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JOHN LIOHTEOOT,

THE ENGLISH HEBRAIST.

wmm

..fi >i.vfJ

Vmv. I lUN/ DKLITZSCII I). D.

LEirZKi,

AND

Pkof. SAMUEL IVES riKTISS V'\, l\v. Tii.

CHICAGO.

n'j

WORKS CONSLLTKl) IN THE rilKPAllATlON OF IHI":

FOLLOWINO PAPER.

Christian Ktciew. 2 vols. Boston, l^lti. J!=*17.

The Journal of Sacrul fJUroturr, oilitod by .loliii Kitto, D. 1).. K. S. A.

Vol VI. 1N51. Loudou.
Chalmvr'x Bio;/raj>hical lUdlnnar;/. Vols VI!. Viil. X\ III. X!X. XXIX.
Oesttrrcichische yational-luici/Idopadlt. Iluiid '.'>, 1, Wicii. \s;',i, '.',{,,
Andersons Annals of the En<jlish JUhh. Intro.
Strype's Memorials. Vol. I, (.)xt'ortl, lSi2.
Ifodi/, De Text, oritj. Oxford, IToD.
Clark's Lives. Luiulon. ;{. od. 17 IN.
llistori/ (tnd Aiitiijuilies oj ihfurd Unirtrsitij, In Antlioii} a Wood. (Ixlord,

l"',t2— '.)(•).
Tuller's Church Histonj. Oxford, Is 15.
'J'he Enijlish Ifnivnsitits, h\ 1 tuber. \x\'.\.
Jiioi/raphia Britannica, by Ki|p|iis. \ ol. 11. ITSd.
Sketches uj Anylo-Jewish llistor//, by Jiuiies l'ii;cioto. Londdn, isT.').
C U. Cuojier's Memorials id Camliridijt. ("aiidniilu'i', isrjN.
Anglia Judaicu, by D, 15. Tovey. Oxford, 1 "oS.
Works oJ John Li<jhtfool, D. D. Kilited by K'ov. .lohn l!oj,'crs I'itnian. A. .M.

13 vols. Jiondou, 1S25.
Jeicish Literature, by Stcinschneiiler. London. ls,")T.
'J'he History of the Jews in Ureal Britain, -Moses 3larg(dioiitli. ;> V(ds.

Loudou, 1851.
Adler's Jews' ConyrPijations in (Jreat Britain, lioudon, 1815.
Mullinger's ('ambridye C'haracti rislics in the 17">' Centur//. London and

(,'iuidjridge, ISOT.

I ' ' ' ' 'I HIMIfiPiiJU'iiiPfim.

TVP>LK OF C!()NTI:NTS.

Stittc dj' Ih'tii:/!' harmii{l in hlinjhnul tit iinil be/uri: Lif/hl fool's I'lUif . . 1.

( ha}>. II.

SktUh oj Liijhlf (lot's lijt

Clia/,. III.

Ilnir Liiililjool hirdiiic so distittnuishcil u ILhntist. I. 'is taiflnrs. ills
oiL'ii (lili(ji iice anil /ursi i;runca in stud;/. Iluil If ./< "•/'•/* oral instnirtioit' ITi

Chap. IV.

His Worls: 1. 'I'hos, <;/ irhich ht was soIl author. 'J. Thos, to which
he CAmlrihntcd - '

( 'hajK \ \

7'esliiii<in>/ to Liijhtjuot's scholiirshiji jVoin Jcannd men with whotn he cor-
rtsjiondtd and others. Coiidudimj (imstiotis : I. I fad Lii/htjoul ami
jmjiils wh(mi he himsilj instructed.'' '.'. Did he ijln- an impulsi to
Htbriw studies in Kn;iland.'' o. Hare his works an importance still.'' HI

».

. 11

Addenda.
J.

A list oJ Hebrew Grammars and Le.dcons written or prinlcil in KnejUwd
uji to the close oJ' the seventeenth centunj

11.

Letter from CocceUarius to Sir W"* dcil in which he a.'fks the hitter to
recommend him to a Hei.rcw professorship in ('amhridijc Unirersitij.
{Copied from the Lansdcwne MSS.) 41

ri'.-;

*^c»

state of Hebrew learning in Knglainl at and before

Li^;litfoorH time.

Aniong the scliolurs fiunoiis for tlioir llohrcw loaniiny-
whom Kn^'hiiul has produced, John LuiirrKooT deservedly (ills
the first plaee. Indeed, if tlic schohirs of other eouiitrles be
brought into eoniparis(tn with him, there are but two who ean
be regarded his e(|uais in this respect, namely, tlic ehler
Bi^KTORi-' of Basle, Switzerland, and liErwAUD di: Rossi-' of

1) John Huxtort' was burn at Caineii, in Wcstplialia. iu 15(il, hcoanic
Prot'esHor of Helirew and Clialdec at Hasle, wliirli situation lie filled with
;,'reat reimtation till his ileath in l(;2',t. The first of jiis works was his
frreat dictionary entitled "Lexit-on Clialdaiciini. 'ralniadieinii et li'aljbiniiMnn".
printetl at Masle in lt)3f». He also printed a j,n-eat Hebrew Hible at Hasle in
Ktis, 4 vols. fol. with the Chaldaic parajjhrases. the Massora and the Ifab-
bins. after the manner of the fjreat IMblc of Venice. Several other works were
also |)iiblished Ity tlie .same author. IJuxtorf received the hijifhcst encomiums
from all the learned men of his time.

2) (t. Hcrnard de IJossi was born in Castelnuovu, L'pv . Italy, in lT|-_».
In IH\{) the Duke of Parma called him to the chair of oricntai laiigua^'es
in the T^niversity of Parma, which jdace lie tilled with <frcat iibility and
distinction for Kt years. His principal works are: - Delia lingua jiropria
di Cliristo e degli Kbrei naziouali della Palo.stina, Parma 1772. De Ho-
braicac typographiae origine ac jirimitiis etc. i77r.. Variae lectiones veteris
testamenti. n vol. 17S|. Annales hebraeo-typographici 17".tr). Pibliothcca
judaica antichristiana, etc. iSdO. Dizionario storico degli autori ebrei e
dclle loro opere etc. lS(i2. Dizionario storico degli autori arabi piii ce-
lebri etc. lso7. T/Fu'desiaste di Salmone etc. ls(i<,». Dc Rossi died in ISIil.
He possessed a very large collection of Hebrew .AISS., which with his books
were given to the Library of Parma.

8ec .l/6'.S'. Codices- Ikhraici Bihlioth., J. B. dc Rox»i Lini/. Oritnt. I'rof.
I'orma, ISWA.

Also, Zunz, Gemmmelle SchriJ'len, Band ■'>, Sciic o—12.

raniiii. Itiily. Tlic kiiowlcduc of tiiliiiiidical iiiid liihlMiiiciil
litcrutiirc posHesscd r;'S|MM'tiv('ly l»y tlicsc tliit'o sclioljirs was
|»r<iili:ri<»ns.

lU'lnn- skctcliiiij:' the cliaiactn- m*' KioiirKdnr, or iiu|iiiriii<»'
lioNV lie liccaiiic so (listiiiniiislicd a llchraist, it will he |K'rtiii(Mit
to j,Haii('(' at the state of IIcImcw Icaniiim' in Knijland at and
Itet'oro liis time

To pvf «'oiii|d('t(Mi('ss to this siii-vov. it will lie iKM-essarv
to extend it to a period coiisiderahly anterior to that of Luiin-
i(ii>r, for th(! tree of Hel)rew learninu' which ^'rew t<» sueli vast
proportions and liore sii,l'Ii ai>nndant tVuit in the seventeenth
century, struck its roots into that of the thirteenth. And even
JKifore this, durin;.:' the space of tive Inindred years, Hebrew
study received some attention in the island.

IJy the aid of Jewish teachers who came from the Kast
into Knjjiand duriui-- the Saxon period, varicuis scholars wore
euahled to form some acquaintance with the Hebrew lanpiajie.
The Vkxkkaiim: Hkdi:, born in Northumberland in <>73, was well
skilled therein. His fellow-countryman Ai.dix, born at York
in 735, was tau-iht Latin. (Jreek and Hebrew in that city,
and became the most learned man of his aue.

The disturbed state of England during- the incu'-siev.s of the
Danes, and the banishment of the Jews by Canuie, proved
destructive to the interest <»f Hebrew studv for manv vcars.
At length, however, it revived with the re-introduction into
Hngland of Jews from Uouen diu-ing- the rei<rn of the first Wil-
liam. Under the |)rotection of the Norman princes they ilonr-
ished greatly, and spread themselves throug^hout most of the
cities and capital towns. Indeed, they tormed so considerable
a portion of the community as to liave a ruling- priest, either
confirmed or constituted by the kin<,' for life. '

1) The patents of Hichard I. and .lolm run thus: — "Kcx oimiibus fide-
lihiis Kuis. ot Miimibns .Iiidaeis. et Aiiglis saliitem. Sciatis iios coucessisse,
ft presenti Charta nostra coiitirniasse Jacnlji! .ludaon de liondonis I'resb.vten)
.ludacoi-iiiii. I'rosbvteratinii nnmiuiii .liuhici.nmi ti.tiiis Aiisrliae. Iiabeiiduni et
tenendum ijuanidiu vixcrit libere, ot ipiiete. et liuiiorilice et iiitegre, ita

Somo rahltins in the rci;rn <»r \Villi;iiii II.. wtTc pcniiitfod
fi> »»|M'ii a school ill the I'liivrrsity of (Ktoni,' wImtc flicy
tau^lif llchrcw, not only to their own jx'oplc, hut als(» to many
Christian students. Xor were there wantini,' eonveits tA the
Christian faith, who -ladly imparted their knowled-c of llehrew
to others. -

In addition to the seliool in Oxford, the .lews had schools
also in Loudiui. York, Lincoln, Lynn, N«trwicli, Camhriduc and
other towns, which seem to have l)eeii open to others than
those (»f tluir own persuasion. In (onsequeiiee of this, maiiv
Hn<;lisli ecclesiastics, of whom mention mi^iit lie made of (ii«.s«K-
■iKsTK, IJishop of Lincoln, and HonKit Uacun. the celehrated
Franciscan imdik, hecame familiar with their laii^iiajve and
literatnre. The latter, horn 1214, was inohalily the ripest scholar
of his day. In a treatise adressed to Pope Clement V. he sliows
the importance of an acquaintanee with the (uieiital langua^'es,
ami recpiests the |tapal sanction to his attempts for promotiiiy
a ^a-neral study of the liehrcw and CJreek.

An event which occnrred ahont this time tended to advance
the stndy of Ilelirew. Owin.u' to the sudden expulsion of the
Jews from En;,'land hy Kdward I., their Hehrew MSS. were
necessarily exposed to sale. Many of these fell into the hands
<»f ({uKdoKv of Huntington, who hecame, from their jterusal, well
accpuiinted with rahhinical literature, and lieijueathed them
tinally, to;^-etlier with his own writini;s. to Kamsay .Monastery,'

i|ikm1 ueiiKi ei super hw mdlestiaiii iiliiiiiain"' etc. See Laiisildwiie .AISS..
21,'). 7 1. li. British .Miuseiiiii. entitled. "Kxcerpta ex liistriiiiientis l'iil)lici.s ilc
.Fiidaeis Aii<rliain iiK'(ilciitil)ii.s."

1) 'I'liree liostells were owned by .lews in Oxt'iird. and students were

their tenants. Tliese Jiostells were honibard Hall, .Moses Mall and .laeul) lliill.

. ■_') Anthony a Wood refers to oiie Xichojus liar|istieM, sayinij "cirea

('!.)( '(.'CI! X Hehraieiini Iin<,qiani in Oxonia jier iiiieuchun .liidaeiini ad li<leni

Christi conversiiin le;L,n coepisse".

;>l In a lioll in the J{riti.sh 3Iuseuni, written perhajis as late as thu
reign of i{iehi 11.. is a catalogue of the library of Itiniisey .Mdiey. .\iuong
the works are: - - .Secunda jiars biblioteeae ebraicae (ilose su[i. bildiotecaiii

hebruieam, lo(juendi intelligcndi in lingua Hebraiea, I'rinia pars biblio-

tecae hebraicac cum aliis septem libris, secunda pars bibliotecae ebraicae,

about the year 1250. Here they were diligently stddied by the
iiionks, among whom Hobkrt Dodfoud and Lawrkvck Holukck
attained celebrity for their Hebrew learning. Indeed, the latter
fompiled a Hebrew Lexicon — tlie first probably ever produced
by an Englishman.

^[any otlier Jewish works came into the possession of Rookr
liAcoN and the Franciscan friars of Oxford University, who
duly prized thi and left them to that institution.

But these advances in the study of Hebrew were not made
without difficulty and even danger. The hatred ' which led to
the expulsion of the Jews, m.„!ifested itself in the utmost dislike
and opposition to all who attempted to make any acquaintance
with their literature. The knowledge of Greek and Hebrew
which T.iHiv.n Hacdx possessed, was regarded as the medium of
his intercourse with satanic agents. Cheke, Greek Lecturer
at Gand)ridge, in a letter t(» the Bishop of Winton, plainly
declares that the ''many re))rove the study of Hebrew", and
that 'Mt is as nuu'h as one's credit and reputation are worth
to attem])t the knowledge of it." Even the enlightened Erasmus
(lid not hesitate to say — "I fear that the study of Hebrew
will promote Judaism."- These evidences of a i)rejudicc against
the study of Hebrew are chiefly valuable as showing the exis-
tence of Hebrew scholarship at the time.

Before long the sanction of the church which had been
desired by Rogkr Bacox, was granted. In L311 Clement pub-
lished a decree,' ordering that Professors of Greek, Hel)rew,

libcv expo.s. (listiiictionem liebraicnruin , Ps Hcbniei l)esi(les otlier.s

witli nearly defaocd titles.

1) This hatred exhibited itself in the decrees of various councils, as
those of Yienn.-., ^fascon, Narbonne, Epasnu, Beriers, Arragon and Toledo,
which forlmdc Ciiristians to oat with .Tews, or even to enijiloy them .is phy-.
sicians: — in the cruel persecutions to which they were exposed; — in the
wanton dcstniction of their M8S.; - and in a determined ojijio.sition to tiic
study of their language. In the statutes of the Cistercians. A. D. l(i!tr»,
mention is made of a certain monk directed to be examined and jumishel l)y
the Abbot of Clairvaux for having learned Hebrew from a .lew.

2) Era.sTnus was upwards of fifty year,«! old when he made this statement.
:i) Not long after the jmldication of Clement's con.stitution , we liml

Arabic and Chaldec! should be cstaldishod in tlie universities
of Paris, Oxford, Hologna and Salamanca. This decree, if not
ininiediately carried out, would yet in an age of implicit obe-
dience to ecclesiastical authority, teiul in souje degree to remove
objections to the pursuit of these studies.

Jiut the study of the original languages of the Hil)le i)rob-
ably received its greatest impulse from the Reformation, which
did much to cause the prejudices which have been noticed to
disappear, and t.» deepen the desire of the people to have the
word of (lod in their own tongue.

Henry VIII., who had been informed that one of the uni-
versity preachers at Oxford, had exjjresscd himself with great
violence against the study of the Scriptures in the original,
issued an order commanding that the "said study of the (ireek
ami Hebrew Scriptures should not only be permitted, but made
an indispensable branch of the course of academical instruction."

This royal connnand led to the founding in 1530 of a Hebrew
professorship in Oxford, — the first Hebrew professorship in-
stituted in England. Rohkrt Wakkkiki.u, who had taught
Hebrew at lA)uvain and Tiibingen, and was now giving instruc-
tion in the same language to the members of the I'niversitv
of Cambridge," was summoned from the latter place to (ill
this important station.

John (le Bristol, a (.•onverte.l Jew, teacliiiiji- Ueljrew in Oxlurd, wIk. ••niagiiu
scholarium plausii iilures annus eaiii olnljat". In l;i4.'> Ifichard Aii-^'ervillo.
Disliop of Duriiani, wrote iii.s I'/tilobiUion, in wliirli lie t-x-^rosses his ref,'ret
at the general ignorance of Hebrew and (ireek which i>reviiiled. and a"l<Is
that he had [.rovidod for the use of stmlents both (ireek and Hebrew grani-
liiars. Nine years later William Breton, of St. Ivlmundsbiirg, wrote a treatise
on the Hebrew names of the Old Testament. At the commencement of the
lifteenth century Adam Kstoi, trai..i!ate<l the Old Testament from Hebrew
into Latin, except the I'salter, and wrote several works on Hebrew literature.
And still later traces of this study are seen .it Oxford. In 1 1'.il Tonstal,
an excellent Hebrew scholar, was student at Oxford. There, too, it is probable,'
1.'. Sherwode, I'rof. of Helirew at i,ouvain in l.'.l'.t acipiired his knowledge of
that language, .loim ildyar certainly .lid, who was fellow prob. A. D. Ud^.
1) In the request of the University (d' Oxford urging Wakefield's appoint-
ment, tiiey say of him. ••lie gives place to none for Jiis admirable knowl-
eilge in tli.. Ilelirew, Syriac and Arabic t'.ngiios."

Wakkfikij) ' Avas su('('oe<lo(l )>y J(ihn Shki'revk, who l)opin
ill 1741 to cxpoimd in i)iil)li(' the hook of Genesis in llehrew.
In 1549 tiie eeh'hrated Hehraist FA(iius was invited to En-
j^huul, and appointed Kinu's lieader of llehrew in the rniversitv
of ('and)ri(lye: he did not, however, live hnij^- enctngh to enter
upon his duties. The same vear the eminently learned Tkk-
MKiw.Ks,- son of a Jew of Ferrara, sueeeeded to the vaeant
jtrofessorship, and was assisted in his duties by C(ievki-lakiis,
a native of France, to whom reference will ay-ain he n\a(le.

Th'' countenance which Hebrew study received from Henry
Vni. and his son Kdward, combined with the stimulating- in-
Huence of the lieformation and the zealous and well directed
etl'orts of the professors, had the etl'ect of cxtendin;^' the knowl-
edj,^e of the l;ini^-ua,:i'e far and wide throug-hout the kingdom.
Even ladies strove to excel in oriental studies. The youngest
daughter of -Sir Anthony Cook was celebrated for her Hebrew
erudition. Sir Thomas Chalmer's cle^y on Lady .Ia.vk <Ij<kv
])roves that she added a knowledge of Hebrew, Ohaldee and
Arabic to her other accomi)Iishments. ■'

The reign of Mary did not, as may well be imagined, ]»rovi'
hiore favorable to the interests of oriental learning: than to

1) It is probuLle tliiit Wakefield was Tyiitlale's iiisfructnr in Hebrew
(liiriiijT Ills (Waketielirs) earliest years at Caiiiljrids'c Tyiidale's ac(|uaiiitaiiee
with Hebrew was siii.<;ularly exact, as tlie Authorized Kii<>-lish Version siiili-
cieutly testifies. Said his Ijitter enemy Joye. ''l am not afraid to answer
Master 'i'yndale in this matter, for all iiis high learnin;? in Hebrew, Orcek
and ],atin."

1^) V. IJutters. Emanuel TremelliMs: tune LrfienssU:-<', Zweibriieken ISfjll.
t'onipare Delit/seh, Zdlxchrijt Jiir die .}fissioii <ler Kirchc an IsriuJ .lahr-
.uan"' 11 (1801), -1. 1). i>S— .'{f)

;!) A sinffular instance of tJie use to wliieh such knowleilge was imt occurs
in Stryi)e's Mcvioiials. S|ieakiii<f of Sir Hu,u:li \Villouj,'hby\s jirojccted enter-
|.<rise, "of seeking for a jiassaire into the eastern parts of the world throu<,'h
the unknown and danf,'erous seas id' the Xortii", he f,'oes on to say '-the
letters of safe conduct were wrote in Latin, to all kiii}?s, jjrinces and other
state- beinji- tiiree in numljer. for eacli shijp one: and three otliers of tlie
sanii etfect were writ in Hebrew, and three others in the (,'haldee tongue;
to suit with the language of the eastern countries, when they shuuM arrive
in those jiarts of the worM".

These letters were d;ifed, .Mav l.").'.;!.

mmimmmmmmmmmmmmmiii^

those of iijitional prosperity. But a better state of thiuj;s ensued
uii her (leiith. Learning found a distinj^uished jtutroness in
Elizabeth. In the second year of the new (jueeu's reign, tiie
English Chuieh at fireneva presented lier majesty wltli a new
translation of the Fsalnis. made by themselves. Various eirenm-
stanees show that the study in (piestion was sueeessfuUy prose-
cuted at Cambridge during Elizabeth's reign. iJesidcs the
instruction given by the Wegius Professor (»f Hebrew, the I'ro-
vost of King's College ordered a IIel)re\v lecture to be read
in the chapel of the college and iu his own jjrivate house.
Other colleges seem, in addition, to have sui)ported a Jew for
the purpose of giving instruction in this branch of learning.
A }{e))rew lecture was also established and i»rovided for in
Ciuinectiou with Sydney College by the nuiiiiti(!encc of Lord
Harrington; and the collegians were in the habit of meetiu,::
for the i)urpose of reading the original languages of the Bible.

During the same i)eriod this study was prosecuted with eipuil
success iu the I'uiversity of OxtVu'd. The celebrated Diu.sii s,
hin»self educated in Cand)ridge, taught four years in this L'ni-
versity. Hebrew was also taught iu other places than the
universities; for example, iu Essex, l)y (Iatakkr; in London,
by CoKVEiiLAuirs, before he went to Cambridge; and by the
celebrated Ijkoi'ghtox, the teacher of Sir Rowland Cotto.v.

The teachers of Hebrew in Elizaiieth's time could not, indeed,
compete with the Hebraists of the i)resent age in enlarged and
correct views of Hebrew philology. Their knowledge of the
cognate dialects, of the fundamental principles of language iu
general, and of the peculiar formation of the Senutic tongues
in particular, was (|uite defective. They seem, moreover, to
have b(»wed too servilely at the feet Jewish grammarians and
lexicogra]diers. and to have Idled their works with to<» nuu-h
mishnic trash. But they attained, nevertheless, to a remark-
able facility iu reading, writing, and sjieaking the language,
and their works are sources from which modern scholarship
draws large and rich supplies.

As might be expected, such a c<unse of study as then ol)-

tallied, was followed by great results. It ushered in tbe age of

SkLUK.N, l.UJUTJ'OOT, CaSTKLL, PuCOt'KK, WAi/J'ON aud HVDK, —

men who were admired for their learning and piety while they
lived, and whose works, now that tln-ir authors are no more,
give to England her only claim to be regarded as the enoour-
ager and jiatroiiess of Hebrew literature.

The accession of James I. to the English throne in no way
repressed tlic interest which existed in the study under review.
That monarch, who had, when residing in Scotland, sought to
obtain the services of iiuouGTHox, Caktweight and otliers as
llcl)rew i)rofessors there, and who himself made some pre-
tensions to an acquaintance with the original language of the
Old Testament, readily extended his patronage to this branch
of literature.

At this time Hebrew was assiduously cultivated at Cambridge
under Livlik aiul Spalding, and privately under Matthias Pasoh,
son of the Greek lexicographer of that name, and at Oxford
under Hakting and Kilbv.

From the foregoing statements it will not excite surprise
that no difficulty was experienced in procuring an adequate
number of oriental scholars for the Authorized Version of the
English Bible which was determined on in the lirst year of
James" reign.

The twenty-tive translators of the Old Testament, and
several of those who translated the Apocrypha and New Testa-
ment, were eminent Hebraists. Among then, were six who,
either at the time or subsequently, were Hebrew professors at
Cambridge or Oxford.

During this reign i)rinting in England was confined to a
privileged party in London, as it had been in Edward's time.
It had not as yet been executed at either of the universities:
there was, indeed, but little need of it.

The Hebrew Bibles of Plantin and 8tephi-n« were readily
to be had, together with the Cologne, Leyden and Geneva
editions of the grammars of Hkj.laumink aud Cokvkij.akjus, anu
file Leydeu, Paris, Antwerp and Basle editions of the lexicons

of pAGNiNUK, MiNsTKK .111(1 FosTKR. Froiii vaHous sourcos it
appears that these works couhl be obtained not only of London
booksellers, but of those in the country towns. 'I'lie intercourse
with continental printers and publishers was vcrv -ireat. '

During the rei^ni of James' unfortunate son, Hebrew learnin-<
continued to advance. In its pronioti(ni the all-powerful Laud
niateriallv aided.

lie uriied his sovereign to collect (uiental nianu8crij»ts,
munificently befriended the celel)rated Pococ kk and others, and
gave to the University of Oxford 127(5 vahial)le manuscripts in
Hebrew, Aral)ic etc., after he had estabiishetl an Arabic pro-
fessorshij) there.

The anarchy caused by the struggle between Charles I.
and the Parliament did not seem to exert a baleful influence
on He])rew study. Oriental and biblical scholarship flourished
in its palmiest state during the Commonwealth, the Protectorate
and a few subsequent years. Amid the very din of strife
some of the most erudite works of Pocockk, Li(iHTi-our, Skldkx,
Ushi:r and others first saw the light, lietween the battles of
Kascby and Dnn';ar two editions (the first and the second) of
J>i;i(iii"s Crifica Sacra — the best Hebrew-English lexicM.ii of the
age — appeared. During the same period, the first Hebrew
grammar ever printed at Cambridge, and the first Hebrew
lexicon published in London, were issued. The only (»rdiiiance
ever framed in England, requiring a knowledge of Hebrew on
the part of all candidates for the ministry, was then jiassed.
In the very year of Charles's death, the English booksellers
offered to purchase six hundred copies of Li; Javs UMa Sacra

I) JJroiiglitoii , iit the ciiil (.[' lii.s treati.se on .Melcliizotlek, gives ;i list
of twenty-two nibljiiical works cited by liini. -wliose whole workes, IVom
Venice or Fnuict'urt, students may have."

The Hebrew Bibles >ised by Englishmen I'or centuries were jirinted bv
IJondjerg, who is said to have had one hundred .lews as correctors of tli'e
liress; by Plantin, who had establishments at Antwerp, Leyden and Paris,
and who, when his circumstances were much reduced, had .seventeen presses
at work; by Stcidiens, and by tJie Jews of (.'onstantiiioj.le. Kighty one edi-
tions of Hebrew works made their aii|.earaiicc on tiic (.'ontin.'u't between
ir)(lO and hViti.

/'olijyiotta in ten folio voUnnos. One year after tlie battle of
Worcester, propitsals were issued for the publication of Wamox's
I'oly^lott — the tirst book ever published in i'hif^land by sub-
scrijition. The lirst vohinie of this ^^eat work appeared in 1654,
the last in 1(557.' At this jieriod, according- to the inipartiid
testimony of iNTiroxv a Wood, ''education and discipline were
more severe in the universities than after, when scholars were
given more ;-- liberty and frivolous studies." At Oxford the
celei)ruted oriental scholars Pocockk'^, Gaik, Hahkis, liAxoBAixK,
CiiARKK, HvKK and JJkknaki) then resided, while Mahsii, Hi xt-
ix(i'j'«»N, (-r.MMKRi.AM), C'awtox aiul others celebrated in after
years for their erudition, were enjoyiuij the privileges of the
university. Nor were these i)ursuits less zealously f(dlowed

1) Tlie fi)lli»wiiig culogiujii (ni this work iu taken from fiif^litl'oot'H ora-
tion in I (ilia as Vicc-Ciiancelloi of C'aniliridffe riiivcrsity: •■Opus aeternae
faniae, iiionunientuni nieniorabile in i;oni|pitci'na saecula fiituriun siunniac orii-
ditionis zeli et in Deo, bonaruni litoranini protoctore, litluciae cleri Anj^licani
jam tum siuume iiericlitantis Macte estoto, viri venerandi et doctissimi, tnii
in ojiere tarn niagnaninio desudatis. I'orgitc (fiiod facitis trojihaea vobis
eri«fere jiatriaeque; ]ierlcf,'ant o]ie vcstra onrics (,'entes sacra Hiblia siiis
linjjuis; atijue iisdem lingnis, eadeni ope ])reditontur faiiia cruditionis et li-
teratura gentis Anglicanae".

2) Edward I'ococke was born in tiie parisii of 8t. Peters in the West,
Deo. M, Itidi. At tiie age of fourteen he entered ]\[agdalen Hall, Oxfonl.
Two years later he was admitted to a scholar's ]ilace in Oor|)us-Ciiristi
College. In 1022, being eigiiteen years old, he took his U. A. degree. He
now g.avc himself to the study of tlie eastern languages under jMatJiias
Pasor, and in l(>2t) was admitted to the degree of Masier of Arts. His Syr-
iac version of the New Testament was finished by him wlien lie was only
twenty four years of age. In 1 ••;{() lie was appointed to the chaplaincy of
Unglish merchants in Aleppo, wliere lie remained live or fsix years, during
wliich time he soiigjit by the aid of learned Jews an<l Arabians to obtain
greater accuracy in Hebrew, Arabic and other eastern tongues. In lti;{n he
was nonunated by Archbishop Laud to read lectures in Arabic in Oxford
University. After tliis he visited C^)nstantiuo]de, where he staid four years,
making the acqiuiintance of many dis ingnished scholars, .lews and others,
and collecting many valuable bo(dvs and MSS. In l()4i» he ])ublis]icd his
SpecittKn Historiite Aiabuin; in Wm liis I'orla Mu.six: and in ItitiU his Arabic
version of Hugh Grotius' treatise concerning the ;;ruth of tlie Ciiristian re-
ligion. He died Sep. 10, Kiltl. liis knowledge of languages was very ex-
tensive, and in many of tiiem he was more accurate than any co ild boast
of who lived before or in his time.

•m

at rainln-id^'o, patronized as thev were hy Lightkoot, Whkklock
and others. Numerous teachers of Hebrew, too, were engaged
in instruetiou in various other parts of the kingdom.

At this time also the productions of these English Hebraists
were eagerly sought on the Contininit, frequently translated,
and i)erhaps more highly esteemed than in England. The most
celebrated continental scholars frecpiently dedicated their works
to these eminent men. '

Such, in l)rief, was the state of Hebrew learning in En-
gland till the death of Cromwell, from which time onward it
gradually declined. If the cause of this decline wore sought,
it would probably be found in the Act of rniformity, i)assed
in 1662, whibh ejected very many ministers of the gospel from
their pulpits, of whom nearly one hundred are known to have
been excellent and indeed profound Hebrew scholars; in the
growing levity of the times; in the reacticm from the somewhat
austere and forcibly imposed religi(m <»f the Commonwealth;
and in the fact that the Bible having now been translated
into the vernacubir tongue, the necessity (»f the scholarship
which accomplished this work was not so great as at the
dawning of the Reformation.

It will not be necessary to bring this survey of Hebrew
study in England down to a later date. From the foregoing
it will be seen tliat it reached its most brilliant period about
the middle of the seventeenth century. ''The constellation of
Christian scholars which then rose on England, illuminated all
Christendom."' (Jf that constellation, .loiix LKiiiTFoor, whose
life I shall now itriefly sketch, was probably the l)rightest star.

Sketch of Lighifoot's Hf'e.

John Li(iHTi'ouT, son of 'I'homas Lightfoot and Elizabeth
Bagnall, was l)orn at Stoke upon Trent, in StatH'ordshire,

1) Tims Siiiuilioiiii, liiidiivii'iis do Dion ami JMorii.s (ledioated works tn
Arclil(islin|p I'slier, and Sixtimis Aniaiia tn Laiiulini and I'ridpaiix.

MjutIi 29. 1()02. The eurily j)art of liis educjitioii was coiniiiitte'^.
to the care of Mr Wihtkukad, at Morton (Irccn, in Cliesliire.
He continued imder the tuition of this gentleman till the year
1017, when, in his fifteenth year, he was admitted to Christ's
Collej^e, Cambridge. Here he received instruction from the
very learned and |)ioa8 Wilma.m CnAi'j>j;ii, then tutor of the
College, afterwards ^faster of Trinity College, Dublin, and sul)se-
({uently promoted to the see of Coork.

During his residence in Cambridge I.iGirn-ooT applied
himself very diligently to his studies, and made extraordinary
proficiency therein, especially in Latin and Creek. In the
department, however, of Hebrew Literature, in which he after-
wards became so eminent, he did nothing. Tpon taking his
Bachelor's degree, he left the university, and became assistant
to his former preceptor, ]\[r. Wjhtkiiead, who had now become
Master of Kcj)ton School in Derbyshire.

After passing two years in this place, he entered orders,
and became curate of Norton under Hales, in Sliropshi'e. This
curacy furnished the occasion of awakening his genius for the
Hebrew tongue. Norton lies near Uellajjort, then the seat of
Sir Rowland Cotton, who was his constant hearer, made him
his chai)lain, and took him into his house. This gentleman
being a perfect master of the Hebrew language, engaged
LiGHTKooT in that study ; who, by conversing with his patron,
soon became sensible that, without that knowledge, it was im-
possible to attain an accurate understanding of the Scriptures.
He therefore applied himself to it with extraordinary vigor
and success; and liis patron removing with his fiunily to reside
in Lomlon, he f(dlowed his preceptor thither. He had not been
long in London before he cimceived the design of going abroad
for further imjjrovement, but was induced to abandon his in-
tention by the importunities of the parishioners of Stone to
accept the ministry (»f that place. Aft' r a time his excessive
attachment to rabbinical learning occasioned another removal
to iioudon for the sake of Sion C«dlege library, which he knew
was well st(»cked with bi»i)ks of that kind. He therefore quitted

m^£^

bin t'liar^'c at Stone, jiiul iTinoved with his I'aniily to Ilornsey,
near liondon, where he gave the |)ul)lic a specimen ai' hi«
advancement in those studies by his ''Kruhhini or MisecUanies
Christian and Judaical". in 1<)2^).

lie was now only twenty seven years of age, and ai)i»cars
to have been well accpiinted \\ ith the Latin and (^Ireek fathers,
as well as with I'hitarch, Plato and Homer, besides having
some skill also in the modern languages. These first fruits
of his studies were dedicated to Sir Uowland Cottox who, in
lO.'H, prcse ed him to the rectory of Ashley, in Stattordshire.

'IMiis new residence seemed to complete his wishes. As if
weary of so many changes of abode, and not anticipating any
similar necessity, he built a study in his garden, retired from
the nctise of the house, and devoted himself for twelve years
with indefatigable diligence to his scriptural and talmudical
researches. At the end of this period the great change which
took place in public alVairs brought him into a share of the
administration relating to the church ; for he was nominated
a menilter of the memorable assembly nf divines for settling
a new form of ecclesiastical polity. This appointment was
purely the result of his distinguished merit.

In entering upon the duties which it involved, he found it
necessary to resign his rectory and remove to Lcnulon.

liesides, having now matured and digested his general plan
of study, and having arranged many of his papers for the press,
an additional motive to his going to London would be the desire
to superintend the publication of works which could not safely
be committed to the care of persons less scholarly than himself.
He bad not, however, been long here, before he was chosen
minister of St. liartholomew's, behind the Hoyal Exchange, to
whose ])arisliioners he dedicated his "Handt'ul (»f Gleanings out
<»f the book of Exudus.'"

The assembly of divines meeting in 1643, LiraiTi-ooT dili-
gently attended and made a distinguished figure in their debates,
in which he used great freedom and gave signal proofs of his
courage and learning.

■^

In tliiw same year the visitors of Parliatnent appointed liini
to the mastership of Catharine Hall in ('ambridye.

In 1652 he took his de-crec of Doetor of Divinity, performing-
all the exereises which it rccfuired with ^reat applansc.'

In 1055 he was ehosen Viee-ehanccUor of Cand)ri(l{,% whieh
ofHec lie discharged with great assiduity, notwithstanding the
manv literarv avocations bv which his time was incessantlv
occupied.

Soon after the restoration he was appointed one of the
assistants at the conference upon the liturgy, which was held
in the beginning of 1661, but attended only once or twice, l)eing
more intent on completing his "Harimmy"; and being of a
strong Jind iiealthy constitution, and remarkably temperate, he
pr(>secuted his studies with unabated vigor to the last, and
continued to publish nothwithstanding the many difficulties he
met from the expense of it.- Shortly betorc his death certain
booksellers obtained a promise from him to collect and method-
ize his works, with a view to their publication, but its ful-
filment was jjevcnted by his death, which (tccnrred at Kly,
Dec. 6, 1675. His remains were interred at Great Munden,
in Hertfordshire, which living he had held for thirty two years.
He be(iueathed his whole library of rabbinical works, oriental
books etc., to Havard College in America, where the whole
was burned in 1769.

LktHtfuot was of good stature, of comely pers«ni and mild
countenance; easy of access, grave, yet affable and connnuni-
cative. He possessed a grateful heart, and never forgot ;i

1) His thesis was u|hiii this question: — "Post cauoiiein Scriiitnriie coii-
sigiiatuin uoii sunt novae Kevelationes." It was his oiiiuioii tiiat, after tiie
closing of tlie canon of Seriptiirc, tlicre was ncitiier j>roi>liet.'}, miracles nor
extraordinary gifts in tiie church.

2) In a letter to Bnxtorf he ilcclares "tliat he could scarce find any
bookseller in England who would venture to print Jiis works, and that lie
was obliged to print sonic of them at hi.s own ex]ien.sj"; and Frederic Miegc
in a letter informed him. "that there was not a bookseller iu (ieruiany who
would freely undertake the impression of his commentary upon the first
epistle to the Corinthians".

kindnus.s received. His v.ist IfJiiniiiy- ever slume tliroii^'h tlio
air (if a ffreat and unatVeeted iiMMlesty. Though eiiiiiiciit scljMlars
at lioiiie iind ahmad eoiisulted liiiri and lavished their eonnncn-
dations upon him, no man ectidd la; less intlated l»v vanitv, or
think more hiunbly of his intellectual attainments.

Ill his \vritin;is he makes freiiueut allusion to J'liny, Straho,
IMutarch, Homer, I'lato, Atheiiaeus; to the Greek and Latin
lathers; to Josephus; to the Septuayint ; and to many modern
versions of the New Testament.

lie did not, as a classieid scholar, possess the critical
acumen which characteri/,es a lientlev or a INtrson, but in the
de|)artmeut of learning- to which he more immediately devoted
himself, his reputation is (irmly estaldishcd. In rahhinical
learning- he was excelled l»y none, and had few if any e(juals.
His erudition, however, in this department, may he best known
from his works, which will be considered in another chiipter.
My ne.\t iiuiuiry will concern the means by which he reached
hi.s yreat scholarship.

III.

How Lipfliifoot bonurie so disUii^^iiislied a Hebraist. His

Teachers. His own <Iili^eiiee aiul perseverance in stndy.

Had he Jewish oral instruction f

If LuijirKooTs knowledge of post-bibliciil Hebrew was
greater than that of any other man in Europe in his day —
which is pretty generally admitted - the question naturally
arises, whence did he obtain this knowledge V In other words,
who were his teachers, and in what way was he enabled to
carry forward his researches to so successful an issue? To
answer these questions will be the object of the present chapter.

It may here be observed that to no one individual (piality
or outward circuirtstance alone was he indebted for the wonderfid
progress he made and the rare distinction he reached in this
department of learning, but rather, as is commonly true <d' all
who have thus distinguished themselves, to several of these
combined. Single qualities and advantages often, indeed, do

inucli lor men. A niitunil iiptitiulo for loanun;,^ for inHtanco,
will p:o fur to «'oiint('rM('t the disiulvantajfc of inferior cxteniiil
helps. Indoinitahle perseverance, a-iain, frecpiently atones for
tli(! laek of (piiek intellectual perception. Hut it is when an
ardent desire for knowledffe, and an untirin^r dili^^ence in its
pursuit, are joined with the necessary helps in the f«u'in of
hooks ami teachers, that the peatcst results may he expected.
The first of these recpiisites helon^-ed in lar;re measure to
Lt'iiii'ooT, that is, he had a rare taste and talent for ileltraistic
studies and jjursued them with a dili^^ence and enthusiasm
which nothing' could (pieneh: how far he possessed the latter
will now he shown.

It has already heen stated that riirnnrouT's first preceptor
was Mr. WuiTi'.uKAit, in whose school he remained till he was
fifteen years of age. Under the instruction of this gentleman,
he made his first ac(|uaintancc with Hehrew. It is not prop-
ahle, however, that his knowledge of the lan^^uagc here oh-
tiiined was more than elementary, or such as was usually
ohtaincd hy hoys of his age in the ditVerent preparatory schools
in which it was then taught in Hng-land. Nor does any fondness
for the study seem yet to have heen ac(piirc<l, otherwise he
would not have entirely neglected it during his suhseipient four
years in Cand)ridge. These four years were spent under
WiMiiAM CuAiM'KL, a (listlnguislicd scholar and teacher, who
was also the tutor of Milton and Dr. Henry More, the
latter of whom speaks of him as "a learned, vigilant, prudent
and pious preceptor." "No one tutor in our menKu-y", says
Fm-LKR, "hred more or hetter pu[)ils, so exact was his care of
their education".

But if, for the present, LirTini-otir discontinued his Hebrew
studies, the astonishing progress he made in those in hand
was sufficient to inspire his instructor with the highest hopes
of his future attainnjents, and to show what he was capable
of doing in the former, when the time should come for him
to enter upon them. This was not long delayed, In 1623,
having entered \\\)on the curacy of Norton under Hales, he

was lutrniliicod to the man who ItiM-iiiiM! the cliicf moans of
his suhscqiK'nt distinction in oiicntal and tahnndical h'arnin;;'.
This was Sm Ko\vi,ani) (.'otton. This ;;onth'man was distin-
;iiiish('d for his intiniato accinaintanc'C with the llchrcw ton-nc.
His Ido^naphcMs ichite that at the ajrc of seven he couhl thicntly
read hihiical IhdnTW, and hoth uncU'istand and readily con-
verse in that hin;;iia^(\

Sir Rowland received iiiuien'oor into his family as domestic
chaidain. In this sitnation he hecaine more and more s(;nsil)le
of his scanty knowledjre of tiie Old Testament ori;iinal, as
eonipared with that of his n(d)lc friend. That a layman shonid
excel in studies which seemed more aitpropiate to a minister
of the ^osiMd, was a circumstance which awakened FjKiiriiuitr's
ambition. A«'eordin^ly he Itejjan sedulously to apply himself to
these studies and ^ratefidly availed himself <»f those assistances
which the superior kiujwled^e of Sir K'owland atlordcd. The
result was very soon a proficiency which both deli;^hted and
astonished his y:enerous preceptor. In his "Kruhhim ', his lirst
published work, it is evident from the (|Uotations which inter-
sperse it, that he had then widely and deeply read and studied.
His patron, on receiving the hook, addressed him a letter in
which he tells him that "he had read it over, and that there
were many rarities; nothing' so vulyar that he needed to fear his
books entertainment, unless it lapsed into the hands of an envious
or stupid dunce; and that he joyed much in his proliciency".

Of the kiiulness of Sir Rowland Cotton, who presented
I^KiiiTiooT with the rectory of Ashley in Statl'ordshire, and
was instrumental ui putting him up(»n the study of the rabbins,
hecominjr botii his tutor and patron, he could never speak but
with a transport of aO'ection. "He laid", he declares, "such
doubled and redoubled (tbligations upon me by the tender at!ec-
tion. respect and fav(u-, that he showed towards me, as have
left so indelil)le an impression on my heart, of honor to his
name and observance to his house of Bellaport, that lenutli
of time may not wear it out nor distance of place ever cause
me to forget it". He evinced his respect also to the name of

■RiHi

his pjition by calling one of bis OAvn sons Cottonus. Tbo
letter above referred to, wbieb be received from Sir lioAvhind
in reply to bis dedicatory epistle, be preserved to bis dyiny-
(lay, as a kind of sacred relic.

In tbi' fnneral sermon of Sir Rowland Cotton wbieb be bad
re(iuested Liohthoot t( preacb, tbe latter breaks fortb in freqncnt
expressions of profonnd attacbment to iiis departed friend and
of sorrow over bis r(inoval. "He it was", be affirms, "tbat
brst laid tbe foundation (»f my poor studies, and always watered
tbem witb bis discourse and encouraj;-ement; and now tbe Lord
batb taken my master from my bead. He it was under wbose
brandies I sheltered wben any storm was nj); and now my
tree of defence is cut down. He it was tbat was my oracle,
botb for things of tbis life and of n better; and now my
prophet is not any more. He it was tbat was all tilings to me
that man could l)e ; but now can be nothing to me but sorrow."

But it is hardly sufHcicnt, as a statement of the source of
Lir.HTFuoTs rabbinical knowledge, to say that be received it
from Sir Rowland Cotton, for the question at once arises:
Fntm wboni did Sir Rowland Cotton obtain itV Tbe answer
to this (juestion is furnished by Lightfoot himself.

Siieaking of the manner in which be bad been instructed
by Sir Rowland Cotton, he says: — "With much care, tender-
ness and condescension, did he guide and lead on my studies, in
tbe same way that be bad himself been trained by tbat choice
and incomparable oracle of learning, Mr. Htjoh Brououton. i

1) H)igh Broughton was born in liA\). at Oldbury, in the county uf
^nh>\). He was sent to Canibriilge by Bernard (iilpin, where lie ]ru\ the
iirst foundation of his Hebrew studies Prom the university he reiuiirjd to
London, wiiere lie distinguished himself as a preacher, and tati^'lt and stud-
ied, freiiuently sisending sixteen hours of the twenty-four at his books. In
1588 he published a piece entitled "The consent of 8crii)tures", which lie
dedicated to Queen Klizal)eth on her inauguration day. >iov. 17, ir)S',i. In
this same year he went over to (Jermauy, was some time at Frankfort, wl 'e
held a long dispute in the Jewish Synagogue with a rabbi on the truth of
the Christian religion. In 1591 he returned to England, and the following
year went back to (iermany, where he remained till the death of Elizabeth.
From this time onward to his death he resided most of the time in foreign

From this nr.d previous allusions to Mrou^litou, it may lie
inferred that he was a man of uneonimon erudition And sueh
in(h'ed he was by almost universal eonsent. In Hebrew and
rabbinieal learnin<;- espeeially, he was excelled by no man ,«f
his time in Eng'land. And on the Continent, where he spent
nuu'h of his time and freciuently conversed and disputed with
learned .lews, his extraordinary skill in these studies was a
matter (\i grneral notoriety. Said a ,Iew (Uice to him: — '"()
that you would set over all your New Testament into such
Hebrew as you speak to me, you should turn all our nation!"'

It was at the time of Hroughtons stay in London that Mr.
William Cotton cnya<red him to l)e the instructor of his son
Iiowland in Hebrew. The manner in which he performed this
duty is thus described l)y Lkiiitiuot: "First, he spake Hebrew
to him himself continually, a)ul tau^iiht him by lieart the |»assages
and speeches, which were most usual in liis ordinary converse;
as to call for his meat, clothes and other necessaries; phrases
of salutations and entertainments; expressions of his duty and
affections to his relations; nay, the very passages that were
most usual with children at their plav. These he taui-ht him
to utter readily in that titni'-ue; a yonn^- man skilled in the
lang-uag-e, being ever with him to interpret for him. The n(d)le
knight would oft relate, that his mother wcmld sometimes be
ready to weep, when he came to do his duty to her or to
ask any thiui; from her and nnist not speak to her in Englisii,
so that she might liave conferred with him and talked to him
again. To this his master added, that he drew up for him
a vocabulary in Hebrew and Knglish, out of which he was
continually learning w<n-ds. He framed it not in an al|)habet-
ical way, as dictionaries and lexicons commonly are; but he

I'ouutries. where lie iiiiulc tlie ;ic(juaiiitiin(.'e uf ma-iV eiiiiueut luul learned
men. He ilieil in Hi 12. ild.st of liis works were ('(.Uecteil ami |)rinteil in
Loml-iii iu Itibii, under the title. "The wm-ks ol' the j,n-eiit Alhionean di-
vine, renowned in many natioii,s Tor rare skill in Salem's and Athen"s
tongues, and familiar ai'iiuaintanee with all raliliinical learning, Mr. Hugh
IJroughton." Many of his the(dogieal MSS, are preserved in tiie British
Museum, of which a list is given in Ayscough's eatalogue.

first pitched upon a place or thiug- more general, and then
named all the particularn in it, or hclonying to it: as heaven;
angels, sun, moon, stars, clouds etc. So a house; a door, a
window, a i)arlor, a cellar etc.; a field; grass, a flower, a tree,
hedge, furrow etc."

Such, then, was the method emi)loyed hy Broughton's in
teaching Sir Rowland ("otton Hebrew; and the s^'nie method,
LiGHiTooT informs us, was adopted by Sir Rowland in teaching
him. In a word, Sir Rowland Cotton was the medium through
which Hroughton's prodigious knowledge of biblical and tal-
nuulieal Hebrew was commuMicatcd to Liohtjoot.

But who, it might be further asked — and the inquiry is
not irrelev.ant to the point under consideration — was Bnmgh-
ton's teacher? By whom was ho started on the path of those
studies in which he afterwards became so distinguished? The
man was a Frenchman named CoEVKrLARius,' of whom mention
has already been nmde. The following are Broughton's own
words concerning him : •'!, being reciuested to read, thought no
place more fit than this (Cambridge^, because I heard that a
learned man of France, about twenty-three years ago, did read
here in the Hebrew tongue. At my first coming to Cambridge
I laid under him my first foundations of study. He was a very
learned man, and in Cambridge was not counted the second
in the realm. A rare man he was in that study, and in Hebrew
he would draw such a study, that they might learn more of
him in one month thai; others could teach in ten years."

The foregoing will suffice as a statement of the advantages
LioHTFooT enj(»yed in the way of teachers, ur of the Hebraistic

1) A letter exists in the British Museum from Coevelhirius tu Sir W.
Ceril, desiring the recoimneuihxtion of the minister as a teaclier of Hebrew
to the Hniversity of Cambridge. This recommendation was not only granted
but proved successful, as soon after we find Coevellarius styled "reiler of
Hbrew in Cambridge". By a patent, dated 11 Kliz. 1572, the freedom of
tiie state and the advowson of a prebendary in Canterbury were granted to
this French sch(dar. In the letter referreil to (sec appendix no. 2.) found
in the Lansdowne ]\FSS. . and dated May 27, l.")ii",(, Coevellarius signs him-
,-elf, "Kodoljjhus Coevellarius. Hebraeus".

kiiowlcd.^e whidi came to him tlirough this channel. He was
(lireetly tang-ht by Sir Kcnviand ('(ttton, and indirectly hy
IJrou^'hton and CoeveHariiis, iind all three were among- tiie
most celebrated Hebraists in the kingdon». What they were
capable of imparting- he received, and then advanced beyond
them to still giander attainments.

It has however been contended that no man eould beeonie
so profoundly skilled in rabbinical learning- as Lxohti-out, -
could like him learn so readily to read and understand tlie
'I'almud and Midrash, without oral instruction from a .lewisii
master; and it has conse(juently been commonly assumed that
he was assisted in this way.

iiut so far as I have been able to investigate the matter,
the assunii)tion is without proper foundation.

If Ljoiiti'oot availed himself of the aid of Jewish oral
instruction, it must have I)een either in or out of Endand.
Hut the latter supposition is excluded hy the fact that (hiring
his whole life he never once left the shores of his native isle.
The purpose which he once formed of going abroad for study,
was never carried out. Unlike Hroughton, Pococke, and others
of his fellow-countrymen and contemporaries, who often visited
the Continent and held much intercourse with learned Jews,
he sought the means of advancement in his studies wludly in
his native land.

And the weight of probability seems to lie entirely against
tile supjiosition of his having received any assistance from
Jewish teacliers in Kugland.

For, in the tirst place, no acknowledgement of this kind is
nuule by liimself in any of his writings, or by those who have
written concerning him. He and his biographers mention
Whitehead, Chappel and Sir Rowland Cotton, - giving spe-
cial prominence to the last — as those from whom he received
instruction, but say nothing of any others.

And in the next place, there were in his time few if any
Jews in England, so that he could hardly have availed himself
of Jewish oral instruction liad he been so disposed. In 12'.iO

tlio Jews wove banished from England by Edward I. From
this jteriod until the time of the Connnonwealth their history
in England is a eomplete blank. "It is believed", says Adier,
"that during- a period of three hundred and sixty-five years,
not one Jew trod u])on j'.ritish soil". When Oliver Cromwell
became Lord Protector of England, the celebrated rabbi,
Manasseh Men Israel of Amsterdam conceived the idea of
obtaining the re-admission of his brethren into England, and
upon the invitation of Thurloe, the Secretary of State, whose
ae(jaintance he had made at the Hague, he came over for
that i)urpose.' His mission, however, was only a partial success.
His arguments before the Privy Council elicited from the Judges
the declarati(»n that no laws prohibited the Jews from dwelling
in 'England, but resulted in no positive enactments favoring
the object. Tovey finds from consulting the Jewish registers,
that by their own account, from the time of their expulsion by
Edward until the year iGGIi, their whole number in England
did not exceed twelve; and he is of the opinion that the date
of their introduction into England nnist be deferred to the reign
of Charles H., a time when the prejudices against the Jewish
faith disappeared.

Hut putting the comnuMicemcnt of the return of the Jews
to England at the year 1660, this would be only fifteen years
before LiciTTi-odT's death, or when he was fifty-eight years of
age. Hut his rabbinical and talmudieal learning had been
accpiired before this. The foundation of his extraordinary
scholars1iii» had been laid, and the magnificent superstructure
reared upon it, before he became a member of the Westminster

1) ]\Iana,s.seli Ben Lsriiel was born in Sjjain or Portn^'al iii 16(t4. Ho
came with his f'atlier, a ridi merchant, to Hullaml. At the age of eighteen
he was ainiointdl i)rcachcr ami exiiounder of the Talmud in tlie synagogue
of Amsterdam. IJefore he was twenty -eight he jiublished in Spanish the
first part of his Conciliador (translated into English by E. H. Tiindo, two
volumes, J.oiulon, 1S12). lu Kiijd he wrote his apcdogy for the Jews in Eng-
laml, having at this time printed sixty other hooks in English, Hebrew and
."Spanish. He died in Amsterdam in \{m' or KIDt), shortly after his return
from Ills mission to jjondon.

Assembly of Divines, which was in l»i|:{. In the years iin-
iiiediately itrecedinj,^ this «hite there may liave lieen here and
there in Kn^iand an individnal Jew, bnt, as already remarked,
the evidence so far as known weighs against tiie supposition
of his having been orally instructed by any one of them.

How then, the (piestion returns, did he make himself the
great Hebrew and rabldnical scholar he wasV The answer
nuist be found principally in his own indefatigalde and indom-
itable etilbrts. To his dose and diligent ai>plication to study,
first, during the six years he was more immediately under the
tutorship of Sir Rowland (V)tt<ni, and which ended with the
publication of his first work, the "Krubhim"; and second, du-
ring the succeeding twelve years of his stay in Ashley, must
be traced the working of the energies which carried him for-
ward to this high jioint of distinction. It was in his garden-
study in this ]»lace, abstracted from the noisy wculd and even
from domestic iuterrupticm; by the practice of a systematic and
rigid tem])erance in his diet, preserving to himself a sound
and healthy constitution, so that a year l)ef(ue his death he
congratulated himself with pious acknowledgments to (lod upon
his "vivacitas corporis, anind atque oculorum": — it was here
he made himself the first Hebraist Knglaud has yet ])roduced.
He may have taken a somewhat longer road to reach the; end
which Jewish oral instruction had enabled him to reach more
directly, but he reached it nevertheless, accomplishing thus
without this important aid what not one in a hundred has
shown himself capable of doing //77// it. He had a natural taste
and ajditude for Hebraistic and talmudical researches; he had
a physical cmistitution that would bear the strain of the closest
and most unrenntting mental ajtplication; lie jxisscssed a skill
that enabled him to turn to the best account such helps to
the acquisition of knowledge as lay within his reach; and
finally he devoted himself to his studies with a perseverance
and C(un-age and zeal which bore down every thing before
them and converted formidable obstructions into the stepping-
stones of grander triumphs: hence the broad and bd'ty schol-

arsliip to which he attainied. Some men arc entirely the
creatures of eireuiiistaiices; other men, thougli atteeted somewhat
liy ciicumi^tant'es, control them far more tlian they are con-
trolled hy them. In the latter class Liohtkoot must be jilaced.
The great exigencies of the time in which his lot was cast
seemed to call for a man of his stamp and genius; and Nature
and Providence, true to the necessity that was laid upon them,
promptly met the demand. But he was not entirely their
production. They endowed him with powers and *'aculties of
the finest (luality and suscei)tible of the rarest cultivation: the
cultivation itself however was i)rincipally the result of his own
endeavors. ' "Our author", says Bright, ''had not the advantage
of hooks and learned society, which those men have who live
in cities; nor had he the advantages of wealth or dignities to
provide himself of helps: and yet, when he appeared in the
world, he gave the greatest proofs of his abilities, lie drew
after him the eyes of the learned part of the kingdom, and
exceeded far the expectation of all men. What would not our
author have done, if he had the advantages which he wanted?
if he had been directed in his first attempts and studies by
the wisest guides and masters which the age could aliford?'

IV.

His works: 1. Those of which he was sole author.
2. Those to which he contributed.

'I ids chai)ter will be devoted to a consideration of what
LicjiiiodT aceom|)lished, as seen in the works which he com-
])osed himself, and in those to which he rendered valuable
assistance. The enumeration will, however, onnt (piite a number
of imperfect and somewhat fugitive jjieees, and include those
only ui)on which his reputation principally rests. The following
catalogue of his publications is arranged in chronological order.

1} His motto seeiu.s to luive beeu — for it is found over his iiiuiie in
<ino of his note-books airni oi'i'n ilenoting his resolution to ''rise n\>
I'iirly" ami "sit ii|i lato" in the imrsuit of Iniowledye.

:--^'-

/. "Erubhim: or, Miscellanies, Christian, anihludaical aiid others;
penned fur recreation at vacant hours." /.ondon. Hi'j'j.

Tliis work lias already been rctcrrt'd to. In .sixty -one
cliapters lie deals with a;i e(|ual lumiher of topics, as the iiaiiieH
of (lod used by Jews and (Jeiitiles, the jdirase "Sons of(Jod"
(ien. VI and Job I, the word "Kaca" Matt. V, 22 etc.

In dedicatinii' this work to Sir IJowland Cotton he savs,
"My ereepiiij;' and weak studies, neither able to ^o nor speak
for themselves, do (like J'yrrbus in IMutarcb) in silence erave
your tuition. . . Your encouragement and in('itati(ni did lirst
set forward to the culture of iioly t(»n^ues and I here ofiler
you the lirst fruits of my barren harvest". To his reader he
also says, "I have here brou^-ht home with me some gleanings
o*" my more serious studies, which I dU'er t<» thee, not so much
for thy instruction, as for tiiy harmless recreation. I bear in
miiul with nic the saying ofKabbi Jose I5ar Jehudah: 'He that
learns of young men is like a nuin that eats unripe grajies,
or that drinks wine out of the wine press; but he that learneth
of the ancient is like a man that eateth ripe grajjcs and
drinketh that is old', i'or fear that thy teeth should be set
on edge, I have brought thee some variety. I have not kept
any method, for then I should not answer my title 'Miscellanies'.
i have upon some things been more cojjious than others; an<l
(as Huh. Salomon observes of ivuth,) 1 have sometimes stood
to glean and sometimes but sitten down.'

'■i. "A fen- and nen- observations upon the book of Genesis:
the most of them certitin ; the rest probable ; all harmless, strange
and rarelij heard of before". London, l<>4'2.

Under this rather singular title are discuss(!d with ])eculiar
freshness and oriu'inalitv tlie various facts which constitute the
subject matter of Genesis, as the creation, the flood, the history
of Abraham etc. The work is inscrilted to "My dear and
loving countrymen of the county of StatH'ord and other my
friends residing in the city of London'". LiouTi'dor was at
this time occupied in drawing up liis "Harnu>ny of the Four
Evangelists'. The Ixxdvsellers being unwilling t<> ha/.ard the

iJtMJIiiillWIIIIilWiiW

-r

■ i

printing of more exteiulcd compositions, lie published these
"few observations' which hml occiired to him while comijiling*
that f,'reater work, considering- them as so many s]»arks which
had fiown from the anvil of his ''Jlarmony", a)id as so many
forerunners of his biblical liours.

:i. "Ktias Rediviviis: a fast sermon on Luke I, 17, ptrachcd
before the House of Commons, March 2'J, 104.1:

In this discourse a parallel is drawn between the ministry
of the Bajitist and the Reformation which, in Lightpoot's
judgment, it was the duty of the Parliament to eti'ect in the
English nation.

.V. "A handful of Gleaninys out of the book of Krodus."
Ltnidon, 1043.

This work is similar in character to that on Genesis. In
it the history of Moses, the infliction of the ten plagues, the
erection of the tabernacle etc., with their interesting- drapery
of incident, are ably and richly commented on. It is dedicated
to the inhabitants of Hartholomew-Exchange, who had invited
Lkhitfuot to be their nunister u])on his (juitting Ashley and
settling in London.

.5. ''The Harmony of the Four Evangelists, among themselves
and with the Old Testament; with an ejcplanation of the chiefest
difficulties both in language and sense; London. Part I . from
the beginning of the gospels to the baptism of our Saviour; 1044.
Part 11: from the baptism of our Saviour to the first passover
after; 1047. Part 111: from the first passover after our Saviour's
baptism to the second; lOoO.'

In arranging the "Harmony of the Four Evangelists" Ijumr-
I'ooT expended much time and intense labor. The method he
proposed to himself in designing this great work was: 1. To
place the texts in that order which the order of the history
required; 2. To state his reasons for so disposing them; 3. To
give some account of the difficulties in the language of the
original, by comparing it with the iSeptuagint and with the
Greek tongue in general, and by examining translations of the
New Testament in various languages: and 4. To explain the

nieaniuf? of the whole text, hy adducing the exixtsitioiis (»f
coinim'ntJitors, anclunt and iiiodoni. 'Vo this ho dosigiu'd a
copious and clahorato preface in which he purposed: 1. To
ascertain the exact year of our Lords nativity; 2. To give
reasons for tlie various dislocations which occur in the Old
Testament, that the transpositions in the New Testament might
appear less strange; :i. To make a chorographical description
of Canaan and the adjoining country; 4. A topographical de-
scription (»f Jerusalem and of the structure of the temi)le; and
5. To explain, from the writings of talmudic and heathen
autiiors, the general customs and condition of the Jews in the
times when the gospel was preached among them. Various
circimjstances concurred in preventing Lkihtj-oot from executing
and completing his able design. Not that his purpose, as
originally (H>nceived, was wholly defeated, hut the dit^'erent
parts (»f it nuist he sought in various puldications without
systematic reference to the first projected undertaking.

/;. "A Fast Sermon on Rev. XX, 1—2: 'The Dragon bouiiir,
preached be/ore the House of Commons, Ant/. 2<k /6'7.)."

This sermon is a refutation of the error entertained by the

Millenarians.

7. "A Commenlarij on the Acts of ihe A/iost/es; chronological
and critical; the difficulties of the Test explained, and the times
of the story cast into annals. From the bcgmning of the book
to the end of the tu-elfih chapter, nith a brief surveij of the
contemporary slorji of the Jens and Romans" London, I'>4'}.

This work is dedicated to the Karl of Essex, and to the
county of Stafford, which he addresses as his "dear mother".
The history ends in the third year of Claudius, being the 44tli
of the C'hristian era.

8. "Fast Sermon on Psalm II', 4, preached before the House
of Commons Feb. 24, If!47.

In this sermon he shows that the exhortation of the text
WHS suitable to his auditory, to the occasion and to the age.

ft. „A Chronicle of the times, and the order of the texts of
the (ltd Testament: irheretn the Rooks, Chapters, Psalms, Stories,

Prophecies elc. ore reduce)! iiiln their proper order, mni hil,en
up in Ihe proper places, uhich Iht iiulural rue/hod and yenaitie
series of Ihe Chronolotji/ reipiirelh them lo he laken in; trilh
reasons f/iren of Ihe dislnealions nhere lliei/ come: and nianij
remarLable noles and obserralions t/iren all aloni/ for Ihe heller
tinderslandinf/ of Ihe le.rl; Ihe difficallies of Ihe Chronicle declared;
Ihe differences occnrrinfi in Ihe relaliny of slories reconciled: anil
exceeding viamj scruples and ohscurilies in Ihe Old Teslameni
e.iplfnned." London, 1047.

The "Clironifle" is dedicated to the Karl of Warwick, the
Karl of Manchester, Lord Kimboltoii etc., and also contains an
address to the Fellows of Christ's College. It was orif-inally
intended as part of a preface to the ''Harmony of the Four
Kvan^'elists".

10. "The Temple-Service as ii slood in Ihe dai/s of our Saviour,
described oul of Ihe Scrijtiures and Ihe eminenlesi .^nli'/uilies of
Ihe .len-s." London, May 30. I04',l.

The cataloj^nie of the Hodleian confounds this and Xo. 11
as one and the same work, which error has been copied by
Watt in his "IJibliotheca liritannica".

//. ^'The Temple, especialh/ as il slood in Ihe (lays of onr
Saviour." London, Ki.'tO.

This work is dedicated to Lenthall, the Speaker of the
House of C'omnions, and was intended to be a companion t(»
the foregoing-; but a difficulty «»ceurring: in procuring the en-
graving of a map, delayed its publication till the following year.

12. "The Harmony, Chronicle and Order of Ihe New Teslameni.
The Te.rl of Ihe Four Evtmyelisls melhodized. The slory of Ihe
Acis of Ihe Aposlles analyzed. The order of Ihe ICpisllcs mani-
fesled. The limes of Ihe tie vela I ion observed: all illuslraled nilh
a variely of obserralions upon Ihe chiefesi difficullies, lexlual and
labnudical , for clear iny of Iheir sense and lanyuayc, tvilh an
additional discourse concerniny Ihe Fall of ./erusalem and Ihe
condition of Ihe Jens in that land aflcrnard.' London, JOraJ.

This work is inscribed to Oliver Cromwell and also con-
tains an "Kpistle Dedicatory" to his Highness' Honorable fNmncil.

AV. " .iiihnddi'rrsinncs in Tiihiilns Chornyrnphiois Tfiriir
Sanclin'.'

This toriii8 part of the "I'roloironuMia" to Wsilton's l*olyjfh>t
Bible; vol. 1. |>. I.

14. "C'f)/f(tfiti Hchttiiri Pfnlnlinichi cum Samarifico.' Ht'td.

This coihition did not extend as the liodh'ian ('atah»;;ue
implies to the whoh; of the Pentateueh, hut was eoulined to
Nundjers and Deuteronomy. The collation itself is in Wal-
ton's Polyglot IJihIe, vol. VI.

Lniini'otn's fanu', eontemplated in the li^ht of his \v(»rks,
may be said to have euhninated witii the publieation of his
"Home Ilebraicae ct Talmudicae", which remain to be noticed.

I'). "Honir llebraicae el Talmtiilinic imiwnsuo I. in chnro-
ijraphii(miiU<iuam lerrac Israeliticae: 11. in Evanyelium S. Muilhaci,"
Cantnh. lO'tS.

Tile llorae in S. Matthacum are preceded by a short preface
and by a dedication to the students of Catharine Hall; in both
whicli LidiiiKuuT points out the utility of perusing the rabbinic
writers in reference to the <'eog;rai)hy, customs and piiraseol-
ogy of the New Testament.

IG. "llorae Uebraieae el TuUwulicae impensae in Kvantjelium
S. Marci; f/uibiis praenutiliir ' Decas Choroyriiphica locii non-
nulla ternie Israeliticae perluslruns, ea praeserlim, quoruni nienlio
(tpiid S. Marviim." Cantab. I(i03.

This work is preceded by a sort of talmudic dedication,
dated Jan. 1, 1661, to Charles II., wii<> had confirmed the
author in his possessiim of Miicli-Munden aiul Catharine Hall.

17. "llorae llebraicae el Talmudicae impcnsae in Epistolam
S. Paiili ad Corinlhios: >/uibiis ad/ancta sunt qnaedam capita de
nsii liibliorum in conventihas Ji/daeonim sacrin, deque Bibliorum
rer.s-ionibffs, polissimam Seplua<jinta Intcrpretam." Cantab. 100 1.
lieprinted at Pari.s\ 1077, at .imsterdam., 1077 , and at Leipzig, 107 it.

This work is dedicated to Sir William Morice, principal
Secretary of State, who befriended Liuutfuot on the restoration
of the monarchy.

18. "'llorae llebraicae el Talmudicae impcnsae in Evanyelium

vm\ iwiwiiipiiiiiiiilili

S. Jnhtninis. Pnicmiff'iir ' hisi/uisil'm ('/n>rntjra>>/iint\ incm/iiticthttn
lenne /srarlificin' inrcs/if//tiis , illn /irncscr/i/n , 1/1111111111 menlin
itpuft hinic Ki'iiiKjclishim." Lniitlon /f>7f.

Tlic "I)i8(|iiisiti(» Clioru^Tiipliicii" is in tlic (il'tli volmiic of
r^'olini'K ''Tlu'SiuiniK Siicr. Aiitiq ".

This work is (Icdiciitcd to Sir (Mhiinlo Hri(li;cni!iii, Lcud-
kccper of tlic (Jrcat Seal.

/.'/. "Ilorar Hehvaicnr ri Tdhnuilicnf i/tiprnsitc in F.vitiu/iinnn
S. Liiciic. I'rai'milhniliir ' l'/n»ti//it//)/iiai /'(iitcti dr Incis apmt
/note I'li'dinjelisliim iinmifiafis. Ctinib. (inil l.ottil. Hi7-t.

The "Ch(tro^raitliica Pauca" arc in vol. \' of lJ{,'olini's
''Tht'saurus Sacr. Anti(i.".

Thi'Hi! Home are dedicated to Archhisliop Sheldon.

'20. "Iloriit' llchnticiic ci TnlmiiiHrai' ii/i/x'iisitr in Acln .Iposfo-
Innim ; cl in li/iis/ola/n S. f'ltn/i tnl linmanns.

This is a posthumous publication, edited l»y Hishop Kidder.
The copy in the Hodleian Liltrary has not a title-paj;e; nor
has Kidder's preface any date suhjoincd.

These last works of Lkihtihut, his "llorac Ileltraicae et
Talniudicae", crcnvned all the rest. Their o))ject was the em-
ploynient of .lewisii and ralihiiiical learning- for the better
nuderstandiny' of the sacred text and tiie contirniation of the
evangelical history and doctrine. With admirable skill he
made the rabbins, uiore bitter enemies than whom the gospel
never had, impartially to witness for it. Their utility for the
accomplishment of this object is thus shown by him: - ''Since
the scene of the iiiost actings in the New Testament was
among the Jews, the speeches of Christ and his apostles were
to the Jews, — and they Jews by birth and education that
wrote the gospel and e|)istles; it is n(> wonder if it speak the
Jews' dialect throughout, and glanceth at their traditions,
opinions and customs at every stej). What author in the world
but he is best to l»e understood from the writers and dialect
of his own nation? What one IJoman writer can a man
understandingly read, unless he l)e well ac(iuainted with their
history, customs, j)ropriety of phrases and common speech?

Sm (liitli tli(^ New 'rcstanii'iit "l(»(|Uitiir cimi vtilp> : tli(tii:L;li it
Ix' iiciiikmI ill Creek, it spcjiks in the pliiase of the .Icwisli
nntidii iiiiioii;? wlioiii it was pcmuMl all ulonu-; and there are
iiiultitiKles (»r e\i»ressi(nis in it which" are not to be lunnd hnt
tliere and in the .lews wiitin;'s in all the world.'"

The propriety (d' these remarks has been fully eoneeded by
all biblical critics since LidurrooT's day. The ninltiplied ref
t'rcnces which sneecedin*;' connnentators on the New Tj-stanient
have made to liis "Ilorae Hcbraieae ", ' have evinced that iti
many instances the exposition of the saered writiiif^'s W( iild
l)e imperfect and erroneous, if reference l)e not made to the
immediate customs of the aiie in which the evan^ielists and
apostles wrote.

As examples of the advantaj;-es derivable from the study
of the talnmdic authors, Lkihti-oot shows that the doctrine of a
Messiah was fully ackowled^-ed and fondly cherished l»y the
.Jewish nation; that the coming of the Messiah is iixed by them
to the very time when .Jesus of Na/areth did appear and
ajtprove himself to be the (Mirist; that the revelation of (Jhrist
is designated by the synagogieal phrases, ''kingdom of (}od"
and "the world to come'; that the names applied to Christ
in the New Testament, as ''the Son of havid", "the Lord",
"the Son of (Jod", "the Son of Man" and "the Cons(dation of
Israel", arc found in Jewish writings as designations of the
future Messiah: that among the offices they assign to the
Messiah they reeognize the "resurrection of the dead", and even
ascribe to him a state of humility and ,<uttcring; that Christ
condescended to borrow the sacraments from the rites of his
countrymen; and that even the Lord's prayer is derived from
expressions that bad btug liecii familiar in the schools and
synagogues of .Judea.

1) Not a few (.•iiiiiiiieiitatiirs mi the New TeHtaiiieiit hiivo ilniwii iii-
stniftioii friiiii Lif,''litt'ii()t',s Unrae witlKnit iu-kiiowloilyin^' tlieir imlebteilueHs
to liiin. Hence Cliri.stiaii Sclii'.ttgeii in the jirclaee of liis Ilorae (ji. 1.) a|ijilie.s
to Lif^htt'oot what is eoiniiioiily said of Nieohius <le I-yra in rehition to
Luther: "Nisi Jiiglitfootus lyrassot, imilti iinii saltusseut."

The almost universal ai)pro])ati()n and applause with which
these works were hailed appears from such testimonials as the
following: "I received last week", — says Dr. Castell on
receiving- Lighti-oot's on John — "a yift auro quovis geni-
misque prctiosius, that all the riches of the Levant congested
together cannot ecpial; such a nrDiC will justly deserve to be
enrolled aniony the very next records to those of infallibility!"

The remainder of this chapter will Ix' occupied with no-
ticing those works to which Lightfoot also crontributed.

/. Walton s Polytjlol Bible. '

lie assisted in this work in its arrangement: by revising
the whole of the Samaritan version of the Peniateuch; by
drawing up a general sketch (if sacred geography as a com-
mentary upon the common majjs of Judea: by correcting many
errata in the Hebrew text; and by procuring subscriptions to
the work. Lightfoot was deeply interested in the progress
of this stupendous labor. In a speech which he delivered
during his vice-chancellorship at the Candjridge commencement,
1655, he congratulates the university upon the completion of
an undertaking reflecting so nuich h »U(»r upon the English
nation, and contributing so greatly to the i'dvaucement of
sacred literature. The literary obligations of Waltim to Light-
foot are gratefully acknowledged in many of his letters. Of
such acknowledgments the following are interesting specimens:
"You have nuu'h obliged us by your pains, as in the rest, so
especially about the Samaritan, wherein yom- discretion and
judgment have been so exact, that there will be little cause
to alter any thing, nuich less to censure or correct. Your

comparing Greek. llel)rew and Samaritan will be very useful

among other things pertaining t(» the rentateuch." Again, "1
received your last with the papers enclosed, alxmt the Samaritan

1) IJriiiii Waltiiii \va,s boni in KiiKi; eonnilcted his doirrecs in arts at
Canil)ri'lge in \'i'l'i: took liis Doctor's degree in l(i:i!i: ]Milili.shoil tlie I^ilyglot
ill 1()5"; (lied Nov. JtKil. soon after being consecrated to the sec of Chester.
He also imblished a dofeuce of I. ,e Polyglot against Dr. Owen, and an ex-
celleut treatise iutroduciug to the reading of the oriental tongues.

text and the typojarraphic errors of the Hebrew, for which I
give your hearty thanks. [ am ghul there arc no more faults
in the Hebrew, some of which I perceive are in Uuxtorf ".
Again, "I have received y(un- last and therewith your coHations
of the Hebrew with Tiuxtorf, for wliich I nuist still acknowicd-rc
myself further in your debt". Again, "I have received your
notes out (»f tlie Jerusalem Talmud, for which I give you
thanks".

2. Panic's Si/nopsis- Crilicnrmi. '

This was published in 1669 in five large volumes in folio.
It is not easy to learn the precise character and amount of
assistance wdiich Liohtfoot contril)uted to this great work.
That some assistance, however, was rendered, appears from
the following extracts from Poole's letters to him. "I very
heartily and humbly thank yoii for your great favor in prom-
ising me your help for the historical books." ''Sir, I here send
you one part upon Niunbers; and I shall beg your thou;rhts
upon any thing as you go on." "Sir, I (luestion not you mind
your most encouraging and obliging offer and promise of as-
sistance in reference to the historical ))ook, of the Old Testa-
ment from Joshua to Job, out of the Kabhins and Talmud."
"I thank you for your second present. 1 greedily wait for the
succeeding ones."

.V. Co St ell' a- Heptaylnt Lexicon.

This was a very ponderous and expensive undertaking, car-
ried forward under difficulties sufficient to break the spirit of

1) :\Iiitthew Toole wus born .it York 1()24. and educated at Canihridgc.
Being ejected in KHi'i from iii.s livij-^;- of Michael-lc-Querue for nonconformity,
he undertook Jiis great work, the "Syno]isi.s Oriticorum"- Oates Iiaving
included his name in the list of those wiio were to be taken in the I'opish
plft, Poole retired to .-Vnisterdani, where he dieil in KiT'.i.

'-') Kdi.uind Oastell (I'mfessur de Lagarde in hi.s "Semitica", (iilttingen
187s, erroneously names liini Caslh) was horn in Oambridgesiiire in KiOti.
He was educated ad Kmanuel Ccdlege. from whence he removed to St. Jidni's
College, where he proceeded regularly to his Doctor's degree. Wliile at the
university he laboreil in compiling his Lexicon Hejitaglotton. In ItitlR he
was appointed Chaplain to the King, and Vrabic Prufessur at Camliridge. to
which were added a prebeud of Canterbury, the lictle vicarage of liatticld-

(ddinary men. It wan a work of seventeen years, "a seventeen
years drudgery", as lie styles it in one of liis letters; in which,
besides his own pains, he maintained in constant salary seven
Kn^lish and as many stranj^crs for his assistants; all of whom
died some years before his work was tinishcd, and the whole
burden of it fell upon himself. "A debt", he says, "of near
^ 1000 I have already contracted upon the account of this
work; for which also I have now lately sold an estate in land
to the value of above i 100 per annum, which will be all,
and more than that comes to, exhausted by this consumptive
undertaking?." Hence he petitioned, but in vain, his Majesty
the king', "'that a jail might not be his reward for so much
service and expense".

But Lkjutfoot encouraged and consoled (.'astell, not only
by his friendship and literary contributions, but nNo by his
means. Hence the following words from the latter: ''That real
sympathy I read in your so favorable and most affectionate
lines, and that free and noble bounty I experience in your
muniticent and generous actions , is no small encouragement
to me in my deserted and despised condition; only because
this luxuriant age is, and will be, ignorant of this necessary
l)art of theological knowledge." Again, "The desired repute
of your name and worth amongst all the learned nation, oc-
casiims the presenting- these enclosed i)apers to your judicious
view, l)eseeching your clear, impartial judgment concerning the
design therein contained, which we may truly say was no' at
least for the ])reseut, so nmch contrived and undertaken \)y
us, as by some with importunity pressed and urged upon us.
Without your coghizance and approbation, in a work of this
nature 1 would not willingly engage". Again, "Sure I am, my
work could never have been so entire as it is without you.
All pretenders to the oriental tongues nmst confess their great

reverall, in K,s«ex iuul the rectory of Woflehani-Walter in tiie Maine County.
His la.st itrct'ernient was Hi^jhani-dlnbion in Bedfordshire, where lie died in
lt>85. He assisted Dr. Walton in his Polvfjlot Bible, to which his own
Lexicon is usually appended.

ol)Hg-ati(>n to you". And in jinotlier letter, with wiiicli lie sent
liini liis lexicons, he tells him, that "his niinie oujiht to have
shincd in the front, who had ij;iven the most orient s|)lendor
— if there he any such in them — unto all that is printed,
and may ' therefore most justly be called yours". And a.^ain,
he calls him „his greatliest and most hiyhliest honored master,
father and jiatron".

IJesides the forcgoiny- works Lkiiitkoot asisisted in many
others, if not hy direct communications, at least l»y his advice and
learned sug-gestions. Indee<l, contemporary scholars regarded
him as kind of oracle, from which they might derive almost
infallible directions. Samuel CiiAKKi:, ' one of Hisliop Waltons
assistants in publishing the Ptdyglot. and himself the editor of
many learned works, submitted to the judgment of LioiiriooT
his translation of tlie 'Pargum upon Chronicles: ''.Speciminis
loco partem ali(|uam hie additam liabes. 81 eam perlegere
non pigeat, reli([ua seciucntur, (luamprimum ea descripta erunt.
Gratissimum mihi feceris, si tibi placuerit libere et ingenuo
corrigere, (pu)d in rudi mea translatione minus apte positum
occurrit."

Thoendikk, an assistant in editing the I'olyglot liible, writes
him thus: "The esteem that I have of your skill in the Jews'
writings, carries me to press farther n\)on you than civility
allows me, — to get from ..you the sum of your judgment
concerning Morimis's exercitationes of them in the second
bo(»k of bis 'Exercitationes JJiblicae". "

So Caia-krt, author of a work on the Ten Tribes: "I have
heretofore made bold, by my kinsman Mr UadkliH', to beg

I) Saiimel Clarke was horn at Hrackley, Northamiitonshirc, in Hi;-)"-*. IIl'

was a ineiiiber of Mertmi C<pllo<;'e ami took liis blaster's dcffrec in KilN.

In lt)r)(t lie kejit a scIkpoI at Lslinyton. where he assisted iu Walton's

l'oly,i;lot. He diod in IW\K His works are: I. N'ariae leetiones et ohscrv;;tiones

in Chaldaieuni jiaraphrasia. II. Scientia metrica et rytiiniiea; sen tractatiis

de prosodia Aral>ica e.\ antoril)us |irobatissiiniis eruta. III. Septiniiini Hihlioriiin

Polvf^lottum volnnien ruin vcrsionibus autiijiiissinns. non Chaldaica tantuni,

sed .Syriacis, xVethi(i|iieis. Co|iticis. Arabieis. i'ersicis eontextiini. 'I'liis lust

is in MS. There poes under his name a translation out of Ileitrew into

Latin, of the piece Masseidieth Beraehoth.

'6*

your iidvice about the Highlit position of the jtiicst's portion in
the holy square of Ezei\iel. I have also made l)old to jjive
you the trouble of this other pai)er.''

But enough: It would o('i'Ui)y too nuich space to mention
the names of young Huxi'ohk, upon whom the magistrates of IJnsle
corferred his father's place as Hebrew professor at seventeen
years of age; .J(»iix Hknrkius ()th(», a learned man of lierne
in Switzerland; Knurr, the great cabbalistic scholar of Silesia;
TirEODORE Haksi'ahn and many other foreigners that came into
Kngland chiefly to sec Lightfoot and be dire(;ted in their
ral)binical studies bv him.

Testimony to Liphtfoot's scholarsip from learned men

with whom he corresponded and otliers.
ConchnMng questions: Had Lightfoot any pupils whom
he himself instructed i Did he give an impulse to Hebrew
studies in England i Have his works still an importance i

Liomri'uoT corresponded with various scholars especially
eminent in that learning for which he was himself so highly
distinguished. A few extracts from their letters will further
show his high standing in their estim.ation.

The younger Iiuxtokf, speaking of Lkuiti-oot in a letter to
Dr. Castetl, employs these words: "Ex horis ejus talmudicis
incepi illius doctrinam et diligcntiam valde amare. Illae salivam
mihi moverunt, ut propediem ab ipso similia videre desiderem
et gustare. Precor ipsi omnia laeta, ac meritis ejus digna".
Again, in a letter dated at Basle, Dec. 12, 1663, he expresses
the highest esteem for him whose diligence, accuracy and
dexterity in illustrating the Holy Scriptures, he tells him he
admires: — "Rarae hae doles hoc; nostro saeculo in viris
tiieologis, rari hujusmodi scriptores"' etc.

Says Castki,!, , whose name has already been mentioned :
"Henowned Sir, I made bold to beautify and embellish this
worthless, contemned work I am upon, with the oriental lustre

of your eminent an<l (lo.servedly n,.,st fan.i-.-orous name Sir
I will never l)e nshan.ed to confess l,y whom I liuve been"
profited. All that would understand that clear li-ht, to-'-ether
with the mysterious hidden use and benefit, which the" most
ancient records of the Jews brin- unto Holv Writ must
confess themselves above all others deeply indebted t.»
your elaborate and incomparable writin-s, who have fetched
more out of these profound and rich mines than any of the
best seers in this or the precedent ages have been" able to
discover. There is but one, that fam.ms Prolessor at Has|,.
venerable Dr. Jiuxtorf, that has done any thin- like vou who'
m almost all his letters to me, /ails not to remember your name.'"
Says Dr. A. Clahkk: "Dr. Liohth,„t was a profound scholar,
Ji souml divine and a pious man. He brou-ht all his immeusj
learning- to bear on the sacred volumes, and dittiised li-ht
wherever he went. His historical, chronological and topo-
graphical remarks on the Old Testament, and hi.. Talmudical
Exercitations m the New, are invalual)le.'

The following testimony is from IJishu.. Kn,r,KR': "Inter
alios autem viros praestantissimus, p.,|,ularos nostros. qui iu-
signem in veteribus Sacrae Scripturae ritibus explicandis oporam
navarunt, merito i)rimum locum occupat (ut ego arbitror) .b,-
HANNKS L10HTJ.00T. Majori industria an modestia fuerit. dicere
ne(|ueo; erat ille quidem in omni literatura, Hebraica vero im-
primus, i)eritissimus; in Sacris Scripturis diligentissime at.Mie
accuratissime versatus."

A similar testiuKmy is furnished by the great ('ari.x..v:-

1) h'icluir.l Ki.l.ler was l..n. in Sutrulk (?) i), _. I„ i,;.,,, i.^ ,^,^^ ,
imtte.1 .sizar in En.anuel Collo-e. Cau>hn,\^o. whore he took his Jcwe' of
A. B m nn,-2. was elefte.l fellow in l(i5:,, took Jiis .le-ree of A. M in liioc,
and Ins D. D. in l.is-i. He was celebrate.! for his knowle.ljje of the Heinvw
ami the oriental langua-es. lie wrote a connnentarv on tlie five books „r
Mo.ses. with a .iLssertation .•oncernin- the author of the .sahl ho„ks •in,l
general arf,nnnent to eaeh of them. The .•onnnentarv was ,„>bli,she,] ii, i",i,i
n. two vols. ,sv He did Nov. IT..:) in his jmlare at Wells and was
luiried in the Cathedral.

2) In the family of the ('ar,,/.ovs are two j^reat Hebrew s.hohirs .l..hn
Benodiet (arpzov, who died at bei^zio'. in 1.;..!., the translator „f ,s„n,.

"T.KiiiTi'ooTrs, ri'<'(»ii(lit;i criulitionis, ct cxquisiti iioii inimis in-
j^eiiii, (iiumi infiiiitJU' in 'ralimidifis l{jil)l)inl('is(|Ut' Icctioiiis vir."

Say.s 'rKxii-us in tlic })ret'ac'c to thu edition of his works:
■'LiiiHTi-iKtTi s oniniiini Judicio, in antiiinitatibus Jndaeoruni pcri-
niandis praestitisse videtur, (piod ante enni nemo"; a eom-
niendation in which Leisdkx' eoneurs.

"There are many", says .1. H. Otho,- addressing Ljohtimk)!',
''who have not enjoyed the |»rivile,u(! of ninkinu' your acijuaint-
anee, who yet, among other nations have heard of y(mr fame,
and who, after the perusal of your admirable works, have
entertained for you the utmost veneration."

It is needless to add to these ([notations: to cite the names of
BuiAx, Lord Jiishop of (.'hester; Du. Pococki;, Hebrew Professor
at Oxford; Dr. ]\Iai!siiaij,, the learned rector of Lincoln ('ollege,
Oxford; Sir Thomas Bjjouhavk and others; all men famous in
their generation, wli<» speak of Li(iHTK(t(jT in terms which show
that they believed liim to be the most eminent scholar in
Hebrew and taliuudical learning that England, up to their
day, had produced.

l\ only remains in conclusion briefly to answer the following
questions: —

/. //(id ' iyhlfool anij pupils /thorn fie himsel/' ins/rucfi'ff?

If the imiuirv be whether Lkuitfoot took any learners under
his innnediate guidance, and instructed them as he himself

rabbiiik-al wntiuj,',s; iiucl Johii (iottlob Carjizov — died ITtiT — Super-
intendent at Li'iljeck, tiie celebrated author of the ■• Introduction", and nf
tiie "Critica Sacra". The above (juotation behinf,'.s to the former.

1) .lolni I.eusden, an eminent oriental and classical scholar, was born
at Utrecht, April 2(1, 1(121. He studieil at the University <»f Utrecht, took
his decree td' 31. A. in 1(>17; made great i»roticiency in the oriental lan-
guages; went t" Amsterdam to actpiire more jiert'ect knowledge of Hebrew and
.lewisli customs; was instructed by two learned Jews, one of them being
an Araliian, whose language he also acquired; was made Prof, (d" Hebrew
in Utrecht; edited many learned works, and died Sep. 30, Ki'.t'.K

2) J. Henr. Otho, Lixicou-IUibliiiiiiui-l'ltihihuiicinn, Gmcrd lo7.) (ro'trinted
witli su]iidements of .lust. F. Zachariao Altona 1757.) names Lightfoot,

XD^imbs -p-insi, which shouM be written: J^cX^SIf Jkai.!^ - ih, i, „■„>,■.-
jKirahh,

had been iiijstructt'd Ity Sir l{(»\vhiiul Cotton it must l)C answered
in the negative. At the same time, liy every work whirh he
])ut l)efore the worhl he made himself the teaeher of Imndreds;
while learned men in ar.d out of Kn;,Mand were eontinually
visiting him, not merely to make his ae(|uaintanee, l)ut to j;et
ills opinion on some of the more abstruse points of rabbinic
learning.

2. Did Liylilfo'^i t/iir an impulse to Hrhrctr shiilics in EmiUonl'!

LioHTi'ooT does not seem to have given s(» strong an im-
pulse to Hebrew learning as that whieh was felt immediately
prior tt» him and stinudated him to his gigantie enfieavors.
And for the reason that, at the time of his death, the great
(dijeet whieh rendered the cultivation of Hebrew learning si»
necessary and important, had been accomplished, iiamely, the
translation uf the Bible from the original into the vernacular
tongue. The impulse which issued in this great work
began in and was fostered by the lieformati(»n. Immediately
on the opening of the Keformation the study of the Sacred
Scriptures revived, and the Hebrew language received increasing
attenti<tn. Especially was this the ca.-e in what, viewed in the
light of the past, ndglit b(^ called the Puritan University of
Cambridge. Soon after Li(iHTFooTs time Hebrew and oriental
studies in general declined in Kngland, and continued to decline
till after the opening of the present century. Within the last
few decades, however, they have been pursued with growing
interest. In proportion as modern criticism has directed its
attention to the Old Testament Scriptures, has the desire
strengthened with scholars to extend their accpuiintance with
the language, and with every thing i)ertaining to the language,
m which these Scriptures were originally jienned.

'3. Have Liijfil/hol's irorks <in imftorhtnci' slilc't

This (piesti<»n nuist be answereil affirmatively. Modern
scholars, English and continental, are not slow to acknowl-
edge their indebtedness to J^iIoiitkoot, and to speak of him in
terms of high approbation. .Afany of his works are superseded,
indeed, by the residts of modern scholarship, but this is not

fl^^ppwiiiiMiwwmp'"'. ■iiiiipiiiiii,-

£%ii^^a;«uE^:,

true of liis Ilorac Hcbraicae et 'J^jilmudieao. These l.ave great
value and imix.rtanee still. Still Ln-m-your teaches us thc^ iin-
inn-tanec of ral)binieal studies for the ri^-ht understanding- (»f
the Old and New Testament. The mine in which he so sue
eesstully wrought is l.y no means yet exhausted. Other scholars
are following in his steps; and the growing- attention which
oriental studies - especially the Arahic - are receiving^ is
doing much to advance the knowledge of biblical Hebrew and
Old Testament exegesis.

An English work renn'nding us of Lk.htj-oot, is a critical
edition of nzK Y.12, translated and annotated by Chaklks
Taytor, j\[. a. Of (;erman works, those of S.hokttokn ' and
Dkutsch-! deserve especial mention; to which might be added,
as ])ursiung tlie same line of investigation, those of Wtri^xscHK^'
and some by Sikofhiki). '

1) Cluistiani Sehottgenii, (born 1<;87, .liecl 1751,) H..rae Hebraioac et
Jain mlK-ae n. nanvcr«u,n Xovun. Tcstmnentum. Quihns H,.rae Jo. tJ.htfooti
m Jibris Hhstonchs «ui.i.lentnr, e].i.stolae et apocalvj.sis eo.len, ni.ulo illus-
trantur, 1 /J,!, quarto.

-2) Horae Hebraieae et Tahnn.licae. Erfranzungen zu Llslitfoot un.l

a) Neue Beitrage zur Erlauterung- ,ler Evangelien an.s Taianuul un.l
uiKl Mi(lra.sli. (iottingen, IS7S.

^enu^^f^l^T J'"*^'-"^' '^' ^- ''• '' ^^"*'-^« oce]e.iastieo« spectantia.
.^cnpsit Oarolus Siegfried. 187r).

ADDENDA.

A list of Hebrew Grammars and Lexicons written or
printed in England up to tlie dose of the scventeentli

century.

/. Hebrew Grammars.

A. I). 12-. Bacmi {Hoyerii), Gram. Heb. according t<» Bale

and Baitoloccius. Tiiis was found only in MS If

doubtless unfolded Haciuis peculiar system of teaching

Hebrew. '"

„ 152 . fi-akefehW (Iloberii). Inst, utii^jw's Linguae Hebraicae

referred to by Hale.
„ 1570. Eo-erdlaiio G. {Atleii) Exuuiae Ei)iscoi)i in Lin-L-ae
Sanctae (Jrammaticen; or, as it is styled in Eng'lisl.
''An exercise in Hexameter verses in Latin upon thj
whole rudiments of the Hebrew tounge, with a large
and plane explication of the same in the English tounge;
for the ease of them which be not experte in the sntde
tounge." This work has never been j)rinted. 'I'he
following is a specimen of it:

"Hebraei numerant elemcnta duo atque viginti;

Quorum di\crsas prinmm volo pingere tormas, Et^'post

illorum non declarare gravabor Voces atque sonos.

L)e allis tunc dicere pergam."
Stoki, ( ) Observationes Oram., Khet. et Poeticae,

ad accurationem Linguae Sanctae cognit. This exists'

in MS. in Trinity College, Cambridge.

?»

A. D. 1593. f/fla//s\s' Alt/ In tfie Holy Tomjiir, 12i"... Tins ^vo|.k
is stjifod by Wolf to he ji trunslation ^^i IVt. Murtiiiius'
Technolo^iii {W'.xm. Kl,r. iJdall was u i,'(.o(l Hebraist
uihI was fully competent to write tbis book. Wlieii
told of bis (leatb kiii^,- James exelained. "iiy my soul,
then, the greatest sebolar in Europe is dead".
„ l^ilO. RiHliinenlu Lifif/iKtc llebraicae, bij lilchunl KnolU-s.
Tbis sebolar was Master of tbc free sebool at Sandwieb.
Antbony a Wood speaks of bis erudition in bigb terms.
„ 1635. Bijlhneri htslilidin Liiujiiue Hcbraae el ChaUhiue,
J.ond. 8vo. Seven editions of bis work — tbe last
in 1H75 — were publisbed in forty years! a strikin-
proof of inereasinj,^ interest in Hebrew literature.
1H37. Hcbruc LitujKuc JnsfUulioneti compendiosissimnc t-l
faciltimae, bji lion: Tbis was printed in London in
l^iiK.. Anotber edition appeared in 1()44 witb tbe
(Jlasgow mark upon it. A tliird was jjriiited in l«U4
witb "Anjsterdam" on tbe title page. Le l.<m- mentions
unotber edition in 1677.
IfioO. A general Grammar for I he reudij alUnnhuj of the
Ebren-, Samarium, Calde, Syriac, Arabic and the Kthiopic
lanyuayes, by Christian liar is of Berlin. London, 12iu<..
Tbis work was dedicated to Arcbbisbop Usber, and
was especially designed for tbe autbor's pupils.
1654. Inlroductio ad leclionem Linyuariim Orientalum etc.,

by Dr. ^ralton.
1662. Bronyhton de IJnyua Hebraea, contained in bis

works collected and printed in London.
1665. Grammalicae , Lolinae, (iraecue et Hebraicae Com-
pendium etc., by Hanserd h'nollys.
1668. A Hebrew Grammar, by Philip Henry. Tbis work,
wbicb was never printed, was drawn up for tbe use
of tbe autbor's daughter.
1669. Brevis et Harmonica Grammalicae omnium inece-
dentium Linyuarum delinialio. Appended to Castells
Heptaylol Le.vicon.

A. I). 1083. Maiiti)t(liis Lin(jii(ic Sonrfaf cf frmlitioium. Giiliemi

nohcrlsdii, ./. M. Ke|»i-iiite(l IH8H.

„ lti84. ./ (hdiiimiiliciil (f/irni/if/ of snmc flcbu'w tron/s and

Plirasrs in ihc hcijinniiuj uf Ihe lUhh', by Francis Ihtmlichl.

„ 1<)H(). Sirnncis (./.) Hchictr (Irammai. This eiiiiiient iiiuii

wrote this work at niiietcon years of a<;e.
„ Hi'JS. The Taijltmican arl, or, The ar/ o/'crpoiindi/if/ Scrip-
fitre h\i III!' /)oinh\ ifsiial/i/ call-d atre/t/s, hut are reallij
liivlical: a Grammnlical, Uxjical , and Jiluiorical Inslrit-
mcnl of Inlerin-etalion, hi/ Waller Cross, M. A. London.
The following- is one of this author's poetic rules: —
"SiJluk tlie sentence and the verse doth end,
Athnach in two divides, and so attends.
Segolta — three will have or not appear:
Inferior game h'ehia (reresehate doth play,
Because as Vicar, he conies in the way."
Besides the above, several editions of grammars pnhlished
on the continent were printed in Kngland. Thus Huxtorf's
"Thesaurus (irammaticus Linguae Sanctae Hehraeae" was
printed at Camhridge in 1»)4(; and again in Uiob, and in London
in 1656.

i?. Ih'hrem Lexicons.

12—. A Uchrrn- Lexicon hij Lanrence Unlheck, of Ramsey
Ahhey. This (-urious work was possessed in MS. by
Robert Wakefield, tiie first Hebrew Professor of Oxford.

1602. Ad ((ins Hcbreiv Dictionary.

1635. Al((b((slri, ((',.} Lexicon I'entaylollon. Ueh., Chat , Syr.,
T((lniudico-l{((hbiniciiin et Arabicnm, fd.

1 644. ./. Hiin-^ I'astoris Ecclesiae. Abdus /jXiaa llehraiea etc.
\\\ this Treatise How asserts that the primitive Hebrew
words (tf the Old Testament nund)er 1700.

1646. Crilicd Sacra etc, by Kdn\ ('. Leiyh.

164s. lii/ihneri, (/'.) Clavis Linyuae S. anirosas voces
I'enteleachi etc. Vantab.

A.D.

1) '•Tatriiiica]", ('nun cj-j (acc(jnliiif^- ti» tlie SpaiiLsli iiiauiier of j.rniioiin-
eiii^' •■'l'a,i,']i!iiii"> .si-i-iiities: conci rniny tin Accr.nls.

A. D. IfifjO. Hnhcrlsnii's hey m Ihv llrhrnr Rihlr vie.
„ 1«- . Lexicon l>enl<iiihtltun. fin T. Hutrisnn.
„ 1<)58. liagin'tls^ Uo.) /)icfin„(fn/ o/' ,rort/s of ihe Ohl ,nnl

Neir Testament. J.oiKhm.
„ 16—. Robertsons First Gate ete., I>ein,j a eom/nw/inns
//ehren< and Kiuflish Dietionanj. /2»"'.
16()2. Rrouiihtons (//.) Hehren'-En,,lish Pictinnart/.
1«)69. C'astef/i [E.) Le.vicon UeiUautotion: llelnaienm ete.,
2 vols. I'ol. London. Tlircc liiiiHlicd cojiies ol" this
work were destm.vv'd in the lire of F.oudoii. About
five hundred more, huvin- been stowed away in m
room by Castell's executrix, were so (hmui-ed by ruts
thut the whole sold only for seven pounds.
1680. Robertsons (G.) Thesaurns Limjuae Sauetae etc.. Ii".
Cantab. Another edition in London 1(586.

In jiddition to tliese were printed several lexicons
of se- anite portions of the Hebrew Hil)lf viz., Tdalls
lexicon on some of the Psalms, Bythr lexicon in
his "Lyra ■ etc. 'I'ranslations or reprints, moreover, of
e(.ntinental lexi(!ons were issued, liuxtorf's "Lexiemi
Hebraicnm et Chaldaicum" ap|)eared in London in 1646,
and a^ain in 1663. The edition in 164() pnrj.orts to be
the first Hebrew lexicon printed in London. It was
dedicated to the celebrated Lon- Parliament.

II.
Letter from Coevelljirius to Sir Wm. ('ftcH, i„ which he
asks the latter to reeomineiul liini to a Hebrew pro-
fessorship in Cainhridj?e University: copied from the

Lansdowne MSS.

Lansdowne MS. 11, lol. !••).

S. D. Dominus ac Moecenas mei amatissinais, I). Koocus,

tuus, vir clurissime, clarissinnis socer, iussit ut verbis suis ex-

cellentiam tuam salutarem, si-iiilicarenique quod heri pudore

impeditus subticueram, academiae Cantabri^iensis nuntium

LoiKliiii MIC pnu'stnlan, (|iii m,. ,.„ .,iif.- fcstmn (InliK-nt: onnr

s»' tiijiiii Iiiiiiiiiiiitatcin. si niodo jrravissiinac iipntioiios tillc.

pactM coiinMluiit, ut mo litcris tiiis coniiiK'ndatiiin (liinittJis; siiaiii
niH iirotVctioiiciii jul scciiiHlain poincndiaiiani (lilutiimm, ut quid
(•mMTi-im ante diccssuiii iiitcdii-at. Quod si per nep.tiu tuac
aniplitudiuis uuu liccat, ut litcras luccuui I'craui, lo-ur ut (puim-
piiunnn ol.si-uatac fueiiut, juittautur ad I), Kpiscopum Lon-
diui'uscui, (pii pn» sua iu acadcuiiani siiiouhui cura ct luctatc
crya nic scdulo trausniittct. Dc litciis publirac lidri (,uas pn»
uxoris ac faniiliai- scniiitatc p..stulari ct sccretaiio llauitom,
oxpodicndas deiiiaudasti, n.-avi Doniinuui Consiliariuni Cii-
iia^iies, ut |)ost discossuin, si pnus cxpcdiri uou possint, pro
sua iu nic beuovoknitia, cas rccipiat. Kp. yen. Doniiui niei
iutcrcessioni supplicoiu ct'tia-itatioucui adjuup), ot tuuiu patro-

ciuiuui pivcilais nibus iuiplon.. nc al)S(|U(' connuoudationc

tiui disccdani. aut, si lii-ri uecpiit, utCoiuitiMu Ifehraouni quani
jii-oxinu' siii.scquatur. Non ouiui dul)it(. p-avissinie poudus
luilnturani aud ('onfiruiatiuuoiu vucatiouis iiicae, quo stadia
ac lab..rcs nici uou uiinus p-ata (piatii utilia siut ouiuibus, ad
^l«u-iaui J)ci ot totius acadoiuiac fnrtilicaticuKMu. Ista tua in
rnc bcncficis, vir anqiiissiouc, Dcus optiuuis cuuiulatissiuio ropon-
dat uobilissiniauujue uxorcni ac totani t'auiiliaiu scu)pei- bcucdicat
et coscnict.

Tuus, uia.ii-uis tuis Itonefactis devinctissimus, l{(»-
d(d|»hus Cdcvellarius, Jlcbracus aiuplissinio viro,
Koginac ai-chi<;iaumiati, I). Cicellio, putrono suo
pcrpetua lidc ct iustitia colcudo.

/luliiy.sul, 27 JVIiiii 15()9.

Kodolpluis Cocvcllarius to Sir Win. Cecil
for his letters to ye University of Cambridge,
whither he was going (as it seems) to
profess ye llebr( w.

#yS

\ I

PRINTED BY ACKERMANN .t GLASER, LEIPZIG.

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