CIHM Microfiche Series (l\/lonographs) ICIVIH Collection de microfiches (monographies) Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming are checked below. Coloured covers / Couverture de couleur I I Covers damaged / Couverture endommag^e □ Covers restored and/or laminated / Couverture restaur^ et/ou pellicul^e I I Cover title missing / Le titre de couverture manque I I Coloured maps / Cartes g6ographiques en couleur □ Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black) / Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) □ Coloured plates and/or illustrations / Planches et/ou ii!, avfrn:;r fnrrr.cr'^ Imrnp in CniiiiHa [•* not »M|i|ili(>i] ivitli ,in d'lr pmto Binotint of SIM. ill fruits, not«ithst;iii'liliK tlm oaso uiHi uhl'h tlu'V ■•mi I'e (frown. It i'\ « •^01:1111, in thinK to lifii a farmer 'in iiiMrlii't day bu.vint; sirawlicrricis and i>tlu'r small fruits in tlio lnw]i to be takfii !u>ii.o anil tn atr 1 as n luxury, when lip sluuilil prodii'-n in liis own parlon all tliat !io and lii' family c'.nlil '•nn-;nmp if tlioy ate fruit ttiri^n fiini's n day. This slato of atTalr^ -reins to lie aci'onntcil for mainly by t'lo fart that tho farmer thinks ho is too busy a man to have and enre for n parden. If tho fiinrors of this country onl.v know how much bettor tliey and their families would be with a plentiful suppl.v of fruit tl:;y nii^dit make n greater clTort than they do to rai.so enough for homo cnn^iimpfion. T'are are some C'.inndian farmers, we are slail to .say. who do have uood gardens of both fruit and vegetables. The garden, which is usually on a well drained pieee of land near the home, dries earlier than tho field.s, and can, therefore, be attended to before work begins in the field. A few hours' labour put* it in stieh =li;ino that it can be "ared for wiih comparatively little work during thn summer. With the following information to guide him, there is no good reason wliy every fanner should not have a fruit garden. THE STRAWBERRT. Strawberry Culture in Canada. The strawberry is. we Ivlieve. the mo'^t popular fruit in Canada to-day. Tt ripens early in the season when every one is craving for fresh fruit, and where it can be readily ohtaine.* a the .nost .n,,o.-...,t re..u.te. .u a .o 1 '^-'^^^l^^^^.J^,, , suuuner where water lie. r ue.r the .urhuo. ^^^^^^ !, re i« u.favourahle to the .„ .inter. While too .ueh --J- ;; ^ ^ ^^ ^ ' ......^ ,„,. „„, ...rated development of fra.t. hence a «o>l houUl he . ' ^ ^^^ ^^j^,,,, ,,,y with .t. War,n .oil., such a« .undy loan. ^s. 1 ' " j"^^/ ; ='^.,^,,^ J„ ^^, ^j.^ne^s of K,au. will ..ually produee the be«t crop. .Uuch. '- ; '^J J"* ^ * ,,, ,„,, the «oil, a« Htruwherrie. need abundance of av.„lahle plant food g "■*"''■*■ 1 f ,r.,t<. will iiHiuiUy plow good strawberries. A ta „„d in lures .....ntiti... Ttcre »«■,! W tatl »> ^ J- _^,, ,., „„„.,<,.aJ b.n„-.,J n..n,™ P« »■.. "TZ'^^:^:^,^ .i.h ■!« „i., o, H '""'/■' •':ir:.::!L» ™;;"":ir: *;. .w »„ in ,^ «, „,rfiik.„. b.* npi.li.'d in thf previous autumn. \V<'<'<1 imh. s uro vi r j ii-cfiii for a t>'i> .In -iinr, Bixl Iroiii M) to m) hii-liiU iHT nor.' may Lf ui-pliwl lr<.i«l«-.ii't curly in itic i.\tr a. re b«.f. re pliinling. Nltruti ■ f coda it ul«) u»ef jl for fiiriiinhing nitrogtu. unkr's it f4in be obtaiiie^ted junt before the tlowers open in the fpring is homctiffics desirable if the planU are not muking vigorous growth. Flanti and their Treatment. If the plants for setting out are obtained from a distnnee, thoy should be ordered to arrive a» early in the spring as possible after Uic soil enn bo worked, ami ,dnntwl poo'n after their arrival. It is often, however, not conveni.nt to plant at oiwe; but in any ca»c, the pared eontaining the planU should be opeii- d up when it arrives, other- wise they are liabl? ;o heat or dry out, either one of whieh eondition*' should b« avoided if possible. The idants should now be heeled iu in some plaee where the soil is well drained. Open a trench suflieicntly deep to eovcr the slrawberricB well and so that the crown will be just akive the gmund. Now plaee the plants close together, but in a single row in the trench. AnotJier trench is now opened parallel with the first and about six inches from it, using the w il to cover the root, of the plants in the first trench. The soil should be finnly packed or tramped ...-ainst the roots so that the moisture will conic into close contact with them. If loosely heeled in, they are very likely to dry out and the plants die. Oilier trenehc:- should be dug pari.llrl with the first two, if needed. Hy the time the field is ready for planting ihi-e hecied-iu plants will have made new roots and be in better condition ' - phuitl: k tl.»« if they had been set out at once. The best plants for autumn planting are what are ki n as ' pot ' lants. - are obtained by sinking two and one aalf inch pots filled with rich friable "A\ . lie ground and placing a new runner in each of them. Thcs- rooi ano.., .rr.r. PI»nf, whir-h have ,|r..„.|v fr„it^ ,ho„I,l „,„ l.^ :.r ...no., the „,ra «tt..„,|.,n to „,. ,.,.„iv.uio,. of „.« ,oil .„., to the pL « .f ttm rnntuTS in «i.r|, a ),..,| will „,„„r,. ^,„„| pl,„in ' Planting. S„.r,>„f„l pinn.inff n.n.v I,, .fono oi.h.r a, the ,p,in« „, autumn. F.rl. i„ ,h, M-nn. ,,„w.v..r, . „,.,,., „.„.,„.,„,, ,,,.,_ „^_ ;, ^,^ ^,,^,__,^ __^_ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ '" " '" 7'' '•"";'""'" •*"■' ->"' ""■' --t. 'ho, .ill .nake r,.pi.| „r..wth «nd .n..,,v n.nnors .I„nn. ,l.o „.„.„„.. ,i,n.. if „ro„orly ln„l<,.,l „f,... „„,, „„„,,„, , ,,,, «rop .,f ,n„t „.o f, ,,..,,„ ..„.„, H p,.„,., i„ „,o „, tl,... will ,,o n, ..;., on V „ ,.,,,t ..r„„ of fn„t ,h. fol|,.wi„. ....„n. an,l ,.,,1... ,1. w,.,,,,. i. favournhU n. .1,.. ,o,| ., „, ,„t whon ,h„ pl„„„ ,.r,. ... ,l,ro ,r...y be li„l« ,,owtl,. If plantinir 1 ; ""V"' '" «•;«.-'"'"- - •""'."" i. -l.>ul.l ho a, .„,„ „, tho pinnt. can h, oht,u ,..,1 w.th «,.fll,..ent root, nn.l w -n .ho H„i| i, „,„;,». -fh. mo,t .ui ^wtorv w,, for .1,0 „v,.r,.«o porson to Km. .tr.- h.rri.. i, i„ what i. known „ tho rnat.o.l row. The plan.. ,,ro ,... fron. ,ift.vn ,o ..h.-on in-hos. or oven n.oro. apart in row, thr«, .n, ,.no.|,aIf o our foot apart. Tho variolic, whioh mal<„ a lar^o nurrbor of rnnn,. .. .oh a, UnrfioUI. .Sona.or Hunlap. and ,Splo„,li.|. noo,l not l,e pl,„„o.l a, olo,oIy ,. hose wh.oh ,nako fewor r.nnor,. ...oh a, lU.haoh. Ru.,.r. (lion Mary an,l William. If the plan.* nro ,ot early in the .,prin« and have a lon« ,oa,on for growth, the vario' t,o, wlnoh make a InrRo nu.nhor of runnor, may Iv. pinntod twontyfour inohn, apart m the row.. th,„ adn..„in« ,^ oultivation both way, for a time, thorol.v ro,|„oin/the r-,m bor of w^ , and on,„rinf: bnttor growth. A, «oon a., tho distance, hare bo^ d.v,do, upon ,ho r„.. ,„:,v b<, markod with a marker and .hon n.ain oros.,.n,arked w. h ,bom. tnne w. o ..v.l „„iva,i,.„. Plan.in. may bo dono with a ,pade ^ w..h n trowol or d,bl,lo. Whon pb„„od with a ,pade. two por.on, are ronuirod to do he work „.„ally a ,„an and a boy. Tho man t.ke, .ho spado and opon, the hole by f.-n-m.^ho .pa,lo ,m.o .ho >,ro,.nd. pre...in^ it l.rward and bnokxvard. A, soon a, it « w„h.lrawn the b<,y plao., a pl,,nt in po..l.io„ and the man proves the .oil firmlr -«a,n, U w,th h„ foot. Th„ mothod i, very rapid and. if the ,oiI i, well pre,^ u,ramst the pant, .s .pnte suooo.,f,d. A suror „„.,ho,l of obtaining a stand i, by us.n^ a trowol or d,bblo for oponl,,:- the hole, whoreby the plant i. ,nore likely to Z sot the proper dept^h. and more caro usually oxorci..l in spreading the root., and Hrm- m. bo sod nl>out the plants. By this method, one person opon, ,he hole and so,, .ho p ant. Oreat care should ba taken to have tho crown of ,he plant Ju^t at the surfaoe of tho Kr und after it haa been pressed in when plante-l If it i, f„„ u;„u .,, .;» .>, ». „d J, ,„ ,.. .n, ^ ™«vw. i.„ .,;,! i"r::tz:::z irowew an.! give go.Ml .nii4f«.i,on whfix »h« work it irHI <1.in« dn.l tl.o icn»on fr^vour- • I'lc If Lotli iM-rfpot and iiti|H.rf.vt .„r,..tin« am planUj-l fJ,.T" OioiiM bo at.-.ut on« T'.w '.f |» rfi-<>l fo tivn o, f,.„r ,f i,„,„.rfr,.f Cultivation. A« III* vuliio „f i|,o |-„iur.' .TMp will .l.'iM'ri'l Inritrl.T on llm p.(i, nf ' « nini on iti.l n.-w i.laiil^ will. I, „r.. fnr • .-.J .l,,rl.i« tim nirlr part of tin- nui.r. r ,« ...ry ir.i|.nr(;iiif to i-iiooiinii:,. nipi'l (jrowih fr.,m ihr. ,nil-t f'liltivntinn «,. miI.I l»„-:n w "" I""-!''" nft.T ihr phiiio nrp ^ot. Bml the «iirfii.-i. l iicrnto it. makitijr .•un.h'tion* for «roivth of ,,l,,,n ,m ! noi.r:il.;.' ^.4 • ''''"• ''"' "■* ■'■"•" a* '•"•"■'• '• ''■'"-"T "f i'>'" Mir tl,.. root, of il,,. pL„.N, ,-„ltn.,iion .li.uiM U. .hiilow. !ro..l„tr will !"• r, .>.,i ■.;..ni.!lT in orlor to ,l,.„n.,v nil wcmI, '>'"' 1 " ''"• *"i' ••'""• '" '•"• |l"it, ,^.oMM whirl, .,p|„.ur .liiriii'? Ilie llr,t s.-anon nhoiiM 1h< piii.'hr.l olT 40 n- to r.v.rrv. t,u- «tM,)fth of tlio plant, for |.:v,lurtion of niiin.Tv M..,f VMrl •li, , tiiiiK.- far .iioro runtior. than ^ho.iM !,>• allow.^l to r.Mi.iin. ami. if nno i-i inai»niiri.(l in f<.l|owinK the «y,.loni which ha- h.vn .I.Ti,|oil to o.lopt. In till, orairio prov'-icri. wliorr win.N provcnt the ,.r<.inpt r.>oli„ir of runner., it i« imporu.nt to lioM them in place until thry r'Hit with piece* of ».«!. sfonej. an invert^*! crotch or by nny other suitahl.- nw-thoil. Forming the Row. Tlic hest "ay to jjiow r.,„otirnos nof ns irooH M where spwinl niethe re ...lopt,.|, an- ohtaine.l with the lea«t .-xpcn „■ nn,I the Rreatnst profit Where a »p market is to he catercl for and whon .l.-.ire.l for home use. *trawhcrrie may b. ^.oivu hy olh.r nicthn.U which will result in larucr nn.I finer fruit.. While .my who Rrow ^frawhcrries in the matted row do not tnke the trouble to ;."flee the r; i- rs i.s the.v form, it [lay.^ to do so. as the lonncr they take root the oiger the plants will bo hy autumn and more fruit will lie pro.luccd the next *ea.on. All that i, ne^vs-ary is to place the runnc. ..-, that they will \^ as nearly uiiiformLv distributed n^ po^Mhlo in order to economize space, and to put a little aoil over them to hold them in pla.v, at the san.e tl,„o Icnvin- the termirnl bu.l bare When treate.l in this way they will mot qui-kly. To set the l.cst r.wult.. runneri should not he nearer ban from four to .=ix incho, apart, all other. }m'\uii .ie-troyed; hut in praetico it U often difficult to aeeompli^h this and to restrict them to this are.i! as some varieties nuike a ffreut many runners. These are. however, the kinrls which have most neee about three feet apart and the plants two feet or more in the row. The twin hedge row system provides for two rows sixteen to eighteen inches apart with the plants at first about two feet apart in the row, with a wider space of two feet for a patii and for cultivation between each pair cf rows. The hedge row .system requires considerably more labour than the matted row, but the returns will often well pay the grower for the extra amount of work. By this method the plants get more opportunity to develop strong crowns, kttcr cultivation can be given and more of the plant food in the soil will be available, resulting in larger and better fruit. Hill System. Large berries may be obtained by growing the plants by what is known as the 'IIill System." The plants a/e set from twelve to fifteen inches apart, in rows two to two and one-half feet apart; the blossoms are pinched off the first season as in the other system and no runners are allowed to form. By this method a very strong crown is develojied; the plants, having more room, become vigorous and as a result tlie fruit is large, and sometimes as pood crops are obtained as from the matted row. However, winter injury is much more likely to occur when plants are grown individually, and if plants grown in hills die from heaving or from some other form of winter-killing they leave large blanks, causing a great lessening of the cro|is. Unless kept well cultivated or well mulched in suii.iner, plants suffer more in a dry time in hills than in tlie matted row, where the crowns are better proti ted by foliage. If the plants are kept well mulched, very fine fruit is produced when itrawberries are grown in hills, which sometimes makes this n;ethod preferable when growing straw- berries for home use. Winter Protection. After permanent frost has set in and the giound is quite solid, the plants should be covered with a light coat of clean straw, that which will not pack closely over the plants being the best, marsh hay being very gtioil and free from weed seeds. This mulcii will prevent the alternate thawing and freezing of tlie ground in the spring and protect the plants if there is not much snow in winter. A heavy mulch may cause 9 boating in the spring l)cfore it is removed, and as a liplit imilili of twn or tlirce inches is sufficient, more t^liould not be iiseossible. As soon as the fruit is ofF, the leaves and grass should be mown off and burned. One I'lan is to plougli or dig down the middle of the row, then thoroughly cultivate or rake. Another method is to narrow the row on each side to a width of 8 to 12 inches, turning the sod towards the row. Still a third plan is to plough lengthwise through the centre of the rt'W. then cross-plough. It is necessary in following any of these methods to level the soil afterwards with the harrow, cultivator or hoe. Usually the work ia finibhcd with the hoc by euttini; out all surplus plr.iits and bringi!:g tlie soil about those remaining, which will give them better conditions for making roots. It 10 Bhould bo rememl,ered, when renovating the bed, that it i. not ne.<«.nry to Lave n,an. Plant. lants eft sixteen to twenty inches apart should n.ake a goodTow b, a ,tZ„ to %v,.rk in sorao short rotted manure to improve the soil. Irrigfation. eivo'^r'"^ *''' ^""'"'"t ""'"" "" ■'^'"''"^"'^ """^' " '"^'^^ '"^^^y °f '""i't-.ro to t..ve max.mum crops. In some .ea.on,. owing to dry weather, the crop i, reduced very much, the season is shortened and the profits are small. If. under those condi- t on,, there wore ava.lable a supplementary supply of water which could be u.sed for ■rr.^^at.ng. a n.arked improvement in the crop would be ensured in manv -ases Varieties. It occasionally happen, that a per.on who has a variety of strawberrv which .v,ol, . much better w.th him than other varieties which he has growing alongside conclude, to d.scard all other kinds and grow that one variety. Ila doe! so and , d,sa„po„,t..l to find that he has very few berries, and the.,e iU-shapcd and w r Ides ne does not know what to think about it. but writes to the Expcrin.ental F rm to earn what ,s the matter. The reply is sent beck: ' Are you aware that the flfrs f trawberr,es n.ay be- perfect or imperfect, or bisexual and pistillate; in o.herTrd, do you know that some varieties of strawberries produce blosson. which have both male and emale or., while other varieties have only female organs? If yo,, ' not, the solution of your difficulty is ver>- e.«y.' The male and female organs in plants perform the same function, as in animaU. The fine du«t formed on the stamens, which is shed when the flower is in bloom i, the fertd,z,ng agent, which falls on the pistil and fertilization takes place If 'the stamens are ab.ent. or nearly all absent, as is the case in imperfect or pistillate flowers no fru.t. or very htt e fruit, is formed. If a perfect, or bisexual flowering variety and an imperfect flowering variety are growing in close proximity, the flole r^'both will be fert,l.cd as insects and the wind carry the pollen or dust from the per ect o the imj^rfoe flowers. It very often happens that the imperfect flowering variei produce the best crop, when properly pollinated, and this experience may lead f,^ growers who are igm,rant of the foregoing fact to the mistake of planting only on. variety, winch may be imperfect. ^ ^ ^^ A row of a perfect flowering sort .hould be plante.l to about everv two to four row. of an .mperfcct variety for good results. The proportion will depend on the a>,..ount of pollen produced by the perfect sort. Of course, it is not necessary to pll't an imperfect variety at all, as t'.ere are plenty of good sort, which have perfl" ow.rs. t ,s essential to have die perfect and imperfc.t .arieti^ in full ,,,Lm j ... same ime, as, if the former bloomed before the latter, there would be no objec ,1 liliuiling it as a pollinator. oujecc in Owing to the ease with which a new variety of strawberry is originated, and the .hurt time It takes to fruit the same, the number of new sort.<= Parh year in Am - verr large. Only a smaU proportion of those which are produced are better ZZ 11 ir even equal to, the best which are already on the market, bnt often the on'stinafnr h not 'he mo^t pompetpnt por.tl2 Iba. and S.ample 8,841 lbs.. These are not execptionnlly large yields, as the highest yield obtained at the Central E.xperimental Farm was from the Greenville in 1904, tbat variety yielding at the rate of 14,818 IKs. per pcre. Hardiest Varieties There have been some severe winters experienced at the Central Fxperimental Farm during the past twenty-one years, which have made it possible to lenm which varieties are the hardiest. The injury tri flowers from frost in the spring is often •onsiderable, as strawberry flower? are very sonsitive to the coM. hence it is important in some districts to know which have the hardiest flowrr-buds. .\mong the hardic=t varieties it has been found that the hardiness of the plant is iwually correlated with hardiness of flowers, although the late blossoming sorts are less likely t/) suffer than the early ones. Following are some varieties which have proven hardiest: Beder Wood, Lovett. Senator Dunlap, Pocomoke.. Crescent English Varieties. Many English varieties of strawberries have been tasted at Ottawa, but they have all proved too tender to be grown commercially or even for home use. The Kngli.sh 12 •orU have been .rigi.u.t,,! in a .li.naU.. ,,uite difftrent fr,,,,, ,l„>t in most parte of Canada, hmro it i. n.t a nmfl.r „f Knot H.rrrise t!>»t tluy .re t tender The be.t vnneties of A.neriea crit:in have to witi.Mand severe winter, before thev are ree-Knizecl a. valuable for general eulture. In Cheat Britain aiid Irelnn.l the' plants are not subjected to such trying conditions and becun.e popular for other reason*, be.ice when they are fubjeete.l to the fro.I. cf winter and heat and dry weather of sunn, er in Canada, fhoy fail to succeed well. As a rule, English varieties make few runners and hence are not as well protected by their foliage for extnn.es of temperature in winter or in summer as the best American sorts. Of those which have been tested the (.hnoipion of Ent'lan.l, Noble, and Albert appear the hardiest. The be«t English var.efes are better in ..uality than the best American berries, but some of the most profitabjp kmds in England are not the best quality. Tl* average variety there however, ., much sweeter and of higher flavour than those in Canada, but although the flavour .s higher one misses the sprightliness in some varieties which is character- •sUe of Canadian strawberries. The Royal Sovereign is the most popular variety in England. Tl.e Wm. Belt. Marshall. Brunette, and some others compare favourably in quality with the best English sorts, but unfortunately they are not the most produc- tive. Causes of Poorly-shaped Berries. There are two causes of poorly-shaped berries cr nubbins. The commone>^t is anfavourable weather conditions. The flower and growing fruit are very susoe,,tiblo to injury from cold winds or cold weather. Sometimes part of the berry is injured while anotlier part being, perhaps, more protected, escapes and develops normally' Ai,.,tlier cause of poorly-shaped fruit is lack of pollination. The supply of po'' n is either deficient in the fruit itself, or there has not bet-n enough brought by win.l and insects to pollenize all the stigmas of the berry. Extremely dry, hot weather may injure the pollen. Rainy weather during the blosst,ming sen^son may cause nuich poorly-shaped fruit by preventing proper pollination. The reicedy is to plant varieties with abundant pollen and mix these with any imperfect sorts wliich may be grown Keeping the plants back as much as possible in the spring, by net removing the mulch early, will help to avoid injury from cold winds and frost. Description of Varieties Eecommended. Bvder Woo,l (PirJ-Fonn round conical, medium size, pale red, not prominent seeds; flesh pale, juicy, acid, moderately firm. ineh bright red. juicy, tender, subacid, firm; above medium (H ality; season medium late; plant vigorous, large number of runners; foliage moderately g^.o.l, rusts slightly U) considerably. Pocomol-e (Per.).— Yin'it obtusely conical, large to very large; bright glossy red inclined to have white tins, seeer only the most i.nportnnt are de^.-ribod The infola t.on, of he hntomologist and Botani.t of the Dominion Exi.orimental ¥■ rn< Ja lV/„< _ r,r„;. The wlmo ^r.h of.on doo. ,n>„.l, daM.a.o in =trawborrv plantation, and somo ,„,es g.ves the fruit-grower, a ^reat deal of trouble. If. howover the mS h,story of th. insect i. hno.n an,i prop, method, foibnvod. it mav be eo o ,^ The method . to take only one crop „f f^uit fron> „ plantation and' then ,Z,Ht up. thus prcvouHn, the inject from passing through all it. stn.cs and so le",r n 'i I.nd for strawbernes should be prepared by ..o.inK .ome crop that 1 w i ^ «.n not oueh, and thus offering them no inducement to stay in the soil " A. the grow.Mg „f other crops, which the white grub, are fond of. near the s'raw- hemes m.,y be the means of introducing them to the s.rawberrv plant on tie ollow.ng descr,p,u,n of the lifo-histo^ of this in.ect a, given bv Dr. C Gordl ITew.tt, Dom.n.on Entomologist, will be useful in controlling them- 'Those insects in the adult stage are known in the south as the Afav bugs In the nor h they are .■ .ed the .Tune bugs, as this is the month of ,; .3 vear Zn t ^ .nsects themselves are flying around The white grubs ..re found in' natur 1 grl land and when such land i.s put under cultivation the white grub attacks the sul^ n..nnt crops ,n a s.mdar manner to the wireworm. and it is on .„ch ..rops that ^h" greatest m.ury ,.s effected. Son.etin.es the white grubs are in such large number. ,h U ey w 11 frcc,u,.Uly destroy whole patches of natural grass, and you sometln.es find wh le lawns destroyed by the presence of these white grubs, which feed on the roo^, No only do the grul. then.elves feed on the roots and grass, but their parents t e adult beetles, are also injurious. In Europe t},e Jun- ico.'-, ^rr , t! numbers that clouds of them fly across the country and eat up eve'rylhLg'bXre'tl.om almost I.ke locusts. The adult insect feed, chiefly on the foliage of hardwoods 1;^ tn iis the oak. maple, rlipstnut, willow, ash, etc., and •. «.- extromoly fond of fding on npplo treca, cspwinlly nnrspry >to(k. The adult insect i", 'li.rof.jre, jii-t i.^ :nuch • menace as its larva, the white grub. The insects usually app<'ar in this part of the world in .Tiino. iis tin'lr nnmp implios, and they Bcnornlly lly at niuht. Fnvpioiitly in .rum yo'.i will 90c a very larpo inspct flyini? ahout and somotimos It will liimp honvily nfrnin!«t you; ?iich an in^Oft is Kctiornliy ;i liirRo .Iiino !)ii'.r. or as it is calli^'l in cithnr parts of the worM, the coc-kchnfer. Tliey feed upnn the folinco of trros, ;\iid shortly afterwards dopo^iit their esxim in tho Brn\ind sinsrly at a deptli of an irr-li to tlir.>« indies, 'i'lip larv;p or wliit'> sruhs luitili out, and first fhoy fi'e.1 on tho y Mine and tender roots of the crop, wlu-tlier it is strawberry, onts, wheat or otlier eenvil crops, and on the approach of winter tliej go deeper into the Rroiind and pass the winter in tho ffruh stacre. The whito (rrii'\ lil:.l,- and often in the middle of it. th.e . .e beco... IJ^^ .:^::L''^:^,''Z:. e at fi.,t .mall also i.K-rea.e rapidly in size and often coalesce, thus Tnv ivhl ..r.e proportion of the leaf, which tb.ally wi,hcr«. A. the B,K>t. increase in I the centres become white. -and from this white portion are g.ven off ZrZl f wbeh are carried to other leav. and p.ants/thus prop:.";:: he St tr 7: the season, winter .poros are developc.1 from the same spots, but these are carrt ov r winter in small sacs which are attii. hed to the leaf Tl, . T spores to .cape until spring, when they^^se thett int^:^* "° "" ""'" ''' Bordeaux mixture will chec-k tl>is trouble if thoroughly applied Tn «I . control the disease it is n...ssary to b^.„ spraying Just J en ttave^^u f M n^ the spring, to destroy the winter spore.. A s.^on,l -pravint' ^hoiilH /I"''' ""^"''' '" as the bloom has fallen, a third immediately after the frlu h s h "! .' " T possible, a fourth later on. New plantations sh Id I sp „y^ 'rrli'th ' " ' '' — at as frequent intervals as a. nece.ary to Wp theTot^^r; wTZ Fann to test the value of tl. method, r......:^tZ^ ^^t^^^^l Siu.ilar area of the same varieties was not burne.l It wa.« fn„., 1 ,) . , , m, e.,tra amount of litter lying on the row. tic^Z 7JZ^^^^^ '"" T i..iured by burning. Tl. af.r.rowth „f „., ,,„, z:^^':^:::::--^:^ ...althy, but rust soon developed. At the close of the season however Z r..ants were much healthier than those un.prayed. in small antats ^'77 would be to mow the foliage and after raki,,. it off burn it in^ile. X ; h'e woHd be no chance of injury to the plants. ' Pcdcry Miideu, of ike Stra.berry.-Tl.o disease known as powdery mildew is no common in this country, but in one locality i„ Ontario, at least, it hi done In siderable hann and, as it may soon spread, it should he referred to here. When this disease is bad it cover. ,!,c fruit with i.nldcw. ma].io« a unfit for sale or conTumpt o The grower does not usually notice tJie disease until it affects the fruit but as a u lo .t starts on the underside of the leaves, which eventually curl up, a d n orde to 17 control it, it must be treated curly, an the plantu cann.it b.- >=iini>..l satisfa.toriiy wli.n Um fruit i* (Ifvclopiiiir, alllioiiKli aiMn>c.niae are siattered curly in the spriutf from the tiny 'ttcd in whieh they are contained during the winter. Th-v '"■.,n u.ni inate and attack the leav.-s. As this di^'i.-e H'r.a(U only on tho surluie of the i-avos it is readily controlLd if treated at the proiM.'r time. COST OF GEOWINO ONE ACRE OF STEAWBERRIES ((},U00 hox(s). Rent of land (? years) *10 00 Preparation of land ■* 00 FertiW. =^"«« Plaut^ 30 00 Planning ^ ""^ Cultivation ^^ ^ Mulehin,' ^0 00 Boxes 2100 «... CO 00 FickiHi^ Crates and marketinfe' 25 00 $210 00 Selling 6,000 boxes at .5c. per box 3i30 00 Net profit $84 00 Note.— The crop nuiy be much larger or it may be smaller, and the price obtained for the fruit wiD be higher in mniiy eas<'s than tho pstiiiKifc made in diis table, wliile ia the districts where fruit is produ.-ed on a larger scale the prices may be lower. 80143—2 u THE RASFBEBRT >oi/.— '1 he ri'd nwplH'r.-.v iora/,o„ o/ Me So,7.-The better the soil is ,.ro,.are.i bcoro n!„n.i„. .1 > the ro.ult. will be. I).,, ,„ou.hi„, and liberal ..nLi , are iort ^ : """ t..e ,..ev,„us sea.on wil, ,,.1,, to n.ake ,ood eonditions L rnp 1 ^w.^ JUU 'T so-1 ,s bard it sbould be loo.ened to enable the roots to .et don. V regular suppl, of n.oistura. which i, in.portant in drv weathlr " """ '^ * .ood nu.,bod i. to plan. .he. in hili:;: Z ^ ^ir ^ len'V^" "' T'f '"^ '-•ultivatcd both way.,. As it is i.. -tant to have a ne I'J !'' T T"- "^ '"'" :w,. plants 0,0. . that there will li..!, . be at lea. :::.r VlJI^^rf 'I^r 19 iiiK vari'otiM «pp piniiti'il nh >iit tlin 4111114 aftor plmi'iii; (hi» BPi.iii'l !tliiiiil>l lio oiillivnlc"! mill the »urfni'i> dhmiM \ liopt louro by fr stroncost fur fruiliii>{. Thi-t n;ii.v bo (bum either in the niitunin or sprinR. If eiincs 'ire to be eovered for protection in winter, which i-i desirrtWo where tlic.v iin- liiiMe to he kllli-d. thi'y are prown to n hriirlit of four to six feet. Where tlicy are not protected the canc'' iiri- usually licadc I hick when tlicy have reachecl a tu'iirht of tilleen to twenty inchen, hitcrnl-. then drew and a very stocky ph.nt i^ the result. These laterals are 01' ba<'U fruni twilve tci liflccn inches either in late fall or spring. Whore actual con., ons have l>een made -c.iiunier Iiinchinx has not (r'ven uj satisfactory results us when the eanc.s are lot ffrow their nuturnl leng'h and the slender tips merely pinchod off in the sprin?. In colder dis- tricts these laterals are liable to be injured by winter. The ennc-s of blackcap raspberries should be cut back each seu.son wiien they havo reached a lieiKht of two to t%vo nnd a half feet, as unless this is doie they are difRcult to mana>;c. By pinchinf? back I. c plant becomes stocky aid throws out laterals. Tlw laterals may bo cut back to a leiiRth of twelve to fifteen inches in the autumn, but it is better to leave them until sprinp, when it' there is any injurefore winter sets in nnd holding them down by a little soil 1. 11 the tips. To Iwnd and cover thom without bn aking, a little soil is taken nit on one sida of the hill, the cunes arc then collectcil in a bunch, pressed -j lbs. The hij,-li,,-t individual yield was obtained from the Herbert in 1904, which produced 50 lbs. 12 ozs. of fruit from two rows each 18 feet in length, or one row .-It! feet Iour. which is at the rate of IlM':!4 lis. per acre, or 319 bushels 20 lbs., estimaliut; a bushel at 3i' lbs. While these large yields aie from small plots, they show the possibility of increas- ing tho average yield throushout the country verj' much. THE BLACKBERET. The blackberry is a native of the Eastern States, and in Canada it is found from Nova Scotia westward and northward to near the Manitoba boundary. n Tlie coiiimcreial lultun- <>( blaikLcrrict in <)n»«rio tinl (}mtno i" ronfinul timitily to K.iitlmi lliinii di»trict, wh.r.' tli, i. i- n l.i.ivy fall nf iiiow. llui Itli. rriia* lucccwl vtry well, but win n uuprotottoJ l>.v thi« cuvt ring in wiiitiT liny are not Mtiifoctory. Thry are irruwn with varjing dt-u^ct vt t\ti\'c** in otlur piirti of tlii»e iifiiviiixx, tjie anutuiit of protertion th«'> Kit in wintiT ii«uiilly itoierii- iriK I'i" rt'-iilli iilitainiMl. At Ottawa thcrt- in ninly a K"'><1 *''"!' of lilai'klnri i.K, uh tliiTo \» not i|iiite »iiniinh uncAv b< a rule to prutfi't thi-in will, and the camv am iiijimd. Hincklirrrii-M du pxri'i'ticnntly will in llritish Colundiii, and uUo luoitd in part* uf tilt' Miiiitinii' l'ruviiic<.«. Propagation. Thu blackberry ii i no uf the cBiitut fruita to prupuifuto. The mokir<, whir-li arc l>rodi]' 111 in Krt-at iiiiinLtr», may lie iimmI, it if ono wii-hi-i to pri'|i,i(.Mtc a variit.v imii iiiuro rapidly than by luiker?, it iniiy be iiiiTtai.ed fnin root ciillitiB*. The ruct'^ aro cut up int ' pit'iT* two or three inohea long. They nay lithtr bo made in llii' full or in the Hprinjr, and thi-n i.lantcd in nnrwry rowa about thru- inrbcs di'<'|> for ono ».a»on, at the clo-.' tif which if the «uil in will cultivutcJ time will bo good plantx available. Soil, FlantinK uid Culture. The blaikborrv ripiui it* fruit at a trying time uf the yiar, aa in late July or August thi-re is oftin liot, dry weather, and if there is not a ^'oud supply of moisture in the soil tho fruit will dry up, and whut has promised a big erop will result in only ■ ftw good berries. In sc'erting a soil, therefore, one should be chosen which will retain moisture well. As tin- blaekberry is inelitud to grow late in the fall, and on thia account is tnurc tender than the ru5|il«.'rry, soil should be ilu.sen which although rich in plant food bar not an uxoes* of nitrogen, which would be liable to induce late growth. Iliuee bottom knd should be avoided in most jilace.-j, as such is likely to be rich in nitrogen. One of the I ;st soils for blackberries is a good upland clay loam. In -uih ^oll there is likely to be buffieient plant food without aji excess of nitrogen, making cuiidi- tions favourable for the devcloiiineut of the crop and vi|ieiiing of tiie wood. The Mill ghould be well pripareil as for all other bush fruits, and a good application of well rotte.>cinlly fii r' fniit is li-iirivl n ijiiofl tnothod of plontiiiR is N) wt the plunta ahnut eight foet nimrt Cin:h viiv iiul keep Hipiri in hilN. Ry this inothod cultivation niay be maintained both ways, anil tho pl.inta having a botti r opportunity to devolop will bear finer fruit. Oiiod eriltivntion should bo pivon the first year to pet the plants well established and to pronuro a strong (;ri>\vtli early in the season. When the plants are eii^htoen intlio: to two fi'ot in lniijlit tlicy slionhl bo pinched off to moke tlifin throw out sido shoots and thus kfoj) tin in tin' better within bounds. All canes except three or four of t!ie strongo.it should bo cut o\it. The sec.Mid year the new siioots niade that season should be pinched back when between eiKlitocn incho.-) to two feet in lieiKht, and as they will not all bo tlie •.;imic belKlit at the same time, it is necessary to go over the pliintation povoral limes. It is important to do this work in Kood time, as if done too lato the laterals will grow too late and be injured by v.inter. During the second season five or six of the strongest oauos should be left, ami all the ri:st sboidd be removed either during the summer or in the autumn. This practice is then followed every year, the canes which have borne t'luit beiuij removed as soon after fruiting lus it is convenient to do the work. Each spring the laterals shouhl be headed back considc^rably, the length of lateral to be left dei)ending on the variety, as some kinds set fruit further out on laterals than others. Until the fruiting habit of the varieties is known the laterals should not be headed back until the flower buds show. The length of lateral to leave after pruning will vary con- siderably, but there should not be more than two feet left. If it has not been possible to pinch in summer, and no pinching is better than pineiiiug too late, the bustiea may be headed back to three or four feet in iieight in spring, and the laterals hcided in as already described. The pinching baek in summer tenuis to keep the bushes lower than they otherwise would be, and they are thus more protected in winter, but they m.iy be still more protected by bending them over and covering the tips with soil to hold them in place, although this is very unpleasant work, and it scarcely pays to do it if blackberries are grown for sale. The eon-eivation of moisture is very important in growing l)laekberrie3, and as tho fruit docs not ripen until late in the sunnr.er, cultivation will be later than for 01 '-t fruits. It will be u>iiiilly founer!'ce;iy ripe, is one of the tmest fruits, but if pi<-kod beforp it is ri|>e is quite unfit for e.se. I'nfortuiuilely some varieties becomo black before they are fully ripe iuie in the best interests of their business if fruit growers would pay more attention to this n:atter. and only ship Iriiil whiih will be fu good condition when it reaehe.s the consumer A hiaekbcrry idantatiMii is in full bearing the third seaseti after planting, aiH will continue prolitable for a long time if well carod for, but it is usually best to renew tho jduntation every eight or ten yeura. lib 23 Yields of Blackberries. Tlifi Wiirliborry is ft more utK'ortain cropper than tlie currnnt, goo^Miorry and rn.<|)l)orr.v, iin it suffers more in wintiT nnil 13 affected more by dry wcntluT in suninu-r Xo really t,'(ioil cTDps of blai-kborries have been produeed nt f)ttawa, the best yield hfiiiir ill l"'!^"!, when the Agawam yielded at the rato of 2, {52 boxes per aere. The next ho-t yield was in UMl.'!, when the AErawani yielded at the rate of 1,970 bnx.i.s per ti'-re. liiiilcv. in his Ilortieidturir^t's Uult> Ho .1;, frives the yield at from .lO to 100 \)nshi!l9 per aire, wliii-h at .".2 llis. t.> n lnwhel is from I.IOO to ;i.200 Ihs. Varieties of Blackberries Recommended. Acrawain, Snyder, Kldorado; and for soutlu'rn sections, Kittatinny. Diseases and Insects. Anili ramose or liasphcrry Cane Itimt. — Aiithraeiiose has seriously injurec repiMducos it-^^clf liy spores in summer wliich are scattered by wind and rain. The disease is sn|)posed to pass through the winter by means of the myceliiim of the fungus in the intercellular spaces of the cane. Poor success usually attends any attempt to control tliis disease by spraying, although some experimenters claim to have obtaincpraying is made about two weeks after the sccnml, jmying s|K'oi.il :!tlention to tlie young canes. A fourth spraying should be nuide just before bloomiiur. Fruiting canes should he cut out and burned immediately after ti'uiting. Healthy pL.nts should, if luissihlc, be obtained from another source when making a new planta- tion, and those planted on different soil. Antlnaenose is usiniUy worse in neglected plantations, hence raspberries should be wi'll cLued for and the canes kept thin in the rows, as if tliere is a pood circulation of air tliere is less likely to be injury from this disease. /I'crf Spider. — In dry years great injury is occasionally done in plantations of raspberries, currants and gooseberries, as well as on apples and n;aiiy other kinds of 24 fruits, by various species of spinning niites which are usually spoken of in a general wny by horticulturists under the name of ' Rod Spiders,' These arc all very minute rrddish, or greenish white, mites that are found <'ii the lower surlacc* of the loaves, whieh they cover with a line network of web in which tliey live and which renders it very difficult to get at them with ordinary liquid applications. These minute creatures propagate very rapidly, and their injuries to plants ly sucking out the juice of the leaves is very soon apparent by the bleaclied appearance of the foliage, wliich soon dries up and falls away. Remedy. — It is probable that most kinds of red spiders pass the winter as eggs on the bushes. Plantations which have been infesteture. Cultivation. As the currant, to do welh nnist have a good supply of moisture, Pultivation should be begun soon after planting, and the sirface soil kept loose during the sunaner. While the plants are young the cultivation may be fairly many of the roots are quite near the surface. Fertilizers. After the first application of n.anure no more should be nccessarj- until tl;c plants begin to fruit, unless other crops are grown between, when an annual top dressing of well rotted barnyard manure is desirable. When only a light application of manure is given, the addition of two or three hundred pounds per acre of muriate of potash should be very beneficial. Wood ashes also make a good fertilizer with barnyard manure. There is little danger of giving the curiant plantation too much fertilizer. Unfortunately it is usually the other way, this fruit being often very much net'lected. When in full bearing currants should be fertilized every year. Pruning. The black and rtJ currants bear most of their fruit on wood of difFcrcnt ages, hence the pruning of one is a little diflFcrent from the other. The black currant bears most of its fruit on wood of the previous season's growtli, hence it is important to always have a plentiful supply of on.-year old healthy wood. The reJ and white currants produce their fruit on spu.-s which develop from the wood two or more jei'rs of age, hence it is important in pruning red and white currants to have a libera! supply' of wood two years and older, but as the fruit on the verj- old w.,od is not so pood as that on the younger, it is best to depend on two and three year wooiu= annual prunir:-; the h\!sh can be kept sufficiently open to .idrnit Hpht .in,] sun- shine. A good rule is to not have any of the branches more than three years of age, as if kept down to this limit the wood will be heiilthier, stronger growth will be made and the fruit will be the better. 20 When to Renew the Plantation. A ciirmnt plnntntion will l)i>ar n srir'af mnii.vKond crops if well oared for, but if it !■• lu'fjlfi'ti'il tlip bii^liis lusi' their vigour in a few years. The Rrowor will have to '1.1 i(le when to rciunv tlie plnntation by the aiipcaranco of the bushfa. but as a currant I'lantation can l)o reueweil at coinpiirntively little l.iboui it it best to have now hushiM '■'iMiiuf? on before tlie old ones show sipns of weak?i(w«. At least six {food crops tuny li' roniovod with fair treatment, and ten or more can be obtained if the bushes are in rieh soil and well eared for. Where oi.e has only a few Inishes for imn.e use they niiiy i.e roinvi;rorated by cutting eai'h of them down to the ground in alleruate years, and thus oblaiuiua a fresh supply of viifmous young wood. RED AND WHITE CURRANTS. The red currant makes excellent jolly, and its popularity is largely due to that fact. A large quantity of red curri'.nt jelly is made every year in Canada. Rod currants are used to a lesser >.'.\tent for pies and as jam, and are also eaten raw -vitli sugar. As a fruit for eating out of hand the r''-' currant i* not very popular, hut there are few fruits so refreshing and if it had ]:j ueidity more red currants would be eaten that way. The white currants are better liked for fating otT the bush than the red as *' are not so acid. The Moore Ruby and Early Scarlet are two red vario- ties, ' ,\er, which are milder than most others, and for this reason are better adapted for eating raw than most. I'he red currant does not vary a.s much in quality as t "^ black. Red currants will remain iti condition on the bushes for some time after ripen- ing, hence do not have to be picked a.s promptly as the black. Varieties of Red and White Currants Recommended. Red — I'or general culture. — Pomona, Victoria. Cumberland Red, Red Dutch, OreenfieM, Kankins' Red, Red Grape. Where bushes are ])rotected with snow in winter, uud for the n:ililer districts. — Pomona. Victoria, Oumberlaud lied. Wilder, Ciierry, I'ay aud Red Cross. P(;rfecfi(jn is i)romising. H'/nVt'.— White Cherry. Large White, White Ura|>e. It is possible that under different conditions of soil jimI climate other varieties u:ight do equallj' well. BLACK CURRANTS. fiieie are not so iiinuy blaci< currants grown m Caiiatla .is red, but there is a steady demand for them, and it is believed there will be an incieasing denui-' ' as they become better appreciated. The black currant makes excellent jelly, a; merits of black currant jam have long been known. ^ 27 VarieHes of Black Currants Becommended. f5aitn(!fr«. Cnllina Prolitic, IJuddenliorg', Victoria. Of those not yet on the market which are considered equal to or liottcr than those ahnvo. the following are tlie bo«t:— Kerry, Eclipse, Magnus. Cliprer, Climax and F.rtffle, and the Suc'.-css for an early varif'ly where yield is not so important as size and quality. Topsy is very handsome and of good size and good quality, and ri|ions evenly. I)ut hin not been quite as productive n-f some others. Bnskoop Ciant is proniir.ing. Propagation. Tlie u^uiil nietliod of prop.igatiiig currants is by means of outtii.irs. These root very reudily and good phmts are obtained after one season's trrnwth. The best time to m.'iUo the cuttings is in the autumn, as currants begin Vi wrow very early in the spring, and once the buds have swollen thoy cannot be rooted »uc<'essfully. Wood of the current season's growth is used. Tliis m.ay be cut early in the autumn as sorm a* the wood has rii>encd, at Ottawa from the end of August to the middle of September being a good time. They should be cut in as long pieces as possible, to ?ave time in the field, and put in a cool, moist cellar or buried in the sand. If the cuttings can l)e made at'once it is best to do so. These are made by cutting the wood into pieces each about eight to ten inches long, although un inch or two more or less is not of mtich consequence. The base of the cutting should be made -♦'• a square cut below the last bud. There should be at least half an inch of wood Icf, • top bud of each cuttinsr. as there should be a strong growth from the upper bud, d if the wood is cut too close it is liable to be weakened. A sloping out is best for the upper cut aa it will shod rain better, but this is not important. When made, the cuttings should be planted at once, which is usually the best plan, or liccled in. If heeled in they should be tied in bundles and buried upside down in warm, well-drained soil, with about three inches of soil over them. The object of burying them upside down is that by this method the bases of the cuttings will be nearer the surface where the soil is warmer and there is more air, and tlicy will callous quicker than if they were further down. Tlio cuttings ,!i(;uld callous in a few weeks, and they may then be planted outside if thought advisable. Cuttings m.iy be kept in good condition over winter by heeling iii or burviiig in the saud in a cool cellar, or after callousing under a few inch"es''of soil outside they mi.y bo left there over winter if covered wit!, from four to five n:ore inches of .oil to i.revent their drying out. Good result.s are obtained v/itli the least trouble by planting the cuttings in nursery rows as soon as they are made. The soil should be well prepared ami should be selectod where water will not lie. Furrows are opiiuvl three feet !ii)art and deep enough so that the top bud, or at most two buds, will be above ground. The cuttings arc placed about six inches apart oil the smooth side of the furrows and soil thrown in and tramped well about tbcm. Where only a small number are to bo planted a trench may be opened with a spade. Yield of Currants. The i-ed currant is one of the most reguhir bearing of all fruits, and as it ii naturally productive the average yield should be large. Uailey, in the Iforticulturist'a S8 Rule Poole, puts the avornge yitlil at IIH) bii-'hcls ikt acre. Cnr^l. in his liook on Bush Fruits, iiiiikcs it 1(H) to l.^iO liushflH, witli a possll)ln jield of .i^'n l)u>licls per n, in a new plantatinu yielded .'iSl lbs. fnjtn si.i buslits, or at the rate of l.'l,4.'?l lbs. per aere, or 3^!) bushel* 31 lbs. Tlie.so are very large yields, nnd while half of this aniount may bo e.tpeeted in ordinary field eulture, the faet that s, eh yields ean be produeed on a small area ihould be an inspiration to get more on u larger one. The average yield of blaek eurrants has been son.ewhat less than the red, although individual yields have been large. The Saunders euirant in an average of four years yielded at the rate of C.382 lbs. per aere, or over l.'iO bushels. The highest yield of black currants was obtained in 1905, when six bushes of Kerry planted six by five feet apart yielded t')2 lbs. of fruit, or at the rate of 15,004 lbs. i)er aero, eijual to 375 bushels, estimating at 40 lbs. to the bushel. Diseases and Insects. The currant is afTeeted by very few diseases. The only ones which do much injury are the following: — Leaf Spot, Rust. — The Leaf Spot fungus affects black, red and white currants, causing the leaves to fall prematurely, and thus weakening the bushes. This disease is first noticed about midsummer, when small brownish spots apjiear on the leaves. These often become so numerous that they affect a large part of the foliage; soon it is difficult to centred it if the bushes are not sprayed until after the fruit is piemd, except by using the ammoniacal copper carbonate a week or two before the leaf spot is expected. This will net diseoloiir the fruit, and a second application may be given if necessary. As soon as the fruit is picked the bushes should be thoroughly sprayed with Bordeaux mi.\turo. Experiments have shown that this disease can be controlled by spraying. Currant .4n/Arac/io«'.--Tliis disease which nuiy be mistaken for the Lc •' "'-pot, affects ditfcrent parts of the bush, inehiding the leaves, leaf stalks, young branches, fruit and fruit stalks. On the leaves it may be evident during the month of .lune by the small brown spots, which are usually smaller than those made by the Leaf Spot fungus. The lower leaves are affected tirst and finally the upper ones. They turn yelliiw and gradually fnll 1'^ the ground, and when the disease is bad the bu-lie- are defoliated before their time. On the petioles or leaf stalks the disease causes slightly sunken spots. The fruit is afEoctcd with roundish black spots, which are easier seen wdien the fruit is green. On the young wood the diseased areas are light in colour and are not so noticeable. The wood is not nearly so much injured by the disease as the leaves. The spares which spread this disease are formed in pustules, the majority of which are under the upper epidericis of the leaf. Where the spores are to appear the surface of the leaf is 20 roisod nnd Miuken. <1 in ?rots lo.kii.ir like ginnll riinpl»'s. Wlifii tlift spoici «Tft rrudy to poiiic out the skin br-iiks and they csciipe and n-wU-i-t ( tluT y.xTtt. Wli. u llio fiiliuKO dropx early on a.-.M,uiit of this disease tlio fruit is li.ihh) to he scalded by the Buu. The faiit may al>o wither before riiHwiiup properly owiusr to luek of fed or lu. isture. as the leave^ having fallen, are uuable to keci) up the neeo^sury supply. The premature falling of the leaves prevents the bud- troui iiiaturiuB properly, h. n.<( thty are lot in ns iiood eiuidition to bear fruit the next year. Siraying with Bor.leaux mixture is reeommcnded as nn aid in contrMlliii!.' this di^ea.-e. It \vi uld be wi-^e, where currant antliraeno-e is troubhMinu-. to i-pray the bushes thoroughly bef..n' the leaves appear. A second spraying -hould ho made when the leaves are unf.dding, and successive sprayings at intervals of from ten to fourteen .\, black ann«(>n. There are at leant two brnixlii in a leiuoB in Canada. The fi 'it appur. j.4i»t as the leaves are attaining full ifrowth, and th« siXMmd just at the fruit is ripcninK. Tlio perfect insect is a foiir-wiTiKpr body. Tlio fenialo is larger than the nmlo and has the body as well as the legs yellow. Ilcmi'dy. — For the first linxKl a weak mixture of Pi'ris green, 1 ounee to 10 (fullons of water, may be sprnyed over the bushes, or a dry mixture, 1 ounce of Paris Kiccn to i)oun(ls of Hour, n:ay bo dusted over the foliage after a shower or when the liiaves are damp with dew. For the second brood, Paris green must not be used, but wli;te hellebore; this is dusted on as a dry powder, or a decoction of this powder. 1 ounce to 2 gallons of water, may be snrayed over the bushes. It is, of course, fur better to treat the first broood thorounlily. so as to reduce tlie number of females which would lay eggs for the second brood THE OOOSITBEBRT The goo.seberry has received I'omparativcly little attention in America, although in north Europe, and especially in the British isles, it has long been a prime favourite, and a wonderful improvement has taken place in its size during the last two or three hundred years. When it was first cultivated in Europe — probably in the 16th century — the wild fruit, if it was like what it is now, would be only about one-half an inch in diameter and less than one-quarter of an ounce in weight. Tlie largest gooseberries vV.ich have been produced in recent years average several times this size, the largest one of which we have a record weighing two ounces, although thei« are doubtlc-is larger specimens on record. The English and European goospbeiri( s are derived from a species of native or north Europe, called Ribes Grossularia. As the gooseberry is a native of Canada and is found growing wild almost or quite to the Arctic circle, its culture will no doubt be extended very for north. There is a steady though limited demand for gooseberries in Canada, but the gooseberry has never been generally popular in this country. In England gooseberries are used in great quantities for eating out of hand and for jam; in (y four feet •part, yitldid "0 ILi., or at the rate of 'J7.'.'25 llis. per uc-re, ciiii.il tn i'Vct (IJto liiistieln (ler acre. The liinhtHt yield iiiiiitioned by Card in hia work on Hush Fruits, is at tiio rate of "l.Mi hutlieis per ar..|.niriitc this ilixfiini'. It in ii-iiiilly ti-lircl tlrnl in llir l-'Wi r i\ii<\ m.i-t «lm.li'.l parti* ul' the tiiisli. WIi.mi th<' it|)«)rc» nn- lMiii« ifivfii off, tlir iiiiMi'W iiii- ii powili'iy ;ip|'c.iniiii'i'. Wirilcr dp'T.- m' fi.rim'il later, wliicli jii riniiiiili' in tin- -priiik'. .\* ll"' nyi'i'l' ui: iiU'l -poru* oru I "ii the surfnco it rnijjlit be tli.'Hulit llii- 'li-"'U*o coiiM U' iMHilv confiilliil, but tlio wi'iitlicr <'Miiililiiiii!i in ilii'< country Hcrin - ■ Icvnuriilili' to tlie lU'Viiopuiiut of iporw that the >{ooscln'rr>- iiiilduw sproiwln with k'rc.il rupiilily, nml ron-timt and .ironifh K[prayinK!i ure ncir^Kiiry to provetit il from •Inim; -o. AiMoriian viirielii .■* arc vliloni utiii'fcil hy ({ooKolirrry luiMiW, ullhou«h occaiionully ilii'y art) slightly altuckoil. A',m.i/i/. -First up|ilicatioii. — Copper siilphatf or iiine-aiil|ihiir wa-li, jiHf iM-forc Kavei opi-n. Secoinl appliialion.— I'oi-.ini'il H.ir'li'uiix or iKjtassiucii sulphide d oz. to :,' k"IIoih water), or linu-sulpluir wi'..*h, just i)cr..ri' Ihjwrr hinls < po.i. Third application.— ';<'rdi(i7-uorm.--.'ust l.eforo gooseberries ripen, clusters of two or tlire* may .sometimes be noticed, which are prematurely coloured and which are joined together by the webs spun by the caterpillar of a small moth. These caterpillars are pale greenish-white and .soineiimes have a reddish tinge. They live in.sido the berries and, when tlie contents of one berry are consumed, attack atiotlier near at hand, joining It to the lirst by a silken web. When full grown they fall to the groun.l and spin parehn:ent-like cocoons just beneath the surface of the ground. The motlw, which are pale-grey markeii>rliIy \V1,:.,. lu-!|ri,.,r. , . , , . , . 1 ..J. \v.-' "f t. Ir .: ''■■! " 'ilMffll OViT ihr llttiK'luil til.llll-, Ktro-nr Kt„ ,.-, Fur Itnr.'.-hi,! nmi ullnr t.ufk,n'j i. ■■ 'is — KvlDSClW (il,.l! f ■'* _1 ";.^i,,;;j. Rain WiitiT. . , _ I ., , ' 11^ '^''■.".l- <] II.. Dis..-.1\, ■ ,.,|i ill Miiirr Itv l...illi.L': tak«> ft Hi ilr.-. mi.^I, uhllr liMt. |,.,iir ui k( r mj umj .hurii I r.AAs f"r li- •■ iniiiuu>. l'",.r u.-.-. iKlnr.- uiili n |iiirt» ■ i' v,.,ut. i l.c ......vt) ;) Ka!!.iii- lit iha-k iiiiii!-;.iii will liiiiko ;!i) l:.i!1..ii- ,.t' »|T.i>iii.: i.ils. n.-. h loin Em / '();i — 'v ri'-i-'i' • 1 .lii.irf. H"1P .s o/^. \^' r. :( rnll..M-. Stir t'Lt'tl.,!- iL • ii'iir an^l I.-itu^i-mis llini ;mM tin. wiitiT, nii.j .■Inirii \ in',- \v f-jr fve ii.inir' -. I.i !«■ u-.-fl ^ii ..iici-. \Vh,i!.-„;! ,<„„,, - l"..r l.r.. n ..!• Mi,.'k 11.! !; ] i!.. i,, ( .: i!Im,> ..f ■•. .iur. I'nr V. ,1,. ip^,.,|- (v.. . , 1 •• .", " F(.|- L'tl'CIl ;ip:;i^ ..f tllT'- 1 " '! •' F"|- Siin .fi.^.' -ii\\v I ill U-illtlT" 1 '• \ •' Li lllf-.1ll!i:l'lir ll'lv/ Fur i^'lij Joy s'lllf iliii (■iniuu:s ,!,'t,, ly.fi I. in:.- :;.( \\.^. Sulphur. |.:.-.\l.-r.-l 1.".!!.,. Wati-r lo ii ill;.- I" trail.-. im. Siiik.- ii.'- iliiit- ^^liil "ihi^ •■!l--il^il W.lici (.. .;.- 11 l!l..r..'lj^ili\ . .V.i'i lilt- -uiiih'ir Ia diistin^r it nv.-r llit- liun- ulilli- -lakiiii;: -tir w.il a'l-l In. 11 l-.r at l.-a--i ah Imiir. ' ' Hm:.' only .so niiii-li lii't wait r a- ir^ ti.-'-.---^ary fur j -^rnii^. W'li. n iii.,i- :.ii;j;l,iy l--- i .-d. strain throuL'li -a'-klnii. ami apj-ly ! -.t. .A^fjfcs; ".^•?«i^ WIhii loiii iiitiMii'il liiiK -iiii'liiir «.i*h i» i**?"! it ihuuUI Ir dlltilcil t rllc .nlil -..-ill Ir. I M:*. I I! ^, Ill .; |. ti'. M'liiit.' il ill a « Ic'li ' I- .irlln 11 visycl v:il.'il. •••i il 'il. liiiii- ill iitiotlior v..-~cl. It tile Imii'\ vvlii-'i -.hik.-.i. \* Imiijiy ..r niMiiuI.ir. it "li'.'ilil I..' -trnitn'il ihr..iifli i-ii.ir-i' ^.ii-kini.' of ;i iiti.- -icM . i'.iiir th.- .■..(■iht -ui|iluui' ~. iii,.ii in!.. .. i'.in-. I. •'<■ it iiiiy !ii. i|i ~.ih.-.! In il.i-. iit lin- tir-it |.l:b'.>; liall' till tlif lr;iiT.'l ■\'"^ •■■■■. .liUil,. (lie -hik- .1 li'ii.- '" liair .. i.ii-ivl nt Hiii.T. .i\-A |ii:ir n.t.i l!..- .hi. 1. I ;!i.li,itf -..lu- li,.ii. ih. I -111- lli.ir. ; i ii il i- ill. Ml i'..:i.l.'.' Ii.r .i5i>. 1 Xiv..r mix .i .. .'iitr itci tiiilk I.I lini" ;iii'l . i.i.|.iT -.'I iti.'ii. I A -I' <-k -.ilili l' ■•niii'fr 3i.l|.ii:(i.. .iimI iiilk of liiu.. 11..!.'. !..• pr.-iMi-.-.l inil ki-pt in si'iiurate ruvcif.! i.iiM.i- llir..i.i;liiiut lln- ^»llrayill^^ »eii-p.ii. '11. ■ .jii.in'ii if« ..f ..ipjier -i:l|.li;iti-. lime all. I unirr -li.niM I'f '.'ir.tMIy ii..!.-.!. l'...rp!.-iiix inixi-r.' .ii'tcri ■ratog uitli i^;i' iitl'l -Il 'iM lir 11-1-1 ;i- -.M,|i 1- 111,1,1... !'.. i.'-f rniril.Mii\ ii.ixiiir.' i.'i I iiMi. I'f' i"f>rriii\v,iiii'K- I'f iiiit;i--iiiri -.liuioii lall luin till- niixtiiri' wlicii ri.iils. Il llu' inlxliiri' turn? rrown ;:.!.i iimre n^i!', if liiii.- i.ni i! 11" '■Ikiiiil!! Ink.'- |ilai'i'. I'iilj m .'<. — In ihf |0 irnlI.'U.- Pit HiinlraiiN 'niNtiiro ii!'i"i'.;.ui .i- .il'...c, .i.i 1 i ij .5 j',i.^.:i ui I'.u.o jju-cii, ur 11, ■. ..f ill-, iiati- of luaj. '*F!Kn2aB T-^'^AI^^i fi-