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 NIAGARA FALLS IN SUMMER.— Niagara Falls is between Lalces Erie and Ontario, distant about twenty miles from BulTalo. „ Niagara River has a 
 total fall of three hundred and thirty feet, in the thirty-six miles of its course as follows: The smaller Rapids above the Falls, fifteen feel; the principal water- 
 fall, one hundred and sixty feet; the large Rapids below, fifty-five feet, and from the Falls to Lewiston, through the gorge, one hundred feet. The summer time 
 clothes the margins of the the Falls with beautiful verdure, and it is then that they are visited by the largest number of tourists, drawn to this wonder spot from 
 all countries of the world. 
 
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 RAPIDS ABOVE THE FALL, AMERICAN SIDE.— This view represents the full breadth of the river, between the American shore and Goat Island, and the 
 tumultuous character of the rapids on the American side. The bed of the Niagara River at this point is a succession of shelves, from which in many places large 
 rocks project to within a few feet of the surface. As die river contracts and shallows it increases in velocity and becomes a seething cauldron, boiling, fossing, 
 leaping and swirling in mad abandon and irresistible force. 
 
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 AMERICAN FALL FROM GOAT ISLAND.— Luna Island, the point of which is shown, cannot be reached by carriage, for it is accessible only by a foot 
 bridge that connects it with Goat Island. It is a dainty little bit of soil and verdure, gradually wasting from the gnawing waters, and in another century it may 
 be eaten away entirely. Goat Island, however, will remain, for it is both large and rugged, and from it a superb view of the American Fall may be obtained. 
 
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 VIEW OF AMERICAN FALL.— Niagara Falls at one time presented the spectacle of one solid wall of water emptying the entire river, but centuries of 
 erosion have diverted the flow until now, and for many years beyond the memory of man, the cataract is divided into what are lenown as Horseshoe Fall and 
 American Fall. It has fallen to the lot of the United States— because of the cieeper channel that forms the boundry line oetween this country and Canada— 
 to acijuire a greater share of the Falls, as well also quite three-fourths of the islands in Niagara River. 
 
BIRDS-EYE VIEW OF HORSESHOE FALL.— Tlie Horseshoe or Canadian Fall extends from the Canadian shore to Goat Island, the width heing estimated 
 in round numbers at 2,500 feet. Th-; perpendicular height of this Fall, is 1S8 feet, or 3 feet less than the yXmcrican Fall, a discrepancy tliat is caused by the 
 slope of the land. It has been roughly estimated that 1,350,000 cubic feet of water pass over these falls every minute. Near the center of the Fall there is pre- 
 .Hente<l a rare picture of Nature's beauty, in the shape of a gigantic plume of spray that dashes into the air for a humlred feet. It is caused by a portion of the 
 Fall striking an immense mass of rock which in some firmer age was broken from the center of the precipice. 
 
UPPER RAPIDS AND HORSESHOE FALL.— The Falls o( Niagara may be viewed from a luindreil different positions and yet each me will show some 
 point of advantage, for the cataract and Rapids are so immense that they may 'not be comprehended in an hour's study, nor by a hasty view. The camera has 
 caught in this picture an expanse of perspective that extends far beyond what are known as the Upper Rapids, and or. the right shows how the waters are drawti 
 to the crotch to make their nlunge in greatest vo'ume. 
 
HORSESHOE FALL. — This is a closer view of the Canatlian or Horseshoe Fall. While it is called Horseshoe, the curve has little resemblance to a horse- 
 •hoe; it has more the shape of an inverted letter "A". A magnificent rainbow is almost constantly playing across the face of the Fall, occasionally widening so 
 that the whole 'weep of its prismatic beauty covers the Fall like a projecting arch of glory. Lookmg upward at the massive, frowning cliff with the spray wet- 
 ting our faces, the roar of the cataract is so great that it prevents communication save by signal and pantomime. The estimated depth of the water where it 
 plunges over the precipice of the Horseshoe Fall is 20 feet. 
 
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 THE THREE SISTER ISLANDS. — The Three Sister Islands are connected to Goat Island by bridges. They have witnessed many awesome sights since 
 Niagara Falls first became known to the world. They are thiee beautiful little islands lying like emeralds on white velvet just above the Falls. Twenty-eight 
 years ago William McCollough (ell into the rapids near the second Sister Island. When about a quarter of the way down to the spot where he was to be hurled 
 lo death over the brink the current lodged him against a low ledge of rock, from which he was rescued by Conroy, a guide, who managed to reach the victini 
 nitha line 
 

 il \x one oi tlie >i^hts of Niagara. !t is a iieautitul structure, and takes tlic place of several pre- 
 vious criule \%o(Klen affairs that served as passageways in tlie past three-(]uarters of a century. The fir>t briilgc was erected in 1S17. It was carried away by the 
 ice the following spring. t)thcr bridges were erected in IMS, lS3'.t, 1S4'J and IHSfi. The piers were formed first by Imihling a massive abutment of timber on 
 the water's edge, from which were [trojected enormously long and heavy beams of limber. I'hesc were secured by great piles of stcine, and their outer ends ren- 
 dered steady by stilts thrust into the bottom of the river. A platform was then built, loaded with stone and sunk, and on this a pier was built. 
 
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 LUNA ISLAND BRIDGE. Another beautiful architectural structure is the hridge to Luna Isla..d, which is adjacent to Goat Island. It was while climbing 
 over the rocks directly under this island that the only accident that ever occured at Niagara by the falling of rock happened. Dr. Hungerford, of Troy, N. Y., 
 was instantly killed by a mass of rock falling upon him, sixty years ago. From this island a superb view of the river below the Falls, the inclined railway, and 
 in the distance the bridges, is to be obtained. 
 
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 ON THE BBINK OF THE CANADIAN FALL.— Here, better than anywheie else, can he seen the angular shape of the Canadian Fall. The process of 
 erosian is clearly visible in the angle near the left of the Fall, where the mighty onrush of the current has eaten away, bit by bit, the flint-like substance of the 
 precipice. It is in this angle that the water, falling with the accumulated force upon a mass of rock half-way down the precipice, dashes itself back again as if 
 in baffled rage at the obstacle. We are now viewing the Canadian Fall from the Canadian side. It is historic ground. A mile farther west, up the Niagara 
 River, but within sound of the mighty roar of the Cataract, was fought, ninety-three years ago, on the 2Sth day of July, 1814, the battle of Lundy's Lane, 
 between the British and American forces 
 
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THE LOWER STEEL ARCH BRIDGE.— What is known as the Gorge is crossed at its narrowed point by an arch bridge built in 1897 by the Grand Trunk 
 Railway. The arch is of 550 feet span, and supports two roadways, the topmost for trains, and the lower for wagons. A fine view of the Rapids may be had 
 from this bridge. 
 
 
A CLOSER VIEW OF THE LOWER STEEL ARCH BRIDGE.— It seems almost iiicieilible that the slender arrli stretching from shore to shore could uphold 
 the weight above it. A close inspection reveals the fact that it is a magnilicent structure of steel erected upon scientific principles, as fo tension, resisting power, 
 and other technicalities, supporting great loads in safety above the stream. This bridge is a 9ani['k of the wonderful works of man. 
 
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 A TROLLEY LINE TROUGH THE OOROE.— The ruggedness and picturesqueness of nature about Niagara Falls has been seriouslj modified by the arts of 
 man, the latest invasion being the construction of a trolley line through the gorge, starting at Prospect Park and passing close to Whirlpool Rapids and the river 
 until it reaches Queenstown Heights. The ride is one of the sensations, of pleasure and of surprise, which sometimes approaches trepidation, as towering rocks, 
 looming threateningly over the tracks cut through bluffs, produce a feeling of insecurity. 
 
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 WHtRLPOOL RAPIDS ABOVE THE BRIDGE.— IJpper Whirlpool Rapiils are about three miles helow the Falls, at a point where thr gorge is so narrow 
 that the vast How of water is lirought smlilenly into a constricteil space, which, liv the rapi'l current is caused to leap fully thirty feet above the natural river level. 
 The noise of this tossing, swirling, foarnuig struggle of niuililened waters, ilecemling at a grade of one huinlrcil feet to the mile, and a depth of three hundred feet, 
 is truly appalling as well as deafening. The canyon walls are not more than three huridred feet apart, ami the rushing flow between them is at a speed Oi 
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 UPPER STEEL ARCH BRIDGE.— Herewith is piesented a view nf the Upper Steel Arch Briilge, with the milling district in the distance. In this case the 
 iiipportiii); arch is of iloulile ri)nstriictii)ii. It is a niagnilicent piece of engineering work, and is used for trolley trartic, passengers, and carriages. This bridge 
 replaced the old SuspeiiMion Bridge, which was torn from its fastenings in the hurricane of January 10, 1H89. On the floor of this bridge there is not only a car 
 ria^e w->y. I'u> double tracks tor trolley cars, and wide walks for pedestrians. 
 
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 THE CANTILEVER BRIDGE. — The Cantilever Bridge was tlie sectrnd bridge of its kind to be erected in the United States. It was seven months and a 
 half in building and was rornpleted December 1, 1883. Its total length is 910 feet, and it is iuuported on steel towers which rise 130 feet from the piers on 
 '" ~;ntral Railroad. The bridge m the distance is The Lower Steel Arcli Bridge. 
 
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THE WHIRLPOOL.— The Whirlpool is a mile below the Rapids. The popular conception of it is that of a maelstrom, a vortex of water swirling in grad- 
 ually narrowing circles to a depressed centre. Instead the force of the water pouring into this basin raises it in the middle to a distance of three feet above the 
 outer surface. The Whirlpool is the natural result of the mighty body of water rushing into a confined space and seeking an outlet. Bodies, driftwood, every- 
 thing in fact that goes over the Falls, must eventually find its way to the Whirlpool, where, after circling for days, perhaps, it is cither thrown out upon the bank 
 or is carried by the outlet on down to where the River empties into Lake Ontario, 
 
PANORAMA OF NIAGARA FAI 
 
 In the view before us we obtain a perfect geographical representation of the sltnntion of Niagara Falls in its relation to the Mirrouncling country. On the e\Ui 
 rieht is Buffalo, on Lake Erie, and on the left is Toronto, on Lake Ontario, ami between these two lakes is the greatest ami most impressive natural wonder of Amet 
 Niagara Falls and the Gorge of the Niagara R.ver. The Niagara River forms the outlet of Lake Erie, descending about 330 teet in its course of thirty-six miles, 
 affords a channel to a large part of the fresh water of the globe. Its current is swift for about two miles after leaving Lake Eric, but becomes more gentle as the ch:ir 
 widens and is divided into two parts by Grand Island. Below this islan<l the stream is two-and-a-half miles wide. 
 
 About fifteen miles from Lake Erie the river narrows again and the rapids begin, flowing with ever-increasing speed until in the last three-quarters of a mile 
 the Falls they descend fifty-five fe« and How with immense velocity. On the brink of the Falls, where the river bends at right angles from west to north, the channi 
 
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 THE SURROUNDING COUNTRY 
 
 lin divided hy Goat Island, which occupies about one-fourth of the entire w idih ot the River. To the right of it is the Amerirnn Fall, 1060 feet wide and 167 feet high, 
 I to the left of it is the Canadian Fall, or Horseshoe Fall, 158 feet high, with a contour of 3010 feet. 'I'he voluinc nl water which pours over the Falls is fifteen million 
 i iic feet per minute, of which probably nine-tenths goes over the Canadian Fall. Below the Falls the river contracts to about 1200 feet, and rushes down, foaming and 
 !:iiif;, between lofty walls of rock. Two miles further down it is barely SOO feet wide, and at the Whirlpool the huge volume of water is compressed into a space of 250 
 '■ Within seven miles these lower rapids descend over 100 feet, but at Lewiston the river once more becomes wider and smoother. The best method of seeing the won- 
 > of Niagara is by means of the superbly appointed cars ol the "tireat Gorge Route." 
 
PANORAMA OF THE CITY OF NIAGARA FALLS.— This time our face;, turn northward. Stretching along the river and on the summit of the bluff are to 
 be seen a few of the wonderful manufacturing establishments for which this city is noted. These industries draw their power from the source of Nature itself, the 
 rushing waters of the river above the Falls, 
 
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 THE MILLING DISTRICT. — In this view is presented a few of the watcifalls not niaile hy nature, hut created hy the hand of man. Any one of these rib- 
 bon-like streaks of foam on the face of the rocky cMff anywhere else in the country would attract attention. They are <lwarfed now liy the majesty of the greater 
 "-"■ These streams are the result of draining the waters of Niagara River into gigantic sluice-ways and tunnels which drive immense masses of machinery to 
 
 Falls. 
 
 generate electricity nnd supply heat and power to the industries upon the upper crest of the Gorge. 
 
THE DEVIL'S HOLE.— About three miles from the Falls, on the American Side, there is a chasm 200 feet wijf . extnding back at right angles about 600 
 feet from the edge of the River. In this ravine is located the "Devil's Hole." A stream finds its way to the rive: by this gulch, which bears the forbidding 
 title of Bloody Run. It acquired its name from the fact that on the 14th of September, 1763, during the French and Indian War, a wagon train of British was 
 ambushed near this spot. But one man of the ninety-six in the party escaped, the rest being slaughtered by the Seneca Indians. The little stream ran blood- 
 red that day, and hence its title. 
 
lit 600 
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 AN ARTIST'S FANCY. — The companion uictures are reproductions ot a painting by James Francis Brown, who uses the license uf his profession to per- 
 petuate a ''gf"'' °^ ''" Niagara Indians, and to give embodiment to the spirit of the cataract. The ideas are distinctly poetic, as they are gracefully illustrated, 
 
 FACT AND FICTION.— Among the legends about Niagara, an interesting one represents the Indians as holding the spirit of the cataract in great awe and 
 of sacrificing a maiden of the tribe annually by sending her over the Falls in a canoe laden with fruits of the earth and the chase, in the belief that such an offer- 
 ing would influenc; the spirit of the waters to favnr the tribe in war and peace. 
 
RUSTIC BRIDGE TO WILLOW ISLAND.— A plimpie ot nutic Iil- in whiih the hand of man is plainly visible in contact with the hand of Nature is pre- 
 sented in this bridge to Willow Island. It spans a pbcid bi^iiih of the mighty river, and yet beneath these quiet, smilinfc waters, death lurks in the current. 
 So it is all around here ; beneath the quicicsi surface there is moving always and ever, a current to which if one yields himself will carry him to certain death. 
 
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 MAIN ENTRANCE TO PARK. At the foot ot Falls Street you enter the Park proper. On the right is the Park Commission Administration Building and 
 through the trees can be seen the Inchned Railway Station. This picture was taken i i the late autumn, when the scenery is p.Trticularly beautiful. 
 
AN ICE MOUNTAIN AT THE FOOT OF AMERICAN FALL. — It was an exceptionally rold winter that proiluccd the rcmarkalile ice turination plioto- 
 grapheil ahove. The liase of the niovintain is cakes of ice tliat, having liecome detached above, come tuinhling over the l)rink and gradually accumulate as the 
 •pray freezes as it falls upon them. The-eafter, the weather continuing severe, the mountain increases rapidly until it reaches more than half the height of the 
 cataract, providing vantage points for visitors to observe more closely the grandest thing in nature. 
 
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 A WINTER SCENE IN PROSPECT PARK. — Niagara has its iarffest patronage during the summer, (or the convenience and comforts of travel arc greatest 
 at that season, luit the Falls and their stirrnimdings are equally attractive when they are under the spell of severe frigidity. The Park is especially wonderful to 
 see, when it is coated with heavy ice. The most beautiful and fantastic formations of nature sculpturing and crowning are to be seen during winter time. 
 A spray rises continually from the Falls, that settles on the ailjareni trees, where winter speedily chills it into crystal forms as various in shapt as they are 
 exquisite in appearance. 
 
NIAGARA FALLS IN WINTER.— Niagara Falls is beaulifiil in its granducr .luring summer, licit it is awesomely wonilerful when winter forms vast ice- 
 bridges below the tremendous Fall, and piles up. with paroxysm of impetuosity, marvelous ice formations that take on a thousand fantastic shapes, to astonish 
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 THE ICE PALACE AT NIAGABA FALLS.— Ice palaces are not uncommon in northern latitudes, but nowhere else have they been built to show with such 
 exquisite etfects as at Niagara Falls. The one herewith illustrated, was erected on what is known as the State Reservation, and had dimensions of 160 x 120 
 feet. Its artistic design was marked, and being thoroughly wired tor electric illumination, its beauty, especially at night, was almost unexampled. 
 
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 AMERICAN FALL FROM BELOW— WINTER— Niagara Falls in winter is as great an attraction as Niagara Falls in summer. In the above picture, at the 
 base of the Falls are piled up great masses of ice and snow which take the shapes of turrets and castles, of domes, spires and minarets. The formations are 
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 INTERIOR or POWERHOUSE. -The maximum output of the three Power Houses up-to-dn'c is "0,000 h. p., of which 38,000 h. p. is delivered in Buffalo, 
 
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 the Tonawandas, Lockport, Olcott and Fort Erie, and 52,000 is used locally. The total outpuJ .( 
 approximately 10 per cent of the aggregate output of all the central electric light and power stu 
 would require tne daily consumption of 1,900 tons of coal. 
 
 , — ... J.., ^ ^.. — , — ... , ^.^.... — 
 
 three plants for 1905 was 432,075,554 killowatt-hours— 
 the United States. To produce this output by steam, it 
 
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 THE SUSPENSION BRIDGE FROM QUEENSTOWN TO LEWISTON — The Suspension Bridge over the Niagara River, above Lcwiston, is lOSO feet long, 
 anil stretches 60 feel aliove tiie surface of the water. It was o[>ene(l to the (niblic in July, 1891). It is the only suspension bridge crossing the river, the otliers 
 being constructed on tlie arch or cantilever principle. The bridge practically connects Lewiston on the American side and Queenstown, named after Queen 
 Charlotte, on the Canadian side. The first Suspension Bridge at this point was erected in IKSO, and was wrecked by a hurricane in 1865, 
 
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 41 
 
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