IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.! s^ IIIIM ,56 B12 1^ m 2.2 M iim 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" — ► v] t.'-''^t^ rrjii. .1 Piioro-j.! «pli .iKeiiiM Ui ,. ■W"'*— - -'^vmmm^gmmmmm^^r^r^ or t:/r life and work of J'J'iLip Pkarsall Carpenter, li. A.. lf>M)<)\, III. p., m:\v v.)kk, CIIIEILV DERIVED JRQM n,s EKTTERS. Ki'iiKii i;v ills nkonii R. KUSSKLL E.WT CARl'KXTER, JI.A. LONDON: C. KEGAX I'AUL .K: Co., i, i'ATERXu.STE PER .SiKARE \?.'2.C V PREFACE. WiiKN r informed Or. Martineau of my intention to prepare a Memoir of my brother, whom he had known from a child, he wrote : " I am truly glad that you projjose to draw some more durable portrait of your dear brother Philip, than the slight sketches which have hitherto apj)eared. His rare goodness, and even the eccentricities of his thought and conscience, gave an originality and freshness to his life, which entitle it to an exceptional immunity from oblivion." To the Secretary of the AVarrington Memorial he afterwards wrote of him, as " a man to whose eminent gifts and goodness it is a privilege and delight to j.ay a heartfelt homage. Among all the best men I have known, I can find no better." He similarly impressed others in very different circles. In his early ministry, he was quickened by "that sfiirit which roused him to great moral enterprises, and made him trample ui)on impossibilities." He thought it "easier to be a whole Christian than a half-Christian:" and insisted on the practical character of j^recepts of Jesus which Christendom usually ignores. He had singleness of aim : and, not being double-minded, he was not half-hearted. He had little regard for the opinion of the world in questions of morals : and he I ▼I PREFACE. often sliglitcd it in matters of usage : so he seemed frequently to err in ju(lL,Mnent, and in taste. lUii while he sometimes suffered from thus leavinj; the beaten track, he reached a much wider sphere of usefuhiess. Like his Lord, lie was among us "as one that serveth;" and his chief services were in ways that had been neglected or despised. Many are following, where he was a pioneer, and it is no longer imusual to strike out new paths of duty. Much therefore that is related of him may seem commonplace, though it once awakened surj)rise and criticism. If he helped to make singukir and devoted services common, it may be hoped that this record may help to make them still more common. "The only thing I feel specially my own," he wrote {\). 306), ••"is the very poor low work of shell-science." To this he gave much of his time and thought during the last twenty-five years of his life. It brought him distinction that he had not coveted ; for it was his principle that " every naturalist ought to start with a feeling that it is of no consecjuence what becomes of his reinitation." My ignorance, where he was full of knowledge, ])revcnts me from attempting any adecjuate description of what he did for science, into which he carried his Christian love of truth and well-doing. Little mention is made of his fellow-labourers in this and other fields; because the book is already longer than I wish. These Memoirs are, for the most part, in his own words. The great number of his letters and papers led me to adopt this course ; yet I found in them such evidence that he stro\ e for self-renunciation, and was more willing for his faults to be exposed a.- warnings, than for his good actions to be praised, that I could not have continued my work, but for the hope that it might help the objects he had at heart. In addition to rRF.FACE. vU letters presence! by his family and friends, I have read several volumes of (jiiplicates in his " manifolds." It was rare for him to correct or to transcribe a letter, or to take any pains in its ( omposition. He wrote " straij^'ht on," and was often vexed to find that he had given a wrong impression by "photographing" a transient condition ; but the great variety of those jjhoto- graphs may keep us from being misled. He liked to regard familiar letters as "written talk." When under jjressure, he not only 7i>rotc in shorthand to those who could decipher it ; but (wprcssed Itimsrlf in it (so to speak), concisely and sym- bolically, in a way that migiu seem odd and startling to staid readers. Though often very reserved as to his inner life, he sometimes let it llow out as a llood. His descriptions of his travels, etc., reveal his intense interest in nature, and his powers of observation. Some may wish that I had copied more of them, instead of painful details of loathsome evils which it was his life-work to remove or abate; but neither the pleasure of my readers, nor my own, has been my chief object in recording the life of one who sacrificed pleasure to duty. Since he was loved for what he was, even more tl an for what he did, it seemed best to relate his doings in his own words, if possible. Omissions and a few trilling alterations have been made in his letters ; but 1 have not wished, for the sake of style, to prune down his characteristic and offhand expressions. In his l-'.nglish ministry, he was always known as "Philip," according to the usage of the jieople in that ])art of the < ountry, which was very congenial to him ; and it would not have been natural for me to write of him, nor of his family, in any more formal way. In relating the painful controversy at Warrington, which ultimately led to his separation from his old " household of i I vin .. I PREFACE. faith," It has been my aim to pass over mere personal disputes, and to show the working of principles which are still on their trial. Those sentiments and convictions of his which he adopted in later life are, I trust, fliirly stated. This book is chiefly written for those who knew him in part, and wish to know more of him. Their living remembrance must help to give it life. For their sakes I have added :,n engraving from a photograph taken just before he left England, and pictures of his homes. R. L. C. Bridi'okt, December, 1S79. Postscript.— His most important scientific work, on the Chitonidcc (see pp. 352-354), is being prepared for publication. Mr. Dall writes from the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., Nov. II, 1879:- "The revision of the manuscript will now take pl.ice, and the engraving of the illustrations : a work so exten- sive (and expensive; that I presume it wfll be a >car or two before the volume appears in published form." I disputes, on their kiiich he ■■■^R 1 in part, mbrance dded an England, CONTENTS. C. -*c*- on the »hcation. hinyton, vill now cxtcn- j before CIL\PTKR r. BovHooi): 1S19-1S36. .T-T. 1-16. I'irth an,l ,^remnn:o-Cl>iI ministry -I'.ufcssor F W \cw —Ills father— Siuulav school PAGK •man CIIAPTKR TI. COI.I.K.GK Li IK: 1836-1841. J- T. 17-21. Ivlinlnn-.], University-College at ^■ork : his tu.ors-Unse.tlemcnt of opnnons-I-nends at Lee.Is-The Minster-College Repository -Sunday school-Mr. W. II. 1 lerford's rennnisc.^.ces-Fire at e Mmster-Declines a lucrative o«er-Ilis tirst preachingJ .s fathers death- I heological studies- Removal of he Coute to Manchester- Re^isi,. Nork-Invitation to S.and-Universiry examinations ... v^mNLisny CHAPTER Tir. MiMsTKY Ai St.\m,: 1841-1846. Air. 21-26. 'cg,n. Ins ndnistry-Sermons^Trnvers Madge-Ordination services -Sunday schooI-\ i.its a drunkard - Takes ,he Tec tal ple.l.-e -Acale -Distress in Innca.hire-Tea-meeting: "First Aniu^l Statement -Joseph ]5arker- - Plri.isl, Association at Manchester- - s'>'^''- Su>an at the paisonage-The Turn-out-Walk from ].uMon-k.,kle Society-Joseph Jk.rker at J^ury : Teetotal anni- vc-ary: the " Christians : " Peace Meeting: t^e Communiou- H CONTEXTS. T.KGK I The New Life : a Revival — Ministerial cxcliangcs — Edits his fat iier's " Lectures on the Atf)ncnient " — "Stirring pe()])le up" — Temperance — Lectures — "One or two cases" — Proxies — Wine at the Lord's Supjier — ^Franklin Howorth — Anti-slavery Address — School sermons- — 'British Association at 'i'ork — Death of Mr. ]*hilips — Dissenters' Chapels' Act — A year's work — The Sanitary movement — " Letter to \'oung Men, etc." — I'useyism — Anniversary of the Lord's Supper — Rossendale — British Associa- tion at Canil)ridge — Invitation to Warrington --Dr. Martineau and his family — Urged to remain at Stantl — 'I'he curate — " Lm- ployers and Linployed " — Keeps school — Deatli of Herbert Martineau — Oeorge Dawson — Peace Meetings: opposition to the Militia — The silver inkstand — Address to young men — Retro- spect : sernujns : intluence in the district : "servant of all :" his peculiarities— r'arewcli letter to Rev. A. Dean CHAPTER IV. Ministry at WARRiNc/rox : 1S46-1S5S. /Et. 26-39. ^\'aningt(m Academy — Depression — Anti-slavery Meeting — Sunday school essay — Famine and fever — -Working hard — Sanitary efforts — Swimming lessons — Industrial School — I lis sister's work — " The Oherlin Press " — His woik among young men — Water cure — Cairo Street: his chapel house — Peace Congress at Paris (1849) : honours ])aid the delegates — Changes in his home : receives young artisans — Pu])lic Health Meeting: condition of Warrington: though ilefeated, still works on — "The Helper:"' ])lain speaking : purity — Lectures on Christianity : Swedenborg — Collision in Sutton Tunnel — Visit to Port Royal— Robbery : his remarkable handbill -- Christmas-tree — Miss Harriet Martineau — 'J'eaches Militianven : protests against feasting the officers — School treats — Footpaths: jniblie meeting: "Fair ]ilay" — " Words on the War : " the Christian stantlard — Natural history : Mazatlan shells — Collection presented to the Priti^h Museum : his " Catalogue "-—Report to the British Association — Death of his mother— Letter to his sister Mary — Visits to Halifax — Lectures on Christ's teaching : English Presbyterians— Congregational troubles : the " Money test : " Memorial of a minority : the name "Unitarian:" ministerial freedom: letter to his sister: a ])rinciple at stake — ^The Permissive Bill : a canvass— Vege- tariani-.m - Sails for America — Review of his work in War- rington: his preaching: the Sunday school: Bands of Hope: country walks : teaching music : tune-books — Reaching onwards 97 1 Ji TAGE lis CONTEXTS. CIIArTER V. xt 0- M American JouKM'.Y : 185S-1S60. A-.r. 39,40. A winter voyage — Custom-House — (lift to New York State Museum at AllKuiy— Colonel Jewett — Catholic CatluMlral — Conventions — Entering Canada — -Visit to Montreal: Notre Dame — (Quebec: drives on the St. l..a\vrence— Ottawa — Canada \Ve->t : the coloured fugitives — Niagara — Catholic services — A contrast— Wellsboro' — Water or whisky? — Returns to Montreal — Visits Catholic insti- tutii ns : cloistered nunneries — Distillery — Sanitary imjuiries and lectures — (Quebec — Portland: Neal Dow — Boston: Agassiz : Dr. Howe: John Urown : the Channing Home— " Slave-catcliers' hunting-ground" — Unitarian festival : Dr. Oannett — Anti-slavery Convention : Carrison and Wendell Philips — Amherst College — Naturalists — From Philadeljihia to the Slave Slates— Charleston, S.C. : ilredging : intercoui>>e with slaveholders and with slaves — Virginia: Richinoiul : Peaks of Otter: the Natural Pridge : the slave-boy: endurance of heat and fatigue— Washing' on, D.C. : the Smithsonian Institution : Dr. Henry — Antioch College : death of Horace Mann— Maninmlli Cave : hotel life : sinoking : Mr. A. Hyatt: Unios — St. Louis: slaves for sale: Aniiiver>ary of British Emancipation : attem]">ts to lecture : threatened with legal penalties, besides tarring and feathering ! — Up the Missisi])pi : the baby's cry — I'alls of St. Anthony — Falls of Minnehaha —Letter to his congregation — Phenomenon at Niagara — Montreal (third vi.-,it) — To Ottawa : "Canadian Boat-song" — Brooke' Farm : Pawgan Fall — Cursing rebuked — Returns to Albany — Bereavements : the spiritual world— Unios — A Shaker settlement — "The Harper's Ferry affair:"' hanging of John Brown — Washington: at the Smithsonian Institution : a young pupil : negnjes : Catholic worship: Charles Sumner: lectures on Mollusca— Letters re- specting Warrington : his religious position : doubts as to his duty — Oppressed by slavery — A debate in the Senate: Mr. Seward's speech—" Doctor of Philosophy "— " Robbie " rAfii-: 170 CHAPTER VI. Last Ykars in En(;i.ani) : 1S60-1S65. ALr. 40-45. Warrington Museum — British Association at Oxford: debate on Darwin's theory : University sermcjn : his changes in religious feeling — the Litany; his sister Mary : i'ricstley statue : "many : 1 :i| Xll CONTENTS, f t . superior people" — Letter on the Christian Life — His marriage adoption of R(jbbie — Collections of siiclls — Koi^iis the ministry at Cairo Street Chapel — Work for tlic Smith?()nian Institution : "Lecture' on Mollusca" --Sup})lementary Report for the liritish Association — Slavery in the Unilei! Slates: IcUer to Mr. Seward — " Rambles of a Lecturer : " l{ri>U)l : Cornwall : a majestic sea : a tipsy fellow-traveller : " nf) longer parson " — Removes to Man- chester : daily life — (Jreek Church — Hartley Institution: testi- monials — Distress in the cotton diNtricts : teaching; the unem- ployed — Emigrants to Canada— Lark Cottage — Results of his work — British Association at Newcastle : " the great negro fight : " Mr. Craft : Committee on Nomenclature — Vi^ii to Sir \V. C. Trevelyan — Natural History and i'hy^ics — His collections — Trading naturalists — Declines the Liverpool Domestic Mission — Fire at the Smithsonian — Leaves for Montreal ... TACK 243 l' = CHAITKR VH. Like in Montreal : 1805-1S77. ylvr. 46-57. Voyage : a collision — Indian revenge— Settles at Montreal — Catholics — Attends the Episcopalian Church — Death of Travers Madge — Formation of a Sanitary Association : cholera warded off — The Fenian Raid — Hank failure — rre^eiit to McCill College: "The Carpenter Collection" — ^Ilis school — Sanitary Reports and Memorials ; free bathing-ground : infant mortality : " Practical Suggestions:" the Mayor's testimony to him: "Others in the field" — Letters to his si>tcrs : Canadian boys: " Damnaticjn Sunday :" Murder of D'Arcy McCee, M.I'.: Soldiers' Home— His new house: Brandon Lodge — His school was his church — Holidays — Bartings — Death of his sister Anna — At Boston: preaches in "a Coloured Church" — The Catholic Cemetery: Dominion Si[uare — Non-sanitary doctors — The C. D. Acts — Winter glories — A summer excursion: the Saguenay River — The home — Visit from his sister Mary — With the United States Fish Commission: three steamers on fire — New female jail — Temjicrance : " Law an Educator" — Visit to England : welcome at Warrington : voyage back — "They don't care for anything : " "The Nose: its Uses and Duties: " new Health Association — Small-pox : Anti-vaccination riots — The Oka Indians : his letters : priestly oi)pression — 'I"he Mountain and the Bark — Failing health — Temperance effort: lion. A. Vidal — Conlirmalion at .St. George's — Last days ... i ■-■^ 2S0 VACR CONTEXTS. CHAPTER VIII. xui Afif.rwards. PA«K 4 Hi. funeral and grave: his wishes respecting them (//,>/••) — His scliuiars' grief— Addresses by Dean B.nid (Hishop of Montreal) and Rev. S. Ma.ssey— "The Montreal (:a/ette"and "Witness" — Characteristics— Neal Dow and Wendell Philips— Foundation work : Sanitary improvements : Temperance reform— Dr. Daw- boii (Principal of McGill University) on his scientific work : American testimonies— His house: the Infants' Home— English relations and fricndi : his aisler Mary : her death— MemoriaL ... 342 i ^' ILLUSTRATIONS. I'ORTRAIT His Bkisjul Humi: Stand Ciiaiki. and Sciiooi. .. C'AIKO SlKKKr, \VakkiN(;toN BkANDoX L(>Ih;i.;, MoNiKKAL Monument amj GunVE To face title v.Kr.v. I 'I3 2 So I i '■ i 1 1 1 fA(;i-; i'3 2S0 342 (HAI'TKR r. P.OYHOOD : 1819 36, /ET. I-16. Pfifmp Pf.arsai.l was the youngest of the six children -three daughters followed by three sons— of Lant and Aiuia Car- penter. Me was born at 2, (Ireat (leorge Street,* Bristol, .November 4, 1.S19— the anniversary of the landing of William * III. ; so his father wrote, " One thing is clear, that he is born a "Whig ; and if it were not for William Benjamin, we must have called him King William." His first name was that of his eldest uncle ; his second commemorated the friend by whom 4 his father had been adopted. The Memoirs of Dr. Lant Car- penter, and the grateful tributes that have been paid to his * The vii^iicttc is from a sketch taken when the liouse was occupied a-> ;; a school for yoiiiit,' ladies. "The wing" was added hy Dr. L. Carpenter 3 in 1S20, and sot)P. after his death it was made a -eparate residence. ""•F" •»"■ '■ ■T^ BOYHOOD. [Chap. 1. I ■ memory by friends ond pupils, render any furtlier delineition of his character superfluous. His mother's influence was less wide, but no less deep. She was the daughter of James and Bridget Penn, of Kidderminster, and niece of the Rev. 1'. Laugher, of Hackney ; and she inherited from her maternal ancestors superior mental endowments, as well as strong re- ligious feelings and principles. When Robert Hall called on her (1828), he spoke oi her mother as "the most excellent woman he had ever known, and said it must be a blessing to be her child." Mrs. Penn died September 25, 1800, and for the remainder of her life (more than half a century) .\nna hallowed the anniversary, as the time when she was (piickened to an earnest desire after holiness. Philip was the only one of the family who was born at Bristt some of the influences which moulded his character. As a minister he preferred the j)oor ; hut the com- panions of his childhood were rich. The terms of h.is father's school were high, and the pujjils, many of whom afterwards entered Parliament, were chiefly from affluent families ; but though no expense was spared which health and comfort demanded, trugality and simplicity prevailed. Dr. Carpenter was a minister of the Lewin's Mead congretiation : little of the wealth for which it was then noted had been bestowed on religious objects ; but, greatly owing to his efforts, Sunday schools were establislied, school-rooms were built, and, in addition to the old endowed ('harity Schools, with their quaint costumes, three new day schools were opened. Faith was shown by works, and a s[)irit of life animated the congregation ; but, first, many difficulties had to be overcome, for his senior colleague and many of his friends opposed what they regarded •i;;; [Chap. 1. liiu'ition was less mes and Rev. T. maternal [rong re- :allc(l on excellent blessing I, and for ry) Anna uickened , born at Dr. Car- rs fondly cr house, father, tive city, in real to e is little ilded his the conv s father's fterwards les ; but comfort iirpenter little of )\ved on Sunday and, in r quaint lith was •egation ; is senior regarded 1819-1828.] LHlLDUuon. as his restlessness. His strength, overtaxed by his excessive exertions, at length entirely gave way. On June 11, 1826, he preat hed for the last time for two years. He subseijuently resigned the ministry, which he did not resume till 1829. Change of scene was recommended for him; and he spent some time with friends, mostly in France. He suffered mu( h from depression, and his recovery was very slow. .\t midsummer, 1827, the Rev. James Martineau, formerly his attached pupil,* who had just completed his college course, arran;;ed to take the superintendence of his .school tor a vear, before settling with a congregation. It was then that IMiilip began his school-life : in a letter to his sister Mary (Manh, 182H) he writes: 'M am now down in the monitor's book, and I say some of my lessons to Mr. Martineau, and I go on [)reity well in the school-room." As an infint he had been healthy ; but he soon became a very (leli(ate child, needing great care. In the years when his mother was often laid by from illness, and only by great strength ){ resolution could undergo the strain upon her, from the additional duties and anxieties arising from Dr. (Jarpenter's illness, Mary, his eldest sister, was " a mother to him," as she fondly recorded when she heard of his death. His sister Susan (.Mrs. R. (iaskell) writes: "I trust I shall ever retain the remembrance of the love and pride with which his bright, innocent, transparent childhood filled me. In his long and trying illnesses, I never remember any restless impatience. Though not what is called a i)retty child, the sweetness of his smile, his pretty diin[)les, and clear comi)lexion made him very interesting to all who knew him. Fre(|uently, when his mother ;ind sisters were engaged in sewing, while one read aloud, he (unknown to them) would be quietly under the table, until some remark in the book aroused him, and Ik; joined in the ( onversation which always accompanied the reacbng. He always was attractive to friends, and in parting was not satis- * Dr. Martinonu contrihutcd to the " Memoir of Dr. L. Car]K'ntcr " n very suikinj,' and beautiful delineation of him as he remembered him at '-ehool. X s I ( I I > illi,' I'll r 4 BOYHOOD. [Chap. I. ficd with putting out one hand to shake : his loving nature made him j)Ut out both." This loving nature was characteristic of him through life. His manner was warm, as well as his heart. He showed twice as much affc( tion as most men, and made " friends " where others made '• a( quaintances." \Vhen his father resumed the ministry, prudence recjuired that he should relin<|uish the Ikjvs' sch(jol, and in icSjc; Mrs. C.'arj)enter and her daughters <:ommenced a scIkjoI for girls. Considerable alterations were marie in the house, and Philip and his brothers resided in " the wing.'' I'or some little time he was taught by his father; but in January, i«S3,^, he joined his brother Russell at the IJristol ("ollege, a proprietary insti- tution founded in 1851 to supi>ly the want of a suj)erior day- school in Bristol. (The (irammur School, which is now so ^ efficient, had sunk to nothing, under the management of the old corporation.) The college occuj)ied a large house, since taken down to give place to the Jews' .Synagogue, oj)p()site to the Red Lodge in Park Row, then the residence of the eminent Dr. Prichard, whose sons were among the first students. The celebrated geologist, Dean (,'onybeare, was the Visitor; the Principal was Dr. Jerrard, subse«|Uently a Fellow and Kxamincr of the University of London, to which this college was one of the first to be afRliatee at the J-'ort ii now the* ( hildicn's Hospital, and that at .\ino\ Vale was taken titnvn when the grounds were converted into the liii>t()l cemetery. t I'art of tliis valualJe collection was sul)se(|uently lK)ii<;ht by the School of Mines, Jerinyn Street, and part hy the Natural History Society of I'hiladelphia. X Hi.-> sifter at this time heard him hi> (ireek lessons, and in a letter to their aunt, Mrs. Fisher (authoress of "The Legen such a merry- hearted lellow, and betakes so much pleasure in arranging his shells. To l)e sure, this taste of lii> does show itself ratiier »uil-ti-/>ri>pos sometimes. lie per- sists in translating x'tw;/ (tunic) i/iitoii (the same word), an ugly little shell like a woresents of specimens and mviney for his collection. Mrs. NN'right also sent him beautiful pen-and-ink drawings of remarkable shells, which he learnt to co])y. She preserved a num!)er of his letters at this time, which, with a half-j)laylul recognition of his good and innocent nature, she labelled "San Thilippo." 'They abound in refer- ences to shells : and two of them contain long and careful lists of names, with their derivations. He told he;' that, in the Kaster holidays (1833), he went down for three or four hours every day to help Mr. Stutchbury at the Institution, washing the chitons, and then, after Mr. Stutchbury had sorted them into species, putting them on the tablets. Mr. Stutchbury gave his young friend a great deal of interesting information, and let him look at the beautiful books belonging to the Institution. His two chief tastes through life were for shells and music. To devotional music, especially, he was extremely sensitive, and he afterwards played and sung with great feeling and expres- sion. His sister Susan taught him to piny on the piano, and as he could not stretch his fingers sufficientlv, she recom- mended him to open them out when he had nothing else to do. His class-fellows were surprised to find his fingers continually at work, under his desk, when he was not using the pen, till they learnt what he was doing with so much perseverance ! Before 183 1, the only instrument in the "singing gallery" ot m ^ .831-1836.1 MUSIC. Lcwin's Mead Meeting was a violoncello (played by the vener- al)lc Mr. I'crcival) which was said to have belonged to Handel. In that vear. however, a new hynin-bocjk was introduced, and an organ, not without serious misgivings : and the old I'resby- terian habit of silting during the hymns was discontinued. The organ was played gratuitously by the Rev. S. ('. Kripj), H.A. (Lither of the eminent artists, (ieorge and Alfred Fripp), formerly a ( Icrgyman of the Church of Kngland. His excjuisite taste * soon re( onciled those who hid dreaded the innovation. Mr. I-rip]) 1 id planned the organ, which was built by Smitti, of I'ristol. IMiilii) was much interested in watching its progress; it was one of his amusements to draw designs for organs, and by degrees he found the means of trying most of the (jrgans in Hristoi. His ( hief delight was the service at the Cathedral : it was not far from his home, from which there was a fine view, through the trees, of its mafisive and beautiful tower. In send- ing his subscri])tion to the restoration fund a few years ago, he wrote : " 1 feel that the Cathedral played a very imj)(jrtant part in my education, and therefore it i)robably will in that of others." He hoped that a Montreal clergyman, whom he had introduced to his sister Mary, would go " to the Cathe- dral service as often as ))Ossible, es})ecially to the Litany." Mr. Corfe (who died in 1876) was then the organist, and the Hristol choir had a high reputation : it had some musical traditions of rare beauty. On those week-days on which the Athanasian Creed is to be said or sung, it was a great treat to hear it c hanted. The chant is a very simple one (Philip after- wards introduced it in his Collection of chants and hymn tunes, " Athanasian "), but the organ accompaniment was remarkably fine and varied. Perhaps a keen sense of the absurdity of the cursing creed added a zest to our pleasure in the i)erformance. When we were at York, we found that it was not sung, but read, at the Minster, and its fascination was gone. * Ten years later, after Tliilip was familiar with York Minuter, he wro'e: " Kvery uryaiii>t I hear makes me think more highly uf Mr. iripp's jilaying." m 8 BOYHOOD. [Chap. I. The chief influences in the formation of his character were, of course, in his home. Of his father, Dr. Martineau wrote : " I have never seen in any human being the idea of duty, the feehng of right, held in such visible reverence. . . . There was no such thing as a dead particle in his faith ; it was instinct with life in every fibre. ... Of the discipline enjoined upon his house — its early rising, its neatness, its courtesy, its golden estimate of moments — he was himself the model." The mother and sisters were moved by the same spirit : none of them lived to themselves. Some boys might have been discouraged by so high a standard ; but Philip was dutiful and eager to do well from a child. His father was eminently a public-spirited man, and entered with great fervour into those movements which made the period from 1828 to 1833 ^'"^e five most fruitful years in the history of British freedom. The repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts, followed by Catholic Emancipation, were the first instalments of religious equality ; then came the Reform Act and West Indian Emancipation. The enthusiasm of the country has never again mounted so high as at the Reform era. At Bristol, the Tory member who had been long accustomed to head the poll did not even stand as a candidate. All reforms seemed possible and hopeful, if this was carried. Philip lived to see that moral reforms were of more importance than political ones ; and the scenes he witnessed at the Bristol riots, October 29 to 31, 183 1, were never effaced from his memory. In his study there was a picture of Bristol by night, when lighted up with the flames of the gaols, the Custom-house, the Mansion-house, the Bishop's Palace, and nearly fifty dwelling-houses in Queen's Square and the neighbourhood. These riots commenced in indignation with the Recorder, Sir C. Wetherell, for his vehement opposition to Reform ; but when it proved that the magistrates could not maintain order, the way was open for a reckless mob. Dr. Carpenter, who had friends in the Square, more than once exposed his life there. His family remained in their home ; most of them had gone to rest, and had little idea of the conflagration on that terrible Sunday night, which in [Chap. I. :ter were, u wrote : duty, the 'here was s instinct led upon ts golden e mother em lived ed by so ) do well I entered le period listory of ion Acts, ments of It Indian ^er again he Tory poll did possible ee that d ones ; er 29 to study up with i-house, Queen's need in for his hat the n for a Scjuare, mained d little which 1831-1836.] BRISTOL RIOTS. was too apparent to the watchers at the windows. But when the riot was crushed, those who went to the Square could see not only the smoking ruins, but evidences that buried in them were the wretched victims of drink, who had remained too long in the houses they had set on fire. Philip became one of the most earnest preachers of peace, and he often referred to these horrors, as they gave him a vivid conception of what happens in war. The riots were followed by courts-martial on officers ; a special commission for the trial of prisoners, of whom four were hanged ; and the trial of the Mayor (at West- minster), at which Dr. Carpenter gave important testimony. Good came out of evil. The incompetency of a self-elected corporation was so signally proved that these riots prepared the way for the Municipal Corporation Act of 1834. (Philip coi)ied his father's correspondence with arl Grey, Lord Hol- land, and others. His obliging disposition, and his readiness to learn shorthand, made him a useful little secretary.) If possible, his hatred of slavery was in after life a more striking feature of his character than his abhorrence of war ; and no doubt it was stimulated by his flither's ardent love of freedom, which was not abated by the circumstance that some of the most influential and esteemed members of his congregation were large West Indian proprietors. Philip fondly remembered that his father called him " my little Mercury." One of his sisters described him as "the matter-of-fact gentleman ; " and his accuracy, as well as his good nature, was often called out in the family service. Dr. Carpenter published a good deal, and Philip in after days wrote : " I have been connected with printing and editing from my boyhood." The workshop, with its carpenter's tools, was not used when the boys' school had ended ; but we had a book-binder's press, etc., and practised the rudiments of that trade ! Philip's help was frequently sought by his sisters on behalf of the Sunday school. Anna was the librarian, and took good care to keep the soiled books in the best possible order, patching, covering, and mending them ; this used to be the employment of Saturday evening, when her home-school work was over. lO BOYHOOD. [Chap. I. In the year 1833 his uncle Philip died, who a few years before had removed from Birmingham, where he was a manu- facturing optician, to 24, Regent Street, London. He was a man of scientific attainments, and had done much to popularize science by his improvements in what used to be little better than a toy — the magic lantern, and by his exhibition of the solar microscope. He was unmarried ; and his sister Mary, who was carrying on the business, invited her young ne[)hew, then nearly fourteen, to come and learn it. It seemed a con- genial opening for him. Dr. Jerrard, in parting with him from the Bristol College, wrote of him with cordial commendation, and specified that he was " of considerable talents, especially for scientific pursuits;" but, in 1847, Philip wrote to Brooke Herford, who was thinking of exchanging trade for the ministry : — " My father never said a word to Russell or me urging us to the ministry : and as Russell from his boyhood decided for it, I supposed there could not be two in one family, and gave up all idea of it : * and my constructiveness, etc., were well pleased with the optician's business ; so after being at college six months, I was taken away, to my great inward regret, and sent to London. There I stayed behind the counter, properly aproned, etc., for six months, when something led to my brother's finding out my real wishes, who stated them to my father, and he at once consented, sent me back to college, and here I am.' Before he returned home, he was very busy preparing a stock of slides — enough for a gross of microscopes ! His occupation was, no doubt, of practical benefit to him, and his experience of life was enlarged. While at Regent Street he became acquainted with Dr. J. E. Gray, of the British Museum, *w V ;ti h; ht P' hi * Like other ministers' children, he was fond of playing at preaching when a little child. II is mother, with the little ones around her, writes (October, 1S23, when he was nearly four) : " Pliilly is now i)reaching, and M. is his audience ; hut I perceive he is a sad heretic already, for, so far from preaching the doctrine of original sin, he says, • Mankind is very good ; so nobody W(Hi!d speak to Cain : and he was obliged to go away and live by himself.' " [Chap. I. few years a manu- ie was a opularize le better n of the er Mary, nephew, 2d a con- him from Lindation, especially ) Brooke for the .irging us cided for ind gave i^ere well t college ;rct, and properly I to my a to my ege, and :)aring a His and his treet he luseum, ireaching cr, writes ling, and or, so far \ is very go away 1 834- 1 836.] BRISTOL COLLEGE. II fwho introduced him to one of the private meetings of the ■*SZ()ological Society. At the beginning of 1834, he re-entered tthe Bristol College, where he remained for two years and a ihalf Though his studies were sometimes interrupted by ill ;:|heakh, his steady perseverance enabled him to make good Iprogress, especially in mathematics, in which he attained the 'fiighest place. Professor F. W. Newman, at that time one of ■ -Ihe masters, writes to the editor : " You are tiuite right in thinking that your brother Philip was my pupil, first in Bristol, afterwards in Manchesrer. Naturally I did not see much of ' ihim out of class ; Imt he certainly made unusual advances to ime, and I soon gained a perception how very transj)arent was ^is nature — guileless and ardent — a nature with which I had V^arm sympathy, even while (as I must confess) I had a i.Jtender sorrow and pity that he was being educated for the / ^ItJnitarian ministry. But by the time of my going to Man- Ichcster, tliis had evaporated with me. I there saw him without >any refracting or distracting medium, and much admired the earnest purpose, solid character, sweetness and gentleness of temper, combined with originality, free froni eccentricity or juvenile arrogance.^' i)\\ another occasion Mr. Newman wrote : " When I heard of his eminence in natural history, I thought it to be a natural result of his youthful tendencies. . . , jFrom very early years he possessed the highly valuable cjuality pf minute and persevering diligence, with great love of order land precision." In the year 1836, the British Association for the Promotion :|pf Science visited Bristol, and J'hilij) was very useful in heli)ing ^-'-to arrange the valuable conchological collection at the Institu- ation, his judgment in the discriniinaticm of species being |iighly estimated by the very able curator. The meeting was •§in occasion of intense enjoyment to him, to which he often t^eferred. His flither had aided in the preparations for it with fhis usual enthusiasm, and at his breakfast-table were assembled '|Some of Its most distinguished members, wh* did not forget Sfl'hilii) when they met him in after years. m With all his love of natural history, the ministry was his 12 BOYHOOD. [Chap. I. ii i! ,1 , ; !l i!l b; ill'iM heart's desire : and he could have had no better training for it than he had at home. This was, perhaps, the happiest period of his father's Hfe : his colleague, the Rev. R. B, Aspland, M.A., lightened his burden by efficient help ; his plans of usefulness were now cordially appreciated, and were bearing fruit ; and he was able to devote himself more uninterruptedly to the study of the (iospels in which he delighted. The first edition of his "Apostolical Harmony" was published in 1835, and the "Disser- tations" bore evidence of his long study of everything relating to the Holy Land that was accessible to him. " He seemed almost as familiar with the respective places, as if he himself had visited them : and this gave a peculiar vividness to his details. He found the morning the most uninterrupted time for his labours, and often rose between four and five, spending the hours before eight o'clock in close but refreshing study. This was to him the most delightful portion of the day ; and when he joined his family at breakfast, his face would wear an expression not easy to be forgotten, as he would say, ' I have been with the Lord in Galilte this morning.' Those who saw him might indeed take 'knowledge of him that he 'had been with Jesus' " (" Memoir of Dn L. Carpenter," p. 394). The unfeigned faith that was in the father characterized the son, who was sharing his s})irit, and was deeply interested in his work. It was in the summer vacation of this year (August 3. 1835) that Dr. Carpenter wrote to his sister c "We have been very happy in our family meeting. The children have been to each other, and to us, as their parents would desire ; and there is a good spirit among them, and manifestation of stable prin- ciple, which it is a great comfort to witness. To-day we have had the singular satisfaction of all — parents and six children — uniting together at the Lord's Supper. ... As to Philip, on conversing with him in family council on Saturday, I find, as 1 expected, that his bias is very decided towards the ministry." When Philip left home the following year, he wrote a letter to the superintendent of the Sunday school, testifying to the interest he had taken in it, since he began to teach there, when twelve years old. Throughout life, boys had his love; and to Ji [Chap. I. ning for it lest period md, M.A., usefulness t ; and he the study ion of his e "Disser- g relating e seemed le himself iss to his )ted time spending ng study, day; and i wear an r, ' I have ; who saw had been ). mzed the crested in August 3. lave been e been to and there ible prin- r we have hildren — Miilip, on find, as 1 nistry." e a letter ig to the ire, when ' ; and to 1836.] SUNDAY SCHOOL. bring them to God was his chief delight. "Are we not," he writes, "most happy when we are doing good? Are we not truly happy in the hope of teaching the children what may lead them nearer to the happiness of heaven ? And are we not happy in exchanging with them that love which savours of the spirit of Christ } . . . What if the children are sometimes im- patient and discontented ? Are we nevtr to endeavour to follow Him, who was ' firm, yet mild ' ? I speak my own narrow ^experience when I say that, when the children are most trouble- wsome, it is because I have not sufliciently walked with them in , the spirit of love." He concludes with expressing his gratitude for all the kindness he had experienced from his fellow ; teachers. In Octolier. 1836, his brother William was entering his last session at Edinburgh, and it was resolved that Philip should accompany him, that he might benefit by the great advantages whicii that university offered to a lover of science : and it was felt to be a good thing that the two i)rothers, who had many of the same tastes and pursuits, should be together. His mother writes : " Philip has been everything to us, and exceedingly beloved by every one, as well as a great cheerer of our grave circle by his cheerfulness." His sisters were then working hard at an exhausting profession — that from which home seems no refuge ; for in a l)oarding-school the responsibility is always pressing — and his lively, sportive ways, as well as his ready helpfulness and symi)athy, made his company very refreshing to them. Their letters show in how many ways he was missed. I t li>l {'I: ill ii CHAPTER II. COLLEGE life: 1836-184I. iET. 17-2I. In the early days of Reform, Dr. Carpenter hoped that he might send his younger sons to Oxford or Cambridge; but a generation elapsed before these universities were open to Non- conformists. Many of their class-fellows at the Bristol College obtained scholarshi])s and high university honours, and Philip, from his perseverance and mathematical talent, would have distinguished himself at Cambridge ; his session at Edinburgh had, however, its peculiar advantages. The two brothers arrived before the commencement of the session. William had arranged to deliver some lectures to the Edinburgh Philosophical Society, and he writes : " Philip has been work- ing very hard for me, in stencilling a set of tallies, etc., with brass letters." Philip attended the classes of Professor Pillans — Eatin ; Professor Eorloes — Natural Philosoj)hy ; Pro- fessor Wilson— Moral Philosophy ; and Dr. Reid's lectures on Chemistry. He seldom referred to Professor Wilson's lectures, which did not sustain a reputation won in other fields ; but he and his l)rother enjoyed their visits to the hospitable house of this distinguished writer, who had been their father's fellow- student. In Professor Pillans's class he was appointed in- spector, which obliged him to give three or four hours a week to looking over exercises. He much enjoyed Professor Eorbes's lectures, and as he and a few other students had studied the calculus, the i)rofessor had an extra class a week, to which he gave lectures upon it, and on the higher branches of astronomy, etc. These were ** extremely interesting." Among his class- $' 1 ^f , l< ft fi fL St b a n a 1836-1837.] EDINBURGH. \'> d that he ge ; but a n to Non- )I College id Philij), )uld have Edinburgh brothers William Edinburgh en work- les, etc., Professor ly; Pro- tures on lectures, ; but he house of s fellow- nted in- s a week Forbes's died the vhich he ronomy, lis class- fellows were some from the Bristol College : they obtained the first "general competition prizes," Philip ranking third. He felt the pleasant stimulus of belonging to a body of a thousand students : " Vou know I was always ' Jowler, my dog, a social beast.' " The brothers attended the Unitarian chapel (.St. Mark's), nd the minister, Rev. B. J. Stannus, asked Philip, who was nothing loth, to take his youngest catechetical class ; and soon afterwards he became the morning organist, delighting to play voluntaries from the works of the great masters. On the close l^f the session, at the end of April, he returned to Bristol. In September, 1837, Philip accompanied the writer to ¥ Manchester College," York. This college, which, since 1853, as been established near University College, London, " is the ^successor and reiiresentative of a long series of academical ^institutions" which Knglish Presbyterians maintained to pro- vide university learning for their future ministers and others, who were excluded as Nonconformists from Oxford and Cam- bridge. It was founded at Manchester in 1786, soon after the dissolution of the celebrated Warrington Academy ; and was removed to York in 1803, to be under the charge of the Rev. C. W'ellbcloved. Mr. Wellbeloved was a man of jirofound learning, and a devoted student. His princij)al publication was a translation of the Pentateuch and the devotional ■and didactic books of Scripture, with notes. In 1823-24 he :^ engaged in controversy with Archdeacon \\'rangham, who had |anim:idverted on Unitarianism, and many of his students were -kindled with proselytizing zeal. But doctrinal discussions were not to his taste, and at this later period he rebuked one iof his students who had been distributing Unitarian trads in a |Tieighbouring village, intimating that, while still at college, he ■jAvas not qualified to form a decided opinion. Old age, and |the Chancery suit tl en pending agiinst the trustees of Lady |Hewley (who had bo 11 a member of the congregation to which dhe ministered), had rendered him somewhat desponding. In ;: earlier days he had taken a leading part in local institutions, i and no one was held as a higher authority on the antiquities J^'i i6 COLLEGE LIFE. [Chap. II. I.I r^! '■\v ' (I fl :! ■ of York. His son-in-law, the Rev. J. Kenrick, M.A., F.S.A. (who died May, 1877, in his ninetieth year), was tutor in classics, history, belles lettres, and German. He had studied at Gottingen and Berlin, as well as at Cilasgow, and as a scholar was second to none in the country. All that he wrote was distinguished by " thoroughness of knowledge, with the highest finish of execution." He conferred great benefit on scholars by his translation of Zumpt's Latin Grammar, and by his editions of Matthias's Greek (irammar. Among his works may be mentioned " Ancient Egypt under the Pharaohs." (two volumes), "Phtcnicia," and a memoir of the Rev. C. Wellbc- loved. We were very proud of such a tutor, and those whom he taught felt his moral and intellectual influence. Unfortu- nately, he was suffering from a complaint in the eyes most of the time that Philip was at York, and his lectures were read to the students by others — in this year by Dr. \V. C. Perry, a recent student, who had just returned from (Jottingen. With the resident lutor, the Rev. W, Hincks, F.L.S., who lectured on mathematics and philosophy, Philip found a bond of sympatli)- in his ardent love of natural history; his son, the Rev. '\. Hincks, B.A., F.R.S., was one of the senior students when Philip entered, and was his predecessor at Warrington. His successor there, the Rev. J. N. Porter, was also then at York ; and so were the Rev. W. Mountford, M.A. (who, in 1850, went to Boston, U.S., where he had obtained a high reputation by his *' Martyria," " Euthanasy," etc.), and the Rev. Dr. ^'ance Smith (one of the committee for revising the translation of the New Testament). There were then sixteen divinity students. Mr. Kenrick wrote to Dr. L. Carpenter, July 14, 1838 : — " The actual decline and extinction of many of our congre- gations, the threatened wholesale loss of chapels and endow- ments by Calvinistic usurpation, make the prospects of students for the ministry more unpromising, and their lot more un- attractive than ever. And beside these causes, which make parents destine their sons to other professions, there seems a tendency in Unitarians at present to refine away everything that is tangible and influential in the creed of Unitarians of the V- %.; :haf. II. ,, F.S.A. as tutor He had ;o\v, and 1 that he Ige, with cnefit on ', and by lis works ihs" (two . Wfllbe- se whom Unfortu- ; most of ^ere read Perry, a n. With ctured on iympathy Rev. 'r. ts when His at York ; 50, went jn by his ce Smith he New- ts. Mr. congre- endow- students lore un- h make seems a erything lis of the 1837-1838.] YORK. 17 jn. old school ; so that a young man who hears their statements may well ask himself what sort of a gospel it is of which he is to be the minister, and be at some loss to discern in what some of our preachers differ from German anti-supernaturalists. These are things which we cannot check." The senior students, with Mr. Hincks, met to hear Dr. Perry translate, from the (lerman, Strauss's celebrated "Life of Christ " ; and no doubt many felt at this period of their lives a great uncertainty as to much which they had once taken for • granted. Mr. Wellbeloved was imbued with the opinions of liis learned predecessor, Rev. N. Cappe : he api>Iied many of |he prophecies supposed to relate to the last judgment, etc., in the New Testament, simply to the destruction of Jerusalem, and laid more stress on the natural arguments for a future life than the Priestley school. In his abhorrence of dogmatism, he was much addicted to the words " probably " and " perhaps : " he refused in any important matter to bias us by announcing his own opinion; though we used to give special heed when he spoke of any view as " little known and less regarded ! " There ijv'as no manifestation of earnest religious life, either in the college or in the congregation. The chapel in St. Saviourgate was attended by many who considered that the large endow- ments relieved them of its support ; whilst, except the Sunday services, they did not expect much from their minister. The Sunday school was in a very languid condition, and the Students took little interest in it. In after days, Philip deeply fegretted the " deadening influences" of his life at York; and yet we shall see that it had its advantages, especially to one |rho had so much of the quickening S])irit. f| In his first session, Philip was hindered in his studies by Inflammation of the eyes, a complaint to which he was then iable. He attended most of the lectures, without being able |D work for them. What he wrote to his sister Mary, of the ||vidence course, is characteristic : " I am glad to have Natural p-eligion done with, as it is to me very unsatisfactory in many Jiings. However ... the methodized references he gives us ^e very useful : though I cannot read many of them now. c y w i8 COLLEGE LIFE. [Chap. II i|^ "!i ^i ReviJed Religion, which we are now doing, I find more interesting." Some of hi.s fellow-students were ready to rca(' to him ; he taught what we called a "gamut club," to practisi. the scales — for a time he treated himself to a piano ; and backgammon often shortened the evenings. The great tre.i; of the year was his Christmas vacatir)n at Leeds. Part of tlu time he spent with the family of his fellow-student, Mr. Arthur Lupton, junior, whose excellent mother was an enthusiasti( teetotaler ; and part with the Huckton family, who were ver\ musical, and to one of whom, Mr. (ieorge Huckton, who wa- younger than himself, he felt specially drawn. They retained their affectionate friendship to the last. He wrote to him on his return : " Everything 1 play, I try to think whether you would like it or not ; and every glee the students sing recalls tfi my mind days — now, alas 1 past — of sweet singings and flute^ and pianos : and (last but not least) people. Excuse sentimen tality. ... I am very happy, very; but of course I could not expect to be so happy as 1 was in your house, and with niv other Leeds friends." The chai)el organ was undergoing repairs, and Philip soon made acquaintance with the organ-builder, who invited him to see the Minster organ, which he was "voicing." Of this he sent a full description to his brother William. To Mary he wrote (March, 1838): " My own situation is curiously different from what it was last year. . . . Then I was in the midst of a verv large world, with beautiful and romantic scenery, and every thing suited to keep me in a state of gentle excitement. Now my ideas are exceedingly confined ; there is nothing (leaving the Minster out of the (juestion) to call me out : my acquaint ance exceedingly limited, the scenery in general the very acnu of straight-road, flat-country stupidity. I feel extremely unin- terested about most things : science is buried in oblivion ; mollusca* are hardly recovered from their winter torpidity: Greek, Latin, and Hebrew engage little attention, and alto- gether I am extremely placid. But the Minster is enough tc ♦ When he found how flat the country was, he had comforted hiniscl! on learning that it was a particularly favourable place for fresh-water shells .. - i; ;. ni \w it ti sit bt . P-' hi- hi .Ui„ Chap. II ind nion y to read 3 prattisL ino ; and rcat trCiii art of the Ir. Arthur Uhu.siasti( were ven , who wa- y retained to him on icther yoi: ; recalls to and flute^ sentimen could not 1 with ni\ hihp soon cd him t(i his he sen: he wrote rent from of a very nd every nt. Now (leavin;: acciuaint ery acme ely unin- oblivion ; torpidity . and alto- nough tc rted himstl: k'ater she!N. 1 1838.] THE MINSTER. 19 tmake up for any deficiencies : there the mind can expand as [nuu.h as it likes, and I would not change it for EdinburL,di with fits society, university, and scenery. I am too, for the first time, in a set whose views are like my own — a very remarkable "^siluation. . . . The dulness of the country leads us to see beauty and admire, where, in a jilace like Bristol, we should pass by without anything to notice." He longed " to see a decent Sunday school," and to refresh his spirit in the vacation : this he did, and returned with good heart, though there was much to depress in the condition of t!ie college. Eight senior students (including the writer) had finished their course, and only three jun' s entered. It was Vdted "a very stupid session;" but he wrote, "I am happy, •having so many extraneous things to interest me." He was >trving to stir up the congregation to build a room for the Sunday school, and was teaching the children singing ; " and tliere is 'York's redeeming place' still 1" As, in later life, he became an attendant on the Church of I<>ngland, it is interest- ing to note how susceptible he was from his youth to its attrac- ;ti(jns, and how strong must have been the convictions which kept him from its communion. The following extract from a letter to his father (October 22, 1838) shows not only his feeling for Cathedral music, but his pleasure that others could share it : — " I do not know what 'fliade me so stupid yesterday. I think it was going to the 'IMinster, where I was more excited by the music than ever i ,i\as before. It was the 'Creation :' the second time of my hear- ing it. As I was now prepared for everything, I entered into it more fully : and yet, though I was prepared, when it came to ^the burst at ' Let there be light,' 1 was completely carried .|iway, and a very little more would have made me fall down ; for I felt exactly as I did after I was bled. However, I made 41 vigorous effort, and after a time recovered myself. I cannot Jimagine anything more perfectly sublime than this. Persons ■|lalk of a full orchestra, but give me the Minster organ with its J^edals. The Chaos was most grand, terrible, and powerful, ;|ind here and there most sweet and delightful. Then after the s T ao COLLEGE LIFE. [Chap. II. »"• recitative, the beautiful way in which the brooding of the sjjirit is represented by the sweet subdued tones of the choristers : then the tremendous burst : and afterwards * The heavens arc teUing : ' and to think that all this music is open to all, and that most must be deriving influences of good from it — it is most delightful ! Luckily 1 was by myself: I could not have borne to s])eak. I cooled myself down, walking about the Minster till all had gone out : and every Sunday now brings new effe( t> of light and shadows. The dusky dimness had a ver\- solemn effect, and harmonized well with the anthem ; and just as the last note of the voluntary was dying away, the sweet clear tones of the clock slowly thrilled through the aisles : altogether it was too beautiful." Mr. Wellbeloved had mentioned his love of music to the Rev. W. Taylor, the able, humorous, and genial secretary of the Blind School, who had a similar taste : he called on him and invited him to dinner. As at that time the sectarian lines were strictly drawn in Bristol, Philip was much surprised at the sociable way in which he was received by his host and his clerical guests. Among his other friends at York were the late Professor Phillips and his sister. Mr. Phillips, the eminent geologist, and secretary of the British Association, was then curator of the York Museum. One of the great drawbacks at York was the dearth of society. Outside the college, we had scarcely any com- panions of our own age ; but within its walls we were re- markably social. We took an early tea in our own rooms, and often visited each other, our parties breaking up in an hour or so, as evening was our time for study ; but when it was a " club," we remained till prayers, at nine. These clubs, as we called them, were for debating, Shakespeare-reading, glee- singing, and the College Repository (or " Poz."). The Repository was an old institution, and the early volumes con- tain a record of college adventures and jokes. In 1832, how- ever, a new series was commenced ; the papers were more carefully written, and each member was required to insert a paper, or a shilling, in the censor's box every month, and to 1 837- 1840.1 THE REPOSITORY. le spirit iristers : L'ns are nd that is most e borne Minster t' effcc t> solemn t as the ar tones ;ether ii z to the •etary ot on him ian Unes id at the and his ^ere the eminent ,-as then earth of ay corn- were re- 1 rooms, p in an sn it was clubs, as ng, glee- The lies con- 32, how- ;re more insert a 1, and to lake his turn as secretary, whose duty it was to copy the papers, invite the club to tea, and then read the number. They were very lively, pleasant, good-humoured meetings; and part of I the fun was, afterwards, to guess the authors. PhiUp threw himself heart and mind into the " Poz. : " when many senior students had left, he resolved that this should not decline. He hardly ever wrote less than two papers, and no doubt the jtractice in composition was of service to him. He used to keep me fully informed of the contents and (juality of each number, and when it was his turn to be secretary, he impressed me and some other friends : " Vou will say I am very [exorbitant ; but I don't care : I am like a shark for the Poz. !" He worked with etjual energy, though with less delight, for the Sunday school ; for he found few to help him, or to apjjreciate his high standard. He visited the children at their homes, never allowing himself to be baffled by difficulties in finding them, 'i'he i)lan of building the .school-room was given lip : when the Lord Chancellor had given judgment against the Lady Hewley trustees, there was a fear of adding to property that might pass into other hands.* A space in the chapel was arranged for the school ; and the school library and other effects were to be removed there from the room that had been rented. The teachers " wanted to hire a man ; however, I caused them to assemble one Monday night, and we made a removal by candlelight. If I had not been a bit of a carpenter, jand told them what to do, I believe we should not have done [till midnight!" One of his fellow-students was Mr. W. H. Herford, B.A., ^of Manchester, his life-long and intimate friend. He writes to the editor : " We first met on, or about, the last Friday of September, 1837, when he entered York as a divinity student of the second year, and I as one of the first year. I do rot recollect precisely the first impression he made ui)on me : other ot my new comrades were photographed on my memory the very * Rooms were erected, in 1878, at a cost of about £^00, called the Kcnrick Rooms, in memory of the Rev. J. Kenrick, one of the chief con- tributors. ^ 22 COLLEGE LLFE. [Chap. II. ' ii: ^'it^P' ,ri:jill'i -;i '!■ first day. At first, and more or less during the whole of my first session, my liking or involuntary acknowledgment of Philip's goodness was balanced, sometimes threatening t(j topple over into dislike, by his assuming somewhat more with me the character of guide and philosopher than friend. Totally free himself from boyish mischief or youthful idleness, he im- ])ressed my duties upon me more energetically titan I could well endure. When in his opinion I neglected my class work, to boat cr to stroll, as the spring evenings lengthened, I should occasionally find my room * turned up,' as it was called ; that is to say, every movable thing — boots, books, tea-things, etc. — arranged in some artful pattern on the floor. On my re- monstrating against this unfriendly treatment, Philip replied that ' as I had so much time, it could not d^ me any harm to jnit my things in their places again.' Still we were always drawn together ; the kindness and purity of his mind one <:ould not help loving : and he must have taken an interest in me, however oddly bhown ; for while provoked by and resent- ing this sort of management, I never for a moment doubted its sincerity. From the beginning, he was always delighted to si)eak of his father (especially), and of other members of his family also ; and 1 never saw affection and veneration more l)lainly marked than in his way of speakmg of his parents. Perhaos everything belonging to his family and home was \ali'ed to a degree which seemed somewhat exaggerated. I well rememi.er that the beauties of the West of England, and of Bristol itself, were celebrated in pa3ans so exalted, that I at the time firmly believed the whole to be utterly beyond the fact ; and never till twenty years later, when I had lived long on the Rhine and seen Switzerland, did 1 acknowledge the real beauties of the Avon and Clifton Down. " He wished much to get us to work with him at the Sunday school of St. Saviourgate Chapel ; but I helped, if at all, very little and very irregularly. He persevered and made friends with the flimily of Hopkinson, the precentor of the ( hapel, two of whose sons * sung like cherubs in the boys' * lie gave tlioni lessons in thorough bass. In his second session, he became the organist at the chapel. HAP, II. i,S40.] THE FIRE. 23 ; of m\ ncnt of ning to )re with Totally , he ini- I could ss work, [ should >d ; that ngs, etc. my re- replied harm to J always ind one terest in I resent- ibted its [hted to s of his )n more parents, me was ited. I nd, and lat I at ond the ed long the real division of the Minster choir. I believe that from the very beginning of my acquaintance with Philip, I esteem; d him one of the children of light : I could see that he lived, or meant to live, on a higher level than we — to follow duty and not inclina- tion, really and steadily, from the first ; while we intended, some day, when we had finished our college course, or when we got a congregation, or at some other * convenient season,' to go in for duty and doing good. This difference, not asserted at all by himself (unless that playing of Nemesis, to which I alluded above, in any degree asserted it), but seen by us, has made the deei)est imi)ression on my memory. In all our li;,'hter moments, our jokes and our nonsense, he was one of i!S : but while, on the whole, a pure and harmless tone reigned among us, so that any indelicacy of expression, unless lighted uj) by unusual wit, was discouraged by general consent, with Philip no wit or humour was sufficient to condone indecency. " I well remember his anxiety and pain at the second fire of \'ork Minster, May 20, 1840. He must, I think, have helped when most of the students stood in the row of l)ucket-bearers and handed along the water, which, unable to reach the roof and towers, was usefiilly, if humbly, a[)plied to quenching a bonfire of burning beams which lay on the floor of the nave." The contlagration raged for al)out seven hours ; and at two, and again at half-past three o'clock a.m., Philip wrote a graphic description of it to "The Bristol Mercury." In i second letter, he speaks of the apathy, laziness, and stupidity of the crowd ; but says that many gentlemen exerted themselves to the utmost. The great lantern tower checked the flames from reaching the choir, care being taken to extinguish the burning fragments which fell on it. About five a.m., it was ascertained that the organ, with its great exposed wooden pipes, was uninjured ; and Dr. Camidge "played 'God save the (^ueen' on the full organ, in the midst of the smoking ruins. The effect of this was grand in the extreme." Philip had pictureTrames made from the Minster oak saved from the burning. Before this event a sad stroke fell on his home. In uie summer of 1839 his lather's health gave way, and he wa^ —.4^ '^i lll'l 24 COLLEGE LIFE. [Chap. 11. again afflicted with the distressing malady from which it had taken him two years to recover, in 1826-28. He left home, July 22, and the next month set out on that journey on the continent from which he wms not to return. I remained in Bristol to taue his share of pulpit duty. Knowing how deeply Philip loved him, it is striking to find scarcely any allusion to him in his letters ; but w^hat he does write about him shows that he could not bear to write more. He once said that he had little "hope" in his nature, and found it best " (quietly to wait ; " and while waiting, he threw his mind into his college pursuits, and did not reject the gaiety of college jests. " In my last session " (he wrote to Brooke Herford, in the letter already quoted *) " I had a very pressing invitation to go back to my old work [at 24, Regent Street] : I soon should have had JQ200 a year, and a good chance of making my fortune. For a little time I thought I ought to accept it, for the sake of the family; but they have been sufficiently provided for, and I have never regretted declining it." He wrote to me at the time (November 10, 1839) : " My aunt's letter was to me no tempta tion, for when I retlect on the life of a minister ... I cannot fancy myself happy in any other employment ; . . . but I thought whether it was right that I should deliberately choose a mode of life in which I could not hope to be of much assist- ance to the family, when another was offered in which I might. . . . When this was settled, right glad was I to find that Aunt M. was satisfied, as well as the people at home." It is touch- ing to think how anxious this youngest son was, not only to save his family every possible expense, by the strictest economy, but to help to bear their burdens ; but he saw how his sisters were spending their strength and energy in their school, and the spirit of that home was strong within him. It was a rare thing for him then to enter in his letters on rehgious subjects ; but on my next birthday he expressed his earnest hope that we might become " better and better Chris- tians : there may be excuses for others, but there is none for us, for it is our business to learn to be good, so as to teach others. I think we ought to consider this one of our greatest * p. 10. ■^illiLU 1840.] HIS FIRST PREACHING. 25 ^ talents ; God grant that it may, to both of us, gain ten other ;M talents. How much more difficult everything seems to be, 5 when you think of it. 1 wish I understood things so as to believe them. What is meant by the pardon of sin ? Can any sin be i)ardoned in the human sense ? Will not the effects of it rcmrin for ever? If so, it is not pardoned. On God and a .^future life I don't like to think, because it makes me have doubts which I cannot remove, but which yet I know are groundless. But enough of this." And then he fills a long letter with more gaiety and college jokes than usual. The students m their fourth year (into which he had now entered) commenced preaching at Welburn, a village then without a church, where a zealous General Baptist, J. Mason, had collected a congregation which was afterwards "supplied " by the college. It was close to Castle Howard Park, about twelve miles from York. A little chapel* was built there (1825) in the days of Dr. Beard and Dr. Martineau. Mr. Wellbeloved ^tdld us that, though he did not approve of "boy preachers," he wished us to do what the committee desired. We did not preach in his pulj)it till our fifth year. This session, |however, was an excei)tional one, as Mr. Wellbeloved wished o hear the senior students before the removal of the collefje o Manchester. Philip's first sermon was on "Watchfulness" (Mark xiii. 37); his next on "Brotherly love" (Heb. xiii. i). Ills first visit to Welburn (February 2, 1840) hapj)ened to be just after the death of one of the leading members of the congregation; and though the funeral sermon was to be the :;f(-)llowing Sunday, the people were in a right mood for his ^earnest teaching. His letter to me tells all the little events of the day, often with much humour, and those who did not know him would little dream from it what his real feeling was ; but, in the uread of cant or display, it was the college fiishion — Jiot altogether out of nature — for light trifles to come to the v^urtace, and to let the weightier matters sink out of sight. His friend who accompanied him wondered at his delivering his When the college was removed, tlie congregation declined ; a church ha^ since been built, and in 1878 the chapel was sold. m .4 ! : '■ ' III iljllH* 96 COLLEGE LIFE. [Chap. II. sermon, as though he thought he was saying something im- portant I " Which I did," adds Philip. They argued on their way home whether they were to say anything that could he misunderstood. His friend did not believe in " the day of judgment;" Philip thought it right to use Scripture language, whi< h people could interpret according to their light. A fort- night later, he i)reached at the chapel in St. Saviourgate. This service was in the afternoon, when the congregation was scanty ; but it contained many critics. He preached on a characteristic theme — " The connection between the love of (lod and of man" (i John iv. 20). He felt "perfectly dis- gusted " with his sermon, though he had taken great pains with it, and he had complied with Mr. Wellbeloved's wishes in many little particulars.* He was rewarded by the cordial approval of his venerable friend. " I am glad 1 pleased him, as 1 was preaching for him. ... I then went to the Minster, and heard the Et incarnatiis est — exquisite thing 1 What shall one do without the Minster? f How do you manage to live?" His appreciation of this glorious music did not damp his efforts to improve the choir at St. Saviourgate : he was organist there, and induced the congregation to consent to having some additions made to the organ ; but, as he found that it was their habit to pay for repairs, etc., out of the fund that would else go to the minister, he went about collecting subscriptions. He had the pleasure of opening the instrument, a few Suncla^.s before he left York, free from debt. In March, the exciting intelligence reached him that the college (first of the Dissenting colleges) was affiliated to the new University of London ; and that students, duly certifi- cated, might take the P. A. degree without matriculating, at the next examination in June. He urged me to go up : and said that as he was not twenty-one, and a dutiful son, he would go * "I arranged the prayers in the homiletic way ; and got an tis bene- diction [he with us — not, be with you\ and did not say, 'in whose words,' before the Ix>rd's I'rayer." t Earlier in tlie session, he wrote that he had not been able to go to the Minster for three weeks, and "one sweet little boy, who used to open lii- niouth, and sing out, when he saw me looking at him, has died of typlnii fever." .S40.] HIS FATHER'S DEATH. 27 up if we required it; but he greatly desired to defer it, as he wished the last examination at York to be a creditable one. While corresponding on this subject, the news reached us of our Cither's death, on his voyage from Naples (April 5, 1840); and Philip came to Bristol, where he remained two ur three weeks. We took long country walks together, bring- lui; home flowers for our mother : I never felt more grate- Uil for the beauty of the spring. Our bereavement called forth the living reality of faith, and made the doubts which our college inquiries had suggested appear merely specula- tive. The mystery of his death seemci to clear up the nnstery of his life. We knew nothing as to his mortal end, ^and immortality seemed brought to light. He had "walked with God; and he was not, for God took him" — took him from the cloud and the burden under which of late he had ,l)L'cn walking, to the Father's house. When we all met that l.aster Sunday in our mother's room, she saw how clearly % " tiu! visioned glories all appeared " to us, and warned us 'Jtiiat, if we were on the Delectable Mountains, we might yet SaL,Min have to traverse the Valley of Humiliation. But deeply, tenderly, sadly, as we felt our loss — a loss we could never forget — we felt that with him it must be well. It was a time of holy communion for the family. On the Sunday after the fvhom he visited Mr. Norris of Bury, who had a magnificent collection. His father's valued friend, Mr. G. W. Wood, M.P., lived on the way between Stand and Manchester ; and Mrs. Wood, who was always most kind to him, gave him a general invitation to breakfast, which he twice accepted, and had interesting conversation with Dr. Buckland, Dr. Daubeny, and Professor Baden Powell (who gave him one of his books) : they all spoke with pleasant remembrance of Bristol. " I thought myself rather impudent, to talk to these people ; but I have not often such opportunities, and they were very amiable ! " He greatly enjoyed the beauty of the rooms at the soiree, and liked to see so many people in full dress ; on the guinea dinner he did not venture, being content to dine on a twopenny loaf ! The excursion was to the Worsley Tunnels, into the midst of the collieries ; but he did not find a long sail in the dark particularly charming. " At last, about three o'clock, we came to a shaft with a great tub ; so many of us politely insinuated that we had had quite enough, and would get out ; for it made us yearn for our native country, to see the star of daylight at the top ! So at last, after waiting a long time, for only three could go at once, about thirty of us got up. The feeling of ascending in the air with very great speed was truly delightful, and we got on terra fir >na, having our minds enlightened on the following points : — that five hours' sailing underground was enough ; and that we had seen, for the first and last time, men, women, girls, and boys, only to be known by their hair." He had more pleasure in going over some of the Manchester factories, where he found that some engaged in the hardest work were teetotalers, who got through their work as well as, or better than, those who had their quart ! This summer (1842) the youngest of his sisters, Susan, ^TT m. 44 MINISTRY AT STAND. [Chap. III. came to keep house for him, which she continued to do till her marriage, eight years afterwards. An old friend from Bristol accompanied her, who, however, did not long remain at Stand ; and his sister, during part of her stay there, had one or two pupils to board with her at the parsonage. Philip felt it " very funny having a house of one's own, and driving in nails just where one likes," and *'to feel one's self the head of a family of four, and to see one's name on the kitchen towels, which is, to me, one of the most wonderful parts of the business ! " He gives a minute description of what may be seen in his house, from his cabinet opposite the dining-room fire, to ' e blue-bottles and the net to catch them in the larder. Then, outside, the lime-tree in the most luxuriant flower, perfuming the whole neighbourhood ; the garden, with its fruit- trees and bushes, and roses and carnations. "A great part of it has got weeded by the law of pulling up a weed for every gooseberry eaten." He is full of delight at the beauty of the neighbourhood and the extensive prospects. The atmosphere was then unusually clear: "we can see by the absence of smoke that there has been hardly anything done at Manchester, Bury, Bolton, Oldham, and all intermediate places." There was a general "turn-out;" in his immediate neigh- bourhood they were pretty quiet, though there was some fighting, not far off. " They are going to let some few people go to work to-day, as is evident from the painter coming. He tried to come last week, but was turned back. We are not alarmed ourselves, and have not suffered, except that we find it very difficult to refuse starving women, especially as they won't give them anything from the parish. They won't even let dressmakers work ; only farmers and bakers, and then they eat their stuff. They are beginning to split about the Charter, and I hope it will soon come to an end. How dependent we are upon others ! " The week before, he had written to Mr. G. Buckton : " We have had a sad week here, and a most senseless mobbing on the part of the working-men, as they will soon find to their cost. They politely go up to the people- say they don't want to frighten them, but they should like some 1842.] THE TURN-OUT. 45 money. A great deal goes to the public-houses, and the poor wives and families are left to starve." At this time he had to fulfil an engagement to preach at Buxton. He "did not like leaving home, just as the mob were coming ; but as they say here, * It was like to be done,' there was no help for it." He had interesting conversation on his journey with a Chat Moss farmer, who took the part of the rioters. (" I certainly inherit a little of my father's knack of meeting with nice people in travelling.") "Since I began to preach, I never had a Sunday before, quite by myself, with nothing to do but to preach. I thoroughly enjoyed the excessive beauty and quiet, and lay down on my mackintosh, and eat wild raspberries, and gathered flowers and caracoUas, and pulled up some parnassias by the root, to plant in the garden." After evening service, "feeling rather anxious about home, not knowing whether the mob would be quiet or not, I determined to get back as soon as possible ; and, finding that there was no coach till half-past eight next morning, I set off walking towards the beautiful sunset, over the noble hills, till it got quite dark. On my way I picked up a Chartist, and was glad to talk with him, and find out their views of things. I slept at Didsbury, having walked eleven miles, besides my day's sauntering [he had climbed the hills before breakfast]. I got up at half-past four, and walked on, break- fasting on bread and milk at a farmhouse, where the rioters had been twice, eating up all their food and preventing them f"om getting in their harvest. It is harder on farmers and small shop-keepers than on any one else. I got to Stockport in time for the eight o'clock train." On his return home, he " was much delighted to find all quiet there, though they had just had a mob of more than a thousand begging." In a subsequent letter he speaks of the improvidence and wasteful ways of the people, and the drunkenness that even then prevailed ; but adds, " A great many of the really deserving are very patient. About here, where they are as badly off as anywhere, there has been no rioting and comparatively little begging." At that time, many ot the hand-loom weavers had ^.:hl 46 MINISTRY AT STAND. [Chap. III. miserably small wages. There was a great improvement in the conduct of the people, from what would have happened some years before, owing to the spread of intelligence. ** There has been very little outrage ; in many cases they have refused drink offered, and have kept each other from violence, saying that that was not their object." His Buxton excursion shows how much vigour he now enjoyed. His pulpit-record notes that he not unfrequently preached three times ; e.g., after his ovvti services, he preached in the evening at the Mosley Street School-room, walking there and back — twelve miles. He finds that he must restrain his voice, "which people say is much too powerful." At Monton, where he preached his first "charity sermon," he spoke with such animation as once to make the bell sound ! About this time, there was a drifting away from the Unitarian landmarks. In two periodicals, articles appeared which seemed deistical, and caused him great pain ; but when they were discussed at a private meeting of ministers, with such intemperate language that Rev. J. J. Tayler (who was greatly saddened by it) intimated that he might have to leave the body, his sympathies went with the sufferers. In November, he was invited by a clerg>'man of the neigh- bourhood, who was secretary of the Bible Society, to meet some ministers before a public meeting. " As I entered, Mr. S. took me into a room by myself, and was evidently very uncomfortable. Vt last he told me that he liked to be candid, and that the fact v/as that he had asked me, intending to give me a resolution ; but the committee decided that a Unitarian was not to speak or act [hold office ?], though he might give his money. I told him he need not be uncomfortable, as it was no fault of his ; that I had no wish to speak, individually ; and as to our body, we were so accustomed to be treated as not Christians,* that it did not surprise us, and we were only * Some years before, an effort had been ma'le (o expel Unitarians from the Bible Society, which was unsuccessful ; and tho-e who were eager for their exclusion founilcd the Trinitarian Bible Society. As regards the Scriptural Unitarians, like Dr. L. Carpenter, it certainly seemed incon- 1842.] i: t . n 1842.1 BIBLE SOCIETY, 47 unusually glad if on an} occasion we were allowed the right hand of fellowship. As he still seemed uncomfortable, it struck me that I might be in the way at tea ; so I asked him ; but he said that he was master in his own house, etc., so I went into the room. [He had pleasant conversation there with an Irish clergyman reputed to be 'a flaming Evangelical,' who did not suspect who he was, and who, when they came to the meeting, was one of those who were urgent that he should go on the platform.] As I did not want to proclaim bigotry, I was obliged to tell them that Mr. S. would explain to them afterwards. The speeches were very interesting and practical, and would have seemed very liberal to those who were not behind the scenes as I was. After the meeting, Mr. S. asked me to supper ; but I refused, as I expected the people would want to know why I did not speak ; so I went down to the teetotal meeting, and heard the end of a most interesting lecture by one of the Christians. I felt my heart warm within me, as I thought that here I could speak and be welcomed." On the following Wednesday, he attended the anniversary of the Teetotal Society at Bury, to which he belonged, and heard an interesting lecture by Mr. Howorth, which was after wards printed. " On Thursday, I went over again to Bury to meet Mr. Barker. Mr. Howorth had got over Mr. and Mrs. J. J. Tayler ; but they did not seem to fit till, I suppose, Mr. Fayler found out that it was the Mr. Barker, and then they conversed in a most interesting manner. We went together to the teetotal tea-party of about six hundred — a most animating and delightful scene. The hymns were beautiful in the extreme. Afterwards, the public were admitted, and the room thronged with about a thousand people. Mr. Edmund Grundy was in the chair. Some reformed men spoke very religiously, and there were some resolutions passed, one of which I seconded ; then Mr. Barker lectured in short, t pie sentences, full ot meaning, uttered with perfect simplicity, very little animation cjmous to attempt to expel from a Bible Society the only believers who arc content to express their faith in tlie words of the l3ible, or to deny the name Evangelical to those who especially rested on the Evangelical records ! ■ If; i t i ! I 48 MINISTRY AT STAND. [Chap. III. or action, with the most lovable countenance. . . . T'here was such a Christian spirit running through it, and all his arguments were founded on Christian principles ; so that I thought it quite irre. stible. Several persons signed. . . . Mr. Tayler quite approved of all his arguments, but thought, in the circle in which he moved, there was no occasion for it. Perhaps he does not think how many ministers, even in our own body, have been ruined by drink, nor how many injure themselves by what is called ' moderate drinking ! ' " Philip .slept in Bury ; and the next morning had a long talk with Mr. Barker, who dwelt on the evils of sectarianism, and disapproved of the " Unitarian " name. " In doctrinal matters, I fancy I should entirely agree with him. There are nearly three hundred Christian congregations, most of them from the ' New Connexion.' He does not care much for re- ligious opinions ; ' Faith which worketh by love ' is his motto. [In the afternoon, they called on some of the ' Christians.'] They began at once to talk religion (in our visits, Mr. Howorth and I wasted so much time in winding round to religion) \ and though the Methodistical way is rather strange to us till we get used to it, yet we were much delighted to see such piety. We then knelt down. The amens, etc., a little put me out at first ; but after two days of it, I got so used to it that I could hardly get on at chapel on Sunday without it — the people seemed as though they weren't attending. We had a glorious tea at Mr. Howorth's : Mr. R. (Independent), Mr. S. (Methodist), Mr. P. (Ranter), Units, and Christians. They all argued non-resistance a little, and then they got on the Atonement. They all agreed that the effect was on man, not on God ; and said they thought this was the general belief. Is not this cheering ? They made great apologies for introducing the subje<:t before us, and evidently thought we could not go along witli them, whereas we did all the way. How much harm we do ourselves by saying that we deny the Atonement ! They think we mean that we deny salvation by Christ. They were just getting on the subject of moral evil, and Mr. R. had broached the doctrine that God planned it in order to give 'tidi^...^:;:' 1 842.] JOSEPH DARKER. 49 occasion to the attribute of mercy (quite a Unitarian view), when we were obliged to go. Really, it is delightful to see such a spirit spreading. What a contrast to the Bible meeting on Monday ! " The Peace meeting was most delightful. I had never seen ( I think) Christian principles carried out so literally. Barker has a //'//^^Z faith in the practicability of all Christ's precepts, even amid a crooked generation ; and he has a perfect faith that God protects those who thus give themselves up to them. He detailed some most interesting facts. It seemed to give me a new faith in Christianity, and I cheerfully enrolled myself with the other ministers as a society to spread these principles. After the meeting, the people asked questions, which he answered most satisfactorily ; and it was announced that Mr. Barker would administer the Lord's Supper next evening, to any Christians who chose to attend. Did you ever hear such an announcement before, except from a Unitarian ? I was 1,'rcatly fired to go." He walked home, but returned the next day. "Saturday evening was the crowning mercy of the week. I never felt so great an exemplification of primitive Christianity, love, and simplicity." Different ministers, beside J. Barker, took jiart. Philip could not recall what he had himself said — his "heart was too full;" and Mr. Howorth spoke "so simply and beautifully. One of the people then offered a prayer, [and then Mr. Barker prayed. After the meeting we all I greeted one another with a holy shake of the hand.* I thought and* said. How my father rejoiced in hope to see this day ! We went back to Mr. H.'s, and stayed talking and singing hymns, so that I could not get home till twelve. Oh, what seasons of refreshment these are from the presence of the Lord ! How holy is the communion of saints ! What a new impulse it gives to the discharge of duty from a spirit of love ! In the morning I preached your sermon, ' Behold, how good land pleasant a thing it is,' etc. In the afternoon I preached [extempore : * I bring my body into subjection,' etc. (partly in * Compare 2 Cor, xiii. 12, etc. S I ^:1 50 MINISTRY AT STAND. [Chap. III. s consequence of a prize fight at Radcliffe, though I did not allude especially to it). I tried to be perfectly simple and calm, like Mr. Barker ; but I am not prepared for it yet, till I have more disciplined my mind, and I must allow myself more animation, etc., at present." In the evening, there was a large meeting of teachers ; after tea, he read to them the Lenox Address on the Anniversary of Emancipation in the West Indies — the last publication of Ur. Channing, who died October 2, 1842. Long extracts have been made from this letter, because the meetings he records had a great effect on his subsequent life. His family afterwards feared that he was too much influenced by Mr. Barker ; but, though his personal influence was no doubt great, what moved Philip most was the intense faith in great principles, which approved itself to his heart. This faith Mr. Barker afterwards relinquished, but Philip remained steadfast to it. A fortnight later, he sent me a precious " birthday gift in the form of a long letter." It bears signs of the enthusiasm he had been feeling ; but, as it contains the germ of those views of human nature which he subsecjuently maintained, it seems right, as a revelation of his character, to transcribe much that would else be still treasured in sacred privacy. It may be mis- understood by those who are accustomed only to judge the outward life, but it will not seem strange to those who are familiar with religious biogra])hy. Christ said, "Why callest thou me good ? there is none good but one, that is, God." And the nearer the soul api)roaches to (jod, the more conscious it may be of its want of goodness. After referring to his change of home, he says : — " ' feel more and more the want of self-government, and the evils of living alone, as we did at college, with tendencies to study our own comfort. It will be a long time before I gel over the evil thus done me. . . . Life is certainly a great school ; but I am one who am fond of discipline, and I find it a very pleasant one. Three years ago, I never dreamt that I could have such ha[)piness. When I look back on the lji:.i!i!j: ;:,.;: mt T 1S42.] THE NEIV LIFE. 51 past, I cannot sufficiently admire the love and long-suffering of (»od towards me. I seem to have been made up of two beings, the natural and the spiritual man. Contrary to theology, the natural man has always been the happy one, receiving a fulness of delight from study, shells, music, etc. — a kind of dreamy joy ; a kind of long-continued intoxication which I had thought happiness ; while all the time my spiritual man was dead, more than dead. . . . Through life I have been misrepresented, and not the least by you ; I have been thought good-natured, pure, truthful, diligent, pious, and I don't know what. Nothing has been to me a more bitter satire. The only reproof of my father's that I remember to have made much impression on me, was a passage in a letter : ' Continue in a virtuous course ; ' that stung me. " I look back now on this dreamy happiness with a shudaer, and yet with sometimes a longing after the flesh-pots, when I think of college days, and organs, and companions, and shells. But all have been corrupted ; there is no pursuit of my boy- hood that I can look on with unmixed pleasure. And why? Because I did not love God, though I often fimcied 1 did. ... I am now striving to forget the ])ast (yes, to confess that for ten years I was dead), and set myself to the new life that is in Christ Jesus.' 1 read the Epistles now with an understanding /uwt. I have tried all ways : hai)piness without Ciod, morality without religion, half-service; but nothing will do but to give the 7v/iok heart to God. This is what I now long to do. I know it is hard ; but there are the promises : ' My grace is sufficient for thee ; ' He who hath begun a good work is able to complete it. I cannot tell you what I have suffered; and yet, strange to say, what joy has been mingled in my cup ! Time after time have I rebelled ; and yet God has not given me up, and, instead of punishing, has heaped His mercies upon me. Oh, how I have longed for symjjathy, I and yet feared to open my mind, lest 1 should corrupt others, ; and that were the bitterest pang. But ' when thou art con- verted, strengthen thy brethren ' — and this has always been luy leading desire in undertaking the ministry. Yes, strange ff 52 MINISTRY AT STAND. [Chap. III. inconsistency ! while dwelling in sin, actually intending to be a minister and lead others to God, while I myself was a castaway. I have despaired. I have lost faith, hope, and love. But, blessed be God, I believe He has converted me. 1 feel as though I had been redeemed by Christ, and now, in the midst of all my sins and short-comings, I do not despond, but wait and strive for sanctification of spirit. If I have any earnestness in preaching, it is this that gives it me. I long for strength, to speak boldly, as I ought to speak. But the fear of man, the dread of free communion and ex- pression of feeling, and that this should exist between a minister and his people ! " How ^'s it that the Units so dread cant as to shut up their best treasuie of religious communion in their earthen vessel? Why do I receive greater joy in attending a missionary meeting, or meeting a few Methodists, or in talking to Mr. Howorth, or Thomas, than my own people? It is because 1 am afniiii of speaking freely of what is next my heart, and others have the same fear ! Is this right ? No. I am to be instant in season and out of season, knowing that the time is short The past month has given me greater boldness, and I have made a beginning. I believe God has touched the heart of a wanderer, and he and I hold sweet conversation together; and I hope this will give me encouragement, and make ine not let the worldly and the uncharitable go on to destruction, without the warning of affection. My bowels yearn for my people. I long to spend and be spent for their service \ but not to spend and be spent without doing them service — that were treason. My prayers are short, but they are sometime> very fervent, and my evening walks are times of happy com- munion with God and singing His praise. " And what is all this ? A revival ? Yes ! and is it to go down and get dead, dead, dead? O God, save me from this; moderate my fervour, if it is to react afterwards. And I do I moderate my fervour. When I have been up in heaven, a wicked thought brings me down again, and I 'groan beind burdened.' But still Christ can raise me up, and though the ^m 1 842.] A REVIVAL. 53 thought does come, I am now able to banish it, and say, * Get thee behind me, Satan ; thou art an offence unto me.' And I have been writing to you, as though I had been speaking at a Methodist love-feast. Well, and why should not I, my brother ? I often say in my Creed ' the Communion of Saints,' and I verily believe that God will not cast away any one that earnestly longs for it. But I don't think much of the future : once I felt that I was only fit for hell, now I do fiot feel I am fit for heaven ; but I am ' Content, my Father, with Thy will, And quiet as a child ! ' Present duties are enough for me ; they fill up all my time and thoughts, and the more I can give myself lovingly to God, the more I feel the liberty with which Christ has made me free. At first I found virtue a slavery, though a very happy one. "I don't know whether you will call this extravagant dream- ing, but they are not the feelings of a moment. And I have suffered so much from concealment — secretiveness has been the bane of my soul — that I must make great efforts to conquer it. I have hitherto corresponded more freely with F., B., and H., than with you, and I don't think this is right, or showing fraternal affection : that I would show you, my dearest brother, in any way that I can. I would show it more than I have done — all my affections have been too selfish, and I want to improve in this as in other respects. But I must prepare to go in to Manchester to the meeting of ministers. "December 15. Well, dearest R., you see I have not kept this letter for news, as I intended when I began, and must now fam continue in the same key. Your wishes and prayers for me went to my soul ; but from what I have already said, you will see that much called up bitter thoughts to me. You have ' but Httle fear ' for me ! Ah ! how little you know what slight temptations have overcome me — on what a slender thread my present virtuous feelings repose. Do not talk thus ; do not look to me to carry on my fathers work : he was pure and true. If Ciod has blessed my labours, it only proves that the excellency TfUi 1 \ . ; ( ' i i 1 I ; I :>■ I liM'"'''!; M 54 MINISTRY AT STAND. [Chap. III. of the power is in Him, who maketh even the sins of man to praise Him. And I earnestly pray that I may be enabled to ascribe to Him all the glory. But it is hard striving against self; one would have thought that sin had at least taught me the lesson of humility. What shall I say to you, dearest brother? That 1 have the same feelings and hopes for you? No ; for it might grieve you, as it did me. But let us each labour ourselves, and pray for a blessing on the labours of the other. This do 1 most fervently for thee." In Dr. Martineau's " Hours of Thought," * he shows how it is that, " strange as it may seem, it is not the guilty that know the most of guilt : it is the pure, the lofty, the faithful, that are for ever haunted by the sense of sin, and are compelled by it to throw themselves upon a love they never doubt, yet cannot claim. . . . Why are the prayers of prophets and the hymns of saintly souls so pathetic in their penitence, so full of the plain- tive music of baffled aspiration, like the cry of some bird with broken wing? It is because to them the truly infinite nature of holiness has revealed itself, and reveals itself the more, the higher they rise." Whilst the service of the Church com- mences with the general confession of the worshippers as " miserable offenders," those who are about to partake of the Communion speak in stronger condemnation of their sins — " the burden of them is intolerable." The repetition of a form of contrition may be formal ; but the letter we have quoted contains the outpourings of Philip's heart, and his private papers show that, while he spoke sternly of the sins of others, he was a still sterner judge of himself. Sometimes the sense of sin is wakened by chastisement, but often it is the light of heaven that reveals to us stains of earth. The next day he wrote to his sister : " I was picking up jewels on the Delectable Mountains yesterday, but now I am down in the dirt washing them." He has referred to the Methodists. He afterwards said, "I attended a Wesleyan Mission meeting last Monday, and was, as usual, greatly edified. It quickens me up to home exertions. * "The Finite and the Infinite in Human Nature," pp. 198, 199. Li tfhi. i843.] MINISTERIAL EXCHANGES. 55 Some of the teetotalers who attend the chapel flocked up with great zeal to si)eak to me afterwards." On the first Sunday in 1843, he notedthat, in the afternoon, Mr. Thomas (a " Chris- tian " minister from Bury) preached for him, " though not a Unitarian ; ... it was very delightful to me ; " and two Sundays after, he walked over to Bury after his services, and preached for Mr. Thomas (" my first time in a Trinitarian pulpit "). He found that one or two of his zealous Unitarian neighbours were much aggrieved with those whom they called Barkerites, and even attributed dishonest motives to himself and Mr. Howorth. Others, however, expressed their readiness to make similar ex- changes ; and, at a ministers' meeting, it was resolved to have an Anti-sectarian Unitarian tea-meeting — " the speeches to ex- press freely the wants and tendencies of our body and the great universal principles of love, etc., and not the old story of Civil and Religious Liberty, etc. One of Mr. Tayler's great objects is to interest the working classes (who, he thinks, are now in a state ripe for all plans of improvement) by the great principles of which Unitarians are the especial stewards." In February, 1843, he wrote to Mr. G. Bvickton that, though he wanted an organ for the chapel, " it seemed almost wrong to spend money in luxuries in these starving times," and that he had no time for music. " I wonder whether I shall ever have time to do anything. I expect not. I shall always see before me such work in the world, in striving to bring sinners into the fold of Christ, that I shall not leave myself much time for ' music and dancing.' What are you doing in the good cause? Sunday school, I hope. iVnything else? Just bestir yourself, and go into a few cottages, and see what is to be done. 1 used to think shells and music the happiest things going : 1 did not then know the joy of speaking words of peace to the afflicted. If you have only a small capital of time and inclina- tion, you cannot put it out to greater interest than in the tee- total cause : Mrs. Lupton used to tell me so, and since I signed 1 have found it so." In May, he visited his old home. He had written to his sister Mary : " I ho])e you will find me plenty of preaching T"! m 1 V- '»" I" ^ 56 MINISTRY AT STAND. [Chap. III. and lecturing to poor people to do. I'll hold forth to the Domestic Mission people, or children, or teetotalers, or any- thing. I don't want to be idle ! " In the lecture-room built for his father, he gave his *' first Peace lecture and spoke very plainly," At the teetotal meeting, after his address, thirteen signed, including his sister Mary ; and in a few days his second sister, Anna, wrote her name in his book. She approved the part of the pledge forbidding members to offer intoxicants to others (as a beverage), for it was for the sake of others that she signed — not only of the poor, but of some whom drink was ruining among her acquaintance. During this year he was engaged in editing his father's ** Lectures on the Scripture Doctrine of the Atonement, or of Reconciliation through our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ." In Dr. Carpenter's reply to Archbishop Magee, 1820, he ex- pressed his intention of publishing another volume on the Scripture doctrine of Redemption. This, however, he had never found time to complete. Philip compiled six lectures from fourteen which his father had written at different times, studying also his father's notes, " which cover twenty folio pages of shorthand, and contain an abstract of the works he con- sulted on the subject." He also added *' a classified list of the principal texts bearing on the subject," which is of great value to those who wish to have a clear view of the teachings of Scripture. He concludes his Preface thus : " To those who are desirous of finding the way of redemption, and whei they have found it, of walking in it with all their hearts ; to lue in- creasing number of true believers of every name who hold that ' faith which worketh by love ; ' this volume is dedicated by one whose desire it is to imitate the singleness of mind, the purity, and the spirituality of him who, ' by sanctity of life, as well as by force of reason, persuaded men to believe and to exemplify the truth as it is in Jesus.'"* He felt great satisfaction in devoting so much time and care to the study of this important subject, and to the completion of his father's work. On September 20, 1843, after pleading with his friend * From the inscription on Dr. Carpenter's monument. J'- ^ 1843-] ''STIRRING PEOPLE UP." 57 Mr. G. Buckton that he should not discourage him from writing on the subject of temperance, he says that they had sold, within three months, eight thousand copies of Pro- fessor H. Ware's sermon, at Harvard College, U.S., on the Moral Principles of the Temperance Movement, about which, next to religion, he felt the deepest interest. He adds : " Now, I suppose I must tell you about myself I take care not to let my people go to sleep with their eyes open, I often preach sermons which give offence, which does them good, and makes them think. I am a great advocate for stirring people up, and making them uncomfortable : it's the first step to improvement. My honeymoon is not past, so ihey will take from me now what they would not at another time, from an unaccountable fondness they have for me. The congregation is improving a little. I have got some poor people, and hope to get more. The school is nearly full, and pretty well supplied with teachers ; but we are in sad want of a new room, and where the money is to come from, 1 don't know. We are beginning to collect weekly subscriptions. 1 generally preach twice on a Sunday, and have three classes — of lads in the congregation, of old lads in the Sunday school, and of young female teachers. Also one, once a fortnight, on Saturday evening. Also preaching, once a fortnight, in Miss Mason's school-room. Also a meeting of the choir, to practise every Friday. This, with teetotal meetings, pretty well fills up my evenmgs. " In teetotalism I have had some very heavy disappoint- ments, but many encouragements. I often think of you that night at the Sugar Lane room. We ar now i)romoted to the Mechanics' Institute. We havt a oranch society at Chapelfield, which has done immt isf od, and so altered the whole appearance of the village, that every one is now obliged to speak favourably of teetotalism. They have hired a room, where they hold ^etings twice a week ; and have a night and Sunday schoo., conducted entirely by working men. They also hold meetings, weekly, in Park Lane, White- field, and other places in the neighbourhood. We have also m s^ I. T 58 MINISTRY AT STAND. [Chap. III. A ; I ■ ■^"".. ttikW^ made a branch society at Ringley, a very drunken place, on the way to Bolton. I went every week, and spoke in the open air. We have already got about fifty members, includ- ing three or four great drunkards, and a policeman who is very active. We now meet in two small rooms, and the speaker stands between them. I am going there to-night. Also we are forming a branch juvenile society, in our Sunday school, and have already gct both superintendents and several teachers and children ; so, you see, we are pretty lively. 1 feel it an hofioitr to be connected with this band of mechanics, who are doing so much good. We have got over all the divinity students, except one, and several lays. ... J. A. Nichols has introduced it into his mill and the Sunday school, and has been the means of reforming a young surgeon who was very clever and amiable, but through drink had been obliged to be sei)a- rated from his family. This alone is enough to make him happy till death— and much longer. All Travers's class took the pledge from Father Mathew [who had visited Manchester that summer]. We had a festival at the Radcliffe wakes. Tlie drinkers had races on the Sunday, and we had a perpetual camp-meeting all day. You would have been amused if you had seen me (after my own services were over) standing on a great show-place with pictures of great beasts, and stalls of fruit, etc., shouting like mad to the crowds of people. I took as a text Paul's spirit being stirred when he saw the whole city given to idolatry. The next day we had a procession and tea- party, Mr. E. Grundy from Bury in the chair. In the rriidst of all this, it is very painful to see those one loves still going on in drunkenness. In addition to all this work, I have a Latin pupil twice a w^eek \ and, after Christmas, I expect to have two young ladies three days a week. I have undertaken this that I might have some money for the school-room. I have very little time to write sermons, and often preach extempore in the afternoon." A few weeks later, he writes : ** I find ' there's no such thing as moderation,' as the teetotal advocates say j it is all an ovtr- head-and-ears kind of world we live in. . . . When I got your iS43.] LECTURES. 59 note, I was cramming for some lectures I am giving at the Mechanics', on mammalia, illustrated by the magic lantern. These are once a week, and take me oceans of time.* Next week we give our annual teetotal party. We shall have about sixty in two nights, which will fill our kitchen. Then, at Ciiristmas, there will be a regular round of tea-parties. We celebrate the jubilee of our Sunday School Teetotal Society (fifty members) with a magic lantern exhibition." This he rei)catcd at the New Jerusalem School ; he had much sympathy with the minister there, the Rev. James Boys, and with Dr. Bayley, then of Accrington. Some of the principles of the New Church were very congenial to him, especially in later life. He wrote me a very long and interesting letter for my birth- day, in which he again dwells on the evils arising from a solitary life : " The little habits one gets into by being by one's self seem of no consequence, and yet insensibly affect the mind. I don't say that there is not a danger of the same thing in comj)any, but it is more easy to fight against it. People's minds differ : I can only say, for myself, that I made very little spiritual progress while I brooded about myself ; I have certainly made much more, on the whole, since 1 tried to get into the other plan. Travers says the same ; and ever since I have known him and watched the development of his mind and my own, I have found that, though young in judgment, he has always been in advance of me in spiritual things. ... I believe that the brooding and the self-condemning are a necessary part of our eariier discij)line ; but they are a part of the slavery of fear, which perfect love must cast out. . . . What is called meditation is to me the most difficult thing of any. It is extremely difficult tor me to keep my mind on the stretch on any one subject for long together ; whereas I can go about calling, hour after hour, and be scarcely tired. You all seem to err greatly in consider- ing me over-active. It is one of the evils that bad habits at college have entailed on me, that I have not the sprigliiliness of * Ho tells me that, as he is "horribly ignorant about beasts," his lectures require a good deal of preparation. "It's all very well for a change ; "'iid, of course, 1 like it very much, as I do whatever I undertake." I. ill 60 MINISTRY AT ST A [Chap. III. mind and body that S. has, and that I i. 'V nature; and I accordinj^ly get through very little work, anu )uld live in a constant state of self-rei)roach, if I had not left off, as beinij sinful. I am in hopes that the great variety of t 'oyments I shall be now having will make me more active ana lively. . . . I talk slow, I eat slow, 1 think slow ; when I try to talk fast (as €.(:;. last night, at the lecture, when I had too much matter), I bungle and can't get out the words. [He expresses his desire not to think so much of results, as how to sow the seed in the right way.] Rules will not do any good. I think nothing but constant reliance on God, and observation, will do it. I find more ])ractical good to be derived from attending to one or two cases, on which I spend most of my thoughts and prayers, than taking a cursory view of a great many. ... I feel a particular interest in young men, who, I think, are going through the same state of mind that I have done." He ends thus : " My heart's best affection is with thee : we know each other but in part : but there will come a day when we shall know as we are known. We must live mostly for others here. In heaven we shall have more time for that dear interchange of thought and affection which will be one of its chief enjoy- ments. I am happy now, and I hope that you are too ; but then will be fulness of joy and the pleasures of love for ever- more." In his next letter, he described one of the cases that had interested him. After conducting both services at Bury, he lectured in the school-room, when he " had the great delight of giving the pledge to a father, three sons, and two daughters : the father and one son had been great drunkards. They are High Church and Tories." The son had signed before, and had relapsed, and kept out of Philip's way ; " however, at last I caught him, and have been at work at him ever since. . . . For weeks together I could hardly drive him out of my thoughts." What he had said to the youth " kept haunting him " in his evil courses ; at length he yielded to Philip's impor- tunity. " His look of affection when we meet is very en- couraging to me." * Hf 1 843-] " PROXIES." 6i I'his year ended on a Sunday, and the next day he wrote to his sister Mary : *' Yesterday was rather a lonij day of nine- teen and a half hours, inc hiding about thirteen of tongue-work. My morning sermon was on 'proxies,' from Acts xvi. 37. 1 showed first how people did bad things by i)roxy, and tried to shift off responsibility ; instancing hanging and war, which I called murdering by proxy, to Mr. P.'s astonishment, who seemed rather fidgety at the sermon ; cheating by prox)', v.g. . . . ; and also the tricks of trade, which seemed to astonish the people very much : they don't like those things to be known. Also getting drunk, and telling lies, and defaming people's character by proxy. 1 showed that people do not do nice things by i)roxy — eat, live in fine houses, spend money, etc., by proxy. 1 then had up those that try to do good things- by proxy . . . concluding by showing how people try to save their souls by proxy — and drew a picture of all the proxies of the year, sending back their responsibilities on the persons who sent them.* In the afternoon I preached Henry Ware's ' Duty of Improvement ; ' the people were very attentive. At the teachers' meeting I concluded with an address, in which I felt much myself, and made them do the same. We agreed henceforth to carry on the school on the voluntary principle,! and I think we begin the year with good prospects. I then went down to R. T.'s, and then to the F.'s, where was J. H, from Rawtenstall. They are going on well there, and several have signed since I was there. We talked much about prayer meetings, and then they had their usual service, after which J. H. and I offered prayer, which seemed a refreshment to all our spirits. I then went to the ' watch night,' for the purpose of spending the five minutes before twelve in Quaker worship [stillness] and singing ' Come, let us anew.' The rest, including the groanings that were uttered, but cannot be described, * ITe enters in his journal, " Had my doubts on the expediency of preaching it ; but believe it was riglit and true, and felt great comfort in ihe delivery." t 1 he superintendent had r)reviQUsly been paid : the sum thus saved was devoted to the Building Fund. i i, 62 MINISTRY AT STAXD. Chap. III. was not to my taste, though I can Ijcar with it now, which I could not once. I got back to bed at 1.30 ; and, after six hours' sleep, got up again and walked to Radcliffe on business before breakfast, calling on all the people by the way to wish them Happy New Years. Some I caught in bed ; one was having some drink, so he seemed ashamed. To-day, I have been singing over my tunes and your hymns, and am now going to a teetotal tea-party at Bury." This proved as large and as successful as the one already described ; and he had an in- teresting walk home with a mechanic who belonged to a family that used to earn ^10 a week regularly, but was kept poor through drink. He had gradually arrived at a conviction which two years before he had thought a " fad," and which he was aware would still seem so to others, viz. that he could not, in remembrance of Christ, drink that which led multitudes to forsake Christ ; so of the Lord's Supper (January, 1844), he records : " Found it my duty to refuse taking the wine. I stopped some little time in prayer, and made a very few remarks about doing it in the spirit." At the end of the month he preached on the subject, but with some discomfort : " I think I am right, but when every one is against me, one can't but suspect one's self. However, I hope, at any rate, it can do no harm, and I don't think it can." The next Sunday he writes : " We used the unfermented wine for the first time, to my great delight and comfort." This was in accordance with the following resolution, that had been passed unanimously, January 31: "That since it appears that some members of the Stand Religious Society have a conscientious objection to the use of fermented wine at the Lord's Supper, it is expedient that the unfermented wine be henceforth employed in that ordinance." On January 14, " there was an evening service, at the re- quest of the teetotalers ; and F. Howorth was invited to preach. The chapel looked so pretty outside, liglited up ; and a great deal more beautiful inside, for there was a noble gathering of persons from every congregation in the neighbourhood, and several Secularists. The chapel was very full, and we had i;s44.J FRA\KLL\ HOWORTH. 63 to put benches in the aisle. We often see large congregations ;';itiicred together for a doctrinal subject ; but it was far more delightful to see them coming on a great practical c[uestion — one which perhaps, more than any other, affects the welfare of thousands and tens of thousands. There were a great many, now consistent Christians and teachers in Sunday schools, who had been notorious drunkards. It is enough to inspire any one with joy. The singing was very beautiful — no shouting ; but every one seemed to be putting his whole soul into it, and that was the richest harmony. F. H. and I sat in the pulpit together. I gave out the hymns in two lines, and read the lesson, and offered the last prayer. Most of our people were out, including some of the greatest opposers. The sermon was very affecting and impressive. ... S. and 1 agreed that if we had been moderate drinkers, it would have made us excessively unhappy. The j)eople would take it from F. H. better than from me, and I feel a relief of conscience that the truth has been told them. Oh, what a blessed cause it is, that unites together people of all parties in such a Chris- tian work ! Our tea-party seems to have given unusual pleasure and satisfaction — the friends from Manchester and Bury were (luitc delighted : and, what is more, a great many who before were prejudiced, thinking us a moping set, are now (juite favourable ; and some of the worse drunkards have signed the ])ledge." He then stated why he did not sign an Anti-slavery Address from the Unitarian ministers to their bret) ren in America. "I gave it all the consideration I. could, and talked to F. H., ■S. C, J. J. T., and others about it, and we all agreed, I do not think it calculated to do good. We know how they took the Irish Address, and I think this would only aggravate them more, instead of making them think ; and if it would not do good, we have no right to send it. I do not see that as a body the Unitarians have taken such a stand in the unpopular reforms of the day in England as to give them a right to lecture, across the Atlantic, their brethren who have been much more forward than they in temperance, peace, education, \ 1 1 i'l -.'1 ri! lli! I m 64 MINISTRY AT STAND. [Chap. III. and the like. I think we have beams in our own eyes. How- ever, notwithstanding this, if I thought the address would do good, / could have signed it, feelin^^ in myself that I was trying to do right in my own country, and also feeling that I should be ready to receive a rebuke back again. An address of sympathy with the Abolitionists I (and all the ministers hereabouts) would have signed at once." He added that he did not approve of an address exclusively fom Unitarians. He objected more and more to religious parties and sectarian names. "All hold the brotherhood of man, which is the great doctrine that opposes slavery." On (lood Friday he preached before a Unitarian associa- tion at Rawtcnstall (where he had preached the school sermons and given a temperance lecture the year before). Travers Abadge was with him. His sermon was extempore, from "Disciples called Christians;" "first telling them that I belonged to no association : had great liberty, and con- tinued about fifty minutes." The following month; he walked over and preached to them the "faith which workcth hy lovi and then walked eight miles over the hills to Padi- ham — " a most magnificent country : I was in ])erfect ecstasies The temperance lecture in the evening was to have been in the chapel ; but they wished it to be in tht. nen air, so I con- sented. We got a nice place with walls to shelter from the wind, and 1 spok':; for about an hour and a half. They were very attentive. A Chartist got up afterwards to oppose me. but I set him down very nicely, and made him shake hands with me. On Sunday morning we had a prayer-meeting from seven to eight ; then breakfast] th' n the children and teachers walked through the town — this was necessary, as the Orthodox denied that there were so many. Then I addressed them at some length : after dinner, talked with the people ; then afternoon service ; then tea and talk ; then evening service. I caused one of he old ministers * to take part in the afternoon * Messrs. Roliinson and Pollard were tlic devoted lay-preachers at the "IVazareth Cbapcl."' A minister, then one of the congregation, remembers the objection which Philip modestly felt to headin}^ i\\{i procession ?rthe 1844-] SCHOOL SERMONS. scn'ice, and the other in the evening. They have some families with great knowledge and taste for music, so that, except at York Minster, I don't know when I have heard the mass-music better performed than there. "After service, walked back to Rawtenstall over the same lovely country, with Venus, and the new moon, and the last tints of sunset ; having interesting conversation all the way. I got a little hoarse with speaking louder than necessary on Saturday (I have not yet learnt how to manage the voice in the ©•len air), and this made it necessary to exert myself very much on the Sunday to overcome it ; so that I am tolerably hoarse this morning, but nothing else, ani I feel very fresh, and not at all Mondayish, though I have walked from Rawtenstall after an early breakfast." He was very desirous that ,»e should enjoy together what had given him so much delight, so I agreed to preach the school sermons at Rawtenstall that summer ; and in the previous week we walked to Stonyhurst, Milton, and Padiham, where we looked, not in vain, for the hospitality of his musical friend, Mr. Holland. The zealous people thought it would be quite a scandal if two preachers should be in the town without any preaching ; so the bellman was sent round, and in our walking dress we united in a service : Philip extemporizing his '■''proxy " sermon. He was entirely in his element at anniversaries : the crowded assemblage for an unsectarian and benevolent object, the hearty and carefully practised singing, and the sight of the children (" I feel more pleasure at looking round at boys' faces than anything else ") called forth all his powers and best affec- tions. This year he visited Kidderminster. He was very nervous at preaching to the congregation to which his father and mother had belonged in their youth,* and his mother was schools. The spontaneous tokens of rct^aid fcjr others, and disregard of himiclf, left a LT^ting impression. His sermons were on the " Wedding garment'' — how it is lo be W()\en ; and the "Joy in heaven." He notes, " FlU great delight in pleading fur Christ." * A gentleman who knew his family, a churchman, came intending to give ;^'i, but w;'lS so much ilelighted that ne wrote a cheque for £20 on the pa^'e of a hymn-book. He felt such pleasure in his generosity that he made the same gift to this and other schools h. subsequent years. F ;T iii* 66 MINISTRY AT STAND. [Chap. III. li' ',T'. i« one of his hearers. To her it was a most interesting day ; the ciiapel was thronged, and the vestry was filled with nurses and children. She wrote : " The people, notwithstanding the in- tense heat, were very attentive. I did not see one sleeper among them, or one who appeared tired at the end of the two hours' service." In the autumn he went to Nottingham, where the minister was the beloved and respected Benjamin Carpenter, his lather's cousin ; and he greatly enjoyed meeting Sir Charles Fellowes, who, among other interesting particulars of his great work in Asia Minor, told him what scandal was caused there by the drinking habits of Christians. Philip gave a teetotal lecture at a Primitive Methodist chapel, which was attended by many of the " High Pavement " congregation ; he urged no one to .sign, but to read and to study, and think a great deal, as they would on any other important subject. At Nottingham he met his brother. Dr. W. B. Carpenter, who returned with him to Stand ; and then they went together to the British Association, which was meeting again in York, where it had originated (1831) : on the tickets was printed, '' Anticjuam exquirite matrem." He was glad of the oi)por- tunity to see a good deal of his brother, and to hear his paper on his discoveries, by means of the microscope, as to the struc- ture of fossils, which were exciting great interest in the scientific world : the large illustrations, drawn by his sister Anna, were much admired. The week was one of intense and varied delight, and he gives a very gra^ihic description of it, with notes on some of the papers and discussions, in a closely written letter of fifty pages, which went the round of his family and friends. A visit to York was in itself a great pleasure. He entered the city by moonlight, and observed " all the houses and streets with great com[/lacency ; one feasts one's eyes with the bricks and stones as if they were pearls, and trots about from one side of the street to anodier, like children jumping over streams." He and some old fellow-students enjoyed a row in the old four-oar. The Minster occupied much of his leisure time, and he had the pleasure of taking his brother to the not true tl because tl tude to t highest c> the entire progress attack cal sentiments the benefi science, he to note the contradicti On Sui side of his 1 appropriate asked him brought nc thought my \L 1 844-] BRITISH ASSOCIATION. 67 M SOS i- "' •ith i OUl ing -'S:_ row Jm >ure H the 1 L orpan-loft. Dr. Camidge, who was said to consider the Minslcr a case for his organ, showed off the beautiful combinations and fancy stops in a long voluntary for their edification. Only one- third of this wonderful instrument was visible, the pedal-organ being distributed within the screen and behind the stalls. The event of the meeting which caused most talk was a paper by the Dean of York in the Geological Section, which he after- wards published with the title, "The Bible defended against the British Association." This was cut up most unmercifully by the Rev. Professor Sedgwick, who exposed his mistakes amidst roars of laughter. At the concluding meeting. Professor Sedg- wick said, " If a word escaped my lips that gave unfuirssary offence, I am sorry for it, but I would not blink the language of truth for fear of giving offence. It has been substantially a good and noble meeting — many young members coming up to fill our places. Subjects which were matters of dispute, five or six years ago, are now settled principles. The disputed points are only the outer waves of the great ocean of science. For high generalizations no meeting has been better than this. ... It is not true that we have sacrificed one jot of severe or stern trutli because the ladies have come among us. We show our grati- tude to them by doing our duty just the same ! . . . The highest exaltation of science is compatible with humility and the entire absence of selfishness. The progress of truth is the progress of that which brings man nearer to God." The Dean's attack called forth from others the utterance of many noble sentiments that would else have been dormant. Apart from tlie benefit of meeting and hearing the illustrious leaders in science, he found it instructive to attend the discussions, and to note the different way in which some, who were not used to contradiction, met the criticisms on their views. On Sunday, Philip went to the old chapel, singing by the side of his brother, whc presided at the organ, and listening to an appropriate discourse by the Rev. J. J. Tayler. Mr. Wellbeloved asked him to preach in the evening : " When I told him I had brought no ^ermons, he asked, ' Why not ? ' so I said, * I thouglit my place was in the organ-loft.' So he replied, ' Oh, t I t 68 MINISTRY AT STAND. [Chap. III. I liad much rather have heard your own organ.' " Mr. Tayler preached a most beautiful sermon on "The importance of faith, as the moving principle of all efforts for the improvement of society." In the afternoon, Philip had gone to the Minstc, and was extremely struck, as he had b^en as a student, with the wonderful way in which the ' Creation ' was rendered. " Mr, '1 aylor [p. 20] read the service, so we had everything in per- fection, and when the curtain was drawn up, the sun was shining through the gorgeous west window ; and to see thou- sands of people walking up and down the nave, all enjoying the scene, while the organ was rolling, was truly delightful. The Dean of Ely [Dr. Peacock] was standing by himself, looking most earnestly at it. N.B. — He had been sitting next to the Dean of York : — the Bible and the British Association reconciled ! Not so reconciled, however, but that the Minster bells, which had been ringing most merrily at the beginning of the time, in honour of the Association, shut their mouths after the Dean had read his paper, and did not open them again except on Sunday ! . . . [On Wednesday] I took an affectionate fare- well of the Minster, which seems like a dear friend. Dr. Robinson said . . . that the architect was moved by more than poetry — it was inspiration. We commune with God through His works, and I do not see why we should not read the works of man as well as his books. . . . The Dean, when preach' ng at the opening after the restoration, said he regretted the divi- sions among Christians, and wished the Church could so enlarge its terms of communion that all the Christians in York mighi come together and worship in it : and such a time may yet come. Christ worshipped and taught in the Temple, and why should not v.'C ^ The feelings raised by devotional music are not the highest, but they are valuable helps. I should like there to be music at certain times of the day ; and at anothc time, for simple men to get up and preach in the nave. It is so singular to compare York with Manchester. The Minster is king of the former, and exercises a gentle, steady influence; while Manchester is like a boiling caldron, and no one knows when anything will settle." 1844-] YORK. 69 Caj)tain (Sir John) Ross was at York, and Philip wrote to know his opinion as to the use of spirits in cold climates, and received his testimony that " the less that is taken, the better." He called on a surgeon who ridiculed teetotalism at the Medical School, and wrote : " I took an opportunity to tell him what water has done for me ; and how I had not been ill since he doctored me last— for I attribute all my health to sponging and anti-stimulants : I think I never was a year without some illness before." He also spoke at a teetotal meeting, " feeling pleased at the opportunity of teetotalizing in old York." On leaving the railway station, " on leaning out to take an affectionate farewell of the Minster, my travelling cap and old rowing handkerchief went back to wish it, and the river, good-bye for me ; which I thought very considerate of them. I accordingly travelled afterwards without a hat, which, as it was a very strong, cold head-wind, and the carriages were open,* was a source of wonder to my fellow-travellers. But I explained with great zeal that cold-water jjoople could do anything, and I got no harm from it whatever." In his "Annual Statement" at the congregational tea-meeting this year, he alludes to the death of his venerable friend, Mr. Philij;s, of the Park, during the previous summer : " He was universally respected and beloved among us. His life was an example (singular, alas ! in his high station) of the absence of a worldly and a selfish spirit ; it was spent in good works, and closed in perfect peace, f The richest legacy he has left to us is the manifestation of a gentle, an honest, and a pious spirit ; and I pray earnestly that we may all be led by it to walk more closely in the ways of God." He thus refers to the Dissenters' Chapels' Act, intended to secure Unitarians and others in the inheritance of property fettered by no doctrinal trusts (the Courts having held that, since it was illegal, before 1813, to deny the doctrine of the Trinity, Unitarians could have no * Th'j tliird-class carriages had 110 covering in the early times, and even many second-class carriages were open at the sides, above the doors. Tliroujjjh life, he often walked with his hat in his hand. t During Mr. riiilip-.'s last hours, I'liili]), at his wish, playe 1 some of the sacred music which he loved on the organ at the I'ark. =t^^ 70 MINISTRY AT STAND. [Chap. III. 1844.] *:! legal title to chapels, etc., founded before that year) : — " The ])rincipal public object in which we have been engaged was the promotion of the Dissenters' Chapels' Bill, in behalf of which three petitions, numerously signed, were sent from this congre- gation [one being from the schools], and one containing upwards of five hundred signatures from friends in the neigh- bourhood, not belonging to our Religious Society. It is a great cause of thankfulness that we may now worship in peace in the house of our fathers without molestation from without." One result of this was the subscription of ;^ 170 towards the erection of a new school-room. After referring to the means of usefulness connected with the congregation, he mentions a Monday evening service (at Miss Mason's house) for the poor, in which he had been assisted by the Independent and Sweden- borgian ministers. " With respect to my own labours, I have made altogether 1057 and received 351 visits, the majority of which are among our own people. I have conducted upwards of ninety class meetings, besides my regular business in the Sunday school. I have also delivered about seventy lectures and addresses on temperance, peace, and other subjects ; this includes a course of lectures on the mammalia. Notwith- standing the apparent number of these engagements, I have to reproach myself for much waste of time and neglect of pastoral duty : but I hope that, as I increase in experience, I shall increase in the power and the will to do right ; and that you will bear with me in my youth, and continue to me tliat kind confidence which you have hitherto so generally resposed in me. But, my friends, I can do nothing for you unless you yourselves resolve to follow God, and to be led by Him. None of us can succeed in our efforts to do good, or to increase in holiness, unless we pray for His assistance, and give ourselves fully to His service. In our labours for the welfare of others, let us not despond ; but (to use the words of Matthew Henry) hope the best, expect [prepare for] the worst, and then take what God sends." On December 8th he preached (extempore) two sermons at Todmorden, on "The duty of Christians to assist In the >:a»#>kn>m;i„ iS44-] THE SANITARY MOVEMENT. 7' reformation of drunkards," and on " Drinking customs opposed to the Gospel of Christ." He notes, " The first time I had been engaged to preach teetotal sermons ; lectured the night before on the * Physiological Effects of Alcohol ; ' . . . was about sixty minutes in the morning, and fifty in the after- noon : followed the scheme pretty much, and felt that I had delivered my soul in preaching as I did. God preserve me." The next Sunday (preaching from " Stand by thyself, I am holier than thou ") he referred to the great sanitary movement, to which he subsequently devoted so much of his best powers : •' I was very much impressed with the subject, in consequence of reading the Report of the Commissioners on Health of Towns, which I hope you will all get, and Dr. Howard's report of the causes of disease in Manchester. It seems almost impossible 'that anything but pollution should come from such physical and moral sinks ; and yet Christian people punish the offenders and denounce the sins, Avithout taking any steps to remedy the evil. It seems to me as if hardly any are free from the fault. I catch myself in it, especially with regard to disagreeable beggars. I finished extempore, and was very warm about it, and longer than usual. The oppressive close- ness (commonly called comfortable w^armth) of the chapel in the afternoons, together with a head not the clearest from previous work, forces me into unusual warmth, to avoid excessive dulness — so dependent are we on physical causes for spiritual elevation. ... S. is now writing on beside me ; she writes and does everything so fast, I cannot keep pace with her at all. I do less work than she, and am more tired with what I do. I have been in a general state of recjuiring more rest than I used to, for some time past, and (juietly resign myself to my fate. I am thankful to say, however, that I am not conscious of having gone back in spiritual things, but rather, I hope, the contrary ; though I seem to be doing very little for my people, or for tlie salvation of souls, and am not working earnestly at any particular case. Is this because the cases at which I have laboured most have turned out ill ? I fear this has something to do with it. I think God does not T'l 72 MINISTRY AT STAND. [Chap. III. intend me to be directly instrumental in saving souls, because I am not holy enough for this most honourable work ; and that my province is a more general one, to help on and encourage others, and gradually enlighten the mind. I don't at all despond, however, or allow distrustful thoughts to stay with me. I have had plenty (not too much) of discipline since I came here to teach me to labour in faith ; only 1 sometimes fear as I enter into the cloud. . . . But hope on, hope ever. I live more in hope than I used, and feel more the blessedness of the hoi)e of heaven. Baxter has done me great good. If we meet there, we shall have plenty of time to talk over everything, and to do everything, and 'languor will no more oppress.'" A feeling that he did too little for the spiritual welfare of the congregation led him, at the close of the year, to write a " Letter to the young men of the Stand CongTcga- tion and Sunday School," which he printed for distribution among them. He desires that each should anxiously inquire, "What must I do to be saved?" and reminds them that " every day we are either preparing for heaven, or wandering further from it. He gives them some very faithful warnings against besetting sins, especially unchastity ; and quotes what his father says (in his " Practical Remarks " to young men), that "• in thousands of cases the first stej) to ruin has been the indulging in impure conversation." He then dwells on the helps towards living a Christian life. " Do you think," he asks me, " that it savours of domestic interference, Puseyism, and priestcraft? says it does. He wrote me a letter about it, kindly worded ; and I am glad he told me : it was straightforward. F. H. has asked for a hundred to distribute among his people, so he does not think so." In many cases he had reason to believe that his earnct appeals did good, though sometimes they stimulated opposition ; and he had the grief of finding that the stress he had laid on abstinence from the fermented wine at the Lord's Supper led others to insist on its use. After the annual meeting I find the entry, " Used the fermented wine again : I did not partake, but handed it round without saying anything." 1845] '' puseyism:' 73 The contrast between his views and those of the Puseyites was made very apixirent by the conduct of a young clergyman who had just settled at Stand. He writes, " Last Tuesday I had a small ad\enture with the curate. There was a great church tea-party, and as it was given out to be a public one, I proceeded to go. However, Mr. C. politely asked me at the door not to go in ; whereat I gave my ticket to some one and walked off, satisfied that I had ' done the civil thing,' and should henceforth have a good answer to him whenever he asked me why I did not come to church. His conduct has not ' given great satisfaction ' in the neighbourhood, and on Saturday the good man called to semi-apologize, and seemed surprised that I took it so quietly. He thinks me his great rival, and that Ihave no business to go anywhere ; that it is a dreadful sin for any unei)isco})ated person to preach, and that religion consists in bdng baptized, going to church, and taking the sacrament. His high Puseyitical notions don't suit well with his disposition, which is very open, affable, and pleasing. The anti-dissenting fart of the church-people like him very much. It's such an easy way to damn all the Dissenters in a lump." The Catholic Church, on the eve of Good Friday, com- memorates the anniversary of the washing of the disciples' feet, as described by John ; but the Rev. H. Plawkes, of Portsmouth, drew the attention of his Denomination to the peculiar suitableness of hallowing that evening as the anni- versary of the Lord's Supper. Philip accorded in this view. and now commenced the practice, which he continued at \\'arrington. He showed forth the Lord's death with his friends m the house where he conducted his week-night service, and read with them the Gospel narratives of that night of n:ghts. Fresh efforts were made this year to seek and to save the lost. A Temperance Institute was established at " Pesse's," with a reading-room, lectures on scientific subjects and tem- perance, and day, night, and Sunday schools ; and on Sunday evenings he, and ; eachers of various Denominations, conducted a religious service, addressing many who used to spend the day I A 74 MINISTRY AT STAXD. [Chap. III. {^ in drunkenness and idleness. His sister opened two sewing- schools in the neighbourhood, and was gaining, on a small scale, the experience which was so useful at Warrington ; and the interest she took in her scholars, and the visits she paid at their homes, often brought the parents to the chaj)el. In May Philip preached the school sermons at Newrhurch, another of the primitive Rossendale congregations. He was intensely affected by the morning prayer-meeting, the people's hearts having been deeply touched by the recent death of " Emmanuel, their favourite teacher." He preached, " What do ye more than others?" " The collection was their largest, without any begging. . . . The people throw out no obscure hints of clubbing together, for me to labour among the three congregations ; but at present I dwell among my own people, and wish to do so, as long as they wish me, and give me liberty. When a balmy, warm day comes, I think of the cold north and my own sunny fatherland, like the lady in ' Strife and I'cace ' [Miss Bremer's]. But I love these dear people, where the Spirit of Clod has made its temple, and feel that the few years I may have of life must be devoted to God's work in this powerful district — powerful for good or bad. . . . Dearest mother, if it be the Lord's will, we must meet, and I must seek from you new light in my course. I had rather give up Cambridge than that. I feel that I 'tread upon enchanted ground ; ' but the day of trial does not last for ever. I don't know what T am ; I have altered, and am altering, so much. I fear it is not always for the better : but we are all in safe hands, if only we are faithful. Our dear Travers was preaching for me yesterday : he will go through many trials and suffer much ; but I believe it will perfect him, for never yet did I know a youth who had so unreservedly given himself to the service of God." He intensely enjoyed the meeting of the British Association at Cambridge, where he met his brother, Dr. W. B. Carpenter : they had rooms at Corpus Christi College. He wrote an account of his visit, addressed " Dear fxrople all, and future self — %• it is to be returned to me, please," filling thirty-eight closely written pages, accompanied with engravings of the IS45-] THE CAMBRIDGE MEETING. 75 (lifferent colleges. He quite appreciated the privileges from which he had been excluded as a Dissenter ; yet his heart told him that his present position was l)etter for him. He was glad to hear his brodier's paper and the discussion upon it, and also to have "a good bout at chemistry," which he was teaching some of his pupils. Among the attractions of that meeting were Professor lioutigny's experiments, to show why liciuids do not touch substances heated to a certain point, and therefore do not evaporate. He made a crucible red-hot, and poured into it some liquid sulphurous acid ; into this he immersed a jiliial of water, which was instantly hard frozen ; he " took out the ice, and held it up in his hand some minutes before it was all melted. ... I wonder whether some persons who will not believe miracles, on the very best testimony, would believe that water could be frozen in red-hot vessels, on my word.'' A paper by Sir R. I. Murchison on the geology of Russia called forth a very eloquent speech from Dean (IJishop) Wilberforce, who showed how weak was the faith of a man who dared not follow truth, lest truth should make him deny his religion : this is the faith which opposed Copernicus and persecuted Galileo. " My fixed belief," said Dr. Wilberforce, "is that Christianity is the nursing mother of all true philosophy, because man, unenlightened by revelation, would never dare to look Nature in the face, and compel her to disclose her secrets." He also dwelt on the peaceful tendencies of science : Murchison, an old soldier, had been exploring Russia to learn its natural gifts, and common ties were strengthened by these meetings. Sedgwick, who followed him, prolonged this strain, and declared war to be the greatest calamity. Philip made ac([uaintance with the most celebrated college (;hai)els, and copied some of the chants that most pleased him. On the Sunday he attended the services at Trinity and King's before breakfast ; then heard an excellent sermon at the Baptist Chapel ; dined on a twist (the cost of his dinners averaged less than sixpence !), and went again to King's College Chapel —"the grand afternoon service, which might be called a reli- gious soiree. . . . The choir was filled immediately, and the rest i1 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 '.],,'. 13.2 1^ £ tii IIM 2.0 i-4 IIIIII.6 V] <^ /}. 0% W /. ^W > #1 o 7 M Photographic Sciences Corporation ,\ d ,v ^ :\ \ <*. 9) V ^ 6^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 V^ % ^ 6^ m. 76 MINISTRY AT STAND. [Chap. III. "4 1 <;■ w of the people walked about the nave all the time, music or no music, prayer or no prayer, talking and laughing quite loud. It was worse than in a cathedral, because if they had been quiet, they could have heard every word of the prayers and scriptures. There were none of the 01 iroXkoi to witness their disgrace, that's one comfort. They were pretty still when the anthem began. It was that most lovely one, 'Praise the L,ord,' Mozart, and begins with the most exquisite solo that poor T. H. used to sing at York. . . Alas ! as soon as it was ended, they began to talk as badly as before. I wonder what kind of idea these persons had of divine service ! We then went our favourite walk through the groves, and got at five o'clock to St. John's ChapeljAvhere I wanted to hear the organ, and look at the beautiful picture of the Descent from the Cross, while they were chanting those very wicked, cursing psalms, and reading the long Goliath chapter; . . , then we went to Great St. Mary's to hear Dean Wilberforce. We had the psalms and lessons inflicted upon us all over again, and I was pained to look round on the people, and see them all repeating it piously, as if it was gospel." He "never heard (however) a more beautiful or Christian sermon," and wrote an interesting account of it : " You see, after my five previous services, they had left the good wine until the sixth." He did not forget his Sunday school, in the midst of his engagements, but wrote a letter to the superintendent (Mr. G. Fletcher) to be read to the children. He tells them that the philosophers can teach nothing better than Jesus. This summer he met with a disappointment in relation to an attachment which he had cherished from childhood, and which had become peculiarly intense ; though it was not till some years had passed that he felt he must abandon his hopes. Another trial awaited him. His report to the annual tea- meeting in October (1845) shows that in no year were his labours more abundant ; but he was aware that on many matters of great practical importance there was little sympathy between him and Mr. Mark Philips (then M.P. for Manchester), the leading member of the Stand congregation. He had declined 1 845-] INVITATION TO WARRINGTON. 77 overtures from other societies, and considered himself bound to Stand for five years ; but that term was drawing to a close. Just at this time, his friend the Rev. T. Hincks was moving to Exeter from Warrington, and the congregation there renewed an invitation which they had made on a previous vacancy. The three Rossendale congregations were very anxious that he should divide his time among them ; he was also asked to become the secretary of a Town's Improvement Company — to carry out sanitary reforms : in these he was now engaged with Mr. P. H. Holland, going in three or four days a week to Manchester, often lecturing at night, and walking home after it. He wrot'^ to his mother, giving all the pros and cons for these various plans, on which he had consulted a great many friends. Before deciding, however, he thought it best to inform Mr. Mark Philips of the Warrington invitation, who, in his friendly reply, candidly said, "Your views on many subjects are much more enthusiastic than ours at Stand, and I really believe you will find at Warrington a wider field than here for the propagation of your own ideas, very sincerely maintained by yourself, but not perhaps equally cherished by some amongst us." It certainly was an attraction to Warrington that the invitation was unanimous, although the congregation there was well acquainted with his "enthusiastic views." He wrote, however, to his friend, Mr. R. Allen : " I perceive that your congregation calls itself by the name of * Unitarian Christian.' When I was invited to become the minister of the Stand congregation, they called themselves * Presbyterians,' and my principles are entirely those of the English Presbyterian Dissenters ; although I had rather that all distinctive names were given up, and that we were content to be known simply as the disciples of Christ. There may appear to you very little difference between the two names — ' Unitarian ' and * Pres- byterian ; ' but to my mind these terms embody a great principle : the former implying the belief in a certain system of religious opinions, as necessary to Church fellowship ; the latter asserting the right of any member of the Church to search freely after the 7i MINISTRY AT STAND. [Chap. III. truth, and to hold and teach whatever appears to him the revealed will of God. As your society was (if I mistake not) one of the old Presbyterian congregations, it is probable that you agree with me in principle, although we differ in name. And if you allow me full liberty to teach the religion of Christ as a spiritual influence, irrespective of sectarian distinctions, I shall feel pleasure in becoming your minister. But without that liberty, I could neither be faithful nor useful among you. The views to which I have alluded you will find developed in the services at my ordination at Stand, to portions of which I beg respectfully to direct your attention. And I will add, that the statement I then made of my religious opinions, brief and comprehensive as it is, was objected to in " The Christian Teacher," on the ground that no expression of opinions ought to be required, or even desired, from a minister of the Gospel." The congregation acceded to his request with such unanimity, that he had no plea for not accepting the invitation, though he did it with "fear and trembling," and wrote to a friend, " My heart was with the Churches in Rossendale, and I longed to be freed from the trammels of worldly respectability." Among those whom he consulted was the Rev. James Martineau, his visit to whom interested him deeply. Mr. Martineau had just published " The Bible and the Child," which at that time greatly discomposed most Unitarian ministers ; " though he was inundated with letters of thanks from persons of all classes, particularly schoolmasters, and even clergymen." ** I reverence," writes Philip, " this faithful preaching, even though I may not always agree with his views." During most of his ministry, Philip expressed himself with equal plainness as to those parts of the Old Testament that, in their obvious meaning, do not accord with the spirit of Christ. " Tiiough rather orthodox in my own views," he says to another friend, " I have great sympathy with the * new lights,' and very little with the dogmatic Unitarians." In writing to Mr. Martineau to announce his decision, he says, " I hope that, like the mist this morning, tlie sun may break out : and that I may be useful yet in my new locality. 1 do not ask to be happy ; I know I I845-] DR. MARTI NEAU. 79 shall be quite as happy as is good for me, and I am generally most at peace when I am not happy. ... I am quite sorry to have been so selfish, and taken up so much of your time and thought with my own affairs ; but I felt that it did not concern me alone, else I should not have done it, and my con- versation with you did more to settle my mind, and to remove objections from Warrington, than anything else; and I now look forward with extreme delight to being so near you. My interview with the children seems to have given me a new, fresh life, and they come Lke guardian angels to me, when I am tempted to despond. My best love to them." Miss M. E. Martineau (July ii, 1877) thus describes the impression that lie made on her : " I was deeply touched by the news of your brother's death, --"d it seemed to bring back to me all that early time, when he used to come and stay with us, and so won all our hearts, that, at least with the elder ones of us, he has kept his place there ever since, in spite of years of separation. There was something in his presence and in his character that made him a delightful companion to children, and at the same time gave him a powerful influence over them for good. It seems to me that he stood in a peculiar relation to us children, — half playfellow and half elder friend ; but somehow he so threw himself into our life, and made him- self so much like one of ourselves, that we almost forgot to think of him as a man ; and he certainly encouraged our familiarity, for he would not let us call him anything but 'Philip.' Looking back on our intercourse with him, it seems to me one of the brightest spots in our happy early life. I think he had that most happy power of drawing out the best in children's minds and dispositions, which belongs only to such a pure and simple character as his ; and he entered with such sympathy into our tastes and pursuits, as to encourage all that was good in these, and give a fresh impulse to them. I remember this especially in relation to Russell's study of shells —to which I think your brother gave the first impulse, or, at any rate, the greatest help and encouragement. His love for my brother Herbert was most remarkable, and I am sure Herbert ' ';'» i: MINISTRY AT STAND. [Chap. III. ■* ^1 Jl Hi' returned his love, as far as a mere child could. In those early days we were too young for any due appreciation of your brother's beautiful character, but he made a deep impression on us, and the real appreciation came later." Keenly as he felt his approaching removal from Stand, he had acted for what he believed to be for the advantage of the congregation, and took for granted that an important portion of them would accord in the views expressed by Mr. Philips ; but he found that many who had freely criticized him could not bear to part with him. Among these was the Rev. Arthur Dean, formerly minister of Stand Chapel, who had often disap- proved of his extempore sermons, and his various departures from the old ways, but recognized the good his young successor had done, and expressed the greatest interest in his labours. Philip's influence was widely felt in the neighbourhood, and even those whom he sometimes wounded saw that it would be a scandal not to ask him to remain among them. He received a unanimous invitation from a congregational meeting to become their settled minister. It was not in his power to accept it ; but he thanked them most affectionately for the kindness they had shown him, and added, ** It is my hope and earnest prayer that you may receive the services of one more able (I can hardly say more willing) to advance the cause of Christian truth and holiness ; one who may avoid the errors into which I may have fallen, and carry out such of our plans as tend to do good ; one who will conciliate prejudices, overcome difficulties, and be the means of leading many souls to Christ." It was very gratifying to him that, when they proceeded to elect a minister, they chose a zealous teetotaler ; though unfortunately he could not accept their call. He heard of other instances, in which young ministers had given offence through their outspoken zeal ; among them his neighbour the curate : and he writes as follows to a Bristol friend, a young clergyman (March 7, 1846): ** Our young curate has got into the same trouble that I have done. I think I told you a little about him, and his bigotry against Dissenters, and his Puseyism. The incumbent wants to get into favour 1846.] THE CURATE. 81 with the rich Dissenters, and hook them in, and he knows that Mr. C.'s ways will prevent it ; so he has resolved to turn him ofT, and has written to the Bishop, making an especial charge against him for his violence against Dissenters, though he was engaged for the express purpose of opposing our influence. . . . He also tried to prevent his getting another curacy in the neighbourhood. So, at Mr. C.'s request (for he has become excessively friendly with me of late, now we are brothers in misfortune, though he tells me I shall be damned), I wrote a letter to Mr. Crompton, who wished to engage hi .. In this I said that Mr. C. had certainly been very violent against us ; bat I thought him far more consistent with the doctrines of the Prayer-book than those who professed greater liberality. I praised him for his plain-speaking, zeal among the poor, etc., and said that though opposed in doctrine, he had always treated me in the kindest manner. Mr. Crompton went to the Bishop armed with this letter and another ; but the Bishop would not read either. So the congregation signed a memorial in his favour, with about six hundred names; and some arbitrators between the two parties decided that it should be sent to the Bishop. And they got me to write another letter, in which I spoke in the same way as before ; jnd also said that as I mixed very much with the working classes, and knew their feelings, I could state from experience that, before Mr. C. came, almost all looked on the church as an engine of the State for the benefit of the rich ; but that Mr. C. had shown them that there was at least one clergyman determined to do his duty ; and said that though we were opposed on one point, yet we were each desirous of teaching men to live soberly, etc. (Titus ii. 12-14). This gave great delight to the leading church- folks, who before were very bitter against me ; so if it does no more good, it has at any rate removed prejudice. It's a new thing for a no-creedian parson to be recommending a Puseyite clergyman to the Bishop, is it not ? Well, dear Charles, I meet you daily at the throne of grace, and if we could daguerreotype thoughts with the sunshine of love, you would be inundated with letters from me." ii< M wr 93 MINISTRY AT STAND. [Chap. III. He had hoped to have had his last half-year "clear for finishing his work at Stand," but fresh work presented itself. In February the master of the Endowed School (in whose room, adjoining the chapel, the Sunday school was taught) was taken ill, and he felt obliged to undertake the school. Mr. Dean afterwards helped ; but Philip took three days, having his own pupils another day. ** This," he says, " and hosts of lectures, sermons, writing, and every kind of work, so filled my mind and time, that my business letters were as short as possible, and I scarcely wrote home. For half a year I never went to bed before twelve, often one, or even two. If this had been mere work, I could have stood it ; but the unhealthy room and the great excitement of tuition were too much for me." » He had been very anxious to state his views on the question between the Employers and the Employed, in reference to the mutual discontent which had prevailed during his residence at Stand. He wrote two lectures, with great care, and delivered them on consecutive Sunday evenings at the Mechanics' Institute, Radcliffe, after his chapel services. A report of them appeared in " The Inc^uirer," sent by his friend Mr. Howorth, and he refers to them, and to other matters, in a letter that he wrote to his sister Mary for her birthday : " The first lecture was very well attended (about three hundred), and though there were no mill-ow-^ers, yet there were some small manufacturers and the more thinking part of the work-people. Mr. Howorthv came over, each time, with a detachment from Bury. Thoogh the lecture took (with the extracts read and Scriptures, etc.) upwards of two hours, the people stopped to the end, and were very attentive. The trust-deeds don't allow of preaching or praying, by Dissenters, in any part of Radcliffe ; however, I began and closed with a hymn, and read lessons, to show that I meant it to be taken in a religious way. I felt extremely happy in the freedom of being in my own hired room, and I did not make my ' liberty a cloak of licentiousness,' but, by all accounts, was very fair and calm. Of course, people expected a tirade against the masters ; but in writing I was careful to speak more to the workmen \ and I am very glad I spoke, for 1846.] EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYED. 83 they would take from me what they would not from another, since every one thinks that I am going because the rich did not like me. It is true some of the worst said afterwards that I was paid by the masters to keep the men quiet ; but the bulk knew that I had no interest to serve, and would hear some wholesome truths that they are not in the habit of hearing. And yet I spoke quite as plainly as I wished of the masters, and have eased my conscience. . . . It is lamentable to see how a large part of the working classes are at the mercy of demagogues and unionists : they distrust plain doctrine as much as the rich do. Only the thinking part among them produce truly noble characters, who shine in great contrast to the masters in this neighbourhood. The second lecture was worse attended, partly because it was Simnel (mid-Lent) Sunday ; the people there were very attentive, and particularly interested in the account of Mr. Hollins's mill at Stockport, with which I closed. We had one of Mr. Greg's knights of the silver cross * present. I feel glad at having done what I can towards diffusing just views on this (here) most important question j for I am persuaded that the direct influence of Christian feeling is the only cure for these awful evils. ... " You would be entertained to see the scholars at dinner. No sooner do I give notice of the half-past twelve, than they scamper to the little room, bring out stools in a circle round the fire, and fall to. Some bring a pudding in a basin or tin, and eat it with a stick-knife ; others, bread and meat ; others, eggs and bread ; now and then a black-pudding makes its appearance, with a nudge of bread, or a delicate omelette in a saucer. Then some have bottles of milk or treacle-beer ; while others come to my water-jug with, ' Please, sir, may I sup? ' I sit on an elevated stool, smiling benignly on my young family, and joking the greedy ones ; and feed somelunes on currant-bread, some- times on rice or oatmeal, or such other concoctions as the wonderful art of Susan suggests. Sometimes she gives me her company at this period, when I walk with her in the field or garden, eating en chemin ; then I sometimes play a bit with the ♦ See "A Layman's Legacy ; Samuel Greg," p. 330. m MINISTRY AT STAND. [Chap. III. i^ ': boys before work begins again, to the great scandal of Mr. Dean, who thinks that * familiarity breeds contempt.' The boys are very fond of me, and I of them, but I have not yet got them into discipline. They have been so trained on the fear-of-beating system, that when that is removed they are destitute of moral sense, and it takes a long time in getting up a desire for right in boys that have neither bowels nor con- science ! However, I don't despair ; only give me time : and a little temporary disorder, if I can only succeed in arousing their consciences, is better than making them quiet under fear of the whip. They write letters once a week ; and I set them once to tell me what I should do, to get the school in order. One recommended beating ; one, separation ; one, setting impositions ; one, keeping them in ; one, a very good Methodist lad, said, ' I do not think I can do better than quote the words v)f the inspired writer, " A rod for a fool's back," etc' So I wrote him a terse answer, to the effect that Solomon's plan for teaching children was no rule for us ; that Christ never beat boys, nor told us to beat them ; that if he loved me he would behave well, because I wished it, etc. My plan is to keep them in, in play hours ; and they like least of all to be kept in after three o'clock, till all the work is done. Then I keep the greatest sinners to the end, and always have succeeded in makmg them penitent before I go. I had a great stir with the arch-sinner yesterday, who, being clever, an only son, and one of the congregation, expects to have his own way, and I expect he won't. He was kept last, but was in a great rage, throwing his slates about, etc. ; so I held him, and looked at him without moving a muscle for a few minutes, till he was quite softened, and then talked to him ; and soon he was in a state of great penitence. Another boy, whom I had set some sums to do before he went, was in the sulks, and sat stupidly still. He would not move, nor answer me, nor do a figure, nor go to warm himself, though he was shivering and crying. A tremendous thunder-storm came; but he was immovable. I quietly went on with my work for upwards of an hour, when at last he said, * Please, sir, there's a mouse ! ' Useful animal ! 1846.] HERBERT MARTINEAU. H I immediately took up the strain, entered into an interesting conversation about mice, and very soon the sums were done, and he was as affectionate and penitent as possible. But I shall never stop if I tell you all the school gossip. When I get among boys, I always want to be a schoolmaster." After referring to deaths in his congregation, he adds : " Monday brought the sad intelligence of Herbert's [Mar- tineau's] death. I loved him as a brotner, and wrote to him every week, I think, and I am so glad to find that these letters, and presents of shells, etc., were a great comfort to him. I think some of you sent a drawing which pleased him very much. I never knew such an angelic spirit in human form ; (lay and night he has been in my thoughts and prayers, and his heavenly face and the expressive tones of his voice haunt me like an unearthly vision. I wish you could have heard him sing his favourite hymn, * Thou who didst stoop below.' Except when our own father was removed, I never felt such a rending of my heart before. The feeling is as though heaven liad been tabernacling on earth, and was taken back again ; and if /feel it so, what must his parents suffer ! "* Years after, he records that it had made a void which had never been filled. He kept Herbert's notes, and cherished his memory to the last. ** I never knew" (he wrote in 1847) " such a boy as he was, so very pure and loving, and beautiful and holy : he seemed one of those angelic spirits that God sometimes sends down for a little time to show us that there really is a heaven." The following are his impressions on hearing a lecture by Mr. George Dawson on " German Literature : " — " I was a little disappointed with his manner; there was not that * Over his grave in the burial-ground of the Ancient Chapel, Toxteth Park, is t'ns inscription : — " O life too fair, upon thy brow We saw the light where thou art now. O death too sad, in thy deep shade All but ouo^ sorrow seemed to fade. O heaven too rich, not long detain Thine exiles from thifr'sight again." 1 1 :l ^1 Hi i '1 11 '1' ' Is' .Ml ■|l( III f! MINISTRY AT STAND. [Chap. III. eloquence of thought and diction that I expected, and his constant ' You knows,' when the people did not know at all, were somewhat disagreeable. His manner also was rather tame. But I was extremely interested in his views, which seemed to be exactly what I was trying to think myself, but couldn't : as though he could clothe in words my half-defined ideas, and dress them in purple and fine linen besides. I mean this of parts ; when he got on the Kantian philosophy, he was too deep for me. I believe I am intended to be one of the mental hewers of wood and drawers of water. I shall never think out new things ; but see clearly certain things, and explain them clearly. He gave Paley a well-merited castiga- tion, and came out with glorious heresies, which evidently were responded to by the audience. Some young men near me seemed intoxicated with delight, as though they were thirst ing for something more noble and true than their cut-and-dried theology." About this time there was a party in the United States that seemed disposed to go to war with England, and the friends of peace were induced to send addresses on the subject to America. Philip wrote as follows to the editor of an American paper (April 15, 1846): "The Peace Addresses which have been forwarded to your country will show you the general feeling of our people. There are some who do not like their being sent, because they say that all our peaceful overtures only make the war-party think we are afraid, and wax more violent. But I should think that those who measure courage by brute force would have no mean idea of the valour of the English troops, after the late wholesale murders in India. It is wonderful to trace the rapid advances of the peace principle. You will, I hope, before this, have received in your countr}' Mr. Wellbeloved's " Memoir of Captain Thrush." * He was the * Thomas Thrush (bom 1761, died 1843), when a retired post captain in the navy, devoted himself to religious inquiries, and published some Unitarian works. His study of the (Jospels led him to embrace the principles of peace, and in January, 1825, he resigned his commission (with Its half-pay) in a Letter to the King. He felt that " it required more courage to write that letter than to fight a battle." Some of his later works 1846.] PEACE MEETINGS. 87 first officer that ever resigned his commission on con- scientious principles. I had the honour of knowing him, and a more pure and Christian spirit 1 never met. But his name was cast out as evil, because he was a heretic. How- ever, the grain of mustard-seed was sown. The Peace Societies were formed, and now we see the fruit. Two years ago, the Manchester Peace Society thought they were doing a great deal in having a i)ublic tea-party at the Town Hall, and this year they hired the great Free Trade Hall, and had an attentive audience of many thousand persons. "The difficulty which the Government experienced in obtaining recruits led to the horrible proposal to call out the militia, by ballot, for immediate service. But what was the result? The most enthusiastic meetings were held all over the country, and instead of gaining their ends, the military people soon found that they were injuring their cause; and they backed out of it. It was a new thing to hear the working classes declare that they would suffer the penalties, rather than have to fight, and forming themselves into militia clubs — not to provide substitutes, as was wont, but to support those who might be sent to prison ! I think I shall never forget our Meeting at this little country place, which possesses a manu- facturing population of 15,000. The most ultra peace principles were received with enthusiasm, and our petition * to the works he printed himself, with a small press of his own invention, when fitting in his armchair and crippled with chronic rhcuniatisni. i\Ir. and Mrs. Thrush lived at Harrogate, and in the season they often let their house and visited York. The Peace Society was established in 18 lO. * " The humble petition [to the Commons] of the undersigned in- habitants of the townships of Radcliffe and I'ilkington [with 1409 signatures] showeth : — "That your Petitioners have heard, with the greatest astonishment and disai)|irubation, that it is the intention of the Government to call out the Militia. "That, in the opinion of your Petitioners, to force men against their will to engage in any employment, however laudable, is a species of slavery ; but to compel people to leave their homes and their peaceful occu])ations, in order to learn the trade of arms, is an outrage on the privileges of Englishmen and the rights of humanity. "That such a measure would press with peculiar force upon the working classes of this country, and on the increasing number of those who deem the practice of warfare inconsistent with the Gospel of Christ, T i im< I!:!' Vo MINISTRY AT STAND. [Chap. III. legislature told them, respectfully, that we should not obey what we should regard as a wicked law. We rejoiced that we were in a country where we might speak our mind, no one making us afraid. . . . The cause of peace must go on. Your H. C. Wright* and the Hutchinson family, with whom we became friends immediately, and our J. Sturge and C. Dickens, and, last but not least. Punch, are doing a vast amount of good. The Free Trade movement, too, has worked a miracle in politics and in humanity. This manufacturing district is full of life and energy. Even the agriculturists have been stirred up by the League. Persons are beginning to see that Christianity is a practical religion. The sects are making abortive efforts after Christian union, which, being based on the principles of sectarianis. must fail and give birth to something better. Education, teetotalism, peace, anti-capital punishment, prison discipline, sanitary reform, short hours, and hosts of good movements, are getting on so fast that persons can't be quiet, wish they it ever so much." The following extract from a letter to the Rev. R. C. Waterston, of Boston, U.S., relates to an effort to bring the Peace question before the Easter gathering (1846) of Sunday school teachers in Lancashire and Cheshire : — " We have been much pleased with the answer to the Dukinfield Peace Address. It was E. Howorth's proposition to me at a pre- vious meetiiig at Bury. I stirred him up to it, and we were deputed (he as representative of sixty Bury teachers, and I of forty Stand ones) to bring it forward. We had some difficulty. The chairman and some of the committee would and are determiiied, at all hazards, neither to fight themselves, nor to hire substitutes for so doing. " Vour Petitioners, therefore, beg your Honourable House on no account to give sanction to any measure of the kind proposed ; but to pass sucli laws, and to adopt such policy, as may, with the Divine blessing, effectually prevent the causes of war, and spread the blessings of peace, commerce, and prosperity among all the nations which compose the great brotherhood of man. *' And your Petitioners will ever pray." * The author of "A Kiss for a Blow," etc., a zealous Abolitionist, had spent some years in this country, and was one of Philip's most intimate friends. 1846.] THE SILVER INKSTAND. 89 have it that it had nothing to do with Sunday school instruc- tion ; that if they allowed it, it would be opening the door for teetotalism next year ! We quietly said it would, and that we thought the question whether our children should grow up soldi'jrs and drinkers, or peaceful, sober men, far more important than what are the best means of producing punctu- ality, etc. So afraid are people of real, practical, thorough- going Christianity, even amongst us ! They refused to allow it at the meeting, and we refused to speak on any other subject ; so they broke up the meeting early, and then let us hold another meeting for this purpose, and of course it was carried unanimously." " I am sick," he wrote to Travers Madge, " of that cant, about infusing the spirit of Christianity in generalities, and then leaving it to teach us everything ! Why, it is the practice of Christian acts that produces and strengthens the Christian spirit." His principles were tested in another way, which was a far ;jreater trial to him. The Stand teachers had all assembled to present him with a silver inkstand before he left. This seemed to him to give the lie to his preaching against luxury, etc., and he was obliged to excuse himself from meeting them, till he had given it full consideration. He wrote to me (June 12): "I can't explain to you all the circumstances about the silver inkstand : I had to act in this matter from what I believed to be my duty, though no one else saw it in the same light,* and it was the most painful thing I, perhaps, ever had to do ; but they all seem reconciled to it now, and I have no doubt they will all have more pleasure in it afterwards. I put it to them at tea on Sunday night, whether I should still accept it, as a mark and remembrance of their kindness, on the understanding that I sh'^uld not use it, or feel any particular pleasure in the jiossession of it ; or whether they would let me exchange it for a microscope, which 1 should use to the glory of God, with the teachers and * lie afterwards found that he had the approval of Mr, Howorth and others. ♦J 90 MINISTRY AT STAND. [Chap. III. li*! scholars, and which would remind me of them, and of my evenings spent in the same way. I believe, though an extremely painful one, it will be a valuable lesson to both parties. . . . They would have given me a microscope, only they thought I had it long ago (it was William's, which he had lent me). William was at the tea last Sunday, and spoke ver}- nicely, and materially assisted to make things comfortable. I happened to hear about the teetotalers before they had taken any steps ; and I asked them to give it up, for this reason : it would have been a public thing, with praise, etc., all which I thought wrong, and to be avoided. Moreover, they were obliged to confess that they would not have done it to the poor advocates, who have worked much harder and done more." He afterwards said, " The affair of the microscope has, I think, ended well. They all seem quite delighted with it. During the last week I had several levees, and the people clearly saw that it would be a fund of constant interest and instruction . . . the most deliglitful memorial I could have of them. ... I have a very strong faith that even things wrong in judgment, when performed not for our own glor}-. but from a sense of duty, will be sooner or later overruled for good." The school anniversary, in May, was a very bright and happy day. The Rev. J. H. Thorn preached, and Philip addressed the schools. He and his sister had made them a present of a harmonium : this he played for the first time in the chapel. The singing fully rewarded the great pains they had so long taken with it, and everything " gave satisfaction." Before he left, he felt that he must once more warn the young against a besetting sin. Mr. W. H. Herford has men- tioned how high Philip's standard of purity was at college. It was further raised, as his faith became more intense in Christ, who taught that sins cherished in the heart injured it as much as outward offences. The shame and guilt revealed to him when he sought out the lost and depraved, led him to look with greater horror on his own infirmities or (as he felt them) sins. He wrote very faithfully to some who had disgraced 1846.] ADD RE 3 S TO YOUNG MEN. 9» themselves, but as one who was the more ashamed of himself, because no outward shame had befallen him ; and he was also earnest in sustaining those who, like himself, strove to resist temptation. The Sunday but one before he left Stand, he gave a Sunday evening lecture in the school-room, to young men, convened by private printed circulars, from the different schools and congregations. There were about eighty, . very attentive ; and he had reason to hope that good was done. In his puioit journal he stated that he selected the hymns from Wesley's collection, and read many passages of Scripture. He and Mr. Howorth both engaged in prayer. " Felt it very humbling to give this address to young men, but I thought it right. About eighty to a hundred of all sects, and very atten- tive. I think not without fruit ; but God humbles me very, very much." On his last Sunday (June 22, 1846), he preached in the morning a sermon addressed to the consciences of his hearers and his own — '* Christ's word will judge us" (John xii. 48). In the evening his discourse was extempore : " Armour of faith, hope, and love" — "not a farewell sermon, but a looking for- ward one. ... no ebullition of feeling on either side, which I was anxious to avoid. God help us ! " His " private " pulpit journal, from which this (quotation is made, contains a register of hymns, lessons, written prayers and sermons, with a few brief notes in shorthand, obviously intended for no eye but his own. They show how faithfully he judged himself. For some time he was liable to make occasional mistakes in the service, which would not be expected from one so methodical ; but his feelings carried him away. He often notes the need he found of private prayer, that he might not think too much of himself or others. He had a humble opinion of his own capacity as a preacher ; he disliked writing sermons, unless they were on subjects that deeply interested him ; and he felt it desirable for the congre- gation that he should often avail himself of their consent to preach the sermons of others. During these five years, he preached fifty-two of his father's sermons, and about a hundred 1 m w m m gi MINISTRY AT STAND. [Chap. 111. of his brother's. He continued the practice at Warrington. At first he chiefly used his father's ; but their long sentences did not suit his delivery, and he thought " the religious fulness of experience " in his writings was a little beyond most of his hearers. Sometimes the sermons he adopted did not treat the subject as he would have done, but "perhaps the better for that." He soon commenced extempore preaching,* and it had an effect on his style of writing ; but, as some of his con- gregation did not like it, he rarely adopted it in the morning. Services like his were not often to be heard. In later life they had often more beauty and pathos, but he was always dis- tinguished by his intense earnestness and depth of devotion. His action was graceful and impressive, and the hope that was in him gave him " great plainness of speech." God had given him *' a feeling heart to declare His love." *' The common people heard him gladly." What he said came home to their " business and bosoms ; " now and then his friends were scandalized by the homeliness of his illustrations and appeals. He records of one of his sermons — '* No man hath hired us"— that it was thought " not proper for a sermon. Is it so ? " and he told me that " Aunt S. thought it the most horrid sermon she had ever heard ; but she does not know how the congrega- tion are living in the midst of it, and know its truth. I feel more and more the importance of striving to rouse the higher classes to a sense of their responsibility as to the state of the lower." The pulpit has become less conventional, and the sermon would scarcely now excite this criticism. It is said of an eminent preacher (Baxter ?) that he spoke as a dying man to dying men. Philip often spoke as a sinner to sinners, little as his hearers might sometimes suspect it. After delivering his brother's sermon on the text, "All have sinned," he notes, " But have all been pardoned ? Have I been ? " When at Knutsford, " Some seem to have thought I was a reformed * His facility in extemporizing was once put to an odd test. He had selected a sermon of his brother's, " He giveth His beloved sleep ;" but it slipped under the foot-board, where he could not reach it, during the hymn before the sermon. He did not reveal his loss, but preached on the text, and delivered the written sermon on another occasion. 1 841 -1 846.] SERVICES AT STAND. 93 drunkard. I wish I was a reformed man. O C ', save me from sin !" On another occasion : " It is certainly wonderful how merciful God is to me ; it is for the sake of my father and my people." He often notes a large attendance of strangers at the chapel. Once there was " a great company from Dukinfield " once "twenty from Newchurch, including a new-married couple " — it was their wedding excursion, to hear their favourite preacher ; but there was no large accession of seat-holders, though there was a great increase in those whom he took under his pastoral charge. He introduced the minister whom he expected to be his successor to 240 families. Many of them did not regard the Stand chapel as being " for the likes of them," and at that time no special welcome was offered them. The chapel-keeper was in the choir ; and once Philip, seeing from the pulpit some poor persons in the burial-ground, came down himself to usher them in ! His influence was not to be measured by the size of his congregation. He became " a living epistle of Christ, known and read of all men " in that district. It was rare to find any one who so unreservedly strove to live out his Christian convic- tions, and showed their contrast with the customs of the world. Many of the neighbouring ministers criticized his ways, but they were often led by them to examine their own. The general esteem in which he was held is shown by the compli- ment paid hint this summer by the Provincial Assembly.* His services excited attention wherever he preached. Sunday-school teachers f were especially drawn to him ; at their meetings, his appeals stirred them " like the sound of a trumpet." The students at Manchester College felt the warmth of his sympa- * The Provincial Assembly of Presbyterian (and Unitarian) Ministers of Lancashire and Cheshire dates from 1645 ; at their annual meeting, in June, they ballot for a " supporter," who conducts the devotional service the next year, and is the preacher in the year following. Philip asked to be excused attendance in 1847 > t)"^ in 1848 he preached to a large and very attentive congregation at Gee Cross, " Quench not the spirit." t At the request of the Bury teachers, he printed, just before leaving Stand, his sermon, "What do ye more than others? An Address to Christian Professors," which he had preached at several places. ill 9* MINISTRY AT STAND. [Chap. III. j! 'I IE '■ ^i lll^ m thies and the intluence of his zeal ; especially those who visited him at his parsonage, and sometimes spent a Sunday there. Mr. W. H. Herford writes, ** He then seemed to me to overdo the part of * servant of aU ; ' yet none of his friends could say that his general beneficence deadened his particular sympathies. When I used to go over to Stand from college, or he to come to a college meeting, his interest in old subjects was unim- paired, and his readiness to sympathize with any special matter which I might bring before him, was just as warm as though his days and nights had not been spent in doing whatever he thought ought to be done, and nobody else would do." As a minister, he felt it specially incumbent on him to care little for money or station ; and he was convinced that it was better to make mistakes, than to give way to wrong principles. To a friend who had heard an exaggerated account of his peculiarities, he wrote (March 7, 1846): ** I have never wished to compel others to my way ; I only want liberty for all classes. But some love fashion and custom more than free- dom and love. To such I will give no subjection, but show them plainly that I think Christianity teaches differently. In the matter of dress, I do what other people wish, as no principle is involved. I wear black, cravats, and gown, etc. As far as people let mc, I follow comfort and health ; but I don't idolize even these things. The question of address is different, be- cause it involves the principle of priestcraft. Like the one glass of wine, it is not an evil in itself, but in its connexions and consequences. I generally address other people as they wish, and let them address me as they wish ; but I never take tides myself, and I try to show that I don't think myself aboi'e a working man, or bclo7a a duke. As to mixing on familiar terms with all classes, I wish to be familiar with all friends, and respectful to all men. I have always been treated with respect by every one — by the poor perhaps more than by the rich ; and I think a working-man who does his duty far more respectable than a wealthy man who does not : and I tell them so. I have more real friends at Stand among the 1841-1846.] RETROSPECT. 95 poor than the rich : and have far more pleasure in their society, because I can always converse with them on im- portant subjects, without the restraints of formality which make visiting among great people a tax of duty rather than a pleasure to me. You must excuse so much about myself and my views. I am always glad to hear how they strike otheri. a id feel the difficulties of the knowledge of duty quite enough to make me wish for advice from all quarters." After leaving Stand, he wrote to his friend the Rev. Arthur Dean, to whose care he had entrusted engravings of his father and of the monument to him : " I am extremely glad to find that they were acceptable to the congregation. It will be a source of real pleasure to me to think that they can look at those memorials of one so truly good, so heavenly in his spirit, as my father. And if they connect the name with the remembrance of his son, I cannot but feel pleased with the remembrance, though the connexion is humbling to me. If the people have found anything to admire in my conduct, they know not what a faint imitation it is of the example under which I lived ; and if they knew me better than any of them do, they would see how unworthy I am of the office which I hold, and the name I bear. While others have praised me, the praise has cut to my heart as the most stinging censure. . . . You seek to cheer me by the faith that no good effort is ever lost ; I assure you it is to me a living faith. I feel quite able to commit to God everything I do in His service. But then the mourning is that so little is done in His service. I am humbled and surprised at the proofs of affection among my late people. Considering the numerous ways in which I have crossed their wishes, offended their prejudices, grazed their wounds, lashed their sloth, held them up to public censure, and in some instances been faithful in private reproof, it is amazing to me that they have borne so much * and loved so much. I * " My plan," he wrote, "has always been to have everything out at the time, at any expense of pride or uncomfortableness, and I have always found it work well ; so that I think I have made fewer enemies here than was to be expected, considering my mode of conduct. " 9^ MINISTRY AT STAND. [Chap. III. hope I have not often prostituted what I thought my duty to God to the desire to secure their friendship ; but certainly of earthly things I value their affection above anything else. . . . It was at Stand that I experienced the first fresh joy of a Christian life, and the unchilled warm burst of youthful hope, and my heart went forth, trustful of finding a ready response, and full of confidence in God." CHAPTER IV. MINISTRY AT WARRINGTON: 1846-1858. ^ET. 26-38. Warrington was classic ground when, from 1757 to 1783, it was the seat of an academy, or college, of which Drs, Priestley, John Taylor, Aiken, and Enfield, Rev. Gilbert Wakefield, and others were tutors, and where many who afterwards rose to eminence were students. John Howard resided here, to have Dr. Aiken's literary aid while he was preparing his work on prisons, which was printed in this town : he attended the Presbyterian meeting-house, some monuments in which bear testimony to this period of its history. It has been recently renovated, but in 1846 it was dingy and sepulchral; and the town and neighbourhood had few of those charms which Mrs. Barbauld has immortalized in her poetic " Invitation." Philip had never lived in so drunken or unhealthy a place, and that autumn the swampy fields and market-gardens smelt horribly from the potato disease. A new parsonage was to be built ; but meanwhile he and his sister resided first in Academy Place, and afterwards in the Butter Market. After the great strain of his last half-year at Stand and his removal, he ought to have had a complete holiday ; but he only allowed himself " a parson's week " with his sisters and myself at Ambleside. So it is no wonder that he felt completely exhausted, and good for nothing but to " stupidize " and rest. He wrote to his friend 'Pravers : " I really do not wonder that people become very bad ; for I feel with you that it is not really religious motives, primarily that is, but the same perhaps TI 41 K F^ '^ \ 1 ^illiji .1 9i MINISTRY AT WARRINGTON. [Chap. IV. shadowed forth in love of friends, that keep me from a com- pletely reprobate mind. ... 1 never thought, three years ago, that 1 could have fallen as much as I have done. ... I am preaching an historical religion ; not what I feel now, but what 1 felt once, and therefore know to be true." Of this period, ho afterwards wrote to him : " I asked God to chasten me very much in the way lie thought best, and He has done so ; . . . and 1 have seen His hand in it all," His heart knew its own bitterness, but he did not wish to dwell on it or record it. This half-year he made no remarks in his pulpit-record, and he discontinued his journal. '* I am always sorry," he told his mother, " when a cloud gets daguerreotyped." He was cheered at Warrington by having a new and spacious school-room, erected in the ministry of the Rev. F. Bishop (subscciucntly so efficient as minister to the poor at Liverjiool), whose earnest temperance zeal had borne fruit in the large i)roj)ortion of the scholars who were teetotalers. rhiHp had proved the great benefit of his music lessons, and he was anxious to procure a harmonium for the school. This led him to give some lectures, illustrated by the magic lantern, in the theatre, in connexion with the Mechanics' Institution, by whi( h he raised about ^6. There was a crowded attendance — low- priced and attractive lectures were a novelty ; but he felt that his gallery audience would " take a season to lick it into shape 1 ' He took a deep interest in a meeting of the Anti-Slavery League, at which F. Douglass and H. C. Wright were speakers. An effort was being made to induce the Free Church of Scotland to " send back the money " which they had received from American slaveholders.* " I devoted myself," he writes, * H. C. Wright (Dublin, April 4, 1847) printed a letter to the Central Relief Committee of the Society of Friends in Ireland (who had accepted money from the Slave States, and declined £,']0 sent through Lord J. Russell, the proceeds of a special benefit at the Queen's Theatre) : " Slave- holders or play-actors — which are the greater sinners ? " Philip considered the committee '"blind guides, who strain at a gnat and swallow a camel." He saw a difference, however, between the relief of the starving and the support of a Christian Church. In the first case, he would accept whatever help was offered, unless those who sent it took his acceptance of it as an approval of their practices, and a mark of fellowship. 1 846- 1 847.] SUNDA Y SCHOOL ESS A Y. 99 "to keeping the gallery quiet, and to the Christian work of keeping the window open ; to do which I was obliged to let the flap down and sit upon it, in the midst of the rush of air, and then to go and stand at the door on the cold flags for half an hour, holding the plate : and, strange to say, I did not cat( h cold." The Belfast Sunday School Association had offered a prize for an essay on religious education, etc., and he felt that he must accept this call to write down his thoughts. Travers would not write, because a prize was offered. Philip's disinterestedness showed itself in his urging as many to compete as possible : and in writing what he did not expect would please, on teeto- talism, peace, and purity, and showing the entire inefficiency of mere institutions and plans of religious teaching without the living spirit in the teacher. The prize was not awarded him, but the committee asked leave to print his essay. By his wish his name did not appear. It is entitled " The True Object and Means of Sunday School Instruction; being an Affectionate Address to Sunday School Teachers, by One of Themselves." " I wrote it," he informed the secretary, " at a period of great mental languor, and did not succeed to my satisfaction at all. I had to sit up almost two whole nights. . . . The thoughts^ however, are matured P At the end of November he went to Liverpool for the opening of a temperance hall and sanitary work, and caught a violent cold, which was followed by a carbuncle and boils. K visit to Stand revived him, and he wrote home : *" I am in the way to be better,' as my father used to say ; " but he had a relapse on returning to Warrington. He was disabled for more than a month, but on the first Sunday in 1847 he records : "Returned to my labour with great thankfulness, with mind refreshed, and, I hope, prepared for fliithful work, and felt rejoiced to begin the year among my people." Warrington was now his home, and it became the scene of his most arduous exertions. This was the famine year. An interesting summary of its claims upon him is found in a letter (August 19, 1847, half-past four a.m.) to his friend R. Walsh in America : — # lOO MINISTRY AT WARRINGTON. [Chap. IV " I never knew such a winter and spring and summer, even in the bad times at Stand, and trust I never may again. Most ol the mills stojjped ; one since November, another since January', others for two or three months, and the rest half-time. Only three mills are now going, and those but partially. Fustian- cutting not one-twelfth work ; pin-making, ditto. Inundated with many thousands of starving Irish of the worst class,* determined not to work ; food terribly high ; fever much worse than the cholera. We have had more than twice the usual number of deaths ; f large wooden sheds erected [for the sick] ; and have now got so accustomed' to see people with starving faces that one hardly thinks of it. You may trace them gradually getting thinner and thinner, and more and more sickly; things gradually pawned; credit gradually used up; hard-hearted relieving officer, and altogether a mass of misery. At the same time the file-cutters, etc., in good wages, and drinking hard as usual ; the starving people often getting drunk when they can, just as before. We have had a soup-kitchen with regular visitation, dividing the town into districts. For a fortnight I did not sit down in my study. The rich people, for once, found, the wretched ones out in their courts and hovels, and I cannot describe to you the stenches we meet. To go into the bed-room of an Irish lodging-house, with one or two ill of fever, and no windows open, walls and floor and everywhere reeking with filth ! I have gone everywhere that duty called me, fearlessly and safely, thanks to our Father's protection. I have worked hard, and, having saved up a hit of money for times of pressure at Stand, | have been able to do some good. Susan has been more than a helper — a leader * Irish of another description also visited Warrington. lie wrote in July that his friend Mr. Robson was giving out post-oflice orders, one Sunday, to 104 Irish harvestmen. t He wrote to another friend in June : "The Union surgeon has died of typhus fever, and four other officers are down with it. . . . We have set up a starving schoolmaster in a Ragged School, and must try to raise him 1$. or 8j. a week." J lie wrote to a friend, who asked him (not in vain) for a loan of ;^lo, that he was spending much more than his income, which, at that time, was ;{,"8o less than he had at Stand. - 1 847.] THE DISTRESS. loi m the town. She has freely S[)ent her money, time, Incessant labour,— cooking, doctoring, visiting, comforting, teaching — doing everything. I think it a great mercy that v\'e were sent here when we were ; for we have not only l)een useful our- selves, but havf been able to stir up others. We iiave had a day school for the unemployed boys and men, and ar. industrial school for females, and both (especially the latter) have been of essential service. We are now beginning a night school, and in three weeks got a hundred scholars, tv, o-lhirds of them men. I have stirred up their minds with lectures on the Christianity of Warrington, the drinking customs of W., the sanitary condition of W., and various outdoor temperance lectures. All have excited great attention. We have a Work- ing Men's Sanitary Association : they go visiting two and two, and make re])orts of the town ; we have nearly concluded a quarter of it, I am secretary, ^\'e have got a Juvenile Temperance Society in our school, and have meetings on Sunday evenings, and a Juvenile Peace Society. All t..is time 1 have had excellent health. We bathe every morning, wet and fine — have done for three months— set out at half- past five ; and I am learning to swim. You can't think what an intense delight it is to me, and how much good it has done me, physically and morally." As he has stated in this letter, he spoke the word in season from his i)ulpit. On February 21, he entered in his record that he preached extempore in the morning (a rare occurrence), " The true fiist ; " adding, " Brought a sermon of my father's ; but so impressed by what I had seen in my visiting, and by a miserable Irish beggar-woman, who came in and crossed to the altar and knelt on the stones, that I gave an extempore address on our duties in reference to the distress." A month later, he preached on " Waste of fragments," which was so very plain in its illustrations, that his sister scarcely thought it " Sunday reading." * She, however, acted on its principle, and devoted herself to the preparation of nutritious food for the * In his father's school library, some books were lettered S. R., as being suitable for reading on Sundays. I ill ^if ; I02 MINISTRY AT WARRINGTON. [Chap. IV. m poor. They promoted the use of Indian corn, etc., and l)arley puddings, which were a practical protest against the dreadful waste of barley— more than enough to feed the starving millions — by the distillers and brewers, A sermon on the "Gospel feast " had " an especial reference to outdoor preachings, showing how much more important they were than open-air political meeiings." (An election was impending.) "As we three," he writes, " W. Rot son, P. Rylands,* and I, all intend to have plenty of this work, I thought I had better silence their objections at the onset." He spoke that day, for half an hour, behind the Bridewell ; and these open-air addresses continued, during his ministry, to be a very important means of usefulness. Sanitary work occupied much of his time. The Association of which he was secretary was largely composed of working men out of employment, who made a carclul house-to-house visitation, filling up tables of particulars relating to the health- fulness of dwellings. Persons receiving relief were set to scour out the back streets and yards. The prevailing fever gave an impulse to their efforts, and they did their utmost to support Lord Morj)eth's Health of Towns' Bill. Philip wrote to J. Wilson Patten, Esq., M.P. (Lord Winmarlcigh), May 19, 1847: " I have great pleasure in accepting your offer to present our petitions for us, and am sending you eleven : one from the working-classes, signed by 4319 persons; one by all the I^issenting ministers, and nine from the members of the different Dissenting congregations ; these, with petitions [previously sent] from ratepayers, from medical men, and from clergymen, make a total of fourteen petitions from this town, with 5 1 19 signatures. The petition from the working-classes contains the names of almost all the adult working population. It is the largest ever sent from this town, and the facts con- tained in it are worth noticing." Philip was indignant with Lord John Russell's ministry for allowing the Bill to be shelved,! while they occupied themselves in making Manchester a * Peter Rylands, Esq., now M.P. for Burnley, was then a frequent attendant at his cluxpel. t A Public Health Act was, however, passed in 1848. 1847-] SANITARY WORK. to3 bishopric. To a Liberal, who objected to a resolution to this effect passed by the Association, he replied, "As we are not indebted to one party more than to another, we intend to continue, as we have begun, perfectly independent ; and shall express our opinions fearlessly, although (we trust) with perfect good-will towards those who differ from us." Meanwhile they wished to use the powers conferred by the existing law, and gave valuable information to the municipal Nuisance Committee.* Many of his colleagues ceased to have the time, and some the will, to continue these labours, and for a long while they seemed of little avail. They bore fruit eventually, however, and some who are most earnest for the public health were first roused to action in that terrible time. A gentleman, who is a member of the municipal Sanitary Committee, then used to go about with a whitewash bucket, to do himself what he could not else get done. It was towards the close of this year (1847), that the Warrington Waterworks came into operation. In the letter from which we have quoted, Philip speaks of learning to swim. There was a young man who had been a very regular attendant at the school for those out of work, in whom he took a great interest, and whom he found to be an accomplished swimmer. He got him to give him lessons, and describes the result in a letter (October 7, 1847) to his friend, Mr. W. H. Herford, who had been anxious respecting him : " I never was better in my life. I walk upright,f am fuller in the face, and my chest is grown much larger ; stronger alto- gether, and in a healthy state of mind. This is to be attributed to my going to bed at ten and getting up at five, and spending all the before-breakfast time in air, water, and exercise. The event which has worked this radical change in my habits is learning to swim — an accomplishment I never expected to * One of Philip's letters, June 7, describing various abominations, ends thus : " I shall be happy to accompany any gentleman to any of tlic above places at any time that maybe convenient." 1 )esciil)ing some "horribly stinking pigsties," he adds, "I suppose the owners think they have a right to poison themselves ; but I doubt it." t He says that when he came to Warrington he was described as " the parson who always walked with his head first ! " I !*!! 104 MINISTRY AT WARRINGTON. [Chap. IV. acquire ; but thanks to intense perseverance, wet and fine, Sundays not excepted, I have so far overcome my natural awkwardness that I can swim about twenty or thirt'- yards at a time, can float a bit, and altogether have moderate confidence in a ' tidy depth of water.' Our bathing party has met at half- past five every morning ; and we teach one another, somewhat in the German fashion, by stringing up at a turn-bridge. Of course, they have fallen away since the stormy weather began ; but I have never been entirely without company, except on one morning. We have established a regular college, and give degrees according to proficiency. To take a Doctor, it is necessary to have saved some one from drowning, and taught some one to swim. . . . To take a Bachelor, they must swim across the broad part of the canal, turn, and come back without stopping, some forty yards. All grown-up persons who can't swim belong to the Awkward Squad, of whom I am president : lads that are learning are simply undergraduates. . . . On the first of this month we christened a new turn-bridge, by diving off the rails, five feet nine inches, which was a decent plunge for a squad ! Our favourite place is a mill-stream which runs down a steep channel into a pond. We go in with the stream, swim across the deep part, and land in the shallow. There has lately been a flood, and such a stream ! We jumped in from the wall, and shot off like wildfire. One of our doctors dived in from the top of the water-wheel. . . . On Sunday week, four persons were killed through drinking in Warrington : one hung himself; the others were out in a boat — three drunken men and two lads. They reeled about, capsized the boat, and the two lads and one man were drowned ; the other two would have been also, but that my swimming doctor plunged in and saved them. I preached about it last Sunday : chapel crowded : many went away." He kept a memorandum of his bathes from November i, 1847, to June 5, 1848, recording the place, the weather, and the temperature of the air and of the water. The mill-pond and the Sankey and Old Quay Canals were his favourite resorts. He had his share of rain and sleet and fog, but the winter 1 847.] SWIMMING. lo: seemed very free from snow. Once the air was down to 22", and the mill pond was full of ice ; but he never omitted his Ijathe. He kept up the practice for years, and considcrin;j; that he frequently bathed in the dark, he was singularly free from accidents. In a memorial pamphlet, printed at Warrington, one of Philii)'s old scholars writes : " He was indefatigable in teaching all who cared to learn, and he often spent from an hour to an hour and a half in a morning teaching swimming by means of a rope and belt at Buttermilk Bridge. On Sunday mornings, when the weather was fine and favourable, there would be hundreds bathing in the canal, and this gave him excellent op[)ortunities of coming in contact with men whom he never would have reached in any other way. He had a kind and encouraging word for all, but was especially mindful of the younger ones, whom he was very fond of calling his young cuhs. He must have encouraged thousands to acquire the art of swimming; and never had a case of drowning ending fatally, though there were two or three near escapes, arising from some of the bathers attemping more than they could perform. 1 have no doubt that the genial and truly English way of doing this won for him the genuine esteem of the working classes of Warrington, for they almost alone were his attendants, especially on Sunday mornings" (p. 12). In a letter to his swimming doctor, accompanying a present of Channing's works, he describes his advance in the art, and adds : " I cannot express to you the pleasure I feel even at this little matter ; it has given me a new zest, and enabled me to persevere with spirit in work which otherwise would have overdone me : nor has it been without its moral uses. . . . It has furnished a pleasant theme for my imagination to run on, when the mind is unstrung from grave pursuits ; and our morn- ing walks and talks have been both healthy and profitable." In reference to his friend's moral struggles, he adds : " Don't be disheartened ; just think how many scores of times I went down in learning to swim — or rather should have done, if you iiad not held me up. So now I must hold your head up ; and ' When at first you don't succeed, Try, 2ry, Try again ! ' " io6 MINISTRY AT WARRINGTON. [Chap. IV. He had himself to follow this advice in reference to the Industrial School. He and his friends had reported to the Relief Committee that it was desirable to establish one during the winter. They were defeated by the clergy ; but the follow- ing copy of a printed letter, which Philip sent to his corre- spondents, shows what was done : — "Warrington, 1847. ** My dear Friend, " I am very sorry that it has been quite out of my power to write to you before : and now, you see, I am writing, not with a pen, but with a compositor's stick. As this is my first effort in printing, you must excuse errors. My time is entirely taken up with managing the Industrial School. which we have opened for the benefit of the unemployed factory operatives. Owing to the bigoted conduct of the clerf^y, who would not have reading or writing taught, wo were not able to organize the school under the Cicncral Relief Fund. But our Mayor [Mr. }3eaumont] (although a Churchman and a Conservative) handed me ;£s^, and requested me to establish and superintend a school without 'benefit of clergy.' Of course 1 undertook it: and I have now about 150 boys and young men to look after, of whom seventy work at different trades. . . . They have their dinner, if they come in time ; and many of them get nothing else in the day, unless we give tliem some Indian meal to take home, which we do as often as the dona- tions we receive from friends will admit. I have also a night school with fifty young men to look after. I might be called the Town Nose, from my sanitary in([uiries. Then there are all sorts of extras, too numerous to mention. All this in addition to my ordinary ministerial duties. So you will not expect to hear much from me. Notwithstanding town air and the work, I am very well ; thanks to a good bathe in the country every morning. My sister is just as busy, with her Industrial School. If you can help us with orders, materials, or cash, we shall be very thankful. " Yours faithfully, •' Philip P. Carpenter." 1 847-] HIS SISTER'S WORK, X In another circular he mentions that in the first five months of the Female Industrial School, 269 had been taught to sew, and a most beneficial influence had been exerted over them. To this school his sister Susan devoted herself. She had been an invalid for many years, before she went to live with him at Stand ; but the bracing air there, and the mode of life, had restored her, and though she, like her brother, suffered greatly from the unhealthiness of Warrington, all her powers were called out by this emergency. She had been warned that with the lower classes of female operatives nothing could be done ; but she would not let herself be daunted, and her courage and tact, and the great interest she took in their welfare, were not lost upon them. She wrote : " Could we have been allowed to continue on the Sunday the good influences of the week, I feel satisfied that ten times the good would have been done. We see it in the Sunday scholars who attended the Industrial School. ... I can do more in the hour and a half in which I • stay in ' with our Sunday school during chapel-time, than at any other time." She and Philip united in improving the sing- ing, both in the school and the chapel ; they not only taught many to sing correctly who had not knovv^n that they could sing at all, but they cultivated and refined their taste and feeling ; and exercised due care, not only as to how they sang, but as to what they sang. Philip's practical talent now did good service. As before mentioned (p. 9), he had learnt the rudiments of bookbinding, and had been familiar with the printer's office. The follow- ing account is from a paper in "The Helper" (1850), in which he recounts the origin of his " Oberlin Press " (so called after the philanthropist of the Ban de la Roche) : — "We began [the Industrial Schools] hastily with the means immediately within reach. Having some bookbinders' tools, we collected all our old books, and set several to work, mend- ing, folding, sewing, etc. The younger ones made all the waste paper into spills, for lighting candles (not ])ipes I). All were under the schoolmaster's care half of their time. Soon we got an empty house for a workshop. In one room, a dozen book- ill 1 08 MINISTRY AT WARRINGTON. [Chap. IV. binders were assembled ; in another, a dozen tailors ; in another, a dozen shoemakers ; in another, paper bags were made for grocers. At regular periods, these attended the school, and another set took their places at the workshop. The lads who came in tattered clothes, and could not afford to get them mended, visited the tailoring and shoemending rooms in turns, and came out well patched, and darned, and ' crapped.' All the pieces of old carpet we could muster were made into slippers ; and the torn books from the cottages were brought to the bookbinder's shop, and, having been ' fettled,' they made the commencement of many a good library. "'But what has this to do with the Oberlin Press?' It happened, dear reader, that in the midst of these bad times an unexpected bonus was announced on some railway shares. Whereupon we thought what an excellent thing it would be to set some of these youths to i)rinting; that they might learn to spell, and also print. useful things to distribute among the scholars. Accordingly, our bonus was invested in a press, type, and furniture. And well we remember the delight with which we took the composing-stick in hand for the first time, and set up those beautiful lines : — ' I slc]it, and dreamed that life was ]5eauty. I woke, and found that life was Duty. Was thy (hoam then a shadowy lie? Toil on, sad heart, eourageously, And thou shalt find thy dream to be A noonday light and truth to thee.' * Our press was a rickety old wooden instrument, and our type was worn, and none of us understood our business. How- ever, the neighbouring printers were very kind in resolving our difficulties ; and by dint of pains wc managed to print many a useful paper, and even ventured on a book of "Songs of Progress and Affection for the Peoi)le,"f the first edition ol which was sold off very speedily. ]]y the time that the factories got to work again, and the school closed, one of our young men * These lines were the heading of his printed letter, p. 106. t To this he soon added a Supplement and " Songs of Health and Temperance," which at one time were much used by Bands of Mope, etc. 1847-] THE ODERLIN PRESS. 109 had so far improved, that though he was but a bad speller and grammarian (having had no education but that of a Sunday school, and not having so much as seen a press or a type three months before), he was able to set up a small tract, impose it, correct it, and work it off without assistance. He was a cotton- spinner by trade, but having been out of work seveuteen con- secutive months, through the stoppage of a factory, he was anxious to devote himself to some other business.* As we had found the press very useful, and hoped to make it still more so, we entered into a co operative society with him and a few others who remained destitute of emi)loyment. We moved our machinery to some premises belonging to the Mechanics' Insti- tution ; got our press entered according to law ; and set up for ourselves. Since that time we have exchanged our old press for a new Columbian ; have obtained various additions of type ; and have built Oberlin a new house. f We neither profess nor expect to rival practised, well-taught hands in our execution ; hut we hope tliat our work will be both readable and read. We hope that it will always be worth reading. Oberlin is glad of 'jobs;' but he will never print bills for publicans, or pawn- tickets, or puffs of tobacco, or anything else that (whether rightly or not) he deems injurious. " There is said to be no rule without exceptions ; and we liope that our good friends who belong to unions, and can show indentures, will consider this attempt of ours as one. We are not opposing the unions ; but, under the extraordinary circum- stances of the case, we had no power of seeking their protection. We have, indeed, served an apprenticeship to correcting proofs, of twenty years' standing ; but we were never bound. The only indentures we can show are careful hands and willing hearts ; and we belong to the blest and blessing union of those who are anxiou'^ to do good, who are anxious to be taught, and who are anxi( s to be faithful to the cause of him who commanded us to ' work while it is day.' " * Mr. John Howard is now "carrying on a nice little business, with a little money in hand," as a printer, etc., afFacit, near Rochdale, t Over the committee-room of the Cairo Street School. fllplfl no MINISTRY AT WARRINGTON. [Chap. IV, One of his first works was " Selections from the Psalms and other Religiouo Poetry, arranged for Chanting ; with Responsive Services, etc." This met a want in some of our congregations, and in 1 86 1 it had reached a third edition, which was stereotyped. Chanting was not as usual in Dissenting services as it has since become; he wrote a paper on it for "The Christian Reformer' (December, 1848), describing some common faults attending it, and giving excellent directions. He had always been much shocked and disgusted by exijressions which occur even in some of the most beautiful psalms, which had often prevented his public use of them,* and he aimed to make his little book a help to C/^m//Vz« worship. In 1849 he printed his " Discourse on the Power of Faith," and two articles he had contributed to " Howitt's Journal" — "The Indirect Advantages arising from the Temperance Reformation," and "The P>ils indirectly con- nected with it." He also obtained his sister Mary's permission to reprint (at Susan's risk) her "Meditations," for popular use; to which he added prayers, most of which she embodied in sub- sequent editions.! He also printed leaflets (Oberlin Tracts), which were written in a very familiar and pointed style, and were adapted for distribution at his outdoor meetings. One of these was on " Dirt," on which he lectured at the Bridge Foot. This summer he gave, on successive Sunday afternoons, thirteen extempore discourses on the " Life of Dr. Channing," which had been just published. He writes : " They seem generally popular. We often end the Sundays with a walk to Buttermilk Bridge, to talk over some subject. We have been two evenings on your saving sermons ; ... we have from * In after life he reconciled himself to these execrations by a mystical interpretation. t Among the books he printed was "A IMonotessaron, or the Gospel Records of tlie Life of Christ combined into One Narrative on the Basis of Dr. Carpenter's Apostolical Harmony." This was a work which he had much desired to ]5re]jare ; but his brother undertook it, having then more time at his disposal. Philip took groat interest in carrying it throiiijh the press. This was in 1S51. In the following year he printed for iiis friend Miss E. l^right a series of "Extracts from the Reports of Her Majesty's Inspectors of Schools, etc." (315 pages), in which a great deal of very valuable information and suggestion is collected under various heads. 1848.] WORK FOR YOUNG MEN. Ill twenty to forty young men on these occasions. . . . We are having a teetotal move at Town End, a rough part : the fruit partly of our chapel lectures and school meetings, and partly of our open-air Sunday afternoon meetings. They have taken a room, and are beginning an adult night and Sunday school. About fifty riotous young men signing causes a sensation. There is quite enough to encourage us, and quite enough horrid wickedness that we have no power over." After Philip's death, there appeared a letter in " The Man- chester Examiner," from one who said that he was now advanced in years, and wished to bear his testimony to a good man by whom his character was to some extent moulded : — '* It was his pride and pleasure to gather together young men of pro- mise, not for proselytizing purposes, but in order that he might influence them for good, mentally, morally, and I may add physically. A more tender teacher and friend no youth could have, and the value of his instruction and friendship was all the greater, seeing that it was * without money and without price.' I was one of many young men who, while differing from him in politics or in religion, yet sat at his feet, and I cannot refrain from bearing testimony to his worth as a man and a Christian. His services in establishing an industrial school in Warrington at a time of severe depression in trade merit more than a few lines in a letter ; suffice it here to say that there must be many yet living who owe to him that they were plucked out of the gutter, as it were, and learnt trades, by means of which they could earn honest livelihoods, and more than that, who are indebted to him for the knowledge they possess of this world and the world to come.'' Soon after Philip's school was opened, the clergy opened theirs ; and altogether about eight hundred young persons of both sexes received instruction, and were partially fed. When they were closed, the working-men held a meeting, to which J. Fielden, Esq., M.P., the champion of the Ten Hours' Bill, was invited, at which they presented a testimonial to the rector * and to Philip : the rector had a medal ; Philip, • The Hon. and Kev. H. Powis, afterwards Bishoj) of Sodor and Man : he (lied soon after Philip. M ' IM'' II H 1 1 MINISTRY AT WARRINGTON. [Chap. IV. by request, a Bible. In his private [)uli)it-record he noted : "October 22. * We are unprofitable servants' (Luke xvii. lo). As this was the first day of using the Bible given me by the factory people, I thought it a proper day for this sermon, which I had long intended to write." He had added the instruction of private pupils to his other labours. These were checked in February, 1849, by an attack of illness, which kept him a month from his duties. He was restored by a visit to the water-cure establishment at I'cn- Rhydding, and henceforth practised and recommended parts of the hydropathic treatment. On his way home, he visited his friend Mr. G. lluckton at Leeds, to whom he wrote (April 2) : " My sister was waiting to receive me, and a whole bevy of Sunday scholars to bear off my bags and parcels in triumph. I have kept well since I came here : was just in time to christen a new bridge that had been made during my absence at our batliingijlace, and am ordered l)y the doctor a dripping sheet in the afternoon. Tt was very jjleasant to meet them all on Sunday : the school seemed in a most prosperous condition, and the congregation very fiiir. The new houses are up to the second story, and altogether all things seem prospering, espe- cially the influx of the Irish and — the smells ! " Those houses were the parsonage and the adjoining house,* in the planning of which, for health and comfort, he had taken great interest. They faced a new street, Cairo Street, from wliich the congregation made a new entry to the burying- ground and chapel, formerly approached from Sankey Street. Untbrtunately, in making these improvements, the trustees had not been duly consulted ; and I'hilip had the first experience of those divisions which saddened his ministry. This spring, I resigned my ministry at Bridgwater, where (for the previous year) I had declined accepting the rents from beer-houses on the chapel property, which excited some painful * From want of space in the wood-engraving on the opposite page, most of the house adjoining the parsonage has been omitted, and the burial-ground (between the chapel and the school -room) has been shortened, which makes the school-room appear too small. The commillee-room (over which was Philip's printing-office) is behind the school-room. om his record of Proceedings of Public Bodies, it would seem that Warrington was in many respects a progressive town : " The Town Museum and Library is remarkable as being the first and the only * institution of the kind established under the new Act." After describing its attractions, he adds, " And all this without any charge, except the paltry rate oi \d. in the pound, which amounts, in the case of most working people, to the astonishing sum of yi. or 4^. in the course of the year." A committee had also been formed to raise J[,2ooq for baths and washhouses. When persons complained of being overburdened already, he referred to the public dinners of the civic authorities, and remarked, " Those people who were feasting, and who had plenty to eat and drink at home, consumed at one series of entertainments what might have been the mental, and to a great extent the bodily, food of sixty or seventy neglected children throughout the entire twelve months." He begins an article, "The Rest for the Dispensary," by saying, " The good people of Warrington have had three- very good Mayors, each of whom has given them several extremely good dinners, which have cost a good many hundreds of i)Ounds." They invited the Mayors to a dinner in return : and "it was agreed that \2s. Gd. should be paid to the inn- keeper for each man's dinner; but that i^s. should be charged for each man's ticket, the rest to go to the Dispensary." About one hundred persons sat down to dinner, including most of the principal burgesses; "a very bad example was set to the people, who are scolded enough by the * higher classes ' when * lie subsequently wrote, "in the manufacturing districts." i85o.] ''THE helper:' 123 ///(•)' spend their money foolishly in eating and drinking, and get drunk," When the accounts were made up, instead of about ;^ 1 2, "■ t/ie rest to the Dispensary amounted to no less a sum than eight shillini:;s and sixpence ! " Many of his articles were subsequently reprinted as leaflets — " Drink, but Remember," " Respectable Man-Killers," "Drinking as Medicine," "Have Christians a right to Smoke?" etc. (On the subject of smoking he felt and expressed himself very strongly, e.g. in his tracts " Don't poison my Air " and "Smokers beware." The latter was translated into Welsh, and made converts of most of the men at one of the quarries. ) A friend, to whom some of these publications were sent, though he approved them on the whole, declined to circulate them : " By such brusque assaults on the indulgences of working men, do we not utterly offend and alienate the best and most valu- able of them ? " This, however, was not the usual effect on those who knew how ardently the writer strove, not only for the highest welfare, but for the comfort and recreation of the working classes, and how fearlessly impartial he was in his criticisms on those in higher stations. He wrote and spoke, not only fearlessly, but as one to whom it did not occur that there was anything to fear \ and, with his intense faith in great principles, it was almost impossible to avoid what reads as sarcasm when he contrasted common practices with the teacii- ings of the Gospel. There are many useful and lively papers on the minor morals — " Scolding," " Rude Manners," " Fops," " Time enough," " The Streets," etc. ; and he prints the sub- stance of his " Proxy" sermon (p. 61). He commences "The Divine Service of Hanging, in St. Paul's Cathedral " by saying, " If people would carry out principles to their consec^uences, the bad ones would be seen to be bad, and would be avoided." If the Old Testament was quoted to defend capital punish- ments, they should, if they are performed by divine command, be carried out with the utmost solemnity. (The auto-da-fe in Spain was attended by the highest persons in Church and State.) He concludes a very striking article, in which he refers to the burial service read over the condemned, etc., by m 124 MINISTRY AT WARRINGTON. [Chap. IV. saying, " If any of our readers think our language blasphemous, we beg to remind them that the blasphemy is not in this legitimate result of the principle ; but in the language and the conduct of those who endeavour to reconcile cold-blooded man-killing with the loving and the life-giving doctrines of the Prince of Peace." In the outer pages (which those who wished could detach from the rest) he more than once speaks of the sins which have such temptations for the young, and often keep them enslaved to the end of life. He refers to his flither's '* Practical Remarks on Matt. v. 27, 28, addressed to Young Men," which he had rei)rinted as an Oberlin Tract ; he gives a long extract from " Hints to Young Men on the relation of the Sexes," by Dr. John Ware, of Boston, U.S. ; he reviews Fowler's works, which had just been edited by Joseph Barker (parts of which he thought exaggerated ; and of such works he says, " Their effect will be according to the feelings with which you read them. ' To the defiled is nothing pure ' "), and Sylvester ( Graham's Lecture on Chastity, which he subsequently re- printed. He believed, as regards the majority of young persons, that they were not as ignorant of evil practices as their seniors supposed : and that the question was " whether knowledge on one of the most important subjects that can affect our present and eternal happiness shall be gained clan- destinely, by corrupting imaginations and practices, by reading injurious books, and by conversation with those who associate pleasure with sin ; or legitimately, by serious conversation with their elders, by reading books of earnest and faithful warning.* and by careful instruction in the principles of physiology. We have not the sli!i:;/ifest hesitation in preferring the latter : we speak from practical experience. . . . General instruction in Christianity and the inculcation of religious principle is not sufficient ; any more than general instruction in temperance can prevent drunkenness, or in peace can put an end to war. * Dr. Elizabeth Rlackwell's " Counsel to Parents on the Moral Educa- tion of their Children, 2nd edition, Messrs. Platchard, Piccadilly, 1S79," is recommended by thoughtful mothers who have studied it. 1850-185 1.] LECTURES ON CHRISTIANITY. 125 There is no sin which has so many 'thousand treacherous arts to lead the mind astray.' There is no end of the excuses by which the victims of sensuality lull their consciences. The general language of society pronounces these sins as venial, and the general language of young men stamps them as necessary. Even doctors often make it appear that strict chastity is sometimes injurious to health : and the professed teachers of religion do nothing to counteract these impious notions" (p. cxiv.). At the end of the year he found "The Helper" not helped," and discontinued it. He subsequently printed a '' Town Council Reporter," before "The Warrington Guardian " was established, which was of service in reminding that body of its responsibility. Pearly in 1851, he was saddened by the departure of his valued friends and helpers, Mr. and Mrs. Moulding and others, for America. He sailed out with them thirty-five miles, and felt it very difficult to reconcile himself to coming back again. The condition of the congregation gave him anxiety, and he was aware that some leading members (including one who was afterwards his fastest friend) disapproved his style of preaching and wished him away. He had it in consideration whether he should accept a mission, or be master in an endowed school, but at length resolved " to bear the ills he had," and to show his critics " that they are not to turn out conscientious ministers at pleasure." This winter (1850-51) he gave a course of seventeen Sunday Evening Lectures on the Early Times of the Christian Church, ending with one on the influence of the ancient British Church. The attention which he had paid, when at college, to the Rev. J. J. Tayler's course on Ecclesiastical History proved a great help to him. He aimed to show the gradual rise and influence of many of the doctrines and princijiles now prevalent, and their impotence to produce a holy life. This series was preceded by a lecture on the Pope's bull, which was then exciting so much indignation. Subsequently (1852-53) he gave twelve lectures on English Christianity, 126 MINISTRY AT WARRINGTON. [Chap. IV. including; one on Swedenborg. He stated that the New Jeru- salem Churches were very few in number, but that, like the Unitarians, they huld principles which were becoming recog- ni/x'd by persons of other Denominations ; e.^.^ that love of (lod and our neighbour is the life of faith; that "heaven and hell are not places which will be the future abode of the holy or the wicked, but internal and spiritual states, in accordance with one or other of which each man lives ; " that those who have chosen heaven while on earth become angels after death ; and that " those who live in bondage to self-love, or love of the world, thereby are associated with devils, and choose hell as their portion." What others hold as opinions, Swedenborg stated as facts which had been revealed to him ; but the New Church did not recognize any human lord over their faith. As to the " theological dress of his religion," Swedenborg repudiated the usual doctrine of the Trinity, but affirmed that Christ was " the same being as God the Father, who united Himself to a glorified human form, in order to effect the redemption of the world : " he did not ])ut the books of Scripture on the same ^ -vel, and considered that many of them contained the word of Cod only in a spiritual sense. We have referred to this lecture because the peculiar views it describes were gaining a hold on rhilijj's mind. On April 30, 185 1, he took his nephew, W. L. Carpenter, and two other young friends to the Frodsham hills. It haj)- pened to be the time of the Chester races, and there was a flital accident in the train by which they returned. Part of his letter to the coroner (which is very characteristic) will be read with interest : — "Warrington, May II, 1851. " Sir, " I was present at the collision in the Sutton Tunnel, but I have not attended to give evidence because I con- scientiously object to the taking of an oath.* As, however, I * As the law stood, members of certain Denominacions which protested against oaths (Friends, f.^,'.) were allowed to make afdrmations instead ; but the consciences of isolated individuals were not respected, and they wore liable to committal on refusing to swear. ig iS5i.] COLLISION IN A TUNNEL. 127 observe discrepancies in the evidence as published in the p:il)ers, I think it right to state to you what I know of the affair. [Some of the particulars which are omitted rehite to notes as to the time.'] . . . We were thankful to get into a stand-up carriage, about the middle of the Jirst train in (juestion. The train was very long, and very full of people, most of whom appeared the worse for liquor, and were shout- ing, swearing, etc. ... I saw at once that we had a greater load tlian the engine couni draw, and feared an accident would follow. I made my party stand so as to receive a shock with the least injury. . . . After we entered the tunnel we got slower and slower, till at last we came to a dead stop. I am (juite sure we had stopped still for some time before the collision took place. Every one was so alarmed at the unearthly darkness, that even the drunken people became ([iiiet. Every now and then some one struck a light, but the rtst were so frightened at what it revealed (the motionless walls of the tunnel and the increasing volumes of steam) that the cry was always raised, ' Put it out ! put it out ! ' Several wanted to get out and walk, but I and others urged them not, fearing the danger of so doing. We could see and hear nothing except in the carriages next to ours. I presume the dense steam deadened the sound. ... At last '■here was a sudden shock, so violent, even at the distance that we were, that it threw us all down, and threw others on the top of us ; but none of us were hurt beyond a few bruises. As I heard no cries of distress, I thought it was the next train coming up with a bang to shove us on. Indeed, we kej)t still for some time longer, till at last the engine came and drew us out." (He calculated that they must have been about an hour in the tunnel.) At the beginning of July, the chapel was closed for two Sundays, for repairs : and he resolved to take the opportunity to make a pilgrimage to the ruins of the monastery of Port Royal, taking a young friend and inmate with him. He wrote a very minute and graphic account to Mrs. Schimmel- penninck (see p. 117). Unfortunately, in the hurry of his 128 MINISTRY AT WARRINGTON. [Chap. IV. (lcij;irture, he had not studied its exact position. When he reached Paris he supposed that it would he well known, as a new work on Port Royal, by M. St. IJeuve, was very popular. It was, however, out of print, and no one seemed able to direct him. At last, in a shop on a boulevard he saw a very old map of the environs of Paris, on which Port Royal was plainly marked. They reached it through Versailles, where he showed his companion the palace, and he found a gallery of portraits of persons of various nations, in an upper story which he had not visited before. " Among them all, none gave me greater delight than some truly heavenly counte- nances, bearing the names of the Mere Angelique, the Mere Agnes, Pascal, Arnauld, Racine, and others of the saints of Port Royal. In the whole collection there were no faces more beautiful than these ; and here they were, hung up with honour in the very palace of their persecutor. Thus posterity rightly judges." After a beautiful walk, they reached Les Oranges, once the home of the recluses, the proprietor of which (M. Farmin ?) cherished the associations of the place. " He took us through the gardens, with the beds laid out just as they used to be by the recluses, and then to a grove where, at our feet, lay the ruins of the monastery almost exactly as I had pictured them from your description. The scene, gilded as it was by the glow of the setting sun, filled my soul with solemn beauty and intense peace. ' They sleep in Jesus and are blest, How calm their slumbers are ! ' ... I had left England almost exhausted by labour and anxiety; and I cannot even now recall the image of that peaceful valley without a holy calm seeking to find its entrance into my soul." They could get no accom.nodation at the little village inn, but their simple habits made them very independent. In the old Hermitage, inhabited by small farmers, they had an " even- ing meal of bread and milk, in a kind of closet, half a dozen Port Royal cats prowling about in hopes of a share. . . ■ •85'.] PORT ROYAL. 129 The only place of shelter [for the night] was a little hovel of two rooms. The woman had gone to bed, but after very l(mg solicitation she at last got up, and made us a very clean bod in a very dirty room, where was a spinning-wheel, garden tools, potatoes, etc." The next morning they completed the survey of the various places of interest,* and on a rude stone column, surmounted with an iron cross, over a large grave of Port Royalists, they hung a garland which they had made of wild flowers. " What different feelings you have in visiting Port Royal, from the remains of any of our English abbeys. How {^w of these are consecrated by the remembrance of any persons celebrated for their piety : not one where you can point to a whole body exercising a sanctifying influence — not on a village but on a kingdom, not one kingdom but the world. And all this was due, humanly speaking, to the firmness and devotion of a girl ! " After returning to Paris, and " dining with the market people by the Fountain of the Innocents, we took railway to Fontainel)leau, intending to spend two quiet days in the recesses of its venerable forest. A wet morning, however, drove us to the palace, where our companion was a French ecclesiastic, apparently of the richer class. On seeing a picture of Louis le (irand, I ventured to hint, 'Louis le grand porsecuteur ! ' ' Oh no,' said my friend : ' what do you mean ? ' 'Why,' said I, 'he not only persecuted the unfortunate HuL^uenots, but he wreaked his bii'otrv even on his Catholic brethren.' The priest expressed incredulous surprise. ' Pardon me,' said I, 'we yesterday visited the ruins of a monastery he destroyed, within a few miles of his own palace. At Port Royal,' I continued, seeing him still bewildered, 'although the inliabitants of it were among the most pious people that ever lived.' ' Oh, but they were Janscnists,' said he. ' Well, and * In 1S55, IMiilip edited and printed at the Oberlin Press a little volume (276 pages, l2mo) — " Port Royal and its Saints ; beinj; the Select Memoirs of Port Royal," by M. A. Schimmelpenninck. The tifth Edition, somewhat abridged. Seep. 117. He refers in his I'refaceto "the original aut()gra]dis to which the Principal of the Jansenist College most kindly admitted [himj, when visiting the ruins of Port Royal." 130 MINISTRY AT WARRINGTON. [Chap. IV. are not the Jansenists Catholics?' I replied. 'Was it not a very wicked thing to persecute pious Catholics?' 'Oh, but they were heretics ! ' said he, with the greatest nonchalance. * But cannot heretics be saved, if they lead holy lives ? ' I continued. * Impossible ! ' said he, as he turned away in great disgust." In October, during the quarterly teachers'-meeting, on Sunday evening, his house was robbed, as he writes to his sister Mary : — "The tea-party went off very well. We had mountains of flowers. . . . But while we were singing and talking there, some folk made themselves busy here. I fancy they were travelling thieves, who, seeing them carrying flowers, crockery, etc., from my house through the chapel, doubtless thought they could go in where others went out, and watched their opportunity. They put up the kitchen shutters, raked out the fire, ransacked the plate-basket, took the silver and left the rest ; went to the spare room, drew the curtains, wrenched open one drawer and tried another, but took nothing ; went to the study, wrenched open two desks, also the drawer, which I had locked during my absence — took nothing ; went to Mrs. B.'s room, shut the window, ransacked and took ten shillings and a coin of hers ; then to my room, where they ransacked several drawers, broke open the bureau, and took my money (which I had kept, W. Robson being in London) and ring, but left the cheque. They left also hosts of things which I wonder they did not take. The house keys were lying on the desk, ticketed, but they made no use of them, not even the plate-box. The enclosed bill is exciting great attention. The police have sent it round to neighbouring towns, but I have no expectation of getting anything back." The handbill was as follows : — " ROBBERY. " Whereas, certain Person or Persons did feloniously enter my Dwelling-House last evening, between the hours of 5 and i85i.] ROBBERY. 131 8 p.m., while I was engaged with my congregation in the discharge of my ministerial duties ; and, having burst my Desks, Drawers, and Bureau, did abstract therefrom a plain gold Mourning Ring, with the name N. Pearsall thereon, also a Silver Coin with the letters I.S. on one side and two candlesticks on the other side, also gold and silver coin belonging to myself and my housekeeper, of the value of about ;;^ 10; and did also abstract from my plate-basket 3 Silver Table Spoons, engraved P.P.C. ; I hereby give notice^ That I offer no Reward for the discovery of the said Parties, if for no other reason, because I have incurred suffi- cient loss already. If, however, the Parties should be dis- covered, I do not intend to prosecute them, i. Because my evidence will not be received in a Court of Justice unless I swear,* which I am forbidden by our Lord to do (Matt, v, 34) ; 2. Because I believe that transporting the said Parties or sending them to jail would make them worse than they are, and I am forbidden to recompense evil for evil (Rom. xii. 17); and 3. Because that would be a strange way of showing the forgiveness which I am bound to exercise (Matt, vi. 15). " If the said Parties should see this Document, and if they will come to see me, I hereby promise to do them no harm, and I shall be glad of an opportunity of conversing with them. If they are afraid to meet me now, we shall meet hereafter, when we stand together to render up our accounts at the judg- ment-seat of Christ (2 Cor. v. 10). Lastly, 1 earnestly beg of them to give up their present evil courses (Eph. iv. 28), and to live a useful and a holy life, that they may ;. ve part in the mercy of Cod which is by Christ Jesus (Rom. vi. 21-23). "Philip Pearsall Carpenter, Minister of the Gospel. "Chapel house, Cairo Street, Warrington, Monday morning, Oetober 20lh, 185L" This handbill, which was copied in newspapers, excited considerable attention. An excellent gaol-chaplain said that I .1 Hi if * See note, p. 126. n2 MINISTRY AT WARRINGTON. [Chap. IV. he thought it the most singular thing he ever saw ; and yet the prison-records at that time quite confirmed Philip's second reason — the reformation of the offender was too commonly neglected. Some condemned the placard as positively im- moral, since it held up the law of the land to reprobation ; but this sort of immorality is characteristic of those who revere a higher law. As a minister of Christ, he set forth what he regarded as his Christian duty. Those who had laboured among the criminal class had no fear that he was offering a temptation to another robbery.* Great indignation was ex- pressed among the poor at the outrage : to rob one who was such a friend to them all was like robbing a church I For his own part he did not feel it a hard trial, and he made it an excuse for giving away the remainder of his silver spoons, that there might be one temptation in the house the less ! A few gentlemen were determined that he should lose nothing in money value, and presented him with the amount ; but he decidedly refused to accept it, except on condition that he might give it to one of his Oberlin workmen, to enable him to carry out his wish to emigrate to America. In December, 185 1, the first Conference on Preventive and Reformatory Schools was held at Birmingham. His sister Maryt and Mr. M. D. Hill were the prime movers in it; and the subject was one to enlist Philip's sympathy. But he wrote that he had not the head to master the subject as she desired, and finding that she would have my companionship, he did not attend. She afterwards urged him to undertake the charge of a reformatory ; but he replied that he had not now that amount of health and "aggressive strength" which would enable him to undertake such a difficult duty — that he shrank from respon- * Another attempt was ludicrously frustrated. It was very easy to enter his house by day, and a tiiicf hid himself (as was afterwards traced by footprints) under a bed. At night he entered Philip's bedrooiu, the door of wliicli was open as usual. riiiii]i, supposing it to be his dog, \w\'\t an amusing outcry — "Get out, you beast," etc. The thief, whose shoes were olT, took the hint ; a pattering was heard down the stairs, — and a loud barking at the l)ottom of them when the dog detected the stranger, who went otf empty handed ! t See " The Life and Work of Mary Carpenter," p. 154. i85i.] THE CHRISTMAS TREE. 133 sil)ility and harassment : * he was only just able " to crawl on in the ordinary course of things." The " ordinary course," however, included a good deal. Having bought many cheap articles at a stationer's sale, he thought he would like to furnish a Christmas-tree, which he did with the help of some of his lady friends. In a long letter, addressed " Dear people all," he gives a lively account of the j)rc[)aration, and the ingenious way in which he made every- thing attractive and useful. He issued elegant cards of invita- tion to all the scholars and congregation, with a few exceptions. The tree, from Prospect Hill, was about thirteen feet high, and as it was then a novelty, the sight greatly astonished the children. He wrote a song for the occasion. " I think, except the Crystal Palace, I never saw a prettier night than all the people round the tree, looking up at it and singing. . . . There was some surprise for all the })eople— even for me ; for the teachers and older scholars had bought me a beautiful plain black inkstand, which had been duly wrapped up in various papers and hung on, while I was getting some tea. This was in honour 01 ray giving the party : they knew nothing about the tree, except the initiated. But the great surprise was a real good silver watch, with chain and seals, which some of us had got for poor Pem- berton, who had been robbed of his a few weeks ago. The old man could scarcely sleep that night, but kept saying to his wife, ' Mary, doesn't thee hear it ticking under the pillow ? ' . . . We then sang * Glory to Thee,' and I offered prayer, and all under fourteen went home, it being half-past nine. The elder ones, after eating and drinking, set to at games, which were carried on with great spirit. ... At twelve I announced that Christmas Day was over, and the people immediately separated, taking oranges and food as they went out. I was extremely pleased throughout with the conduct of the scholars and young people. ... I could not help thinking very often, while * Yet his mother wrote, September, 1854, that he had slept two nights • Ml boanl a vessel with reformatory boys from Kingswood, v, hom his sister had asked him to h)ok alter at Liverpool (on their way to America), though slie liad not expected him to take such trouble. '■I Im T r* j, ■ in m<: '34 MINISTRY AT WARRINGTON. [Chap. \\. this was going on. how much more trouble it is amusing people than preaching to them. In the latter case, you have to speak the word whether they hear or forbear ; in the other, you have to think and plan what will please." He afterwards wrote to his mother that the entertainment, from four o'clock till mid- night, with his share of the presents, cost him under ^5. To him there was nothing incongruous in prayer in the midst of the ^^ames. On the previous Sunday his sermon was from Luke xv. 24, "And they began to be merry." When he first delivered it at Stand, eight years before, in his happier days, he had to bite his lips now and then, and he felt misgivings when he saw some of his hearers merry ; now he soberly records, *' I do not see anything in it but what is true." The next Christmas, 1852, he had just returned from a visit to Mrs, Harriet Martineau. In her Autobiography she relates how when her beloved attendant was married to Mr. Andrews, then master of the Bristol Ragged School, she " had the honour of having Miss Carpenter for the bridesmaid, and the Rev. Philip P. Carpenter to perform the ceremony." Philip had known Mr. Andrews at Stand. At Mrs. Martineau's re- (juest, he delivered a temperance lecture the night before. A cordial intimacy arose between them : in her letters before the wedding she had written, " Dear Mr. Carpenter ; " ever after it was, " My dear friend." Almost the la;;t note I received from him referred to her Autobiography, which he expected " to devour, however much her statements shock me. It cannot be otherwise ; she was a very great and noble woman, and more unselfish without Christianity than most of us are with it: so much more shame for us." Though he kept very few letters, about fifty of her notes are preserved. In one of them, Feb- ruary, 1855, when she was in daily expectation of death, she asks if he will undertake her funeral and make the arrange- ments with her nephew. She had been duly christened, and therefore could be buried with the usual rites in the churchyard; but she wished there to be no occasion for strife or painful feeling. She knew that Philip was a devoted Christian, and he had told her that if he held her negations, he should be 1853-] THE MILITIA. 135 inclined to drown himself. She felt that while in possession of her fiiCLilties she should not change her views : if, knowing this, he found himself able to say anything which might be genuine (as his sayings always were) and not too painful to himself on laying her in the earth, it would be a comfort to her family then, and to her now, in their behalf. She wrote again to thank him for his consent. Her instructions that there sliould be no expense or show at her funeral accorded with his own very strong feelings. *• When the national militia, after a long suspension, were again enrolled in the year 1852, and the 4th T^ancashire were summoned to Warrington for their month's drill, [he] opened the Cairo Street school-room for evening classes to all of the men who chose to attend, and organized a body of teachers to help him in the work ; and his services in this direction helped much to promote sobriety and good order amongst the men, and were acknowledged by Colonel Blackburne, the commander of the regiment." When, however, a dinner was given to the officers, he wrote the following letter (June 9, 1853) to the " Warrington Guardian " : — !|: " Sir, " As a member of the executive committee appointed to make arrangements for entertaining the militia, I beg to say that 1 have taken no part whatever in the arrangements for the dinner just held ; and for these reasons : — " I St. I understood thai the committee was appointed, and the fund raised, with a view to instruct, or at any rate harmlessly amuse, the poor and ignorant militiamen who might else be idling about the streets or drinking in public-houses ; not to feast a number of 'gentlemen,' who are quite com- petent to look after themselves. " 2nd. I abhor the trade of man-killing, which I believe to be utterly unchristian. Therefore, although I am willing to pay the officers that honour which is due to all men, I think it wrong to show them any respect as officers. On the con- trary, if I had any opportunity, I should tell them that I rr^ 111 136 MINISTRY AT WARRINGTON. [Chap. IV. thought teaching ignorant men the trade of man-killing was a very wicked employment. " 3rd. I should think it wrong to give a dinner at guinea tickets (including wine) to anybody, even if I wanted to show them the greatest respect. ' do not care to ask whether any of the persons assembled were drunk, in the common sense of the word. It is enough to know that such ex))enditure for sensual gratification cannot be reconciled with Christian sobriety, as so well explained by Bishop J. Taylor in his " Holy Living." " Let the Warrington people who dined the officers at the "Lion" last Tuesday remember that, to honour those that teach the trade of man-killing, they have guzzled and drunk, in one evening, the cost of a Ragged School for a whole year ! " Yours, etc., "Philip P. Carpenter." The same paper contained an account of the Sunday school treat at New Brighton : " The Cairo Street school is the first which commenced the practice (some twelve years ago) of going out of town on ' Walking day.' They have often pitied the formal walks of the other scholars, when gambolling on the shady lawns of Dunham, or seeing the beauties of Chester, or the Prince's Park. Another circumstance is worth mentioning : that the children pay for the treat themselves, instead of their teachers being obliged to beg through the town, as is the case with some other schools. An allowance of one half-penny for every monthly punctuality ticket is the only tax upon the funds of the school." The formation of new railways threatened the removal of several ancient footpaths : and a Society was formed for their protection, which induced the Company to preserve them, though (in one case especially) at some expense. On this decision being known, a requisition to reconsider the arrange- ment was circulated amongst the wealthier and trading classes. When the working-men heard of it, they invited Mr. Roberts from , Manchester ("The People's Attorney-General"), " who i854.] FOOTPATHS. ^yi in a crowded meeting at Cairo Street, the Music Hall being refused to them, laid down the law of the case. The moment they understood their rights to these paths, they were alive. Meetings were nightly held," and they filled the avenues to the Music Hall hours before the public meeting. Many more than those who had obtained admittance remained, throughout the long evening, outside. Peter Ry lands, Esq., then Mayor, presided. The most active requisitionist was greeted on rising with a "perfect hurricane of groans :" he had not much sym- pathy from those who remembered how, three years before, he had encouraged those who put down by clamour the pro- moters of the Health Act. The amendment was moved by Mr. Holbrook Gaskell, then of Prospect Hill. In the course of a long and able speech, he asked, '* Was it not the case that they were on the point of closing up that path by a brick wall, when my friend Mr. Carpenter passing that way dared them to proceed ? (Loud applause. Three cheers for Philip ! very heartily given). They would have closed that footpath, but he stoi^ped them ; and if you are indebted to the Footpath Society, he first of all deserves your thanks. (Cheers renewed.) " The surveyor of highways also testified that Mr. Carpenter was the first to communicate with him on the matter.* After the amendment had been seconded by the late Mr. E. Robinson, and another reciuisitionist had spoken, there were " loud cries for Carpenter \ " but he made no response, and Mr. Lawless, a popular speaker among the working-men, addressed the meeting at their call. When the amendment was put, it was carried by about twenty to one ; and the vast crowds separated, after loud cheers, about midnight. We have quoted from a very full report of the meeting (February 6, 1854) which was published separately. Philip put forth the following handbill : — * His father, Dr. L. Carpenter, August 19, 1836, had received the thanks of the Bristol Liberal yVssociation for inducing Lord Holland to procure the insertion of a clause into the Common Lields Inclosure Bill, exempting waste places in the vicinity of large towns from the operation of the Hill. Dr. L. C. used to relate with great spirit how a shoemaker had prevented the closing of a footjjath through a royal demesne. (Sec the "Life of Gilbert VVakelield," vol. I. pp. 258-205.) W' ''i;i. • ' !:1 .■a ! 138 MINISTRY AT WARRINGTON. [Chap. W. FAIR PLAY. " To the People of Warrington. " My Friends, — Those who expected you to vote for giving up a footpath have been disappointed, and will not again attempt the same course. Vou confirmed your rights, but you also confirmed the opinion of those who think that working people will not listen to argument. When you would not hear Alderman McMinnies on one side of the question, I would not speak on the other, though the Mayor courteously gave me the oi)portunity. Your noise last night was not drunken clamour — it was earnest feeling ; but noise is not argument." He reminds them that they had much still to do : they would have to meet against Sunday drinking, for Ragged Schools,* and perhaps for a new Museum ; and concludes, " Let us conquer our own bad passions, as well as those who oppose us." When, a few months afterwards, he sent some of his papers to Mrs. H. Martineau, she rej^lied that she had read them with strong interest and sympathy. It was something to know that no less than eleven footi)aths in the neighbourhood of one town had been lost or threatened. It showed the magnitude of the evil. There was nothing in the packet that she liked better than his handbill — about the working-men not listening to adversary's arguments. When the war with Russia was exciting popular enthusiasm, Philip delivered a series of lectures in the chapel (November and December, 1854), w-hich were soon after repeated in a condensed form at the Teutonic Hall, Liverpool, on week-night evenings, followed by free public discussion. They were then printed at his Oberlin Press, and published in compliance with the request of the Liverpool Peace Society, under whose auspices they had been repeated : — " Words in the War ; being Lectures on ' Life and Death in the hands of God and Man,' by a Christian Teacher." The subjects of the lectures are very * At this time, active steps were being taken to establish a Ragged School at Warrington ; but owing to the suckien repeal of the Minute of I'rivy Council (185(3) which gave aid to such schools, nothing effective was done. 5^^ 1 854- 1 855] " WORDS IN THE WAR." '39 suggestive :— (i) "Things by their Right Names ; " (2) " Death in the Alma, and Death in the *' Arctic " (a steamer which had recently sunk at sea) ; (3) " The Besieged City ; " (4) " The Work of the Soldier compared with the Work of Angels ; " (5) " The Work of the Soldier compared with the Work of Devils ; " (6) "Faith in God compared with Faith in Arm iments ; " (7) "Christian Sanction of Unchristian Deeds." They contain extracts from the newspapers of the day, which might well make those shudder who were not infected by the war-fever ; and his remembrance of the Bristol riots in his boyhood enal)led him to picture more vividly what was happening in the besieged city. (He says in a note, " The awful stench of Queen's Square, for many weeks afterwards, when half-con- sumed bodies were rotting among the smouldering ruins, 1 shall never forget") Sometimes his acute sensibility * and intense religious convictions carried him beyond the sympathies of ordinary hearers and readers ; but when, at the end of each lecture, discussion was allowed and objections were made, it was not easy to withstand the eloquence and power with which he replied. He judged everything from a high Christian standard, and denounced the sanction claimed for war from the Old Testa- ment ; since sanction can also be found there for slavery and other crimes. In a note he defined his own religious views : " There is a natural goodness and a Christian holiness. . . . What is natural may exist without Christ in the unregenerated man, and does not belong either to heaven or hell,f but simply to human nature ; just as the generous impulses of the dog * He makes indignant protest against rejoicings at wholesale butchery, and puts in a note (p. 14) : " Once only have 1 seen a chicken slain at tlie hands of man ; and though a quarter of a century has passed away since then, the horror with which I beheld the ciuivering neck of the head- less animal is still fresh in my remembrance. Such are our natural instincts. Alas ! how soon and how easily perverted ! " A man of great benevolence, on reading this, remarked that, when he was a boy in the country, witnessing the killing of animals was among his most interesting amusements : "The sticking of a pig, accompanied with its squealings and strugglings, was prime fun. Such also, as far as my observation has extended, would be the feeling — or zvant of feeling — of by far the larger portion of the ^%'nus boy." t See his lecture on Swedenbcrg, p. 126. 'r i 1 1 u 1! - >n 146 MINISTRY AT WARRINGTON. [Chap. IV. :^S. i i^! ! . : i ■'■ .(.: a few of the materials, ready for the great architects of science to ereit the l)eautiful edifice of harmonious knowledge" (pp. 367,368). His investigations revealed to him unexpected mistakes in some works of reputation. Although careful observation is regarded as an attribute of naturalists, there are too few who have such a supreme love of truth that they will spare no pains to ascertain it, and cherish no theories which might obscure it. iu,' While engaged in these works, events occurred which tried him deeply. One of these was the long illness and death of his mother (June 19, i t 150 MINISTRY AT WARRINGTON. [Chap. IV. truths . . . which lie at the basis of what is essentially Christian in religion — man's need of regeneration and the new life which is by the spirit of God through fliith in Christ. That this change is in progress is shown (among other things) by the eagerness with which so many of our societies have laid aside their old hymn-books compiled during the days of materialism ; and at a considerable sacrifice of money, and still more of the pleasures of old religious associations, have adopted the hymn- book which we have now in use,* and of which the preface shows how entirely different was the spirit in which the work has been undertaken and executed. . . . That which distinguishes us, therefore, as a religious society, is simply that we allow each other liberty of conscience : that we put up with the danger of licentiousness, as did the apostles, for the sake of the inestimable privilege of being free to learn from the Lord alone, instead of having to square our convictions to the judgments of mere men." He allows that he sees few positive reasons why they could ask others to join them. " Of negative reasons why we should not join ourselves to any of the other sects, there is this one, which to me at least is perfectly conclusive : that I must then, less or more, either act the part of a hypocrite, appearing to believe what I do not; or else I must shut my mind up to learn nothing but what is taught under the authority of men, and rest content with the little candle-burning of light that happens to be now vouchsafed to me. Here we are ; and so long as we have freedom, here we r main, and do each other, and the world, good, so far as we are able : but if we do not stand fast in the liberty wherewith Christ has made us free ; if we set up one of the many forms of Unitarian orthodoxy, from the sectarian standpoint of what arc already called the Oid Unita- rians, to the religion without Christ except as one of many teachers, which gains favour in some quarters ; or if we set up any of the forms already crystallized in the Christian Church ; * James atioa " Hymns for the Christian Churcli and Homo, collected and edited I juuics Martineau" (fust edition, 1840). Feeling that in a "generatioi. remarkable for rapid change, C'hrihtian piety itself, notwithstanding its essential permanence, has insensibly modified its complexion," Dr. Marti- neau in 1874 published " Hymns of Praise and Prayer." 1856-1857.] CONGREGATIONAL TROUBLES. 151 there is an end to all growing light, and to the purpose for which, as it ap})ears, we have been thus far held together by the hand of the Lord." Passages in these lectures were very objectionable to some of his hearers, especially to two gentlemen of influence, who had come to the neighbourhood after his settlement. He lent the series to me, and has preserved a long letter of friendly criticism which I wrote after their perusal. As they were designed to combat wliat he regarded as hurtful and prevalent errors, portions of them were one-sided. lie meant to say what would strike, and some felt hurt. A paper was privately circulated, charging . lilip with preaching Original Sin and Election ; and as it was known that his stay at Warrington had been for some time in deference to his mother's feelin;/-, his friends after her death presented him with an address of condolence (with ninety-four signatures), which also assured him of the high regard they entertained for him, both as a minister and a pastor. This address (which was published) did not discourage his ojiponents from expressing strong disapproval of his teaching at the innual meeting of the congregation, at which he presided, and moving that he be requested to allow his pulpit to be used by neighbouring ministers for a course of doctrinal lectures.* However willing they miglit have been to hear them in other circun^stances, the meeting felt that such a resolution would be regarded as show- ing a want of confidence in him, and rejected it by an overwhelming majority. The minority then sent a memorial to the chapel committee, stating that many besides subscribers had voted at the meethi;^ — " By the terms of the trust-deed of the chapel, all po^' "* rests with the members of tlie con- gregation, which e or; .on has been universally, and even * In tlie previous month, Philip had fmislicd a course " <>•' the tlodd and Kvil in vari-^'s Protestant Sects," and coninienced a m " course on " I'he Gosp, listory," which he continued for some ti. TUe larj^e I'lacard (primed at the Oberiin Press) ends with lliis announcement : — "X, 15. —Men and women wlio do not tliinlv their clothes t;ood enough to appear in a church or chapel, are particularly invited to attend and sit where they like." i in r 'if I, : I 11 I 152 MINISTRY AT WARRINGTON. [Chap. IV. jealously, held by Presbyterians and Unitarians to mean only pew and seat holders who subscribe to the funds of the con- gregation." As a majority of the committee confirmed this statement, Philip convened a congregational meeting to consider it. The people, though it was a very inclement night, were zealous in attending, and passed resolutions rescinding the act of the committee as unconstitutional, affirming the usage of the society, adding two non-subscribers to the committee, and thanking the chairman (Philip) for convening the meeting — his right to do which had been questioned. There is, perhaps, no Denomination so wholly devoid of chuich-govcrnment as the English descendants of those who, at the time of the Commonwealth, had hoped to make the National Church Presbyterian. In the time of persecution Which followed, the Scotch clung to their forms ; but their brethren in England gradually abandoned theirs, and became more jealous of the independence of their congregations than the Independents themselves. When, after the Revolution, they felt free to build meeting-houses, these were vested in trustees : and the deeds were usually of the most general character, " for the worship of Almighty God," etc. In some cases the trustees had exclusive powers. At Warrington, how- ever, the property was made over to Dr. Charles Owen and other trustees, "to the intent that the said Charles Owen may hold the same during the full term of his natural life, if he shall so long continue the preaching minister to the congregation of Presbyterian Dissenters ; " and, in case of a vacancy, it shall be lawful for the "trustees and the rest of the members of the congregation that shall frequent the said chapel for religious worship, or the major part of them, at all times hereafter to elect such a Presbyterian minister." It has been held that English Presbyterian ministers (as in this case) had a freehold for life, for which they were entitled to a vote for the county ; and sometimes they have refused to retire, whatever the wish of trustees or hearers ! It is now usual, when an invitation is sent to a minister, to make the connexion dependent on mutual consent. It is generally thought undesirable that the minister i857.] THE MONEY TEST. 153 should attend the annual meetings for business ; but at Warring- ton it was the custom for him to be present, and to preside at all congregational meetings, and to summon them if he saw occa- sion ; and in petitions to Parliament from the " congregation " his signature stood first, followed by that of the treasurer. In Philip's opinion, and in that of many of his friends, the attempt to impose a money-subscription as a test of membership was extremely unchristian. In America, a church-edifice com- monly belongs to a body of proprietors ; but in England it is usually raised by free gifts, and invested in trustees for the benefit of the congregation (sometimes an endowment is specially for the minister). Its annual value is often much larger than the amount of subscriptions or pew-rents. Many of those who attended the Cairo Street Chapel, without subscribing, gave an amount of time and effort, as teachers in the Sunday school, etc., which was of far more value than a money-contribution. Among the English Presbyterians, admission to the Lord's Table is entirely free (as, in the lapse of discipline, it has become in the Church of England), and there is not the dis- tinction which is known in most Denominations between church-members and members of the congregation. A very lax and informal mode of transacting business has its incon- veniences in any emergency ; and, whatever rule may be adopted, it seems desirable that there should always be an authorized register of voters. After the decision of the con- gregational meeting, many came forward to subscribe, and it was suggested by their opponents that the money was not paid by themselves. Philip, however, wrote home : " All the new subscribers are those who would have subscribed long ago if I had given them the least encouragement, and whom I would not let subscribe till they had maintained their rights as non-payers. Surely, when rich people threaten to withdraw their support, the poor are not to be blamed for helping with their shillings when it is a pleasure to them. I don't like having their shillings,* * It is usual for a fixed salary to be guaranteed to a minister, in which case a few subscrij)tions, more or less, do not immediately aflect him. At Cairo Street, however, it was the custom to give the minister the receipts, after deducting expenses : there was a separate chapel-wardeu's fund. s \k •54 MINISrh T WARRIXGTON. [Chap. IV. but I have no right l^ '''ise what they are pleased in giving." The congregational meei was held February 2 : on the iStli a deputation called o, 'hilip with a memorial. He heard it in .silence, taking shortnaiid notes of what was said rcsi)ecting it. The liberty of the preacher is not to be so asserted as to destroy that of the hearer : and a minister who upholds the rights of others would be glad that those who strongly dissented from him, but were attached to their place of worship, should fri e their consciences by a faithful protest, which miglit help him to consider how conllicting claims could be met. The memorial entered on those doctrines whicli seemed to form the basis of his preaching, and asked, " How is it possible for us to listen, Sunday after Sunday, to views entirely ojjposed to our own, so as to derive from them any religious lite? It is with extreme reluctance we confess our fears that positive moral and si)iritual deterioration must neces- sarily ensue to us from a long continuance of this state of antagonism between us." Unfortunately the memorial, how- ever correctly it expressed the convictions of those who jjre- pared it, was obviously untrue in the case of many who had signed it with the view of displacing a minister for whom they professed "high and long-continued respect" as a man, sub- scribing themselves " very sincerely and affectionately yours." Philip observed that only a minority of the forty-five memorial- ists were regular attendants at the chapel (six of them he had not seen there for three years), and that persons of notoriously immoral life, who had not attended his ministry, had been asked to express their fear of "moral and spiritual deterioration" from it ! He found among them only fifteen subscribers, and no unpaid voluntary labourer in the congregation or Sunday school, in the choir or in the night school, or as visitor of the sick. He wrote a very powerful reply, which he invited some of his friends to hear, and printed copies of it for their con- sideration and for his family : we thought it too personal. Ultimately he sent a note to the memorialists, thanking them for the free expression of their opinions, which he had carefully 1857.] THE NAME " UNITARIANr »55 considered. In *'The IiKiuirer" eontaining (as advertisements) tlic memorial, with the names and his brief response, lie appended a note in which he referred to the signatures. In the rei)ly, which he withlield, he protested tliat his opponents should not lay an exclusive claim to the designation Unitarian : " 'I'hat name, though I disclaim it as my own, and oi)i)ose it with all my might when used to designate the opinions wliich some of you hold, and which (in common with the great bulk of Christendom) 1 regard as subversive of some ot the plainest principles of the Gosj}el — that name, next to the name in heaven by which alone we can be saved, 1 reverence more than any other name on earth. It is consecrated for ever by him whom yon ipiote in part, and whose one voice was siitficient for many years to arrest a mighty nation in their deeds of oppression against the slave [see Channing's Letter against the Annexation of Texas] ; by Tuckerman, the founder of the Domestic Missions; by H. Ware, the earnest pleader for temperance ; by Noah Worcester, the founder of the Peace Societies ; by Thrush, first among English officers whom Chris- tianity taught to renounce his bloody calling [see p. 87] ; and, most of all to me, by those who gave me birth, and whose lives of Christian holiness and service are for ever before me as a })rice- Lss benediction. It is the name under which I was trained in the principles of the Gospel ; which those most dear to me love ; which many of my flock cling to, as representing the doctrines of the Unity and Tree Mercy of the Tather, happily no longer confined to that name alone." The Unity of God is the first article of the creed of every Christian Church : if the name of Unitarian is usually confmed to those who deny that there is a Trinity in this Unity, it does not involve any doctrinal system. Unitarians differ among themselves, as Trinitarians do, on matters that relate to the very foundations of belief; and many of Philip's brethren felt It important that Unitarians should not be tied down to any creed as to human nature.* * I hiring this controversy, I sent to Warrington two verses from a hymu-bojk then used at liaiilax, compiled by the late Kev. R. Aspland r !"■■. Ml i 156 MINISTRY AT WARRINGTON. [Chap. IV. Philip printed a letter to the congregation, in which he showed that he had been faithful to his engagement with them to preach Christianity "as a spiritual influence, irrespective of sectarian distinctions" (p. 78), and also to the chapel trust. The attempt to dismiss a minister on the ground of doctrinal difference seemed the more inconsistent, because some of the memorialists had taken an active part in executing the school- deeds, which gave the use of the new building to the congref,a- tion only so long as it " shall profess and practise the principles of religious liberty unrestricted by articles of faith, creeds, or other rclv^ioits tests" and emphatically affirmed ** the express intention of the founders in no way to prescribe to their successors, or to any persons connected with the management, the religious opinions they themselves entertain." Philip also referred to the Ministers' Stipend Augmentation Fund, which had just been raised by Unitarians to supply the place of Lady Hewley's Charity, of whic'.i they had been deprived before the law was amended by the Dissenters' Chapels Act : this prescribed that the ministers who benefited by it, and the members of their congregations, must not " submit to any test of religious doctrine, unless it be the simple acknowledg- ment of the Scriptures ... as containing a record of Divine Revelation." The memorialists considered it "essential that, at least on all the great fundamentals of religious thought, the opinions of our minister should be in harmony with our own ; " and on the subject of human nature, which was the only doctrine to which they specially referred, they expressed their for Unitarian worship, which I casually met with in looking out my hymns for the day. Hymn 199 : — "To this vile world Thy notice bend, These seats of sin and woe. " Hymn 262 :- " Buried in sorrow and in sin, At hell's dark door we lay, But we arise by grace divine To see a heavenly day." Philip could scarcely have used stronger expressions as to the condition of human nature without the assistance of divine grace. i857.] MINIS TERIA L FREEDOM. 157 tht ,-inii> itum belief in a selection of sentences from Dr. Channini^ — the last man to wish his words to be adopted as a creed ! He con- cluded his letter thus : ** I call upon the dissentients to do what they have to do forthwith, and then cease. It is not right that I should be any longer prevented from visiting my flock, lest I should be accused of making up a party ; that I should scarcely dare to perform the most trivial acts of kindnes.s, because they are taken as a bribe ; and that the time which I ought to devote to the public service should be consumed in mere contention. They know that I am carrying through the press two works of great scientific research,* and pre- paring an important gift for our National Museum, both requiring a vast devotement of care and thoughi ; that I have to rearrange a considerable part of our Town Museum ; that I am engaged, week after week, in writing a course of lectures on the Gospel History, at the request of the congregation ; and all this in addition to various classes and unusually pressing calls on my pastoral service, through sickness and other wants. It is neither right that they should take up the time which the public had previously engaged, nor fair that they should prevail merely by wearying out the flesh. They have taken their stand by attempting to shackle (i) a Christian society by a Money Test, and (2) its minister by a Jlitnian-N'ature Test. My stand remains where it has always been, on the full liberty to preach required by the Presbyterian trust, and solemnly guaranteed by the congregation. Let every honest Christian man and woman that cares for these principles judge between us ; and if I can be proved to be unfaithful to my trust, I will resign at once." He had said that if, in an earlier stage, any considerable portion of his congregation had expressed their objection to his preaching, he should have felt himself free to resign ; but he now considered that to resign would be to betray principles uf paramount importance. After writing to his sister Mary, who was rei)rinting her * The Report to the British Association, and the Catalogue of Mazatlan Shells. See pp. 141-146. '''I fi ,"-FFV".» ■m-fiw^ww^^T"''-t'v s 158 MINISTRY AT WARRINGTON. [Chap. IV. " Meditations " with some of the prayers he had added in his cheap edition (p. no), '"You must on no account print any names to the prayers, which ought never to be thought of in connexion with persons," he says : " I have put it to the people over and over again whetlier they would give me my dismissal in order to save the great folk,* but they have never yet let me go, as the vStand folk did : and yet the Stand folk (humanly) loved me far more • for I have always been here as a stranger and a pilgrim : and yet the Lord has never let me go. As soon as ever He does, I have not the grain of a wish to stay. You need not be at all anxious about me, or trouble yourselves with sympathy, etc. When people have gone through great things, they don't care much for small ones. I am so completely devoid of any will of my own in these matters, that any trouble is simply physical weakness, and He appoints that as other things ; and as long as He keeps me going from day to day, it is all I ask for. And you, dear people, give me most rest by not fretting or sympathizing more than you can help about me. Of course, I should like to go to America and do a little for Anti-slavery ; but if the Lord has anything for me to say for the New Life among Unitarians, He will keep ni.e here, strengthen me while I am here, and open out my dismissal in '^"s own time and way. I have no doubt about its being right "^o stay at present. To increase the power and dissensions of worldly men by going, would be to desert the little flock of sheep over which I have been forced into a position of power I don't at all like. Nolo cpiscopari, even over a bishopric of a hundred people." Since Philip vic'cd the matter in this light, it was obvious that all attempts to remove him were in vain. 'J'he possihle witndrawal of subscriptions was to him a matter of the smallest consequence. He made a large pecuniary sacrifice in going to Warrington ; he was i)repared to make a similar sacrifice to ]■ main there, if he thought it his duty. "^Vhen a congregation is in a state of warfare, many painful things will be said and * A'liny of llie loaders of llic cunyrcgatioii, however, were I'liilip's \varmc-.t friends. IV. i857.] A PRINCIPLE AT STAKE. 159 \\ hviniis )ssil)le nallest inu; to fee to :;ation [l unci wnllen on each side ; but it was striking to see how he retained the personal esteem of his opponents. He sometimes wrote of them with little tolerance, as " enemies of the truth ; " but thouc^h some, who loved him best, regretted that he disregarded the feelings of others when he thought great principles at stake, showed little desire to conciliate, and was in danger of sacri- ficing not only courtesy but candour through the ardour of his convictions, it was known that he judged himself as severely OS he judged them, and that in simi)licity and godly sincerity he had his conversation in the world. There was such evident goodness of heart, and kindliness, and genuine humility in his deportment, that even those who disapproved of his course were often charmed by his geniality. On Easter Monday (1857) r congregational tea-party was held, at wh.ich persons were present from most of the religious societies of the town ; some of whoui, and the Rev. Dr. liayley, of the New Jerusalem Church, London, took ])art in the pro- ceedings. Letters were read from the Revs. J. Martineau, J. J. Tayler, and J. H. Thom, expressing their firm attachment to the principle of a free theology, which Mr. Carpenter and his congregation had faithfully carried out. A reporter w;..-. jiresent, and a full account of the meeting appeared in " The Inquirer." Philip's predecessor, the Rev. T. Hincks of Leeds, and his* intimate friend from college days, the Rev. W. IT. Iferford, were among the speakers. It is noteworthy that all these ministers belonged to what was then called the New Schorl of Unitarians, who had given up the views held by his f:ither, and still more strictly maintained by himself, of the piramount authority of Christ's words as related in Scripture. Philij) said in his address, "We do not possess liberty to tliink as we like, but liberty to be taught by the Lord Jesus — liberty to receive whatever doctrines the Lo?(l in His mercy vouchsafes to us through His Son. . . . We are a Clirisliaii societv, and we do not consider that anv one has libert\' to be amons: us who does not believe in Jesus Christ — who does not put him- self under the absolute and complete service of our Lr)rd Jesus Christ." Soiue of those who were most ready to sustain him ! , ■:\\ '.wfi' *"^a"»i. 1 60 MINISTRY AT WARRINGTON. [Chap. IV. in expressing his convictions, felt that the example of Christ led them to consider not so much what was ITis will, as what was the will of the Father who sent Him. Philip seemed to ignore the fact that it is impossible to say what were the exact words of Christ, or what is their true meaning, or what is their application to ourselves, with infallible certainty. Happily, if " the letter killeth," " the spirit giveth life." A note to his sister Mary (July 11) shows how ready he was to welcome the kindly advances of those who had opposed his teaching, and to promote innocent mirth : " Last Monday I went to , a pleasant little party : strawberries and a grand supper, games on the grass, music, etc. The hosts very kind, and people in good humour. Mr. S. proposed the run- away's [Mr. W. Robson] health. He is much pleased with Boston peo])le, and is in the thick of Abolition and spirit- rapping. We had to wait an hour and a quarter at the little poky station, till quarter-past eleven, for the train ; and amused ourselves by a game of chairs in the waiting-room, dancing reels, singing ' Muffm-man,' etc., to the great astonishment of the porter in charge. ... I have worked out a second new genus of Ca^cidae, and have my moiiograph nearly ready for pub- lication. I have been obliged to give my eyes a little rest from the microscope. In all other respects we are in statu quo." On November 30, 1858, a public meeting was held, to receive the report of a committee which had canvassed the inhabitants of Warrington to know their opinions as to the Permissive Vi\\\ promoted by the United King'lom Alliance for the Legislative Supi^ression of the Traffic in Intoxicants. From the formation of the Alliance, June i, 1853, Philip had taken an active interest in it : whilst he laboured to promote temperance in every way in his power, he felt strongly that the laws of the land should help morality, and not countenance and license the incentives to crime ! At this meeting he stated that voting papers prepared by the Alliance had been left at most of the houses in the town, and the sub-committee in each ward had collected them. All the labour, which was gr^at, was gratuitous. i858.] THE PERMISSIVE BILL. i6i " He had the tabulated statements handed in with the vouchers, and had laboured incessantly to verify them, as secretary ; he had worked night and day to make the returns complete." There were returns from 3282 houses. Of the 5619 adult males canvassed, 4402 were for the Bill, only 495 were deci- dedly opposed to it, and 722 were neutral : this exceeded their most favourable anticipations. He found, however, that " those who are looked upon as the leaders of public sentiment in general do not, it appears, lead it in this instance." "There was one gentleman who, a short time ago in that hall, had professed a great anxiety for their spiritual welfare, and who appeared to think he had a right to direct them ; but on this subject he had no directions to give !" Philip added that he had declined to vote for their Liberal member, for whom he had a great respect, because he was a brewer. Most political questions seemed to him " mere molehills, compared with the mountain of the drink-traffic." (Such, however, was not the prevalent opinion ; and very few of those who gave their names for the Permissive Bill were then prepared to make any sacri- fice to obtain it.) Incidental mention has been made of Philip's adherence to Vegetarianism. He had for many years gradually adopted the principle, before he joined the Society. Among his Uberlin Tracts he gives " A P'ew Reasons for not eating Dead Bodies," viz. (i) "Because flesh is dear food," and "the less money I spend in eating, the more I have to do good with ; " (2) " Be- cause animal food stimulates animal desires ; " (3) " Because a tender heart is outraged by killing beasts to eat them ; " (4) " Eccause experience proves that people may live long, be healthy, and work hard without eating flesh," etc., etc. He did not however, feel towards a meat-diet as he did towards smoking, or drinking intoxicants ; and he provided meat for his guests, if they believed it rer[uisite. When he was himself a visitor he needed no vegetarian dainties ; and, as ri gards some articles of diet, he did not think it necessary to incjuire whether they contained any animal ingredient I Ue was desirous to train up the youn-; in what he thought M 11 J ,■:. i '% \ 4 ! i'' ■ \ ' j ■■ : i ?| ^^m ; I i^il:' l¥i :,-'Ff?T il!HMi|ll|>p I ■,?/.!• :•■! 162 MINISTRY AT WARRINGTON. [Chap. IV. sound views in this matter. In the " Recollections " of one of his pupils we read : — " On one occasion some one suggested that meat-pies should be taken, among other things, for the evening n eal on the "Walk- ing day.' 'J'his rather shocked Dr. Carpenter, and as the matter was to be decided by the children themselves, he spoke at con- siderable length on the cruelty, to say nothing of the sin to his mind, of killing a beast to eat, and wound up by asking if there was any boy or girl who would kill the sheep to make the mutton jnes. Of course he expected none to offer to do so, and waited a little, when Tom Massam stood up and offered to kill and skin the sheep. This created quite a scene, and ended by the majority voting in favour of fruit instead of meat. . . . I know we youngsters enjoyed Tom Massam's offer, because it came within the range of our knowledge, and though de- feated he was (juite aware of our sympathy for mutton pies. I never remember, however, such a question again being sub- mitted for the decision of the children." Soon after the return of his friend Mr. Robson from America, Philip felt that the time had come in which he might carry out his own long-cherished desire : his natural history labours furnished him with the means. After preparing the collection of Mazadan sheUs for the British Museum, he arranged other collections from the duplicates in his possession; and he offered the best of these to the State Society of Natural History at Albany, New York, U.S., on condidon of his being em])loyed to take it over and arrange it. He was ready to resign his pulpit ; but the congregational committee assured him that this would not be for the interests of the congregation: they granted him l(;ave of absence, and relieved him from the resi)onsibility of providing supplies. He sailed in December, 1858, and did not come back till June, i860. Although he resumed his ministry for a year and a half after his return, it may be well, before closing this chapter, to add a few details resj)ecting his work at Warrington. It is said that " he worked as the pastor of the Cairo Street congregation i ' I846-I858.] HIS PREACHING. 163 pies. from half ter, to is said iiation as perhaps few ministers there, or anywhere else in Warrington, had ever worked before or since ; " but he did not fuU'il, nor did he aim to fulfil, the common ideal of an assiduous minister. As a pastor, he grudged neither time, money, nor effort when he felt the claim of distress : he and his friends of a kindred spirit did not spare themselves in cases of illness, and he strove earnestly for some who soecially needed his services ; but he disliked to make calls on those who neither gave nor seemed to want sympathy or help. If he had kept a record of his visits, as he did at Stand, it is probable that the number would have fallen short. As a preacher, he did not devote the time which many ministers think requisite to render the Sunday services effective. He had little inclination for pulpit compo- sition, and only cared to write when he felt strongly. Though occasionally he gave considerable attention to the preparation of lectures and courses of sermons, he was far from deeming it necessary to think over a subject once a week, and write an elaborate discourse. His hearers might have felt the want of variety more, if he had not acted on their permission to preach the sermons of others, as he had done at Stand. His preaching was the effluence of his life. He did not work himself up into a Sunday religion : those who appreciated his life felt the power of his preaching. Both had their phases. Sometimes they displayed an intense spirituality, a lowliness and sadness of heart, a depth of sympathy with Jesus, and a perception of the beauty of His earthly ministry ; and sometimes that vehement rebuke of wrong, and that sternness and elevation of consci'mce, which made him speak like an ancient prophet. At other times his weariness and deadness of soul could not be quite over- come, even in the pulpit. He did not attract a large stated congregation ; but whenever it was known that he was about to speak on any passing event or public wrong, there was a crowd to listen to his word in season. Conventional proprieties might sometimes be shocked ; but no one doubted that he would speak the truth, as it was in him, with directness and power. Such preaching, except in length, answered to Bishop Latimer's description cf Jonah's ("Sermon before King Edward," 1550). i n, !l:' m^ m f i« • .■ V ki II Jl ■ '■■■¥ ' '1 Hj ' m f :' :^i* K^I^'Vr '■JP* %l*J^"t''^^ 164 MINISTRY AT WARRINGTON. [Chap. IV. There was " no great curiousncs, no great clcrklines, no great affectation of words, nor paynted eloquence ; . . . this was a nipping sermon, a pinching sermon, a biting sermon — it had a full bite — a rough sermon, and a sharp biting sermon." Like the good Bishop, he declined to deal in abstractions, but testi- fied to what he had seen and known ; and he spoke with the authority of knowledge discerned by the " light of life." After one of his sermons, "The Offence of Drinking," afterwards printed, he notes : '• Gave great offence to some, but clearness of vision to others." He did his best to brighten the services in the mouldering chapel with flowers and choir-music, but he felt more at home when he preached in the spacious school- room. There was a class whose needs he wanted to meet, who would not come to hear him even there ; and his open-air services at the Bridge Foot formed part of his regular Sunday duty : there the working-men would gather round him, and listen even through a shower of rain. He occasionally spoke at Town P2nd and elsewhere.* Some of his teachers or oilier friends would accompany him, and their singing was the attrac- tive call to the meeting. He distributed copies of an Oberh'n Tract (see p. no) which often bore reference to his address. These tracts were generally only a page in length, and im- parted vigorous moral or religious teaching, sometimes in the form of a dialogue. His Sunday's work usually commenced with a teachers' meeting, about eight a.m., followed by a short meeting for prayer ; then the morning school and morning service \ aftcr- * July 16, 1856, he writes : " As I had a chapel holiday, I took an extra open-air meetin?^ [beside l^ridge Foot], and l)eat up fresh grovnid in a district where several children's parents live. An audience had already assembled to see two i)oys tight, who after I had sejiaratcd them went, I presume, to tight it out elsewhere. The jieople seemed pleased at my coming, and I agreed to go again next Sunday." t In addition to many Scriptural tilii.'s, they 1)ore such as these :— " Resjiectable Sinners ; " "What do you wish for?" " Show Works and Good Works;" "Outsiders;" "Votes of Thanks where really due;" " Let us alone ; " " The Fighting Way and the Loving Way ; " " Have vou a Right?" "AFewl'lain Reasons for Plain Living; " " I'ield Paths;" "The Soul's Food;" "Who are the Brave?" "Buttermilk;" "Why will ye die ?" etc., etc. If PI" WJI^ -wTFif rcss. im- n the >ok rin (1 in a ready L'llt, 1 ;U my Why 1846-1858.] THE SUNDAY SCHOOL. 165 noon school and service (except in the winter, when the service was in the evenin.t,^); then his open-air service ; and if there was no teachers' meeting, etc., a prayer-meeting at some house in the evening. Sometimes he would act as superintendent, or take a class at tlie Sunday scliool, which was, Mr. Robson writes, his CTeatest delight and care. " All the riches of the Doctor's well-stored mind were freely spent on the instruction and tilucation of the children and the teachers. Religion, science, music, were freely taught, as his hearers and scholars were able to bear and receive ; and it was here his breadth and liberality came more fully into play. Never laying much stress on the fenets of theology or mere doctrinal preaching, believing that the life and the life only in imitation of Jesus Christ was the Christian religion, he united men of very diverse religious opinions in a common work. There were associated with him in his religious work at Cairo Street, Unitarians of various schools of thought, Methodists, and Swedenborgians ; and yet, though the most perfect liberty of utterance was not only allowed but. encouraged, there never was a theological quarrel amongst them. The simple rule laid down was found sufficient to preserve unbroken peace : that in all religious discussions the speakers should affirm and never deny." The affairs of the school were managed by a monthly com- mittee of all the teachers, some of them persons of much ability and force of character ; but a singular harmony pre- vailed among them, greatly to be attributed to the uniting and forbearing spirit he manifested, and his desire to respect the convictions even of small minorities. Many with whom he worked in the school were among his most valued fellow- workers in his other labours. AVhen our school committee at Halifax were revising their rules, I asked him for information on various points. He replied, " I think rules must always depend on those who work them, or for whom tliey are worked. Importations don't answer. We just carry out what we find we can, and don't make rules that we are unable to enforce. Our school goes on more by a 'sense pervading' than by rules or discipline. Each class ■i|^!i ,j J'- ; I 'Hi III! 1 66 MINISTRY AT WARRINGTON. [Chap. IV. is the index of the teacher. The children soon go away if they are not interested." The whole school was an "index" to his punctuality, thoroughness, and religious feeling. The singing and the liturgical service were of no ordinary excellence. He had a fondness for boy.s, which they could not fully recipro- cate ; but '* they were attracted by his good-humoured, laughing ways," and by his efforts for their happiness. They were trained to contribute to the school treats, which they valued all the more. He has described one Christmas party at which he was host : at subsequent ones, when tickets were bought, he exerted himself to make them successful ; and sometimes he invited the elder scholars to tea at his house. Of one of those occasions he writes : " The size of their stomachs was very wonderful. I gave the invitation to ' all who wished to be good lads ; ' they all came — except the nicest of the lot ! " A Wednesday night meeting he devoted to the elder members of the congregation ; most of the other evenings were at the service of the young — night classes, mutual improvement societies, Band of Hope meetings, etc. "Those youths who came more directly and personally under his influence well know of his earnest words of advice, encouragement, and reproof, when needed. He was easily accessible, and his study was often the place of devotion and repentance and the beginnings of a new effort. If one were to speak of conversions, there w^ere far more conversions in his study than in the chapel." He early saw the importance of Bands of Hope. The pledge was a simple one : " I promise to abstain from all intoxicating liquors as a beverage ; " there was generally added, "and also from opium and tobacco." " We make the children take hands, and repeat the words of the pledge to me, and then end wath prayers." " His Band of Hope meetings were always sources of pleasure. In winter months they were held in the school-room ; but in summer the)- were more frequently held in the lanes, like a camp meeting, or in the Cobbs at Stockon Heath " — a somewhat wild, picturesque spot, with a small natural amphitheatre where his audience could seat themselves. His party sang as they walked along, and would lpi*' ■ IJJII ,1 II^PI 1846-1858.] LOVE OF NATURE. 167 li often gather in its course a larger crowd. When the halt was made, speeches, singing, and recitations were the usual pro- ceedings of the meeting. " His Saturday afternoons were often, in the summer, spent in long country walks, attended by any who cared for the excursion — usually big lads who were at work all the week. He would pluck a flower from the hedge-side, and teach from it the elements of botany to the circling crowd ; or he would turn aside into a stone (juarry, and make it his text for a lesson on geology." We have already mentioned his Sunday walks, when he would discourse on some religious theme. In his ordinary conversations with his young friends, "he would often stop to correct bad grammar or faulty pronunciation." For some years he had a boating crew : it was very pleasant to go out with theni in the ** Old Teetotaller " on a fine summer evening, and hear their glees and catches. In March, 1857, he and ten others went to the neighbour- hood of Peterborough to see an eclipse of the sun, of which he sent a graphic account to the Warrington papers, especially noting the general effect of the " ' darkness that might be felt : ' it 7vas felt by each of us with more or less of unaccountable dread. ... A young man (with so little fear about him that he lately allowed the Warrington drunkards to give him a thorough thrashing sooner than pay his * footing ') felt ' as if the least thing would have knocked him down.' " He charac- teristically ends by remarking that " the whole expense of a journey of nearly three hundred miles was less than a month's drinking and smoking to an ordinary working-man." Shells vind music were from a child his chief delight, and to each he devoted a great deal of time for the good of others. He not only taught music gratuitously to members of his con- gregation, but gave lessons twice a week, for some years, to the scholars of the excellent British School, afterwards known as the People's College. For their use chiefly, he printed " First Notions of Singing "(and "First Notions of Elocution") in 1856, which took him "an enormous quantity of time." He writes (December 21, 1856): "I have got the British School concert ! ^i 1 1 )" 1 68 MINISTRY AT WARRINGTON. [Chap. IV. I ' over. . . . They sang far better than hist year, indeed very well, both as regards time, tune, point, exijression, etc., and the music was f:ir more ditlicult. For a choir of seventy children to sing the entire Kyrie and Gloria of the Twelfth Mass, with all the orchestral accompaniments which they had never heard before, and the altos with no leader, in a crowded hot room, and do it correctly all through, is not what every one hears in a common school. But there was no fun this year, and the Quakers complained that it was too much like psalm-singing — no catches. I fancy I had no heart for fun-making. [His mother had died that year.] Our third concert (inauguration of our Philharmonic Society) comes off with the ' Messiah ' next Tuesday. In this I have only a subordinate responsil)ility, with the altos, whom 1 have been working up at the har- monium." The next year, when reporting his Christmas Day, he says, " \Ve had the morning service [seven a.m. I], and at it baptised one of our youths after a year's probation. I break- fasted with them, and went to Mass, to help in singing Mo/art"s Seventh, as an acknowledgment for their helping at our concert." In 1857 he published two editions (one "four-part," the other "for two trebles only") of his "Songs of Progress and Affection, etc.," viz. sixty-two melodies for the popular little song-book already mentioned (p. 108). Some of these were copied by ])ermission from Hickson's "Singing Master" and Mainzer's Choruses. A few were his own composition. Others were adapted from popular glees ;— " Here's a health to all good lasses" continued " Vainly sought in brimming glasses I " " We sober men are met again To sing in cheerful measures " was sung to the tune of " Mynheer VanDunck," * etc. In the * This is not printed in liis Tune-book, perhaps because of llie copyright. It is related in a Warrington jiaper (.May 13, 1S79) that a glce-]iarty had arranged to sing "Mynheer Van Dunck " at a Christmas dinner of workmen, l)ut found that they had not a copy of the glee. Knowing that I'hilip had it, Mr. li. (one of the party) went to ask him to lend it. After some hesitation he said that he could not consistently encourage the singing of those bacchanalian words. Mr. II. offered to sing his tern- 1846-1858.] MUSIC. 169 the s and little ^vere and thers all ■n-lu. party 11 er of tliat nd it. gc the tern- following year, he printed the " Hampstead Chapel Psalmody," jncpared by his brother, Dr. W. B. Carpenter; and he himself edited and printed " Tunes for the Christian Church and Home," for the use of congregations employing Dr. Martineau's Hymn-book and his own Selections from the Tsalms, etc. He acknowledges in his preface the kindness of " authors and pro- prietors who have allowed him the use of most valuable tunes. . . . He also wishes to express his deep veneration for the memory of the late Rev. S. C. Frii)p, 15. A. [see p. 7], the friend of Latrobe, under the guidance of whose exquisite taste tlie organ of Lewins Mead Chapel, Bristol, was wont not so much to play the tunes, as to utter forth the very hymns the congregation were singing. \V'hatever is good in the editing of this Collection is due to his influ'^nce." These twelve years of Philip's life were those perhaps in which he seemed to accomplish the most. He had earned a high reputation as a practical philanthropist and as a man of science. He had heli)cd to save many lives, and to elevate lumdreds more. Thousands owed to him the brightness of many happy hours, and he was not devoid of mirth and sport- iveness. But underlying all, there was the sadness of sacrifice. The strength of his affections measured the intensity of their frequent disappointments; while his ideal of holiness rarely allowed him peace of conscience, — his was " hard doctrine," whic;h few could bear. He also suffered the natural penalty of an overstrain of his powers. AVhilst at Stand the bracing atmosphere rendered life a delight, he never ceased to feel the dei)ressing influence of Warrington. " The first fresh joy of a Christian life, and the unchilled warm burst of youthful hope," had departed ; but he was sadly and humbly reaching onwards towards Christian perfection. pcmnce words ; hut Philip smiled and rc])Iiod thnt lie knew that they would not he acceptal:)le to tliat Christmas party, anil asked to he excused fiom lending the glee. When I'hilip met ^ir. 11., a few weeks after, he saiil, "After you left me, I could not rest to think that I had in my house something that 1 could not lend to a friend. I went to my music ami turned it over, till I found the glee. I then went to the fire and burned it." In li !'r \ m i . 1 • 1 m ■iu ^. ^>o .o^:\^^^^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // y fe :^ (/j m zp. 1.0 I.I 1.25 '- IIIM IIIM m IM 1.8 U III 1.6 V] ., one of those who made it a business to forward fugitive slaves to a place of safety. Busi- ness had been very brisk of late ! On February 2, 1859, he took the train to Montreal, where he had agreed to lecture. On entering Canada, ** .le's heart seemed to beat with home feelings, particularly when, after riding a mile, I felt that the slave-catcher had lost his power, and the poor fugitive was free. ... I have felt in the country of the alien and the despot all the time I have been in the States." * It might have been expected from his habit of treating the poor as respectfully as the rich, that he would have syin[)athized with republican manners ; but he felt most keenly that slavery gave the lie to professions of ecjuality, and his intense horror of this crime made him a severe critic of those who countenanced it. The self regard and self-assertion, which he noticed, offended both his taste and his principles ; and he satirically wrote of the " S. P.," which stood for Sovereign I'eoi)lc, or Sovereign Person, as the case might be. He was much impressed with his winter journey — "the wooded ravines, down which frozen streams had tried to dash : it was like the Arabian Nights — everything suddenly turned to stone : the forests in ruins — the clearings, where rows of snow hillocks testified to the stumps below ; or else ghostly sprawling creatures, which were the stumps torn up by the roots, and turned topsy-turvy." The Britannia Bridge at Montreal was not finished. Instead of a steam-ferry, he entered a sleigh, and, after dashing down a steep descent, crossed the St. Lawrence on a road cleared through the rough ice and deep in snow : an avenue of trees planted all across on each side * The editor has to record Philip's opinions, not his own. He has the pleasantcsl romemhrances of most of his tour in the United States ; but at this juncture the cloud of slavery was at its blackest, and cast its shadow on everything. III 1 1 ii : Ii 'fl ;.* -»■ I. i ' n k n 176 AAfERICAN JOURNEY. [Chap. V. marked the track. Montreal seemed to him a truly magnificent city, with its towers and domes backed by a wooded hill. He was most hospitably received by Dr. Cordner, the Unitarian minister. It was very pleasant to him, after his boarding-house life, to be in a refined home where there were children, with whom he was soon on the best terms ; and after holding his tongue for six weeks, he enjoyed giving his temperance lectures (followed by exhibitions with the magic lantern, which proved very poi)ular). His first audience was a "respectable" one: but the people clapped when he told them that he should con- sider he was speaking to a plain English teetotal meeting; and then the ice was broken ! One afternoon he " gave a Mazatlaii lecture to the Natural History class at the McGill College (the university), at Professor Dawson's request : a very intelligent class of students in their gowns. Professor Dawson is the Principal, who has raised the college to its present high stand- ing. He seems a kind of mixture of my beau ideal of pro- fessors, J. D. Forbes, with the Natural History talent of Edward Forbes." During his visit to Montreal, Philij) had much intercourse with Dr. Dawson, who became his intimate friend. He also spent some time at the rooms of the (ieological Survey, at the head of which was Sir W. Logan, who had devoted much time and money and ability to the object, and had gathered round him a number of men eminent in their respective departments. Philip exchanged books with him; and Dr. Dawson got him to arrange the shells at the new Natural^History rooms, which were opened with a grand soiree. On two Sundays he preached in the morning for Dr. Cordner : he doubted whether his plain speaking would suit the congregation ; " but if people 7l>i71 ask strangers to preach, they must take what comes." In the afternoons he attended vespers at the great Catholic Church of Notre Dame. " The organ gallery and parts of the others were filled with thousands of children, mostly boys. Fancy the swell of their voices in the grand old (Ire^'^orian chants in that vast building: the altar choir antiphonizing with them, all in solid unisons reverberating through the vast space, with «-he harmonies given 1859.] QUEBEC. ^77 their llding : Inisons given by the choir and organ : . . . there was deep chanting by the men, as in France, relieved by pleasant peals of response from the thousand children. . . . After the service was over, the children set up a pleasant song in two parts. It was the greatest mixture of cheerfulness and solemnity that I have ever seen. A large number of the people stopped praying, waiting for their turn to confess. On going out, the children were tossing each other in the snow in charming fashion. The Catholics have no idea of gloomy Sundays." He had been invited by the Sons of Temperance to lecture at Quebec. Four of them met him at the station, and he was glad to put his luggage in the sleigh, and to cross on foot that mighty river, there about a mile wide and thirty feet deep, with the torrent waters of perhaps a quarter of North America rolling unpcrceived beneath him ! He was much interested with the quaint, Frenchified old city, with steep rocks jutting into the streets, beautifully covered with snow and icicles. His friends took him to see the monuments of the battles ; but he " could not like them, in the midst of nature's eternal grandeur and beauty ; paraded, too, over the descendants of the conquered people." There was an eclipse of the moon, and he sallied forth about half-past three, with the thermometer about 10° below zero (I), mounting the hill outside the fortifications. " I was surprised to see how much sharper the penumbra was than in our hazy atmosphere. When the obscuration was nearly com])lete, I attracted the attention of some soldiers who were changing guard to its beauties ; but, before that, I had descended into civilized regions, for fear of being lost in the darkness." Finding no one up at his lodgings, he took refuge in the Catholic Cathedral : a priest let him sit in the sacristy till six, when he attended early Mass; afterwards he enjoyed the glories of the sunrise. He found that the residents did not share his enthusiasm for the marvellous tints : they wanted him to see their country in summer. However, he got a young artist to see their beauties. A friend offered to take him in the afternoon to the Falls of Montmorency, the frozen spray from which forms a huge cone some forty or fifty feet high. A N r^^ 178 AMERICAN JOURNEY. [Chap. V. snowstorm came on before they started, but he did not wish to give up. As long as they kept on the river the sleigh went along rapidly : he admired " the natural roads from every- where to everywhere else, smoother than railways, without pike or trespass." When, however, they diverged through fields of rough ice, and large holes covered with the new snow, they found it impossible to proceed ; but he enjoyed the ride ex- tremely, especially when they had turned their backs on the wind and snow. " It is not every man that has ridden fourteen miles on the St. Lawrence in a violent snowstorm." In the evening he gave his lecture. On the morning of his arrival. Father Chiniqui (the Father Matthew of Canada) had been obliged to leave Quebec : the Catholic authorities had set themselves against him on account of his heretical tendencies. The next Sunday Philip spent at Cote St. Paul, with Mr. Higgins, a manufacturer who boarded many of his work-peojjle : he saw a new phase of life, and his sermon in the school-room met a warm response. On his return to Montreal he caught himself saying "coming home ; " but he left Dr. Cordner's hospitable roof the next day for Ottawa, where he had arranged to lecture. Everything was then unfinished in the new capital of Canada ; but he was enraptured with its picturesque situation, and the effulgent magnificence of a sunset scene, which was beyond anything he ever saw, or expected to see. He wrote a graphic account of the Chaudiere and Rideau Falls, which he explored at some risk. At his lecture he experienced the unruly character of American boys, whom he in vain requested the " Sons " (of Temperance) to quell. He told them " how the Quebec astronomer could not take the longitude of Hamilton properly, because of the boys ; but found a place in Montreal * not much infested with boys, and those who did heave in sight were perfectly tame.' " At Toronto he visited his old tutor and friend at York, the Rev. VV. Hincks, F.L.S., who was a professor of the new uni- versity. He found himself in another climate, the winter there having been unusually mild. From some mistake, the lecture- 1859-] CANADA WEST. 179 hall engaged for him had been subsequently let for a lecture by Dr. Rae, the Arctic explorer, who discovered the remains ol Franklin. Philip declined to stand in the way of one whom he so much honoured, and much enjoyed Dr. Rae's lecture, and his private intercourse with him. Dr. Rae heard and approved Philip's lecture on " Alcohol as Fuel Food : " his ex- perience in the Polar regions was very deci^^ive against the use of spirits. At Hamilton Philip lectured in the hall of the Good Templars (whom he describes as a modification of the Sons of Temperance), and afterwards saw how the Canadian amateur firemen manage their work. At Woodstock, where he gave two lectures, he had a pleasant surprise. The mansion and park of his host, Mr. Cottle, reminded him of England ; and " on entering the library, behold a picture of old Alderman Daniel [a leader of the Tory party in Bristol] who had brought him up as a boy, Dr. Parr who was his godfather, and other celebrities!" He inherited an estate at St. Nevis, but finding little prospect of success as a planter, he migrated to what was then a forest, cleared himself a farm, and was joined by others from the West Indies. He was an ardent naturalist, and had a de- lightful family ; so these were happy days for the traveller. Philip also lectured at London, whence he went to Chatham (sixty-five miles off), to make acquaintance with the settlement of fugitives from slavery. He had no introductions, but soon made friends : he addressed a school, shaking hands with all the scholars as they left ; and in the evening attended a revival meeting of the Baptists. "There was no excitement, as at a Methodist prayer-meeting : no shouting ; only now and then a low murmur, and a few suppressed sol)s, or an earnest Amen. After a man had prayed, a woman began her prayer, in a soft, sweet tone, rising and falling on the minor third, often both tones on the same syllable. (Gradually she rose a little, and continued in a plaintive recitative, quite different from European music, but extremely musical, and thoroughly natural. It was to woman's nature what the bird s singing is to them. The language it breathed was tenderness itself. It seemed as though passion and hatred could not breathe the tU AAfERICAX JOURNEY. [Chap. V, same atmosphere. It was altogether unhke singing a liturgy, which is simply to hide the individual tone. Here was prayer clothing itself in its own musical utterance. It was just loud enough to be heard through the still chapel, and that was all. How different from the conventional tones of our ordinary worship, the worked-up excitement of the Methodists, and the receptive forms of the Catholics ! It was to me an entirely new experience of worship." He slept at the house of a former fugitive, and was much pleased with his refined manners and those of his wife. The cottages he entered were neat and clean, and he was satisfied with what he heard of the general condition of the people. He made many incjuiries respecting the coloured people in Canada : and was also much interested in ascertaining and noting the differences between them and the people of the States. On his return to Toronto, he spent more than a week with Professor Hincks, and preached for him at the Unitarian Church, which he wa? then temporarily sup])lying. He undertook to arrange the Ma/atlan collection, which was to be put by itself in the beautiful new museum : this occupied him many days. He twice visited Niagara at this time — once from Hamilton, when he stopped at a small Irish inn at Clifton, C.W., and again on his way to Buffalo, when he lodged at a little German inn * on the American side of the bridge. He writes (March 26, 1859): "Yes, I have seen Niagara I The dream of my boyhood, the ardent wish of my mature life, the greatest pleasure that I looked forward to, when rocked in the cradle of the deep Atlantic, has been fulfilled. I have seen the waters of a country nearly as large as Europe leap over a rocky ledge, and hasten through their narrow channel to repose in the deep hollow of the blue Ontario." He had resolved * "Thought I, 'If I can't go to Germany, I will learn their ways here.'" He was so pleased, that at Buffalo he went to another German inn which he had eyed from the station. " One gets a little more time to eat at these ])laces : they treat you with consideration ; and you are free from the horrid ways of hotels." He elsewhere complained that, from the rapitiity of the Americans at their meals, they had often finished before he was satisfied ! 1 859.] NIAGARA. i8i M)Ose on no account to do the Falls, even if he I'^ft them undone. When he had visited Snowdon, he found that he could over- come the overwhelming sense of awe with the pencil ; so he prolonged his way to the Falls with sketching, and calmed the excitement of desire. The water of the Niagara is usually of a most beautiful colour, but it was then turbid after a thaw. He was surprised, as he walked, to look down on a muddy stream about the width of the Bristol Avon at high water. He was impressed at first by the beauty, rather than by the awful- ncss, of the Falls. Owing to the cold, the spray was con- densed, and did not rise to any height: he had expected an awful roar, but was surprised to find that he heard the gulls cawing to each other, as they flapped the very foam over the Falls. I'ew travellers could have gained a fuller conception of the scene : he was alone, and devoted himself to its exami- nation from every point of view. His scientific knowledge, his intense love of nature, and his close observation of it, make his descriptive letters very vivid and interesting : they are far too long to be inserted here, and (at the time) he desired that they should not be published. Some of his experiences were unusual, as few travellers go behind the Falls in the winter. He met a guide who was looking for spars, among portions of a rock that had just fallen ; and followed him through a channel of broken ice, till he found that he was inside Niagara, " I looked up. I almost shudder to recall the grand magnificence. Above me rose in tiers, each one pro- jecting over the last, the rocky foundations which support that mighty river ; below me went down to the abyss the deep mass of loose broken stones ; and here 1 was in the angle formed between the two ! In front was the truly awful cataract, as much below me as above ; and how much below that, the foaming abyss alone can tell. Inside, as out, the volumes of cloud were rising up, but leaving the principal i)art of the cave quite clear, so that you could see each separate beauty of the Fall. Add to the solemn effect an unearthly, sulphurous smell. I hope you will not think it too presumptuous ; but to relieve my mind I deliberately planted my knees against the l82 AMERICAN JOURNEY. [Chap. V. |: I V A H ledge of snow, and — hastily sketched it. ... I breathed freely as I got into the pure air. As far as nature is concerned, I feel disposed to sing my Nunc dimittis'^ When he afterwards looked down from a tower into the middle of the Fall, he remarked that " it was an intensely exciting scene, and exquisitely delightful ; but I have still to confess that, for awful grandeur, the entombment in the mighty Snowdon, looking up its precipitous sides for thousands of feet, made a very far deeper impression on my mind." He fully appreciated the Rapids, which are usually a surprise to those who are familiarized with the Falls by pictures ; but, on the whole, he felt disappointed in the scenery from its same- ness. This sameness, however, as far as the waters were con- cerned, had a ""onder and beauty of its own. " In grandeur the storm-tide, rushing on till it discharges in dashing foam against the rocks, appears to me greater. But for beauty, the eternal succession of the same water, in the same forms, throwing off spray-clouds at the same points, ever the same yet ever fresh, filled my soul with reverent delight." The beauty of nature could not shut out his thoughts from the crimes of man. On going down the staircase to the Fall, he found that, although it was new, it was covered with names. He thought there was something better to write than a name ; and near a little side door he found space to inscribe — " Ever glorious Nia^-ara ! that stoppeth the slave-catcher in his north- ward pursuit, and separateth the States, United together to afford him a hunting-ground, from the free soil of Canada ! roll onward in thy unchanging and irresistible might ; fit emblem of the power of Divine truth to check the tyranny of sin, and separate it by an eternal barrier from the heaven of God's love." On the Sunday, he went with his Irish host to the Catnolic chapel — a plain unplastered building, used also as a school- room. " Fancy coming to worship through the snow to this primitive chapel, with the distant murmur of Niagara. I did not wish myself in any cathedral. The extreme simplicity was far more congenial. Nature does all the grandeur here, and 1 859.] CATHOLIC CATHEDRAL. 183 her deep diapasons required no added organ." When he left, the sun was up ; '* and, the air being warm and abounding with moisture, the smoke of the great cataract ascended in a column till it met the clouds. The birds had come in great numbers to the woods ; the bluebirds especially were very distinct in their happy song. Strange t'> wander where the very birds sang different tunes, and to look down over the snow upon the leaping waters, ever steadily intent upon their eternal mission." From Buffalo, N.Y., he wrote : " This Sunday morning, April 3, is Mary's birthday, and I wish her ' many happy returns : ' I expect the old sister and the young brother have still some work to do, before they go to the other world. . . . About ten o'clock I went to the Cathedral. ... It will be a magnificent building when complete, but the congregation is poor : I saw only a few of the seats cushioned. When I went in, the body of the church was filled with the children of the schools, and a young priest was speaking to them from the altar. His subject was the love of Jesus ; and no one could address children in a more simple and touching manner." After they were dismissed, the people began to assemble ; and Philip read part of a great budget of letters, which he had got from the post-office. " Charming employment — to sit in that grand Cathedral, the sun shining in through the windows, all of which were of painted glass, and quietly be recalled to English loved ones. Presently there came in some Sisters of Charity — such nice motherly looking women, in blue dresses and largo white bonnets, followed by a train of girls of different ages, all dressed in blue, with blue head-dresses, who came up the centre aisle and stood by the high altar, and then went to their places with the greatest order and cheerful solemnity. The candles were being lit, and I thought of Marv and her girls : and how the Lord uses so many different servants to do ilis work, in so many different ways. You will not wonder that 1 sobbed downright. At the same moment, they began the soit Kyrie, and the tribe of innocent- looking young boys in white came and sat in a circle round the altar-rail — the girls in iheir If 1 84 AMERICA N JO URNE Y. [Chap. V. '4 . ^ blue being outside, a heavenly sight. The priests came in with great simplicity ; the officiating priest being only waited on by two very young boys, and the preacher going up without attendants. The music was exquisitely beautiful, abounding in- simple chants, and a number of hymns introduced. The priest had a most melodious voice, and there were no dis- cordant tones in the responses, which were al' from the organ- gallery. I never hear the Catholic service alike in any two places, and yet, in all the variety, there is a oneness which makes me feel at home everywhere. In the Protestant places there is any quantity of uniformity in each sect, and I feel at home nowhere. It was so exquisitely beautiful, when he chanted in the minor key, and the organist accompanied him with a deep pedal base and warbling choir flute : then the singers with single voices, and breaking out into chorus. I cannot recall the music of any of it ; and I understood no words but the simple Domimis vobiscum, etc. ; but I felt it altogether congenial to my feelings. T have got to that state in which words rather interfere with, than help on, my devotion : and in which the spirit seemeth to strive with groanings which cannot be uttered ; and then music comes in and utters them. Music is as much part of our nature as articulate speech. Some- times I was convulsed with emotion. . . . Another blessedness of the Catholic worship — that each soul is occupied with its own worship, and no others are disturbed. If I had cried so in a Protestant place, all eyes would have been upon me \ as it was, my next neighbour took no notice. On one side was a young woman praying in French with great fervour. Here were Germans, French, Irish, English, Americans, losing their nationality, and even the necessity of hearing their mother- tongue, and engrossed in one act of worship. Truly it was a solemn scene. ... I stayed to calm down, after they had all gone, with John xiv." He was not one to make a display of feeling, but he had not the usual English shame at giving it expression. Unless it caused disturbance to others, he showed pain as well as plea- sure, and wept as well as laughed. He had great courage 1 859.] A CONTRAST. 185 and fortitude ; but he was not prevented by pride 'Vom giving vent to his sorrow. In Scripture we often read of those who "lifted up their voice and wept:" the ancient Romans, and many continental nations, have not the stoicism which is the boast of wild Indians ! He subse(iuently wrote to a bereaved sister : " And now, struggling against the words of faith as I have written them, rise up the deep sobs of anguish at the parting. Nature will have it so, and I do not think it wrong. I trust you will let the same feelings find their natural expres- sion. I found great relief, even from the wild cries of agony, when I watched by my mother's lifeless form. It is one way by which the bursting heart finds repose : even the Lord experienced and hallowed these outpourings." He was in no danger of excess of feeling in a fine, large cruciform church, which he entered that evening, and found it arranged as a Protestant preaching-place. "The pul])it was a huge elevated platform, with an entablature of masonry with buttresses, as though it needed all that, to withstand the heaviness of the preaching and the doctrine. . . . After a lecture on the history of Paul as dry as tinder . . . they sang the hymn, * Watchman, tell us of the night.' A young lady shouted the inquiry, and a fat old watchman bellowed the reply ; and then the choir generally yelled a chorus, to the great delight of the congregation, who all turned round to listen and look, on : evidently thinking it a fine amusement after a dry semion. Then they stood up to look at the parson blessing them, and the church was cleared in a marvellously short time. 1 went to look at the organ, being close by : the organist was shocked at any musical person hearing hmi, explaining that he was a decent hand at fiddling, but could not do justice to the organ. I thought he did quite well enough for the instrument and the singing. If I had to choose my religion between Catholic and Protestant from that day's specimen, I fear the Seven Sacraments * would carry the day against the Two." Throughout his tour he frequently expressed his interest in * At the Roman Catholic Cathedral there were large oil paintings from Pousbin's *' Sept Sacremcns." wirr 186 AMERICAN JOURNEY. [Chap. V. -A,, '■■■ i m iff .-.if Catholic worship, and his dislike of what he too often found among Protestants. " I am no Puritan," he subsequently wrote. " Symbolic worship is as much to me, often far more, than that 0/ words. When I saw the indescribable magnifi- cence of autumn in the Canadian rivers, I thought that all kinds of beauty had their place in Christian worship. . . . My experience in this country has made me the more prize the kind of religion I have been led to believe in and preach. Speak- ing in general terms, Christianity as a transforming power over men's lives seems almost dead here. Only in the Roman Catholic Church does it seem to live, and in that but poorly. Of course I can't believe the doctrines, and be a Catholic ; still less can I work in one of the Protestant sects. I can find what I want in the Catholic worship. For many years I have said the same : and now that I have an opportunity of getting what it has to give me, I see nothing more wrong in satis- fying some of my wants at their altars, than in warming myself at the fire when I am cold. But to introduce that among Protestants is just as impossible as to believe the Catholic doctrines myself I believe with Dr. Bellows that the time will come when there shall be such a Catholic Church ; but neither he nor I can be^in it : we can only show the want. To preach the Gospel still appears to me the highest work in life." The enslavement of the soul is worse than the enslavement of the body ; and those who believe Romanism to be spiritual despotism may wonder that it should receive any countenance from Philip, who had such a horror of slavery. It is evident that he did not then look on it in that light : he had usually seen Catholicism in its gentlest aspect. When, in after life, he lived where it was the dominant religion, he showed that he had not lost his Protestant love of religious freedom. From Buffalo he went to Wellsboro', in the north of Penn- sylvania, to visit a numerous colony of his cousins, whose father, Mr. William Bache (his mother's half-brother), had been one of the first settlers there in 181 2. He was struck with the culture and prosperity he found in this pretty village in the 1 859.] WATER OR WHISKY? 187 midst of the forest. One of his cousins, Mr. I^^-'-her Bache, fully shared his Anti-slavery zeal ; and all received him with great cordiality. He had engaged to return to Montreal, to preach three Sundays during Dr. Cordner's alisence. On liis way he called at Albany, and spent a few days in Boston, whence he took the Portland route to Canada. His experience on crossing the frontier, after leaving the temperance State of Maine, was not so gratifying as when he had congratulated himself on entering a land of freedom (p. 175) : "At Rich- mond I was disagreeably reminded that I had crossed the barrier, and was very near breaking my teetotal pledge. I had got my bread in my bag for dinner, and wanted some water, of which there was none in the car. ... In the refreshment- room there was an open decanter, containing apparently water, and tumblers by the side. I poured out half a glass, and took a good mouthful with my bread ; and all of a sudden there was a most horrid taste, and intense burning. I suppose it was whisky. At any rate, I rushed out, to the astonishment of beholders, and spat it out with great zeal. How can people torture their stomachs with such abominable stuff? I went back, and asked the old lady what 1 must pay her for her poison. She professed not to understand me : and I explained, giving her a stiff lecture on leaving her stuff about in such a dangerous way She did not seem to like to be taken to task in presence of her customers ; while I drew an unfavourable contrast between the State of Maine and Canada, I paid for my lecture with my smallest coin — the same of which ' thirty pieces' have sometimes been presented to United States judges who have sent men back into slavery." At Montreal he was the guest of Mr. Archbald ; and enjoyed, as before, the great beauty of the neighbourhood. His host took him a walk up the Mountain — the steep hill which rises over the city, on the side of which he afterwards built his home. " The view from the top is very magnificent — the vast plain, the glorious blue St. Lawrence, with its islands beyond the beautiful city, and the fork of the Ottawa running into it. The Carmels and Tabors rise up, each with beautiful 1 88 AMERICAN JOURNEY. [Chap. V. I outlines, in the distance [tv.'enty or thirty miles off], which is bounded by the hills of Vermont and New York ; the White Mountains [of New Hampshire] are hidden by the Carmels." He continually refers to the Carmels, etc., in his letters : he thus named them from their resemblance to the pictures of these mountains with which he had been familiar from child- hood. In a partial valley of the Mountain were the cemeteries; "the Protestant and Jewish on one slope, the Catholic on the other." They did not then equal in beauty Arno's Vale at Bristol \ " but, when prettily planted, it will be as beautiful a spot as can be desired." The north side of the Mountain was still thickly covered with snow ; but the thaw had filled the lower parts of the city with disgusting filth. It was Easter, and he was much impressed by the Catholic services, especially at Notre Dame, which is not the Cathedral, but the immense parish church, of Montreal. " From a boy," he says, " I have been very sensitive to the effect of worship with a large number ; and the idea of a grand parish church where all are bowing in adoration of the 'Word made flesh and crucified,' and where you are left free to utter forth the language (or rather what cannot be clothed in language) of your own spirit, comes up nearer to my idea of worship than any that I have joined in elsewhere. ... In the Protestant Church,* one minister pours forth his heart (we will hope) before the Lord in the name of the congregation, while they join with him, or wander ; and this — ^just twice in the whole week. How- many hundreds and thousands of secret prayers are offered in these Catholic churches . . . where the Protestant sees nothing but formalism, priestcraft, and idolatry." He was " introduced to Mr. Clark, the (Catholic) Bishop's English champion, who edits "The True Witness," set up in opposition to " The Witness," the organ of the Evangelicals." This gentleman kindly devoted much time to him, and took him to various Catholic institutions. The Hotel Dieu, a hospital chiefly for infirm old people and orphans, under the * Had he been writing with deliberation, it is obvious that he might have qualified this general statement. 1 859.] CA T HO Lie INSTITUTIONS. 189 might care of the cloistered nuns, was the first nunnery Philip had visited : they then saw a larger establishment, cnlkd the Grey Nunnery : " they have 750 in the house, and as many in the city, dependent on them for their bread." Much work was done by the inmates. He was touched at finding " ladies, many of them of the highest station, who consent to perform menial and Icitlisome offices for the poorest and lowest people — for those who have brought on their diseases by profligate lives, or are dragging out an imbecile old age — simply for the love of God." In the schools of the Christian Brethren, the French boys were taught PLnglish, and the English French, etc. "At eleven o'clock there was a sudden silence; and a boy got up and read, in a slow, serious tone, that at the hour of eleven it was proper to remember that the Lord was with us in our studies, etc., followed by an act of faith, of hope, and of charity \ and some prayers in which they all joined ; and then went on with lessons. There was nothing constrained about the thing ; just as natural as when, in our school romps, we subside and have a hymn and prayer. Of course, would say that all this time spent in religion might be devoted to Greek roots and other showy accomplish- ments ; but, for my own part, I like children to associate religion with everything, in their play and their work." He was much pleased with the specimen of instruction which he witnessed, and considered it a libel that the Catholics wanted to keep the people in ignorance : "it is a special instruction to all the visitors — the Sisters of Charity, and the Brothers of St. Vincent de Paul — to urge the parents to send their children to [these schools], an^ keep them there as long as possible." He also went to see the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, conducted by the Sisters of St. Joseph ; and Le Petit Seminaire, a kind of high school for girls ; and the large Jesuits' College for Youths, where there were 230 boarders. Here he was told that it was absolutely forbidden to see the classes at work ; but they were allowed to walk in the glazed passages between the class-rooms, and formed a favourable opinion of the discipline maintained : and he was pleased to find a museum, with philosophical TTT^IT 190 AMERICAN JOURNEY. [Chap. V. apparatus, etc., from Paris, in the top story. Some of the fathers were always with the boys, both at night and in play hours. What touched him most was the cloistered nunnery of Le Bon Pasteur.* Mr. Clark had obtained a special order of admission from the Bishop. " Scarcely any layman had been admitted," Philip writes, "and certainly no non-Catholic before me. The orders were that we should be shown the entire estab- lishment without reserve. ... It is a society for the reception of penitent women. I never like to look criminals in the face, or mad persons : hospitals I do not mind ; that is only suffering which one ought to face bravely, as medical men and Sisters of Charity do. However, Mr. Clark would hear of no reason against going ... so we went to a spacious cruciform house in Sherbrook Street, standing in a large garden enclosed by a high wall. I thought of the ' wicket-day ' at Port Royal. We applied for admission at the outer gate; and the portress, having first asked our business through the grating in the middle of t'le door, let us in. We went through i)assages and rooms, all ornamented with pictures and emblems and beautiful texts of Scripture. At last we were seated in the outer parlour, separated from the inner by a wainscot below, and a lattice and sashes. Presently the sash was thrown up, and behold the Lady Superior, seated in a chair, with a very simple dress, not unlike the pictures of the Port Royalists, to whom Mr. C. handed the Bishop's letter. She received us very graciously, and had been previously notified of our visit. She was of middle age, looking very benevolent and at the same time decided. Fortunately she was from Paris, and I understood her speech pretty well,t as she also did mine. . . . Every- thing was perfectly white, almost dazzling, for cheerfulness ; all sorts of ornaments in every room, and evidently intended to * "Organized in 1844 by a company of Parisian ladies of the Order of Le Bon Tasteiir, established in 1640 by Pere Kude in Caen, Normandy : " there were (1S59) twenty-seven sisters and seventy penitents. t He found a difficulty in making out the Canadian French. He was told that the lantal)lishL'd Church, till compulsory support of religion was abolished in 1S33 : and many of the oldest jiarishes in Plymouth, Boston, Cambridge, etc., emliraced Unitarianism. It was, however, first avowed in the old Episcopal Church—" King's Chapel," which the English Governors at- tended before the Revolution. I f Ih ft. HP : 196 AMERICAN JOURNEY. [Chap. V. of Dr. Gould, a physician and eminent naturalist, who had entrusted him with his valuable conchological collection when he was preparing his Report (p. 142). He was introduced by him to the meetings of a scientific club, and of the Academy, where he met some of the most eminent residents. At Cam- bridge he " went to Professor Agassiz at his den ! Such a den, and so orderly, is rarely seen. Here are boxes, barrels, bottles, etc., all piled up, a housef j1, so close that you can aardly pass by. A frame house, and the idea of fire is appalling ; and yet he and his assistants are constantly smoking. . . . He explained to me his plans, and I pointed out what we want in the West Coast. He has people collecting at the various stations. ... I established friendly conchological relations with him." Agassiz was distinguished, not only as a naturalist, but for his success in stimulating a great zeal for natural history ; and an immense fire-proof museum was to be erected for his collections. His collectors were instructed to obtain large quantities of the various specimens, and to label them on the spot, for fear of mistake as to their locality. When Philip saw all that was done at Boston and Cambridge, he regretted — as indeed he had done at Montreal— that his collection was buried at Albany. He was hospitably welcomed by Mr. Emerson, Mr. Long- fellow, and other celebrated men ; but he intimated that his " organ of veneration " was too large for him to feel quite at his ease with them. The late D-r. Howe, distinguished by his suc- cessful labours for those bereft of sight, and for idiots, intro- duced him to Laura liridgman — deaf, dumb, and blind — whose mind he had so wonderfully awakened and cultured. She was reading her Bible, as was her custom every morning, and Philip noted that if anything happened to him he should like some of his shells sent to her : she referred with pleasure to a present his sister Mary had sent her many years before. It was from Dr. Howe that he first heard of John Brown, who was in Boston to make preparations for the attempt by which his name is immortalized. " The night before, Dr. Howe met J. Brown, the Lynchdaw Abolitionist. He considers his mission to be, 1859-] JOHN BROWN. 197 uri ^'1 Long- to make war on the slave-holders with a band of about a hundred men ; ties them up, makes them find waggons, etc., to convey the slaves to a place of safety, and then lets them go. Dr. Howe, who went to Greece and Poland in his youth to fight for liberty, greatly approves of this proceeding, considering it prac tical. J. Brown had an argument with three Conservative Orthodox clergymen in Boston, which he says was ' hard sled- ding ' (driving a sleigh over rough land without snow). How- ever, one of theii"! afterwards sent him a hundred dollars as his own private contribution towards the work. He is getting recruits for a new onslaught ; and the Governor of Missouri has offered three thousand dollars for his head." At the cemetery at Mount Auburn, there were two monuments on which Philip looked with especial interest — one to the Apostle of Peace, another to the Martyr for the Enslaved ! On Noah Worcester's was inscribed, " Blessed are the peacemakers." There is a long inscription on the monument in memory of Rev. C. T. Torrey, who was arrested in Baltimore, June 24, 1844, for aiding slaves to regain their liberty, and died in the Penitentiary of that city. May 9, 1846. He visited many of the institutions for which Boston is renowned ; * but what touched him most was the Channing Home. Miss Ryan, who had been brought up with her sister at an Orphan Asylum, gained a living by dressing ladies' hair. Sha had taken to heart the condition of the poor in time of sickness, and got leave, two or three years before, to use the unoccupied vestry of Dr. Channing's church, and fitted it up with beds. She took in the first sick person she came across, and others one by one, maintaining them as well as herself by her trade. She was a Roman Catholic, but had a great love for the Unitarians and their ways, though she shuddered at their doctrines ! When the church was pulled down, some of the ladies belonging to it raised a fund to fit up a house : they wished to call it the Ryan Home ; but this was utterly opposed b1'- * At the public schools he noted the dialect : " The Massachusetts tune is at the same time drawling and bountling ; proceeding in a succession of >luw leaps, something like the motion of a Truncatella.'' 198 AMERICAN JOURNEY. [Chap. V. ,' ,1 to her unobtrusive nature, and she would only accept it as tlie Channing Home.* Philip had a deep religious sympathy with the spirit she displayed. They both felt great delight in good Cardinal Cheverus, whose Memoir was published in Philip's boyhood. The Cathedral where he ministered was very near Dr. Channing's church, and Philip made a pilgrimage to see the altar which he built, and the pulpit where he preached. He called on his successor, who had been a poor Irish boy brought up in the common schools of Boston, and saw tJi'j portrait of Cheverus. They had a good deal of con- versatior on slavery, which the Bishop stoutly defended. Among those whom he most wanted to see were his Anti- slavery friends— Mrs. Follen, Mrs. Chapman, H. C. Wright, and, above all, W. L. Garrison. He was delighted to hear his " beautiful gentle talk " in his home, among his family, to whom Philip felt much drawn. Pie would not speak in public on the subject that was so near his heart, till he had taken his tour in the South : he also refused to preach ; but his earnest and confidential conversations with many whom he met pro- bably left a deeper impression than sermons. At the suggestion of Dr. Gannett (Dr. Channing's colleague and successor), an invitation was sent to him to speak at the Unitarian festival, which is annually held in May. He declined, however, in a note to the chairman ; since he did not feel himself one, either of the Unitarian or clerical body, and could not be true to himself while on the "slave-catchers' hunting-ground," without saying what would not add to the harmony of the meeting. He expressed respectful thanks for the courtesy offered him, and went as a spectator. He made no arrangement to sit with any of the friends with whom he might have had pleasant intercourse, but found his way to the GanneU's daugliter, Mrs. Wells, who (like her father) 1;^ pro- the philanthropies of Boston, informs nie that "The Ilonie is * I)r, minent in — , , .^ , ^ ^ ., ^ .. niaintaineil on the same jilan on whieh it was started ; but Miss Ryan lias died of consumption. vShe married some years before her ilealh, but still gave her time to the Home. She was its genius and its founder, and it still does well its good work. She was a sincere religious Roman Catholic, with a nurse's bent in her mind. However, she married a Unitarian minister, but, I think, kept to her own faith. She was truly liberal." i859.] UNITARIAN FESTIVAL. 199 top gallery of the hall — the largest in New England — and looked for a few minutes on two thousand well-dressed people, seated at ten wide tables the length of the hall, covered with flowers and fruits and pretty eatal)lcs. lie never thought an eating-display so beautiful before ; but he noted that while the waiters were "coloured," there were none of the proscribed race among the guests. He soon went away, sad and dis- pirited, to write his letters. After a time he came back, and was taken to the platform by Dr. Gannett, whose earnest, feeling, and eloquent speech at the end of the meeting, in which he referred to those who had died during the year, came home to his heart ; but he had been longing in vain, at this great meeting of the elite of the S^-ate, for some appeal for humanity. He was now a guest of Dr. Gannett's. They were both struck with noticing that the heartiest response during the speaking was to an allusion to Theodore Parker, who for many years had been under the ban of the Unitarian leaders : he was now on that JQurney from which he never returned. Though on many points Philip and his host differed, they Avere alike in their intensity of affection and tenderness of conscience.* He felt it good to be in a home where prayer was wont to be made, and he was greatly in sympathy with Dr. Ciannett's son, William (Jhanning (iannett, who a few years after left the university to devote himself to teaching the freed negroes in the Sea Islands, South Carolina, during the war. One evening, there was a meeting of ministers at his host's, at which Dr. liellows and Dr. Osgood of New York took l)art. The latter (who has since become an l^piscopalian). spoke of the " denying school of Priestley and Bclsham " as the very worst form of Christianity ; and there was a general feeling that it had never taken root among them ! Among those present was Starr King, " who is thirty-four, but looks eighteen. He attended to everything, but did not speak a word : said to be very clever." He it was who, in the coming war, did more than any man to induce California (wliere he * See "Ezra Stiles Gannett, a Memoir. I3y his son, W. C. Gannett." Boston, 1875. I#! ■i i U: ir * ii.'H M 200 AMERICAN JOURNEY. [Chap. V. !>' I, I 1 (i *': % i: i'i ■i: m then ministered) to take her stand for Freedom. Philip was impressed with the earnestness and seriousness of the meeting. He afterwards went to the prayer-meeting in the First Church (Unitarian), which was quite full, many standing ; and to the ministers' conference, where he heard Dr. Bartol's address. He then found his way to the Anti-slavery Convention, where he " got out of the atmosphere of beautiful, liberal, fashionable Christianity, straight into humanity. There was no mistake about it. Hall crammed, and I was thankful to sit on the floor of the platform." He heard the usual invectives against those who, while they were opposed to slavery, main- tained the Union; the speakers not dreaming that in two years' time the disunionists would be the pro-slavery party, and that a war for the Union was to end in the destruction of slavery. One of the speakers was "a. hard man, who blows up every one else, except Abolitionists, and nine-tenths of them." Garrison, however, expressed his dissent from him : ''The cause never was in such a flourishing state. ' The winter of our discontent is now becoming glorious summer.' I feel sunny — I am glad in view of the signs of the times. This subject is now No. i in everything. The slave is seen by everybody, and cannot be put down. He is Banquo's ghost in every entertainment," etc. On the evening after the Unitarian festival, he went with W. C. Gannett to the Music Hall, where it had been held, to another thronged meeting of Abolitionists. At the table where he sat writing his report for his friends were one male and two female reporters. He heard Garrison, C. V. Remond, and C. C. Birley ; and then Wendell Philips rose amidst enthu- siastic applause. Philip gave a long report of his speech. " You stand," he said, " where for ten years Theodore Parker has uttered sentiments which, when I was first called to the bar, were deemed blasphemous by the 0I4 Puritan law of Massachusetts." Mr, Everett told the legislature, a few years before, that Abolitionists ought to have been in a prison cell : they were, instead, in the most luxurious hall in the city. In the course of his speech Wendell Philips contrasted the conduct of Massachusetts with that of England a refuge for 1 859.] A NTJ-SLA VER Y CON VENT ION. .01 the free, a country deserving to be loved. He gave a thrilling account of a heroic girl, whom her lover had conveyed in a box from the Slave States : for eighteen hours she was resting on her head, yet no groan escaped her ; (}od had written in her heart the love of freedom. For a month after, she hovered between life and death. " Had she been born in Massachu- setts, and there was not a spot where she could be safe in the State, why then — God damn the State ! " (Immense applause, mingled with hisses.) It is a matter of course for good church- goers to pronounce God's damnation on their fellow-Christians who differ from them, as part of their worship ; but it is un- usual for patriotic men to speak thus of their country. Philip remarked, " You must flmcy this uttered, not by a firebrand or a hard logician, but by one of the most benevolent-looking men of the country-, tlie Chrysostom of New England. You see to what a pitch of apathy the nation had got, when such men think it their bounden duty to use such language, in order to stir them up. I asked him if he uttered the curse (a con- ditional one) in the heat of excitement : he said, ' No ! He thought the devil ought not to have all the good words.' I asked W. L. Garrison, afterwards, if this was his usual style. He said that the cursing part was a new feature of that even- ing. He did not approve of it, because you cannot separate the Commonwealth from the individuals who form it ; adding, ' I think " Father, forgive them," is the better form of the statement ! ' Fle himself has the sweetest look and tones, when you get into his own sphere." Philip paid a brief visit to some New England towns ; his longest was to Amherst, where there is a college, of which Mr. C. B. Adams was a professor (he died in 1853), and where his collection of Panama shells is deposited, of which Philip quotes the catalogue in his Report, etc. (pp. 267-280) : he there speaks in warm terms of Professor Adams's patient and laborious accuracy, though he differed from some of his con- clusions. He worked incessantly for most of a week, from breakfast till supper, examining these shells and those from Jamaica, and comparing them with the list ; and sketched ■ 1 \ t I . I! ' I : - "I I IMI 1 i : ■ i mi r! ' 202 AMERICAN JOURNEY. [Chap. V. some species under the microscope. At this college is a mag- nificent collection of " footprints : " one slab is about eleven feet long. " It is curious to see the very different appearance of the same foot in different layers. There are the great birds, and other pleasant little birds which hopped about, frogs who ' would a wooing go,' crustaceans, and insects : at the same time our beasts were waddling about at Lymm " (near Warring- ton). At this secluded college there are other valuable col- lections, especially one of meteorolites (said to be the best next to that at Vienna), which was shown him by the owner, Professor Sliepherd. He boarded with Mrs. Adams, and enjoyed his stay there ; seeing a little of college life, and hear- ing many particulars of Professor Admis, who, like himself, was an enthusiastic naturalist. In 1863, Philip wrote a " Review of Professor C. P. .Vdams's Catalogue of the Shells of Panama, from the Type Specimens," which appeared in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society in London (pp. 339- 369); and (in 1865) a paper on some new species in that col- lection (Proceedings, etc., pp. 274-277). From New York he wrote : " I called on Mr. Bland, the conchologist, who received me with great delight, and instantly carried me off to his house at Brooklyn, and we set to work at shells. He has the best collection known of North American and West Indian shells, and truly lovely they are ; the new- forms of some of the West Indian are very extraordinary and beautiful." Mr. Bland took him to see the collections of other conchologists. On his way to Philadelphia he called on an emigrant from \Varrington at South Amboy, noted for its oyster-grounds ; and at Burlington he stayed two days at the hospitable house of Mr. Binney, to examine his father's great collection of American land shells. Mr. Binney, whom he had met at Boston, was from home, but had left instructions that he should help himself to du[)licates. It is not often that collectors have such confidence reposed in them ! At Philadelphia he boarded with Mr. W. Still, a mulatto. who was the chief agent of the underground railroad. Two fugitives had just arrived from the South on their way to .JlL i859.] IN THE SLAVE STATES. 203 Canada. He called on Mr. McKim at the Anti-slavery Office, from whom he heard many interesting particulars ; and he felt much sympathy with the work done in Philadelphia in en- lightening a pro-slavery community, and helping fugitives. On June 18 he embarked on board the steamer from Philadelphia to Savannah, Georgia. He had cjuailed a little at the thought of this Southern tour; but felt it right. He took with him no more than he could carry himself : " a satchel slung over the right shoulder and under the left arm, containing my writing materials, etc. ; a large botany-box, strapped over the left shoulder ; small carpet-bag containing change of linen and sundries, and a quire of blotting-paper (for drying plants) between two mill-boards ; and an umbrella. My long hair and beard hang in curls all round, and serve to keep off the flies from my neck." He was so much amused with his appearance that he had a full-length likeness taken for his family, which he inscribed, '' An English Naturalist on Southern I'ramp." He never had been photographed before. When he landed at Savannah, he was delighted with the flowers ; and in a cemetery he saw "a beautiful passion-dower growing in wild luxuriance all about the ground, creeping about like our convolvuluses. It was worth the journey down to see." But he saw nothing to attract him in the town. '* I found a steamer that very afternoon for Charleston (S.C.), so I got my traps together, and went on board. Having come down amongst the slave-holders, I thought I would go back among the slaves, and save three dollars at the same time." He had been told that Charleston was the only place in the South where science was cultivated, and he brought intro- ■ ductions to some naturalists there. Professor McCrady took him on a dredging expedition : " He lent me a dress, viz. trow^sers, blouse, and slippers. Thus equipped, id each with a jar in a wire framework in a basket, and he \ ith a gauze net, we sallied down to the beach and began prowling about ; he after Medusa3, I after shells in the crevices of the stones. The absence of barnacles, sea- weeds, etc., is very curious all along the coasts. I got plenty .Mil ' fii i ' .1 rj '1- , ' 204 A M ERICA N JO URNE Y. [Chap. V of those queer flat sea-eggs. The tide was coming on f-ist and strong, and several great Portuguese men-of-war were thrown up upon the beach. The bladder, which Mr. McCrady regards as the true Medusa, was most exciuisitely coloured with purple, ])uce, pink, and a golden streak along the edge. You may handle them there, but woe to you if you get touched by the long feelers, which are some two feet long — each one is like a necklace, and it was beautiful to watch the creatures drawing them in and out. These creatures are a reason for bathing in clothes ; but it seemed very queer, walking into the water with one's dress on — in and out just as it happened. At last we determined on going to the end of a breakwater they were making. VV^e had to walk on a single plank supported by framework, some eight feet above the water, which was dashing on the stones under us — walking in this way for about a quarter of a mile, carrying our things. He had first ascer- tained that T could swim. So we got to the end, where they are dropping fresh stones, descended under the scaffolding, and began our search. Presently he found a new coral. There was one of the common species in the same rock to compare. It was charming to see the corals in their own seas, though of course these are only the outliers. Then the difficulty was to get it ofif. After rummaging about for some time, wo found an iron bar. So we edged ourselves down, — planting our feet in, to avoid being washed off l)y the waves, which were dashing strong against us ; stooping our heads under the rafters above us, one of the ferocious showers of rain pelting its cold masses on our heads, while our nether portions were warm in the waves of the sea. (An interesting position, 11 only had been there to sketch us off ! ) I had to seize the bits as he knocked them off, and grab them tight, lest the next wave should dash them out of my hand. At last we secured the specimens, and retraced our steps : the tide now being too high for further research. Feeling considerable difference in the temperature of my rain and sea water regions, I sug- gested the propriety of an honest bathe. Mr. McC. taking the same view, we rushed in to breast the waves. Several ot ft anting sug- 1859.] SOUTH CAROUXA. 20; them threw me down, and carried me along for many yards. . . . On our return we strip[)ed in his den, rubbed with rough towels, and put on our clothes. He was much surprised that I would not take any whisky ; but I took no harm from this or any other wetting. He then showed me the most lovely little Medusas under his microscope. Among them was one which only one or two others had seen, and which he was glad for me to verify : he calls it the nursing Medusa, for it harbours the larvoi of another species." Philip stopped at Sullivan's Island, the watering-place of Charleston. He preferred to stay at a boarding-house ; but visited some naturalists, among them Dr. Ravenel,* the Governor of the island. He had scruples in accepting their hospitality, but he made no secret of his Anti-slavery prin- ciples. He found that, as an Englishman, he was expected to be opposed to slavery. He was pleased with the courtesy and refinement he witnessed, which reminded him of good society in England \ but he took care to see the other side of the picture. While he noticed that some of the coloured people seemed much more at home than in the North, where they ai)peared to feel as interlopers, there was a general servility which pained him. He made acquaintance with some slaves, who saw that they could trust him, and heard their view of the " patriarchal institution." While he was so kindly received, he knew that any coloured British subject, on entering the State, would be imprisoned ; indeed, only a short time before, the sheriff took British seamen from under the British flag, and put them in prison while the ship was in port. If the gaoUfees were not paid, they were in some cases sold as slaves. f He could not feel happy in the head-quarters of slavery, and in three or four * In his manifold are copies of letters to Dr. Ravenel and Professor McCrady, written from Warrington, Novemlier, 1S60, announcing collections of shells he had forwarded for them, and thanking Dr. Ravenel for a box he had been kind enough to send him ; also to Professor Gibbs, to whom he sent a collection of British flowers from his sister Anna. t In 1852, forty-two British seamen were thus imjirisoned. .See "Im- prisonment and Enslavement of British Coloured Seamen," Leeds Anti- slavery Series, No. 89 (by R. L. Carpenter). Ill [ 2o6 AMERICAN JOURXEY. [Chap. \' 'il 1 ii 'S. flays went by rail to Richmond, Virginia (afterwards the capital of the Confederacy). Its situation charmed him, and the James river, with its rapids, was in all its grandeur from the rains. He noticed here "that the whites and blacks seem to mingle much more freely than at the North : " but, upon a hill over- looking the city, ** stands the gaol, where lies the man who helped l')OX I'rown to escape; and several others are confmed, and rotting away their days, for hel[)ing fugitives. These are the true patriots of the country : I should like to have visited them, but presume that I should not be allowed to speak my mind." In the City Directory, he found the names of fourteen "negro-traders;" and in the next morning's papers were ad- vertisements of five slave-sales — 120 of both sexes and all ages. He went by way of Liberty (!) to the Peaks of Otter — be- tween four and five thousand feet high. Starting from the inn in the twilight, he ascended the rocks at the mountain-top soon after sunrise, and was rewarded by the most extensive view he had ever seen : " It looked as if the horizon were a boundless distance, and you saw a whole kingdom stretched out around you : it was only in the direction of one other peak that you could not see a complete horizon panorama : stretching off to the north-east in regular parallel lines were the great blue Ridges, the backbone of Eastern America, — blue in the haze of distance, else deep green from the woods that covered them : it looked as if the surface of the earth had been wrinkled up, as you furrow your brow ! " He was struck with the absence of towns and villages : and on his journey he had noticed the neglect and sterility with which slavery had cursed Eastern Virginia. He came back to breakfast, and after a short rest set out for the Natural Bridge. His landlady told him that the shortest way was through the woods, following the course of the Otter, which, however, he would have to cross thirty-two times. He found it at first very charming and refreshing to go through the woods, with their new foliage, new flowers, new insects, and new birds with new notes ; and at first he did not n"lnd wading through the little stream, though he was surprised 3r — be- i inn in p soon ,iew he mdless around at you off to l)lue azc of them : d up, )sence 2(1 the astern )rt rest that course rty-two to go new 1859.] THE NATURAL BRIDGE. 207 that no one had taken pains to fell trees as bridges for foot- passengers ("hut who goes afoot in this country except 'niggers,' and who cares for them?") The heat, however, was tremendous ; once or twice he lost his way : he was impressed by the loneli- ness of his walk, for he scarcely met any one through the day, and found no place for refreshment. Some time after dark, he reached the inn after his jjcrilous walk, having met with only one fall. He had walked about twenty-five miles, carrying his ■' trai)s." He devoted some time to the Natural Hridge, which surpassed his expectations. He was struck with the symmetry of the arch, resembling in form our ^"""st sewers ! " Fancy this Nature's Cloaca Maxima, but flushed only with pure water to wash away the stinks of slavery ! . . To see the huge mass of suspended rock face to face, is very grand and awful. It is indeed more 7Uouderful than Niagara : you understand tJiat at first sight — if the river 7< ill flow over table-land, and come to the edge of a rock, it must fall over it ! " Lexington was his next resting-jilace, where there was a military college ; but he had no desire to inspect the i^lace where youths learnt to fight, to keep down the negroes in case of insurrection 1 Several of the students wore the family badge, on a gold plate on the coat. At the inn he wrote (June 30) : " My spirit boils within me. I have stood it a long time passively, but now I have no other vent but to write it down. There was a beautiful boy of thirteen, waving the peacock's fan at supper to-night, with scarcely a tinge of colour,— intelli- gent, with curly pate and bright eyes, and full of fun — just such a boy as might have been at his age. I was one in the middle of a great company of guests (it was the college com- mencement, next day), and yet the host at his table watched me and saw how I noticed him. I went up after^vards and made inquiries from him. His name was Henry : mother mulatto, father white. The host has bought him to make a waiter of. If he does not please him, he will cowhide him well ; and if he does not do then, will sell him down South. li w i He is too white to make a good servant, the market price, nine hundred dollars. He is now worth, at And so that is the ^k T V. (I'M-. {• I' VU^ :o8 A M ERICA X JO URSE Y. [Chap. V. future of that beautiful hoy. Mow I wish I could buy him and bring him to England : but 1 cannot afford such prices. I gave the man to understand what we Ilnglish thought of the system : as to him, if he could turn a few hundred dollars by buyin'^ and selling negroes, he had no objection to do so. O Lord, how long shall such things be? and wilt Thou look down on this j)Oor boy, and keep him from evil : and all the others that are in bondage?" Philip was surprised at the number of slaves nearly white, whom he met in this State : sad tokens that those who made their boast of freedom became the fathers of slaves, having first become the slaves of their lusts. On other occasions he let his hatred of slavery be known. At one inn he recorded it in the hotel-book, with his name. At another hotel he met at the breakfast table " two horrid men who looked ready for slave-driving, or any kind of wicked- ness : they were swearing terribly. I went to the office, and asked whether I was to take that back to England as a specimen of Southern manners ; which made the landlord ashamed and apologize." He did not hesitate to travel on the Sunday : he thouglit it " as good an employment of the day as going to slave-holding churches. It was refreshing to ride through the mountains and valleys and woods, which were free and spoke of the Lord ; while the men who lived there set His laws at defiance." This journey was by rail : when the alternative was a joking stage, he preferred to walk, which caused much surprise. Once, after a walk of twenty-two miles, he woke very sick and faint after sleeping in the shade ; but stale bread, a jug of cold tea, and a night's rest set him up again. " I think you will agree with me that it speaks pretty well for my i)lain living, that this was the only ailment I got in the South, although I was in lat. 32° on Midsummer Day, and encountered the warmest week's weather on my walking tour. That very day, as I heard afterwards, several poor slaves had been sun-struck in the fields in the neighbourhood, and several whites were killed in the Eastern cities." After visiting the Sulphur Springs and Weir's Cave (which reminded him of the pictures he had iS59.] SMITIISONIAX INS TITUT/ON. 200 seen of the drotto of Antiparos), he made his way to Wash- ington. It was one of the special objects of his American lour to examine the tyi)es of j)rcvioiisly described sfjccics of shells, that he might compare them with those known in Kngland. At Washington he wished to study the types of the United States Exploring Expedition, and he called on Dr. Henry, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution,* with an introduction from the Regents at y\.l!)any. After a little conversation. Dr. Henry invited him to take up his abode there (which Philip at first declined on account of his walking-dress). He found it a very interesting visit, and it led to conseciuences which * The following l)rief notice of this Institution is derived from a very interesting .account which .T])pcarf(l in " Harper's Weekly," after the ileath of Professor Henry at tiie age of eighty years, May 13, 1S78. There is a fuller account in I'iiiliji's Supplementary l^eport to the British Association for '"^"i' PP- 577~5'*^2. Mr. James Smith-on w.as an Englishman of scientilic ta>tes, who (lied in 182S. He left all his property (about ^i 10,000), after the death of a relative, to the Government of the United States, to found an institution which should hear his name, and be devoted " to the hi' reuse anil diffusion of knowledge among men." In 184O, when about ^"50,000 had .accunudated in interest. Congress appointed a P)()ard of Regents ti> tarry out the trust, and a circular was .adilres.ied to the leading scientists m the country to ascertain their views : they were almost unanimous in recommending a university ; but President J. Q. Adams affirmed that it uas not the province of a university to iiicrrdsc knowledge, but only to teach it. Dr. Henry, who was then Professor of Physics at Princeton College, suggested the plan, which he was afterwards appointed to work out. It encourages origi;ial investigation, and diffuses its results. 'l"he l)uilding is one of the most striking in apj)earance in Washington ; and the income, about /'jooo a year, is employed partly in publications and y)arlly in exchanges. Treatises on all subjects are received at the Smithsonian, and those th.at are approved are printed in the "Contributions to Knowledge." Besides the Annual Report, there is another series — " Miscellaneous Collections : " one of these octavo volumes, No. 252, consists of reprints "f most of Philip's pa])ers on the Mollusks of Western North America. These books are sent, under certain conditions, to all public libraries of impcjrtance, both in the United States and in Europe. The system of exchanges is remarkable. It transmits, free of cost, collections or books of science which sar'a/i/s may desire to send each other ; and also, fnmi its own stores, sends out about 12,000 specimens a year, which are always accurately labelled. Its parcels pass all custom-houses williout examina- tion, and are carried at a low rate by most steamships and railnmds. It is saiil that there are Ijetween eight and nine hundred persons scattered over the world who are making collections, or recording observations, to send to the Smithsonian. It is the custodian of the National Museum ; but itb National Science Library is now transferred to the care of Congress. s ^ !' M' m f I ..)'' m :,1 ■'A V iP. 2IO AMERICAN JOURNEY. [Chap. V. affected his future life. Dr. Henry wr-s eminent in physical science, and the assistant-secretary, Dr. Baird, was "great in birds and reptiles." Philip's knowledge of mollusca was therefore peculiarly valuable, as there were large collections at the Institution awaiting arrangement. Dr. Henry asked him to devote a few months to this object, and he promised to learn the wishes of his friends at Warrington. In the mean while, he spent a week in studying the museum. He was greatly interested in learning the working of the Insti- tution, and the successful efforts of Dr. Henry to give it a cos- mopolitan character ; but he found his host, though a kind and religious man, very conservative on the slavery question. " He came into my room one evening, and talked to me on slavery To whom I spoke out, and repeated a little of my Southern experience. He was very much surprised that I had come to no harm, and considered that a person with such strong feelings as I had ought not to go South. So the mere common feeliiigs of humanity are considered in the North so 'strong/ and in the South so 'dangerous I' I had to walk about the room to keep the peace while I was talking with him ; and he was evidently suri)rised at any one, non-political, thinking it such a great matter." At Baltimore (which he next visited) he called on Arch- bishop Kenrick, to whom he had an introduction from Bishop Fitzpat:ick : he told Philip of the Oblates (who offered them- selves to God) founded by M. Joubert, in 1828, to train young females of colour. Philip went to these coloured " Sisters of Providence," and made inquiries respecting their pupils, many of whom were slaves. Thence he travelled to Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio, by the remarkable railroad which crosses the Allegh.my Mountains. This college had been founded by the " Christians ; " but when it was involved in financial diffi- culties, the Unitarians consented to supi)ort it as an unsec- tarian college. The eminent Horace Mann, to whom the schools of Massachusetts had been so greatly indebted when he was Secretary for Education, and who was afterwards a Free Soil (Anti-slavery) member of Congress, was its president: T A p. V. lysical eat in a was actions asked Dmised [n the I. He ; Insti- t a cos- ,nd and . "He slavery, outhern d come I strong :ommon ' strong,' he room I he was t such a Arch- bishop d thcni- n young sters of s, many College, 1 crosses nded hy cial diffi- n unsec- lom the cd when rwards a resident ; 1859.] NO J^ ACE MANN. :ii and Philip, who had reprinted extracts from his writings, as Oberlin Tracts, was very desirous to see him. He was much pleased with the college, where coloured students were admitted, and young men and young women were taught together (living in separate i)oarding-houses) ; and a lady (Mrs. Dean, a niece of Horace Mann) was one of the professors. Mr. Mann, who received him very cordially, was overcome with hard work ; and a few days after (August 2) he died of typhoid fever. Mrs. Dean, who wrote to inform Philip of her uncle's death, said that, after the tenderest parting words to tlie fiimily, " for more than two hours he took students of the college by the hand, speaking, with the nicest appreciation of the character of each, such words of counsel as each most needed — earnest, eloquent, loving Christian words, which will live and bear fruit in the hearts of these young people all through their lives. He died as he had lived, with his thoughts devoted to the interests of others, with expressions of reverence fur God and love for men upon his lips." At Cincinnati, he found a congenial home for several days with Mr. Anthony, who had the reputation in England of being "a most careful, accurate, and honcsi. naturalist, to be trusted in all matters of Unionidai," etc., and whom he found an earnest friend of freedom. Philij) gained much interesting information respecting the working of the Fugitive Slave Law, and crossed the river to call on Mr. Bailey, who had suffered severely in his attempts to publish his paper, " The Free South," in a Slave State. The heat was then extreme — about 100' in the shade, 130° in the sun. Many were killed by the sun in the streets ; and yet, from the clearness of the air, he did not feel it so oppressive as a London summer. Thence he went by steauicr to Louisville, and walked mostly through woods to the celebrated Mammoth Cave, so called from its size ; for it is " the Niagara of caves." He felt much repulsion to the hotel life there. " It is very appalling to l)ass the entrance and thread one's way through *' pack of lazy, drinking, smoking Southerners, all staring at you with the air of men who are accustomed to know everybody's busi- 212 AMERICAN JOURNEY. [Chap. V. ness, and if not satisfactory to lynch them. Fortunately I was shown a back way. I was a marked man from the beginning : (i) Because I walked (which was generally allowed to be bes in theory ; but catch any of them doing it ! One of the Gtage-horses fell down dead : all they cared about it was that it delayed them on the road. Of course, none of the lazy fellows smoking on the roof of the coach offered to walk when they saw the poor beasts flogged : people who flog men and women can't be expected to be very particular about other men's horses). (2) Because I was an Englishman, (3) Because I went out with my botany-box and umbrella, without any hat." He explored the caves very thoroughly, and wrote a careful account of them. On his first visit he was obliged to join a large and noisy party: the usual habit of visitors, he was told, "was simply to do the cave and make fun." He was ten hours in the cave, and walked eighteen miles. Two ladies were of the party. After luncheon " the gentlemen smoked. I ven- tured to remark that it was a wonder the female part of the population could do without smoking, while tlie men were always doing it. Wher 2upon one of them said that the females got their share. I replied, ' Yes, indeed ; and we men that don't smoke have to breathe all the puffs that have been in the men's dirty mouths ! ' This struck them all of a heap, and there was a great silence. One of them then suggested that 1 should be punished. I suggested, however, that 1 had punish- ment enough in being obliiifed to walk throu