^ %'' ^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) '^O ^^ M/ % !.0 I.I ■ 45 |2j8 |25 12.2 S?li 2.0 iJig i.25||U |,.6 < 6" ► ^ 0> % ^ / ^'^? /^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO (716) 873-4503 '^^ >^^ - (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Les images suivantes ont 6tA reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition at de \o nettet* de l'exempiaire filme, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimte soiit filmte en commen^ant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la derniire page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration. soit par le second plat, salon le cas. Tous las autres exemplaires originaux sont fi'mto en commenpant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant pai- la derniAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaltra sur la derniire image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols —^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, ieft to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tnbleaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmte d des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en -m seul clichd, il est film* A partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en has, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 « I « JOHN LIOHTEOOT, THE ENGLISH HEBRAIST. ri wmm ..fi >i.vfJ w^ TO Vmv. I lUN/ DKLITZSCII I). D. LEirZKi, AND Pkof. SAMUEL IVES riKTISS V'\, l\v. Tii. CHICAGO. n'j \ WORKS CONSLLTKl) IN THE rilKPAllATlON OF IHI": FOLLOWINO PAPER. Christian Ktciew. 2 vols. Boston, l^lti. J!=*17. The Journal of Sacrul fJUroturr, oilitod by .loliii Kitto, D. 1).. K. S. A. Vol VI. 1N51. Loudou. Chalmvr'x Bio;/raj>hical lUdlnnar;/. Vols VI!. Viil. X\ III. X!X. XXIX. Oesttrrcichische yational-luici/Idopadlt. Iluiid '.'>, 1, Wicii. \s;',i, '.',{,, Andersons Annals of the En V(ds. Loudou, 1851. Adler's Jews' ConyrPijations in (Jreat Britain, lioudon, 1815. Mullinger's ('ambridye C'haracti rislics in the 17">' Centur//. London and (,'iuidjridge, ISOT. I I ' ' ' ' 'I HIMIfiPiiJU'iiiPfim. m TVP>LK OF C!()NTI:NTS. Stittc dj' Ih'tii:/!' harmii{l in hlinjhnul tit iinil be/uri: Lif/hl fool's I'lUif . . 1. ( ha}>. II. SktUh oj Liijhlf (lot's lijt 11 Clia/,. III. Ilnir Liiililjool hirdiiic so distittnuishcil u ILhntist. I. 'is taiflnrs. ills oiL'ii (lili(ji iice anil /ursi i;runca in stud;/. Iluil If ./< "•/'•/* oral instnirtioit' ITi Chap. IV. His Worls: 1. 'I'hos, <;/ irhich ht was soIl author. 'J. Thos, to which he CAmlrihntcd - ' ( 'hajK \ \ 7'esliiii/ to Liijhtjuot's scholiirshiji jVoin Jcannd men with whotn he cor- rtsjiondtd and others. Coiidudimj (imstiotis : I. I fad Lii/htjoul ami jmjiils wh(mi he himsilj instructed.'' '.'. Did he ijln- an impulsi to Htbriw studies in Kn;iland.'' o. Hare his works an importance still.'' HI ». . 11 Addenda. J. A list oJ Hebrew Grammars and Le.dcons written or prinlcil in KnejUwd uji to the close oJ' the seventeenth centunj 11. Letter from CocceUarius to Sir W"* dcil in which he a.'fks the hitter to recommend him to a Hei.rcw professorship in ('amhridijc Unirersitij. {Copied from the Lansdcwne MSS.) 41 ri'.-; *^c» I. state of Hebrew learning in Knglainl at and before Li^;litfoorH time. Aniong the scliolurs fiunoiis for tlioir llohrcw loaniiny- whom Kn^'hiiul has produced, John LuiirrKooT deservedly (ills the first plaee. Indeed, if tlic schohirs of other eouiitrles be brought into eoniparis(tn with him, there are but two who ean be regarded his e(|uais in this respect, namely, tlic ehler Bi^KTORi-' of Basle, Switzerland, and liErwAUD di: Rossi-' of 1) John Huxtort' was burn at Caineii, in Wcstplialia. iu 15(il, hcoanic Prot'esHor of Helirew and Clialdec at Hasle, wliirli situation lie filled with ;,'reat reimtation till his ileath in l(;2',t. The first of jiis works was his frreat dictionary entitled "Lexit-on Clialdaiciini. 'ralniadieinii et li'aljbiniiMnn". printetl at Masle in lt)3f». He also printed a j,n-eat Hebrew Hible at Hasle in Ktis, 4 vols. fol. with the Chaldaic parajjhrases. the Massora and the Ifab- bins. after the manner of the fjreat IMblc of Venice. Several other works were also |)iiblished Ity tlie .same author. IJuxtorf received the hijifhcst encomiums from all the learned men of his time. 2) (t. Hcrnard de IJossi was born in Castelnuovu, L'pv . Italy, in lT|-_». In IH\{) the Duke of Parma called him to the chair of oricntai laiigua^'es in the T^niversity of Parma, which jdace lie tilled with , Sciic o—12. 1 2 oi raniiii. Itiily. Tlic kiiowlcduc of tiiliiiiidical iiiid liihlMiiiciil litcrutiirc posHesscd r;'S|MM'tiv('ly l»y tlicsc tliit'o sclioljirs was |»rr, for th(! tree of Hel)rew learninu' which ^'rew t<» sueli vast proportions and liore sii,l'Ii ai>nndant tVuit in the seventeenth century, struck its roots into that of the thirteenth. And even JKifore this, durin;.:' the space of tive Inindred years, Hebrew study received some attention in the island. IJy the aid of Jewish teachers who came from the Kast into Knjjiand duriui-- the Saxon period, varicuis scholars wore euahled to form some acquaintance with the Hebrew lanpiajie. The Vkxkkaiim: Hkdi:, born in Northumberland in <>73, was well skilled therein. His fellow-countryman Ai.dix, born at York in 735, was tau-iht Latin. (Jreek and Hebrew in that city, and became the most learned man of his aue. The disturbed state of England during- the incu'-siev.s of the Danes, and the banishment of the Jews by Canuie, proved destructive to the interest <»f Hebrew studv for manv vcars. At length, however, it revived with the re-introduction into Hngland of Jews from Uouen diu-ing- the rei »»|M'ii a school ill the I'liivrrsity of (Ktoni,' wImtc flicy tau^lif llchrcw, not only to their own jx'oplc, hut als(» to many Christian students. Xor were there wantini,' eonveits tA the Christian faith, who -ladly imparted their knowled-c of llehrew to others. - In addition to the seliool in Oxford, the .lews had schools also in Loudiui. York, Lincoln, Lynn, N«trwicli, Camhriduc and other towns, which seem to have l)eeii open to others than those (»f tluir own persuasion. In (onsequeiiee of this, maiiv Hn<;lisli ecclesiastics, of whom mention mi^iit lie made of (ii«.s«K- ■iKsTK, IJishop of Lincoln, and HonKit Uacun. the celehrated Franciscan imdik, hecame familiar with their laii^iiajve and literatnre. The latter, horn 1214, was inohalily the ripest scholar of his day. In a treatise adressed to Pope Clement V. he sliows the importance of an acquaintanee with the (uieiital langua^'es, ami recpiests the |tapal sanction to his attempts for promotiiiy a ^a-neral study of the liehrcw and CJreek. An event which occnrred ahont this time tended to advance the stndy of Ilelirew. Owin.u' to the sudden expulsion of the Jews from En;,'land hy Kdward I., their Hehrew MSS. were necessarily exposed to sale. Many of these fell into the hands <»f ({uKdoKv of Huntington, who hecame, from their jterusal, well accpuiinted with rahhinical literature, and lieijueathed them tinally, to;^-etlier with his own writini;s. to Kamsay .Monastery,' i|ikm1 ueiiKi ei super hw mdlestiaiii iiliiiiiain"' etc. See Laiisildwiie .AISS.. 21,'). 7 1. li. British .Miuseiiiii. entitled. "Kxcerpta ex liistriiiiientis l'iil)lici.s ilc .Fiidaeis Aiil In a lioll in the J{riti.sh 3Iuseuni, written perhajis as late as thu reign of i{iehi 11.. is a catalogue of the library of Itiniisey .Mdiey. .\iuong the works are: - - .Secunda jiars biblioteeae ebraicae (ilose su[i. bildiotecaiii hebruieam, lo(juendi intelligcndi in lingua Hebraiea, I'rinia pars biblio- tecae hebraicac cum aliis septem libris, secunda pars bibliotecae ebraicae, about the year 1250. Here they were diligently stddied by the iiionks, among whom Hobkrt Dodfoud and Lawrkvck Holukck attained celebrity for their Hebrew learning. Indeed, the latter fompiled a Hebrew Lexicon — tlie first probably ever produced by an Englishman. ^[any otlier Jewish works came into the possession of Rookr liAcoN and the Franciscan friars of Oxford University, who duly prized thi and left them to that institution. But these advances in the study of Hebrew were not made without difficulty and even danger. The hatred ' which led to the expulsion of the Jews, m.„!ifested itself in the utmost dislike and opposition to all who attempted to make any acquaintance with their literature. The knowledge of Greek and Hebrew which T.iHiv.n Hacdx possessed, was regarded as the medium of his intercourse with satanic agents. Cheke, Greek Lecturer at Gand)ridge, in a letter t(» the Bishop of Winton, plainly declares that the ''many re))rove the study of Hebrew", and that 'Mt is as nuu'h as one's credit and reputation are worth to attem])t the knowledge of it." Even the enlightened Erasmus (lid not hesitate to say — "I fear that the study of Hebrew will promote Judaism."- These evidences of a i)rejudicc against the study of Hebrew are chiefly valuable as showing the exis- tence of Hebrew scholarship at the time. Before long the sanction of the church which had been desired by Rogkr Bacox, was granted. In L311 Clement pub- lished a decree,' ordering that Professors of Greek, Hel)rew, libcv expo.s. (listiiictionem liebraicnruin , Ps Hcbniei l)esi(les otlier.s witli nearly defaocd titles. 1) This hatred exhibited itself in the decrees of various councils, as those of Yienn.-., ^fascon, Narbonne, Epasnu, Beriers, Arragon and Toledo, which forlmdc Ciiristians to oat with .Tews, or even to enijiloy them .is phy-. sicians: — in the cruel persecutions to which they were exposed; — in the wanton dcstniction of their M8S.; - and in a determined ojijio.sition to tiic study of their language. In the statutes of the Cistercians. A. D. l(i!tr», mention is made of a certain monk directed to be examined and jumishel l)y the Abbot of Clairvaux for having learned Hebrew from a .lew. 2) Era.sTnus was upwards of fifty year,«! old when he made this statement. :i) Not long after the jmldication of Clement's con.stitution , we liml Arabic and Chaldec! should be cstaldishod in tlie universities of Paris, Oxford, Hologna and Salamanca. This decree, if not ininiediately carried out, would yet in an age of implicit obe- dience to ecclesiastical authority, teiul in souje degree to remove objections to the pursuit of these studies. Jiut the study of the original languages of the Hil)le i)rob- ably received its greatest impulse from the Reformation, which did much to cause the prejudices which have been noticed to disappear, and t.» deepen the desire of the people to have the word of (lod in their own tongue. Henry VIII., who had been informed that one of the uni- versity preachers at Oxford, had exjjresscd himself with great violence against the study of the Scriptures in the original, issued an order commanding that the "said study of the (ireek ami Hebrew Scriptures should not only be permitted, but made an indispensable branch of the course of academical instruction." This royal connnand led to the founding in 1530 of a Hebrew professorship in Oxford, — the first Hebrew professorship in- stituted in England. Rohkrt Wakkkiki.u, who had taught Hebrew at lA)uvain and Tiibingen, and was now giving instruc- tion in the same language to the members of the I'niversitv of Cambridge," was summoned from the latter place to (ill this important station. John (le Bristol, a (.•onverte.l Jew, teacliiiiji- Ueljrew in Oxlurd, wIk. ••niagiiu scholarium plausii iilures annus eaiii olnljat". In l;i4.'> Ifichard Aii-^'ervillo. Disliop of Duriiani, wrote iii.s I'/tilobiUion, in wliirli lie t-x-^rosses his ref,'ret at the general ignorance of Hebrew and (ireek which i>reviiiled. and a"ly J(ihn Shki'revk, who l)opin ill 1741 to cxpoimd in i)iil)li(' the hook of Genesis in llehrew. In 1549 tiie eeh'hrated Hehraist FA(iius was invited to En- j^huul, and appointed Kinu's lieader of llehrew in the rniversitv of ('and)ri(lye: he did not, however, live hnij^- enctngh to enter upon his duties. The same vear the eminently learned Tkk- MKiw.Ks,- son of a Jew of Ferrara, sueeeeded to the vaeant jtrofessorship, and was assisted in his duties by C(ievki-lakiis, a native of France, to whom reference will ay-ain he n\a(le. Th'' countenance which Hebrew study received from Henry Vni. and his son Kdward, combined with the stimulating- in- Huence of the lieformation and the zealous and well directed etl'orts of the professors, had the etl'ect of cxtendin;^' the knowl- edj,^e of the l;ini^-ua,:i'e far and wide throug-hout the kingdom. Even ladies strove to excel in oriental studies. The youngest daughter of -Sir Anthony Cook was celebrated for her Hebrew erudition. Sir Thomas Chalmer's cle^y on Lady .Ia.vk -lish Version siiili- cieutly testifies. Said his Ijitter enemy Joye. ''l am not afraid to answer Master 'i'yndale in this matter, for all iiis high learnin;? in Hebrew, Orcek and ],atin." 1^) V. IJutters. Emanuel TremelliMs: tune LrfienssU:-<', Zweibriieken ISfjll. t'onipare Delit/seh, Zdlxchrijt Jiir die .}fissioii S— .'{f) ;!) A sinffular instance of tJie use to wliieh such knowleilge was imt occurs in Stryi)e's Mcvioiials. S|ieakiiii;i(iii"s Crifica Sacra — the best Hebrew-English lexicM.ii of the age — appeared. During the same period, the first Hebrew grammar ever printed at Cambridge, and the first Hebrew lexicon published in London, were issued. The only (»rdiiiance ever framed in England, requiring a knowledge of Hebrew on the part of all candidates for the ministry, was then jiassed. In the very year of Charles's death, the English booksellers offered to purchase six hundred copies of Li; Javs UMa Sacra I) JJroiiglitoii , iit the ciiil (.[' lii.s treati.se on .Melcliizotlek, gives ;i list of twenty-two nibljiiical works cited by liini. -wliose whole workes, IVom Venice or Fnuict'urt, students may have." The Hebrew Bibles >ised by Englishmen I'or centuries were jirinted bv IJondjerg, who is said to have had one hundred .lews as correctors of tli'e liress; by Plantin, who had establishments at Antwerp, Leyden and Paris, and who, when his circumstances were much reduced, had .seventeen presses at work; by Stcidiens, and by tJie Jews of (.'onstantiiioj.le. Kighty one edi- tions of Hebrew works made their aii|.earaiicc on tiic (.'ontin.'u't between ir)(lO and hViti. 10 /'olijyiotta in ten folio voUnnos. One year after tlie battle of Worcester, propitsals were issued for the publication of Wamox's I'oly^lott — the tirst book ever published in i'hif^land by sub- scrijition. The lirst vohinie of this ^^eat work appeared in 1654, the last in 1(557.' At this jieriod, according- to the inipartiid testimony of iNTiroxv a Wood, ''education and discipline were more severe in the universities than after, when scholars were given more ;-- liberty and frivolous studies." At Oxford the celei)ruted oriental scholars Pocockk'^, Gaik, Hahkis, liAxoBAixK, CiiARKK, HvKK and JJkknaki) then resided, while Mahsii, Hi xt- ix(i'j'«»N, (-r.MMKRi.AM), C'awtox aiul others celebrated in after years for their erudition, were enjoyiuij the privileges of the university. Nor were these i)ursuits less zealously f(dlowed 1) Tlie fi)lli»wiiig culogiujii (ni this work iu taken from fiif^litl'oot'H ora- tion in I (ilia as Vicc-Ciiancelloi of C'aniliridffe riiivcrsity: •■Opus aeternae faniae, iiionunientuni nieniorabile in i;oni|pitci'na saecula fiituriun siunniac orii- ditionis zeli et in Deo, bonaruni litoranini protoctore, litluciae cleri Anj^licani jam tum siuume iiericlitantis Macte estoto, viri venerandi et doctissimi, tnii in ojiere tarn niagnaninio desudatis. I'orgitc (fiiod facitis trojihaea vobis eri«fere jiatriaeque; ]ierlcf,'ant o]ie vcstra onrics (,'entes sacra Hiblia siiis linjjuis; atijue iisdem lingnis, eadeni ope ])reditontur faiiia cruditionis et li- teratura gentis Anglicanae". 2) Edward I'ococke was born in tiie parisii of 8t. Peters in the West, Deo. M, Itidi. At tiie age of fourteen he entered ]\[agdalen Hall, Oxfonl. Two years later he was admitted to a scholar's ]ilace in Oor|)us-Ciiristi College. In 1022, being eigiiteen years old, he took his U. A. degree. He now g.avc himself to the study of tlie eastern languages under jMatJiias Pasor, and in l(>2t) was admitted to the degree of Masier of Arts. His Syr- iac version of the New Testament was finished by him wlien lie was only twenty four years of age. In 1 ••;{() lie was appointed to the chaplaincy of Unglish merchants in Aleppo, wliere lie remained live or fsix years, during wliich time he soiigjit by the aid of learned Jews anj;ii, then tutor of the College, afterwards ^faster of Trinity College, Dublin, and sul)se- ({uently promoted to the see of Coork. During his residence in Cambridge I.iGirn-ooT applied himself very diligently to his studies, and made extraordinary proficiency therein, especially in Latin and Creek. In the department, however, of Hebrew Literature, in which he after- wards became so eminent, he did nothing. Tpon taking his Bachelor's degree, he left the university, and became assistant to his former preceptor, ]\[r. Wjhtkiiead, who had now become Master of Kcj)ton School in Derbyshire. After passing two years in this place, he entered orders, and became curate of Norton under Hales, in Sliropshi'e. This curacy furnished the occasion of awakening his genius for the Hebrew tongue. Norton lies near Uellajjort, then the seat of Sir Rowland Cotton, who was his constant hearer, made him his chai)lain, and took him into his house. This gentleman being a perfect master of the Hebrew language, engaged LiGHTKooT in that study ; who, by conversing with his patron, soon became sensible that, without that knowledge, it was im- possible to attain an accurate understanding of the Scriptures. He therefore applied himself to it with extraordinary vigor and success; and liis patron removing with his fiunily to reside in Lomlon, he f(dlowed his preceptor thither. He had not been long in London before he cimceived the design of going abroad for further imjjrovement, but was induced to abandon his in- tention by the importunities of the parishioners of Stone to accept the ministry (»f that place. Aft' r a time his excessive attachment to rabbinical learning occasioned another removal to iioudon for the sake of Sion C«dlege library, which he knew was well st(»cked with bi»i)ks of that kind. He therefore quitted m^£^ 13 bin t'liar^'c at Stone, jiiul iTinoved with his I'aniily to Ilornsey, near liondon, where he gave the |)ul)lic a specimen ai' hi« advancement in those studies by his ''Kruhhini or MisecUanies Christian and Judaical". in 1<)2^). lie was now only twenty seven years of age, and ai)i»cars to have been well accpiinted \\ ith the Latin and (^Ireek fathers, as well as with I'hitarch, Plato and Homer, besides having some skill also in the modern languages. These first fruits of his studies were dedicated to Sir Uowland Cottox who, in lO.'H, prcse ed him to the rectory of Ashley, in Stattordshire. 'IMiis new residence seemed to complete his wishes. As if weary of so many changes of abode, and not anticipating any similar necessity, he built a study in his garden, retired from the nctise of the house, and devoted himself for twelve years with indefatigable diligence to his scriptural and talmudical researches. At the end of this period the great change which took place in public alVairs brought him into a share of the administration relating to the church ; for he was nominated a menilter of the memorable assembly nf divines for settling a new form of ecclesiastical polity. This appointment was purely the result of his distinguished merit. In entering upon the duties which it involved, he found it necessary to resign his rectory and remove to Lcnulon. liesides, having now matured and digested his general plan of study, and having arranged many of his papers for the press, an additional motive to his going to London would be the desire to superintend the publication of works which could not safely be committed to the care of persons less scholarly than himself. He bad not, however, been long here, before he was chosen minister of St. liartholomew's, behind the Hoyal Exchange, to whose ])arisliioners he dedicated his "Handt'ul (»f Gleanings out <»f the book of Exudus.'" The assembly of divines meeting in 1643, LiraiTi-ooT dili- gently attended and made a distinguished figure in their debates, in which he used great freedom and gave signal proofs of his courage and learning. ■^ I u In tliiw same year the visitors of Parliatnent appointed liini to the mastership of Catharine Hall in ('ambridye. In 1652 he took his de-crec of Doetor of Divinity, performing- all the exereises which it rccfuired with ^reat applansc.' In 1055 he was ehosen Viee-ehanccUor of Cand)ri(l{,% whieh ofHec lie discharged with great assiduity, notwithstanding the manv literarv avocations bv which his time was incessantlv occupied. Soon after the restoration he was appointed one of the assistants at the conference upon the liturgy, which was held in the beginning of 1661, but attended only once or twice, l)eing more intent on completing his "Harimmy"; and being of a strong Jind iiealthy constitution, and remarkably temperate, he pr(>secuted his studies with unabated vigor to the last, and continued to publish nothwithstanding the many difficulties he met from the expense of it.- Shortly betorc his death certain booksellers obtained a promise from him to collect and method- ize his works, with a view to their publication, but its ful- filment was jjevcnted by his death, which (tccnrred at Kly, Dec. 6, 1675. His remains were interred at Great Munden, in Hertfordshire, which living he had held for thirty two years. He be(iueathed his whole library of rabbinical works, oriental books etc., to Havard College in America, where the whole was burned in 1769. LktHtfuot was of good stature, of comely pers«ni and mild countenance; easy of access, grave, yet affable and connnuni- cative. He possessed a grateful heart, and never forgot ;i I 1) His thesis was u|hiii this question: — "Post cauoiiein Scriiitnriie coii- sigiiatuin uoii sunt novae Kevelationes." It was his oiiiuioii tiiat, after tiie closing of tlie canon of Seriptiirc, tlicre was ncitiier j>roi>liet.'}, miracles nor extraordinary gifts in tiie church. 2) In a letter to Bnxtorf he ilcclares "tliat he could scarce find any bookseller in England who would venture to print Jiis works, and that lie was obliged to print sonic of them at hi.s own ex]ien.sj"; and Frederic Miegc in a letter informed him. "that there was not a bookseller iu (ieruiany who would freely undertake the impression of his commentary upon the first epistle to the Corinthians". It I 15 kindnus.s received. His v.ist IfJiiniiiy- ever slume tliroii^'h tlio air (if a ffreat and unatVeeted iiMMlesty. Though eiiiiiiciit scljMlars at lioiiie iind ahmad eoiisulted liiiri and lavished their eonnncn- dations upon him, no man ectidd la; less intlated l»v vanitv, or think more hiunbly of his intellectual attainments. Ill his \vritin;is he makes freiiueut allusion to J'liny, Straho, IMutarch, Homer, I'lato, Atheiiaeus; to the Greek and Latin lathers; to Josephus; to the Septuayint ; and to many modern versions of the New Testament. lie did not, as a classieid scholar, possess the critical acumen which characteri/,es a lientlev or a INtrson, but in the de|)artmeut of learning- to which he more immediately devoted himself, his reputation is (irmly estaldishcd. In rahhinical learning- he was excelled l»y none, and had few if any e(juals. His erudition, however, in this department, may he best known from his works, which will be considered in another chiipter. My ne.\t iiuiuiry will concern the means by which he reached hi.s yreat scholarship. III. How Lipfliifoot bonurie so disUii^^iiislied a Hebraist. His Teachers. His own \). He was sent to Canibriilge by Bernard (iilpin, where lie ]ru\ the iirst foundation of his Hebrew studies Prom the university he reiuiirjd to London, wiiere lie distinguished himself as a preacher, and tati^'lt and stud- ied, freiiuently sisending sixteen hours of the twenty-four at his books. In 1588 he published a piece entitled "The consent of 8crii)tures", which lie dedicated to Queen Klizal)eth on her inauguration day. >iov. 17, ir)S',i. In this same year he went over to (Jermauy, was some time at Frankfort, wl 'e held a long dispute in the Jewish Synagogue with a rabbi on the truth of the Christian religion. In 1591 he returned to England, and the following year went back to (iermany, where he remained till the death of Elizabeth. From this time onward to his death he resided most of the time in foreign 19 From this nr.d previous allusions to Mrou^litou, it may lie inferred that he was a man of uneonimon erudition And sueh in(h'ed he was by almost universal eonsent. In Hebrew and rabbinieal learnin<;- espeeially, he was excelled by no man ,«f his time in Eng'land. And on the Continent, where he spent nuu'h of his time and freciuently conversed and disputed with learned .lews, his extraordinary skill in these studies was a matter (\i grneral notoriety. Said a ,Iew (Uice to him: — '"() that you would set over all your New Testament into such Hebrew as you speak to me, you should turn all our nation!"' It was at the time of Hroughtons stay in London that Mr. William Cotton cnyaplication to study, first, during the six years he was more immediately under the tutorship of Sir Rowland (V)tt I'iirly" ami "sit ii|i lato" in the imrsuit of Iniowledye. :--^'- 25 /. "Erubhim: or, Miscellanies, Christian, anihludaical aiid others; penned fur recreation at vacant hours." /.ondon. Hi'j'j. Tliis work lias already been rctcrrt'd to. In .sixty -one cliapters lie deals with a;i e(|ual lumiher of topics, as the iiaiiieH of (lod used by Jews and (Jeiitiles, the jdirase "Sons of(Jod" (ien. VI and Job I, the word "Kaca" Matt. V, 22 etc. In dedicatinii' this work to Sir IJowland Cotton he savs, "My ereepiiij;' and weak studies, neither able to ^o nor speak for themselves, do (like J'yrrbus in IMutarcb) in silence erave your tuition. . . Your encouragement and in('itati(ni did lirst set forward to the culture of iioly t(»n^ues and I here ofiler you the lirst fruits of my barren harvest". To his reader he also says, "I have here brou^-ht home with me some gleanings o*" my more serious studies, which I dU'er t<» thee, not so much for thy instruction, as for tiiy harmless recreation. I bear in miiul with nic the saying ofKabbi Jose I5ar Jehudah: 'He that learns of young men is like a nuin that eats unripe grajies, or that drinks wine out of the wine press; but he that learneth of the ancient is like a man that eateth ripe grajjcs and drinketh that is old', i'or fear that thy teeth should be set on edge, I have brought thee some variety. I have not kept any method, for then I should not answer my title 'Miscellanies'. i have upon some things been more cojjious than others; an4'2. Under this rather singular title are discuss(!d with ])eculiar freshness and oriu'inalitv tlie various facts which constitute the subject matter of Genesis, as the creation, the flood, the history of Abraham etc. The work is inscrilted to "My dear and loving countrymen of the county of StatH'ord and other my friends residing in the city of London'". LiouTi'dor was at this time occupied in drawing up liis "Harnu>ny of the Four Evangelists'. The Ixxdvsellers being unwilling t<> ha/.ard the iJtMJIiiillWIIIIilWiiW -r 98 ■ i printing of more exteiulcd compositions, lie published these "few observations' which hml occiired to him while comijiling* that f,'reater work, considering- them as so many s]»arks which had fiown from the anvil of his ''Jlarmony", a)id as so many forerunners of his biblical liours. :i. "Ktias Rediviviis: a fast sermon on Luke I, 17, ptrachcd before the House of Commons, March 2'J, 104.1: In this discourse a parallel is drawn between the ministry of the Bajitist and the Reformation which, in Lightpoot's judgment, it was the duty of the Parliament to eti'ect in the English nation. .V. "A handful of Gleaninys out of the book of Krodus." Ltnidon, 1043. This work is similar in character to that on Genesis. In it the history of Moses, the infliction of the ten plagues, the erection of the tabernacle etc., with their interesting- drapery of incident, are ably and richly commented on. It is dedicated to the inhabitants of Hartholomew-Exchange, who had invited Lkhitfuot to be their nunister u])on his (juitting Ashley and settling in London. .5. ''The Harmony of the Four Evangelists, among themselves and with the Old Testament; with an ejcplanation of the chiefest difficulties both in language and sense; London. Part I . from the beginning of the gospels to the baptism of our Saviour; 1044. Part 11: from the baptism of our Saviour to the first passover after; 1047. Part 111: from the first passover after our Saviour's baptism to the second; lOoO.' In arranging the "Harmony of the Four Evangelists" Ijumr- I'ooT expended much time and intense labor. The method he proposed to himself in designing this great work was: 1. To place the texts in that order which the order of the history required; 2. To state his reasons for so disposing them; 3. To give some account of the difficulties in the language of the original, by comparing it with the iSeptuagint and with the Greek tongue in general, and by examining translations of the New Testament in various languages: and 4. To explain the 27 nieaniuf? of the whole text, hy adducing the exixtsitioiis (»f coinim'ntJitors, anclunt and iiiodoni. 'Vo this ho dosigiu'd a copious and clahorato preface in which he purposed: 1. To ascertain the exact year of our Lords nativity; 2. To give reasons for tlie various dislocations which occur in the Old Testament, that the transpositions in the New Testament might appear less strange; :i. To make a chorographical description of Canaan and the adjoining country; 4. A topographical de- scription (»f Jerusalem and of the structure of the temi)le; and 5. To explain, from the writings of talmudic and heathen autiiors, the general customs and condition of the Jews in the times when the gospel was preached among them. Various circimjstances concurred in preventing Lkihtj-oot from executing and completing his able design. Not that his purpose, as originally (H>nceived, was wholly defeated, hut the dit^'erent parts (»f it nuist he sought in various puldications without systematic reference to the first projected undertaking. /;. "A Fast Sermon on Rev. XX, 1—2: 'The Dragon bouiiir, preached be/ore the House of Commons, Ant/. 24'}. This work is dedicated to the Karl of Essex, and to the county of Stafford, which he addresses as his "dear mother". The history ends in the third year of Claudius, being the 44tli of the C'hristian era. 8. "Fast Sermon on Psalm II', 4, preached before the House of Commons Feb. 24, If!47. In this sermon he shows that the exhortation of the text WHS suitable to his auditory, to the occasion and to the age. ft. „A Chronicle of the times, and the order of the texts of the (ltd Testament: irheretn the Rooks, Chapters, Psalms, Stories, 28 Prophecies elc. ore reduce)! iiiln their proper order, mni hil,en up in Ihe proper places, uhich Iht iiulural rue/hod and yenaitie series of Ihe Chronolotji/ reipiirelh them lo he laken in; trilh reasons f/iren of Ihe dislnealions nhere lliei/ come: and nianij remarLable noles and obserralions t/iren all aloni/ for Ihe heller tinderslandinf/ of Ihe le.rl; Ihe difficallies of Ihe Chronicle declared; Ihe differences occnrrinfi in Ihe relaliny of slories reconciled: anil exceeding viamj scruples and ohscurilies in Ihe Old Teslameni e.iplfnned." London, 1047. The "Clironifle" is dedicated to the Karl of Warwick, the Karl of Manchester, Lord Kimboltoii etc., and also contains an address to the Fellows of Christ's College. It was orif-inally intended as part of a preface to the ''Harmony of the Four Kvan^'elists". 10. "The Temple-Service as ii slood in Ihe dai/s of our Saviour, described oul of Ihe Scrijtiures and Ihe eminenlesi .^nli'/uilies of Ihe .len-s." London, May 30. I04',l. The cataloj^nie of the Hodleian confounds this and Xo. 11 as one and the same work, which error has been copied by Watt in his "IJibliotheca liritannica". //. ^'The Temple, especialh/ as il slood in Ihe (lays of onr Saviour." London, Ki.'tO. This work is dedicated to Lenthall, the Speaker of the House of C'omnions, and was intended to be a companion t(» the foregoing-; but a difficulty «»ceurring: in procuring the en- graving of a map, delayed its publication till the following year. 12. "The Harmony, Chronicle and Order of Ihe New Teslameni. The Te.rl of Ihe Four Evtmyelisls melhodized. The slory of Ihe Acis of Ihe Aposlles analyzed. The order of Ihe ICpisllcs mani- fesled. The limes of Ihe tie vela I ion observed: all illuslraled nilh a variely of obserralions upon Ihe chiefesi difficullies, lexlual and labnudical , for clear iny of Iheir sense and lanyuayc, tvilh an additional discourse concerniny Ihe Fall of ./erusalem and Ihe condition of Ihe Jens in that land aflcrnard.' London, JOraJ. This work is inscribed to Oliver Cromwell and also con- tains an "Kpistle Dedicatory" to his Highness' Honorable fNmncil. 29 AV. " .iiihnddi'rrsinncs in Tiihiilns Chornyrnphiois Tfiriir Sanclin'.' This toriii8 part of the "I'roloironuMia" to Wsilton's l*olyjfh>t Bible; vol. 1. |>. I. 14. "C'f)/f(tfiti Hchttiiri Pfnlnlinichi cum Samarifico.' Ht'td. This coihition did not extend as the liodh'ian ('atah»;;ue implies to the whoh; of the Pentateueh, hut was eoulined to Nundjers and Deuteronomy. The collation itself is in Wal- ton's Polyglot IJihIe, vol. VI. Lniini'otn's fanu', eontemplated in the li^ht of his \v(»rks, may be said to have euhninated witii the publieation of his "Home Ilebraicae ct Talmudicae", which remain to be noticed. I'). "Honir llebraicae el Talmtiilinic imiwnsuo I. in chnro- ijraphii(miiU had confirmed the author in his possessiim of Miicli-Munden aiul Catharine Hall. 17. "llorae llebraicae el Talmudicae impcnsae in Epistolam S. Paiili ad Corinlhios: >/uibiis ad/ancta sunt qnaedam capita de nsii liibliorum in conventihas Ji/daeonim sacrin, deque Bibliorum rer.s-ionibffs, polissimam Sepluarntjra>>/iint\ incm/iiticthttn lenne /srarlificin' inrcs/if//tiis , illn /irncscr/i/n , 1/1111111111 menlin itpuft hinic Ki'iiiKjclishim." Lniitlon /f>7f. Tlic "I)i8(|iiisiti(» Clioru^Tiipliicii" is in tlic (il'tli volmiic of r^'olini'K ''Tlu'SiuiniK Siicr. Aiitiq ". This work is (Icdiciitcd to Sir (Mhiinlo Hri(li;cni!iii, Lcud- kccper of tlic (Jrcat Seal. /.'/. "Ilorar Hehvaicnr ri Tdhnuilicnf i/tiprnsitc in F.vitiu/iinnn S. Liiciic. I'rai'milhniliir ' l'/n»ti//it//)/iiai /'(iitcti dr Incis apmt /note I'li'dinjelisliim iinmifiafis. Ctinib. (inil l.ottil. Hi7-t. The "Ch(tro^raitliica Pauca" arc in vol. \' of lJ{,'olini's ''Tht'saurus Sacr. Anti(i.". Thi'Hi! Home are dedicated to Archhisliop Sheldon. '20. "Iloriit' llchnticiic ci TnlmiiiHrai' ii/i/x'iisitr in Acln .Iposfo- Innim ; cl in li/iis/ola/n S. f'ltn/i tnl linmanns. This is a posthumous publication, edited l»y Hishop Kidder. The copy in the Hodleian Liltrary has not a title-paj;e; nor has Kidder's preface any date suhjoincd. These last works of Lkihtihut, his "llorac Ileltraicae et Talniudicae", crcnvned all the rest. Their o))ject was the em- ploynient of .lewisii and ralihiiiical learning- for the better nuderstandiny' of the sacred text and tiie contirniation of the evangelical history and doctrine. With admirable skill he made the rabbins, uiore bitter enemies than whom the gospel never had, impartially to witness for it. Their utility for the accomplishment of this object is thus shown by him: - ''Since the scene of the iiiost actings in the New Testament was among the Jews, the speeches of Christ and his apostles were to the Jews, — and they Jews by birth and education that wrote the gospel and e|)istles; it is n(> wonder if it speak the Jews' dialect throughout, and glanceth at their traditions, opinions and customs at every stej). What author in the world but he is best to l»e understood from the writers and dialect of his own nation? What one IJoman writer can a man understandingly read, unless he l)e well ac(iuainted with their history, customs, j)ropriety of phrases and common speech? '\ 1 » 31 Sm (liitli tli(^ New 'rcstanii'iit "l(»(|Uitiir cimi vtilp> : tli(tii:L;li it Ix' iiciiikmI ill Creek, it spcjiks in the pliiase of the .Icwisli nntidii iiiiioii;? wlioiii it was pcmuMl all ulonu-; and there are iiiultitiKles (»r e\i»ressi(nis in it which" are not to be lunnd hnt tliere and in the .lews wiitin;'s in all the world.'" The propriety (d' these remarks has been fully eoneeded by all biblical critics since LidurrooT's day. The ninltiplied ref t'rcnces which sneecedin*;' connnentators on the New Tj-stanient have made to liis "Ilorae Hcbraieae ", ' have evinced that iti many instances the exposition of the saered writiiif^'s W( iild l)e imperfect and erroneous, if reference l)e not made to the immediate customs of the aiie in which the evan^ielists and apostles wrote. As examples of the advantaj;-es derivable from the study of the talnmdic authors, Lkihti-oot shows that the doctrine of a Messiah was fully ackowled^-ed and fondly cherished l»y the .Jewish nation; that the coming of the Messiah is iixed by them to the very time when .Jesus of Na/areth did appear and ajtprove himself to be the (Mirist; that the revelation of (Jhrist is designated by the synagogieal phrases, ''kingdom of (}od" and "the world to come'; that the names applied to Christ in the New Testament, as ''the Son of havid", "the Lord", "the Son of (Jod", "the Son of Man" and "the Cons(dation of Israel", arc found in Jewish writings as designations of the future Messiah: that among the offices they assign to the Messiah they reeognize the "resurrection of the dead", and even ascribe to him a state of humility and ,85. He assisted Dr. Walton in his Polvfjlot Bible, to which his own Lexicon is usually appended. 36 ol)Hg-ati(>n to you". And in jinotlier letter, with wiiicli lie sent liini liis lexicons, he tells him, that "his niinie oujiht to have shincd in the front, who had ij;iven the most orient s|)lendor — if there he any such in them — unto all that is printed, and may ' therefore most justly be called yours". And a.^ain, he calls him „his greatliest and most hiyhliest honored master, father and jiatron". IJesides the forcgoiny- works Lkiiitkoot asisisted in many others, if not hy direct communications, at least l»y his advice and learned sug-gestions. Indeeica e.\ antoril)us |irobatissiiniis eruta. III. Septiniiini Hihlioriiin Polvf^lottum volnnien ruin vcrsionibus autiijiiissinns. non Chaldaica tantuni, sed .Syriacis, xVethi(i|iieis. Co|iticis. Arabieis. i'ersicis eontextiini. 'I'liis lust is in MS. There poes under his name a translation out of Ileitrew into Latin, of the piece Masseidieth Beraehoth. '6* 36 your iidvice about the Highlit position of the jtiicst's portion in the holy square of Ezei\iel. I have also made l)old to jjive you the trouble of this other pai)er.'' But enough: It would o('i'Ui)y too nuich space to mention the names of young Huxi'ohk, upon whom the magistrates of IJnsle corferred his father's place as Hebrew professor at seventeen years of age; .J(»iix Hknrkius ()th(», a learned man of lierne in Switzerland; Knurr, the great cabbalistic scholar of Silesia; TirEODORE Haksi'ahn and many other foreigners that came into Kngland chiefly to sec Lightfoot and be dire(;ted in their ral)binical studies bv him. Testimony to Liphtfoot's scholarsip from learned men with whom he corresponded and otliers. ConchnMng questions: Had Lightfoot any pupils whom he himself instructed i Did he give an impulse to Hebrew studies in England i Have his works still an importance i Liomri'uoT corresponded with various scholars especially eminent in that learning for which he was himself so highly distinguished. A few extracts from their letters will further show his high standing in their estim.ation. The younger Iiuxtokf, speaking of Lkuiti-oot in a letter to Dr. Castetl, employs these words: "Ex horis ejus talmudicis incepi illius doctrinam et diligcntiam valde amare. Illae salivam mihi moverunt, ut propediem ab ipso similia videre desiderem et gustare. Precor ipsi omnia laeta, ac meritis ejus digna". Again, in a letter dated at Basle, Dec. 12, 1663, he expresses the highest esteem for him whose diligence, accuracy and dexterity in illustrating the Holy Scriptures, he tells him he admires: — "Rarae hae doles hoc; nostro saeculo in viris tiieologis, rari hujusmodi scriptores"' etc. Says Castki,!, , whose name has already been mentioned : "Henowned Sir, I made bold to beautify and embellish this worthless, contemned work I am upon, with the oriental lustre *' 37 of your eminent an