon^ To determine the qileftion, our GOmfnander oiilered fome buckets of water to be dra«p|ip fmm along-fidetheihipi which wore litemd fuH G#«n innumerable quantity of fmall globular it^edb^ about the fize of a commdn pin's head, and quite tranfparent. . Though no life was per- ceived in them, there could be no doubt df their facing living animals, when in iheir own iprdper el^tnt ; .and Mr. Fdrfter became now well £itiafiedthitt they wc^e. the cauie of the fea's illv,£Dinatk>n *. . t't ^^ On the thirtieth, the Refolufion and Adventure anchor- ed4n Table Bay; foon after which Captain Gook went on fhore, and, Accompanied . by C^ytain Fumeaux, and ^e ' ^o Mr. Forfters, waited on Batoa Pkttenberg, the GoiycT' nor of the Gape of Good Hope, who received the gentle- men with great politenefs, and promi&d tbcii f^very aflifl:^ / • Cook's Voyage, ulnfiipra, p. 5*.i5.-^f«ift«r's Vojnfe. />> ' ^.^x^'AltitYfll^U, IT>>"V- -?i*.V* ance 177*. CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 193 ance the pbce could afford. From him our Commander c learned that two French (hips from the Mauritius, about eight month before, kdd difcovered land, in ^he latitude of 48^ fuuth, aloii^ which they failed fortv miles, till they came to a bay, into which they were upon . he point of en- tering, when they were driven o^ and fepar. d in a hard gale of wind. Previouilv to this misfortune, t cy had loft fome of their boats and pc pie, that had been fent to found the bay. Capt:un Cook w /^ alio informed by Baron Plet- tenberg, that in the month of March, two other French ihips from the ifland of Mauritius^ had touche( at t.>c Cape in their way to the South 'acific Ocean ; where the r were going to make difcoverictj under the command of M. Marion. From the healthy condition of the crews botii of the Refohition and Adventure, it was ir agined by the Captain that his f^ay at the Cape would be very (hort. But the neceffity of waiting till the requifiti proviiions could be prepared and collected, kept him m ^re than three weeks at this place ; which time was impro ed by him in order- ing both the Ihips to be caulked and 1 aimed, and in tak- ing care that, in every refpedt, their condition ihould be as good as when they left England. On the twenty-fecond of November, our Commander 2% Nov. failed from the Cape of Good Hope, and proceeded on his voyage, in fearch of a Southern continent. Having gotten clear of the land, he direAed his courfe for Cape Circum- cifion; and judging that cold weather would foon ap- proach, he ordered flops to be ferved to fuch of the people as were in want of them, and gave to each man the fear- nought jacket and trowfers allowed by the Admiralty. On the twenty-ninth, the wind, which was weft-north-wefty in- ^^^ C c creafed ti 194 10. I9k THE LIFE OP creafed to a ftonxi) that continued, with fomc few intervak of moderate weather, tUl the fixth of December*. By this gale,.*wliich was attended with hail and rain, and which blew at times with fuch violence that the fliips could carry no fails, our voyagers were driven far to the eaftward of their intended courfe, and no hopes were left to the C i.otain of reaching Cape Circumcilion. A ftill greater misfortune was the lofs of the principal part of the Uve flock on board, confifting of fheep, hogs, and geefe. At the fame time, the fudden tranfition from warm, mild weather, to weather which was extremely cold and wet, was fo feverely feljt by our people, that is was neceflary to make fome addition to their allowance of fpirits, by giving each of them a dram on particular occaiions. Our navigators, on the tenth of December, began to meet with iilands of ice f . One of thefe iflands was fb much concealed from them by the hazinefs of the wea- ther, accompanied with fnow and fleet, that they were fleering diredly towards it, and did not fee it till it was at a lefs diftance than :hat of a mile. Captain Cook judged it to be about fifty feet high, and half a mile in circuit* It was flat at the top, and its fides rofe in a perpendicular direction, againft which the fea broke to a great height* The weather continuing to be hazy, the Captain, on ac- count of the ice iflands, was obliged to proceed with the utmofl caution. Six of them were paflfeu on the twelfth, fome of which were nearly two miles in circuit, and flxty * The (hips were now in the latitude of 48° 41^ foutb, and longitude 18" 2^ caft. t They were then in the latitude of 50* 40' fouth, and longitude a" & eaft of the Cape which brought with it fuch a - tain, therefore, thought it no longer prudent to pcrfevere in failing ibuthward; efpecially as the fummer was already half fpent, and there was little reafon to hope that it would be found pra<5ticable to get round the ice. Having taken this refolution, he determined to proceed direftly ii\ fearch of the land which had lately been difcovered by the French ; and as, in purfuing his purpofe, the weather was clear at intervals, he fpread the fhips a-breaft four miles from each other, in order the better to invef- tigate any thing that might He in their way.. On the firft of February, our voyagers were in the latitude of 48" 30', ibudi, and in longitude 58° 7' eaft, nearly in the meridian of the iiland of St. Mauritius. This was the fituation in which the land faid to have been difcovered by the French was to be expected ; but as no iigns of it had appeared,, our Commander bore away to ilic eaft. Captain Furneaux, on the fame day, informed Captain Cook that he had juft feen a large float of fea of rock weed^ and about it feveral of the birds called divers. Thefe were certain iigns of the vicinity of land, though whether it lay to the eaft or weft could not poffibly be known. Our Commander, there- fore, formed the deiign of proceeding in his prefent lati- tude four or five degrees of longitude to the weft of the meridian he was now in> and then to purfiK his refearches eaftward. I Feb, •200 THE LIFE OF H A IV. '773- 2 Feb. P. €aftward. The weft and north-weft winds, which had continued for fome days, prevented him from carrying this purpofe into execution. However, he was convinced^ from the perpetual high fea he had lately met with, that there could be no great extent of land to the weft. While Captain Cook, on the next day, was fteering eaft- ward *, Captain Furneaux told him that he thought the land was to the north-weft of them ; as he had, at one time, obferved the fea to be fmooth when the wind blew in that diredtion. This obfervation was by no means con- formable to the remarks which had been made by our Commander hirnfelf, Neverthelefs, fuch was his readi- nefs to attend to every fuggeftion, that he refolved to clear up the point, if the wind would admit of his getting to the weft in any reafonable time. The wind, by veering to the north, did admit of his purfuing the iearch ; and the refult of it was, his convidtion that if- any land was near, it could only be an ifland of no confiderable extent. Captain Cook and his philofophical friends, while they were traverfing this part of the fouthem ocean, paid par- ticular attention to the variation of the compafs, which they found to be from %f 50', to 30" 26' weft. Probably the mean of the two extremes, viz. 29' 4', was the neareft the truth, as it coincided with the variation obferved on board the Adventure. One unaccountable circumftance is worthy of notice, though it did not now occur fox the firft time. It is, that when the fun was on the ftarboard of the ftiip, the variation was the leaft ; and when on the larboard fide, the greateft. On the eighth, our Commander, in confequence of no * He was now in the latitus-^e of 49* J^ fouth. iignals CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 101 fignals having been anfwered by the Adventure) had rea- fon to apprehend that a reparation had taken place. After waiting two days, during which guns were kept difcharg- ing, and falfe fires were burnt in the night, the fa£fc was confirmed ; fo that the Refolution was obliged to proceed alone in her voyage. As (he purfued her courfe, penguins and other birds, from time to time, appeared in great num- bers ; the meeting with which gave our navigators fome hopes of finding land, and occafioned various fpeculations with regard to its fituation; Experience, however, con- vinced them that no ftrefs was to be laid on fuch hopes. They were £q often deceived, that they could no longer look upon any of tl^e oceanic birds, which frequent high latitudes, as fure figns of the vicinity of land. In the morning of the feventeenth, between midnight and three o'clock, lights were feen in the heavens, fimilar to thofe which are known in the northern hemifphere, by the name of the Aurora Borealis. Captain Cook had never heard that an Aurora Auftralis had been leen before. The officer of the watch obferved that it fometimes broke out in fpiral rays, and iu a circular form; at which time its light was very ftrong, and its appearance beautiful. It was not perceived to have any particular dire773« 23 Feb. CHAP, only to be clouds, that in the evening entirely difappeared^ '^' and left a clear horiaon, in which nothing could be dtf- cerned but ice iflands. At ni^t the Aurora Auftralis was again feen, and the ^pearance it aiTumed was very brilliant and luminous. It firft difcovered itfelf in the eaft, and in a Ihort time fpread over the whole heavens. In the night of the twenty-third, when the fliip was in latitude 61* 52' fourh, and longitude 95** 2' eaft, the wea- ther being exceedingly ftormy, thick, and hazy, with fleet and fnow, our voyagers were on every fide funxmnded with danger. In fuch a Situation, it was natural for them to wilh for day-light : Init day-fight, when it came, ferved (Hily to encreafe theii' apprehenfions, by exhibit- ing thofe huge mountains of ice to their view, which the darknefs had prevented them from feeing. Thefe unfa- vourable c^j cumftanoes, at fo advanced a ieafon of the year, dilbouraged Captain Cook, from putting in execution a refolution he had formed of once more crofling the aittar6tic circle. Accordingly, eaiiy in the morning of the twenty-fourth, he ftood to the ncuth, with a very hard gak, and a very high fea, which made great deftruc- tion among the ice iilands. ftctt to far was this incident from being of any advants^e to our navigators, that it greatly encreafed the number of pieces they had to avoid; The large pieces which brc^e from the ice iflands, were found to be much more dangerous than ifee iflands them- felves. While the latter rpjfe fo high out of the water, that they could generally be feen, unlefs the weather was very thick and hazy, before our people nearly approached them, the others could not be difcerned, in the night, tiH they were under the fhip's bows. Thefe dangers, how- ever, were now become fo familiar ta the Captain and his company. 24. CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 903 oompany» that the appreheniions they cauied were ne- ver of long duration ; and a compeni on was, in feme d^ree> made for them> by the ieafonable fuppUes of frelh water which the ice iflands afforded, and by their very romantic appearance* The foaming and dalhing of the waye» into the curious holes and caverns which were l^nnfd in many of them, greatly heightened the fbene ; and the .whole exhibited a view that at once filled the mind with admiration and horror, and could only be defcribed by the hand of an able painter* In failing from the twenty-fifth to. the twenty-eighth, the wind was aocompaaied with a large hoUow fea» which rendered Captain Cook certain that no land, of any con-. fideraUe extent, could Ue within a hundred or a hun- dred and fifty leagues from eail to fouth-weft. Though this was ftill the fummer feafon in that part of the world, and the weather was become fomewhat warmer than it had been before,, yet fuch were the effe(5ts of the cdld, that a fow having farrowed nine pigs in the morningy aU of them, notwithftanding the utmoft care to prevent it, were lulled before four o*clock in the afternoon. From the fame caufe, the Captain himfelf and ieveral of his people had their fingers and toes chiltdained. For fome days afterward, the coldconfider- ably abated; but ftill it could not be faid that there was fmnmer weather, according to our Commander's ideas of fummer in the northern hemifidiere as far as fixty degrees of latitude, which was nearly as far as he had then been. *As he proceeded on his voyage, from the twenty- ei^th of February to the eleventh of Manth» he had ample reafon to conclude, from the fvvell of the fea Dd 2 and «773- »5 to ig Feb. 28 Feb. to 1 1 March. ''H / , i ioif THE LIFE OF «773' 1 4 March. »7- and other circumftance8» that there could be no land to the fouth^ but what muft lie at a great diftance. The weather having been clear on the thirteehth and fourteenth, Mr. Wales had an opportunity of getting fome obfervations of the fun and moon ; the refults of which, reduced to noon, when the latitude was 58° ii' fouth, gave 136" 11' eaft longitude. Mr. Kendal's and Mr. Arnold's watches gave each of them 134" 42' ; and this was the firft and only time in which they had pointed out the fame longitude fince the (hips had departed from England. The greateft difference, however, between them, fince our voy- agers had kft the Cape, had dot much exceeded two degrees. From the moderate, and what might almoft be cii^.-^ pleafant weather, which had occurred for two or three days, Captain Cook began to wi(h that he had been a fe^v degrees of latitude' farther fouth; and he was even tempted to incline his courfe that way. But he foon met with weather which convinced him that he had proceeded full far enough; and that the time was appx-^aching when thefe feas could not be navigated without endiuing intenie cold. As he advanced in his courfe^ he became perfectly aflured, from repeated proofs, that he had lefft no land behind him in the dire^on of weft-fouth-weft ; and that no land lay to the fouth on this fide fixty degrees of lati- tude. He came, therefore, to a reiblution, on the feven- teenth % to quit the high fouthern latitudes, and to pro- ceed to New Zealand, with a view of looking for the Adventure, and of refrelhing his people. He had, alfo. * The Refdution was now in latitude 59* f fouth, and longitude 146* jjf caft. fome CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. fome thoughts, and even a defire of vifiting the eaft c .it c of Van Diemen's Land, in order to fatisfy himfelf whet .r it Joined the coaft of New South Walet. The wind, how- ever, not permitting him to execute^this pan of his defign, he (haped his courfe for New Ze^dsmd, in fight of which he arrived on the twenty-fifth, and where he came to anchor on the day following, in Duiky Bay. He had now been a hundred and feventeen days at Tea, during which time Ivs had failed three thoufand fix hundred and fixty leagues, without having once come within fight of land. After fo long a voyage, in a high fouthem latitude. fl it might reaibnably have been expected that many of Captain Cook's people would be ill of the fcurvy. This, however, was. not the cafe. So falutary were the effects of the fweet wort, and feveral articles of provifion, and efpe- cially of the frequent airing and fweetening of the ihip, that ^ere .^(iras only one man on board who could be faid to be much affli£^ed with the difeafe ; and even in that man, it Was chiefly occafioned by a bad habit of body,, and a GompIicat|i>n of other difoyders *. - Asour Gomdoanderdidnotiltke the {dace in which he had anchored, he ient Lieutenant Pickerfgill over to the louth-eaft fide of the bay,, in fearch of a better ^ and the Lieutenant fucceeded in finding a harbour that was in every refpedt defirable... In the mean while, the .fifhing-* boat was very fuccefsful;. returning with filh fiifficient for the wh^ crew's fupper ; and in the morning of the next day, as many were caught as ferved fi>r dinner. Hence were derived certain hopes of being plentifully fupplied with Uuft article. Kor did the ihores and woods appear H as March. a6. r. i'i;il .ii- * Cook'* Voyage, ubi fupra, p. a8--68.. lefs lo6 THE LIFE or :> 37 March. 18. Iaf« deftitutc of wifcL-fowl ; ib (hat our ptople Imd the prof« peA of ehjoyiiij^ trtth eafe^ #faat, ia ;heir fitmtion, might be called the luxtiriet of life* Tbe^b agreftabk cbcumftafi- ces determined Captain Cook to ^ay ibme time 'm the bciyy in order to examine it thoroughly 7 as no one had ever land* cd before on any of thefoachem parts of New Zealand, ."i On the twenty«fovenlh, the fliip entered PicKsiiseiLL Harbour ; for ib it \faa called, from the tiame of the gentleman by whom it hid firft been cfiibofertd. Here woody for fuel and other purpofes, was immiediately at hand ; and a fine ftream of frefh-water was not above a hundred yards from the item of the veficd.. Our voy>* agersy being thus ad^'intageotlfly fitnated) . bcg^an; vigo- rouHy to prepare for their neceflsury occupations) by clear- ing places in the woods, in order to fet up the aftronomer^s obfervatory, and the forge for the iron work, and to ere£t tents for the fail-fiiakers and coopers. They applied themfelves, alfo, to the brewing of beer fron the branches or leaves of a tree which greatly refembled the American black fpruce. Captain Co6k Was perfuadttdv from the knowledge which he had of this hve^ and £rom the fimi- larity it bore to the fpruce^ tliat, witb thb addition 6f inf^* fated juice of wort and melafles, it would make a very wholefome liquor, and fupply the want of vegetables, of which the country was deftitute. It appeared, by the events that he was rot miftaken in his judgment; Several of the natives were feen on the twenty-eighth^ who took little notice of the EnglUh, and were very ihy of accefs ; and the Captain did not chooTe to force an intercourfe with them, as he had been iilftrudted, by former experience, that the beft method of obtaining it was to leave the time and place to thcmfelves. While our CAPTAIN JAMtS COOK. wj •nr Commander continued in his prcfent fituation, he tcv^k every opportimky of examining the bay. As he was profecuting his fiirvey of it, on the fixth of April, his attention was dirc(5ted to the north fide, where he Unco- vered a fine capacious cove, in the bottom of which is a freftv-water river. On the wieft fide are feveral beautiful cafcades; and the ihores are fo fteep, that water might directly be conveyed fixKU them into the Ihip. Four- teen ducks, befides odier birds, having been ftiot in this place, he gave it the name of Puck Cove. When he was returning in the evening, he met with three of the natives, one man and two \vome|i, whofe fears he foon dif&pated, and whom he engaged in a convprfation, that was little underftood on dt^er ikle. The youngefl of the vomen had a volubility of tongue that could not be ex- ceeded; and ihe. entertained Captain Cook, and the giQnr tlemen who accampanied him, w:ith a dsnce. By degrees, our Commander lohtaiued the good-will and confidence of tine Indians. His preifents, however, were at firft reoeived with much indifference, hatchets and dpike-nails excepted. M. a vifit, on the twelfth, from a family of die natiives, itiie Captain, peroeiving that they approached the ilhip with great t^aution, met them in a boat, which be t|iithted when he came near them, and went into their canoe. After all, he could not prevail upon them4» go oniboartlthe Biefblutionj; tl^t atieiiigfAii t^hey put on^fhore in alittile eisek^and dfefltttn^g thomfelves abreaft of the £nglilh veflel, entered into £unihar convec- fation with feveral of the officers and ieaimen ; in i which they paid. a much greater regard to >{Qme, whom they probably miftook for females, than to tot^ers^ So well, indeed^ werclahey Jiow reconciled to- our .toyag^is, that they 12. W' 208 THE LI F EOF 1773- CHAP, they took Up their quarters nearly whhin the diilance of i"^* a hundred yards from the ihip*s watering-place. Captain Cookf in his interview with them, had caufed the bag*- pipes and fife to play, and th)e drum to beat. The two former they hore intimate with our navigators than any of the reft ^^* of the Indians, went away, and never returned again. This was the more extraordinary, as in all his vifits he had been gratified with prefents. From different perfons, he had gotten nine or ten hatchets, and three or four times that number of large fpike-nails, befides a variety of other articles. So far as thefe things might be deemed riches in New Zealand, he was undoubtedly become by far the moft wealthy man in the whole country. One employment of our voyagersi, while in Duiky Bay, conllfted in feal-hunting, an animal which was found ferviceable for three purpofes. The fkins were made ufe of for rigging, the fat affi>rded oil for the lamps j and the flefh was eaten. On the twenty-fourth, the Captain, having 24 April, five geefe remaining of thofe he had brought with him from the Cape of Good Hope, went and left them at a place to which he gave the name of Goose Cove. This place he fixed upon for two reafons ; firft, becaufe there were no inhabitants to difturb themj and fecondly, be- caufe here was the greateft fupply of proper food; fo that he had no doubt of their breeding, and hoped that in time they might fpread over the whole country, to its eminent advantage. Some days afterward, when every thing belonging to the *fhip had been removed from the fhore, he fet fire to the topwood, in order to dry a piece of ground, which he dug up, and fowed with feveral forts of garden feeds. The foil, indeed, was not fuch as to promife much fuccefs to the planter; but it was the beft that could be difcovered. The twenty-fifth of April was the eighth fair day our lieople had fucceifively enjoyed ; and there was reafon to £ e believe »s. i \4 210 THE LIFE OP »77J- believe that fuch a circumftance was very uncommon in the place where they now lay, and at that feafon of the year. This favourable weather afforded them the oppor- tunity of more fpeedily completing their wood and water, and of putting the ihip into a condition for fea. On the evening of the twenty^fiftli, it began to rain; and the weather was afterward extremely variable, being, at times» in a high degree wet, cold, and ftormy. Nothing, how- ever, prevented Captain Cook from profecuting, with his ufual fagacity and diligence, his fearch into every part of Duiky Bay ; and, as there are few places in New Zealand where neceffary refrefhments may be fo plentifully ob- tained as in this bay, he hath taken care to give fuch a defcription of it, and of the adjacent country, as may be of fervice to fucceeding navigators. Although this coun- try lies far remote from what is now the trading part of the world, yet, as he juftly obferves, we can by no means tell what ufe future ages may derive from the diii:overies made in the prefent. The various anchoring places are delineated on our Commander's chart, and the moft convenient of them he has particularly defcribed. Not only about Dufky Bay, but through all the fouthern part of the weftern coaft of Tavai-poenammoo, the country is exceedingly mountain- ous. A profpe<5l more rude and craggy is rarely to be met with ; for inland there are only to be feen the fum- mits of mountains of a tremendous height, and conlifting of rocks that are totally barren and naked, excepting where they are covered with fnow. But the land which borders on the fea coaft is thickly clothed with wood, almoft down to the water's edge ; and this is the cafe with regard to all the adjoining iflands. The trees are of va- rious CAPTAIN JAME;S COOK. 211 rious kinds, and are fit for almoft every poflible ufe. Excepting in the river Thames^ Captain Cook had not found finer timber in all New Zealand ; the nooft condde- rable fpecies of which is the fpruce-tree ; for that name he had given it from the iimilarity of its foliage to the American fpruce, though the wood is more ponderous, and bears a greater refemblance to the pitch pine. Many of thefe trees are £o large, that they would be able to fumifh main-mafts for fifty gun (hips. Amidil the va- riety of aromatic trees and Ihrubs which this part of New Zealand produced, there were none which bore fruit fit jto be eaten. But for a farther account of the foils, vege- table produ^ons, and animals of the coaft, I mufl refer to the Captain's own narrative ; only taking notice, that the country was not found fo deititute of qua4ruped$ as was formerly imagined. As Dufky Bay prefented many advantages to our na- vigators, fo it was attended with fome difagreeable circum- ftances. There were great numbers of fmaU blade fand flies, which were troubleibme to a degree that our Com- mander had never experienced before. Another evil arofe from the continual quantity of rain that occurred in the -bay. This might, indeed, in part proceed from the feafon of the year : but it is probable that the country mufl at all times be fubjetSt to much wet weather, in confequence of the vail height, and vicinity of the mountains. It was remarkable that the rain, though our peojde were perpe- tually expofed to it^ was not |NX)dui5tive of any evil con- fequences. On the contrary, fuch of the men as were fick and complaining when they entered the bay, reco- vered daily, and the whcde crew foon became ftrong and vigorous. So happy a drcumflance could only be attri- Ee 2 \ buted rM Ill THE LIFE OF *773. CHAP, buted to the healtliinefs of the |^ace, and the freih pro- 1 V. vifions it afforded ; among whichi the beer was a very material article. The inhabitants of Dufky Bay are of the fame race with ;the other natives of New Zealand, ipeak the fame language, and adhere nearly to the fame cuftoms. Their mode of life appears to be a wandering one; and though they are few in- number, no traces were remarked of theif families being connected together in any clofe bonds of union or friendship. While the Refohition lay in the bay, Mr, Wales ma(fe a variety of fcientific obfervations, relative to latitude and longitude*, the variation of the compafs, andthediverli* ties of the tides ; a ihort account of which Captain Cook has given in his voyage, for the inftruAioit and benefit of the public +. When Captain Cook left Dufky Bay, he directed his eourfe for Queen Charlbtte*3 Sound, where he expected to find the Adventure. This was on the eleventh of May, and nothing remarkable occurred till the feventeenth» when the wind at once flattened to a calm, the fky became fuddenly ob^red by daik denfe clouds, and there was every prognoftication of a tempefl* Soon after^ fix wateo- fpouts were feen, four of which roTe and fpent themfelves between the fhip and the land ; the fifth was at a confide- rable diftance on the other fide of the veflel ^ and the fixth, the progreflive motion of which was not in a fhraight, but in a crooked Ikie, pafled within fifty yards of the flesn of II May.. 17. • The latitude of Mr. Waks't obfervstory at Picker%ill harbour wu 45** 49' t(/f I fouth ; and its longitude 166" iS! eaft. t Took, ubi fupra, p. 69— xoi. the CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. ".? the Refolution, without producing any evil effcdt. As the Captain had been informed that the firing of a gun would diliipate water-'fpouts, he was forry that he had not tried the experiment. But, though he was near enough, and had a gun ready for the purpofe, his mind was fo deeply engaged in viewing thefe extraordinary meteors, that he forgot to give the neceflary directions. On the next day, the Refolution came within fight of Queen Charlotte*s Sound, where Captain Cook had the fatisfadtion of difcovering the Adventure; and both Ihips felt uncommon joy at thus meeting again, after an abfence of fourteen weeks. As the events which hap- pened to Captain Fumeaux, during the ieparation of the two vefiels, do iiot fall within the immediate defign of the prefent narrative, it may be fufficient to obferve, that he had an opportunity of examining, with fomewhat more accuracy than had hitherto been done. Van Diemen's Land; and his opinion was, that there are no ftraights between this land and New Holland, but a very deep bay. He met, likewife, with farther proofs that the natives of New Zealand are eaters of human fiefli*. The morning after Captain Cook's arrival in Queen Charlotte's Sound, he went himfelf, at day-break, to look for fcurvy-grafs> celery, and other ve ^etables j and he had the good fortune to return with a boat-load^ in a very fhort fpace of time. Having found that a fufficient quan- tity of thefe artiUfis might be obtained for the crews of both the ihips, he gave orders that they Ihould be bcdled, with \/heat and portable broth, every day for breakfaft ; and with peafe and broth for dinner. Experience had I773* iSMty. Vji * Cook's Vojragejubi fupn, p. 103, 105, 115^11^ lac taught i 214 THE LIFE OF '773' fto May, iu -nr M. taught him that the vegetables now mentioned, when thus drefled, are extremely beneficial to feamen, in remov- ing the various fcorbutic complaints to which they are fubje£t. Our Commander had entertained a defire of vifiting Van Diemen*s Land, in order to inform himfelf whether it made a part of New Holland. But as this point had been, in a great meafure, cleared up by Captain Fumeaux, he came to a refolution to continue his refearches to the eaft, between the latitudes of 41° and 46°; and he directed accordingly, that the ihips ihould be gotten ready for put- ting to fea as (bon as poflible. On the twentieth, he fent on fhore the only ewe and ram that remained of thofe which, with the intention of leaving them in this country, he had brought from the Cape of Good Hope. Soon after he vifited feveral gardens, that by order of Captain Fur- neaux had been made and planted with various articles ; all of which were in fnch a flourilhing ftatc that, if -duly attended to, they promifed to be of great utility to the natives. The next day, Captdn Cook himfelf fet fome men to work to form a garden on Long Ifland, which he flocked with different feeds, and particularly with the roots of turnips, carrots, parfnips, and potatoes. Thefe were the vegetables that would be of the moft real ufe to the Indians, and of thefe it was eafy to give them an idea, by comparing them Mrith fuch roots as they them- felves knew. On the twenty-fecond. Captain Cook receiv- ed the unpieafant intelligence that the ewe and ram, which with fo much care and trouble he had brought to this place, were both of them found dead. It was fup* pofed that tjhey had eaten fome poifonous plant ; and by this CAPTAIN JAMESCOOK. «iS this accident ali the Captain*s hopes of (locking New Zea- land with a breed of (heep were inftantly blafted. The intercourfe which our great navigator had with the inhabitants of the country, during this his fecond vifit to Queen Charlotte's Sound, was of a friendly nature. Two or three families took up their abode near the (hips» and employed themfelves daily in fiftiing, and in fupply- ing the Englifh with the fruits of their labour. No fmall advantage hence accrued to our people, who were by no means fuch expert fifhers as the natives, nor were any of our methods of fifhing equal to theirs. Thus in almoft every ftate of fociety particular arts of life are carried to perfedtion; and there is fomething which the moft po« liflied nations may learn from the moft barbarous. On the fecond of June, when the Refolution and Adven- ture were almoft ready to put to fea. Captain Cook fent on fhore, on the eaft fide' of the lound, two goats, a male and a female ; and Captain Fumeaux left, near Cannibal Cove, a boar and two breeding fows. The gentlemen had little doubt but that the country would, in time, be ftocked with thefe animals, provided they were not deftix)yed by the Indians before they became wild. Afterwards there would be no d»iger ; and as the natives knew nothing of their being left behind, it was hoped that it might be fome time before they would be difcovered. It is remarkable that, during Captain Cook's fecond vifit to Charlotte Sound, he was not able to recollect the face of any one perfon whom he had feen there three years before. Nor did it once appear, that even a fingle Indian had the leaft knowledge of our Commander, or of any of our people who had been with him in his laft voyage. Hence he thought it highly probable, that the greateft 177J. 2 June* ai6 THE LIFE OF «773' 4 June. CHAP, greateii part of the natives who inhabited this found in jv. the beginning of the year 1770, had either fince been driven out of it, or had removed, of their own accord, to fome other iituation. Not one third of the inhabitants were there now, that had been feen at that time. Their ftrong hold on the Point of Motuara v/as deferted, and in every part of the found many forfaken habitations were discovered. In the Captain*s opinion, there was not any reafon to believe that the place had ever been very popu- lous. From comparing the two voyages together, it may be colle Cook's VoyageS) ubi fiipia, pi is 1^—136. overcome CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. aiQ »773' overcome b^ the fteady and perfcvering example and authority of a commander. Many of Captain Coolers people, officers as well as common failort, difliked the boiling of celery, fcurvy-grafs, and other greens with the peas and wheat; and by fome the provifion, thus pre- pared, was refiiicd to be eaten. But, as this had no e£fe(5t ofl the Captain's conduct, their prejudice gradually fub- fided : they began to like their diet as much as the reft of their companions ; and, at length, there was hardly a man in the (hip who did not attribute the freedom of the crew from the (curvy, to the beer and vegetables whkh had been made vSt of at New Zealand. Henceforward, when- ^tVer the feamen came to a {dace where vegetables could be obtained, our Commander ieldom found it neceiHu-y to order them to be gathered; and, if they were fcarce, happy was the perfon who could lay hold on them firft. m the firft of Auguft, when the ftiips were in the lati- i Auguft* tude of 15* 1% and the longitude of 134"* & weft, they were nearly in the fame lituation with that which is aftigned by Captain Carteret for Pitcaim*8 Ifland, difcovered by > liim in 17^. For this ifland, therefore, our voyagers diligently looked; but faw nothing. According to the longitude in which he had placed it. Captain Cook muft have paflekl it fifteen leagues to the weft. But as this was imcertain^ he did not think it prudent to lofe any time in feaFching f6r it, as the fickly ftate of the Adventure's peo> . pie required as fpeedy an arrival as poflible at a place of refrefhment. A fight of it, however, would have been df life in verifying, or correcting, not only the longitude of Pitcaim's Ifland, but of the others difcovered by Cap- tain Carteret in that nei^bourhood. It is a diminution of the value of that gentleman's voyage, that his longitude F f 2 was m 1 220 THE LIFE OF 6 Auguft. was not confirmed by aftronomical obfervationsy and that hence it was Uable to errors^ the correction of which was out of his power. As Captain Cook had now gotten to the northward of Captain Carterefs tracks, he no longer entertained any hoi)es of difcovering a continent. Iflands were all that he could expert to find, until he returned again to die fouth. In this and his former voyage, he had crofled the ocean in the latitude of 40** and up^yards, without meeting any thing which could, in the leaft, induce him to believe that he Iho^d attain the great object of his purfuit. Every circumftance concurred to convince him that, between the meridian of America and New Zealand, there is no foutheru continent; and that there is no continent farther to the fouth, unlefs in a very high l^itude. Thlsi howeyeri wa« a point too important to be left to opinions said conjec- tures. It was to be determined by fa^s ; and the afcer- tainment of it was apfpointed, by our Commander, for the employment of the enfuing fummer. It was the iixth of Auguft before the flitps Imd the advantage of the trade wind*. This they got at foutht- ezRy being at that time in the latitude 0/ 19" 36' fenth, and the longitude of 131**. 32' wefL As Captain Qpdk had Pbr tained the fauth-eaft trade wind, he directed his Courie to the weft-northrweft ; not only with 7t view of keeping ia with the flrength of the wind, but alfo to get tdthf^f north of the iflands difcovered. in his former voyage,, thait he might have a chanc<. of meeting witk any other iflands which might lie in the way. It was in the track which iU' break, they found themfelves within the diftance of half a league from the reef; and, at the fame time, the breeze began Co fail them, and Was at lalt fucce^dedby a calm. It now became necelfary for the boats to be! holftcilout, in order Co tow off the (hips; but all the effotts of our -voyagers, to keep them from being carried near the reef, were infufficieat for the purpofe* As the caltn continued, the Ikuation of the ve(fel^ became (till more darigerous. Cap^^ tain Cook, however, entertained ho^» ofoge^ingirdund the wefterii pmnt of the reefj and iiito tlie bay. But, about two .O*clock in the afternoon, when he came before an (^ning or break of th^ reef, through which' he had flattered him^tf that he might get with the ihips^ he found, on fending to examine it, that there waiinot a fuf*" ficient depth of water. Neverthelefs, this opening caufed Aich an indraught of the tide of ^odd through it, as was very near proving fatal to the Refolution; Ibr as fbon'as the velibls got into the itreiiim, 'theywete canied tow^rd^ the reef with great impetuofity. Ifhe mometitthe Csp^ tain perceived this, he ordertld one bf th^ Hvtu-ping ma*- chinesy which was held in reacKnefi, to be carried otit with about four hundred fathoms of )fd^; bUf itdid notproi- duce the leaft effect ; ahd 4)ujr li^'^igiXd^ h^-^ow iii pt&- fpe(St the horrors of fhipwreck. They were not more than two cabli^s length from the brfcakew ; andj t)ipufi#if w^ th^ only prot)at)le method, yi^ith. 'was feft . of .jfeving iic mips, they could nnd no bottom to anchor. An ancihor, however, they did drop; but befJpre it took hQ]d,.tS^ld brought them up, the Refolution was in lefs than three fathom CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. a«3 tnj* fathom water, and ftruck at every fall of the fea, which chap. hroke clofe under her ftern in a dreadful furf, and threat- i^* ened her crew every monient with deftrtidtion. Happilyy the Adv(inture brought up without ftriking. Prefentlyy the Refolution's people carried out two kec^e-anchorsy with hawfers to each; and. thefe found ground a little without the bower. By heaving upon them, and cutting away the bower anchor, the fhip was gotten afloat, where Captain' Cook and his men lay for fome ti^e in the greateft anxiety, txpe£linig every minute that either the kedges would come homey or the hawfers be cut in two by the rocks. At lehgth,^ thie tide ceafed to a A in the fanie direc- ttcti^ lipon which the Gi^tain ordered all the boats td try to tow off the veifel. Havihg found this to be pra^icaMe, the two kedges were hoved up; and at that moment a light air came off from the land, by which the bouts were fo much affiiled» lihat the' Refolutk>n foon got clear of all danger. Our GoolmaAder then ordered all the hoiHi to afn.(t the Adventtire ; Ivut before they i-ea^hed her, ihe Was under fail with the land breeze, and in a little time joined her companion^ ^leaving behind her three anchors, her coafting csible,^and two hawftrs,> which were never reco* vereid. Thus were our voyagers once more fafe at fea,. after narrowly efcaping being wrecked on the very iiland at which, but « lew days before, they had moft ardently wiihed to arrive. It was a peculiarly happy circumftance, that the calm continued, after bringing the (hips into fo iUmgehnis a ftate. For if the fea breeze^ as is ufually the cafe, had fet in, the Refolution muft inevitably have beea loft, and probably the Adventure likewife. During the tinae in which the EngHfii were in this eritical iituaitioni a number of the natives were either on board fll t'l J,- s >7J3» 2ft4 a OCT HE LIiFE OF A } hotad or neaf the veiTels in their canoes. Neverthelefsy they feemed to be infenfible of our people's danger^ ihew- ing ijiot the leaft furprize» joy» or fear, when; the ihips were ftriking; and: they went away a little before fun- fety quite unooncemedk Though moft of theih knew Captain Cook again, and many enquired for Mn Banks and others who had been with the Captain before it was remfU^kable that not one of them a&ed for Tiq>ia. 17 Auguft. On the ieventeenth) the Refolutioh and Mventane an* chored in Oaiti-piha Bay, immediatdy upon which they were crowded with the inhabitants of th;; country, who brought with them tocoa-nuts, plaintains, banaiioes, ap- ples, yams, and other roots, which wete exchaiigedfor nails and' beads. To ibme who :tilled di^emfelves chiefs, our Commander made preients of ihirts, axes, and ieveral articles beilde, in return for which they promifed to bring him hogs and fowls; a promife which lihey didtnot per- form, and which^ as knight be judged from their conduct, they had never had the leaft intentibp of performing., In the afternoon of the fame day. Captain Cook landed in company with Captain Fumeaux,;for the purpofeof view* ing the watering-place, and of ibundirtg th^di^fitiohof the natives. The article of water, which. was ildw much wanted on board, he found might conveniently be ob- tained, and the inhabitants behaved with gitat. civility. Notwithftanding this civility> nothing wadz brought to market, the next day, but fruit and roots, ihoughJt was faid that many hogs were ieen abofit thPwht the leaft mixture of the fcurvy. On the twenty-fourth, the (hips put to fea, and arrived the next evening in Matavai Bay. Before they could come to an anchor, the decks were crowded with the natives, many of whom Captain Cook knew, and by molt of whom he was well remembered. Among a large . Gg 2 multitude 1773. a3 Auguft, 24- 25. 228 THE LIFE OP »773' 27 Auguft. multitude of peopki who were collected together upoii the fhore, was Otoo the king of the ifland. Our Com- mander paid him a vifit on the following day, at Oparree, the place of his reiidence ; and found him to be a fine, perfonablei well-made man, fix feet high, and about thirty years '•'^ age. The qualities of his mind were not correfpondc ^ :o his external appearance : for when Captain Cook endcav^oured to obtain from him the promife of a vifit on board, he acknowledged that he was afraid of the guns, and, indeed, manifefted in all his aftions that he was a prince of a timorous difpofition. Upon the Captain's return from Oparree, he found the tents, and the aftronomer*s obfervatories, fet up, on the fame fpot fron which the tranfit of Venus had been ob- ferved in 1769. The lick, being twenty in number from the Adventure, and one from the Refolution, all of whom were ill of the fcurvy, he ordered to be landed ; and he appointed a guard of marines on fliore, under the com- mand of Lieutenant Edgcumbe. On the twenty-feventh, Otoo was prevailed upo- with feme degree of relu6tance, to pay our Commander a vifit. He came attended with a numerous train, and brought with him fruits, a hog, two large filh, and a quantity of cloth; for which he and all his retinue were gratified with fuitable prefents. When Captain Cook conveyed his guefls to land, he was met by a venerable lady, the mother of the late Toutaha, who feized him by both hands, and buril: into a flood of tears, faying loutaba tiyo no Touter matty Toutaha ; that is, " Toutaha, your " friend, or the friend of Cook, is dead." He was fo^ much afFeded with her behaviour, that it would have been impoffible for him to have refrained from ming- ling CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 229 »773- ling his tears with her^Sy had not Otoo, who was difpleafed with the interview, taken him from her. It was with difficulty that the Captain could obtain permiflion to fee her again> when he gave her an axe and fome other articles. Captain Furneaux, at this time, prefented the king with tv/o fine goats, which, if no accident befel them, might be expe<5ted to multiply. Several days had palled in a friendly intercourfe with the natives, and in the procuring of provifions, when, in the evening of the thirtieth, the gentlemen on board the 30 Auguft. Refolution were alarmed with the cry of murder, and with a great noife on ihore, near the bottom of the bay, and at a diftance from the Engliih encampment. Upon this. Captain Cook, who fufpecSted that fome of his own men were concerned in the afiair, immediately difpatched an armed boat, to k >w the caufe of the difturbance, and to bring off fuch of his people as fhould be found in the place. He fent, alfo, to the Adventure, and to the poft on ihore, to learn who were miiling ; for none but thafe who were upon duty were abfent from the Refolution. The boats fpeedily returned with three marines and a feaman. Some others^ likewife, were taken, belonging to the Ad- venture ; and all of them being put under confinement, our Commander, the next lorning, ordered them to je punifhed according to their deferts. He did not find that any mifchief had been done, and the men would confefs nothing. Some liberties which they had taken with the women had probably given occafion to the difturbance; To whatever caufe it was owing, the natives were fo much alarmed, that they fled from their habitations in the dead of night, and the alarm was fpread many miles along the coaft. In the morning, when Captain Cook went to vifit Otoo, I: i I II 130 THE LIFE OF »773- ,t Sept. CHAP. Otooi by appointment, he found that he had removed, or i"^* rather fled, to a great diflance from the ufual place of his abode. After arriving where he was, it was fome hours before the Captain could be admitted to the tight of him ; and then he complained of the riot of the preceding eve- ning. The fick being nearly recovered, the water completed, and the neceiTary repairs of the fliips finifhed. Captain Cook determined to put to fea without delay. Accordingly, on the firft of September, he ordered every thing to be removed from the fhore, and the veiTels to be unmoored, in which employment his people were engaged the greater part of ths day. In the afternoon of the fame day. Lieutenant Pickerfgill returned from Attahourou, to which place he had been fent by the Captain, for the purpofe of procuring fome hogs that had been promifed. In this expedition, the Lieutenant had feen the celebrated Oberea, who has been fo much the obje6t of poetical fancy. Her iituation was very humble, compared with what it had jformerly been. She was not only altered much for the worfe in her perfon, but appeared to be poor, and of little or no confequence or authority in the ifland. In the evening a favourable wind having fprung up, our Commander put to fea ; on which occafion he was obliged to difmifs his Otaheite friends fooner than they wiftied to depart; but well fatisfied with his kind and liberal treatment *. From Matavai Bay Captain Cook directed his courfe for the ifland of Huaheine, where he intended to touch. This J. ifland he reached the next day, and, early in the morning 3. of the third of September, made fail for the harbour of * Cook, ubi fupra, p. 144—159. Owharre, CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. ajx Owharre, in which he foon came to an anchor.' The Adventure, not happening to turn into the harbour with equal facility, got alhore on the north fide of the channel ; but, by the timely alHftance which Captain Cook had previ- oufly provided, in cafe fuch an accident fhould occur, flie was gotten off again, without receiving any damage. As foon as both the (hips were in fafety, our Commander, together with Captain Furneaux, landed upon the ifland, and was received by the natives with the utmoft cordiality. A trade immediately commenced; fo that our navigators had a fair profpe<5t of being plentifully fupplied with frefh pork and fowls, which, to people in their fituation, was a very defirable circumftance. On the fourth, Lieu- tenant Pickerfgill failed with the cutter, on a trading par- ty, toward the fouth end of the ifle. Another trading party was alfo fent on ihore near the Ihips, which party Captain Cook attended himfelf, to fee that the bufinefs was properly conducted at the firft fetting out, this be- ing a point of no fmall importance. Every thing being fettled to his mind, he went, accompanied by Captain Furneaux and Mr. Fo' 0:er, to pay a vifit to his old friend Oree, the Chief of the ifland. This vifit was preceded by many preparatory ceremonies. Among other things, the Chief fent to our Commander the infcription engraved on a fmall piece of pewter, which he had left with him in July 1769. It was in the bag that Captain Cook had made for it, together with a piece of counterfeit Englifh coin, and a few beads, which had been put in at the fame time ; whence it was evident what particular care had been taken of the whole. After the previous ceremonies had been difcharged, the Captain wj/^ted to go- to the king, but he was informed that the king would come to him. Accordingly, «773» 4S«pt. 23* THE LIFE OF »773' 6 Sept. CHAP. Accordingly, Orec went up to our Commander, and fell on IV' his neck, and embraced him; nor was it a ceremonious embrace, for the tears which trickled down the venerable old man's cheeks, fufficiently befpoke the language of his heart. The prefents \shich Captain Cook made to the Chief on this occadon, confifted of the moft valuable arti- cles he had ; for he regarded him as a father. Oree, in return, gave the Captain a hog, and a quantity of cloth promifing that all the wants of the EngUfli fhould be fupplied ; and it was a promife to which he faithfully ad- hered. Indeed, he carried his kindnefs to Captain Cook fo far, as not to fail fending him every day, for his table, a plentiful fupply of the very bell of ready-dreffed fruit and roots. Hitherto all things had gone on in the moft agreeable manner ; but on Monday the fixth, feveral circumftances occurred, which rendered it an unpleafant and troublefome day. When our Commander went to the trading-place, he was informed that one of the inhabitants had behaved with remarkable infolence. The man was completely equipped in the war habit, had a club in each hand, and feemed bent upon mifchief . Captain Cook took, therefore, the clubs from him, broke them before his eyes, and, with fome difficulty, compelled him to retire. About the fame time, Mr. Sparrman, who had imprudently gone out alone to botanize, was affaulted by two men, who ftripped him of every thing which he had about him, excepting his trowfers, and ftruck him again and again with his own hanger, though happily without doing him any harm. When they had accomplifhed their purpofe, they made off; after which another of the natives brought a piece of cloth. to cover him, and coridu^ed him to the trading- place^ CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. «33 place, where the inhabitants, in a large number, were affembled. The inftant that Mr. Sparrman appeared in the condition now defcribed, they all fled with the utmoft precipitation. Captain Cook, having recalled a few of the Indians, and convinced them that he (hould take no ftep to injure thofe who were innocent, went to Oree to complain of. the outrage. When the Chief had heard the whole affair related, he wept aloud, and many other of the inha- bitants did the fame. After the iirft tranfports of his grief had fubfided, he began to expoftulate with his peo- ple, telling them (for fo his languagie was underftood by the Englifh) how well Captain Cook had treated them, both in this and his former voyage, and how bafe it was in them to commit fuch actions. Ha then took a minute account of the things bf which Mr. Sparrmfln had been robbed, and, after having promifed to ufe his utmoft en- deavours for the recovery of them, defired to go into the Captain's boat. At this, the natives, apprehenfive doubt- lefs for the fafety of their piince, exprefled the utmoft alarm, and ufed every argument to diffuade him from fo raih a meafure. All their remonftrances, however, were in vain. He haftened into the boat ; and as f 6a as they faw that their beloved Chief was wholly in our Com- mander's power, they fet up a great outcry. Indeed, their grief was inexpreflible : they prayed, entreated, nay, attempted to pull him out of the boat; and every face was bedewed with tears. Even Captain Cook himfelf was fo moved by their diftrefs, that he united his entreaties with theirs, but all to no purpofe. Oree infifted upon the Captain's coming into the boat, which was no fooner done than he ordered it to be put off. His fifter was the only perfon among the Indians who behaved with a becoming H h magna- '773- 334 THE LIFE OF CHAP, magnanimity on this occafion; for* with a fpirit equal to !▼• that of her royal brother, ihe alone did not oppofe his "^ , -^ "^ going. It was his defign, in coming into the boat of the Englifh, to proceed with them in fearch of the robbers. Accordingly, he went with Captain Cook, as far as it was convenient, by water, when they landed, entered the country, and travelled Come miles inland ; in doing which the Chief led the way, and enquired after the criminals of every perfon whom he faw. In this fearch he would have gone to the very extremity of the ifland, if our Comman- der, who did not thinly the object woriiiy of fo laborious a purfuit, had not refufed to proceed any farther. Beiides, as he intended to fail the next morning, and all manner of trade was ftopped in confequence of the alarm of the natives, it became the nK>re neceflary for him to return, , that he might reftore things to their former ffcate. It was with great relud^ance that Oree was prevailed upon to dif- continue the feaixh, and to content himfelf with fending, At Captain Cook*s requeft, ibme of his people for the things which had been carried off. When he and the Captain had gotten back to the boat, they found these the Chief's niter, and feveral other perfons, who had travelled by land to the place. The Eng^ilh gentlemen immediately itepped into their boat, in order to return on board, without fo much as afking Oree to accompany them ; notwithiland- ing which, he infifted upon doling it; nor could the oppo- iition and entreaties of thofe who were about him induce him to defift from his purpofe. His lifter followed his example, uninfluenced, on this occafion, by the fupplica-* tions and tears of her daughter. Captain Cook amply re- warded th were i»'ocured; and had the fhips continued longer at the place, the quantity might have been greatly increaied. Such was the fertility of this fmall ifland, that 'Pone of thefe articles of refrefliment were feemingly di- minifhed, but appeared to be as plentiful as ever *. From Huaheine our navigators failed for Ulietea, where trade was carried on in the ufual manner, and a moft friend- ily interoourfe renewed between Captain Cook and Oreo, tillie Chief of the iiland. Here Tupia was enquired after with particular eagemefs> and the enquirers were perfect- ly fatisfied with the account which was gjiven^of the occa- fion of that Indian^s deceafe. , t ; -&> On the morning of the fifteenth, the Engliih were fur- 15 s«pt» prized at finding that none of the inhabitants of Ulietea came off to the (hips, as had hitherto been cuftomary. As two mep, bekmging to the Adventure had ftayed on ihore all night> contrary to orders. Captain Cook*s firft con- jjefhures were, that the natives had ftripped them, and -«ere afraid «f the revenge which wouM be taken of the infultk This, however, was not the cafe. The men had been treated with great civility, and could aflign nocaufb s4! w v ^ s i J M, & * Cook, ubi fupra, p. i6i— >i7i. fbr &§8 H A F. IV. ^1Z' tHt,t,t f E OI^ for the precipitate flight of the Indians. . All that the Captain coukl kaiti was, that (fi^eral wet« killed) and others woUhdedi by t&e guns of the Sftglilh. this infor- mation alarmed hkn for the fafety ctf fome of our pec^, who had been fent out in two boats to the Iflandof Otaha. He determined, therefore, if poffible* to fee (he Chief himfelf. When he came up to him» Oreo thr^w his arms around our Commandei^s neck, and burtl into te«s $ in whidi he was accompanied by ell the women, and fome of the men ; fo that the lamentation became general. Afto- nilhment aloAe kept Captain Cook from joining in their grief. At laft, the whole wlikh he couM •colled; ftom his enquiries was, that the natives had been alarmed oft account of the abience of the EngliAi boats, and i^i^ined that the Captain, upon the fuppOiition Of tlie defertion of his men, would uTe violent means for the t>ecovery of bis lofs. When the matter was ex^ained, k Was acknowledged tiiat not a fingle inhabitant, or a fingleEngMimwH had been hurt. This groundlefs confternation difplayed in a ftrong light the timorous difpofition of the people ^ the Society lilands. ^^ j x; Our navigators were as fucceCslcd itl ^ttxiuring pro- vifions at Uli^tea as they had been at Hudihelne. Captain Gook judged, that the number of hogs obtsuned amounted to four hundred, or upwards: many of them,, indeed, were only roafters, while others exceeded a hundred pounds in weight ; but the gemettA. run was ftotn fotty to iixty. A larger quantity was dfibred than t)ie ihips teocdd contain ; fo that out countrymen were enabled to proceed on their voyage with noikiall degree of temi&tt afid ad- vantage*. * Cook, ubi fapn, p. 171^—180. .. , Our CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. , Our Commander, by his fecond vilit to the Society Iflands, gained a farther knowledge of their general ftate, and of the cuftoms of the inhabitants. It appeared that a Spanish (hip had been lately at Otaheite, and the natives complained that a difeafe had been communicated to them by the people of this veflel, which, according to their account, a£fe6led the head, the throat, and the ftomach, and at length ended in death. With regard to a certain diforder, the eflfertmeni of garden -i^eds, which, if properly ufed, might be of great, future beivefit to the ccnntry. From Mitldlebnrg the iliips failed down to Amfterdam, the natives oi which, ifland were equally ready with thofe of the fonner place to maintain a friendly intercourfe with the Englilli. Like the people of Middleburg, they brought nothing with them but doth, matting, and fuch other articles as could be of little fervice ; and for thefe our feamen were fo iimple as to barter away their clothes. To put a ftop, therefore, to fo injurious a traffic, and to obtain the neceflary refrefhments, the Captain gave orders that no fort of curiofities ihould be purchafed by any perfon whatever. This injunction produced the defired efFecEt. When the inhabitanis faw that the Engliih would deal with them for nothing but eatables, they brought off bananoes and cocoa-nuts in abundance, together with fome fowls and pigs; all of which they exchanged for fmall nails and pieces of cloth. Even a few old rags were fuf- ficient for the purchafe of a pig or a fowl. The method of carrying on trade being fettled, and proper CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. proper officers having been appointed to prevent difputes, our Commander*8 next object was to obtain as complete a knowledge as poffible of the iiland of Amfterdam. In this he was much facilitated by a friendftiip which he had formed with Attago, one of the Chiefs of the country. Captain Cook was ftruck with admiration, when he fur- veyed the beauty and cultivation of the iiland. He thought himfelf tranfported into the moft fertile plains of Europe. There was not an inch of wafte ground. The roads occupied no larger a fpace than was abfolutely neceiTary, and the fences did not tsdce up above four inches each. Even fuch a finall portion of ground was not wholly loft ; for many of the fences themfelves contained ufeful trees or plants. The fcene was every where the fame; and nature, aflifted by a little art, no where affume* a more fplendid appearance than in this ifland. Friendly as were the natives of Amfterdam, they were not entirely free from the thievifti difpofition which hath fo often been remarked in the lilanders of the Southern Ocean. The inftances, however, of this kind, which oc- curred, were not of fuch a nature as to produce any extraordinary degree of trouble, or to involve our people in a quarrel with the inhabitants. Captain Cook's introduction to the king of the iiland afforded a fcene fomewhat remarkable. His majefty was feated with fo much fullen and ftupid gravity, that the Captain took him for an idiot, whom the Indians, from fome fuperftitious reafons, were ready to worihip. When our Commander faluted and fpoke to him, he neither anfwered, nor took the leaft notice of him ; nor did he alter a iingle feature of his countenance. Even the pre- fents which were made to him could not induce him to I i 2 reiign a43 1773- «44 : H A IV. »773' THE LIFE OF refign a bit of his gravity, or to fpeak one word, or to turn his head either to the right hand or to the left. As he was in the prime of life, it is poilible that a falfe fenfe of dignity might engage him to aifume fo folemn a ftupidity of ap- pearance. In the hiftory of mankind, inftances might pro- bably be found which would confirm this fuppofition *. For a general defcription of the two iflands of Middle- burg and Amfterdam, and an account of the cultivation, cuftoms, and manners of the inhabitants, recourfe muft be had to Captain Cook's Voyage. In flightly touching upon a few particulars, I Ihall hope to obtain the forgive- nefs of fome of my readers. It is obfervable, that thefe two iflands are gviarded from the fea by a reef of coral rocks, which extend out from the fhore about one hundred fathoms. On this reef the force of the fea is fpent before it reaches the land. The fame, indeed, is, in a great meafure, the fituation of all the tropical ifles which our Commander had feen in that part of the globe ; and hence arifes an evidence of the wifdom and goodnefs of Providence ; as by fuch a provifion, na- ture has effedlually fecured them from the encroachments of the fea, though many of them are mere points, when compared with the vaft ocean by which they are fur- rounded t. In Amfterdam, Mr. Forflcr not only found the /ame plants that are at Otaheite and the neighbouring iflands, but feveral others which are not to be met with in thofe places. Captain Cook took care, by a proper aUbrtment * Cook, ubi fupra, p. 189— 2lo* t The iflands of Middleburg and Amfterdam are fituated between the latitude of 11° 29' and 21° y fouth, and between the longitude of 174." 4c/ and 11%* 15' weft^ deduced from obfervations made on the fpot: of CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. H5 «773- ' of garden-feeds and pulfe, to increafc the vegetable ilock chap. of the inhabitants. *v« Hogs and fowls were the only domeftic animals that were feen in thefe iflands. The former are of the fame fort with thofe which had been met with in other parts of the Southern O ean; but the latter are far fuperior, being as large as any in Europe, and equal, if not prefer- able, with refpe<5l to the goodnefs of their fiefli. Both the men and women are of a common fize with Europeans. Their colour is that of a lightifh copper, and with a greater uniformity than occurs among the natives of Otaheite and the Society Ifles. Some of the Engli(h gentlemen were of opinion, that the inhabitants of Mid- dle urg and AmAerdam were a much handfomer race; while others, with whom Captain Cook concurred, main- tained a contrary fentiment. However this may be, their fliape is good, their features regular, and they are active, briflc, and lively. The women, in particular, are the merrieft creatures our Commander had ever met with j and, provided any perfon feemed pleafed with them, they would keep chattering by his fide, without the leaft invi- tation, or confidering whether they were underftood. They appeared in general to be modeft, though the* 3 were feveral amongft them< of a different character. As there were yet on board fome complaints of a certain dif- order, the Captain took all poflible care to prevent its communication. Our navigiiiors were frequently enter- tained by the women with fongs, and this in a manner which was by no means difagreeable. They had a me- thod of keeping time, by fnapping their fingers. Their , mufic was harmonious as well as their voices, and there was a confiderable degree of compafs in their notes. A Angular «773- 146 THE LIFE OF A fingular cuftom was found to prevail in thefe iflands. The greater part of the people were obfcrved to have loft one or both of their little fingers ; and this was not pecu- liar to ranky age, or fex ; nor was the amputation reftriAed to any fpccific period of life, fjur navigators endeavoiu*- cd in vain to difcover thd reafon of fo extraordinary a pradtice. A very extenfive knowledge of the language of Middle- burgh and Amfterdam could not be obtained during the ftiort ftay which was made there by the Englilh. How- ever, the more they enquired into -it, the more they found that it was, in general, the fame with that which is fpoken at Otaheite and the Society Ifles, The difference is not greater than what frequently occurs betwixt the moft northern and weftern parts of England *. 7 oa. On the feventh of October, Captain Cook proceeded on his voyage. Kis intention was to fail directly to Queen Charlotte's Sound in New Zealand, for the purpofe of taking in wood and water, after which he was to purfue his difaiveries to the fonth and the eaft. The day after he quitted Amilerdam, he paiTed the iiland of Pilftart; an iiland Vv aich had been difcovered by Tafman +. M. On the twenty-firft, he made the land of New Zealand^ at the diflance of eight or ten leagues from Table Cape. As our Commander was very defirous of leaving in the country fuch an aflbrtmem of animals and vegetables as might greatly contribute to the future benefit of the inha- bitants, one of the firft things which he did was to give • Cook, ubi fupra, p: iia, 213, ar4, 217, siS, 21a, 215: t Pilftart is ficuated in the latitude of at** a6' finith, and in tbe longitude of I75* 59^ wcftt It it diftaat thirty-two ieaguen from the ibuth end of Middleburg. to CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. «47 i773' 3 Nov. to a Chief, wuo had come oflf in a canoe, two boars, two chap. fows, four hens, and two cocks, together with a quantity ^^' of feeds. The feeds were of the moft ufeful kind ; fuch as wheat, french and kidney beans, peafe, cabbage, tur- nips, onions, carrots, parfnips, and yams. The man to whom thefe feveral articles were prefented, though he was much more enraptured with a fpike-nail hidf the length of his arm, promifed, however, to take care of them, and, in particular, not to kill any of the animals. If he adhered to his promife, they would be fuf&cient, in a due courfe of time, to ftock the whole ifland. It was the third of November before Captain Cook brought the Refolution into Ship Cove, in Queen Char- lotte*s Sound. He had been beating about the iiland from the twenty-firft of October, during which time his veflel was expofed to a variety of t;impeftuous weather. In one inftance he had been driven off the land by a furious ftorm, which lafted two days, and which would have been dangerous in the higheft degree, had it not fortunately happened that it was fair overhead, and that there was no reafon to bh apprehenfive of a lee-lhore. In the courfe of the bad weather which fucceeded this ilorm, the Ad- venture was feparated from the Refolution, and was never feen or heard of through the whole remainder of the voyage. The firft object of our Gommander*s attention, after his arrival in Queen Charlotte's Sound, was to provide for the repair of his ihip, which had fuifered in various refpec^s, and efpecially in her fails and ; ;;;;ging. Another matter which called for his notice, v7ji3 the ftate of the bread be- longing to the veflel; and he had the mortification of finding that a large quantity of it was damaged. To re- pair 248 THE LIFE OF 1773- pair this lofs in the beft manner he was able, he : rckrcd all the cafks to be opened, the bread to be picked, and fiich parcels of it to be baked, in the copper oven, as could by that means be recovered. Notwithftanding this care, four thoufand two hundred and ninety-two pounds were found totally unfit for ufe; and about three thoufand pounds more could only be eaten by people in the fitua- tion of our navigators. Captain Cook was early in his enquiries concerning the animals which had been left at New Zealand, in the former part of his voyage. He faw the youngeft of the two fows that Captain Furneaux had put on fhore in Cannibal Cove. She was in good condition, and very tame. The boar and other fow, if our Commander was rightly informed, were taken away and feparated, but not killed. He was told that the two goats, which he had landed up the Sound, had been dettroyed by a rafcally native, of the name of Gou- biah ; £0 that the Captain had the grief of difcovering that all his benevolent endeavours to flock the country with ufeful animals were likely to be fruftrated by the very people whom he was anxious to ferve. The gardens had met with a better fate. Every thing in them, except- ing potatoes, the inhabitants had left entirely to nature, who had fo well performed her part, that mofl of the articles were in a flourifhing condition. Notwithflanding the inattention and folly of the New Zealanders, Captain Cook flill continued his zeal for their benefit. To the inhabitants who refided at the Cove, he gave a boar, a young fow, two cocks, and two hens, which had been brought from the Society Iflands. At the bottom of the Weft Bay, he ordered to be landed, without the knowledge of the Indians, four hogs, being three fows and CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 240 »773« ftnd one boar, together with two cocks and two hens. chap. They were carried a little way into the woods, and as much '^» food was left them as would ferve them for ten or twelve days ; which was done to prevent their coming down to the (hore in fearch of fuftenance* and by that means being difcovered by the natives. The Captain was dcH- rous of replacing the two goats which Goubiah was under- ftood to have killed, by leaving behind him the only two that yet remained in his^ poflbifion. But he had the mif- fortune, foon after his arrival at Queen Charlotte*^ Sound, to lofe the ram; and this in a manner for which it was not eafy to alfign the caufe. Whether it was owing to any thii>g he had eaten, or to his being ftuhg with nettles, which Were very plentiftil in the place, he was feized with fits that bordered upon madnefs. In one of thefe fits, he was fuppofed to have run into the fea, and to have been drowned : and thus every method, which our Commander had taken to ftock the country with (heep and goats, proved ineffectual. He hoped to be more fuccefsful with refpedt to the boars and fows, and the cocks and hens, which he left in the ifland. WhiHe the boatfwain, one day, and a party of men were employed in cutting broom, fome of them ftole feveral things from a private hut of the natives, in which was depofited moft of the treafure they had received from the Engliih, as well as property of their own. Complaint being made by the Indians to Captain Cook, and a parti- cular man of the boatfwain's party having been pointed out to the Captain as the perfon who had commited the theft, he ordered him to be punifhed in their ptefence. With this they went away feemingly fatisfied, although they did not recover any of the articles which they had K k loft. i ♦'■ !• H '■'\ aso THE X,IFE OF '773« CHAP. loft. It was always a maxim whh our dommander, to i^* ptmifli the leaft crimes which any of his people were guilty of with regard to uaciViHzed natioos. Their rob« bing ijs with impunity fae by n'b means confidered as a reafoti for our treating them in the fame manner. Ad-^ di^ed as the New Zealanders were, in a certain degree, ta ftealing, a difpoiition which muft have been very much encreafed by the novelty and allurement of the objects prefented to th^r view;, they had, neverthelefs,. when injured themielves, fuch a fenfe of juftice^ as to apply to Captain Cook for redrefs. The beft method, in his O]^-* nion, of preferving a good underftanding with the inhabi- tants of countries in this ilate o£ fociety, is, firft, to con«» vince them of the fiiperiority we have over them in confe*^ quence of our fire-arms, and then to be always upon our guard. Such a cjndudy tmlied with ftridfc honefty and gentle treatment, will convince them that it isr their ime>» ' reft not to difturb us, and prevent them ivom forming any general plan of attack. In this fecond viflt of our fiavigaton to NewZeatand^ they met with indubitable evidence that the niitives were eaters of human fiefh. The proofs of this fa^ had a moft i)owerful influence on the mind of Oedidee, a youth of Bolabola, whom Captain Cook had brought in the Refo^ lution from Ulietea^ He Was ^ ssffeAed tb&t tie became perfe^ly motlonlefs, and ^hibited fach a|^i£tureof hot* •ror, that it would have been i^npoffible for art to de&ribe that paflion with half the force with which it appeared in his countenance. When he was rouzDger their £riend. He would not £o mudi as per- mit them to come near him ; and he refufiBd to accept* or even to touch the knife hf which fisine human flefli had been cut off. Such was Oedidec^s indignation a^ainft the abominahke cuftom; and our Commander has juftly re- mairkedy that it was an indignation worthy to be imitated by every rational being. The condudt oi this young man upon the prefisnt abca£bn». ibrdngly points out the dif-« ference iwhodii had taken pkuu^ in the progrefs of civiliza'* tion« between the inhabitants of the Society lilands and thofe of New Zealand. It was onr Commander's firm cfpin tuoUf thai^the only human fleih which was eaten by theib people was; that of! their enemies wha had been flain in battle. '-fifjoj i'k^'ti 'xiifti i Durii^ the ftay of our voyagers in Queen ChaHotte^ $oond»i they wicre plentifully fuppUed with fifh, prociffed firoin the natives at a» very e^y rate ; and^ befides the vege* tables affi)rded by their own gardens, they every where found plenty of fcurvy-grafs and celery. Thefe Captain Cook ordered to be drefifed every day for all his hands. By t&e attention ^hich lie paid to. his men in the article of provifions^ they had for three months lived principally on a freih diet^ andy at this ^me^tiiere was not a jGck or icor* butic perfcm on board. The morning before the Captain failec^ he wrote a memorandum) oontaiiung liich information as he thought necef&ry for Captain Fumeaux, inca& he fliouM put into the Sound. This memorandvtm was buried in a bottle under the root of a tree in the garden ; asid in fuch a man- ner that it could not avoid being difcovered, if either Cap- tain Fumeaux or any other European fhonld.' chance to arrive at the Cove. • Kk a Our asr »77J» 1 h «S*' T HE i LITE OF »773' a6Nov, 12 Dec. Our Commander did not leave New Zealand whhoat making fuch remarks oh the coaft between Cape Teeraw- hitte and Cape Pallifer as may be of fervice to future navi-^ gators. It being now the unanimous opinion, that the Adventure was no where upon the ifland, Captain Cook gave up all expectations of feeing her any more duiing the voyage. This circumftancev however, did not difcou^ rage him from fully exploring the fouthem parts of the Pacific Ocean, in the doing of which he intended to em- ploy the whole, of the- enfuing feafon. When he quitted the coaft, he had the fatisfa6tion to. find that not a man o€ the. crew was dejeVenty-fixth of November, Captain Cook failed from New Zealand in iearch of a continent, andfteered to the fouth, inclining to the eiaft; Some days after this, our navi- gators reckoned themfelves to be antipodes to their friends in London, and confequently .were at as great a diftance from them as poilible. The firft ice ifiand was feen on the twelfth of December +, farther fbuth than the firft ice which had been met with after leaving the Cape of Good Hope in the preceding year. In theprogrefs of the yoy- age, ice iflands continually occurred^ and the navigation became more and more difficult and dangerous.^ When * Cook, ubi fupra, p. 215—250. t This was in die latitude of 62° v/ ibutb, and longitude i/i** weft. our CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. «53 •ur jieople were in the latitude of 67" 5' fouth, they all at chap. J sir til *1 IV. >773' once got within fuch a dufter of thefe iflands, together with a large quantity of loofe pieces, that to keep clear of them was a matter of the utmoft 774. 30 Jan. c H A P. then in much more than fifty degress of latkDde> th^m IV. vrere only one or two perfons on t^ fie); lift. After Captain Cool(;> agreeably to ^i» late refolutioB, had traverfed a tasg/& exteojt of ocean without difcovoriiig* land^ he again dire^ed his cour^ to the fouthward. By the thiftieth of the month, through obftrudtions and dif-i ficul^es, which, isom their fimilar nature, to thole already mentiooed, it would be tedious to> repeitt, he veached to the feventy-fixiit degree of latitude *, Thus far had he gone ^ bqt to have proceeded farther woi^ have been the height ojl;' SolHy and madnefs. It would have been expofing hiio^ l«if, his meni and his fha|> to the utmoft danger, and per- haps to deflro^ion, without the leaft profpedk of advan- tage. The Captain was of opinion, as indeed were mdOb of the gentlemen on board, that the ice now in fight ex.4 tended quite to the pcde, or might join to fome bud, ta which it might be fbted from the earlieft time. If, how* ever, there be fuch land, it can a£brd no better retreat for birds, or any other animals, than the ice itfelf, widi which it muft be wholly covered. Though our Ccisunander had not only the ambition of going farther than any one had dene before, but of proceeding as far as it was pofSble for mm to go, he was the lefs dilBitisfied with the iriterrup-* tion he now met with, ^s it ihortened the dangers and hardihips infeparable from the navigaticNQ of the fouthern p774. In purfuing his courfe to the north. Captain Cook be- came well aifured that the difcovery of Juan Fernandez, if any fuch was ever made, could be nothing more than a fmall ifland. At this time, the Captain was attacked by a bilious colic, the violence of which confined him to his bed. The management of the fhip, upon this occaiion, yras left to Mr. Cooper, the firft officer, who condu<5ted . her entirely to his Commander's fatisf»Stion. It was feve- tal days before the moft dangerous fymptoms of Captain Cook*s difordcr were removed ; during which time, Mr. Patten the furgeon, in attending upon him, manifefted not only the ikilfulnefs of a phyiician, but the tendernefs of a nurie. When the Captain began to recover, a fa- vourite dog, belonging to Mr. Forfter, fell a facrifice to his tender ftomach. There was no other f refli meat what- ever on board, and he could eat not only of the broth which was made of it, but of the flefti itfelf, when there; v.as nothing elfe that he was capable of tailing. Thus did he derive nourifhment and ftrength from food which to moft people in Europe would have been in the higheft degree difgufting, and productive of ficknefs. The ne- ceffity of the cafe overcame every feeling of diflike. On the eleventh of March, our navigators came within 1 1 March, fight of Eafter Ifland, or Davis*s Land*; their tranfa^tions at which place were of too little moment to deferve a particular re .tal. The inhabitants are, in general, a flen- der race. In colour, features, and language, they bear fuch an afhnity to the people of the more weftern Ifles, that there can be no doubt of their having been defcended 'A m ^'1 l^ff , ^1.' • It is fituatcd in 'he latitiide of zf 5' 3c" fouth, and the loi^itude of iwf 46' aCwrft. LI from m hW ■*? 258 THE LIFE C F »774. Q H A P. from one common original. It is indeed extraordinary ^^' that the fame nation f lould have fpread themfelves to fy wide an extent^ as to .ake in a]moft a fourth part of the circumference of the glebe. With regard to the difpoft* tion of the natives of Eafter Ifland, it is friendly and hoi> pitable ; but they are as much additSled to dealing as any of their neighbours. The ifland itfelf hath fo little to recommend it, that no nation need to contend for the honour of its difcovery. So fparing has nature been of her favours to this fpot, that there is in it no fafe an* chorage, no wood for fuel) no frefii water worth taking on. board. The moft remarkable obje(Sts in the country are fome furprizing gigantic flatues, Which were firft feen by Roggewein, and of which Captain Cook has g^ven a parti- cular defcription *. It was with pleafure that our Commander quitted af place which could afford fuch ile^ider accommodations to- voyagersy and direiSted his courfe for the Marquefas Iflands*. He had not been long at fea* before he was again attacked by his bilious diforder. The attack, however, was not (b violent as the former one bad been. He had reafon to be* lieve, that the return of his dileafe was owing to his having expofed and fatigued himCeii too much at EsUfter Ifland. 6, 7 April. On the fixth and feventh of Apnl, our navigators came within fight of four iflands, which they knew to be the Marquefas. To one of them, which was a new difcovery> Captain Cook gave the name of Hood's Isband, after that of the young gentleman by whom it was firft feen. As foon as the Ihip was brought ta an anchor in Madre de Dios, or Refolution Bay, in the Ifland of St. Chriftina, • Cook's Voyages, ubi fupra, p. a74, 275. a84. a88. 290. 294—296. , ^ a traffic CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. a traffic commenced, in the courfe of which the natives would frequently keep our goods» without making any re- turn. At laft the Captakiu was obliged to fire a mufquet- ball over one man who had feveral times treated the £ngliih in this manner. This produced only a temporary effect. Too many of the Indians having come on board, our Commander, who was going in a boat, to find a con- venient place for mooring the fhip, faid to the officers, " You muft look well after thefe people, or they will cer- " tainly carry off fomething or other." Scarcely had he gotten into the boat, when he was informed that they had j^olen an iron ilanchion from the oppolite gangway, and were carrying it off. Upon this he ordered liis men to fire over the canoe till he could get round in the boat, but not to kill any one. Such, however, was the noife made by the natives, that the order was not heard ; and the un- happy thief was killed at the firft (hot. All the Indians having retired with precipitation, in confequence of this unfortunate accident, Captain Cook followed them into the bay, ^prevailed upon fome of them ^to come alongfide his boat, and, by fuitable prefents, fo f^ conciliated their 4iiinds, that their fears feemed to be in a great meafure allayed. The death of their counti-yman did not cure them of their thievilh difpofition ; but, at length, it was fomewhat 4«ih^ined by their convi(5tion that no diftance fecured them from the reach of our mufqutits. Several fmaller inftaiices of their talent at dealing, the Captain thought proper to overlook. The provifions obtained at St. Chriftina were yams, plantains, bread-fruit, a few cocoa nuts, fowls, and fmall pigs. For a time, the trade was carried on upon reafon- able terms ; but the market was at laft ruined by the in- L 1 a difcretion •59 HAP. IV. ''■iih'% i\'> J fN i -■J I ;!.i': 26o THE LIFE OF »774- difcretion of fome young gentlemen, who gave away in exchange various articles which the inhabitants had not feen before, and which captivated their fancy abofve nails, or more ufeful iron tools. One of the gerJkmen had given for a pig a very large quantity of re, I feathers^ which he had gotten at Amfterdam. The effeok, in the narrative of his voyage, ** was un- « doubtediy f wing to the many antifcorbutic articles we ** had on board, and to the great attention of the ftirgeon, « who was remarkably careful to apply them in time*.** It may juftly be added, that this was likewife owing to the Angular care of the Captain himfelf, and to the exertions of his authority, in enforcing the excellent regulations which his wifdom and humanity had adopted. The chief reafon for our Commander's touching at the Marquelas Illands, wrs to fix their iituation; that being • Cook's Voyage, ubi fupra, p. 297—305. the CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. a6i the only circumftance in which the nautical account of thenci) given in Mr. Dalrymple*s colledlion, is deficient. It was farther defirablr to fettle this point, as it would lead to a more accurate knowledge of Mcndana*s other difco- veries. Accordingly, Captain Cook has marked the fitua- tion of the Marquefas with his ufual corredlnefs*. He hag alfo taken care to defcribe the particular cove in Re- folution Bay, in the illand of St. Chriftina, which is mod convenient for obtr^ning wood and water.^ It is remarknb' th refpe6t to the inhabitants of fht Marquefas Ula. lle<5tively taken, they are wuii- out exception th ce of people in this fea. Per- haps they furpafs all o'iier nations in fymmetry of form, and regularity of features. It is plain, however, from the affinity of their language to that of Otaheite and the So- ciety Ifles, that they are of the fame origin. Of this affi- nity the Engliih were fully fenfible, though they could not converge with them ; but Oedidee was capable of doing it tolerably wellt. j .?j)ii '* From Ae Marquefas Captain Cook fleered for Otaheite, with a tiew of falling in with fome of the illands difcover- ed by former navigators, and efpedally by the Dutch, the iituation of which had not been accurately determined. In the courfe of the voyage, he paffed a number of low Jflots, connected together by reefs of coral rocks. One of HAP. IV. »774. * The Marquefas Iflands, four of which were firft difcovered by Mendana, a Spaniard,, are five ia. number, viz. La Magdalena, St. Pedro, La Dominica, Santa Chriftina, and Hood's Ifland, which is the northernmoft. La Dominica is the largeft of them, being about fifteen or fixteen leagues in circuit. Thefe iflands occupy one degree of latitude, and nearly half a degree in longitude. 'Their latitude is from 9 to 10, and their longitude from 138° 47' to 139° 13° weft. t Cook's Voyage, ubi fupra, p. 396— 308. the !' IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I mm ■ 2.2 !^ U& 12.0 u Wteu I 1 |L^ II U 1.6 ^ 6" ► HiotogFaphic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. M5M (716)S73-4S03 4R> yi ^ -1774. T H E L I FE O P the iflands, on which Lieutenaiit Cooper went afliore, with two boats well arined, was called by the natives Tiookea*. It had been difcovered and vifited by Captain Byron. The inhabitants of Tiookea are of a much darker colour than thofe of the higher iilands, and appeared to be more fierce in their difpofitions. This may be owing to their manner of gaining their fubfiilence, which is chiefly from the fea> and to their being mtich expofed to the fun and the weather. Our voyagers obferved that they were ftouty well made men, and that they had marked on their bodies the figure of a fifh, which was a good emblem of their profeflion* Befldes pafling by St. George's Iflands, which had been lb named by Captain Byron, our Commander made the difcovery of four others +. Thefe he called Palliser's Isles, in honour of his particular friend, Sir Hugh Fallifer. The inhabitants feemed to be the fame fort of people as thofe of Tiookea, and, like them, were armed with long pikes. Captain Cook could not determine, with any degree of certainty, whether the group of ifles he had lately feen were, or were not, any of thofe that had been difcovered by the Dutch navigators. This was owing to the negledl of recording, with fufiicient accuracy, the iituation of their difcoveries. Our Commander hath, in general, obferved, with regard to this part of the ocean, that, from the latitude of twenty down to fourteen or twelve, and from the meridian of a hundred artd thirty- eight to a hundred and forty-eight or a hundred and fifty * Tiookea is fituatcd In the latitude of 14" vf %(/' foutb, and the longitude of 144° 56' weft. t The fituation of one of them was in latitude 15" 26' fouth, and in longitude 146" 20' weft. Another was in latitude 15" %•]' and longitude 146° 3'. ' well, CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. weft, it is Co ftrewed with low ifles, that a navigator can- not proceed with too much caution. On the twenty-fecond of April, Captain Cook reached the Ifland of Otaheite, and anchored in Matavai Bay. As his chief reafon for putting in at this place was to give Mr. Wales an opportunity of afcertaining the error of the watch by the known longitude, and to determine anew her rate of going, the firft object was to land the inftni- ments, and to eredt tents for the reception of a guard, and fuch other people as it was neceflary to have on (hore. Sick there were none; for the refrefhments which had been obtained at the Marquefas had removed every com- plaint of that kind. From the quantity of provifions, which, contrary to ex- pectation, our Commander now found at Otaheite, he de- termined to make a longer ftay in the ifland than he had at firft intended. Accordingly, he took meafures for the repairs of the fliip, which the high fouthern latitudes had rendered indifpenfably neceflary. During Captain Cook's ftay at Otaheite, he maintained a moft friendly connedlion with the inhabitants; and a continual interchange of vifits was preferved between him and Otoo, Towha, and other chiefs of the country. His traffic with them was greatly facilitated by his having for- tunately brought with him fome red parrot feathers from the Ifland of Amfterdam. Thefe were jewels of high value in the eyes of the Otaheitans. The Captain's ftock in trade was by this time greatly exhaufted ; fo that, if it had not been for the feathers, he would have found it difli- cult to have fupplied the fliip with the neceflary refrefli- ments. ^ Among other entertainments which our Commander and 263 II ;' 4 »774. aa April. V m i ' kI Ml ■ Pih t- : M 1 H jiH ,X ^ T tt E L I P E ' O/r. r A *774' c H A f. and the reft of the Engliih gentlemea inet with atOtahielt^ i^* one was a grand naval review. The veflHs of war con-; fitted of a hundred stnd fixty laige double canoes, well equipped, manned^ and armed. They were decoratecl with flags and ftreamers; and the chiefe, together with all thofe who w.^ on the fighting ftages^ were drefled in their war habits. The whole fleet ipade a noble appeal;^ ance ; fuch as our voyagers had never feen before iyn this Tea, or could ever have expedted; Befides the veflels of war, there were a hundred and feventy fail of finaller double canoes, which feemed to be defigned for tranfpoFts and vi Thistpuniifamentthemaniiiftained with great , firmxpefsy after .which he was fet at liberty. When the BO^ves were going away, Towha called thein back, and, with much gracefiilneft oC a^on, addrefled them in a , ^pee^h Of nearly half an hour in Ittigth, the deiign of whicl^ wati to/Cond#mn their prefent condu^ and to re- commend a di&reht one ior the futux«. To make a Mm farther 185 «774. duD THE lilfFS OP *774. e H A P. faniter impreffion upon the. mladi of tiMi itthibifant>» IV. our Commaiider ordered hb marinet to gq t hm ng h m the ncghgence of one of the £n«- gliih oentinels on ihore^ Having.eithn^qit or quitted his pofty an Indian ftisied the opportmity aicsaxymg off his mufi[uet. When any extraordiliiry th^ was com* mitted^ it immediatsly exdted fudh an alarm antong the ' natives in geniendy firora their fiear of Gii^taih Ckiek** fe« tetment». that they fled 6am iheir hflft>itatk>tts^ tind a ftop Was put to the traffic for provifions. CM tile prcient occafioa^ the CUiptaht had no fmaH degree of tioable ; tnit, by hk prudent eondb^ tibe mulquet was rccbvercc^ peace reftoredr aiid^ commerce againi opened* la the diff»eaees which happened wlth.the feveralpcopfehettie^widi in his voyages, it was a rule witA hkn^ never to touck iStie leaft article Of their. property, any fitfthcr dkan^ to^detahi tii£ir canoes for a whiles when it became ifafeiiiti^ nece^ fary. He always chofethe mo(i mM and^ eatable mt^ thode of bringing them. tt> xeafooi and in this hcrnotonlf fucceededy CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. •67 Ibdcefcdcdy but fretfaaoAy pun diings iipaa a better fisoting chap. thstti if do oontentkn had taken place. iv^ During this vifit to Otaheite» fruit and odier xefrefii« ^^..^ -*" meats were obtained in gieat plenty. The relief ariiing fnm thsm was the more .agreeable and falutarf»ai,tihe bread of lihe fliip was in a bad oonditioii. Though the bifcuit had been aired and pidMd at New Zealand, it was fiow in iiich a ftate of decay* that It^^iras oeoeflary for it to undeigo another airii^ and cleanings in which ninidi of it Was Ibufld wfaoUy iwten, and tmiU «o be eaten. ^This decay was j«u^ged to be owing to the ioe oar navigators had f lPeq u e fa tiy taken ia -wiMn to the ibivthwanit which made nie held of the veSkH told and damp» and to the great heat that lieiceeeded when ithey «:ame to the north. Wliac* eyer wm ^e cw/Cbf the loft was €6 confiderafaie, that thtt men were fMit«o atbantyallowanoe in this artiele» witiillie additlanial moMBoaAoa 0f «he breatfs being bad that could die ^neci. -'Two goats, that liad been gimea by Ci^tain It^umeaux fo^McxS Ha iSke fdcmer patt of the voyage, feemed to pro* afiib ^ ft«< tift(Wefitig the p«ipofes for which they were ]effc^[KMii!he Iflitfid. ^e^eiwie, Ibon after, had two female Idds, whicSit# As he knewthat bis Oat being prefently hoifted out^ he wa? taken ttp> and broughl; back: to ; the vefl^.; When oi»r jr;^ ha^ picked him upust Batavi% and liii^ fc8^;jtiW^ ever fince. It 4id not Zapped tfyA he h^ either ii^ends 5, iiih- or CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. or cbimeftioas which could bind hiih to any partkblair pnlt of the world. All nations being alike to him» where coold^he bexxvirehappiy than at Otaheite? Here* in one of the fineft qlimites of the globe, he could enjoy not only the neceflktievbat the luxuries of life, in eafe and plenty. The Gaptain fc^aa to think» that if the man had applied to him in time, he might have given his confent to his femainingiin the country-. On the fifteenth of May, Captain Cook anchored in QWhptc Harlxmr, ia the ifland of Hnaheine. He .wa3 immediately vificed by his friend Oree^ and the. fame agreeal^e intem)urfi) fubfified between the Captain and this good (^d. Chief which had formerly .taken place. Red feathers were not here in fuch eftimation as they had been M Otaheite; the natives of Huaheine haviiig the good fenfe to give a- preference to the more. ufeful ..arti- cles of nail^ and axes. During the ftay of our voyagers in the ifland, fome alanjss were occaiioned by the thievifli difpoiition of feveral of the inhabitants ;. but matters fubiided; without ai^y insute^id oonfeqUences. A folemn msirch, which our Gonunander made through psut of the country,* atthe head of forty^ight men, tended to imprefs the Indians with a fenfe of his powef and authority. In fa^, their .^t^empts at ftealing had been too much in- vited by the indifcretion of fom^ of the. £nglifli, who unguardedly feparatQd themfelves in the woods, for the pvMliQfeof killing birds; and w» ^ managed. ther/ muf- quets fo tmfldlfully, as to render th^m lefs formidable in die^yes of the natives. I camiot p^fuade myfelf to omit a dramatic entertain- ment) IS4; which feveral of the gentlemen belonging to the Refolution a6g »774» l^Maf. 070 «y74» THB LIFE or Ktdaltadoti attended one cfening. The piece wtftfiftaied « girl ae rutining away wkh our navigatoffi ftom Otahete; and the florj was partly fbunded in tnith; for a yoong woman had taken a paflage in the ihip> dofwn to Ulletea. She happened to be prefcnt at the Teprefentatioii of her 6wn adventures ) which had fuch an eftft ikpoa heis that it was with great difficulty thtt flie oeuld be prevailed upon by the. Englifli gentlemen to fee the play oiit» or to refrain from tears while it was acting. The j^ece concluded with the reception which Att was itoppoAd to meet with from her friends at her return; anditwas li reception that was by no meanc fovtmrable* Ai JlMk people, when they fee oooafien» can add little extempore pieces to their enetitainmentft) k is realbnalUe to Imagikie that the repreientaJtiDa now deftrit 3d was tatended as a place. To this ftrange queftion the Captain anfwersd, vrithout hefitation, that it was Stepney ; that being the pari^ in which he lived when in London. KAr. Fbrlker, to whom the iame queilkin was propoftd^ f^ied, with greater wiidom and r^colleAion, that no man, who uCed the fea, could fay where he fhould be buried; As our Commander could not promise, or even then fuppofe, that more EnglUhihips would be ikit to thfe Ibti^ thern ides, Oedidee, who for fo many months had been the faithful companion of our^navlgators^ cho^ to remain lb hiU native country. But he kn them with a regret fully demon&rative of his efteem and ai^^dion, nor could ^7 thing have torn him from them> but the fear of never returning.. vj7¥ f7» THE LI.FE OP «774« retnrning. When Oreo preflSid ib andendy Qtpttiil dodk'i return, he fometimes gtTe fuch atifwert at left loom for hope. At thefe aniWen Oedklee woukL eageiff < cttch» take him on one iide» and aik him over again* llieClap* tain declares, that he had not words to delcribe.^6»4n^ gui(h which appeared in this young man*i breaft, wfaenihe went away. *' He looked up at the (hip, burft ini6» fehrsy and then funk dow^i into the canoe.** , Oedidee wait a yeiitfa; of good parti, and of a docile, gentl*;, and humane dlfpo- iitipn; but as he was almoft wholly ign^rtint of the reli- gion, government, nymners, cuftoms, andtraditions of his countrymen, and the neighbouring iflands, no material knowledge could have been .collected from hiB|i, )had our Commander brought him away. He woi^, however, in every refpedt, have been a better fpedmen of the matioii thanOmai. When iCaptain Gook firft came to thefe iilands, he had fome thoughts, of vifi^ng nfupia*s famous BoiUbola. But having (Obtained a plentiful* fupply of refi«ihments, amd ^he route he had in view allowing him no tifne to ipud^ he laid this deiign aiide, and dire^ed hisi courfe to .the yn^^fi Thus did he take his leave> as he then thoiught, ^r ever, of tb^fe happy ifles, on which benevolent natvire;|iaa ipread her luxuriant fweets with a laviih hand ; and in which the natives, copying the bounty of Providence, are equally liberal ; being ready to oonQ^bute plentHf^y and chearfully to the w^tsof navig?rtow.tfti ; j l J , h. : ; • Cook, ubi fiipra, p. 31a— 37^* . ' From Mr. Wales's oUervatioas it appmed, Aai^ during five oMaths, in which the watch had pafled through die extreo^s tudei8*'4'fiNi4i,andmloiigitud0i63"ioi'weft. Nn Island. 274 1774' a6 JunCi T H E L I F E O F Island *» It is about eleven leagues in circuit ;' is of a round form> and good height; aiklhas deep waters clofb to its ihores. Among its othec dtiadvahtages, it is not fur«« nifhed with a harbour. In purfuing his courfe to the weft-fouth-weft) Captain Cook pailed by a number of iinall iflandS) and, on the t-wenty-fixth, anchored on the north fide of Anamocka^ or Rotterdam. A traffic immediately commenced with the natives, who brought what provifiohs they had, being chiefly yams and (haddocks, which they exchanged for nails, bepids, and other fmall articles. Here^ as in many former cafes, the Caqptain was put to fonie trouble on account of tlie thievifh difpofition of the inhabitants. As they had gotten pofleflion of an adze and two muiquets, he found it neceflary 130 exert himfelf with peculiar vigour, in order to oblige them to make reftitiition; For this pur-* pofe he commanded all the marines to be armed^ and fem; OH ihore ; and the refult of this meafure wa'k, that the things which had been ftolen were reftored. In the con*^ teft, Captain Cook was under a neceffity of firing fome fmall (hot at a native who had diftinguifiied hin^etf by his refinance. His countrymen afterwards reported that he was dead ; but he was only wounded, and that not in a dangerous manner. Though his fufferings were the dBfe<5ts of his own mifbehaviour, the Captain endeavoured to foften them, by making him a prefent, and direat tiiere was a volcano in that ifland. Anamocka was firft difcovered by Tafinan, and by him was named Rotterdam *. It is of a^ triangular form, and e;ich fide extends about- three and a half or four miles, il^rom the north-*weft to the fouth of the ifland, round by the eaft and north, it is encompafled by a number of finall ifles, fand-banks, and breakers. An end could not be feen * It it fituated in the latitude of ao** 15^ fouth, «nd die longitude of 174" 31' t»tfti ■ I774* a76 THE LIFE OF to their extent to the north, and they may poffibly reach as far to the foath as Amfterdam» or Ton^taboo. To- gether with Middlebiurgy or Eaoowe, and Pilihiit, thefe form a group, containing about three degrees of latitude^ and two of longitude. To this group Captain Cook had given the name of the Friendly Ifles, or Archipdago^ from the firm alliance an^! friendfhip which feemed to fubfift among their inhabitants, and from their courteous behaviour to ftrangers. The iame group may perhaps be extended much farther, even down to Bofcawen and Kep- pers Ifles, which were difcovered by Captain Wallis, and lie nearly in the fame meridian*. Whilft our Commanded was at AnamQcka* be was par- ticulaiiy affiduous to prevent the inirodu^on of a certain diforder. As fome of his people brought with them the remains of this difeafe from the Society Ifles, he pro- hibited them from having any female interconr^:; and ht had reafon to believe that his endeal^ui^ were fuccefsfi)!.. : The produ^ons of Rotterdam, and the pedbns, manr ners, and cufioms of its inhabitants, are fimihur to thofe of Amfterd^un. It is not, however, equally plentiA^ in its fruits, nor is every part of it in fo: high a ftate of culr tivation. Neither hath it arifen to tht fa^e degree of we^th, with regard to cloth, matting, ornaments, and other articles, whidi conftitute the chief richer of the iflanders of the Southern Ocean f. Purfuing their oourfe to the wefti our navigators dif- I Jiuy. covered land on the firft of Juljri !^,,upon a nearer ap« proach, found it to be a fmaU ifland, to which, on accptmt • In the kt'tude of is" 531^. t Captain Cook't Vojragc towarda tfie SouA I'olc^ uOi round die WorU; VoL U. p. 1— ai. CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 477 *774' ^niAtilMr of turtle that were ieen upon the ooafiy c h a f. C. ;iin Cook gave the name of TuRTLi I«Le ♦. On the *^- lixtethtiiy high land was feen hearing fouth-weftf which no one douhted to he the AuftnQts del Efpiritu Santo of Quires, aad which is caiDed hy M. de Bdugainville the Great Cydades. After exploring the coaft for fome daysy thfe Captain came to an anc^r» in a harbour in the ifland of MaUiodlo; One of his firft obje^ was to commence a fiiendly intercourfe with the natives ; but» while he was thusiemployedy ah accident occurred which threw all into confafion, though in die -end it Was rather advantageous than hurtful to tht EDghib. A felldw in a .canoe, having been reifbTed admittance, into one of our boats, bent his how to (hoot a poifoned arrow at the boat-keeper. .Some of his countrymen having prevented his doing it at that inllant, tibie wa» given to 'acquaint our Commander with the tl^fniS^n, who immediately ran upon deck. At this minute, the Indian had, directed his bow to the boat- keeper ; but upon beinj^ called to by Captain Oxk% he pointed it at Mm. Happily^ the! Captain had amuTquet in his hand loaded withlhialiihot^ andgave fainvthe cour. tents. By this, however, he. was only fiaggered for a moment; for' iie ftill hieM his bow in the attitude of ihooting* A.fixond difchsdcge of the fame nature made him> dn>p» it, and obtiged him» tqgether with the other natiiiEes who weire in fthe:>canQe^ to paddle off with aU poffihie celerity » At :thi^ time, fome. of the inhabitants begpan to'fhcot arrows from another quarter. A muiquet diicharged in the air had no efi^ upon them ; but no* II M t- m\ Ml iboner »?• THE ' 1, IF EOT «774. en A p« iboner was a fonr-fosmd faaU ihot over thtirlicadstiiaii iv, they fled in tbe aisnoft cottfiifioDj :forvr .,:. A few hours tifter -diefe tranfiiAionsy tlie Engltfli |rat off in two boatSy^^ and landed m the iaxx of four or five hTHidred people>wlio were aflembkd on the &ore; and wtiOy though they were aft armed with bowtutnd anows^ disbs and fpearsy made not the lesft oppofitioii. On the «ontrary> when they faw Captain Cook adi^anoe widi nothing but a green branch in his hand» one of iktan, mho appeared to be a chie£^ giving his bcw afeid arrows to another, met the C^aptain in the i^ater, bearing aikSo a green branch. Tfaefe hieing mutually exchanged in token of friendihiip, the Chief led our; Gommaader to ithe crowd, to whom he immediately diftribtiled {nefentSi The ma^ rines, in the mean time, were drawn up on the beach. Captain Cook then acquainted the Indians, by (igns, that he wanted wood ; and in the fame manner* ponniffion was granted him to cut down the trees. : Much traffic could not be ' carried on ^with thefe peo|dc^ becaufe t&^y fet no valtie on nails, or. iron tools,. or, in- deed, on any of the articles .wiiidbi:ouAr haflrigatoi^, could fumifh. In fuch exchanges as they^did niake,v«md whidi were prkicipally of arrows -fbr pieces of clodi,:tliey dif*- tinguiihed themielves by their*lidnefty. Wlienthe^ip had begim to fail from the iflaodi and they mig^t eafily, in confequence of their daiiioe5dMi|»pihg:aftern^]tavea;)raid*- ed dielivering the things 'they l^ad : been paid fai|^:ihey ufed their utmoft efforts to get iap wMi her, that they might difi^iarge their- dbligatibns. One man; ^ parti- cular, followed the Refolution a confiderable time, and did not read! her tiU the 6^eiftrW)iSel^4«Mg only a (ingle inftance in which- the natives took^ or even attempted to take, any thing^rom our voyagefs, by any means whatever ; and in that-daie reftieutfon wat immediately made, without trour* 1^ and without altercation. i. The inhabitants of Mallicollo, in general, are the moft i^y>and itt^pcoportioncd people that Captain Cook had ev^: i &6IV ' >nd are in every refped different from all ikis natidns 'Which: had been met* with; in t^ Southern Ocean. ^They are a very dark-coloured^ and rather a dimi* nutive race, with long heads, fiat faces, and countenances which have iomc refemblance to that of the monkey. Thtohaiiv which is moftly black or brown, is ihort and curly; but not altbgether io foft and woolly as that of a negro. The difibrence of this^ people from any whom our Commander had yet viiitcd, appeared not only in their perfonrbut their language. Qf about eighty words which were caUedsd by Mp. Forfter» icarcely one was found to bear an^f affinity to the language fpoken in any county or iiland hitherto deforibed. It was obferved by Captain^ Cook, that d» natives cbuld pronounce moft of the £n« g^ifh. words- w^th great cafe;. They had not fo much as a name for a dog, and knew nothing of that animal ;. for which reafoh the Captain left them a dog and a bitch; and as they were very fond of them, it was highly pro- bable that liie breed would be foftered and encreafed. To 9Bo THE LIFE OP «774- as July. H* To the harbouTy in which our CcimiiMad^ aachdi^y whUe he lay at MaUic6Uo» he gave .the name of Poeti Sandwich*. It hat many advantaget, with Ifegasd-^ depth of water» ihelter ftom windf» and lying & near the ihore as to b6 a cover to thofe of a ihipV company who may be carrying on any neceflary operations at landi. Soon after our navigators luid gotten to feat which was on the twenty-third of JulyVthey difcoveiedd&ree or four finaU iflands, that before had appeared- to Jle oofeme^ed. At this time the Refolution was. not far from the lile .of Ambrym, the Ifle of Paoom» and the Ifle ofApee. On the next moming» .feveral more iilands wer«;diicover^» lying off the fouth-^aft point of Apee» and^on^itsttii^ a group which Captain Cook ca]tedSHJBfJi£R'D*8lsLiBS,:ia honour of his leanied and valualde firiendy Df.iShepherdy Humian Profeflbr of Aflronomy at Cambridge., The fl^p was this day ih fome danger. It fuddeolyf(^cadn^.iiui our voyagers were left to the mercy of thM^cu^ntt^do^ by the ifles, where ho foundings could 1>e found-vrkh a Hne of a hundred and eighty fathoms. The Jan& or iflandsy which lay around the vefl^in every, din^lion») weie fo numerous that they could not be. eouiMied. At this crifis a breeze ij[)rmig up» which happUyrtUfiiredthe Captain and his company from the anxiety :tl^cdm had occafioned. . i ^,5/5? • Amidft the -number of iilands, that were contintudly feen by our navigators* there was only oixt on which no « It It fitiuted on tiw nortfa-ctft fijle of MankoOok not fiur ft^ Jii|mtb-«ift «wk io latitude i6» as' ao" fouth, and l«»gitttdej67« ST' 13'' eaft. t Codc^ Voyage, ubi fupra, p. a^37. inhabitants CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. inhalntants were difcenied. This confiUled chiefly of a remarkable peaked rock» which was only acceffible to birds, and which obtained the name of the Monument. In the farther courfb of che ihip to the fouthward, our navigators drew near to certain lands, which they found to €onfift of one large iiland, the fouthern and weftern extre- inities of which extended beyond their light. Three or four fmaller ones biy off its north fide. To the two prin- cipal of thefe Captain Cook gave the name of Montagu and Hinchinbrook; and the large ifland he named Sand- wich, in honour of his noble patron the Earl of Sandwich. This ifland, which was fpotted with woods and lawns, agreeably diverlified over the whole furface, and which had a gentle flope f rom the hills down to the fea-coaft^ exhibited a moft beautiful and deligbtfol profpecSt. The examination of it was not, however, fo much an object with our Commander, as to proceed to the fouth, in order to find, the ibujthern extremity of the Archipelagos Puiiuing his difcoveries, Captain Cook came in fight of an ifland, which was afterwards known to be called by the natives Erromango. After coalling it for three days, he brought his veflel to anchor in a bay there, on the third of Auguft. The next day, he went with two boats to examine the coaft, and to look for a proper landing- piace,thathe might obtain a fupply of wood and water. At this time, the inhabitants began to aflemble on the ihore, and by figns to invite our people to land. Their beha- viour was apparently fo friendly, that the Captain! was charmed with it; uid the only thing which could give him the leaft fufpicion was, that moft of them- were armed with dubs, fpears, darts, and bows and arrows. He did notj thereforey remit his vigilance ; but kept his eye con- Oo tinually 281 1774. i 3 Angujl. 4. i%% THE LI F E OF »774« tinually tipon the Chief, watching his looks* ai wen as His 'ac- tions. It foon was evident that the inientions of the IncBans were totally hoftile. They madva violent attempt to feise upon one of the hoats ; and thoagh, on our Goinmander's pointing a mufquet at them, they in fome meafure defiifted, yet they returned in an inftant, feemingly determined to carry their defign into execution. At the head of the party was the Chief; while othiH^, who could not tome at the boat, ftood behind with darts, ftones, and bows and arrows in hand, ready to fupport their countrymen. As iigns and threats had no effect, the fafety of Captain Cook and his people became the only obje^ Of coniideration ; and yet he was unwilUng to fire on the multitude. He refolved, therefore, to make the Chief alone the vi^im of his own treachery, and accordingly, aimed his mulquet at him ; but at this critical moment it mifi*ed fire. This cir- cumftance encouraged the natives to defpife our weapons^ and to ihow the fuperiority of theit own, by throwing ftones' and darts, and by (hooting arrows. Hence it be- came abfcdutely neceflary for the Captain to give orders to his men to fire upon the iflailants. The firft difcharge threw them into confufioh ; but a fecond was fcircely fuf- ficient to drive them off the beach. In confequence of this ikirmiih, four of the Indians lay, to all appearance, dead on the ihore. However, two of them were afterwards perceived to crawl into the bufhes ; and it was happy for thefe people that not half of the mufquets of the Engliih would go off, fince otherwise many more mufl have fallen. The inhabitants were, at length, fo terrified as to make no farther appearance ; and two oars. Which had been loft in the confli^, were left ftanding up a^inft the buflies. It was obferved of thefe iflanifers, that they feemed of a different CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. a di^rent n^e from thofe of MsiUicoUay and that they fpoke c a diSerent language. They are of a middle fize? with a good fiiape* and tolerable featuDcs. Their colour is ver> dark; and their afpeA is not mended by a cuftom they have of painting their faces, fome with a black, and others with a. red pigment. As to their hair, it is curly and crifp, and fomewhat woolly. The f«w women who were feen, and who appeared to be ugly, wore a kind of petticoat, made either of palm leaves or of a plant fimilar in its na- ture; but the msn, like thofe of Mallicollo, were almoft entirely naked. On account of the treacherous behaviour of the inhabitants of Erromango, Captain Cook called a promontory* or peninfula, near which ihR ikkmxfh hap- pened, Traitor's H£AD*. From this place the Captain failed for an iCland whi jh had been difcovered befiore, at a diitance, and at which, on account, of his wanting a Urge quantity of wood and water, he was refdved to make fome ftay. At firft the natives were difpofed to be very hoilile; but our Commander, with equal wifdom and humanity, contrived to terrify them, , without dagger to their lives. This was principally efiedted hj firing a few great guns, at which tbej were fo much alarmed, as afterwards to be brought to tolerable nxdev. Among thefe iflanders, many were inclined to be «n firiendly terms with. our navigators, and efpecially the old people; whilft moft of the younger were daring and inf(dent, and obliged the EngMi to keep to their arms. It ways natural enough that age fliould be prudent and cautfotts, and youth bold and imp^uous; and yet this diftin^tion, with regard to the behaviour oi the various * It i» die iwrtfi-caft point of die ifland, and it fituated m die latitude of i8* 43^ ibudH ud dK longittukof 169* aS^ eaft. Oo a nations 883 I774. s84 THE LIFE or 1774' CHAP, nations which had been vifited by Captain Cooky had not IV. occurred before. The ifland where the Captain now ftayed> was found* upon enquiry, to be called, by the inhabitants, Tanna ; and. three others in its neighbourhood, and which could be. feen from it, were diltinguiflied by the names of Immeiv Erronan or Footoona, and Annatom. From fuch information of the natives as our Com- mander could fee no reafon to doubt, it appeared that cir- cumciflon *ras pra^ifed among them, and that they were eaters of human fleih. Concerning the latter fubjedt, hft ihould never have thought of aiking them a (ingle quei^ tion, if they had not introduced it themfelves, by enquir- ing whether the Englilh had the fame cultom. It hath been argued, that neceffity alone could be the origin of this horrid practice. But as the people of Tanna are poflefled of fine pork and fowls, together with an abun- dance of roots and fruits, the plea, of neceffity cannot be urged in their behalf. In faA, no inftance was feen of their eating human flei^; and, therefore, there mighty perhaps, be fome reafon to hefitatey in pronouncing them to be cannibals* By degrees the inhabitants grew ib 'courteous and dvH, as to permit the English gentlemen to ramble about in the fkirts of the woods, and to ihoot in them, without afibrd* ing them the leaft moleftation^ or ihewing any diilike^ One day, ibme boys of the ifland having gotten behind thickets, and thrown two or three ftones at our people who were cutting wood, they were fired at by the petty officers on duty*. Captain Cook, Who was then on ihore^ was alarmed at the report of the mufquets ; and, when he was informed of the caufe, was much difpl^ed that io ;f wanto^ CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. ^S «774. wanton an ufe ihoiild be made of onr fire-armf* Proper chap. meafuret were taken by him to prevent fuch condudt for i^* the future. In the iiland of Tanna was a vokanoy which ibmetimes made a dreadful noiie, and, at each explofion, which hap- pened every three or four minutes, threw up fire and finoke in prodigious columns. At one time, great ftones were feen high in the air. At the foot of the hill were ieveral hot fpTings ; and on the fide of it Mr. Forfter found fome places whence ftnoke of a fulphureous fmell iflbed^ through cracks or fifliires of the earth. A thermos meter, that was* placed in a littk hold made in one of them, and which in the open air ftood only at eighty, rofe to a hundred and feveniy. In another inftance, the mercury rofe to a hundred and ninety-one. Our Commander bet- ing defirous of getting a near and good view of the vol- cano, fet out with a party for that purpofe. But the gen^ tlemen- metwith (b many obi^i^ions from the inhabitants, who were jesdeusof their penetrating far into the country, that they thought proper to return. For this jealoufy of the iilanders Captain Gook^ in his narrative^ has made a very judicious and candid apology.. It is obTervable, with- rofpe^ to the voleano of Tanna, that it is not on the ridge: of the bill to which it belongs, but on it» #de< Nor is tint hill the higheft in the coun- try ; for there are others near it of more than double its heighti It was in ttioi^ and wet weather that the volcano- ^fvaa moft violent. ^ ' When our Commander was ready to fail - fh>m ' Tanna, aibeveiit happened, which gave him much concern. Juft as our. people were getting fome logs into ^ the boat, four or I ^86 THE L I FJB OF •774. or five of tht nativfi ftepped forward to fise what tbey were doing. In cooic^venGe of |he Indians not being allowed to come within certain limitSf the centinel ordered them back» upon which they readily complied. Ai this time» Captain Cook* who had his eyes fixed upon thenn', obferved the centry prefeat his piece to the men. The Captain was going to reprove him for this a£UoD> when, to his inexpreffibk afloniftimenty the centry fired. An attack i6 caufelefs and extraordinary naturally threw the !iiatives into great confufion. Moft of them fled, and it was with diAcuHy tiiat our Commander could prevail upon a few of them to remain. As they ran oS, he per- ceived one of them to fa)l« who was immediately lifted up by two others* who took him into the water, waihed ui? wound, and then led him off. Thie wound^ p^rfon not ■being carried far. Captain Cook ^nt for the furgeon of the ihip, and accompanied him to the man, whom they found expiring. The rafcal that had fired pretended that an Indian had laid an arrow acrofs his bow, and was goi^g to flioot at him; fo that he apprehended himCd^ to be in danger. This, t^wever, was no; tiiorp than what the iflanders had always dojtft , co (hew ^hat ^hey were armed as well as our voyagers. What rendered the prefent inci- dent the more unfonunat^ 'w,9SrihA% it. WAS not the inan who bent the bow, but one who ftood near him, that was ihot by the centry. The harbour whiett the Captain anchored, during bis Hay at Tanna, was called by him Port ^esotVTiON, after the name of the ibtp^ ihe being the fifft v«fi«l by which it was ever entered. ; Jt is no more Chan ^ Krtle ci%9k, three quarters of a mile in length, aod ibouth^r > c ; fpaoe in ./readth. CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. hreadth*. Noplace can exceed it in its conTcnienec foi taking in wood and water» which are both dofe to the fhore. The inhabitant of the iitand* with whom our Commander hii^ the nu>ft frequent and friendly conneo* tions, wad named Faowang. Very littk trade euuld be < arried on with \t people of Tanna. They had not the lead knowledge of 'Txm; and confequently nailsi tools, and othei articles mu. ^ of that metal, and which are fo gr^ iily fo'ight for in ti.e more eaftem xfles, vi^re hete of n^ confid oration. Cloth could be of no fervioe to penbn» whf ;;o naked. Among th^ produAions of the ifland, there is reaPm to believe that the 'imtmeg'-tree might be nuntioned. T isis coUe^ed from the circumftance ( " Mr. Forftei's having ftiot a pigeon, in the craw^ of which a wild nutmeg was difcovered. However, though he ook fome pai'>s to find the tree, his endeavours were not attended with fuccefs. It was at firft thought by ou^ navigators, that the inhabitants of Tanna were a race be ^een the natives of the Friendly lilands, and thofe of I fallicoHo; but by a ihort acquaintance with them they wi re convinced that they had little or no affinity to either^ excepting in their hair. Some few men, women, and children were leen, whofe hair refembled that of the EngUlh. With regard, however, to theie peribns it was obvious, that they were of another nation; and it was underftood that they camt from Erronan. Two languages wtn found to be fpokeil in Tanna. One of them^ wliich appeared to have been • Ititlitintedoii«liendrdi fi^eofthe aioft cdhmpointeftkeULuid, Litfic hti- Mde of 19° 3a' zs^'i feutk, and lAifae loogttiuk ef 169" 44' 39^^ «aft. introduced •774- 1 988 THE LIFE biP j»iiV-v». . '774. CHAP, introduced fipom Erronan, is nearly^ if not t!X9i&kj% the !▼• fame with that of the Ftiendly Iflands. The other, which is the proper language Of the country, and which is judged to be peculiar to Tanna* EmnnangQ, and Annatom, is dif- ferent from any that had hitherto been met with by our voyagers. The people of Tanna are of the middle lize, and for the moft p^rt (lender. There are few tall or ftout m&k among them, n gener^, they have good features and agreeable countenances. Like all the tropical race, they ue a^ve and nimble ; and feetn to excel in the ufe of arms, but not to be fond of labour. With refpedt to the management of their weapons, Mr. Wales hath made an obfervation fo honourable to Homer, that were I-tO omit % I (hould not be forgiven by my dafl^cal readers. ^^ I muft co^fefs,* fays Mr. Wales, <* I have often been led to think the feats « Which Homer reprefents his heroes as perfonning with ** their fpears, a little too much of the marvellous to be ad- 'Emitted into an heroic poem; I mean whcai confined " Within the ftrait ftays of AriTiOtle. Nay, even fo great ** an advocate for him s^ Mr. Pope, 'acknowledges them to ** be furprizing. But fince I have £een what thefe people '*'< can do with their wooden fpears^ and them badly, point- ** ed, and not of a hard naturej I have not the leaft exoep- <* tion to any one paflTage in that great poet on this account. . ^* But if I fee fewer exceptions, I can find infinitely more << beauiies in him; as he has, I think, fcarcdy an a^on, ^ circumftance, or defcription of any kind whatever, re- ^ lating to a fpear, which I have not feen and recognized " among thefe people ; as, their whirling motion, and <* whiftling noife, as they fly ; their quivering motion, as ** they ftick in the ground when they fall ; their meditsft** «mg CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 289 ** ing their aim, when they are going to throw ; and their chap. « fhaking them in their hand as they go along *." i v. On the twentieth of Auguft Captain Cook failed from Tanna, and employed all the remainder of the month in a ao Auguft. farther examination of the iilands around him. He had now finilhed his furvey of the whole Archipelago, and had gained a knowledge of it infinitely fuperior to what had ever been attained before. The northern iilands of xhis Archi- pelago were firft difcovered in 1606, by that eminent navi- gator Quiros, who confidered them as part of the fouthern continent, which, at that time, and till very lately, was fuppofed to exift. M. de Bougainville was the next perfon by whom they were villted, in 1768. This gentleman, however, beiides landing in the Ifle of Lepers, only made the difcovery that the country was not conne<5led, but compofed of iilands, which he called the Great Cyclades* Captain Cook, befides afcertaining the iituation and extent of thefe iilands, added to them feveral new ones which had hitherto been imknown, and explored the whole. He thought, therefore, that he had obtained a right to name them; and accordingly he bellowed upon them the appella- tion of the New Hebrides +. His title to this honour will not be difputed in any part of Europe, and certainly not ■""-V * Codc't Voyage, 1 (iipn, p. 38—84. -I- They are fituateo rU/een the latitude of 14° ^^ and 20" 4' fouth, and betwetm 166° 41' and 170° ai' eaft longitude, and extend a hundred and twrenty-five leagues, in the dire^on of north-north-weft i weft, and fouth-fouth-eaft | eaft. The princi- pal iilands of the New Hebrides, for an account of whidi the reader is referred to Captain Cook's voyage, are, the Peak of the Etoile, Tierra del Efpiritu S^nto, MalJi- collo, St. Bardiolomew, the Ifle of Lepers, Aurora, Whitfuntide Ifle, Ambrym, Paoom, Apee, Tluree Hills, Sandwich, Erroimngo^ Taooa, loimer, and An- natom. » - Pp by 290 THE LIFE OP »774. I Sept. 4' by {o enlightened and liberal a people as the French na« tion. The feafon of the year now rendered it neceflary for our Commander to return to the fouth) while he had yet ibme time to explore any land he might meet with between the New Hebrides and New Zealand; at which laft place he intended to touch, that he might refreih his people, and renew his ftock of wood and water for another fouthern courfe. With this view, he failed on the firft of Septem- ber, and on the fourth land was difcovered ; in a harboiu: belonging to which the Refolution came to an anchor the next day. The defign of Captain Cook, was not only to vifit the country, but to have an opportunity of obferving an eclipfe of the fun, which was foon to happen. An in* tercourfe immediately commenced with the inhabitants^ who, during the whole of the Captain's ftay, behaved in a very civil and friendly manner. In return, he was folici- tous to render them every fervice in his power. To Tea-* booma the Chief, he fent, among other articles* a dog and a bitch, both young, but nearly full grown. It was fome time before Teabooma could believe that the two animals were intended for him ; but when he was convinced of ity he was loft in an excefs of joy. Another, and fiill more valuable prefent, was that of a younfi^|6oar and fow; M'hich, on account of the abfence of the ^^Mf when they were brtiught to land, were received with 'great hefitation and ceremony. The laft time that our Commander went on ihore at this place, he ordered an infcription to be cut on a large tree, fetting forth the name of the fhip, the date of the 7ear, and other circuiftftances, which teftified that the Engliih were the firC ubi fupra, p. 85—127. Pp a greatly ii 99^ THE LIFE OP 1774- a8 Sept. greatly to nautical and geographical knowledge, the Refo^ lution was more than once in danger of being loft ; and particularly, in the night of the tweiity-cighth of the month, ihe had a narrow efcape. Our navigators, on this occaftoD, were much alarmed ; and day-light fhewed that their fears had not been ill founded. Indeed, breakers had been continually under their lee, and at a fmall diftance from them; fo that they were in the moft imminent danger. ** We owed our fafety," fays the Captain, " to •* the interpofition of Providence, a good look-out, and the « very brilk manner in which the fhip was managed." Our Commander now began to be tired of a coaft which he could no longer explore but at the rifque of lofing the veflel, and ruining the whole voyage. He determinedf however, not to leave it, till he knew of what kind fome groves of trees were, which, by their uncommon ap- pearance, had occaiioned much fpeculation, and had been miftaken, by feveral of the gentlemen, for bifaltes. Cap- tain Cook was the more fblicitous to afcertain the point, as thefe trees appeared to be of a fort which might be uieful to fhipping, and had not been feen any where but in the fouthem parts of New Caledonia. They proved to be a fpecies of fpruce pine, very proper for fpars, which were then wanted. The difcovery was valuable, as, except- ing New Zealand, there was not an illand known, in the South Pacific Ocean, where a (hip could fupply herfelf with a maft or yard, to whatever diftrefs Ihe might be re- duced. It was the opinion of the carpenter of the Refblu- tion, who was a maft- maker as well as a ^ipwright, that very good mafts might be made from the trees in queftion. The wood of them, which is white, clofe-grained, tough, and light, is well adapted to that purpofe. One of the imaU CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. ft93 fmall iilands where the trees were found, was called by the c Captain the Isle of Pines. Tp.another» on account of its affording fulSicient employment to the botanifts, during the little time they flayed upon it| he gave the name of Botany Isle. Captain Cook now took into ferious conlideration what was farther to be done. He had pretty well determined the extent o/ the fouth-weft coaft of New Caledonia, and would gladly have proceeded to a more accurate furvey of the whole, had he not been deterred, not only by the dangers he muft encounter, but by the time required for the undertaking, and which he could not poifibly fpare. In- deed, when he confldered the vaft ocean he had to explore to the fouth ; the ftate and condition of the Ihip ; the near approach of fummer; and that any material accident might detain him in this Tea even for another year, he did not think it advifeable to make New Caledonia any longer the objeA of his attention. But though he was thus obliged, by neceflity, for the firft time, to leave a coaft which he had difcovered, before it was fully furveyed, he did not quit it till he had afcertained the extent of the country, and proved, that, excepting New Zealand, it is perhaps the largeft iiland in the South Pacific Ocean ^. As the Refolution purfuef! her courfe from New Cale- donia, land was difcovered, which, on a nearer approach, was found to be an ifland of good height and five leagues in circuit. Captain Cook named it Norfolk Isle, in »774. * New Caledonia extends from the latitude of 19** yj' to 22° 30' fijuth, and from the longitude of 163" yf to 167° 14'' eaft. It lies nearly north-weft f weft, and fouth-eaft f eaft, and is about eighty-feven leagues long iif that dire^on. Its breadth does not any where exceed ten leagues. honour 294 THE LIFE OP »774' CHAP, honour of the noble family of Howard*, It was uninha- i^* bited ; and the firft perfons that ever fet foot on it were imqueftionably our EnglUh navigators. Various trees and plants were obferved that are common at New Zealand ; and, in particular, the flax plant, which is rather more luxuriant here than in any part of that country. The chief produce of the ifland is a kind of fpruce pine, ex- ceedingly ftraight and tall, which grows in great abun- dance. Such is the lize of many of the trees, that, breaft high, they are as thick as two men can fathom. Among the vegetables of the place, the palm-cabbage afforded botii a wholefome and palatable refrefhment; and, indeed* proved the moft agreeable repaft that our people had for a confiderable time enjdyed. In addition to this gratifica- tion, they had the pleafure of ()rocuring ibme excellent filh. From Norfolk lAe, our Commander fteered for New Zealand, it being his intention to touch at Queen Char- Iotte*s Sound, that he might refrefli his crew, and put the ihip in a condition to encounter the fouthem latitudes. On the eighteenth of October, he anchored before Ship Cove in that found ; and the firft thing he did? after land- ing, was to look for the bottle he had left on the ihore, in which was a memorandum. It was taken away; and it fbon appeared, from indubitable circumftances, that the Adventure had been in the cove after it was quitted by the Refolution. Upon vifiting the gardens which had been formed at Motuara, they were found almoft in a ftate of nature, * It is fituated in the latitude of 29** %' ?,■/' fouth, and in die longitude of 168^ i6'eaft. having CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 295 having been wholly neglected by the inhabitants. Many, chap. however, of the articles were in a flouriihing condition, ^^ • , and 0iewed how well they liked the foil in which they ^jj^, were planted. It was feveral days before any of the na- tives made their appearance ; but when they did fo, and recognifed Captain Cook and his friends, joy fucceeded to fear. They hurried in numbers out of the woods, and embraced the Englifh over and over again, leaping and Skipping about like madmen. Amidft all this extrava- gance of joy, they were careful to preferve the honour of their females; for they would not permit fome women» wha were feen at a diilance, to come near our people. The Captain*s whole intercourfe with the New Zealanders, during this his third vifit to Queen Charlotte's Sound, was peaceable and friendly ; and one of them, a man apparent- ly of confequence, whofe name was Pedero, prefented him with a ftaff of honour, fuch as the Chiefs generally carry. In return, our Commander drelTed Pedero, who had a fine perfon, and a good prefence, in a fuit of old clothes, of which he was not a little proud. Captain Cook ftill continued his folicitude to flock the ifland with ufeful animals; and accordingly, in addition to what he had formerly done, he ordered two pigs, a boar and fow, to be put on fhore. There was reafon to believe that fome of the cocks and hens which had formerly been left here fHll exifted. None of them, indeed, were feen ; but an hen's egg was found, which had not long been laid. Mr. Wales had now an opportunity of completing his obfervations with regard to Queen Charlotte's Sound, fb as to afcertain its latitude and longitude with the utmoil accuracy. 296 THE LIFE OP IV. '774' 10 Nov. a;. CHAP, accuracy*. In the Captain's former voyage there had been an error in this refpedt. Such were Mr. Wales's abilities and afliduity, that the fame corredtnefs was main- tained by him, in determining the fituations of all the other places which were vifited by our navigators t. On the tenth of November, Captain Cook took his de- parture from New Zealand, in farther purfuit of his great obje« >V' pily provided for them, theff Chriftmas cheer muft ha/e been fait beef and pork. Some Madeira wine» the only article of provifion that was mended by keeping, wat ftil lef^. ThiSy in conjunAion with the geefe, which were cooked in every variety of method} enabled our people to celebrate Chriftmas a» chearfolty) as perhaps was done by their friends in England. The inhabitants of Terra del Fufgo, Captain Cook found to be of the fame nation that he had formerly feen in Suc- cefs Bay; and the fame whom M. de Bougainville has dif- tingiihed by the name of Pecharas. They are a little, ugly, half-ftarved, beardkis race, and go almoft naked. It is their own fault that they arc not better eHthed, nature having fumilhcd them with ample matedai for that purpofe. By lining their feal-lkin doaks wit^ the ikins and feathers of aquatic birds 1 by making the cloaks themftlves larger; and by applying the ibme materials to different parts of clothings they might render their drefs much more warm and^ eorafortabie. Ikit while they are doomed to exiH in oneof themoft it^:fpi£abie dioiaMs in the globe, they have not fagadty enough toi aivailthem^ felves of thofe means iof ad^ng to the conveniencss of life^ which Providence has put int^ their power. la i^iorty- the Captain, after having beena.wknels to To nsany va- rieties of the human race, hatb ptoiofiquiioei^ that of aU the nations he^ had fisicn, the Plec^aras? are tkte moft wretched*. ' Notwithftanding the barrennefs of the oountry* it abotods with a variety of unknown plants, and gave fufficient em- • Cook's Voyage, ubi fupra, p. ij;-*}!;. plbyment CAPTAIN JAM! COO ployment to the botanifts of the Refolution. ** A ^k ^ every plant,** fays Mr. Forfter, « which we gatherer on the rockst ** was new to us, and fome fpecies wet < re- '* markable for the beauty of their flowers, or thcir «• fmeU*." On the twenty-eighth of Decenuber, our Commander failed from Chriftmas Sound, and i»oceeded on his voy- age, round Cape Horn, through Strait le Maire, to Staten Land. This famous Cape was paiied by him on the next day, when he entered the Southern Atlantic Ocean. In fome charts. Cape Horn is laid down as belonging to a imall iiland; but this was neither confirmed, nor could it be contradicted by our navigators; for feveral breakers appeared in the coaft, both to the eaft and weft of it, and the hazy weather rendered every objedl indiftin^. Though the fummits of fome of the hills were rocky, the fides and valleys feemed covered with a green turf, and wooded in tuftsi. In ranging Staten Ifiand a good port was found fituated Hiree leagues to the wefiiward of St. John, and in a nor- thern dire^on. Upon account of the day on which the difcovery of this port was made, (being the firft of Janu- ary) Captain Coc^ gave it the name of New Yearns Har- bour. The knowledge of it may be of fervice to future navigators. Indeed, it would be more convenient for ibips bound to the weft, ot round Cape Horn, if its fitua an4 ^here h^ landed, pa tbe fanie da.y» in thre^ different places. The head of the bay, ia which he came to ihore» was terminated by particular ice«cli0% ot confiderable height. Pieces were continuaUy iH'eakiDg off, and boating out to feai and while our navigators were in the bay, a great fall happenedt which made a iioi^ lil^e a cannon. No lefs favs^a and horrible were the inner parts of the country. '* The wild rocks railed their fum* « mits, till they were lioft in the doudst and the vaSkys lay « covered with everlafting fnow.*^ There was not a tree to be feen, or a Ihrub fovnd that was eve^k b^ enough to make a tooth-pick. The outy vegetation that wa« met with, was a ooarfe ftrong*-bla4ed grafs, growing m (iufts, w4d burnet, and a plant like mofs, whieh fptsio^ from the rocks. When our Commander landed in the bay, he chipbyed the Engliih colours ; and, under a difchaiKe of finaU arms, took poffeffion of the country iu his Majefty*8 n^s)e< It was not, however, a difcovery which ytm ever likely to be produ^ive of any confideral}^ henefit In bis return to the Ihip, Captain Cook brought with htm a quantity of feals and penguins, which were an acceptaHe preient to the crew; not firom the want of pipvifions, wl^ch were plentiful itt every kind, but from a change of diet. Any fort of freih meat was preferred by moft on board lo-ialt. The Captain him^lf was now, for the firft time, tired of the falted meats of the (hip ; and though the fielh of the penguins could fcarcely vie with bullock's liver? its fre(h- nefs was fufficient to render it comparatively agreeable to the CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 503 IV. »77S« the palaee. To the bay in which he had been, he gave chap. the name of Possession Bat ^. The land in whidti this bay lies, was at firft judged by ^r navigators to be part of a great continent. But, upon eoafting round the whole country, it was proved to a de- monftration that it Was only an ifland of feventy leagues in eirtuit. In honour of his M^jefty, Captain Cook called it the Isle of Georgia f. It could icarcely have been th'^ught that an ifland of no greater extent than this, iituated between the latitude of fifty-four and fifty-five, fliould, in a manfier, be wholly covered, many fcithoms deep» With fro^cen fnow, in the height of fummer. The iides and fummits of the ]oky motintaiAs were caied with ihow and ice; and an incredible quantity lay in the yt!L* leys. So immenfe was the quantity, that our Commiuider dkl not think that it could be the produce of the ifland. Some land, t^enefore, which he bad feen at a diftance, indtK^ him eoK believe that it might belong to an exten- ^Pt tta^ ; aAd gave him hopes of difa)v«ring a continent. In this ftP^y however, he was difap^inted; but the dif- appoiafiueM did m/t fit heavy upon hfaii^ fince to judge of the^ hidk bf the sppfehended ^mple, it would not have been worth die difcovery. It was remarkable that dur laagers ^d not fke^X' river, or a ftieam of frefh water, on itx wlfi^ ebdft of Uie Kle of Georgia^ Captain Cook jadged it co^be Mg^y pft^i^e th^ there ure no perentUal fp^igi kn^m cdontkV; sflidPfhM (he interior p^tf^mnciB^ L... - '. :' ■■■:■, :.: : '^^ICJsifitailei ilk tiK tttititeof^ ^ footii^anid the longituae of 3?* iV t It it fituated between flie latitudes of 53** sf and 54° 57' foutli} and between 38° 13' ai4^25* 34.^ iveft hiijMtflc^ ; - '*"> •i f'i im f ^••f,s i •'•; I fequence 304 THE LIFE OF »77S. as January. »7- y* fequence of thc^ir being much elevated, never enjoy heat enough to melt the fnow in fafficient. quantities to produce a river or ftream of water. In failing round the ifland> our navigators were almoft continually involved in a thick, mift ; fo that, for any thing they knew to the contrary, . they might be furrounded with dangerous rocks. The Captain, on the twenty-fifth of the month, (Peered from the lile of Georgia, and, on the twenty-feventh, computed that he was in latitude fixty, fouth. Farther than this he did not intend to go, unlefs fome certain iigns of foon meeting with land Ihould be difcovered. ll^re was now a long hollow fwdl from the weft, ivhich was ;& firong indication duMb no knd was to be met with in that dir6(5tion ; and hence arofe'an additional proof of what has already been remarked, that the e^tenfive lliy$ :4 however, any one of them ihould be fo far open as to invite a (hip into it, (he would run the rifque of being fixed there for ever, or of coming out in an ice ifland. To this it may be added, that the iflands and floats on the coaft, the great falls from the ice cliffs in the port, or a heavy fnow ftorm, attended with a Iharp frofl:, might be equally fatal. Nothing could exceed the inclination of Captain Cook, if it had been pra(Sticable$ to penetrate farther to the fouth : but difficulties like thefe were not to be furmounted. If he had rifqued all that had been done during the voyage, for the fake of difcovering and exploring a coaft, which, when difcovered and explored, would have anfwered no end whatever, or have been of the leaft ufe either to navi- gation or geography, or indeed to any other fcience, he would juftiy have been charged with inexcufable temerity. He determined, therefore, to alter his courfe to the eaft, and to fail in queft of Bouvet*s Land, the exiftence of which was yet to be fettled. Accordingly, this was the principal, objedt of his purfuit, from the fixth to the twenty-i'iecond of the month. By that day he had run down thirteen degrees of longitude, in the very latitude affigned for Bouvet's Land. No fuch land, however, was difcovered ; nor did any proofs occur of the exiftence of Cape Circumcifion. Our Commander was at this time no more than two degrees of longitude from the route he had taken to the fouth, when he left the Cape of Good Hope. It would, therefore, have been to no purpofe to proceed any farther to the eafl in this parallel. But being defirous of determining the queflion concerning fome land that was.fuppofed to have been feen more to the fouth, he di- rected his courfe for the fituation in which the difcovery of CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 307 of it might be expe^ed. Two days were fpent by him in this purfuity to no effe^ual purpofe. After having run over the place where the land was imagined to lie» without meeting with the leaft figns of any, it became certain that the ice iflands had deceived our navigators as well as Mr. Bouvet*. Captain Cook had now made the circuit of the fouthern ocean in a high latitude^ and traverfed it in fuch a manner as to leave not the leaft room for the poilibility of there being a continent, unlefs near the pole, r.nd out of the reach of navigation. By twice vifiting the tropical fea, he had not only fettled the iituation of fome old difcoveries, but made many new ones ; and, indeed, even in that party had left little more to be accomplifhed. The intention of the voyage had, in every refpedt, been fully anfwered, and the fouthern hemifphere fufiiciently explored. A final end was hereby put to the fearching after a fouthern con- tinent, which, for nearly two centuries paft, had occafion- ally engrofled the attention of fome of the maritime powers, and had been urged with great ardour by philofophers and geographers in different ages. The great purpofe of his navigation round the globe being tl^us completed, the Captain began to direA his views towards England. He had, indeed, fome tl^ughts of protrafting his courfe a little longer, for the fake of re- vifiting the place where the French difcovery is faid to be lituated. But, upon mature deliberation, he detennined to lay aiide his intention. He confidered that, if this difco- very had really been made, the end would be as fully anfw ered as if it had been done by himfelf. It could only »77S- • Cook'* Voyage, ubt Aipra, p. 207— 138. Rr 3 be 3o8 THE LIFB OF »77S. be an ifland ; and if a judgment might be formed from the degree of cold which our voyagers had experienced in that latitude, it could not be a fertile one. Beiides, our Com- mander would hereby have been kept two months longer at fea, and that in a tempeftuous latitude, with which the fhip was not in a condition to ftruggle. Her faUs and rigging were fo much worn, that fomething was giving: way every hour; and there was nothing left, either to re- pair or to replace them. The provifions of the veilel were in fuch a ftate of decay, that they afforded little nourilh- ment, and the company had been long without refrelh- ments. Indeed, the crew were yet healthy, and would chearfuliy have gone wherever the Captain judged it proper to lead them ; but he was fearful left the fcurvy ihould lay hold of them, at a time when none of the re- medies were left by which it could be removed. He thought, likewife, that it would have been cruel in him- to have continued the fatigues and hardfhips they were per- petually expofed to^ longer than was abfblutely neceflasy. Throughout the whole voyage, they had mented by their behaviour every indulgence which it was in his power to beftow. Animated by the condu6b of the officers, they had Ihewn that no difficulties or dangers whic^ came in their way were incapable of being furmounted ; nor had their activity, courage, and chearfulnefs been in the leaft abated by the reparation from them of their confbrt the Adventure. From all thefe coniiderations, which were evidently the didtates of wifdom and humanity. Captain Cook was in- duced to fpend no longer time in fearching for the French difcoveries, and to fteer for the Cape of Good Hope. He determined, however, to dire^ his courfe in fuch a man- ner CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 309 ner as to look for the Illes of Denia and Marfevcen, which are laid down in Dr. Halley's variation chart *. After fail- ing in the proper latitudes, from the twenty-fifth of F cbru- ary to the thirteenth of March) no fuch iilands were difco- vered. Nothing, indeed, had been feen that jould encou- rage our voyagers to perfeveve in a fearch after them ; and much time could not now be fpared, either for the purixjfe of finding them, or of proving their non-exiftence. Every one on board was for good reafons impatient to get into port. The Captain, therefore, could no longer avoid yielding to the general wifhes, and refolving to proceed to the Cape, without farther delay f . Soon after our Commander had come to this determi- nation, he demanded of the officers and petty officers, in purfuance of his inftru6tions, the log-books and journals ■ they had kept ; which were delivered to him accordingly, ' and fealed up for the infpe fome French, and the Ceres, an Englifh Eafl Indiaman, bound dire(Stly for England, under the command of Cap- tain Newte. By this gentleman he fent a copy of the pre- ceding part of his journal, fbme charts, and other drawings, to the AdrairsJty +. During the circum-navigation of the globe, from the period of our Commander*s leaving the Cape of Good Hope to his return to it again^ he had failed no lefs than twenty thoufand leagues. This was an extent of voyage nearly equal to three times the equatorial circumference of the earthy and which had never been aecomplifhed before, by any fhip, in the. fame compafs of duration*. In fuch a cafe, it could not be a matteri of furprife$ that the rigging and fails of the Refolution fhould. be effemially damaged, * with our navigators, who had £uled round the world, it was Wednefday the twenty-fecond of March i but at the Cape of Good Ho|>e it.W9»Tuefday, the twenty- firft. ■)■ Voyage, ubi fupra, p. 239—249. and CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 3i» and even worn out : and yet, in all this great run, which had been made in every latitude between nine and feventy- one, Ihe did not fpring either low-maft, top-maft, lower or top-fail yar'' ; nor did fhe fo much as break a lower or top-maft ftiroud. Thefe happy circumftances were owing to the good properties of the veffel, and the fingular care and abilities of her officers *. On the remainder of the voyage it is not neceffary to enlarge. Though it was conducted with the fame atten- tion to navigation and geography, and with the fame faga- city in marking whatever was worthy of obfervation, ne- verthelefs, as it was not employed in traverfing unknown feas, or in difcovering countries that had not been heard of before, it may be fufficient briefly to mention the places at which Captain Cook touched, before his arrival in Eng- land. The repairs of the Ihip having been completed, and the neceflary ftores gotten on board, together with a frefh fupply of provifions and water, he left the Cape of Good Hope on the twenty-feventh of April, and reached the liland of St. Helena on the fifteenth of May. Here he ftaid till the twenty-firft, when he failed for the Ifland of Afceniionj where he anchored on the twenty-eighth. From this place he directed his courfe, on the thirty-firft, for the Ifland of Fernando de Noronhaj at which he arrived on the ninth of June. * In the progrefs of the voyage, our Commander made an experiment upon the fl:ill for procuring frefli water; and the refult of the trial was, that the invention is ufeful upon the whole, but that to truft entirely to it would by no means be advifable. Indeed, provided there is not a Voyage^ ubi fupra, p. 265, 266. 1775. 27 April. 1 5 May. 21. 28. 9 June. fcarcity »>., 3i» THE LIFE OF «775. 14 July. CHAP, fcarcity of fuel, and the coppers are good» as much water IV* may be obtained as will fupport life; but no efibrts will be able to procure a quantity fufficient for the prefervation of health, efpecially in hot climates. Captain Cook was convinced, by experience, that nothing contributes more to the health of feamen, than having plenty of water. On the fourteenth of July, the Captain came to an anchor in the Bay of Fayal, one of the Azores lilands. His fole defign in flopping here, was to give Mr. Wales an opportunity of finding the rate of the watch, that hereby he might be enabled to fix the longitude of thefe iilands with the greater degree of certainty. No fooner, therefore, had our Commander anchored, than he fent an officer to wait on the Englifh conful, and to acquaint the governor with the arrival of our navigators, requefting his permiffion for Mr. Wales to make obfervations on (here, •for the purpofe now mentioned. Mr. Dent, who then iuSted as conful, not only obtained this permiffion, but accommodated Mr. Wales with a convenient place in his garden, to fet up his inftruments. Tills object being accomfdifhed. Captain Cook proceed* ed, on the nineteenth, with all expedition for England. On the thirtieth of the fame moirth, he MK^ored at Spit- head, and landevl at Portfmouth, havii^ been abfent from Great Britain three years and eighteen days, in which time, and under all changes of climate, he had loft but four meui^ and only one of them by ficknefs ^. JO. * Voyage, ubi fuprs, p. a68«>a89. CHAPT-iR CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 3^3 CHAPTER THE FIFTH. ^e Uiflory of Captain CoolCs Life, from the Conclujion of ^ » ^ p> bis fecond Voyage round the Worlds to the Commencement . ^' , of bis Voyage to tbe Pacific Ocean, ,^7^. THE able manner in which Captain Cook had con- diKSted the preceding voyage, the difcoveries he had made, and his complete determination of the grand point he had been fent to a^rtain, jufUy and powerfully recom- ' mended him to the prOtecStion and encouragement of all thofe who had patronized the undertaking. No alteration had occurred, during his abfence, in the Prefidency of the A .airalty department. The noble Lord, whofe extenfive views had taken fuch a lead in the plans of navigation and difcovery, ftill continued at the head of that board; and it could not be otherwife than a high fatisfafiion to him that fo extraordinary a degree of fuccefs had attended his de- figns for the enlargement of fcience. His lordfhip loft no time in reprefenting Captain Cook*s merits to the King : nor did his Majefty ftand in need of folicitations to fliew favour to a man who had fo eminently fulfilled his royal and munificent intentions. Accordingly, our havlgator, on the ninth of Auguft, was raifed to the rank of a Poft 9 Auguft. Captain. Three days aftenvards, he received a more diftinguiftied and fubftantial mark of the approbation of Government; for he was then appointed a Captain in Oreenwich Hofpital ; a lituation which was- intended to S f afford 3H THE LIFE OP H A V. »775' P. afford him a pleating and honourable reward for his illuf- trious labours and ferviccs*. It will eafily be fuppofed that the lovers of fcience would, in general, be peculiarly attentive to the effects refulting from Captain Cook*s difcoveries. The additions he had made to the knowledge of geography, navigation, and aftronomy, and the new views he had opened of the di- vertified ftate of human life and manners, could not avoid commanding their efteem, and exciting their admi- ration. With many perfons of philofophic literature he was in the habits of intimacy and friendfhip; and he was particularly acquainted with Sir John Pringle, at that time Pretident of the Royal Society. It was natural, therefore* that his fcientific friends (hould wlfli him to become a member of this learned body; the confequence of which was, that, in the latter end of the year 1775) he was pro- 1776. pofed as a candidate for ele^ion. On the twenty-ninth of 29 Feb. February, 1776, he was unanimouily chofen ; and he was 7 March, admitted on the feventh of March f. That fame evening, a paper was read, which he had addrefled to Sir John Pringle, containing an account of the method he had taken to preferve the health of the crew of his majefty's ihip the Refolution, during her voyage round the world %. Another paper, at the requeft of the Pretident, was communicated »8 April, by him, on the eighteenth of April, relative to the tides in the South Seas. The tides particularly contidered were thofe in the Endeavour River, on the eaft coaft of New Holland §. * From ^e books of dM Adwraltj. f From the re^er of the JLoftl Sorietj, and ^ inibnnation of Mr. Planta. ) PhiloTophical TranfaftioM) voL Ixvi. p> 402—406. § IM. p. 447-449. Aftitt CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 3«S A ftill greater honour was in refenre for Captain Coolc than the eledtion of him to be a connmon member of the Royal Society. It was refolved by Sir John Pringle, and the Council of the Society, to beftow upon him the efti- mable prize of the gold medal, for the beft experimental paper of the year; and no determination could be founded in greater wifdom and juftice. If Captain Cook had made no important difcoveries, if he had not determined the queftion concerning a fouthem continent, his name would have been entitled to immortality, on account of his humane attention to, and his unparalleled fuccefs in pre- ferving the lives and health of his feamen. He had good reafbn, upon this head, to afTume the pleafurable, but modeft language, with which he has concluded his nar- rative of his iecond navigation round the globe : <* What- ** ever," fays he, ** may be the public judgment about ** other matters, it is with real fatisfa£tion, and without ** claiming any merit but that of attention to my duty, that << I can conclude this account with an obfervation, which ^* fa<5ts enable me to make, that our having difcovered the << poilibility of preferving health among a numerous (hip's << company, for fuch a length of time, in fuch varieties *cf climate, and amidft fuch continued hardihips and **• fatigues, will make this voyage remarkable, in the opi- «* nion of every benevolent perfon, when the difputes *< about the Southern Continent ihall have ceafed to en- '' g^ge the attention, and to divide the judgment of phi- •* lofophers *." It was the cuftom of Sir John Pringle, at the delivery of Sir Godfrey Copley's annual medal, to give an elaborate c n A V. F. 1776. * Cook's fccond voyage vol. ii. p. 39}. S f a difcourfe. 3i6 THE LIFEOF I .. CHAP, djfcourfe, containing the hiftory of that part orfcience for v* the improvement of which the medal was conferred. Upon j„^ the prefent occalion, the Prelident had a fubjen cannot be queflioned. Neither can it be doubt- ed, but that the Captain, before his departure from Eng- land, was fully apprized of the mark of diftindtion v/hich was intended for him by the Royal Society. Captain Cook, after the conclufion of his fecond voyage, was called upon to appear in the world in the chara the operations of which were intended to be fo new, fo extenllve, and fo various, it was evident that great ability, ikill, and ex- perience were indifpenfably neceflaryf. That Captain Cook was of all men the'beft qualified for carrying it into execution, was a matter that could not be ealled in quef- tion. But, however ardently it might be wifhed that he would take upon him the command of the fervice, no one (not even his friend and patron. Lord Sandwich himfelf) prefumed to folicit him upon the fubjeA. The benefits he had already conferred on fdence and navigation, and the labouit and dangers he had gone through, were {6 many and great, that it was not deemed reafonaUe to afk him to engage in frefh perils. At the fame time, nothing could be more natural than to confult him upon every thing re- lative to the bufinefs; and his advice was particularly re- quefted with regard to the propereft perfon for conducting the voyage. To determine this point, the Captain, Sir Hugh Pallifer, and Mr. Stephens were invited to Lord Sandwiches to dinner. Here, befides taking into confidera- tion what officer ihould be recommended to his Majefty for accomplifhing the purpofes in view, many things were faid concerning the nature of the defign. Its grandeur * Introdu£Koii|Ubilupii%p.)DDX. i Ibid. and CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 3«5 and dignity, the confequences of it to navigation and fci- ence, and the completion it would give to the whole fyftem of difcoverieS) were enlarged upon in the courfe of the converfation. Captain Cook was fo fired with the con- templation and reprefentation of the object, that he ftarted up, and declared, that he himfelf would undertake the di- rediion of the enterprize. It is eafy to fuppofe, with what pleafure the noble lord, and the other gentlemen, received a propofal which was fo agreeable to their fecret wiihes9 and which they thought of the higheft importance to- wards attaining the ends of the voyage*. No time was loft by the Earl of Sandwich, in laying the matter before the King ; and Captain Cook was appointed to the com- mand of the expedition, on the tenth of February, 1776 +. 10 Feb. At the fame time, it was agreed, that, on his return to England, he ihould be reftored to his fit«iation at Green- wich ; and, if no vacancy occurred during the interval, the officer who fucceeded him was to refign in his favour %, The command and the direction of the enterprize be- ing thus happily fettled, it became an objedl of great im- portance to determine what might be the beft courfe that could be given to th.* voyage. All former navigators round the globe had returned to Europe by the Cape of Good Hope. But to Captain Cook the arduous talk was now afligned of attempting it by reaching the high northern latitudes between Aiia and America ; and the adoption of this refolution was, I believe, the refult of his own reflec- tions upon the fubje£t. The ufual plan, therefore, of difcovery was reverfed; fo that inftead of a parage from • From die inforoution of the Right Honounble die Earl of Sandwich, t From die books of die Admiralty. X From Lord Sandwtch't iofonnadon. the :,ir. 3*6 177*. THE LIFE OF the Atlantic to the Pacific, one from the latter into the former was to be tried. Whatever openings or inlets there might be on the eaft iide of America* that lie in a direction which could afibrd any hopes of a paflage, it was wifely forefeen that the ultimate fuccefs of the expedition would depend upon there being an open fea between the well fide of that continent and the extr<*mities of Afia. Accordingly Captain Cook was ordered to proceed into the Pacific OceaU) through the chain of the new iflands which had been vifited by him in the fouthem tropic. After having crofled the equator into the northern parts of that ocean, he was then to hold fuch a courfe as might probably fix many interefting points in geography, and produce intermediate difcoveries, in his progrefs north- ward to the principal fcene of his operations^. With regard to his grand object, it was determined, for the wifeft reafons, and after the moft mature deliberation and enquiry, that upon his arrival on the coaft of New Albion, he fiiiould proceed northward as far as the latitude of 65% and not lofe any time in exploring rivers or inlets, or up- on any other account, until he had gotten into that lati- tude +. To give every pofiible encouragement to the profecu- tion of the great defign in view, the motives of intereft were added to the obligations of duty. In the aA of Par- liament which pafied in 1745^ the reward of twenty thoufand pounds had been only held out to the ihips ^^- * IntrodudioiH ubi fupn, p. xxx. xad. t See diefe reafons reptefented at large in die admirable Introdudioii to Captain Cook's laft voyage ; together ^th a curious and interefting accounti never before publifhed, of the methods «^ich have been taken by the Hudfon's Bay Company, to explore die weftern parts of North America, extending from that bay, p. xl— li. . ionging CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. hnging to any of bis Majeft^s fubjeSs^ while his Majefty's own Ihips were excluded. Another* and more capital de- feat of this adt was, that it confined the reward To fuch ihips alone as fhould difcover a paflage through Hudfon's Bay. By a new law, which pafled in 1776, hoth thefe de« ficiencies were efie^ually remedied. It was now ena£ted» ** That if any (hip belonging to any of his Majefty*s fub- ^ jeAs, or to bis Majefty^ (hall find out, and fail through, ^ any paflage by Tea, between the Atlantic and Pacific ** Oceans, in any direSfion^ or parallel of the northern he- •* mifphere, to Uie northward of the 52' of northern lati- ^ tude, the owners of fuch (hips, if belonging to any of ««• his Majefty*s fubjedts, or tbe commander, officers, and Jed" ** men of fucbjbip belonging to bis Mcjejiy, Ihall receive, as *< a reward for fuch difcovery, the fum of twenty thou- •* fand pounds *." That every thing might be done which could facilitate the fuccefb of the grand expedition. Lieutenant Pickerfgill was fent out, in 1776, with direeen neglected, which could be calculated to render him the in- ftrument of conveying to the inhabitants of the iflands of the Pacific Ocean, the moft exalted ideas of the greatnefs and generofity of the Britifh nation ^. f Captaia Cook's Vojrage to the Pacific Ocean, VoL I..p. a->-7« CHAPTER / CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 33S CHAPTER THE SIXTH. ^e Hijlory of Captain Cook^s Life, from the Commencement of bis Voyage to the Facific Ocean, to bis Death, EVERY preparation for the voyage being completed, Captain Cook received an order to proceed to Ply- mouth, and to take the Difcovery . under his command. Having, accordingly, given the proper directions to Captain Clerke, he failed from the Nore to the Downs, on the twenty-fifth of June. On the thinieth of the fame month, he anchored in Plymouth Sound, wh^re the Difcovery '"^^ already arrived. It was the eighth of July before ( ?• Commander received his inftrudtions for the voyage ; ai? ., at the fame time, he was ordered to proceed, with the Refolution, to the Cape of Good Hope. Captain Clerke^ who was detained in London by fome unavoidable cir^ cumftances, was to follow, as foon as he ihould join his ihip. In the evening of the twelfth, Captain Cook ftood out of Plymouth Sbund, and purfued his courfe down the channel. It was very early that he began his judicious operations for preferving the health of his crew ; for, on the feventeenth, the Ihip was fmok^d between the decks with gunpowder, and the fpare fails were well aired. On the thirtieth, the moon being totally eclipfed, the Captain obferved it with a night telefcdpe. He had not, on this occuiion, 25 June. 30- 8 July. ix. 17- 30. 334 THE LIFE OF I Auguft. CHAP, occafion, an opportunity of making many obfcrvations. IV' I'he reafon was, that the moon was hidden behind the ^ j__g ~^ clouds the greater part of the time ; and this was particu- larly the cafe, when the beginning and the end of total darknefs, and the end of the eclipfe, happened. It being found that there was not hay and corn fuffi- cient for the fubfifl-ence of the ftock of animals on board, till the arrival oi our people at the Gape of Good Hope, Captain Cook ditei mined to touch at TenerifFe. This ifland he though* better adapted to the purpofes of pro- curing thefe articles, and other refrelhments, than Ma- deira. On the firft of Auguft, he anchored in the road of Santa Cruz, and immediately difpatched an officer to the Governor, who, with the utmoft politenefs, granted every thing which our Commander requefted. * Were a judgment to be formed from the appearance of the country in the neighbourhood of Santa Oruz, it might be concluded that Tenerifie is fo barren a fpot, as to be in-' fuffirient for the maintenance even of its own inhabitants. It v/as proved, however, by the ample fupplies which our navigators received, that the iilanders had enough to fpare for vifiters. The neceffary articles of refrelhment were procured at fuch moderate prices, as to confirm Captain Cook in his opinion, that Teneriffe is a more eligible place than Madeira, for Ihipsto touch at which are bound on long voyages. Indeed, the wine of the latter ifland is far fuperior to that of the former ; but then it can only be purchafed by a fum of money proportionally larger. During the fhort ftay which the Captain made at Tene- riffe, he continued with great a^duity his aflronomical obfcrvations; and Mr. Anderfon has not a little contri- buted to the farther knowledge of the country, by his re- marks CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. marks on its general ftate, its natural appearances, its pro- ductions, and its inhabitants. He learned from a fenfible and well informed gentleman, who redded in the ifland, that a Ihrub is common there, which agrees exadlly with the defcription given by Toumefort and Linnaeus, of the teajbrubf as growing in China and Japan. It is reckoned a weed, and every year is rooted out in large quantities from the vineyards. The Spaniards, however, fometimes ufe it as tea, and afcribe to it all the qualities of that which is imported from China. They give it alfo the name of tea, and fay that it was found in the country when the iilands were firft difcovered. Another botanical curiofity is called the impregnated lemon ; which is a perfedt and dif- tinCt lemon, enclofed within another, and differing from the outer one only in being a little more globular. The air and climate of Tenerifie are, in general, re- markably healthful, and particularly adapted to give re- lief in pulmonary complaints. This the gentleman be- fore mentioned endeavoured to account for from its being always in a peifon's power to procure a different tempera- ture of the air, by reiiding at different heights in the ifland. He expreffed, therefore, his f urprize that the phy- ficians of England ihould never have thought of fending their confumptive patients to Teneriffe, inftead of Nice or Liflx)n. Although it is not underftood that there is any great flmilarity between the manners of the Englifli and thofe of the Spaniards, it was obfervable, that the difference be- tween them was very little perceived by Omai. He only faid, that the Spaniards did not appear to be {6 friendly as the Englifh ; and that, in their perfons, they approached 335 1776. 33^ THE LIFE OF H A F. VI. 1776. 4 Auguft. 10. 13 approached to f^ri'^c refemblance of his own country-* men* On the fourth, Captain Cook failed from Tenerifie, and proceeded on his voyage. Such was his attention, both to the difcipline and the health of his company, that twice in the fpace of five days, he exercifed them at great gims and fmall arms, and deared and fmoaked the ;hip bf;]ow decks. On the evening of the tenth, when rhe Hef >!ution was at a fmall diilance from the iflaiid of Bonavilta, ine ran fo clofe upon a number of iimken rocks, that fhe did but juft weather the breakers. I'he iituation of our voy- agers, for a few minutes, was very alarming, hi this iltu • ation the Captain, with the intrepid coolnels which diftixi- guiftied his character, did not choofe to found, a hat, without any pofiibility of leflening, might have i>eighten- ed the 'anger. While our Commander was near the Cape de Verde Iflands, he had an opportunity of corre(5ting an aflertion of Mr. Kicbeifon*s, with regard to the manner of failing by thofe iflands, which, if implicitly trufted xo, might prove of dangerous confequence. On the thirteenth, our navi- gators arrived before Port Praya, in the Ifland of St. Jago ; but as the Difcovery was not there, and little water had been expended in the paiTage from Tenerifie, Captain Cook did not think proper to go in ; but ftood to the ibuthward. In the courfe of the voyage, between the latitudes of 18,** and 7° north, the weat^her was generally dark and gloomy. The rains were frequent, and accompanied with that clofe and fultry weather which too oftpn brings on f Cook'i Voyage, ubi fupn, p. 8— «>• iicknefsy CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. ficknefs in this paflkge. At fuch a time the worft confe- quences are to be apprehended ; and commanders of ihips cannot be too much upon their guard. It is neceifary for them to purify the air between decks with fires and fmoke, and to oblige their people to dry their clothes at every opportunity. The conftant obfervance of thefe precautions on board the Refolution, was attended with fuch fuccefs, that the Captain had now fewer fick men than on either of his former voyages. This was the more ^markabley as, in confequence of the feams of the veflel having opened fo wide as to admit the rain when it fell, there was fcarcely a man who could lie dry in his bed; and the officers in the gun-room were all driven out of their cabbins by the water that came through the fides. When fettled weather ieturned, the caulkers were employed in repairing thefe defeats, by caulking the decks and infide weather-works of the (hip ; for the humanity of our Commander would not truft the workmen over the fides, while the Refalution was at fea. On the firft of September, our navigators crofled the equator*. While, on the eighth. Captain Cook was near the eaftern coaft of Brazil, he was at confiderable pains to fettle its longitude, which, till fome better aftronomical obfervations are macle on fhore in that country, he con- cluded to be thirty-five degrees and a half, or thirty-fix de- grees weft, at moft. As our people proceeded on theh: voyage, they frequent- ly faw, in the night, thofe luminous marine animals which have formerly been mentioned and defcribed. Some of them appeared to be confiderably larger than any which 337 * This was in the longitude (^ 27* 38' weft. Xx I Sept. 8. th& 338 THE LIFE OF CHAP, the Captain had met with before ; and fometimes tkey VI. ^ere fo numerous^ that hiuidreds of them were yifibktat ^ ,776. "*" *^® (^ixne moment. 18 oa. On the eighteenth-of Odtober, the Refolution came to zu anchor in Table Bay, at the Gape of Good Hope ; and the ufual compliments having been paid to Banm Pletten- berg the Governor, Captain Cocrfc immediately applied himfelf to his cuftomary operations. Nothing remarkable 31. occurred till the evening of the thirty-firil, when a tem* peft arofe from the fouth-eaft, whidi lafted three days^ and which was fo violei^t, th^ the Refolution was the only Ihip iq the bay thac rode out the gale without dragging her anchors. The effects of the ftorm were feniibly felt by our people on ihore ; for their tents and obfervatory were torn to pieces, and their agronomical quadrant nar- 3 Nov. rowly efcaped irreparable damage. On the third of No« vember, the tempeft ceafed, and the next day the £ng« lifh were enabled to refume their different employments. 10; It was not till the tenth of the month that Captain Cook had the fatisfadlion of feeing the Difcovery arrive in the bay, and effe^ her junction with the Refolution. She had failed from England on the firft of Auguft, and would have reached the Cape of Good Hope a week fooner, if ihe had not been driven from the coaft by the late ftorm. Every affiftance was immediately given to put her into a proper condition for proceeding on the voyage. While the neceiTary preparations for the future navi- gation were completing, a difafter happened with regard to the cattle which had been carried out in the Refolution. They had been conveyed on fhore for the purpofe of grazing. The bull, and two cows, with their calves, had been fent to graze along with fome other cattle ; but Cap- tain * CAPTAIN JAMES GOOK. tain Cook was advifed ro keep the iheep» which were fix- teen in number, clofe to the tents, where they were penned up every evening. During the nifrht preceding the four- teenth, fome dogs having gotten in among them, forced them out of the pen, killed four, and difx)erred the reft. Six of them were recovered the next day ; but the two rams, and two of the fineft ewes in the whole flock, were a^nongft thofe whi a were miffing. Baron Plettenberg being at this time in the country, our commander applied to Mr. Hemmy, the lievtenant governor, and to the fifcal, for redrefs; and both thefe gentlemen promifed to ufe their endeavours fbr the recovery of the loft fheep. It is the boaft of the Dutch, that the police at the Cape is fo care- fully executed, that it is fcarcdy poffible for a flave, with all hi*" cunning and knowledge of the country, to effedtu- ate his efcape. Neverthdefsj Captain Cook*s fheep evaded^ all the vigilance of the fifcal's officers and people. At length, after much trouble and expence, by employing fome of the meanefl and loweft fcoundrels in th« place, he recovered all but the twb ewesv of which he never could hear the leafl tidings. The character given of the fellows to whom the Captain ^as obliged to have i^etourfe, by the perfon who recommended their being applied to, was, that for a ducatoon they would cut theit matter's throat, burn the houfe over his head, and bury him and' the whole family in' the afhes; During the ftay of our voyagers at the Gape, fomte of the officers, accompanied by Mr. Anderfon, made a fhort excurfion into the neighbouring country. This gentle- man, as ufual, was very diligent in iiecordihg every thing which appeared to him worthy of obfervation. His remarks, however, in the parent cafe, will be deemed of little con- , ^^ X X a fequence. 339 340 THE LIFE OF 1776. CHAP, fequence, compared with the full, accurate, and curious VI. account of the Gape of Good Hope, with which Di. Sparr- man hath lately favoured the literary world. With refpe^ to Captain Cook, befides the unavoidable care which lay upon him, in providing his (hii>8 with what- ever was requiiite for the commodious and fuccefsful pro- fecution of the voyage, his attention was eminently direct- ed to fcientiBc objects. He was anxious to afcertain the currents, the variations of the compafs, and the latitude and longitude of the places to which he came. The obfer- vations which he coUe^ed, and recorded in his journal, while he was at the Cape of Good Hope, ^vill be efteemed of the greateft importance by judicious navigators *. After the difailer which had happened to the fheep, it may well be fuppofed that our Commander did not long truft on fhore thofe which remained. Accordingly, he gave orders to have them, and the other cattle, conveyed on board as fail as pofiible. He made an addition, alfo, to the original flock, by the purchafe of two young bulls, two heifers, two young ftone-horfes, two mares, two rams, feveral ewes and goats, and fome I'abbits and poultry. All thefe animals were intended for New Zealand, Otaheite, and the neighbouring iilands ; and, indeed, for any other places, in the courfe of the voyage, where the leaving of any of them might be of fervice to pofterity. In the fupplies which were provided at the Cape, Cap- tain Cook paid a particular regard to the nature and ex- tent of his undertaking. As it was impoilible to tell when, or where, he might meet With a place which could fo amply contribute to his neceflities, he thought proper to Cook's Voyage, ubi fupii, p. a9— $0. lay CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. S4X hkj in fuch a a^re of ptovilions for both (hips, as would be fufficient to lait tbem for two years and upwards. . Our Commander having given a copy of his inftruc- tions to Captain Clerke, and an order directing him how to proceed in cafe of a reparation, weighed from Table Bay on the thirtieth of November, though it was not till the third of December that he got clear of the land. On the iixth> the (hips pafled through feveral fpots of water, nearly of a red colour. When fome of this was taken up. it was found to contain a large quantity of fmall ani- xr.als, of a reddiih hue, and which the microfcope dif- covered to refemble a cray-fKh. As our navigators pur- fued their courfe to the fouth-eaft, a very ftrong gale, which they had from the weflward, was followed by a mountainous Tea, in confequence of which the Refolution rolled and tumbled fo much, that the cattle on board were preferved with . the utmoft difficulty. Soon after, feveral of the goats, efpecially the males, together with fome ilieep, died, notwithftanding all the care to prevent it that was exercifed by our people. This misfortune was chiefly owing to the coldnefs of the weather, which now began to be felt in the moft fenfible manner. On the twelfth, land was feen, which, upon a nearer approach, was found to coniift of two illands. That which lies moft to the fouth, and is the largeft, was judg- ed by Captain Cook to be about fifteen leagues in circuit. The northerly one is about nine leagues in circuit; and the two illands are at the diftance of five leagues fix>m each other *. As the Ihips pai?^x! through the channel be- r* Tbe largeft ifluid ^et; in latitude 46" 53;^ r<-uta, and in longitude 37** 46^ eaft{ and the finaller Qne in latitude 46° 4' Ibuth) aod in 38° i' eaft longitude. ^ tween 30 Nov. 3 Dec. 6. 12. S4* a4Dec. THE LIFE or/ ; tween them» our voyagtra oould' not diiomwt. r'th t\k/e afliftance of their beft glaflfes, either tree or ihrub on either of them. They feemed. to have » mcky and bold ibore, aod their furface it for the moft part coQipofed of bsoren mountains, the fummits and fides of which were covered with fnow. Thefe two iilands, together with four others^ which lie from nine to twelve degrees of longitude more to the eaft, and nearly in the fame latitude, had been dif^ covered by Captains Marion dU Frefne^ and Crozet, French navigators, in January 1772, on their pal&ge, in two ihip9» from the Cape of Good Hope to the Philippine Iflands. As no names had •been aiOgned to them- in a chart of the* Southern Ocean^ which Captain Crozet communicated to Captain Cook ia I775> our Cbmmander diftlnguiihed' the two larger ones by calling diem Prince B&ward's Islands, after his Ms^efty*s fourth Ton. Ta the other four,, with a view of commemorating the diftoverers, he gave the name of Marion*s and'CROzxr's Islanps. Though it was now the middle of fummer in this he- mifphere, the weather was not lefs fevere than what is generally met with in England in the very depth of win- ter. Inftead, however, of being difcours^d by this oir- cumftance, the Captain ihaped hiscoiirfe in fuch a man- ner as to pafs to the fouthward of Marion*s andCrozet*s Iflands, that he might get into the latitude of land which had been difoovered by Monfieur dfe Kerguelen* another French navigator. It was part of our Gonunandei's ih- ftruditions to examine whether ai good harbour mighf not here be found. As our voyagers, on the twenty-fourth, were fleering to the eaftward,a fog clearing up a^littlej Which had involved them for ibme time, and which had rendered their navi- gation CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 34S gation both tedious and dangerous, land was feeui bearing fi>uth-routh-«aft. Upon a nearer approach, it was found to be an Uland of confiderable height, and about three leagues in circuit. Another iiland, of the fame magnitude, was foon after difcovered, and in a fiiort fpace a third» betides ibme fmaller ones. At times, as the fog broke away, there was the appearance of land over the fmall iilands, and Captain Cook entertained thoughts of fteering for it, by running in between them. But, on drawing nearer, he found that, €o long as the weather continued foggy, this would be a perilous attempt. For if there Ihould be no pafiage, or if our people (hould nieet with any fudden danger, there was fuch a prodigious Tea, break'* ing on all the fhores in a frightful fiirf, that it would have been impofiible for the veflels to be gotten off*. At the fame time, the Captain faw another ifland ; and, as he did not know how many more might fucceed, he judged it prudent^ in order to avoid getting entangled among un-^ known lands in a thick fog, to wait for dearer weather. The iiland laft mentioned is a high round rock, which was named Blioh's Cap ^. Our Commander had received ibme very flight information concerning it at Teneriffe» and his fagacity in tracing it was fuch as immediately led him to determine that it was the fame that Monfieur de Kerguelen had called the Ifle of Rendezvous. His reafon for gifving it that name is not very apparent ; for nothing can rendezvous upon it but fowls of the air, it being cer^ tainly inacceflible to every other animal. The weather beginning to dear up. Captain Cook Heered in for the land, of which a faint view had been (Stained in the morning. 9 The latkudo of SUgli't C«p « 48" a^T fouth, and lis teHgitiide 6t* 46^ eaft. This ^1 344 THE L I F E 0P -T /I D 25 Dec. *7* This was Kerguelen*s Land. No iboner had cnir navig^i- tors gotten -^drCapc Franqois^ than they obferved the coaft,' to the fouthward, to be much indented by proje^ng points and bays; from whi^h circumftance they ytfett (bfe of find'' ing a good harbour. Accordingly, fetch a h^bour was fpeedily difcovered> in which the ihips came to an anchor on the twenty-fifth, being Chriftmas D^y« Ui[x>n landing, our Commander found the ihorealmbft entirely covered with penguins and other birds, and with feals. Tike latter, which were not numerous, haviiig been unaccuftoixied to vifiters, were fo infenfible of fear, that as many as were wanted, for the piupofe of making ufe of thdr fat or blub^ ber, were killed without difficulty. Frefli water was fb plentiful, that every gully afforded a large ftream ; but not a Ungle tree or ihrub, or the leaft fign of it, could be met with, and but very little herbage of any, fort. Before Gap- tain Cook returned to his (hip, he afcended the firfli ridge of rocks, that rife in a kind of amphitheatre, abdVe one another, in hopes of obtaining a view of the country ; in which, however, he was difappointed ; for, previoufly to his reaching the top, there came on fo thick a fog, that he coidd fcarcely iind his way down again. In the evenings the feine was hauled at the head of the harbour, but only half a dozen fmall fifh were caught. As no better fuccefs attended a trial which was made the next day with hook and line, the only refouroe for frelli provifion was in birds, the ftore of which was inexhauftible. The people having wrought hard fpr two days, and nearly completed their water, the Captain allowed them the twenty-feventh, as a day of reft, to celebrate Ghrift- mas. Many of them, in confequence of tills indulgence, went on ihore, and made excurficns, in different diredtions, into CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. into the country, which they found barren and defolate in the higheft degree. One of them» in his ramble, difcover- edy and brought to our Commander, in the evening, a quart bottle, faftened with feme wire to a projecting rock , on the north (ide of the harbour. This bottle contained a piece of parchment, on which was written the follow* ing infcription : Ludovico XV. Gattiarum rege et d, * de Boynes regi a Secretis ad Res ntaritimas annis 177a et ' 1773- It was clear, from this infcription, that our Englifli navi- gators were not the firft who had been in the place. As a memorial of our people*s having touched at the fame har- bour. Captain Cook wrote, as follows, on the other fide of the parchment : Naves Refolution et Difcovery de Rege Magna Britannia^ Decembris 1776. He then put it again into a bottle, together with a iilver two-penny piece of 177a. Having covered the mouth of the bottle with a leaden cap, he placed it, the next morn- ing, in a pile of ftones erected for the purpofe, upon a little eminence on the north ihore of the harbour, and near to 345 * The ( 346 THE LIFE OF 1776. CHAP, the place where it was firft found. In this poiition it can- VI. not efcape the notice of any European, whom accident or defign may bring into the port. Here the Captain dif- played the Britifh flag, and named the place Christmas Harbour, from our voyagers having arrived in it on that feftival. After our Commander had fini(hed the bufinefs of the infcription, he went in his boat round the harbour, to exa- mine what the Ihore afforded. His more particular objedt was to look for drift-wood; but he did not find a fingle piece throughout the whole extent of the place. On the fame day, accompanied by Mr. King, his fecond Lieute- nant, he went upon Cape Francois, with the hope, that, from this elevation, he might obtain a view of the fea- coaft, and of the adjoining iflands. But when he had gotten up, he found that every diftant obje which they found, if poffible, more barren and drfoiate than the land that lies about Chriftmas har- bour: ai^ yet, if the lead fertility were any where to be expedked, it ought to have exifted in this place, which is completely Ihekered from the bleak and predominating foutherly and^wefterly winds. Our Commander obferved, with regret, that there was neither food nor covering for cattle of any fort ; aftd that, if he left any, tliey muft ine- vitably periih. Finding no encouragement to continue his refearches, he weighed anchor and put to fea on the thirtieth, havmg given to the harbour the naime of Port Palliser*. On die fame day he came to a point, which proved to be the very eaftem extremity of Kerguelen's Land+. In a large bay, near this point, there was a prodi- gious quantity of fea-weed, fome of which is of a moft ex- traordinary length. It feemed to be the fame kind of vege- table production that Sir Jofeph Banks had formerly diftin- guilhed by the appellation of Fucus Giganteus. Although the ftem is not much thicker than a man*s hand. Cap- tain Cook thought himfelf well warranted to fay, that part of it grows to the length of lixty fathoms -md. up- ward. The refult of the examination of Kerguelen's Land was, that the quantity of latitude which it occupies doth not much exceed one degree " d a quarter. Its extent, from eaft to weft, ftill remains undecided. At its firft difco- very, it was probably fuppofed to belong to a fouthern continent ; but, in fa<^^ it is an ifiand, and that of no great 30 Dec. * It is fituated in the latitude of 49° 3^ foutb, and the longitude of 69" 3/ eaft. t This point, which Captain Cook called Cape Oigby, is fituated in the latitude of 49° 23' fouth, and the longitude of 70° 34^ eaft. Yy a extent. 348 THE LIFE OF extent ^•. If our Commander had not been unwilling to deprive Monfienr Kerguelen of the honour of its bearing his name, he would h^ve been difpofed, from its fterilit^-, to call it the liland of Defolation. It Ihould hr e be mentioned, that Monfieur de Kerguelen made two vifits to the coaft of this country ; one in 1772, and another in 1773. With the firft of thefe voyages Cap- tain Cook had only a very flight acquaintance, and to the fecond he was totally a ftranger ; fo that he fcarcely had any opportunity of comparing his own difcoveries with thofc ot" the French navigator. Monlieur de Kerguelen was peculiarly unfortunate, in having done but little to complete what he had begun ; for though he difcovered a new land, he could not, in two expeditions to it, once bring his fhips to an anchor upon any part of its coafts. Captain Cook had either fewer difficulties to ftruggle with, or was more fuccefsful in furmounting them. During the fhort time in which our voyagers lay in Chriftmas Harbour, Mr. Anderfon loft no opportunity of fearching the country in every direction. Perhaps no place, hitherto difcovered, under the fame parallel of lati- tude, affords fo fcanty a field for a natural hiftorian. All that could be known \n the fpace of time allotted him, and probably all that will ever be worthy to be known, was collected by this gentleman. A verdure, which had been feen at a little diftance fiom the fhore, gave our people the flattering expedation of meeting with a Varie<-y of herbage : but in this they were greatly deceived. On landing, it was perceived that the lively colour which had impofed upon * Kerguelen, who wti acquainted with nearly fourfcor which were rejected with great difdain. It is ceitain that this gallantry was not very agreeable to the men : for an elderly man, as foon as he obferved it, ordered the women to retire. The order was obeyed; but, on the part of fome of the females, with the appearance of a little re- luctance. Z z On 354 THE LIFE OF ^777. CHAP. On the preft t occalioii) Captain Cook made fome pro- VI. per and pertinent refledlions, which I (hall deliver in his owTi words. *< This conduct," fays he, *« of Europeans <* among Savages, to their women, is highly blameable ; « as it creates a jealoufy in their men, that may be attend- " ed with confcquences fatal to the fuccefs of the com- <* mon enterprize, and to the whole body of adventurers, ** without advancing the private purpofe of the indivi- " dual, or enabling him to gain the obje^ of his wiflies. « I believe it has generally been found, amongft uncivi- « lized people, that where the women are eafy of accefs, ** the men are" the firft to offer them to ftrangers ; and « that, where this is not the cafe, neither the allurement « of prefents, nor the opportunity of privacy, will be " likely to have the defired effe arked, that his own idea is not the refult of a m *w laiaiful, but merely of a fecond exa- mination. Mr. Andcrfon, during the few days in which the (hips re- mained in Adventure Bay, exerted his ufual diligence in col- lecting as full an account as could be obtained, in fo Ihort a period of time, of the natural productions and the inhabitants of the country. Little can be faid concerning either the perfonal adtiyity or genius of the natives. The firft they do not feem to poflefs in any remarkable degree; and, to all appearance, they have lefs of thelaft than even the half-ani- mated inhabitants of Terra del Fuego. Their not expreffing that furprize which might have been expeCted, from their feeing men fo much unlike themfelves, and things to which they had hitherto been utter ftrangers ; their indifference for the prefents of our people; and their general inatten- tion; were fufficient teftimonies that they were not endued with any acutenefs of underftanding. What the ancient poets tell us of Fauns and Satyrs living in hollow trees, is rea- lized at Van Diemen's Land. Some wretched conftrudtions of «777- ♦ Adventure Bay is in the latitude of 43' 21' 20" fouth, and in the longitude tif 147° 29' eaft. Z z 2 {ticks .%.M^'>^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I^IM |25 >tt Ui |2.2 1.1 l.-^isa = m ^M IIM III "-^ ^ 6" ► Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WBT MAIN STRKT WIBSTIR.N.Y. MStO (716)S72-4S03 'St 356 THE LIFE OF 1777. 30jan» 12 Feb. flicks covered with barky, and which did not deferve the name of hutSi were indeed found near the (hore; but thefe feemed only to have been erefted for temporary pur- pofes. The moft comfortable habitations of the natives were afforded by the largeft trees. Thefe had their trunks hollowed out by fire, to the height of fix or feven feet; and there was room enough in them for three or four perfons to fit round a hearth, made of clay. Alf the fame time, thefe places of flielter are durable ; for the people take care to leave one fide of the tree found, which, is fufficient to keep it in luxuriant growth. The inhabitants of Van Die- men^Ss Land are undoubtedly from the fame flock with thofe of the northern parts of New Holland. Their lan- guage, indeed, appeared to be different ; but how far the difference extended, our voyagers could not have an op- portunity of determining. With regard to the New Hol- landers in general, there is reafon to fuppofe, that they originally came from the fame place with m the Indians of the South Sea *, On the thirtieth of January, 1777, Captain Cook failed from Adventure Bay, and on the twelfth of February came to an anchor at his old flation of Queen Charlotte's Sound, in New Zealand. Being imwilling to lofe any tim^ he conunenced his operations that very aftemocMH. By his order, feveral of the empty water calks were immediately landed, and a place was begun to be cleared for fetting up the two obfervatories, and the ereAion of tents to accom- modate a guard, and the reft of the company, whofe bufi- nefs might require them to remain on fhore. Our na- vigators had not long been at anchor, before a number * Cook, ubi fupra, p. 91^x16. of CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 357 of canoes, filled with natives, came alongilde of the (hips. However, very few of them would venture >jn board ; which appeared the more extraordinary, as the Captain was well known to them all, and they could not be infen- iible how Uberally he had behaved to them on former occaiions. There was one man in particular, whom he had treated with remarkable kindnefs, during the whole of his laft ftay in this place ;. and yet, neither profeifions of friendihip, nor prefents, could prevail upon him to en- ter the Refolution. There was a real caufe for this (hynefs on the part of the New Zealanders. A dreadful event had haj^ned to ibme of Captain Furneaux*s crew, while he lay in Queen Charlotte's Sound, after he had finally feparated froiH Cap- tain Cook, in the former voyage. Ten men, who had^^en fent out in the large cutter to gather wild greens for the ihip*s company, were killed in a ikirmifh with the natives. What was the caufe of the quarrel could not be afcertain- ed, as not one of the company furvived to relate the ftory. Lieutenant Burney, who was ordered to go in fearch of them, found only fome fragments of their bodies, from which it a:ppeared, that they had been converted into the food of the inhabitants. It was the remembrance of this event, and the fear of its being revenged, which now rendered the New Zealanders fo fearful of entering the Eng- lifti veflels. From the conver Cation of Omai, who was on board the Adventure when the melancholy aflfair happen- ed, they knew that it could not be unknown to Captain Cook. The Captain, therefore, judged it neceflary to ufe every endeavour to afllire them of the continuance of his friendihtp, and that he fliould not difturb them on account of the cataftrophe. It was moft probably in confequence of 1777. J 3S8 >777- THE LIFE OF of this afTurance, that they Toon laid aiide all manner of reftraint and diftruft. In the mean while, the operations for refitting the ihips, and for obtaining provifions, were carried on with great vigour. For the protecStion of the party on Ihore, our Commander appointed a guard of ten marines, and or- dered arms for all the workmen ; with whom Mr. King, and two 0r three petty officers, conftantly remained. A boat was never fent to a confiderable diftance without be- ing arm^d, or without being under the direction of fuch officers ks might be depended upon, and who were well acquaived with the natives. In Captain Cook's former vifits uf this country, he had never made ufe of fuch pre- cautiglns ; nor was he now convinced of their abfolute ne- :efl|fr . But, after the tragical fate of the crew of the Ad- venture's boat in this found, and of Captain Marion du Frefne, and feme of his people, in the Bay of lilands (in 1772), it was impoffible to free our navigators from all ap- prehenfions of experiencing a flmilar calamity. Whatever fufpicions the inhabitants might at firft en- tertain, that their a6ts of barbarity would be revenged, they very fpeedily became fo perfedly eafy upon the fub- jedl, as to take up their refidence clofe « ur voyagers ; and the advantage of their coming to li'. /ith the Englifh was not inc6nfiderable. Every day, when the weather would permit, feme of them v ent out to catch fifli, and our people generally obtained, by exchanges, a good (hare of the produce of their labours, in addition to the fupply which was afforded by f'ur own nets and lines. Nor was there a deficiency of vegetable refrefhments ; to which was united fpruce-beer for drink ; fo that if the feeds of the fcurvy had been contracted by any of the crew, they would CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 359 would fpeedily have been removed by fuch a regimen. The fa^, however, was, that there were only two invalids upon the lick lifts in both (hips. Curiofities, fifli, and women were the articles of com- merce fupplied by the New Zealanders. The two firft al- ways came to a good market ; but the latter did not hap- pen, at this time, to be an acceptable commodity. Our feamen had conceived a diflike to thefe people, and were either unwilling or afraid to ailbciate with them ; the good effetSt of which was, that our Commander knew no in- ftance of a man*s quitting his ftation, to go to the habita- tions of the Indians. A connecStion with women it was out of Captain Cook*s power to prevent; buti|he never encouraged it, and always was fearful of its confequences. Many, indeed, are of opinion, that fuch an intercourfe is a great fecurity among favages. But if this fhould ever be the cafe with thofe who remain and fettle among them, it is generally otherwife with refpe^t to travellers and tran- iient viiiters. In fuch a iituation as was that of our navi- gators, a connection with the women of the natives betrays m >re men than it faves. " What elfe," fays the Captain, « can reafonably be expected, fmce all their views are « felfiih, without the leaft mixture of regard or attach- « ment? My own experience, at leaft, which hath been " pretty extenfive, hath not pointed out to me one in- •* ftiance to the contrary.** Amongft the perfons who occafionally vifited the Eng- lifti, was a Chief of the name of Kahoora, who, as Captain Cook was informed, had headed the party that cut off Captain Furneaux's people, and had himfelf killed Mr. Rowe, the Officer who commanded. This man our Com- mander was firongly folicited to put to death, even by fome 1777* 360 THE LIFE OP »777' CHAP, fome of the natives ; and Omai was particularly eager and '^^' violent upon the fubjedl. To thefe folicitations the Cap- tain paid not the leaft degree of attention. He even ad- mired Kahoora*$ courage, and was not a little pleafed v/ith the confidence with which he had put himfelf into his power. Kahoora had placed his whole fafety in the decla- rations that Captain Cook had uniformly made to the New Zealanders; which were, that he had always been a friend to them all, and would continue to be fo, unlefs they gave him caufe to a6t otherwife; that as to their inhuman treatment of our people, he fhould think no more of it, the tranfa777- 36» THE I-.I.PK Of «777r CHAP, were greatly mettorated by change of ibil; and, with pny- VI* per cuItivation« would he fuperior to thofe pfoduced in moft other countriej* >rj ^jn'j cj jjj A great addition of kniDwle^ge was obtained, during this voyagef with refpeft to the produAions of New Zea- landi and the manners and cuftoms of its inhabitants. The zeal of Captain Ckx>k upon the iUbjeft was admirably iciconded by the fedidous. diligence of Mr. Apderion^who omitted no cpportunity of ooUeOing every kind and de- gree of information. 1 ihall only fo far trefpafs on the patience of my readers* as to mention a few drcumftanoes tending to delineate the charaAcr of the natives. They feem to be a people pei^fe^y Satisfied with the. little they already poflefs; nor are they lemarkably curious either in their obfervations or their enquiried. New objedb are (6 far from ftriking them with fudi a degree of furpdze as might naturally be e^^edled, that they.fcaicdy fie their at- tention even for a moment. Inthp acts with wLich they are acquainted, they (hew as much ingenuity^ both in in^ vention and execution,, as any uncivilized nations under , fimilar circuroftanCes; Without the llBaft ufe of thofe tools which are formed of roetali they make every thing that is neceiTary to procure their fubiiftence, clothings and military weapons ; and all this is done by them wi^ a neatnefs, a ftrength, and a convenience that are welt adapt- ed to the accompHfhment jof the ieveral purpoTesi they have in view. No people can ha^. a quicker Qioiii of an ipjury done to them than the New Zeabraders, or be more ready to refent it : and yet they want one chara&eriftic of. true, bravery ; for they will take ^ of^itunity of being ini^nt when they think that thezeis no danger of their being puniflied* From the number of their weapons^ and CAPTAIN JAMBS COOK. ^ >77r- and their dexterity in ufing them» it appean that war is chap. their principal profeffion. Indeed, their public conten- ^'* tions are fo frequent^ or rather ib perpetualy that they muft livQ under continual apprehenllont of being deftroy^ ed by each other.' From their horrid cuftom of eating the fleih of their enemies, not only without reluctance, but with peculiar fatisfadtion, it would be natural to fuppoie that they muft be deftitute of every humane feeling, even with regard to their own party. This, howevet', Is not the cafe: for they lament the lo(s of their friends with a violence of expreflion which aigiies the moft tender re- membrance of .them. At a very early age, the children are initiated into all the practices, whether good or bad, of their fathers ; fo that a boy or giil, when duly nine or ten years old, can perfoim the motions, and imitate the fright*- ful geftures, by which the more aged are accuftomed to infpire their enemies with tciror. They <;ankeep, like* wife, the ftii^cft time in their fong ; and it is with fome degree of melody that they Img the traditions of their fprefathers, their actions in war, and other fubjedts. The military atchievements of thdr anceftors the Kew Zea-» landers celebrate with the higheft pl6afure, and fpend much of their time in diveriions of this fort, and in play- ing upon a mufical inftrument, which partakes of the na- ture of a flute. With refpe^ m their language, it is far from being harih or difagreeabk > though the pronuncia*- tion of it is frequently guttural; nor, if we may judge from the mekjdy of fome kinds of their fongs, is it deftitute of thofe qualities which fit it to be aiHxiated with muiic. Of its identity with the languages of the other iflands throughout the South Sea frefti proofs were exhibited dur- ing the prefent voyage. \ 3 A a At »777' 364 . ' THE LITE OF ' At the requeft of Omai, Captain Cook confented to take with him two youths from New Zealand. That they might not quit their native country under any -deluding ideas of vifiting it again, the Captain took care to inform their parents, in the llrongeft terms, that they would never . return. This declaration feemed, however, to make n^ kind of impreflion. The father of the youngeft lad re- (igned him with an indifference which he would fcarceiy have (hewn at parting witK his dag, and eveu (tripped the boy of the little cl6thing he poifefled, delivering him quite naked into the hands of our voyagers. This was not the cafe with the mother of the ether youthf. She took her leave of him with all the odarks of tender affedtion that might be expe^ed between a parent: and a diildon Cuch an occafion ; but (he foon refumed her chearfulnefs, and went away wholly unconcerned*. " ;r i s5Feb. On the twenty-iifth of the month) Captain Cook flood 37. out of Queen Charlotte's Sound, and by the twenty-feventh got clear of New Zealand. No fooner had the (hips loft J (ight of the land, than the two young adventurers from that country, one of whom was nearly eighteen years of age,, and the other about teii, began deeply to repent of the ftep they had taken. It was the experience of the fea- (icknefs which gave this turn to their reflections ; and all the Toothing encouragement the Englifh could think of, was but of little avail. They wept, both in public and in private, and made their lamentation in a kind of fong, that feemed to be expreflive of the praifes of their country and people, from which they were to be feparated for ever. In this difpofition they continued for many days : but as their * Cook's Voyage, ubi fupra, p. 119—163^ fea- •# «777- CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 365 fea-Hcknefs wore off, and the tumult of their mindt fubfid- cd, the iits of lamentation became left and lefs frequenti and at length entirely ceafed. By degrees, their native cxiuntry and their friends were forgotten, and they appear- ed to be as firmly attached to our navigators as if they had been bom in England. In the profecution of the voyage, Captain Cook met with unfavourable winds; and it was not till the twenty- ninth of March that land was difcovered. It wasfound 39Marok. to be an inhabited illand, the name of which, as was learn- ed from two of the natives, who came off in a canoe, is Mangeea. Our Commander examined the cottft with his boats, and had a ihort intercourfe with fome of the! inhabitants. Not being able to find a proper harbour for bringing the (hips to an anchorage, he was obliged to leave the country unvifited, though it fcemed capable of fup^ plying all the wants of our voyagers. Th^ ifland of Man- geea is full five leagues in circuit, and of a moderate and pretty equal height^. It has, upon the whole, a pleafing afpet^, and might be made a beautiful fpot by cultivation^ The inhabitants, who appeared to be both numerous and well fed, feemed to refemble thofe of Otaheite and tb? Marquefas in the beauty of their perfons ; and the re- femblance, as far as could be judged in fo ihort a compafs of time, takes place with refpedt to their general difpofi-* tion and character. From the ooaft of Mangeea our Commander failed in the afvemoon of the thirtieth, and on the next day land 30. was again feen, within four leagues of which the fhips ar- Pi i \n hi ■ * Mai^ea lies in the latitude of ai*" 53' «»*• 57' fouth, tnd in the longitude of adi* rived s« THE LIFEOP rived on the firft of April. Our people could then pro* nounce it to be an illand> nearly of the fame appearance and extent with that which had io lately been left* Some of the natives fpeedily put off in their canoet^ and three of them were perfuaded to come on board the Refolution ; on which occaiion* their whole behaviour marked that they were quite at their eafe, and felt no kind of apprehenfion that they fliouM be detained, or ill ufed. In a vifit from feveral others of the inhabitants, they manifbfted a dread of approaching near the cows and horfes; nor could they form the leaft conception of their nature. But the iheep and goats did noty in their opinion, furpafs the limits of their ideas ; for they gave our navigators to underftand that they knew them to be birds. As there is not tht moft diftant refemblance between a flieep or goat, and any winged animal, this may be thought to be almofl: an in- credible example of human ignorance. But it Ihould be remembered, that, excepting hogs, dogs, and birds, thefe people were ftrangers to the exiftence of any other land* animals. In a farther intercourfe with the natives, who had brought a hog, together with ibme plantains and cocoa* nuts, they demanded a dog from our voyagers, and refufed every thing befides which was offered in exchange. One of the gentlemen on board happened to have a dog and a bitch, which were great nuifances in the fhip ; and thefe he might now have diipofed of in a manner that would have been of real future utility to the ifland. But he had no fuch views in making them the companions of his Voyage. Omai, however, with a good-nature that reflects honour upon him, jKuted with a favourite dog which he had brought from CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. from England; and with thii acquiiition the people de- parted highly fatisfied. On the third of Aprili Captain Cook difpatched Mr. Gore» with three boatSt to endeavour tu get upon the iiland. Mr. QorVkhimfelfy Omai» Mi-. Anderfon, and Mr. Burney, were the only perfons that landed. The tranfadtions of the dtyt of which Mr. Anderfon drew up an ingenious and entertaining account* added to the (lock of knowledge gained by our navigatorsy but did not accompliih Captain Cook*8 principal object. Nothing was procured by the gentlemeut from the ifland, that fupplied the wants of the Ihips. In this expedition, Omai difplayed that turn for exaggeration^ with which travellers have fo frequently been charged. Being alked by the natives concerning the Englilh, their (hips, their country, and the arms they made ufe of, his anfwers were not a little marvellous. He told thefe people that our country had (hips as large as their ifland; on board which were inftruments of war (defcrib- ing our guns) of fuch dimenfions, that feveral perfons might fit within them. At the fame time, he a(rured the inhabitants that one of thefe guns was fufiicient to crufli their whole ifland at a (ingle (hot. Though he waft obliged to acknowledge that the guns on board the veflels upon their coaft were but fmall, he contrived, by an ex- plofion of gunpowder, to infpire them with a formidable idea of their nature and eSEdA, It is probable that this re- prefentation of things contributed to the prefervatlon of the gentlemen, in their enterprize on (hore ; for a (brong difpo(ition to retain them had been (hewn by the na- tives. It feemed deftined that this day (liould give Omai more occafions than one of bearing a principal part in its tranf-* actions. 3«7 31 li '^ IM' ^1 It ■i 368 THE LIFE OP «777. ^itA anions. The illand) though never vifited by Europears before, happened to have other flrangers reliding in it ; and it was entirely owing to Omai*8 having attended on the expedition, that a drcumftance fo curious came to the knowledge of the Englilh. Scarcely had he bdin landed t>pon the beach, when he found, among the crowd which had aflembltd there, three of his own countrymen, na- tives of the Society lilands. That at the diftance of about two hundred leagues from thofe iilands, an im- menfe, unknown ocean intervening, with the wretched boats their inhabitants are known to make ufe of, and fit only for a paffage where fight of land is fcarcely ever loft, fuch a meeting, at fuch a place, fo aa:identally vifited, fliould occur, may well be regarded as one of thofe unex- pedled fituations, with which the writers of feigned adven- tures love to furprize their readers. When events of this kind really happen in common life, they deferve to be recorded for their fingularity. It may eafily be fuppofed with what mutual furprize and fatisfa<5tion this interview of Omai with his countrymen was attended. Twelve years before, about twenty perfons in number, of both fexes» had embarked on b6ard a canoe at Otaheite, to crpfs over to the neighbouring ifland of Ulietea. A violent ftorm having arifen, which drove them out of their eourfe, and their provifions being very fcanty, they fufiered incredible hardfhips, and thegreateft part of them periflied by famine and fatigue. Four men only furvived, whdh the boat overfet, and then the deftru<£tion of this fmall remnant ap- peared to be inevitable. However, they kept hanging by the fide of the veflel, which they continued to do for fome days, when they were providentially brought within fight of the people of this ifland, who immediately fent out canoes, CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 369 ctfioes, and brought them on Ihore. The three men who now furvivedy exprefled a ftrong fenfe of the kind treat- ment they had received ; and fo well fatisfied were they with their prefent iituation, that they refufed an ofier which was made them of being conveyed to their native country. A very important inftru£tion may be derived from the pre^ding narrative. It will ferve to explain^ better than a thouCand conjectures of fpeculative reafoners* how the detached parts of the earth, and, in particular, how the iilands of the South Sea, though lying remote ^m apy inhabji^tfid continent, or from each other, may have origipaUy been peopled^ Similar adveintures have occurred in tihe hii^ory of navigation and fhipwrecks. j . The ifland on which Meffieurs Gore, Anderfon, Burney and Omai, had landed, is called Wateeoo by the natives, and is ^ jl;>eautiful fpot, having a.furface compofed of hills and plains, whiQh are covered wiUi a Verdure rendered ex* tremely F^eaiant by tbe diveriity of its hues «. Its inhabi- tants are very numerous ; and mapy of the young men Wjore perfeA models in Ihape; belides which, they had .complexiQ9«' as delicate as thofe of^the womeU) and ap- peared to be equ^y anuable in their difpofitions. In their manners, their general habits of life, and their religious c^i^mpjiies and opinions, thefe iflanders have anearre- iembl^nce to the people of Otaheite and its neighbouring iiles;, an4 .their ls^lguage was well underftood, both by Omai and ;^he two New Zealanders. . ,^%he next place viilted by Captain Cook was a fmall •Hi »777« 'h\i\\ m • WAtMoOtliM in At btitode of so* i' fouth, and m the longitude of 101* 45' caftf and ii about fix leagues in circumference. 3B ifland. CHAP* Ti. 177;. 37d . ' THfi L IF K OF > iflatidy called Wennooa-ette, or OtakootaiaS to which Mr. Oord was {ent> at the head 9f a ptaty, who piioct£red about ahitndred cocoa ituts for each (hip, and fome graA) to* gather with a quantity of the leaves and branches of young treeS) for the cattle. Though, at this time, no inhabitants w6re found in Wennooa-^ette, yet) as there remained indu^* bitable marks of iti beiig, at leaft, occaiiohaUy frequenved^ MTb Oore lefb a hatchet, and feveral n;^s, vo the full v^u^ of what had been taken away. 5 April. On the fifths our Commander directed his courfe for Harvey*s liland, which was only kt the diftance of fifteeii leagues, and where he hoped ito {)rocufe ibkttb /reft^eili<^ ment^. This ifland hadi been ^ifcovered by hitii, ' in' 177^^ during his laft voyage, when no traces wer^ dimmed of its having any inhabitants. 'It was'noW ekperiei^ed to ht WeU peopled, and by a race of men Who ^ptated to difieir mu^, both in perfon aitd 'dii|Mifition^ frotii the natives of Wateeoo. Their behavloiir Wto &i€ dialled ofOtaheite, than that of Wat^eo6, t)r Man*g^i. No an- chorage for the (hips being found in Harvey's Mand, Gap- tain Cook quitted it without delay. The Captain beihg thus di&ppointf^d at^ the iflands • It lies in the latitude of 19* 15' foudi, and in the longitude of aoi" 37' cAft. he If CAPTAIN JAMES GOOK. ht had met with* fince l^s lesring New Zealand, and his fto^^s ha'dng unavoidaUy been retarded by unfavour- able ikriadsy and other unforefeen drcumfianceSf it be- came impofiible to think of doing any thing this year in the high latitudes of the northern hemifphere, from which he vras ftill at ib great a diftance, though the feaibn for his operations there was already begun. In this iituation, it was abfblutely neceflary, in the firft place, to purfue fuch meafures as were mofl; likely to preferve the cattle that were on board. A ftill more o^tal objeA was to fave the iiores and proTiiions of die ihips, that lie might the bet- ter be enabied to profecute his discoveries to the north, which oould not now be commenced till a year later than was oiriginsdly intended. If he had been {o fortunate as to have procured a fupfdy of water, and of grafs, at any of the iilands he had lately vifited, it was his purpofe to have llood back to die &Midi, till he had met with a wefterly wind. But; the cettain coniiequence of doing this, without iuch a flippy/, would have been the lois of all the catde; wluk, at the iame time,.not a lingle advantage would have been gained with regard to the grand ends of the voyage. He determined, therefore, to bear away for the Friendly IflandSf where he was fure of being abundantly pro- vided. In purfuing his courfe, agreeably to this refolution, tmr Commander, on the fourteenth, reached Palmerfton Ifland, where, and at a neighbouring illot, both of which were uninhabited, fome little relief was obtained. The ixiats Ibon procured a load of^ fcurvy-gra& and young cocoa-nut trees, which was a feaft for the cattle; and the Ifomefeaft, with* the addition of palm-cabbage, and the «en^ branches of the Wiarra tree, was continued for fe- 3B a veral yji »777- 14 April. ' 2 \ i. if' if w I m I ,m 37* ,A TH E L IT E O V I77,7.- 1 6 April. veral days. On the iixteenth, Omai» being on fliore with the Captain, caught, with a icoop-nety in a very (horttimc* as much filh as ferved the whole party for dinner, befidet fending a quantity to both the fhips. Birds, too, and par* ticularly, men-of-war and tropic birds, were plentifully ob- tained ; fo that our navigators had fumptuous entertain- ment. Omai adted as cook, upon the occaiion. The fiih and the birds he drfifled with heated ftones, after the man- ner of his country; and performed the operation with a dexterity and good humour which were greatly to his credit. From the iflot before mentioned, twelve hundred cocoa-nuts were procured, which, being equally divided among the crew, were of great ufe to them, both on ac- count of the juice and the kernel. There is>no water in the iilots which are comprehended under the name of Palmer- fton liland. If that article could be obtained, and good an- chorage could be accompliihed within the reef. Captain Cook would prefer this ifland to any of the uninhabited ones, for the mere purpofe of reireihment* The quantity of fifh that might be caught, would be fuffident; and si lhip*s company could roam about, unmolefted by the petu- lance of the inhabitants. < Different opinions have been entettain^ concerning the formation of the low iflands in the great ocean. From the obfervations which our Commander now made, he was convinced that fucli iflands are formed from ihoals, or coral banks, and, confequently, that they are always in- creaiing. His reafons for embracing -this hypothefis, are related by him, in his Voyage, With his ufual good fenie and fagacity. jtt #3rf-r oDand who was falfely reprefented, by Taipa, to be the king of all the Friendly ifles. The only interruption to the harmony which fubliftedbetween our people and the natives of An- namooka, aroie from the thievilh difpolitioa of many of the inhabitants. They affi>rded frequent oppoitunities of remarking how expert they were in the bulinefs of deal- ing. £ven fome of the chiefs did not think the profef- iion unbecoming their dignity. One of them was de- tected in carrying a bolt out of the (hip, concealed tinder his dothes; for which Captain Cook fentenoed him to re- ceive a dozen lafties, and kept him confined till he had paid a hog for his liberty. After this a6t of juftice, our navigators were no longer troubled with thieves of rank: but their fervants, or (laves, were ftiil employed in the diity work ; and upon them a flogging ieemed to make no greater impreffion than it would have done upcm the main-mail. When any of them happened to be caught in the a6t, fo far were their mafters from interceding in their favour, that they often advifed our gentlemoi to kill ^em. This, however, being a pimifhment. too fevcre to be in- flicted, they generally efcaped without being puniihedat all; for of the fhame, as well as of the p^n of pened, that the men had juft been ordered upon deck to put the veflel about, and were moft of them at their Na- tions ; fo that the neceflary movements were executed nbt only with judgment, but alfo with alertneis. This alone faved the fbip and her company from deftru^tion. ** Such ** hazardous Atiiations,** fays the Captain, ^ are thd< una*- '< voidable companions of the man who goes upon a voy^* " age of difcovery."* . ; .» : . . During our Commander^ expedition to Hapaee, he was introduced to Poulaho, the real king of the Friendly Ifles; in who£e prefence it inftantly appeared how groimdlefs had been Feenou*s pretenlions to that charaAer. Feenou, how-» ever, was a chief of great note and influence. By Pou- laho Captain Cook was invited to pafs over to Tongataboo, . t which requeft he complied with, after he had touched, for two or three days at Annamooka. In the pafiage, the Re-> folutlon was infeiifibly drawn upon a large fiat, on which lay innumerable coral rocks, of different depths, be\qw thd furface of the water. Notwithftanding all the care and attention of our people to keep' her dear of diem, they could not prevent her from driking onone of thefe iDcks; The fame event happened to the Difcovery; but fbrtu^ nately, aeither of the fliips fluck faft^ or received any damage. i . 10 June. On the tenth of June, Captain Cook arrived at Tonga-> taboo^ wher^ the king was waiting iot him upon 'the l^i beachj >t CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 377 beachy and immediately condudted him to a fmall, but neat houfe, which, he was told, was at his fervice, during his ftay in the ifland. The houfe was fituated a little within the fkirts of the woods, and had a fine large area before it; fo that a more agreeable fpot could not have been provided. Our Commander's arrival at Tongataboo was followed by a i'ucceffion of entertainments, fimilar to thofe which had occurred at Hapaee» though Ibmewhat diverflfied in circumftances, and exhibited with additional fplendour.. The pleafure, however, of the vifit was occa- iionally interrupted by the thieveries of many of the inha- bitants. Nothing could prevent their plundering our voy- agers, in every quarter ; and they did it in the molt daring and infolent manner. There was fcarcely any thing which they did not attempt to fteal ; and yet, as the crowd was always great, the Captain would not permit the centincls to fire, left the innocent Ihould fuffer with the guilty. Captain Cook, on the nineteenth, made a diftribution of the animals which he had fele£ted as prefents for the principal men of the ifland. To Poulaho, the king, he gave a young Englilh bull and cow, together with three goats ; to Mareewagee, a Chief of confequence, a Cape ram and two ewes*; and to Feenou a hoffe and a mare. Omai, at the fame time, was inftrudted to reprefent the importajiice of thefe animals, and to explain, as far as he was capable of doing it, the manner in which they ihould be pre- ferved and treated. Even the generofity of the Captain HAP. VI. 19 June. * As none clt the natives took die leaft notice or care of the three (heep allott^ to Mareewagee, Captain Cook afterwardR ordered them to be carried back to the {hips. BeTides the aiumals above-mentioned, he left in the ifland a young boar, and three young fows, of the Englifli breed j and two rabbits, a buck and a doe. 3C was m m 378 THE LIFE OF »777« CHAP, was not without its inconveniences. It foon appeared that VI. fome were diiTatisfied with the allotment of the animals; for, next morning, two kids and two turkey-cocks were milling. As our Commander could not fuppofe that this was an accidental lofs, he determined to have them again. The firft ftep he took was to feize on three canoes that happened to he alongfide the (hips ; after which, he went on (hcie, and having found the King, his brother, Feenouy and fome other Chiefs, he immediately put a guard over them, and gave them to underftand, that they muft re- main under reftraint till not only the kid and the turkeys* but the reft of the things which, at different times, had been ftolen from our voyagers, fhould be reftored. This bold ftep of Captain Cook was attended with a very good efFe(St. Some of the articles which had been loft were in- ^ ftantly brought back, and fuch good ailurances were given with regard to the remainder, that, in the afternoon, the Chiefs were releafed. It was a happy circumftance, with refpedt to this tranfaunt of his not having been properly fupported, he was faid to have threatened, that, as foon as the Captain ihould leave the i nd, he would join his forces to thofe of Tiaraboo, and attack Otoo at Matavai or Oparree. This induced our Commander to declare, in the mod public manner, that he was determined to efpoufe the intereft of his friend againft any fuch combination ; and that whoever prefumed to aflault him, ihould feel the weight of his heavy difpleafure, when he returned again to Otaheite. Captain Cook's declaration had probably the defired effedt; for, if Towha had formed hoftUe intentions, no more was heard of the matter. The manner in which our Commander was freed from a rheumatic complaint, that conilfted of a pain extending from the hip to the foot, deferves to be recorded. Otoo's mother, his three lifters, and eight other women, went on board for. the exprefs purpofe of undertaking the cure of his diforder. He accepted of their friendly offer, had a bed fpread for them on the cabbin floor, and fubmitted him- felf to their directions. Being defired to lay himfelf down amongft them, then, as many of them as Could get round him began to fqueeze him with both hands, from head to foot,, but more particularly in the part where the pain was lodged, till they made his bones crack, and his flefh be- came a perfect mummy. After undergoing this difcipline about a quarter of an hour, he was glad to be releafed from the women. The operation, however, gave him imme- diate relief; fo that he was encouraged to fubmit to another rubbing-down before he went to bed ; the confequence of which was, that he was tolerably eafy all the fucceeding night. His female phyficians repeated their prefcription the next morning, and again in the evening ; after which 3 D 4 his 391 »777- . Hi 'i.ii ^m» 39a THE LIFE O CHAP, his pains were entirely removed, and the CAPTAIN JAME root. 393 fully fenfible, that it was their intcrc to treat ith hi^' fm fair and equitable terms» and to keep their [>l')|>I 'rvt plundering or dealing. So great was Otoo's attach m i to the Englifh, that he Teemed pleaTed with the idea ot ncir having a permanent fettlemcnt at Matavai; not coiihtici ing that from that time he would be deprived of his king- dom, and the inhabitants of their liberties. Captain Cook had too much gratitude and regard for thefe iflanders, to wifli that fuch an event (hould ever take place. Though our occadonal viiits may^ in fome refpedts, have been of advantage to the natives» he was afraid that a durable eda- blidiment among them, coadudted as mod European eda- blidiments amongd Indian nations have unfortunately been, would give them jud caufe to lament that they had been difcovered by our navigators. It is not, indeed, likely that a meafure of this kind diould at any time ferioufly be adopted, becaufe it cannot ferve either the purpofes of pub- lic ambition, or private avarice ; and, without fuch induce- ments, the Captain has ventured to pronounce that it will never be undertaken. From Otaheite our voyagers failed, on the thirtieth, to Eimeo, where they came to an anchor, on the fame day. At this idand, the tranfaAions which happened were, for the mod part, very vinpleafant. A goat, which was dolen, was recovCTed without any extraordinary didiculty, and one of the thieves was, at the fame time, furrendered ; be- ing the fird indance of the kind that our Commander had met with in his connections with the Society Idands. The dealing of another goat was attended with an uncommon degree of perplexity and trouble. As the recovery of it was a matter of no fmall importance, Captain Cook was de- termined to ede6t this at any rate ; and accordingly he made 3 E an c M \ p. «777« '« 30 Sept. i L I-' Mi »777. 394 T H E L I F E O F an expedition crofs the iflandi in the courfe of which he fet fire to fix or eight houfes, and burnt a number of war canoes. At laft, in confequenjc of a |)eremptory melTage to Maheine, the Chief of Eimeo, that not a (Ingle canoe lliould be left in the country, or an end be put to the con- teil, unlefs the animal in his pofleiHon ihould be reftored, the goat was brought back.. This quarrel was as much regretted on the part of the Captain, as it could be on that of the natives. It grieved him to refles, had been more injurious to them than Towha's expedition. J I oa. On the eleventh of OStober, the fhips departed from Eimeo, and the next day arrived at Owharre harbour, on the weft fide of Huaheine. The grand bufinefs of our Commander at this ifland w'as the fettlement of Omai. In order to obtain the confent of the Chiefs of the ifland, the ^ affair wai cwidudted with great iblemnity. Omai drefTed himfelf very properly on the occafion ; lm)vight with him a fuitable aflbrtm'int of prefents ; went through a variety of religious ceremonies ; and made a fpeech, the topics of which had been dictated to him by our Commander. The refult of the negociation was, that a fpot of ground was afligned him, the extent of which, along the fhoreof the harbour, was about two hundred yards; and its depth, to the foot of the hill, fomewhat more. A proportionable part of the hill was included in the grant. This bufi- nefs having been adjufted in a fati8fa77?- 402 THE LIFE OP 1777- PootoCf OFeo*s fon-in-laW) came, before he (et out, to Cap* tain Cook, to receive his commands ; which were, not to return without the runaways, and to inform Opoony, that, if they had left Bolaboia, he muft difpatch canoes in pur- fuit of them, till they fhould finally be reftored. Thefe vigorous meafures were, at length, fuccefsful. On the aS Nov. twenty-eighth, ^he deferters were brought back ; and, as foon as they were on board, the three priibners were re- leafed. Our Commander would not have afted fo refo- lutely on the prefent occafion, had he not been peculiarly iblicitous to fave the fon of a brother officer from being loft to his country. While this afikir.was in fufpence, fome of the natives, from their anxiety on account of the confinement of the Ghiers relations, had formed a defign of a very ferious nature;- which was no lefs than to feiee upon the perfons • of Captain Gierke and Captain Cook. With regard to Captain Gierke, they made no fecret of fpeaking of their fcheme, the day after it was diibovered. But their firft and grand plan of operations was to lay hold of Capt^an Cook. It was his cuftom to bathe, every evening, in freih water ; in doing which he frequehtly went al^ie, and always without arms. As the inhabitants expected him to go, as ufual, on the evening of the twenty-fixth, they had deter- mined at that time to make him a prifoner. But he had thought it prudent, after confining Oreo's family, to avbid putting himfdf in their power; and had cautioned Captaitt Gierke, and the officers, not to venture themfelves far from the ihips. In the couiie of the afternoon, the Chief afked Captain Cook, three feveral times, if he would not go to the bathing-place ; and when he found, at laft, that the Captain could not be prevailed upon, he went olf, with all his ai. n CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 403 «772. his people. He was apprehenilve, without doubt, that the chap. delign was difcovered; though no fufpicion of it was then ^*' entertained by our Commander, who imagined that the natives were feized with fome fudden fright, from which, as ufual, they would quickly recover. On one occafion, Captain Clerke and Mr. Gore were in particular danger. A psuty of the inhabitant^:, armed with clubs, advanced againft them ; and their fafety was principally owitjg to Captain Gierke's walking with a piftol in his hand, which he once fired. The difcovery of the confpiracy, efpe- cially fo far as refpeAed Captain Gierke and Mr. Gore, was made by a girl, whom one of the officers had brought from Huaheine. On this account, thofe who were charged with the execution of the defign were fo greatly offended with her, that they threatened to take away her life, as foon as our navigators fhould leave the ifland : but proper methods were purfued for her fecurity. It was a happy circumftance th^ the afiair was brought to light ; fince fuch a fcheme could not have been carried into effedt, with- out being, in its confequences, productive of much diftrefs and calamity to the natives. Whilfl Captain Cook was at Ulietea^ he was vifited by his old friend Oree, who, in the former vx>yages, was Chief, or rather Regent, of Huaheine. Notwithftanding his now being, in fbme degree, reduced to the rank of » private perfon, he ftiU preferved his confequence ; never appeared without a numerous body of attendants; and was always provided with fuch prefents as indicated his wealth, and were highly acceptable. The la(t of the Society Iflands to which our Comman- der failed, was Bolabdia, where he arrived on the eighth of s Dec. December. His chief view in pafling over to this ifland 3 F a was ^1 ' ,'ii i ,:»: K •'iiur i'jV! li ^ 1 i^:'! Ml 404 THE LIFE OF »777. c H A P. was to procure from its monarch) Opoony, an anchor which VI. Monlieur de Bougainville had loft at Otaheite, and which had been conveyed to Bolabola. It was not from a want of anchors that Captain Cook was defirous of making the purchafe, but to convert the iron of which it conlifted into a frefh aftbrtment of trading articles, thefe being now very much exhaufted. The Captain fucceeded in his negocia- tion^ and amply rewarded Opoony for giving up the an- chor. Whilft our Commander was at Bolabola, he received an account of thofe military expeditions of the people of this country, which he had heard much of in each of his three voyages, and which had ended in the complete conqueft of Ulietea and Otaha. The Bolabola men, in confeqiience of thefe enterprizes, were in the higheft reputation for their valour ; and, indeed, were deemed fo invincible as to be objects of terror to all the neighbouring iflands. It was an addition to their fame that their country was of fuch fmall extent, being not more than eight leagues in compafs, and not half fo large as Ulietea. Captain Cook continued to the laft his zeal for furnifh- ing the natives of the South Sea with ufeful animals. At Bolabola, where there was already a ram, which had ori- ginally been left by the Spaniards at Otaheite, he carried afhore an ewe, that had been brought from the Cape of Good Hope ; and he rejoiced in the profpe■ 4o6 THE LIFE OF »777' CHAP, laft voyage of our Commander, a ftone hatchet was as VI • rare a thing among the inhabitants as an iron one was eight years before ; and a chilfel of bone or ftone was not to be feen. Spike-nails had fucceeded in their place ; and of fpike-nails the natives were weak enough to ima- gine that they had gotten an inexhauftible flore. Of all our commodities, axes and hatchets remained the moft un- rivalled ; and they muft ever be held in the higheft efti- mation through the whole of the iflands. Iron tools are fo itrikingly ufeful, and are now become fo neceflary to the comfortable exigence of the inhabitants, that, ihould they ccafe to receive fupplies of them, their fituation, in confequence of their neither pofleiling the materials, nor being trained up to the art of fabricating them, would be rendered completely miferable. It is impoffible to refleib upon this reprefentation of things without ftrong feelings of fympathy and concern. Sincerely is it to be wiihed, that fuch may be the order of events, and fuch the inter- com rfe carried on with the fouthern iflanders, that, inftead of finally fufFering by their acquaintance with us, they may rife to a higher ftate of civilization, and permanently en- joy bleflings /ir fuperior to what they had heretofore known. Amidft the various fubordinate employments which en- gaged the attention of Captain Cook and his aflbciates, the great objedts of their duty were never forgotten. No op- portunity was loft of making aftronomical and nautical ob- fervations; the confequence of which was, that the lati- tude and longitude of the places where the fliips anchored, the variations of the compafs, the dips of the needle, and the ftate of the tides, were afcertained with an accuracy that '/ CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 407 that forms a valiuible addition to philofophical fciencei and Chap. will be of eminent fervice to future navigators. ^^' ^ Our Commander was now going to take his final depar- ,^^7, ture from Otaheite and the Society lilands. Frequently as they had been viflted, it might have been imagined that their religious, political, and domeftic regulations, man-> ners, and cuftoms, muft, by this time, be thoroughly underflood. A great acceflion of knowledge was nndoubt- tedly gained in the prefent voyage ; and yet it was con- feffed, both by Captain Cook and Mr. Anderfon, that their accounts of things were flill imperfedt in various refpedts ; and that they continued ftrangers to many of the moil important inftitutions which prevail among the natives. There was one part of the character of feveral of thefe people, on which the well-regulated mind of the Captain would not permit him to enlarge. " Too much," fays he, ( leems to have been already known, and publifhed in «< our former relations, about fome of the modes of life, *< that made Otaheite fo agreeable an abode to many on •• board our (hips ; and if I could now add any finiftiing << ftrok,es to a picture, the outlines of which have been al- « ready drawn with fufficient accuracy, I fhould flill have <* hefitated to make this journal the place for exhibiting a *< view of licentious manners, which could only ferve to " difgufl thofe for whofe information I write *.** . From Mr. Anderfon's account of the Otaheitans, it ap- pears, that their religious fyftem is extenfive, and, in va- rious inftances^ fingular. They do not feem to pay refpedk to one God as poileiling pre-eminence, but believe in a plurality of divinities, all of whom are fuppofed to be very i| 4 1 1 * Cook's Voyage to the Pacific Ocean, vol. ii. p. i— 140. powerful. 4o8 THE LIFE OP .'777' c H A r. powerful. In different parts of the illand, and in the ^'* neighbouring iflands, the inhabitants choofe thofe deities for the objetSts of their worihip, who, they think, are molt likely to protedt them, and to fupply all their wants. If, however, they are difappointed in their expectations, they efteem it no impiety to change their divinity, by having recourfe to another, whom they hope to find more jMropi- tious and fuccefsful. In general, their notions concerning Deity are extravagantly abiurd. With regard to the foul, they believe it, according to Mr. Andeifon, to be both immaterial and immortal ; but he acknowledges, that they are far from entertaining thofe fublime expectations of future happinefs which the Chriftian revelation affiirds, and which even reafon alone, duly exercifed, might teach us to expert *. Although feventeen months had elapfed fincc Captain Gook*8 departure from England, during which time he had not, upon the whole, been unprofitably employed, he was feniible that, with refpeCt to the principal object of his inftruCtions, it was now only the commencement of his voyage ; and that, therefore, his attention wa^ to bd called anew, to every circumftance which might contribute! towards the fafety of his people, and the ultimate fuccefs of the expedition. Accordingly, he had examined into the ftate of the provifions, whiUt he was at the Society Iflands ; and, as foon as he had left them, and had gotten beyond the extent of his former (hfcoveries, he ordered a furvey to be t ken of all the baatfwain*8 and carpenter*s ftores which were in the (hips, that he might be fully in- • Cook's Vepge to the Pacific Ocean, vd. ii. p. 162—165. formed '/ CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. formed of their quantity and condition; andf by that means, know how to ufe them to the greateft advantage. It was on the eighth of December, the very day vi\ which he had touched there, that our Commander failed from Bolabola. In the night between the twcnty-fccond and twenty-third, he croifed the line, in the longitude of 203" 15' eaft; and on the twenty-fourth, land was difco- vered, which was found to be one of thofe low uninhabit- ed iflands that are fo frequent in this ocean. Here our voyagers were fuccefsful in catching a large quantity of turtle, which fupplied them with an agreeable refrefh- ment ; and here, on the twenty-eighth, an eclipfe of the fun was obferved by Mr. Bayly, Mr. King, and Captain Cook. On account of the feafon of the year, the Captain called the land where he now was, and which he judged to be about fifteen or twenty leagues in circumference, Christmas Island *. By his order, feveral cocoa-nuts and yams were planted, and fome melon-feeds fown, in proper places ; and a bottle was left, containing this in- fcripcion : Georgius Tertius, Rex, 31 Decembris, 1777. Naves iRefolutioHy Jac. Cooky Pr, XDifcovery, Car. Clerke^ Pr. + On thefecond of January, 1778, the ftiips refumed their courfe to the northward, and though feveral evidences oc- curred of the vicinity of land, none was difcovered till the eighteenth, when an ifland made its appearance, bearing north-eaft by eaft. Soon after, more land was feen, lying 409 H A P. VI. »777- 8 Dec. 24. aS. 'M 1778. a January. 18. • The weft fide of it, on which the eclipfe wu obfefved, liei in the kdtude of 1" 59' north, and in the longitude of 202° 3t CAPAIN JAMES COOK. 411 ■; ;, »^'\ likewife) a farther circumftance in which thefe people per- fedlly refembled the other iflanders ; and that was, in their endeavouring to fteal whatever came within their reach ; or rather to take it openly, as what would either not be refented, or not hindered. The Englifli foon convinced them of their miitake, by keeping fuch a watchful eye over them, that they afterwards were obliged to be lefs adtive in appropriating to themfelves every object that ftruck upon their fancy, and excited the defire of pofTef- fion. ^ ^ One order given by Captain Cook at this ifland was, that none of the boats crews Ihould be permitted to go on Ihore ; the reafon of which was, that he might do every thing in his power ta prevent the importation of a fatal difeajfe, which, unhaf^ily, had already been communicated in other places. With the fame view, he dire(Sted that all female viliters fliould be excluded from the (hips. Ano- ther neceflkry precaution, taken by the Captain, Was a ftridt injunction, that no perfon, known to be capable of propagating diforder, Ihould be fent upon duty out of the veiTels. Thus zealous was the humanity of our Com- mander, to prevent an irreparable injury from being done to the natives. There are men who glory in their Ihame^ and who do not care how much evil they communicate. Of this there was an inftance at Tongataboo, in the gunner of the Difcovery, who had been Rationed on fhore to manage the trade for that (hip ; and who, though hie was well acquainted with his own iituation, continued to have connections with different women. His companions ex- poftulated with him without effect, till Captain Clerke, hearing of the dangerous irregularity of his conduCt, or- dered him on board. If I knew the rafcal's name^ I would- 3 G a hang iu !! I*'; i i'1 412 THE LIFE OF CHAP, hang it up, as far as lies in my power, to everlafting in- ^1^ famy. J ^^3. Mr. WilHamfon being fent with the boats to fearch for water, and attempting to land, the inhabitants came down in fuch numbers, and were fo violent in their endeavours to feize upon the oars, mufquets, and, in fliort, every thing they could lay hold of, that he was obliged to fire, by which one man was killed. This unhappy circumftance was not known to Captain Cook till after he had left the ifland i fo that all his meafures were directed as if nothing of the kind had happened. When the fhips were brought to an anchor, our Com- mander went on (hore ; and, at the very inilant of his do- ing it, the collected body of the natives all fell flat upon their faces, and continued in that humble pofture, till, by expreifive iigns, he prevailed upon them to rife. Othec ceremonies followed ; and the next day a trade was fet on foot for hogs and potatoes, which the people of the ifland gave in exchange for nails and pieces of iron, formed into fomething like chifTels. So far was any obflru<5tion from^ being met with in wat'^.ring, that, on the contrary, the inhabitants affiled our men in rolling the calks to and from the pool; and readily performed whatever was re- quired. * Afiairs thus going on tcy the Captain's fatisfadlion, he made an excurfion into the country, accompanied, by Mr. Anderfon and Mr. Webber, the former of whom was as well qualified to defcribe with the pen, as the latter was to reprefent with his pencil, whatever might occur worthy of obfervation. In this excurfion, the gentlemen, among other obje heow, Oreehoua, and Tahoora. To the whole group Cap-r tain CAPTAIN JAMESCOOK. tain Cook gave the appellation of Sandwich Islands, in honour of his great friend and patron, the Earl of Sandwich*. Concerning the ifland of Atooi, which is the largeft of the five, and which was the principal fcene of the Captain*s operations, ne collected, in conjunction with Mr. Anderfon, a confiderable degree of information. The land, as to its • general appearance, does not in the lead refemble any of the iflands that our voyagers had hitherto viiited within the tropic, on the fouth fide of the ecfuator ; excepting fo far as regards its hills near the centre, which (lope gently towards the fea. Hogs, dogs, and fowls, were the only tame or domeiUc animals that wtre here found ; and thefe were of the fame kind with thofe which exifl in the coun-» tries of the South Pacific Ocean. Among the inhabitants (who are of a middle ftature, and firmly made), there is a more remarkable equality in the fize, colour, and figure of both fexes, than our Commander had obferved in moft other places. They appeared to be blefl with a frank and chear- ful difpofition ; and, in Captain Cook's opinion, they are equally free from the fickle levity which diflinguiihes the natives of Otaheite, and the fedate caft difcemible amongll many of thofe of Tongat«iboo. It is a very pleafing cir- cumftance in their charadter, that they pay a particular at- tention to their women, and readily lend ailiflance to their wives, in the tender offices of maternal duty. On all oc- cafions, they feemed to be deeply impreflfed with a con- fcioufnefs of the'^ own inferiority ; being alike fttangers • The iflands that were feen by Captain Cook, are fituated in the latitude of 21* 30^ and 22" 15' north, and between the longitude of 199° 20' and 201" 30'' eaft. It was in confequence of feventy-two fets gf lunar obfervations that the longitude was determined. to 415 CHAP, VI. 1778. I! I \'] 4i6 )T HE LIFE OF CHAP, to the prepofterous pride of the more polilhed Japonefe, , ^'' and of the ruder Greenlander. Contrary to the general 1778. practice of the countries that had hitherto been difcovered in the Pacific Oceahi thJe people of the Sandwich Iflands have not their ears perforated-; nor have they the leaft idea of wearing ornaments in them, though* in other re- fpedts- t*^ey are fufiiciently fond of adorning their perfbns. In evt' ihing manufactured by them there is an uncom- mon degree of neatnefs and ingenuity; and the elegant form and polifh of 'fome of their fi(hing-hooks could not be exceeded by any European artift, even if he fhould add all his knowledge in deiign to. the number and conve- nience of his tools. From what was feen of their agricul- ture* Sufficient proofs were affi>rded that they are not no- vices in t^at art; and that the quantity and goodnefs of their vegetable productions may as much be attributed to ikilful culture, as to natural fertility of foil. Amidft all the refemblances between the natives of Atooi, and thofe of Otaheite, the coincidence of their languages was the moft ftriking; being, almoft word for word, the fame. Had the Sandwich Iflands been difcovered by the Spar'ards, at an early period, they would undoubtedly have taken advan- tage of fo excellent a iituation, and have made ufe of them as refrefhing places to their fliips, which fail annually from Acapulco for Manilla. Happy, too, would it have been for Lord Anfon, if he had known that there exifted a group of iflands, half way between America and Tinian, where aill his wants could effectually have been fupplied, and the different hardfliips to which he was expofed have been avoided *. * Cot^'t Voyage, tibi fupra, p. 179—351. On I f CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 417 29. On the fecond of February, our navigators purfued their courfe to the northward, in doing which the inci- dents they met with were almoft entirely of a nautical kind. The long-looked for coaft of New Albion was feen on the feventh of March, the fhips being then in the lati- 7 March. tude of 44* 33' north, and in the longitude of 235" ao' eaft. As the veflels ranged along the weft fide of America, Captain Cook gave names to feveral capes and head-lands which appeared in fight. At length, on the twenty-ninth, the Captain came to an anchor at an inlet where the ap- pearance of the country- 4lifiered much from what had been feen before ; being full of mountains, the fummits of which were covered with fnow; while the valleys between them, and the grounds on the fea-coaft, high as well as low, were covered, to a coniiderable breadth, with high, ftraight trees, which formed a beautiful profpedt, as of one vaft foreft*. It was immediately found that the coaft was inhabited I * I there foon came off to the Refolution three canoes, containing eighteen of the natives ; who could not, however, be prevailed upon to venture themfelves on board. Notwithftanding this, they difplayed a peaceable difpofition ; ftiewed great readinefs to part with any thing they had, in exchange for what was offered them ; and expreffed a ftronger defire for iron than for any other of our commercial articles, appearing to be perfe<5tly accmaint- ed with the ufe of that mitd. From thefe favourable cir- cumftances, our voyagers had reafon to hope that they Should find this a comfortable ftation to fupply all their wants, and to make them forget the hardlhips and delays H <- it • When this land was feen, the fliips were in the latitude of 49** 29' north, and the longitude of 232° 29' caft. 3 H which 4i8 THE LIFE OF which they had experienced during a conftant iucceffion of adverfe winds, and boifteit)us weather, almoft ever iince their arrival upon the coaft of America *. The fliips having happily found an exceUent inlet, the coafls of which appeared to be inhabited by a race of peo- ple who were difpofed to maintain a friendly intercourfe with ftrangers, Captain Cook's firft obje£t was to fearch for a commodious harbour ; and he had little trouble in difco- vering what he wanted. A trade having immediately com- menced, the articles which the inhabitants offered to fal6 were the ikins of various ' a^JttttalSf fuch as bears, wolves, foxes, deer, rackoons, polecats, martins ; and, in particular, of the fea-otters. To thefe were added, befides the Ikins in their native fhape, garments made of them ; another fort of clothing, formed from the bark of a tree ; and va- rious different pieces of workmanfhip. But of all the arti- cles brought to market, the moft extraordinary were hu- man fkuUs, and hands not yet quite ftripped of their flefh; fome of which had evident marks of their having been upon the fire. The things which the natives took in ex- change for their commodities, were knives, chifiels, pieces of iron and tin, nails, looking-glafies, buttons, or any kind of metal. Glafs beads did not ftrike their imaginations; and cloth of every fort they rejedted. Though commerce, in general, was carried on with mutual honefty, there were fome among thefe people who were as much inclined to thievery as the iflanders in the Southern Ocean. They were, at the fame time, far more dangerous thieves ; for, poffefling iharp iron inftruments, they could cut a hook from a tackle, or any other piece of iron from a rope, the • Cook's Vopgc, ubi fupra, p. 253. 258, 264—267.' moment n CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 419 moment that the backs of the Englifh were turned. The c dexterity with which they conduced their operations of this nature, frequently eluded the moil cautious vigilance. Some flighter inftances of deception, in the way of traffic. Captain Cook thought it better to bear with than to make them the foundation of a quarrel ; and to this he was the rather determined, as the Englifh articles were now reduced to objects of a trifling nature. In the progrefs of the com- merce, the natives would deal for nothing but metal ; and, at length, brafs was fo eagerly fought for, in preference to iron, that, before our navigators quitted the place, fcarcely a bit of it was left in the (hips, excepting what belonged to the necefTary inflruments. Whole fuits of clothes were firipped of every button ; bureaus were deprived of their furniture ; copper kettles, tin cannifters, candleflicks, and whatever of the like kind could be found, all went to wreck ; fo that thefe Americans became pofTeiTors of a greater medley and variety of things from our people, than any other nation that had beeu vifited in the courfe of the voyage. Of all the uncivilized tribes which our Commander had met with in his feveral navigations, he never found any who had fuch ftridt notions of their having a right to the cxdufive property of every thing which their country pro- duces, as the inhabitants of the Sound where he was now ftationed. At firft, they wanted to be paid for the wood and water that were carried on board; and had the Captain been upon the fpot, when thefe demands were made, he would certainly have complied with them : but the work- men, in his abfence, main<-ained a different opinion, and refufed to fubmit to any fuch claims. When fome grafs, which appeared to be of no ufe to the natives, was wanted 3 H a to 420 THE LIFE OP 1778. CHAP, to be cut, as food for the few goats and iheep which ftiS V'' remained on board, they infifted that it Ihould be purchaf- ed, and were very unreafonable in their terms ; notwith- ftanding which, Captain Cook confented to gratify them, as far as he was able. It was always a facred rule with him "* never to take any of the property of the people whom he vifited, without making them an ample compenfation. The grand operation of our navigators, in their prefent ftation, was to put the fhips into a compleat repair for the profecution of the expedition. While this bufinefs was carrying on, our Commander took the opportunity of exa- mining every part of the Sound ; in the courfe of which he gained a farther knowledge of the inhabitants, who, in general, received him with great civility. In one inftance he met with a furly Chief, who could not be foftened with prefents, though he condefcended to accept of them. The females of the place over which he preiided, fhewed a more agieeable difpofition ; for fome of the young women expeditiouiiy drefled themfelves in their beft apparel, andy affembling in a body, welcomed the Englifh to their village, by joining in a fong, v/hich was far from being harfh or difagreeable. On another occafion, the Captain was enter- tained with finging. Being vifited by a number of flran- 41 April, gers, on the twenty-fecond of April, as they advanced to- wards the ihips, they all ftood up in their canoes, and began to fing. Some of their fongs, in which the whole body joined, were in a flow, and others in a quicker time ; and theirnotes were accompanied with the moft regular mo- tions of their hands; or with beating in concert, with their paddles, on the fides of the canoes; to which were added other very expreflive geftures. At the end of each fong, they continued filent for u fe v moments, and then began ag^ioi CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 4*1 i77i. again, fometimes pronouncing the word Hooeel forcibly as chap. a chorus. vi. Among the natives of the country, there was one Chief who attached himfelf to our Commander in a particular manner. Captain Cook having, at parting, bellowed upon him a fmall prefent, received, in return, a beaver fltin, of much greater value. This called upon the Captain to make fome addition to his prefent, with which the Chief was fo much pleafed, that he infilled on our Commander's acceptance of the beaver-lkin cloak which he then wore ; and of which he was particularly fond. Admiring this inllance of generolity, and defirous that he Ihould not fuf- fer by his friendlhip, the Captain gave him a new broad- fword, with a brafs hilt ; the poffeflion of which rendered him completely happy *. On Captaui Cook*s firft arrival in this inlet, he had honoured it with the name of Kino George's Sound; but he afterwards found that it is called Nqotka by the na- tives +. During his ftay in the place, he difplayed his ufual fagacity and diligence, in conjundlion with Mr. An- derfon, in coUedling every thing that could b*^ learned con- cerning the neighbouring country and its inhabitants; and the account is interefting, as it exhibits a pidlure of pro- ductions, people, and manners very different from what had occurred in the Southern Ocean. I can only, as on former occalions, llightly advert to a few of the more leading circumftances. The climate, fo far as our naviga- tors had experience of it, was found to be ia an eminent : * Cook's Voyage, ubi fupra, p. 169.— 286. t The entrance of the Sound is fituated in the eaft comer of Hope Bay,, in the U* titude of 49° %%' aoitb, and in the longitude of 233° 1%' eatl. degree 1! Hi 422 THE LIFE OF «778. CHAP, degree milder than that on the eaft coaft of America, in the vi. fame parallel of latitude; and it was remarkable that the thermometer, even in the night, never fell lower than 42* ; while in the day it frequently rofe to 60°. With regard to trees, thofe of which the woods are chiefly compofed, are the Canadian pine, the white cyprefs, and the wild pine, with two or three different forts of pine that are lefs com- mon. In the other vegetable produdtions there appeared but little variety : but it is to be coniidered that, at fo early a feafon, feveral might not yet have fprung up ; and that many more might be concealed from our voyagers, in con- fequence of the narrow fphere of their refearches. Of the land animals, the moft common were bears, deer, foxes» and wolves. The fea animals which were feen off the coaft, were whales, porpoifes, and feals. Birds, in general, are not only rare as to the different fpecies, but very fcarce as to numbers ; and the few which are to be met with are fo ftiy, that, in all probability, they are continually harraf- fed by. the natives ; either to eat them as food, or to get poifeflion of their feathers, which are ufed as ornaments. Fifti are more plentiful in quantity than birds, but were not four.a in any great variety ; and yet, from feveral cir- cumftances, there was reafon to believe, tliat the variety is confiderably increafed at certain feafons. The only ani- mals that were obferved of the reptile kind were fnakes and water-lizards ; but the infedt tribe feemed to be more numerous. With refpedt to the inhabitants of the country, their perfons are generally under the common ftaturt ; but not flender in proportion, being ufually pretty full or plump, though without being mufcular. From their bringing to fale human Ikulls and bones^ it may juftly be inferred that they / 'I CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. they treat their enemies with a degree of brutal cruelty ; notwithftanding which, it does not follow that they are to be reproached with any charge of peculiar inhumanity : for the circumftance now mentioned only marks a general agreement of character with that of almoft every tribe of uncivilized men, in every age, and in every part of the globe. Our navigators had no reafon to complain of the difpofition of the natives, who appeared to be a doci\je, cour- teous, good-natured people; rather phlegmatic in the ufual caft of their tempers, but quick in refenting what they apprehend to be an injurv, and eafily permitting their anger to fubfide. Their otLer paflions, and efpecially their curiofity, feemed to lie in fome meafure dormant ; one caufe of which may be found in th s indolence that, for the moft part> is prevalent amongft them. I'he chi' i employments of the men are thofe of filhing, and of llli ng land or fea- animals, for the fuftenance of th ?ir families; ' hile the women are occupied in manufedturing their Haxen or woollen garments, or in other domeflic offices. It muil be mentioned to their honour, that they were always properly clothed, and behaved with the utmoft decorum ; juftly de- ferring all commendation, for a baflifulnefe and modefty becoming their fex : and this was the more meritorious in them, as the male inhabitants difcovered no fenfe of fhame. In their manufa * 4Bh ■1 mm u': 424 a6 April. THELIFEOF ufe amongft them, and in the application of which they are very dexterous. Whence they have derived their knowledge of irony was a matter of fp^culation with Cap- tain Cook. The moft probable opinion is, that this and other metals may have been introduced by way of Hudfon*s Bay and Canada, and thus lucceffively have been conveyed acrofs the continent} from tribe to tribe. Nor is it unrea- fonable to fuppofe that thefe metals may fometimes be brought, in the fame manner, from the north-weftem parts of Mexico *. The language of Nootka is by no means harfh or difagreeable ; for it abounds, upon the whole, rather with what may be called labial and dental^ than with guttural founds. A large vocabulary of it was colle6ted by Mr. Anderfon. Whilft Captain Cook was at Nootka Sound, great atten- tion was paid by himv as ufual, to aftronomical and nautical fubjeds. The obfervations which he had an opportunity of making were, indeed, £o numerous, as to form a very confiderable addition to geographical and philofbphicsd fcience f . On the twenty-fixthr the repairs of the Ihips having been completed, every thing was ready for the Captain's departure. When, in the afternoon of that day, the veiTels were upon the point of faiUng, the mercury in the baro- meter fell unufually low; and there was every other pre- * Two filver fpoons, of a conftru^on fimilar to what may fometimM be feen in Flemifli pidures of ftill life, were prcMCured here by Mr. Gore, who bought them froiQ a native, who wore them, tied together with a leathern thongs as an ornament round his neck. Mr. Gore gave the fpoons to Sir Jofeph BanJu. t Cook's Voyage, ubi fupra, p. 288. 291. 293, 294. X96. 298. JOO^ 30X. 309. 31O. ^:8, 319. 325. 329, 330. 332. 334. 337—340. fage '1 CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 4*5 fage of an approaching ftorm, which might reafonably be expe Mr. Williamfon went on Ihore, and reported, on his return, that having landed on the point, and climbed the * Cook's Vovage,ubi fupra, p. 403. 413—424. :i higheft i • CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 435 II A P. VI. highefl hir he found that the fartheft part of the coaft in fight bore nearly north. At the fame time, he took pof- feflion of the country in his Majefty's name, and left a hot- ^-.g, tie, in which was enclofed a piece of paper, containing an infcription of the names of the ihips, together with the date of the difcovery. To the promontory he gave the name of Cape Newenham *. The land, as far Mr. Wil- • y ^ liamfon could fee, produces neitlier tree nor fhrub; but the lower grounds were not deftitute of grafs, and of fome other plants, very few of which were in flower. When bur navigators, on the third of Auguft, had ad- 3 Auguit, vanced to the latitude of 62° 34', a great lofs was fuftained by them in the death of Mr. Anderfon, the furgeon of the Refolution, who had been lingering under a confumption for more than twelve months. He was a young man of a cultivated underftanding and agreeable manners, and was well Ikilled in his own profeffion ; befides which, he had ., acquired a confiderable degree of knowledge in other branches of fcience.- How ufeful an ailiftant he was to Captain Cook, hath often appeared in the prefent narrative, and is fully difplayed in the Voyage at large. Had his life been fpared, the public would undoubtedly have received from him fuch communications, on various parts of the nattiral hiftory of the feveral places that had been viiited, as would juftly have entitled him to very high commenda- > tion. The proofs of his abilities that now remain, will hand down the name of Anderfon^ in conjun 3 K t fion 436 THE LIFE OF 1778. 9 July- CHAP, land having been feen at a diftance, which was luppoled to ^i ' be an ifland, our Commander honoured it with the appel- lation of And£RSOn*s Island. The next day he removed Mr. Law, the furgeon of the Difcovery, into the Refolu- tion» and appointed Mr. Samwell, the furgeon*s firft mate of the Refolution, to be furgeon of the Difcovery. On the ninth, Captain Cook came to an anchor under a point of land, to which he gave the name of Cap£ Prince OF Wales, and which is remarkable by being the mod weftern extremity of America hitherto explored *. This extremity is diftant from the eaflern Cape of Siberia only thirteen leagues : and thus our Commander had the glory of afcertaining the vicinity of the two continents, which had only been conjectured from the reports of the neigh- bouring Afiatic inhabitants, and the imperfect obfervations of the Ruffian navigators!. Refuming his courfe on the tenth, Captain Cook an- chored in a bay, the land of which was at firft fuppofed to be a part of the ifland of AlaTchka, which is laid down in Mr. Staehlin's map. But, from the figure of the coaft; from the fituation of the oppofite ftiore of America; and from the longitude, the Captain foon began to think that it was more probably the country of the Tfchutiki, on the eaflern extremity of Aiia, which. had been explored by fton of the larger part of th«m, and there they are ftill retained. Such parts as re- lated folely to natural hiftory were delivered by Captain King to Sir Jofeph i who wiflies to add his teftimony to the exceUence of Mr.- Anderfon's charader, to the uti- lity of his obfervations, and to the great , probability that, if he had furvived, he would have given to the world fomething which would have done him credit. • Cook's Voyage, ubi fupra, p. 426, 433, 440, 441, 444. Cap* Prince of Wales is Atuatcd in the latitude of 65" 46^, and in the longitude of 191* 45^. t Coxe's Comparative View of the Ruffian Difcoveries, with thofe made by Cip> tains Cook and Clcrke, p. IS, 16. Beering •^^ CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 437 Bccring in 1728. In the refult it appeared that this was in fatSt the cafe. Our Commander became fully fatisBed, in the farther progrefs of his voyage, that Mr. Staehlin's map mull be erroneous ; and he had the honour of reftor- ing the American continent to that fpace which the geo- grapher now mentioned had occupied with his imaginary illand of Alafchka. From the Bay of St. Lawrence, belonging to the country of the Tfchutfki, our navigators fleered, on the eleventh, to the eafl, in order to get nearer to the coafl of America. After that, proceeding to the north, they reached, on the feventeenth, the latitude of 70" 33'*. On this day, a brightnefs was perceived in the northern horizon, like that which is reflected from ice, and is commonly called the blink. This was at firft but little noticed, from a fuppofi- tion that there was no probability of meeting with ice fo foon : and yet, the (harpnefs of the air, and the gloominefs of the weather, had, for two or three days pad, feemed to indicate a fudden change. In about an hour*s time, the fight of a large field of ice left Captain Cook no longer in doubt with regard to the caufe of the brightnefs oif the horizon. The fhips, in the fame afternoon, being then in the latitude of 70" 41^ were clofe to the edge of the ice, and not able to Hand on any farther. On the eighteenth, when the veffels were in the latitude of 70" 44', the ice on the fide of them was as compact as a wall, and was judged to be at leaft ten or twelve feet in height. Farther to the north, it appeared to be much higher. Its furface was extremely rugged, and in different places there were feen upon it pools of water. A prodigious number of fea-horfes lay upon 1778. II Jul/. I7^ 18. ;'. '! f The loQgttude was 197" 41'. the 438 THE LIFE OF it H* the ice ; and fome of therti) on the nineteenth, were pro- cured for food, there being at this time a want of frefti provitions. When the animals were brought to the veffels, it was no fmall difappointment to many of the feamen, who had feaftcd their eyes for feveral days with the pro- ipe<5t of eating them, to find that they were not fea-cows, as they had fuppofed, but fea-horfes. This difappoint- ment would not have been occafioned, or t}ie difference known, had there not happened to be one or two failors on board who had been in Greenland, and who declared what thefe animals were, and that it never was cuftomary to eat of them. Such, however, was the anxiety for a change of diet, as to overcome this prejudice. Our voyagers lived upon the fea-horfes as long as they lafted ; and there were few who did not prefer them to the fait meat. Captain Cook continued, to the twenty-ninth, to tra- verfe the Icy Sea beyond Beering's Strait, in various direCf tions, and through numberlefs obftrudtions and difficul- ties. Every day the ice increafed, fo as to preclude all hopes of attaining, at leaft during the prefent year, the grand ob- je6t of the voyage. Indeed, the feafon was now fo far ad- vanced, and the time in which the froft was expedted to fet in was fo near at hand, that it would have been totally incon- fiftent with prudence, to haye made any farther attempts^ till the next fummer, at finding a paffage into the Atlantic. The attention, therefore, of our Commander was now di- rected to other important and neceifary concerns. It was of great confequence to meet with a place where our navi- gators might be fupplied with wood and water. But the point which principally occupied the Captain's thoughts was, how he ihould fpend the winter, fo as to make fome improvements in geography and navigation, and, at the fame CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 439 (ame time, to be in a condition to return to the north) in chap. VI. 1778. farther fearch of a paffage, in the enfuing fummer*. Before Captain Cook proceeded far to the fouth, he em- ployed a conliderable time in examining the fea and coails in the neighbourhood of Beering's Strait, both on the (ide of Alia and America. In this examination, he afcertained the accuracy of Beering, fo far as he went ; demonftrated the errors with which Staehlin's map of the New Northern Archipelago abounds; and made large additions to the geographical knowledge of this part of the world. " It re- « fleAs," as Mr. Coxe juftly obferves, " the higheft honour <* even on the Britifh name, that our great navigator ex- ** tended his difcoveries much farther in one expedition, ** and at fo great a diftance from the point of his depar- •* ture, than the Rullians accomplifhed in a long feries <* of years, and in parts belonging or contiguous to their ** own empire f" On the fecond of 0(5lober, our voyagers came within a October, iight of the ifland of Oonalailika, and anchored the next day in Samganoodha harbour. Here the firft concern was to put the Ihips under the neceflary repair ; and, while the carpenters were employed in this bulinefs, one third of the people had permiflion, by turns, to go and colledl the ber- ries with which the ifland abounds, and which, though now beginning to be in a ftate of decay, did not a little con- tribute, in conjun(5tion with fpruce-beer, efFedually to eradicate every feed of the fcurvy that might exift in either of the veflTels. Such a fupply of fifli was likewife procured, as not only ferved for prefent confumption, but afforded a • Cook's Voyage, ubi fupra, p. 452, 486, 455, 456, 457, 466. t Coxe's Comparative View of the RuiBan Difcoveries, p. 16. quantity ^' tHJ- 440 THE LIFE OP 1778. 8oa. CHAP, quantity to be carried out to fea ; fo that hence a confider' VI* able faying was made of the provifions of the fliips, whicbi was at this time an objeA of no fmall importance. Captain Cook, on tiie eighths-received, by the hands of an Oonalaflika man, named Derramoufhky a very lingular prefenty which was that of a rye loaf, or rather a pye in the form of a loaf, for it enclofed fome falmon, highly feafbned with pepper. This man had the like prefent for Captain Gierke, and a note for each of the two Captains^ written in a character which none on board could under- ftand. It was natural to fuppofe, that the prefents cune from ibme Ruffians in the neighbourhood ; and therefore a few bottles of rum, wine, and porter, were fent to thefe unknown friends in return ; it bdng rightly judged that fuch articles would be more acceptable than any thing be- fides which it was in the power of our navigators to be- ftow. Corporal Lediard of the marines ^1 an intelligent many * This Corporal Lediard is an extraordinary man, fometfalng of whole hiftory can* not fail of being entertaining to my readen. In the winter of 1786, he fet out on the lingular undertaking of walking acroft the condnent of America ; for the accom- plifliment of which purpofe, he determined to travel by the way of Siberia, and to- procure a paflage from that country to the oppofite American coaft. Being an Ame- rican by birth, and having no means of rarfing the moiKy neceflary for his expences, a fubfcription was raifiKl for him by Sir Jofeph Banks, and fome other gentlemen, amounting, in the whole, to a little more than fifty pounds. With this fum he proceeded to Haniburgli, from which place he went to Copenhagen, and thence to Feteriburgh, -Where iie arrived in the beginning of March 1787. In his journey from Copenhagen to Petcrfburgh, finding that the gulph of Bothnia was not frozen over, he was obliged to walk round the whole of it, by Tornaeo. At Peterlburgh he ftayed till the twenty-firft of May, when he obtained leave to accompany a convoy of mili- tary ftores, ^ich at that time was proceeding to Mr. Billings, who had been his fhip-mate in Captain Cook's vopge, and who was then employed by the Emprefs of RuiEa, for the purpofe of making difcoveries in Siberia, and on the noith-wcil- coaft CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 441 m-iii, was, at the fame time, diredled to accompany Der- chap. ramouftik, for the purpofe of gaining farther informa- ^ \' tiaa ; and with orders, if he met with any Ruffians, that ,^^3^ he Ihould endeavour to make them underftand that our voyagers were Englilhmen, and the friends and allies of their nation. On the tenth, the Corporal returned with 10 0^» three Ruffian feamen, or furriers, who, with feveral others, refided at Egoochfliac, where they had a dwelling-houfe, fome ftore-houfes, and a floop of about thirty tons burthen. One of tbefe men was either mafter or mate of this veffel ; another of them wrote a very good hand, and was ac- coaft of America. With this convoy Mr. Lediard fet out, and in Auguft reached the city of Irkutfk in Siberia. After that, he proceeded to the town of Yakutfk, where he met with Captain Billings. From this place he went back to Irkutfk, to fpend a part of the winter ; propofing, in the fpring, to return to Yakutfk, in order to proceed in the fummer to Okotfk. Hitherto Mr. Lediard had gone on profperoufly, and flattered himfelf with the hopes of fucceeding in his undertaking. But, in January laft (1788} in confequence of an exprefs from the Emprefs, he was arrefted, and, in half an hour's time, carried away, under the guard of two foldiers and an oiEcer, in a poft fledge, for Mofcow, without his cloaths, money, and papers. From Mofcow he was conveyed to the city of Mo- ialoff in White Rui&a, and thence to the town of Tolochin in Poland. There he was informed, that her Majefty's order's were, that he was never to enter her dominions again without her exprefs permiilinn. During all this time, he fufFered the greatcft hardships, from ficknefs, tatigue, :,/ want of reft } fo that he was aliaoil reduced to a Skeleton. From Tolochin he made his way to Koniglberg, having had, as he fays, • , a miferable journey, in a miferable cuuntry, in a miferable feafon, in miferable health, and a miferable purfe } and difappointed of his darling enterprise. Mr. Lediard informs Sir Jofeph Banks, to wh "^1 he fent, from time to time, a full account of his tranf- a£lions, that, though he bad been retarded in his purfuits by malice, he had not travelled totally in vain } his obfervationf in Afta being, perhaps, as complete as a longer vifit would have rendered them. From his laft letter it appears, tliat he ptopofed to re- turn, as fpeedily as poflible, from Konigft>erg to England. For the preceding intelligence I am wholly indebted to the obliging information of Sir Jofeph Banks, ■ m 3I- quaintcd 44* 1 HE LIFE OF 1778. 140a. »f. qnainted with figures ; and all of them were fenfible and well-behaved perfons, who were ready to give Capt-in Cock every ix)flible degree of information. The great dif- ficulty in th reception and communication of intelligence, arofe from the want of an interpreter. On the fourteenth, a Ruffian landed at Oonalafhka, whofe name was Erafira GregoriofF Sin IfmylofF, and who was the principal perfon among his countrymen in this and the neighbouring iflands. Befides the intelligence which our Commander derived from his converfations with Ifmyloff, and which were carried on by figns, affifted by figures and other cha- ra(!i>ers, he obtained from him the fight of two charts, and was permitted to copy them. Both of them were manufcripts, and bore every m.ark of authenticity. The firft included the Penjbinjkian Sea ; the coaft of Tartary, down to the latitude of 41" ; the Kuril iflands ; and the pen- in fula of Kamtfchatka. But it was the fecond chart that was the moft interefting to Captain Cook ; for it compre- hended all the difcoveries made by the Ruffians to the eaftward of Kamtfchatka, towards America ; which, how- ever, exclufively of the voyages of Beering and Tfcheri- koff, amounted to little or nothing. Indeed, all the people with whom the Captain converfed at Oonalaflika, agreed in affiiriiig him, over and over again, that they knew of no other iflands, befides thofe which were laid down upon this chart ; and that no Ruffian had ever feen any part of the continent of America to the northward, excepting that v/hich lies oppofite to the country of the Tfchutfliis. When, on the twenty-firlt, Mr. IfmylofF took his final leave of the Englifli navigators, our Commander entrufted to his care a letter to the Lords Commiffioners of the Ad- miralty, in which was enclofed a chart of all the northern coailb the Captain had vifited. It was expe(Sted that there would CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. would be an opportunity of fending this letter, in the C enfuing fpring, to Kamtfchatka or Okotfk, and that it would reach Peterlburgh during the following winter. Mr. • IfmylofF, who faithfully and fuccefsfuUy difcharged the truft our Commander had repofed in him, feemed to poflels abilities that might: entitle him to a higher ftation in life than that which he o<:;cupied. He had a confider- able knowledge of alftronomy, and was acquainted with the moft ufeful branches of the mathematics. Captain Cook made him a prefent of an Hadley's oftant; and, though it was probably the firft he had ever feen, he un- derftood, in a very fliort time, the various ufcs to which that inftrumeut can be applied. While the (hips lay at Oonalalhka, our voyagers did not neglecSt to make a diligent enquiry into the produAions of the illand, and the general manners cf the inhabitants. On thefe, as being in a great meafare limilar to objeAs which have already been noticed, it is not neceflary to enlarge. There is one circumftance, however, fo honour- able to the natives, that it muft not be omitted. They are, to all appearance, the molt-peaceable and inoffenlive people our Commander had ever met with ; and, with rc-< fpe(St to honefty, they might ferve as a pattern to coun- tries that are in the higheft ftate of civilization. A doubt is fuggefted, whether this difpofition may not have been the confequence of their prefent fubjedtion to the Ruf- fians. From the affinity which was found to fubfift be-* tween the dialeds of the Greenlanders and Efquimaux, and thofe of the inhabitants of Norton's Sound ^' and Oona- • Norton's Sound is a large inlet that extends to the northward as far cs the latitude of 64° 55', upon thv coaft of which Lieutenant King had landed, by Captain Coolc's order. 3 L 2 laihka, 443 HAT. VI. I77». I * ■ I "i * ailil tM *ia 444 THE LIFE OF 26 oa. a6 Nov. laihka, there is ftrong reafon to believe, that all thefe na- tions are of the fame extradtion ; and, if that be the cafe, the exigence of a northern communication of fome kind, by fea, between the weft fide of America and the eaft iide, through Baffin's Bay, can fcarcely be doubted ; which com- munication, neverthelefs, may effedtually be fhut up againft ihips, by ice and other impediments. While the veffels lay in Samganoodha harbour, Captain Cook exerted his ufual diligence in making nautical and aftronomical obfervations. All things, on the twenty-lixth, having been gotten ready for his departure, he put to fea pn that day, and failed for the Sandwich Iflands ; it being , his intention to fpend a few months there, and then to direct his courfe to Kamtfchatka, fo as to endeavour to reach that country by the middle of May^ in the enfuing fummer*. On the twenty-fixth of November, when the ihips had proceeded fouthward till they came to the latitude of 26* 55', land was difcovered, which proved to be an ifland of the name of M 5«5. 5*6. Ibr CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 445 for provifions and refrefhments. While our navigators lay oflf Mowee, which was for fome days, a friendly inter- courfe was maintained with the inhabitants. Another ifland was diicovered on the thirtieth, which is called by the natives Owbybee. As it appeared to be of greater extent and importance than any of the iflands ■which had yet been vifited in this part of the world. Cap- tain Cook fpent nearly feven weeks in failing round, and examining its coaft. Whilft he was thus employed, the inhabitants came off, from time to time, in their canoes, and readily engaged in traffic with our voyagers. In the con- duft of this bufinefs, the behaviour of the iflanders was more entirely free from fufpicion and referve than our Com- mander had ever yet experienced. Not even the people of Otaheite itfelf, with whom he had been fo intimately and repeatedly connee produftive of very agree- chap. able confequences, Ihould be fo fatal in the refult. Little V'* did he think, that the illand of Owhyhce was dellined to be the lait fcencofhi; exploits, and the caufc of his dcftruc- tion. The reception which the Captain met with from the natives, on his proceeding to anchor in Karakakooa Bay, was flattering in the higheft degree. They came off from the Ihore in aftonifhing numbers, and expreflld their joy 1/ finging and fho' ^, and by exhibiting a variety of viitl and extrava -s. Pareea, a young man of y^nix authority, an. i, another Chief, had already at- tached themlc our Commander, and were very ufeful in keeping their countrymen from being trouble- fome. During the long cruize of our navigators off the illand of Owhyhee, the inhabitants had almoft univerfally be- haved with great fairnefs and honefty in their dealings, and iiad not Ihewn the flighteft propenfity to theft : and this was a iadl the more extraordinary, as thofe with whom our people had hitherto maintained any intercourfe, were of the loweft rank, being either fervants or filher- men. But, after the arrival of the Refolution and Difco- very in Karakakooa Bay, the cafe was greatly altered. The immenfe crowd of iflanders that blocked up every part of the Ihips, not only afforded frequent opportunities of pil- fering without rilk of detedion ; but held out, even if they fhould be detedled, a profpedl of efcaping with impu- nity, from the fuperiority of their numbers to that of the Englifh. Anothec circumftance, to which the alteration in the condudt of the natives might be afcribed, arofe from the prefence and encouragement of their Chiefs, into whofe 3 M poffeflion ,,!i| ^, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) s/>.*^^ 1.0 I.I 1^128 12^ Ui 1^ 12.2 11-25 HI 1.4 m «*■ 6" ^^ Photographic Sciences Corporation \ V 4 •^ s> r% •s'l^ >, 23 WIST MAIN STMIT WEBSTM.N.Y. MS80 (716)872-4903 > 4J!^ THE LIFE OP »779« CHAP, poileilion ^e booty might be traced, and whom tiiere was VI. reaibn to fufpe^t of being the infUgators of the depreda« tions that were committed. Soon after the Refolution had gotten into her ftation». Pareea and Kaneena brought on board a third Chief, named Koah, who was reprefented as being a prieft, and as having, in his early youth, been a diftinguiihed warrior. In the evening. Captain Cook,^ attended by Mr. Bayley and Mr.- King, accompanied Koah on fliore. Upon this occafion, the Captain was received with very peculiar and extraor- dinary ceremonies ; with ceremonies that indicated the higheft reipe<5t on the part of the natives, and wl^ch, indeed, feemedto faU little ihort of adoration. One of the principal objects that engaged our Com- mander*s attention at Owhyhee, was the falting of hogs for fea-ftore ; in which his fuccefs was far more £ompleat dian had been attained in any former attempt of the fame kind. It doth not appear that experiments relative to this fubjeA had been made by the navigators of any nation before Captain Cook. His firft trials were in I774» during his fecond voyage round the world; when his fuccefs, though very imperfect, was, neverthelefs, fufficient to encourage his farther efforts, in a matter of fo much importance. As the prefent voyage was likely to be protra^ed a year beyond the time for which the (hips were victualled, he was under a neceflity of providing, by fome fuch method, for the fubfiftence of the crews, or of reHnquifhing the prosecu- tion of his difcoveries. Accordingly, he loft no opportu- nity of renewing his attempts ; and the event anfwered his moft fanguine expe^ations. Captain King brought home with him fome of the pork which was pickled at Owhyhee in January 1779; ^^^> upon its being tafted by feveralper- fons CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 451 1779. a6 Jm. l^ns in England about Chriftmas 1780, it was founcT to be chap. perfe^ly found and wholefome *. It feemed to be deftined, ^'* that in every inftance Captain Cook ihould excel all who had gone before him, in promoting the purpofes of navi- gation. On the twenty-fixth, the Captain had his firft interview with TerreeoboO) the king of the illand. The meeting was conduced with a variety of ceremonies, among which, the cuftom of making an exchange of names, which, amongft all the illanders of the Pacific Ocean is the ftrongeft pledge of friendftiip, was obferved. When the formalities of the interview were over, our Commander carried Terreeoboo, and as many Chiefs as the pinnace could hold, on board the Refolution. They were received, on this occafion, with every mark of refpeft that could be ftiewn them ; and, in return for a beautiful and fplendid feathered cloak which the king had beftowed on Captain Cook, the Captain put a linen Ihirt on his majefty, and girt his own hanger round him. In the progrefs of the intercourfe which was maintained between our voyagers and the natives, the quiet and in- t>ffenfive behaviour of the latter took away every appre- henfion of danger; fo that the Englifli trufted themfelves among them at all times, and in all fituations. The in- fiances of kindnefs and civility which our people expe- rienced from them were fo numerous, that they could not eafily be recounted. A fociety of priefts, in particular, difplayed a generofity and munificence, of which no equal example had hitherto been given : for they furnifhed a conftant fupply of hogs and vegetables to our navigators, * An account of the proceft may be feen in Ciq;»tain King's Voyage, p. is. ♦ 3 M a without 45* THE LfFE OF 1779. CHAP, without ever demanding a return, or even hinting at it ia ^^' the moft diftant manner. All this was faid to be done at the expence of a f^reat man among them» who was at the head of their body, whofe name w^, Kaoo» and who on other occafions manifefted his attachment to the Englilh* There was not always fo much reafon to be fatisfied with the conduct of the warrior Chiefs, or Earees^ as with that of the prieib. Indeed, the fatisfadtion that was derived from the ufual gentlenefs and hofpitality of the inhabitants, was frequently interrupted by the propenlity of many of them to ftealing ; and this circumftance was the more diftreffing, as it fbmetimes obliged our Commander and the other officers to have recoude to a«Sts of feverity, which they would willingly have avoided, if the neceffity of the cafe had not u >fblutely called for them. Though the kind and liberal bf^haviour of the natives continued without remifiion, Terreeoboo, and his Chie^ began, at length, to be very inquifitive about the time ia which our voyagers were to take their departure. Nor will this be deemed furprizing, when it is eoniideved that^ during fixteen days in which the Engliih had been in the bay of Karakakooa, they had made an enormous con CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. blesy for the Idng to prefent to the Orotto S on his quitting c the country. Accordingly, on the third of February, be- ing the day preceding the time which had been fixed for the failing of the (hips, Terreeoboo invited Captain Cook and Mr. King to attend him to the place where Kaoo re- iided. On their arrival, they found the ground covered with parcels of doth, at a fmall diftance from which lay an immenfe quantity of vegetables; and near them was a large herd of hogs. At the clofe of the vifit, the greater part of the cloth, and the whole of the hogs and vegeta- bles, were given by Terreeoboo to the Captain and Mr. King ; who were aftoniihed at the value and magnificence of the prefent ; for it far exceeded every thing of the kind which they had feen either at the Friendly or Society Iflands f . Mr. King had in fo high a degree conciliated the affections, and gained the efleem, of the inhabitants of Owhyhee, that, with oflfers of the moft flattering nature, he was flrongly folicited to remain in the country. Terree- oboo and Kaoo waited upon Captain Cook, whofe fon they fuppofed Ivlr. King to he,, with a formal requeft that he might be left behind. To avoid giving a pofitive refufal to an offer which was fo kindly intended, the Captain told them, that he could not part with Mr. King at that time, but that, on his return to the ifland in the next year, he would endeavour to fettle the matter to their fatisfac* tion. 453 * Ormo was a title of high honour, which had been beftowed on Captun Cook. . t When thr Relolution had failed from Karakakooa.Bay, Terreeoboo gave a frefh proof of his friendflilp for. Captun Cook» by fending after him a. large .prefent of hogs and' vegetables.. Earlf , . 454 THE LIFE OF 6. Early, on the fourth, the ihips failed out of Karakakooa Bay, being followed by a large number of canoes. It was our Commander*s defign^ before he vifited the other iflands, to finifh the furvey of Owhyhee, in hopes of meeting with a road better iheltered than thtf bay he had juft left. In cafe of not fucceeding in this refpedt, he purpofed to take a view of the fbuth-eaft part of Mowee, where he was informed that he fhould find an excellent harbour*. The circumftances which brought Captain Cook back to Karakakooa Ba^, and the unhappy confequences that followed, I (hall give from Mr. SamwelPs narrative of his death. This narrative was, in the moft obliging manner, communicated to me in manufcript, by Mr. Samwell, with entire liberty to make fuch ufe of it as I (hould judge iMt>per, Upon a perufal of it, its importance ftruck roe in fo ilrong a light, that I wiftied to have it feparately laid before the world. Accordingly, with Mr. SamweU*s concurrence, I procured its publication, that, if any objections fliould be made to it, I might be able to notice them in my own work. As the narrative hath continued for more than two years unimpeached and uncontradicted, I efteem myfelf fully authorized to infert it in this place, as containing the moft complete and authentic account of the melancholy catakrophe, which, at Owhyhee, befel our illuftrious navi- gator and Commander. " On the iixth, we were overtaken by a gale of wind ; << and the next night, the Refolution had the misfortune " of fpringing the head of her foremaft, in fuch a dan- ^< gerous manner, that Captain Cook was obliged to return * Voyage to the Pacific Ocean, vol. iu. written by Mr. King, p. i— >3i. «to CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 455 << to Keragegooah ^f in order to have it repaired ; for we « could find no other convenient harbour on the iiland. << The fame gale had occafioned much diftrefs among *^ fome canoes, that had paid us a vifit from the ihore. ** One of them, with two men and a child on board, was « picked up by the Refolution, and refcued from deilruc- « tion : the men, having toiled hard all night, in attempt- << ing to reach the land, were fb much exhaufledj that they « could hardly mount the fhip's fide. When they got << upon the quarter-deck, they burft into tears, and feemed « much affected with the dangerous fituation from which « they had efcaped ; but the little child appeared lively and « cheerful. One of the Refolution's boats was alfo fo for- « tunate as to fave a man and two women, whofe canoe «* had been upfet by the violence of the waves. They « were brought on board, and, with the others, partook of ^ the kindnefs and humanity of Captain Cook. ** On the morning of Wednefday, the tenth, we were « within a few miles of the harbour; and were foon joined « by feveral canoes, in which appeared man^r of our old « acquaintance, who feemed to have come to welcome us «back. Among them was Coo, aha, a priefl: he had « brought a fmall pig, and fome cocoa-nuts in his hand, « which, after having chaunted a few fenteuces, he pre- « fented to Captain Clerke. He then }eft us, and haftened »779' 10 Feb* * It is proper to take notice, that Mr. Samwell ipelU the names of feveral perfons and places differently from what is done in the hiftory of the voyage. For inftance^ . Karakakooa he calls Ke, rag, e, goo, ah, Terreeoboo « Kariopoo, Kowrowa i " ■ Kavaroah, Kaneecaboreea ■ i ■■ Kaneekapo^herei, Maiha maiha i i Ka, mea, niea. "on 456 THE LIFE OF i . CHAP. " on board the Refolutioni to perfortn the fame fiiendly VI. (i ceremony before Captain Cook. Having but light winds ^ ^ ~ -^ «« all that day, we coifld not gain the hafrbour. In the after- « noon, a Chief of the firft rank, and nearly related to ** Kariopoo, paid us a viiit on board the Difcovery. His << name was Ka, mea, mea : he was drefled in a very rich ** feathered cloak, which he feemed to have brought for ** fale, but would part with it for nothing except iron « daggers. Thefe, the Chiefs, fome time before our depar- ** ture, had preferred to every other article ; for, having " received a plentiful fupply of hatchets and other tools, << they began to collect a ftofe of warlike inftruments. «< Kameamea procured nine daggers for his doak; and, ** being pleafed with his reception, he and his attendants *< (lept on board that night. n Feb. « In the morning of the eleventh of February, the (hips ** anchored again in Keragegooah bay, and preparation ^< was immediately made for landing the Refolution*s fore- « maft. We were vifited but by few of the Indians, be- ■** caufe theris were but few in the bay. On our departure, ^< thofe belonging to other parts, had repaired to their feve- , ** ral habitations, and were again to coUeiSt from varibus ** quarters, before we could exped): to be furrounded by fuch ^ multitudes as we had once feen in that harbour. In the « afternoon, I wal^ied about a mile into the country, to « viiit an Indian friend, who had, a few days before, come ** near twenty miles, in a fmall canoe, to fee me, while the <( (hip lay becalmed. As the canoe had not left us long <' before a gale of wind came on, I was alarmed for the ** confequence : however, I had the pleafure to find that « my friend hsid efcaped unhurt, though not without fome ** difficulties. I take notice of this fliort excurfion, merely becaufe »77«« CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 457 *< becaufe it afforded me an opportunity of obferving, that " there appeared no change in the difpofition or behaviour ** of the inhabitants. I faw nothing that could induce me " to think, that they were difpleafed with our return, or " jealous of the intention of our fecond vifit. On the con- ** traryt that abundant good-nature which had always cha- " raAerifed them, Teemed ftill to glow in every bofom, and '••to animate every countenance*. « The next day, February the twelfth, the Ihips were laFcb. *< put under a taboo, by the Chiefs, a fc) enmity, it feems, « that was requifite to be obferved before Kariopoo, the << king, paid his firft viiit to Captain Cook, after his return. « He waited upon him the fame day, on board the Refolu- *< tion, attended by a large train, fonle of which bore the « prefents defigned for Captain Cook ; who received him « in his ufual friendly manner, and gave him feveral arti- « cles in return. This amicable ceremony being fettled, « the taboo was diiiblved ; matters went on in the ufual « train ; and the next day, February the thirteenth, we 13. « were vifited by the natives in great numbers : the Refo- « lution^s maft was landed, and the aftronomical obfervato- « ries erected on their former fituation. I landed, with *< another gentleman*, at the town of Kavaroah, where we << found a great number of canoes, jv) arrived from dif- * Mr. King relates, dut our voyagers, upon coming to anchor, were furprized to find their reception very difietcnt from what it had been on their firft arrival. He ac- knowledges, however, diat die unfuTpicious conduAof Terreeoboo, who, the next morn- ing, came immediately to vifit Captain Cook, and the confequent return of the natives to dieir former friendly intercourfe with the Englifli, are ftrong prooft diat they neither meant nor apprehended any change of conduft. ** Things," (ays Mr. King, ** went on ** in their aTual^quict covrfe, till the afternoon of the thirteenth." Voyage, ubi fupra, 3 N ** ferent i* « 458 I779« *. T H E L I F E OP « ferent parts of the ifland, and the Indians bufy in eon- ** flruAing temporary huts on the beach, for their rsfi- « dence during the ftay of the (hips. On our return on ** board the Difcovery, we learned, that an Indian had been ** detected in Healing the armourer's tongs from the forge, « for which he received a pretty fevere flogging, and was « fent out of the Ihip. Notwithftanding the example made ** of this man, in the afternoon another had the audacity to ** fnatch the tongs and a chiflel from the fame place, with ** which he jumped overboard, and fwam for the fliore. ** The mafter and a midfhipman were inftantly difpatched « after him, in the fmall cutter. The Indian feeing him- << felf purfued, made for a canoe ; his countrymen took ** him on board, and paddled as fwift as they could towards ** the (hore ; we fired feveral mulkets at them, but to no « effedt, for they foon got out of the reach of our (hot. « Pareah, one of the Chiefs, who was at that time on board ** the pifcovery, underftanding what had happened, im- ** mediately went afhore, promiling to bring back the « ftolen goods. Our boat was fo far diftanced, in chafing << the canoe which had taken the thief on board, that he << had time to make his efcape into the country. Captain « Cook, who was then afliore, endeavoured to intercept *« his landing; but, it feems, that he was led out of the way « by fome of the natives,* who had officiouily intruded *< themfelves as guides. As the mafter was approaching «« near the landing-place, he was met by fome of the Indi- « ans in a canoe : they had brought back the tongs and « chifiel, together with another article, that we had not *< mified, which happened to be the lid of the water-calk. «* Having recovered thefe things, he was returning on « board, when he was met by the Refolution's pinnace, « with \ CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 459 ** with five men in heri who, without any orders, had c « come from the ohfervatories to his affiftance. Being ** thus unexpe^edly reinfarced» he thought himfelf (Irong ** enough to infill upon having the thief) or the canoe *< which took him in, delivered up as reprizals. With « that view he turned back ; and having found the canoe on <* the beach, he was preparing to launch it into the water, ** when Pareah made his appearance, and infifted upon his " not taking it away, as it was his property. The oflficer <* not regarding him, the Chief feized upon him, pinioned ** his arms behind, and held him by the hair of his head ; << on which, one of the failors ihnck him with an oar : « Pareah inftantly quitted the officer, fnatched the oar out <* of the man^ hand, and fnapped it in two acrofs his " knee. At length the multitude began to attack our peo- « pie with ftones. They made fome refiftance, but were <^ foon overpowered, and obliged to fwim for fafety to the « fmall cutter, which lay farther out than the pinnace. <* The officers, not being expert fwimmers, retreated to " a fmall rock in the water, where they were clofely pur- <* fued by the Indians. One man darted a broken oar at " the mailer; but his foot flipping at the time, he miffed ** him, which- fortunately faved that officer's life. At laft, *< Pareah interfered, and put an end to their violence. The <' gentlemen, knowing that hi&prefence was their only de- ** fence againft the fury of the natives, entreated him to " ftay with ihem, till they could get off in the boats ; but "that he refufed, and left them. The mailer went to f* feek affiflance from the party at the ohfervatories ; but •• the mid^ipman chofe to remain in the pinnace. -He *< was very rudely treated by the mob, who plundered the *' boat of every thing that was loofe on board, and then 3N 2 " began •779* 460 T HE LIFE OP i779' CHAP. ** began to knock her to pieces, for the fake of the iron- VI. « work; but Pareah fortunately returned in time to pre- ** vent her deftru^on. He had met the other gentleman « on his way to the obfervatoriesy and» fufpe^ing his er« <* rand) had forced him to return. He difperfed the crowd ** again, and dellred the gentlemen to return on board : ** they reprefented, that all the oars had been taken out « of the boat ; on which he brought fome of them back* ** and the gentlemen were glad to get off, without farther « moleftation. They had not proceeded far, before they « were overtaken by Pareah, in a canoe : he delivered the « midfhipman*s cap, which had been taken from him in « the fcuffle, joined nofes with them, in token of recon- ** ciliation, and was anxious to know, if Captain Cook « would kill him for what had happened. They aflured ** him of the contrary, and made iigns of friendlhip to him « in return. He then left them, and paddled over to the « town of Kavaroah, and that was the laft time we ever faw « him. Captain Cook returned on board foon after, *< much difpleafed with the whole of this difagreeable bu- « iinefs ; and the fame night fent a lieutenant on board ** the Difcovery to learn the particulars of it, as it had ori* ** ginated in that Ihip. «* It was remarkable, that in the midft of the hurry and « confuiion attending this afiair, Kanynah (a Chief who << had always been on terms particularly friendly with us) « came from the fpot where it happened, with a hog to << fell on board the Difcovery : it was of an extraordinary « large fize, and he demanded for it a pahowa, or dagger, « of an unufual length. He pointed to us, th«t it muft « be as long as his arm. Captain Clerke not having one «< of that length, told him, he would get one made for « him CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 46t w him by the morning ; with which being fatisfied, he c « left the hogt and went afhore without making any (lay •* with us. It will not be altogethc t I'oreign to the fubjedt, ^o ^ mention a circumftance, that happened to-day on board « the Refolution. An Indian Chief aiked Captain Cook « at hit table, if he was a Tata Toa ; which means a fight- ** ing man, or a foldier. Being anfwered in the affirma- *' tive, he defired to fee his wounds : Captain Cook held ** out his right-hand, which had a fear upon it, dividing « the thumb from the finger, the whole length of the << metacarpal bones. The Indian, being thus convinced « of his being a Toa, put the fame queftion to another «* gentleman prefent, but he happened to have none of <* thofe diitinguifhing marks : the Chief then faid, that he «* himfelf was a Toa, and (hewed the fears of fome wounds " he had received in battle. Thofe who were on duty at <* the obfervatories, were difturbed, during the night, with « ihi'ill and melancholy founds, iffuing from the adjacent ** villages, which they took to be the lamentations of the <* women. Perhaps the quarrel between us, might have «* filled their minds with apprehenfions for the fafety of « their hufbands : but, be that as it may, their mournful ** cries ftruck the fentinels with unufual awe and terror. « To widen the breach between us, fome of the Indians, ** in the night, took away the Difcovery's large cutter, ** which lay fwamped at the buoy of one of her anchors : <* they had carried her off fo quietly, that we did not mifs ** her till the ^norning, Sunday, February the fourteenth. '* Captain Clerkeloft no time in waiting upon Captain Cook, « to acquaint him with the accident: he returned on board, « with orders for the launch and fmall cutter to go, under « the command of the fecond lieutenant, and lie off the «eaft «779« 14 Feb. 462 «779' fHE LIFE OF '< eaft point of the bay, in order to intercept all canoes that <* might attempt to get out ; and, if he found it neceflary, « to fire upon them. At the fame time, the third lieute- « nant of the Refolution, with the launch and fmall cut- *< ter, was fent on the fame fervice, to the opposite point " of the bay ; and the mailer was difpatched in the large « cutter, in purfuit of a double canoe, already under fail, " making the heft of her way out of the harbour* He « foon came up with her, and by firing a few muikets, « drove her on Ihore, and the Indians left her : this hap- << pened to be the canoe of Omea, a man who bore the « title of Orono. He was on board himfelf, and it would ** have been fortunate, if our people had fecured him, for « his perfon was held as facred as that of the king. Dur- << ing this time. Captain Cook was preparing to go alhore << himfelf, at the town of Kavaroah, in order to fecure the *« perfon of Kariopoo, before he ihould have time to with- " draw himfelf to another part of the ifland, out of our " reach. This appeared the moft elfedlual ftep that could ** be taken on the prefent occafion, for the recovery of the " boat.— 'It was the meafure he had invariably purfued, in « fimilar cafes, at other iflands in thefe feas, and it had *< always been attended with the defired faccefs : in fa6t, ** it would be difficult to point out any other mode of pro- <* ceeding on thefe emergencies, likely to attain the objeift ** in view *. We had reafon to fuppofe, that the king and ** his attendants had fled when the alarm was firft given: <* in that cafe, it was Captain Cook*s inter^on to feci:u:e * Mr. King acknowledges, that he was always fearful, that die degree of confi. dence which Captain Coolc had acquired from his long and uninterrupted courfe of fuccefs, in his tranfaftions with the natives of thefe feas, might, at fome unlucky moment, put him too much off his guard. Voyage, ubi fupra, p. 55. «* the CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 4^3 " the large canoes which were hauled up on the beach. " He left the (hip about feven o'clock, attended by the <* lieutenant of marines, a ferjeant, corporal, and feven " private men : the pinnace's crew were alfo armed, and <* under the command of Mr. Roberts. As they rowed to- <* wards the ihore, Captain Cook ordered the launch to " leave her ilation at the weft 'point of the bay, in order to « aflift his own boat. This is a circumftance worthy of ** notice ; for it clearly fliews, that he was not unapprehen- •* five of meeting with refiftance from the natives, or un- ** mindful of the neceflary- preparation for the fafety of « himfelf and his people. I Will venture to fay, that, from *< the appearance of things juft at that time, there was not «< one, befide himfelf, who judged that fuch precaution «* was abfolutely requifite : fo little did his condudl on the « occafion, bear the marks of raihnefs, or a precipitate «* felf-confidence ! He landed, with the marines, at the ** upper end of the town of Kavaroah : the Indians im- ** mediately flocked round, as ufual, and Ihewed him the ** cuft(Hnary marHs of refpedt, by proftrating themfelves «< before him. There were no figns of hoftilities, or much "alarm among them. Captain Cook, however, did not *< feem wDling to truft to appearances ; but was particu- •< larly attentive to the difpoiition of the marines, and to ** have them kept clear of the crowd. He firft enquired •< for the king's fons, two youths who were much attached ** to him> and generally his companions on board. Mef- ** fengers being fent for them, they foon came to him, «* and informing him that their father was aileep, at a «* houfe not far from them, he accompanied them thither, ** and took the marines along with them. As he pafled •* along, the natives every where proftrated themfelves be- ** fore >779- pi IE!'. \ ^ THE LIFE OF 1779. CHAP. « fore him, and feemed to have loft no part of that refpeA ^i* « they had always fhewn tO' his perfon. He was joined « by feveral Chiefs, among whom was Kanynah, and his << brother Koohowrooah. They kept the crowd in order. « according to their ufual cuftom ; and, being ignorant of " his intention in coming on fhore, frequently afked him, << if he wanted any hogs, or other proviiions : he told ** them that he did not, and that his bufinefs was to fee " the king. When he arrived at die houfe, he ordered « fome of the Indians to go in, ind inform Kaiiopoo, that << he waited without to fpeak with him. They came out ** two or three times, and inftead of returning any an- " fwer from the king, prefented-fome pieces of red cloth " to him, which made Captain Cook fufpedt that he was ** not in the houfe ; he therefore defired the lieutenant of << marines to go in. The lieutenant found the old man <'juft awaked from fleep, and feeming^y alarmed at the ** meflage ; but he came out without heiltation. Captain ** Cook took him by the hand, and in a friendly manner << alked him to go on board, to which he very readily con- <* fented. Thus far matters appeared in n favourable '< train, and the natives did not feem much alarmed or ** apprehenfive of hoftility on our iide ; at which Captain *< Cook expreiled himfelf a little furprized, faying, that as ** the inhaibitants of that town appeared innocent of fteal- « ing the cutter, he Ihould not •moleft them, but that he << muft get the kingotl board. Kariopoo fat down before " his door, and was furrounded by a great crowd : Kany- " nah and his brother were both very a£tive in keeping « order among them. In a little time, however, the In- ^* dians were obferved arming themfelves with long fpears, ** clubsy and daggers, and putting on thick mats, which "they CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. « the ufe as armour. This hoftile appearance increafed, •• ai }ecame moro alarming, on the arrival of two men ^ in u canoe from, the oppofite fide of the bay, with the ** news of a Chief, called Kareemoo, having been killed hj •* one of the Difcovery's boats. In their paffage acrofs, they <' had alfo delivered this account to each of the fhips. ** Upon that information, the women, who were fitting ** upon the beach at their breakfafts, and converfing fami- ** liarly with our people in the boats, retired, and a con- •* fufed murmur fpread through the crowd. An old prieft *< came to Captain Cook, with a cocoa-nut in his hand, ** which he held out to him as a prefent, at the fame ** time finging very loud. He was often defired to be « filent, but in vain : he continued importunate and « troublefome, and there was no fuch thing as getting rid « of him or his noife : it feemed as if he meant to divert " their attention from his countrymen, who were grow- ** ing more tumultuous, and arming themfelves in every « quarter. Captain Cook, being at th& fame time fur- •* rounded by a great crowd, thought his fituation rather « hazardous : he therefore ordered the lieutenant of ma- ** rines to march his fmall party to the water-fide, where ** the boats lay within a few yards of the fiiore : the Indians « readily made a lane for them to pafs, and did not offer " to interrupt them. The diftance they had to go might " be about fifty or fixty yards ; Captain Cook followed* ** having hold of Kariopoo*s hand, who accompanied him *< very willingly : he was attended by his wife, two fons, «* and feveral Chiefs. The troublefome old prieft followed, "making the fame favage noife. Keowa, the younger << fon, went directly into the pinnace, expeAing his father <* to follow ; but juil as he arrived, at the water-fide, his 3 O « wife 4^5 »779' i! (13 466 «779' THE LIFE OP ^ wife threw her arms about his neck, and, with the affift- « ance of two Chiefs, forced him to fit down by the fide of a « double canoe. Captain Cook expoftulated with them, but ** to no purpofe : they would not fuffer the king to pro- <* ceed, telling him, that he jtrould be put to death if he ** went on board the (hip. Kariopoo, whofe conduct feem- " ed entirely refigned to the will of others, hung down his ** head, and appeared much diftrefled. << While the king was in this fituation, a Chief, well <* known to us, of the name of Coho, was obferved lurking ** near, with an iron dagger, partly concealed under his «* cloak, feemingly, with the intention of ftabbing Captain « Cook, or the lieutenant of marines. The latter propofed << to fire at him, but Captain Cook would not permit it. •* Coho clofing upon them, obliged the officer to flrike him ** with his piece, which made him retire. Another Indian ^ laid hold of the ferjeanfs mufquet, and endeavoured to •* wrench it from him, but was prevented by the lieute- « nanf s making a blow at him. Captain Cook, feeing the <* tumult increafe, and the Indians growing more daring << and refolute, obferved, that if he were to take the king <* off by force, he could not do it without-^facrificing the « lives of many of his people. He then paufed a little, ** and was on the point of giving his orders to reimbark, ** when a man threw a flone at him ; which he returned *< with a difcharge of fmall fhot (with which one barrel of ** his double piece was loaded). The man, having a thick « mat before him, received little or no hurt : he brandifhed *< his fpear, and threatened to dart it at Captain Cook, who " being ftill unwilling to take away his life, inflead of « firing with ball, knocked him down with his mufquet. « He expoftulated ftrongly with the mofl forward of the "crowd, CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 467 ** crowd, upon their turbulent behaviour. He had given « up all thoughts of getting the king on board, as it ap- •* peared impradticable ; and his care was then only to adl '< on the defenlive, and to fecure a fafe embarkation for his <* fmall party, which was clofely prefled by a body of feve- *< ral thoufand people. Keowa, the king*s fon, who was in ** the pinnace, being alarmed on hearing the firft firing, ** was, at his own entreaty, put on iliore again ; for even at *< that time, Mr. Robens, who commanded her, did not « apprehend that Captain Cook's perfon was in any danger: *^ otherwife he would have detained the prince, which, no ** -doubt, would have been a great check on the Indians. « One man was obferved, behind a double canoe, in the << action of darting his fpear at Captain Cook, who was « forced to fire at him in his own defence, but happened to *< kill another dofe to him, equally forward in the tumult : ** the ferjeant obferving that he had miffed the man he « aimed at, received orders to fire at him, which he did, ** and killed him. By this time, the impetuofity of the « Indians was fomewhat repreffed ; they fell back in a ** body, and feemed ftaggered : but being pufhed on by « thofe behind, they returned to the charge, and poured a *< volley of ftones among the marines, who, without wait- << ing for orders, returned it with a general difcharge of ** mufquetry^ which was inftantly followed by a fire from << the boats. At this Captain Cook was heard to exprefs his <* aftoniftiment : he waved his hand to the boats, called to << them to ceafe firing, and to come nearer in to receive the *< marines. Mr. Roberts immediately brought the pinnace ** as clofe to the Ihore as he could, without grounding, not- •* withftanding the (howers of ilones that fell among the " people : but — , the lieutenant, who commanded in the » 3 O 2 ** launch. 1779. 468 THE LIFE OF 1779- CHAP. " launch, inftead of pulling in to the afliftance of Captain VI. « Cook, withdrew his boat farther off, at the moment that " every thing feems to have depended upon the timely ex- " ertions of thofe in the boats. By his own account, he « miftook the lignal : but be that as it may, this circum- « fiance appears to^ me, to have decided the fatal turn of ".the affair, and to have removed every chance which re- ** mained with Captain Cook, of efcaping with his life. ♦* The bufinefe of favingthe marines out of the water, in « confequence of that, fell altogether upon the pinnace ; <* which thereby became fo much crowded, that the crew « were, in a great meafure, prevented from uiing their << fire-arms, or giving what affiflance they otherwife might « have done,^ to Captain Cook ; fo that he feems, at the « moft critical point of time, to have wanted the a^ftance « of both boats, owing to the removal of the launch. For^ " notwidiflanding that they kept up a fire on the crowds « from the fituation to which they removed in thatboat, **the fatal ronfufion which enfued on her being with- " drawn, toi fay the leaft of it, mufl have prevented the full « efie<5l, that the prompt co-operation of the two boats, ac- <* cording ta Captain Cook's orders, mult have had, towards " the prefervation of himfelf and his people *. At that « time, it was to the boats alone, that Captain Cook had to « look for his fafety i for, when the marines had fired, the " Indians rufhed among them^ and forced them into tl^e • I have been uifbrmcd, on die beft audioritf, tha^ in the opinion of Captain Phi. lips, who commanded die marines, and vriiofe judgment muft be of the greateft weighs it is extremely doubtful whether any thing could fucceftfiilly have been done to preferve the life of ciptiia Cook, even if no miftake bad been conunittsd en die part of die launch. <* water. CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. ** water, where four of them were killed : their lieutenant c ** was wounded, but fortunately efcaped, and was taken up " by the pinnace. Captain Ctok was then the only one ** remaining on the rock : he was obferved making for the ** pinnace, holding his left hand againft the back of his '< head, to guard it from the ftones, and carrying his muf- ** quet under the other arm. An Indian was feen follow- ** ing him, but with caution and timidity ; for he flopped ** once or twice, as if undetermined to proceed. At laft he ** advanced upon him unawares, and with a large club*, « or common flake, gave him a blow on the back of the « head, and then precipitately retreated. The>flroke feem- << ed to have ftunned Captain Cook : he flaggered a few *< pa(::es, then fell on his hand and one knee, and dropped <* his mufquet. As he was rifing, and before he could re- « cover his feet, another Indian flabbed him in the back of « the neck with an iron dagger. He then fell into a bite ** of water about knee deep, where others crowded upon ** him, and endeavoured to keep him under : but flrug- ** gl*"g very flrongly with them, he got his head up, and ** cafting his look towards the pinnace, feemed to folicit « adiftance. Though the boat was not above five or fix « yards diflant from him, yet from the crowded and con- <* fufed ftate of the crew, it feems, it was not in their * ** I have heard one of the gentlemen vi^o were preTent fay, thatth&iirft injury he <* received was from a dagger, as it is reprefented in the Voyage ; but, from the ac- ** count of many others, who were alfo eye-witnefles, I am confident, in faying, that he <* was firft ftruck with a club. I was afterwards confirmed in diis, by Kaireekea, the ** prieft, who particularly mentioned the name of the man who gave him the blow, as <* well as that of the Chief who afterwards ftruck him widi the dagger. This is a ** point not worth difputing about: I mention it, as being foUcttous to be accurate in « this account, even in circumftances, of themfelves, not very material." " power 469 »779« !.;■ Vf'f " i I, i'' f' ^T '779' THE LIFE OP « power to fave him. The Indians got him under again, «< but in deeper water : he was, however, able to get his « head up onoe more, and being almoft ipent in the ftrug- « gle, he naturally turned to the rock, and was endeavour- ** ing to fupport himfelf by it, when a favage gave him a «* blow with a club, and he was feen alive no more. They *< hauled him up lifelefs on the rocks, where they feemed <* to take a favage pleafure in uling every barbarity to his « dead body, fnatching the daggers out of each other's « hands, to have the horrid fatisfa^tion of piercing the ** fallen viiStim of their barbarous rage. <£ I need make no refiedtion on the great lofs we fufFered *< on this occafion, or attempt to defcribe what we felt. It « is enough to fay, that no man was ever more beloved or « admired : and it is truly painful to refle6t, that he feems « to have fallen a fi^crifice merely for want of being pro- «< perly fupported ; a fate, fingularly to be lamented, as « having fallen to his lot, who had ever been confpicuous " for his care of thofe under his command, and who feem- *< ed, to the laft, to pay as much attention to their preferva- <« tion, as to that of his own life. <' If any thing could have added to the fhame and indig- <* nation univerfally felt on this occalion, it was to find, « that his remains had been deferted, and left expofed on «< the beach, although they might have been brought off. " It appears, from the information of four or five mid- ** fhipmen, who arrived oii the Ipot at the conclufion of " the fatal bufinefs, that the beach was then almoft entirely « deferted by the Indfons, who at length had given way to " the fire of the boats, and difperfed through the town : fo " that there feemed no greit obftacle to prevent the reco- « very of Captain Cook's body ; but the lieutenant return- ««ed CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 471 <' ed on board without making the attempt. It is unnccei^ chap. ** fary to dwell longer on this painful fubjedt, and to relate ^i* <* the complaints and cenfures that fell on the condudt of ^ „ <* the lieutenant. It will be fufiicient to obferve^ that they << were fo loud as to oblige Captain Clerke publicly to << notice them, and to take the depofitions of his accufers <* down in writing. The Captain^s bad ftate of health and ** approaching diflblution, it is fuppofed, induced him to « deftroy thefe papers a fhorttime before his death. ** It is a painful talk, to be obliged to notice circumftan- « cesy which feem to reflect upon the chancer of any man. << A ftri^t regard to truth, however, compelled me to the << infertion of thefe fadts, which I have ofiered merely as « fa£ts, without prefuming to connect with them any ** comment of my own : efteeming it the part of a faith- « ful hiftorian, « to extenuate nothing, nor fet down aught •< in malice." « The fatal accident happened at eight o*clock in the <* morning, about an hour after Captain Cook landed. It «* did not feem, that the king, or his fons, were witnefles to « it; but it is fuppofed that they withdrew in the midft of •* the tumult. The principal adtors were the other Chiefs, ** many of them the king's relations and attendants : the *< man who (tabbed him with the dagger was called Nooah. ** I happened to be the only one who recolle<5ted his per- ** fou, from having on a former occaiion mentioned his << name in the journal I kept. I was induced to take par- << ticular notice of him, more from his perfons; appearance *< than any other confideration, though he was of high << rank, and a near relation of the king : he was (tout and *< tall, with a fierce look and demeanour, and one who united <* in his figure the two qualities of ftrength and agility, in ** a greater 111 M' 47* 1779- THE LIFE OP << a greater degreei than ever I remembered to have ften « before in any other man. His age might be about thirty, ** and by the white fcurf on his fkin, and his fore eyes, << he appeared to be a hard drinker of Kava. He was a ** conftant companion of the king» with whom I firil faw ** him, when he paid a vifit to Captain Gierke. The Chief " who firft flruck Captain Cook with the dub, wafi called ** Karimano, craha, but I did not know him by his name. « Thefe circumftances I learnt of honeft Kaireekea, the •* prieft ; who added, that they were both held in great <* efteem on account of that action : neither of them came « near us afterwards. When the boats left the fhore, the « Indians carried away the dead body of Captain Cook and <( thofe of the marines, to the riiing ground, at the back of ** the town, where we could ^xrdj iee Ahem with our « glaffes from the (hips. ** This moft melancholy accident appears to have been « altogether unexpected and unforefeen, as well on the part <( of the natives as ourfelves. I never faw fuf&cient reafon ** to induce me to believe, that there was any thing of de- << fign, or a pre-concerted plan on their fide, or that they «* purpofely fought to quarrel with us : thieving, which. <* gave rife to the whole, they were equally guilty of, in << our firft and fecond vifits. It was the caufe of every << mifunderftanding that happened between us: their petty ** thefts were generally overlooked, but fometimes llightly « punifhed : the boat, which they at laft ventured to take *< away, was an object of no finaU magnitude to people in *< our fituation, who could not pofiOibly replace her, and •< therefore not flightly to be given up. We had no other «* dhance of recovering her, but by getting the perfon of « the rking into our pofleffion: on our attempting to do <* that ws ■ •■ CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. ** that, the natives became alarmed for his fafety, and na- c ** turally oppofed thofe whom they deemed his enemies. In *' the fudden confli ** and therefore, very fagaciouily, dipped their mats, or '< armour, in the fea, juft as they came on to face our peo* •* pie : but finding this laft refource to fail them, they fbon << difperfed, and left the beach entirely clear. It was an " obje6t they never negledled, even at the greateft hazard, *< to carry off their llain ; a cuilom, probably owing to the 3 P "barbarity 473 T »779' ,1 " I 474 THE LIFE OP 1779. SI. ^ H A r. ** barbarity with Which they treat the dead body of an ene^ VI. M jny^ and the trophies they make of his bones *<** In confequence of this barbarity of difpoiition, the whoie remains of Captain Cook could not be recovered. For, though every exertion was made for that purpofe; though negociations and threatenings were alternately em- ployed, little more than the principal part of his bones (and that with great difficulty) could be procured. By the poffeffion of them» our navigators, were er^abled to perform the laft offices to their eminent and unfortunate Commander. The bones» having been put into a coffin, and the fervice being read over them, were committed to the deep, on the twenty-firft, With the ufual military honours. What were the feelings of the companies of both the ihips, on this bccaiion, muft be left to the world to conceive ; for thofe who were prefent know, that it is not in the power of any pen to exprefs them. A promotion of officers followed the deceafe of captain Cook. Captain Gierke having fucceeded of courfe to the command of the expedition* rentoved on ooard the Refo- lution. By him Mr. Gore was appointed Captain of the Dif- covery, and the reft of the Leutenants obtained an addition of rank, in their proper order. Mr. Harvey, a mid(hipman» who had been in the laft as well as the prefent voyage, was promoted to the vacant lieutenantcy f . Not ktng after Captain Cook^s death, an event occurred in Europe, which had a particular relation to the voyage of our navigator, and which was fo honourable tp K,ti\Mf^ and to the great nation from whom it proceede I, ib<>t '^f. • Samwtirt i^trmthw or. tfie Desth of Captun Jtmet Code, p. »- ^"F't P* 59' ^ 68, 76, 77, 80^ 81. is CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 475 it no fmall pleifure to me to be able to lay the trtnfadion fomewhat at Jar.^p befoic my readers. What I refer to iSf the letter which wa^ iflued, c . the nineteenth of Mwch 1779, by Moiuieur Sartme, feuetary of the m ine depart- ment at Paris, and fent to all mc commanders <^f French ihips. The refcript was as follows : '* Captain C 'k, who «♦ failed from Plymouth in J V 1776 on board th Relb- <• lution) in company with the Oifcovt ry, Captain Cleric", « in order to make fbme difcovt^es on the coafts, iilands, ** and feas of Japan and California, being on the point of *' returning to Europe; andfuch difcove. ies being ol ;e« *< neral utility to all nations, it is tht King's pleafurct that '< Captain Cook ihall be treated as a commander of a ntu- ** tral and allied power, and that all Ca] tains of armed vef* ** fels, Sec. who may meet that famu is navigator, Ihall « make him acquainted with the Kiiig's orden on this f* behalf, but, at the fame time, let him know, that on " his part he muft refrain from all hofti ities ♦.* By the Marquis of Condorcet we are informed, \ lat this meafure originated in the liberal and enlightened mi id of that excel- lent citizen and ftatefman, Moniieur Turgot. ** When war," fays the Marquis, *' was declared between France and Eng- <^ land, M. Turgot faw how honourable it v ould be to the ** French nation, that the veflel of Captain Cook ihould « be treated with refpeA at fea. He compofed a memorial, <^ in which he proved, that honour, reafon, and even inte* ** reft, dictated this a£% of refpedt for humanity ; and it « was in confequence of this memorial, the author of *< which was unknown during his life, that an order was * OeotkRuui'* Maguiae, vol. idix. p. ao^. 3P « 4t given CHAP VI. '779' 19 March. li I 476 T H E L I F E O F <* given not to treat as an enemy, the common benefa^r « of every European nation *." ,77^ Whilft great praife is due to Monfieur Turgot, for hav- - _, ing fuggefted the adoption of a meafure which hath con- tributed fo m\ich to the reputation of the French go- vernment, it muft not be forgotten, that the firft thought of fuch a pla" of conduA was probably owing to Dr. L^njamin Fran lin. Thus much, at leaft, is certain, that this eminent philofopher, when embafl^dor at Paris from the United States of America, preceded the Court of France in iffuing a fimilar requilition ; a copy of which cannot fail of being acceptable to the reader .^ u To all Captains and Commanders of armed Ships, adding: <* by CommilRon from the Congrefs of the United States- ** of America, now sin war with Great Britain^ •* Gentlemeni «< A (hip having been fitted out from England before the *< commencement of this wir, to make difcoveries of new ** countries in imknown leas, under the conduct of that ^ moft celebrated naarigator and difcoverer,^ Captain Cook;: ** an undertaking truly laudable in itfelf, as the increafe of " geographical knowledge facilitates the communication^ *< between diftant nations, in the exchange of ufeful pro~ <* du£ts and manufai5tures, and th6 exteniion of arts,- <• whereby the coimtrion enjoyments of human life are* ** multiplied and augmented, and fcience of other kinds- " encreafed, to the benefit of mankind' in general— 'This- * CondorcetVLife^of M. Turgot^ p» ad^j EnglSk tranflation. (( IS I I CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. ** is therefore moft earneftly to recommend to every one c « of youy that in cafe the faid fhip, which is now expe£t<> ** ed to be fqon in the European feas on her return, ** fhould happen to fall into your hands, you would not ** coniider her as an enenvy» nor fuffer any plunder to be << made of the effcAs contained in her, nor obllrudb her im- '< mediate return to England, by detaining her, of fending- <* her into any other part of Europe, or to America; but ^ that you would treat the faid Captain Cook and hi» << people with all civility and kindnefs, affording them, as- •* comnioa friends to mankind, all the ^ffiftance in your <* power, which they may happen to ftand in need of. In fo- •* doing, you will not only gratify the generolity of your <* own difpofitionsy but there is no doubt of your obtain- « ing the approbation of the CongrefS) and your other •* American owners.. "I have the honour to be,, •« Gentlemen, ** Your moft obedient,. ** humble fervant, <* B. Franklin, « Miilifter Plenipotentiary from' ** the Congrefs of the United' « States, at the Court of •< France.." 477 ••AtPafly, near Pa- "riSjdiisiQthday ** of March 1779. It is obfervable, that as Dr. Franklin adted on his own- authority, he could only earneftly recommend to the Com- manders of American armed veflels not to coniider Captain- Cook as an enemy ; and it is fomewhat remarkable, thatr ke mentions no more than one fhip ; Captain Clerke not* being. i779» %\ 478 T HE XI F E OF »779- C H A F. being notic«4 in the requiHtion. In the confidence ^irhich VI. the Do£\or exprefled, with refpe^l to the approbation of Congrefs, he happened to be ipiftaken. At the members of that aflTembly) at leaft with regard to the greater part of them, were not polTeiTed of minds equally enlightened with that of their embaffadpr* he was not iiipported by his mailers in this nobb adt of humanity, of love to fcience, and of liberal policy. The orders he had given were inftantly re- verfed ; and it was dire^ed by Gongrefs, that efpecial care ihould be taken to feize Captain Cook, if an opportunity of doing it occurred. All this proceeded from a falfe no-^ tion that it would be injurious to the United States for the £ngli(h to obtain a knowledge of the oppoHte coaft of America. The condu^ of the court of Spain was regulated by fi- milar principles of jealoufy. It was apprehended by that court) that there was reafou to be cautious of granting, too eatily, an indulgence to Captain Cook; flnce it was not certain what miichiefs might enfue to the Spaniards from a northern paflage to their American dominions. M. de Beliuga, a Spanilh gentleman and officer, of a liberal and a philofophical turn of mind, and who was a member of the Royal Society of London, endeavoured to prevail upon the Count of Florida Blanca, and M. d'Almodavar, to grant an order of prote^ion to the Refolution and Dif- covery; and he flattered himfelf, that the miniflers of the King of Spain would be prevailed upon to prefer the caufe of fcience to the partial views of intereft ; but the Spanifh Government was not capable of rifing to fo enlarg- ed and magnanimous a plan of policy. To the French nation alone, therefore, was referved the honour of fet- ting CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 479 1779. ting an exatnple of WifdOm and humanity, which, I truft, chap. will not, hereafter, be fo uncommon in the hiftory of ^** mankind ^. The progrefs of the voyage, after the deceafe of Cap- tain Cook, doth not fall within the defign of the prefent narrative. It muft be fuf&cient, therefore, barely to men- tion, that the Sandwich Iflands were farther explored, and a large addition of whatever relates to the knowledge of their productions and inhabitants obtained; that Kamt* fchatka was vilited, and a very friendly intercourfe main- tained with the Rullian officers of that country ; that our navigators experienced the mod generous and hofpitable treatment from Major Behm in particular, the Commander of the garrifon at Bolcharetfk ; that they proceeded to the north, in purfuit of thfi grand object of the expedition ; that, having pafled through Beering's Strait, and attained to fomething more than lixty-nine degrees and a half of northern latitude, they found it abfolutely impoflible to penetrate through the ice, either on the lide of America or on the fide of Afia ; that every hope being excluded of accomplilhing this way a paffage into the Atlantic ocean. Captain Clerke was obliged to come to the determination * For the materials from which the preceding account is drawn up, I am indebted to Sir Jofeph Banks. Sir Jofeph and Mr. Stephens have been at confiderable pains to obtain, by application to the Duke of Dorfet, an authentic copy of the protetSlion granted by the court of France to Captain Cook's (hips. If it fliould arrive in tinie, it will b« inferted at the end of the volume. I flnll here add, that as foon as Captain Gore was informed of the order of the French Government (an account of which he received at Canton) he thought himfelf bound, in return for the liberal exceptions made in favour of our navigators, to re- frain from laying hold of any opportunities of capture that might chance to occur, and to prcferve, throughout hit voyage, the ftrit^ft neutrality. King's Voyage, p. 448. of 48o THE I.IFEOF 1779. 22 Auguft. 1780. 32 May. of failing back to the fouthward ; that on the twenty-' fecond of Auguft, (1779) being Icfs than a month after this determination^ the Captain died of a confumption^; that Captain Gore fucceededto the cx>nimand of die Refo- lution, and Lieutenant King to that of the Difcovery ; that a fecond viiit was paid to. Kamtfchatka, by which a farther acquaintance was gained with that pait of the world ; that no fmall acceffion of information was acquired with refpeft to geographical fcience in gehoral ; that our voyagers pur- fued their courfe by die coafts of Japan and China; that they made fome flay at Canton ^ that thence they proceed- ed to the Cape of Good Hope; that they came to an an- chor at StromnefS) on the twenty-fecond of May, 1780; * Captain Gierke departed this life in the thirty>e}ghth year of hit age. He yn» brought up to the navy from his earliefl youth* and had been infevend adtioos during the war which began in 1 756. In the adion between the Bellpna and the Courageux, being ftadoned in the niizen-t(y>* he was carried overboard with die mait ; but waa taken up widiout having received any hurt. He was a midfliipnian in the DoljAiny commanded by Capuin Byron, in heir voyage round the world j after which he firved on the American flatipn. In 1768, he made his fecond voyage round the world, in the Endeavour, as mafter's mate; and, in confequence of the death of Mr. Hicks, which happened on the twenty-third of May, 1771, he returned home a lieutenant. Hit third circum-navigalioh of the globe was in thie Refolution, of which he was appmated the fecond lieutenant; and he continued in that fituation till his return in 1775; foon after which he wa? promoted to the rank of mafter and commander. In uriiat capacity he failed with Captain Cook in this laft expedition, need hot be added. The confurap. tion of which Captain Clerke died, had evidently commenced before he left England, and he. lingered under it during the whole voyage.' Though his very gradual' decay had long made him a melancholy objeft to his friends, neverthelefs, they derived fomt confclation from the equanimity with: which he bore his diforder,'from the conftant flow of good fpirits maintained by him to his lateft hour, and from his fubmitting to hia fate with chearful refignation. It was, however, impoffible, fajrs Mr. K;ng, ** not to *< feel a more than common degree of compaSion for a perfon, w^ofe life had been a *( continued fcene <^ thofe difficulties and hardfliips, to which a feaman's occupation it " fubje^ and under which he at laft funk." King's Voyage, p. 280^ 281. that CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. that both fhips arrived fafe at the Nore, on the fourth of 0(5tober, after an abfence of four years, two months, and twenty-two days; that, during the whole of the under- taking, the Refolution loft only five men by ficknefs, three of whom were in a precarious ftate of health at their de- parture from England, while the Difcovery did not lofe a iingle man ; and that the hittory of the voyage, from the time in which Captain Cook's journal ends, was written with great ability by Mr. King. With concern I add, that, by the deceafe of Captain King, who died at Nice, in Italy, in the year 1784, this country fuftained another lofs of an able and fcientific commander and navigator, who hath left a memorial of his talents and fervices, which has honourably united his name with that of the immortal . Cook *. * A farther account of Captain King will be found in the Appendix, N° I. 481 3Q CHAPTER 482 THE LIFE OP CHAPTER THE SEVENTH. CbaraSier of Captain Cook,—Effe6is of bis Voyages, -^tefiimo' nies of :Applaufe, -^-Commemorations of bis Services ^-^Re- gard paid to bis Famify,^ConcIufion, F^ROM the relation that has been given of Captain Cook's courfe of life, and of the important events in which he was engaged, my readers cannot be ftrangers to his general chara during the hours he had allotted to himfelf, with per- * For the two remarks above mentioned, I am indebted to Mr. Hodges. fea: CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 485 {e£t compofure and foundnefs *. Nothing could be a furcr c h a p- indication of an elevated mind; of ami: that was en- ^"• tircly fatisfied with itfelf, and with the meafures it had taken. To all thefe great qualities, Captain Cook added the moft amiable virtues. That it was impoffible for any one to excel him in humanity, is apparent from his treatment of his men through all his voyages, and from his beha- viour to the natives of the countries which were difcovered by him. The health, the convenience, and, as far as it could be admitted, the enjoyment of the feamen, were the conftant objedts of his attention ; and he was anxioufly fo- licitous to meliorate the condition of the inhabitants of the fever^ iflands and places which he vifited. With regard to their thieveries, he candidly apologized for, and over- looked, many offences which others would have (harply punifhed; and when he was laid under an indifpenfable neceflity of proceeding to any adts of feverity, he never exerted them without feeling much relu<5tance and con- cern. In the private relations of life. Captain Cook was enti- tled to high commendation. He was excellent as a huf- band and a father, and fincere and fteady in his friendlhips: and to this it may be added, that he poffefled that general fobriety and virtue of character, which wiU always be found to conftitute the beft fecurity and ornament of every other moral qualification. With the greateft benevolence and humanity of difpofi- tion. Captain Cook was occafionally fubje<5l to a haflinefs of temper. This, which has been exaggerated by the * From the information of Captain Dudefton. few 486 T HE LIFE OP few (and they are indeed few) who are unfavourable to. Ills memory^ is acknowledged by his friends. It is men- tioned both by Captain King and Mr. Samwellt in their de- lineations of his charaAer. Mr. Hayley, in one of his 'poems, calls him the miidCook\ but, perhaps, that is not the happieft epithet which could have been applied to him. Mere mildnefs can fcarcely be confidered as the moft prominent and diftindlive feature in the mind of a man, whofe powers of underftanding and of adtion were fo ftrong and elevated, who had fuch immenfe dif- :&cultie3 to ftruggle with, and who mud frequently have been called to the firmeft exertions of authority and com- mand. Laftly, Captain Cook, was diftinguifhed by a property which is almoft univerfally the concomitant of truly great men, and that is> a iimplicity of manners. In converfation. he was unaffetSted and unaiTuming; rather backward in pufhing difcourfe ; but obliging and commimicative in his anfwers to thofe who addre^d him for the pvu-pofes of in- formation. It was not poflible that, in a mind conftituted like his, fuch a paltry quality as vanity could v?nd an ex- iilence. In this imperfect delineation of Captain Cook's cha- ra6ler, I have fpoken of him in a manner which is fully juflified by the whole courfe of his life and actions, and which is perfe(Stly agreeable to the fentiments of thofe who were the moft nearly connedted with him in the habits of intimacy and friendlhip. The pictures which fome of them have drawn of him, though they have already been prefented to the public, cannot here with propriety be omitted.— Captain King has exprefled himfelf concerning him in the following terms. " The conftitution of his "body CAPTAIN JAMES . K. 487 «« body was robuft, inured to labour, arr ipable t undr ** going the fevereft hardfhips. His rtomach bore, with ^ ** difficulty, the coarfeft and mod ungrateful food : — Gv i ** was the indifference with which he fubmitted to e\* v ** kind of felf-denial. The qualities of his mind were ot <* the fame hardy, vigorous kind with thofe of his body. •* His underftanding was ftrong and perfpicacious. His "judgment, in whatever related to the fervices he was en- ** gaged in, quick and fure. His deligns were bold and " manly ; and both in the conception, and in the mode of ** execution, bore evident marks of a great original genius. ** His courage was cool and determined, and accompanied ** with an admirable prefence of mind in the moment of <* danger. His temper might perhaps have been juftly " blamed, as fubjedt to haftinefs and palRon, had not thefe ** been difarmed by a difpodtion the moft benevolent and ** humane. " Such were the outlines of Captain Cook's charadter ; but " its moft diftinguifhing feature was that unremitting perfe- " verance in the purfuit of his objedl, which was not only " fuperior to the oppofition of dangers, and the preflbre of ** hardfhips, but even exempt from the want of ordinary *< relaxation. During the long and tedious voyages in " which he was engaged, his eagernefs and activity were ** never in the leaft abated. No incidental temptation « could detain him for a moment : even thofe intervals <* of recreation, which fometimes unavoidably occurred, " and were looked for by us with a longing, that perfons, <* who have experienced the fatigues of fervice, will readily " excufe, were fubmitted to by him with a certain impa- ** tience, whenever they could not be employed in making ** a farther 4S8 THE LIFE OF " a farther provifion for the more effedtual profecution of « hisdcfigns***. ** The character of Captain Cook," fays Mr. Samwell, ** will be beft exemplified by the ferviccs he has perform- <* ed, which are univerfally known, ?,*id have ranked his «* name above that of any navigutor of ancient or of ** modern times. Nature had endowed him with a mind ** vigorous and comprehenfive, which in his riper years he ** had cultivated with care and induftry. His general know- " ledge was extenfive and various : in that of his own ** profeflion he was unequalled. With a clear judgment, ** ftrong mafculine fenfe, and the moft determined refolu- « tion ; with a genius peculiarly turned for enterprize, h« ** purfued his object with unfhaken perfeverance : — ^vigi- " lant and adlive in an eminent degree : — cool and in-^ " trepid among dangers ; patient and firm under difficul- " ties and diftrefs ; fertile in exj^edients ; great and origi- ** nal in all his defignsj active and refolved in carrying <* them into execution. Thefe qualities rendered him '^* the animating fpirit of the expedition : in eve-y fitua- << tion, he itood unrivalled and alone ; on him all eyes were " turned ; he was our leading-ftar, which at its fetting, left " us involved in c'arknefs and defpair. ** His conftitution was ftrong, his mode of living tem- " 7«erate. He was a modeft man, and rather baihful ; « of an agreeable lively converfjrtion, feniible and intelli- <* gent. In his temper he was fomewhat hafty, but of a « difpofition the moft frirndly, benevolent, and humane. <* His perfon was above fix feet high, and though a good- " looking man, he was plain both in addrefs and appear- • King's VcTage, p. 48, 49. " ance. CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 4^9 •* anre. His head was fmall ; his hair, whit h was a dark •* brown, he wore tied behind. His t.ice was full of cx- "piclhon; his nofc exceedingly well fhajifd ; hts eyes, ** which were fmall and ot' a brown cafl, were <|iiitk and ** piercing ; his eye-brows prominent, which gave his « c ountenance altogether an air of auftcrity. " He was beloved by his people, who looked up to him ** as to a father, and obeyed his commands with alacrity. •* The confidence we placed in him was unremitting ; our *< admiration of his great talents unbounded ; our cftcem *< for his good quaQities affe(%ionate and finccre. " He was remarkably diftinguifhed for the activity of ** his mind: it was that which enabled him to pay an un- ** wearied attention to every obje»5l of the fervice. The « ftridl oeconomy he obferved in the expenditure of the « (hip's ftores, and the unremitting care he employed for ** the prefervation of the health of his people, were the « caufes that enabled him to profecute difcoveries in re- " mote parts of the globe, for fiich a length of time as had « been deemed impradticable by former navigators. The « method he difcovered for preferving the health of fea- ** men in long voyages, will tranfmit his name to pofterity '*< as the friend and benefa(flor of mankind: the fuccefs " which attended it, afforded this truly great man more ** fatisfaftion, than the diftinguifhed fame that attended ** his difcoveries. ** England has heen unanimous in her tribute of ap- ** plaufe to his virtues, and all Europe has borne teftimony « to his merit. There is hardly a corner of the earth, *• however remote and favage, that will not long remember •** his benevolence and* humanity. The grateful Indian, in ^* time to come^ pointing to the herds grazing his fertile 3 R ** plains, (i-^1 490 T H E L I F E O P " plains, will relate to his children how the firft ftock of ** them was introduced into the country » and the nanie of <' Cook will be remembered anaong thoie benign fpirits^ *^ whom they worfhip as the iburce o{ every good> aod the ** foimtain of every bleffing *.** At the cohcliifion of the Introduction to th€ Voyage ta the Pacific Ocean, i& aa eulogium on Captain Cook, drawn up by one of his own profeilion, of whom it is faid, that he is not more diftinguifhed by the elevation of rwk, than by the dignity of pnvate virtues +. Though this excellent eulogium muft be known to many, and perhaps to moflv of my readers, they will not be difpleafed at haviog the greater part of it brought to their recolle<£tion* Captain James Cook " poffefled," fays the writer, " in* ** an eminent degree, aU the qualifications requifite for hi» *< profeffion and great undertakings ;, together with th» " amiable and worthy qualities of the befi; men. " Cool and deliberate in judging : fagacious in deter-- " mining : a<5tive in executing : fteady and perfevering in^ *< enterprizing from vigilance and unremitting caution :- <* unfubdued by labour, difficulties, and difappointments t <* fertile in expedients : never wanting prefence of mind r *< always poffeffing himfelf,. and the full, ufe of a found* " underftanding. " MiM, juft, but exa6t in difcipline : he was a fether to* « his people, who were attached to him from affection,, and " obedient from confidence. << His knowledge, his experience, his fagacity, rendered « him fo entirely mailer of his fubje<5t,. that the greatefi: * Some particulars concerning the life and charadtcr of Captain Cook, annexed to the narrative of his death, p. 25'— 27. t Introdudtion, p. \xxxy, ^ "obftacles CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 491 << obflacles were furmounted, and the moft dangerous na- chap. « vigations became eafy, and almoft fafe, under his direc- ^i^* « tion. *< By his benevolent and unabating attention to the wel- •* fare of his fhip*s companyi he difcovered and introduced ** a fyftem for the prefervation of the health of feamcn in <* long voyages, which has proved wonderfully efficacious. •* The death of this eminent and valuable man was a lofs ••* to mankind in general ; and particularly to be deplored •* by every nation that refpe