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Tous les autres axamptairas originaux sont film*s en commenpant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration at tn terminant par la derniAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suiwants spparaitra sur la derniire image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — » signifie "A SUIVRE". le symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent atra f ilmis A des taux de reduction diff Arents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour etre reproduit en un seul clichA. il est film* A partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite. et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'imeges nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 MiaOCOW RESOLUTION TIST CHART lANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2l ^ APPLIED IIVMGE 1653 East Mam Slr^^t •Rochester, New York 1 ififlQ i ica ("6) «e2-0!00-Phon, "^ ('16) 288 - 5989 - To. SMALL FRUIT CULTUEE A PAPER READ BT W. T. MACOTJlSr Dominion Horticulturist BBFORB TUB STANDING COMMIHEE OF THE SENATE cm AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY 1911 PUNTED BY ORDER Ot PARLIAUBNT OTTAWA % POINTED BT a H. PAKMKLKE, PRINTEK TO THE KINO'S MOST M SXCKT.T.ENT MAJESTY 1912 80149-.. mmmm S:\IALL FRUIT CULTURE nr W T Macoun {>,<minl:; II ,, h, uHiinit. T!'r> avfrn:;r fnrrr.cr'^ Imrnp in CniiiiHa [•* not »M|i|ili(>i] ivitli ,in d'lr pmto Binotint of SIM. ill fruits, not«ithst;iii'liliK tlm oaso uiHi uhl'h tlu'V ■•mi I'e (frown. It i'\ « •^01:1111, in thinK to lifii a farmer 'in iiiMrlii't day bu.vint; sirawlicrricis and i>tlu'r small fruits in tlio lnw]i to be takfii !u>ii.o anil tn atr 1 as n luxury, when lip sluuilil prodii'-n in liis own parlon all tliat !io and lii' family c'.nlil '•nn-;nmp if tlioy ate fruit ttiri^n fiini's n day. This slato of atTalr^ -reins to lie aci'onntcil for mainly by t'lo fart that tho farmer thinks ho is too busy a man to have and enre for n parden. If tho fiinrors of this country onl.v know how much bettor tliey and their families would be with a plentiful suppl.v of fruit tl:;y nii^dit make n greater clTort than they do to rai.so enough for homo cnn^iimpfion. T'are are some C'.inndian farmers, we are slail to .say. who do have uood gardens of both fruit and vegetables. The garden, which is usually on a well drained pieee of land near the home, dries earlier than tho field.s, and can, therefore, be attended to before work begins in the field. A few hours' labour put* it in stieh =li;ino that it can be "ared for wiih comparatively little work during thn summer. With the following information to guide him, there is no good reason wliy every fanner should not have a fruit garden. THE STRAWBERRT. Strawberry Culture in Canada. The strawberry is. we Ivlieve. the mo'^t popular fruit in Canada to-day. Tt ripens early in the season when every one is craving for fresh fruit, and where it can be readily ohtaine<i it is con9ume<l in large quantities and with unobateil reti.sh until ita season is over and the supply exhausted. Tho popularity of the strawberry is more grueral than *hat of some fruits from the fact that enough bcrrie-s to se.pply the fauiil.y needs may he grown on a very small area of land, hence it is possible for most people to grow strawberrii^s if they desire to do so. The strawberry is found wild from the .Vtlantie to the Pacific ocean in Canada, and from tho southern boundary as far north as the 04th parallel, and large quanti- ties of the fruits are gathered. The cultivnted varieties are grown successfully almost everywhere where the wild species are found, but in some districts require protection •20142— li U ana the la«t pu-king of ,he latct var.c.y --"'■';;,;'; , „ J, ot.awa. ex..,. ;.err;.:.«.on in uU part, of Canada ■ ■ v.. two .nn„th« .r .nore. Culture: Soil and its Preparation. If ,.,.1110. t..e .1,0 for the strawberry ,.U...ati„n Id \'-^^^^^; ^Z A , , ,1 roverh.K of »now ..-ually w.»ure« a K«'<'<1 ■ ^'t- of frt.it. )ne «ill lie in w.nter. A Bo.,d co%cru.g ol ,.,,,^.,„.„ieg i* tbor-ugl. .lrainu^'... >.* a the .nost .n,,o.-...,t re..u.te. .u a .o 1 '^-'^^^l^^^^.J^,, , suuuner where water lie. r ue.r the .urhuo. ^^^^^^ !, re i« u.favourahle to the .„ .inter. While too .ueh --J- ;; ^ ^ ^^ ^ ' ......^ ,„,. „„, ...rated development of fra.t. hence a «o>l houUl he . ' ^ ^^^ ^^j^,,,, ,,,y with .t. War,n .oil., such a« .undy loan. ^s. 1 ' " j"^^/ ; ='^.,^,,^ J„ ^^, ^j.^ne^s of K,au. will ..ually produee the be«t crop. .Uuch. '- ; '^J J"* ^ * ,,, ,„,, the «oil, a« Htruwherrie. need abundance of av.„lahle plant food g "■*"''■*■ 1 f ,r.,t<. will iiHiuiUy plow good strawberries. A ta „„d in lures .....ntiti... Ttcre »«■,! W tatl »> ^ J- _^,, ,., „„„.,<,.aJ b.n„-.,J n..n,™ P« »■.. "TZ'^^:^:^,^ .i.h ■!« „i., o, H '""'/■' •':ir:.::!L» ™;;"":ir: *;. .w »„ in ,^ «, „,rfiik.„. b.<l I" «"1.'"' P'"" ■■ ' ° . .h/,. .™ •»* to be ™»J «-<-l. S-o. if 1( frtsh inuiiure ii u»t«l it will I* Utter rnixttl with the noil Mvtv pUtilinu tinm, if it >* npi.li.'d in thf previous autumn. \V<'<'<1 imh. s uro vi r j ii-cfiii for a t>'i> .In -iinr, Bixl Iroiii M) to m) hii-liiU iHT nor.' may Lf ui-pliwl lr<.i«l«-.ii't curly in itic i.\<r\uii wlun the iun.l W Wiiig hurrowwl, the lariftr .i"«i't'ty U:ing unil for lam! wliieh U poor in pot.ch. All iipplioatiim of even twcnty-tive buuholi pt-r mru »liou!d give l«a- lliail rt-Miits. If biirnytird rnuniir« mnnot \<r .litnintHl c^icily. nitrogen ami hutnu* luny be aildixl to the »oil by ploughing unhr iliAir. piii» or ioino other leguminoiii! irnp; potash, ty u»int' Ir-.m -.'(X) to ;t(" :-.iiml» pt-r acre of muriate of pota»h. if w...kI iimIuj cannot bo obtaiucJ; pho«phoric aoi'l. ly the use of ground bono, at the rate of from ::00 to atXI pound* |>tr a. re b«.f. re pliinling. Nltruti ■ f coda it ul«) u»ef jl for fiiriiinhing nitrogtu. unkr's it f4in be obtaiiie<l in a . I.taper form by the u*o of lurn- yard manure or leguminoua crop.. An ai-pli.-ation of IOC to 150 pound* nitrate of Kwla l,ida<lca>^ted junt before the tlowers open in the fpring is homctiffics desirable if the planU are not muking vigorous growth. Flanti and their Treatment. If the plants for setting out are obtained from a distnnee, thoy should be ordered to arrive a» early in the spring as possible after Uic soil enn bo worked, ami ,dnntwl poo'n after their arrival. It is often, however, not conveni.nt to plant at oiwe; but in any ca»c, the pared eontaining the planU should be opeii- d up when it arrives, other- wise they are liabl? ;o heat or dry out, either one of whieh eondition*' should b« avoided if possible. The idants should now be heeled iu in some plaee where the soil is well drained. Open a trench suflieicntly deep to eovcr the slrawberricB well and so that the crown will be just akive the gmund. Now plaee the plants close together, but in a single row in the trench. AnotJier trench is now opened parallel with the first and about six inches from it, using the w il to cover the root, of the plants in the first trench. The soil should be finnly packed or tramped ...-ainst the roots so that the moisture will conic into close contact with them. If loosely heeled in, they are very likely to dry out and the plants die. Oilier trenehc:- should be dug pari.llrl with the first two, if needed. Hy the time the field is ready for planting ihi-e hecied-iu plants will have made new roots and be in better condition ' - phuitl: k tl.»« if they had been set out at once. The best plants for autumn planting are what are ki n as ' pot ' lants. - are obtained by sinking two and one aalf inch pots filled with rich friable "A\ . lie ground and placing a new runner in each of them. Thcs- rooi an<l make go. ! tJ**U by late summer. The ■ avantage they have over plants roote<l in the ordinary *** * that when they are transplanted they are taken from the pot anc rtplimted ball of earth without disturbing the roota. Hence they are but little rhe-ked k soon go on growing again, waking stronger plants, which will bear n...]i- fruit t; ordinary ones. Before planting it is a gootl plan to remove all the large leaves of the pki. except about two of the healtiiiest ones. This prevents too rapid transpiratioa moisture from the plant before it becomes established and may often save it when ,h weather sets in immediately after planting. Long and straggling roots may also f* cut off at this time, the removal of about one-third of the roots being a good praei ;..e. :. ;:: : ' " ;;" '""'■ '■"" '"•^' "-^ •" "- - ^^^ -— ' -^ """'". ■- I... . ma.l.. rl,„ pr..v>o.., .rr.r. PI»nf, whir-h have ,|r..„.|v fr„it^ ,ho„I,l „,„ l.^ :.r ...no., the „,ra «tt..„,|.,n to „,. ,.,.„iv.uio,. of „.« ,oil .„., to the pL « .f ttm rnntuTS in «i.r|, a ),..,| will „,„„r,. ^,„„| pl,„in ' Planting. S„.r,>„f„l pinn.inff n.n.v I,, .fono oi.h.r a, the ,p,in« „, autumn. F.rl. i„ ,h, M-nn. ,,„w.v..r, . „,.,,., „.„.,„.,„,, ,,,.,_ „^_ ;, ^,^ ^,,^,__,^ __^_ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ '" " '" 7'' '•"";'""'" •*"■' ->"' ""■' --t. 'ho, .ill .nake r,.pi.| „r..wth «nd .n..,,v n.nnors .I„nn. ,l.o „.„.„„.. ,i,n.. if „ro„orly ln„l<,.,l „f,... „„,, „„„,,„, , ,,,, «rop .,f ,n„t „.o f, ,,..,,„ ..„.„, H p,.„,., i„ „,o „, tl,... will ,,o n, ..;., on V „ ,.,,,t ..r„„ of fn„t ,h. fol|,.wi„. ....„n. an,l ,.,,1... ,1. w,.,,,,. i. favournhU n. .1,.. ,o,| ., „, ,„t whon ,h„ pl„„„ ,.r,. ... ,l,ro ,r...y be li„l« ,,owtl,. If plantinir 1 ; ""V"' '" «•;«.-'"'"- - •""'."" i. -l.>ul.l ho a, .„,„ „, tho pinnt. can h, oht,u ,..,1 w.th «,.fll,..ent root, nn.l w -n .ho H„i| i, „,„;,». -fh. mo,t .ui ^wtorv w,, for .1,0 „v,.r,.«o porson to Km. .tr.- h.rri.. i, i„ what i. known „ tho rnat.o.l row. The plan.. ,,ro ,... fron. ,ift.vn ,o ..h.-on in-hos. or oven n.oro. apart in row, thr«, .n, ,.no.|,aIf o our foot apart. Tho variolic, whioh mal<„ a lar^o nurrbor of rnnn,. .. .oh a, UnrfioUI. .Sona.or Hunlap. and ,Splo„,li.|. noo,l not l,e pl,„„o.l a, olo,oIy ,. hose wh.oh ,nako fewor r.nnor,. ...oh a, lU.haoh. Ru.,.r. (lion Mary an,l William. If the plan.* nro ,ot early in the .,prin« and have a lon« ,oa,on for growth, the vario' t,o, wlnoh make a InrRo nu.nhor of runnor, may Iv. pinntod twontyfour inohn, apart m the row.. th,„ adn..„in« ,^ oultivation both way, for a time, thorol.v ro,|„oin/the r-,m bor of w^ , and on,„rinf: bnttor growth. A, «oon a., tho distance, hare bo^ d.v,do, upon ,ho r„.. ,„:,v b<, markod with a marker and .hon n.ain oros.,.n,arked w. h ,bom. tnne w. o ..v.l „„iva,i,.„. Plan.in. may bo dono with a ,pade ^ w..h n trowol or d,bl,lo. Whon pb„„od with a ,pade. two por.on, are ronuirod to do he work „.„ally a ,„an and a boy. Tho man t.ke, .ho spado and opon, the hole by f.-n-m.^ho .pa,lo ,m.o .ho >,ro,.nd. pre...in^ it l.rward and bnokxvard. A, soon a, it « w„h.lrawn the b<,y plao., a pl,,nt in po..l.io„ and the man proves the .oil firmlr -«a,n, U w,th h„ foot. Th„ mothod i, very rapid and. if the ,oiI i, well pre,^ u,ramst the pant, .s .pnte suooo.,f,d. A suror „„.,ho,l of obtaining a stand i, by us.n^ a trowol or d,bblo for oponl,,:- the hole, whoreby the plant i. ,nore likely to Z sot the proper dept^h. and more caro usually oxorci..l in spreading the root., and Hrm- m. bo sod nl>out the plants. By this method, one person opon, ,he hole and so,, .ho p ant. Oreat care should ba taken to have tho crown of ,he plant Ju^t at the surfaoe of tho Kr und after it haa been pressed in when plante-l If it i, f„„ u;„u .,, .;» .>, ». „d J, ,„ ,.. .n, ^ ™«vw. i.„ .,;,! i"r::tz:::z irowew an.! give go.Ml .nii4f«.i,on whfix »h« work it irHI <1.in« dn.l tl.o icn»on fr^vour- • I'lc If Lotli iM-rfpot and iiti|H.rf.vt .„r,..tin« am planUj-l fJ,.T" OioiiM bo at.-.ut on« T'.w '.f |» rfi-<>l fo tivn o, f,.„r ,f i,„,„.rfr,.f Cultivation. A« III* vuliio „f i|,o |-„iur.' .TMp will .l.'iM'ri'l Inritrl.T on llm p.(i, nf ' « nini on iti.l n.-w i.laiil^ will. I, „r.. fnr • .-.J .l,,rl.i« tim nirlr part of tin- nui.r. r ,« ...ry ir.i|.nr(;iiif to i-iiooiinii:,. nipi'l (jrowih fr.,m ihr. ,nil-t f'liltivntinn «,. miI.I l»„-:n w "" I""-!''" nft.T ihr phiiio nrp ^ot. Bml the «iirfii.-i. <ni! .Ii.jhj l... !<,.pf ,|,,,f.. |o.,«t 111..! fr from wnoiU until the .Miltivator itit..rf,.iw with tho n.mior^ The .'arly riilti- vaii..,.. -lioiiM U. .I.cp in or.irr to loo.«,.n tli,. .,,11 i„ ,vl,,Vh the r....|-. .iro lo ur.nv. t.n.| to tt-m-m iih>l iicrnto it. makitijr .•un.h'tion* for «roivth of ,,l,,,n ,m ! noi.r:il.;.' ^.4 • ''''"• ''"' "■* ■'■"•" a* '•"•"■'• '• ''■'"-"T "f i'>'" Mir tl,.. root, of il,,. pL„.N, ,-„ltn.,iion .li.uiM U. .hiilow. !ro..l„tr will !"• r, .>.,i ■.;..ni.!lT in orlor to ,l,.„n.,v nil wcmI, '>'"' 1 " ''"• *"i' ••'""• '" '•"• |l"it, ,^.oMM whirl, .,p|„.ur .liiriii'? Ilie llr,t s.-anon nhoiiM 1h< piii.'hr.l olT 40 n- to r.v.rrv. t,u- «tM,)fth of tlio plant, for |.:v,lurtion of niiin.Tv M..,f VMrl •li, , tiiiiK.- far .iioro runtior. than ^ho.iM !,>• allow.^l to r.Mi.iin. ami. if nno i-i inai<iiu- n "iMTialty of strawhorrif-i or wi-lia^ to 2,-t th-. titu'vit l«.iri,.., t).„ hp.t plan i. to plaiv th,. riii.m.r^ -o thai l!,..y will ro..t ,„.ir.- .pii.kl.v. an-l to ,l.wtro.y nil thn.*.- whi, h niv n.)t ri>»niiri.(l in f<.l|owinK the «y,.loni which ha- h.vn .I.Ti,|oil to o.lopt. In till, orairio prov'-icri. wliorr win.N provcnt the ,.r<.inpt r.>oli„ir of runner., it i« imporu.nt to lioM them in place until thry r'Hit with piece* of ».«!. sfonej. an invert^*! crotch or by nny other suitahl.- nw-thoil. Forming the Row. Tlic hest "ay to jjiow <itra wherries lor penernl ciilfiim is in the matted row. Hy this method labour is .H-ononi- W an-l the rosiilt^. while >r.,„otirnos nof ns irooH M where spwinl niethe re ...lopt,.|, an- ohtaine.l with the lea«t .-xpcn „■ nn,I the Rreatnst profit Where a »p market is to he catercl for and whon .l.-.ire.l for home use. *trawhcrrie may b. ^.oivu hy olh.r nicthn.U which will result in larucr nn.I finer fruit.. While .my who Rrow ^frawhcrries in the matted row do not tnke the trouble to ;."flee the r; i- rs i.s the.v form, it [lay.^ to do so. as the lonncr they take root the oiger the plants will bo hy autumn and more fruit will lie pro.luccd the next *ea.on. All that i, ne^vs-ary is to place the runnc. ..-, that they will \^ as nearly uiiiformLv distributed n^ po^Mhlo in order to economize space, and to put a little aoil over them to hold them in pla.v, at the san.e tl,„o Icnvin- the termirnl bu.l bare When treate.l in this way they will mot qui-kly. To set the l.cst r.wult.. runneri should not he nearer ban from four to .=ix incho, apart, all other. }m'\uii .ie-troyed; hut in praetico it U often difficult to aeeompli^h this and to restrict them to this are.i! as some varieties nuike a ffreut many runners. These are. however, the kinrls which have most nee<l of thinninsr. as. when the plants are very thick, the fruit is too small. The width of the row formed by autumn will depend on the nund • of runners which iro made, but if planted early, and properly eare.1 for, most vari es will make a row two feet T .de. At this width there wotdd bo a path eighteen inches wide le.ft for fho 8 pickers between the rows. As some varieties would cover the whole space betwitn tl'e Kws witli runners in one season, it is iic.c-sary to remove tluse not wanted with the < iiltivatcr or hoe. Tlie 80-cnJled siugle hedKc and doiihlo hclire row s-ystrms are merely modifications of the matt«d row. The raiinir.^ instead of being nliowcd to form indiscriminately, are moat of them reii.oved and the rest placed wlicre it is de-ircd for them to prow. In the sinple hedge row system, two to four runners ore left on, and these arc pia..-,! in liiic with the row on each side of the parent plant. When grown in this way the rows are two r.iul oi:e-half to three feet apart and the orlgiual plants about two fttt or more apart in the rows. Wlien the row is formed, the iilants are six to eight im hes apart in a single row. In the double row system, six runners are left to each plant in the row and two on each side of the original row, all about equal distances apart. Trained in this way, tlic original rows should l>e about three feet apart and the plants two feet or more in the row. The twin hedge row system provides for two rows sixteen to eighteen inches apart with the plants at first about two feet apart in the row, with a wider space of two feet for a patii and for cultivation between each pair cf rows. The hedge row .system requires considerably more labour than the matted row, but the returns will often well pay the grower for the extra amount of work. By this method the plants get more opportunity to develop strong crowns, kttcr cultivation can be given and more of the plant food in the soil will be available, resulting in larger and better fruit. Hill System. Large berries may be obtained by growing the plants by what is known as the 'IIill System." The plants a/e set from twelve to fifteen inches apart, in rows two to two and one-half feet apart; the blossoms are pinched off the first season as in the other system and no runners are allowed to form. By this method a very strong crown is develojied; the plants, having more room, become vigorous and as a result tlie fruit is large, and sometimes as pood crops are obtained as from the matted row. However, winter injury is much more likely to occur when plants are grown individually, and if plants grown in hills die from heaving or from some other form of winter-killing they leave large blanks, causing a great lessening of the cro|is. Unless kept well cultivated or well mulched in suii.iner, plants suffer more in a dry time in hills than in tlie matted row, where the crowns are better proti ted by foliage. If the plants are kept well mulched, very fine fruit is produced when itrawberries are grown in hills, which sometimes makes this n;ethod preferable when growing straw- berries for home use. Winter Protection. After permanent frost has set in and the giound is quite solid, the plants should be covered with a light coat of clean straw, that which will not pack closely over the plants being the best, marsh hay being very gtioil and free from weed seeds. This mulcii will prevent the alternate thawing and freezing of tlie ground in the spring and protect the plants if there is not much snow in winter. A heavy mulch may cause 9 boating in the spring l)cfore it is removed, and as a liplit imilili of twn or tlirce inches is sufficient, more t^liould not be iise<l. It ha« occaf^ioiinlly li(cn re <iiiinicndf(l to prow something between the rows of strawbf'rries during the latter part of Buninier, which could be used to hold the snow in winter, but this is not a desirable method as. while growing, it exhausts the moisture from the soil at the expense of the strawberry plants. In tliose parts of Canada where the flowers are frequently injured by spring frosts it is desirable to hold them back as long as possible, and for this purpose, after the firi^t beuvy fall of snow, the snow is covered with straw or evergreen boughs, which arc left on as long as possible in the spring. While plants will often come thro\igh the winter without protection it is best not to take any ri.sks. After the frosty weather of early spring is over and before the plants begin to grow, they should be uncovere<l and the straw put between the rows to keep the fruit clean. If the soil is one which bakes or dries out easily, it is a good plan to remove the mulch, cultivate, and put it back between the rows when conditions will be better for conserving moisture. As soon as tlie fruit has been picked the straw should be removed altogether, the plantation ploughed up, or. if left for another season, it should be weedo<l and the surface soil loosened with the cultivator so that the new runners will have a chance to root. Renewing the Plantation. The most satisfactory results are obtained when only one full crop is gathered from a plantation. If, for instance, plants are set this spring, the plantation should be ploughed up after the fruiting season of next year. There will thus be a new plan- tation made every year. By this system, much better fruit is obtained as the plants are not so thick in the row and the soil can be kept freer of weeds. Where the white grub is troubk«on;e, it is important to renew the plantation every year, as tliis pcj?t iiicrea-ses rapidly in old plantations and sometimes almost ruins the crop. It is quite possible to obtain two good crops or even more from a plantation by careful manage- ment, but the older the plantation the less the crop will be and tlie smaller the fruit, as a rule. Benovating an Old Bed. Wliile as a rule the most profitable method of growing strawberries is to take only one crop from a plantation, and at the most two crops, it is sometimes not prac- ticable to renew small plantations after the second crop. Under such circumstances there are several ways in which the bed may be iniproved. Usually an old bed is grown up with grass and weeds and crowdo<l with strawberry plants, and to improve the bed these must be reduied as much as i>ossible. As soon as the fruit is ofF, the leaves and grass should be mown off and burned. One I'lan is to plougli or dig down the middle of the row, then thoroughly cultivate or rake. Another method is to narrow the row on each side to a width of 8 to 12 inches, turning the sod towards the row. Still a third plan is to plough lengthwise through the centre of the rt'W. then cross-plough. It is necessary in following any of these methods to level the soil afterwards with the harrow, cultivator or hoe. Usually the work ia finibhcd with the hoc by euttini; out all surplus plr.iits and bringi!:g tlie soil about those remaining, which will give them better conditions for making roots. It 10 Bhould bo rememl,ered, when renovating the bed, that it i. not ne.<«.nry to Lave n,an. Plant. lants eft sixteen to twenty inches apart should n.ake a goodTow b, a ,tZ„ to %v,.rk in sorao short rotted manure to improve the soil. Irrigfation. eivo'^r'"^ *''' ^""'"'"t ""'"" "" ■'^'"''"^"'^ """^' " '"^'^^ '"^^^y °f '""i't-.ro to t..ve max.mum crops. In some .ea.on,. owing to dry weather, the crop i, reduced very much, the season is shortened and the profits are small. If. under those condi- t on,, there wore ava.lable a supplementary supply of water which could be u.sed for ■rr.^^at.ng. a n.arked improvement in the crop would be ensured in manv -ases Varieties. It occasionally happen, that a per.on who has a variety of strawberrv which .v,ol, . much better w.th him than other varieties which he has growing alongside conclude, to d.scard all other kinds and grow that one variety. Ila doe! so and , d,sa„po„,t..l to find that he has very few berries, and the.,e iU-shapcd and w r Ides ne does not know what to think about it. but writes to the Expcrin.ental F rm to earn what ,s the matter. The reply is sent beck: ' Are you aware that the flfrs f trawberr,es n.ay be- perfect or imperfect, or bisexual and pistillate; in o.herTrd, do you know that some varieties of strawberries produce blosson. which have both male and emale or., while other varieties have only female organs? If yo,, ' not, the solution of your difficulty is ver>- e.«y.' The male and female organs in plants perform the same function, as in animaU. The fine du«t formed on the stamens, which is shed when the flower is in bloom i, the fertd,z,ng agent, which falls on the pistil and fertilization takes place If 'the stamens are ab.ent. or nearly all absent, as is the case in imperfect or pistillate flowers no fru.t. or very htt e fruit, is formed. If a perfect, or bisexual flowering variety and an imperfect flowering variety are growing in close proximity, the flole r^'both will be fert,l.cd as insects and the wind carry the pollen or dust from the per ect o the imj^rfoe flowers. It very often happens that the imperfect flowering variei produce the best crop, when properly pollinated, and this experience may lead f,^ growers who are igm,rant of the foregoing fact to the mistake of planting only on. variety, winch may be imperfect. ^ ^ ^^ A row of a perfect flowering sort .hould be plante.l to about everv two to four row. of an .mperfcct variety for good results. The proportion will depend on the a>,..ount of pollen produced by the perfect sort. Of course, it is not necessary to pll't an imperfect variety at all, as t'.ere are plenty of good sort, which have perfl" ow.rs. t ,s essential to have die perfect and imperfc.t .arieti^ in full ,,,Lm j ... same ime, as, if the former bloomed before the latter, there would be no objec ,1 liliuiling it as a pollinator. oujecc in Owing to the ease with which a new variety of strawberry is originated, and the .hurt time It takes to fruit the same, the number of new sort.<= Parh year in Am - verr large. Only a smaU proportion of those which are produced are better ZZ 11 ir even equal to, the best which are already on the market, bnt often the on'stinafnr h not 'he mo^t pompetpnt por<!on to judge the relative value of his appdlln?, nnil ns • result ir.nny new sort? are ofTereJ for sale eaeh jear. It is the work of the F'xperi- meiitnl Fnrm to test these new varieties as they appear, and having compared them with standard sorts, publish, when deemed advisable, a reliable description of them :ind the yield obtained. Durincr the pnst twenty-one years, .'■00 nn fd varieties havd been tested at the Central ExperinientiTl Fann. Of tliis number only 14 are still under test of those grown during the first two years. This does not mean that nearly till the varieties tested at first have deteriorated, but that better kinds introduced hav« taken their places. Varieties of Strawberries Recommended. There are so many varieties of named strawberries introduced each year that th« list of those recommended has to be changed from time to time, a.s those of superior merit are found. The following are those which are recommended at the present time: — Commercial. — Roder Wood (per.), Splendid (per.), Warfield (imp.) not suited »<» light soil, Williams (per.), Senator Dunlap (per.'), Oreenvillo (imp.). Bisel fimp.). Sample (imp.), Buster (imp.). Pocomoke (per.), and Parson's Rcnuty fper.), ar« •l.so two very good eomm.ercial berries. In British Columbia, the Magoon Cper.), it one of the best. Domestic. — E.xcelsior (per.). Splendid (per.). Senator Dunlap (per.). Lovett (per). Ruby (per.), Bubach (imp.), Wm. Belt (per.). Some yields obtained at the E.vperimental Farm, Ottawa, from two matted rown each fifteen feet in loiiprth and three and one-half feet apart, were the following: The average yield per acre of Pocomoke for two years was at the rate of !>.tl2 Iba. and S.ample 8,841 lbs.. These are not execptionnlly large yields, as the highest yield obtained at the Central E.xperimental Farm was from the Greenville in 1904, tbat variety yielding at the rate of 14,818 IKs. per pcre. Hardiest Varieties There have been some severe winters experienced at the Central Fxperimental Farm during the past twenty-one years, which have made it possible to lenm which varieties are the hardiest. The injury tri flowers from frost in the spring is often •onsiderable, as strawberry flower? are very sonsitive to the coM. hence it is important in some districts to know which have the hardiest flowrr-buds. .\mong the hardic=t varieties it has been found that the hardiness of the plant is iwually correlated with hardiness of flowers, although the late blossoming sorts are less likely t/) suffer than the early ones. Following are some varieties which have proven hardiest: Beder Wood, Lovett. Senator Dunlap, Pocomoke.. Crescent English Varieties. Many English varieties of strawberries have been tasted at Ottawa, but they have all proved too tender to be grown commercially or even for home use. The Kngli.sh 12 •orU have been .rigi.u.t,,! in a .li.naU.. ,,uite difftrent fr,,,,, ,l„>t in most parte of Canada, hmro it i. n.t a nmfl.r „f Knot H.rrrise t!>»t tluy .re t<K> tender The be.t vnneties of A.neriea crit:in have to witi.Mand severe winter, before thev are ree-Knizecl a. valuable for general eulture. In Cheat Britain aiid Irelnn.l the' plants are not subjected to such trying conditions and becun.e popular for other reason*, be.ice when they are fubjeete.l to the fro.I. cf winter and heat and dry weather of sunn, er in Canada, fhoy fail to succeed well. As a rule, English varieties make few runners and hence are not as well protected by their foliage for extnn.es of temperature in winter or in summer as the best American sorts. Of those which have been tested the (.hnoipion of Ent'lan.l, Noble, and Albert appear the hardiest. The be«t English var.efes are better in ..uality than the best American berries, but some of the most profitabjp kmds in England are not the best quality. Tl* average variety there however, ., much sweeter and of higher flavour than those in Canada, but although the flavour .s higher one misses the sprightliness in some varieties which is character- •sUe of Canadian strawberries. The Royal Sovereign is the most popular variety in England. Tl.e Wm. Belt. Marshall. Brunette, and some others compare favourably in quality with the best English sorts, but unfortunately they are not the most produc- tive. Causes of Poorly-shaped Berries. There are two causes of poorly-shaped berries cr nubbins. The commone>^t is anfavourable weather conditions. The flower and growing fruit are very susoe,,tiblo to injury from cold winds or cold weather. Sometimes part of the berry is injured while anotlier part being, perhaps, more protected, escapes and develops normally' Ai,.,tlier cause of poorly-shaped fruit is lack of pollination. The supply of po'' n is either deficient in the fruit itself, or there has not bet-n enough brought by win.l and insects to pollenize all the stigmas of the berry. Extremely dry, hot weather may injure the pollen. Rainy weather during the blosst,ming sen^son may cause nuich poorly-shaped fruit by preventing proper pollination. The reicedy is to plant varieties with abundant pollen and mix these with any imperfect sorts wliich may be grown Keeping the plants back as much as possible in the spring, by net removing the mulch early, will help to avoid injury from cold winds and frost. Description of Varieties Eecommended. Bvder Woo,l (PirJ-Fonn round conical, medium size, pale red, not prominent seeds; flesh pale, juicy, acid, moderately firm. ine<liiim quality; s6.ison early to extra early, plant vigorous; runners numerous; foliage moderately good; rusts considerably, rroniising on ac ount of earliness, productiveness and for being a good pollenizer. B.,el (ImpJ.-Jiouudhh, large; bright red. handsome with rather prominent seeds; flesh bright rp<l, juicy, inclined to be hollow, briskly subacid, moderately firm, above medium quality; mid-season; plant vigorous; runners numerous; moderately good, hut rusts considerably. Buj^kr r/mp.;.-Rouiidish, large; bright rather pale red, not prominent seeds- flesh bright red, juicy, briskly subacid, moderately firm; of medium to above medium quality, season medium late to late; plant vigorous with medium number of runners; 13 foliai:u good but rusts 001.8 idiTiibly. Very proiiiiaing. As 6rm as Clyde and brinhter red. Keep- its size well to the end of the season. Foliage is good and shades the fruit well. Bubavh r/mp.;.— Iriejiulur wedge ccnieal, very large; bright red, seeds not promi- nent; flet'h bright red. jui'-y, subai-id. moderately firm to firm, good quality; season niediiita to late; plr.nt vigorous, niiinnera medium in numbc, foliage modnately good, but rusts eliglitly to considerably. EiciUior cPtr.;.— Koundish conieal, medium to above medium in size; deep glns-y red. not prominent seeds; flesh bright red, juicy, briskly subacid, firm, above medium quality; season early to extra early; vigorous, luimers numerous; foliage goo.l but rusts considerably. Glen Mary fPer.;.— Irregular, roundish to wedge conical, very large to large; deep red at base bewming pale towards tip, seeds not prominent; flesh bright red, jui.-y, rather watery; subacid, firm, of medium quality, medium season, moderately vigorous, lunners lumerous; foliage n*dcratcly pood to pood; rusts considerably. Greenrille ('iwip.J.— Roundish to wedge shaped, large to very large; bright red; flesh bright red. juicy, subacid, pleasant, moderately firm to ratlicr soft; good quality; vigorous, runner? numerous; foliage goo.l. nists slightly to considerably. Loveti f'Per.;— Pointed to wedge conical, above medium size; bright red, glossy flesh bright red, juicy, acid, moderately firm, and above medium in quality; s.iisnu early to medium; vigorous, few runners; poor to moderately good foliage, rus's coii- iiderably to badly. An attractive productive berry. Parson's Beauty (Per.).— Yiuit obtusely conical, above medium to large in size; bright red, glossy, prominent seeds: fle>h bright red. juicy, tender, subacid, firm; above medium (H ality; season medium late; plant vigorous, large number of runners; foliage moderately g^.o.l, rusts slightly U) considerably. Pocomol-e (Per.).— Yin'it obtusely conical, large to very large; bright glossy red inclined to have white tins, see<ls rather prominent ; flesh bright red, juicy, tender, briskly subacid, very firm; above medium quality; season medium late; plant vigorous, large number of runners; foliage moderately goo<l, rusts considerably to badly. Ruby ^Per.;.— Obtusely conical, medium to above iih dium in size; deep scarlet; seeds medium; flesh rich red, juicy, subacid, good flavour; quality good; medium late season; firm; plant vigorous ; numerous runners; foliage healthy. Sample f/mp.).— Fruit pointed conical, very regular in shape; above medium to large; bright or rather dee- glossy red, seeds fairly prominent; flesh bright red, juicy,' almost waterj-. subacid, moderately firr. ; lue.iiuni (luality; season medium to late;' plants vigorous, large number of ru. : f..liage moderaiely good to good, rusts considerably. Senator Duulap rPer.;— Fruit pointed, wedpo nnd long wedfjc conical, necked, medium to large in size; deep glossy red, seeds uut especially prominent; flesh ricli rod, juicy, tender, briakly subacid, moderately firm; above medium quality; season early: plants vigorous, large number of runners; foll.ige moderately good, rusts rnii'iiilcr.ibly. Splendid ("Per.; .—Fruit roundish, medium to large; deep red, seeds nc prominent; flesh red, juicy, acid, moderately firm; above mediinn quality; early to medium 14 "■"■iium m.nlifv o..rI„ . j- "'" ''*<^ '«<^' JU'cy. and. moderately firm; z:^:.t:;=,";,::r=" "^""' ""• -"- -< '"-- «-™ *-: ■■^' »' ™"~- «<-"*-. ::.Tr Lt;;; ::;:::,:';;:x Insects and Diseases Affecting the Strawberry. th. T'T "" "-IP^-J-^'y ^ew i„,,.ots nnd di.oa.o. wl,ich onn.se seriou, injury ^o h. ,t,r„.„ horry. and .n th,s pa,>er only the most i.nportnnt are de^.-ribod The infola t.on, of he hntomologist and Botani.t of the Dominion Exi.orimental ¥■ rn< Ja lV/„< _ r,r„;. The wlmo ^r.h of.on doo. ,n>„.l, daM.a.o in =trawborrv plantation, and somo ,„,es g.ves the fruit-grower, a ^reat deal of trouble. If. howover the mS h,story of th. insect i. hno.n an,i prop, method, foibnvod. it mav be eo o ,^ The method . to take only one crop „f f^uit fron> „ plantation and' then ,Z,Ht up. thus prcvouHn, the inject from passing through all it. stn.cs and so le",r n 'i I.nd for strawbernes should be prepared by ..o.inK .ome crop that 1 w i ^ «.n not oueh, and thus offering them no inducement to stay in the soil " A. the grow.Mg „f other crops, which the white grub, are fond of. near the s'raw- hemes m.,y be the means of introducing them to the s.rawberrv plant on tie ollow.ng descr,p,u,n of the lifo-histo^ of this in.ect a, given bv Dr. C Gordl ITew.tt, Dom.n.on Entomologist, will be useful in controlling them- 'Those insects in the adult stage are known in the south as the Afav bugs In the nor h they are .■ .ed the .Tune bugs, as this is the month of ,; .3 vear Zn t ^ .nsects themselves are flying around The white grubs ..re found in' natur 1 grl land and when such land i.s put under cultivation the white grub attacks the sul^ n..nnt crops ,n a s.mdar manner to the wireworm. and it is on .„ch ..rops that ^h" greatest m.ury ,.s effected. Son.etin.es the white grubs are in such large number. ,h U ey w 11 frcc,u,.Uly destroy whole patches of natural grass, and you sometln.es find wh le lawns destroyed by the presence of these white grubs, which feed on the roo^, No only do the grul. then.elves feed on the roots and grass, but their parents t e adult beetles, are also injurious. In Europe t},e Jun- ico.'-, ^rr , t! numbers that clouds of them fly across the country and eat up eve'rylhLg'bXre'tl.om almost I.ke locusts. The adult insect feed, chiefly on the foliage of hardwoods 1;^ tn iis the oak. maple, rlipstnut, willow, ash, etc., and •. «.- extromoly fond of f<v>ding on npplo treca, cspwinlly nnrspry >to(k. The adult insect i", 'li.rof.jre, jii-t i.^ :nuch • menace as its larva, the white grub. The insects usually app<'ar in this part of the world in .Tiino. iis tin'lr nnmp implios, and they Bcnornlly lly at niuht. Fnvpioiitly in .rum yo'.i will 90c a very larpo inspct flyini? ahout and somotimos It will liimp honvily nfrnin!«t you; ?iich an in^Oft is Kctiornliy ;i liirRo .Iiino !)ii'.r. or as it is calli^'l in cithnr parts of the worM, the coc-kchnfer. Tliey feed upnn the folinco of trros, ;\iid shortly afterwards dopo^iit their esxim in tho Brn\ind sinsrly at a deptli of an irr-li to tlir.>« indies, 'i'lip larv;p or wliit'> sruhs luitili out, and first fhoy fi'e.1 on tho y Mine and tender roots of the crop, wlu-tlier it is strawberry, onts, wheat or otlier eenvil crops, and on the approach of winter tliej go deeper into the Rroiind and pass the winter in tho ffruh stacre. The whito (rrii'\ lil<e tho wireworiii, has a lifi^liistory which extemis over several years, Renerally aliout fhri-o years. Tiio jtreatest damage is done .luring tiie second year, and in some cases duriiis tho third year, wlien tho larva f '.Is uiion tho larper riots; it is then that it boprins to make its presence noticeable. It spends, 83 I have salil, two or throe years in tho soil, and then Koes deeper down Into the soil atid makes a hollow cell or chair.hor in tho eirtli. ubcro it ehanses into a pupa, is w^i call it.' Slraicheriii We/'vU. — The strawberry weevil frequently does much harm by •ut- ting off the flower buds, the stom lioiiis severed clo?e to tlie bud. The grub of this insert feeds on the pidlen of the flowers, and after the female lias laid an etig in tho bud she cuts off tlic latter so that it will not develop. Tho un.ipened bud falls to tho ground and the grub of tho weevil develops inside it. Tlierc is only one bn.'i<l of this in.sect in the year. The lieetles appear i:-. ,\u'-'ust and then hide away bcneatli the mo^s or among the bushes, and remiin in a lethargic condition unt"! the following spring. The varieties of strawlnTrie- i lioicn by the female for e-rg-laying are tbosi) which produce much pollen, as it is c'uiefly on that part of tho flower that tlie :,'nd« feed. Variotres of strawberries which are bearers of pistillate flowers on!;. ,iro not attaf'ked; con-equently when the .strawberry weevil is abundant, growers will do well to plant a large proportion of pistillate sorts, only using pnou2;h plants of prrfect flowering sorus as will ciisuro proper fertilization of the fruit. As the strawberry weevil pas-es the winter in the mature lieetle form, and flies to tho strawberry buds just before the flowers unfi^ld, when the work of the weevil is noticed in tho spring, it would be well where it is practicable, lo cover the rows of perfect-flowering plants with eheesec' *h until the flowers are well opened. Trapp-ng the beetles, it is claimed, has produ good results. For this p.irpose. pollon-bearinff plants should be planted in rows no. the bearing beds, and when these are found tn bo covered with beetles, the plants ni.ay be sprayed with whale-oil soan solution, one pound in five pallniis of water, or with the kerosene emulsion. Cut-worms. — Cut-worms sometimes do much injury in the strawberry plantation, especially tho climbing species. They do their destnictivo work at night, and though the injury to the roots or leaves is apparent in the morning, tho cut-worms havn i!i-appcarcd. They m.iy usually be found secreted in the surface soil not far nway from the plants they have injured. Remedy. — Wlierc cither the climbing or the non-climbing species is troublesome, jr where injury is done to either leaves or roots, the most ofFeetive remedy is poisoning 16 ou cJay. ^ "*'''''''' ''^ *^" ^*''* '''*'•» *''"' ^^-n on .an,] loam thn„ orown spot* ou tlie It-uves during the summer. By the oIohc of fh« ,>:.l,- and often in the middle of it. th.e . .e beco... IJ^^ .:^::L''^:^,''Z:. e at fi.,t .mall also i.K-rea.e rapidly in size and often coalesce, thus Tnv ivhl ..r.e proportion of the leaf, which tb.ally wi,hcr«. A. the B,K>t. increase in I the centres become white. -and from this white portion are g.ven off ZrZl f wbeh are carried to other leav. and p.ants/thus prop:.";:: he St tr 7: the season, winter .poros are developc.1 from the same spots, but these are carrt ov r winter in small sacs which are attii. hed to the leaf Tl, . T spores to .cape until spring, when they^^se thett int^:^* "° "" ""'" ''' Bordeaux mixture will chec-k tl>is trouble if thoroughly applied Tn «I . control the disease it is n...ssary to b^.„ spraying Just J en ttave^^u f M n^ the spring, to destroy the winter spore.. A s.^on,l -pravint' ^hoiilH /I"''' ""^"''' '" as the bloom has fallen, a third immediately after the frlu h s h "! .' " T possible, a fourth later on. New plantations sh Id I sp „y^ 'rrli'th ' " ' '' — at as frequent intervals as a. nece.ary to Wp theTot^^r; wTZ Fann to test the value of tl. method, r......:^tZ^ ^^t^^^^l Siu.ilar area of the same varieties was not burne.l It wa.« fn„., 1 ,) . , , m, e.,tra amount of litter lying on the row. tic^Z 7JZ^^^^^ '"" T i..iured by burning. Tl. af.r.rowth „f „., ,,„, z:^^':^:::::--^:^ ...althy, but rust soon developed. At the close of the season however Z r..ants were much healthier than those un.prayed. in small antats ^'77 would be to mow the foliage and after raki,,. it off burn it in^ile. X ; h'e woHd be no chance of injury to the plants. ' Pcdcry Miideu, of ike Stra.berry.-Tl.o disease known as powdery mildew is no common in this country, but in one locality i„ Ontario, at least, it hi done In siderable hann and, as it may soon spread, it should he referred to here. When this disease is bad it cover. ,!,c fruit with i.nldcw. ma].io« a unfit for sale or conTumpt o The grower does not usually notice tJie disease until it affects the fruit but as a u lo .t starts on the underside of the leaves, which eventually curl up, a d n orde to 17 control it, it must be treated curly, an the plantu cann.it b.- >=iini>..l satisfa.toriiy wli.n Um fruit i* (Ifvclopiiiir, alllioiiKli aiMn>c.nia<Ml coppir . arli.niatf nilnlit tli.u l.e uh.-.I. For Bpriiyinn tli.- fcliatri'. Bordeaux mixture may U' us.-l, ur fluwers of sulihur in tlie prop«rti.^n of one part lime and two part. Ilow.rs of sulphur. It u important th;,t ll.o uader.side of tlie leaves should be well eovertd, and even the soil, so that i<pore^ nii.y be de8tr.ye<l. The>e are siattered curly in the spriutf from the tiny 'ttcd in whieh they are contained during the winter. Th-v '"■.,n u.ni inate and attack the leav.-s. As this di^'i.-e H'r.a(U only on tho surluie of the i-avos it is readily controlLd if treated at the proiM.'r time. COST OF GEOWINO ONE ACRE OF STEAWBERRIES ((},U00 hox(s). Rent of land (? years) *10 00 Preparation of land ■* 00 FertiW. =^"«« Plaut^ 30 00 Planning ^ ""^ Cultivation ^^ ^ Mulehin,' ^0 00 Boxes 2100 «... CO 00 FickiHi^ Crates and marketinfe' 25 00 $210 00 Selling 6,000 boxes at .5c. per box 3i30 00 Net profit $84 00 Note.— The crop nuiy be much larger or it may be smaller, and the price obtained for the fruit wiD be higher in mniiy eas<'s than tho pstiiiKifc made in diis table, wliile ia the districts where fruit is produ.-ed on a larger scale the prices may be lower. 80143—2 u THE RASFBEBRT >oi/.— '1 he ri'd nwplH'r.-.v i<iu<w,U belt in a <!,..-.. r.Vli I .. ■ ■ ..» on., ,,1,0 ,„!;, , ri" f m", " ',' ','" r" "■' """ ■'» •"" »• .1.V -f... .!„ f„,i,i„„ „ ' , ; " "■'•"'* •'""" "'.'"H. .» .taow. i".l.e. of .oil tl.oy aro liable to rot. " """"'^ "'*'' ""■- ♦''"" '-' Prc7>ora/,o„ o/ Me So,7.-The better the soil is ,.ro,.are.i bcoro n!„n.i„. .1 > the ro.ult. will be. I).,, ,„ou.hi„, and liberal ..nLi , are iort ^ : """ t..e ,..ev,„us sea.on wil, ,,.1,, to n.ake ,ood eonditions L rnp 1 ^w.^ JUU 'T so-1 ,s bard it sbould be loo.ened to enable the roots to .et don. V regular suppl, of n.oistura. which i, in.portant in drv weathlr " """ '^ * .ood nu.,bod i. to plan. .he. in hili:;: Z ^ ^ir ^ len'V^" "' T'f '"^ '-•ultivatcd both way.,. As it is i.. -tant to have a ne I'J !'' T T"- "^ '"'" :w,. plants 0,0. . that there will li..!, . be at lea. :::.r VlJI^^rf 'I^r 19 iiiK vari'otiM «pp <i't f.iiip tr fill' iiirliiH cic'i'p, Rlnclvcap* ari> piniiti'il nh >iit tlin 4111114 <ll-tnni'o n))iirt but nJinlloWiT ni mmi ■') bcfuro. A< noon «« |)ii-<iti!i> aftor plmi'iii; (hi» BPi.iii'l !tliiiiil>l lio oiillivnlc"! mill the »urfni'i> dhmiM \<f> liopt louro by fr<i|iii'iit i-nltivn- tinn* (liiritiK tlie »iiininer n* utmng (frowili U iiiiporl itit, luiil ilii* fim only bo ii-<<iir<»<i I'V (T'l'"! <Miltivatii)ii, but nt tbp cii'l of the gpcotid sfuson tbu cui.cs lauy l.c r'.ln ■ li Vi four or «ix of the DtroiiK''-t. Su-I.cr^ nm oiihivotnl or biwd out. Tlirro will In' • little frill; till- voiir uftir iibiiititiff, but not until tli<' your nftir tl iit will tin re bo 11 fuir croji of fruit froHj which tim.; tlm plantation should boiir good (•rop<( of fruit for -ix ' •'ijfht ypnr.'i. The ninin pruning of iin-kpriiiB ii-lirs nitni-it'* in putlioir out ilc id ntul aiipiT- tluoiis canes, leaving four to six of tlu.> stroncost fur fruiliii>{. Thi-t n;ii.v bo (bum either in the niitunin or sprinR. If eiincs 'ire to be eovered for protection in winter, which i-i desirrtWo where tlic.v iin- liiiMe to he kllli-d. thi'y are prown to n hriirlit of four to six feet. Where tlicy are not protected the canc'' iiri- usually licadc I hick when tlicy have reachecl a tu'iirht of tilleen to twenty inchen, hitcrnl-. then drew and a very stocky ph.nt i^ the result. These laterals are 01' ba<'U fruni twilve tci liflccn inches either in late fall or spring. Whore actual con., ons have l>een made -c.iiunier Iiinchinx has not (r'ven uj satisfactory results us when the eanc.s are lot ffrow their nuturnl leng'h and the slender tips merely pinchod off in the sprin?. In colder dis- tricts these laterals are liable to be injured by winter. The ennc-s of blackcap raspberries should be cut back each seu.son wiien they havo reached a lieiKht of two to t%vo nnd a half feet, as unless this is doie they are difRcult to mana>;c. By pinchinf? back I. c plant becomes stocky aid throws out laterals. Tlw laterals may bo cut back to a leiiRth of twelve to fifteen inches in the autumn, but it is better to leave them until sprinp, when it' there is any injure<l wood it nuiy ba romoved at the game tiii:e. l'i!i''hios{ back in summer is attendo<l with some risk in certain eection^. eiiw cially if not done in good time as after pinching back the young growth Bometimes grows too Irtle, causing winter killiiifr. The host iilan is to head back to the desired height in the spring. Profeclion in Winter. — In some parts of Canada some varieties of raspberries do not aueceod very well unless the canes are protectol in winter. This is rcr.l ly done b,v bending down the canes just lH.>fore winter sets in nnd holding them down by a little soil 1. 11 the tips. To Iwnd and cover thom without bn aking, a little soil is taken nit on one sida of the hill, the cunes arc then collectcil in a bunch, pressed <lown in the lino of the row by means ot a fork in the hands of one man while siiflicient earth is applied by another man to hold them down. The cost of the labour involved in cover- ing an acre should not exceed $5. When protectcl in this way canos will come through the winter in poo<l condition, when if unprotected they are badly injured. On the prairies, best results are obtained when the canes are entirely covered with soil. Fertilizers. — An annual application of well rotted barnyard manure will help to keep the soil rich, which is necessary if good cropa are to be obtained. 201 80 Varieties of Btipbcrriei KccommcBdel, F«r Cltntnt Culture— Kid, tarly.— KiriK, HfiKlit(.n. duni, itt '.uoto. Main CTcf.— t'ulliUri, Hirbcrt. yflltiw.-lJddtii (^iici'ii. PurpU'.— Culiiii.liiiih, Simffcr. BluikoHiw.— llilliorn, CMur, Unifg, Smith Giant f\i Home Utt — K..1— lltrk-rt, .Siiruh, Clarke, HcvLiier. Yflluw. — (iolili'ti Quern. Fiir|ile. — ( 'oluiiibiun. Blutkiup».— Jlilbofii, Oldtr, (JriKjr. Smiili (liunt. Hardieit Virietiei. Roil—llerbert, Siiruh, Turiit-r, Kitijr, Ia uJon, Runbrom. yfllow.— (lolilen Quct'ii. Blaikcovi.-nnU,Tu, Older; Cumberluud and Gibraltar of the newer varie- ties arc pruniiniiit;. Till crop of raspberries, like most .jtlar fruits, depeiida largely ou elimatic con- dition*, and even thouKJi the k-st variety w |,li.i., .1, if the Beason i« uiifavouruble or tlie liiuntuticu has not been eared for pr. .*rly, the yield will be niueh 'e^sincd. As a rule it will be found that the more the erop can be increased by special care the greater the profits will be, the extra labour and expense made being much more than repaid lor by the increated crop and ^additional revenue. A crop of raniiberries, accorcHiig to Bailey, ranyea from W to UK) bushels per acre. Card f..un<l that the 'iveraife yield of red raspberries estimated from the infoniiati-.n received from 5« growers is ulu.iit (19 bushels per acre. At tJie Central Kx|.erimental Farm the averaKc \ield of r' Herbert ra-plcrry for two years un one row 90 feet in lennth was at the rate of n. e than iJtii luslicls per acre, or about C,5hC lbs. From two rowg. each IS feet in length, or ono row 3G feet long, the average yield fur three years was over 22f) bushels per acre. or 7,;i57 lbs. The average .yield of the Brighton from two rows eucl. lis te^t in kMijitli Wivs over 175 bu^hel3 per acre, or j.a>-j lbs. The hij,-li,,-t individual yield was obtained from the Herbert in 1904, which produced 50 lbs. 12 ozs. of fruit from two rows each 18 feet in length, or one row .-It! feet Iour. which is at the rate of IlM':!4 lis. per acre, or 319 bushels 20 lbs., estimaliut; a bushel at 3i' lbs. While these large yields aie from small plots, they show the possibility of increas- ing tho average yield throushout the country verj' much. THE BLACKBERET. The blackberry is a native of the Eastern States, and in Canada it is found from Nova Scotia westward and northward to near the Manitoba boundary. n Tlie coiiimcreial lultun- <>( blaikLcrrict in <)n»«rio tinl (}mtno i" ronfinul timitily to K.iitlmi <i.rii Onturio. In thf l,iiUi> lliinii di»trict, wh.r.' tli, i. i- n l.i.ivy fall nf iiiow. llui Itli. rriia* lucccwl vtry well, but win n uuprotottoJ l>.v thi« cuvt ring in wiiitiT liny are not Mtiifoctory. Thry are irruwn with varjing dt-u^ct vt t\ti\'c** in otlur piirti of tlii»e iifiiviiixx, tjie anutuiit of protertion th«'> Kit in wintiT ii«uiilly itoierii- iriK I'i" rt'-iilli iilitainiMl. At Ottawa thcrt- in ninly a K"'><1 *''"!' of lilai'klnri i.K, uh tliiTo \» not i|iiite »iiniinh uncAv b< a rule to prutfi't thi-in will, and the camv am iiijimd. Hincklirrrii-M du pxri'i'ticnntly will in llritish Colundiii, and uUo luoitd in part* uf tilt' Miiiitinii' l'ruviiic<.«. Propagation. Thu blackberry ii i no uf the cBiitut fruita to prupuifuto. The mokir<, whir-li arc l>rodi]' 111 in Krt-at iiiiinLtr», may lie iimmI, it if ono wii-hi-i to pri'|i,i(.Mtc a variit.v imii iiiuro rapidly than by luiker?, it iniiy be iiiiTtai.ed fnin root ciillitiB*. The ruct'^ aro cut up int ' pit'iT* two or three inohea long. They nay lithtr bo made in llii' full or in the Hprinjr, and thi-n i.lantcd in nnrwry rowa about thru- inrbcs di'<'|> for ono ».a»on, at the clo-.' tif which if the «uil in will cultivutcJ time will bo good plantx available. Soil, FlantinK uid Culture. The blaikborrv ripiui it* fruit at a trying time uf the yiar, aa in late July or August thi-re is oftin liot, dry weather, and if there is not a ^'oud supply of moisture in the soil tho fruit will dry up, and whut has promised a big erop will result in only ■ ftw good berries. In sc'erting a soil, therefore, one should be chosen which will retain moisture well. As tin- blaekberry is inelitud to grow late in the fall, and on thia account is tnurc tender than the ru5|il«.'rry, soil should be ilu.sen which although rich in plant food bar not an uxoes* of nitrogen, which would be liable to induce late growth. Iliuee bottom knd should be avoided in most jilace.-j, as such is likely to be rich in nitrogen. One of the I ;st soils for blackberries is a good upland clay loam. In -uih ^oll there is likely to be buffieient plant food without aji excess of nitrogen, making cuiidi- tions favourable for the devcloiiineut of the crop and vi|ieiiing of tiie wood. The Mill ghould be well pripareil as for all other bush fruits, and a good application of well rotte<l barnyird manure to mo^t soils will be found di~ira!'Ic. Spring planting is usually preferable. If planted early in the autunui the youii;; plants are liable to start growth and the new sn.ots to be injured by the frost, hence if planted in the fall they should be set late. Strong onc-yt'ur old suckers are tho best to plant. Hhiekberries reiiuire a great deal of space to develop properly and to give an opportunity of cultivating and picking them. The rows should not be less than oiKht feet apart, with the plants about three feet apart in the rows. The ipiickest way to plant IS to open deep furrows eight feet apart which cross a light mark every three feet. At each iulerseciion of Uio iows iho plant is eet a little ilccptr thuu it Wiis before and the soil th'own against it and well pressed against the routs. Wliere tho soil is well prepared, planting may be done very quickly by ojiening a hole with a spade when the soil is light'y markwl both ways. ii If ns|>.>cinlly fii r' fniit is li-iirivl n ijiiofl tnothod of plontiiiR is N) wt the plunta ahnut eight foet nimrt Cin:h viiv iiul keep Hipiri in hilN. Ry this inothod cultivation niay be maintained both ways, anil tho pl.inta having a botti r opportunity to devolop will bear finer fruit. Oiiod eriltivntion should bo pivon the first year to pet the plants well established and to pronuro a strong (;ri>\vtli early in the season. When the plants are eii^htoen intlio: to two fi'ot in lniijlit tlicy slionhl bo pinched off to moke tlifin throw out sido shoots and thus kfoj) tin in tin' better within bounds. All canes except three or four of t!ie strongo.it should bo cut o\it. The sec.Mid year the new siioots niade that season should be pinched back when between eiKlitocn incho.-) to two feet in lieiKht, and as they will not all bo tlie •.;imic belKlit at the same time, it is necessary to go over the pliintation povoral limes. It is important to do this work in Kood time, as if done too lato the laterals will grow too late and be injured by v.inter. During the second season five or six of the strongest oauos should be left, ami all the ri:st sboidd be removed either during the summer or in the autumn. This practice is then followed every year, the canes which have borne t'luit beiuij removed as soon after fruiting lus it is convenient to do the work. Each spring the laterals shouhl be headed back considc^rably, the length of lateral to be left dei)ending on the variety, as some kinds set fruit further out on laterals than others. Until the fruiting habit of the varieties is known the laterals should not be headed back until the flower buds show. The length of lateral to leave after pruning will vary con- siderably, but there should not be more than two feet left. If it has not been possible to pinch in summer, and no pinching is better than pineiiiug too late, the bustiea may be headed back to three or four feet in iieight in spring, and the laterals hcided in as already described. The pinching baek in summer tenuis to keep the bushes lower than they otherwise would be, and they are thus more protected in winter, but they m.iy be still more protected by bending them over and covering the tips with soil to hold them in place, although this is very unpleasant work, and it scarcely pays to do it if blackberries are grown for sale. The eon-eivation of moisture is very important in growing l)laekberrie3, and as tho fruit docs not ripen until late in the sunnr.er, cultivation will be later than for 01 '-t fruits. It will be u>iiiilly foun<l best to continue cultivating \intil the berries are ;ihnost ready lo jiiek. .\ blackberry when it is i>er!'ce;iy ripe, is one of the tmest fruits, but if pi<-kod beforp it is ri|>e is quite unfit for e.se. I'nfortuiuilely some varieties becomo black before they are fully ripe iui<l are picked too soon, and frecpieutly blackberries are picked before they are well enloured, the result Ix-ing that they roach the market in an unri|ie condition, and it is not to be wondenvl at that those who try them in this condition do not wish to u.so blackberries again. It woubl l>e in the best interests of their business if fruit growers would pay more attention to this n:atter. and only ship Iriiil whiih will be fu good condition when it reaehe.s the consumer A hiaekbcrry idantatiMii is in full bearing the third seaseti after planting, aiH will continue prolitable for a long time if well carod for, but it is usually best to renew tho jduntation every eight or ten yeura. lib 23 Yields of Blackberries. Tlifi Wiirliborry is ft more utK'ortain cropper than tlie currnnt, goo^Miorry and rn.<|)l)orr.v, iin it suffers more in wintiT nnil 13 affected more by dry wcntluT in suninu-r Xo really t,'(ioil cTDps of blai-kborries have been produeed nt f)ttawa, the best yield hfiiiir ill l"'!^"!, when the Agawam yielded at the rato of 2, {52 boxes per aere. The next ho-t yield was in UMl.'!, when the AErawani yielded at the rate of 1,970 bnx.i.s per ti'-re. liiiilcv. in his Ilortieidturir^t's Uult> Ho .1;, frives the yield at from .lO to 100 \)nshi!l9 per aire, wliii-h at .".2 llis. t.> n lnwhel is from I.IOO to ;i.200 Ihs. Varieties of Blackberries Recommended. Acrawain, Snyder, Kldorado; and for soutlu'rn sections, Kittatinny. Diseases and Insects. Anili ramose or liasphcrry Cane Itimt. — Aiithraeiiose has seriously injure<l rasp- berriod in many i)arts of Canada during reeent years. So serious is the injury in some plaees, and so diiHcult is it to eradicate, that growers have l)eeon:e diseouraged and have given up the eulture of tliis fruit. This disease first makes its a|)pearanea when the young shoots are from twelve to fiftfHin inches in length, and is recognized hy the brownish or purplish patches or depressions upon tiie young shoots and leaf ntalks. As tlie shoots grow, the blotches become larger and greyish in the centre, and by the end of the season may encircle the cam; and pra<'tically girdle it. The plant suffer" mi'st during the second s/a-on, when the disease ha.s usiudly sjin^ad so much that a large portion of the canes and smaller stems are atTcctcd and moisture is cut off friiin the fruit, thus preventing its proper tU-velopment and often causing the euue to die. This disea>c repiMducos it-^^clf liy spores in summer wliich are scattered by wind and rain. The disease is sn|)posed to pass through the winter by means of the myceliiim of the fungus in the intercellular spaces of the cane. Poor success usually attends any attempt to control tliis disease by spraying, although some experimenters claim to have obtainc<l good nsult^. The l)est residts have been obtained frini; spraying by beginning with Bordeaux mixture before the leaves open in the spring, giving a -iccond spraying soon after the vo.ing canes appear iiliove the ground, the young canes being thoro\ighly covered with the mixture. A third >praying is made about two weeks after the sccnml, jmying s|K'oi.il :!tlention to tlie young canes. A fourth spraying should be nuide just before bloomiiur. Fruiting canes should he cut out and burned immediately after ti'uiting. Healthy pL.nts should, if luissihlc, be obtained from another source when making a new planta- tion, and those planted on different soil. Antlnaenose is usiniUy worse in neglected plantations, hence raspberries should be wi'll cLued for and the canes kept thin in the rows, as if tliere is a pood circulation of air tliere is less likely to be injury from this disease. /I'crf Spider. — In dry years great injury is occasionally done in plantations of raspberries, currants and gooseberries, as well as on apples and n;aiiy other kinds of 24 fruits, by various species of spinning niites which are usually spoken of in a general wny by horticulturists under the name of ' Rod Spiders,' These arc all very minute rrddish, or greenish white, mites that are found <'ii the lower surlacc* of the loaves, whieh they cover with a line network of web in which tliey live and which renders it very difficult to get at them with ordinary liquid applications. These minute creatures propagate very rapidly, and their injuries to plants ly sucking out the juice of the leaves is very soon apparent by the bleaclied appearance of the foliage, wliich soon dries up and falls away. Remedy. — It is probable that most kinds of red spiders pass the winter as eggs on the bushes. Plantations which have been infeste<l one year should be thoroughly sprayed early in the spring with the lime-sulphur wash. Sulphur ha^ a spi-ciully fatal effect upon all kinds of mites. If bushes are found to be infested in spring or summer time, they should be sprayed forcibly with kerosene emulsion, which might be followed in persistent attacks, which often occur, by dusting the bushes while wet with powdered sulphur by weans of one of the so-called insect guns or horticultural THE CUBRANT. The currant is not so generally used in Canada as some other fruits, as few persons care for them when eaten raw, and when <'ooked they are usually nuide into jelly and consumed by only a con;paratively small projiortiou of the people. In tiie colder parts of Canada where other fruits do not succeed well the currant is more popular and is used much more generally. It is a wholesome and refreshing fruit and deserves much more attention tlian it gets at the present time. Soil. Currants should be planted in rich soil in order to get the be=t results. The soil should also be cool as the currant is a moisture loving bush. The currant roots near the surface, hence if tjie .soil is hot and dry the crop will suffer. A rich well-drained clay loam is the best for currants, although they will do wiW in most soil<. If the soil is not as good as it might be it should receive a good dressing of manure before planting, wb i should be well worked into the soil, the latt<T being tlioinuglily pul- verized before planting is done, .'i northern exposure is to be preferred, as in such a situation the currants are not likely to suffer in a d , time. Planting. The best time to plant currants is in the autumn. If planted in the spring they xriU proha'.ily have sprouted somewhat before planting, and on this aoenunt tbrir growth the first season will be checked. Where the soil is in good condition currants, especially the black varieties, make strong growth, and the bushes reach a large size, hence it is better to give them plenty of space as they will do better and are easier 2S picked than if crowdfil. Six by five feet is a good distance to idiint. If i.'.anted clo-or, es))ocially in K<"'d soil, the buslios become viry cmwdcd before it is time to renew tlie plantation. Strung' one-yoar old plant:! are the best, but two-year old plant:: are better than poorly rooted yearlinga. It is better to err on the side of planting a little deeper than is ncce-sary, than to plant too shallow. A good rule to follow is to set the plants at least an inch deeper than they wore in the nursery. The soil should be well tramped about the young plants to pn vent danger of it dryin.-r out. After plant- ing the soil should be levelled and the surface loosened to help retain moi>ture. Cultivation. As the currant, to do welh nnist have a good supply of moisture, Pultivation should be begun soon after planting, and the sirface soil kept loose during the sunaner. While the plants are young the cultivation may be fairly <lecp in the middle of the rows, but when the roots begin to extend across the rows, cultivation should be <iuite shallow, «> many of the roots are quite near the surface. Fertilizers. After the first application of n.anure no more should be nccessarj- until tl;c plants begin to fruit, unless other crops are grown between, when an annual top dressing of well rotted barnyard manure is desirable. When only a light application of manure is given, the addition of two or three hundred pounds per acre of muriate of potash should be very beneficial. Wood ashes also make a good fertilizer with barnyard manure. There is little danger of giving the curiant plantation too much fertilizer. Unfortunately it is usually the other way, this fruit being often very much net'lected. When in full bearing currants should be fertilized every year. Pruning. The black and rtJ currants bear most of their fruit on wood of difFcrcnt ages, hence the pruning of one is a little diflFcrent from the other. The black currant bears most of its fruit on wood of the previous season's growtli, hence it is important to always have a plentiful supply of on.-year old healthy wood. The reJ and white currants produce their fruit on spu.-s which develop from the wood two or more jei'rs of age, hence it is important in pruning red and white currants to have a libera! supply' of wood two years and older, but as the fruit on the verj- old w.,od is not so pood as that on the younger, it is best to depend on two and three year woo<l to bear the fruit. A little pruning may be necessary at the end of the tirst season after plant- ing in order to begin to get the bush into shaiie. From six to eight main stems, or even less, with their side branches will, when properly distributed, l.-ir a good crop of fruit. Future pruning should be done with the aim of having from six to eiglit main branches each season and a few others coming on to take their plnccs. By jndi- ti>iu= annual prunir:-; the h\!sh can be kept sufficiently open to .idrnit Hpht .in,] sun- shine. A good rule is to not have any of the branches more than three years of age, as if kept down to this limit the wood will be heiilthier, stronger growth will be made and the fruit will be the better. 20 When to Renew the Plantation. A ciirmnt plnntntion will l)i>ar n srir'af mnii.vKond crops if well oared for, but if it !■• lu'fjlfi'ti'il tlip bii^liis lusi' their vigour in a few years. The Rrowor will have to '1.1 i(le when to rciunv tlie plnntation by the aiipcaranco of the bushfa. but as a currant I'lantation can l)o reueweil at coinpiirntively little l.iboui it it best to have now hushiM '■'iMiiuf? on before tlie old ones show sipns of weak?i(w«. At least six {food crops tuny li' roniovod with fair treatment, and ten or more can be obtained if the bushes are in rieh soil and well eared for. Where oi.e has only a few Inishes for imn.e use they niiiy i.e roinvi;rorated by cutting eai'h of them down to the ground in alleruate years, and thus oblaiuiua a fresh supply of viifmous young wood. RED AND WHITE CURRANTS. The red currant makes excellent jolly, and its popularity is largely due to that fact. A large quantity of red curri'.nt jelly is made every year in Canada. Rod currants are used to a lesser >.'.\tent for pies and as jam, and are also eaten raw -vitli sugar. As a fruit for eating out of hand the r''-' currant i* not very popular, hut there are few fruits so refreshing and if it had ]:j ueidity more red currants would be eaten that way. The white currants are better liked for fating otT the bush than the red as *' are not so acid. The Moore Ruby and Early Scarlet are two red vario- ties, ' ,\er, which are milder than most others, and for this reason are better adapted for eating raw than most. I'he red currant does not vary a.s much in quality as t "^ black. Red currants will remain iti condition on the bushes for some time after ripen- ing, hence do not have to be picked a.s promptly as the black. Varieties of Red and White Currants Recommended. Red — I'or general culture. — Pomona, Victoria. Cumberland Red, Red Dutch, OreenfieM, Kankins' Red, Red Grape. Where bushes are ])rotected with snow in winter, uud for the n:ililer districts. — Pomona. Victoria, Oumberlaud lied. Wilder, Ciierry, I'ay aud Red Cross. P(;rfecfi(jn is i)romising. H'/nVt'.— White Cherry. Large White, White Ura|>e. It is possible that under different conditions of soil jimI climate other varieties u:ight do equallj' well. BLACK CURRANTS. fiieie are not so iiinuy blaci< currants grown m Caiiatla .is red, but there is a steady demand for them, and it is believed there will be an incieasing denui-' ' as they become better appreciated. The black currant makes excellent jelly, a; merits of black currant jam have long been known. ^ 27 VarieHes of Black Currants Becommended. f5aitn(!fr«. Cnllina Prolitic, IJuddenliorg', Victoria. Of those not yet on the market which are considered equal to or liottcr than those ahnvo. the following are tlie bo«t:— Kerry, Eclipse, Magnus. Cliprer, Climax and F.rtffle, and the Suc'.-css for an early varif'ly where yield is not so important as size and quality. Topsy is very handsome and of good size and good quality, and ri|ions evenly. I)ut hin not been quite as productive n-f some others. Bnskoop Ciant is proniir.ing. Propagation. Tlie u^uiil nietliod of prop.igatiiig currants is by means of outtii.irs. These root very reudily and good phmts are obtained after one season's trrnwth. The best time to m.'iUo the cuttings is in the autumn, as currants begin Vi wrow very early in the spring, and once the buds have swollen thoy cannot be rooted »uc<'essfully. Wood of the current season's growth is used. Tliis m.ay be cut early in the autumn as sorm a* the wood has rii>encd, at Ottawa from the end of August to the middle of September being a good time. They should be cut in as long pieces as possible, to ?ave time in the field, and put in a cool, moist cellar or buried in the sand. If the cuttings can l)e made at'once it is best to do so. These are made by cutting the wood into pieces each about eight to ten inches long, although un inch or two more or less is not of mtich consequence. The base of the cutting should be made -♦'• a square cut below the last bud. There should be at least half an inch of wood Icf, • top bud of each cuttinsr. as there should be a strong growth from the upper bud, d if the wood is cut too close it is liable to be weakened. A sloping out is best for the upper cut aa it will shod rain better, but this is not important. When made, the cuttings should be planted at once, which is usually the best plan, or liccled in. If heeled in they should be tied in bundles and buried upside down in warm, well-drained soil, with about three inches of soil over them. The object of burying them upside down is that by this method the bases of the cuttings will be nearer the surface where the soil is warmer and there is more air, and tlicy will callous quicker than if they were further down. Tlio cuttings ,!i(;uld callous in a few weeks, and they may then be planted outside if thought advisable. Cuttings m.iy be kept in good condition over winter by heeling iii or burviiig in the saud in a cool cellar, or after callousing under a few inch"es''of soil outside they mi.y bo left there over winter if covered wit!, from four to five n:ore inches of .oil to i.revent their drying out. Good result.s are obtained v/itli the least trouble by planting the cuttings in nursery rows as soon as they are made. The soil should be well prepared ami should be selectod where water will not lie. Furrows are opiiuvl three feet !ii)art and deep enough so that the top bud, or at most two buds, will be above ground. The cuttings arc placed about six inches apart oil the smooth side of the furrows and soil thrown in and tramped well about tbcm. Where only a small number are to bo planted a trench may be opened with a spade. Yield of Currants. The i-ed currant is one of the most reguhir bearing of all fruits, and as it ii naturally productive the average yield should be large. Uailey, in the Iforticulturist'a S8 Rule Poole, puts the avornge yitlil at IIH) bii-'hcls ikt acre. Cnr^l. in his liook on Bush Fruits, iiiiikcs it 1(H) to l.^iO liushflH, witli a possll)ln jield of .i^'n l)u>licls per n<TC. At tiK ''cn'ral K.xi erinu'Utal Farm the Kaukins' Kiil, tlie largi^-t yicliler, nveraRcd for f( ur years at tlu- rate of 8,107 Iba., or over 202 bu^ihtls per acre The Hcil Dutcli avoragi'd at tlif rate of ".•'i:'..' ILa. per acre, or over 183 bushels. The largest yield friMii ml currants olitained at the Central Kxperinicntal Farm was in lOfiO, when six busla'S of the Red DutL-li euriant yielded 7'' lbs. 15 oz». of fruit. The buslus were six by live feet apart. This means a yield at the rate of 17, 8!fJ Ibai, per ai-ro, or at 40 lb^. ii.r bushel. 447 bushels 12 lbs. per acre. The same variety in 190,">, in a new plantatinu yielded .'iSl lbs. fnjtn si.i buslits, or at the rate of l.'l,4.'?l lbs. per aere, or 3^!) bushel* 31 lbs. Tlie.so are very large yields, nnd while half of this aniount may bo e.tpeeted in ordinary field eulture, the faet that s, eh yields ean be produeed on a small area ihould be an inspiration to get more on u larger one. The average yield of blaek eurrants has been son.ewhat less than the red, although individual yields have been large. The Saunders euirant in an average of four years yielded at the rate of C.382 lbs. per aere, or over l.'iO bushels. The highest yield of black currants was obtained in 1905, when six bushes of Kerry planted six by five feet apart yielded t')2 lbs. of fruit, or at the rate of 15,004 lbs. i)er aero, eijual to 375 bushels, estimating at 40 lbs. to the bushel. Diseases and Insects. The currant is afTeeted by very few diseases. The only ones which do much injury are the following: — Leaf Spot, Rust. — The Leaf Spot fungus affects black, red and white currants, causing the leaves to fall prematurely, and thus weakening the bushes. This disease is first noticed about midsummer, when small brownish spots apjiear on the leaves. These often become so numerous that they affect a large part of the foliage; soon it is difficult to centred it if the bushes are not sprayed until after the fruit is piemd, except by using the ammoniacal copper carbonate a week or two before the leaf spot is expected. This will net diseoloiir the fruit, and a second application may be given if necessary. As soon as the fruit is picked the bushes should be thoroughly sprayed with Bordeaux mi.\turo. Experiments have shown that this disease can be controlled by spraying. Currant .4n/Arac/io«'.--Tliis disease which nuiy be mistaken for the Lc •' "'-pot, affects ditfcrent parts of the bush, inehiding the leaves, leaf stalks, young branches, fruit and fruit stalks. On the leaves it may be evident during the month of .lune by the small brown spots, which are usually smaller than those made by the Leaf Spot fungus. The lower leaves are affected tirst and finally the upper ones. They turn yelliiw and gradually fnll 1'^ the ground, and when the disease is bad the bu-lie- are defoliated before their time. On the petioles or leaf stalks the disease causes slightly sunken spots. The fruit is afEoctcd with roundish black spots, which are easier seen wdien the fruit is green. On the young wood the diseased areas are light in colour and are not so noticeable. The wood is not nearly so much injured by the disease as the leaves. The spares which spread this disease are formed in pustules, the majority of which are under the upper epidericis of the leaf. Where the spores are to appear the surface of the leaf is 20 roisod nnd Miuken. <1 in ?rots lo.kii.ir like ginnll riinpl»'s. Wlifii tlift spoici «Tft rrudy to poiiic out the skin br-iiks and they csciipe and n-wU-i-t ( tluT y.xTtt. Wli. u llio fiiliuKO dropx early on a.-.M,uiit of this disease tlio fruit is li.ihh) to he scalded by the Buu. The faiit may al>o wither before riiHwiiup properly owiusr to luek of fed or lu. isture. as the leave^ having fallen, are uuable to keci) up the neeo^sury supply. The premature falling of the leaves prevents the bud- troui iiiaturiuB properly, h. n.<( thty are lot in ns iiood eiuidition to bear fruit the next year. Siraying with Bor.leaux mixture is reeommcnded as nn aid in contrMlliii!.' this di^ea.-e. It \vi uld be wi-^e, where currant antliraeno-e is troubhMinu-. to i-pray the bushes thoroughly bef..n' the leaves appear. A second spraying -hould ho made when the leaves are unf.dding, and successive sprayings at intervals of from ten to fourteen <lays until the fruit is nearly full-j-Town. or there is dant'cr of it leiu;: disclour. d by the spray when ripe. Paris green should le add. 1 to the mixture when the tirst brood of currant worms appear. A thorough spraying after the fruit is harvested is desirable. Viirraiu yl;,/ns.— When the leaves of currant bushes are nearlv full grown, many of them bear blister-like elev.itious of a reddish colour, beneath whieh will be found yellowish plant-lico, some winge<l and son.e wingless. The blL-tcrs are due to the attacks of these insects, and when, as is sometimes the ease, they are very abundant, considerable injury is done to the bu-lies. iJemti/i/.— Spraying I'.rcibly with whale-oil soap solution or kero.sene emulsion will destroy large numbers of these plunt-liee at each applieation, but the li(iui<l must be copiously applied and driven well u\< bem-atii the foliage by means of an angled nozzle. Two or three applications at short intervals may be necc-sary. Currant Magyot.—Ki:>.\, black an<l white currants in Hritish Columbia and in Bcveral places in the prairie provinces, in recent years, have been se-riously attacked by the magg.ts of a small fly. These maggots come to full growth just as the berries are about to ripen, causing them to fall from the bushes, when the insects leave them to burrow into the ground to pupate. Attacked fruit is rendered \iseles3 by the presence of maggots in.-ide the berries; and frequently it is not until the fruit is cooked that the nuiggets can be detected. GcoseberrioB arc sometimes injured, but far less freciuently than red and black currants. Hnnccly.— The only treatment which has given any results is the laborious one of remnving about three inches cvf the soil from beneath the bushes which are known to have been infested, and re[dacing this with fresh soil. That which was removed must be treated in some way. so that the contained pupari.i may be destroyed. This may be dune either by throwing it into a iiond or by burving it deeply in the earth. Currant U'on/i or Imported Currant Sawfiij.—Uy far the best known of all the insects which injure currants and gooseberries is the 'currant worm.' The bla.-k spotted, dark. gr?en false caterpillars of this insect may unfortunately be found in almo-t 'every plantation of currants or gooseberries every year in almost all parts of Canada. The white eggs are laid in rows along the ribs of the leaf on the lower si.le, towards the end of May. From lliese the iouog iarv.L ' .teh and soon make their presence known by the small holes they eat through the leave-s. Unless promptly destroyed, they will soon strip the bushes of their leaves, thus weakening them con- siderably so as to prevent them ripening fruit the first year, and also reducing the quantity of tlie cmii i)io fDl'owi ft «(>n«(>n. There are at leant two brnixlii in a leiuoB in Canada. The fi 'it appur. j.4i»t as the leaves are attaining full ifrowth, and th« siXMmd just at the fruit is ripcninK. Tlio perfect insect is a foiir-wiTiKp<l Ay which nioy be seen flying about the bushes eurly in spring. The male is blackish, with yelliiw icg^, and of about the same size as a house fly, but with a more slendi>r body. Tlio fenialo is larger than the nmlo and has the body as well as the legs yellow. Ilcmi'dy. — For the first linxKl a weak mixture of Pi'ris green, 1 ounee to 10 (fullons of water, may be sprnyed over the bushes, or a dry mixture, 1 ounce of Paris Kiccn to i)oun(ls of Hour, n:ay bo dusted over the foliage after a shower or when the liiaves are damp with dew. For the second brood, Paris green must not be used, but wli;te hellebore; this is dusted on as a dry powder, or a decoction of this powder. 1 ounce to 2 gallons of water, may be snrayed over the bushes. It is, of course, fur better to treat the first broood thorounlily. so as to reduce tlie number of females which would lay eggs for the second brood THE OOOSITBEBRT The goo.seberry has received I'omparativcly little attention in America, although in north Europe, and especially in the British isles, it has long been a prime favourite, and a wonderful improvement has taken place in its size during the last two or three hundred years. When it was first cultivated in Europe — probably in the 16th century — the wild fruit, if it was like what it is now, would be only about one-half an inch in diameter and less than one-quarter of an ounce in weight. Tlie largest gooseberries vV.ich have been produced in recent years average several times this size, the largest one of which we have a record weighing two ounces, although thei« are doubtlc-is larger specimens on record. The English and European goospbeiri( s are derived from a species of native or north Europe, called Ribes Grossularia. As the gooseberry is a native of Canada and is found growing wild almost or quite to the Arctic circle, its culture will no doubt be extended very for north. There is a steady though limited demand for gooseberries in Canada, but the gooseberry has never been generally popular in this country. In England gooseberries are used in great quantities for eating out of hand and for jam; in (<anada few are use<l raw, most of the fruit being put into pies, or used as jam, or canned. Soil, Planting and Culture. Tbe gooseberry is a moisture-loving plant, hence a soil should be chosen where there can be a constant supply of water during the growing season. In ilrv soils gooseberries suffer very much in a dry time, the foliage often falling prematurely and the fruit being scalded by the sun. The soil should be a cool one. Moist soils are usually this, but the surface of a sandy loam soil gets very hot in summer, hence it is not the best for thia fruit. Well drained, heavy clay loams are the most suitable for St iroonebewiM aa the^e tisiinlly nre cool and moist. Th« ioil »houlil hare abundant plant fofjd easily nm'lo ovailuhle. A gi)o<l application of well rotted manure thoroiitthly worked into the soil will do much to bring about thcuo favourable condition*. The ■oil shoulil 1)0 well prepared and madi! mellow as for a crop of roots. As goo.<«»herrioa itart to (jrow early in the spring it is usually prefi'r;ible to piiint in thn autumn, and as the leaves drop early they may he planted in September and will Ijii in good condi- tion when winter comes. Well rooteil cuttings or ^ayers may be used as plants. They shouhl be set in rows about six feet apart and four feet apart in the row-<. Cultivation should be very thorough so n« to retain moi-ture and keep the soil coil, and AH the gooseberry roots near tho surface, cultivation should be shallow; nuilclung with straw is sometimes advi.^iihlo to keep the soil cool. As tho gooseberry makes much more wood than it is desirable to leave, severe pruning is necessary. English varieties aro usually trained to a single stem, but this is not necessary, 'though the freer circulation of air when trained in this way helns to prevent the spread of mildew. The usual custom in AK:erica is to grow the gooseberry in bush form. The bush ■hould at first bo brought into a good shape by leaving a few of the strongest shoot* regularly distributed to make an open head. Five or six of these shoota aro quite sufficient to leave at first. As tho bush gets older, new shoota are allowed to grow to take the place of the oldor ones, as the pruning should be done with a view to having only vigorou-, bearing wood. Fruit is borne on year-old wood and from spurs on older wood. It is usually not desirable td have any wood more than three years old. The best time to prune is in the autumn or winter. The weakest young shoots should be cut off at the grouml, also all the strong young shoots not refjuired for fruiting or to take tho plane of older branches to be cut ajivay. The side shoots from older branchea should be headed back or cut out altogether so as to maintain a fairly open head, making it as ea^y as possible to pick the fruit and yet leaving sufficient wood to produce a good crop and to shaile the fruit from the sun, as in a hot dry time gooso- beiries are liable to be injured by scalding. When branches are more than t.hre« years of age they should be removed to make waj for younger wood. It is advisable to cut out all branches which touch the ground as there will then be a better circula- tion of air, and the fruit will be kept off tho ground. Gooseberries will often begin to bear the second year after plantiug, but there will not be a full crop until tho fourth season. If the soil is kept in good condition by an annual application of well rotted barnyard manure in the autumn, harrowed in the following spring, and if the bushes are kept sprayed and well pruned, the plantation will not need to be renewed for many years. Yield of Gooseberries. The American gooseberry is a productive fruit aud averages a good crop if well cared for. It is, howevei, very important to have good foliage to protect the fruit from the sun, and unfortunateiy many let the cunaut worm destroy a large propor- tion of the foliage, and if the weather is hot the fruit suffers. Six bushes of Pearl gooseberry have averaged m five years at the rate of 12,402 lbs. per acre per year, or at 40 lbs. to the bushel, over 310 bushels per acre. The highest individual yield waa 8S ill 1905, when Atc builics of Pcurl, lis l>y four feet •part, yitldid "0 ILi., or at the rate of 'J7.'.'25 llis. per uc-re, ciiii.il tn i'Vct (IJto liiistieln (ler acre. The liinhtHt yield iiiiiitioned by Card in hia work on Hush Fruits, is at tiio rate of "l.Mi hutlieis per a<r»% olitiiiiieil ut tlio Geneva Experiment Station, N.Y. Ho give* the proLullo range from .Kh) to &tMI biuihela per aire. Bailey (fives the uvorago u« lOt) LualieU per aore, but wo bilieve thi« ii much below what is Kruwii in CanuUu. Varietiei of Ooowberriei Recommended. American.— Vcarl, Downing, Red Jacket (.Jo»«(lyn). Unylink (from jxptricnce at the Centrnl Experimental Farm).— Companion, Eagle, (jleiitoii Green, Queen of TrunipH, Snowball. Euylith varulus usually recommt-nrfcrf.— Whitesmith, Industry Propagation. Gooseberries may be propagated either from cuttingi or by layering. The average per«on will usually get the best results from layering, as cuttings are often very unsatisfactory. To propagate by layering, the bushes should be pruned severely in the autumn. This w ill induce a strong growth of young shoots tlie next season. When these have made most of their growth, which will be in July, the earth is heaped up around and through the bush until only the tips of tho young shoots are left uncovered. The soil is packed down and then a covering of loose soil thrown over to retain moisture better. Most of the American varieties will iiave rooted well by autumn, and the young plants may be detached and planted in nursery rows either the same fall or tho following spring, to, bo grr-vn there for one reason. English varieties usually take two years to root, and the so'l must be left about the bushes for that time. Cuttings of American varieties will sometimes give fairly satisfactory reaults if niade from well rijiened wood and treated as currant cuttings*. The cuttings are made six to eight inches or less in length, a-id juried in the soil over winter. In spring they are set out in nursery rows, planting deep enough so that only one or two buds are above the ground. Both American r.iiu English varieties may be propagated froui green wood cuttings in a gn^cnliouse, or hotbed with bottom heat. Scalding of the Fruit. In a very hot, dry time gooseberries are often scalded, bccoir.e unfit for use and fall to tho ground. If the froosebcrries are planted in heavy, cool soil and the ground kept well cultivated and the sawfly prevented from eating the foliage there will be little trouble. Unfortunately in many plantations the foliage is very scant, either on account of poor cultivation or injury from the worm of the sawfly, and it is unih r such conditions that the greatest injury occurs. Gooseberry Mildew. — The gooseberry mildew has prevented the general culture of tho Engliaii gooseberry in Aim ilea. ^Li^ disease ulluuKs liie leases, twigs and fruit. When the attack is bad it destroys the foliage, covers the fruit and causes most of it to drop. It saps the growing shoot to such an extent that they do not ripen properly, and dry up without setting fruit buds. It thus pra tically destroys the crop. riic (li'iiiT I* iippiirciit iMfl.v ill thf lii'iKiiii in tlir wcliliki' .mrritiK wliit'l- i'(iiil» fhf liiivc<, wliiiiit* iiiiil /riiit. Tlii* i* till' iiiv.'.liimi from wliirli in hImii ■■(! llii- i.|M.r. -i wliirli i>r..|.niriitc this ilixfiini'. It in ii-iiiilly ti-lircl tlrnl in llir l-'Wi r i\ii<\ m.i-t «lm.li'.l parti* ul' the tiiisli. WIi.mi th<' it|)«)rc» nn- lMiii« ifivfii off, tlir iiiiMi'W iiii- ii powili'iy ;ip|'c.iniiii'i'. Wirilcr dp'T.- m' fi.rim'il later, wliicli jii riniiiiili' in tin- -priiik'. .\* ll"' nyi'i'l' ui: iiU'l -poru* oru I "ii the surfnco it rnijjlit be tli.'Hulit llii- 'li-"'U*o coiiM U' iMHilv confiilliil, but tlio wi'iitlicr <'Miiililiiiii!i in ilii'< country Hcrin - ■ Icvnuriilili' to tlie lU'Viiopuiiut of iporw that the >{ooscln'rr>- iiiilduw sproiwln with k'rc.il rupiilily, nml ron-timt and .ironifh K[prayinK!i ure ncir^Kiiry to provetit il from •Inim; -o. AiMoriian viirielii .■* arc vliloni utiii'fcil hy ({ooKolirrry luiMiW, ullhou«h occaiionully ilii'y art) slightly altuckoil. A',m.i/i/. -First up|ilicatioii. — Copper siilphatf or iiine-aiil|ihiir wa-li, jiHf iM-forc Kavei opi-n. Secoinl appliialion.— I'oi-.ini'il H.ir'li'uiix or iKjtassiucii sulphide d oz. to :,' k"IIoih water), or linu-sulpluir wi'..*h, just i)cr..ri' Ihjwrr hinls < po.i. Third application.— ';<'rd<aiix with hclleliori', liinc-sulphnr wmh or imtassitim sulphide, when fruit has set. (Important.) Fourth ai)plicati"n.— I,in;f-sulpliur wn.sh or pota«<iuti. sidpliidt-, ten ilay-t latpr, if necessary. Leaf Spot II list. --'I'hi' dis«'a*e which euu»es th« spotting of the leaves and their prematurt' falling is the same as that which affects currants, ami may he dealt with in the same way. Currant Ho/m. —Soe under currant. (iooselerry /'>i(i7-uorm.--.'ust l.eforo gooseberries ripen, clusters of two or tlire* may .sometimes be noticed, which are prematurely coloured and which are joined together by the webs spun by the caterpillar of a small moth. These caterpillars are pale greenish-white and .soineiimes have a reddish tinge. They live in.sido the berries and, when tlie contents of one berry are consumed, attack atiotlier near at hand, joining It to the lirst by a silken web. When full grown they fall to the groun.l and spin parehn:ent-like cocoons just beneath the surface of the ground. The motlw, which are pale-grey marke<l with dark streaks and bands, are rarely obnerved. They fly in the spring, and there is only one brood in the year. KemeJ;/.— The best remedy for controllintr this insect, which fortunately is never vary abundant, is to pick by hand the clusters or injure.1 berries. It is claimed that chickens i..,d other poultry are useful in ilcstroying the larva and chrysalids; and it is certain that, while chickens are very »mall, they are useful in a garden in destroying a great number of injurious insects. The old hen. howtvci, should be kept securely cooped up and not allowed to run at large. 20142—8 I i. I'lllll 1,1' (I / -.' I'mI-I* i-ri' ii _ _ 1 I'. I'lKliikiHl I ^^'•"'•'■•- •••••■ 1.;:. ^„I1.„H. Hrv Mixtnr-.— I |t= •; v M, " ,r. ';i.,.! .,l„._,.r. -laU. ■! llr .,■ , ''"'■'"•'''•' '"\ : ''■■■ ' i' '! ■ ^r.TM .M'ii :..! 11... ..r ,liphii} I1...1.1C1C 1 I i.. All" ml'- II' I. ■h!---i''ui /• Ar-fii.itc lilt... II, , ^'' ""■'■•• •■ 1' 1 Alia iL.ir.>ii>rliIy \V1,:.,. lu-!|ri,.,r. , . , , . , . 1 ..J. \v.-' "f t. Ir .: ''■■! 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I A -I' <-k -.ilili l' ■•niii'fr 3i.l|.ii:(i.. .iimI iiilk of liiu.. 11..!.'. !..• pr.-iMi-.-.l inil ki-pt in si'iiurate ruvcif.! i.iiM.i- llir..i.i;liiiut lln- ^»llrayill^^ »eii-p.ii. '11. ■ .jii.in'ii if« ..f ..ipjier -i:l|.li;iti-. lime all. I unirr -li.niM I'f '.'ir.tMIy ii..!.-.!. l'...rp!.-iiix inixi-r.' .ii'tcri ■ratog uitli i^;i' iitl'l -Il 'iM lir 11-1-1 ;i- -.M,|i 1- 111,1,1... !'.. i.'-f rniril.Mii\ ii.ixiiir.' i.'i I iiMi. I'f' i"f>rriii\v,iiii'K- I'f iiiit;i--iiiri -.liuioii lall luin till- niixtiiri' wlicii ri.iils. Il llu' inlxliiri' turn? r<Ml(li-h-l>rown ;:.!.i iimre n^i!', if liiii.- i.ni i! 11" '■Ikiiiil!! Ink.'- |ilai'i'. I'iil<ijiii'il Bonhiiii.f Mixlnri' — /•ci ■n^fH an.i l,'ii-,anii>j m .'<. — In ihf |0 irnlI.'U.- Pit HiinlraiiN 'niNtiiro ii!'i"i'.;.ui .i- .il'...c, .i.i 1 i ij .5 j',i.^.:i ui I'.u.o jju-cii, ur 11, ■. ..f ill-, iiati- of luaj. '*F!Kn2aB T-^'^AI^^i fi-