^ \t V^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 1.1 ittiu £ lU us V2.0 ■* IJi& 6" FhotDgra{Jiic Sdenoes CorpQratiQn 23 WBT MAM STRHT WIISTIR,N.Y. MSM (7l6)l7a-4»03 ^ >^Ci !> ^ > CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Inatltuta for Historical IMicroraproductiont / Inttitut Canadian da microraproductiont liistoriquas Technical and Bibliographic Notaa/Notaa tachniquaa at bilsliographiquat Tha Inatituta haa attamptad to obtain tha boat originai copy availabia for filming. Faaturaa of thia copy which may ba bibliographically unlqua. which may altar any of tha imagaa in tha raproduction, or which may aignifieantly changa tha uaual mathod of filming, ara chaekad balow. D n D D D D Colourad covara/ Couvartura da coulaur I I Covars damagad/ Couvartura andommagte Covara raatorad and/or laminatad/ Couvartura raataur^a at/ou palliculAa I I Covar titia miaaing/ La titra da couvartura manqua □ Colourad mapa/ Cartas gAographiquas an coulaur Colourad ink (i.a. othar than blua or black)/ Encra da coulaur (i.a. autra qua blaua ou noira) I I Colourad plataa and/or illuatrationa/ Planchaa at/ou illuatrationa an coulaur Bound with othar matarial/ Rali4 avac d'autraa documants Tight binding may cauaa ahadowa or diatortion along interior margin/ La r9 liura sarrAa paut cauaar da I'ombra ou da ki diatortion la long da la marga intiriaura Blank laavaa addad during raatoration may appaar within tha taxt. Whanavar poaaibla. thaaa hava baan omittad from filmkig/ II aa paut qua cartainaa pagaa blanchaa ajoutiaa lora d'una raatauration apparaiaaant dana la taxta, mala, loraqua cala Atait poaaibla, eaa pagaa n'ont paa 4t« f ilm«as. Additional commanta:/ Commantairaa suppl^mantairaa; Th< to L'Inatitut a microfilm* la malHaur axamplaira qu'il Iu9 a MA poaaibla da aa procurar. Laa ditaila da oat axamplaira qui aont paut-Atra uniquaa du point da vua bibliographiqua, qui pauvant modif iar una imaga raproduita, ou qui pauvant axigar una modifteation dana la mAthoda normala da f ilmaga aont indiquAa cl-daaaoua. r~n Colourad pagaa/ D Pagaa da coulaur Pagaa damagad/ Pagaa andommagAaa Pagaa raatorad and/o Pagaa raataurAaa at/ou palliculAaa Pagaa diacolourad. atainad or foxa Pagaa dAcolorAaa, tachatAas ou piquAaa Pagaa datachad/ Pagaa dAtachAas Showthrough Tranaparanca Quality of prii QualitA inAgala da I'impraaaion Includaa aupplamantary matarl Comprand du matArial aup^iilAmantairc Only adition availabia/ Saula Aditton diaponibia p~1 Pagaa damagad/ |~~| Pagaa raatorad and/or laminatad/ r~~| Pagaa diacolourad. atainad or foxad/ I I Pagaa datachad/ rri Showthrough/ I I Quality of print variaa/ I I Includaa aupplamantary matarial/ I — I Only adition availabia/ Th( poi of filr on thi ak» oti fin aio or Thi ahi Tl* wli Ma dif ant bat rigl raq ma Pagaa wholly or partially obacurad by arrata alipa, tiaauaa, ate., hava baan rafilmad to anaura tha baat poaaibla imaga/ Laa pagaa totalamant ou partiallamant obacurciaa par un fauillat d'arrata, una palura, ate. ont AtA filmAaa A nouvaau da fa^on A obtanir la maillaura imaga poaaiMa. This itam is filmad at tha raduction ratio chaekad balow/ Ca documant aat filmA au taux da rAductton indiquA el-daaaoua. 10X 14X 1SX 22X 2IX 30X 7 12X 16X aox MX 32X I itailt I du odifi«r ' una mag* The copy fllmad Iwr* haa baan raproducad thanka to tha ganaroaity of: BibllothAqua nationaia du QuAbac Tha imagaa appaaring hara ara tha baat quality poaaibia conaMarlng tha condition and laglblllty of tha original copy an J In kaaping with tha filming contract apacif Icatlona. Original coplaa In printad papar covara ara flimad baglnning with tha front eavar and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or iiluatratad Impraa- aion, or tha back cover whan appropriaM. All othar original coplaa ara flimad baglnning on tha firat paga with a printad or Iiluatratad impraa- aion, and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or Iiluatratad impraaaton. Tha laat racordad frama on aach microfiche ahaii contain tha aymbol — ^ (moaning "CON- TINUED"), or tha aymbol ▼ (moaning "END"), whichavar appilas. L'axamplaira film* f ut rai:roduit grica A la gAnAroaitA da: BibliothAqua nationaia du QuAbac La* Imagaa aulvantas ont At* raprodultaa avac la plus grand aoln, compta tanu da la condition at da la nattatA da l'axamplaira f llmA. at un conformltA avac la* conditions du contrat da fiimaga. Laa axamplaliaa originaux dont la couvartura an paplar aat ImprimAa sont filmAa an commandant par la pramiar plat at an tarminant aoit par la darnlAra paga qui comporta una amprainta d'Impraaaion ou d'liluatration. aoit par la aacond plat, aalon la caa. Toua las autras axampiairas originaux aont filmAa an commandant par la pramlAra paga qui com^jorta una amprainta d'Impraaaion ou d'iliuatratlon at an tarminant par la darnlAra paga qui comporta una talla amprainta. Un daa aymbolaa suhranta apparattra sur la darnlAra imaga da chaqua microfiche, aalon la caa: la aymboia — »• aignif la "A SUiVRE". la aymbola V signlfia "FIN". Mapa. piataa. charta. ate., may be filmed at different reduction ratloa. Thoaa too large to be entirely included in one expoeure ere filmed l>eginning in tlie upper left hend comer, left to right end top to bottom, ea many frames aa required. The following diegrema illuatrate the method: Lea certes, plonches. tebleeux. etc., peuvent Atre fiimAs A des taux da rAduction diff Arenta. Loraqua la document eat trap grand pour Atre reproduit en un aeul clichA, 11 eet fllmA A partir da Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A drolte, et de haut en baa, an prenant la nombre d'imagea nAcaeaaire. Las diagrammas auivants iilustrant la mAthoda. irrata to palura, n A 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 THE CANADIAN SCHOOL m GEOGRAPHY, BT THOMAS FiWING ; Mi xmaoROw primciples or elocution, rhetorical exxrciss8> THE ENGLISH LEARNER, A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY AND ASTRONOMY, AND A NEW GENERAL ATLAS. ^ *^, t * » . I . ■ » e. t A ' I ' » 6 t k. • • » . •• MONTREAL, ARMOUR & RAMSAY ; KIVGSTOK, RAMSAY, ARMOUR A CO. J HAMILTON, A. R. ARMOUR A CO. 181^3 40545 / / r ?-i ■ 1 w i i ! W' flit . ; , -^ « »- « ^ ' ■ ii H» ^;j„ «# '^ _ • -' *• ,»r.i PRINTED BY ARMOUR & RAMSAY, MONTRXAL. •Krj; • • ' •' / . ff J . .1 , I * ' ' ' > t !: \ : ?^' r:A\ .:. ,; •..•..^/..^" * * < « • 1 .- 1 ' 1,? • . < > ' ' » «• •■ . > » ■ «-.;HIj£ S^i^ ^.*., t EWING'S CANADIAN SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY %i .^t/;-utk6q: :' ^^^r . . , ^ . .^ , . ^i^JiuU: ; . cM> - . , _ _ • L 1 » • 4 ' ' :| " ■■ Tg * ;-,^ » ■ « rs , CONTENTS. >: * ts , ^ * ...... , .«^. ^ •• ;\»^.. '• , • •' ' • ■ m ' / 1 >'■ # , ., « * * > « * 1 • Introduction, fin ih0 Sun. Ti'.n Tth. nn^ IVTrinn. 13 On the Solar system, . . . « . . 14 On Maps, , . ..... u . 15 Natural Divisions of the Earth's surface, . . 15 Map of the World, . . . . . .16 North America, . 17 British Possessions in Nqrth Ameaica, . '^ . 18 United 3tatc«, S2 A exas, • . * • • « ^* ' ' • • zo Mexico, . . . • . . . . 25 Gautimala, . , 25 Russian Territory, ...... 26 West Indian Islands, ...... 36 South America, . . . . . . 27 Europe, . .27 England, 29 W ALES, .*...«.. Ov Scotland, 31 IRELAND, . .. • m . * • o3 France, 34 Spain, . . . . . . . .34 Portugal, 35 Switzerland, • 35 Italy, 36 Germany, 36 12 CONTENTS. Holland, . . . ... . 36 Belgium, 36 Denmark, . . . *. • . . 37 Norway, 37 Sweden, 37 Russia, t • • 38 Austria, • • 38 Prussia, 39 Turkey in Europe, . . . - . • • 39 Greece, . . . • • • • .39 Asia, . . • 40 Turkey in Asia, • ... . • .41 Hindostan, . . • • • . . 42 Eastern Peninsula, . . . • • .42 China, ' 43 Russia Tartary, 43 Western Tartary, . . . . . . 43 Australasia, .... . . .43 Polynesia, • • • • • • . . 44 Africa, . • • - , . . • .44 Extent of Countries, Heights of Mountains, &c. 48 On the Terrestrial Globe, * . . .50 Problems to be solved, .... 52 On the Celestial Globe, . . - , .59 Problems to be solved, €0 • ■ ■ ' ' \' " 9 '■' '■''., "" t ■#« « » ^ • ♦ ' ^ * •■-*-'^^-,j .. . • , , . , ^ ' • .if • ••■.. « ,' -» » ,♦' -• ».■».,* ' * •if" iw =■;,'' ' p. \.<-''> . • • • , « . ♦ » . ^ 36 36 37 37 37 38 38 39 39 39 40 41 42 42 43 43 43 43 m 44 48 50 5» 59 €0 PREFACE. In the course of different visits which the Author of the following little work has paid to Canada, he has been struck with the great diversity, and for the mos^ part, the antiquated and inferior character of the Books used in the Schools throughout the Province. In no branch of study waa this more observable than in that of Geography : — the greater portion of the Text Books appear to be imported from th« United States ; and, as might be expected, while they contain much information respecting these Republics, they dismiss summarily what it is most necessary the British Colonial youth should be rendered most familiar with — their own Parent country and its dependencies. The author has endeavoured to supply the deficiency, by producing for the use of Elementary Schools the present work, which is upon the same principle as his << System of Geography," a book which has gone through about twenty editions in Britain, and has been extensively employed in all the principal Boarding Schools and Academies. That the Canadian School Geogra- phy may merit a like favourable reception, is the anxious wish and expectation of The Author. Montreal, ) February, 1843. } 'Airsj 1. 4sl':,>;_ omt" i ^ M 't» EWING'S GEOGRAPHY. OEOORAPHY IS A DESCRIPTION OF THE EARTH AND ITS INHABITANTS. INTRODUCTION. /. On the Sun, Earthy and Moon. 1. The Sun, Earth, and Moon, are bodies resembling a sphere or globe. 2. The Diameter of the Sun is nearly 890,000 miles ; that of the Earth 8,000 ; and that of the Moon 2,180. 3. The Sun is more than 1,300,000 times the magnitude of the Earth ; and the Earth nearly 60 times the magnitude of the Moon. 4. The distance of the Earth from the Sun is about 96,000,000 miles; and, from the Moon 240,000. 6. The Sun has one motion, which it performs round its axis in about 25 days, 14 hours, 8 minutes, ^ 14 6. The Earth has two motions; one round its axis, in 24 hours, called its diurnal motion, which causes the apparent motion of the heavenly bodies from East to West, and the alternation of day and night ; another, round the Sun, in 365 days 6 hours, called its annual motion, which causes the difference in the length of the days and nights, and the various seasons. 7. The Moon has three motions; one, round the Earth, in about four weeks, which causes the Moon's apparent increase and decrease, and pro- duces the eclipses of the iSun and Moon; another, round its own axis, in the same time ; and a third, round the Sun, along with the Earth, in a year. //. On the Solar System, 1. Besides the Earth and its attendant the Moon, other bodies revolve, in a similar manner, about the Sun, and receive their light and heat from him. All these revolving bodies, together with the Sun, form what is called the Planetary or Solar System, 2. The Solar System consists of the Sun, the Primary Planets, the Secondary Planets, (called also Moons or Satellites,) and Comets. 3. There are 11 Primary Planets, Mercury, Venus, the Earth, Mars, (Vesta, JunOy Ceres, Pallasy) Jupiter, Saturn, and the Georgium Sidus, called also Uranus or HerscheU 4. There are 18 Secondary Planets ; of which the Earth has one; Jupiter, four; Saturn, with his liing, seven ; and the Georgium Sidus, six. f round motion, eavenly ation of in 365 which ays and round ses tha md pro- mother, a third, year. e Moon, r, about at from er with tari/ or un, the (called ercury, Ceres, I Sidus, which I, with six. , „ nlj Hit 15 5. Comets are luminous bodies, or a kind of planets, which move round the sun, in very eccentric orbits. 6, The solar system is but a small part of the universe. Those celestial bodies, called fixed stars, which are completely unconnected with the solar system, are, by astronomers, considered as so many suns, each communicating light and heat to revolving planets or worlds. III. On Maps. 1. A MAP is a representation of the Earth, or a part of it, on a plane surface. 2. The top of a map is towards the north, the bot- tom towards the south, the ri^^^hand side towards the east, and the left-haxid side towards the west. . 3. Latitude is the distance of a place north or south from the equator ; longitude is its distance east or west from the first meridian. 4. The latitude upon maps is expressed by figures on their sides. If the fibres increase upwards, the latitude is north ; if they increase downwards, it is south. 5. The longitude is expressed upon maps by figures along the top and bottom. When th» figures increase towards the right, the longitude is east ; but, when they increase towards the left, it is west. rV. Natural Divisions of the Earth's Surface. 1. The surface of the Earth consists of land 9Xid water. ( y;i 16 2. A continent is a large tract of land. An island is land surrounded by water. A promon- tory or cape is a portion of land running into the sea. • A peninsula is land almost surrounded by' water. An Isthmus is a narrow neck of land joining two portions of land together. 3. An Ocean is a large portion of salt water. A Sea is a smaller portion. A Lake is water sur- rounded by land. A Bai/ is a portion of sea running into the land. A Gulf is water almost surrounded by land. A JStrait is a narrow pas- sage of water between two seas. MAP OF THE WORLD, (a) \ >, : <; , Continents. — North America, South America, (a) The circumference of the Earth is 21,000 Geographical miles, of 60 to a degree ; or 25,020 British miles, reckoning fi9j to a degree. The surface of the Earth contains about IDG VniUions of English square miles, and ricarly three-fourths of it are covered with v/ater. The number of inhabitants on the face of the Globe is generally computed at about 800,000,000 ; of whom Europe is supposed to contain 230 millions. Africa do do 70 do , America do do 40 do Asia, with Australasia and Polynesia- ••460 do Of the surface of the Globe, Seas and Lakes occupy about 146 millions of English square miles, or nearly three-fourths ; and ihe dry land occupies 51 millions, or rather more than one-fourth. The extent of the great divisions of the world is respectively as follows :—• Europe, with its Isles, 3,700,000 square miles* Africa, with Madagascar, 11,400,000 do Continental Asia, 16,100,COO do ,, f • Asiatic Islands, including Australasia? 4200000 do and Polynesia, S ' ' North America,. 8,100,000 do South America 6,420,000 do .. American Islands,. 160000 do Greenland, as far as known, 620,000 do t v^ ,; ' 50,700,000 do d. An romcm- ito the ded by* af land water. \er sur- of sea almost w pas- nerica, rra^hical V? ^»9i to itiilFions covered le Globe IS* . ^out 145 and ihe 3- fourth, ively as re miles> .■ iv 17 Europe, Asia, Africa, (6) OcE Ns. — Atlantic, (c,) Pacific or South Sea, (d), Indiai >forthern or Arctic, Southern or Antarctic. -J-i! ■ji.^A NORTH AMERICA. Boundaries. — N. Northern Ocean ; E. Baffin's Bay and the Atlantic ; S. Isthmus of Darien ; W. Pacific. ^ ; r.^ Divisions. — ^British Possessions, United Statei^i Texas, Mexico, Gautimala, Russian Territory, W. Indian Islands. Islands. — Newfoundland, Bermudas, Bahamas, Fox Islands, King George Ill's Island, Prince of (6) There are in fact only Two Grand Continents, the Eastern Continent or the Old World, comprehending Europe, Asia, and Africa ; and the Western Continent or the New World, compre- hending North and South America. Europe, Asia, Africa, and America, are called bv Geographers the Pour Quarters of the Globe. The Great Islands of Australasia are now reckoned a Fifth Division. (c) The Atlantic Ocean takes its name from the Mountains of Atlas in Africa ; and from the fiction of Atlas carrying the World on his back, the name Atlas^ applied to a collection of Maps, it derived. (c2) When iIfa^£2Zan entered this Ocean, in 1520, through the dangerous strait that bears his name, he sailed 3 months and 20 days, in a uniform direction towards the N.W. without discovering any land besides a few small islets. In the extreme distress which tie suffered in this voyage, before he reached the Ladrone Islands, he had the consolation, however, of enjoying such an uninter • rupted course of fair weather, with favourable winds, that ho bo- stowed on this Ocean the name of Pacific, which it still retains. The Spaniards, having passed the Isthmus of Darien, from North to South, at the discove^ of this Ocean, named it the South Sea* B2 18 Wi 1 h\\ 1 '■ i ! ; i;i i Wales' Island, dueen Charlotte's Island, Cluadra or Vancouver's Island. Mount Ai ns. — Appalachian or Alleghany, Andes, or Cfordilleras, Rocky Mountains: Lakes. — Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, Ontario ; Champlain ; Nicaragua, Slave Lake, Athabasca, Winnipeg, Great Bear Lake. Bays, Gulps and Straits. — Baffin's Bay, Davis' Straits, Hudson's Bay, James' Bay, Straits of Belleisle, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Pundy Bay ; Gulfs of Florida and Mexico ; Bays of Campeachy arid Honduras ; Gulf of California ; Nootka or King George's Sound, Behring's Straits. Capes. — Farewell, Chidley, Charles, Florida, St. Lucas, Alaska, Prince of Wales. Rivers. — Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, St. Law- rence, Columbia, Mackenzie's, Copermine. j^ ^ -».i«,>«.V**.Jw , -,fc»r.'-r--i*^^-'^*W»rWH'T**-' ■■'-*»■•■<, '^^.j'.^"* ^■; ^ i-^^i-r U ^^is^tJh^i BRITISH POSSESSIONS IN NORTH AMERICA. Boundaries. — N. Northern Ocean ; E. Baffin's Bay and the Atlantic ; S. United States ; W. Russian Territory and Pacific. Divisions. — 1. Canada, (East or Lower, (a) and West or Upper, (b) ; 2. New Brunswick, (c) ; 3. Nova Scotia, (d) ; 4. New Britain, (including Hudson's Bay or New N. and S. Wales, E. Main, and Labrador) ; 5. Newfoundland; 6. Cape Breton ; 7. Prince Edward Island ; 8. Bermudas ; 9. Anti- costi, Pictou, St. Pierre or St. Peter's, Miquelon, &c , in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. ■ ^ - 19 Quadra , Andes, 1, Erie, 3 Lake, s Bay, , Straits ly Bay ; npeachy ootka or Florida, . :^. 3t. Law- lERICA. . Baffin's tes; W. wer, (a) ick, (c) J icluding 3. Main, Breton ; 9. Anti- fiquelon, Towns.— 1. duebec (c), Montreal, Three Rivers, Berthier, William Henry or Sorel, Sherbrooke, New Carlisle, Douglastown, St. John's or Dorches- ter, St. Hyacinthe, St. Andrew's, L'Assomption ; Kingston, Toronto, Niagara, Glueenston, Brock- ville, Prescott, Perth, Cornwall, Bytown, Belleville, Picton, Cobourg, Port Hope, Peterborough, Dun- das, Ancaster, Simcoe, Hamilton, Maiden, Amherst- burg, Sandwich, Chatham, London, Goderich, Guelph, Woodstock, Barrie,St. Catherine's; 2. Fre- dericton, St. John's, St. Andrews, Dalhousie, Bath- urst. Woodstock, Miramichi, Richibucto ; 3. Halifax Shelburne, Annapolis, Liverpool or Port Rossig- riol ; 4. There are no Towns in these Territories ; but several Forts and Trading Ports belonging to the Hudson's Bay Company ; 5. St. John, Placentia, Bonavista; 6. Sydney; 7. Charlottetown ; 8. St. George. Islands. — Anticosti, Orleans, Montreal, Jesus ; Grand Manitoulin, Isle Royale. Mountains. — S. Chain, along the source of the Rivers which fall into the S. or right bank of the St. Lawrence in Lower Cahada ; the N. Chain, along the source of the Rivers which fall into N. or left bank of the St. Lawrence, extending from below Gluebec to the River Ottawa in Lower Canada. Lakes. — Temiscaming, Two Mountains, Abbi- tibi, St. John, Memphremagog, Megantic, Temis- couta, St. Francis, St. Louis, St. Peter ; Ontario, (e) Quebec was built l)y the French in 1G05« The British reduced it and all Canada in 1626 ; but it was restored in 1632. In nil, it was besieged by the English without success; but was taken by them in 1759, after a battle memorable for the death of General Wolfe, on the plains of Abraham, at (Quebec, in the moment of victory ; and was confirm' d to them by the peace ofi763. 20 i!i Hi' * ill • Erie, Huron, Superior, Nipissing, Simcoe, St. Clair. (/) Bays.— Fundy, Chaieurs, Miramichi, Gut of Ganso, Straits of Belleisle. Capes. — Sable, Ray, Race, Charles, Chidley. Rivers. — St. Lawrence, Ottawa, St. Maurice, Cartier, Montmorency, Saguenay, Chambly or Sorel CT Richlieu, St. Francis, Chaudiere ; Trent, Grand, Thames; Madawaska, and the Rideau which enter the Ottawa. (a) The Province of Lower Canada^ comprehending tfni Hiree principal Districts of Quebec, Montreal and Throe Elvers, and the two Inferior Districts, Gaspe and St. Francis^ is subdivided into 36 Counties * oJ^—1. VaudreuU, 2. Ottawoj 3. Lake of Two Mountains, 4. Montreal, 5, Terrebonne, 6. Ldnster, 7 Berthier, 8. St, Maurice, 9. Cliamplain, 10. Port Neuf, 11. Quebec, 12. Montmorency, 13. Saguenay, 14. Cktsp6, 15. Bonaventure, 16. RimousJa, 17. Kamouraska, 18. Vlslet^ 19. Bellechasse, 20. Dorchester, 21. Megantic, 22. LotUnvere, 23. Ni^olet, 24. Yamaska, 25. Drummmd, 26. Sherbrooke, 27. Stanstead, 28. Missiskoui, 29. SJiefford, 30. St, Hyacinthe, 31. RouviUe, 32. Richlieu, 33. Vercheres, 34. Chambly, 35. Huntingdon, 36. Beauharnois. Each Omnty returns one Member, wJio added to two each from tJte eities of Quebec and Montreal, and one each from the Tovms of Three Rivers and Sherbrooke, make the share of Lower or Eastern Canada in the representation of tJie Provincial Le- gislature to amount to 42 (/) The length, breadth, depth, and circumference of the four great Lakes are — Lakes. Length- Breadth' Common Depth. Circum. Superior* • • • 130 leagues 48 leagues 80 to 150 fathoms 500 leagues Huron. 84 do 80 do 60 to 100 do 380 do Erie 82 do 21 do 13to 17 do 180 do Ontario • • • • 70 do 20 do 60 to 90 do 160 do * The Counties are divided into Seigniories and Townships. The Parishes sometimes contain but one Sei^nioiy ; sometimes, on the contrary, a Parish is formed of several Seigniories or Towns- ships, either entire or divided. (b)T Districti hurst, 5 toria, 13. Gort 18. Wei Gaol art to that District each oni of Toro Hamilti Upper gislatui In th gary, i Carltor ll.Xer 14. JVbi 16. Sin West R Ridingi sex, 25 St, Joh lotte, 6 Ghuce. (d)J Halifoi Lunenl Breton Natl are the the eel where t and 151 that on height tTt eubdivi tNc subdiy; ' 21 loe, St. Gut of lley. * aurice, biy (yr Trent, Rideau ding the I Throe Francis^ Ottawoy fonnef 6. 10. Port lay, 14. iskuy 18. ftiCy 22. ond, 26. ^brd, 30. 3rcheres, ■ Each ^rom tJte B 2b«m» iOwer or cial Le- the four * leagues do » do ) do irnships* aetimes, Towna- (6) The Province of Upper Canada is divided into the 19 Districts to/ 1. Eastern, 2. Oif wa, 3. Dalhousie, 4. Bof- A.Mrsf, 5. Johnstown, 6. Midland, 7. Prince Edward, 8. Fic- iorio, 9. Newcastle, 10. Colbome, II. Home, 12. Niagara, 13. wore, 14. Mftof, 15. Brock, 16. Wellington, 17. London, 18. Western, 19. Huron. As soon as a Court House and Gaol are completed in the Tovm ofBarrie, and a Proclamation to that effect issued, a new District to be called the Simcoe District will he established. The Counties and Ridings return each one member to Parliament, which with two from the Citu of Toronto and one each from Kingston, Brockville, Cornwall, Hamilton, Niagara, Bytown, and London make the share of Upper or Western Canada in the representation of tlie Le- gislature to he 42. In the above 19 Di'itricts, the 27 Counties are, — 1. Glen^ gary, 2. Prescott, 3. Stormont, 4. Dundas, 5. Russell, 6. Carlton, 7. Lanark, 8 Grenville, 9. Leeds, 10. Frontenac, 11. Lenox and Addington, 12. Hastings, 13. Prince Edward, 14. Northumberland, North and South Ridings, 15. Durham^ 16. Simcoe, 17. York, four Ridings^ 18. Halton, East^ and West Riding^ s, 19. Wentworth, 20. Lincoln, North and South Ridings 21. Haldimand, 22. Oxford,23. Norfolk, 24. Middle- sex, 25. ^cnf, 26. Essex, 27. Huron, (c) ^cti; Brunswick is divided iuto the 10 Counties of — 1. St. John^s, 2. Westmoreland, 3. King's, 4. Queen's, 5. C^ar- Zof^c, 6. YorA;, 7. Sunbury, 8. Northumberland, 9. iCcn^ 10. GZouccsfe?'. (rf) JVbva Scotia X is divided into the 10 Counties of — 1. Halifax, 2. Sydney, 3. Cumberland, 4. Hants, 5. Kings, 6. Lunenburg, 7. Queen's, 8. Annapolis, 9. Slielburne, 10. Cape JBrefow. Natural Curiosities.— The chief Natural curiosities in Canada are the Great Lakes, Rivers and Cataracts- Amons: the latter are the celebrated Falls of Niagara, between Lakes Erie and Ontario* where the fall of the River, on the Canadian side, is 2,100 feet wide, and 150 feet high. A small Island lies ])etween the Falls ; and that on the side of the United Slates is 1,140 feet broad, while the height is 1C4 fbet. From the Great Fall a cloud of spray ascends, t The 19 Districts are divided into 27 Counties, and the Counties subdivided into Townships. There are no Seigniories. t Nova Scotia comprehends 5 circuits. The 10 Counties are subdivided into Distncts and Townships. ^ ' 22 ill! liil In; i li i ii i ip- IIM I which mav sometimes be seen, at an incredible distance. The noise is often heard at the distance of 15 milc9< The whole scene is truly tremendous. i.i »'« .f * UNITED STATES. B0UNDA.RIES. — N. British Possessions ; E. Atlantic ; S. Gulf of Mexico, Texas, and the Mexican States ; W. Pacific. Divisions. — Northern States or New England, 1. Maine ; 2. New Hampshire ; 3. Vermont ; 4. Massachusetts ; 5. Connecticut ; 6. Rhode Island. Middle States, — 7. New York ; 8. Pennsyl- vania, {District of Columbia) ; 9. New Jersey ; 10. Delaware. Southern States, — 11. Maryland ; 12. Virginia ; . 13. North Carolina ; 14. South Carolina, (a); 16. Georgia ; 16. Alabama. Western States, — 17. Ohio ; 18. Indiana ; 19, Illinois; 20. Kentucky; 21. Missouri ; 22. Ten- nessee ; 23. Mississippi ; 24. Louisiana ; 25. Ar- kansas ; 26. Michigan. Territories. — 27. Florida ; 28. Wisconsin ; 29. Iowa ; 30. Oregon. Capital Towns. — Northern States, — 1, Au- gusta ; 2. Concord ; 3. Montpelier ; 4. Boston ; 5. Hartford and Newhaven ; 6. Providence. Middle States. — 7. Albany ; 8. Harrisburg, (Washington) ; 9. Trenton ; 10. Dover. (a) S« Carolina is divided into Districts, and Louisiana into Parishes ; the other States into Counties' The subdivisions bear file name of Townships in the Northern States, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Ohio ; and that of Villages or Town- ahifs in the other States. Sou mond; geville ^ We polis ; City ; Orlear Tei City; ISLi yard, 1 in the Mot White Ba scot, Yorkj marie chia i Rr ticut, Savai Sabin Little Wabi Jame Sante Adi tpicfe, 3. Bci Plynn .(br circum vesseli Plywio Elnglai the lai 23 mce. The whole sceno >ns ; E. and the England, lont ; 4. le Island. Pennsyl- ! Jersey ; Virginia j («); 15. ana; 19, 22. Ten- ; 25. Ar- isin ; 29. — 1. Au- 3ston ; 6. rrisburg, isiana into isions bear fork, New or Town' Southern States, — 11. Annapolis; 12. Rich- mond ; 13. Raleigh ; 14. Columbia ; 15. Milled- geville ; 16. Tuscaloosa, Western States. — 17. Columbus ; 18. Indiana- polis ; 19. Vandalia ; 20. Frankfort ; 21. Jefferson City ; 22. Nashville ; 23. Jackson ; 24. New Orleans ; 25. Little Rock ; 26. Detroit, Territories. — 27. Tallahasse ; 28. Madison City ; 29. Burlington ; 30. Astoria. Islands. — Long Island, Staten, Martha's Vine- yard, Nantucket ; Gouverneurs, Bedloe, and Ellis, in the Bay of New York. Mountains. — Appalachian or Alleghany, Green, White, Blue, Cumberland, Ozark, Rocky. Bays. — The Bays of Passaftiaquoddy, Penob- scot, Casco, MassachusettSj ' the Sound, New York, Delaware, Chesapeake ; Currituck, Albe- marle, and Pamlico Sounds ; the Bay of Appala- chia and Mobile ; Lake Michigan, (6.) Rivers — Mississippi, Ohio, St. Croix, Connec- ticut, Hudson, Delaware, Susquehanna, Potomac, Savannah ; Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, Red River, Sabine ; Little Kenaway, Great Kenaway, Scioto, Little Miami, Great Miami, Kentucky, Green, Wabash. Cumberland, Tennesse ; Fluvien or St. James, Roanoke, Pamlico, Cape Fear, Pedee and Santee ; Sabine, beween Louisiana and Texas. Additional Towns. — 1. Portland^ Bath, Hallowell, JSrimt- icickf Waterville ; % Portsmouth^ Dover, Hanover, Exeter ; 3. Bennington, Burlington, Middlebury, Windsor ; 4. Salem, Plymouth (c), Worcester, Springfield, Northampton; 5.Neui (b) Lake Michigan is 117 leagues long, 27 broad, and 333 in circumference ; and is sufficiently deep to receive the largest vessels. (c) The £rst English settlement in New England was made at Plymouth, 22nd December, 1620, by 101 Puritans, who fled from England, on account of religious persecution. The anniversary of th« landing of the Puritans is still observed. i I 24 |i i i hi I I Vj III in! I i , t w, ■ m Lmdm, Norwich, Middlitown, Litchfield, Withersfidd ; 6. Newport, Bristol, Pawtucket ; 7. New York, Brooklyn, Troy, Hudson, Newburg^ Schenectady, Uticck, Syracuse, Geneva, Auburn, Canandaiffua, Rochester, Buffalo, Lockport ; 8. Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Lancaster ; (Alexandria, George- town) , 9. New Brunswick, Newark, Princeton, Burlington, Elizabcthtown, Patterson ; 10. Wilmingtmi ; 11. Frederick, Hagerstown ; 12. Norfolk, Yorktown, Mount Vernon ; 13. Newbern, Wilmington ; 14. Charleston ; 15. Savannah, Augusta ; 16. Mobile, Blakely ; 17. Cincinnati y 18. Fiti- ccnnesf New Albany ; 19. Chicago, Alton ; 20. Lexington, Louisville, Maysvule ; 21. St, Louis; 22, Knx)xville ; 23. Natclicz ; 24. Baton Rouge ; 26. Arkansas ; 26. Michili- mackinack (d) ; 27. (S^ Augustine, Pensacola, Natural Curiosities.— In New Hampshire is the Notch or De- file of the White Mountains ; and a Rockt so poised on another^ as to be moveable by the touch of the finger. In Verrxioat is a curious Stalactic Cave, in which, after a descent of 104 feet, there opens a Svacioua Room about 20 feet in breadth, and 100 in length, with tiCircular Hall at the farther end, at the bottom of which boils up a deep spring of clear water- In New York are the Falls of Niagara ; the FaU of the Mohawk River, near Albany; the mineral waters of Saratoga and Ballstou' In New York State, a Rivulet runs under a hill about 70 yards in diameter, form- ing a beautiful arch in the rock : there is also a Stalactic Cave, in which was found the petrified skeleton of a large snake. In Vir- ginia, the Natural Bridge over the River Cedar, in the County of Rockbridge ; this bridge is 90 feet lon^, and 60 broad, having a solid thickness of from 40 to 60 feet, it is raised 200 feet above tne River over which it passes, its form is a regular arch, elegantly supported upon two pillars or butments, at the e:stremities ; there is another bridge of thib description in the County of Scott* In Vii^nia are also some Caverns, liOO, 400, and even 900 feet in depth, resplendent with spars. In the Territory, on the N. VV. of the Ohio, the Savannahs or Rich Plains, extend 30 or 40 miles without any trqe. In North Carolina is Mount Ararat, or the Piht Mountain, in the County of Stoke ; it is a vast mutilated pyramid, several thousand feet in height : above it is seen another which resembles a block, 300 feet high, the base of which is only 200 feet in diameter^ In Kentucky, Tennesse, and Georgia, are subterraneous passages, several miles long, in which the aboriginal natives, as it would appear, de]}osited their dead, and from which is now taken a large quantity of Nitre, or Salt Petre. f ; (d) Pronounced Mack'-e-naw, ifidd; 6. Wh Troy, Geneva, port; 8. George- urUngton, Fredenck, -non; 13. Savannah, 18. Vvn. ixington. me; as. . MicMi. tch or i>«- n another^ iioiit is a feet, there 1(1 100 in bottom of •rk are the ' Albany ; few York Bter, form- ! Cave, in In Vir- County of having a ibove the elegantly ies; there Scott. In feet in le N. W. r 40 miles it, or the mutilated 1 another :h is only Georgia, ^hich the lead, and ', or Salt 25 TEXAS. t*^ Boundaries. — ^N. and E. United States ; S. Gulf of Mexico; W.Mexico. Chief Towns. — Austin, Houston, Galveston. The Sabine Rivet forms the boundary betureen Texas and Lou3iana. i a.;'r MEXICO/ BouNOARiBs. — N. United States ; E. Texas, and Gulf of Mexico ; S. Guatimala ; W, Pacific Ocean. Cb]efTow298. — Mexico, Guanaxuata, Puebia, Zacatecas, Vera Cruz, Acapuica. Belhse is the chief town of the British settlement of Belize in the Bay of Honduras. ^^ « iOifU^ ■*• -.J^^- I ^UATIMAX.A. Boundaries. — N. Mexico ; E. Caribbean Si^a ; S. Isthmus of Darien ; W. Paci&i Ocean. Chief Towns. — St. Salvador, Cartago^ lieon, Tnixillo, Omoa. TJae .principal Lake is Nicar^igaa. * Natural Cdriositieb.— -Beeides y44cano98 there are many Natural Curiosities in Mexico, one of the most remarkalile being the Ponte de Dioa, or Bridge of God, resemUiiw the natural bridge in the United iStates ; it is about. 1 00 mkB S< £L of Mexico, over a deep river> and is passed as a highway. The other chief cariosities are, a, JMbuafotn or HtUoflaadtUmet^w*^^^ famous Ahflhueta, or Cyprus, which is 73 feet in circumfiBMOMe. > ................. C .,.,,. 26 ii ' !i:!!' i i."i MV: IP' RUSSIAN TERRITORY. BouNDARi£s.-^N. Northern Ocean ; E. British Possessions ; S. Pacific Ocean ; W. Behring's Straits. Chief Town. — New Archangel, in tho Island and on the Straits of Sitka, on the N. W. coast. The principal Islands are tho Aleutian and Fox Islands. '^>«:I1 ' WEST INDIAN ISLANDS. !":■ 'Ll The Greater Antilles. — 1. Cuba ; 2. Huyti or St, Domingo ; 3. Jamaica ; 4. Porto Rico. Towns. — 1. Havannah ; 2. Port Republican or Port Henry {Port-au-Prince) y 3. Kingston, St. Jago or Spanish Town, Savanna-la-Mar ; 4. St. Juan-of-Porto-Rico. The Lesser Antilles. — Trinidad, Santa Margueritta, Cura^oa. The Leeward Islands.*— Anguilla, St. Mar- tins, Saba, St. Eustatius, St. Bartholomew, St. Ohristopher'is or St. Kitt's, Barbuda, Antigua, Mont Serrat, Nevis, Guadaloupe, La Desirade, Mario Galante, Dominica. The Windward Islands. — -Martinico, St Lucia, St. Vincent, Grenada, Barbadoes, Tobago. The Virgin Islands — E. of^f?orto Rico, aro St. Thomas, St. John, Santa Cruz, Tortola, Vir gini Gorda, Anegada. .1 lU. * The Leeward, Wind ward, and Virgin Islands, iir« Cft!I«d the Caribbean IsiandS' British iring^s n (ho N. W. cutiari j^> imr. a; 2, Rico, can or on, St. . 4. St. Santa t. Mar- 3W, St. a, Mont Mario CO, St ["obago. ico, are •1q, Vir- 27 r: M ';:u. ' SOUTH AMERICA. BouNDAKiLS. — N. Isthmus of Darien and Carib- bean Sea ; K. Athuitic ; S. Southern ; W. Pacific. l)ivisio]\s. — I. Coluinbiat; 2. Lower Peru ; 3. Bolivia or Upper Peru ; 4. Chili; 5. Patagonia ; 6. Buenos Ayrcs or La l^kata; 7. Paraguay or Banda Oriental ; 8. Brazil ; 9. Guiamtt; 10. Paraguay. Towns. — 1. Bogota, Carthngcna ; Ciiraccas, LaGuayra; Quito, Guayaquil; 2. Lima, Callao, Cuzco, Truxillo; 3. Chuquisaca or La Plata, La Paz, Potosi ; 4. Santiago, Valparaiso, Valdivia; 5. Port St, Julian ; 6. Buenos Ay res, Mendoza, Tucuman, Cordova; 7. Monte Video ; 8. St. Se- bastian or Kio Janeiro, Bahia or St. Salvador. Pernambuco, Maranlmm, Para ; 9. Georgetown : Paramaribo ; Cayenne ; 10. Assumption, Villa Kica. .U;..v. .; Islands. — Gallipngo, Juan Fernandez, Chiloc, Madre de.Dios, Terra del Fuego, Falkland, Georgia, Sandwich, S. Orkney, S. Shetland. Mountains. — Mount Chimborazo, in the chain of the Andes or Cordilleras. ,j. Capes. — Roquo, Mary, Antonio, Horn. Rivers. — Amazon or Maranon, La Plata, Orinoco. ^►^ EUROPE. Boundaries. — N. Northern Ocean; K. Asia, Black Sea, Sea of Marmora, Archipelago; S.Medi- terranean : W. Atlantic. r *-> t Columbia contains New Grenada, Venezuela, Elcuad( r. t Guiana is owned by tlio English, Dutch, and Frencli. i ! !! . i I "'ill I ii:i, 1 m Countries.— I. England (a) ; 2. Scotland (ft) j 3. Ireland (c) ; 4. France (c?) j 5. Spain (e) ; 6. Portugal (/) ; 7. Switzerland {g) ; 8. Italy (A) ; 9. Germany (i); 10. Holland {k) ; 11. Belgium//) j 10. Denmark (tw) ; 13. Norway (n) ; 14. Sweden (o) ; 15. Russia (p) ; 16. Austria {q) ; 17. Prus- sia (r); 18. Turkey (s): 19. Greece (/). Capitals.— 1. London ; 2, Edinburgh ; 3. Dublin ; 4. Paris ; 5, Madrid ; 6. Lisbon ;. 7. Berne ; 8. Rome ; 9. Frankfort^ on the Mayne ; 10. Amster- dam ; 11. Brussels ;, 12. Copenhagen ; 13. Chris- tiana ; 14. Stockholm ; 15. St. Petersburg ; 16. Tienna ; 17. Berlin ^ 18. Constantinople ; 19. Athens. ...r^ :.. _. :., ^....•- ./v Islands. — Great Britain, Ireland, Iceland^ Spitzbergen, JSova Zembla, Zealand^ Funen, Can- din, Sicily, Malta, Corsica, Sardinia, Majorca, Minorca, Ivica. r MauiTFAiNS. — Alps^ Apennines, Pyrenees, Ha6' mus or Balkan, Carpathian^ Kolen, Ural. Seas, Gulps, 1, Can- ^jorea, s, Ha6' 'r Gulfs •evant ; Bay of I or N. , Irish othnia, ittegat, I, Dar- 5(Hind, ,Elbe, \r'V^Oi^-.*'^\ -.V-i*'. \J/ 29 (a) ENGLAND. .V i Boundaries. — N. Scotland ; E. German Ocean; S. Knglish Channel; W. St. George^s Channel, [rish Sea. Principal Towns. — London, Liverpool, New- castle, Durham, Hull, York, Canterbury, Bath, Bristol, Manchester, Sheffield, Leeds, Derby, Not- tingham, Shrewsbury, Worcester, Warwick, Northampton, Huntingdon, Cambridge, Gloucester, Oxford, Windsor, Dover, Brighton, Portsmoulh, Weymouth, Sidmouth, Exeter, Salisbury, Ply- mouth, Truro, Falmouth, Penzance. .;a r > Counties. — 1. Northumberland ; 2. Durham ; 3. York : 4. Lincoln ; 5. Norfolk ; 6. Suffolk ; 7. Essex ; 8. Cum- berland; 9. Westmoreland ; 10. Lancashire; 11. Cheshire; 12. Shropshire ; 13. Hereford; 14. Monmouth ; 15. Derhif ; 16, Nottingham ; 17. Stafford; IS. Leicester ; 19. Ruilaml ; 20. Worcester ; 21. Wariuick; 22. Northampton; 23. //wi- tingdon ; 24. Cambridge ; 25. Gloucester ; 26. Oxford / 27. Backingham; 2S. Middlesex ; 29. Hertford ; ^0. Bed- ford; 31. Somerset; 32. Wiltshire; 33. Berkshire; 34. Surrey ; 35. A'en^ / 33. Sussex ; 37. Ham^pshire ; 38. Dor- «i / 39. Z)cwn; 40. Cornwall. j < •, * Towns. — 1. Newcastle, Berwick, Morpeth, Alnuick ; 2* Durham, Sunderland, Stockton ; 3. Fo?7c, Leeds, Sheffield^ Hull, Scarborough, Whitby ; 4. Lincoln, Gainsborou<^h, Bos- ion, Stamford; 5. Norwich, Yarmouth; 6. Ipswich; 7. Gielmsford, Colchester, Harwich ; 8. Carlisle, Pcnrilh, Whitehaven, Workington ; 9. Jppleby, Kendal ; 10. l]fa»»- easter, Liverpool, Mancliester, Preston ; 11. Chester, Stoch'^ port ; 12. Shrewsbury, Bridgenorth ; 13. Hereford ; 14. Monmouth, Chepstow ; 15. Derby, Chesterfield ; 16. JVbi- tiiK^ham, Newark ; 17. Stafford, Litchfield, Burton ; 18. Leicester, Harborough, Bosworth ; 19. Oakham, Uppingham; 20. Worcester, Evesham, Droit wich ; 21. Warwick, Covcntnj, Birmingham, Startford-upon-Avon ; 22. Northampton,Peter- borough, Daventry ; 23. Huntingdon, St. Neots, St. Ives ;^ 24. Cambridge, Ely, Newmarket ; 25. Gloucester^ Tewkcs-^ C2 30 ii I "-'liji bury, part of Bristol ; 26. Oxford, Woodstock, Banbury ; 'HI , Buckingham, Eton ; 28. London, PTesfmimsfcr, Brent- ford / 29. Hartford, Ware ; 30. Bedford, Biggleswade / 31 . Bath, Wells, part of Biistol ; 32. Salisbury, Wilton ; 33. Reading, Windsor ; 34. Guildford, Kingston, Southwark ; 35. Maidstone, Canterbury, Rochester, Chatham, Dover, Sandwich ; 36. Chichester, Brighton, Seaford, Hastings ; 37. Winchester, Southampton, Portsmouth ; 38. Dorchester, Weymouth , 39. Exeter, Plymouth, Dartmouth , 40. Laun- ceston, Truro, Falmouth, Penzance. Islands. — Isle of Man, in which are Castleton, Douglas, Ramsay, Peel; Isle ofAnglesea; Lundy Isle ; Scilly Isles, pHncipal St. Ma/ry^s ; Isle of Wi^ht, in which are Newport, Cowes ; Sheppey , llianet ; Holy Island or Lindisfemc ; Coquet, On the Coast of France are Jersey, in which is St* Hdier ; Guernsey, in which is St, Pierre j Alderncy / Sark, Mountains. — T/tc Cheviot Hills, on the borders of Scot- land ; in 3, Bowfell, Whernside, Ingleborough, Pennygent ; 8, SIdddaw, Crossfell; 12, Wrekin; 15, the Peak; 20, Mal- vern; 24, Gogmagog ; 25, Cots wold ; 31, Mendip, Lakes. — 8, Derwent-vjater or the Lake of Keswick; between 8 and 9, VUes -water ; between 9 and 10, Winander or Winder-mere; in 23, Wittlesea-mere, Capes. — Flamborough Head, Spurn Head,N, Forekmd, S, Forela/nd, Dungeness, Bcachy Head, the Needles, St, AU ban's Head, Portland Point, Start Point, Eddystone Light house, lizard Poir^, Land^s End, Bays. — Robin Hood's Bay, Bridlington Bay, Humber Mouth, the Wash, Ya)'mouth Roads, the Downs, Goodwin Sands, Straits of Dover, Spithead, Torbay, Mounts Bay, Biistol Channel, MUford Haven, St, Bi'ide^s Bay, Cardigan Bay, Morecambe Bay, Solway Frith. KivERs. — Thames, Great Ouse, Severn, Dent, Mersey, YorJcshire Ouse, Tyne, i- '■'-'■' ' WALES. ' " Counties. — 1. Anglesea', 2. Caernarvon', 3, Denbigh; 4. Flint ; 5. Merioneth ; 6. Montgomery ; 7. Cardigan ; 8* PembroJce ; 9. Cae}-martJien ; 10. Glamorgan j 11. Breck- nock', V2, Radnor, • 31 Banhui'y ; , Brent- 'jode ; 31 . Itonj 33. uthwark ; i, Dover, ings ; 37. Dorchester, LO. Laun- Douglas, illy Isles, Newport, idisfeme ; kick is St, y ; Sark, i of Scot- nnygent y 20, Md- Keswkk ; Winander Forelandy s, St.AL one Light Hwnher Goodwin nts Bay, Cardigan ', Mersey, ibigh i 4. gan 8- Towns. — 1. Beaamam, Holyhead ; 2. Caernarvon, Ban- gor, Conway ; 3. Denbigh, Wrexham, Ruthin ; 4. Flint, St. Asaph ; 6. Harldgh, Bala ; 6. Montgomery, Welchpod ; 7. Cardigan, Aberystwith ; 8. Pembroke, St. David's, Haver- ford/west ; 9. Caermarthan, Kidwelly ; Ip. Cardiff, Ilandaff, Swansea ; 11. Brecknock, BuUth ; 12. New Radnor, Pres- teign, Knighton. Islands. — Skerry or the Isle ofSeaJs, Bardsey, Ramsey. Mountains. — Intl,Snowdon', 5. Berwyn, Cader Idris ; 6. Flvrdimmon ; 11. Van or Brecknock Beacon, Capes. — Great Ormes Head, StrumUe Head, St. Dav'uTs Head, Gowen's Point, Worm'' s Head. ; ' • Rivers. — Dee, Clwyd, Severn, Wye, ,K-i Breck- . (b) SCOTLAND. / r Boundaries. — N. Northern Ocean; E. Gor- man Ocean ; S. England and the Irish Sea ; W . Atlantic. Principal Towns. — Edinburgh, Glasgow, Inverness, Aberdeen, Forfar, Montrose, Cupar, Dunkeld, Perth, Dundee, Kinross, Kirkcaldy, Dunfermline, Alloa, Stirling, Falkirk, Inverary, Campbellton, Dumbarton, Greenock, Port Glas- gow, Paisley, Ayr, Kilmarnock, Stranraer, Kirk- cudbright, Dumfries, Annan, Moffat, Lanark, Hamilton, Peebles, Selkirk, Linlithsfow, Leith, Porto Bello, Musselburgh, Dalkeith, Haddington^ Dunbar, N. Berwick, Dunse, Coldstream, Lauder, Kelso, Jedburgh, Hawick. Counties. — 1. Caithness ; 2. Sutherland ; 3. Ross ; 4. Ifwerness ; 5. Argyle ; 6. Cromarty ; 7 Nairn ; 8. Elgin or Moray ; 9. Banff ; 10. Aberdeen ; 11. Mearns or Kincar- dine ; 12. Forfar 01 Angus •, 13. Fife ; 14. Kinross ; 15. Clack- . maaman ; 16. Perth ; 17. Dumbarton or Lennox : 18. Stir- Hng J 19. Linlithgow or W. Lothian ; 20. Edinburgh or Mid 32 %\ il! iM;i, Lotiiian : CI. Haddington or ^. Lothian ; 22. Berwick or 3fcrse <; 23. Roxburgh or 2'eviotdale ; 2-1. Durnjries ; 25. Kirkcudlright or £. Galloway ; 26. W%?on or JT. Galloway $ 27. j4?/r ; 28. Renfrew ; 29. Lanark or Clydesdale ; 30. Peebles or Twccddale ; 31. Selkirk j 32. £ii/e andArran ; 33. Orkney and Shetland, Towns. — 1. PF/c/c, Thurso ; 2. Dornoch ; 3. IHngwaU^ Tain, Fortrosc ; 4. Inverness, Fort George, Fort Augustus, Fort William ; 5. Inverary, Camvbellton ; G. Cromarty \ 7. JVa/rn ; 8. Elgin, Forres, Fochabers ; 9 l^flri//', Cj.'Wc/i ; 10. New Aberdeen, Old Aberdeen, Peterhead, Fraserburgh; 11. Bervie, Stonehaven ; 12. Dundee, Forfar, Montrose ; 13. -S^ Andrews, Cupar, Dunfermline, Falkland, Kinghorn, Kirlt- ealdy ; 14. Kinross ; 15. Clackmannan, Alloa ; 16. PertK, Scone, Dunkeld, Crieff, Dumblane ; 17. Dumbarton ; 18. Stirling, Falkirk ; 19. Linlithgow, Borrowstonness or I'o'- ness, erick, Sligo, Donegal, Londonderry, Coleraine, Antrim, Belfast, Carrickfergus, Newry. Provinces. — Leinster, Ulster, Munster, Connaught, Counties in Leinster, 1. Louth; 2. E, Meath ; 3. Dub- lin ; 4. WkMow j 6. Wexford ; 6. Lmgf&rd ; 7. W Meath ; 8, King's County ^ 9. Queen's County ; 10. KUkermy ; 11. KUdare ; 12. Carlow, Counties in Ulster. — ^1. Doum ; 2. Anti'im ; 3\. London" derrif ; 4, Donegal -y 5. Fermanagh y 6. Cavaai ; 7. Monagfum j 8, Armagh ; 9. Tyrone, Counties in Munster. — 1. Clare ; 2. Kerry ; 3. Cork ; 4. Waterford ; 5. Tipperary j 6. Limerick, Counties in Connaught. — 1. Leitrim ; 2. Sligfi ; 3. 3Iayo ; 4. Galway ; 5. Roscommon, 1^0 WNs IN Leinster. — 1. Drogheda, Dundalk, Carlingford; 2. Trim, Navan ; 3. Dublin, Swords, Newcastle ; 4. Wicfc- tow, ArJdow ; 6. Wexford, Enniscorthy, Ferns ; 6. Xowg--. /o7'd, Lmeshorough ;. 7. Mulingar, AtJdone \ 8. Philipstovm ; 9. Maryborough ; 10. Kilkenny j 11. KUdare ; 12. Carlow^ Old Letghlin, Towns in Ulster. — 1. Downpatrick, Newry, Dromore ; 2. Antrim, Belfast, Carrickfergus ; 3. Londondcn-y, CoU' raine ; 4. Donegal ; BaUyshannon ; 5. Enniskillen ; 6. Cavan^ Kilmme ; 7. Monaghan ; 8. Armagh ; 9. Dungannon, Towns in Munster. — 1. Clare, Ennis ; 2. Tralee, Dingle; a. CorA:, Kinsale, Youghall j 4. Waterford ; 6. Tipperary • 6, iiffimcfe. :';.;1 ^Vii 34 Towns im Connaught. — 1. Leitrim ; 2. SUgo ; 3. CastUh- bar ; 4. Galway, Tuam ; 5. Roscommon, Elphin, tsX'AiiDs.--liatlilin, Copeland, Clare, S, Isles of Arrofif J/JiUlf N, Isles of Airan, Toru» Lakes. — Neagh, Erne, Alteriy Conn, Mask, Corr'ib, Ree, KUllarney, the DevU's Punch Bowl. Bays. — Carrickfergns, Strangford, Carlhigford, Dunddhy Dunmanus, Bantrij, Kenmarc River, Dingle, Galway, Clew, Sligo, Donegal , Loughs S willy and Foyle. Capes. — Fair Head, Howth Head, Carmorc Point, Capa Clear, Mizzen Head, Loop Head, Slyne Head, Urris Head, Malin Head. Rivers. — Shannon, Barrow, Boyne, Lijfey, Slaney, Blach- water, Lee, Bandon, Ban. Lagan Water, •if:" — (ci) FRANCE. * :_'t:<:H.I ^y^^ca ,:A-jinM rio^fivuii' Principal Towns. — PxVris, Versailbs, St. Cloud, Foiitaiiibleau, Rouen, Hiivre, Dieppe, Boulogne, Calais, Dunkirk,^ Lille, Amiens, Rheimp, Caen, Brest, Nantes, Rochelle, Bordeaux, Bayonne, Toulouse, Montpellier, Marseilles, Grenoble, Lyons, Strasbourg, Metz, Orleans, Tours, Angers. Islands. — U'^^hant, Belleisle, Noirmoutier, Rhe, Oloron, Hieres, Corsica, in which are Bastia, Ajaccio, Calvi. Mountains. — Pyrenees, Alps, Jura, Yosges, Oevennes, Puy de Dome, Cantal. ■■ - Rivers. — Seine, Loire, Rhone, Garonne. H .i» .VJ. ■<-. (e) SPAIN. '^..k .-h Principal Towns. — Madrid, Toledo, Talavera, Badajos, iSeville, Cadiz, Trafalgar, Gibraltar, Malaga, Granada, Murcia, Carthagena, Valencin,j ; 3. CastLh- s of Arron^ Corrib, Itee, nlj Dandalkt alway, Clew^ Point, Capa Urris Head, laney, Blach- sail I OS, St. 3, Dieppe, IS, Rheinip, :, Bayonne, Grenoble, rs, Anders, •utier, Rhe, are Bastia, ra, YoFgeSjl nne. ? rvVoT >, Talavera,, Gibraltar, , Talencin,! 35 Alicant, Barcelona, Tortosa, Saragossa, Pampeluna, Bilboa, Vittoria, St. Sebastian, Fontarabia, Oviedo, Santiliana, Santander, St. Jago do Compostella,Vigo, Corrunna, Ferrol, Leon, Astorga, Salamanca, Ciu- dad Rodrigo, Burgos, Valladolid. Mountains, — Pyrenees, Sierra de las Asturias, Urbia or Guacjarania, Toledo, Morena, Nevada, Blanca, Rock of Gibraltar, Montserrat. Capes.— Fin isterre, Ortegal, Europa Point. ^ Rivers. — Minho, Douro, Tagus, Guadiann, Gtiadalquiver, Ebro. , (/) PORTUGAL » c , „ .IA'T?%;iwl'| ,-, . rr Pnit^ciPAL Towns. — Lisbon, Oporto, Brag- anza, Coirribraj St. Ubes, Cintra, Vimiera, Torres Vedras. Capes. — Rock of Lisbon, D'Espichel, St Vincent, St. Mary. ■ aMyi-A^ (g) SWITZERLAND. Principal Towns. — Berne, Basle, Geneva, S(. Gall. .]r:\Uijm ('<) Mountains.— Alps, (including the Rha^tian, in the S. E. ; ai^d the Helvetian, in the S. W.) | Lakes.— Gen^V^, Constance or Boden Sea., Riv;brs»^ — Rhine, Rhone, ;biij|]vi — .fHu^frixl (A) ITALY. '' -PRiffciPAi. Towns — ^Rome, Naples, Florence, Genoa, Turin, Perugia, Loretto, Capua, Brindisi, Otranto, Tarento, Reggio, Maida ; Palermo, Mes- sina, Catania, Augusta, Syracuse, in Sicily ; — Cag- liari, Sassari, in Sardinia ; — Valetta, in Malta, f Mountains. — Alps, Apennines; Mounts Ves- uvius, JiJtna. - Gulps and Straits. — Venice, Naples, Genoa; Straits of Messina, Bonifacio. Capes. — Spartivento, Passaro. t Rivers. — Po, Tiber. . (0 GERMANY. Principal Towns. — Hanover, Brunswick, Bremen, Hamburgh, Dresden, Stuttgard, Munich, Weimar, Frankfort on the Mayne, Baden, Con- stance, Ratisbon, Landshut, Mentz or Mayence, Coburg. JKivjBRs. — Rhine, Danube, Elbe, Weser. (A:) HOLLAND. ' Principal Towns. — Amsterdam, Rotterdam, the Hague, Utreoht, Lee warden, Groningen. I; till ' I ♦ '.? ..M ;■ 'li.. I (/) BELGIUM. Principal Towns. — -Brussels, Antwerp Ghent, Ostend, Mons, liiege, Waterloo. Rivers. — Scheldt or Escaut, Maese ar Meuse. E'Morence, Bnxidisi, 10, Mes- ;— Cag. [alta. Ints WeS' , Genoa ; a? \ (//i) DENMARK. Principal Towns. — Copekhagen. Elsinoie, Aniborg, Viborg, Steswick, Kiel, Alto , G lucks* tadr. Islands. — Iceland, in which is Mount llccla, Principal Town, Skalholt; Ferro Islandup Green- land. V . ' . . T . : - ' J n ""'.: Sounds. — The Skaw, the Sound, Great Bch, Little Belt. - ■ ... '.^^v; .:.. , ,,;,•'-: ,;,^,-,,,v ' •unswick, Munich, €n, Con- Mayenco; r. ^tterdam, en. ,-fVT Intwer^ Meuse. ■' ' («.) NOWAY. * t- Principal Towns. — CIiuistiana, Fredericks- hall, Christiansaiid, Arcndal, Kongsberg; Bergen, Drontheim, Wurdhus, Warangor. Islands. — Mageroe, LofFodcn,Waeroe, Hitteren, Bommel. Mountains. — Lnngfiall, Pofrafiall, Kolen. Bays and Capes. — N. Cape, W. Fiord, Mael- strom, Naze or Lindenaes. Rivers. — Glomme, Dramme, Tana. ' (o) SWEDEN. Principal Towns. — Gottenburg, Christian- stadt, Carlscrona, Kalmar, Malmo, JNorkopiner^ Stockholm, Upsal, Geffle, Fahlnn or Copper- berg, Nykoping, Tornea, Umea ,Pitea. , Islands. — Gothland, Oland. Lakes. — Wener. Wetter, Maeler. 'Rivers. — Gotha, Motala. Dahl, Tornea, I) 38 (/;) RUSSIA. pRiKciPAL Towns. — St. Pltersbukg, Cron- r.tadt, Revel, Riga, Olonetz, Archangel, One^a, Kolii, Wologdn, Novogorod, Perm, Moscow, Smolensk, Orel, Kievv, Voroiietz, Poltova, Eka- lorinoslav, Clicrson, Oczakow, Od(;ssa, Perekop, (Ma or Thcodosin, Simpheropoj, Sevastopol, Azo^; — Abo, Ilelsingrors, Ulea ; — Mitlau, Libaii, Wiudan, Wilnn, AVarsaw, Praga, Pultiisk, Lublin, and cost 300. (M f -I f.'ifcntfl. (A lUiodiixntu iit is worth £3ij3 ISs- Btcriiiv;) Jt sttoil M yo:ir-», and at lu.U was thruvvii down l>y im « iulhqu .!;«• '<3« 'I'hn Ti'iiiplc of Diana, >:t f.'"/a'.vrt.y, wi\A a wwik oltlio in't'.'itcst rnn£:ni- i:..an»- . 4ion ..»,.- t .^ 4'...: t.: :> \ KiiiQ:or(J ,ria, Luill I'y his ttui'cn, rtemisia^ of thu i)nri.st niaihli; ; and y«'r tui' \voikinanHhi[) of iL /ity_ 0/v/v»/).v., >. ,, J ~ ..-, w. n prodiyioud »;)/.•«. 5. 'I'ho WoHs of lidbylon. (ih»^ incfropoliH of Chal(iea) croctul by Queen l>'chiirai)ns. Tlieii" ciivnirit'onncu was ()0 niiiefci, their l.oi','ht '21)0 fi\t, and their hreudlh .00 I'ett ; f-o that six cliariolfl abrc';i,:l <)u^i\t I'onM'iii'ni'y pr^vi upon thcin- !>• 'I'ho P'/ramUls of E;fy/"'..tl'.e first of vvirieii is corislriiiitcd of ;irrcat Btonns, thi! .i.u'.t of wir.Ii is oO tcot in lonirth ; !jGO;()' int-n \v('i;o employed in luiddirg it for tliosjuiceof 'JO years. 7. The Rcijal Palace of (.'i/i us, Kiii'r of the Mi-dcM, riiadi,' by J\'fcnon, with no Itiii prodigality than art ; for Jie cumcntod tho a cneti with gold. ASIA. Boundaries.-— N. Norlliern Ocean ; E. Pacifjc ; S. Indian; Vi. Europe, Black-Sen, Arcliipelago, Ijcvant, Isihmns of Suez, and Kcd Sea. DIVIaIO^'s. — Turkey in Asia, [a) ; 2. Arabia ; 3. Persia; 4. Ilindostan, (6); 5. ^^astcrn Penin- sula, (c) ; 0. China, (d) ; 7. Tibet ; S. Eastern or Chinese Tartary ; 9. Kussian Tartary oi' Siberia, (c) ; 10, Western or Independent Tartary, (/. ) Capitals. — 1. iileppo; 2. Mecca; 3. Teheran ; 4. Calcutta ; 5. Ava ; 6. Pekin ; 7. Lassa ; S. Saga- lien Oula Hotun ; 9. Tobolsk ; 10. Bokhara. Islands. — Cyprus, Ceylon, Sumatra, Java, Bor- neo, Celebes, Philippine, .lapan. New Guinea, Australia (g*), Van Dieman's Land, New Zealand.. Mount Taurus, and Ilore Seas a of Ben.<^al Nankin ; Sea of Oc Sea of Ar Strait da, Behri HlVERS ku, Gang Divisio Caraman Canaan, or Alge: Armenia Towns gora. To mascus, Taraboli Tyre, Pt lis or 13 Jericho Mosul, Babylon 6. Trebij MouN-: Ararat. IjAKE RlVEI 41 Mountains.— Ural iau, Altaian, Caucasus, Ararat, Taurus, liebanou, Himmuleh ; — xMounts Siuai, and iloreb. Seas and Gulfs. — Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Bay ofBeuHfal ; Gulfs of Siam and Tonquin ; Bay of Nankin ; Whanghay or Yellow Sea, Gulf of Corea, Sea of Ochotsk, Sea of Kamtschatkn, Caspian Sea, Sea of Aral, Persian Gulf. Straits.— Biibelmandeb, Ormus, Malacca, Sun- da, Behriiig. Rivers. — Ob or Oby, Yenisei, lloang-ho, Kian« ku, Ganges, Indus, Euphrates, Tigris. (a) TURKEY IN ASIA. Divisions. — I. Asia Minor, (including Anatolia, Caramania, and Roum) ; 2. Syria, (including Canaan, Palestine or the Holy Luiid) ; 3. Diarbeck or Algezira; 4. Irak-Arabi ; 6. Curdistan ; ti. Armenia or Turcoraania. i; Towns. — Smyrna, Aiosoluc or Ephesus, An- gora, Tocat ; 2. Aleppo, Antioch, Damas or Da- mascus, Jerusalem, Alexandretta or Scandaroon, Tarabolns or Tripoli, Sayde or Sidon, Sur or Tyre, rtolemais or Acre, Joppa or Jaffa, Heliopo- lis or Balbec, Tadmor or Palmyra (in ruins), Jericho ; 3. Diarbeck or Diarbekr, Nindvefi or Mosul, Anah; 4. Bagdad, Bassora, Hillah or Babylon ; 5. Betlis or Bedlis, Van, Irbil or Arbela ; 0. Trebisonde, Erzeroum. Mountaiks.— Taurus, Olympus, Ida, Lebanon, Ararat. JtiAKES*— Ulubad, Sea of Galilee, Dead Sea, Van. Rivers. — Orontes, Jordan, Euphrates, Tigris, D2 (« I 42 Ji! . 1 • I if! .i,r^. f ."« tii.^ (5) HINDOSTAN. Divisions 1. Gangetic ; 2. Sindetic ; 3. Cen- tral ; 4. Southern Hindostan. Towns. — 1.^ Calcutta, Moorshedabad, Patnn, Allahabad, liUcknon, Agra, Delhi; 2. Kultore, Cashmere, Lahore, Moultan ; 3. Ahmedabad, Cam- bay, Surat, Visagapatam, Juggernaut, Hydrabad, Golconda, Masulipatam, Goa, Bombay ; 4. Sering- apatam, Arcot, Madras, Popdicherry. - IsLANDsT^Ceylon, ' Maldives, Laccadives, An- daman Isles. In Ceylon are Candy, Columbo, Trincomale. Mountains. — Himmalaya, Kastern and Wes- tern Ghauts. Gulfs. — Gulfs of Cutch and Cambay; Capo Comorin; Gulf of Manara, Adam's Bridge, Palk's Passage, Ba^ of Bengal. IvivERs. — GangeS; Indus, Burhampooter or Brahmapootra. />4.. _ ' ■• : \ i. < -1 r-r,f.^*'-^ ■M .tit.r! (c) EASTERN PENINSULA. 5, Divisions, — 1. The Birman Empire; 2. Ma- Inyp or Malacca, &.c. < 'w» * PRrAciPAL Towns. — 1. Ava, Ummerapoorn, Proaie ; Pegu, Rangoon, Sirian, Martaban ; 2. Mniacca, Queda, Ligor, Singapore. Ktvioiis. — Irrawady, Thaluan, Meinam, May- kaun.or. an, 43 vfi , '.> ((/) CHINA. 5^':!?m: u-,/' . :m J:.. ,., Principal Towns.— Pekin, Nankin, Cmitoiiy Siugan. /u: .,§ ';.",^... >ui Islands. — Hainan, Formoso, Loo Choo, Tchus- an, Macao, S. of Canton. Rivers. — Hoang-ho or Yellow River, Kian-ku or Blue River, Choo-kiang or River of Canton. ' ' '■ ^^ (e) RUSSIAN TARTARY or SIBERIA. Divisions.— 1. Caucasus, (including Georgia, Circassia, f 1. New S. Wales, and New Holland ;— in New S. Wales are Botany Bay, Port Jackson, Sydney 5 44 2. Van Diemen's Land, in which are Hobart Town, Port Dalrymple; — 3. Lord Howe's and Norfolk's Islands; — 4. Papua or ISew Guinea; 6. New Britain, New Ireland, Solomon Isles; 6. New Hebrides; 7, New Caledonia ; 8. New Zealand. •it i 1 1 i ; i : HI I POLYNESIA. L Pelew Islands ; 2. Ladrone or Marian Isles ; 3. Lot's Wife ; 4. The Carolines ; 5. The Sand- wich Isles, principal Owhyhee ; 6. The Marque- 5sas; 7. The Society Isles, principal Otaheit^, Ulitea ; 8. Friendly Isles ; 9. Feegee Isles ; 10. Islands of Navigators. .< . ^ "' ; *i ANTiauiTiES — Tho Antiquities of Asiatic Turkey, once tho ehosen seat of tho Arts, are numerous and imponant. The most splendid ruins are thoco of Palmyra or Tadmor, in the Desert. The most remarkable rt lie of Balbec,Xhe oncifnt TTeliopolis, ib tt Temple, supposed to have been dtdicated to the Sun. Recent investigation has disclosed another scene of antiquity, in the si'e and celebrated plain of Troy, towards the mouth of the Helles- pont In Anatolia or Asia Minor^ vere the Seven Churckes of Asia, mentioned in the Book of Iteveiatifin, \h:--Perga'mo»f Laodicea, Philadelphia, Thyatira, Surdis,Efhesus,and Smyrna f but these places, except Smyrna, are uiosty in ruins- In Syria were Palestine or the Holy Liand, Canaan^ Judea, Galilee, Pha- nicia, &c. Irak Arabi was foruierly called Chaldta and Pada* naram. m: fJ'UK' 1- ! ! f 1 'J*' AFRICA. Boundaries. — N. Mediterranean ; E. Isthmus of Suez, Red Sea, Indian Ocean ; S. Southern ; W. Atlantic. .,^.,^.-^ .., ,., Divisions,—!. Egypt, (a) ; 2. Nubia, (b) ; 3. Abyssinia, (c) ; 4. Barbary, (including Morocco and 45 t Town, Norfolk's 6. New 6. New land. m Isles ; e Sand- Marque- Dtaheit^, ;Ies ; 10. r, once tho The most the Desert' liopolis, is a m. Recent in the si^e the Hellcs- '.hurdies of ■Pergamogf a Smyrna ; . In Syria itileii ¥hsed l>) luivo i>.!on intended as M-iusjlciium lor the Ki:.':3. 'i'luy wcro Iw^uii, it w.'!3 coiijc'ciureJ, aliout lo.il ycir.-? bcioro llio birth of Christ, by Ckcops o.viA Ccphreacs. Four ol" I'iujO crci'tioii?, have ftttractod pf\ilicnlar attention. Tlie hrgc:;t two rro 50i) i'rct iiigh ; — one of ihein covers ID Englisii acroj ofy.-ouriil, l)ein,:,- jin exact square of OOO feet. Tiicro aroGor? siinilar .«truciur( ,;:, in tijc Desert ot smaller tlimrjnsions. Tjio Sphmi.v, a rock at no r.reat distance from iho largest pyramid, U shapixl into iho hrati, hv.tit, and Negr llkfi features of a Woman. It was fonncr'y (JO i't't l lu;:h, iiui is no' raaro than hairiniricd in t!io sand. Th;; /s/c of Pharos, which coininunicated with Alexandria by a l)rid2;e, was once lamed for il.,-; niagnilicent Toiocr and Liirhlkom,c, buiit l^^tl-.e architect Sos" trat^s, in tho reign m rtolcmy rJdIads.']:hv.s\ at (i.o r,ol(! expense of that enterprising monavclt. Near tlio ) yra-.nid.-. arc ih .a Muminy pits of ii,.?ypt- A mumjny U an eniha uicd bcdy. Many cf tlicsc, though Imried more than 3.000 yc.'ir;"; tlncc, are duir from tfie pits ill a perfect state of preservation. The Catacombs are rcpositorieB for tat Dead, eon^^isting of large vaul'^;, in the environs of the townfs- ThofJe in A'exnmh-ia wcro chit l!y used as buritd-pluces by the Greeks, t\nii the cohina are pi. cod in an I'.nricht position in niches, ro-^ularly raijixed in the vva!lrf. 'I 'no Obci'h-/:s were high quadrangular spires of grani.'e, ad rf.cd with h;errrdyp|]i-.s or mys- terious characters, ivprescnting tlie numbor of tributnry nations which acknov.'lcdgcd ihcsvv'.iy of the great Scsnsiris, his vicories, and the extent of hi;-! LCmjnro. Tbo .L'byi\nih, (she ruins of which are near Lake Moeri;^,) '""'i*^^'':"^*^ ' <'^ roouis md 12 Jialis said to have been built by li) Kinga, vls Mnusolevvis for the I?oyal. Race, and tho Sacred Crocodiles- At Alexnndria are Pampcy's Pillar and Cleopatra^s Needle. Tho former is one entire piece of Gra* nife il/ari7tf, 70 feet high, and 25 in circumfirence. The latter is an Obelisk, on wliich inysti.'al characters arc iiT-'cribcd. The Temples, particularly those of Thebes, Edfii, and Tciiiyra, are of [vast antiquity, and the largest in ihe world. Tliey are highly lornamented, in the peculiar tlyle of Egyptinn arc'iitecturr, and Icovered vi'ith numerous hieroglyphics- The Tombs of the Kings, Inear Thebes, forin vast ranges of su'nterrancr.f^ eparttr.cn ji, ladorned witli ancient painting.*-:, llic colours of -vhich are still I brilliant. um'H V.'C '■ I , I 4S I. EXTENT OF COUNTRIES, WITH TIICIH P0PULATI0>( TO A SQUAIII-: MILE. Inhabitants tnoiu iSqucire Miles. S. America, 0,000 1 00 S. America,. Europe, Asia, Africa, Lower Canada , Upper Canada,. United Hta.tcfi. England and Waies,. 6'?otland, Ireland,. (i 50,M)0J :i.751),l)0') i(;,()0(>,ooo 11,000,000 iiOO.llOO HO.OOO 1,000 000 on.(»oo 30000 ^0,003 square mile. 3 8 3« 3G 10 3 3 13 240 79 256 IJ. MOUNTAINS IN THE ORDER OF THEIR HEIGHTS. , . I^nglish Feet, above the level of the. Sea> h, 28,500 Dwahalagiri, highest of Ilimal Sorata. highn^t of the A n'k s, Chimborazu, S. America, Volcano of Coto[)iixi tS. Amcvi a, Elbraz, highest of Caucasus, Mount St., EliaH, N- Anurica Volcano of Popocalepec, Mexico, Mount Ararat, Turlcej'^ in j'\si?., Mountain of Poiosi, S. America, • Mount Blanc highest mountain in Europe, Mountains of Geesh, Ahyssini;,, Africa • • Peak of Tcncrifi'e, Canary Isluiuls, Afica, • •• Atlas, highest peak of Atiii'.a James' Peak, highest of Rocky Mountains,.- • Mount Perdu, highest of tlie Pyrenees jEtna, Sicily, — • • • Mount Ijchanon, Turkey in A&ia. City of duito. S. America, JSt. Gothard, Switzerland, Peak of Lomniiz, highest of ihe Carpuihianrij. Highest of the Dofrines, ISorway • • • • I Hospice of Great St. Bernard, Switzerland,. Highest peak of Blue Mouninins Jamaica,. ■•• • • Chain of Olympus, Turkey in Europe • • • • Mount Washington, iiigh'. st of the Alleghanics," (Jhain of Mount Ida,, 'I'urkey in Asia Hecla, Iceland, Vesuvius, Italy, Table Mountain. Cape of Good Mope. ' • ■ Mount Athos, Turkey in Europe.. The Ghauts, Hindosian, 25,000 21,800 19,500 18,200 18,100 18020 17,500 16 300 15,680 15,050 12,236 11,980 11,700 11,283 10,963 9 520 9,256 9,075 8,640 8500 8 040 7.500 0.500 6.500 4,960 4 900 3,900 3,583 3,353 3,000 49 111. MOUNTAINS IN GREAT BRITAIN AND 1REL5.ND. Feet. Ben Nevis, the highest mountain in Britaui, 4 ,3S0 Ben Lnwcrs, Pertlishirc, 4,0.j1 Cairngorm, Inverness shire,* t,050 Ben Moie, Perthshire, '.iOO'i Snowdor , Caernarvonshire, '.i,5uS Schehall.on, Perthshire. 'S 5(>l Cader It' vU, Merionethshire, 3.550 Mac^llicuddy's Reelcs, Ireland,. 3,404 Crossfell, Cumberland,. • • 3,390 Ben Loiuond, Stirlingshire, -- 3,'202 Goat- field, Arran.... 2.9 15 Logan House, Pentland Hills, Edinburgh, 1,700 Leadhills, Dumfries shire, 1 ,5G4 Arthur's Seat, Edinburgh.. •- ; 810 . ' ■ 'v ' I ■• VV'';'\ .;. :. g;^.^; ;-r IT. RIVERS, IN THE ORDER OF THEIR LENGTH. Amazon,. 4,000 Missouri, 4 000 Mississippi,.. 3,000 St. Lawrence, 2,000 Wile,.-." 2,000 ''Danube, 1,000 Ganges, 1,600 Euphrates, 1,500 Indus,.. 1,300 .. Ohio... 1,000 Tigris,. 800 Rhine, 700 l?otomac,. GOO Ottawa, .500 . Hhone, 500 Tagus, 450 : Thames, England, 180 Shanon, Ireland, » • 179 E 50 I ON THE GLOBES. I. — ON THE TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. 1. The Artificial Terrestrial Globv represents Ihe natural figure of the earth. 2. The Axis is the roa or wire on wliich the globe revolves, and represents the imaginary lino or axis about which the earth itself turns. 3. The t*oles of the earth or globe are the ex- treme points of the axis, in which it meets the surface ; one of them the N. or arctic, the other the S. or antarctic. 4. The Circles on the globe are of two kinds, great and small. Everj'- circle is divided into 360 degrees or equal parts. 5. There are four great circles, viz. : the Equa- tor or Equinoctial linc^ ihe Ecliptic^ the Meridian^ and the Horizon; and four small ones, viz. : the Arctic and Antarctic circles, the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, 6. The tlqtiator is a circle every where equally distant from the poles, and divides the globe into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, 7. The Ecliptic is a circle which cuts the Equa- tor obliquely at two opposite points, and represents the sun's path in the heavens. It is divided into 12 equal parts called signs, and each sign into 30 degrees. The names of the signs are Aries or the Ram T ; TauriiSy the Bull « ; Gemini, the Twins n ; Cancer, the Crab 25 ; Leo^ the Lion £i ; Virgo, the Virgin itr ; Libra, the Balance ^ ; ^Scorpio, the Scorpion ni ; Sagittarius, the Archer / ; Capricornus, the Goat vj> ; Aquarius, the Water-bearer ;:r ; Pisces, the Fishes x • 51 8. The Meridian of any place is a circle coii- ceived to pass through that place, and through both the poles, dividing the globe into Eastern and Western Hemispheres ; the brass ring which sur- rounds the globe is called the bra en meridian. 9. The Horizon is a great circle which separates the visible hn^'of the heavens Irom the invisible ; the earth being considered as a point in the centre of the sphere of the fixed stars. The horizon, when applied to the earth, is either sensible or rational. The sensible or visible horizon is the circle which bounds our view, where the sky ap- pears to toucli the earth or sea. The rational or true horizon is an imaginary plane, passing through the centre of the earth, parrallel to the sensible horizon ; it determines the rising and setting of the sun, stars, and planets. 10. The two Tropics are situated parallel to the equator ; one on each side, at about 23i degrees from it. The northern tropic is called the Tropic of Cancer ; the southern, the Tropic of Vapri- corn ; because they touch the ecliptic at the begin- ing of those signs. 11. The Polar Circles are situated at about 23i degrees from the poles ; that on the N. is called the arctic circle, that on the S. the antarctic circle. 12. The Horary or hour circle, is a brass ring surrounding the N. pole, having twice 12 hours marked upon it. 13. The Quadrant of Altitude is a narrow flexible plate of brass, equal to a fourth part of the equator, and divided into 90 degrees. 14. The most remarkable points in the heavens are, 1st the Poles ; 2d. the Zenith and Nadir ; the former being the point of the heavens which is directly above us, ami the latter that which is immediately under our feet ; 3rd. the Cardinal points, viz. : N. S. E. and W. ; 4th, the Solstitial points, the one in the first decree of Cancer, and liio other in the first degree of Capricornus ; 5th the Equinoctial points, in the first degrees of Aries and Libra. 16. The tropics and polar circles divide the Globe into five portions or belts, called zones] viz. : the Torrid zone, between the tropics ; the northern and southern Frigid zones, within the polar circles; and the northern and southern Temperate zones, between the tropics and polar circles. 16. The globe is divided into Climates of half- hours, and climates of months. There are 24 half-hour climates from the equator to either polar circle ; and 6 month climates within each polar circle ; making 60 climates from pole to pole. •111! PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED BY THE TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. Problem J. — To find the latitude of any place. Rule. — Bring the place to the graduated side of the brazen meridian, and the degree of the meridian that stands immediately over it shows its latitude or distance from the equator. Exercises. —AVhat is the latitude of Edinburgh, Rome, Mo»- tTTcl and the Cape of Good Hope 1* Pros. II. — To find the longtitude of any place. UuLE. —Bring the place to the edge of the meri- dian ; and the degree of the equator cut by the *The number of exercises on each problem may be increased as occasion requires; the insertion of answers to them is thoughjt quite unnecessary. • no rliich is irdinal )lstitial er, and ; 5th rees of de the zones ] !S ; the in the iithern I polar half- ire 24 r polar I polar e. TRIAL place. d side 3f the •ws its f, Mon- place. meri- )y the nstnl as tlioughjl meridian will be tho lonijitiide of the place, or its distance east or west of tho first meridian, viz, that of Greenwich. Ex. —What i.j tlic longitudo of Paris, (Quebec, JcTu.salem, and New Orloiinw 7 (m) PaoB. 111. — The longitude and latitude of place being given, to find that 'place, RuLK. — Brina; the i£>:iven longitude to the edge of the meridian ; look for the ^w^n latitude on tho meridian, and immediately under it is the place required. Ex.— What places arc nearly in fho followini? longitude ami latitude'? Lonff. 3= W- iat- .50® N—lonff. ISi® E. lat. :MJ0 S.-long. 30® E. Iat. 31 » N—loncr. 1® 15' W. Iat. 40 ^ 25' N. Prob. IV. — To find the antcBci, (n) of any place. Rule. — Find the latitude of the place given ; reckon the same number of degrees on the meri- dian on the opposite side of the equator, and tlio inhabitants of the place found under that point of the meridian will ba the antoeci of the place. Ex. — Who are the antcEci of the people at Montreal, Isle of France, St. Helena, and St. Domingo 1 (m) Longitude may be converted into time, by allowing 15 ® to nn hour ; consequently every degree will answer to 4 minutes of time, and 15' of a degree will answer to one minute of lime ; and so for thereat. Thus, for instance, any place that is 15® E. of London will have noon, and every hour of tho day, one hour before the inhabitants of London : if 30 ® , there will be two hours' ditrorence, and so on ; because, being more eastward, that place will meet the sun so much sooner* In the same manner, any place 15® W. of London will have noon, and every hour of tho day, one hour later ; at 30 ® , there will be two hoiirs^ difference, and so on ; because, being so much more westward, that place will be so much later in meeting the sun. (n) The antceci are those who live in the same semicircle of the meridian ; but in opposite parallels of latitude : both of them have noon and nminight at the same instant of time ; bv.c the seasons of the year a^c> different : it being summer to the one when it is winter to the other ; and to the one it is the longest day when it is th« shortest to the other' .E2 54 t Prod. V. — To find the per iced {p) of any place. Rule. — Bring the place given to the meridian, and 12 on the hour-circle to the meridian ; then turn round the globe till the other 12 comes to the meridian, and the place which is under the same degree of the meridian as the place given will show the perioBci of that place. Ex— Who are the periceci of the people of Honduras, Jamaica, Borneo, and Laesa 7 V won yL"To find the antipodes (p) of anyplace. Rule. — Bring the place and 12 on the hour- circle to the meridian then turn roumi the globe till the other 12 comes to the meridian, and under the same degree of the meridian as the latitude of the place given, but on the opposite side of the equator, will bo ibund the antipodes [q), Ex.— Who are the antipodes of the people at Lima, Buenos i^yves, Owhyhee, and Canton 1 Prob. VII.- To find the difference of latitude and the difference of longitude hetioeen two given j)laces, (o) 1 he periceci are those who live under the same parallel of latitude, but in opposite semicircles, or opposite meridians ; they have their summer and winter at the same time ; but their day and niqht at contrary times. i n) The antipodes are those who live diametrically opposite to each other, or standi as it were, feet to feet, on different sides of the equator ; they have their days and nights directly contrarj', as also their seasons of the year ; when it is summer with the oncj it is winter with the other ; and when it is noon to the one, it is mid- nisiht to the other. (7) The antceci^ periceci, and antipodes of any place, may be found thus : Place the two poles of tho globe in the horizon ; and bring the given place to the eastern part of the horizon ; then, if the given place be in N. latitude, observe how many degrees it is to the northward of the east point of the horizon ; the same number of degrees to the southward of the east point will show the antoeci ; an equal number of degrees, counted from the west point of tho horizon towards the north, will show the perioccij and the same number of degrees, counted towards the south ot the west, will point out the antipodes. If the place be in south latitude, tho same rule will serve, by readir. g S. for N. and the contrary. .).> ny place, [neridian, an ; then les to the tho snme vill show as, Jamaica, myplace, [he hoiir- the globe md under ititude of de of the ma, Buenos Itude and en places* D parallel of ridians ; they lieir day and r opposite to ent sides of contrarj', as h the onej it ne, it is mid- ace, may be orizon ; and on; then, if degrees it is iime number the antoeci ; point of tho nd the same e west, will latitude, th« rary. Rule. — Find tho latitudes of both places, and take the difference or sum of these accordin^^ as they lie on the same side, or on different sides of the equator. The difference of longitude is found in the same way, by taking the difference or sum of the longitudes according as they lie on the same side, or on opposite sides of the first meridian. Ex. — What is the difference of latitude between London and Edinburgh, and between London and Lima ; ako the difference oj longitude between Rome and Constantinople, and between Rome and Montreal 7 Prob, VIII. — To find the distances between two places on the globe. Rule. — Lay the quadrant of altitude over the two places, and count the number of degrees between them. Ex. — What is the distance between Pekin and Rome, Lislion an(l Vienna, Jamaica and Naples, Montreal and Jerusalem ? Prob. IX. — To rectify the globe for the lati- tude of any given place. Rule. — Elevate the N. or S. pole, according as the place is N. or S. of the equator, till its altitude or height above the horizon be equal to the lali- tude of the place. Ex.— Rectify the globe for Cairo, Botany Bay, Madras, and the Isle of Bourbon. Prob. X. — The hour being given at one place^ to find the hour at any other place at the same time. f ; Rule. — Bring the given place and hour to the meridian, then turn the globe till the other place comes to the meridian, and the hour immediately under the meridian is the time required (r). (r) If the difference of longitude between any two places be divi- di-d by 15, tho quotient will be the difference of time at the places ; and, if the difference of time be multiplied by 15, the product will hft- the difference of longitude. '!! ! 56 '.^!|. M : :iii > ■ t 'i i i 1 '1 1 111' |:-,H Si ■ 1'i jii! Ex.- When it is noon at Amsterdam, what is the time at Canton and Montreal ? When it is 8 in the mornincj at Edinburgh, what is the hour at iVloscow and Delhi'? When it is midnight at Lis- bon, what o'clock is it at Florence and Washington 1 Prob. XI. — To find the sunJs ^lace in the eclipiicfor any given time. Rule. — Find the a^veii day on the wooden horizon; directly opposite to it in the adjoining , circle is the sign and degree in which the sun j then is ; look for the same degree in the circle of ' the ecliptic drawn on the globe, bring it to the ^-meridian, and that is the sun's place at noon for the given day. Ex.— What is the sun's place en the I4th of July, the 27th of February, the 12th August, and the 7th of January. Prob. XII. — To find on what point of the com- pass the sun rises or sets ofi a ^iven day at any particular place ; also the amplitude of the sun. Rule. — Rectify the globe for the latitude of the place, and find the sun's place on the ecliptic for the particular day ; observe what point on the cir- cle of rhumbs the sun's place in the ecliptic cuts, when brought to the eastern algo of the horizon and also when brought to the western. The num- ber of deerrees counted on the horizon, between the points of sun rising and setting and the E. or \V. is his amplitude. Ex.— On what point of the eojnpaes does the sun rise and set at Edinburcrh on the 5th of May, at llome on the lOfh of September, at Mexico on the 13th January, and at Alexandria on the 8th of October'? pROB. XIII. — To find towards which point of . the compass one place is situated in respect of ajiother. i Rule. — Bring the latter place to the zenith {s) j (») That is, rectify the globe for the place. "5,'i •74J -wt 57 e at Canton burgh, what li^htat Lis- ;e in the wooden adjoining the sun ! circle of it to tlie noon for jT, the 27th of ^ the com- ly at any tliQ sun. ado of the cliptic for ►n the cir- iptic cuts, horizon The num- tween the E. or W. sc and set at September, n the 8th of i point of espect of jnith {s) \ fix the quadrant of altitude (t) above it to the meridian ; Jay it along the former place, and it will cut the horizon in the point required. Ex — Towards which point of the compass? is Jerusalem from Edinburgh, Jomaicafrom London, Cairo from Venice, and Madras from Montreal I Prob. XIV — To find at what hour the sun rises and sets on any day in the year, also the length of the day and night. Rule — Rectify the globe for the latitude of the I given place, bring the sun's place for the particu- lar day, and 12 on the hour-circle to the meridian ; the hours cut by the meridian, when the sun's [place is brought to the eastern and western edge of Ithe horizon, will be respectively the times of rising land setting. The hour of sun-rising, doubled, '^ives'the length of the night ; and the hour of sun- betting, doubled, gives the length of the day (w), exclusive of twilight (v). Es.—At what time docs the sun rise and set at Dublin, Mecca, jCanton, and St. Pctevburg, on the 20th of May ; and what is u a the length of the day and night at those places 1 (f) Insteadof the quadrant of altitude a thread may be used* (u) In all places upon the equator the sun rises and sets at six |he whole year round. From tlience to the polar circles the days icreaso as the latitude increases : so that at those circles them* Hves the longest day is 24 hours, and the longest night the same* ^rom the polar circlts to Che poles, the days continue to lengthen riio weeks and months; fo that, at the poles, the sun shines for ix mi)nths together in summer, and is absent from them six months winter. Every part of the worldj however, partakes of an equal )aro of light and darkness. (v) Twiliglit is caused by the atmosphere refracting the sun's lys towards the earth, and alwryts begins when the sun ap* roaches within 18® of the eastern" part ot the horizon, and ends [hen it^descends 18® below the wcptern. Ther<^ can be no con^ pual twilight to any place having less than 48 ® o2' of latitude. 68 % 1 1' i ^ili! II II Prob. XV. — The dap of the month being giveUi to find the swi*s declination (w), and atl tho9e places where the stm will be vertical (x) on that day. Rule. — Find the sun's place in the ecliptic for the given day, and briug it to the meridian ; the degree marked over it is its declination ; turn round tlie globe, and all the places which pass under the particular degree of declinatioii will have the S4jn vertical on that day. Ex-- What is the sun's declination, and (o what places will he be vertical 4»n the 15th of January, the 22d of Junc^ the 1st of Aus^ust, and the 25th of December 1 Prob. XVI. — A place being given in thd torrid zone, to find on what two days the sun will be ver- tical there. Rule. — Find the latitude of the place, turn round the globe, and observe the two points of tho ecliptic that pass under the particular degree c latitude ; the days on the wooden horizon, oppose ♦; to these points, will be the days required. Ex. — On what days is the sun vertical at Lima, Madras, Cap«| Verde, and the isle of Bourbon 1 Prob. XVII. — At a given place and hour^ to find where the sun is then vertical. Rule.— Find the sun's declination, or the parj allel to which he is vertical that day, and bring th^ given place and hour to the meridian ; then turr the globe till 12 at noon come to the meridian ; iU intersection of the meridian, with the parallel oi latitude to which the sun is vertical, will be thf place required. {w) The declination of Ihe sun in its distance from the equatoj N. or S. I («) That is, to find over whose heads the sun will pass that M i 59 Ex.—Wherc is the sun vertical on the 5th of April, whon it is 9 in the morning at Lisbon 7 Where is the sun vertical on the 2Gth of July, when ir. is 8 in the evening at Montreal 1 Where is the sun vertical on the 3d of November^ when it is midnight at Palermo 1 pROB. XVIII. — The day J hour^ and placcy he- ing gioerif to Jbid all those places of the earth where the sun is then rising" and settings and where it is noon and midnight. Rule. — Find the place to which the sun is ver- tical at the given hour, bring it to the meridian, and rectify the globe for tho latitude of that place. In this position of the globe, to all the places under the western edge of the horizon the sun is rising ; to those under the eastern, setting ; to those under the upper half of the meridian, it is noon ; to those under tlio lower half, midnight. Ex.-*At what place is the sun rising and setting, end where ia it noon and iiudnight» when at Vienna it is 8 in the evening on ih« 30lh of March'? JI.— ON THE CELESTIAL GLOBE. 1» The Celestial Globe is an artificird represen- tation of the heavens, on which the stars are laid down in their apparent situations. The diurnal motion of this globe is from E. to W., and repre- sents the apparent diurnal motion of the sun, moon, and stars. In using this globe the student is sup- posed to be situated in the centre of it, and view^^ ing the stars in the concave surface. 2. A Constellation is an assemblage of stars on the surface of the celestial globe, circumscribed by the outlines *of some assumed fi«:ure, as a ram^ a dragon^ a 6ear, ^c. This division of the stars 60 ■I I If;:' into constellations is necessary, in order to direct a person to any part of the heavens where a parti- cular star is situated. 3, .The Zodiac, on the celestial globe, is a space which extends about 8 degrees on each side of the ecliptic, like a belt or girdle, within which the motions of all the planets are performed.* PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED BY THE CELESTLAX GLOBE. Prob. I. — To find the latitude and longitude of any given star (a). Rule. — Put the centre or 90th degree of ihe qnadrant of altitude on the pole of the ecliptic, and let its graduated edge fiall upon the star ; then the decree of the quadrant over the star is its latitude, and the degree of the ecliptic cut by the quadrant is its longtitude. Ex— What are the latitudes and longitudes of Castor (in Gf*- mini), and Siriusot the Dog- Star (in Canis Major (6) ? pROB. II. — The longitude and latitude of a star being given, to find the star upon the globe. • Except the newly-discovered planets or asterids, Ceret and Pdllas. (a) The latitude of the heavenly bodies is measured from the e^iptic N. and S. ; their longitude is reckoned on the ecliptic f'^m the first point of Aries, eastward round the globe. The sudj being always in the ecliptic, has no latitude* (6) The largest and brightest stars are of the first magnitude, and become visible when the sun has sunk 12® below the horizon ; those of the 2d, 3d, and 4th magnitudes are seen when it is VS, 14, and 15 *^ ; and those of the 5th and Gth when the sun hac des- cended 18 ® below the horizon. All stars smaller than those of tbfi 6th magnitude, cannot be seen by the naked eye, and aT« called telescopic stare. 61 RuLG. — Place the centre of the quadrant of alti" tilde on the pole of the ecliptic, and make its ^ra»- duated edge intercept the ecliptic, in the longitude of the star; then the star will be found under the degree of the quadrant denoting its latitude. Ex-- What star is that whose longifudc is 297 ® , and whose lati- tude is 30 ^ ^. 1 What star is that whose longitude is 142 ® , and whose latitude is ^ ^ 30' iS. 1 Prob. III. — To find the declination of the stm or stars (c). Rule. — Bring the sun's place, or the star, to the brazen meridian, and the degree over it is its de-r dinatioh. Ex.- What is the declination of the sun on the 12th of Novcni- ber^ and of Capella (in Auriga) ? Prob. IV. — To find the right ascension of the sun or stars (d). RtJLE.^^BriDg the sun's plac6, or the ^tar, to the brazen meridian, and the degree of the equinoctial cut by the meridian is the right ascension. Ex.- What is the dun's right lisoenslon on the 23d of August, and ofRigel (in Orion's foot) ? Prob. V. — Tfte right ascension and declination of a star being given, tofindthe star on the globe ^ RuLK. — Bring the degree of the equinoctial de- noting the right ascension to the meridian, and the degree of tlie meridian denoting the declination will be over the star. (c) The declination of any heavenly body is measured upon the meridit^n from the equinoctial. (,d) The right ascension of any heavenly body is i is distance from this first meridian (or that which passes through the first point of Aries.) counted on the equinoctial* 62 ^!i!|l il- J !tl;!!i Sx.-What star it that "^hose right ascension is 114*^, and dc- rUnution 28^ 30' N.^ On wliat tlay is the sun's right ascension 291 ^ , ami declination 22 ® S- 7 Prob VI. — To dispose the celestial globe so as to exhibit the actual appearance of the heavens at any given time and place. Rule. — Rectify the globe for the latitude of the place, and set it due N. and S. ; then bring Ihe sun*8 place in the ecliptic, and the 12th hour of the horary, to the brazen meridian. Turn the globe towards the E. or W. according as the time is (^be- fore or after noon, till the given hour on the hour- circle comes to the meridian, and the globe will re- present the actual appearance of the heavens at that time and place. Ex --Rejjwsent the face of' the heavens at Montreal for lO p'ftrodk in ihe evening of the I5th of April, ai London for 4 o'clock in the morning of the 17th of January. PftOB. yil, — To find when d given star risesj set^f or culminates^ at dny place on a given day, RuLK.^^Rectify the globe for the latitude of th6 place, and bring the sun's place in ecliptic, and the 12th hour of the horary, to the brazen meridian; then bHng the star successively to the eastern ^ide of the horizon, the rtieridian, and western side of the horizon, and the times of its rising, culminat- ing, and setting on the hour-circle, will come to the meridian respectively. E3C.»-Rpquiretl the rising:, culminating, and settinjaf, o( Aide bfdrdn, (in Taurus) at Toronto on the 1 0th of February ; and ot A Ipheccu (in Corona Borealis) alCluebec on the 3d of November. i'koB. VIII. — 7 find onwhdt day any given ^tar comes io the ifteridianj at any given hour. Rule. —Bring the given star ttnd hoilr to the 63 , and dd' ascension he SO as ivens at 8 of the [he sun's of tho he ^lobe ae is ,^be- iie hour- 3 will re- iavens at ^TCal for l6 [or 4 o'clock ar rtsesj en day. ide of th6 5, and the neridian; stern iSide 'n side of culminat- come to (Aldebfdreint lot A Iphecca 3r. ny given *w hour. utr to the meridian, then turn the (?lobe till 12 at noon comes to the meridian, and the degree of the ecliptic cut by the meridian is tho sun's place. The day on tho horizon corresponding with that degree is the day required. Ebo^On what days does Antares (in Scorpio) come to the meri- dian at 10 o'clock in the evening? 7 On what day docs lie^ubu (in Leo) come to the meridian at 2 o'clock in the morning '\ Prob. IX» — To find those stars that never rise, and those that never set, at a given place, not under the equator (e). K OLE.— Rectify the globs for the latitude, and make it revolve. The stars that do not sink below the wooden horizon, are those that never set ; and the stars that do not appear above it, are those that never rise in that latitude. Ex,-'- What stars never rise and never set nt iVIontreal, and the CJape of Good Hope '{ Prob. X. — To find what stars are risin^f, setting, or culminating, at any given time arid place, and also the altitude and azimuth of any star, at the same time and place, KuLE. — Rectify the globe for the latitude of the place, and bring the sun's place in the ecliptic, and the 12th hour of the horary, to the t)r«*zen oieri- dian. Turn the globe towards the E. or W. ac- cording as the time is before or after nopiij till the given hour on the hour-circle comes to the meridian ; than the stars under the eastern side of the horizon are rising, those under the western side are setting, and those under the meridian are (e) If the place be under the equator, every gt^y is 1.8 liou;^ Above and 12 hours below the horizon, 64 i' !■! II',- culminating. — If the quadrant of altitude be fixed on the zenilhj and its graduated edge made to fall on a given star, the degree of the quadrant over the star will be its altitude ; its azimuth is the number of degrees, counted on the horizon, from its inter- section by the quadrant to the ^. or S. point of the horizon* Ebc.'-What stars are rising, settings ami culiuinating) at IMontrrat on the 6(h of March at 11 m the evening; and at Canton on the 10th o£^ October at 4 iu the morning 1 Prob. XI. — 7h find the ampliiude of any star, and the length of its diurnal arc^ at any given place. Rule Rectify the globe for the latitude of the place, and bring the given star to the eastern part of the horizon ; the number of degrees between the eastern point of the horizon and the star is the am- plitude required, either N. or S. — The number of hours passed over in moving the star from the eas- tern to the western part of the horizon is the star's diurnal arc, or its continuance above the horizon of the given place. EIx. —Required the amplitude and length of the diurnal arc of Smca Virginia (in Virgo) at Paris; and of Procyon (in Cani» Minor) at Venice. Prob. XII.— To find the apparent angular, distance beticeen two stars ;. that is, the arc of the great circle intercepted between them. Rule. — Apply the quadrant of altitude to the globe, so that its graduated edge may fall on both me stars ; the zero, or commencement of the gradu- ation, being on one of them ; then the degree of the quadrant over the other will be the angular distance reqiiked; be fixed J to fall >ver the number ts inter- it of the I Montrral ten on the ny star, y given ie of the em part iveen the J the am- imber of the eas- he star's horizon jrftal arc of I (in Cani» angulaT. irc of the 65 Ex.— Requiroil the apparent angular tlistanco between Betel f^ucse (in Orinn^ and Arides (in Aries); and between Arcturu\ (in Boote«<) and Pollux (in Gemini). Prion. XIII. — The latitude of the place, the altitude of a star, and the day of the months beivg given, to find (he hour of the night. Rule. — Rectify the globe for the latitude, bring.- the suu's place and 18 on the horary to the meri- dian, and fix the quadrant in the zenith ; then move the globe and quadrant till the star coiries under the quadrant at the given altitude, and the meridian will cut the horary at the hour required. Ex.- At Edinbursriij on the 20th of January, when the altitude of Capella (in Aurign) is 70 ' , wht^ is the hour of night 1 At Lon- don, on the 10th March, when the altitude of Deneb (in Leo) is 51) ®, what is the hourof ihe night ? Is- 9, FINIS. Je to the I on both le gradu- iegree of 3 angular f 2 SCHOOL-BOOKS. The Subscribers respectfully take leare to call (he attentioo of- School Commissioners, Clergymen, Teachers, and others con- nected with the Education of Vouth, as well as of Booksellers, and Country Merchants, to the following works lately published by them> from new stereotype plates. They have been prepared with much care, are printed in clear type, on good paper of Colonial manufacture, and are strongly bound for use in the School Room. The prices of all the Books have lately been much reduced, so as to enable them to compete successfully with United States pub- lications, and to bring them within the reach of almost eT^ry one in the Province :— THE CANADIAN PRIMER, by Peter Parley, l^d. MANSON'S PRIMER. 3d. THE FIRST READING BOOK, for the use of Schools 2d. THE SECOND READING BOOK, for the use of Schools. 44. THP ENGLISH SPELLING BOOK, by William Mavor, L. L. D., &c. 7^d. The plates from which the present edition has been prepared, were cast in England last year. THE AMERICAN SPELLING BOOK, containing the RudimenU of the English Language, for the use of Schools, by Noah Webster, £§q. revised impression, with the latest corrections. 7^d. THE CANADA SPELLING BOOK, with new embellishmenis, by Alexander Davidson, 2nd edition, much improved. Is. THE ENGLISH READER, by Lindley Murray, new ediUoa. Is. 6d. TH^ NEW TESTAMENT— School edilion. Is. 3d. THE SHORTER CATECHISM, l^d. THE SHORTER CATECHISM, with proofs. 2id. A CATECHISM OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY, from the ear. liest ages to the year 1841, specially designed tor the use of Schools ki British America. 7^d> A CATECHISM OP THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND. TJd. THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND, from iU earliest period to the accession of Her present Majesty, Victoria. 7^d. ! V SCHOOL-BOOKS. !l AN ABRIDGMKNT OF ENGLISH GHAMMAR, by Lindlcy Murray. 7^1. THE ENGLISH GRAMMAR, by Llndloy Murrny. Is. 8J. The high price at ivl\ich fprjncr cditious were solil, alone pre- venled thhs stuiulard Engliah School Book from cuni!n{; into general use. The publishers having procured stereotype plates, are ena« h\ed to offer it, strongly half-bound, at Is. 8d., a price uhich, con- sidering the style in which it is produced, and the fact of its ex- tending lo nearly 250 pnges, it will be allowed is remarkably cheap. WALKINGHAME'S SYSTEM OF ARITHMliTIC, new edi- tion. 2s. The best tent of the popularity of this School Book is to be found in the extensive sale which it has met with fur many years past. It is now retailed ut 2.i., substantially bound. A CATECHISM OF GEOGRAPHY. T^d. DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, Johnson's with Walker's pronunciations. It contains also a Vocabulary of Greek, Latin, and Scripture proper names, a list of Amen- canisniSj Gallicisms, and other words to be avoided in speak> ing or writing, and Fulton and Knight's pronunciation of certain Scripture names, full bound. 2s. Gd. In twelve months after publication, two large editioni of this Dictionary were disposed of, and the present one called for« ARMOUR & RAMSAY'S CANADIAN SCHOOL ATLAS, containing the following Maps, finely coloured : The VVestern Hemisphere j The Eastern Hemisphere j Europe ; Asia ; Africa ; North America j Sputh America ; The United States ; British Possessions in America. The whole substantially bound in linen, price only 6s. The Atlas may bo used along with the Catechism of Geography, or witli Swing's, Goldsouth% Stewart's, or any other goo(| Text Book. THE CANADIAN SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY, by Thomat Ewing ; author of Principles of Elocution, Rhetorical Exer- cises, the English Learner, a system of Geography and As- tronomy, and a New General Atlas. The Publishers think themselves fortunate in having been abU to obtain this excellent work from the pen of the above well- known Author and Teacher. It was expressly written, at their solicitation^ for use in Canadian Schools, and is upon the same principle as that which rendered Mr. Ewing's larger work SQ gieat a favorite* SCHOOL-BOOKS. Rentley'j Spelling Cook, Dunbar's Elomcnti of tho Greek Dihvurth's (io> Language. Lennie's Grampn:ii',newedil.1 1.6(1. Keith on the Globe*. Cobbett's English Grammar. Play fair's Euclid. Morrison's Book>KeepIng. Arithmetical Tables. Ingram's Mathematics. M'Culloch's Grammar. Stone's Child's Kcador. Kwing's English Learner. Ewlng^s Rhetorical Exercises. Bonnycastle's Algebra. Ewing's Principles of Elocution Do. Mensuration. M'CuUoch'a Course of Reading. , Wood's Algebra, Ewing's Geography, Lev!zac's French Grammar. Thomson's Geography and Ills- Nugcnt's French Dictionary. tory of Lower Canada, Boycr and Deletanville's French Woodbridge's Geograpliy. j Dictionary. Outlines of Ancient and Modern, Meadows' do. do. History, by R. Robbins. Finnock's Goldsmith's England. Do. do. Rome. Do. do. Greece. Simpson's England. Do. Rome. Do. Greece. Dymock's History of Greece, Abridgment of Modern Geography L'Abeil' ; Meadows' Italian do. iPerrin's Fables. Perrin's French and English Con* versations. Perrin's French and En?,lish Spell- ing 'iook. Forney's French Si)elling Book. Bolmar's CoUoquial Phrases. (Cary 81, Co's edition,) Ewing's Atlas, Woodbridge's Atlas. Latin Delectus. Mair's Introduction to Syntax. Dymock's edition of Ovid. Dymock's do. Csesar. Stewart's edition of Nepos. Virgil Delphini. Les Incas, par Marmont' !, Histoire de Charles Xn> Le Brun's Telemaquej Adams' Latin '''-timmar. Latin Ruddiman's f.uui nents. ^Dunbar's Greek Lexicon. iPinnock's Catechisms of Mu^ie, I &c. k,c. &c. Cornelius, Oliver & Boyd's Catechisms, jReid's English Composition. 'Parker's do. do. Hunter's edition Qr Li vy. jBlair's Lectures on Rhetoric. Cicero. iThomson's Ready Reckoner, Ainsworth's Latin Dictionary, The Bible, in Italian, French, 12mo. I Latin, and Greek. Gradus ad Parnassura. Greek Testaments for the use of Adams's Roman Antiquities. j Schools. Valpy's Greek Grammar. '.ta^um Books, do do. LempriSre's Classical Dictionary. School Copy Books, Slates, Q^uills^ Hunter's edition of Virgil. Maps, Globes, ^c. ^c. Ajntbgn's Greek Qrammar. % • « » « » » * , * I • * • 1 » » » « ♦ ♦ » *i » 'i I! » I SCHOOL-BOOK?. 1 Mi 'iti i The Subseriben have also always on hand, all kinds of Paper-i Account Books, Quills, Wax, Wafers, Slates, &c. Sec cheap. A liberal aUqwapce made on wholeti^le orders. AR^OUU &, RAMSAY, MonthXal. A. H. ARMOUR & Co. HamUton. RAMSAY, ARMOUR & Co. KiKG&toh . ill m mi] i;, 1;iliii! 1 ., fl • ♦ r r « •.,: ...:^.':';'" of Paper, :ap. ITVrtAL. ffllTON. • &>A