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A '•♦> / » M 1 II.- / «! f:\ '») // THE BRITISH EMPIRE Stm m ^ ^t^ tt ■.«■ RLD \aphy,* nif>ti/\>f .1i^r./.j.*JiyivArhll,l K K R r ■n* J T JL A ^ T^W 'L..M Canm JBT«>mO£2 [arna** ^'>»'>:5 1 KISM S E A, FuNM.ti .1iM.i.i.'t-x>.^v&rhUif\! v I'Uln.ic (hurt t il .j.'^'ii\itAr/Mf\! »•• C^liruic iluinHm(itf.^in\tT,oNdon . I ^«^vn«H^B '(" I ( ■MP ) m i>v ,^ «Y/iviK ».">w»/4iif^-.C!MwZ,.*faiv. . ^ U' I 'X J r THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN 1826; Sf iimo A- popular'grammar ow IN thk FOUR QUARTERS OF THE WORLD t I V. . With Seven Maps and One Hundred Viewt. By THE Rev. J. GOLDSMITH, / Author of the " Grammar of General Geography,'' *• Biographical Claaa-Booh^^ 8fc, fife. THE FIFTEENTH EDITION. LONDON: PUBLISHED BY G. B. WHITTAKER, / A VE-M aria-lane; ii AND MAY BE HAD OP ALL BOOKSELLERS. Price 5«. 6d. in red. '■ $1 ■Mi*««iMHMaiiH.-.>«Sv*,< . i i 1 ■:.'• < Y. < »- *.^ j.4 '• * , V^k ^*> $■ "I i. ■'■:■' [if CONTENTS. * cnerdl ObtervaUon$ . . Page 1 ii'ith Constitution and U - . . 'I^alta • . , - . . Mtyal Succession . ... . I ttocuments illustrative *tf.tht Constitution nf JSfif ioml • \ Mir Richard PhiUips'eQold/tmBMlee . ,. \. population . 9 ». . I State cf the Representation . . I 'Ecclesiastical Survey qf England and Walee • Perpendicular Heights of Hills in England and Walet . 'Distances from London of the County Tuwne HtVade qf the United Kingdom . . . . Bank Notes in Circulation . . . . , Progress qf Crime . » .... . JRevenue . .,:.... Public Expenditure , • ■ . Commerce qf England . ... tliravigation of the United Kingdom Public Funded Debt of the United Kingdom . . Funded and Unfunded Debt qf Ireland . Fixpences qf Navy . . • . Ordinary Revenues and Extraordinary Resourcee Etymologies of Common Names qf Places • List of the Market Towns . . Latitude and Longitude qf Remarkable Places Questions for the Exerri" of the Pupil ^ , 85 38 *^ 56 fi» 114 185 186 IM 140 14S 140 ISO IflS 166 160 179 181» 181 182 189 191 805 830 836 239 84a £4e 844^ 84^ »«► 95k 857 &59 860 861 8fi8 863 S6t 865 £68 887 «91 DIRECTIONS FOR PLACING THE MAPS. I. Britiib Islands Title & Eoflaod and Walei M S. Scotland 134 4. Ireland 140 A. Britlih America 160 a WettlndlM IS6 t. Baitlndlet 168 DIRECTIONS FOR PLACING THE PLATES. Map of th« Britlth IkUndi, to fac* . Title ■ ii ' England and Walai 00 I ITa veaatle, fte. &«Bdal,icc. UmAald, fte. Lancaatar, dee. Chestar, dee. ikmeoln, ice, ■Imingliani, dee. fhrewilinry, A«. • Haraford, ftc. Chaltenhan, fte. Blanbaim Hoaaa, Ac, Vorwich Cathedral, &c. Bnrj St. Bdmnnd's, &c. Bedford, ke. Canterbury, fte. Brighthelmstone, tcti It. FMl't Cathedral, dec. Tomn of Loodoa, dec T« 7« 78 BO 82 86 0» 9» 9« 9d 96 99 too 10* 106 108 110 111 Bntt India Houte, dee. . p. City Mauaion House, 6ce. • War OAee, ice. Somerset House, Strand, ice. Westminster Hall, Ac The New CustomHoase,dce. Southampton, dec. • • Stoaehenge, ftc. Bristol, and its Fort, ite, • Plymouth, ftc. - • CaernarTon, Ac. Map of Scotland Edinburgh, ice. > . Map of Ireland « ■ North America Quebec, dec. Map ot tbe West Indies I Cepe Town, Ac. • ' Mep of the East Indies Calcnttof dee. • lis lis lie lie lie lie 116 lis ISO 19S ISB 134 198 140 J50 19S 158 188 168 170 4 PREFACE. This little Tolume is expressly calculated to serve as a Second Part, or Continuation of the same Author's Gramoiar of General Geography. It possesses, perhaps, superior claims even tt that work; for no system of British Education can be considered as complete, or useful, which does not include, as one of its leading branches, a minute and accurate knowledge of the Geo* graphy and interests of the student's native country. Nor should British Geography be learnt, oir taught, as a subject of remote or abstract curiosity. It is connected with every species of employment; it affords gratification in the closet; and it promotes the gains of the count- ing-house. It is, indeed, essential to the inte* A2 IV PREFACE. rests and pursuit of every British Subject, whe- ther he belongs to the Privileged Orders, the Law, the Church, the Medical Profession, or the Military, Navrl, Trading, or Agricultural classes. Yet, extraordinary as it may seem, no School- book, adapted to the practical purposes of edu- cation, has hitherto existed, which contained an accurate and comprehensive view of the British Empire. The Authorities to which the Author is bound to acknowledge his obligations are. Capper's Topographical Dictionary* Pinkerton's, and Guthrie's Systems of Geography; Ai- kin's England Delineated; Adolphus's View of the British Empire; the County Reports; and the valuable Reports published by Com« mittees of Parliament; and he hopes he shall be found to have successfully transferred the leading facts of these, and many other works, into the volume which he now submits to the Public. To render his Book inviting to the eye of 'lie Student, and to promote particular local uteresti, the Author has embellished it with PREFACE. of Eighty Views of considerable places, and re- markable objects. It would bin of the Geographical Copy Books is, perhaps, the best and soundest means of teaching Geography ever contrived. The Interrogative System, first introduced by the same Author into his Grammar of General Geography, has also been applied to this work* and he doubts not but in all schools it will serve as a strong recommendation. Answers to the questions are generally furnished by vi the Questions « eiehwf • ' "^^"'^ »» "cations from tT T^ """'" '''»""»'- -cessive edition! ;nrCk '"''"''""«- •'«» very »„ch enl.r«d ZL ' *"" '* -urces. particul^ty ZJ2 ?a7 "'"'""'' •'apers.andthePopL^.^R^tUr^rir London^ •/«».31, 1823. ^■^^^gc,:?-! - '«i«'i'Sa.>;i>fat.^.^__^__^ ■At- :;'J;Tfc-.: GEOGKAPHY or THB Cv BRITISH EMPIRE. '4- CHAPTER I. General Observations, 1. The British Empire consists of the island* of Great Britain, Ireland, and other smaller 18 ands; of extensive colonies in North Ame- rica, in the West-Indies, in Africa, and in the East-Indies ; and of the fortresses of Gibraltar and Malta, in the Mediterranean. Ofts. 1.— -By the law amd uiage of Earopean nations, many newly discovered islands iq the South $eas foroi. also part of the British empire ; as the Society lalands $ the Sandwich Islands, the Friendly Islands, King George'i Islands, Phillips's Island, Holt*& Island, the Aukland Islands, the Carolines, Queen Charlotte's Island^ &c. 3. The Rppnblic of the Ionian isles is ufider the imnediate protection of Great Britain, and the Prince Regent has nominated a Governor, and assigned a con^ ititution for the guidance of the people. 2, By means of its powerful and unequalled navy, the British Government is enabled to en tend its authority over all seas; and Britan- nia is justly said to be Mistress of the Ocean, and Queen of the Isles. Obs, — This, however, is merely honorary and poetical, for the sea is the common property »f aH natious, and A -r* V BRITISH GEOGRAPHY. they nil enjoy equal rights upnn W, except in renpect to •uch portions as are in the immediate vicinity of their respective siiores.J \ 3. The political influence of Britain prepon- derates therefore in all maritime countries ; and . her extensive commerce and political connex- ions are so intimately blended with their welfare, that they all are, more or less, dependant upon her : she enjoys, in consequence, considerable authority in every part of the globe. OAs.— The navy of Great-Britain exceeds 1000 ships of war, of which above 200 are of the line, or above 60 guns, while nil the navies in the world are not much above half the number, and do not contain, all together, 100 sail of the line. She has, besides, about 18,0(M) mer- chant ships. 4. Throughout the eighteenth century to the present time, the territories and the popula- tion depending upon the government of Bri- tain have extended into the four quarters of the world, and they now equal or exceed any of the four great monarchies of antiquity. 6. The British Islands are situate in the north-west part of Europe, and are separated from the Continent by the British Channel and German Ocean, stretching into the Atlantic, and commanding, by their central position, all the European coasts and seas. 6. The British Islands lie in the North Tem- perate Zone, between the latitudes of 50 and 59 degrees, London being in 5 1 J degrees, Edinburgh in 56 degrees, and Dublin in 53^ degrees of north latitude. Oh9, — The student is aw« nossessed by Britain in an eminent degree. \ OBSEIWATIONS. 0&«.— Public liberty, which ii the nource of public ipirit and urosperity in all nation*, connists in the peo- ple being (heir own governors, and in not being governeil by the caprice of others. The former is a state of free- dom I the latter, a state of servitude, or slavery. 16. The English language is a mixture of the Welsh, the Latin, the German, the French, the Italian, and the Greek. It is consequently the most copious in the world, and adapted to every species of literary composition. Obs. — The inhabitants speak nine several 1nngtiage% English, Scotch, Welsh, Cornish, Irish, Munk<« ; Gaelick in the Orkney Islands, and Highlands ; French in Jer- sey and Guernsey y and Danish in Heligoland. 17. The Government is administered by an hereditary monarchy ; but the monarch governs in subjection to known laws, made by two in- dependent houses of Legislature. He can levy no taxes, except authorized by the Representa^ tives of the people, or those under his immedi- ate influence, and can punish no one except on the accusation of twelve of a Grand Jury of the people, and after the unanimous convic- tion of a Jury of equals. Oba. — When Parliaments were first called in the reign of Henry III. many towns had representativcm, which have now fallen into decay i yet, by a deparuire from all reason, these places continue to ieiurn repre- sentatives to Parliament. Thus six places, which now have but 18 voters, return 12 mem hers; while six other<;, which have 50,000 voters, return but 12 members} nnd, what is worse, above half the members are returned by the influence of the minister for the time being. Hence ari: and intel^ ligent population ; and with a constitution se- curing property and personal liberty ; it is not to be wondered, that the British empire has long beeii tii^envy of the world, and that every Briton has reasoa to be proud of liis name and country ! ' ' J ., .. ■ tHAWER n. Of the General Government, (Mr^ paiitical ConHituHxm of the BPmpire. 20. Th£ British Constitution, or Government, is composed of the King, in whom the execu- tive power is vested ; of TilE House of Lords, which consists of Peers and Bishops ; and of THE House of Commons, the members of which are, or ought to be. elected to represent • Froor the tazno Ci/ning, GOVERNMENT. 7 the people, either by the freeholdiers of thV different counties; or by the freemen and house" holders of cities and sunicient boroughs. Oba, — Judge BlackMone, in his admirable CortimenlB^ riei, observes,, that ** the Constitulioual Government of this island is so admirably tempered and compounded, that nothing can endanger or hurt it, but deistroyitig tHe equilibrium of power between one branch of the legis- lature and the resti for If ever It should happen that' the independence of any one of the three should be lost, or that it should become subservient to the Tiews of either of the other two, there would soon be an end of our con- stitution.'* 21. The King is the organ of the Law, the 'head of the Church, the director of the public Forces, the fountain of Honour, and the medium of communication with Foreign Nations. Ob8» — The crowD of England, by common law and an dent custom, l» hereditary i bat this by no means estab* lishes the doctrine of Divine right, or indefeasable claim to the throne, for consistently with the constitution, and' agreeably to president, the succession may be limited, or even changed by act of parliament ; and it is to this circumstance that the present reigning family owe their accession to the Regal Dignity. 22. At his coronation the King pledges him- self by oath to the following engagemeuts : — ** To govern according to the statutes of parliament, and the laws and customs of the realm. " To cause law and justice, in mercy, to be executed in all his judgments. ** To maintain, to the utmost of his power, the laws of God, the true profession of the gospel, anj^ the protestant reformed religion established by law." yi 23i The King is regarded by law as incapable of doing any wrong, the responsibility of un- just or illegal measures resting solely on hit \ \ \ / 8 BRITISH GEOGRAPHY. Ministers. He summons Parliament to meet, and can adjourn, prorogue, or dissolve it at plea* sure. He can refuse iiis assent to any proposed law. He nominates his Privy Council, and the great officers of state. He has also the power of pardoning offenders. Obi. — If the king^s prerogative alone were considered, his aotltority would appear to exceed tlie bounds of a limited monarcliy ; but having scarcely any revenue without the grant of liis people by their representatives, he is in a state of real depcndance. He has the prero- gative of commanding armies, and equipping fleets} but without the concurrence of parliament he cannot maintain them. He can bestow places and employments ; but without parliament he cannot pay the salaries. He can declare war; but without parliament it is imposjii- ble for him to carry it on. The King is invested with the exclusive right of assembling parliaments; yet, by ^w, he must assemble one at least once in three years, and necessity will compel him to assemble it much of- tener. He is the head of the church ; but he can nei- ther alter the established religion, nor call individuals to account for their religious opinions. He cannot even profess the religion which the legislature has particularly forbidden ; and the prince who shall profess it, is de- clared incapable of inheriting, possessing, or enjoying the crown. The King is the first magistrate ; but be can make no change in the maxims and forms consecrated by law or custom : he cannot even influence, in any case whatever, the decision of causes between subject and 6ul\ject. He rannnt create any new office, inconsistent with the constitution, or prejudicial to the subject ; and although crimes are prosecuted in his name, he cannot refuse to lend it to any persons who have complaints to prefer. The King has the privilege of coining: money ; but he cannot alter the standard. He has the power of pardoning offenders $ but be cannot exempt ^hem from tiaking a compensation to the parties injured. It is even established by law, that, in case of murder, (Ue widow shall have a right to prosecute the mmdcriv } GOVCRNMENT. D meet, and t at plea- proposed 1> and the he power considered, bounds of ny revenue esentatives, the prero- •Hfi^ fleets I he cannot ployinentH; larles. He is impoHiii. ested with 9; yef, by |>ree years, it much of. e can nei. ndividuals innot even arficularly •', Is de- ^ enjoying but he can 'craved by any case 'bject and cunsistenc tject; and he cnnnnt plaints ((I X money ; power of hem from d. It is irder, (he lurdcrtfr } / and io luch case, the King's pardon cannot have any effect. Even with the military power he i» not absolute, since It is declared in the Bill of Ri|;hts, that a standing army, withont the consent of parliament, is ag^ainst law. The King himself cannot be arraigned before judges | but if any abuse of power Is committed, or in general any thing done contrary to the public weal, a prose- cution can be instituted by parliament against those who have been either the Instruments, or the advisers of the measure, and the King's pardon would be of no avail to the delinquents. These great restraints on prerogative, added to the independence of the judges, established by his present majesty, and the uncontrolled freedom of speech In parliament, secured by the Bill of Rights, may safely be affirmed to afford every guarantee tihich a judi- cious jealousy can require. ^ 24. The King has his appropriate revenue, called " The Civil List," from which the offi- cers of his honsehold, the great officers of state, and the judges and officers engaged in tb6 ad- ministration of justice are paid. The sum al- lowed for the civil list by parliament h above a million per annum, but the personal income of the crown is supposed to be equal to nearly two millions. 069.— -The King's motto rs Dieuettnon Droit t that U, ** God and my Right " In his arms, the Hoas were ilriC used .by Henry IL from his . mother's escbutch^oa. Tha nower-de-lute was adopted by Edward III. when- ha claimed the crown of France. The harp is Irish. The thistle Scottish: The white rose was borne by the house of Yoirk t and tlie red by the houra of Laacastef. Roitad the gartor isthenotto Honi 9»it qid meA y penae-^-^^''E^^ be te him that tlunketb evil of it.!' 25« The constitution of the parliament wag established in 1215. In the Great Chartet granted by King* John, he promised " tb sum- mon all archbishops, bishops, lords, and great «*?■ "■HIIPPI "^ BRITISH OEOORAPHT. not exceed three yea's t?" "' "=."'»»'' ««"' of a parliament are IL Kitr"'!.''"?"' P""' estates of the realm -Z .T f ""'* •'"« *^>ree vote in one bodyTS 'r ""'"""' ^''<' and vote in a separaTe houie '""'""'' '^''^'''' bishop, 24 Wsn?:?';:'" .'^<"'*'«' of «wo arch- '"^f h^^5 tl^:,trnd'^^^ Wales, aJi e.rls/vKSri'nTlal?"!!?' rr-'. ^ngland sit bv tlieir own r?t\ ' ^ ^^^w in J^eclion; namely tbri'f^^' ""I* ^^^ '''' h the nobility of Scotl«ni ^^^^'f '^^'^ represent DA, n .""' P^®*^* »s about 400 Wf.^Besides these tK- :..j - .. tiiSfimr aOVERNMF.NT. 11 28. The Peers have many pririleges: tliey are the hereditary counsellors of the king: they are free from arrest, unless foi treason, felony, or breach of the peace; they can only be tried by a jury of peers, except in misdemeanors, as libel, riots, perjury, and conspiracies^, in \\hich cares they are tried like a commoner, by a ;i;r^ • and, in their absence from parliament, iiiny *.4n vote by proxy. ^/^ fibs. — The bouse of lords is also the hii^hest court of judicature iu the kingdom, and in all cases of error an appeal may be mode to this from the judgment of iufe> rior courts. 20. The House of Commons consists of 65M knights and burgesses. The knights are repre sentatives of counties; the citizens and bur* gesses of cities and boroughs. England electf 513; Scotland 45; and Ireland 100. 30. The Commons are elected in consequence of writs from the King addressed to sheritfs and bailiffs ; the knights of shires by a majority of those who possess freeholds of forty shillings per annum ; and the citizens and burgesses, by the freemen or householders of cities or bo- roughs. Oba. 1. — In the election of county members, every voter must have a freehold of the clear yearly value of forty shillings. The qualifications of electors for cities, boroughs, and cinque ports, vary according to the pecu- liar circumstances of each place, existing at the time when it began to return members to parliament | or established by custom from time immemorial ) or by the decisions of the House of Commons, or its committees, sitting under the statute called the Grenville Act. In some cities, freeholders only have the right of voting} in some placet« 12 BRITISH OBOGRAPHr. I li I the right ii reserved in the corporntion ; i n others to the burgage-tenant-i ( in some the populaoy, in a limited sense, are the electors ; in Others nothing more is required than residence. The whole representation is in the highest degree irregular and defective, and requires com^ plete alteration. ^. When a member is once duly chosen, he cannot relinquish his seat, or be discharged from it but by ope- ration of law. 31. The members of the House of Commons have also great priviJeges: as freedom of speech during debate; exemption from arrest during the sessions, for forty days after prorogation, and for forty days before the next meeting. . 32. The special privilege, or exclusive right of the House of Comniions, is the initiative, or right of propounding all money-bills, a point of the highest consequence to the liberties of the country. They enjoy also the right, as forming the grand inquest of the realm, to impeach or accuse wicked ministers, partial judges, and' other otficers of the Crown. ^ 33. When a member introduces a new law, or act of parliament, he moves for leave to bring in a bill. If approved, it is read a first time, and, after a convenient interval, a second time. It is then referred to a committee, when amendments are made, and blanks filled up. The chairman reports upon it to the House, which reconsiders the whole. It is then en- grossed, read a third time, and voted. ' 34. After it has passed in that House, it is carried to the other House for its concurrence ; and it there undergoes the same forms. If re- OOVGRNMENT. 1.1 ) others ito the in a limited )re is required m ib in the requires com- >n, he cannot t but by ope- >f Commons in of speech rest during prorogation, neeting. hisive right utiative, or s, a point of rties of the , as forming impeach or udges, and' new law, ir leave to read a first a second |ittee, when filled up. the House, IS then en- louse, it is Incurrence ; IS. If re- jected, no farther notice is taken. If any amenn ments be made, they are sent to the House of Commons for its concurrence ; and to adjust the differences, a conferenpe usually follows be- tween members deputeu from each body. 35. The royal assent to bills confirms them as laws, and this is given sometimes by commis- sion ; but when the King passes bills in person, he appears in his royal ••obes, crowned, and sit- ting on his throne in the House of Peers. Being seated, he sends for the House of Commons, when the Speaker, attended by the House, car- ries with him any money-bill or bills ; other bills remaining with the lords. Obs.'^lf the King assents to a public bill, his appro-' bation is signified by a declaration that le Roy le veut-" *' The King wills it." If toa private bill, Soitfait comm^ il est desire — ** Let that which is required be effected. It he refuse, he says, Le Roy s'en avisera, — " The King will advise upon it." The assent of his Majesty to f money-bill is thus expressed : Le Roy remercie ses loyau$ sujets^ accepte leur benewolence, et ainsi le veut. — ** Th* King thanks his loyal subjects, accepts their boon, and wills it thus to be," _ , . . 86. The King's Privy Council are nomlnatecf by the King : 1. To advise the King according to the best of their knowledge; 2. To give such counsel as may be best for the King's ho- nour and the public ^' od ; and 3. To aid ant) enforce what shall be resolved in council. The Privy Council have power to inquire into all offences against the government, and to commit the ofienders to safe custody, in order to take ^heir trial in some of the courts of law. But B 14 BRITISH GEOGRAPHY, ! I their jurisdiction is only to enquire, not to punish, and the persons committed by them are entitled to their Habeas Corpus. 37. The Cabinet Council is a committee of the privy council, and usually consists of the eleven following otficers of state ; — The lord chancellor ; The lord president; / , -.^ > The lord privy seal; :♦ - The chancellor of the exchequer ; ^ The first lord of the treasury, or prime mi- nister ; The secretary for foreign affairs : The secretary for the home department ; The secretary for the war department ; The first lord of the admiralty ; The treasurer of the navy; and The president of the board of controul for India affairs. 38. Tiie Ministers in the two houses of par* liament introduce all business which originates with the crown, produce the accounts of the public expenditure, and the sums requisite for the supply. To them also is confided the dis- bursement of all public monies, for the due em- ployment of which they are held responsible. 39. The great officers of the crown are nine in number: k, 1. The lord high steward of England, (tem« porary ;) ..,, ,.,:,, , 2. The lord high chancellor ; 3. The lord bi>rK treasurer, (held in commis- f »on ; .\ re, not to y tbem are nmittee of ists of the > i ' .* '. prime ini- ment ; neat ; )ntroul fof ses of par» originates mts of tfie iquisite for id the dis- le due eni- onsible. m are nine and, (tern* n commis- GOVERNMENT. 15 4. The lord president of the privy cou*icil ; 5. The lord privy seal ; 6. The lord high chamberlain ; 7. The lord high constable ; (temporary ;) 8. The earl marshal ; (an office exercised by the Duke of Norfolk, or his deputy ;) 9. The lord high admiral, now held in com- mission. ^ r :- uv ^- :^ . s; Obs, — The lord high steward was anciently viceroy, but it is now a mere ceremonial office, at a coronation, and on (he trial of impeachments. , The office of chancellor is to keep the great seal, and judge according to equity ; to him belongs also the appointment of all the justices of peace in the kingdom, and he is the guardian of infants, idiots, and lunatics. The lord treasurer has charge and government of the whole revenue, an office held by five commissioners. The salary of the first lord of the treasury is 4,000 f.| of the other lords 1 ,600f. each. The lord president proposes business at the council- table, and reports the same to the king The lord privy seal passes charters, grants, &c. The lord chamberlain robes the king, and keeps the palace and parliament. The earl marshal superintends the college of armtt. The lord high admiral has the management of all ma* ritimcafi*airs, an office now held by seven commissioners. The salary of the first lord is 4,000^. and a house in the admiralty t of the others 1 ,000/., and the four senior have a house each. 40. The King confers ranks and titles accord- ing to his pleasure. At present there belong to the English Peerage, 26 Dukes, (6 of the blood royal ;) 17 Marquises ; 100 Earls ; 10 Vis- counts; and 97 Barons, besides minors and catholics. Scotland has about 70 i'ters, re- B 2 16 BRiriSU GEOGRAPHY. pr^ti^lited by 16. Ireland about 150, repre- sented by 28. 41. The other ranks are Baronets and Knights. Of the former there are about 500 English ba- yonets, 200 Scottish knights-baronets, and ab6ut 100 Irish baronets, which honours confer here- ditary titles. The Knights are 25 of the Garter, about 400 of the Bath, which have lately been divided into three classes, 13 of the Thistle, 15 of St. Patrick, and more than 60 living Knights Bachelors. ■»> ^-^ ? -" Obs, — Sir^ now used in knights and baronets, comes froni the Gothic or Franlt Sihor, Sieur, or Lord, and was anciently Used to peers only. In 181A, his Itoyal Highness the Prince Regent was pleased to malce a considerable alteration in the knighthood of the Bath, ordaining, that the moht honour- able military order of this fraternity shall, from that time, consist of three classes, differing in their ranks and degrees of dignity. The fiiU class of the said order now consists of Knights Grand Crosses, instead of Knights Companions, with similar privileges; the number of whom is not to exceed 72, of whieh 12 may be chosen from British sub- jects in civil and diplomatic employmenK The military part of this class, in addition to the badge of the order, have a wreath of laurel, encircling an escrol, inscribed with the motto " Ich Dien." None beneath the dig- nity of major-general, or rear-admiral, are eligible to ihe military part of this class. All the Princes of the Blood Royal, holding commissions as general-officers in the army, or flag-officers in the navy, are added to the number of knights of this class. «^ The second class is composed of Knights Commanders, who take precedence of all Knights B^chefor^, with the satiie rights and privileges as the latter. UdohIIhi Ariit institm on of this class, the number was restrleteA tn GOVERNMENT. 17 3, rcpre- Knights, nglish ba- md about ifer hero- ic G after, itely been e Thistle, 60 living mets, cornel rd, and waa Regent was ion in the lOst honour- frotn that their ranks consists of ompanions, n is not to ritish sub- he military the order, , inscribed ;h the dig- eligible to ices of the •officers in ded to the [mnianders, ;for^, with Upon tii« utciH Ito 180, exclu«ive of 10 foreign officers holding British com- inissiousi but, in the event of signal distinction, or of future wars, the number may be increased. None are eligible to this class below the rank of lieutenant-colonel, or post-captain.The Knights-Commanders are not permitted to bear supporters, but may encircle their arms with (he red ribbon and badge, appropriate to the second class ^ nor can any one be appointed to the first class, that hus not previously passed through this. The third class of the most honourable militarv order of the Bath, is composed of officers holding com- missions in his Majesty*s service by sea or land, who are styled Companions of the said Order. This class ranks below Knights-Bachelors, but takes precedence of all Esquires. In order to an officer*s being nominated of this class, he must have received a medal, or badge of honour, or most have been especially mentioned in dis- patches published in the London Gazette, as having dis- tinguished himself in action against his Majesty's ene- mies. They are to wear the badge assigned to the third class, pendant by a narrow red ribbon to the button- hole. 42. The second court in the kingdom, (the high-court of Parliament having pre-eminence,) is that of Chancery, Its intention is to miti- gate the rigours of the law; to take cogni- zance of every thing connected with minors, idiots, and insane persons, and to administer justice in cases of fraud, breach of trust, or other wrong. The lord high-chancellor, or, in his absence, the vice-chancellor, or the master of the rolls, sits as judge, and determine accord- ing to piecedents and to equity. 055.— The Master of the Rolls Is the chief of the twelve masters in chancery, and the keeper of all records, lodgments, sentences, and decrees given in chancery. He assists the lord-chancellor when present, and is his deputy when absent. A Vice-chancellor has a& o been b3 !S BRinSH OEOGRAFHY. lately tt|>pniiiiod, who hns precrrt<»nce next to the miutef of the I'olts, and has power to hiear and dietermine all causes, maiterti, rtiid things depeh(tin|r in the couit. Hi^ decreefi, however, as well ns those ot' the master of the foils, are subject to the revision of the lord-chancellor. 43. The Kins:'9 Btnch being the supreme court of common law, is next in point of power and honour. Its jurisdiction extends to the whole kingdom, and in it are determined, ac- cording to law, all matters which respect the king's peace. It is likewise a court of appeal from inferior courts^ and here also, by a fiction of law, the subject can issue for dcSt, and an habeas corpus is granted to relieve persons M^rongfully imprisoned. I'he judges arc the lord chief-justice, and three puisne justices. 44. The court of Common Pleas is the proper court for feai actionis, that is, actions which concern the right of freeholders' real property between subject and subject, founded on the common and the statute law. Writs of habeas corpus are also granted by this court. The judges of this court are likewise four ; the first of which is called the lord-chicf-justice of the common pleas; the rest, puisne judges. '* 45. The court of Exchequer takes cogni- lance of all causes relating to the public reve- nue, and is empowered to judge both according to law ami equity. It consists of four acting judges, called the lord-chief-baron, and three! other barons. 46. The twelve judges of the three courts go on circuit througii the kingdom twice a year, to administer justice; but local courts v». OOVERNMBNT. 19 are held every three months for counties, cities, and corporate towns, called coUnty or quarter sessions, at which are heard, and decided, charges for assaults and small crimes. Obs, — In Londori aiid Middlesex there are eight ses- sions held at the Old Bailey Court, at which three of the Judges, and the Lord Mayor and Recorder of London preside. 47. In every couilty there is a Sheriff or king's deputy, who executes the king's man- dates, and enforces all writs addressed to him ; who sUmmorts and impannels juries; keeps criminals in safe custody, and brings them to trial ; causes judgment to be Executed, as well in civil as in criminal affairs ; and at the as- sizes attends and protects the judges. Obs. — Besides the Sheriff, each County has its Lord Jjieutertant, who nominates the Justices of the Peace to the Lord Chancellor, appoints the officers of the militia, and is considered at the head of the military powert of the County, 48. Next to the sheriff are the Justices of the Peace, just alluded to, v/ho hold the king's commission in each county. Their duty is to put the law in execution relative to roads, the poor, vagrants, felonies, riots, assaults, &c,; and to examine and commit to the custody of the sheriff, for trial, all who hav^ offended th^ laws. Obs. — Much of the happiness of the people depends oti the honour and humanity of a Justice of the Peace; he may become a blessing, or a curse, to his neighbourhood, arcurding as he conducts himself with viisdom and hu- manity; or folly and caprice. 49. For the purpose of ascertaining th«t nd person meets improperly with a violent death. 20^ BRITISH OeOORAPHY. two or more Coroners are chosen by the free- holders of each county, to summon a jury of twelve neighbours to inquire into the cause of sudden and violent deaths. 50. Every hundred has its High Constable, and every parish its Constable, whose duty it is to attend the High Constable, to keep the peace, to detain offenders till they can be brought before a justice of, the peace; and to execute the warrant of a magistrate or bench of justices, with authority, in case of opposition, to claim assistance, under penalty. Obs. — Resides the above, every Parish contains the followinf^ officers : Overseers of the Poor^ elected from aroonji; the substantial housekeepers yearly, under the in- spection of two neighbouring justices, whose duty it is to raise money in the parish, by collecting from its inhabit- ants, in proportion to the rent of , the bouses they live in, for the relief of their own poor, who are not able to work % and to provide work for such as are able, and cannot get employment ; which duties they ought always to perform with great tendernesss and humanity. There are also Church-wardens for the calling of vestries, &c. and Sur- vejfors of the Highway, appointed to keep the roads through it in repair, except the turnpike roads. There are generally two of each in every parish, appointed ont of the substantial inhabitants, with the approbation of two neighbouring justices of the peace. 61. Every City, and many Boroughs, have an independent Corporation, under which tliey are governed by charter from the king, with a jurisdiction within themselves; to judge in all civil and criminal matters ; an appeal lying to the courts at Westminster, in civil causes, and capital ones being referred to the judges at th« aiiiies. GOVERNMENT. 21 52. The government of cities and boroughs differs accordinut, by som« rh.irters of Charles the Second, the right was taken from the people, and corporations were allowed to till np their own vacancies, and these, which are called close corporations, become often very contemptible. 53. The several kinds of law in force in Eng- land, are — ^The Civil Law, which is founded upon the municipal law of the Roman empire, digested and formed into a code by the Empe- ror Justinian, about the year 533, with some novel constitutions by himself and his succes- sors. 2. The Canon Law, which is a body of ecclesiastical laws. 3. The Common Law, or ancient Saxon Law. And 4. The Statute Law, or those laws which are enacted from time to time by the two houses of parliament, and as- sented to by the King. Obs, — There are four species of courts, in which civil and canon laws are permitted to be us^d, if not contrary 1o the statutes and common law, viz. tbe Ecclesiastical Courts, the Military Coiirtn, the Courts of Admiralty, and the Courts of the two Universities. 54. By the laws of England, the personal liberty of the people is strongly and jealously guardcd| and no one can be atr^skd or kept iti i ' n 'i f I 22 BRITISH GEOGRAPHY. prison, except he has been conimittod on the oath of one or more persons, b^ a jubticeot' the peace; or without some precept or coniinaiiil- ment issued for debt out of some duly autho- rized court. 55. When any one is arrested for a criminal offence, the officer who arrests him is bound (by the Habeas Corpus Act) under heavy \)e- nalties, to deliver to the prisoner, or his agent, vvithin six hours after demand, a copy of the warrant of commitment, in order that no one may be imprisoned from malice or res jnge, or without knowledge of the charge against him. 56. In case such copy is denied, on complaint in writing on oath, the lord-chancellor, or any of the twelve judges, provided it is a bailable offence; or on affidavit that a copy is denied, can award a writ of habeas corpus for such pri- soner to be brought immediately before him ; and he is obliged tu discharge the party, on re- ceiving bail. 57. If a man has been charged with an of- 'ence, before he can be put on his trial, the charge must first be examined by an impartial ^rand jury of 23 persons; twelve of whom, at least, must agree to fiod a bill of indictment, tvhich being found, he then undergoes a public txial before twelve of bis equals. Obs. — The powers of a Grand Jury are most extensive, and their duties being most important, it is necesisiiry that they be performed with the greatest care, intelli- gence, and Impartiality. Ritls ought never to be fonnd lightly, on^ friTolous pretenrec, or imperfect evi- GOTERMMENT. ^ 28 it ted on the jubticeot' the »r coniiiiaiiil- duly autho- >r n criminal im is bound jr lieavy pe- 6r his agent, copy of tlic that no one • rcN Jnge, or 2;ainsl him. on complaint elior, or any is a bailable ly is denied, or such pri- before him ; party, on re- wit h an oif- lis trial, the an impartial of whom, at indictment, ^oes a public most extensive, it is necfiisary care, intclli- rer to be fonnd mperfect evi« dencei and as Grand Juries only hear tlie evidence of (he proiecutor, they ought to be vigilantly on their gtard against trilling, vexatioui(,and malicious prosecutions. 58. The Petit Jury of twelve make oath that " they shall well and truly try, and true deliverance make, between the king and the prisoner at the bar, according to the evidence." After they have fully heard the evidence, the prisoner's defence, and the law from the judge, the twelve must decide each for himself, and the whole must be unanimous in acquitting, or ia condemning, the prisoner. 59. The jury must be impartial and indepen* dent, or they are liable to be challenged or ob- jected to. They should also found their verdict on their otrn judgment, deducing it from clear and positive evidence: no other duty being so sacred, and no other trust so great, a^ that re- posed in the integrity and independence of a juryman. 065.— The duties of jurymen have been fully ex* plained, in a popular manner, in Sir R. Phillips^s late Dvork on the PovoerB and Duties of Juries, — See also (he Appendix for his Golden Rules, 60. All capital crimes are comprised by the laws of England under the heads of treason and felony. The first consists in plotting, conspir- ing, or rising in arms against the sovereign, or counterfeiting the coin. Under the head o. felonies are included murder, robbery, forgery, maiming or stabbing, house-breaking, &c. These are punished by hanging: and murderers are executed within 24 hours after sentence. li I 94 BRITftH OBOOUAPHY. 01. Persons guilty of robbery onl}, are ustf- ally transported to New Holland, for a term of years, or for fife. The punishment of perjury u by fine and imprisonment. Petty larcenies, or small thefts, are pnnished by whipping and imprisonment. Publishing false t.oels, usiuj? false weights and measures, forestalling the markets, or breaking the peace, are punished by fine or impriionment, and sometimes l^y both. Obs. 1. — ToTf^ery^ which of late years, and in this evnntry alone, is p^tnished with the same decree of be. verity as murder, has f^reatly increased, perhapii on this very account. It appears that the number of persons Jirose&iuted for forgery, or having in their possession orged Rank of ICngland notes, from the 1st of January to the 10th of April, 1818, amounted to the almost in- credible number of 129. 2. — The fines, penalties, and imprisonments, inci- dent to the game laws, so hostile to the human spirit of our constitution, ate productive of endless vexations. In the spring of 1818, the numbers imprisoned under the operation of these odious laws, during the. preceding twelve months, amounting to 1,300. All parties concur in the necessity of an immediate revision. 3.-— As the English people are free, and it is their duty to preserve their liberties from generation to gene- ration ; they are anthorized and Justified by the consti- tution, either individually or collectivel}', to petition the throne, and the two houses of the legislature, against all oppressions and grievances, and to propose the adop- tion of any new law, or the amendment of anv old one. 4.- -Besides the security afibrded to liberty by trial by jury, and the plan of representation to the House of Commons, every Englishman possesses the inherent right of speaking, writing, printing,and publishing the truth on all subjects of public interest; and in regard to the pub- lic conduct of public men, a right which always cheoki abases of power, and which cannot, therefpre, lie i!90 mnch respected by juries. 35 >*■ .v» CHAPTER III. Of the Population^ National Wealth, Commerce, and Public Resources, *. . 62. The population of the British Islands, notwithstanding the emigrations, appears to be considerably on the increase, and is at this time above 21 millions, which is higher than (hat of any country in Europe, France excepted. Of these millions, London and its environs contain one million and a quarter, Yorkshire a million and a fifth, Lancashire above 1 million, Wales three quarters, Scotland above two, and lrelan4 about seven. 069.— By the returns made to Fi^rliauient, in 1821| the population was as under : England • • • •11,260,656 Wales 717,135 Scotland 2,092,014 iRifLAND 6,836,949 Army, Navy, Marines and Seamen • • 310,000 Grand Total 21,226.626 Omissions would raise the numbers 21 milUous and a half. 63. There are in Great Britain 2,429,630 houses inhabited; 24,679 building; and 82,364 unoccupied 2G BRITISH GEOGRAPHY, 06«.— The number of houses in each kingdom were* by the returns of 1821, as under : Inhabited. Families. England • • • • Wales, Scotland • • • • 1,951,973 136,183 341,474 2,246,717 146,706 447.760 Totals 2,429,632 2,941,283 if/ 64. The families employed in agriculture are 978,656, and those in trade, manufacture, and handicraft, 1,350,789; other families, 612,488. 06«.— For the three kingdoms thus: ••ns^iv England • • 773 732 1,118,295 454,690 '/({ Wales • • • • 74,225 41,680 30,801 i Scotland • • 130,699 190,264 126,997 ivi 65. The number of soldiers in the British army was, in 1821, at least 100,000 ; of seamen in the royal navy 15,000 ; and of seamen in merchant vessels 150,000. '^ 66. The number of the poor, or of those who, being unable to provide subsistence for them- selves, require maintenance of the public, is at present full two millions; to support whom, more than eight millions are collected annually, under the name of poor's rates. iii.H Obs. — It appears from the Report of the Select Com- mittee, in the spring of 1815, that the average sum raised by assessments, for the use of the poor, in the three years ending in 1750, was only 730,135/. but the aver- age of 1{U9 and 1820, was 7,430.627/. In 1821, it was half a million less, owing to provisions being 2,5 ^ cent, chcfiper. POPULATION, &C. &C. 27 The average amount of money expended in parish law-suits, in the cruel system of removals, 6ic, is esti- mated at one 25th. The poor were increased during the late vrars from ^wo causes; 1, the dimunished value of money, \i'hich disabled persons of small capital from holding farms ; and 2f from a wicked spirit of monopoly in those who could command -^^apital, and of avarice in landlords which led to the consolidation of farms. ' seamen m e Select Com- tge snm raised in the three but the aver- 1821, it was Dg SS6 W c«>^t. 67. The cities and towns of the largest popu- lation, are London, which, in 1821, contained 1,225,G94 resident inhabitants, besides 50,000 visitors and seanien. Dublin 180,000 Glasgow ........ 147,013 Edinburgh 138,235 Manchester 133,785 Liverpool 118,972 Birmingham .•.•106,722 Bristol •• Leeds . . Cork . . . . Limerick Plymouth >iorwich • • • • • . . 87.779 83,796 67,000 66,000 61,212 50,288 68. Those of the second magnitude from &0 to 20,000, inhabitants are ; . > Portsmouth and 7 Portsca J Nottingham Bath Newcastle ........ Hull Dundee » . Leict'hter • •••.«• i'aisley Ashton under Line Preston 45;640 40,415 36,&11 35,181 31,125 30,157 30,135 26,428 25,960 24,574 • • • •-• ... Brighton Chatham and Ro. 7 Chester y Exeter ...» Bolton (Great)*... Blackburn Shrewsbury Oldham Coventry Greenock York 24,439 24,063 23,479 22,037 21,947 21,695 21,662 21,241 22,088 20,787 c 8 28 BRITISH GBOGRAFHT. (JO. Those of the third degree between 20 and 12,000, are CliPster Wolverhampton Dudley Yarmoutli Macclesfield Wigan Derby Wenlock ••« Sedgley..** • Ipswich' •••• Worcester • Woolwich • • ■ Oxford • •• ' Carlisle ••• •• Sunderland Colchester • Warrington • Cheltenham* Southampton Winchester • •••••• 19,949 18,380 18, 11 18,040 17,746 17,716 17,423 17,205 17,195 lt,186 17,023 17,000 16,364 15,476 14,725 14*016 13,570 13,396 13,353 13,353 Huddersfleld Bradford ••* (Canterbury • Halifax ^laidstone • Frome Lynn Ripon ••• 13,284 '•• 18,064 -•• 12,745 ••• 12,6S?8 •• 12,508 >•• 12 411 ■•• 12,253 ... 12,131 Biistou 12,000 WALES. Merther-Tidoil . 17 410 SCOTLAND. Perth . ..• Machar Mouklan ... Dunfermline Kilmarnock . Inverness • • • 19,065 18 312 14,348 13,681 12,769 12,264 70. The cultivated land of England and Wales is supposed to produce in grain, grass, meat, vegetables, and other products, about 41, per acre, or 180 millions per annnin; the land of Scotland about ^0 millions, and that of Ireland about 50 millions. The rental of the whole is about 15s, an acre, or 60 millions per annum, and the value is about 1200 millions. Obs, — During the late war the rental was 25s. or more, and the estimated value above 2000 millions. 71. The three millions of houses in the Unitied Kingdom are worth 150/. each on the average, or 450 millions, and ^rdduce a rental of 15/. 20 and • ' i V* .. 13,284 • • 13,064 .. 12,T45 .. 12,6?8 . ' 12,508 .. 12 411 .. 12,253 ... 12,131 .. 12,000 !. 17 410 ND. ... 19,065 ... 18 312 .•• 14,348 ... 13,681 12,769 12,264 nd Wales ss, meat, t 41, per > land of ff Ireland whole is arinum. las 259. or ViUiofis. le Unitied average, il of 15/. POPULATION, &c. &c. 29 each, or 45 millions. The furniture in the houses^ at 100/. each, is worth 300 millions. 72. The cattle and farming stock, taken at 4/, 'dP acre on the cultivated land, is worth 240 millions, and the national stock of merchandize and manufactured articles, deposited in a million shops and warehouses, is at least 250 millions. 73. The 20,000 merchant-vessels employed in the foreign and coasting trade, at 1,500/. each, are worth 30 millions, and produce an income to their proprietors of 3 millioui» per annum. .-...,?/> .j^"r- .^r;-:^^;;' 74. The gold, silver, and jewels, have been estimated at 50 millions, and the cloathing and miscellaneous articles at another 50 millions. 75. The stock, therefore, of the United King- dom at a time, when gold is worth 5/. and silver 6s, per ounce, wheat 5/. per quarter, and the wages of a day-labourer 18«. per week, is as under ; though at present this falls short of the estimated value. liand 1^200 millions Iluuiiies 450 millions Furniture S()0 millions Farming-Stock 240 millions Merchandize. 2d(J millions Shipping SO millions Gold, &c .-. 50 millions Miscellanies « 50 millions 2570 70. Besides the above in private ];roperty, the government has its navy of about lo'j great c3 td^\\ti^ifiti I'lVil' 'iV'ft 4 y ■'■•,. 00 BRITISH O1S0ORAPHT. sfiips, many of which ^re now lying in ordinal p^ at Portsmouth, Plymouth, &c. worth 20,000/. «ach, or 15 millions ; the stores worth 25 mil- lions ; the military appurtenances worth 30 mil- lions ; and the public buildings, land, &c. worth 30 millions more, making a total of the ne- cessary stock of goYcMlihent, of about 100 miUions. 77* The stock of British subjects, making an integral part of di^ Wealth of the nation, in Xht colonies and in foreign countries, may be ^sti"- mated — ''^ vs-v,,.. ». .. ...j^ »* ..... r^.*. In North America, at 40 mi1116iis lo the West-Indies ait lOO luilljons ift South America at •• . . . SO millioni In Africa at • ••••. 10 millions In the East Indieif at 50 millions In other coantries at • SO millions , £ . 140 millions 78. The effective British population of these dependencies may b^ taken as follows : In North America ..l-^million In the West Ibdies 1 million In the East Indies S millions In other places .- 1 million Total of remote British or national ^ population, exclusive of black f -i .ii. _. and native subjects, which is five r ofmiiiionfc times greater. y 79. The grand total then of th^ population of the British Empire is about 26 millions of English, Irish, and Scotish subjects, scattered over the world; and of itc wealth about 2810 millions, taken at the value of currency in 1823. POPULATION, Sse. StQ, n 80. Out of this capita) the government, at present, raises, by direct taxation, between 30 and 60 millions per annum. Q\, For upwards of ^a century past, the war expenses of the governnient far exceeded the produce of the taxes; hence the government has been compelled constantly to borrow on the security of the taxes on property. The accu- mulated national debt, at the present time, is estimated at about 830 millions, for the re-pay- ment of which, and its interest, 31 millions, all the property of the conntry stands mortgaged. 82. As the interest of this d^bt is regularly paid at the Bank of England from the produce of the taxes, persons who have ^pare money either gladly subscribe to loans, of j[)urchas^ of public creditors their shares of the [iulliic debt, called Stock. Thet'e are several kinds of stock, according to thd annual interest, as , ,^„ , t 3 per cent, stdck, 4 3| per cent, stock, and 4 per cent, stock. To purchase stock, or to put money in the stocks, is to become a creditor of the nation, by buying a title to so much interest. Of cours^, the price of stock varies according as money is more or less plentiful, as there are more or fewer buyers, and as the opinion of public credit is high or low. 84. As 100/. produces 5 per cent, at lawiTul interest, the 4 per cent, is at par at 80/. ; the 3 J at 70/.; and the 3 per cent, at 60/. The 32 BRITISH GEOGRAPAY. Stocks are high or low, or they prrxJiice less or more than legal interest, us they vary auove or below par. 06«.— 100< iir the 3 per cents, properly worth 60^ was as high as M.'U, before the Revolutionary War ot 1793; it has occasionally been at 48/. and was once as low as 40/. during the Rebellion of 1745. ; Average Prices of 3 per Cent. ConsoU, •- > — 1803... 70, 67, 53 55. 56, 68 1813.... ..68, 67, 60. 61 1804... 1814.... ..64. 66. 64 1805... 1806... ....56, 58, 60 60. 62. 6« 1815 ... 1816.... 1817.... 1818... 1819.... ..65, 68, 60 . 60, 62, 63 1807.. , 61, 62, 64 ,.63. 70. 75. 83 62, 64, 66.68 ..80. 82l 79 1809... 67, 68, 70 70, 71, 69, 66 ..77,74,66,70.68 1810... 1820.... 1821.... ..68. 69. 70 1811... 65, 64, 63 ..69, 72. 75.77 1818... 62, 61, 59,58 1822.... ..76.77,78,79,80 85. With a view to pay off the national debt, an expedient was adopted in 1786, of reserving a million per annum from the revenue, with which to purchase stock for the public, and to apply all its interest in further purchases, so that the fund should increase in the ratio of compound interest, and this stock is called The Sinking Fund. 86. A further plan of repayment was adopted in 1792, by appropriating one pound of every hundred borrowed in future to the same prin^ ciple of accumulation, it being known that one pound at compound interest will produce 99/. m 94 years, or 60/. the par price of the 3 per cent, in 84 years. POPULATION, &C, Sec, Xi 87. The accumulation of these various meaos enabled the pubiic commissioners to redeem a large portion of the debt, but when the fund had accumulated to 15 millions per aniH.ni, 12 and 13 millions of it was appropriated to the current expenses, and the Sinking Fund is re- duced in 1822, to 3 or 4 millions. Obs. — To keep up the Sinking Fund requires, how- ever, an accumulation of taxes proportioned to the in- crease of the Fund; while taxes have a direct tendency to raise the price of all commodities; hence all tilings rose in value, and witli them the expenses of govern- ment, and the necessity of government to borrow iii a larger proportion than it bought stock. Thus, when the erroneous theory of the sinking-fund was adopted, the public expenses did not exceed, at a war estimate, 25 millions; but while the sinking-fund was getting up to 12 and 15 millions^ the national expenditure rose to upward^ of 100 millions; and annual loans increased fropii 10 to 25 and 30 millions. Thus the sinl^ing-fund, in its race against the national debt, seems like a tor- toise in pursuit of a stag ! 88. The expenses of the government, or the supplies required of parliament, amounted, in 1814, to nearly 120 millions per annum, of which 28 millions were for the navy; 89 mil- lions for the army and ordnance; 33 millions for the interest of the national debt ; and the rest for the civil list and miscellaneous. 89. During the year ending January 5, 1822, the public expenditure was above 21 millions^ of which five millions and a half were for the navif, and nine millions and a quarter for the 34 BRITISH GEOGRAPHY. arni^f and ordnance, two millions for civil list, ^c. and Hve millions for interest of exchequer bills and sinking-fund, over and above the interest of the public debt, amounting to :U millions. 90. The ways and means for raising the above mpplies'are by duties of customs and excise; by assessments un lands, houses, windows, ser- vants, horses, and carriages; by 3tamp and legacy duties, and by licences uf various kinds. 01. The late wars against France cost, over and above the regular expenditure, 1,100 mil- lions, or half the amount of the public stock in 1793, of which 640 millions was raised in war taxes, and 460 millions added to the debt. This vast expence of the government during the Wiir, raised the price of all commodities, which faliing when the expenditure ceased, produced great domestic misery. i ■^{^*. Expenditure during the late Wars, Total money raised in Great Britain by louoa and taxes, during the 23 years war that elapsed, between the begin-, ning of 1793 and that of 1816, about Deduct for the amount of our peace esta- blishment »nd charges unconnected with the war, about , Remainder, constituting the charge of the war Ofthetot?.! sum of 1,100,000,000/. ex- pended during the w'lr, the amount f^dd«d to (be pei'manent debt was £1,664,000,000 464,000,000 £1,100,000,000 ■*1tWC7i3 •«.: 460,000,000 POPULATION, At. &C. 35 9'i. The debt amounted. At the peace of Ryswlck . . 1007 to • £11,800.000 OfUtrect • - - - 1712 • 84,000,000 of Aix la Chapelle • 1740 • 78,000.000 ofPaiis .... 1703 - 134,000.000 of Versuilles . . . 1783 • 236,000,000 of Amiens . • • 1S02 . 483,000,000 of Paris .... 1818 nearly 700,000,000 To which, adding the debt of Ireland, some- tahuf mnr« than .-...-. . 1AA AAA AAA Total present debt about • • 800,000,000 These sums, consequently, represent the total of our debt at each period, without the perplexing distinctions of funded and unfunded, redeemed and unredeemed. *•<; v»r .*'^*' 93. This vast financial system is managed by the Bank of England, which receives the amount of all the taxes, pays the interest of the national debt, and keeps accounts with the trea- surers of the navy, army, ordnance, and other public officers, who draw on the Bank accord- ing to their several wants. 94. For the facility of making its payments* the Bank, a century ago, issued promis&ory notes of iOO/. each; ihese have successively fallen in amount to 50/. 20/. 10/. 5/. 2/. and U. and their increase having depreciated the value of money, gold and silver have risen in price, and totally disappeared, leaving no other cur- rency than bank-paper. 95. The amount of bank notes in circulation, in 1822, was about 19 millions, being 12 mil- lions less than in 1814, but nearly an equal amount of specie has been sent into circulation ; while of country banker's notes there «re about 12 millions. 36 BRITIi^ll GFOGPAPin. not more than 20 or 30 millions of paper, tht value of money lias been proportionally deprc- ciateH, and the value of all commodities, as es- timated in money, perniciously increased. 96. The commerce of the British em|>ire in 1819, notwithstanding the stagnation, was tar- ried on in 22,640 ships belonging to the British islands and colonies, the burtiiens of which were 2,414,484 tons; and the crews consisted of 160,657 men and boys. These vessels cover the ocean, and convey cargoes of manufactures, and of native, colonial, and foreign produce, to the ports of all nations. Obs. — The first impulse given to British trade arose from the law, called the KavigHtioo Act; by which it is provided, that no merchandize shall be imported into England, nor conveyed from one British port to another, but in Fnglisb ships, of which the master and two-thirds of the crew must be English sulijecta, except in ships of Avhich the cargo is the, produce of the country. 97. The colonies of Britain in the East and West Indies give her the monopoly of the rare productions of those countries, and enable her to export them to all other countries, in con- junction with the staple commodities of her own soil, and the produce of her manufactures. 98. England exports ^o all countries woollen cloths, hardware, trinkets and toys, cutlery, cottons, muslins and calicoes, silk goods, cheese, coals, porter, flannels, carpets, furniture, paper, glas^, leather, lace, stockings, hats, iron, tin, bricks, pottery, watches, books, prints, aniJ musical and mathematical instruments. 99. Sc tland exports little natural produce. POPtLLATION, &€• &C. 87 but inamifactures cottons, silks, linens, and some woollens. Wales manufactures less, but exports largely its natural production of coals, iron, copi)er, and cliecsc. 100. Ireland exports linens, corn, salted pro- visions, butter, and tallow; and manufactures cottons and woollens in common \vitb £ngland and Scotland, although in an inferior degree. She excels both countries, however, in her pop- lins and tabbinets, for which Dublin has been long famous. 101. The leading principle of British com« merce is to import none but raw materials, and export none but manufactures, reserv- ing at home the value of the labour. Thus we impot*. a pound of raw cotton at half-a- crown, and export it in muslin at five guineas: thereby drawing to ourselves the value of the labour and the wealth of the world. 102. In 1700, the value of the imports into Great Britain was 5 millions, and the exports 6 millions ; in 1775, it was 14 millions, and 18 millions; in IBOO, it was 31 millions, and 43 millions ; in IBIO, it wa^ 60 millions, and 65 millions; and, in 1B13, 29 millions, and 43 mil- lions; in 1816, 1817, and still more in 1818, it began to increase, chiefly owing to our inter- course with the Spanish independent colonies ol South America Obs. — In truth, there is less difterence in the actual quantity of tlie imports and exports than apptvirs by the fi^tires. Money, or nominal value, was four times greater in 1700 than in 1810, and it was nearly twice a* great in ISIS as it was in ISOO, so that although the nn> 1> 38 BftlTIbH QBOOIIAPHV. minal am«an(8 are greater, the quantity dlfferi only In a half or a quarter ratio. •*« For detnilk relative to commerce, the youD|; rea- der ii referred to Mortimer^s Dictionary of Oamm4rc$p MorriiorCi Book-keeping ^ aod Joyce's Arithtmtic* CHAPTER IV. Of the Means of Defence and Offence. ' 103. As the British empire can be invaded only from the sea, it is evidently secure against other nations, as long as its navy is master of the ocean. Hence the attention which for many ages has been paid to our fleets; hence the importance of maintaining its superiority ; and hence the national consequence of victor ries at sea, whenever the dominion of that ele< ment is contested by other nations. 104. At the termination of the late war, the royal navy, or the ships and vessels manned and fitted for fighting, amounted to 1000 sail. Those which carry above 60 cannon are called ships of the line ; and of these the British navy contains above 200, of which upwards of 130 were in actual service during the late contest. A large portion of our men-of-war, are now laid xki^ in ordinary y'tX Portsmouth, Plymouth, Chat- ham, Sheerness, &c. 105. First'X?Xe ships are those which have from 100 to 120 guns, and from 850 to 875 men. Second-T2iie ships hare from 90 to 98 guns, •od from 700 lo 750 men. MBAMt OV DEFENCE, kc W Third-t2Lte§ have from 64 to 80 guof, and carry from 600 to 660 men. Fourth'Tdies have from 50 to 60 guns, and from 320 to 420 men. n/th-rateSf called Frigates, have from 32 to 40 guns, and from 220 to 300 men. And Sixth-rates have from 20 to 28 guns, and from 140 to 200 men. 106. Besides the six rates, from 20 to 120 guns, there are great numbers of small vessels, called sloops and brigs of war, which carry from 16 to 20 guns; also gun-brigs and cutters, which carry from 6 to 14 guns, besides bomb- ships for purposes of bombardment, and fire- ships constructed for setting an enemy's fleet in flames. 107. The British navy is under the direction of the Board of Admiralty, of which there are se- ven commissioners, exercising jointly the ancient powers of Lord High Admiral. For the purpose of building, repairing, and fltting out ships, there are extensive royal dock-yards at Ports- mouth, Plymouth, Chatham, Deptford, Wool- wich, and Sheerness, all of which may be ac- counted wonders of the world, for their extent, and the ingenuity of their operations. 108. There are other royal dock yards, or re- fitting establishments, at Deal, Harwich, Mil- ford, Falmouth, Leith, Yarmouth, Kinsale, Gib- raltar, Malta, Halifax, Antigua, Barbadoes, Ber- muda, Jamaica, the Cape of Good Hope, Bonv- l>ay, and Madras. d2 40 BRITISH GEOGRAPHY. 109. The ships of the British navy are conw oanded by admirals, captains, commander^ and lieutenants. Admirals command fiemU, and are either of the red, white, or blue flags ; there are also vice-admirals and rear-admirals. The senior admiral of the red is called Admiral of the fleet ; they all rise in rank, and take com- mand when on service, according to their senio- rity. 110. Captains, called Post-Captains, after three years from the date of their commissions, command ships of the line and frigates. Sloops, brigs, &c. are under commanders, and gun-brigs and cutters, under lieutenants. The first step in the naval service is that of midshipman, in which rank every one serves six years before he can be made a lieutenant. 111. Attached to every ship are a certain number of soldiers, expert in the use of mus- quetry, called Marines, of whom there are 160 on board a flrst-rate ; and upwards of 30,000 in time of war, distributed through the navy, having their generals, colonels, captains, and other ranks usual in an army. 112. As a provision for aged and wounded seamen of the royal navy, the splendid palace of Greenwich has been provided, and here nearly 3,000 of these veterans spend the re- mainder of their days in peace, .plenty, and comfort, and about 2,000 out-pensioners re- ceive each 7/. per annum. As the reliance of Britain for national independeace is on her '■*' MEANS OF DEFENCE, &C. 41 leir senio- '* wooden waU/' too much attention cannot be shewn to those who have become aged, en- feebled, or disabled in the national service. 113. Another vast department of the warlike means of the empire, is the army, which, from the yeomen of the guard in the reign of Henry the Eighth, and a regiment of guards in the reign of Charles the Second, have risen, in the late wars, to 15,000 artillery, 30,000 horse, and 200,000 infantry ;besidet 150,000 English, Irish, and Scotch militia, 200,000 local militia, and 30,000 regularly trained volunteers ! Even in time of profound peace, the troops in Great Britain, Ireland, and the colonies, including the armies of occupation in France, amounted, in 1818, to about 130,000 men. In India, where we are now, and indeed generally, at war, there IS nearly an equal number of sepoys, &c. in the field. 114. By a late admirable law men are enabled to enter inlo the regular regiments, for a term of years only. The militia, when called out, are drawn by ballot, in their respective counties, to serve for five years, or during the war; and every man from 18 to 45 is liable to serve. The local militia are also generally called out for a few weeks in every year, to learn their exer* else, in time of war. Obs. — The government of Fingland, acting in confor- Diity to the laws, and respecting the rights of the com- aious and of juries, apprehends nothing from teaching the mass of the people the use of arms; and, on the other baud, the people feel less jealousy than formerly, D 3 BaiTISH OBOaRAPIIT. 48 or' perhnpt than they oigbt, of a Btaoding army, lr«« cause the rights of the coiniponii, of JMricii, and the press, arc ao well understood, even by the iv^tny itaelf, that no apprehension exists that the sword can ever be drawn by English soldiers against those civil libertiks which are the basil of the prosperity, glory, aodperina-* uence of the empire. 115. Tlie s^dministration of the army is di- rected by a Commander-in-chief, assisted by the Secretary-at-war, the Secretary- of-state for tlie war-department, the Master-general of the ordnance, the Ad j titan t-generai, and the Quar- ter-master-general. . The superior ranks of offi- cers in the British army are Field-marshals* Generals, Lieutenant-generals, and Major-ge- nerals. lie. What Greenwich Hospital effects for the navy, Chelsea Hospital effects for the army. Here is a comfortable asylum for many thou- sands of aged and decrepid soldiers, including out-pensioners. Besides these hospitals, there are other establishments for the education of the children of sailors and soldiers, provisions for officers* widows, <&c. &c. all of them credit- able to the humanity and liberality of the country. CHAPTER V. Religion, Learninf^^ and Literature of the United Kingdom, 117. England threw off the authority of the»Pope of Rome in the reign of Henry VIII. and has, since that time, been at the head of RBtieiONy LEARNINS, &€• 43 the Reformed or Protestant Religion. The Church of England has the King for its head, and is established by law in England, Wales, and Ireland ; but in Scotland, the Presbyterian or Calvinistic Church is established by law. Ofrs.^A bout one half of the population are attached to the |Church, and the other half consist of Dissenters uud Methodists of various denominations. 118. For purposes of Church government, and for the universal instruction of the people, the three kingdoms are divided into parishes, each of which is provided with a rector, vicar, or curate (or in Scotland with a minister) to perforri ^^'vine service on Sundays and other fixed ct^vo Obs, — Parishes were originally those parts of Manors, the tithes of which were appropriated to build and sup- port a Church, and the right of nominating the Rector or Vicar, is called an advowson. The Manors grew out of the feudal system, and were tracts held by the Lord of the Sovereign, and let out on condition to tenants, which condition, or custom, lit now commuted in many cases by quit-rents, and a heriot, or small forfeiture, on death. Lands so held are called Copyholds; but those which PmiC released from quit-rents, or heriots, are called Freeholds, Lands or houses, granted at a fixed rent, for a term of years, are called Leaseholds. Lands or houses, pledged for the repayment of the principal and interest of a sum borrowed, are said to be mortgaged, 119. The Anglican Church is governed, in England and Wales, by the two Archbishops of the provinces of Canterbury and York ; the former containing 21 bishopricks ; and the lat- ter the three bishopricks of Durham, Carlisle, and Chester, and also Sodar and Man. u BRITISH OfiOGRAFRT. 06s. — Archblihops and Blihopi are nominated by the King, and chosen, as matter of form, by the Dean and Prebendaries of the Cathedral. Their revenues are from 5,000/. to 30,000/. per annum, and chiefly arise from ^reat tythes, or lands appropriated.— >See the Appendix, i the Duties of a Parish Priest. 120. By William the Conqueror, the bishop* ricks were made baronies, hence the two arch- bishops and 24 bishops have seats in the House of Lords, and an joy many of the privileges of peers, independently of the clerical power of ordaining priests and deacons ; of instituting to livings ; of confirming youth : consecrating churches, &c. 121. The bisbopricks are — London Landaff Durham Lincoln Winchester Salisbury Ely St. Asaph Worcester Bangor Litchfield and Coventry Bath and Wells Carlisle Chester Norwich Gloucester Hereford St. David's Peterborough Exeter Chichester Bristol Oxford Rochester and also Sodar and Man, which is not a barony. 122. Every bishopric has its deanery; and, besides deans of all the above places, there are deans of Westminster, Windsor, Bocking, and Battel, Croydon, Guernsey, Jersey, and Ripppn. REUOION, tBARNIN6,[&C. 4S Ohi» — The Dean and the Canons, or Prebendaries, form the Chapter or Co'incil to the Bishop, to assist and advise him in ■ ■ • Ss' ^a'id"'L';&"'''"^ Calvinists, Uni. • Oh»^A ^ ^"* ^"^ ^^alous body, jcry great a^d'^h^p "Vf^r^**'' "**> »»« «''"«"ed to the 'n tJje I3th year of Sle^ n Corporation Act, passed o lected to any office re a ini'trtKr""" *^^" ^"^''"y »>- city or corporation, unless wf»hin * 5«7^''«'neDt of any he has received the sa^rf * }. ^ t»^eIvemonth befor/ fording to the rltef of 'h? Ph"' ""^ **•« ^^'^'^ Supper, ac * he takes the oath of a| ti^n.T'' 2^ ^^"«'«"«»' "o^ Siies: t le Test Act, passed In tJe Ssfh^"^ supremacy. And by al officers, civil and mliLrv^^^'' ^*^ ^^^ «««>« rei/n* said oaths, and nmk*. *i! I^'.^*"® publicly to take ?!?« stantfation, wIthTn J,^'^« declaration against transah and withi'n the sLme' time" ti'L?''![ '''''' admiSn Lord's Supper, accord ^to^hl^^ the sacrament of tSj i^ng'and, in some pub ic churrh "''*^^ **^ *'«« Church of ♦me service and sermnn ^ ''^ immediately after d? certificate, signed bt *?' '*"^. *" ^«"^cr into court J and likewise rpro^ett?r'''ir ^"'^ churchwarden'' nesses, upon forfeiture of 50nr^ by two credible ti": office. An indemnity act ?« """^ disability to holcnL: to prevent the levy ne ^'/',J««^«ver, is generally passed Dissenters arrSi^,',^*^,^ /^^a'ties annexedf ^'''''' worship in the office^ of th^'K' J^^^"*''' ^^^'^ »»^accs of when they have rf«n il^ **'®^"1* of the dloces^ «„ J though onl^ a. ,;^.„?ra%^:5i,r'» '^'^^^ «" w:;srp' the protection of the law and „^'^""'^» '' P^'-^^cd und?; thereligious^ervicespeTformM-"?^'?*? ^*" '"^erJupt Dissenting Ministers'^ eicSnc" ''^1'^ '"Punity. ^' <"'«, are, in general whni7^°**'**^*'»«^«'-'^c«//r«//» contributions%fScor?i r?*'*''*"^ *»>' *^« ^oluniaTv any clerical funct.-o^'SX'r/ '^^'y ^^y PerforZ an act of parliampn* '• f- P' *aat of marriace whirh k? established c;'g;"*^/;''^'*rdioparlsh.chufcCs^^^^^^^^^ a book in the P^fbUc ib^^ry of 1?*''"^ ""'' regisi^redfn •^-'> ^--»,- and by ^z:^r^;::-:/:\-:t^ RELIGION, LEARNING, &C. 49 (erB are held valid in law. The^r are not intitled to a steeple and hells for their places of wor&hip ; and Jews, Quakers, and all denominations of Dissenters, roust, at well as the nieoibers of the established church, pay their church-rates and serve parish -offices, or forfeit the pe- aiilty. As a body, the dissenters are not more respectable io point of numbers, than of virtue and talents. Among them have appeared many who have been eminently cou- spicuous for both piety and learning ; and those of the pre- sent time by no means seem todiscredittheir predecessors. 180. It 's computed tbat more than one-third ot* the population, under one or other of these denominations, are seceders from the Church, ^nd that their preachers and teachers, though scantily provided for, number not less than five thousand. In the Church itself has lately ex- isted a class of Calvinistic Preachers, who are rigid disciplinarians, and draw together large congregations. Obs. — As this is not a theological work, nothing is ex- plained in regard to tenets ; but, of the whole body of religious teachers, it may be said, that they keep alive a spirit of piety, and encourage moral and religious ha- bits $ and that differences of opinion have, on the reli- gious feelings of society, the effect of stimulants on the body natural. The student who desires to become ac- quainted with the tenets of all sects, and to peruse the sacred A^ritings with advantage, sliould possess himself of Dr. Robinson's Theological Dictionurif. 131. Of late years the value of education has been more justly appreciated than formerly, and, at this time, it is as extraordinary to meet with a grown person who cannot read and write, as, a thousand years ago, it was to meet with one who could even read. This happy change £ 50 BRITISH GEOGRAPHY is to be ascribed to the llcforfned Religion, to the Art of Priiiling, to the universal and liberal establishment of Schools, and to the Lancastrian and Bellian mode of instruction. Oft«.-— As it is Education that funns and fashions man for the Social State, so the task of educating the young 19 the most useful, important, and respectable, in society. Next to gratitude to parents, the best affections are al- ways due to those who direct and enlighten the mind, and who thereby raise the human species above savages and beasts of the field. He must have a bad heart who does not retain, through life, a grateful remembrance, «nd never-failing respect, for the sedulous and anxious preceptors of his youth. 132. Formerly the Universities were the only schools. Oxford is the most ancient in Europe, being prior to the time of Alfred, who built three of its colleges a thousand years ago. It now contains twenty colleges and five halls, structures as splendid as palaces, and maintains about 1,000 Heads, Professors, Tutors, Officers, Fellows, and Students, besides accommodating as many independent Scholars. 06*.— The Colleges and Halls at Oxford are— "Uwi- VERSITT, BaLIOL, MER-rON, ExETER, ORIEL, [QuEEN's, New, Lincolv, All Souls, Magdalen, Brasennosb, Corpus Christi, Christ Church, Trinitt, St. John's, Jesus, Wadham, Pembroke, Worcester and Hertford Colleges ; St. Mary Hall, Magdalen Hall, New Inn Hall, St. Alban Hall, and St. Edmund Hall. — Mi- chaelmas and Hilary terms are each kept by six weeks residence, and Easter and Trinity terms by three weeks each. — A residence of three weeks in each term is suffi- cient for Bachelors of Arts keeping term for a Master*s degree ; and for Students in Civil Law, who have kept twelve terms, and have b«cn examined for their degree. RELIOIONi LEARNING, kc. 61 ■-Sixteen terms are required for the dei^ree of Bachelor of ArUy. from an vjccept theftons of English, Scotch, and IrUih Peers, and the eldest sons of Baronets and Knights, when matriculated as such, and not on the foundation of any College; all such persons are allowed to be can- didates for that degree after having completed three years. — From the time of admission to^ a Bachelor's degree, tweWe terms are computed, before the Bachelor can be admitted to the degree of Master of Aits. — For the degree tf Bachelor in Civil Lawj mthout proceeding through Arts^ twenty-eight terms are necessary. — For the degree of Doctor in Civil- Law, five years are to be computed from the time at which the Bachelor's degree was conferred. — For a Bachelor's in Civil Law three years are required, to be calculated from the regency ; and for a Doctor's four years more, to be calculated from the time at which the Bachelor's was taken. — For the decree of Bachelor in Medicine, after the same manner, one year from the regency, and for a Doctor's three years more.^-For the degree of Bachelor in Divinity seven years, according to a similar computation, and four years more for a Doctor's. 133. The University of Cambridge consists of thirteen colleges and four halls, as magnifi- cent as those of Oxford, and supporting 13,300 Heads, Professors, Officers, Fellows, and Stu- dents. Obs. — The Colleges and Halls at Cambridge are — Trinity, St. John's, Emmanuel, Jesus, Queen's, Tri- MiTT Hall, Caius, Christ, Pembroke FIall, Clare Hall, St. Peter's, King's, Magdalfn, Sidney, Bene't, Catherine Hall, and Downing College. — A Bachelor of Arts, at Cambridge, must reside the greater part of twelve 'several terms, the first and last excepted. — A Master of Arts must be B. A. of three years' standing.— A Bachelor of Divinity must be M. A. of seven years' standing. — A Bachelor of Divinity (ten year man.) These are tolerated by the statutes (i2th £1iz.) which allow l^ersoDg who are admitted at any college, beitig twenty 52 »»rri8B •EOOBAPHy. lerms.^A Doclor « A ** ^'»*«''«»<«r part of nln^ -J^ '"? iwr :3?7f 7^^^^^^^^^^ 134. In Scotland ar*» *i, '• . newAberdee... and St Andr^i''^"^ "''<' «»<» the respected University of nK^'' '" ''''""d. establ^bments. aboSfSteH" ''"'»'=*'> «.e^abiest professors in ef eJJ SS 72^^ grame-d .t Cg^es'if fe, ^"'T'''« »« RELIGION, LEARNING, &€• 53 the reputation of which ktunds lo high for medical ad- vantni<<'8, there are persons who subsist by preparing fur uaquaiiKed students the thejics necesHary to ilii* obluining of the degree of M. D. How much such :i bastes must in- jure thecaiiiie of literature and science iit obvious. 130. Spread over the Empire are many en- dowed schools for teachinji; the learned lan- guages; and happily, at this time, there are every where independent schools or aca leniies, in which are taught the languages, and the use- ful and liheral arts and sciences, disscminatiiig thr<)u<;h the nation a body of knowledge, such as never before existed in this or any other country. 137. Nor are the poor in general deprive>i ofthe blessing of education, CHARiTY-scHOOLrf being to be met with in every town and popu- lous parish, at which a million of children arc constantly r'^ceiving such an education as qua- lifies them for fnture advancement in life, if they are good, obedient, and industrious. Sun- day and other schools, either wholly or nearly gratuitous, have of late years been also insti- tuted on a large scale. Obs. i. — The provision for Parochial Scho.l misters is inadequate to their subsistetice, and discreditable to the liberality of the national character. The lowest assist- ant in the work of Education ought to be able to earn at least twice the income of a mechanic; yet huw many there are, on public foundations, who are paid not half that pittance ! 2. — For the purpose of teachins: the arts of reading:, writing, and arithmetic^ at an easy expence to the whole population, schools have lately been established on plans recommended by Dr. Bell and Mr. Lancaster. In these £ 3 54 RRITISH GKOGRAPHY. the senior pupils teach the juniors, in a regularly as- cending serieB, so that one superintending master or mistress can conduct a school of 500 children. Snch schools cannot be too much promoted, as the means of preventing vice and crimes. 138. Such being the means of acquiring know- ledge, it is not astonishing that the British Empire excels in every department of litera- ture ; that our poets, our philosophers, our his- torians, our moralists, our divines, our phy- sicians, our orators, and our painters are the ablest in the world. Obs, — Law alone, among liberal studies, seemito have too frequently degenerated into a quibbling and tricking science, and lawyers to have become the sharks and pests of society/ instead of being its protectors and gnardians. Some independent check against the chica- nery and villany of the members of this profession, at least in regard to civil suits, appears to be a desideratunk in the English constitution. Arbitration is a refuge against the sophistry of the profession ; but, in arbitra- trations, it is the extremity of folly to refer any dispute to a lawyer, who, by education and habit, quibbles nimself out of all principles of equity, justice, and hu- manity. 139. Amow^ poets, Britain boasts of Shakes- peare, Milton, Dryden, Pope, Thomson, Young, Goldsmith, Cow per, and Wolcot. 140. Among piiilosophers, we have had Bacon, Newton, Boyle, Locke, Berkeley, Priestley, Hartley, and Reid. 141. Among historians, we have had Bucha- nan, Camden, Clarendon, Hume, Robertson, Gibbon, and Belsham ; and, among moralists, Addison, Richardson, Fielding, Hutcheson, and Sterne. - RELIGION, LGARNINOy kc. 55 ' 142. Ill divinity, we can boast of Tillotson, Middleton, Watts, Kennicott, Home, Watson Paley, Blair, Horsley, and Porteus ; and, among physicians, of Harvey, Sydenham, Mead, Brown, Cullen, Hunter, and Jenner. 143. Among English orators, may be named Pulteney, the two Pitts, Fox, Burke, Sheridtin, G rattan, Wilberforce, Erskine, Wbitbread, and B^miily. 144. Among painters, the English School boasts of a Reynolds, a Barry, a Gainsborough, a Wright, a Wilson, aOpie, aNorthcote, aWest, a Lawrence, a Westall, and a Wilkie ; among sculptors, of Gibbons and Flaxman ; and, among musicians, of Purcell, Arne, Storace, and Shield. 145. The English Language is a com- pound of the Celtic, Saxon, French, and Latin, and is spoken by the well-educated in every part of the British Islands. In Wales, however, among the common people, the original Celtic is still generally spoken ; as is the Erse or Gaelic in the Highlands of Scotland, and another dia- lect of the same language among the common Irish. « ^»*« For otiier particulars on (his and bome collateral •ubjects, the student is referred to Blair'' s Universal Pre- eeptor, a work which deserves to be introduced into every Seminary of British Education, and which hat justly acquired the title of the *' Sun of School Books" 56 r CHAPTER VI. Of the Climate, Natural Phenomena^ Pace of the Country, and National Character • 146. The British Islands are in the Temperate Zone, and, owing to their being surrounded by the sea, which equalizes the temperature quicker tlian laud, they are less exposed to periodical extremes of heat and cold, than other countries in the same latitudes. Obs. — For examplp. Great Britain Is in the latitade of Hudd6n*s Bay and Kamtschatka, and of the southern shores of the Baltic, yet bow different the climate ! Nor is it more southward than Newfoundland and Canada, which are nearly uninhabitable from cold, and are co- ▼ered with five or six feet of snow from November till March ; whereas in Britain, mow does not average 20 days per annum, nor severe frost more than 25 days. 147. The British islands are, however, re- markable for their moistness, and for the varia- bleness of their atmosphere. An average of 30 inches of rain falls annually, and often in 24 hours the heat of the four seasons is experi- enced. The westerly winds are to the eastern as 5 to 2, and the southern to the northern as 3 to 2. Obs* — The .resterly and southerly winds hT\n% clouds from the Atlantic, and these are precipitated by'the notion of the conducting points of ores, trees, and leaves ; hence, in the western counties, 36 inches of rain fall annually, and a dry week is seldom known in Cornwall, Lanca- uhire, and in the south-western parts of Ireland, while only 24 inches readi the eastern counties. MOtJNTAms, &C. 67 ^ The direction of the winds, on an average of ten yeart, J^t 'f'j>.vw.\j.i:sl;. ..^'\ llt>tl*bu| ,«/iiV<- •A.vm.ylr ■■ i ^., -^1 nuicM ^' il|]firrbv ■.. Ikiriii* %il-.-^, Aii>/i\t/iot .L^i.i.di-ii\6,y I iViMi/',!' .<• I'fJiri.f. ..•••\ Until buwr' K'Hand ™. • . .'J .'li^ifit/' .tuki'''iiy:x^' AiiMU .,•■>; fu „ •^■..tflerton— — , u (lum/vriinii -ir jQwurnvdmi it hivtMoniiuiil . . .IB uiHfMtifft 4 Xiutiiiun ■!)> '^liifvif^ — A liuifiuhirr. s,n rcmfr€>kc . , t! K>/* g4 <f/i/>^r/i ti3 tUanu>rp.'/ ««• . )4I» ->&<»• irC? rt^: *Lakicasf Wk6 S T ":'i, ^1# lorfl « rMiiti'ii ,<. l.i'i foci, ur-i-lh'! • He f i/Jfls \-«l<^ "^'i&SN Kinvst: f/S// ^m '■*«>-*- -^^'- 1 Bo ipi*.//ij...fr'« j^^.,.jc.- •»•» astty ,.■■'■ /' Ai4»'?<>*« llndiior* _/^ Ma; lUua I j»" Jis5a [Lynn 14.'5^_ ■j() IVtncbori U > //u'Hii/uun* rUfjrtM 2fl .Jifr • art .l,i„^Sn,^«ra\i coi.h„t.. .Udlmroii^l UdjJci'SBMt ...... .■ j^^'^gpy,- Jli><-liK»tri- ^ <7ikftuw J J ~ \ 41> ' ■' 4»1 Oa»»t*«*"«J'» «■• ' * dulaici.! ./.(ianr/ /. - 1' ii. 1 maiL ^? l" Lrtiijjltiiilr WV. Longitude Last liT- AVrtr It Stin aja Sicu l.&^r./.Wrtth, and ^he cop- and the )th. ead, sli- pper at ntaining mt, and >al-pits ; 55; Che- •hire hat invaluable salt-mmes at Nanptuvich, Middlewich, and Nort^wich. > ^ IQ^. Yorl^shi^e abounds in lead, coals, and iron-stone. Cumberland affords lead, black-lead, and coals. ^ancaaJ;ii|e |>roduces the fine canal coal. Purbam das mines of lead and iron. Northumberland has iron-works; and at New- ct^stle are the largest coijil-works in the world. Obs, — Three millions of tons of coals are every year shipped from the Tyne and Wear; but, at that rate, it is computed the district will not be exhauste4 .in 300 years. 166. The mineral waters of England are highly curious, and very beneficial in the cure of many diseases. The hot springs of Bath and Bristol; the waters of Cheltenham, Scarbo* roiii»h, Tunbrid<^e, Harrowgate, Keddleston, Malvern, Buxton, and Matlock, arc deservedly celebrated, and much resorted to. 167. The remains of antiquity scattered over the British Islands, arc those of the aboriginal inhabitants, or of the various invaders and re- sident conquerors, and are easily distinguished by their peculiar aspect and architecture. ^ Obs, — English antiquities are, 1. Those belonging io the ancient Celtic, or British inhabitants : 2. Those of the Belgic Colonies : 3. Those of the Romans : 4. Those of the Saxons ; 5. Those of the Danes : 6. Those of the Normans: 7. Those of the Baronial or Feudal System | 8. Those of the Catholic Religion. r 168. The Britons have left at Stonehenge, on Salisbury Plain, a circle of immense stones ; and a similar circle at Abury, near Marlborouefa, wtth Silbury Hill, and other adjoining works. 62 BRITISH OBOaRAPHIf. The whole iaiand, too, is covered with their barrows, or graves, and there are several other circles of stones like Stonehenge ; but on an in- ferior scale. 169. Roman straight roads still exist in many parts of England, where the camps of that people are often discernable. Roman or Mosaic pavements, baths^ &c. are also discovered in many places. 170. Saxon remains are to be found in many old cathedrals and castles. But Norman re- mains are most numerous in the castles destroy- ed in the wars between Charles I. and the Par- liament; and the catholic remains in the ruins of abbeys and monasteries dilapidated at the Reformation by Henry VIII. oT Obs, — The Gothic architecture, of which such noble and wonderful 8pecimens exist in our principal cathedrals, is said to be of English or Auglo-Norman invention, and affords a series of antiquities, 400, 500, and 600 years old, which are so many miracles of human art. — The fol- lowing are (he Periods at which the most remarkable buildings were erected. viKsr period:— AnglO'Saxon or Norman Architecture^ hefore the Year 1100. St. Sepulchre, Cambridge «•«« Henry I. -•\hbey Church, Mulmsbury. C03-15dO. )59. UM5lb. 190. 507 60-1530. H3. 17-1427, jbvered ssively ibterl'a- 3 Which boars. stags, vfWd bulls, and other inhabitants of un- cultivated countries. Obs. — England has now few or no rapacious animals, the breed of wolves, so noxious in many other countries, having; been destroyed above a thousand years. 172. In the progress of agjes, the face of the country has been improved by the arts of man, and ferocious wild animals exchanged for do- mestic and reclaimed animals, as horses, cattle, sheep, hogs, &c. &c. of which the British Islands now boast of the most valuable breeds in the world. 173. The forests, whose trees and shrubs pro- duced only acorns, crabs, and wild berries, have been converted, too, into orchards of fruit-trees, and into corn-fields and gardens, by seeds and plants imported from foreign countries. 174.' The people, it is supposed, came origi- nally from Belgium, or Germany, and have since been augmented by settlers from all parts of the world. They may now be characterised gene- rally by their early habits of life, their employ- ments, and their education. 175. The introduction of commerce, the gra ' dual depreciation of the value of money, the increase of taxes, and of the consequent influ- ence of the government, have, it is to be feared, lowered the national character, and all sound principles hive of late years given way to the attainment of the means of enjoying luxury, 176. The influx of large fortunes from India, and the colonies, and the ostentation and e\- f3 66 BRITISH GGOaRAPHT. pensive parade of acquiring and spending thenif have created an emulation exceedingly perni- cious to private happiness, and to the morals of the higher classes, whose example, spreading through all ranks, has produced that dissipa- tion and laxity of principle which too fatally mark the decay of empires, v."" Obs. — The Increasing and dangerous ascendency of the vena! and ambitious profession of the taw, has also served greatly to increase the modern contempt of principles} the members of that profession, by education and habit, being in the practice of laughing at all principles, by constantly selling themRclves to either party for lucre. Happily, there are a few honourable exceptions, and happily also the power of the profession is much checked by the controul of Juries !— See the Golden Rules for Juries^ in the Appendix, 177. Still there is in no country more private virtue than in England. Nine of every ten families are patterns of domestic and social happiness. The English, too, are famous for their sympathy towards distress, far their in- dustry, ingenuity, perseverence, and courage; but, above all, for their love of public liberty, on the preservation of which depends their su- periority oter nations of slaves, as the Turks, the Moors, the Russians, &c. 178. There are very marked distinctions be- tween the English, Welsh, Scotch, and Irish. The ENGliiSHiviAN is fond of good living; ge- nerous to a fault ; unsuspecting in his transac- tions ; and gr^at in his views; but luxurious, therefore sordid, and often loose in his princi- ples of virtue and religion. NATIONAL CHARACTER, &C. ft7 ^ 179. The Welchman is a sincere and im- moveable friend ; passionate, but not vindic- tive; lab'^rious and perseveriiijo;; hospitable and generous ; but fond of good living, and of the parade of ancestry; narrow in his views, and unfriendly to change and improvement. 180. The Scotchman is generally penu- rious; full of national self-love; aiming too frequently at fortune, withotit regard to means ; but industrious, brave, persevering, and through parsimony, temperate. Among British subjects, the Scotch are like the obsequious Swiss of the continental nations, and sometimes possess the amiable traits of the Swiss character. 181. The Irishman is a creature of mbst ge- nerous feelings ; full of sympathy, and without suspicion ; but addicted to gluttony ; vain ; un- steady in his pursuits ; and loose in his princi- ples of virtue ; yet devoted at all times to public lii>erty. ' Obs, — Pr. CoLQUHOUN, in his late estimate of the Bri- tish Erapare, gives the following character of ti^ English, Scotch, and Irish. " In England^ says he, much ignorance prevails, which tends greatly to the corruption of morals $ while at the same time the mass of the people are trac^^iblc, and pos- sess a great share of good-nnture. ** In Scotland, a character totally different is exhibited. Strongly attached to the duties of religion, and almost uni- versally taught to read, by meaniof the national parochial schools, the mass of the labouring people are moral and parsimonious, and generally industrious, althorgh, atthe same time, not exempted from blemishes. The ^'uties im- perative on the established clergy to attend minutely (al least ia tt? rural parishes} t(\tbe progn i of th« ehildren ^8 BRITISH OBOaRAPlir. in a knowledge of religious and moral duties, hare tend- ed much to elevate the common people in Scotland above those in almost erory country in Europe. I " fre/flitd unhappily, although blessed with a land pro- ducing plenty, exhibits a state of morals in common life which is truly lamentable. In spite of a numerons clergy of the chnrch, to which a vast proportion of the people are attached, and from whom they are supposed to receive religious instruction, it appears to produce little or no moral effect. Constitutionally good-tempor- ed, although subject to paroxysms of rage and fury, which are often productive of great excesses, they are never- dieless susceptible of good impressions, and under more favourable circumstances might be rescued from the de- plorable ignorance, and the influence of those ill regu- lated passions which render these valuable and interest- lug people less useful, less comfortable, and less happy than under a better system might be attainable.^ The country is fruitful beyond any other proportion of the British Islands ; and yet the majority of the people ar<,\ miserable/' Doubtless these several characters arise out of the early habits, education, and political condition, of the several people. The Scotch are poor, and hence thrifty ; they travel to acquire wealth, and hence are sometimes un- principled ; though many Scotchmen, of liberal educa- tion and competent fortune, imigbt be exhibited as exam- ples of the perfert human character. In each country is also to be found every variety; yef, after an intercourse with many individuals of each, the above i« the impres- jion, or something like the impression, under which we fhould be led to designate them in the closet. It is but fair to add, however, (hat a spirit of liberty has lately developed itself in Seotlaod. * ,-^ // . in 'f v« (end- id above ind pro- mon life umerons of the apposed produce tetnpcr- jr, which never- er more the de- ll regu- nterest- 1 happy ,r The 6f the pie ar-iv ie early several ' ; tbey les un* ednca* i exain- mtry is rcourse impres- ioh we t is but lately 09 iU CHAPTER YII. Dtvtston and Description of the Bnii§k Islands, ^' 182. Before the invasion of the RomaiiK, Britain was divided into many independent principalities, not unlike Germahy, and the power of the whole was united in any case of comuion danger, as in that of foreign in- vasion. 183. The Romans, finding the country di- vided into a number of small states, formed it into large provinces ; viz. 1. Britannia Prima, containing the southern parts of England, as far as the Severn and tht Thames. 2. Britannia Secunda, containing the we*- tern parts, with modern Wales. 3. Flavia Casariensis, extending from the Thames to the M umber ; and 4. Maxima Ctssariensis, which reached from the Humber to the Tyne, and from the Mersey to the Sol way, 184. After the Romans withdrew their forces, the Saxons successively established themselves in Seven Kingdoms, called the Heptarchy. The Britons retired into Wales, seeking protection from the mountains of that country ; but the Scots remained in poisMsion of their Qiitivv wildt. !l i>'4 iijil \\\ I .] 70 BRITISH QSOCSRAPHT. 185. The Jirst kingdom of the Saxon Hep- tarchy was that of Kent. The second, that of the Soulh Saxons, consisting of Sussex and Surry. The ihird, of the East Angles, or Nor- folk, Suffolk, and Cambridgeshire. 186. The fourth Saxon kingdom was that of tlie West Saxons, fi"om Berkshire westward. The fifth, that ( f Northumberland, consisting of the six northern counties. The nixth, that of the East Saxons, or Essex and Middlesex. And the seventh, that of Mercia, consisting of the seventeen Midland counties. . ^ . ■ ' sv Obs, — Many local customs and peculiar lawn origi- nated in these distinct jurisdlclionft, and exhi in a sm.ill degree to this day. 187. Alfred divided the kingdom into forty counties, as they exist at present ; of which the two largest are Yorkshire ?nd Devonshire, and the smallest Rutland and Middlesex. They are called shires, or shares, and are subdivid- ed into hundreds and parishes. Obs. — Thii monarch divided t'ne counties into hundreds, or Histricts containing a hundred bouses, these into Ty- things^ or tenths, e£ich containinj^ ten houses, and emaller collections of bouses than ten, he called Hamlets, lie also assembled annually the representatives of the peopl* in the IVittenagemot^ which laid the foundation of our modern Parliaments, though these were perverted and •discontinued iij 1694, by a lar', which no Parliament could havea right to pass, to /';^ee j/nsbire. They bdivid- undradSf into Tv- snialler ts. He s people I of our ed and iiumeut ;aiii, in b go- fer mi- is also ENGLISH COUNTIES. 71 provided with from 20 to 60 justices of the peace, who inquire into petty offences, re- gulate disputes, and determine cases respecting the poor. Subordinate to these are baihffs, head- boroughs, constables, and jailors. Obs. — London, Coventry, York, Chester, Bristol, Exeter, Norwich, Worcerter, Hull, Newcastle, and Berwick, have their own Sheriffs, and are counties by themselves. — See the Appendix for an exposition of the important duties of a Sheriff. ,>' 189. Towns consist of cities, which are or have been the see of a bishop, and are governed by a corporation under a royal charter; of bo- roughs, which send members to parliament; of county-towns, which are the places where ihe assizes are usually held ; and of market-towns, whicn have one or more weekly markets for the jale of provisions. 190. To hear causes, and administer justice, the twelve judfi;es go twice in every year, in pairs, tJirough six circuits, which are called the Home Circuit, the Norfolk Circuit, the Oxford Circuit, the Midland Circuit, the Western Cir- cuit, and the Northern Circuit. Obs. — Middlesex, as the residence of the Government, is not within the circuits. Cheshire, as a county paLn- tine, has its own chief justice; and Wales is divided into four circuits. In describing the counties, the arrange- ment of the circuits is thought Ihe most eligible. By a late regulation, a winter circuit is established for the Home Circ'uit, and it is to be hoped will be ex- tended to the kinjidom at lar^.;, even if it be necessary to increase the number of judcres. 78 BRITISH OGOORAPHV. s TilE NORTHERN CIRCUIT, Containing Northumberland^ Durham^ Cumberland^ Westmoreland, Yorkshire^ and Lancashire. 191. Northumberland, the most nor- thern of the English counties, is 3i parts of 100 of all England, containing 1,158,000 acres> 2-3 ds of which are arable, and 172,000 inha- bitants, being about 88 to a square mile. Obs, — To give the student a more correct idea of the relative size of the counties, the author has divided Eng- land into 100 parts, and given the partsjn each county. 2. The population is expre»sef; in the nearest thou- sands, according to the returns of 18U ; but the units are found in the table at the end of the work. 192. Northumberland, bounded on the east oy the German ocean, is divided into six wards, and contains 73 parishes. Alnwick is the county-town. Its boroughs are Newcastle, Berwick, and Morpeth ; and its towns, Belford, Wooler, Rothbury, Allendale, Hexham, North Shields, &c. &c. 193. Its mountains are the Cheviot Hills. Its chief rivers are the Tyne, Blythe, Tweed, and Coquet. Its commerce in coals is wonderful, nearly a million of chaldrons being exported every year from the district of Newcastle. It produces also many rich ores ; has manufac- tures of glass, iron, pottery, ropes, <&c. ; and breeds large quantities of sheep and other cattle. It returns eight members^to parliament, two for Newcastle* .; \i ' Durham* Carlisle, .ir ! '■ ...i «!...- .'•*^ V' the H »-}! Siii'v'- :JI 1 .a ■ . \ t • V .» > l^r>RTHtJI«lfR«tANl>, n the cottDty, and two for each of its three bo- ron^ bs. S 194. Nkwca.stlE, the principal town of Northumberland, 19 situated on the north side of the Tyne, 270 mile* from London. ?t contains five j*>arjshes, 4,a71 lioudcs, and ^^ ' 81 inhabit- ants. It h fanvous for ltd trr oaU, and Iror its ^ss, iron, iodfp, 9nd eai i^ano- factories. 195. Berwick is situated oi* the north 01 Scotch side of the Tweed, and is l'egu^arry fottified. It was taken from the Scotch b)! Edward I. if; ; t ■i ' ■ , 'i \\ ■'■■ *. ■ X' 196. t)tJRHAM'y called the bishoprick, con- sists of nearly two pmts of orte humlted of thie iiihgclom, or of 1,061 sq. m\^i of which haff are arable, and contains^ 207,^*79' rahabitants, bei^g 105 to a square mile. 197. EHirliam is divided into fouv waids, and contains one cit^v i^<^ ifiaiilet-toMr)i^, and 113 parishes. Its city is Durham, and its matk^t- towns are DarlingToff, Sfockton, Sunderland, Hartlepool. Bishop's Aucklund, Barnard- Cas- tle, Sedgetield, Wolsingham, and Soothe Shiehls. 198. Its rivers are the Tees, Wear, and Tync. Its coitiineroe is in? coads'. In Odher res{M^et9, this couut}< is chie% rematkabld for thid weaftli and iRflnetice of its bisllopL^ /' 19a The city of DvRHilM, the capital^ 6f tills county, contains 1,175 houses, and abouf ^22 inhabitants. It is situated on seven hilli^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I ■'lis 1^ us Ki IL25 nil 1.4 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 \ :\ \ .'■*'- u BRITISH OBOORAPHT* surrounded by others more lofty. Its cathe- dral is one of the oldest and largest in the kingdom. Around it is grown thQ fine bur- ham mustard. The county and cjity $end t.^o members each to parliament, i^ ' i^i^j? ht * 200. Sunderland is a considerable town, situated on the Wear, where it runs into tl^ German sea. It has been greatly enriched ny its coal-trade, and by its salt pans. « v,!irr bn OH. — ^The county of Durham U one of the most n!U»un- tainoiM in the kingdom i and the hills are generally c4>- vered wUb verdure to the top, and many of themcdo- t&tn lead and iron oret, limeitone, freestone, and marble. The eaM and north-east parts of the county are particn^ larly rich in coal-mines, lying in horizontal ftrata.frora three to six feet thick.and extending many miles;' ^ iPire- stone and grindstones, exported to most parts of the globe, are also found here. The principal manufbctorr* are the «oareer productions of the loom, iron-worJkJi, ropes, glass, and copperas. 9, This county, however. Is chiefly remarkable for the wealth aud infloencf of the bishop. It is the only county palatine remainiilg In the hands of a subject. The bifhop't revenue Ir estimated at about 90,000/, , per annum.. , ; ,ni-V^ A _v - : ^ '...'.^^ij 201. Cumberland comprises three ps^ts of one hundred of all England, or 1,476 sq. miles, of which half are cultivated, and half are mountains and moors. It contains 156,124 inhabitants,' or 105 to a scjuare mile ; and is femous for its lakes. It isf divided into five wards, and 90 parishes; and contains the city of Car- lisle^ the borough of Cockermouth, and the CUMBCULAND. 75 lathe- 1 the tour- town, o the cdby miattD- BUlCOl*- narble. parti€»- ita from r' iPire- I of the iflictorri -worlu, ible fitf the osly BUl^JlBCt. arts ttF miles, Iwards, If Car- id the narket-towns of Whitehaven, Penrith, Kes- wick, Workington, Wigton, Ireby, Bramptoii, Egremont, Kirkoswald, and Ravenglass. 2I02. The mountains of Cuniberlend are among the highest in England, and include t^e lofty Skiddaw. Its lakes are famous for their rdtnantic beauty. Its rivers are the Eden and theDerwent; and its lead and coal-mines, and other mineral productions, are very extensive and valuable. This county also produces large ^uatitities of stock. It sends six members to parliament; two for knights of the shire, two citizens for Carlisle, and two burgesses for Coek«rmouth. :0A. The city of Carlisle, the capital of Cumberland, is 305 miles from Londpii. It wtts built before the Roman invasion, and is fortified with a wall and castle. It cont^ns two parishes, 2,058 houses, and 15,476 inhabitants, whf> are employed in manufactures of cotton, linen, yrorsted, leather* felt, and iroQ. Oft«.'i.-^Perhaps the greatest antiquity in Britain is the Picts* wall in this county, eighty miles long. It was begun bythe Emperor Adrian, in the year 121, as a bar. rier Mainti the incursioM of the northern Britons. S. Tb^ cifU diviiiont of the coumiet bearing the Battle of wards, arose from their having been bound t« keep Watch and ward against the Scotish irruptioni. .0 i<^ '^ h^' • a 76 BRITISH OeOCIIlAPHY. 904. WBSTMOREtANP/coqliiiiii Ih pvai in oaf liiuiiclred of all Eipg)9«id^ /or 768 9q. miles, whicli, half are cultiynted, 1^4 half ia barj-ea j^i^imtain^ and mocu'^. Ijt iBUfiitains l^l>9l^ in- l^ajbi^tants, Qr about 66 tp a squai^ «i|l|^-and 4b|Q|mvi9 with f^te and ImeHoue. . 20d. Westmoreland 18 divided into foui- vandi , contaiai^g 85 townships, ^Q parishes, and three towns, tlie chi^e/of^ynicbaxe Appleby, the county town, a^d the m^rHet-jtowns of Kendal, Kirkby Lonsdale, Bropgh, Bi^rton, Aoibleside, and Ortpn. Fpur members, being two knights of the shire, and twp burgesses for Appleby, are the riipresentatives of this county in parliament. 206. This .coifnty^ like Cumberland, is fa- mous fpr its lofty mountains; its romantic wa- ters aqd charming scenery. Lakes Winaodi^- mere and Ullswater are the most extensive in England. Its rivers are the Ken, the Eden, and the Lune. It is famous for its fine slate» large quantities of which are imported. It supplies the London-market with miich el- lent butter. Geese and hams are also aiaong the exports of the connty. 207. Kb N DAL, the couaty-toi;n of West- morelanjd, is 960 miles from London, and is sometiipie^ jC^led KjrW ii^ Kendfil. It contains 1,978 houses, generally well-built, and 8,084 inhabitants, half of whom are engaged ia the cotton, coarse woollen, and hosiery manufac- tories. li pwrt iJi I 9q. miles, r m barj-ea ! «rilfl^ »nd four wandf , , and three I the county ial, Kkkby eside, and ighti oi the by, are Ibe liament. Eind, is fa- mantic wa- Wiaaoder- xtentive in the Eden, fine slate, orted. It ucb el- iso atoong of West- m^ and is [t contains id 8,084 d m the Buuittfac- KendaU York, from the East, Ywky from the yorth* < I 'iJ ".ii . ^ j i«.>*j».u*q M^^haf fDfloii •i/ mIT ^m -ihoV -'^'I i M^ ' .. ^^irt , 'bi« <4; ,' V£i ; .\1i *. .>»:->.Aiiv' • ' sr Jfitb T0RK8HIRB. 77 ■. ,^" t*?5i»JV!*- ' t08. YomKSHiRB is the largest county ia, Englaad, containing 12 of 100 parts of the whole kinffdom, or 6,061 square mites. Its po- {>ulationy l>y the late return, is above one mil-, ion(l,175,261)» orl06to a square mile. 209. The city of York/ the capital of Yorkshire, is 200 miles from London, and pleasantly situated on the Ouse. It contains 2B parishes, 2,690 houses, 20,787 inhabitants, aud sends two members to parliament. Be- sides being adorned with 21 parish-churches, it is famous for its immense and beautiful cathe- dral, built in the reign of Richard I. and es- teemed one of the wonders of England. . 0A«.— Tbe chief magiilfate of York ft style4 the Lord Mftyor, ai io the city of London t and iU repreientatives IWTearightto lit in the House of Conimbni,ontbe prity* coapclllon* bench, next to the memben for London. York if the lee of an Archbishop. 210. Yorkshire is divided into three Hidings, the North, East, and West. The North is nearly an even third of the county, and one- third of it is barren moorlands. The East Riding consists of one-fourth of the county, and two-thirds of it are wolds feeding sheep. The West Ridmg is double the site of the East, and three-fourths of it are in high cultivation, ^f 211. The whole county is divided into 90 hundreds, or wapentakes, and 663 parishes, •ontaining the city of York, the vast towns of Sheffield, Leeds, and borough of Hull, and the considerabla towns of Halifax, Wakefield, r ■ : 78 BRITISH OEOGftAI^HY. Bradford, Qarnsle^r, ^lu^d^rsfield, and jptn- cai^r.v '^ M 212. Yorksliire also cootalof t(ie borpuglis i^ Richmond, Scarborough, Nortjialli^rtoii,, j^j^ ton, Thirsk, Beverley, Hedpp, Rippon, P^j^ fract, Boroug^hbride, AldbQrpu^b, aw X^Afct- borough, (tesides 34 oiarket-townf, ta»4 imny maniifacturing villagea equal to towufy Tlie boroughs send two members e^ph to parliament, besides two for the city of York, and two for the county, in all 30. 2X3. Yorkshire is famous for the enterprising and industrious character of its inhabitants, abd hence it excels i|i all those ra;ini;ffactures which arise out of its natural prpdqcts pf cpak, culm, metals^ and wool. These are afterwards conveyed io ev^ prt of the kiugdofii» by means of csaoaU, whicli intersect the nanufse^ turing districts. 214. Yorkshire contains the very consider- able' elevations of Ingleborough and Whernsidp, and from their districts descend the Ure, Swale, Wharfe, Air, and Kibble. The other rivers are the Ouse,the Derwent, the Don, the Calder, and the grand Estuary of the Hiimber. / 215. Shbesi&lo, 1^ miles from London, situated at the junction of the Don and Sheaf, contains nearly 10,06 jjhouses^ above 62,105 in- habitants, and, next to Birmingham, is the most^ considerable manufactory of hardware and cut- lery in the worki. It k^ tbre» churches on a hili, wbiok l^ve a comniandiiig elfecl; but is not represented in par^iiient. and '|Imi- •I tK)rpuglis W aml imnf iwpi^ Tlie parliiunent, ind two for snterprising nhabitants, ani^factures cts pf cqak, ! afterw^rda ngdom^ by c natiufae* f oon$id«r- Whernsidp, Ure^ Swale, >ther rivera the Caider, m London, and Sbeaf, 62,105 in- is the most^ ire andcttt- iirclies on a Leedt* toHii^.a.ffl^J^Qnn-- ■■'■-•■.('K i? (I ..V .4^- yORKSHIRB. 1» - V ■'.Jl \\ Lj^ axs-JsT 216. Leeds, 192 miles from London, stands on the north-side of the Aire, and contains in the town alone 18,698 houses, and 8d,796 in* habitants, It is the foeus ^ the woollen ma- ottfactory, and has two extensive balls for the accommodation of the clothiers' factors and merchant!, Tbe yicinitv of Li^eds is very po- puloqs, and is filled with extensive manumcto- ries worked by machinery. 217. Hull* called also Kingston-upon-Hall, IS a great sea- port on the Humber, 170 miles from London, containing 4,600 houses, and 3I9425 inhabitants. It is of a triangular form, and defended by ancient fortifications. From position, it commands the export of the York- shire maniifactures, possesses an extensive trade with Qfrmany and the Baltic. Qk$, I,— ITnrl^ Is a walM town, lis walli are all en- tire, being repnivefi «f er^ year If there ii occasion. ' S. The city of Toric it a county of itself, incorporated by Richardtll. wHh a jarisdlction over thirty-six viU la^es in the neighboarbood. 3. Yorlishire, fforo theancieotconsequenceof ilscapl* tal,and from its sitHation towards Scotland, has been dis- tinguished by many important transactions in English history. 4* Pai|cait<>r is allowed to be the most beantifot town •a the north road f it is celebrated for its horse-raees, to which the nobility come from all parts of the kingdom. It is a most desirable residence for persons of indepen- dent fortune. 218. Lancashire, so long f»rnous for its coals and manufoctures, contains 3} j^arts in I I I 80 BRITISH SKOSRAPHr. I miles. 100 of all England, or 1,831 > one-third are in tillage, one third in pasturage^ i and the other third in wood and moorlands. Its I population consists of 1,074,000 inhabitauti^ or 586 to a square mile, and the chief natural pro- ductions are coals, culm, and black cattle. 219. The rivers of Lancashire ar^ the Mer.- sey, Ribble, Irwell, and Lune. Its mountains, ! called Blackstone Edge, separate it from York- ! shire, and by precipitating the clouds, are the ' cause of the moisture of this county. In the south : it is flat, but in the north hilly and romantic. i 220. Lancashire is divided into six hundreds, , and 62 parishes, and contains six boroughs; i Lancaster, Clitheroe, Preston, Wigan, Liverpool, j Newton ; and 2L market-towns : among whicl^ are Manchester, Bolton, Rochdale, Warring- ton, Prescot, Bury, and HasUngen, enuoeiit for their vast population and industry. 221. Lancaster, the countv-town, stands on the Lune, which is navigable, and renders it a place of foreign trade. It is 239 miles from London, and contains 1800 houses, and 10,144 inhabitants. The Casxle is of Roman foundation, and on its top is John of Gaur«f s chair, famous for its fine prospect. Its roanu fectures are coarse linens, cottons, woollens, and curious cabinet-wares. ^ 222. The liianufacturing district of Lanca- shire lies between Oldham, Wigan, and Pres- cott, where are prepared every species of cot- ton, woollen, and linen goods, equal to the con- i . « fwhicli iturage^, lids. Its iuti» or iMpro* He. he Mer^- untainsy m York- are the he south omantic. undreds, >rough8; Iverpool, g which V^arring-^ emiiient > I, stands 1 renders 39 miles ises, and f Roman ' Gaur«f s ts roanu woollens, >f Lanca- md Pres- es of cot- the con- LaneatUr, Manchester, srf^htfvj Liverpool, ^ « -'-}^.',::#^ I I 1 . k C .< ■\\i\'''. '.ijf i •M ' , i . ■ -^ ■'■ < ; ; » . -;tl : \l.''^ A ,g |.4IICAfilIftB. I %\ Vi- ntf (■ir r|'»4^^ ■ sumption of all ]£urope. Caadt div«rf^ in every direction, and afford vater-conveyaoee to liverpool, Hull, London, and Bristol. 923. Manchester, the centre and mart of the cotton trade, is 186 miles from London, mkI stands at the confliience of the Irk and Irweil, and at the termination of several canals. 1| contains 25,191 houses, and above 186,942 in- habitants, including the adjunct of Salfbrd, 80,000 of whom are employed in the cottpu, silk, and linen manufactories of the place, aided by the most wonderful machinery. Oftf.— Hie followiof^ accooDt of one pound weight of manafactured cottoo strikingly evincei tfie importance of that trade : — ^Tlie wool came from the Ea$t Indies tq London t from London it went to Manchester, where it was manafactured into yarn % from Manchester ft waf lent to Paisley, where it was wove ; it wki dieo sent to Ayreshire, where it was tambonred | it eame baclc to Piiisley, and was there veined ; afterwards it was sent to DambartoD, where it was hand-sewed, and a|^ini brought to Paisley, wliereit was sent to Renfrew, to be bleached, and was returned to Paisley, whence it went to Glasgow and was finished, i^nd from Gbugow was sent per conch to I^ndon. The time taken to bring this article to market, was three years from the time it vr^M packed in India, till it arrived in cloth at the merchant's warehouse in London, when it must hate been conveyed 6000 miles by sea, and 920 by land, and contributed to support no less than 150 people, by which the value bad been increased 8000 per cent.-*-JfonM/y MagoMine, js 224. Liverpool, distant 203 miles from London, one of the most thriving ports in the world, contains 20,339 houses, 118,972 inhabit- ants, and sends two members to parliament. U exports the manufactures of Lancashire, and ( 82 BRITISH OEOOIIAPHT. rivals the metropolis itself in its African, Ame* rican, and West Indian trade. The spirit of its merchants is proved also in the magnifi^nce of the town, it being one of the most elegant places in Europe, while its po»rt bttslMn'Ini^ proved by every aid of art, particularly in tts^ pect to docks, yT Obs, !.— Near Wigan, in this county, is found a species of coal, wliich, wlieil polislied, loolcs lihie black marble, and is manufactured into candlesticlcs, snuflf-boxes, and other toys. The rivers, and lalies, and sea-coasts abound in fish, and the husbandmen use the muscles for manure. Many uncommon birds are observed on the coasts, par- ticulairly the sea-crow, distinguished by its blue body and by Its feeding on muscles. 8. At AncliiT, about two miles fromWigan, is the burn- ing well, the water of which is cold, yet so strqng a va- pour of sulphur issues out with it, that on the appl^»- tion of fire, the, top of the water is covered with a ftame, and emits to fierce a heat that meat may be boiled over it S. There ii an emioent Literary and Philosophicai So- ciety at Manchester, which has published several vo- lumes of most interesting memoirs* 225. Cheshire, called the Vale-Royal of England, a name which its aspect, situation, and soil truly deserve, is, in regard to all Eng- land, two parts of a hundred, and contains nearly 1,052 square miles and 275,500 in- habitants, or 261 to a square mile. OA«.— Cheshire is not in the Northern Circuit, bnt, as n'county palatine, has its own judge, called the Chief Justice of CHeiter. It approximates to Laneiishire, from which it ii separated only by the Mersey | it is. therefore proper to describe it in this place. 226. Itf rivers are the Dee, the Mersey, and. I, Ame* It of its ience of efeg^t in ttSr- » a species : marble, »xe8f and 5 abound manure, ists, par- liody and the burn- ing a va- appliea- I a ftame, d over it hicai So- reral vo* oyal of uation, 11 Eng. ontains 500 in- bnt, ai le Chief MfUhire, sy I it it. ey, and •;--«>v. Chester, Derby, ■MiSiVsft- H 'aM >ii:itHe.J ^ d '-■ p i » 4 . ??f;;miiS^: .J. C1IB8HIRB« the Weever. Except near Delamere Forest, and in the south, it is a continued meadow. It contains the city of Chester, and 12 market- towns, among which are Stockport, Knuteford, Northwich, Macclesfield, Congleton, Middle- wich, and Namptwich. 227. Cheshire is famous for its salt-works at the towns which end in wich, the Saxon for salt. At Namptwich it is dug in a solid state, from vast pits or mines, and at the other placet is pumped up from salt-springs. Cheshire also produces vast quantities of cheese, owing to the richness and extent of its pastures, and breeds and fattens cattle and sheep to a very large amount, ^t* - 228. The city of Chester is 181 miles firom Loudon, and contains about 4,076 houses, and 19,949 inhabitants. It is not the seat of any manufactory, but is the elegant and agreeable residence of families of small fortune, who en- joy the fine walks on its walls, and its pictu- resque vicinity. The houses have a singular and agreeable walk, through their first«floors, for foot-passengers. Oft«.l. — lo makiDg butter, It ii the commoB practice to churn the whole milk, iottead of lettiog up tiie milk for the cream to riie, and churning it alone, as is the prac- tice in most other parts of the kingdom. % Bftany natural productions have been discovered m the tops of hills and mountains In this county, which iirnish CTideace^of a considerabla deluge having ftme taken place. 84 BRITItIt OfiOmfAPHT. THE MIDLAND CIRCUIT, Including Derby ^ J^Tottingham^ Lincotn, Rutland^ Leicester^ Northampton^ and Wanoick. ' 3^^^ Dbrbtsiitre, famous for its ihiilerats, cons»t9 of two part» of 100 in alt En^and^ ffNl contaiiiA l!,02 alid ten nMirket-fowns, among which are Alfreton, Ashborn, BakeweFl, Chie^ terfield, Droniield, and Wirksworth. It ^it^ fauces mineral springs at Biixtnn, Matlock, and Keddl'estone, which are celebrated plaees of yeson*, both' HA ddloont of plteasure and heftllfr. 2ai. DitVBt, the county-fown^ is 12enlf1es from^ London, an^ conti^s 3,516 hot»es, aihl nearly 17,439 uihabitants'. I^ possesses sotn^ M^hl5i curioiis siNl'iiiri olher market-town^ vt2!.. N^wan^b^, MansfieUitt East RieCford» Woriuwp', Bingham^ SbathwcUv and Oilertofi^ It; sends'tkifpariiament eiglitmem* bei«,.tlvf the Ifvbiij. The castle, on a commandluig hin, is fhnious for many events in history, but is now in a state of neglect. Ol^t. "Nottingham was a residence of the Britons be- fore the arrival of the Romans. Nottinghamshire con- tains an uncommon number of seats belonging to the first nobility. Happilv situated between the mountainous country of Derbyshire and the flats of Lincolnshire, it possesses such a temperature of soil and climate, ■• to render it one of the most fertile and agreeable in Eng- land. The general dryness of this county bringt it neany equal, with respect to seed-time and harvest, with tM more southern counties ; it is attributed to the oppotilt ciTectioCllie^ast and went winds. /^ 236. LiNCOLirsniRBlsalargeandflatcbim- ty, being 5i parts of 100 of all England, and containing upwards of 2,748 squ. miles, with 283,058 inhabitants, or 103 to a squaie mile. 237. It is divided into three districts : Lind- sey to the north, Kestcven to the south-west, and Holland, adjoining the Wash: which are again subdivided into 30 hundreds and 630 parishes, containing the city of Uneolli, the ports of Bo^n, Gmisboroiigh, and (^yil^ ; also the tpwlis of $taffliford^Grantham,'c|]^d-- ing, JLouth^ tMarkc^l^isiBy tor, • • .A-iimi^'€^h^:' h'ikti :-i--T^' ;-^vi?5fiii|a iinWtttiiri'-- "tm are w the Hum- WelJand. sea; and fens and flocks of produces its cattit LINCOLIfSHUIS 238. The rivers of Lincolnshire are ber, the Trent, the Witham, and the The Wash is. a shallow inlet of the Holland, adjoining, is a district of marshes, in which are innumerable geese. It is a grating county, but also considerable crops of grain, and are of a superior sixc|. Ob». — It merits notice and reprobation, that amonf other barbaroQi practices towards animalip which disgrace hdman nature, the geese of this county nre plucked of their ouills alive — a process not unlike that of tearing tha nails from the fingers or toes. In abhorrence of suck means of procuring the usual Instrument of writing, this paragraph Is written with a metal pen, which Is found cheaper, pleasanter, and ikr less troublesome in repairing than goose-quilli. , 2ap. The city of Lincoln it 129 miles from London, and contains 2^46 houses,and 10,867 .inhabitants. It sends two members to parlia- ment. It stands on the only hill in the county^ and is chiefly remarkable for its noble cathedral^ in which, among the curiosities, is a ^reat bell weighing 07 cwt. and capable of holding eight hogsheads. «r Oht. I.—- This city Is so full of the ruins of monasteries* and religions houses, thut the very barns, stables, out* houses, and even some of the hog-styes, are built witil arched wlndowi and doors. In the reign of Henry YIII. there were carried from the cathedral 9,621 ounces of pnre gold, 4,286 ounces of silver, and an aasasing quantity of diamonds and all other precious stones. 2.— Boston and Gainsborough nwe nourishing ports Ja this coonty^ and the former is remairludile for iti ' U2 f§ BRITISM, aSOGRAPHT. tower of %8$ feet. Other iiorii, oe Orkmaiy and Lonth^ ve cboaked, o>ivinf to tke retirinf ef the tea. BUnnford |i a buiy and elegaot towo on the creat north roud. $ttnt» dimg reiemblet a Dutch town, andhai a great o^ackff for wool, heiap and flax. S.'-^At Woolslwpe* •mf Gmntliii^ ^Meboni^hrllAac Newton, a moiic ablefeovetriaiaiH whete ^lo iap h i ml ■yitem of attractloa^unlvenat gravltatiopya^ cqupuleractt lug urojeetile force pr^aile^Cor npwardi of a c^turjr, and U even yet uught in many f ohiic eitaWlihaieAtl.' 240. RuTLAMii 11 the mmiHett cofNibr in England, beinf only the fiSOtfi pari of the #tioIe« or C9ntaining but 149 sq. milfs* with 18|467io" ligbitant9, makiogllU to agquare mile. If it a rich grazing county, and «onlaiat but two nnall market-towns, Oakham and Uppingham ; neither return! any memberj to parliament, but two are rttiimed for the eoaaljy. , i> ^ 241. Leiccstbrshibe is one part ^> c|Mialf« which coavey eoalg and heavy aierchandiie throagh l^eT:^riou8 midland counties, at a cheap rate, eannocting the isteat rfversof the Trent, Severb, ifeirsey^ afi Xhavii, a» I imiting the Gerauui aisd^^Msh^odMuif. . , ,'ehmUiUHi ] LI10ESIB1ISHIRB. W iA% Leicestershire is watered l>y the Soir and the Wreek» and comiected with all parts of the kingdom hy canals; it is famous both as a breeding and graving county, and for Dakcwell'i improved br/ecs of sheep, and dther cattle. 248. I r '. ? '::» ''BB is 98 miles from London, and CO >min.4 ^M houses and 30,125 inhabit- ants, 15;0'^'^ of whom are engaged in the ma- nu^arture of worsted and cotton hosiery. Being ill { he centre of the kingdom, it has been cele- brated by historical events, and contains many ruins of great antiquity, particularly St. Mary's Abbey, lying to the north. It sends two mem- bers to parliament. ^% '" ' Ob9, 1.— The trade of Leicester w^ long nearly ita« tiooary^ owing to the want of that ipirit of Improve nent which has so mad* advanced other trading |Maces i bot of late years a faToareble change has taken place in this respect. ,,$(.— The rich, kind of cheeso, called Stilton, oy its being first known at an inn in that town, is made in Ll^tcestershire, naer Melton.Mowbray« ' 244. Northamptonshire is two parts of a hundred of all England, containing 1,017 sq. miles, and 163,483 inhabitants, being 138 to a i^if^u jre mile. It is watered by the Nen and its branches, and }s a fine agricultural county ; al^unding in com, cattle, sheep, and timber. I# chief defect is a scmrcity of fuel. 246. Northamptcmshire is divided into ID hundreds, containing 386 parishes, and the city •f Peterborough, and towns of Northampton, k8 w BRITISH GEOGRAlPin. Brackley, Higham-Ferrars, Daventry, Kettering, Oundle, Towcester, and Willingborou^h. f 246. Northampton, 65 milmfmaLonSimf is biiii^ tm %mmg ground oik^tii^ ^^ ot^i Nen, and contains 2,086 bosses, iiit(>»1||3|^ habitants, %fiOOo{ whom us«^ i^be ^iifl^d in the manufacture of shoes, ft is a clean and elegant town, with a spacious market-place ; and sends two members to parliament. Obt.X, — The county of Northampton lying obliquely across the middle of England, is in contact with more surrounding ones than any other ia the kingddm. It touches nine other counties. >; 2. In this county was fought the decisive battle of Naseby, June 14, 1645, in which King CharlesVanriy was completely defeated. p ^ lit V 247. Warwickshire forms two of lOOptrtt of England, and contains 902 sq. miles^ and 274,392 inhabitants, or 300 to a square mile. It is a rich and beautiful district, celebrated not only for its manufactures and agriculture, but aUo as the native county of Shakspeare. 248. It is watered by the Avon and Tame, and intersected by numerous canals. It is di- vided into four hundreds and 193 parishes, con- taining the famous cities of Coventry and War- wick, and the great and opulent town of Bir- mingham, besides the smaller towns of StratforH, Atherstone, Coleshill, Rugby, and Ntmeaton. 249. Birmingham, the metropolis of the ctteringy Ldntmni, ean and ce ; and mii- Birmingham, abliqaely Mh more :d«tii. It battle of es^ and e mile, ebrated culture, ire. Tame, t 18 di- es, con- KlWar- of B^r- mtfbrH, ftton. of the JVx^iU |v,l^ Coventry, ff^arwick. 'Mm s % 8j •I n WARWICKSHIRE, 91' MidlaDfl counties, and the toy-shop of Europe, is lift miles from London, and contains 18,66jl houses* and 106,722 tohabitants, nearly the whole of whom are engaged in various branches of the aardware-manuractory. It is filled with work- shops and wonders of machinery* which supply all Europe with their productions* and return great wealth to the nation. 260. The city of Coventry is 92 miles from London, and contains 4,470 houses, and 21,241 inhabitants, half of whom are engaged in the ribbon and silk trade. It is also noted for its manufacture of watches. It is a city of great antiquity, and contains some fine churches. Obi. 1. — Warwick is a neat imall town, contaii^g iMljr 8^35 inbabitanti, bot remarkable fmr iti eiteiuWe cafile, and for its interesting traditionary liiitory. It coi^n* idto an elegant conn^-hall and a large goal. t.^-^lr«t/eril-iipon>^«oAi8tlie place wlere Shakespeare was born, and where still reside some of his family io neglected poTerty. 8. — Rugby is famous for its grammar-school, founded by a London grocer. ^•^Leamingtan is a fiiTOorite and flonrishing wateriog>> place, which from a small village has grown into a con- siderable town, j^ THE OXFORD CIRCUIT. Cmitaining Salop, Stafford, Woreesteff JETe* rtfordf Monmouth, Gloucester, Oxou, and Serks, 251. Shropshire contains 21 parts of 100 of all England, or 1.134 sq. miles, with 206,266 inhabitants, or 153 to a square mile. It is pro* ' m BRITISH OBOOBAPHT. lific in minerals, and famous for its coal-pitt and iron-works, particularly in the distnet ^r led Colebrooke Dak. It has of late excelledi in Cbina alio. ' 253. Shropsbbre is advantageously watered by the Severn and aho by the Camlet, the Teinc, and the Clunn. It is divided into 15 hundreds, and 229 parishes, containing Shrews- bury, Bridgenorth, Ludlow, Bishop's Castle, Wenlock, and Wellington. 253. Shrewsbury, the capital of Shrop- shire, is 155 miles from London, and contains 4,100 houses, and 21,695 inhabitants, one-third of wjiom are engaged in the flannel trade* It is beautifully situated on a peninsula of the Se vera, is a place of great antiquity, and hai a. iine ancient d^stle. This toWn is noted for ita excellent brawn, and the nmse of Shenstone has done honor to its cakes. It is represented in parliament by two members. J Obs. — CoJebrook Dale, in Shropshire, is the centre of the most extensive iron-works in the king;dom. Cole- brook Dale is described by Mr. Young *^ As u binding glen, between two immense hills, which break into va- rious forms, being all thickly covered, and forming most beautiful street'^ of hangine woods. Hie noise of the forges, mills, 4fcc. with all their vast machinery; tjte flames t>ttrsting from the fbrnacei, with the burning of coal, and the smoke of the lime-kilns, are all togiiber horribly sublime." A bridge, entirely made orcist- Iron, vfrhich has ^en lately thrown across the Severn, gives these stenen astill nearer resemblance to the ideas iu romaaci oa|.piff watered et, the pto 15 >hrew8- CastJe, Shrop- >ntains B-lhird le*- -It haia^ nebas ted in Shrewthury, M JUtchfidd. centre Cole- ■ridiog'' ito ya- g^Riost of the '; tfra ntf of ideas IVoreetier. 4 ^' 1 u V 1 i ,01 J" STAFFORDaHiaX. 93 254. Staffordshire is three pans of lOO of all England, containing 1,148 square miles, and 341,824 inhabitants, 0|' 208 to a square mile. It presents every faiielv of soil, and its moorlands alMund in minerab, the food of manufactories: while its days we admirably adapted to pottery pf the £nrst kinds, made near Newcastle, in which tb«i county is un- rivalled. '- ^ 266. It Is watered by the Trent, and con- nected with distant parts of the kingdom by canals. It is divided into five hundreds, con- taining 181 p^islies ! the city pf Litchfield, the boroughs of Stafford, Tamwi^th, and New- castlii^ send each two membeip to parliament, and .W:^l^ounty two; in aU j^|^ Wolverhamp- ton, l^siti and ^edne8bur3^l'e large manu- iacturing tpwns, i|MD Burslem^ 266. LiTGHFiitPb, 11& miles fi^m Londoe, is a small city, containing only 1,161 houses^ and 8,076 inhabiunts, but is larger than Sta^ ford, the county-town, which contains but 809 houses, and 6,736 iidiabitants. It is chiefly noted as the birth-pl^ce of Johnson and Gar- rick, iiii^ ts 4he burial-place p^ Lady M. W. Montagu. 267. WoRCE^BRSHtRE contains a part and half of ail England, or 721 sq, miles, half of wLich aie arable. Its population is 184,424, or 267 to a square mile. It is a very fertile 94 BRITISH GGOGRAPHY. f county, particularly the vale of Evesham ; and at Worcester are valuable manu factories of China-ware. Worcestershire returns ollfe mlim- bers to parHamentt two for the cc^iinty, IwoWch for Worcester/ Droitwich, and ^Temiii^ and one for Bewdley. -^4^ r rnr 258. The principal rivers of Worcestershire are the magnificent Severn, the Tame, the Avon^ and the Stour. On its western side it is bounded b^ the fine range of the Malverii Hills. It is divided into five hundreds, and 152 parishes, and contains the beautiful city of Worcester, and the towns of Bewdley, Droitwich, Eve- sham, Kidderminster, Stourbridge, Dudley, and Bromsgrove. / 259. The cilj^f Worcester is ill^Ie< from London, #iJl contains 3,140 houdii, atid 17,023 inhabitants, many of whom are em> ployed in inanufacturing china and carpets^ which they carry ^ thie hij^best perfectioii; ' If ifi an elegant city, beautifully situated on the Severn: j 260. Heri^fordshire, famous for its or- chards and its hop-plantations, contains nearly two parts of one hundred of all England, or 860 sq. miles, of which two-thirds are arable. Its population 103,231, or 120 to a square mile. It is one of the most fertile and picturesque counties in the kingdom, yielding in abundance every tpecies of agricultural produce, oaitioi^r ^ A^ HH ham; and 5jQr|es of fllfe mim- two'eiieh 1 tti-^" Bstershire he Avoni bounded Is. It is parishes, orcester, *, Eve- Hey, and are em-' carpets^ ioii; ' H* on the ^*r^Vv,,I Hereford, Olottcetter, Oi its or- neariy Mid, or arable. e mih. resqiie idance iiticii^ Gloucester, from the West* HEa£VORDSHIRB«' I 05 larly apples for cyder, and hops. It excells, also, in its bree<) of cows and oxen, 261. Its rivers are the Wye, the Lug, the Mynow, and the Arrow. It is divided into 11 hundreds, and 221 parishes, containing the city ti Hereford, alld the towns of Leominster, Led- bury, and Ross, the last of which has been long famous for a benevolent character, who for- merly resided there, and who proved how much good might be effected with 400/. a-year. He- refordshire returns eight members to parlia- ment, two for the county, and two each for Hereford, Leominster, and Weobley. 262. The city of Hereford is 135 miles from London, and contaias 1,838 houses, and 9>090 inhabitants. It is a place of great antiquity, clean and elegant, but not the seat of any parti« cular manufacture. 263. Monmouthshire is one part in 100 of all England, containing 498 sq. miles, two- thirds of which are pasture, and 71)833 inha-, ^ bitants, which is 144 to a square mile. It is a *" fertile and beautiful county, watered by the Usk"^ and Wye, and contains the towns ofMonmoutb,^^ )^ Chepstow, Abergavenny, and Pontipool. It^ |; produces corn and wool, and breeds large herds of black cattle. It sends three members to par* liament. /» 264. Glougest^rsHire, a rich agricultu. ral district, contains 2^ parts of 100 of all t,ng^ land, or 1 ,256 sq. miles, of which t^b-thirds are^ v^X '■>, vv I I 9» BRITISH OBOORAPHY. pasture, and 335,843 inhabitants, being 242 td a square mile. It is a fine county, and tke tract near Stroud, called the Bottoma, h re- Biarkablv beautiful. 205. It is watered and divided by the Stttnia the Wye, and part of the Thames. It is difided into 27 hundreds^ containing 280 parishes, and includes the city of Gloucester, and the towiie of Cheltenham, &mou» for its Spa, Tewkea* bury, Stroud, Cirencester, Paia»wick, and Mu^ chinhampton. 266. The city of Gloucester is 106 miles from London, and contains 1,704 houses and 0,744 inhabitants, a third of whom arc\engaged in pin-making, wool-sortinff, usc8 and J'^engaged is ancient and con- hedrai in id hou«e». nd a half iq. miles, opulation It is pro- e London ) the seat whiciv is ibers. (» Tame, and the eds, and ^-H»-;t ,. -^-^V Cheltenham. Oxford, from the North, Oxford, from the East, .' r -mt ilfi(il jfi>t"'«-*-Kfh( ■l-iwi! } t >^>4'* ' i-^'r^*' ■M .^Utt^^^S^kiHV /, •■' - > V.^< ^'"■^•tf' 1'^ tfH: vik. ii.i («^V V * OXFOEDSHIRE* m 307 ))ttiUh^» in which are contatnecl th« ancient university of Oxford and Woodstock, adjoining Blenheim ; Banhury, Witney, and Henley. 269. The city of OxvoAD, which returns two memhers to parliament, is 55 miles from Lon- don, and containa 2»510 houses, and 16,364 inhabitants, ll i», perhaps, the most superb city in Europe, containing 20 magnificent col- leges and five halls, equal to royal palaces ; be- sidea the Theatre, the Bodleian Library, the Radcliffe Library, the Clarendon Printing Of- fice, the Schoob, the Observatory, and some fine churches and bridges. Ob$, — Th« loperb strucHire of Bleabemi Howe, in this county, waf built by the BvUish Pin'liament, at Wood- stock, for John Duke of Marlbor ? miles from 'London, and contains 2,5852%ouses and 12,867 inhabitants, pdrt of IV horn are engaged in the flouir and corn^trad^, and others in the manufaeturing of 8ackiii||, blankets, and pins. It returns two members to parliament. < 273. Windsor, a borough in Berkshire, is tL^ miles from London, and contains 948 houses and 5,698 inhabitants. It is celebrated for its Castle, which, since the Norman Conquest, has been the residence of the Kings and Queens of England. This Castle stands on an eminence, and is an extensive and splendid building, filled ^vith paintings and objects of interest and cu- riosity. The town is represented by two mem- bers. Obs. — Two natural curiosities, if properly ro calkd, nre celebrated in this county. The river Ljinboiirn, whicli, contrary to the phenomena of all rivers, is at ifs greatest height in summer, but in winter is nearly if not altogether dry. The other curiosity is less pro. perly termed natural, as it is certainly the woric of hu> man hands, but by whom performed or directed cannot be determined, altliough it seems clearly to be referred to the era of the Saxons. It is the rude figure of a white horse, occupying nearly an acre of land, in the side of a green hlU* near Ashbury ; the hill and adjacent vale are thence termed White Horse Hill, and the Vale of White Horpe. ' ': ; t i I Mi > ' v» * ,x ji' iliM -;t.i3f%i^i *"* Blenheim Houte, £;?Mil ;? i ■ {ryu er Ltinboiirn, rivers, is at Iter is nearly ty is less pro> e work of hu< irecled cannot be referred to re of a white a the side of a aceot vale are Vale of Whiter rf^=»») !i!»A » fl'i Reading, Jm/.o.^ .(ws^raBaaw '^..M., :^m^ »l.^ M-m Norwich Cathedral, P"^: '?'V?^ri ^f^ ^^^ 4 (."' !§' SSSe "(ii'tt'irt*)'.- ^>^?5l^ V' V.^f. k ■ V.^l'n , ' ^'•-'•.' ' ^m* ''^^Hfl rKZ!^^l -\ T?« Vk^JSK^ ■c-^-^ ^>i^ ^^ *>i'«^ij,*' ^l3 ^^K3 V '' . ^liK ^ \ ' i*:. ^^ ^ Norwich^ from the South, ^^'i^fSS^ Yarmouth, >-^ * ■» H 2' husl .■■'.:Mu mor «'!**<¥■ 4*. ..i."i .tt »$i ' i> I iv -"i>' '-i> .. * T» 99 THE NORFOLK CIRCUIT, Including ^orfolk^ Svffolk^ Cat I, ^dge^ Huntingdon^ Bedford, and Buckingham. 274. Norfolk, long famous for its turnip husbandry, is a maritime county, containing more than three parts ia 100 of all England, or 2,092 sq. miles, of which three-fourths are arable. Its population is 344,368, or 164 to a square mile. 275. The rivers of Norfolk are the great Ouse, the Nen, the Little Ouse, and the Yare, It is a flat, but a rich agricultural county. 276. Norfolk is divided into 38 hundreds, and 660 parishes, ccntaining the city of Norwich, th<* boroughs of I/yaa Regis, Castle Rising, Thet-* ford, and Yarmouth; besides 28 market-towns. 277. Norwich, the capital of Norfolk, Is 109 miles from London, and ontains 41 pa<> rishes, and nearly 50,288 inhabitants, of. whoni a third are engaged in the manufacture of wors- ted stuffs and shawls. It is a large ancient city ; and sends two members to parliament. 278. Y'armouth, which sends two members to parliament, is a famous sea-port of Norfolk, is 124 miles from London, and contains 18,040 inhabitants. Its beautiful quay renders it a de«' sirable watering-place, and it carries on a great coasting trade, as well as a considerable foreigti commerce with the Balticy Germany* and HoU 1% ii 100 BRITISH OCOGRAPHY. Obt. — Yarmouth exports immense %nantitie8 of corn and malt. The iaIialHtaiits employ 150 vesiels in the herriog- fishery, and between 40 and 50 sail iu tliff ex- portation. Fifty thousand barrels of beriliigK, which some mafnify to 40,000 lasts, ctontAloiof ,4P«b, to Spain, Camlets, and 3, and employ ' ^ > 771 - - r^ y^'c. -^^Kr' ' Buri^ St, EdmuntU' >unty^ coil- 11 England, ' which are 542>orl79 to 21 hun- I seven bo* Jdborough, id Bury St. as Becdes, * Stour, the in, and the ral county, of the f/ea; irleys. of the most 8 jfarmers are Q\pi prevails r Irn^e a yery le*iiBed, re- itt cKertions. the raaritimflr ITS have Ion|; .>|fii 7lf^V» Cambridge, •IM'i'rtS King s College, Cambridge, ^\ i -t ■vfc- mir t iJ i M i i.'u . ;. CAMBRIu«iEliHIRE< 101 keen celebrated for the abundance of their milk, which, to |)ro|iortion to their si/et uud the quantity of food ifrhich they consume, exceed tne produce of any other race in the lcio);doni. They are all of the hornless or po ied kind. The nheep, of which large flocks are kept, are chiefly of the Norfolk breed, but they have, within some yenri pa»t, been in Tarious places changed for the South Down. The tnrkles of this county are reckoned to come next to those of Norfolk) in supplying the Lon- don markets* 281. Cambridoeshirb is an inland county, containing nearly two parts in 100 of all Eng- land, or 868 square miles, and of which one- third is fen or marsh-land, covering all the nor- thern part of the county. The population is 121,909, being 140 to a square mile. 282. The rivers of Cambridgeshire are the Nen, the Ouse, and the Cam. Of the cultivated parts half are arable; and the fens, by draining, afford crops of barley, as well as the richest pasturage. 283. This county is divided into 15 hundreds, containing 164 parishes, the city of Ely, and eight market-towns, among which are Cam- bridge, Newmarket, famous for its race-course, and the little port of Wisbech, l 284. Cambridge, the county-town, is 51 miles from London ; and contains 14 parishes, rearly 2,682 houses, and 14,142 inhabitants. It is a place of great antiquity, but is chiefly re- markable as the seat of one of the principal universities in Europe. Both it and the town are represented by two members each, 13 I 102 BRITISH OKOORAPHY. I 1 985. The University of Cnmbridge consisti' of thirteen splendid colleges, and four halls, be- sides the seuate-house and libraries. King's College and Trinity College are the most mag- nificent ; Downing College is tlie niost modern ; and St. Peter's the most ancient. {f '( ■•> OAfl.— Hm principal locnl diftinctlo^f oF thp county are tlie celebrated races of Newmarket, the retort of the gay, the dissipated, the thoughtless, and the proUi- gate, yet supported on liberal principles, by royal do* aations, and the iabscriptions of the nobility i and the no less celebrated fair of Stourbridge, held inacorn-fleld balf-a-mile square, where commerce and iaduttry nonr forth their accumulated stores, while idlenesss and re* ▼elry collect also their votaries, in promiscuous apso- elation. »' 286. Huntingdonshire, next to Rnttand and Middlesex, is the smallest county iii Eng- land, being only the 190th of the whole, and containing but 346 sq. miles, the greater part of which is arable. Its inhabitants amount to 48,771, or 141 to a square mile. It sends four members to parliament. 287. This county is divided into four hun- dreds, containing 78 parishes, the borough of Huntingdou, and five market-towns, St. Ives, Kimbolton, St. Neot's, Ramsey, and Yaxley. Its north-eastern district is fenny. 288. Bedfordshire is an inland couUtj; and consists of nearly one part of 100 of afl England, containing 463 squ. miles, and about 83,716 inhabitants, or 180 to a square mile. '" mSDFOllMHIRR. 103 MO. This county is divided into nine hnn« dreds, containing 124 parishes, and 10 market- towns, among which are Bedford, Biggleswade, Dunstable, Ldghton-Bu2f ard, and Woburn. It is a Hefc and j^Misant cottntY» abouhdiog with corn and cattle ; but b divided by a high ridge of elftvated and barren ohalk*-hills, and has sandy districts. It produces woad, a plant used by dyers. Its manufactures are bone- lace, and hats, with other articles made of straw. It sends lour members to parliament. 200. Bedford, which returns two members, is 50 miles from London, and contains 5,460 in- habitants, being one of the smallest county- towns in England. It is, however, a neat place, pleasantly situated on the Ouse, and carries on a trade with London, chiefly in corn and flour. It has several charitable institutions^ one of which is a county hospital, lately b«ilt» 201. Buckinghamshire; is nearly two parts of 100 of ^11 England, coofisinklg — 520,000 acres, or 740 square miles, and of which two- tliii'd^are in arable cultivation. Its popahtioil is 134,068, or 1$)0 to a square mile. 292. The rivers of this coiinty are the Tlmmes to the south, the 0«se and tbe Colne on tbc soutL-east. The Cbiltem Hills are prominent objects in the south, and tbe rich vale of AyWs- bury runs through its centre. A great part of this fine vale is devoted to the grazing of catti« 104 BRITISH 6B0«RAPHr. and feeding of sheep, which is a source of much opulence to the landholders. 293. The county is divided into eight hun- dreds, containing 185 parishes, and the bo- roughs of Aylesbury, Buckingham, Amersham, Wendover, Wycombe, and Great Marlow ; be- sides nine market-towns, among which areOIney, Stouey Stratford, and Newport PagnelK It abounds with woods, and is famous for its beeches. It returns 14 members to parliament. Obs. — ^Thc village of Eton, opposite to Windsor, was rendered a seminary of learning in 1440, by Henry VI. That prince originally endowed it for a provost, 10 priests, six clerks, six choristers, S5 poor grammar- scholars, with a master to teach them, and ^5 poor old men. It is now in a flourishing state, supporting provost, vi(;e-provost, and 70 scholars, with various ofii. cersand assistants; and besides the king's scholars, there are seldom less than 300 noblemen's and gentlemen's •ons, who board with the masters, and receive their edu- cation at tbU seminary. THE HOME CIRCUIT Contains Essex^ Hertfordshire^ Kent, Sus* seXf and Surry* 294. Es&ex is a maritime county, contstining four of 100 parts of all England, or 1,532 sq. miles, of which two-thirds are pasturage. Its population amounts to 289,424, making 189 to a square mile. It sends eight members to parliament. *e of inuc/i 'ffht hun- the bo- roersham, '•Jow; be« areOIney, gneih It * for its riiament. indsor, was Henry yj, >rovost, 10 I* iTamaiar. •6 poor old Pportin^ karioHs offi, ^>lars, there gentlemen's 6 their edu- lUk£iArfc«JL^ Bedfard Colchester, 'Jtdining .532 sq. ?P. l!s bers to JVor^A Ficm; o/" London, ■:l'--i^i- '!:rlT '!^ liitiiuiiinof ! -mb- Inm, •a -^1 iom Hi. - 7 II? BS8BX. 105 » < ' i • i«a{ ' 306. This cotiat^ ii difided into nineteeil hundreds, containing 403 jparishe«» tlie b'#<- roughs of Colchester, Harwich, and Maldeo, and 21 market-towns, among which are Chelmf« ford, the county- town, Coggleshalli Rumford, Braintree. 296. Essex is a rich agricultural county, ser¥« ing the metropolis with large quantities of grain and other provisions. Its northern parts are elevated and picture«(|ue, but on the s6uth it is marshy and unhealthy. Its rivers are the Thames, the Stour, the Coin, the Chehnner, aital the Biackwater. 297. CoLCHE&T r a, the largest town in Essex, is 51 miles from L.>^don, and contains 14,016 inhabitants. It is a very ancient place^ and stood a memorable siege in the civil wars.. It has a port for coasting-trade. 0^«.— Essex has furnished oovioill subjects of inquiry and discussion to tlie antiquaries. Besides those of Ro* man orij^in, which are numerous, the priocipal curio- sities of the county are a petrifying; sprinf; at Beacon Hill, and Harwich^ and the custom of Dunmow, which rewards nuptial attachment preserved inviulate in act, word, and thought, for a year and u day, with a flitch of bacod. 298. Hertfordshire is one part of 100 of all England, containing about 628 sq. miles, of which three parts are arable, and 129,714 inhabitants, being 249 to a square mile. Itr rivers are the Lea, the Rib, and the Coin. 209. Hertfordshire it divided into eight hun* lod BRITISH 6Eoe:^APHr. dreds, and 170 parishes, containing the boroughs of Hertford and St. Alban's, and the market- towns of Wsre, Barnef/Royston, Hitchin, Hod- desdon, Wat rd, and 11 others. It is a rich and pleasant agricultural county, and its wheats are celebrated for the brightness of their colour. It sends six members to parliament. 300. Kent, famous for hops, apples, corn, and grass, contains nearly three parts of 100 of all Engknd, or 1,537 sq. miles, of which one Lalf is arable. Its population is 426,^16 or 280 to a square mile. 301. Kent is watered by the Thames, the Medwav, the Stour, and the Rother. In man respects, it is one of the finest and most fertile districts of the island. The southern parts are marshy, but in the middle it is elevated and picturesque. 302. This county is divided into tiv '^thes, containing 63 hundreds and 413 parishes, the cities of Canterbury and Rochester, the bo* roughs of Maidstone and Queensborough, the cinque-ports of Dover, Sandwich, Romney, and Hythe. It has also 22 other market-towns, among which are Woolwich, Gravesend, Folk- 8to'.ie, and Tunbridge. It sends to parliament 18 members. Oh$. — Chatham is distinguished for its royal dock yards and its naval arsenal. Wooh/ich and Oreenwich* are also remarkable i the former for the rojrai dGci(« he boroughs the markef" tchin, Hod- s a rich and 1 wheats are r colour. It [>ples, com, irts of 100 r which one M6 or 280 hames, the . In man most fertile rn parts are evated and fiv '^thes, Irishes, the r, the bo- trough, the »mney, and ket-towns, lend, Folk- parliament royal dock <3reenwich« rojral dock* Dov€}\ Canterbury, Margate. iutcheries of the brave English. . endf to the sataiit i£ity, , and con- 36 of great some inte- Lrun, Adur, Its aspect 1 the east, thence to extending irith woods, ts oaks, >rightojD» a lable bath- in London. 29 inhabi- V thousand ibf a poor in elegant ] has long Durth, who ttal style. glish history irben William ' over King » himself .and ded wi(h his Log his ships, 1 marched to nras founded tQae iMF the ■')U.. j:u' Brighton^ from the West Brighton^ from the N» E* Chichester, ■ti suriRY. 109 310. Surry consists of a part ami a half of 100 of all England, coDtainiiig 758 sq. miles, of which two thirds are in pasturage, and 3$)6,658 inhabitants, or 528 to a square mile. 311. Its ticinity to London renders this a rich and interesting county. Its rivers are the Thames, the Mole, and the Wey. It is sepa- rated in the middle by a picturesque chain of chalk hills or downs. 312. Surry is divided into 13 hundreds, con^ taining 140 parishes, the boroughs of South- wark, Guildford, Reigate, nietchingly, Hasl«- mere, and Gatton, each of which sends two members to parliament ; and eight other market- townSy among which are Croydon, Kingston, Dorking, and Epsom, famous for its race- course. Obs, — Between Kgham and Staines, is the famoai Runnymead, a meadow on the Thames, Where England's aniclent barons^ clad in arms. And stern with conquest, frott their tyrant king, J. Then rendered tame, did challenge and secure The charter of her freedom. auensioc. This ^reat event of King John's signing Magna Charth| totk place to 1810. THE METROPOLITAN COUNTY. Obs. — As the supreme courts of Jndicature sit Coring the four terms at Westminster, in Middlesex; and as there are eight sessions of tjie peace in London, held at Jostiee fJalK in (he Old Bailey, and as many tor ttie county at Hicks's Hall, Middlesex, it is not the object of K no BRITISH OEOGRAPHT. any tour or circuit of juif icr, but ii ttself the focui or centre of bolh law and equity. In the arrangement of the counties it comes therefore by itself. 313. Middlesex, next to Rutland, is the smallest of the English counties, though from its containing the metropolis, it is the most considerable in population, opulence, and poli- tical importance. It is in size but a 200th part of England, containing only 282 sq. miles. 314. The population of Midalesei, including so much of the Metropolis as stands ^n the oorth side of the Thames, is 1,144,531 of whom 250,000 inhabit the populous villages situated around the metropolis, which, with the nume- rous villas that cover the country, render this county a sort of terrestrial paradise. 315. Middlesex is divided into eight hundreds, and 250 parishes, of which 132 are within the cities of London and Westminster. The suburbs of the metropolis, in Middlesex and Surry, contain 50 other parishes. 316. The county of Middlesex contains, be- sides London, the considerable towns of Brent- ford, Uxbridge, and Hounslow, and ihe large villages of Hampstead, Highgate, Twickenham, Hammersmith, Chelsea, Fulham, Kensington, Chiswick, Tottenham, Edmonton, Hendou, Hackney, &c. It sends eight members to par- liaraept. 317. London, the metropolis of the British empire, stands on a rising ground, in north lat 51S 32', on th<» north bank of the Thames, which be focut er ngement of d, is the ugh from the most and poH- a 200th sq. miles. including ds Dn the Lof whom s situated \he nurae- euder this I hundreds, within the he suburbs md Surry, Dtains, be- s of Brent- I ihe large ^ickenham, Kensington, Hendou, ers to par- the British ) north lat mes, which ■' St* PauVt Cathedral East Viem of London and Thames* -is'. 1*-^ i^ .';.! i East India Houte, Tower of London, , .•*^"#-'^ 3?-*«fC4»»'.ii^«, ,^.«, ._,A,. -f^..^ ■''>»^-?W«'- ■ .J.. 5 . .> T L& ^•f LOIHK)]!. Ill Is there about a quarter of a mile over« and ad* mits the navigation of ships up to the city, of COO or 600 tons. ai8. The town below, or to the cast of Lon- don-bridge, is properly a sea-port, and is inha- bited by bca-faring persons, and others con- nected with the business of shipping. This part consists of Wapping, Shadwell, Bermondsey, and Deptlbrd. 319. Above London Bridge, for two miles along the banks of the river, and a mite broad^ lies the ancient city, and the trading and com- mercial part of the town, of which St. Paul's church is in the centre. Westward of this di- vision are new and more elegant parts of the town, occupied by the court and the nobility and gentry ; and adjoining to this division are St. James's, Hyde, and the Regent's Parks. 820. London Bridge, an ancient and incon- venient structure, has long connected the east end of the town with the adjacent county. Blackfriar's Bridge also unites the city with the county of Surry. Westminster Bridge, one of. the handsomest over the Thames, or in Eu- rope, was built in the reign of George 11. It cost 400,000/: and is 1,220 feet long. Near the Middlesex side stands Westminster Hall and the Houses of Parliament, the roof of which is seen in the print; and behind is Westminster Abbey. ^ . 321. The communication with the counties of Kent and Surry, has, of late years, been ^reatlj k2 112 BRITISH 0EOORAPHY. facilitated, by n»ean9 of 9«veral new bridges, aa the Strand' Bridge, which al^d^ a ready com- munication between tl^o central parti and the opposite bank. A ca$& iron 1;iridge has :;|so been erected^ joiuiiig VauiiliiiU with Pimlico* South wark Bridge haii been directed from the cen« tre of the city, and consiats of three m&gnijficent iron arches. 323. One-fifth of the mass of houses, called Loinion, is in the city, in the centre; one-fifth is to the cast and north oi the city ; another fifth iojfpi the parishes west of the city, in Westmin- ster; another constitutes Mary -ie-bone and the parishes north of Westmiuster; .^d the otber fifth lies south of the Thames, in Surrey. 324. London and the parishesimmediately ad joining it, are about seven miles long and fouf miles broad, containing 176,156 houses, ami 1,225,694 inhabitants,^ being about seven to a house, O^f.—- This includes the vpace from Chelseai in the west, to M ile-cn(l in the east, and from Kenning<:oQ in the south, to Islington in the north. 325. The best and longest streets in London ar6 Oxford-street, Holborn, Cheapsid^, the Strand, Piccadilly, Bond-street, Portland-pi^e, Baker-street, Weymouth-street, Harley-street, Sloane-street, Regent*9treet, and PaB-Mall. Obs. — Re|eot>street, extending nearly two milfs from Caileton Plitace, in P^lt Malt, to the Regent's ParK, noitn of Mary-le-bone, combines every variety of splendid irrchi- teclare, m^ it tie moat ittperb line •! hmmk lor ptivate residence and business which is tft t»e net wilb la th« fd/ com-* and tbe Ihas :;|so Piinlico. the cen- knificent |S, called one-fifih ther fifth VestmiQo ^and the he otLer h ately ad and fouf ises, and ven to a n (iie west, ^ tbe south, London ide, the id-|iJace, y-strcet, m. iilff from ArK« nortn idf^Jircbi. Guildhall, . v* T t;^ hoki>bn. lis whole world. The whole )i white, and many of th« ertctions resemble palaces for their taste and costliness. Many hundred of houses were piilled dawn to create the reqnisrh openings, and the completion of the plan has iniolved mmense property ..iWeare.of opinion that such splendour ought not to be indulged. tiU. the superfluous wealth of a country has been so directed to render cottage* comfortable I yet such a street is a source of p M\c gk itification, and tends to exalt a people in their 0^""^ estimation and that of foreigners. S26. The most splendid squares are Grosve- nor-square^ Portman-square, Cavendish-square, Berkeley-square, St JamesVsquare, Tavistock*- square, and Russel-square. 327. There are in London 146 churches, as many chapels of ease; and at least 500 meeting- houses and chapels of dissenters. Of the churches, the cathedrals of St. Paul's and West- minster are among the wonders of the Empire. 328. The other public buildings in London^ worthy of particular notice, are, Somerset- house, the Tower of Locdon, the two Houses of Parlia- ment, Westminster-hall, Whitehall, the groupe of offices of government from the Admiralty to the 'IVeasury, Carlton Palace, the Bank, the Royal Exchange^ the India-house, and the Theatres* kS ^ "•^f'ti'Ma im i iwi iw i w i * *" t ' 1 i: r 114 Tht foUotving PvBUC BuiLDiNcif tn Loudon merit Notice^ from ihtir Fame and Magnitude^ and Engravings of them have been afUMted in this Work. St. Paul's, next to SI. Peter'* al Roane, if the Inrgeit an3 most superb Cathcdmt in Europe. WitVTMiNtTCR-AuiKT if eelebmted for lit antiquity, and the illuttrioof afbef it contains. WnTMiWfTcii-HAiL if Itttertstiag to Bri^ent, af the ibcM of the ebief Courtf of Law. The Admiraltt If the mansion wlivo all the Interests of the British Navy are direqted. The WAR'OFffics if connected witb the Armv. The HovfB OF Loani , connected to tht \tn frith the HeosB ov CoMMOinr, both tery anoieM ^HtntPatei, The East-India-Housb,, in whirhr are eoadoetcd tlie affiirf of the BrKith Empire in the East^Iadttff . SoMBRfW-HoufB, the feat of many Public Qfllces and interesting EstaMishmentf, as the St^fnii-OWcc, Exclie- qner-Office, Royal Soch^ty, Royal Acadeniy, &c. The City MAifsioN.f!&::Jrvt"''"*^-' ''^\Mk i^i -'ij*ifc*:-*' i.Hiaiii>j (i ' fg BlaaJ^riara Bridge, Westminster Bridge^ I \ ^^/ Driiry Lane Tl Covent Garden II :^1ii|p=^ T^;:;;i^'nll'"' Drury Lane Theatre* Covent Garden Theatre, ;J <^i Jioyal Exchange, i' > f i^ mtO: The Custom J The Strand B Southwark In iL mffliffllaai iHPijii w i jig ^gjMiniiM'g^ The Custom House* The Strand Bridge Southwark Iron Bridge V] <^ ^l ^3 % > 0^ /^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I |50 ™"^" ■■■ I Photographic Sciences Corporation y A z & ^ ||l.25 U III 1.6 ^ 6" ► SJ l\ :\ c^^^ \ .A 9> y *» <* '-(p ^'*<» ««^.*^ 6^ > 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 '%^ ^ <> . c^ ^iiV. }ij ••* •-f'irt »Hi ■i'l i •■ •,^^.1 ' f^k »•' II" ,. ill LONBON. no 329. The port of London is the greatest in the world, and the river and the extensive and won- derful docks connected with it, are constantly filled with the ships of all nations, just arrived from, or about to sail to, all parts of tlie world. Obs, 1. — The imports into the port of liondon, from foreign ports, lately exceeded in value 40 millions per annnm, and what is imported coastwise exceed in value seven millions. 8.— The supply of a million of inhabitants with provi« sions, necessarfly creates a vast traffic, chiefly in grain and flour. The average consumption of bread rather ex- ceeds a quartern loaf per week per individual. Nearly 80,000 sacks of flour are cons every dfty t •ds. d chariots four times Lcpt in and number of Irawn by a Southampton, » ^ , DarseU tnshire. ^Jie Isle of :aining four 8 sq. miles, curage, two- hs in wc i n the !>;:../ ! mteresting ock-yards of f Southamp- Chester, bc- t, separated he sea, from sds, and 253 Winchester iouth, South- Portsmouth and Isle of Wight, ^ . i\ 't,-,r .^ :,:)...• Salisburu, V -€t^^!t,.t^fi„CM-*^~.~. ."^xiAymn/^ am • 'i Pe poi ,?>. Hi HAMnniRE. 117 -3, »^_T« ■I ?*s ampton, Lymington, Chri$tchiirch, Andover, Petersiieldy Stockbridge, Whitchurch, New- port, Yarmouth, and New ton. 335. The populatiou of Hampshire is about 282,203, being 173 to a square mile Its rivers are the Avon, TefTe, Stour, Wye, Lodflon, and Itehin. It sends 24 members to parliament. 336. Southampton is 77 miles from Lon- don, and contains 13,353 inhabitants. It is a port, and was formerly a fashionable bathing- place ; being finely situated at the head of an estuary, called Southampton River, and in the immediate vicinity of the New Forest. It is the rendeavous of the Isle of Wight and Jersey packets. Obt. — ll^iocbMter, the capital of Hants, in 63 oilflw from Loodoo, and containi abo^t 7700 inhabitants. It was a British town, and bas, at different periods, been a royal residence. The castle was bollt by King Arthur, and hit round table ii still shewn. The cathedral is of great antiquity and singular beauty, containing many royal remains. 337* Portsmouth, a regularly fortified town, is the chief dep6t of the invincible British navy, and its dock-yard is one of the wonders of the world. It is 72 miles from London. Three towns may be said to be united in one. Ports- mouth, at the extremity of the island of Port- sea, containing i2000inhabitants ; Poksea, con- taining 33»000 inhabitants ; and Gosport, on m contiguous point of the main land, containing 6^000. making a total of 51^32. t. 0^«.— The beautiful Isla of Wight, somewhat retem* ' f if 118 BRITISH OEOORAPHY. blini; a bii «l with expanded wingi, meaiurei from north tii •ou(h about IS miles, from east to west twenty-one. It is nearly divided into two parts, by tlie river Medina, which rises near the south coast, and runs into the sea on the north near Cowes : a ridge of hills also traverses the islaad from east to west ; to the north of wbir itf cheese, a half of 100 sq. miles, of r sheep-walks, •rough Downs. , or south and n and sheep, lat the whole > amounts to 28 huudredi^ ■■^i Stonelienge, Weymouth, ■ .1 ,. : Bath. MiXi WILT8HIRB* lit and 304 panthei, coDtaining 222,157 inhabit- anti, or 161 to a square mile. 340. It coDtaint the city of Salisbury, and 15 boroughs, Bed win, Calne, Chippenham, Cricklade, Devizes, Downton, Heytfsbury, Hindon, Ludgershall, Malmsbury, Marlbo^ rough. Old Sarum, Westbury, Wilton, and Wootton-Bassett. It sends 34 members to par- liament. 341. Wiltshire contains also the market-towns of Trowbridge, Warminster, Amesbury, Brad- ford, and others. Its rivers are the Keiiuctt, the Thames, the Bourn, the Avon, and the Nadder. 342. Salisbuby . the capital of Wilts, is 80 miles from London, and contains 8763 inhabit- ants. It is chiefly remarkable for its splendid cathedral, one of the largest in England, with a most lofty spire, 410 feet high. 343. Stonehenge, the wonderful remains of a temple of the Druids, the benevolent priests of the ancient Britons, consists of four ranges of enormous stones, from 15 to 20 feet high, each weighing from 30 io 40 tons, and some of them actually laid across others, and let in with a mortice. 0&f.~A more splendid temple of the tame nature existed a few ^ears ago at Abnry, near Marlborougli i near wliich Silbury Hill, on tlie Balli road, the tomb oil a Britisli kin; almost vied in magnitude with the pjriv> mids of Egypt. 344. Dorsetshire equals two parts of 100 of all £nglattd, containing 1,005 sq. milas^ 120 BRITISH OBOORAPHT. and 144,499 iahtbitants. It ii divided into 34 hundreds, and 34B parishes, uoataiiiing the boroughs of Dorehetter, Weynoath, Pool, Lyn»f Bridport, Corfe Castle, Shaftesbury, Warehatn, and Mdcombe Regis, besides 13 other market-towntk It sends 30 members to the house of commoaa. 346. Weymouth, a celebrated bathiirg- place in this county, 128 miles from London, contains 6,622 resident inhabitants, and in the bathing season as many more. It is a town of great antiquity, and it acquired recent celebrity as a faroUrite summer resort of the royal family. Obs. — At IlermitRKe, a vlllafe abont seven milef south of Sherborne, in this county, is a Chasm in the earth, whence « burge plot of ground, with trees and hedgpes, was remof od eStVre to tl^ diatance of forty rods, by aa earthquake, Irhich happened the IStbof Janaiary, 1585. 346. SoMBRSBTSHiRB forms about threo of 100 parts of ail £iiglaml, and contains about 1642 square miles, and 3d5,314 inhabitants. It is a fertile and beautiful county, and watered by the Parrat, Axe, and Avon. 347. It is divided into 42 bundreds,aod 482 parishes, containing the unrivafted city of Bath, the city of Weiis, part of BrfMoJ, the boroughs olTBHdge water! tlchestet, MiltKii'h^rpott, Mrne- headii Taunton, and 32 other p^ke^towns* It c«Bid#il3t meadiiefs tp tl^ parliaoieiit hqude^ vided into uontaiiNng >Mth, P«ol, laftesbury, tesidet 13 lembers to batbiiyg. u London, I, and ill 19 a town ed recent ort of the n milef south n the earth, and bed|;es, r riNis, hj aa lurjr, 1585. lit threo of lins about >itantf. It id watered s^and 4Sfi ty of Batb, boroughs titt, Mrne- towns# It loude. >j:ninLli:_^-_ / / / "^«=iii. .>r-T-^- BrittoltanditsPort, Brittoh Exettr, I V«#!|>i|,j|^' •0M61*ET»Hlftft«r 121 348. The Mendip HiUs abound in oonl, lend, calttinine, and copper. The vale of Taunton is celebrated for iti tertility, and the cQuntrv round Bath is the most picturesque in England. 849. Bath» a city famous for its hot springs, since the time of the Britons, is 106 miles fi'om London. It contains nearly 36^811 resident inhabitants, and generally 6000 visitors, who drink the waters, and batne in them, for bilious and rheumatic complaiiats. It i« beautifully built of stone, in the best style of architecture, and is, perhaps, the most elegant city m the world. <>6f. 1.— Th«M i»a gtaeral lioi|iitiil at Bs(k.for the w- crptlon of pntlenti, from alluarti of the kingdom, whoie cases require the uie of the Bath waten. 9.— Bath li a kilnt lee wlthWaui, wMchcity iiimall, but containf a richty-dfcoraied cathedral. At Taiaalm), Frome, Sbepton-Mallet, Ice. are manufactorlei of woollen dothi. 360. Bristol is 117 miles from London, partly in Gloucestershire and partly in 8omer- setsttire, and as vessels of 1000 tons can navigate the Avon to Bristol-bridge, it is one of the iinest ports in England. Its population is about B7,77!) ; but, including the various suliurbs, it exceeds 100,000. It is a fine, ancient, and wealthy city. ''^^^ (M9.~^The itianuAittaree of fhli eltjr, and ttttMiittjr, furnish it wUhMTeral important artteldt «f«xy«piiai«i. TbiUof ghu9-aiakia(r ^^ Ui ? aNiiu» irtl^el^f o*iii»« etpMialljr iolllei, e^f^KMch n^iiHy^Rilr tlie otiaibef ture aent ata* MJed withbucr, v ahil Briitol water. Hiird white loap, of the best quHlity, is made here in Iar|;e qaantities, .nuch of which is seiit to London, as well as to the colonies abroad. Hats, leather, vadlery, shoes, white lead, |unpowder, and earthenware, are all 6oDsiderabte artiieles of domestic and foreign traffic. The city lilKewis* ^possesses worlis for smelting lead, and making lead nhot, iron-found riea, rolling and slitting mills, and tin works, all of which fur- nish Tcry vaduabie commodities for exportation. 351. Devonshire is the largest county in England, next to Yorkshire, comprising nearly five parts in 100 of all England, or 2,574 sq. miles, with a population of 439,040, or 170 to a square mile. 352. Devonshire is divided into 33 hundreds, and 454 parishes ; it contains the city of Exet'ir, and the ten boroughs of Ashburton, Barnstajle, Beeralston, Dartmouth, Hooiton, Plymouth, Plympton, Okehampton, Tavistock, and Tot- ness. This county sends, in all, 26 representa- tives to parliament. , 353. Devonshire contains also 25 other mar- ket-towns ; among which are A:|cminster, Bidde- ford, CoUumpton, Crediton, Ilfraoombe, South- molton, Sidmouth, Tiverton, and Topsham. Its rivers fxxe the Exe, the Dart, the Taw, the Tamer, the Torridge, and the Teign. 8i4. The air of the south of Devonshire is considered as mild as that of the south ol Fnmce. Myrtles flourish in most parts of De- vonshire through the winter, in the open air. It, however, contains extensive tracts of barrel '' lie best quHlity, »f which is seiit abroad. Hats, unpoHrder, and es of domestic IpofsesfH works iron-fbundries, ,11 of which fur- tation. est county in ^risinj^ nearly or 2,574 sq. 10, or 170 to 33 hundreds, ity of Exet'ir, I, Barnstable, i, Plymouth, ck, and Tot- 6 representa- 5 other mar- nster, Bidde- )mbe, South- id Topsbam. the Taw, the ign. Devonshire the south ol parts of De« the open air. Dti of barrel Plymouth SL MichaeVs Mount, La Valette, in Malta. .^...niTcjsiiS-'' MJ el^lHlsHi fti as SBTOMSHIIB. 12S ?. ■■,' V heaths, as Dartmoor and Exmoor; and tht mountains so precipitate the clouds, that few days pass without rain. 356. Besides its capabilities as an agricultu- ral county, Devonshire has been famous for its manufactures of broad-cloths, serges, and other superior woollen goods. Cyder is the common beverage, just as malt-liquor is in other parts of the kingdom. 356. Exeter, the capital of Devonshire, is 168 miles from London, and contains 23,479 inhabitants, the half of whom are engaged in trade. It is a place of great antiquity, and so agreeable a residence, that many private fami- lies spend their fortunes in it. The cathedral lis one of the most ancient and splendid in the kingdom. itr 357. Plymouth is superior to Portsmouth as a resort of, and neceptade for, Britain's wooden walls. It is 215 miles from Loudon, and contains, altogether^ about 61^212 inhabit- ants. It is situated at the mouth of the Tamar and Plym, which form together what is called the Sound ; the mouth of the Tamar being called Hamoaze, and that of the Plym, Caiwater. A Breakwater, or mass of rocks, has been lately formed, at an immense expense, for the purpose of affording a safe anchorage to the shipping Ijing within it Oi«**— Next to these piMea, Tiyeri^Pt T«?is(Qck, Bara^ staple, and Dartmoath rank nest in popalatibn. Torbay iiaiinllarharboar, wheretlierbyal navjf rides in lecirity. Ilftacoaba is aaothcr fisavaateit Juvboiir ia tka BriiHil chaaatl. Ill m BRITIMI eEOGRAPHV, 346. CoRiv WALL, the rooit westerly part df England, ttretcbing like a peninsula into the Atlantic, consists of two parts of 100 of all £ngtand, and containt 1327 aq. miWs, one-tiki rd of which remanis uncultivated. 859. Cornwall is divided into nine hundreds and 101 parishes, containing 257*447 inhabit- ants, the sixth of whom are engaged in the business of the valuable copper and tin mines, for which this county is so fiimous, and in the pilchard*(tsbery, on which the mass of the p«o- ple live. 360. St. Michael's Mount, in Cornwall, is a singular island in Mounf s Bay, on the top of which is a church, with a good ring of beifs. At low water there is a dry passage to the main land. Here the Phoenecians are supposed to have dealt with the Britons for tin. 361. The principal towns are Falmouth, a considerable porty Truro and Launcesfon, at the latter of which the assrxes are held * but Cornwall is politically remarkable for its 27 rotten boroughs, which return 4*2 members to parliament, many of which consist only of a few wretched hovels, and are as devoid of in- dependent voice as of property. 362. As Cornwall is exposed td all winds, its climate is dftmp and ttiisettled. It contains but iew trees, objects so necessary to the bditlty ifrid vegetation of a conntry ; its fields, behig (liyided by «tone-watls, are therefore dreary* The wealth of the inbabitaBts it, bowef cr, •m* ■I • .t5tia«H> ^ -I part of into the \i of ail ne-tlkird iindredi inhabit- in the 1 minti, d in the thepco- ornwall, the top >f belb. he main )osed to louth, a itoo, at Id ; but it* 27 rberi to ily of a d of in- nd9, its Itn0 btfC hmtttf THB 8CILLT iSLiMllMli &C. 136 rcr,»tti« ■■■■'HlliU-0 tained and augmented by its inexhaustible mines and fisheries. . Obi, — ^The first-born son of the King of England is, In liii own right, Dulce of Cornwall, and has a revenue from the produce of the minety and the power of appointing certain officers. •. 8.— The miners are, in many respects, a distinct body from the other inhabitants of the county, having a court and a parliament of their own. ;• THE SCILtY ISLANDS. 363. As adjuncts of Cornwall may be named the Scilly Islands, which lie in a dangerous groupe, at 30 miles distance from the Land's £nd. Only ^\e or six of them are inhabited. The principal are St. Mary, St. Agnes, Tresco, and St. Martin, containing altogether about 2600 inhabitants. Obs, — The Scilly rocks have been fatal to numbers of ships entering the channel. Oae of the most disastrous events of this kind happened in 1707, when Admiral Sir Clondesly Shovel, with three men-of-war, perished, with all their crews. OTHER SMALL ISLANDS. Besides the above, and the islands described in the eleventh chapter of this work, there are the Islands of Lund Y, Caldy, Barny, and Holmes Islands in the Bristol Channel; Holy Island; on the coast of Northumberland ; Shep- pey, in Kent ; and Canvey, in Essex. ■ L3 I2d CHAPTER VIII. * ■. •.v-* WALES. 364. This distriet of the Island contaiot 12 •ounties, and is always considered distinctiT from England : because, till the reign of Ed- ward I. it existed as an independent principal lity, and still has its own circiiits, and preserves^ in many counties, the language of the aboriginal Britons. 365. It possesses, in its hills and mountains, natural characters irery different from England ; to these the ancient Britons retired, and there maintained their independence against the Ro« man, Saxon, Danish^ and Norman invaders, till it was subdued by Edward I. whose eldest io» was the first l^ngliih Prince Of Wale«. 366. Wales is divided into iVbytA and ..Vfli^itl Wakif each division containing six counti«k It is 150 miles long, and from 60 to 80 broad. Its area is 7,425 square miles, of which one« third consists of desert mountains. 367. The population of Wales is about 717,198, or 96 to a square mile. Its 12 counties are dii* vided into 751 parishes, containing 58 market- towns ; among which the most considerable are, Caermarthen, Swansea, Brecknock, Haverford- west, Cardigan, Caernarvon, Bangor, Holywell, Denbigh, and Myrthyr-Tydvil. 368. Its principal mountains are sitiilted In PLiKtiHtRe. 127 North Wales, and the highest of these are Snowdon, Cader Idris, and Plynltntmon. Ita rivers, celebrated for their picturesque beauties, are— the Wye, the Towey, the Tyvy, the Usk, in South Wales ; and the Dee, the Olwyd, the Conway, and the Severn, in North Wales. 369. In Walts are four bishoprics^ those of St. David's, Bangor, St. Asaph, and Landaff. It is also divided, for the purpose of legal juris- diction, into four Circuits ::— the Chester, the Northern, the South-eastern, and the South- western. SSi ' THE CHESTER CIRCUIT, Including Flinty Denbigh^ andMontgo* mery$hire9. 370. Flintshirb contains 244 sq. milcft, and 63,784 inhabitants. It includes the rich vale of Mold< and the flourishing manufacturing town and district of Holywell, which takes its name from the famed well of St. Winifred, con* ceriiing which so maay fab^s and superstitions have prevailed. Its county-town, Flm^ is fall- ing into decay. It sends to parliament one knight of the shire, and one burgess for the town of Flint. 371. DsNBiOHSHiRts contains 633 sq. miles, and 76,511 inhabitants. It con^prehends the 128 BRITISH OIOORAPHT. rich and picturesque vales of Clywd and Llan- follen. Its chief towns are Denbigh, Wrexham^ luthen, and Llangollen. Two members are sent to parliament from this county. 039.— In thii county the rugged and mountainous cha* racter of Wales is conspicuously apparent. The varied charms of the country, about Wrexham, have been much admflred. Approaching the lofty Berwn mountain at lilangoll^n, the scenes are truly romantic and sublime. The tops of the mountains are, during the greater part of the year, covered with snow. 372. MoNTOOMERTSHiRE contain8839 sq. miles, and 59,899 inhabitants. It is a moun- tainous county, one-half of its surface being uncultivated, and serving only for the sheep walks. Its principal towns are Welshpool, Mont^ gomery, and Llanidloes. It furnishes two mem- bers to the house of representatives. Obs, — Montgomeryshire is noted for its ** Pygmean steeds, of size exceeding not Leicestrian sheep." These are the small ponies, called merlins, which range over the mountains summer and winter, and never quit them till they are three years old, when they are brought down foctale. THE NORTHERN CIRCUIT, . ' Including Anglesey ^ Caernarvon^ and i Menonethm > 373. Anglesey is a large island, containing 271 sq, miles, and 45,063 inhabitants. It was '.^ |nd Llaa- ^rexham, are sent l^inoiu cba* The varif d ieen much tnntain at lublime. Uer part of C/ and ontaining > It was ( Caermarthen* "Il« ft the fe The wette VOUf < Aagh their Oh. are i" It reu and 01 374 miles, tainou itt ad Ciem the cb DlillCt« 375 Wales, neatly £dwai Saowd I rate? I and ii] Ob». of the I pr«duc( f . B fcc#fd cAimiAiToiMinin!. 139 *t9 Mcient ■«»•» ami tiM reftige of the Druidi, the tmefotent prieits of the ancient BritoM. The principal town it Beaumaris; and at iti weitem point is Holvhead, the famous rendei- Touf of the lrt»li ptcmett. Parys Mountain, in Anglcteat c:'- ' .0^ the largest copper-mine in the world. Okt,-^ Strmf -aonnnMfiU ot me Drwdt And tbt Roomiim are fHftertd aiiout the island. The air ii reckoned heaftV , , he toil fertile, and die waten abound with Ish. It reivimi two Bi«nibera to |iariiamcoty oac for the shire, and one for BeuiiMarlt. 974. CAERNARvoNSHiftB cootaini 644 aq. miles, of which a third are barren and moun- tainous, and 57,598 i«feabitttiits. Snowdon, and its adjoining mountains, are in this county. Caernarvon, Bangor, Conway, and Pwllheli are the chief towns. It contains copper and. lead miaca. 375. Caernarvon, the capital of North Wales, is 235 miles from London, and contains neatly 6,500 Inhahitants. In its ancUat castle Edward II. was born ; it is finely situated near Snowdon, and the Menai straight, which sepa- I rates )t from Anglesca. It sends one member, and iiie county one. Obt. I. — ^The inhabitanli ef this covnty live in a state of the utmost simplicity ; a Itttle oatmeal, added to the produce of their dairies, coaslllolct their food. ff. Perhaos few districts ia the world can produce a recerd sinrilar to that on a tomb-stooe at Abereonway 190 BRITISH aBOeRAPHT. which, in 16S7, wai placed on the gniTe of Nieholu Hookes, who wm the 41it son of hit father b> one wife, «nd hiinielf the parent of 87 children. 376. Merionethshire contains 663 sq. miles, and 33,911 inhabitants. This country is mouDtainous and remarkable for its wild and romantic beauties, it is excellently adapted for grazing, and produces more sheep than any other district in Wales. It returns only one member to parliament, a knight of the shire. Its market-towns are Harlech, Dolgelly, Beta Dinasmowdy and Merioneth. Its chief moun- tain is Cader Idris, one of the loftiest in Wales* THE SOUTH-EASTERN CIRCUIT. | Including Radnor, Brecon , and Glamor* ganshires, "<* '377. Radnorshire contains 426 sq. miles, and 23,073 inhabitants, and sends two members to parliament. Its chief towns are New Rad- nor, Presteign, and Knighton, now called King- ton. It is less mountainous than other Webh counties. 378. Brecknockshire contains nearly 745 square miles of which a third arc barren mountains, and 43,613 inhabitants. Its Df Nicbolai iy one wife, • ;r 663 sq. country ii wild and lapted for than any only one the shire, elly, Bala lief moun- in Wales. m .'•'■* !UIT, i GlamoT" sq. miles, > niemDers ^lew Rad- lled King- ier yf^\ilk ■ . • ■ ■ , ns nearly third are ants. Its OLAMOROANSHfRK. 131 chief towns are Brecknock, Crickhowel, and Hay. Its vallies are fertile, its mountains pro- ductive in iron and coal, and its general aspect grand and picturesque. It returns two mem- bers to parliament; one for the county, and one for Brecknock. 379. Olamoroanshirb, usually called the Garden of Wales, contains 793 sq. miles, of which a fourth is incapable of cultivation, and 101,737 inhabitants. It is a wealthy and flou- rishing county, equally distinguished for its agriculture, and its copper, iron, and coal works. It contains the city of LandafF, the borough of Cardiff, the sea-port of Swansea, and the towns of Cowbridge and Neath. It sends two members to parliament. 380. Swansea, a flourishing sea-port, on the north side of the Bristol Channel, is 20G miles from London, and contains 11,230 inbabitauts. Its beautiful situation renders it a fashionable bathiug-place ; but it is chiefly famous for its fine bay, and its coal, copper, iron, and pottery works. Oha, — Cardiff is the county town, on the coast, and con- tains an ancient castle of i^reat extent, and about 2,500 inhabitants. Mbrthyb Tydvil is a large new town, inhabited by miners, and its subterranean products and that of the county generally^ furnishes trade to three new 132 imiTISH OEOGRAPHY, THE SOUTH-WESTERN CIRCUIT. 38l.CABRMARTHENSHiREcontams974 sq. ' miles, of which a fifth is mouotainous, and 90,239 inhabitants. It sends two members to parliament. It is a fine agricultural county, ai24 includes the beautiful vale of the Towey, and Grongar Hill. Its chief town is Caermarthen^ the largest in Wales. 3B2. Caermarthen, 220 miles from Lon- don, the capital of South Wales, is pleasantlv situate in the Vale of Towey. It is very an- cient, and near it resided the famous Merlin, the supposed British enchanter, in the fifth century. It contains about 8,906 inhabitants. 383. Pembrokeshire contains 610 sq. miles, chiefly in cultivation, and 74,009 inhabit ants. It is indented by the grand and unequalled harbour of Milford Haven, on which stand the towns of Haverford-west, Pembroke, and Milford, On the southern coast lies Tenby, a fine port, and a romantic and fashionable sea-bathing place. This county returns 3 members to parliament. 384 Cardiganshire contains nearly 675 square miles, of which a moiety is in cultivation, and 67,311 inhabitants. Its chief towns ai^e Cardigan, Aberystwith, a sea-bathing-place, sind Tregarron. It gives name to the vast bay wfaiC:h stretches from Caernarvonshire to Pembroke- shire, and generally encroaches on the land. It sends two members to parliament. , -r.-r UIT. s 974 aq. 0U8, and mbers to unty, 9«4 wey, ani marthen, 'om Lon- leasantlv very aii. erlin, the century. 610 sq. ) inhabit lequalled stand the IMilford. port, and ng place, liament. arly 675 Itivation, >wns aDe lace, and ay \vfaiC:h Mil broke- land. It WALES. 1«38 O^f... Wales if the coaotry to which the ancient BrI tons retired, rather than submit to the yoke of forei|;ners, who had invaded and overrno their country ; just as the Bnglish and other Europeans at this day invade newly- discovered countries, and drive the uncivilized inhabit- ants into the mountains and fastnesses. The injustice of which the Britons were the victims, from the Romans, Saxons, and Danes, they practise, in turn, on the Cba ribs, the Negroes, the Caffres, the Hottentots, theNordi American Indians, the Hindoos, and others. In Wales the ancient Britons preserved their liberty, language, and religion. The country was too poor !• subsist armies of invaders, and those who were led on by bloody leaders, generally fell victims of their temerity. At length, however, the lust of dominion led Edward the First to maice a war of extermination on the Welsh, as he afterwards attempted on the Scotch, and getting Llewellin, the last of their reigning princes, into his hands, he treacherously caused him to be murdered at Shrewsbury. Since that period the Welsh have succum- bed, and become an integral portion of the liingdom of England ; the sovereign's eldest sou bearing the title of Prince of Wales, In compliment to the loyal inhabitaoti of the principality. North Wales is remarkable for its mountainous see* nery, and South Wales for its fertile pliUns ; Monmouth- shire and Glamorganshire being among the richest coun- ties in the kingdom ; and Merionethshire and Caernar- vonshire among the most rugged. The Welsh still retain their primitive Celtic language, which, in many districts, is exclusively spoken, ihongh there are few of the inhabitants of Wales who do not also speak or understand English. Separated from the rest of the world, and living chiefly on the products of their own soil, they preserve a simplicity of manners and integrity of character, which always command the confidence of those with whom they have intercourse. We now proceed to the third division of the island- called Scotland, or North Britain, which was united under one crown, in the person of James I., In the year 1608, aud nndcr one legislation, by Queen Anoe, io ITOe. ■^Ar^ ^ SuJ i rsaBK :. 134 CHAPTER IX. ; »"n:!"■"•.. ■.''.; 388.: The popuiation of Scptiand, is but ^,092,014) which is not in the due proportion of lit extent, and only 50[ to a square mile. The aw SCOTLAND. 135 its tempo* lined inde- lizabeth, in succeeded grandson of f both king- 7, a legisla- ce of which in the Bri- nbers in the this solemn 3ut partook burdens of ns of acres, Itivation. It but, in ge- r inferior to eners, how- or skill' and ind, is but 'proportion •e mile. The political ascendancy of the Scotch is, therefore, much greater than the real arithmetical propor- tion Af theuLUDAukLtipn. ;j II -.it , % I'S ' >■ ^w '\h CHAPTER IX. % 'i.-i ICOTLAND. 135 political ascendancy of the Scotch is, therefore, much greater than the real arithmetical proper^ tion x>f their population. Obs, — In truth, Scotland is not of equal political im- portance With the aioEle counties, either of Yorkshire or Lancashire, each of which numbers nearly a million of inhabitants, and either of which adds more to the annual national stock than this kingdom. Glasgow and its vici- nity are, in a public sense, the only productive parts of Scotland. It cannot, however, be denied, that the po- verty of this part of the empire dMves numerous recruits into our army, who, when flghiing in a just cause, add to its reputation by their characteristic bravery, 389. In forming their moral character, the Scotch enjoy the advantage of a lUw, made in the reign of William III. by which every parish is provided ivith a schoolmaster, and all children are^ educated at an easy expense to their pa- rents. This gives correctness to the character of the Scotch, and it is hoped will, in due time, impart a love of liberty, together virith generous and patriotic feelings and sentiments. 390. The law in Scotland differs greatly from that of England, both in substance ahd form. The civil, or Roman law, is its basis. Juries are, however, introduced; but they consist of tifteen instead of twelve, and, sometimes, decide by a majority, so that their decisions are not a certain test of truth. 391. Scotch literature, owing to the scanty fortunes of the professors at the Scotch Uni- ver3itie8, and to the habits produced by long nights in noitherit regions, has evinced much M 2 6j? tm^, U*f I Itu'/Mtr^^. i> AvfA .<«f iAA2>fatw'v>mn .47 ./•;/' - - - h Bttn/r. ^o^liu^iiff iA N<<>/i..,. laArff^U loCJUtfuui/^ . do iiuiiuiitv . . Q. COTI.A> 'i^_"i»; ^j*»'-j^'>^ '^^^^.„.- MK *^!""° ,a.A,r,._>Wi«fl""inf«/J>« Bum u.k/<>trfet L on. ion • A / / ^^ "♦ V lao BRITIIH OEOdRAl^IIY. activity in the production of books. Pnblic patronage iias oonseqaently prodaceil, from this country, the deservedly admired works of Ro. bertfon, Blair, Hume, Beattie, Smith, Reid, Stuart, Millar, Scott, Sinclair, Mackintosh, and many others. Odt.— The names of Drnmmofid. RtraiMy, Blnlr, Ar^- •Ironf « Barns, Graham, and also Watler. ScMi, nre ho- nourable to Scotch fpenias. Thomson, a greater Ihttn all, can scarcely be said to have been a Scotchman, bav- Inic been born at Ednam. close to the English frontier, and passed the prime c« his Kfe in London, irYttte he wrote, and publii'hed his immortal Sbasons. The Scotch are, however, more remarlcable for plodding; induUry ^ than for genius; few brilliant or useful discoveri«*£, can be traced to them. It is to be suspected that the political corruption of the Scotch character is owing more to fho poverty of their nobles, and the want of an opulent mid- lie dliss, as in England, than to any defect of virtue io the aiass of tho people ; Thomson was a poet of liberty i so wag Burns ; aad ao tatm laerlti higher pn>e than Fletcher ofSaltoaa. 392. The general aspect of Scotland is Mouii- lainous and sterile. A large extent^ including Argyle, Ross, Sutbcriand, and 4^aithness*$hires, and the western parts of Perth aiid InV6filess> shires, are denominated the Highlands, frotn their mountainous character. Here reside a people called Highlander!, temarkable for their bravery, their lively music, and their pristine manners. 393. Scotland has three magaiiioent Hve^s : the Forth, which runs by Ediiiburgh; the Clyde, which runt by Glasgow ; and the Tay^ .»»! SGOtLAim. 187 Pnblic m this i>f Ro- Reid, h, and r, Arpi- nre h«- ter thkn An, bsv- front'ter, rhref« he ictk'dtch induUry trifs caw pofitititl re to the lent nid- tae io the terty t to Fletcber ttiouti- duding ^^rilesi- ffOtll eside a ot their iristint which rung by Perth. Its smaller rivers are the Tweed, the Nith, the Eden, the Don, the Dee, and the Spey. 394. Toe lakes of Scotland are considerable : as Lake, or Loch Lomond, Tay, Ketterin, Mon- teith, Ness, Loil, and Leven. Among the moun- tains of Scotland, Ben Wewis is 3,700 feet ; Ben Lomond, 3,200 feet ; Cairngorm, and Ben Lawres, 4,000 feet ; and Ben Nevis, 4,350 feet, above the level of the sea. 395. Scotland is divided, as to its surface, into High-land and Lowland; and, by its waters, into Northern, Middle, and Southern. The Nor- thern, to the north of Murray Frith and Loch Limbe ; the Middle from thence to the rivers Forth and Clyde ; and the Southern from thence to England. 396. Thb Northebn Division includes the five counties of Caithness, Sutherland, Ross, Cromarthy, and Inverness. ^'397. Thjb Middle Division includes 14 counties, among which are Argyle, Moray, BamfF, Aberdeen, Meams, Angus, Perth, Fife, Sterling, and Dumbarton. '398. The Southern Division includes 13 counties, among which 9.re West, Mid, and East Lothian; Berwick, Renfrew, Ayr, Wigton, Lanark, Dumfries, Kirkudbright, and Rox- burgh, . 399. The most populous counties are Lanark (w^ich includes Glasgow), containing 244)387 i MS IM BRITISH OlOeRAPHT. ( r ■ Pertd, 139,000: Aberdeen, 161,141 ; and Mid- Lothian (which includes Edinburgh), 101,614. 06«.— The Orkneyt and Shetland make a thirty-third fieotrh coonty, conlainlnp; each SS,000 iobabilants, and will be noticed with other Islands. 400. The counties of the largest superficies ftre Perthshire, Argyleshire, Invernesshire, and Ross-shire. But Cromarthy, Selkirk, Kinross, Nairn, and Peebles, are so inconsiderable, that they do not average 7,000 inhabitants each. 401. Edinburgh, t|ie capital of Scotland, itands on the south of the estuary of the Forth, at a short distance from the port of Leith. It contains, including that port, about 138,235 in- habitants. The houses in the old citv are 13 or 14 stories high, each inhabited by a family. The new town equals the best parts of Bath and London. It is 304 miles from London, in lat. M north, and long. 3 west. 402. Glasgow, with its suburbs, contains 147,043 inhabitants, and has for many years been one of the most flourishing ports in Great Britain. It is a rival of Liverpooli and its neigh- bourhood assim dates in population and industry to tlt« f icinity of Manchester. 403. Perth, on the T^y, famous for its linen and paper manufactures, contains 19,000 inha- bitants. Aberdeen, celebrated for its University, 20,484 : Dundee, for its linen trade, 30,575 in- habitants. Greenock^ the port of Glasgow, con- taitlft 22,088. P:- ind Mid* D1.514. lirty.third antii, and perficies lire, and Kinross^ 'le, that ich. cotland, 2 Forth, ith. It .235 in. •e 13 or ly. The Ith and in lat. lontains y years 1 Great s neigh- Aduktry ts linen inha- i^ersity, 575 in- nr. con- ■^'■ffW,'n Edinburgh* Edinburgh, Ghagi ow. •«mM ^J i *^5#> SCOTLAND. 139 1)0 .4 ;.-..w)' 4 7' i' i( 405. Glasgow and Edinburgh enjoy the ad- vantages of water connteunication, by the great canal which joins the Forth and the Clyde. Other canals have been cut through Cantire, and from Loch Limbe to Murray Forth. 406. In its foreign trade, Scotland exports linens, lead, iron, muslins, lawns, cotton goods, oats, stockings, paper, candles, glass, and car- pets. Its exports have been estimated at nearly three mill ions, and its ships are nearly 3,000, 407. The natural cariosities of Scotland iar^ similar to those of Derbyshire, and such as are to be found in all mountainous countries, con- sisting of caves and caverns, formed by the ac- cidental disposition of masses of basaltic and other rocks. It has also some waterfalls of ex- traordinary height. Obs, — ^The details la thii accoanl of Scotland are de- Hved from Copperas Dt'efiotiofy, aod from Pinktrt9n*§ Oeographif* BiMa 140 CHAPTER X. IRELAJ^D. \ 408. Ireland is a sister island to Great Bri- tain, and an important member of the British Empire. It was known to the Greeks 200 years before Christ, under the name of Juverna, and was noticed by Caesar in his Commentaries, un- der the name of Hibernia. Obs, — The Irish historians refer their origin to a co- lony of Milesians, and contend that Ireland enjoyed ;E:reat prosperity, and a hi^h degree of civilization, many centuries before the birth of Christ. 409. In the reign of Henry II. Ireland was invaded by the English, and the country round Dublin subjected to the English governments The whole island was subjugated in the reign of James I. and since that period it has been one of the brightest jewels in the British crown, but treated too much like a conquered >coun try. 410. Ireland is 235 miles long, and from 100 to 180 miles broad, containing near twenty mil- lions of acres, of which two-thirds are in cul- tivation, and between 6 and 7 millions of in- habitants, or 230 to a square mile. 411. As it is more westerly than Great Bri- tain, it first receives the clouds from the At- lantic, and as all those whose electricity is the easiest disturbed, fall m Ireland, this country --^«V>3,A» tt IRBLAND. 141 ks 8ul||ect to more rain than any other in Europe. A consequence, however, of this moist climate, is, a h*xuriant vegetation, which feeds millions ^' heails of,$ittie^-a iiri furnith aB mnmi > . . » » * *. pf e MMa ^^^yAaik^.v.,...»..ii*;..,. , .^.^iiaiiv.a If' 1 A>/IiH- i,i Liv^oiont . ..i^J^'Ptrarv ;,l'crtii,ui,ifl/i .. i/> ItivOiuuii/i. ^jAiU-f/iny d J/<>/i<{<>/t/«y Avlf*' n I- / H. r/iiHift,- .^C^ Bii,. t om y A * H* • . >i I W . Imuii 'n . -'{. 140 . . » CHAPTER X. ■ • * I p i w i M w ^M I '■ i iiii j ' ij.; ■t""! '! " eel :t '■ A- .»■ a ,,'.1 i -««V:-3,^» IRBLAKO. 141 is sultiect to mort rain than any other in Europe. A consequence, however, of thii moist cliintte, IS, a kixuriant vegetation, which feeds millions *f heads of cattle, and furnishes many parti of Europe with salted provisions and butter. 412. The rivers and lakes of Ireland are,, from the same cause, larger than those of Eng- land. The Shannon is one of the finest in Eu- rope, and there are also the Barrow, the Slaney, the Liify, the Boyne, and theFoyle. Lakes Ere, Neagh, and Corfil, are each above twenty milef long, and the Lakes of Killarney form the most picturesque objects in Europe. 413. The rapid vegetation of Ireland having; raised successions of prodigious woods, which fell upon each other before its habitation by mtiti, these subterranean forests have created large tracts of land called bogs, moors or marshes, almost pecnllar to this country. The prostrate timbers are aow dug up, and afford abundance of excellent fuel. Obs. — The Bog of Allen coven 800,000 acres. The water coDtuloed in these bogs ii rendered astringent hf the bark of the trees. Many relics of antiquity bavd been fourid daring the efforts which of late years have been made to drain and cultivate these morasses. 414. ireUind is divided into the four great provinces of Ulster, Conntugfat, Leiuster, and Munster. These, again, are subdivided into 32 counties, in which the chief towns are«-Dublio^ the capital ; Cork, Belfast, Londonderir, GaW way, Limerick, Wexford, Waterford, and Wick- low. ir.i- 142 BRITISH GEOOEAPHT. 416. Eccletiastically, Ireland is divided into four archbishoprics, Armagh, Dublin, Cashel, and Tuam, and these into 18 bishoprics, con- taining 32 deaneries, 34 arch-deaneries, and 3,436 parishes. 416. Ireland is governed by nearly the same laws and forms as England, having judges and courts bearing the same names as in England. The government is superintended by a Viceroy, who keeps his court at the castle of Dublin, and is assisted by a Privy Council and by Boards of Government. 417. The interests of the Irish people are sus- tained in the British House of Lords by 2B peers, who are elected for life, and by four cle- rical peers, taken in rotation ; and in the House of Commons by 100 members, chosen by the counties and chief towns. . 418. The church of England is the establish- ed religion, but upwards of half of the popula- tion still adhere to the Romish ceremonials. The legal disqualification of so large a propor- tion of the people from filling public offices, although lately abridged, still creates great dis- contents and jealousies. Obs, — It has been lately ascertained, that the Protes- tants in Ireland amount to tw^ millions, and that the Catholics are nearly fire millions. It is said, the Catholics are ripe for embracing a better religion, and that Catholic emancipation, 'by taking away the ap- pearance of persecution, would soon make them all Protestants. This is worthy of the serious considcratioQ of the legislature. lEBLAND. ided into , Caske), 'ic«, con- riesy and the same idges and England. i Viceroy, iblin, and Boards of e are sus- is by 28 four cle- he House by the establish- e popula- emonials» a propor- c offices, great dis- the Protet- nd that the I said, the iigion, and ay the ap- e th<*m all msiderutioii 419. The common Irish s^'il speak a dialect of the Celtic language, and in many parts o* Ireland, as in Wales and in the Higblands of Scotland, an Englishman would not. bie under- stood. In some districts the people reside in wretched hovels, almost naked, and live entirely on potatoes. :. 1:^ 420. The Irish are eminent for geniui. Ushe#, Swift, Goldsmith, Burke, Barry, Kirwan, and Sheridan, having been natives of that country. No system of general education has yet been ma- tured : but the University of Dublin enjoys great reputation, and the Catholics have a respectable college at Maynooth, for educating their clergy. 421. The staple manufacture of Ireland is linen, carried on chiefly in the northern counties. The cotton and ot^ier manufactures of Great Britain have also been successfully introduced. The export of provisions is a great source of wealth to the southern counties. 422. The chief disadvantage of Ireland is the non-residence of the great land-proprietors, who, preferring the superior luxuries of Great Britain, draw from Ireland the rentals of their estates, and are induced to let them to speculators, mid- dlemen, and agents, v^ho grind the faritiers by accumulated rack-rents. Obs, — This circumstance, together with the dissensions about tythes and religion, have engendered much anarchy and bloodshed in a country which, by nature, seems des- tined to be one of the happiest in the world. 423. Among the natural curiosities of Ireland may 1»6 named « prodigious collection of basaltic 144 BRITISH OBOOKArar. r pillan, at its most northerly point, called the Giant's Causeway. It is 600 feet long, 200 broad, aud from 20 to 30 feet high, consisting of many thousand basaltic pillars from 15 to 24 inches in diameter. 03ff.— Other pnrti of the coast of Antrim hare limilar pillars, and they are found inland , In the same coaoty. Lake Neagh is remnrkablc for its power of rapidly pe- trifyiiig wood. On the opposite coasts of Scotland, ba- saltic pillars also exhibit themselves in cayes and pro- montories. 424. Although by the Union, in 1800, Ireland lost its independent legislature, and her revenues and taxes have since been consolidated with those of Great Britain, yet she still has indepen- dent courts of law, and her internal policy b regulated by a viceroy in the lord-lieutenaa^ n'ho keeps a court at the caatle in Dublin. f 425. Dublin, the capital of Ireland, is the se- cond city of the empire, containing about 186,276 inhabitants, and being ten miles in circumfer- ence. In is finely situated at the bottom of a bay, and intersected by the Liifcy. It con- tains the cathedral of St. Patrick, 20 churches, and many fine buildings and houses, besides the Viceroy's palace. 426. Cork is a sea-port of the first rats, having a ^ne harbour, in a convenient situation, for its p«9yj|ioj|;;ti:ade, and for the victualling of :*!> Itllllllllll lllMlllllll 0, Ireland r revenues ited with ) indepen- policy is ieuteniiBi^ blm. d, is the se- mt 186,276 circumfer- bottom of u It con- ) churches, besides the \ first rat ;, it situation, ctualUng of Dublin, j^i^lBW ^^^^^^1 mi Dublin, Cork. Cork and Harbour, Litnerich, j ^^jJI^ mm^ o \ 11 ifc i M(i» ■AlV n ■ V i( Hi ^-^>'\rT?-'T-_'--&^'''- m -M. M-; --.^li^-' .1.. .{ ■•^1' |» Viiruv^^rt/t' ; 'IVriulifiiiiilU; ^w^ Londonderry. i * ■ ^^^ ^l^iT^ Belfast Donglas, Isle of Man, »"MlWll"liA„ .•»- •■,.>■• ■^■. .^t^' i- .,;».^ » < i i ', i • ^ v'.Mj, '':"■ "1^ 14|IB|IIC|l« m Qutw^rd-bQupd 9hipa (rom Great Pir^ain. J,U popiiiaiipp is si|jout 04i^qo, i^iifi it cq^tMn/i #PmP elegant buildiiigs. 427. 't^ne city qf Limerick ippfudes i|early 6^^,043 inl^aMt^nts, i|ii^ is f^nply sjtu^te^ 911 tlie Stiannon, c^r:yijig on a g^^s^i tr^d^ in prpyisipn^ ^nd grain. QAJj^fAY, on tfje sapie cqfst, pos- sesses about 24/703 inhabitants/ aqd ir!&(|es largely witb tlie >ye^t ^nqi«^». /^. Bii;L,v^sT, i|i t\ip ii^^h-e^at, contf^iqs above 35,000 inhabitants, and is the focus qf the Ui^en aiij^ otl|€;r ma^factories of the qqrth qf Ireland. To fjie §o!t|t.h-eiaat areWA,T^ft^oB-D» cpntauiinf' 5?^^7, apd Wpxford, ip,()Op ipfaa- b^anU; i« ' one pqir^» a^ Qarryji^g^q^ ^x- ten^i^ve trutpx.*. ^s,—On |be whole, Ireland is & 0ne 94d ivpfpf^ing coQotry, ibhaibited by a spirited people, who deserve to rank high in the records oF hoinani%y,'an600 inhabitants, whose chief town is St. Helier. It produces abundance of cyder, and feeds large quantities of cattle. Its manufactures are worsted stockings and capSi its climate is mild, air salubrious. Strawberries and pears are in great perfection. 432. Guernsey is about 30 miles in circum* ference, and includes 20,302 inhabitants, whose chief town is St. Pierre, consisting of one street, like Thames-street, London. It is covered with orchards and gardens, but the happiness of the people is disturbed by dreams of wealth, sup- posed to be attainable by the fluctuating means of foreign commerce. It abounds in rich fruit. 433. Alderney, only seven miles from Cape La Hogue, and but eight miles in circumference, contains 12,000 inhabitants. Sark is about two mileai lon^ and po tsesses only 488 inhabitants, who subsist ou their native produce. .5» ft» ;■ .■»H 147 :j4Ci.:?4 MAN; 434. The Isle of Man ii situated in the Irish Channel, midway between England and Ireland, and only 18 miles from Scotland. It is 30 miles long, and 12 broad, containing about 40»000 inhabitants. The chief towns are Ru- then, Douglas, and Peele. , 435. The island is governed by laws made by its own government, consisting of the governor, his council, the. deemsters, and keys. The Manks language is a dialect of the Welsh. Being free from English taxes, it is a resort of families having small fortunes, living being cheap, and the climate healthy. Obt,^This island, originally granted by Henry IV, to the Stanley Family, has been lately re^annexed to the crown, in comequence ^f two separate pecuniary compensations to the present and former Dukes of MhoU The latter still pbesesses the nomination to the Bishopric of Sodor and JIfan, tatides many other valuable priniUges, >jt><-- THE HEBRIDES. •^i 436. The Hebrides consist of a cluster of islands, nearly 300 in number, lying north of Ireland, and north-west of Scotland. They are supposed to contain 50,000 inhabitants, who are ▼ergingonastate of barbarism, and live chiefly on fish, potatoes, and wild-fowl. If we are to believe some late writers, slavery, of the worst kind, at this moment subsists in the persons of the Scallags W 2 148 BRITISH l^tOGRAPIIY. 43*7. Lewis, the largest of the Hebrides, is 50 miles Ions and 20' Woaid. Its climate is wet and eoM^ tSiA the face of t!ie couki'tty hHked i^tld mil^fsh - ft contains Xp,00b inhabitants, aind its op\ small town is Stornatvi.y. 4^. Ani 3iig thb^ Wrtftchdd i^lan(^, StaiTa is faihoad foi> ftk binalliii ^dluniA%, dhU f<)00 |u* habitiiih. Lerwick is the largest village, |<^o + Mk be UK ■\ \ EHOLISH SETTLEMENTS. 149 ■T ■+ Mk trees grow there, and there is scarcely any ve- getation. The sheep, however, which are ex- ceedingly small, yield the finest wool. HELIGOLAND. 442. This small island, or rock, accessible only on one side, lies off the mouth of the Elbe„ about 20 miles from the German and Danish shores. It was taken by the English from the Danes during the late war, and serves as a de- p6t for merchandize. It has neither trees nor vegetation, and feeds only a few sheep and goats. Obs. — ^The following Latitudei and Longitadet com- mitted to memory, will Enable the student to compare dif- ferent positions in tlie British islands. Lot, Shetland Islands 61 Kirkwall, in the Orkneys 58 Aberdeen •. 57 Edinburgh 56 York 54 Dublin 53| Liverpool 53| Galway .69 . Yarmouth ^ Bli^ Cambridge % 52 Cork 52 Oxford 1 ...5I| London 5i| Portsmouth I0| Land's End 50 I 5|w. Jersey 49 j 8 w. There are, consequently, twelve degrees of latitude between the Shetland and the Norman Islands | and twelve degrees of longitude between Galway and Yar- mouth. ''"f^'^-'~'i"fliTiiHiiiti. i »n;yir>inMiriiiM> lu mrri i i itimm * IflO ^ CHAPTER xir. • war from 1774 tofe "T^ ^'Wed by «»»«blisbiiieht of ti. • J ' '*'"<''• en<»ed in the Med S;yj. -;jdepende„t empire ^f Je Po? ?nt part if tbe B^M^-'^" V"* '« , Scptia, (fie Canadas ^^Tlt .*^"'P''"«- As Nova ' P'rt of the hSeSi '"■ T"'*^' """ie »o east and west Aon, New^!!'H, *"?"». «te'»d Scotia, to the great Lalrp.u*']"'"' ""'* Nova *o the Nfirth Pofe Surf/J".'' *^'"» '""'Wde "S «•»-' 'Vr 'oa!i S^«S '«»«« of .ountry }?»«rkSr^S^S''«''intoNe^,. Upper Canada, al of rhfh "uTv '^•.^r<=' and pans, and mbVe or "2 c^^?"^"^'^'' ''^ ^Wo- fc««des. tlie desert »n!l .*=""»'«ed- There are ^•brador. New ChJ;^^''''''''^ regions of «e_s_surroundinfHu';t\ C the other ?lB>-„ lowed by ed in the re of t)ie 1 and im As Nova t made no ill conti- th Arber- i, exteikll ad Nova titude 45 (Country [wfduYid- |wqr and ►y Euro- lere are, [ions of other mg mo. ritory in }e Nortli time !)e le life to bnmense lis their i .u ,«*-«» J ■ ENGLISH SSTTLEMEMTS. lU '> %»retehed condition, without agricnUure or arts, tliat tlieY often pass wl ole days without food. 446. The division of the British dominions from the United States, is by a line passing through the middle of the great Lakes, so that all their southern shores are American, and their northern British. The grand river, St. Lawrence, however, is wholly British, and Lake Michegan is wholly American. 0A«.-T-The8e Lakes were the scenes of severe cobtests during the late nnhappy war in 1813, and conMderable fleets were then equipped on them, both by the English and Americans. CANADA. 447. This immense country was originally colonized by France, but conquered by Gene- ral Wolfe, in 1759. Since then, it has been possessed by England ; yet the majority of its iuhabitants still speak the French language, cherish French customs, and profess the Roman Catholic religion. 448. Canada is 1500 miles long, and from 200 to 300 broad, being twice the size of Great Britain. It is Great ually . Ui by 4,950 - 20,000 . 800,000 kher with Uast, to 157 pas9agrt, and object es with een felt It these • tablisbed ipany of ished the as lately fare. e British Canada, Upper aqd l40wer a£2S,4l3,S60 New Brunswick 4,720,000 Nova^cotia 9,&03,0C0 Cape Breton 493,500 Saint Jobn*8, or Prince Edward's Island.... 1,022,500 Newfoundland 6,973,000 Hudson's Bay 150,000 jf46,575,360 ■ Population 486,146 Souls. Lands 5,490,000 Acres cultivated. 135,200,000 idem uncultivated. Shipping 1 ,936 Vessels. 342,759 Tons. 19,360 Men. Estimated Value of Productions raised an- ^ nually, including the Fisheries 13,215.474 Estimated Value of Exports, (1812) S,495,f '»4 Idem Idem Imports (1812) 2,965)380 THE BERMUDAS. 463. In the middle of the Atlantic, in 32^ liorth latk and 64^^ wes.t long, are situated, in a delightful climate, the small islands called the Bermudas. They ai^ four in number, the chief pf Mrhioh is St. George's, the capital, contain- ing 5,000 inhabits^nts, and all the islands about )l?,P0O; 5,000 whites, 9,000 free persons of colour, and 5,0G0 slaves. Their trade is in salt, and their productions are chiefly provisions, and cedar forihip-bujlding. "1 168 I • m BRITISH GEOGRAPHY THE BAHAMAS. 464. Near to the Bermudas lie the niimerc jj groupe of the Bahama Islands, extendiog from the coast of Florida to the West Indies. The chief of these islaods are iw^ttled by the Eoglieh, and they contain altogether about 1 0,000 iiihft- bitants* 405. The largest island is New PrGvide.2've, and its town and port, Nassau, is a thriving phv?, earning on a considerable trade between the Wvs^ Indies and North America. St. Sal- vador, one of them, was the first land discovered by Columbus, in 1492. The climate is fine, and the produce cotton,, and other West-India pro- ductions, though in scanty quantities. These *slands were formerly the residence of pirates. CHAPTER XIII. THE WESTINDIES. 496. The West -ludits are so called because they were discovered in consequence of Colum- bus's attempt to sail in a wcfsterly direction to the Euit'-lnd'ies. They consist of an extensive groupe of islands lying in the large gulf or sea which nearly divides North from South America. 467. Of the West-India islands, the greater number we British; h^t tb» Ti»'«r**t, Cuba, at St M og from 8. The English, DO iiiha- thriving i>ctween St. Sal- covered ine, and dia pro- These irates. ecause [^olum- tion to ensive or sea pnerica. reater ba, af :rim ENGLISH SETTLEMENTS. 159 'V \)? well as Porto Rico, are Spanish ; and St. Do- mingo at present constitutes an empire called Hayti, which was erected by the Blacks, on the ruin of the French colonies, during the revolu- tionary war. 468. The English islands, either by original settlement or conquest, are — Jamaica, Barba- does, Antigua, St. Kitt's, Nevis, Montserrat, and the Virgin Islands. Those of later acqui- sition are — Dominica, St Vincent's, Grenada^ Tobago, and Trinidad. 05«.— Tb« Dutch island of St. Evstatia, ant! the Da- aiih islands of St. Crai, St. Thomas, and St. John, were also taker possession of by the English during the late war. The Dutch island of Cura^oa, their settlements on the Spanish Main, and the French Settlement of Cayenne, also fell into our hands. JAMAICA. 469. Jamaica, the largest of the West-India islands belonging to the English, is 170 miles long, and from 40 to 80 broad. It is divided into three counties, Cornwall in the west, Mid- dlesex in the centre, and Surrey in the east. St. Jaco, or Spanish Town, is the seat of the government, but Kingston is the largest town, and forms with Port Royal its chief sea-port. 470. The white inhabitants are about 30,000, the mulattos and free-blacks about 16,000, and the slaves about 250,000. St. Jago contains 6,000 inhabitants, Kinf^ston nearly 30,000, Port Royal about 2,000, Montego about 1,500, and Fal- mouth 3,000. •. k o2 .J 160 BRITISH GEOORAPHT. ' 'i ! I i li 471 . The climate is that of the torrid zone, lind extremely hot. In the centre is a ridge of mountains, whose highest peak is 7,500 feet, and among these is experienced the mildness, and even the coldness, of the temperate zone. On the northern side it is picturesque, well watered, and healthful. ^ 472. On the sultry plains near Kingston, the medium heat of the hot months is 80 degrees. At the nearest high-lands, its greatest heat if not above 70, but in the mountains the avera^ is 60, and it is oftfen at 44, so as to render a fire necessary. 473. The tropical productions of Jamaict •re sugar, rum, coffee, indigo, ginger, pimento, cotton, and various spices, the exports of which are valued at five millions per annum. About 120,000 acres nre in sugar-plantations, 50,000 in coffee, and 10,000 in grain and pasture. 474. The soil is amazingly productive iii grasses, Indian corn, pulse, edible roots, and ft-uits of all kinds. It contains, in short, the vegetables of Europe, as well as many of the spices of the East, besides all the varieties of tropical fruits. The bread-fruit-tree has lately been introduced into it with success. 475. The principles of the laws of England^ in substance, are administered in Jamaica, biit adapted and applied to local circumstances by a Governor, Council, and House of 43 Reprc* sentatives. i^Obt. !•— Colambus discovered the iiland of JajBMkft ENGLISH SETTLEHEMTf. 161 en tbe Sd of May, 1494. It wu taken pouMiion of by the Spaniards, who, with their accuitomed inhumanity, totally exterminated the nativei, 80,000 in number. In 1665, the territory was wrested from thene botchers by the EnKlish, in the time of the commonwealth. After this, the state of the island in every respect greatly im« proted. It has ever since remained in the hands of the English. France and Spain have made several attempts to re*capture it, but have alwavs failed. 2.~Tne colonial shipping of Jamaica is 3,603 tons i Ihe estimated annual value of all productions of the earth is 11,169,65H. ; the exports to the United Kingdom amount to 6,885,339/. \ those to other parts, to 384,323/. i Aie imports from the United Kingdom are reckoned at .,685.725/. ; and from other places at 892,207/. THE WINDWARD, OR CARIBBEE ISLANDS. 476. Tub Caribbee lalands are so namec from their aboriginal inhabitants, who eithei continue to reside in the woods and mountains, or are incorporated with the people of colour^ indistinguished from the invaders of theii coil ; or have been transported to uncolonized islands. 477. The Caribbee Islands extend in the farm •f a bow, from the Bahamas to the cca^t of South America, and are nearly 150 in number, but not more than 25 of the largest are inha- bited by Europeans: Their average longitude js 62 degrees west ; the latitude varies between 11 and 19 degrees. Obs, !.— They are called ITtnifiMrrf or Xeeward Islands, according to the station whence they are considered. o3 «. If82 tftlTUH GBOORAMY. Porto Rico, o St. Thomas, -Tortola, St. John's, Anguilla, St. Martin, •Trinidad, llard^aretta, and Curafoa. The windi In thi>le tropical leai constantly follow ikk course of the Sun, or blow from east to west, and thevfc Bl-e called the Trade Winds, becauie ships In tailing to- wards the West-Indies from Europe, shape their conrste to the southward till they meet with them. Of course, in sailiifg fi*6m the West-Indies, they are obliged to satl northward, till they get out of the tropical winds, and meet with the variable winds of the temperate zone. 2.— I'he bow of the Curibbee Islaadi includes, firom north to south : Barbuda, >St. Lucia, -St. Christopher's, - St. Vincent, > Nevis, Barbadoes, > Antigua, The Grenadines, ' Deseade, Grenada, Gnadaloupe, -Tobago, St. Bartholomew, Mariegalante, St. Cruz, -Dominico, St. Eustatia, .Martinico, 478. The Caribbee West-India islands are above 3,500 miles distant from Gi'eat Britain, and the voyage to them is usually performed in about five or six weeks. Except the Spanish islands of Porto Rico and Margaretta, the whole, bv the fortune of war, lately fell into the hands of Great Britain; but many have been since returned to their former owners. 479. According to ihe peace of Paris, the British Caribbee Islands may be described as Barbadoes, Tobago, Trinidad, Grenada, St. Vin- cent's, Dominica, Antigua, Montserrat, St.Kitt's, Nevis, and Tortola. 480. The French had Martinico, Guadaloupe, and St'. Lucia. The Dutch, St. Martin, St. Eus-^ tatia, and Cura9oa. The Swedes, St. Bartholo- mew ; the Danes, St. Thomas ; and by recent treaties^ this dist Ibution is nearly restored. ^^ y. ilfc..,0-a.^j.T* rf:ii«fcjW«^,J^ »— M* !^-^^ »*■' * khalisii settlbmbhw. IM f ' 401. The object of the Europeans in colonizing these islands, has been to cultivate in them cer- tain articles of luxury, or necessity, which could not be produced in the climate of the temperate zone. They therefore furnish all Europe with sugar, rum, coffee, cotton, some tobacco, and various fruits, condiments, and spices. 482. The British West-India Islands, includ- ing Jamaica, export annually 200,000 hogsheads of ajigar, each veeighing IScwt. ; 100,000 puncheons of rum, each containing 110 gallons; 25 millions of pounds of cotton ; and 28 millions of pounds of coffee. 483. Besides those four staple articles, these ^ islands export to Europe nearly its whole con- ^^'T'' nption of ginger, molasses, cocoa, indigo, |)imehto, and arrow-root, also mahogany, and other curious woods. 484. The plantations are cultivated by about half a million of negro-slaves, who still labour under the whips of their task-masters. Of whites there are about 65,000 ; and of Creoles, mulattos, or mixed breeds, tbout 30^000, in the several islands, Jamaica included. 06s.— Till the glorious abolition of the disgraceful African slave-trade, nearly 80,000 negroes per annum were brought from Africa to the West-Indies, of which half were carried to the British Islands, in 120 ships. These poor wretches were bought on the African coast, at about 12;. each, and sold in the West-Indies for about 601. 485. The conveyance of this (vast produce from the West-Indies to the British islands in tt a^ W i l li i> H ). - -.pt-0- »*■■ ) i ;t 164 BRITISH GEOORA^ttV. Europe, gives employment to about 700 Yessels^ averaging 300 tons, of which 350 sail from Lon" don, and lAO from Liverpool. The conquered islands lately employed about 150 ships. Oba. — Thes« particular!! relating to the West-Indies are chiefly der:Ted from Sir William Young's fVtst-Jndia Common' Place Book, 4B6. Barbadoes, the oldest British settle- ment in the West-Indies, having been settled about 1640, is 21 miles long, and 14 broad, and contains 80,000 inhabitants, of whom three- fourths are negro-slaves. It is the most easterly of the islands, and its chief port and capital, called Bridgetown, are, in consequence, much frequented. 487. Antigua is 20 miles long, and 18 miles broad, and contains 40,000 inhabitants, of whom nine in 10 are slaves. 488. St. Kitt's is 20 miles long, and nine broad, and contains 28,000 inhabitants, of whom 13 to one are slaves. 489. Trinidad, a rich island, lately belong- 1 ig to the Spaniards, is 90 miles long, and 60 broad, containing 26,000 inhabitants, of whom 20,000 are negro-slaves. 490. Tobago, a fertile island, is 32 miles long, and nine broad, and contains 18,000 in- habitants, of whom six- sevenths aro negroes. 491. Dominica, a mountainous island, is 28 miles long, and 13 broad, containing 27,000 inhabitants,, of whom 21,000 are negro-slaves. 492. Grrnada, a productive island, is 28 miles long, and 15 broad, containing 22,000 in- habitants, or 10 slaves to one free person. \> ENGLISH SBTTLEIIEirrS, 165 ) Tesseh, om Lon* tnquered s. Indies are Vtst-Jndia ih settle* a settled 1 broad, om three- t easterly 1 capital, ce, much 1 18 miles , of whom and nine tants, of belong- L and 60 [of whom |32 miles >,000 in- Igroes. (land, is Ig 27.000 Vslaves. id, is 28 S.OOO in- 493. St. Vincent's, a beautiful and fertile island, is 24 miles long, and 18 broad, contain- ing 19,000 inhabitants, of whom seyen-eightfas are slaves. Montserrat, Nevis, and Tor- tola, average but 50 square miles, with a po- pulation of 12,000 each. 494. The French islands of Martinicp and Guadaloupe, which are the largest of the Carib- bees, abound in population, and are highly productive. The Dutch islands are free ports, and carry on a great trade with all parts of the West-Indies. The Danish and Swedish islands are of small importance. ; CONTINENT OF SOUTH AMERICA. , 495. These settlements lie to the south-east of the West-India islands, between the rivers Oronooko and Amazons, near the sea-coast, and on the banks of some small streams, after which they are called. They run about 350 miles along the coast, and in some places extend jlOO miles into the country. \ Obs. — They are properly Dutch colonies, but having fallen into the hands of the English, in consequence of the conquest of the United Provinces by the French, they teem lilcely to remain, to a certain degree at least, at- tached to the British empire. 496. They consist of four provinces, callied Surinam, Berbice, Demerara, and Esequibo, and yield abundance of sugar, cotton, cocoa, coffee, «ptce8, and other tropical productions. The jiftiiite inhabitants are about 25,000, and the iin^ r II ii i i 166 BRITISH GEOGRAPHY. ♦ slaves 100,000. By a late convention with the King of Holland, the Netherlands still enjoy a limited communication ^ith these settlements. Obs, 1. — One system of agriculture prevails in these islands. On each side of the rivers and creeks are situated the plantations, containing from 500 to 8,000 acres each, in number about 550 in the whole colony. In the forests are found many kinds of good and durable timber. The soil is as fertile and luxuriant as any in the world. Whenever, from a continual course of culti- vation for many years, a piece of land becomes impo* verishcd, for manure is not known here, it Is laid under water for a certain length of time, and thereby regains its fertility. The rivers abound in fish, and at certain seasons of the year there are fine turtle. The woods afford plenty of deer, hares, buffaloes, and wild hogs. There are tigers, alligators, scorpions, tarantulas, ser- pents, from 85 to 50 feet long, monkeys and parrots, i« all their varieties ; the s1ot%, and also the torporific eel, the touch of which, by means of a bare hand, or any conductor, has the effect of a strong electrical shock. 8. — Of the future importance of these possessions It it impossible to speak with certainty, but if the oolonisa- tton were vigorously pursued, it riust be immense, as the number of acres already in cultivation is stated at 1,500,000, and the qaantity which might be so, exceeds ealculatioD. 'i ' .», ■ ..»«♦»»" ST. HELENA. 'ifi 497. In the tniddle of the ocean, in S. lat. 16^ and W. long. 5, rises th^ small island of St. Helena, which serves as a place of rfireshment to ships' crews in the voyage from f'ldia. It it very mountainous, and deemed the most beau- tiful and romantic place in the wc rid, to those who land after a long voyage. ^ i » ! ENGLISH SETTLBMENTS. •hr. '^»~d*'"T!.^5'':, *;"-;•■• E-gli.!. r.mil.>. r„,d. „ pic. and of EuroDe L„J ^ Pn>»PitabIoibIe ana 1.800 from Soutli Am»rli, d ""*» ^om Africa poleon Bonaoartf Pmf -' ^"^ i» delaii.«i iJ^ •initularmaii fcat lately jrZ..-.!,. J ^"f''* nation Thi. ^ 498 ''thI''''''^^^^^ HOPE. »be en JZiTr^ft'l'S'S- *""""*" »' between 32 and 34 deL«.« L '^'5'*'«' «"«« ««• 'n the whole world -anrf!' "."""equalled Hnd soil i. „„,:'fk; S « P«'nt of Jli„a,e of our other colonies. ^^ns'and than any tains ibout"To!ooi*.^hfi?,'^''^*'' ""hich cou- T«ble Bay, a safe harbour fo*"'i:-= '•"'"''"''e '» •"nd it is Table MoS T''';r"«' *»«' be- "• '« the north, lies ^ ■I ! ;f I I i I ! I ' • ! I I ' : i i I 168 BRITISH OBOORAPHY. the fine harbour of Saldaniia Bay ; tnd to the south, False Bay. The continued tJempests near the most extended promontory, formerly obtained for it the name of the Stormy Cape. Ohs. — The first recorded passage round this Cape oras by Vasco di Gamma, in 1432, in his attempt to sail in this direction to the East-Indies. It is, however, laid down in maps before this time, and is supposed to have been often doubled by the Phoenicians and GarthageBlans. 601. The Cape of Good Hope was settled by the Dutch in 16d0, but taken by the English in 1795, restored at the peace of Amiens, re-taken in 1806, and now destined to be reta^'ned as part of the BritisJi Empire, being essential to its colonies, and by its position commanding the entire commerce of the East. Obs, — By the capture of the Cape of Good-Hope and of Ceylon, the British language is now heard at the •outhern extremities of the four great continents or quar- ters of the globe. Three of these have submitted to the power of its arms, and the spirit of commerce, and of adventurous industry, has divided the attention of its enter prizing swbjects to the fourth on the small island of Staaten, at the extreme point of if>uth America, where a kind of settlement has breu formed f'tr carrying on the southern whalr-fisiiery. Of these extreme points, the Cape of Good Hope cannot be considered as the least important, either with regard to rt^ geographical situa- tiof-' !^G favourable to a speedy inlefC4>i»f»e with every part of the civilized world, to vis tntf'.fmf: value in the supply of anicles of general coiwusoption, «f as 9 port where tb* ieets of the East-India CompAiiy may refresh^ aMcmble in time of war for conv*^y, r*-*5sKAblish the health of t!i<>ir sickiy troops, orseasoH, in l*»« mild tem- perature of Southern Africa, their r#cruit» from Europe. ■V:' r^'S^r-TM tntlry ^Hf V. I I Liifadiva ^^^-- S^'^, ^^Jj >4 »o y^a* TTSSas^TOia Tfl ' . i^ t ■ 41 'i^ i <• ;*. 169 THE EAST INDIES. 602. In these fine, productive, and populous regions, at the distance of 5,000 miles by land, and 12,000 by sea, the English have established their dominion or influence over countries thrice as large as the British Islands, and containing an aggregate population of, at least, 45 millions of native inhabitants. 503. These eastern dominions have been cre- ated, first, by the establishment of factories for trade on the coasts and rivers of Hindoostan ; secondly, by quarrels of the residents of those factories with the native princes, which ended in the subjugation of the latter ; and, lastly, by the successive decline of the influence and colo« nies of the Portuguese, Dutch, and French, in India. 504. No European nation now has any power in India, besides the English. Many native princes have become our tributaries, aependants, or allies ; and a considerable portion of the vast country, called Hindoostan, lying between the Gangec, the Indus, and Cape Comorin, acknow- ledge the sovereignty of Britain. Obs. — It is distinguished in the map by a shade. 505. Of this vast territory, 1 ,400 miles long, land from 1,000 to a,000 bioad, more than a third |is British, covered with the population of many lations, religions, and languages. But, besides [this continental empire, several of the vast [islands of the eastern seas acknowledge the au- 170 BRITISH GEOGRAPHY. i I thority or influence of Britain, and some of these are larger than the island of Great Bri- tain itself. 506. The five nominal powers which govern continental India, are --the British; thePoonah Mahrattas, in the north-west centre ; the Berar Mdhrattas, in the south-west centre; the Nizam of the Deccan, to the south ; and the Sieks, to the west. Some of these, however, have lately consented to receive garrisons, under the name of subsidiary troops; and we have lately en- gaged in a war to punish the Pindarees, &c. 507. The countries immediately subject to British governors contain nearly 800,000 square miles, and about 40 millions of inhabitants. The whole is under the direction of the East-India Company, subject, in political affairs, to a board of controul, consisting of ministers appointed by the Crown. 508. The English East-India Company began to trade with India in the reign of Queen Eliza- beth, and for 150 years were contented with the factories at the chief ports. In 1757, Lord Clive gained the battle of Plassey : and, in 1765, obtained possession of Bengal, Bahar, and Orissa. Since that period, other accessions have added to, and confirmed, the vast ascendancy of Britain in India. 509. The English dominions on the Ganges ctm^ist of the provinces of Bengal, Bahar, and Benares, and are at least 600 miles long, and 300 broad, llie government is vested in the Gover- 1 4 nd some of • Great Bri- ,'f •> Calcutta, .■ -1 '1 4 >':..■.• ii .;\ ri- H«1f f ! 1 il ( I I <* •1 • .•».* », v» ■, ■"^'.^ft 4 4- •*8 -if •r ... iO HUUb EAST INDIES. 171 tior-general of India, and a council of four, M^ho reside at Calcutta, where the Governor lives in the st^le of a sovereign prince. 510. The Hindoos are, in British India, go- verned by their own laws, and ^heir religious praciicrs are respected. TH- ver eat any thing that has had life, nor u ''nted or spirituous liquors. They are jded into four chief casts, or classes : — ti.c jjidhmins, or priests ; the Chelerees, or soldiers ;— the Bic^i, or farmers and merchants ; and the Soodm, or labourers. Ohs, — The division into casts seems to dcg^rade haman nature, and to desitroy all its ctnulation and energies. No improvement, tlierefore, takes place among the Hin- doos, and the ascendancy of their priests and supersti- tions appears to be on the increase. Christian missiona* ries have, however, had considerable success among them s and, In a few generations, it is to be hoped, they will escape from the thraldom of their degrading super- stitions. It must be admitted, however, that in their domciitic characters the Hindoos exhibit fine examples of all the social virtues i and that if their relit;ioo pro- duces national and political degradation, it does not foster any pernicious vice or individual turpitude. 511. The chief towns in the^e British pro- vinces are — Calcutta, the capital ; Dacca, on the Burrumpooter, to the east ; Hoogley ; Patna, in the province of Bahar, 400 miles fron^ Cal- cutta ; and Benares, a considerable and ancient city, 460 miles from Calcutta. 512. Calcutta, the capital of British In- dia, lies on the Ganges, 100 miles from the sea, in 22| deg. of north lat. and 881 of east >, ^ > .\S IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^' ^O ^ *^% 1.0 I.I 1^128 ■ 50 2.2 2.0 L8 IP^II'-^ ■' ^ 6" ► 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 172 BRITISH OBOORAPHT. longitude. Its popuUtion is upixrards of half a millioQ, consisting of Hindoos, iMoors^ and English. The English district b possessed «f very magnificent biiildings, and it protected by Fort William. It has also mi splendid college, ft 613. These countries are the most prolific ih the world> and produce ahundlince of rict>«su- gar, opium, i^ilk, hemp, and cotton, besides spices and precJM)us atones. Their manufiictnres consist o^ muslins* cajlicoes, and <8hawls^ made by native weavers* of finer quality than can be produced in any other country. 514. The revenues collected by the British gorernment exceed 10 millions per annum, and wi^ f hem is maintained a considerable military establishi^ent, consisting of ftom ^0,000 to 4D,'oOo weU-di§ciptined n^jtive regim/^nts, called Sepoys, wilh European oiificers^ besides about 10,000 British troops. !^ 515. I^he goveriiment of M adb as 'jls the nei^t great portion ;of the British Empire in Iqdi^, and consists of ia 'fine city and strong fortress* the foundli¥i6iis cif 'ivliich were laid by the Eng- lish about the year 11640; with an adjoining ter- ritory, and extensive domains, lately conquered from Tippoo Saib. The have lately fallen into the hands of the Briti»h. but the spirit of insnrrectloo among the natives Is not wholly »ubdued* 2. — One cannot but express a hope that a tme sense of policy will Induce the Brilitih covernment to abandon its comberons and ezpensUe continental dominions In In- dia, and restrict its territorial ac^nisitlons In this part •f the world to Islands only. Its empire wonid thus last as Icng as its ascendancy at sea, and this may be main- lined for ages. Ceylon, the Cape, and the Spice Islands, ifford enongh of the productsof the East to supply all Europe, and wduld efFfCt every profitable purpose of rnstem colonisation ) but the provinces of the Ganges JDvolve every kind of responsibility and hazard, with- fut any desirable or corresponding advantage. It is, fiowever, only lately that this reasoning could be justi- fied by the possession of preferable territories. S.— The sane reasoning apjilies to the British domi- •ions in the two Canadas, all the colonial objects of which might be effected by the possession of Newfound* And, and the other islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. )rhe Canadas, like the provinces of the Ganges, afford fruitful sources of ruinous and useless wars. 4 —It may be proper to Inform the young reader in 5iis place, that the prime purpose of foreign colonisa- Hon is the growth or acquirement of such necrssariet or ftixurles as the borne territoriet of a state do not pro- duce. The next, but secondary ol^ect. Is to supply fo- •%ign markets with such commodities. The true policy IS, therefore, to effect these two-fold requisites by means •f the safest possessions, and not to weaken the state, by grasping at foreign territory beyond what Is required for tiie legitimate biuance and necessitiefi oi commerce. 525. Bbncoolrn is aa English settlement the southwest coast of the large island of inatni, four degrees to the south of the equa- EAST INDIES. 177 tn ta- or ro- fo- ky tot for mi of la- pr, ^ tlie chief flefcnce of which is Fort Marl- borough. The principal object of thii settle- m^tittsiis trade with the natives for pepper, of Avhich article one solitary cargo is annually sent i^i^0l P^iiiq^ Vf Wai^es's UhA}iX>, or Pa- HAVO, lies dose to the coast of Malacca, six d«- gi 529. The SPICB ISLANDS, situated in the Indian Archipelago, under the equator, inlong. 125 east, are famous for the prod uctiopl >f cloves and nutmegs, which, in the hands of tli^f Dutch, gave that people a monopoly of the com- merce of spices. In IBIO and 1811 they were captured by the English, and are destined to form a permanent part of our empire. 530. The chief of these Islands are Randa, Tcrnate, Amboyna, Batchian, Tidore, Makian^ Gilolo, Bouro, and Ceram. Gilolo is the largest, but Banda and Amboyna are the most produc* live in nutmegs and cloves. They also contain gold-dust, and yield sugar and other tropical productions. !€ ~531. The common language of all these islands is' the Malay, and the religion of th^ natives is Pagan, Mahometan, or Braminkal. No vestige of public liberty is known, and the people are as superstitious in their homage to their sultans ana kings, as in their reltg^oul worship, ■'.-i^^iiau '■■. :.k ff^jithfii iOhi, 1. — Tlie t>utcb endeavoured to restrain tbe culti- vation and growth of tpfces, for the ptirpose of enbanc«- }n^ their price; and accordinfly destroyed all tiie trees except In the Islands in which th<^y coold secwe ttie/inAo Dopoly. llie Rnglisb will perhaps maintain a m«ir!^ Ji* ^eral policy. Tbe whole quantity of Btttnegl wbi^ft tii% ■— ^1 NEW SOUTH WALES. 170 Duich Allowed to be eiported wat under SOO.OOOlb. •p(l of cloves about double that weight. S.—Brsides the Spice Ulandi, the Eoglish captured from the Dutch the important settlement of BATA¥iA,and the cousequeot sovereignty to Java, an island 650 railet long and 100 broad, which hai been lately restored. iHiib capital, which is exceedingly onheallhy, has been loiog 4««ined the grave of Europeans ; as a colony it pro* driirei pepper, and other spices i but is chiellv THiuable rromi its titaation at a dep6t of the trade of the Eaiteri. jyrehlpeiligo. ^f} oi homiril CHAPTER XV. ,jsJ>*^fjn 'SUA. si trees ireii- |^htfa% NEW SOUTH WALES. 632. An English settlement on the eastern coast of New Holland, in lat. 34 south, and long. 161 east, is the place of transportation for convicts, who formerly were sent to America. The coast was first described and named by Captain Cook, and, in 1787, a settleme^nt wat fermed for the above purpose at Botany Bay. : 633. As Botany fiiay did not answer the ex- pectations of the settlers. Port Jackson was after- wards preferred, and here, on one of the finest harbours, is built the populous Enelish town of Sydney, inhabited by tree settlers, free convicts, and Qonvicts under sentence. It hfis a handsome church, fort, and dock-yard, and has become very flourishing. ;;634. Norfolk Island is another settlement of eonvicti, in the same teas, chiefly for the pur- IftRlTISH eEOORAPIfV. pose of cultivating flax and grain for the uie of Port Jackson. These are, as yet, the only set- tlements of the English in that quarter, but all the islands of the South Seas are now much frequented by English ships in their trade with the coasts of America. Oba. 1. — The continent of New Holland approaches totheiize of Europe, bcinj^ 2,730 miles in length, and 1,960 in breadth. The climate is, upon the whole, sin* i;!i1arly salubrious ; ice is seldom seen, and snow has Bever yet appeared since the eitablishment of thecolony. The woods and fields present a boundless variety of the choicest productions of nature, which gratify the senses with their fragrance and magnificence ; while the branches of the trees displaly ai brilliant assemblage of the feathered race, whose plumage, glittering in the sun, dazzles the eye of the delighted beholder with its loveliness and lustre. Port Jackson is one of the nobHest harbours in the world, extending 14 miles in length, with numerous creeks and coves. This colony may be considered, ia some respects, as one of the grandest acquisitions of the British crown. What in the lapse of cehturies will Me the destination of this portion of the globe, man would conjecture in vain ; but it is impossible to resist the ideii that it will, in time, be cultivated, built on, and peoplfsd by a countless race of industrious and intelligent beings, who will speak the English language, adopt and value the beautiful institutes of the British constitution, and be enlightened and nourished by the holy doctrines and sa> lutary precepts of the Christian, religion, under a go* vernment founded on the basis of civii and religious lU berty. 2.^In ]8t1, the land in cuMvation was 6,887 acreso wheat, S,S90of maize, 535 ot barley, 93 of oats, 100 o* peas and beans, 301 of potatoes, 13 of turnifis, 546 of orchard and garden, and 33 of flax, hemp, and hops. The stock consisted of 1000 horses, 9000 cows and oxen, 34,000 sheep, 3000 goats, 20,000 pigs : about the ntsie time the aombcr of inhabitants was 10,500. 181 18 Ik" COAST OF AFRICA. 635. Sierra Leone is an English settle- ment, to the .south of Rio-Grande, originmlly established by private individuals for the bene- volent and laudable intent of civilizing and con- verting the Blacks. Its success has not equalled its praise-worthy objects. 536. For the vile purpose of stealing and selling the unhappy natives to the slave-ships trading to the West Indies, the English formerly established numerous forts and factories along the coast, from Cape Verd to Congo. That trade is happily destroyed, never, it is hopea, to be revived ; this coast holds out, therefore, fewer advantages to avarice than formerly; but a considerable trade is still carried on in gums, ivory, and gold-dust. Ob$. — Tbe French had varioai lettlements on the 8eae- gal, which' are now in posiession of the Engtish. Hbe Dutch and Portuguiese also have factoriei on these coasts, bnt none of considerable note. The Emperor Napoleon abolished the slave-trade In 1815 1 and oUier contlnenttU powers seem likely to follow his esample. GIBRALTAR. .■•■■.y,4 53t. This bare, but important Rock, which, in consequence of its position in the sea, its per- pendicular height on the land side, and its nt^- merous fortifications, has been deemed impreg- nable, is situated in the south of Spain, at the 9 182 BRITISH GEOGRAPHY. cntranoe of th« Mediterranean, and witbin view of the coast of Afnoa. 638. It produces nothing except a few gar- den TegetRbies, but has r town containing . 1,000 inbabitahts, and a gairison of 4000 British troops, under r militarj Rovemor. As it affords secure anchorage for a lai|;e ileety its position is highly important to the trade of Great Bri- tain, in whose hands it is become the key of the Mediterranean. 05«.^Froin Gibraltar are annually exported 800,000 pieces of nankeen, and the exports on an average of years amount to 900,000f. There being no custom-houge, nor any re?enue-ofllcer, smuggling is carried on to an incalculable extent. ^ MALTA. 639. In the bosom of the Mediterranean, and Rt the entrance of the Levant, 'which it com- mands, lies Malta, a small island, in possession of Great Britain, celebrated for the strength of its fortifications, and for its harbour of La Va- lette, one of the finest in Europe. 640. Malta is 20 miles long, and 12 broad, Rnd contains, at least, 00,000 inhabitants. About two-thirds of it is fertile in cotton, olives, oranges, almonds, and vines ; under British pro- .tection, it serves as the emporium of the com- merce of Turkey, Greece, and Egypt. 0A«.— Malta, though an important position, was, how- ever, not worth the expense, risk, and miseries of the late protracted and universal war; beeam'' it i**^^ I I H k \ -»^-—'-^-^ in view *ew gmr- ; . 1,000 British i affords position eat Bri- ey of the id 800,000 average of om-house, A on to an lean, and 1 it com- ossession rength of La Va- L2 broad, ibitants. [n, olives, itish pro- the com- Cape Town, Gibraltar, |wat, how- ries of the OtiNEKAt REiSULTS. 181 beenl^tored to the Knighti, it would have been eqnilly QiefHl as a depdt of commerce % and, had its iadepend- ence been infringed by French Influence, the command of the sea would, at anj time, have rendered it an object of easy conquest to Great Britain. Due weighc allowed to such considerations, would hare saved the world tea or twelve years of distress and misery, and the lives of ■any millions of our fellow-creatures. CHAPTER XVL Oeneral Results. 544. It appears, from the preceding state- ments, that the British Empire extends over every 15 degrees of longitude, from 100 west, in North America, to 170 east, at Norfolk Island; consequently, with the exception of only five hours, the time varies through every hour of the day and night in the British domi- nions. Ofts.*— The new settlements, forminf on the norHi-weit coast of America, will soon remove even the exception of five hours. 545. It appears, that the British territories extend in latitude over every five degrees, from the Shetland isles, in 61 degrees north latitude, to the Cape of Good Hope and Port Jackson in 33 degrees of soufh latitude ; consequently, the four seasons of the year are experienced on the same day in the various parts of the British Empire. 546. It appears, that tbe territory of the 0« 184 QamSH OS0OR.\PHy« i I ivliok Brkifth Empire equHh, in 6<}iiare miles, ^le great empires of antiquity ; and that the Muited population of its terrrtories, and of the dependencies subject to British influence, is far greater than that of either of the four great empires of the ancient worki ; or the modern empire over which Napoleon fatefy presided. Obs» — ^This is no adTantage to arr empire, Hrhich is ofteo weak in proportion as it is exceosife, and generally fails to pieces soon after it has arrived at its utmost limit. , 547. It appears, that the Colonies of the English are to be found in the cold and desert regions of Hudson's Bay, in the sultry Gu)f of Guinea, and in the Eastern Archipelago ; casis of ncy of kring to i this is )ress, a as well uption, by the wholly its guard hich are motives. oyed by agents, luted in ed critic urposes i of poll- r almost sre diffi- ough the ot be too GENERAL RESULTS. 187 strongly, nor too often, warned against yielding their udgcmcnt to the reasonings of review en, newspaper- writers, and anonymous authors in general, except whci they treat on subjects which involve no pecuniary inta rests, or no objects of party-feeling or personal ambitiosb 5^6. It appears, that political power, civil liberty, and extended commerce, are not the only grounds of Britain's pre-eminence in the scale of nations, and that she is as much indebted to arts as to arms; that her philosophers, poets, and men of letters, vie with those of the classic ages of antiquity ; and that her works of art, her paintings, sculpture, and architecture, indi- cate the highest perfection of human genius in her people. 557. It appears, in fine, that at this time the British Empire, with an exception in some few cases, possesses more territory, more wealth, greater variety of produce, greater population, superior religion, as much liberty, greater secu- rity, more commerce, superior agriculture, and greater revenues, than were ever possessed by any other nation, ancient or modern. Conclusion* 558. May Britons derive wisdom from the fall of other nations — roa^ they study how to preserve whatever is essential to their prosperity and happiness — may they cherish their civil and religious liberties — may they enjoy fully and freely the liberty of the press, with independ- ence in their legislature, and honesty in their juries—- may they use their p^wer to do good. 188 BRITISH OBOORAPHt. and not to oppress — ma^ they repect justice in all their transactions with other nations, — and THEN, and THEN ONLY, nay they hope to receive protection from the all-wise Dispenser of human afiairs I -• • -*•• b_iLr;.ir«i>i -mn 189 ROYAL SUCCESSION. ■AXON PRIHCli. Began to r«ign. 800 Egbert. 8S8 Ethelwulf. 857 Ethelbald. 860 Etbelburt. 86 III. ) nephew and son-in-law of James II# 1 and Mary, i daughter of James II, ITOt Anne, daughter of James II. BOVSB OF OUKLFB. 17 14. George I. great-grandson of James I. 1787 George II. son of George I. 1760 George III. grandson of George Ilr 1^ George IV. son of George III. ROTAL FAMILY OF GREAT BRITAIN. George IV. born August 12, 1762 ; married, April 7, 1796, to Caroline his cousin, daughter of the Duke of Brunswick, bom May 17, 1768 ; and had issue, Char- lotte, born Jan. 7, 1796, and died Nov. 6, 1817. He was proclaimed Jan. SI, IStiO. Frederic, Duke of York. I Emest-Aiigustns,D.bfCum- Wm.-HenrytD. of Clarence. I berland. Charlotte, Queen of Wir- | Augustus-Fred.D.of Sussex. temberg. Augusta-Sophia. £lizBbeth,eace. Chap. 38. No king to promote or do any thing whereby the liberties cobtaiined in this Chai'ter shall be infringed or weakened. And if any thing be procured by any person contrary to it, it shall be of no value and hoi den for nought. 1^. Charta De Foresta ; or, the Charter of the Forests. By theCHARTA de> Foresta, the cruel and unjust pe- nalties of the Game Laws were mitigated ; the royal pri- PETITION OF RIGHT. 103 to r6- tflege of killing Game all over the kingdom was abo- lished I the woods and forests were restored to their law- ful proprietors, and allowed to be enclosed and used at their plea^iure. *•* After the extinction of the Liberties of the People of England, by the Norman invasion, the first advance towards freedom was in the reign of Henry I. by the mi- tigation of the Forest Lrfiws, the most rigorous of the feu- dal institutions imposed by the Conqueror, as they ren- dered every man^s property precarious, and subject to the arbitrary encroachments of the crown. A greater advance was made under Henry II. by the constitution of the Trial by Jury. The next memorable era in the growth of the English Constitution was in the reign of John, who, resisting this natural progress towards a ra- tional freedom, was soon coropeUed into the concession of ' Magna Charta^ or the Great Charter of Liberties t as also of the Charta de Foreata^ or the Charter of Foreista, Which was formed from the articles left out of Magna Charta. These important concessions received repeated confirmations and amendments in the reigns of Henry III. and his successor Edward I. particularly by their peace- ful and final establishment by the Confirmatio Chartarum^ in the twenty-fifth year of the reign of the last-mention- ed prince} whereby the Great Charter is directed to be allowed in the Common Law of the land : all judgmenta contrary to it are declared void (43 Edward III.) ; co.pies of it are ordered to be sent to all cathedral churches, and read twice a year to the people ; and sentence of excommunication is directed to be as constantly de- nounced against all those who by word, deed, or counsel, act contrary thereto, or in any degree infringe if. 3. , The Petition of Right, June 2, 1628. The Pestition op Right declares — Art. 1. That the raising of Money, or enforcing loans or t^xes, without the sanction of Parliament, is illegal. Art. 2. That the quartering of soldiers and mariners upon the inhabitants of this country is illegal. 11)4 APPENDIX. Art. S. That the paniihment of tltizeoi by martial law is prohibited { and that no one ii to be adjudge>^ to death, or impriionment, or outiawry, but by the Uirf and itatutet of the realm. .. *, 4. :t^ 'tf' 't. V T%e Habeas Corpui Act By the Habbas Corpui Act, which is the foundation of personal liberty, no person must be sent to prison be- ?rond the seaf; and if any person be restrained of his iberty, he shall, on demand, to any judge, either during term-time, or in yacation, have a writ of Habeas Corpus, directed to the gaoler of the prison in which he U con- lined, to produce his body in court (whence the writ has its name), and to certify the cause of his detainer and imprisonmeot t which writ is returnable immediately, vnlesa the prisoner is committed for treason or felony, or be convicted, or imprisoned for debt, or by process in anv civil sniti and, upon his being brought up, such {udge shall discharge hint upon bail (if the offence be mailable) to appear at the next ensuing court where the offence is cognizable. If the gaol be within twenty miles of the judge, the writ must be obeved in three days I if beyond the distance of twenty miles, and not above one hundred miles, then within the space of ten days I if beyond the distance of one hundred miles, then within the space of twenty days from the delivery of the writ. Every prisoner must also be indicted the first term after his commitment, and brought to trial in the subsequent term. And no person, after h''^tr .^nlnrged by order of the court, can be re-committeo kv ': r name offence. Gaolers or other persons disob' /inr .!>' Act, ore guilty of a contempt of court, and are subject to a penalty of 100/. Judges denying a writ of Habeas Corpus, forfeit 500/. 195 narilal ige«* to B Uwt ndatioa isou be- 1 ufhU r during Corpas, h con- writ has iner and (diately, slony, or e>cM8 in p, tach eoce be here the twenty In three and not often 68, then y of the :he first ,1 in the nlPTged |h? name Act, II ject to a 1 Habeas The Bill of RigkU* Wbbrbas the Lords tpiritaal and temporal, and C«fn- moni, aiiembled at Westminster, lawfully, fully, and freely representing all the estates of the people of this realm, did, npon the IStb day of February, la the year of cor Lord 1089, present anto (heir Mi^esties, then eall ■(« and known by the names and style of William a'*^ I. *r .^ Prince and Princess of Orange, being present in their proper persons, a certain declaration in writing, m:A<* by the said lords and commons, in the words f61- lowing,tiS. Whereaa the late king^ Garnet II., by ibe iMiittuce of diven evil counsellors, judges, and ministers employ*> ed by him, did endeavour to subvert and extirpate the protestant religion, and the laws and liberties of thU kingdom : 1. By assuming and exercising a power of dispensing with, and suspending of laws, and the execution of laws without consent of parliament: £. By committing and prosecuting divers wortLy pre- lates, for humbly petitioning to be excused from concur- ring to the said assumed power t S. By issuing and causing to be executed a commission under the great seal for erecting a court, called the Court of Commitsioneri for EcdetiatHeai Comus: 4. By levying money for and to the use of the crown. * The infatuated James IL having mined himself, ab- dicated his crown^ and fled from bis subjects, after he bad given strong proofs of his intention to overthrow the conUitution of the realm, both in church and state $ and the nobility, clergy, and Commons having placed the Prince and Princess of Orange upon the throne of these kingdoms, by the title of King William and Queen Mary, in the second session of the first year of their reign, 1089, the following Act was passed to settle the suc- cession of the crown, and to secure the privileges of the subject. _ b8 1<^ APPEXDU:. by pretence of prer<^ati?6, for other time, and in other manner, than the iame was granted by parliament ; 5. By raising and Iceeping a standing army within thit kingdom in time of peace, without consent of parlia- ment, and quartering soldiers, contrary to law : 6. By causing several good subjects, being protcstants, 80 to be disarmed, at the same time when papists were both armed and employed, contrary to law : 7. l^y violating the freedom of election of members to erve ii. parliament : 6. By prosecutions in the Court of King*s Bench, for matters and causes cognizable only in parliament ; and by divers other arbitrary and illegal courses : 9. And whereas, of late years, partial, corrupt, and unqualified persons have been returned, and served on i'uries in trials, and particularly divers jurors in trials for ligh^treason,^ which were not freeholders : 10' And excessive bail hath been required of persons committed in criminal cases, to elude tte benefit of the laws made for the liberty of the subject : 11. And excessive fines have been imposed, and illegal and cruel punishments inflicted : 12. And several grants and promises made of fines and forfeitures, before any conviction or judgment against the persons upon whom the same were to be levied : All which are utterly and directly contrary to the known laws and statutes, and freedom of this realm : And whereas the said late King James the Second, having abdicated the government, and the throne being thereby vacant, bis Highness the Prince of Orange (whom it hath pleased Almighty God to make the glorious in- strument of delivering this kingdom from popery and arbitrary power) did, by the advice of the lords spiritual and temporal, and divers principal persons of the com- mons, cause letters to be written to the lords spiritaal and temporal, being protestants ; and other letters to the several counties,cities, universities, boroughs, and cinque- ports, for the choosing of such persons to represent them as were of right to be sent to parliament, to meet and sit al Westminster, upon the two-and-tweutieth day of Ja« } no let an el fillL OP ttlOHTS. 197 nuary, in this year 1088, in order Co such aD establish- ment, as that their religion, laws, and liberties, might not again be in danger of being subverted: upon which letters, elections having been accordingly made : And thereupon the said lords spiritual and temporal, and commons, pursuant to their respective letters and elections, being now assembled in a full and free repre- sentative of this nation, taking into their most serious consideration the best means for attaining the endsaforcL said, do, in the first place (as their ancestors in lilte case have usually done) for the vindicating and asserting their ancient rights and liberties, declare, 1. That the pretended power of suspending ef laws, or for the execution of laws, by legal authority, without consent of Parliament, is illegal. S. That the pretended power of dispensing with laws, or the execution of laws by regal authority, as it hath been assumed and exercised of late, Is illegdf ; 9. That the commission for erecting the late court o( commissioners for ecclesiastical causes, and all other commissions and courts of like nature, are ill^al and pernicious : 4. That levying money for, or to the use of the Crown, by pretence of prerogative, without grant of Parliament, for longer time, or in all other manner than the same is or shall be granted, is illegal. 5. That it is the right of the subjects to petition the king, and that all commitment" ana prosecutions for such pe- titioning are Illegal. 6. That the raising, cri keeping a standing army within the kingdom in time of peace, unless It be with consent of parliament, is against law : 7. That the sntajects which are Protestants, may have arms for their defence, suitable to their conditions, and as allowed by law : 8. That election of Members of Parliament ought to be free : 9. That the freedom of speech, and debates or pro- ceedings in Parliament, ought not to be impeached oi questioned in any court or place out of Parliament : 10. That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor !98 APPENDIX. excessiive fines imposed, nor cruel and anuiual punish* mcnts inflicted : 10. That jurors ou|;ht to be duly inpaonelled and re* turned ; and that jurors which pass upon men in trials for high-treason, ought to be freeholders : 12. That all grants and promises of fines and forfeitures of particular persons, before conviction, are illegal and void : 13. And that for redress of all grievances, and for the amending, strengthening, nnd preserving of the laws. Parliaments ought to be held frequently. And the,> do claim, demand, and insist upon all and singular the premises, as their undoubted rights and li- berties; and that no declarations, judgments, doings, or proceedings, to tht; prejudice of the people in any of the said premises, ought in any wise to be drawn hereafter into consequence or example. To which demand of their rights they are particularly encouraged by the declaration cif his Highness the Prince of Orange, as being the only means for obtaining a full redress and remedy therein. I. Having therefore an entire confidence that'hissaid Highness the Prince of Orange will perfect the deli- verance so far advanced by him, and will still preserve them from the violation of their rights, which they have here asserted, and from all other attempts upon their re- ligion, rights, and liberties: 11. The said lords spiritual and temporal, and com- mons, assembled at Westminster, do resolve. That Wil- liam and Mary, Prince and Princ(>ss of Orange, are, and be declared. King and Queen of England, France, and Ireland, and the dominions thereto belonging, to hold the crown and royal dignity of the said kingdoms and dominions to them the said Prince and Princess, during their lives, and the life of the survivor of them t That the sole and full exercise of the regal power be only in, and executed by the said Prince of Orange, in the names of the said Prince and Princess during their J4)tnt lives : and after their decease, the said crown and royal dignity of the said kingdoms and dominions to be to the heirs of the body of the said Princess ; and for default of such BILL OF RIGHTS. 199 iBiiie to the PrIncMs Anne of Denmark, and the heirs of her body ; and for default of such issue to the heirs of the body of the said Prince of Orange : And the lords Bpiritual and temporal, and commons, do pray the said Prince and Princess to accept the some accordingly. III. And that the oaths hereafter mentioned be taken by all persons of whom the oaths of allegiance and su- premacy might be required by law, instead of them; and that the said oaths of allegiance and supremacy be abrogated. I, A, B, do sincerely promise and swear, that I will be faithful, and bear true allegiance to their Majesties King William and Queen Mary. — So help me, God.'* I, A. B, do swear, That I do from my heart abhor, detest, and abjure, as Impious and heretical, that damna- able doctrine and position — that Princes excommuni- cated or deprived by the Pope, or any authority of the See of Rome, may be deposed or murdered by their sub- jects, or any other whatsoever: And I do declare, that no foreign prince, person, prelate, state, or potentate, hath, or ought to ha^, any jurisdiction, power, supe- riority, pre-eminenc^or authority, ecclesiastical or spi- ritual, within this realm.— So help me, God. ly. Upon which their said majesties did accept the crown and royal dignity of the kingdoms of England, France, and Ireland, and the dominions thereunto be- longing, according to the resolution and desire of the said lords and commons contained In the said declaration. y. And thereupon their majesties were pleased, that the said lords spiritual and temporal, and commons, be- ing Ibe two houses of parliament, should continue to sit, and, with their majesties* royal concnrrence, make effec- tual provision for the settlement of the religion, laws, and liberties of this kingdom, ao that the same, for the future, might not be in danger again of being subverted i to which the said lords spiritual and temporal, and com- mons, did agree, and proceed to act accordingly. yi. Now, in pursuance of the premises, the said lords •piritoal and temporal, and commons, in parliament as- sembled, for the ratifying, confirming, and establiflbing the said declaration, and the articlee, clauses, matters, 200 APPENDIX. and the things therein contained, by the force of a law ' made in due form by authority of parliament, do pray that it may be declared and enacted, that all and singa-* lar the rights and liberties asserted and claimed In the said declaration, are the true, ancient, and Indubitable rights and liberties of the people of this kingdom, and so shall be esteemed, allowed, adjudged, deemed, and taken to be, and that all and every the particulars afore- said shall be firmly and strictly holden and observed, as they are expressed in the said declaration. And all officers and ministers whatsoever shall serve their ma- jesties and their successors according to the same. In all times to come. yil. And the said lords spiritual and temporal, and commons, seriously considering how it hath pleased Al- mighty God, in his marvellous providence and merciful goodness to this nation, to provide and preserve their said m^esties* royal persons most happily to reign over us upon the throne of their ancestors, for which they render unto him from the bottom of their hearts their humblest thanks and praises, do truly, firmly, assuredly, and in the sincerity of their hearts think, and do hereby recognize, acknowledge, and declare, that King James the Second having abdicated the government, and their majesties having accepted 'the crown and royal dignity as aforesaid, their said majesties did become, were, are, and of right ought to be, by the laws of this realm, our sovereign liege lord and lady, king and queen of Eng- land, France, and Ireland, and the dominions thereunto belonging, in and to whose princely persons the royal state, cr^wn, and dignity of the said realms, with all honours, styles, titles, regalities, prerogatives, powers, jurisdictions, and authorities io the same belonging and appertaining, are most fully, rightfully, and entirely in- vested and incorporated, united and annexed. yill. And for preventing all questions and divisions in this realm, by reason of any pretended titles to the crown, and for preserving a certainty in the succession thereof, in and upon which the unity, peace, trjmquil. lity, and safety of this nation doth, under God, wholly consist and depend, the said lords spiritual and temporal. • -.'-<* BlU aF aiOHTS* 201 ami cammoni, do beseech their m^feitlei, that It maj be enacted, established, aod declared, that the crown and regal goverameot of the said kiogdoms and domi- nions, with all and singular the premises therennto be- longing WDd appertaining, shall be and continue to their said m^eetieSf aod the sarvWor of them, daring their liirt:«, and the 1 '> of the survivor of them. And that the entire, perfect, and fnll exercise of the regid power and government he only in, and executed by his majesty, in the names of both their miyesties, daring their joint lives I and after their deceases the said crown and pre- mises shall be and remain to the heirs of the body of her miO^^yi ^^^ ^^' default of such issue, to her Royal Highness the Princess Anne of Denmark, and the heirs of her body f and for default of such issue, to the heirs of the body of his said m^esty. And therennto the said lords, spiritual aod temporal, and commons, do, in the name of all the people aforesaid, most humbly and foithfuUy submit themselves, their heirs and posterities, for ever ; and do faithfully promise, that they will stand tOf maintain, and defend their said majesties, and also the limitation and succession of the crown hereii^ speci- fied and contained, to the utmost of their powers, with their lives and estates, against all persons whomsoever, that shall attempt any thing to the contrary. IX. And whereas it hath been found, by experience, that it is inconsistent with the safety and welfare of this protestant kingdom, to be governed by a popish prince, or by any king or queen marrying (a papist ) the said lords spiritual and temporal, and commons, do further pray that it may be enacted, that all and every person and persons that is, are, or shall be reconciled to, or shall hold communication with the see or church of Rome, or shall profess the popish religion, or shall marry a papist, shall be excluded, and be for ever in- capable to inherit, possess, or enjoy the crown and go- vernment of this realm, and Ireland, and the dominions thereunto belonging, or any part of the same; or to have, use, or exercise, any legal power, authority, or jurisdiction within the same i and in all and every such caie or ^ases, the people of these realms shall be, and \'. 202 APPENDIX. at'e hereby absolved of their allegiance i and the laid crown and government ihall from time to time descend to, and be enjoyed by such person or persons, being protestants, as should have inherited and enjoyed the same, in case the same person or penons so reconciled, holding communion, or professing, or marrying as afore* said, were naturally dead. X. And that every king and qaeen of this realm, who at any time hereafter shall come to and succeed In th« imperial crown of this kingdom, shall on the Arst day of the meeting of the first parliament next after his or her coming to the crown, sitting on his or her throne In the house of peers, in the presence of the lords and commont therein asseaibled, or at his or her coronation, before such person or persons who shall administer the corona^ tion oath to him or ber, at the time of his or her taking the same oath (which shall first happen,) make, sub- scribe, and audibly repeat the declaration mentioned in the statute, made in the thirtieth year of the reign of King Charles the Second, intituled, *' An Act for the more ef* fectual preserving the king*s penon and government, by disabling papists from sitting in either house of parlia- ment/* But if it shall happen, that such king or queen, upon his or her succession to the crown of this realte, shall be under the age of twelve years, then every such king or queen shall make, subscribe, and audibly repeat the said declaration at his or her coronation, or the first day of the meeting of the firs^ parliament as aforesaid, which shall first happen, after such king or queen shall have attained the said age of twelve years. XI. Ail which their majesties are contented and pleased shall be declared, enacted, and established by authority of this present parliament, and shall stand, re- main, and be the law of this realm for ever ; and the same are by their said mi^esties, by and with the advice and consent of the lords spiritual and temporal, and commons, in parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, declared, enacted, and established accord- ingly. XII. And be it further declared and enacted, by the authority aforebaid, toftt from and «fter this present sec- THE ACT OF SETTLEMENT. 208 liop of parliament, no dlipeasation by non obtiante of or to any statute, or any part thereof, shall be allowed, out that the same shall bo held void and of no effect, except a dispensation be allowed of in such statute, and except in such cases as shall be specially provided for by one or more bill or bills to be passed during this proMOt session of parliament. . aIII. Provided that no charter, or grant, or pardon, |;ranted before the three-and-twentieth day of October, Id the year of our Lord one thousand six hundred and eighty-nine, shall be any ways impeached or invalidated by this act, but that the same shall be and remain of the Mme force and effect in law, and no other, than as if this act had never been made.** fc".a,,iV..i 6* Act for the Limitation of the Crown, and better ' oecuring the Rights and Liberties of the Sub- ject ; commoiiiy called the " Act of Settle- ment." Passed 12th and 13th William III. 1. That whereas it is requisite and necessary that some farther provision be made for securing our religion, laws, and liberties, from and after the death of his ma- jesty and the Princess Anne of Denmark, and in default of issue of the body of the said princess and of his ma- jesty respectively : Be it enacted iby the king's most ex- cellent msyesty, by and with the advice and consent of the lords spiritual and temporal, and commons, in par- liament assembled, and by the ujthority of the same: — t. That whosoever shall hereafter come to the posses- sion of the crown, shfill join in communion with the church of England, as by law established. 3. That in case the crown and imperial dignity of this realm shall hereafter come to any person not being a na- tive of ttkio kingdom of England, this nation be not obliged to engage in any war for the defence of any do- minions or territories which do not belong to the crown of England, without tftr consent of parliament. ao4 APPIRHVIX. 4. That no penon, who Aalt hereafter come to the posiession of chit crown, shall go out of 'the dominiom of England^ Scotland, or Ireland, without consent of parliament. 5. That from and after the time th^t the further limi- tation by this act shall talce effect, all matters and things relating to the well-gOTerning of this kingdom, whicb are properly cognisable in the privy-council by the lawt and customs of this realm, shall be transacted there, and all resolutions talcen thereupon shall be signed by such of the prity-council asshall adtise and consent to the same. 6. That after the said limitation shall take effect, as aforesaid, no person born out of the kingdonife of England, Scotland, or Ireland, or the dominions there- unto belonging (although he be naturalized or made a denizen., except such as are born of English parents) shall be capable to be of the privy-council, or a member of eithcir house of parliiment, or to enjoy any office or place of trust, either civil or military, or to have any grant of lands, tenements, or hereditaments from the crown to himself, or to an^ other or others in trust for him. 7. mat no person who has an office or place of profit nnder the king, or who receives a pension from the crown^ shall be capable of serving as a member of the house cf commons,'* 8. That after the said limitation shall take effect as aforesaid, judges* commissions be made quamdiu se bene gesseruntj and their salaries ascertained and established! but upon the address of both houses of parliament, it may be lawful to remove them. 9. That no pardon under the great seal of England be pleadable to an impeachment by the commons in parlia- ment. 10. ^knd whereas the laws of England are the birth- ^ This important clause vas altered by subsequent statutes, and, unhappily, is now in force only as far as regards certaia cksMs of pensioners^ and offices of recent crcHtiou. RULES FOR MAGISTRATES. 20b right of the people thereof, and all the kings nnd qneeAt who shnll aiccnd the throne of this realm, ought to adral- ni«ter the government of the same according to the laws, and all their officers and ministers ought to serve thehi respectively according to the same : the said lords spiri- tual and temporal, and commons, do therefore humbly pray, that all the laws and statutes of this realm for se- curing the established religion, and the rights and liber- ties of the people thereof, and all other laws and statatee of the same, now in force, may be ratified and confirmed | and the same are by his majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the said lords spiritual and temporal, and commons, and by authority of the same, ratified and con* firmed accordingly.*' SIR RICHARD PHILLIPS's GOLDEN RULES FOR MAGISTRATES AND SHERIFFS. 1. The people's estimation of the governmeot ander which they live, being founded on the pure, just, and rational administration of the laws, it ought to be felt that no social duties are more important and obligatory than those of a local magistrate or justice of the peace. 8. All such magistrates being representatives, in re- gard to their particular powers, of the constitutional authority of the supreme executive government, they are bound in every act of their office to consider themselves as delegates of the sovereign, and in consonance with the royal oath, '* to execute law and justice In mercy, and to govern the people according to the statutes agreed on in parliament, and to the laws and customs of the kingdom.** S. An English magistrate should always bear in mind that the supreme executive authority, of which he is the local representative, is restricted in its powers by the laws and the constitution $ that the rights and privileges of a free people are as inviolable as the prerogatives of the sovereign { and that Bnglish magistrates are not i^- 206 APPENDIX. struments of a despotic power, but agents of a conttltv* tional monarch, whose obligations to his people are de- termined by the same laws that constitute the obligations of the people. 4. An English mngistrate should feel that every sub- ject of these realms, be he rich or be he poor, be he accuser or under accusation, is equal in the eye of the law ( that the lawB of England are no respectors of per- sons | that they can never be dispensed with to suit the humour of the magistrate or the policy of the crown ; and that they are literally imperative in their popular sen«e, until they have been alteved or repealed by the conjoint authorities which made them. 5. The cardinal virtues of all magistracy are ivcor- RUPTIKILITT, IHPA.'tTIAUTT, TIOILAMCB, and BBl^t^lCVO- LENCB. 6. An incorruptible nisgistrate will not only be incor- ruptible in his own conduct, directly and indirectly, im- mediately and remotely ; but he will exercise a wholr- %ome suspicion in regard to the possible corruptions, ex- tortions, and oppressions, practised by his clerks, consta- bles, officers,Yand other agents of his authority. 7. An impartial magistrate will jealously guard every avenue of his mind against the vice and weakness of partiality ; he will be careful not to be influenced by ex'parte statements, by crafty or malignant insinuations, or by interested and vulgar prejudices; and he will never fail to remember that, although justice is blind in regard to the parties, she is all eye in her search after the truth. 8. A vigilant magistrate will always hear both sides before he makes his determination ; he will patiently submit to the awkwardness, timidity, and inexperience of either of the parties ; he will cautiously balance the various points of evidence, and will persevere in his ez-v aminations, when necessary, till he has disentangled the case before him from all doubt and uncertainty. 9. A benevolent magistrate will never forget that mercy is the brightest ornament of all power ; he wiH never suffer any cruelty, threat, or wanton insult to Ve committed on persons under accusation, to extort e^n- .'c*. >■•,, », RULES FOR MAGISTRATES. flW :onttlta- are de- ligatioiM try »ub- r, be he re of the I of per- ) suU the wn ( and ar sense, conjoint pe ivcoR- be incor- jctly, im- a wholr- tions, ex- ,8, consta- ird every akneM of lenced by nuationf, he will blind fn jteh after >th lides latientW cperience llance the Kn his ex->^ igled the f^eX that I; he wiH mlt to W Itort t^m- feniom," or on any other pretence whatsoever; he will never exact bail beyond the means of the parties i he will himself inspect all places of temporary or perma- nent confinement ; and he will carefully prevent viola- lions of humanity in the various subaltern agents of hii jnrisdictlon. 10. A public-spirhed maicistrate will always be easy of access on special occasions which demand his inter- position, and he will be punctual in his attendance at thoee known periods which he sets apart for the.admlnis- tration of justice. 11. In hearing charges brought before him, a magis- trate should remember the dependence of the parties on his patient attention t his examinations should be public, but in most cases the witnesses ought not to be heard in each other's presence ; he should be jealous of the influ- ence of reward? aud penalties on the evidence of the in- formers t he should warily guard himself against the ma. lignant feelings or sinister designs of accusers i and be- fore he commits or convicts, be should be thoroughly satisfied that the act charged was perpetrated with a cri- minal intention, and contrary to the true ia^eot of some statute, law, or ordinance of the realm. 12. In all adjudications relative to the poor, an up- right magistrate should be the poor man's friend, and the guardian of the destitute and helpless, against the sordid calculations of avarice, and the overbearing spirit of wealth, accurately discriminating between the imposi- tions of idleness and vice, and the claims of industry and virtue. 13. He ought to be sensible that the letter of the laws is the rule of conduct for subjects as well as magistrates, and that no man is amenable to magisterial authority who has not offended against the ordinary and obvious interpretation of some law, and who has not been con- victed, on* the oathp of creditable witnesses, either l^y the recorded adjudication of a justice of the peace, or by the solemn verdict of a jury of his country. 14. In committing to prison the magistrate should carefully distinguish whether the object is correcMoa after conviction, or simple detention before trial, warn s 2 206 APPENIMX. •honld direct bit warrant accordloglv : no tfUko belnf li* mble to be lent to a correctional prfion, or Ruhject to a correctional discipline, except ai a puniihment after a recorded conviction ; and simple detention ouglit to talie place In the slieriff*8 ||;aol only, because the sheriff is aa nonoarable officer, bound by the ahcien* laws of the land to perform the important duty of making returns to all sessions of gaol delirery. 15. In imposing penalties, where the statute has given a discretion to the magistrate, he ought to be governed in his decision as well by the means of the parties, as t»y the repetition or turpitude of the offence « becaase a mulct implies but a portion of an offender*s means, and it Is with a view to various shades of culpability that the law has empowered the magistrate to exercise an equitable discretion. 16. In assigning punishmenti, It should be considered that the penalties of the law always contemplate extreme cases of turp'tude, generally leaving it to the magistrate to mitigate and apportion the punishment according to the circumstances of every offence ; In doing which« it should be remembered, that the scripture eiyoins us " to forgive our brother seventy times seven tlmesj" tliat the penalties of the law ought never to be passionate or vin- dictive, but to be simply cautionary for first or trivial offences, gently corrective for second offences, and ex* emplary and severe only when applied to incorrigible culprits, or to very heinous crimes. 17. Every justice of the peace firho is anxious tQ pre* serve the honour of the laws, will never discourage ap- peals against his own convictions, or In any way ob- btmct or inflnence the decision of such appeals i and, as often as the letter or spirit of the Ian appears to him to have borne with undue severity on individuals, or fami- lies, he will benevolently ascertain the extenuating cir- cumstances of the case, and bring them in due ibrm be- fore the bench in sessions, or before the grand jury at the assises, in order that the suff(ering party may, through their recommendation to the proper authority, obtain the royal pardon. 18. A discreet magistrate will, on all occasions, avoid DUTIES OP SHERIFFS. 209 mixing; in deciaionn that jinvolve lili personal intereiti, hfi family connectiuni, bis friendsiiips, or his known or latent enmities. In all such cases, he ought magnani- mously to retire from the bench at sessions, or to call one or more of the neighbouring magistrates into his juris- diction. He should remember, that his character will be in a state of hazard whenever hii predelictions at a private mnn, a politician, or a theologian, interfere with the independence of his judgments as a magistrate. 19. A paternal magistrate will do more good in his neighbourhood by his advice and example, than by the force of authority and coercion. He should lend his countenance to the virtuous, and his protection to the unfortunate | but, above all, he should set agoodexam- 1)le in his own conduct, and exact it from all in authority leneath him; because he can never punish with effect any vices which he practises himself, or tolerates in hit agents ; and their combined example will prpve more powerful than all the instrtiments of judicial terror. SO. A justice of the peace, holding a commission from a constitutional King of England, and his authority under the mild laws of England, will always feel that his power is conferred for the purpose of increasing the happiness of all who are subject to his cognizance, and within his jurisdiction ; tiiat he is the guardian of the public morals, a conservator of the peace, and protec- tor of the public and personal rights of the people ; and tliat it much depends on the wisdom and prudence of justices of the peace, whether the social compact which binds (he people into one nation under one ruler and one code of laws, serve as a curse or a blessivo. THE DUTIES OF SHERIFFS. ; BT THE SAME. Anciently all Sheriffs were elected annually by that portion of the people in whose behalf they were to serve the office. For five centuries they have been re- turned by the crown ; but, by the constitution, they still 3 210 APPKIfDIX. •re popular officers, appointed to execute (he laws in the name of (he sovereign, with due respect to the privi- Idces of the people. «' The general duties of the sheriflTs office are six-fold s— "^ 1. As executor of ail writs and legal process. '8. As keeper of the prisons. ■ \ 3. As sunmouer of jurymen. 1 74. As guardian of courts of law. ■ 75. As executioner of all summary punishments '6. As presiding officer at the return of all repreaeuta- ti?es to the Wittenngemote, or Parliament. ^ To perform these important functions usefully, effec- tively, and honourably, there are requisite, in the per- son of the sheriff*, I. Public spirit, and independeoce of mind and for- tune. Z 2. Habitual sentiments of charity for the frailties, and of tenderness for the misfortunes of his fellow>beings. 5. An unshaken attachment to public liberty, and to the person of the sovereign. 4. Persevering vigilance in the superintendance of every department of duty, taking nothing on trust, an4 leaving nothing to deputies. 5* An immoveable respect for principles, never com- promising them to gratify temporary pr^udices or prac- tices. 6. Courage to resist thpclamours and Intrigues of those who profit by abuses. The details of doty are implicid by the duties them- selves ; but those of primary importance are, 1. To visit the gaols frequently, and at unexpected seasons, unaccompanied by gaolers |or turnkeys, talcing care that imprisonment includes no punishment beyond lafe custody^ 2. To ameliorate the condition of the 'prisoners and their families, and to report to the executive government tfcotfe ca^es on which the law bears with unreasonable ■etarity. 5. To take care that no punishment is increased owing to any popular prejudice against the criminal, and that DUTI^fii OF SHERIFFS. 211 all the Judgmenti of the law are executed in tenderness 9ji6 mercy. 4. To strike all juries in person, and to talie eipeclal care that the ipirit of all the lawi for striking juries is acted upon. 5. To guard against cabals, prejudices, intrigues, and Improper influence iu juries, by calling eacl^jury in a predetermined order, from at least three remote districts of the jurisdiction. 6. To summon grand-juries, in a similar rotation, from among the most intelligent and Independent persons of every district, taking care that there Is a due mixture and balance of local interests in every grand*jury. 7. To examine minuioly and scrupulously every charge made against gaolers, turnkeys, bailiffs, and their fol- l,ower8 1 to visit lock-up houses, and beware that no ex- tortionate or vexatious practices take place in exacting bail. In a word, the security, under the law of our persons and properties, against oppression or mal-administration, is in the hands of the sheriff; and it depends greatly on his vigilance, whether the laws serve as a means of pro- tection or annoyance. While the verdicts ofijorles re- main a barrier against the caprices of judges-, and the in- fluence of wealth and power. It' Is evidentJj of the highest Importance that the sheriff^ summon them in the way which is most likely to secure ao impartial and in* dependent decision, for therein lies the essence of Bug- lish liberty. On the intelligence and uprightness of this executive officer depends, therefore, all that is desirable under the constitution of England, and all that renders this empire, in respect to civil liberty, superior to many other nations. ;. .. r ,:p,,_ — .^ S12 APPENDIX. SIR RICHARD PHILLIPS'S GOLDEN RULES FOR JURYMEN* 1. The most grievous of personal wrongs, and the most hopeless of social miseries, being oppression and injustice, under the sanction and colour of Law, and the plausible forms of trial by jury ; the most important of social and moral obligations are imposed on the integrity, firmness, and discrimination of the several individuals who compose Grand and Petit Juries. 2. An honest juryman should suffer death rather than con* sent to any decision which he feels to be doubtful or unjust ; or which, m his own private judgment, is not warranted by clear and incontrovertible positive evidence. 3. Every juryman should be jealous that no other opinion than his own directs the decision; for his office would be a mockery^ on himself, on *he parties, and on his country, if his decision were not the result of his own unbiassed convic- tion. The juryman who» ignorant of his duties, is inatten- tive to the progress of a trial, and decides on the suggestion of othtrs^ betrays his sacred duty, and is himself unworthy of the privileges of the law and of the protection of justice. 4. In deliberating on the verdict, every juryman is bound to think for himself; to give his individual opinion freely and boldly i aad to bear in mind that it is the sole and entire object of the institution of juries, that every juryman fnr himself should decide according to his own judgment on the points at issue* 5. The jury are bound to decide fully and finally by a ge- neral verdict in criminal cases of *' gtalty ** or " not guilig ;" or in civil cases **for the plaintiff^ or ** for the defmdant ;*^ unless, at the reouest of the judge, thev reserve some point of law ; but sucii special verdict should be explicit, finals and conclusive with respect to the facts of the case. 6. Every man is presumed to be innocent till be has clearl 7 been proved to be guilty ; the onus of the proof of guilt lies, therefore, on the accuser; and as no accused person is bound, required, or expected to prove his own in- nocency, so no presumption ought to be raised against him^ founded ub his failing to prove a negative to the charge. RULES FOR JURYMEN. 213 ^ RULEg nd the most nd injustice, he plausible f social and Yi firmness, 10 compose er than con^ lor unjust; irranted by her opinion '■ would be a country, if ised convic- if inatten- ^suggestion f unworthy ofjustice, an IS bound I freely and and entire irymau for aentonthe ^ybyage. otgutliif-** efendant;** lome point icit, finals le. ill be has e proof of o accused lis own in- ainst him^ bargee 7. The accused ought tc dDjoy the benefit of all doubts, and of all uncertainty in the evidence ; because it is better that a hundred guilty persons should escape punishment, than t' at one innocent person should be utvjustly convicted j the issue of a criminal trial involving every thing dear to the accused, if he be found guilty, while his acquittal, though perchance he might be guilty, is comparatively un- important to the public. 8. Every juror should perform his duty in regard to the ac- cused, or decide between the plaintiiF and defendant, as he would desire that those parties should act in regard to him- self, were their situations changed. This sentiment should direct the juryman's attention during the trial, hh anxiety in considering the verdict^ and his caution in determining opon it 9. It is necessary for jurors to guard themselves agaiust popular prejudices, against the insidious sophistry and dat- ing artifices of counsel, and against undue influence in what- ever quarter it may arise j but they ought to divest their minds of all influence or prejudice, anddecide on a consi- deration of the facts only, and on the valid evidence of cre- dible witnesses. 10. Unanimity is. required in every verdict of a jury, be- cause universal concurrence is the only Test of truth; while a true verdict must necessarily produce unanimity, because in every case there exists some Truth for the jury to detect and declare : such required unanimity serving, at the same time, to render every one of the jury responsible to his own conscience, to the public, and to the j^arties. 11. Every juryman should be especially cautious, of con- victing persons on evidence merely presumptive and circum- stantial; the conviction apd legal punishment are positive, and so, as far as possible, ought to be the proofs: no reason- ing, however ingenious, and no circumstances, however cor- responding, bein^ equivalent to one positive proof, either in behalf of, or against the accused. IX)ubt ought, in all cases, to produce a verdict of not guiity. 12. The jury should carefufly consider how far the evi- dence sustains the charge of a criminal design in the ac- cused i no act whatever which has not been committed with a proven, or obvious criminal mind or iutentioo, involving >py guilt, or any penal responsibility. Thus no man ought 214 APPftNDIZ. I' to Ik! convicted of a crime for any acti;onimitted in tht n* vrcise of his lawful business. 13. A careful juror sliouM commit the material points to wilting, and compare from his notes the evidence on both sides, deciding on his intuitive perceptions of right and wrouf^, and maintaining a vigilant caution against the pre- 'lulices or miytconception of witnesses and prosecutors, who, y desire of the jury, ought never to be allowed to be exa- niMied in the hearing of one another. 14. No man being responsible for the crime or act of an- other, no prejudice whatever should lie against an accused person, because some one has committed a crime, however enormous; and the jury before they convict any accused person, should take care that the charge has been brought home by distinct and unequivocal testimony, as well in re> gard to personal identity to the fact, and to the criminal in- tention. 15. Juries must be governed in framing their verdict by the precise letter and fair construction of the law, as well as by the facts of the case. It is not their province tt) sup- ply defects in the law, or to stretch its meaning, lest any crime should go unpunished. Thus no man ought to be con- vic.U'di of murder, unless the unlawful intention to kill be mad€ palpable; and no man ought to bb convicted of for- gery^ unless he has imitated or adopted another man's sig- nature, with a manifest intention to defraud; for, if the law has not provided for the punishment of every case of homicide, and of frauds which are not actual forgeries, it is not incumbent on juries to supply the deficiency, no man being accountable to the law for any act not unlawful at the time it was committed. 16. The punishment inflicted by the court being generally founded on the abstract fact of the jury's conviction, witn little or no regard tw any peculiar features of each case; and th? laws themselves bemg made generally for extreme cases of turpitude, the jury ought to recommend the guilty to mercy, as often as circumstances afford a justifiable rea- son for ameliorating the legal punishment. ! 7. Every jurv man, before he consents to a verdict, should reflect that the dt-^cision is conclusive of the hopes and f»te oi the party or parties implicated. The laws of England having provided no Court of Appeal against erroncuu« d«<« RULES FOR JURYMEN. fl& eilions of juries, these ought never to decide on presump- tions or probabilities, but their verdict ought to be as much matter of certainty as its consequences are certain and in- evitable in regard to the parties. 18. Though persons convicted of crimes ma]^ sometimes obtain the royal pardon, yet the verdict of the jury is usu- ally made an insuperable obstacle; and though in civil oases verdicts are sometimes bet aside, yet the expences are ruinous to the parties. In sentences passed by courtsof law, and in all ulterior proceedings, it is pertinaciously and gravely assumed that twelve honest men have severally agreed on the verdict, not in a careless, hasty, or inconsi- derate manner, but carefully, conscientiously, and delibe- rately. All the consequences of legal murders, oppressions, and wrongs, rest therefore solely on the head of every man who has consented to an unjust verdict. 19. Honest and independent iurors should bewareof being made the tools of any practised jurors, who, under the name of Special Jurymen^ sometimes make a trade of the office, and for the purpose of retaining a profitable employment, endeavour, as often as possible, to find a verdict m accord- ance with the wishes of the court. Such men are syco* phants to promote their sinister views, while too many others are sycophants of power from habit. Both classes are equally dangerous in the jury-box, and every upright juror should avoid becoming their diipe, however specious, artful, or overbearing, majr be their conduct 20. Jurors should view with jealousy all charges against accused persons who appear to have been deprived of any privileges to which they are entitled by the usa^s of the fronstitution, and a due respect to the ends of justice ; thus no accused persoa oueht to have been committed for trial except on the oath or, at least, one credible witness ; or called on to plead unless on the indictment of twelve of a Orand Jury; or arraigned on trial unless he has been supplied with a copy of the same, in time sufficient to summon wit- nesses; and has enjoyed, during his previous confinement, the free access of his friends to concert measures for his defence. 21. As Grand Juries examine witnesses only against the iccu8<>d, every case, so unopposed by any defence, ought to Oe completely and unequivocally made out at to the ft«t«, 216 APPENDIX. the evil intention, a^d the application of the law ; and the exercise of a scrupulous and jealous caution against un* founded, malicious, and irrelevant charges, can be attended "With little danger or iijjury to the public, compared with the irreparable injury which the admission of a frivolous or ma* licious indictment may inflict on innocent and respectable persons. 22. The duties of a Coroner's Juey areoften of the deepest importance to Justice and liberty, being the first tribunal to decide on such acts of oppression, or abuses of power, as have led to fatal results. Such jurors are enabled to mark for punishment any murders committed by the wanton iutro* duction of soldiery ; and also to confer impunity on any juit resistance nrnde against unwarranted acts which may have been attempted under colour of law, or by any improper a»> sumption or authority. 23. lo trying charges of libel, sedition, or treason, the jury should be jealously on their guard against party preju- dices and the influence of the administration for the time being; and they should bear in mind, that it is chiefly in such cases, that juries are so eminently the barriers of pub- lic liberty, and the guardians of their fellow-citizens against abuses of power. 24. In trying libel causes, jurors ought never to lose sight of the important services rendered to mankind, by the sa« cred right of freely discussing public topics, and the public conduct of public men: and of examining, asserting, and printing the Truth on all subjects of general interest : and as the Law of Libel has» in eflect, forbidden them to find a verdict of guHty, on mere proof of publication, so in the absence ot all positive proof of criminal intention, they are warranted by that law in finding a general verdict of noi guilty, ••* A few years ago an Act of Parliament gave full powers to the jury to decide by a general verdict on the pact, the in- VENDOES, and the criminal intention; so that if the three are not satisfactorily {iroved, failure in proving either, justifies in law a general verdict of not guilty. This law is given at length, as it expresses the duty both of judge and Jury. It is entitled^*' An Act to remove Doubts respecting the Functions of Juries in Cases of Libel,*' and is commonly called Fox's Lirbl Bill, from its being brought into Parliament by the illustrious Statesman of that name. " Whereas doubts have arisen whether, on Vae trial of an in- dictment or information for the making or publishing any libel. RULRS FOR JfJRYMENT. ii7 «rh«r« an litne or Iraueii are Joined between the kttm and the defendant or defendants, un the plea of Not Guilty pleaded, it be competent tu the jury impannellcd to try the •ame, to Kive their verdict upon tlie whole matter in iMue: be ij. ther>?iore declared and enucted, tliat, on every such tuial, the jury »wnrn to try the issue may give a general verdict of Goilty or Not Oailiy upon the whole matter put in issue upon such indict- ment or information ; and shall not be required or dirpoted by the Court or Judge before whom such imtietnieut ur informa- tion shall be tried, to And the defendant or defendants Ouilty merely on the proof of the pabiication by such defendant or defendants of the paper charged to be a libel, and of the scum ascribed to the same in such indictment or information. *' Provided always, that, on every such trial, the Court or Indge before whom such indictment or information shall b« tried, shall, according to their or his discretion, give their or hit opinion and directions to the Jury on the matter in itfue between the king and the defendant or defendant*. In like manner as in otiier criminal cases." 95. In deciding on political queHions in general, every upright juror should retpeet the fundamental laws of the realm as \n\6 down in Magna Charta, the Petition of Right, and the Bill of Righti; and ahould carefolly avoid becom- intf the dupe of the iophistry of any ohiequions ttothoritiei^ or ber/tg lYiade an inttruinent to giveenect to temporary lawt passed by overbearing ISpidtions^ in contravention of the laws of Ood and right reason, of the just rights of the peo- Ble, and of the fundamental principles and praetices of^the ritish Constitution. ^6. The Fhreman should a^ertain and equally respect every opinion in the jiiry } And the verdict, after e^ery ttiem> ber of the jury has been consulted, and it has been unani- mously agreed upon, should be solemnly delivered ; na va- riation being permitted tu take place, on the suggestion or dictation of any one, imtess the jury, before their decision is recorded, choose to retire agam and formally sanction such profiosed variation by their own new verdict. 01. Previous to declaring their verdict, every juror should give the accused the fair benefit of those distinctions in the time, quaniity, and quality of offences, which have been explained by the judge or counsel; and he should anxiously consider, whether the accused has been identified, whetheV the fact charged has been brought home to him, whether tV crime alleged is within the meaning and cognizance of the law, foundiug the verdict on bis combined view of proven^ not presumptive facta« and *staolMe4, not omistructiTe law, T 218 APPENDIX. $8. It being the sole object of the proceedingii in erery trial to enable the jury to acquire correct views of the facts which bear on the questions at issue ; it is the duty of every juryman to ask pertinent questions for his own Satisfaction; to protect timid, inexperienced, and embarrassed witnesses ; to receive with caution the testimony of others, who are under the influence of fear, hatred, or expected reward; and to require the production of any species of evidence which is tendered or attainable, and which appears to him to be necessary. 89. It is the delicate, but sacred duty of jurymen to guard against the undue interference or mistaken views of judges, or presiding magistrates, who often take on themselves to direct and dictate tojuries, and in bad times have presumed to reprimand them for honest verdicts, or bully them into dishonest ones. The judge is authorised to expound the law, and if the jury cannot write, or have neglected to take down the evidence, it is necessary he should recapitulate the substance of his notes, but he is never warranted in dic- tating and overruling the decision. He should be respected by Phe jury, hue not be implicitly obeyed* 30. Every juryman should recollect that while in the jury* box he is aeting for his country ; that, in regard to cases brought before him, he is the uncontrouled arbiter of jus tice ; that he is the constitutional protector of suitors ana accused persons, against legal quibbles and oppressions; that he is the living guardian for his posterity of those sa- cred powers of juries, transmitted to him by his forefathers; and that the preservation of justicb and iibbrtt defiends on every firm and upright man doing hie duty in every jury. GOLDEN RULES FOR ELECTORS. •YTOKSiMX. 1. By the admirable plan of the British constitution, the House of Commons was designed to represent the People, express their voice, and support their interests, in making )i>ws, in controuling ministers, and in levying taxes; conse- quently, its members ought to be freely and fairly elected by the people, and to be independent of the other estates of parliament, of the king's ministers, and of the produce of the taxes ; or they cease, for thtir important constitutional purposes, tobegentine representatives of the people. 2. The property, liberty, happiness, and life, of cicry nULES FOR ELECTORS. *217 one of the British people, deper j.,ag esseDtially and siib- •tantially on the incorruptibility, independence, and gublic spirit of their representatives, every elector is ound to scrutinize the character and pretensions of all persons who otTer themselves as candidates, to express his voice, and support his interests in the parliament of the nation. S. As Guardians of the public purse, it is evident that laenibers of the House of Commons should possess, at least, the ordinaiii h> which knaves are enabled to deprive tboir fellowHiub* nVI '% rOR ELECTORS. 219 jectsof tlirir property, their happinesi, and their liNrr-> tiei: the man, therefore, whoRellior barlerithii vote ut an election f(»r hii share of the 80001. which is said to be the market price of two seats, is a public robber, who ought to be held more infamous among hi§ neii^hbouri than those guilty of any smaller species of felonies, 2, 14. The power of excluding all improper and equivo- cal characters from Parliament being in the hands of elec« tors, a due respect to their own honour and wisdom ought to prompt every leparate body of tb>>m to be eare- ^ fnl that they are reprecented in the great council of the nation by men who will nut disgrace their choice, or render nugatory the virtuooi exertions of other repre- sentatives. 15. F.very elector, before he votes, should examine himself in the following points : —Whether he entertains a disinterested and dispassionate belief that his favourite candidate is the most deserving of the candidates ? Whe- ther he has or other motive for his preference than such conviction ? Whether he has no lurking oelf-interost which he purposes to serve ? And whether bis vote ie given as uprightly and scrupulously as that of the candi- date ought to be, while performing hit duties in Parlia- ment ? 16. An honest elector will have no reason to doubt io his choice, if the candidate, having already sat in Parlia- ment, has rendered known benefits to the community, — if he has opposed waro entered into for sinister purposes, or to gratify bad passions, — if he has steadily upheld the rights and liberties of the people,— if he has supported justice in transactions with foreign nations,—- if he has resisted oppressive taxes, — if he has voted for the re- form of notorious abuses, — and if he has assisted in im- pearning mal -administration wherever it may have ap- peared to exist. U. Every honest elector should withhold his support from a late member, if his voice has never been heard \n Parliament in defence of any popolar interest, of public justice, or of public liberty | if his silent votes have served only to swell ministerial majorities f and if his present recommendations are his iniuence with tha 220 APPENDIX. miiklitef, hii officiiil employments or his improvinfi; for- luoc« at e6urt : under such circomstanrei the candidate thould be considered as a wolf in sheep's clothiny;, and us wholly unfit to represent honest electors In their Uouic of Parliament. 18. In regard to candidates, whose real designs and priaciples have been tried by the teot of eiperlenee, It would be considered by electors, that lawytrs are gene- rally unfit, from their tiewsjof professional interest, to be entrusted with the powers of representatives ; and that, as they are acr.nsloined to plead in any cause Cor hire, so ' they frequently become the most pliable iastrunents of the minister, greatly augmenting the ordinary mischiefs of corruption, by their ready sophistry and habits of ap- plication. 19. Cootractors, and money-jobbers, whose god is gold, are always insapable of serving their country in Parlia- ment, their sole object being to sell themselves to the minister for any profitable job or speculation. 80. Young men who are devoid of experience, and commonly the slaves of their passionti, however wealthy, however showy their talents, or however powerfully connected, are unfit (o perform the onerous duties of le- gislators, and ought never to be supported by discreet and patriotic electors. 21 The profligate in private life, and the desperate in pecuniary circuraBtance», are as unable as they are un- likely, to resist the overtures of any ambitious faction in Parliament, or the insiduous and overwhelming corrap- tion of the ministers of the crown, and onght therefore never to be entrusted with the representative functions. 92. Solemn orders of the House of Commons declare It to be a high crise for any Peer to interfere In any manner in any election ; while on the part of electors, except in extraordinary instances of unequivocal patriotism, it is an act of political suicide to return the palpable depend- ant of any Peer of Parliament, or to elect the heirs of noble hovses, thereby converting the House of Commoni into a mere seminary of education for the junior nobility. 23. Thoso candidates whom independent electors are Wvnd to pat in nomination, support, and return, are •* ^\'«». .^^Xitf-M"-.' ■■■■^ nULES FOR ELECTORS. 254 Iricd mrn, whose principles hnvc resiNtrii (he ('^mptn- tions of power I or worthy and independnni neif;ht)i)uni, wheiker land^proprietors, merchants, bankers, or m«- Dufacturers, whose principles, pnblic spirit, and inde. pendeoee are known to the electors i and, other circum- stances alike, a candidate whose talents and energies have raised him to distinction, ouf;ht to be preferred to a wealthy heir, who, never having had occasion to think for himself, is incapable of thinking with advantage for the pnblic. 94. As it is one of the most valuable privileges of Bri- tons to exercise their elective franchises nt the return of anv Dew Parliament, or as often as any vacancy occurs, it 18 the duty of aU intelligent electors to resent every attempt to deprive them of their power of choosing, hy base compromises under the crafty unconstitutional pre- text of preservini; the peace of the place. Every new candidate, who affords electors an opportnnity of exer- cising their chief constitutional right, ought to have bis other pretensions viewed with favour, and to be preferred to any other candidate, who has sought to nullify the ri^ts of the electors. 95. No dependant of the crown or the minister, what- ever be his general reputation, ovght to be considered, by independant electors, at entitled to their preference over less equivocal candidates; and all bodiet of electors should lie on their guard against appeals to their feelings or interests, made by successful military or naval com- manders, by speeioni lawyers, wealthy contractors, or powerful placemen, none of whom ought to be suffered to e^joy the opportunity of bartering their votes in Par- liament, in exchange for their personal aggrandisement or pecuniary advantage. sis. In regard to placemen, pensioners, and depend- ants of the crown, generally, it should never be forgot- ten, that the solemn compact between the reigning dy- nasty and the nation has provided in express terms, "That " no person who has an office, or place of profit, under the King, or who receives a pension from the Crown, shall he capable of serving as a member of the House of Commons ; " and although this bulwark of liberty tt 222 APPENDIX. kai been dispenied with by the forms of a subsequMit Act of Parliament, and re-election is now considered by the House of Commons as a means of qualifying the dik- qualified, yet it should be understood that no law can compel the people themselves to violate the constitution; consequently the re-election of placemen lies entirely in their own discretion; and they are still, in this important point, the uncontrouled and competent guaniiaiiii of their own rights. HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH CONSTITUTION. BY THE 8AMR. The absolute rights, or liberties, of the natives of this country, are founded not only in custom, but in nature find reason. They are also coeval with our form of go- vernment ; and, according to the ancient doctrine of the common law, as well as by special acts of parliament, have been declared to be ** the birthright of the people of England." Here follows an enumeration, or, perhaps, more pro- perly, a recognition of these rights, claims, and privi- leges, in due order, admitted and recorded subsequently to the Conquest. Henrt I. (A. D. 1100.)->-The Normans having intro- duced all the severities of the feudal system, with its burdensome and oppressive train of grievances; all these were promised to be redressed by this prince, while his crown was in jeopardy. But although he did pot fulfil all his engagements, yet he moderated many of the rigorous customs imposed by his father and brother. This was evident In respect to reliefs, which were fines paid by the heir, on succeeding to his paternal estate : he also permitted his vassals* children to be freely disposed '3t in marriage, provided they were not betrothed to his enemies. As to ward$hipSf or the care of the offspring during ihc\f minority, he committed those of his mi^or '.. »-M''-iWV"-';' '•-i^jva^"';^,. THE ENGLISH CONSTITUTIOV. 223 tenants to their oeareit kindred, fnttead of selling, or bestowing them, as heretofore. He even restored the 'baxon law of descents, and permitted the alieaation of lands. StBPRzif, (1135.) — Swore before a parliament assem- bled at Oxford) to sue none for trespassing in his forests ; that he woald disaforest all such lands as had been con- verted to that purpose by the late king; and Uiathe would abolish the odious tax of DanegtU^ or money ieried under pretext of invasion, whex none actually existed. RicHaaD I. (1189.)— This prince, being reduced fo great straits by his warlike expeditions, was induced to refcrant, by way of purchase, many of the franchise which had appertained to them in the Saxon times, to certain cities, towns, and boroughs. It ought also to be observed, to the credit of the monarch, that although a sportsman and a soldier, he repealed many of the cruel forest laws, imposing the penalties of mutilation, loss of eyes, &c. on such as transgressed in hunting. John, (1190.) — This proved the second monarch who Erofessed openly to rule by arbitrary power: William Ittfus was the first. He exacted extravagant reliefs < wasted his wards' property | levied exorbitant scutages, seized lands and tenements at his will and pleasure % im- prisoned whomsoever he pleased, and violated all the privileges of the subject. The Great Charter, obtained by them in 1815, redress- ed every species of grievance then known, and contri- buted not a little to soften at first and finally to annul all the severities of the feadal system. 1. The personal liberty of the subject was protected. 8. His property secured. 3. Exile, and outlawry, were prohibited. EowABD I. (I?IS.)— Notwithstanding the Great Char- ter was so solemnly &nd so frequently confirmed, yet it had nut as yet been recognised as the common law. This, however, was at length achieved, during the twenty, fifth year of the reign of this powerful prince, by the THE ENGLISH CONSTITUTION. 225 itatute called Confirmatio Cartarutn, He also establish, ed, confirmed, and settled, the charter of the forests, and abolished all taxes levied without the consent of the na tional council. Charlks I. (1625.)— During; the third year of the reign of this monarch C1638), a parliamentary' declara- tion of the liberties of the people, under the name of the PsTiTioK OF Right, was assented to by him, and • thus converted into a positive statute.* It recites the Great Charter, the act of King Edward I. called Statu- tum de talliago non conceriendo i those of the 85th and S8th of Edward III. respecting forced loans, outlawry* exile, and illegal dispossession, and is partly declara* tory, partly enactive. By it, 1. All charges, or impositions, called benevolences^ are put down, as well as unwarrantable oaths, illegal impri- sonment, and the appointment of commissioners for the assessment of forced loans against reason and the fran- chises of the subject. 2. Confinement without cause, certified by due process of law, is deemed illegal. S. Thequarteringof soldiers, or mariners, on the in- habitants in different parts of the kingdom, against their consent, is forbidden. 4. The punishment of soldiers, and other offenders, by martial law, on account of civil offences. This act was penned by Lord Chief Justice Coke. Charles II. (1649.) — The Habeas Corpus Act, pass- ed in the 31st of this reign (1680), is another great con- stitutional bulwark ; but as to its principles, it is merely declaratory of the Great Charter, the 5th Ed. III., 25th Ed. III., 28th Ed. III. ; the Petition of Right, 3d Car. I. and 16th Car. I. c. 10. On the other hand, it became strictly remedial, and therefore eminently bene- ficial, as the judges had unjustly annexed a condition of finding securities, and recurred to a variety of legal sub- tleties to prevent the enlargement of the prisonei. By this famous statute, it is ordained, that the Lord # Statutes at large, vol. 11. p. 1096. 226 APPENDIX. Chancellor, or any of the twelve judges in Tacation, cr the judges in their respective courts in term time, shall, on motion made, issue a Habeas Corpus io all cases, those of treason, petit-treason, and felony excepted, on sight of the warrant of commitment, or oath that the same is refused ; under penalty of forfeiting the sum of 500/. to the party aggrieved. During the reign of Charles II. the abolition of sla- ifish tenures, and the prerogatives of purveyance, and pre-emption also took place. WiLUAM AND Mart, (1689.)— The king and queen (then Prince and Princess of Orange), previously to the offer made them of the crown (Feb. 13, 1689,) by the Convention Parliament, assented to the Declaratioii OF Rights. In the preamble to this act, the misgovern- ment of James II. is recited and exemplified i the abdi- cation of the goternment proclaimed, and the throne declared v . t ;*.t, in consequence of his having* ** by the assistance c ? t^ vers eyil counsellors, judges, and minis- ters," endeavoured to subvert the Protestant religion, and the laws and liberties of this kingdom, by the exer* cise of a power of dispensing with and suspending the laws, &c. As the Declaration of Rights took place in the first year of the reign of King William, fco the Act ov Set- tlement was passed in the ISth and 13th. •*« These are given at length, at p. 195, Ac. ON THE DUTIES OF A PARISJS PRIEST. BT THE SAME. 1. The institution of Parochial Instructora of the peo> pie in the duties of Morality, and in the doctrines of Re- velation, is so eminently wise and beneficial, that it may be adduced as collateral evidence of the divine origin of that religion by which it was formed and established. 3. It is an establishment so essential to a moral and spiritual influence over the people, and it gives so per- manent and operative an effect to vital religicn, that Pa- V OTTTIES 09 A PARISH PRIEST. 227 rish Prieils, nnd those •othorUies which appoint aad suparinitad them, become iotportaat and aeaaiMlrjr braP'tar:ty annouttced ill the gospel. 5. H»' is the moral guardian of hfs flock, tttid conse- quently bound to pre§erv6 theitt *n ttnity, in matuAl love, aud in good offices one towards anbther. He should be their vmpiartial uiiiipire ilk matters of dispute, should aliuy ihe'ir violedt and selfish pftisioni, aiid pi^eserve the social affections among kindred. 6. He should constantly assist atid tdvise the overseers of the poor in the discharge of their delicate and int« resting duties; and should draw strong distirtcHoas be- tween the virtuous and the vicious poor, taking c^re to reclaim the latter by gentle means, by forbearance and charity, and by extending the rewards of virtue to such of them as afford i'ldtcations of aitt^ridment. 7. As ignorance is the parent of ^ite, at knowledge is the parent of civilization, and as the unlettered can have little conception of the nature of moral obligation, or of the evidences and doctrines of that gospel which they are iinnhle to peruse, it is his duty to establish and maintain, by his influence atid example, all institutions which have for their object the decent education of (he children of the poor. 8. Whatever be his income, he should live within it, and become a pattern of moderation, temperanct^, »nd contentment, to those who are expected to curb their own passions by his e7;ample, and who will be likely to respect hit precepts so far only as their efficacy is de- monstrated by their iiafluence on his own condnct. 9. He should know eoo'jgh of the art of medicine to k...:,,K* .ri^* £28 AFFGMDIX. le oferseers he able to adminMer relief In cases which do not admit of delay i and he shonid I>b provided with a small «tock •f simple galeoicals, (he effect of '.#hich, in particular disorders, may have been well ascertained. 10. He shonid apply bis superior education to remove ▼nlgar errort and supendition of all kinds i he shoiild ptOiDOte intellectnal iavprovement among those who de* lire it j he shonid lend bookfc, and gtve advice in the choice of others ; he shonid also recommend the adoption o!. all Improvemeaffr ia the arts of life, which are conse- quent on the laboors of mea of science. 1 1. He should bear with charity the occasional here- lies, or variaaces of opinion, which, owing to the free- dom of thought, may honestly and consdentioutly be cberiohed by any of hi» parishioners, if tkey cannot be corrected by gentle means, they will be confirmed in their errors, If violence or denunciation be resorted to t and, above all fhingt, be should be forbearing towards sectaries and sceptics, and tolerant towards enthnsiails and visionaries. IS. He should be ponetaal in the houvt of divine ser- vice, and shonid perform all the rites ol religion with devotional feeling and unvarying solemnity. Nothing in his conduct should be indifferent; and even at a fieast he should ren ember that he is looked upon a» the minister of a holy religion; and that bi« levities or seasaalitles wiYY saneticn greater vleet In those who reverence bis character, and quote him as their example. IS. He will find little difllcolty in collecting his does and tythes, if he has snceeeded in impressing his pa- rishioners with a well-founded respect fo. his office and personal character; bat, in all casetof dispute, he should convince them before he attempts to contronl them, and appeal to arbitration rather than to law. 14. He should render himself the organ of the benevo- lence of his p.'\rishion:;rs, by recommending frequent collections for particular objects of compassion, and by superintending their distribution. He shonid, in per. forming this duty, increase the comfort and the number of independant cottagers; encourage habits of cleanli- aess, sobriety, and iadutry} create provisions for the u DUTIES OP A PARISH PRIEST. 229 sick and aged ; and tignaliie indmtry and virtue in the bumblrst stations, even after death. 15. He should guard himself against becoming the tool of thosr \- power, or flatterer of persons of rank, metely as such nd be modest and reserved in his advancet to them, Ic . h<; be considered as a hunter after preferment, thereby fmstrating his just ambition, exposing himself to ridicule, and degrading the religion of self-denial and humility. 16. He should never interfere in the political parties of the state; and in elections, or local qnettions of a mere political tendency, he should avoid committing the ;nfallibility of his sacred character, by joining in the errors and 7acsiooate ebullitions of politicians. He ought \ik such nattess to withhold his interference i and he ought never to become a party, except when evident virtue is opposed to, or oppressed by notorious vice. 17. His station, employment, and independent pro vision, render him an object of admiration among other claMes of society, and qualify him to pass through life with respect, usefulness, and happiness; and there is no social condition which unites so much placid enjoyment, and so many objects for the gratification of thobe pas- sions which lead to self-satisfaction, with so permanent {prospect of competency and comfort, and so high a robability of preserving health, and attaining long Ufa nd felicity, as that of a conscientious and exemplary FitfiihFrlest. APPENDIX. 280 POPULATION. ComparaHve Staiement of the Populaiicn qf the teveral Counties inthe Years 1801, 1811, and 1621, shewing the Increase and Diminution under ** An Atdfor taking an Account (f the P<^ation of Great Britain, and of the fncreaxe and /Hmtnutton thereqf,** ENGLAND. COUNTIES. Bedford Fsrki Bmkingbam ... Cambridge.... Chester Cornwall .4.... Camberland ... Derby ,. Devon „.•• Dorset... , Durham Essex Gloucester Hereford Hertford Huntingdon .... Kent Lancaster I^eirester. . . . . . . Lincoln Middlesex ..c Monmouth Norfolk ....... Northampton . . . Northumberland Nottingham Oxford Rutland S^lop ,. Fopulatioa 1801. 63,398 109,215 107,444 89,346 191,751 188,269 117,230 161,142 343,001 115,319 160,361 226,437 250,809 89,191 97,557 37,568 307,624 672,731 131,081 208,557 818,129 45,5S2 273,371 131,757 157,101 140,350 109,630 16,356 167,639 PopulvrioD I PopuUtinn 1811. 1881. 70,213 118,277 117,650 101,109 227,031 21 C '»«7 133,. .4 185,487 383,308 124,693 177,626 252,473 285,514 94,073 111,654 42,208 373,095 898,309 150,419 237,891 958,276 62,127 291,999 141,353 178,161 162,900 119,191 1*3,380 194,298 83,716 131,977 134,068 121,909 270,098 257,447 156,124 213,333 439,040 144,49r 207,673 289,424 335,843 103,231 129,714 48,771 426,016 1,052,859 174,571 283,(>58 1,144.531 71,833 344,368 163,483 198,965 186,873 134,327 18,487 206,266 231 APPENDIX. COUNTIES. PopnUtiOD I 1801. I population 1811. Sooterset Sottlhampton Stafford Suffolk. ...« Surrey Sussex ., v.^ Warwick , Westmoceland .. • . Wilts Worcester York, £. Rid Ins . N. Riding. ". W. Ridiag. Totals 273,760 303,180 219,656 &i5«080 295,153 239,153 210,431 234,211 269,043 323,851 169,311 190,083 208,190 228,735 41,617 45,922 185,107 193,828 139,333 160,546 139,433 167,353 155,506 152,445 563,953 653,315 8,331,434 9,538,827 Popaluloa teti. 355,314 282,203 941^824 270,548 398,658 232,921 274,392 51,850 822,16T 184,424 190,700 183,694 800,848 li;S60A55 WALES. COUNTIES. Aof^lesea. . . . Brecon . . • • . Cardigan ... Garmarthen Carnarvon .. Denbigh •••4 Flint Glamorgan . . Merioneth ., Montgomery Pembroke .. Radnor ..., Totals.. Popalatkm 1801. 33,806 31,633 42,956 67,317 41,521 60,352 39,622 71,525 29,506 47,978 56,280 19,050 541,546 PopulatiOtt 1811. 37,054 37,735 50,260 77,217 49,336 64,240 46,518 85,067 30,924 61,931 60,615 20,900 611,788 Population 1821. 45,063 43,613 57,311 90,239 61,958 76,511 53,784 101,731 88,911 59,899 74,009 23,073 717,108 Popalatiott tati. 355^14 282,909 941^884 870,648 998,658 838,987 874,898 61,869 888,167 184,484 190,108 188,694 800,848 li;260A5S Population 1821. 46,068 48,618 57,811 90,889 67,958 76,511 63,784 101,787 88,911 69,899 74,009 83,073 POPULATION. SCOTLAND. 232 COUNTIES. Aberdeen Argyll Ayr Banff Berwick..... Bute Caithness ClaclEmanan Dumbarton Dumfries Edinburgli . . . . , Elgin Fife Forfar Haddington Inverness Kincardine Kinross KIrkcudbriglit Lanark Linlithgow Nairn Orkcdy and Shetland .. Peebles Perth Renfrew Ross and Cromarty . . . Roxburgh Selkirk... Stirling Sutherland Wigtown • PopalatioD ' 1801. Population IBll. 717,108 Totals 183,082 71,859 84,306 85,807 30,621 11,791 28,609 10,858 20,710 64,697 122,954 26,705 93,743 99,127 29,986 74,298 26,349 6,726 89,811 146,699 17,844 8,267 46,884 8,736 186,366 78,056 65,343 33,688 5,070 60,825 83,117 88,918 135,075 85,585 103,954 36,668 30,779 12,033 23,419 12,010 24,189 62,960 148,607 28,108 101,272 107,264 31,164 78,336 27,439 7,245 33,684 191,752 19,451 8,251 46,153 9,935 135,093 92,596 60,853 37,230 5,889 58,174 23,629 26,891 Populaiioa I8CI. 155,141 96,165 127,299 43,361 33,385 13,797 30,238 13,263 27,.^ 17 70,878 191,514 31,162 114,556 1 13,430 35,127 90,157 29.118 7.762 38,903 244,387 22,685 9,(M)6 53,1 M 10,0^6 139,050 112,175 68,8^8 40,892 6,637 65,331 83,840 33,240 1,699,068 1,805,688 2,092,014 'V ••♦■ . s,.^,,»,«*fc--4* i& 4h-, 233 APPENDIX* ■UMMART. England . Wales.., Scotland Army, Navy, &e. 641,546 ljM9fl68 10,478/)48 470,598 9,538^37 611,788 lj805,688 11^56,303 640,500 ll;260,555 717,108 2fil92,0U 14^)69,677 810,000 10,942,646 12,596,803 14,379,677 Being an increase in the two last returns, of 18 per Cent, on England j of 17^ on Scotland, and 154 on Wales ! There doubtless has been an increase, but not in this proportion, each return being more perfect than the former, and, therefore, augmenting the number. Only seven returns are deficient in 1821. In 1821, in the Isle of Man 40,081; Island of Guernsey , (and its dependent Isletii) 20,827 ; Island of Jersey, 28,600$ and Scilly Isles 2^614: in all 92,122 inhabitants. POPULATION OF IRELAND IN 1821. Counties, Pop. in 1821 LBIN8TER. Carlow 81,287 Droghcda Town, 1 8,1 18 Dublin County.. 160,274 Dublin City .... 186,276 Kildare 101,715 Kilkenny Obnnty 157,096 Kilkenny City... 23,230 King's Connty . . 132,319 Longford 107,702 Louth 101,070 Meath 174,716 Queen's County. . 129,391 Westmeath 128,042 Wexford 169,304 Wicklow 115,162 1,785,702 Counties, Pop. in 1821 MUNSTER. Clare 209,505 Cork County .... 702,000 Cork City 100,535 Kerry 206,037 Limerick County. 214,286 Limerick City .. 66,042 Tipperary 353,402 Waterford County 127,679 WaterfordCity.. 26,787 2,005,363 VUTER. Antrim 261,601 Armagh 196,577 Carrickfergus T. . 8,255 Cavan 194,330 Donegal. 249,483 Down 329,348 POPULATION. 23A Cauntiet. Pop. tn 1821 Fermanagh 1 30,399 Londonderry .... 194,099 Monagan 178,183 Tyrone 859,091 CONVAUGHT. Clalway County,. 8,001,966 286,921 SIJMMART. Counliei, Pop. m 1831 Gal way Town ... 27 ,82T Leitrim 105,976 Mayo 297,538 RoBCOmmon 207,777 Sligo 127,879 1,053,918 Inhabitants' Leingter 1 ,785,702 Munster 2,005,363 Ulster 2,001 ,966 Connaught 1,053,918 Total 6,846,949 N.B. When the deficiencies in this Table shall have been supplied by the final Returns of the Enumeratois, as certified by the Magistrates, the total number of the Inhabitants will, it is thought, amount to upwards of Seven Millions. Supposed dattijleaium of Society in Great Britain, The army, officers and privates, including half- pay, commissaries, agents, &c 200,000 The navy, ditto 60,000 Officers and clerks employed in collecting the re- venue, and in other offices under government 5,000 Cleigy of the churches of England and Scotland 30.000 Ditto, dissenters of everj denomination 15,000 Schoolmasters (exclusive of cleigymen) and schoolmistresses 20,000 Judges, counsel, attorneys, sheriffs' officers, Jailors, and all persons employed in the exe- cution of the laws, except constables, head- boroughs, &c 14,000 Players, musicians, dancing-masters, &c 5,000 Women supported by their husbands' labour . . 500,000 Female servants of all descriptions 650,000 Maleservants 150,000 Women of the town 25,000 286 APPBNDTX. Praent Statt of the Repreientaiion of the People in Parliament. Forty covntiei in England > lend > Twenty -five cities (Ely > none) London four . . . , { One hnndred & sixty-seven > boroughs, two each . . . . { Five borouglis of (Abing- don, Banbury, Be wdleyy Higham Ferrers, Mon- mouth,) one each Two universities (Oxford and Cambridge) two each Eight Cinque PorU, viz. 1 Hastings 2 Dover 8 Sandwich 4 Romney 6 Hythe and I. BVaLANO. 80 Knighti of the shire. 50 Citiiens. 334 Burgesses. 6 Burgessei. 4 Representatives. l«Ryc 16 Barons. Th«ir three n Winchelsea branches^ | uiid viz. J i Sea ford » each two ..J Representation of England ..489 II. WALKS. Twelve counties 12 Knights of the thire/ Twelve boroughs 12 Burgesses. Represenratives of Wales ..24 Representatives of F,ng-> ^^9 . ) ; '. '^ land and Wales { / . / STATE OP THB KIPftRSBNTATIOlf. 2S7 Ul. lOOTLAWD. an By Stat. Aooe, c. ?lll. cotitled, <* An Act for „.. Union of the two King domi of England and ScoUnnd/' it ii enacted that forty-flve me mben tball he elected to •it in the Houie of Cobmbom of the Parliament of Great Britain.— or theie, Thkjy tbirei or itowartiet > ^ Knighj, of the ihire. K. B. It fi prortded by the above Act, 1. That the ihirei of Bate and Caitbneie iball chooia ■emben by torni, Bute having the iirit election t S. That the lame shall take place in reipect to tbo iMm of Nairn aad Gronarty, Nairn hayinf tbt flrit election! and, 8. Tliat the lame iball take place In reipect to ;^« iMrei of Clackmannan and Kinroi, Clackmannan hat- ing the flnt electioa. The city of Edinburgh 1 sendt 1> 15 BorgcMei tbe Royal Bnrghi tend 14) N. B. With an exception to the city of Ediobnrgh, all the other royal borghi are divided Into fourteen diitricti. Each borough elcti a conailMiaDer, and when the rotee are equal, the president of the meeting haa the caftiag vote, and thli pretident li to ilt io rotation, beglnoing with the commiMloaer firom the eldeit borough, Mcm- btn for Scotland - I S. IT. mm^iiD. In conieqnence of the Act of Union, Thirty-two connti« lend > ^ j^.^^^ ^, ^^^ ^ : two memben eaca . • . . | * Sefcn cities, I Dublin sends ....<*) flCork 8 8 limerick 1 4 Londonderry .... I SCtehel 1 SWaterford I AndTKillkenoy IJ Twe5ty-»i« boroughs, one 7 ^^ ^^^^ ' 9 Citizens. 258 APPENDIX. And one university (Tiic > , da.«i.— rt#o#i— Holy Trinity) I . .... J * R^^P' esentatlve. Representatives of Ireland . . 100 ENUMERATION. Representatives of England 489 Wales........ 24 Scotland 45 Ireland 100 Grand Total of Representatives 1 — sent to the Imperial Parlia- > 658 menc ••••*.... .•••....••.•^ The counties are represented by knights of the shire, who must possess a clear estate of freehold or copyhold, to the value of six hundred pounds per annum, and these are to be elected by proprietors of land, whose freeholds are rated at least at forty shillings per annum, within the county, clear of all charges and deductions, exrept parliamentary and parochial taxes. The cities are represented by citizens, chosen accord- ing to the charter or custom of the place, and possessing a clear estate of three hundred pounds per annum, with an express exception in favour of the sons of peers and persons qualified to be knights of tl^e shire, together with the members of the two universities. The boroughs are represented by burgesses, elected according to the particular franchises of the voters, and must possess three hundred pounds per annum in all cases but those expressed and excepted as above. This plan of a house of representatives, acting con- jointly with the monarch and house of nobility, is the most glorious scheme of government ever contrived by human wisdom) yet, like all the institutions of man, it is liable to abuse and decay. Thus it appears, by vari- ous undisputed statements, made within these few years to the House of Commons, that *' a majority ,are re- turned by the direct nomination, or powerful influence of 154 peers and commoners :" — again, thai ** 326 mem- bers are returned by a few individuals, that there are 70 placemen in the house, and 40 meaiber^ returned by compromises/* ECCLESIASTICAL VIEW, &C. 239 Ecclesiastical Survey of England and Wales, NAMES. Canterbury York ... Revenue in book of tenths. 2682 1610 DionESC Part of Kent York and Notts. (257) (581) Parish Cliui'ciies. 8219 1065 PROVINCE OF CANTERBURY^ London .... Winchegter.. Litcb. & Cov. Lincoln .... Ely Salisbury . Exeter Bath & Wells Chichester .. Norwich .... Worcester .. Hereford .... Rochester . . Oxford .... Peterborough Gloucester .. Bristol Llandaff .... St. David*!.. St. Asaph*!.. Baogor .... 1000 319S 705 1247 2134 1421 500 6S3 677 834 1032 768 358 381 414 315 383 154 463 1S7 134 Essex, Middlesex, and > part of Hants ( Surrey, Hants,and Jersey Stafford, Derby, part of { Warwick, and Salop ) Linch. Leices. HantsT Beds. Bucks. & Herts. \ Cambridgeshire Wiltshire and Berkshire Cornwall andDevonsbire Somersetshire Sussex Norfolk and Suffolk .... Worcester and part of ^ Warwickshire .... ) Herts. & part of Salop. . Part of Kent Oxfordshire Northampton. & Rutland Gloucestershire Bristol, Dorset. & part l of Gloucestershire., i Glamorgan. Monmouth, > Brecknock.&Radnor. > Pembroke. Cardigan. 7 & Caermarthenshire \ Flintshire, Denbigh. & \ Montgomeryshire . . ( Anglesea.Caermarthen > a Meriooethshire . { 623 362 557 1247 141 248 604 388 250 1121 241 213 98 195 293 267 236 177 308 121 107 240 APPENDIX. PROVINCE OF TORK. XHirhaiii .,.. Carlisle .... Chester 1621 631 480 Durham and Noftham- ) berland ji Part of Cumberland & Westmoreland Ches.Lan.pt.ofYorks. Cnmb. and Westm .9.> • J 135 256 N. B. Th« r«T«aM» are aow ten tinea greater m neninal raiat. . |i II , Perpendicular Heights of Htlls in England and Wales, whick exceed 1200 Feet above the Level of the Sea at low Water ^ Feet. Arratt Fowddy, Merionethshire • - - 2955 Arrenig, Merionethsbire Axedge, Derbyshire Beacons of Brecknock Black Comb, Cumberland Black Hambteton Down^ Yorkshire Bleasdale Forest, Lancashire Bonis worth lUll, Lancashire Bolton Head, or Greei^oe, Yorkshire Bow Fell, Cumberland Bnidfleld Point, Yorkshire - firenin Vaur, Pembrokeshire Brown Clay Hill, Shropshire Brown Willy, Cornwall Butterton Hill, DeTonshire Bwlch Mawr, Cn'^rnarvoBahire C|ider Ferwyn, Merionethshire Cader Idris, Merionethshire Caermarthen Van, or Trecastle Beacon Cappellante, Brecknockshire Carn Fell, York^ire Carnedd Daitid, CaernorvoMhire Carnedd Llewellyn, CaeroanFonshire - - .^69 Carratoo Hill, Cornwall - - • .1208 - 2809 • 1751 - 2862 - 1919 . 1246 - 1709 • 1689 - 1485 . 8911 - 1846 . 1885 - 1805 - 1S68 • 180S - 167S • 856S - 8914 Brecknock. 8596 •> 2S94 • 2245 y 3427 HBIGHTS OF HILLS. 241 I 135 England above tki Peet. . 2%5 - 8809 . 1751 . S862 . 19)9 . 1246 - 1709 . 1689 - 1485 . 8911 . 1846 . 1985 . 1805 - 1S68 . 180S . 1673 . 8565 - 8914 nock. 8596 ^ 2394 . 8845 V 3487 : 3469 . 1808 Cawsand Beacon, DcTonshlre Cbeviot, Nortboraberland Collier Law, Durham Conlston Fell, Lancashire Cradle Mountain, Brecknockihire CroM Fell, Cumberland Cyrn y Er^in Mountain, Denbighabire Dnnkery Beacon, (Exmore,) SoroerBetshire Dwggan^ (near Builth,) Brecknockihire Gerwyn-Goch, Caernanron * Grasmere Fell, Cumberland Greenhoe, or Botton Head, Torkihire Hathenedge, Derbyibire • Hedge Hope, Northumberland Hel?ellyn, Cumberland • • High Pike, Cumberland • Holme Moss, Derbyshire • • iDgleborough Hill, Yorkshire Kilhope Law, Durham tiid Weitmoreland Llaodeuam Mountain, Montgomcryihirt Llangeinor Mountain, Glamorganshi&'e Long Mount Forest, Shropshire Long Monntain, Montgomeryshire Loosetoe, Yorkshire • Lords-Seat, Derbyshire Malvern Hill, Worcestershire Moel Fammaw, Denbighshire Moel Morwith, Denbighshire Myndd Mane, Monmouthshire Nine Standards, Westmoreland North Burele, Isle of Man Peggwns Vaur, or Llandinam Moaotaii, Blontgom. 1898 Pendle Hill, Lancashire ... 180S Pengarn, Merionethshire * • ' • 1510 Penmaen Mawr, Caemarronshire • • 1580 Peningant Hill, Yorkshire ... 8870 Pillar, Cumberland .... S89S Plynlimmon Mountain, Cardiganihlre « - 846S Precelly Top, Pembrokeshire • - 1754 Radnor Forest^ Radnonhire . • • 8168 1798 8658 1678 267T 8545 8901 1851 1666 8071 1788 8758 1480 1377 8S4T 8055 8101 1859 8361 8198 1898 1850 1674 1330 1404 1751 1444 184ft 1768 IMT 8138 1804 242 APPENDIX. Foet: Rippin Tor, (Dartmoor,) Devon* « - 1549 Revel MountaiD, Caernarvonshire - • 1S66 Rivington Hill, Lancashire ... 1545 Rodney's Pillar, Montgomeryshire - - 1?84 Rumbles Moor, Yorksiiire - « . i^og Saddle Back, Camber^and - - - 2787 Sea Fell, (Low Point,) Cumberland - - S092 Sea Fell, (High Point,) Cumberland - - 3166 Shunnon Fell, Yorkshire ... 12S'i9 Simonside Hill, Northumberlaqd - - 1407 Skiddaw, CuhiberlaUd • • - 3022 Snea ^ell, Isle of Man - - . 8004 Snowdon, Caemarvohshire - - - 3A7I Stow Hill, Herefordshire - . . 1417 Sugar Loaf, near AbtfYgavenny - - 185S Trecastlfe Beacon, Brecknockshire - - 2696 Tregarron Ddwn, Cardiganshire - . .^747 Water Crag, Yorkshire - - - il86 Whernside, (in Ingleton Fells,) Yorkshire - 8384 Whernside, (in Kettle well Dale,) Yorkshire - 81^63 IVittle Hill, Lancashire - - - - 16t« Wrekin, Shropshire - - - 1380 Distances from London of the County Towns of England and Wales. ] kfiles. Milei. Appleby, Westmor. 866 Chester 181 Bedford 50 Chichester, Sussex 61 Beaumaris, Anglesea 841 Cambridge 51 Brecknock 168 Canterbury, Kent £6 Buckingham 57 Chelmsford, Essex 89 Cardiff, Glamorgan 164 Dorchester, Dorset 180 Carmarthen 808 Derby 186 Carnarvon 851 Durham [859 Cardigan 885 Denbigh 808 Carlisle, Cumberland 899 Exeter, Devon 173 i^L DISTANCES FROM LOmOV, kc* 243 Foet: 1S49 1866 1545 1?88 l?i)8 2787 S092 3166 «Si9 1407 3022 200* 357 1 1417 1852 2596 n47 i186 2384 « 7f Manchester, Liiocash. 182 Macclesfield, Cheshire 172 Maiditone, Kent • 35 Mansfield, Nott. - 140 Peterborough, Northam.81 Plymouth, Devon. 216 Portsmouth, Hants 72 Ramsgate, Kent - 72 Rochester, Kent - 30 Sheffield, Yorkshire 181 Southamjpton, Hants. 77 Stamford, Lincolnshire 80 Tewkesbury, Glouc. 104 Wakefisid, Yorkshire 185 Windsor, Berks. * 22 Wolverhampton, Staff. 124 Yarmouth, Norfolk 121 244 TRADE OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. Vakm ef Import$ and Rxporti of tJUi Umied Kmgiamf ealcmlated at the C^dal Rates of FalufsHon, Tenn. 1820 18S1 ImporUitttothe Umt> Kingdom. ,£36,679.000 S0s'?74,88'? ^,442,433 Predace Si M>>{ 411,699,35$! S3,491,836 S8,396,565 &3»559,';!i.l 43,S87,0$i; 48,951,467 Imports into Qreat Britain ai iho Offidal Talu^Hon, iPBcna or niMmTs. Almonds of «11 iorto Annotto • Ashes, Pearl ami Pot Bacon and Hanis Barilla and Alkali Bark, Oak ——Quercitron •.•••• Borax Brimstone •••«.••., Bristles, undressed ..., Butter Canphire ••• Cassia Ligaea • •«..., Cheese • Cinnamon •>..••< 1821. itfl6,C7» 4,706 195«987 8,634 104,006 72,dSS 8,605 909,675 43,691 88,886 96,641 6,138 13,160 118,190 66.898 BRITISH TEADB AND NAVIGATION. 245 [>0M. Ion, i8»951,467 SPECIES OF IMPORTI. 'alusHon. 18^1. 4,106 195«9S7 8,634 104,006 72,d«ft 8,605 909,675 4S,691 88,885 95,641 6,138 13,160 118,190 66,888 ClOTCB -. C'>chineal and Granilla iv>)coa • Coffee Copper un wrought, in Bricks and Pigs Cnric '. t. am. Grain, Meal, and Flour Cortex Peruvianus -. Cows and Oxen Currants Dye Woods, Fustic ....« Logwood Redwood, Red Saunders > and Camwood ....••. ^ Elephants* Teetli Feathers for Beds Figs Fisti, Cod, &c. of Newfoundland Flax, undressed Gum Arabic ——Lac of all sorts Senegal Hardwoods, Ebony Mahogany 1821. Hemp, undressed Hides, raw and tanned Horses Jalap ... * Indigo ...••• Iron in Bars Isinglass .•• Juniper Berries Lemons and Oranges ... Linens Liquorice Juice, or Succus Liquoritise Mace Madder and Madder Roots X 3 .£8,388 189,551 53,384 8,992,603 5,785 36,703 1,389,588 8,584 8,565 148,998 23,276 59,051 10,147 18,519 1,641 13,193 41,198 763,983 19,278 58,640 13,844 1,309 134,690 355,732 831,253 660 8,85'i 688,996 96,428 14,675 16,417 50,164 89,013 8,719 4,541 899,570 246 APPENDIX. SPSOtES OP IMPOIITS. Melasnes •.•..••«••• Nitmei^ < Oil of Olives Train and Blabber Pep|»er Piece of Goods of India Pimento « Pitch and Tar ' •< Quicksilver ..«• Raisins ..•••.. Rhubarb ■ • . . . Rice Salt Saltpetre Seeds, Clover « Flax and Linseed Rape ,.«.. Shumac ......•• Silk, Raw ——Thrown Skins and Furs Smalts Spirits, Foreign, Brandy .. ' — Geneva • . — -—Run •« Sugar, raw Tallow w... Tea Timber, Deals, and Deal finds ■ Masts and Spars • . ■ Staves .*« Timber, Fir and Plank Oak -■■ ' '- of other sorts , , , , To(>acco Turpentine, common Wax, Bees ,.. 1821. 18,61« 66,517 B09,2S1 10,915 704,539 32,478 115,000 1^57,706 98,474 132,567 909,874 4,154 141,057 43,599 156,886 4,154 21,534 985,157 399,954 223,436 11,833 274,064 27,?58 618,632 5,553,681 858,918 3,014,799 39,358 146,121 54,698 243,737 62,256 .45,348 347,687 76.14S 20,496 BRITISH TRADE AUD NAVIGATION. 247 •FBCIBI 9W IMPOXtn. Whalefins Wines ,. Wool, Cotton — — - Sheep*t Yarn, Linen, raw * . All other Articles Produce of Ireland and tki itk^of-Man* Bacon and Hami •••• Beef Butter 4i Corn, Grain, Meal, and Flour Cows and Oxen Feathers for Bed* «•'. Fish, Herrings • Flax, undressed Hides, raw and tanned Hoi'ses ••>• •• Lard Linens Porlc Skins and Furs •. Spirits, Iri^ Wool, Sheep's Yarn, Linen, raw All other Articles 1821. ^150,916 4,957,057 S7^4fi6 111,190 1,152,184 81,664,880 885,745 114,981 658,987 1,868,846 87,618 28,975 11,154 110,658 1,675 88,085 22,270 1,647,488 208,882 18,708 28,400 6,800 77,000 258,687 .^4,952,441 Official Statement of BankN'Oteam Circulation^ dp. 6, 1881. ^1 and 2<... 6,481,238 5 8,865,641 10.. 3,849,670 15 138,407 20... 1,417,358 25 176,382 SO 370,854 40 308,290 60. ....... 1,857,179 100 1,178,871 200 485,191 300.. 448,596 500 489,891 1,000 2,561,048 248 Product and Manufactures of the United Kingdom, «jv ported from Oreai Britain to all parte (except Ireland) at the Official Valuation. iPBciEii or BZrORTI. Alum Bacon and Hami Bark, Britiih Oak, for Taooers Beef and Pork, salted Beer and Ale Brasf and Copper Manufoctures Bread and Biicuit Butter and Cheese Cabinet and Upholstery Wares Coals and Culm Cordage Corn Grain, Meal, and Flour Cotton Manufactures Yarn ••••.••....•• Earthenware of all sorts Fitih of all sorts Glass of all sorts Haberdashery and Millinery .... Uardwarci and Cutlery Hats, Beaver and Felt — — of all other sorts Hops Iron and Steel, wrought and un wrought Lead and Shot Leather, wrought and unwrought .... *— — Sadlery and Harness .... Linen Manufactures ••• Melasses Musical Instruments Oil« Train, of Greenland Fishery. . . . Plate, Plated Ware, Jewellery and Watches Salt Saltpetre, British refined \ 1821. 1^4,636 SS,iM)9 5SS 106,348 66,864 063,067 38,379 64,»8() 88,060 813,261 63,184 29,777 20,609,929 2,022, 1 6.'i 64,159 278,116 117,817 17,645 342,654 106,923 16,988 13,472 1,025,192 201,971 117,142 92,860 1,935,185 4,602 67,250 91,388 276,591 266,672 67^/920 BRITISH TRADB AND RAVIOATION. 249 IPBCiai Of BIPORTI, Scediofalltorti Silk Manufactures 8o^> and Candlei Btanonery of all sorti . • Sugar, refined • Tid, unwrougbt ...»•• —and Pewter Warei and Tin Plat«i Tobacco, Britiih manufactured .... Whalebooe Woollen Manufacture! All other Articlca I 1881. ^7,590 118,S71 195,049 1SS,976 1,879,467 VH,61% 186,OS3 1,997 4M7S 4,868,978 1,787,688 87,816,085 Fpreign and Colonial M$rchandite, exported from Great Britain to all Parte (except Ireland) at the Offidal Fa* ktation. Annotto Akhee, Pearl and Pot • . . . Barilla and Alkali Oaisia Lignea • Cinnamon Cloves • « Cochiaeal and Granilla Cocoa Coffee Cora, Grain, Meal, and Flour Cortex Peruvianui •••••• Currants •• •••• Dye Woods, FMic Logwood Fish, Cod, &c. of Newfoundland . . Flax, rough .,,„,,, Hemp, rough ..«• Hides, raw and tanned • Indigo lion, in Ban 1^978 44,148 7,979 81,856 76,678 54,165 64,161 65,579 8,755,858 184,486 17,584 18,088 14,881 76,879 83,898 37,965 17,473 79,118 889,897 40,987 2&0 APPENDIX. •rSCttt OV EXPORTS. 1881. / Lineni, Foreigo Bf ace Nutmegs OilorOlUes Traio •••• Pepper Piece Goods of India Pimento Rftisins Rice Saltpetre, rougli Silk, raw and tiirown Siting and Furs Spirits, Brandy Geneva ... ' Rum ,,,,, Sugar, raw •••••• Tea Tobacco Yi^ines •• Wool, Cotton All otlier Articles . . Total X 9,T55 46,407 37,137 11,378 19,840 811,000 1,194,013 40,49$ 11,858 97,535 164,837 10,667 43,521 172,619 71,869 1,102,863 981,854 92,886 888,205 162,768 370,609 940,418 10,525,025 I ' 3 Progreit of Crime, and Operation of the Criminal Lawt of England, COMMITTED FOR TRIAL. 1814 1815 1816 1817 Males ............... 4826 1564 6036 1782 7347 1744 11,768 2,174 Females ......a..... Total 6390 7818 9091 13,932 251 1881. £ «,t55 46,40T 37,187 11,378 19,840 811,960 1,194,013 40,499 11,858 97,635 164,837 10,667 43,521 172,619 71,869 1,102,863 981,854 92,886 888,205 162,768 370,609 940,418 0,525,025 ndnal Law» EXCISE. The Net Paymentt into the Exchequer ^ in the Year ending the hth iif January^ 1821, of the Dutiek of Exciee in England and Scotland, Hands of Duties. 16 147 44 1817 11,768 2,174 m 13,933 Auctions Beer Bricks and Tiles Candles Cocoa Nuts and Coffee. . Cyder and Perry Glass . Hides and Slclns .•.••.•• • Hops Licences Malt Ditto (Annual) ...... Ditto ( Ditto ) ...... Ditto ( Ditto ) •••••• Paper Pepper Pri nted Goods ........ Salt Soap Spirits (Britisli) ...... Ditto Ditto Spirits (Foreign) Ditto Ditto Brandy, &c < Starch Stone Bottles , Sweets and Mead ...... Ditto ;;.. England. Scotland. £ 221,941 1^16,280 2,494,313 49,400 316,069 3,600 294,043 16,000 870,853 16,701 66,724 . 160 385,646 19,900 539,012 35,000 394,425 • 616,898 82,600 3,425,273 151,400 43,288 8,918 87,645 4,99ft 1,060,195 68,600 425,753 37,200 139,879 . 1,188 638,399 39,300 1,450,568 79,300 836,817 91,785 «,397,393 627,646 54,785 67,831 1,331,900 88,600 ' 100,420 900 729,671 88,460 132,411 3,600 50,013 8,117 8,582 601 252 APPENDIX. EXCISE*— Cofitimiei. Heads of Duties. T«ii Ditto Tobacco and Snuff . . . , Ditto (Annual) .. Ditto ( War ) «. Vinegar and Verjuice Wine Wire Permaoent Duties. . . . Annual DuUet War Duties Total of Excise Duties England. «ei,fi80,055 1,565,709 1,659,605 555,479 40,^(5 887,201 10,319 £0,563,518 1,69^507 S,486,!ii$3 ^84,742,S42 Scotlmad. ^203,700 71,900 49 57,300 1,452,046 138,414 32,600 I 1,622,461 EXCISE OF IRELAND. Greas Receipts. Auctions i$6,327 Glass Bottles 433* Iieaiher « 34,627 Malt 333,201 Mead 141 Pap ^r Hangings ~ 1,221 Strong Waters 920,198 Tobacco 387,316 Vinegar 271 Writing Paper 14,67T Wrought Plate 8,578 Total Excise 1,700,984 Licences 182,495 Poundage on Licences ........ 9, 13S Other Fees received by Collectors 902 Quit, &c. Rents 57,884 Forfeited Rents 1,148 Finet and Seixurei 10,318 t — i 1,068,860 EXCISE. 263* ScotlMd. ,6203^00 71,900 49 67,300 1,458,046 138,414 3!2,000 1,622,461 Receipts. J6,327 493 « 34,627 133,201 141 1,221 »20,19S 187,316 271 14,67T 2,57S 700,984 182,495 9,13S 902 a7f8ov 1,148 10,318 »969,8W AN ACCOVlfT 09 THE PROttOCB 09 TBB EXCISE DUTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN, (Excbtsive of any Arrean received of the War-Duty on Malt) in the Years and Quarters ended 5th January ^ 1822 and 5th Jan, 1823. Auctions Beer Bricks and Tiles ..... .«., Candles Coffee and Cocoa Cider, Perry, and Verjuice Gtass w..... Hides and Skins. Hops a...... Licences Malt Paper ..••• J'epper , Printed Goods , Salt Soap , Spirits {«^''"»» Starch Stone Bottles . . . , Sweets.. Tea Tobacco and Snuff Vinegar "Wine Wire Years ended 5th Jan. Foreign, 1822. ^210,202 2,609,468 301,668 832,188 364,445 34,119 430,134 569,217 221,373 683,814 5,013,697 495,412 140,839 569,820 1,556,341 1,021,030 3,080,019 2,247,669 54,098 2,557 4,445 3,244,486 2,360,625 43,548 935,881 10,325 1823. ,^15,914 2,786,319 332,608 353,187 346,123 20,158 414,611 405,861 209,952 691,848 3,597,242 522,192 160,068 366,124 1,459,286 1,066,191 3,386,431 2,285,713 67,038 2,591 5,104 3,388.047 2,574,253 44,071 918,802 7,707 ;£26,546,415 I ^25,747,441 Decrease on the year. .^793,974. 254* APPENDIX. POOR AND OTHER RATES. Average of Two Years. 1816 and 1817 J817 and 1818 1818 and 1819 1819 and 1820 1820 and 1821 Relief and Mainte- nance of the Poor. £6,918,217 7,890,148 7,531,650 7,829,594 6,947,660 Church, County, and Highway Rates, and the Militia. £1,210,200 1 ,430,292 1,300,534 1,342,658 1,350,200 Total. £8,128,417 9,320,4401 8,932,185 8,719,655 8,297,860 Number of Poor relieved. Poor permanently relieved 7 in workhouses j Ditto, ditto, out of work' houses, (witliout reck< oning children) .. Parishioners relieved oc-\ sionally., j ^( Total of paupers ) ■ relieved ,.,. S Easter, 1813. 97,223 434,441 440,249 971,913 Easter, 1814. 94,085 430,140 42£,770 953,995 March 2.?,! 1815. 88,1I5| 406,8'^lj 400,9Tl| 895,97i Average total Exports of Great Britain. Average of the total annual exports from Great Britain, computed officially for the seven years, from 1814 to 1820 . . ^veraj^e of annual e?£ports from 1814 to 1820, valued by the declaration of the exporting merchants, or by a suitable addition to the official value ..;«... £53,922,C(1 £62,330,4? Total* 2 £8,128,417 9,320,440 8,932,185 8,719,655 8,291,860 ,ter, IMarch 25 14. ' '«^'' 1815. 4,085 10,140 56,770 88,115 406,8'il 400,911 j3,995 895,91 Britain. £53,922,01) £62,330,4^ [ 255* ] NATIONAL EXPENDITURE, or CONSUMPTION Of Oreat Britain and Ireland ^ for \ 822. Expended on the produce of the soil for the food of man, or for the purposes of manufacture On the produce of the mines On manufactures for home-consumption On houses built or repaired ; on furni- ture ; and on improvement of land on what is termed in law real property On all goods imported, whether for con- sumption, such as tea, sugar, coffee ; or for manufacture, as wool, hemp, iron On all commodities or products not com- prised in the preceding (Total consumption. . • . ^117,000,000 10,000,000- 70,000,000 30,000,000 70,000,000 53,000,000 II — ^350,000,000 Articles consumed in Cheat Britain jper Annum, Articles* Expenditure ou •• each Article. Wheat, 12,000,000 quarters Barley, 7 ,200,000 ditto Oats, 10,000,000 ditto Butcher-meat and all animal food Woollens ,,, Linen „ ••... Leather Cottons ^ Silk Hard ware Sugar , Tea AU other heads of national con- sumption 4 . . . • } » -1 Total, 5^30,000,000 9,000,000 10,000,000 35,000,000 20,000,000 16,000,000 16,000,000 12,000,000 . 8,000,000 '[ 9,000,000 9,000,000 [8,000,000 I7O/)OO,C00 :^ 360,000,000 S66* APPENDIX. JFIuctuaHon of Prices, The Prices of 1550 are takeo for the Iiifeger ; 100. Ux, Cow, 1 Years. Wheat. Poaltry, Meat. Labourer. Mean. &c. 1A50 100 100 100 100 100 1600 .... p* i... — . 144 1650 — "839 .~ — i. 188 isr5 246 i_ 166 118 810 1700 _. -m^ .^ .._ 838 1780 m.^ 484 «_ .^ 857 1740 197 498 sOO 850 887 1760 SOS -I-, 400 876 348 1780 _ — , ~. .^ 487 1790 >_ 758 ... — 496 1795 486 .' •— ' 511 2436 531 1800 — — 562 jinnual Exptn. 9e of Families in various Articles. * t • tt ^ -& i w |l 1 ■BeJ m a; Is H 1 u S a in Of a cott&ger ex- ^ ^ £ s. ^ «. ^ «. pending only 971. a-year 87 5 1 15 8 1€ #i5 Of a mechanic ki j towO) ezper.ding { 582. a*-ycar .... ft 7 3 3 j 2 Of the middle class, 1 expending 2aOh a-year 105 55 35 80 # 35 Ditto, expending 5001. a year. * • •! 167 98 83 01 30 128 .i PIIICB8 OF CORN. 257* Average Price of Wheats computed by the Winchester Qtmrter, For ten years ending with 1725 Do. - ending with 1735 Do. • enaing i^ ith 1745 Do. - ending with 1755 Do. - [ending with 1765 £ f. 1 15 1 15 I 18 1 IS 1 19 d. 5 2 1 3 3 Average X*rice» of fVhemt since 1790. Years 1790, 1, 2 i 1793 1794,5 .., 1796, 7, 8 1799, 1800 . 1801,8,3,4 1805, 6, 7, 8 1809, 10 1811, 18, 13 1814, 15, 10 1817, 18 1819 1880 1881 r.-..^ 1888 £ St d, 8 13 8 15 8 4 1 4 7 5 8 9 6 3 6 3 4 5 9 5 18 8 3 11 5 4 9 5 3 13 3 5 7 2 14 8 8 4 6 Proportion of the Wages of the Country Labourer to the Price of Com* Periods* ~ Weekly Wheat per Wai;es in pints Pay. Quarter. of Wheat. 1748 to 1758 .... 6s, Od, aos, Od, 108 i761toS770 .... 7 6 48 6 90 J7^iol790 .... 8 51 8 80 1795 to 1799) .... 9 70 8 65 amuisos .... 4 11 86 8 60 > 258* APPENDIX. Bxpense of cultivating One Hundred Acret of Arable Land in England^ at Four distinct Periods, Rent Tithe Rates Wear and tear. Labour Seed Manure 1l earn . . . , Interest .. Taxes Total, 1790. 1803. £88 £121 20 26 17 81 15 22 '85 118 46 49 48 • ■ 68 6? 80 23 •30 • — - — • 408 •545 1813. £161 38 38 31 161 98 57 134 60 18 1822. 786 £121 38 39 31 118 66 57 100 40 18 628 Export and Import of Corn, Exporting Period, — In the seventy-six years, between 1697- and 1773^ • the amount of our export of corn of all . kinds above our import was Importing Period. — During the forty- two years, fromm3 to 1815, the amount of our import above our e^ port was about Ireland. — ^The import of corn of all kinds from Ireland to Great Britain, in the thirty-two years prior to 1806, was only .' ; But after the act of 1806 had rendered such import free, it amounted in fif- teen years (to 1821) to «i ........;• * Quarters. \ -* .- - ' * 30,968,000 24,630,000 7,534,000 12,304,000 le Land 182t. £121 38 39 31 118 66 S7 100 40 18 6 I 628 Quarters, i i 30,968,000 24,630,000 7,634,000 12,304,000 ,i" [ 259* ]: Connection between Numbers and Increase of Taxation, '. Population per •quare Mile England distinct from Scot-) Innd and Wales | England, Scotland, and ) Wales collectively . . . , j" The Netherlands . * France The Austrian Empire. ..... The Prussian Dominions . . Denmark •.... Spain Sweden Russia in Europe ....•••. 232 165 214 150 112 100 73 58 85 23 Public Burdens paid by each Individual.J £3 2s, Od, 2 15 1 10 1 4 12 4 13 4 16 3 11 6 10 9 9 •Conjoint Expense of the Army^ Navy^ and Ordnance j from the Beginning to the Close of the late Wars, 1791 dB 4,226,000 1804 £ 30,864,000 1792 8,750,000 1805 36,219,000 1793 13,511,000 1806 37,706,000 1794 20,247,000 1807 36,176,000 1795 28,751,000 1808 39,778,000 1796 30,165,000 1809 42,073,000 1797 27,606,000 1810 43,246,000 1798 25,982,000 1811 47,968,000 1799 27,957,000 1812 49,739,000 1800 29,613,000 1813 64,872,000 1801 26,998,000 1814 60,239,000 1802 23,121,000 1815 43,282,000 1803 21,106,000 ETYMOLOGIES f05 Of common Namei of Plaeet in th» BrUUh HUtnit, if B, it frequeatlj ft contrac*. JSnw, JErOfi, • plact. tion of Abbot, implying that th« pliico beloBgsd to s moiwitery. Mf AttU, Adle, are corrop- Cions of JE^Ul, noble, fiamoas. Al, Aid, from tlia Saxon Soldi old or ancient. Al, Hml, from UmUc, s kdlj or placo. Atk, Afhf or At, from Mte, m Mh-tre«. Bam, o» Beam, imply woodj situaUon, at Basnrom, • grove. , Brad, broad, tptdoof. f- Brig, a bridge, Bmn, Bran, Bromn, Bewrn, Bum, a stream, river, or brook. Burrow, Burrough, Surk, Burg, Burgh, % city, town, ^^icer, or castle. Bye, Bee, a dwelling. Car, Char, from thtt Britfth Cuer, a city. Ctutor, Chester, from Ceatier, a city, town, or cattle, from the Roman Castrum, By, ea, ee, from Hi, na ItlM^ or Ea, water, a river. Flea, Beat, FlU, from tho Saxon Fleot, a bay, ettaary, or river Orate, from ar«tf (in Sason,) • grove, grave, or caVe. Ham, a houce or abode. Mebne, Mowme, fttMt ^Mm, m river* itUnd, or plaia tnr* roanded by water ; alio o hUl or mountain. Holt, a woud. Hyret, Hurtt, Her$t, m grovew jHjg, or Inge, a meadow. Lade, a stream or cbanael, the aonrce of a river. Lay, Lee, Ley, a field, or |»e> tare. Xoive, a hill, heap, or ban|»w, Mar»h, Merte, a fen. Mez, Mexe, a pool, or lake. Over, tometimet derived fr'om Qfre, a bank ; tometimet, where there are two placet. It upper Chip, Cheap, Chipping, from Free, Prest, a priest. the Saxon Ceapan, to buy, im- |lv a market. Comb or Comp, from the Bri- tish Cum, a valley, low titaa< tion. Cot, Coie, Coat, ftvm Cot, a cottage. Crag, in the Britith, meant a ' teep rock. , Den is a valley. '' Dez, from Deor, a wild beast, or if the place stand on a river, from Dwr (io this British Ian guage,) water. jEr, in tho middle of a name, may be eoalraeled from Wtra, dweUon. Big, Ridge, the slope of a hill. Sted, Stead, a place. Stoke, or Stock, the trunk of a tree, wood. Stow, or Stowe, a piece. T%orp, Throp, Trap, or IWp, a village, or1i»mIet. Tom, Tum, a town. WeeM, or Walt,yiood or wold. Werth, Weorth, Worth, a farm, court, village, or street. ITtc, Wich, a village, bay, creek, or castle. Win, from the Saxon Win, war, implies the sit« of a battle. Wold, sometimet wood, and sometimes a plMO cWnr ol weed* t05 tnit, from th« »ta»rj, Pf In SavOD,) ide. Ml JdM^ lite •nr* ko ft MU or lid, er J^ a. or lake, erivcdfrom juBtt tikoro i« trunk of SCO. jp, or Trtp, oodorwold. orth, a farm, Uage, bay, Saxon ITr"* of • battl*. wood, and >«r of wood. OROS8 FROJDUCai. England. D«ei9t ahd Law ffb'ceeding^ Legacies Probates, Adniiui8tr&tfons>&c BilUi of Exchange and Pro niiiwlry Notes^ ......... Receipts Newspapers Almanacks Me'dicin^ and Med. Licenceis Fire Iiigurance§' .... Cardr },'. . Gold and Silver Ptale Dice Pamphlets *^ Advertiieoieiits. . . Stage Coaches . . . Post Horses Race Horses..... ..•.•* Lottery ^1,031,110 827,014 728j7«4 601,489 190,163 419,618 3«»789 38,937 586,898' 21,367 81,998 6b4 753 123,772 256,591 245,954 970 d,0^,8i^' 4;i92 Scotland. ^ 181 ,664 62,872 34s838 9d,022 14,728 20,669 2^ 28,244* 4,762^ 72 16,416 16,886 6.1 471,456 tfET PRODUCE, Engiand. Deeds and Law Pro'ceedttlgs Legacies , Probates. Administrations. &c Bills of Exchange and Pro missory Note« ......... '^1,826,9^4 791,786 687,030 681,7ti Scotland. 174,819 59,528 32,010 9l,2t6 -■^*<*rjt» .-, «.''*t..-M..Wl,.#*.«| 254 APPElfDIX. -STAMP DVTiES,- ConHnued, WET PRODUCE, England. i Heceipti .••. Newspapers Almanacks Medicine and Med. licences Fire Insurances Cards , * . , Gold and Silver Plate Dice Pamphlets Ad vertisements ......... Stage Coaches Post Horses Race Horses Lottery SiOtlaad. X17ff,9C0 M5,0S9 00,028 84,200 A49,176 fiOJgj 67,087 050 748 119,940 849,717 tM3,084 866 6J15,S85 3.600 «ei4,2'7 16.600 V87 81,1 <^3 4,409 7« 16,881 16,346 61 446,623 STAMP DUTIES OF IRELAND. Or»S8 Receipts. Deeds and Law Proceedings „ . . 3^284,473 BilU of Exchange 64,871 Receipts «.... 16,186 Bankers Notes and Post BUh 6,334 Nt'wspapers 88,878 Protests 10,694 Almanacks * 786 Fire-ship and Merchandize Insurance.... 81,737 Cards and Dice 8,054 Penalties I ,«6i> Lcjfttcies 1 6,S9? I^robates, AdmiuiMtMtioor, Sic 85,744 16.500 VST 4,409 15,881 16,345 61 446,523 1 Or«ss Receipts. ..^224,475 .. 64,871 .. 16,l«5 6,334 .. ««,878 . . 10,594 786 ,. «l,73T .. «,054 .. 16,S9? .. 23,7 U 265 STAMP DUTIES.— IRELAND.— CMfintMiL Gross RecdpU. Advertisements ...••.••■•••.••..•. a&15,491 Game Certificates 8,448 Pamphlet] 3 Attorniea' Admissions 3,000 Inde.otores of Apprentices to Attornies .. 6 '50 Barristers* Adffliivions ..^ ...••• Students' Ditto Proctors Lotteries ~i448,()88 EXPENCES OF ARMY, 1820. Pay and Allowances of Land Forces, Ge- neral Officers, Clothing, Recruiting, &c. Staff'Officers and Garrisons Pay of Recruiting Troops, &c Volunteer Corps •• Public Departments, & Superann. Allow. Supernumerary and Retired Officers .... Pensions to Wounded Officers Half-Pay and Military Allowances ..... Foreign Half- Pay and Allowances Widows Pensions Royal Bounty CompasHionate List Reduced Adjutants of Local Militia .... In- Pension of Chelsea Hospital, including Board Warrants for Out- Pensioners . . Out Pensioners of ditto Do. of KilmaiiihamHosp.resid. inGt. Brit. Disembodied Militia • Retired and Officiating Chaplains ........ Medicines and Hospital Contingencies.... Kxchequer Fees • Commissariat Expenditure Burrark Department Extraordinaries « . » i£2,665,502 nO,766 20,422 175,.'?39 162,967 91,478 120,886 742,150 126,750 103,936 36,207 32,435 18,441 56,770 871,770 79.432 260,03J 9,227 31,327 39,775 516,594 I66,00fy 966,737 ■W Mia— ■■ ■ - I .^7,433,954 ^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 11.25 Ilii Li|2.8 |50 "*"= --I 2.5 2.2 2.0 ^ lllllii^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 K, 4 256 A?f^Dix > TAXES. lAOilTax iilM^d Taxes «... « • »,»#^) Fr^erty Tax Aid* and ConUribntiQiiTax.. Iiibome Tax ..•••.» EogUiii ^»" Wale^ w^. ^::^M:Jj t I L . , ^ ^, fieodiiliod. 8«QjA00 H/XX) 7,081,989 I 403,9^0 IftELANP. Pnty ftp 0f9br||i8 ..•♦,...., >r-^- Carjj9ges , S^rywM f ...... fP, ,-- — — Wjln^pfirs .., J69,4^ ,, , Harseg ...f 41,^^ »9gs.. M^m (Cdiliipo^itiop 2,849 PO^T OFFICE |— GREAT BRITAIN. l | i iJ II i * 6rbn Produce. MMMgemtnt. Inland, East 9pd W^i( Iv* { diies, And America . • . . ) Foreign ...1. ...... Tif o- Penny Post, ..,>••,... MH^nd ...?.. |rel9J|d. ..,......>.. aCl,450,lS7 >^89,84l Irish Post pffice mm 184,53^ ^l,958,8(id 176,871$ 96,57p 37,530 43,305 397,«a.7 A/)00 402,9id 838,919 IN. 1^89,841 4S,30a 397,«aT 267 ' OFPlCtAL RETUBN oftfu NKT AMOUNT of lh€ Rtt- rSNUE <^ the VnUed Kingdom, in thtffsareikdmg the SihqfJanmrff,\922i — Cuttomt,. England and Wales jC9,068,47S Scotland 405,156 Ireland 1,586 ,167 United Kingdom ........ 11 fiSSi^ Excite, Bngland and Wales 84,882^59 Scotland 8,035,401 Inland... 1,668,004 United Kingdom ........ 88,585,965 Stampt, England and Wales. 5,765,708 Scotland... ^. ........ 438,172 Ireland «.. 398,608 United Kingdom ........ 6,688,488 Land and A$$e$$ed Taxe*, England and Wales .....i.. 6,910,679 Scotland 438,883 Ireland 308,486 United Kingdom 7,65 i ,388 Post'Office. England and Wales i.... 1,804,188 Scotland 180,855 Ireland ,.. 68,187 United Kingdom 1,393,831 Is* 6J. Dutyi and Duty on Ptmiont and Salaries* England and Wal^ £78,469 Scotland 4,833 Irefawd ... — United Kingdom ........ 77,309 • • " ■ ■ ■ •< 258 APFBNDIZ. Hackney PoacM • ^^Kf H9wkef9ap4? moai oq.i 40P, (^elusive of Loans). j^ «».•'«**»«** Beads of ExwEmuTvnM, ^ NttBxpeHJk Dividends, Interest, and Bfanai^ement of the Public Funded Debt, exclusive of 17,008,7731. issued to the Commissioners tor the ReducitKIti olr the Natfonal 6ebtj£29,438,380 Interest on Exchequer Bills and Irish Ti<«k* "'' ' ' sury Bills, exclusive of 441,000<. for Sink ittg W^qiL 'iiOlBfiV Civil List 1,071,758 Pensions charged by Act of Parliament upon the Consolidated Fund V 359,600 Salarict ind Alloiuincet .«....4o. 6B4L8 OUcers of Co^rtu of Jjistice. ..••....». .4a. 6U9a^ SxpencesoftbeMiot... .....^dQ.^^ U,76Q Bounti^/r. .do. 2,956 lHliiceUaafifius * do. 155,207 Ditto Ir^lmd. dff* 184,845 Army 8,941,.^ vm ^MM OrdiHUice 1,0^..^,^ MiiceUaneous ^,mM Wtdd to the Bank of England more than re- 853 3,815 .'* 10,^08 610 . 4,154 im 56,241,834 \ jff99,438,S80 n 1,011,758 359,600 14,760 2,956 155,207 184,845 8,a41,S54 6,64.799 vmm PUBLIC EXFBUDlTURe. 259 ceiv«d frcun (aeni (o v^9\^ up Uielr P^lanyf oo Account of Uq<;li4iiQed Diyiden4» .... 7,^9^ .^mi,0U9( relftined by the Banii for Discount upon prompt Payment, and for their Al- lowance for receiving the Loan, anao I8i9 137,659. Tota) rublic E-xpendkure, exclusive of the Sifins applied to the Redemption of Debt 50^693,069^ ^^^aii^e's ip the «aUire of UMina, to bs bei!CR after repaid : — By t^e pommlssiooeri for issuing Exchequer BiUii tt^der the Act 57 deo. lit. for the \Lxd^iiym&ai of the Poor, i£205,65O' Advances out of the Consolidated Fund ia Ireland, for Public Works 196,6581. 498,306 Total 68,095,377 S.urpTus o^ Ibcofne over EUjpeadU»i;<| • . . # . . 1,447 ,580 i|^54,5«i,969 The Bank of England Notes 1 1 circohitioo, were on the leih of February, 1880^ 18,9ee>4S0l. or two ittillioiM less than iiiJiuiiey'lji^l. FUNDED DEBT of Gr^x Bitn(Ai|r and Ireland, as it stood on the 5th of January , 1822:—- Capitals qflkl^iUnredeanei. IVinIc of England £14,686,800 SpMt^^Sea Company 11,771,984 ChJe^ Cashier Do.> 3 per Cents. 1751 ...... 759,600 SperCents. 1726... 998,358 3 per Cent. Consolidated 367,708,216 3 per Cent. Reduced 133,410,198 3 per Cent ditto, Portug^ueze; 1 50,466 SIperCents 17,737,921 4perCents ..., 74,869,471 5 per CenU. Navy 141 ,693.392 5 per Cents. 1T97 and 1802 1,009,60J 2G0 APPENDIX. ^ 5 per Cents, formerly payable in Ireland . . ^1 ,895,040 Imperial S per Genu 4.870.068 Total Funded Debt payable in England ... 771,062,021 JDtbt payable in Irelandin EngUgh Cwrreticy. Si per Cents. 11,809,082 4per Cents , 1,078,292 6 per Cents 11,803.370 Total Funded Debt of Great Britain ? -g^ ^j^ ^^ and Ireland j * * Interest on Debt payable January and July 18,592,390 Interest on Debt payable April and Octobe r 9,677,826 Total Annual Chaise for the Debt 28,200,216 Life Annuities 410.964 Excliequer Annuities. 27,919 Management ..••*• * 277.219 Sinking Fund 15.976.184 Making, with Interest paynblein Ireland, > .f> <.«. ^qh tlie Total Annual Charge for Debt .... J «o»«wi, I3V Amount of Unfunded Debt outstanding bth of Jan, 1822. Exchequer Bills £31 ,566,550 Irish Treasury Bills 1.105.181 Total. 32,671,731 The ChanceUoraf the Bxchequer^s Exhibition of the Finan- cial System of 1822 :— 1821. Expenditure, 1822. 8,736.092 - - Ani^y - - 7,925,000 6.282,686 - - - Navy - - -, 5,480.000 1,195.107 - - Ordnance - . 1,200,000 1,893,306 • - Miscellaneous - . 1,700.000 Greenwich Hospital - - 310,000 18,107.250 16,615.000 1.0(X).000 Interest on Exchequer Bills 1,200,000 291,606 By payments for Services charged on the Aids of the Year, but not specially voted, 19,398,856 . . 17^815^000 ^1,895,940 4,8 10.068 71,068,021 cy. 11,809,088 1,078,298 11,803,370 95,312,767 18,582,390 9,677,826 88,200,816 410,964 87,919 277,219 15,976,184 46,634,730 Jan, 1828. £31,566,550 1.105,181 32,671,731 f the Finan' 1822. 7,925,000 5,480,000 1,200,000 1,700,000 310,000 16,615,000 1,200,000 PUBLIC mVf99m7VBB. §01 ffuhntfaw «/ 4V4^. 890,000 »i«).kiAf Cjmd ExurbeqiMr BWli, 890,009. To pay bolden of 5 per Centi. 8,801,000. Deficiency Ways and Means, 1821 , 890 456. 706,400 ToUReductionof Debt 3.381,456 20,395,856 81,196,456 Tks Vnfimiii 0^te$mpartfiwith Me la»t year wot m im- 1899. 89«(K)9.QCM) - • »^c^«q«P.r Bills - - 36»9Q|»,00P l,()0fi4»Q Iriph Treasury. 908,93Q BiOf f^ f MbMc Works & Charches Sa,369yS30 1881. 4,000,600 . {,mO/30Q - 800,000 • 163,400 JVap8 and Jfeont. Annual Taxes • • Tea Dntietf - - Lottery . ^ - Old Stores - - • 500^000 fodemfilty from France. ' Re-payment of Exchequer Bills »^^ } \PV^ for Public Works 8l»69Q Surplnft W§y§ an4 Means, 1820. «,5fj^6Q(> Total 3^80p,OOP 1888. 8,000,000 1,500,000 - 800,000 151,000 110,000 4,961,000 I Tilfii ike Mcount would etandj^uTthe hst Year and the freeen^ ;— 1821 1S28. 6,559,'600 . - 8un<|rieff - . 4,961,000 .3,000,000 - • Sinkin|( Fua4 Loaii • r 7,500,000 461,5^9 Bank of Ireland. Bast India Company 557,000 Half-|^ay)Peq8tons ,...,..,8,400,000 •3,580 tJnclaimed Dividends.. 17,815,000 9^ APPBNDllC. 88 Interest on Land-Tax. 990,456 Deficiency of Ways & Means, 1 82 1 By increase of Unfunded Debt.. 6,83 1, 670 20,396,857 81,899,670 NET PRODUCE of the Rbvendb o/ Great BiuTAiir,ift the rear ended 5th Jan. 1828, And 5th Jan. 1883. Customs Excise Stamps ...• • post-office Assessed Taxes | Land Taxes Miscellaneous Years ended 5tli January 1888. I 1883. .j69,i35,108 86,546,415 6,108,640 1,318,000 6,856,811 1,863,874 303,463 ^69386, 111 85.747,441 6,808',558 1,359.000 5,7efe;,8C5 1,884^51 398,554 Total 50,931,705 1 50,188,994 Decrease on the Year. . . . 3^808,71 1 . Customs . * Excise Stamps Post office Assessed Taxes. Land Taxes..., Miscellaneous., Quarters ended Jan. 5. 1888. ^'2,486,896 6,390,789 1,497,188 308,000 2,898,708 473,000 119,696 Total! 13,568,817 1883. ^8,408,838 6,291,908 1,450,987 381,000 8,180,384 433,598 148,138 13,171,841 Decrease on tlic Quarter a^396,976. In 1817 tlie Committee of tlie Treasury stated tlieiote- re^tof tlie funded debt at 89,000,000<. ; and, with tde Sum$ I .6,831,670 21,299,670 Britaiw, in I. 1823. Jaotmry 1823. ^9386, 111 25.747,441 6,208',552 1,359.000 6,79fei,8C5 1,224^51 398,534 50,122,994 1. *d JaD. 5. 1823. £2,402,238 6,291,908 1,450,987 324,000 2,120,384 433,592 148,132 13,171,241 »,976. PUBLIC BXPEMDITURE. 263 eharg M of management and interest pn Exchequer Billa, made it In 1817 £31,266,000 1818 31,351,000 1819 80,792,000 1820 31,262,000 Sum* estimated for the Improvement of Dock'Vard* at Home and Abroad^ from 1811 lo 1822, both inthuive. Victualling Department { '^>9T,W0 Woolwich 174,741 Chatham 482,804 Sheerness • 1,356,941 PorUmouth > o^. ,^- Dltto, Victualling Department J «"«»«o^ Ply month 272,882 Ditto, Sound 702,749 Pembroke 127,070 Huwlbowling Island 143,072 Pater 131,500 Leith 12,139 Admiralty Office 8,450 Royal Marine Barracks, Woolwich 17,225 Foreign Yards, Bermuda 252.340 Jamaica 45,000 Halifax 452 Kioi^ton, Canada > ..^•. 81,330 Gibraltar 21,000 Malta 11,200 Trincomalee 80,000 Antigua 2,500 Expended to 1821 4,264,398 Estimate for 1822 154,200 Total sums voted 4,418,798 Estimate to complete works certain, and ethers uncertain . ,^ « « 1 ,163,821 «e5,582,619 2M AFVBlfDI^. NAVIGATION 6» the UNltED KINGDOM. Jfunihef of Petaetty wtih tktir Tonnage, and ihe Jtuikher of JIfint and Botfi belonging to the ttvtral Port$ of tM Bri" tith Empire, on the SOtk September , 1820. V«a«el». Tom. lUtii United' Rin^^dom , Isles, Guernsey, Jer- > sev, and Man .... y British Plantations .... «1,473 496 8,405 2,418,804 26,225 209,564 ,2^04a,508 155^885 8,776 V 16,804 25»S74 n4,414 Year BXtppikjg EifTBnwD ntfrjHDB itt tfnhUtmhdltt^htH'iik 1B20, exchtrive of the Interaniree btttMen Qrttd BHtkdk and Ireland; 1820. British an^ Irish Vessels Foreign Vessels ...... Total Vbiiels; J1,S86 3,472 14,757 ToB%i 1,668,060 447;6ii 2,115,671 'BiBft. 100,3?5 ' 27 638 Cleared outwards, , 1 820. British and Irish Vessel FanlgayeueU . ^ . . . . Total' Tout. 1,549^606 , 433,326 1,9^,836 187,958 Maf. 95;64ft 24,546 120,^ NAVV.—POFVLiirriON. 2^9 3M. Vurii5«r o/ 166,S8» S,TI6 V 15,804 NMI4 Mete. 00,3?> 97 ess 127,968 84,545 JfAVY^ Years. 1794 1819 iei9 189» seamen voted by Pnrltnment. ii8;ooo 14,000 1*4,800 Admiralt of Uie tilMtei. "IT 170 SOI* Post GaptoiMS. 1^ 789 805 810 Com* liMn' ders. 781* 8IT Li«uti« 7535 891t S7S8 Ceiuta 0^1377. A» a matter of' historical cuiitislty, ittf gubjbln'ttte po* MlatfoD of the principal towni of England in the year ISTT^ whoa ao eaqnte|ration< wao made fbr a polUtaa* bondoD- 35;000' York 11, oca Briiitul .......... 9,000 Flyinonth- 7',000 OowDlry ........ 7,000 Ifor^rich... 6,000 Lincoloi. ....«..«. 5^000 Sarum, Wiltshire . . 5,000' Lynn 5,000 Colbheiter 4^500 GaMorbury 4,000 Beverley ......... 4^000 Nbwoa«tl^n'>Tyne 4)P00 OSBford'. 3;5C0 Anry; Sufiblk 3^ Oloueetter T . Leicester { »t>t 3,000 'Sbrewabiiry (. « Pngruiive Jncrea$ein tht'THenpriutipal Towns ofEriglandi Year 1821. LondoBi... Maachcster Liverpool; Binnin^am Bristol .....^ Leeds Plymouth Portsmouth Normrichr .......... Newcastle-on^I^ne • Tear 1801. 900^000 81,090 77,fle»' rs0fa esfm ^,464 39^160 SO^«B» 9^,365 risar IKII. 1)050,000 98^573 94,370 85^753 7e;4SS 6e:5S4 50,^ 40^567 37;950 37^587 1,985^961^ , I38J88 ' 11^,972 100,729' ' 87,779 ' 83'790 0f(2l2 45,648' « 50,'988 46,948' S68 APPENDIX. POPULATION. Population of the Citiet and Towns in Great Britain, r.i 1881, containing above 1000 Inhabit anti^ with the Dia- tancei from London and Edinburgh^ and the Market Dajfi, together with the Population of the Counties in which the Proportion of Array and Navy is added to tho resident Population, ENGLAND. PLACES. Mkt.D. Dltt. Inhiib. PLACES. Mkt. D. Dist. Inhttb. BEDFORDSHIRE • • Bedford . • T.S, 60 Biggleswade • • IT. 45 Dnnstable • • W, 33 Eaton Socon • • S3 Leighton • • • T. 41 Luton • • • jif. 81 Woborn • • F. 41 BERKSHIRE • • • Abingdon • • JIf . W Farringdon « • T. OB Hungerford . • FF. ist.tlnhab. ,4M 1.831 s,suo 121009 14.14) 3,£83 5,079 3,304 S.8A0 3.514 1,970 5,370 S. 83l 7.877 .:7000s 170l 3,707 It. 179 «.so« 160 10,383 162 3,085 177 14,346 146 0,508 I*. 183 19,949 U. 102 o.*»; 172 3,470 191 6,461 172 3,ft35 167 17.'4« T. l«Tl 4,350 . 193 3/il« F. 1741 l.*»» Runcurn • Kandbach • Stockport • Tarporlcy • • Tarvin • Wilmslow • CORNWALL Avaull, Hu Bodmin • Callington • Camborne Camel lord • Colonib, St. • Falmoath • Fowey • Oerniain*, St. HeUtone • Ives, St. • LanneeAton • Liskeard • Mawes, St. Padslow Penryn Penzance Redruth Saltash Tregoney Truro • OUMBBRLAMD Aldstonef • • Brampton • • Cablisli • Cockerniouth • Cioislhwaite • Egremont • • Holme Onltrant Keswick • • Kirk Andrew* Longtown • Maryport • Penrith • • Whitehaven Wigton • Workington • DERBYSHIRE Alfieton • « Aiiliborne • Bakewell • • Helper • • TH. . F. TH. • S. » . r, s. w, F. TH. TH. S. . F. . S. • S, . S. • S. W.F.S. • TH. ' F. • S. • S. 253 w.s. 357 181 163 176 178 183 175 • M5 «36 316 366 351 860 339 337 374 377 314 3S5 362 343 S65 380 363 330 Inhab. PLACES. MkLD. Dist . S. . T. ' S. M. . k s. TH. . F. ' T. ' T. T. fV. F. S. M. 273 311 301 805 291 293 310 201 313 310 311 383 294 304 305 • 139 139 153 1341 7,738 6,869 44,9/«7 3,133 3,485 8,037 257447 6,170 S,S78 1,8«1 6,319 1,356 3,403 6,374 1,455 3,404 3,671 3,536 3.183 3,519 1,648 1,700 3,933 6,334 6,607 1,648 1,036 3,713 156134 5,609 3,931 15.476 3,790 4,087 1,741 3,773 1,901 3,355 1.813 3,514 5,385 1«,43S 5,456 7,188 213333 4,689 4,706 0,162 7,235 TH. > S. - F. TH. W. T. 167 150 126 ISO 131 144 160 140 Inhab. Chapel en ie Chesterfield Derby . • Dronoeld • Duffleld • • Matlock • « Tideswell • • Wirksworth • DEVONSHIRE Ashburton • Axminster • Bampton • Barnsuple • < Beer Ferris • Bidel'ord • • Brixham • • BurkfaAileigh Chudleigh • Collumpton Colyton • Crediton • Dartmoath ■ Dawlish • BXBTBR • Hartland Honiton • Ilfracombe • Littleham • Modbory • • Morton Hamps. Oakhampton • Ottery St. Mary T. Plymouth • M.TH. Plympton. St. M. • Plymsiock • • • Sid mouth • • S. South Molton • S. Tavistock • • S. 2»7 Teignmouth E & W 189 S. . S. • TH. • S. . • F. . • Tv.F.S. > ' • S, • S. S. 193 S. 147 S. 161 'F. 192 . 815 T. 201 • 301 194 183 16(> 140 180 303 186 164 814 148 > S. 803 • • i«n TH. 308 'S. 185 5. 195 161 S16 312 21H 158 178 T. S. S. S. Tivfflon Topsham TurringtOD, Gt. ■ Totness • . • DORSETSHIRE • Beaniinster • TH. Blaudtord Poium S. Bridport • • 1V.S. Cor/e Castle • TH. Crauborne • TH. 162 170 104 196 « 141 103 135 110 93 S,?34 r.l90 17,433 3,6BO 13,896 3,080 3,660 7,316 439040 3,403 3,743 1,611 6,079 3,198 4,053 4,608 3,240 2,053 3,410 1,945 5,516 4,486 3,700 3.*t.479 1,908 3 390 3,023 «,84l 2,194 1,933 3 033 3,623 61,212 2,044 3,785 3747 3,314 5,483 3,08() 8,631 3.150 2,538 3,1^8 144499 2,806 2,615 3,743 1,466 1,828 fffO ArrEJK»iK. rj.AC£S. Mkt.O.Di»t. lahab. 0.740 PLACE6 Mkt.O. l>i»t. fnhab. Xlorohcster • Hr,S, 119 Romford tV, it 8,n7 jGUlingbam • • 100 8,000 Saffron Waiden .V. 42 <,I04 hymtt Regis • • S. 143 MelcopnU R. • T.F. |t7 Poole • • M.TH, 1«» 8.M0 JiouthWeitd T.B, M S^MB *jm ThaxtiMl . » F. m 8,045 0,MD Waltham Abbey T. 12 0,088 P4ir«laHd Isle liber, las 2.204 Waiihanistuw -, * 4,804 Sliaftsbwry p • ^. 101 8,oat3 Witham * . 2'. 8(i «>76 SbertKMne • • S. 117 0,002 Woodfonl . . t «vOIO Stiurmiuster • TB. 100 l/ae Wrktie . . . « 8,100 83W43 jSwanage • • • laa Wareham • • •¥. }ia i,ow GLOUCESTERSHIRE 1,901 Berkeley . . Ik'. 114 3,085 Weymouth • . T.F. ICS Wiinbpiiie Ifin. /'. 100 DUftlHIf • • • 0,370 Bisley • . TH. 96 5>481 8.90P BKlKTOt. . W.F.S. 114 70^897 2Q7073 Cheltenham * TH. 04 l»»896 Attcklftna, iV^ett • 2M llarpard Castle W. 346 0,228 Cirenccetcr - JU.F. 80 4,007 3,501 CUfton • • '110 6,911 jBp. Auckland ' TH, 840 8,110 Coltford • . F. 124 1.604 Bp* Wearmouth • 066 • Chester-le-$(. « • SOS i Darlington • 'Jlf. 241 11,942 Dean Forest Ext . 120 0,500 13,930 Dnrsley . . TH. 100 FairfoA • » TH. 90 0,180 0,051 1,047 DoaHAX • ' S. 29% 0,622 George, St. * > 111 S,S84 t Gateshead • • S7t ii.7or OLoueasTBR W.S. 104 0,744 Houghton le S. • • 200 18,05l> Htiibary > * .117 8,283 Monk.Wearm • • 266 7,044 Hersley * * .102 9,805 3edgefield • • F. 001 1,910 Mangoufield * .111 8,170 Shields, Soath • W. 276 iStenhope * • F. 202 6,880 MinchinhaiHp . 7\ 00 rm 7,841 Newent . . F. !12 8,000 Stockton on T. W. 241 0,184 Newland . * • 125 3,883 Sunderland • F. 200 14,720 Painswick . * T. |0e 4,014 Walsing ham • T, 000 BSSElT .... 2,107 Stapleton . • .112 8,117 869424 Stroud . . F. 100 7,697 Barking • * iSr. 7 0,874 Tetbury . » FT. 00 2,734 Booking ... 41 2,780 Tewkesbury * W.S. 10^ 4,968 Braintrec . * FF. 40 2,068 Thornbury . S. 122 S,7fi0 Chelmsford . F. 89 Coggeshall, Gt. . S. 44 Colchester . W.S. 01 4,99i Uley . . . .104 8.635 2,690 Westbury on T. .110 8,7*1 14,010 Winchcombe • S. 99 8,240 Danmow, Great • S, 06 2,400 Winterbourue • . 109 2,627 Epping . • F. 17 Halstead . . F. 40 2,146 Wotton und. Ed.F. 100 0,eo4 3,858 HEREFORDSHIRE I0S243 Ham^West • . 6 9,763 Bromyard • • M. 125 2,767 Harlot * . ^. 00 1,928 Herbford W.FX. 135 0,090 Harwich • T.F. 71 4,010 Kington . . j^. 155 2,613 Hedingham Sible. 48 Hornchurch • . 14 2,000 Ledbuty . . 7. 120 3.476 1,038 Leominster . F. 137 4,610 Ley ton. Low . . 8,874 Ross . . TH. 120 2,057 Maldou . j^ 37 8,190 HBRTFORpsniRE . 129714 PrittiewcU Ac Miltou 30 1^998 Bi^ldook . . TH. 37 l,ii>9 POPULATION. 271 PLACES. MkuD.DUt. Inhab. 1,755 FLACKS. Mkt.D. Dist. Iuh«b. Barnet, Chipping Af. 11 Northfleet • • 20 1,064 Berlibainstead • S. 26 2,310 Peter's St. • • 73 2,101 Bp». Stortford TH, Cneshunt • • • SO 3,358 Ramsgate • W.S. 71 6,031 13 4.376 ROCUSSTKR • F. 29 8,705 HalHeld . TH. 10 3,216 Sandwich • .W.S. 68 2,912 Heiii«l Hempst TU, 33 5,103 Seven Oaks • S. 23 3,944 Hertford • • S. 31 4,265 Sittingbourne • • 40 Speldhurst • • 34 1.537 Hilcliin • • ' T, 34 4,486 2,297 Hnrtdesdon • TH. 17 1,888 Stroud • • • 28 2,704 Rickmansworth 8. 10 3,940 Tenterden • F. 55 3.259 Kuwbridgewortii W. 85 2,071 Tnnbridge • F. 80 7,406 St. Albans • • S. 20 4,472 Woolwich • F. 9 17,008 Standun • • F. 27 2,135 Wrotham • . T. 24 2.357 Tiing • . F. 31 »,286 LANCASHIRE * * 1052859 Ware. . • T. 21 3,844 Ashton-up-Lyii W. 186 25,067 Watford • • T, 15 4,713 Barton • • • 823 7,9?7 HUNTINGDON • • 48,771 Blackburn • W.S. 812 5.^,350 Godnianchester • 58 1,053 Bolton « • JU. 107 50,197 Huntingdon • X. SO 2,806 Burnley . • ilf. 211 6,378 Ramsey • • W. 00 2,814 Bury . . TH. 105 34,581 St. Ives . . M. 50 2.777 Cartmell • » M. 254 4,023 St. Neots . TH. 56 2,272 Chorley • * T. 208 7,315 KENT . • • 426016 Clitheroe ♦ • S. 217 3,213 As It ford • • S, 53 2,773 Culne . . * W. 218 7,274 Bex lev . • 13 2,311 Daltnn • • 5. 276 2,446 Bronifey . TH. 10 3,147 Gaistang • • TH. 220 7,403 Canterbury tV.S. .50 12,745 Halsall • • * 214 3,5;)8 Chatham • • S, 30 15,868 Haslingden • W. 204 6,595 Cranbrooke • S. 48 3,683 Hawkehead • ilf. 267 2,011 Cray ford • • T. 13 1,866 Kirkby.Ireleth . 277 2,947 Dartford • • S. 15 3,503 Kirk ham . • T. 225 ll,9-i5 Deal . . TH. 74 6.811 Lancaster • W.S. 240 19,272 Deplford • • • 4 20,818 Leigh . . ' S. 107 18,372 Dover • . W.S. 71 10,327 Liverpool . W.S. 206 118972 Kltliara • • 8 1,077 Manchester * T.S. 183 186942 Faversham • W.S. 47 4,808 Mel ling, * • • 250 2,340 F«»lkstone • • 7'H. 70 4,541 Middleion • • i^. 192 12,793 (ittud hurst • fV. 43 2,570 Newton in M • S. 19.3 1,643 Gravesend « W.S. 23 3,814 Oldham cum P. • 191 52,510 Gr«>enwich • W.S. 5 20,712 Ormskirk • > T. 219 12.422 Hythe • • TH. 65 2,181 Pendleton > • • 188 5.948 Lenham • • T» 44 1,050 '^enwortiiam • 236 4.554 Lewisham • • • 5 8,185 Poulton • • M. 2;« 4,0.11 Lydd . . TH. 70 1,437 Prescot . • 7' 198 2i,811 Maidstone • 37/. 34 12,508 Preston • W.F.S. 2i7 27,300 Margate • W.S. 71 7,843 Rochdale • • Af. 198 61.011 Milton next Grav. • 22 2,769 Sal ford . . .180 25,772 Hilioii ac.\t S. « S, 30 2,012 SUndisU • • .203 7,616 272 APPENDIX. PLACEf. Mkt.D. Dist, Inhab. Toxttfth • • • 903 Ulverstone • M. ^3 WaitononliUl • 200 Warrington • W, 184 'Whalley • • • 212 Wigan ' « M,.F, 290 Winwiok • • 19JI Worsley . ". . 100 LEICE3TERSHIRE Ash by d«.la :(puuhiS'. 115 Barrow oa Soar • 107 Uiucklcy • ilf. 00 Leicesuc • W,F.SL 06 lioughboro' • TH^ lOO LutteKworth • TH, Mfct. Bosworth W. 106 Market Karbono' T. 83 Mieltou Mowbray 7\ 105 Mount Sorrel • M. lOS Wigston M^ena • 93 USCOLNSHIRE . Bario>%Stk • ilf. Boston. • • ^'.'S'. Bouvna • • S, Crowiand • * S. Crowla • • iS^* Donnington. ■ •. S. Epworth » • S. GainsUorougb • 71 Grantham • • S^ Grimsby, Great W, Holb«a«h * . TB. HorncattJe • • A*. LlNQOUN • • F, LouUi • • W.S. OwKton • •. • Pinchbeck • • Sleatord> New • M. Spnldi? (J . r. Sianifoid • M-F. Swiiieshead • TH, Wrawby-with-K. • MIDDLESEX • Ac Inn • • • Bethnal Green • •. Brentford, Ne>v T, Chel»ea • • • ChUwick •. • Ealiuj; • • • 167 116 07 86 167 HO 160 140 110 165 100 136 131 148 157 103 115 04 eo 113 158 PLACES. Mkt. D. Dist ls,8ao Ediaotitoa 7,10» Enfield • • S. 14.765 PiiichJey l9fiOa Put ham 84^198: Hackney Sd,818 Hammersmith 16;^ Htanfipstead 7,101: iHampton • • • 174571, ilfayrow • • • 4,227 iKendon • • 5,560: Heston • • • 6,706 Hilliugdon • 30,125 Hornsey • • • 7,484t Isleworth • • • 2,103 Islington • • • 2,677 I^len&ington • • ls873' Limehouse • • %,900< U>NDO!l • M.W.F, 1,493 IfUke's, SI. 3,dS»|Mary, Stk Le-Bone . Fai7f A.Q64 3,621 3,059 10,367 6,05( 1,900 2,090 2,220 5,207 5,0,50 1,696 2,130 1144531 1,020 45.676 2 036 8 11 8 6 3 6 5 15 13 11 17 6 11 2 4i 3i 1 4 3 ti A 10 3 4 4 6 13 10 2 I Abergavenny Aberyatwith • Chepstow • Monniouth • .Tirevethan • NORFOLK Attleburgh • 'Aylsham • *Dereliani • -Diss r. MS. . S. * s, . a. 141 808 135 120 140 i 04 118 100 86 ^bwnliam Market^. .84 06 Iff. . Si . P. F. 26300i:Lynn Regis 4.?JftfNo«>wicH 6,6084^waifhaui T.S. liihab. 7,000 8,327 3,349 15,301 22,494 8,809 7,263r 3,548 3,017 3,100 2,810 5/136 4,12s 5.209 22,417 14,428 0,809 129434 40,876 96,040 6,470 71,888 9,567 52,960 i.»»r 49,163 2,070 9>349 5,812 4,906 2,700 3,078 182085 29,407 71,833 3;592 4,099 3,008 4,104 3.931 314368 1,659 1853 3.273 2,7(i4 2,044 ie,253 f^.F.S, 108 50,'288 7,900 8.327 2,34« 15,301 «i,494 8.809 7.20} 6 3 6 5 5 3 9 1 |7 6t 11 9 44 H 1 ft 4 3 Si A 19 3 4 4 « 13 10 I 1 S • 141 90B 135 130 140 m 04 118 100 86 , 84 90 , 108 93 3,017 3,100 S.810 d/)36 4,12S 5.800 S3,417 14.4M 9.809 1S5434 40.870 90,040 6,476 71,888 9,557 52,960 LAST 40.163 3,670 9,349 5,812 4,206 2,780 8,078 I8M85 29.407 71,833 3,502 4,050 3,008 4.164 3.931 344368 1,659 1853 3;2r3 2,7fi4 2,044 ie,253 50,*288 2^830 P0FJ1L.AT10!I. 273 PLACES. nkt.D. Dist. Inhab. PLACES. Mkt.D.DUc. Thetford • • S. 80 Vfalshani North T/r. 125 Wetts, next Sea • S. 120 WyiHOiuttiaiii • F. 100 Tarimmlh • • S. lt.'4 NORTH AMPTONSH. lEIrackley • • H^. 63 Daventry • » W. 72 Ketieihig • * F, 74 rfAi*thaiii)iton • S. 60 Oiindle . • S, 78 PETKRBOBOOOH • A*. 81 Kutllwell • M. 78 Tn Gbsfoilh • • l^ttwhistle flexhani • Morpeth • Niewcaitlje on 2,92« 2,303 2.950 4.708 18,040 Y62483 1,851 a,326 3,668 10,793 2,279 4,598 1,849 2,554 4,494 198969 5,927 8,723 2,037 1,84B 3.295 9,583 9,4»S 4,303 • & 308 fr.6\ 837 . 277 • 7. 304 . 2n . T. 285 7'.*. 279 IV. S89 Tyne • . . . T.S. 274 39,181 Stkfelds, NortB • fT. 279 8,289 Ty.nemouih • • 277 24.920 Wooler . . TH. 326 1,836 NC^TI'INGHAMSHIRB 180873 Bingham • • TH. 124 1,974 RIytb • • FT. 151 3,496 MRinsfield • TH. 138 7,861 Newark • • FT. 124 8,084 Nottingham W.F.S. 124 40,415 Retford, East • 6\ 145 2,405 Southwell • • S. 132 3,051 Worksop. . W. 146 4,567 OXFORDSHIRE • ' 136971 Aciderbury, East • 72 2,277 Hampton . . FT. 71 2,304 Banbury . . 2'JI. 71 6,247 Bicester • • /*. 54 2'.544 Burford - • ^. 72 1,086 Charlbury • • F. 73 2,877 Chipping Norton FT. 7^ e,640 Deddington. • T. 69 1^,847 Uenley on Thames • • • TH. 30 3,809 Oxford • • W.S. Thame • • • T. Witney . . TH. Woodstock • T. RUTLANDSHIRE Oakham • CppinKham sfi%0>SHIRE Bishop's Cmtle Bridgnorth • Broseley • • Cleobury • Drayton • • Ellesmcre • Hales Owen Ludlow • • Nfadtdey • Newport • Oswestry • Ponlesbnry Shiffnal • « Shrewsbury fV.F.S. Wellington • TH'. Wem . • TH. Wenlofck • M. Westbory . • F, Whitchurch • F. Worthen SOMERSETSHIRE Bath . . W.S. Bridgewa. T.TH(.S. S. W. >F. S. jr. w. . w. . T. . M. M. . F. ' S. w.a. y • F. 94 44 65 62 9i Brnton • • S, Castile Cary • 7'. Chard . • jy. Crewkrerne • if, Kaston Oordano • Prome Selwt)od W. Glastonbury • T. n minster • * S. Keynsliani • TH. Milborne-Port • • BTilvertou • F. Mlnehead • • W. Pethertoii, North S. 9hepton Mallet F. Somerton • • T. l^vnton • W.S. Wellington • Ttf. ^ ILLS • W*S, 159 139 146 137 154 169 117 142 139 142 171 161 139 153 142 les 148 162 163 109 • 106 1^0 109 113 140 132 1«3 103 124 133 114 114 149 163 141 116 123 141 142 120 Inhab. 16,364 2,479 4,78f 1.627 18,487 1,364 I,63* 206159 J, 880 4;349 4,814 1.602 4.420 0.096 10.940 4.820 5,370 2,348 7.528 2,40S 4,4^ I9,66!l 8,300 3,606 «,eoo 2.159 5,4(t9 »,ir6 355314 36.871 6,159 2,076 1,027 3,106 3^,'»l 12,411 2,213 2.156 1,761 1.440 1,030 1,239 3,091 5,0»1 1,643 8,534 4,170 9|B8« 274 APPENDIX. PLACES Mkt. D. Dist. Wincanton • IV. Wivrlisuoinbe S. Yeovil . ■ F. SOUTHAMPTON or HAMPSHIRE . f ' Alton • • . S. 47 Alverstoke Andover Basiiigstoke Inhab, 108 a.i4s 153 a,791 182 4,0«5 i . 283208 S. Bishop Waltliam S* Christchurcli • M* iOO Eliiiff • • • 70 Farenam • • 1^. 73 Fordingbridge • JT. 88 Gotport • . TH, 73 Hatvant • • .9. 6fi KiiiKsclerc • • T. 54 Lyraington • S, 88 Ijewchiircli • • 04 'Newport • W.S. 00 Odiham • ■ ^. 40 Petersfield • S. 54 PortKmoutli TH.S, 72 Riiigwood • W. 01 Ronisey • • & 73 Southampt. T.TH.S. 74 Wiiitcliurch • F, 56 WiNCHRStKR W.S. 02 8TAFFORDSH1RI2 Bilstnn • • • firewood • • T Broinwich, West e,490 73I 10,072 63 45 05 Biirslera Burton on T. Cheadl'e • Darlaston • Bccleshall liongton • Leek . • Lichfield • Newcastle up. Penkridge Rugeley • Stafford • Stoke upon T. Stone • • Tani worth • Ttiteiil)«ili M.S. ' TH. . A*. • • • • If. T.F. h.AL S. T. < S. 120 132 114 151 125 146 142 148 153 154 110 150 T. 131 T. 126 141 140 141 115 125 4,210 3,IU5 2,126 4,644 4,314 3,677 2,(i08 6,184 2,000 2,605 '3,164 3,945 4,050 2,083 1,752 45,648 3,804 5,128 13,353 1,434 7,730 341040 12,003 2,762 0,505 10,1/6 6,7u0 3,862 5,585 4,227 7,100 4,655 6,075 7,031 2,641 2,677 5,736 20,223 7,251 7,1B5 2,478 PLACES. Mkt. D. Dist. Trentham • Utloxeler • • fV. Walsall • . T. Wednesbary • W. Wolstanton Wolverliampton • SUFFOLK . . Aldeburgh > S, Beccles • • S. Brandon • • F. Bungay • • TH. Bury St.Ediii.FF.^. Eye • S. Framlingham • S, Gorleston • • • Hadleigh • M.S. Halesworth • TH. Ipswich • W.F.S, Laveuham • T. Lowestoft • W. Melford, Long . T. Mildenhall • F. Newmarket • T. Orford • • M. South wold • TH. Slowmarket • TH. Sudbury • * ■ S. Wood bridge • W. SURREY • Battersea • • Beriiioiidsey • • Blelchiiigly • • Camberwell • Ciierlsey • W. • « Claphani Croydon Dorking • Eghani • lipsom Farnhain Godalniing Guildford • Kingston on T. Lambeth • Mi to ham • Mortlake • Newington « Putney • < S. TH. • F. TH. W. ' S. 146 135 114 117 150 123 04 100 78 100 71 80 87 122 64 100 60 61 114 58 70 61 00 105 60 54 77 • 4 1 21 3 10 4 83 18 14 38 33 20 10 1 8 7 H 4 Inhab 2,e03 4,05l» 11,014 6,471 8,572 36,838 270543 1,312 3,40a 1.770 3.200 9,000 1.883 2,337 2,007 3,020 2.166 17,186 1.808 3,671 2,288 3,074 2.514 1.110 1,676 2,252 3,050 4,060 308658 4,003 35.235 1.187 17376 4,279 7,151 9,25'1 3,812 3,016 2,800 5.il3 4,008 3,161 6,001 57;638 4,45i 2,484 33,047 3,394 ISt. 146 135 114 117 ISO 123 94 IM 78 106 71 80 87 122 64 100 60 61 114 58 70 61 00 105 69 54 77 • 4 1 21 3 19 4 23 18 14 38 33 29 10 1 8 7 Inhab 2,$03 4,«M IMU 6,471 8,578 36,838 270543 1,218 3,49S l,77Q 3,200 0,000 1,882 9.387 2,007 2,920 2,166 17,186 1,808 3,671 2,288 2,074 2,514 1,110 1,676 2,253 3,050 4,060 308658 4,992 25,235 1,187 17376 4,270 7,151 9,25'1 3,812 3,6 1 6 2,890 5,413 4,098 3,161 6,091 57;63S 4,451 2,484 33,047 3,391 pdt»ULAinoif. «75 1»'LACES. MkcD.Dbt. Inlrab. PLACES. iai(t.D.Dist. luhab. RetBBte • • T, Uleliiiiond • • KtitKerhlthe • • 21 «,881 WBSTWORELAND . 51,350 8 1 «v004 18,588 Apjpiiefcy • • JT. 870 fiufversnam • • 355 1,841 8,998 8,426 Xiilcbry Kendal if. 908 8.984 Wandsworth • • « e,7«s Kxktiy liOns • TH, 252 8,780 Wimbledon • • 8 «,185 tMkhS Steb. . M, 368 WlIiTSHlR^ . ■" . 8,71»! BUSSED • 1 • 888010 883197 Arandd • TH.S, 05 8,511 Bedwin, Creat • T. 78 1.028 10,331 Baitlt • • TH, 48 8,802 B)radft>rd, Oreot M. 103 Brt|;hton • TH. BitmdMratef • * 51 «4,480 tSMne • • r. 87 4,813 S^ 8i7td Chiitpenham TH. 9i 8,906 Ohiobstkb • W.S^ €2 7,368 Crickladte • • & 84 1,58V Cackield • P. V^MboariiC » '3, S7 2*2* Deviaes • • TH, 89 4,908 51 4,887 DbwnttM * • F. 89 8.11% Grlnsi^^d, E. • TH. 98 8,163 Heyteftbnry • » 9t 1,8» Hastings • JV,X, llorshaitt • • & 84 9,885 Hlghworth * W. 77 MAltaiesbury • S. 97 8,085 36 4,8r5 *'S5 Mayfield % • • 31 f,08.^ raak-l borough • .V. 7« :;ns 44 3,898 llttoiksh&m • Jtf. 96 Midttoifit • TH, dO 1,335 Mere » • T. lot 3,48t fetworth • . fV, VLye • . W.S. 48 04 8.781 3,500 Rairisbury • • 69 SiLlsBDkr b T.S, 8i trowbri^ge • S, M 3^388 8,768 StAeikfxnt, * 50 f,181 0,948 8eftA>rd • • i^. m l,8tr Warminlter * S, 96 9,813 Shoreham NeW • S, 88 l,84t Westburjr * » F. $» 7,848 Hteyning • Vr.F, SO l,8St Wilton • • IF. 84 8.1158 Tlcehnrst • * 49 1^ Wontton Jiia^iTH. 90 1.701 Wadharst • 42 3,188 WORCEBTBRSHIRB • 184484 WARWICKSHIRE • 274902 Bewdley • • 5. 189 8^739 Alcester • • 7*. 108 3,829 BrooinSKrotre • T. 118 7,510 Aston • • • • 160 10,180 Droiiwich • F. 180 8,176 Atherstone • T. 107 3,484 Dudley • • A\ 119 18,811 Bedworth 96 3,81t» Bvesham • • M. loii 3,487 Binnihgham • TH, 110 85,418 Kidderminster TH, 126 15,286 CItilveiv Coton 90 8,189 Pershore • • T. 106 8308 Coleshill • « W. 104 1,780 Stotirbridge • F. 182 9^090 OOTBNTRY • F. 01 81,S4e Tenbury • • TH, 133 1,688 Bdfbasttm • • 110 8,117 Upton on Sev. • 7". Ill 8,310 Foleshiil 93 4,9S7 WoacKstEa W.F..S. Ill 17^83 Kenil worth . W. 09 8,5n YORKSHIRE • • 1173187 Leaiiiiitgion • W. 89 8,183 Aliniindbury • • 187 83,970 iJuneiilon • iV. 190 6,810 Aysgarth . • • 840 5,621 Rugby . . iSr. 83 8,808 llnrnsley • W, 172 8,884 Solihull . . . 108 8,817 Batley * • '190 0,154 Stiatfofd, Old TH, 08 4,2«9 Btidale • • 7. 323 2,031 Sutton Cold field M. Ill 3,486 Beverley • W.S. 183 •7,663 Warwick . . 3, 90 8,389 Bingiey • • F. 888 7,375 WottenWaveu M. 99 3,848 Bradford Tbwn TH. 196 13,0(M 276 APP.BND11A. PLACES. Mkt.D. Dist S. Biidlingtun Cattei'ick • Vai'ton « • • Doiicaikter • • 6*. Diiflield, Great TH. Eaaiiigwoald • F, Gig^leswick • • Gilling . • • Glsburn • • • Guilsborough • M- Halifax • • iS^. Harewood • . Heltnsley • • S, Howdeu • • ^. Haddenfield • T. Hull . . T.S. Keighley • • IV, Kildwick • • • ,Kirkby Moon • W, Knaresboro' • FF. Leeds • • T.S. Malton. N. . ' T.S, Mkt. Weighton W, MAsham • • T, North AUei-ton W. Otley . . . F. Penistone • TH, Pickering • • M. Pockiington • S. Poaiefract • S. Ricliinond • S. Kipoii • • TH. Rochdale • M. Roinald Kirk • Rotherhaiii • . M. Sandal i. Great Scarboro' Sculcoates Sedberg Selby .• Sheffield Sherburn Skipton • Snaith • S|>oflforth Su)kesley « Tad caster Thiisk ^K. TH.S. W, M. T. . F. S, TH. S. W. M, 206 S28 175 16-2 196 213 23fl 217 224 243 197 19tf 223 180 189 174 206 £12 328 202 189 217 192 223 233 2(/3 173 226 212 177 233 212 198 231 139 184 217 174 263 181 1G2 183 316 173 194 238 1921 217 Inhab, 3,034 2,788 2,176 9.117 2,471 2,332 2,817 2,002 2,336 2,180 92,830 2,348 3,438 4,443 24,220 28,591 9,323 9,095 3,903 9,101 83,790 4,0I>5 8,093 2,767 4,431 9,358 6,042 3,555 3,163 8,824 3,546 13,096 61,011 3,461 9,633 3,692 8,533 10,440 4,483 4,097 63,105 2,916 5,479 5,900 3,044 2,200 2,811 3,502 PLACES AJkt. D. Dist. Thorne • . . fF. 166 TopclifTe • • •212 Wakefield IT. 7/f.F. 182 Wath on Dearii • 164 Weighton Mkt IV. 102 Wensley • • • £36 Whitby • . 5. 236 Yoa» . T.TH.S. 199 East Ridinp; • • , North Riding WestRidhiff • • WALES. ANGLESEY, ISLE Amlwch • • • 260 Beaumaris • W.S. 251 Holyhead • • & 258| BRECON. • Brecon • W.F.S. 171 CARDIGANSHIRE Aberystwith • M.S. 208 Cardigan • • S. 830 CARMARTHENSHIRK Abergwilly • 210 Carmarthen W.S. 318 Laugharne • S. 245 Llandilo Fawr • S. 202 Llandovery • S. 191 Llanelly • TH.S. 217 Liangadook • TH 195 CARNARVONSHIRE Bamgou • W. 236 Llandegai • • 235 DENBIGHSHIRE . Abergele • • ^. 220 Denbigh • fV.S. 205 Henlian • *. • 205 Llan-gollen • • aS". 184 Llanrnaiadr-yn*M • 202 Llanrwst • • T. 218 Wrexham • M.TH 179 FLINTSHIRE • Flint • • • • 200 Hawarden • S. ]93 Holywell • • F. 203 Hope • • • • \W Mold • • • 5. 191 Nocthop • • iS^. 107 luhab. .1,463 2,540 22,30r 5,812 2,093 2.182 12,331 20.7bT 100440 183381 790357 45,068 5,282 2,205 4,071 43,613 4.103 57.784 3,556 2,397. 00,230 2,183 8,906 1,053 4.468 1.298 5,640 2,484 57,9j8 3,579 • «,341 76,511 2.317 3,19<» 2,455 S^35 2,220 3,630 11,081 53.784 1,612 5,059 8,309 2,498 7,320 2,894 POPULATION. 277 PLACES. Mkt. D.Dist. 8t. AsHuh • • .V. >208 GLAMORGANSHIRE Cardiir. • »^..y. 160 Cowbridge • T, 173 Llaiitrissaint • F, 171 Margatn • • S. 187 MerthyrTydvnFr.yi7l Neath • ' IV.fl. 108 Swansea • W.S, 300 MERIONETHSHIRE Bala • • . .IV 104 Dolgelly • T.S. 308 Towyn • • • 217 MONTGOMERYSHIRE • 172 • S. 2S0 TfL 170 S, 190 • W. 205 TH. \ T. ha M. 171 Inhab' Kerry Llanfair • Lianfyllin • Llanidloes Machynlleth Montgbmery Newton • Pool • PEMBROKESHIRE Fishguard • TH, 257 Haver ford, W. T.S. 251 Narberth • TH. 255 Pembroke • W,8, 264 St. David's • •273 Tenby • • W.S. 261 RADNORSHIRE • . Presteigne • Si Iftl Radnor • • •ISO 2,755 101737 3^21 1,107 2,585 2,047 17,404 2.82S 11,230 84,382 1,163 3,588 2,360 50,800 2,038 8,5 14 1,706 3,145 2,303 1,062 3,466 4,255 74,000 1,837 4,055 2,205 4.085 2,240 1,554 22,45» 1,041 2,816 PLACES. Mkt. D.Dist. SCOTLAND, With Distance from Edinburgh. ABERDEENSHIRE • 155387 Aberdeen • TH. 122 44,706 Crttden • • 147 2,«58 Deer, New • • 150 3,211 Deer, Old • • • 140 4,841 Ellon 138 8,150 Porgue • • • 148 £.000 Fraserburgh • 16« 2.831 Hantley • ^ • 140 3,340 Kiniore • * • 134 1,057 Longside • • • 150 2.357 lAvernrie 187 1,IS9 NewhilU • • Peterhead • ^ Tarves • •' TnrreflF • ARGYLLSHIRE Appia • Ardnamurchan Campbeltown • Dunoon & Kilnmn Inverary • • Killean & Killche Torosav • • AYRSHIRE . Ardrossan • Ayr • » • Ballantrae • Beith Cumnock, Old Dailiy • • Dalrey • • Dundonald • Galston «^ • Oirvan ^ • • Irvine ' • • Kilmarnock • KiLwinning • Kirkmichael • Largs • • Loudoun • Mauchline • Maybole • • Muirkirk • • Newton upon Ayr tnivox, St. • orn • Stevenston • Stewarton • Torbolton • • BANFFSHIRE Banff • Cullen • • ; Fordyce • • Gamrie • • Inveraven - • Keith • • Marnoch • Mortlach • Ruthven 2A I nhiib . 127 2,141 • 154 6,313 • 139 2,003 . 155 2,406 • • 07,310 • 133 2.465 . 155 5,429 . 177 0,010 • 73 2,177 • 115 1,137 . 180 3,300 • 180 2,288 • ' • 127290 • 77 3,105 • 76 7,455 • 110 1,280 • 62 4.478 • 61 2,343 • 00 2,161 • 07 3,313 • 69 2,482 • 62 3,448 • 07 4,400 • 60 7,007 • 65 12,760 • 65 3,600 • 84 2.235 • 80 8.470 • 58 3,741 • 63 2,057 • 85 5,204 • 51 2,687 . 77 4,027 . 74 5,398 • 63 3,865 • 72 3.SS8 • 61 3,656 • 67 8.175 • 43,501 • 165 3,855 • J70 1,458 • 160 3,245 • 154 3.716 • 146 e,481 • 150 3,026 • 158 2,210 • 140 2,044 . 170 5,364 278 APBBSimX* FLACKS. Mkt.D. DiH. lnhia> HJiRVVlGKSHIRB GitUijiiKliAiii. « • 4A CoifUtrvain ' • • 46 Dnnfte • . . 41 Ecclas • •, • 12 iMnder • • • 25 BUTBI^HIRE • • KiUbri4e • • • Kilmoiy • • • Bothesay- • • eAITHNESSHlBIL GanisbaK • • • S96 Halkirk. . .378 Latheran •. • • 96S Beay • •371 Tliuno • • jP. 370 Wick », • • F. 370 33,38£r 3,07A 3^li 3,773 L,tMt D1FBSHIR& * 1^ Abkotshall • X^ior, AnstruthMT Baater gs) a,7K Auchtarnoutchy^ 98 S|897; BarnUaiand • 4»107, Bar 30,33a 2,138 Cupar CLiLCKMANNANSiL Ailoa * • W.S, 81 (llackmannan • • so Dollar l^« ^ • F. Bi 3t01A DUMBARTONSHIRE Boahill; •■ • • (]arfU»ai> • • • Oiunbemaald • • Oambaitpn • • Kilpatriek. Old ' • IttrkinUUocli • . DliMFBlESSHIRB Aioaan * ^ * DamfrlM • •• • CMencaini • • loknstone • LanshoUn • • Lacbmahen • • Bloffat • • • SaaoiihMT • ■ BOINBURGHSHIRB Dalkeithii • BiMMBuaaH . •■ Inirereski • • • I«Hiiwadei • • • IieUh •, • • tiiibertQD. • • Newion • • • iV«iaycaiak • • filiGIN 4oernelhy 58 61 33 M 51 40 • 70 78 50 56 • 6 5 7 St < 4 Oi PLACBS. Mkt. D. Diik Dibak BoUie DttiVut Klgiii ^ Korres Onail 3^aMiDanlermline • 6»*75 Dvsartf • 3,615 iBaUiland • • 4,040 InverkciUiing • 6,71B KetUe • 13,803 Kllreniiy • • 5^577 Kinghorn • • 4»0Sa Kirkali^|< • 1,306 Iiargp • LeeUe • Q7,3irt IforMnch • 3/H»t Nemibarffh 3*ieS FiUanwcam • 3il661. Soonie • • 3i4«l SwAndrflMv's • a|009 MiewvM' • 4,560 BORFAB£HIR£ 70t«76 Arbcoath BvcQhiiii • • 2ll«0M I>iHMle«: • • 64i; l«a6l' Forfan • • 58. hlftk Glammis • • 70 MM. Kirriemirfr • 65 . %filil: Liff and Benvie «i»16! Ifimiflcth 3^096 llontrosei • • IM&!6 Tiftaana^St. • . 59i 546» &AJ)OlH6T0NSHIR» 138335: Aarwioi^. North 7,63ft Dunbar^ • • Tff. 4466> Hadftiotftan . • F, 16|> 36iQ0» PrealoikiBans W,Si 4|37f( Kraneiiti • • 2,11ft hbtbrmbsshirB" , l,OiS|£paieBki«ar • 3t«ieiiiQKmd«tei • 1,066 1 Olcnelg • • 130 ?lAC^ Inv^rnei iMiniailk ^lmam\ Kilinorai KilUrJH, K^HguMlK pm >rdoan jproat prarcM filtoa ,ir^cadlir Jfoqa^ar, Vrr . J^VABBfi Avendale Blantyra Bothwell Cambnslaiij £uabusnetj Moke I wwoath J Crawford I Dalserff J Douglas ULi^hoow wovan • Hamilton Kilbride . |«nark . I JfsmahagoJ Sonkland, 1 Vonklaud. ? RatherglenI ?»oneho«8e JWUTHG °»tngate S?*"'0!iv?ton {^vkliston ''inlithgov PaBVIiilTION. fr» Dbak« VIAC98. MkuO.DitL ■*-»■ r 9t(MA ^m %w 9,«4t 4,6M 4,157 UMSO 4UM>3TS 70| 5,807 70|lt)3A8 S,6A3 »13i)l«7 Stti 1/804 iS Kilniallie •. Kllmamvaig Kilmorack Kil^rlity • KinguMte IM 130 186 163 U13 iia £36 146 KUICA,]U>1NESHIRB Vimichory Daven . 118 lltjer^MD • • 106 >rdoan • . • 80 iiirtioasuiRB ifiroat • • • 95 OrweU • • • S7 imjLOIiPBRIOHT iltoa • • • 89 kif^cadliright . • 99 linmigaff • • • gs ^roqa««ri • • 7« ypT • •• . •84 LAVAEKSHIRB Avenoale • •44 Blantyre • •41 Bothwell Cambaslang • Cambusnetnam Carlake 1S,M4 5,03lf 9JBA5t a,80S 9,«» 9,004 3,174 9,186 90,118 9»989, 1,008 4,488 PLACES). MkuD.Disi. Whitbnm • • 91 NAIRNSHIRE • • Kalrii • • 167 OA(NBY&SHETL. Kirkwuli • • 337 P^^B|.KSH1RE I^eebU» ^HTHBHIRE tt^htterarder . ^o<;htiBrgaven • _, — Wlair-Atholl, ^c. 9^875 |B|alr Clowrie . 7,V69 X)ftl|ander . . 40 45 86 36 95 80 Oarwoath • • Crawford • Dalserff • • • 40 Douglas • • 4| Obiloow • ^.48 Govan •. • •46 Hamilton •, • 38 Kilbride • • 49 Lanark • • • 83 Lcsmahagow . • 38 Monkland, New • 39 Monklaud, Old * 30 Ratherglen • • 46 Shotts • • • 9p Stonehoose • • 40 LINLITH60WBH1RB Bathgate . . 18 BoriQW^toness • 18 Kirkliston • • Linlithgow • F, 17 9,566 9,599 38,908; 9/116 3,877 ^,998 4>801 9368 1944387 0,030 9,630 4,844 9,301 8,086 9,815 9,8gS 1,814 9,054 9.195 147048 19^70 7,61.1 3,485 Wamiin Woil^rie grieff . . ^alro$8 ^qpar Angus . %m, . . ^ui^blan^ . PMnV.«}ld Little Brrul . • Fortingnll • KpuHnyre • Kiltmidock . 3». 7,086 RBNHIEWSHIRE 5^88 7,363 6,983 4,640 3,997 9,038 99^685 3,983 3,018 9,918 4,699 iCktW&rt Ssi(ii:ood • reenock» • Hottstoon, • Innerkip • Kilbracoan » Loo)»rinnock Meams « Neilston j Paisley • 31 90 64 5A 75| 59 59 50 64 56 91 54 80 48 54 44 89 80 79 45 41 49] 44 51 48 67 5S 41 43 49 50 45 46 65 54 70 55 58 55 54 fO lohab 1.900 9,006 3,«98 53,194 £.919 10,046 9,705 180050 9,560 9,870 9,474 8^498 9,953 9,081 «,84^ 9,61« 4,91? 3,97f 9,887 8,180 8,847 9,108 8,150 9^888 9,674 9,099 8,00i 9.00)1 1,91S 9,869 19,069 9,1M^ 3,558 119175 90,579 9,050 5.676 93,088 9^17 9,344 4,918 4,130 9,89f 6.540 98,000 880 .APPENDIX. PLACES. MkuD.DUt. Port GlA»gow 61 Renfrew 40 BOMS A CROMARTYS 180 175 107 Inliab. Contin . • Crontartv • Dingwall • Rotcniarkie • 8 tor no way • Tain Urqnhart • • Urray R0XBUR6SHIRB Castleton . • Hawicic Tff. Jedburgh . M, 45 Kelso • /V Melrose • ^» Wilton 8BLKIRKSHIRE . Selliiik . r. sol 8TIRL1NGSHIRB . Balfron . . y-ii^K Oanipsie • Denny , • 5,902 S,04C 084)18 1,080 2,040 Mil i^ori PLACES 11 kt. D. Disc. Iiihab. 171 4,110 901 177 171 • 67 471 49 85 40 60 45 1,801 9,89S 9,731 40,808 9,038 4.387 0,951 4,860 8,467 1,601 6,687 9,798 05,876 9,041 4,097 « aoj 3«364 Falkirk . TH, Kiltyth Ktppen Larbert • NInian's, St. Polmont . Btirlinff . ■ F SUTflERLANDSH Assint Dornoch Loth . . Rosart WfOTOWNSHIRB Olenluce . • Ineh Kirk maid en LeawMit . Penningham Port Patrick Stoneykirk Stranraer • Whithorn •! Wigtown . . 94 86 44 97 84 99 36 tl< 114 194 |4J Its 100 139 197 190 IJO 105 4,'iOO »,iio S.4fl 8,974 9,171 7,314 98,84» 9,803 3,100 9,006 1,086 88,940 ijm 9,386 «,tlO 9,389 8,000 1,818 3,133 S,4CiS 9.3« 9,041 ISLANTS. GUERNSEY ISLAND 90,309 St. Peter . • 11,173 HRRM ISLAND' • 98 JERSEY ISLAND • 98,600 St. Helier • • 10,118 St. Ouen ' . ' • 9,081 Trinitv * . ' •'9,048 JKTHOU ISLAND • ISLE OF MAN • 40,061 Andreas • Castletown ^ Donglaa, Town Kirk Christ . Kirk Malew Kirk Patrick Lezayre . SCILLY ISLANDS SERK ISLAND • 9,929 • 9,038 • , 6,054 •; 8,508 t «,64» ,• X.OSI • 9,2M • 9,614 481 METROPOLIS. City within the walls 56,174 City without the walls, not including the Bo- rougli • . ' City of Westminster and Liberties . 182,065 Out- parishes of Middle- sex and Surrey, with- in the Bills of Morta- ^^}^}y • . 702,53J Parishes not within tlie Bills of Mortality . 915,041 , . l,225,flH POPULATION. 881 JiurtaUud PopuliUioik of TowM In IrettaUU Cartow • « Naw • Atiry • linii(tbrd Orftttard • Part of the town of Lonfrfnrd Rclls Town Pari of ilie town of Athl^e Baale • WAterfoid Tullnw Du agar Von Inhabit. 2.018 a.lM 8,002 \ «,024 8,341 9,560 <.9;2 S5,407 4,030 Inhabit. OarricklMir • 9,i7i Carri<;kf«rgui 6.186 DrogheUa 16,ltS Gal way • . 24,684 Cork • • • > 64.394 Dublin • > 170.610 Limerick « > (10.048 Belfast . * • 30.064 YouRhall 8,604 Caahell ^, .j*» y j' > 0,009 Oallcn • < > 8.ttMI Tiillainore i d,&6i Birr 5)419 STATISTICAL TABLES i Or^ Results of the Inquiries regarding the Oeographical, JgticuUural, ttnd Political State of Scotlanii.— 1817. BY SIR JOHN SINCLAIR, BART. Extent. Land. Lakes. Totals. Main^rHiid of Scotland .... Hebrides Orkney Iiilands 25,520 2,800 425 855 494 104 15 26 26,014 2,904 440 Zetland Isles 880 Square miles.. 29,600 6J8 30,2J8 Climate, — East Coast, Avernfe number of days of rain and snow Fair weather 2a3 Dsivs. 135 230 365 XMlhiiie.^West 'CoiM, Avf rage nvmbcr of dmyt of rain and snow Fair weatber • ■ - - - ■ FTilitfi.— £mI Coast. From the north .^ i»»i North*cait , ; . . i ISolilt i, ;.;.. South-east South i**.. South-west .....*. 4 . k t . • . • West , North-west Weil toait. Points from ehfet to west by north Frtom west to south .i..;^..^^;..^...*. From south i4 ealt .^i. .&..... •*....... Days. 905 160 S«ft Si 89 0S 14 9 105 102 19 305 19T 159 99 S65 Slate of Property, Namber of Praprieiors. Large prbperttei, or estalles above 8000/. of valued rent, 01* 8500/. sterling of real rent . . S96 Middling properties^ or estates from 8000/. to 506/. o^ valued rcnl, or from 8500/. to 6851. of real rent ....44 107T Small prbperliel, or estktes under 500/. of valued rent, or 625/. of i'eal rent ,,,n, ... rrdprietoK In Sfcnt1& . J t~i j^ Proportion of Soil cultivated and vneuUivated, ^ Eng. jLct!^. Nuiht er uf acfes fully of partially cultivated 5,043,050 Acres .:ucul*:vated, including woods and pkr.t,.' •?!**. 13,900.550 Totn> extent 01 Scotland in English acres 18,943,600 Bxtent 01 n STATISTICS. — SCOTLAND. 9S3 m r^ -. .. ^ Extent u/ fVoodi and Pluntatiun Enf. Keren Bx(«ot of plantationi 41S,';?^6 ' natural woods 60i ,46 J Total.... 913,695 • I '«r f the productive Suits in Scotland, Sandy Soil 268,711 t Orav •! 681,869 Improvrd moMy Hoih 411 ,096 Cold or inferior clays 510,«6ft Rich clays 987,070 Loams 1,869,193 Alluvial, haugh or carse land 3^4^0,193 6,043,450 < " ' ' ■ ■ ■ ■■ ■ jicret under the dijjftrt^nt Cropx, or in Fallow, Acr***, Grass, (in bay and pastnre) S,48i),7^5 Wheat 140,096 narley 280,193 Onts 1 ,^60,362 Rye.<... 600 ' Beans and peas.............. 1I8,0<;U Potatoes 80,000 Turnips 407,126 Flax 16,500 Falloiv 218,950 Gardens and orchards 32,000 5,043,450 ' - ■ — ——______ Live Stocky and their Produce, Horses 243,489 Cattle 1,047,142 Sheep 2,850,867 Hog« * 500,000 4,641,498 28l ArT^ftmiL, MUieral State- — Coal, Ettent of the great Coal-Held. . .acres 600,000 Annual consuinption l'}2 Ouantify anniTaiUy coiisuined . . . .<, SO. How do the judges administer the laws through tha kingdom ?i^^^, 81. WboVrms the cabinet-conncil, and what are tbeil duties? ^'^^ h Of how many members do the houses of parliament :? y nsist? /' 3f, t.-i 292 APPKHDIX. 3f. S9. Describe the privileges of peers and commoners. :il<$. 93. Describe tlie Kingly ofl|ce, tl|e oa^^i rev^ue, powers, motto, and arms. 2/.2'2, ^A,Z3.2A.Z>^ , - 24. i^liat does the soil of Britain produce }j 3. Sd.'^bat is a sheriff, and what are his duties ? ^y S6. By what instrument and means are cities ana bo- roughs governed ?; SZ . 27. Recapitulate the acres of which the British Em. pire consists, o . 28. How Ao the laws of England, protect the Mbertj of the subject > .5^. . 29. What punishments do the lawai of England inflict! CO, 50. On whose judgment ^oet a juryman give bis ver- dict? -hif^S 51. What is blended* with -the naval power of Britain, as a means of extending her influence ? /X: 52. Specify the number of< peers and persons ottwok^^O, 35. How many acres are there in (Sreat Britain, and bow are they divided ? cP. S4. Describe the duties of the great officers of the crawn.!il<^, 36. What are the peculiar powers of the Havse. of Commons?. Sk, SO- What islands In the Sooth Seaf baye been diicor vered by the English ) /, -^ 37. Describe the Honse of Commons. it^« 38. What Is the latitude of the three capitals o£ the British dominions } d, 39. What powers compose the British governmeni?iii£jt 40. What constitutes a parliament ? ZT- 9 41. From what languages is the English derived ?.f)^ 4S» What enables QttMi Britain to extend its anthnrlty 60. What is the consequence of the monopoly of fanns? 66* 61. What does the rental of the houies amount to in the United Kingdom ? ^/ , jj92. How is the administration of the army directed ? //J\ ^. What is the effect of the colonial system on British commerce ^ 0^ ' ♦ is the 64. What grand total of the popnlation of the British empire ? y^g > 65. What is the furniture in the united kingdom worth? 0-/. He. What is the stock of the British subjects in the co- '^ lonies, &cr. worth ? ^^ ' ^1, How many towns tontain fre i 14,000 to 16,000 inhabitants? 6a , 68. What pfoporti«»n of the population of England is engaged in trade and in^agriculture? _j /• /^ * - 69. What are the cattle and farminjfstock of the king, dom worth ? ^Z> 70. What is meant by national stock ? ^'^ ' i ^ 71. What are the ranks of officers of the navy ? ^^y ' 72. How many ships belong to the government }/o^ ' 73. What is the sinking-fund, and what ha* it done ? i"'^ ' 74. What is the produce of the merchant's vesscU ? '/^ , 204 APnSNDIX. 75. How are luppHes raised for the (government at* penses?^^'. 76. How much gold, liWer, and jewels, are there itt tbe United Kingdom ? ^* 77. What are tbe exports of the Icingdom ? t02* • 78. Specify tbe nnmber of houses in the two islands. 03^ 79. Of how many ships consist the royal navy ? tOJ^< ^80. What is deposited in a million of shops and ware- houses, and what is it worth ? y-i* "^81. State the different kinds of stock. SZ 82. What is the number of the poor, and how much does it cost to maintain them} 66- 88. Who directs the army, and who the navy "i^f^^ ''''■'' 84. What is the value of the houses in both :sland8?^/ 85. Describe the commerce of the Empire. 06, ,86. What is the number of our Holdier^ and sailors }fi>6, 87. What does government raise annually by direct taxation? ^c, 88. What is meant by stock beinf;^ at par ? 3-^ 89. What is the value of all the clothing and miscella- neous articles "i '>4 ON CHAPTKR V. 90. What portion of the population are seceders from the chuNh? t$0 ^ 01. What has led to dissention in Ireland ? /iO' 92. For what purposes are the kingdoms divided^nt* tarishrs? //j> ^ *^ , 93. How many bishops and archdeacons are there }^f0.f'"i. 94. Uow many Universities are there iii the British Mands?/^^ /J J /J A 95. Name the principal dissenters. /-^JJ* 96. Which is the most anci»»nf University in Europe ? h^- 97. What were Locke, Mead, Hume, and Arne ? '- .'^', ^^98. Mention the principal British poets. /3Jl>- 99. What are the physir.1l advantages of tbe British islands on account of bein^ surrounded by the sea ? .y'" 100. Mention tbe colleges and halls »t Oxford. /3i, 101. Of what standing must be a Doctor of Divinifvf^'^'iii 102. Who have been the greatest English philoiopljerfl and pal nters ? ^40' t/,^ . (• 103. 1 104. \ T05. ^ are atta( 106. 1 107. VI seer? /^ 103. I 109. \ J 10. T educ - 117. What is the annual average height of the thermo- meter in Great Britain ? fM^^ / , 118. What canals are there in Ireland ? foO - ■ 1^9. What are Uie Minds of antiquities found in the British islands ? t6y» 120. What has civilization effected for Britain ? 1^. What are the characteristics of the Scotch ? f30\ ^22. What are the British islands rich in ? /#lt . 123. MeoUoo the principal lakes in England and Wales, /yj. 124. What remarkable takes place respecting the soil ? H§0 . ' /6^125. Where are salt, black-lead, tin, coal, and coppery/jfrr* (hiefly produced; and what of the mineral waters? 7^5,//^ 126. What are the English famous for ? />^- 187. What arethe British and the Catholic antiquities? ^At, 296 APPENDIX. 128. What are the general internal ionprovements of the United Kingdom ? /^o/6/. . 139. How do we distinguish the remains of antiquity ?//; ISO. Which are the principal hills in England }/jr/. . LSI. Which are the hottest, and which the coldcHt months of the year | and where does the mercury be- come solid ? Utp, ISS. What has lowered the national character ?/^^'' J33. What have you to remark of the winds } /a^, ON CHAPTER VII. to End of MIDLAND CIRCUIT. 134. Which is the most distant from London ; York, Chester, Manchester, Hull, or Leeds } ZO^ 135. What are the peculiar trades of Sheffield, Mitii< Chester, Birmingham, and l^tA%}Z/^\ 2Z9. J4o f>'^' 136. Are Lancashire, Westmoreland, and Cumber- land, larger than Yorkshire? c^^TT 137. Mention the seven kingdoms of the Saxon hep- tarchy ? /sy./jSf 138. In which Roman division were Durham, Wai^ wiokshire, and Sussex ? /^3 , 139. Which is the most northern of the English coun- !ies? /Q/. -f- 140. For what purposes has every county a sheriff, a lord-lieutenant, and justices ? /Jif * 141. How many members does Northumberland send to parliament ? /as . y 142. For what is Westmoreland famoas ? Zoo. 149. For what is Yorkshire famous ? »'S 144. l)f. what do the manufactures of Lancashire con- list? il/. ^. .145. What occasions the great rains in Lancashire T^^^' 'M46.Wnatare the peculiar characteristics of Liver- pool ? $zx, . 147. For what is Cheshire famous ?Jf 4;^ » 148.CWhat are the characteristics of the three Ridings •f Yorkshire ? J?>^ . M9. What do towns consist of ? /cfj^ ' 150. Who divided the kingdom into counties } 1^1 I J51. n42. in the ( 153. 154. in the c 155. ( 156. '^58. 169. 160. 161. veyed a 163. cuit? ^ 163. 1 eounty ? *n64. 1 165. 1 and Nor 166. Wortest -467. Stafford! 168. !69. : parliam '^70. Ross ? . 171, and flou 172. dence, ; 173. Worcest 174. Colne ? QUESTIOKS. 997 ittTk coil' CiP J51. What ii NewcaMie fumoilt^for ? ^9^' MdS. How manjT iiihnbitantii are there to a square mil* in the counties of the Northern Circuit ? /p/, 153. For what is Warwickshire celebrated? HAt^ , 154. How many inhabitants are there to a square mila in the counties of the Midland Circuit ? 2.z^< ^f9» 96r. aif . 170. Which iv the most distant from London : Litch- field, Worcester, Hereford, or Yarmouth ? r/^StMfUQ- 177. Which county of the NorfollL Circuft cc^'ta«i the greatest number of parishes? ^c. 178. What cities are there in the Norfolk Circuit ^%7f> 'lSi\ 179. How many members does Buckinghamshire re- turn to parliament? 1Q3' 160. k) what countfes are Wobnrn, Wantage, Wood-^*'-' joj itock, Kidderminster, and Stoney Stratford ?2^.2>^9-2V^?' ' '^81. Which if the most populous county in the Oxford Circuit? A 197 orasi 198, euit? SCO. 201. ing-hoi 208. 80S. George 804. henge, 1 ,t05. week it 206. in and t 207. I London, hicle?Jl 808. "i only, in] 209. ] the town i210. I ^11. \ Sussex ? 812. ^ New Foi 213. f laised ?J 214. I 215. y 4?16. F ^17. "S lfnd?J/ ; 218. i 219. 1 220. 981. ^228. V QUEfTIONS. 299 197. What ii the population of Loodon^^in the itonef, or ai a compact town f 'i*^' 198. Why Is not London included in the Home Cir- euit? J/^ ^\99. What part of London is iti sea-port P^/t'- 200. What doti Waterloo-bridge afford ? 801. How many houiei, chorchei, cbapela, and meet- ing;-houset, are there in liondon ? Saj^.' S02. What towniare united at Portsmouth ?<'5^ SOS. What tea-port was the summer resort of King GcoTfie UW 9cp ' 904. Where are the Tale of Taunton, Exmoor, Stone- henge, the Sound, and Salisbury Plain i^'<^"yM^x,j.s^-^„ ^ x05. How many sacici of flour are consumed ewtrj week in London ? 3j2^ > 206. How many tfne-horse chaises and carts are kept in and near London ?JJ/. 807. How many pertoni come and go, to and ftrom London, every 84 houn , at the rate of four to every ve- hicle ?AS«. 808. What will it cost a family of 18 persons for bread only, in Lond«n, in 1818 ? 809. How are the houses of London distributed through the town ?J4^. iSlO. In what part of London is the city sitoated }3Z3^^ • >8il. What famous sea-bathing place is situated in Sussex ? -ia^. * 818. Where are Epsom, Chatham, Fevensey Level, tkt New Forest, and the Mendip Hi\\ai9/JZ.302.Ja^.sJd,Sj^^. 813. For what was Sllbury Hill, near Marlborough, tJi\sed}343' 814. For what is Bath famous ?^^' 815. Where is cyder the common oeverage Pi^^^' / v^ie. For What was St. MichaePs Mount famous ?J^. '217. What cathedral has the most lofty spire in Sng. lfnd?J>{J2. 818. What was the design of Stoneheuee?^/'^. ^819. Who built Winchester-castle F^i?^- I 880. What did Westminster-bridge cost building IL3^. 921. What grand bridge hat lately been coRstract«i M^/. i822. What gives feature and beauty to MiddliMi t^ >X '^rf. 300 APPENDIX, 823. For what was the cathedral of Canterbury (a 224. What is peculiar to Dover ?.3.i?,?. 225. Where are the rivers Lea, Dart, Kennett, and Wole ?-e^ 838. Which is the largest of the Welsh counties ?d>/. 839. Who subdued Wales, and who was the first £n^< lish Prince of Wales IS^S. 240. Which is the most populous of the Welsh coun- ties ?J;>^. '*^41. In what do the natural characteristics ofWaler differ from England }3^^. 242. What are the remarkably rich valet in Wales K'?^^ 843. Which are the fashionable waterlng-place» in Wales ?i^^J'S^3 844. In what county lies the highest of the Welih mountains ?3^^' S45. What flourlihlog nanvfactaring district is tbers In North Wales ?3^»29. .[ 846. I Wales? ''547. \ in South 848. f square m 249. V 250. V 251. H in Wale^ 858. W IOOU8 for ^53. W JVales?.3 ^*854. W 855. W of Wales! 856. W I' 857. W 858. Bi Scotland ? "^59. W 860. W 861. W 868. W in ScotlanI 863. w and EnglJ ^64. 865. w w 866. Fc 86 . w quantity?! 268. FJ 869. W| 870. wl Scotland i -t- 1 I QUESTIONS. 301 846. How, onBDj counties and circuit! are there in IJalcs? tSj^.3&* ' 249. Where is the largest copper-mine in the world }3^3 S50. Where is the rendezvous of the Irish packets iSp^S 251. How many bishopricks and inhabitaius are thei^ ^in Wale??j49 3^^' 252. What U Cader Idris, and what in Swansea fa- mous for }3p'/XSt^dt 4(&53. What is the jjresent language of many counties in Wales ?a^. ^ „„^ **254. Where are Grongar Hill and Tenhy }3S^ '3^S. 255. What are the length, breadth, and area, io acres, of Wales ?^»5. 256. Where is the finest harbour in the world }3^S. CHAPTER IX. SCOTLAND. S57. What are tTie general divisions of Scotland t^^S". 258. By what provisions are all children educated in Scotland \9^^ "^59. What are the great and small rivers of Scotland \3^3> 260. What is the fault in Scotish juries \(^pO' 261. What is Edinburgh, and how far from Ijondon ?>;(?/« 262. What is the heignt of the five highest mountains in Scotland ?J^;4« 263. What wer^ tiiie terms of the anion of Scotland and England \3SC> -• ^64. Wiiat are the charactarlstics of Glasgow }AOZ' 265. What is the slimuluipf Scotish literature ?Jj^^' 266. For what is Perth an'Q Dundee nuted }M03* 26". What is the area of Scotland, and its voductive quantity ? 3^^' 268. For what are the Highlanders remarkable?^-?' ^ 269. What are the articles of export from Scotland ?>^^^. 210. What public benefit arises from the poverty of Scotland ?5<$S^. 8 c 902 APPENDIX. the old citjT and new 271. Wjiat are ihe ports of Edinburgh and Glasgow Uo^ '2V2. Which are the three most populous, and the three'''^^ iiexf populous of the Scotish counties ?SOp,X<^^» 213. How happened £ngland and Gotland to be united under one sovereign? J ^^it* '274, What \» there peculiar in town of Ed i n bu rgh ? >^^/, 275. Why was Thomson not strictly and properly a Scotchman ?j7y/. ^^, 216. What IS the population of Scotland iS(ft« 278. What invention was ascribed to a Scotchman ?4;g/' 279. Of what do the natural curiosities of Scotland consist ?'^<^^, 280. What are the extent and boundaries of the Uigli!* lands? 3^^. V CHAPTERS X. and XI. IRELAND AND ISLANDS. 281. What was the eause of the bogs in Ireland }^^^ ^82. How is the goTernment of Ireland administered' ?'^//V > 287. Describe the dimensions and population of the Norman Islands. i^R^ '^S/j^ >^ ^j 4f^J, 288. When was Ireland known to the Greeks, and what are the records of the Irish historians }A4f&. *f^9. What are the dimensions, population, and chief towns of the Isle of Man }J^9^., 290. How are the Irish people represented in the united legislature? 4/Jr 291. What are the numbers, names, and population of the Hebrides ?>^i^ ••^ 292. Why does it rain more in Ireland than else- where ?>{,//, ^^^ 293. Irately t ^94. 7595. 296. betweei the Shei 297r. , English 298. of the 299. Irivh }>i SQO. ' land i^, '^01. ^ 302. 1 Ireland i 303. 1 304. \ effects?^ 305. f "^07. mnica? 308. 'JOP. from?-^^ 310. 311. tia, and [I2. '313. staple ar 314. V land }a6 QUESTIONS. 303 S93. W4iat are the name? and positioni of (he iilaiids ilately taken from the Danes ? V^^ r. .894. What is a great diiiad vantage to Ireland }^S2- ^595. W.,at are the ecclesiastical divisions of Ireland P-^^*^ 296. What is the difference of latitude and longitude between London and Edinburgh, Dublin, Jerse)', and the Shetland Islands?-' ' ' 291^. ^t what periods was Ireland subjugated by the English ?><^. 298. WMiat is the number, population, and chief towns, of the Orkney sand Shetlands? A>^^"<'^^' 299. What are the state and language of the common Irivh ?>^/A 800. What are the size, area, and population of Ire* land?/^/^ '^01. What is the Giant's Causeway, its size, &c.?^i«5. 302. What are the names of the rivers and lakes of Ireland ?>^/J2. 303. What are the chief towns of Ireland 'i/,IA. 304. What is the religion of Ireland, and what are iti effects? 4/(5'. SOS. What are the staple manufactures of Ireland }Alf, CHAPTERS XII. and XIII. AMERICA AND WEST INDIES. .306. What was the Arstland discovered by Columbus ?-c^\r "SOT. What are the dimensions and population of J;t- mnica? AOJ^.A^O. 308. How are the winters in Canada ?><.50. '309. What do the Caribbce Islnnd;^ take their name from} 4^ 6, 310. Whatare the objects of colonization ?-4iPA 311. What is the trade of New Brunswick, Nova Sco- tia, and Newfoundland P^J-'^-^-. 4«^5^^34<^3. 314. What is the object of settlement in Newfound- land }a6^^ 304 ^ APPENDIX. 315. Describe Canada, Quebec, Nova-Scotia, Hali- fax, and Newfoundland, and say which are provinces, which islands, and which iown8,/,/,ip, ^SS.ASS-^ii^'A^]^, SI 6. How many were the annual victims of the infer* nal slave-trade ?>^c^/<. i^^^ 317. What are the length, bre^j^th, and population of the British Caribbees ? >t/'^. ««^«- ^ S18. What is (he population of the Canadas, MFhat ii \/^S(P £^P^ Breton, and what doeM Newfoundland furnish P'A^rp. I i>^73l9. Describe the population and climate of Jamaicn««y;>^ 320. Which was the first land discovered by the English ' ' in America ?^^# 321. Why do Nova-Scotia and the Canadas continue under the British government ?XrA 3- S22. What distance are the Caribbees from England }4pif.\ 323. What are^he names and extent of the British co« lonies of the coiOTof South America? ^S. 'rS24. What is the extent of British territory In Aine* rica i^4S: - 325. Describe the West Indies. ^ oo. « 326. What do the West India islands furnish to Euro* peans, particularly to the British ? -4cP^. 327. What is the condition of the native Americans f>V/ri^ i 328. What divides the British dominions from the United States ?>^>Cd'« .329. Name the English Islands. >6>^- . rSSO. Describe the Bermudas and Bahamas./rrjl A,6fi- 331. What does the soil of Jamaica produce ?>4^'^'^ 332. Into what is Canada divided, and what does Nova-Scotia produce ? /»^^, /,s-S' ^$% What course do ships sail, in ening to, and com- ing from, the West Indies? A'/y . ^. SS^. What is remarkable of (he St. Lawrence ?>4^' 335. When and how did Canada come into possessioB of^he English? Jt^y . ~^36. Describe the varieties of heat in Jamaica ?>;r>/'^^^' I 337. What is the empire of Hayti ? Mi>" /y ' 338. What do the great Lakes separate ?^ ^^' ^^' 339. What was the first land discovered by CoIumbuiM 340. What are the exports from the Canadas, and what is a singular feature of the country i AP* j ^/b*- u?41. m2. 343. and his 344. Contine 345. \ ' 346. 1 347. 1 greatues "^48. ) lute for 1 349. 1 its popul 350. \ British d 351. ^ Hope? 352. y in India! iS53. y '*S54. V imported 355. S S»ire? ' 356. I 357. i 358. i .359. \ -t 360. V 36K I 362. M 363. I 364. \ Hindoos X.365. » ^ 366. ^ and the S 367. T 368. BatavlaJ nces, infer- lon of hat ii ?>*<»;>. Dglish ntinue land \a:iI ish co- Aine« Euro- »in the It does id com* QUESTIONS. 305 ^?41 . What kind of regions are Labrador ? ^A$^' ^42. W4iat are the settlements in HudioD*s Bay ?4 6z - 343. What name do the Hindoos give to the Deity, and his three chief attributes ?(^/<^. 344. What is the true policy of Britain relative tc Continental India ? mf^*i40^ SZA 345. Which are the chief Spice Islands }S30. ' 346. For what is Vatette distinguished ? <^<^^' ' 347. To what is the English nation indebted for its I[reatues8, power, and importance ^cTiT*^ ^^48. Wiiere is the Bread-fruit-tree used as a substi* tute for rice ? S2A 349. How large is the Island of Booabay, and what is its population ? S(_^ 350. What are the names, size, and population of the British dominions in the Ganges? SOJ^ 351. What is the public value of the Cape of Good Hope? 352. What military establishment do the British keep in India? S^/^. k353. What is the character of a part of the Hindoos fS^

ire? ' 356. For what is Madeira famous ? ^ 357. For what is Gibraltar famous ? 6 ^ 7 358. For what is New South Wales distinjraiahed ? .359. What is the present African trade ?/4 6 4^ 't^S60. What are the objects of Bencoolen and Penang^ ,^ 36K For what is Ceylon famous! SZ i, ' 362. What are the dependoLcies of Madras \ S ^ 1 • ' 363. How are the Hindoos divided ? <> /^ . 364. What are the names of the chief casts of the Hindoos! S^O ^ i.365. What are the five great powers of India? 6^^.. 366. Where and what are Sitrra Leone, the Mauritins> and the Sircars ? SJS ^ ^ ? S^/ 367. What are the manufactures of India ? 5 / ^ 36&. Xbat is the population of Calcutta. Cape Towa, Batavla, and Bombay? 5 /iW<^ 3 5/ 6/(P 2q ^ C 806 APPENDIX. 36d. Wlvit are the moral duties of Britain to deierf« the protection of Providence ? J)0 ^P 370. In which climates liie the Colonies of En|;1and ? S4 '^ 371. What Is it in the power of Britons to do by their / eiample. &c. ? 378. Where does the tallipot grcwr? S9^ ' 373. In what consists the commercrof Bengal, Ceylon, ^ncoolen, and Banda? ^ ^j ^ Slf,-^ ^^ MAP OF THE BRITISH ISLANDS. S74. By the scale and compasses, what are the length of Great Britain and Ireland, the greatest breadth of Ireland, and thfe greatest and least breadth of Great Britain ? STii. What are the highest arid lowest latitudes o! Great Britain ? v 376. What are the length and greatest and least breadth of the Irish Channel? 377. How many miles is it round Great Britain, taken roast wiiie? 378. How many milr* is it round Ireland, measured by (he compasses, coaitwise? *3?9. How many miles oreMved by a canal from Lon* don to lAverpool, instead of going by sea? 380. By the tnrnpike-road it is 126 miles from London to Derby. How much is lost by itt windings? 381. By theturnpike'road it is 876 miles to Newcastle. How much is lost by the winding of the road ? 382. Allowing in the preceding proportions, how many nuiles is it, road«ways, from York to Yarmouth, Exeter, Swansea, Gla^ow, and Aberdeen ? MAP OF ENGLAND. 383. In what direction do Hampshire, Norfolk, York* . thire, and Cornwall, He from Glouceslershirr? "'384. How fkr is it from Exeter to the county-towns in the ^Norfolk Circuit? 385. How maify milet do tl» Judges trayd on the Western Ciffcuil I 1 I m- QUESTIONS 965. How many on the Oxford Circuit ? 387. How manjr on the Norfolk Circuit? 388. How many on the Home Circuit ? Sf 9. How many on the Midland Circuit i How many on the Northern Circuit t 307 CAt.— In the preveding questions the Judges era supposed to set out froni London; and the geographic distance, that is to sajr, as the bird flies, maj be compared with the real distance of the roads, by tlie proportioM which the road distance from London to any of the towns, bears !• the geographical distance. 891. Specify the latitude and longitude of Truro, Newcaitle, Norwich, Chester, York, and Oxford. MAP OF SCOTLAND. 398. Determine the distance firom Edinburgh to Glas- fow, Aberdeen, Inverness, and Kirkwall. 893. Determine the distance and bearing from Dnnde» to Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen, Berwick, Inyernefrs, and Perth. 394. Ascertain the latitude and longitude of the most Northern and Southern, and Eastern and Western partr of Scotland. 395. Determine the length and breadth of the four lanest of the Western Islands. ' 396. How much Is ciived in the voyage of a ihip by a canal from Edinburgh ^o Glasgow ? MAP OF IRELAND. 397. What are tlie lengths and breadths of the four principal lakes? 398. Point out the Shannon, the port of Dublin, the port of Cork, the port of Belfast, the port of Gal way, and Waterford. 399. What are the distance and bearing from Dublin to Limerick, Cork, Londonderry, and Sligo? ^v 400. What are the latitude and longitude of the ei« ointi of Ireland } 308 APPENDIX. MAP OF BRITISH AMERICA. 401. What are the bearing and distance from Quebee to the Falls of Niagara, Halifax, and Fort Churchill? 402. What are the length and breadth of Britith Ame- rica? ^^^403. What is the length of a voyage from Quebec to Halifax? 404. What are the length and breadth of each of the five Lakes? MAP OF THE WEST INDIES. 405. How many miles is it from Jamaica to Barba- does? 406. What is the length and breadth of the Caribbean Sea? 407. What is the length of the bow of the Carribee Islands ? I" 408. What are the distance and bearing of Guadaloupe, Girenada, Antigua, and St. Domingo ? 409. Whatare the length and breadth of Cuba, Hispzr niola, and Jamaica ? MAP OF HINDOOSTAN. 410. What is the distance from the mouth of the Ganges to Patna, Benares, Calcutta, and Rossa ? 411. What is the distance by land and by water from Calcutta to Bombay? 413. What are the bearing and distance from Seringa- patam to Cape Comorin, Bombay, Madras, Calcutta^ Cambay, and Goa ? , . 413. What are the re:agth and breadth, and middle la- titude and longitude of Ceylon ? 41 4. What are the extreme latitude and longitude of Hindocstan? 415. What are the lengths i? it* the rivers Ganges and Indus ? H. B. For the use ofTutors, Answers to all these Qutstioas ue printed in the Volume of the Tutor's Key. THE END. ELEMENTARY SGH^OL- BOOKS. Constituting a Practical Course of USEFUL AND LIBERAL EDUCATION, RECENTLY PUBLISHED BY SIR RICHARD PHILLIP S and Co. LONDON, AND ON SALE AT THE SHOPS OF ALL BOOKSELLERS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND THE COLONIES ; WITH THE FULLEST ALLOWANCE EVER MADE ON GENUINE EDITIONS OF ESTEEMED BOOKS. The established reputation and approved plans of the after-mentioned works render unnecessary any statement of their, claims to general adoption. 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In two thick volumes, foolscap 8vo. with mimerous Engravings, price l4s. half-bound. N. B. This Work is chieflv compiled from the tncient Chronicles, and_ from^ detached pleres of Modern History, and artbrds curious and distinct views of the most remarkable Characters, Incidents, and particular Everitr, from the earliest Annals of ihc tiiree Kingdoms, to the erfd of the reign of George the Third. Th^ following enumeration of the Contents of this Work will prove that it is one of the most entertaining and delightful Works in the whole compass of English Literature, VOL. I. First Epoch, relating to England. — Trqjana, Srutm — Lear — Cordelia—" Ferrex and Porrex — Mulmucins, the first crowned King of Britain — Belinus and Brennus, conquerors of Rome — King Lud. Second Epoch. — Romans. First Invasion of Britain by the Romans — Second ditto— Cassibellane—^ Cimbeline* — Guideiius — Aruiragus — Caractacus — Boadicea — Marrus — Col- lias, or Coil — Lucius — Carasius — Asdepiodotus — Constantius — Octavins— Maximus— Gratianus. Third Epoch.— 'Saxons, Vortigern — Aurelius Ambrosias — Uter Pendragon-^Arthar-^Oiistantine — Malgo— Cauticu^, PaTTt II. — Romantic Incidenis — First Epoch, Conversion of Ethelbert, and the Establishment of Christianity in Eng- land — Egbert, the first King of England — Alfred the Great — St. Dnnstan — Canute the Great — Edward the Confessor — Lady Godiva — Harold, the last of the Saxons— William the Conqueror — William Rufns, an Anecdote — > Henry I ; the first Great Charter uf English Libert] ^^Qneen Matilda- Shipwreck of the Enijlish Prince-Royal — Henry IL — Thomas-a-fiecket — Fair Rosamond — Drah of Henry H. — Richard Coeut de Lion — The Immo- lation of the Jews — '1 he Crusad«s — John— Death of Prince Arthur — 1 he King resigns his Crown to the Pope — Signing of Magna Charta — Henry IIL the Protector Pembroke — The Earl of Leicestei — The Barons' War — Ori- fin of the House of Commons — Edward I. — The Conquest of Wales — I he reience tu the Crown of Scotland — The Prince of Wales imprisoned— The Commission of Trail-Baron — Edward H. — Isabella and Mortimer- Edward III. — Siege of Calais — Battle of Poiuiers— Richard II. — WatC^ Tyler — Dethronement cf the King — Henry IV. — Henry V. Authentic Epoch, Wars of York and Lancaster — Henr/ VI. — rhe Maid of Orleans — The Civic War — Edward IV.— (ineen Ma/garet and the Robber— The Confeder- acy bttween Queen Margaret and the Eatl of Warwick— Richard III.—* 12 Elementary BoJiks. Murder of Edward VI. and his Brother — Pjctensions of Henry VII. to the Crown — Henry VII. — Pcrkin Warbec — ^The Discovery of America — Hcnrf VIII, — Rise of Cariilnal Woisey — The Suftblk Insurrection quelled — Di- vorce of Que- Catherine — Fail of Cardinal Wolsey — Anne Bolleya — Prudence ok • en Catherine Parr — The Dissolution of Monasteries — Edward VI. — 7 :j -Lady Jane Gray — Persecution for Religious Opinions — Qtieen EKzaoeth — Execution of Mary Queen of Scots — Earl of Essex — Death of Queen Elizabeth. SCOTLAND.— Fabulous Epoch* Origin of the Scots— Settlement of the Picts — Fergus I. — Fentharis — Doruadille — Retuher — Origin of the Monuments, Weights, and Measures of the Scots — Origin of the Druids — Gillus— Edrus. VOL. II. Second Epoch qf the Scots and Picts, Transactions of the Romans — Agricola — Gald — Mogalc — Argadus-^Do- nald, the first Christian King of the Scots — Natholocus — Findocke— Donald —War for a Hound — Caramius — Persecution of the Christians) and Rise of the Culdees in Scotland — Fincomarke — Engenius. Third Epoch of the Scots and Picts. Abolition of the Pictish Kingdom — Restoration of the Scottish Monarchy^ — Eiigenins II.— Dougard — Trial of Exigcnius VII. for Murder— Fergus' III. — Achaius's League — Alpin — Kenneth ; the End of the Pictish Kingdon< —Gregory the Great — The Sickness and Death of King Duff— Origin of the Noble Family of Errol — Revenge of Fanella — Macbeth — Malcolm Canmore; Change of Manners in Scotland — William the Lion — The Cle- mency of William — Alexander III. — First Interview of Bruce and Wallace — 1 he Prince-royal starved to Death by his Uncle — James I. of Scotland — Murder of the Douglasses — James III. ; or, the Frairiciile — James IV.— James V. — Mary — Murder of David Rizzio — Death of Darnley — ^The Re- gent Murray — James VI. — Traditional Anecdote — Gowry's Conspiracy. IRELAND. — Origin of the Irish — Conversion of the Irish to Chris- tianity — St. Patrick — Conquest of Ireland by the English — Henry II.— Richard, Earl Strongbow, the first Deputy, or Lord-lieutenant — John, the Irish Chieftain, personally insulted — John De Courccy — Lady Alice Kettle accused of Witchcraft— Bruce's Expedition to Ireland. GREAT BRITAIN.— James I. j History of the Gunpowder Plot— Death of Sir Walter Raleigh— Charles I. j The Sacrifice of the Earl of Straflbrd — Origin of the Name of Roundheads — ^Trial of Charles 1.— Execution of Ditto— The Commonwealth; The Abolition of the Monarchy— Adventures of Charles II. after the Battle of Worcester — Oliver Cromwell — Restora- tion of Charles II. — The Plague and iire of London — Revolution in i688— The Interregnum — The Massacre in Glencoe — Siege of Londonderry- Anne ; Battle of Blenheim — Dr. Sacheverel— The South-Sea Bubble— I'or- teus's Mob at Edinburgh — Rebellion in 174s — Battle of Falkirk-moor— Retreat to Cuiloden— Battle of Cullcden —Escape of Prince Charles Ed- ward| the Pietcndei— Flora M'Donald- Adventures after parting with Religion and Morals, 13 Ditto — Execution of Earl Kilmarnock and Lord Balmeriro — Final History of the Stuarts — Execution of Admiral 15yng — George III. ; Wilkes's Affair — Lord (Jcorge Gordon's Riot — Earl of Bute — Birth of the Prince of Wales, now George IV.— The Percquiers' Petition — Marriage of Princess Matilda — Death of the' Queen of Denmark — Archiepiscopal Levities — The King and the Prince — Independence of America— Peter Pindar — Margaret Ni- cholson's Attempt to assassinate his Majesty — Duel between the Duke of York and Col. Lenox — Birth-day Hall, 1789 — Attack by the Mob, 1795 — Eton Boys — Mr. West and the King — ^The King's Literary Acquirements — Hi» Mental Dc-rangemcnt — Piety of the King — Conclusion. XXVII. FIVE HUNDRED QUESTIONS, deduced from Gold- smith's History of England, calculated to instruct Young Persons in the Causes, Consequences, and Details of the Events in English History. By James Adair, Is. N. B. The preceding Course of History wii able every Preceptor to render that important study a regular part ot a system of Education; and« till the appearance of those Works, a knowledge of History could he acquired only in a vagtie manner, by desultory reading in an advanced age. In truth, the Interrogative System, by ^iestiotis-without-Answers^ bas been applied to no branch of knowledge with happier eti'ect ihaii to the scholastic study of History. Eeligion atiD 90oral0- *" XXVIII. ^ FIVE HUNDRED QUESTIONS (withmt Answers) on the Books, Facts, and general Doctrines, of the OLD TESTAMENT ; being the only means ever devised, by -which the contents of that sacred Volume can be brought into contact with the intellectual powers of very young persons. By the Rev. S. Barrow. Price Is. with 13 as 12. XXIX. FIVE HUNDRED QUESTIONS (witliout Answers) on the various Books, Facts, and leading Doctrines, of the NEW TESTAMENT; being the only means ever devised for teaching Young Persons the Elementary Principles of the Christian Religion. By the Rev. S. Barrow Price Is. with 13 as 13. u Eknieniary Books* XXX. A GRAMMAR of SACRED HISTORY, consintinfr pf a guccinct and popular view of all the Facts in the OLD and NEW TESTAMENT; with Questions for exercipe. By Miss RuNDALL^ of Bath; illustrated by maps and other engravings. 4s. XXXI. A GRAMMAR of the CHRISTIAN RELIGION, ex- hibiting the Elements of its Doctrines, Principles, and Practices. By the Rev. J. Nightingale, with 500 Questions. Price 38. 6d. XXXII. SCRIPTURE BIOGRAPHY, consisting of the Lives and Characters of the most Remarkable Personages in the OLD and NEW TESTAMENTS, from Adam to St. Paul. By the Rev. John Watkins, LL. D. : with 35 engravings, price Is, XXXIII. The RELIGIONS and RELIGIOUS CEREMONIES of all NATIONvS, accurately and impartially described : in- cluding Christians, Mahometans, Jews, Brahmins, and Pagans, of all Sects and Denominations ; with numerous engravings. By the Rev. J. Nightingale. 10s. 6d. bound in red and lettered. — Royal paper, 158. boards. XXXIV. FIFTY-TWO SERMONS, for Schools and Familiei. one for every Sunday in the Year $ abridged from the most approved classical Sermons of the most eminent Divines. By the Rev. S. Barrow. 7t. bound. Mkronomy. XXXV. u A THEOLOGICAL, BIBLICAL, and ECCLESIAS- TICAL DICTIONARY, being a complete bod? of Divi- nity, and a general Note-Book to the Bible; illustrative of all Facts and Doctrines in the Sacred Scriptures. By the Rev. J. Robinson, D. D. 28s. boards. N. B. The eight latt-mentioned Works form the completest ind molt efficient series of Religious Instruction ever tubmitted to the world. They contain every thing essential, and nothing tedious, mysterious, or super- fluous. Their worth has been acknowledged equall;|r by Bishops of the Establishment and by Heads of Dissenting Denominations, and they have, by general consent, been introduced into every variety of Schools, and some of them have been adopted in the Universities of the Uuited King" dom, while the whole arc calculated for primary Sunday and other Charitable Establishments. XXXVI. A GRAMMAR of the ELEMENTS of ASTRO- NOMY, the completest Systend in the Language, by means of which that sublime Science may be taught ia Public Schools as part of a Course of Liberal Education. By T. Squire. With forty engravings, 9s. 6d. bound. N.B. This volume, for fullness of information, and the elegance Af its engravings, has no equal in the language. It is, indeed, the only exact elements of Astronomy that has appeared in a moderate bulk. XXXVII. The WONDERS of the HEAVENS, displayed in a Series of Lectures, and in numerous large engravings, serving as a popular companion to Squire*s Elements of Astronomy, and Clarke's Wonders of the World, lOs. 6d. bd. — royal, 15s. N.B. An extensive and long-lived popularity cannot but accompany this very amusing and richly ornamented volume. All the objects of celestial curiosity are beautifully engraved from original drawings, made from actu;.l observation, with superior telescopes ; and the volume is, in consequence, the most beautiful and interesting on this science that evex 1ms been published. c2 10 Elanentari/ Books, ©cneral Science* XXXVllI. The HUNDRED WONDERS of the WORLD, in- chidiog' Wonders of Nature, and Wonders of Art, com- piled from the Transactions and Records of learned So- cieties, and from the Works of the latest Travellers, Na- turalists, and Topographers. By the llcv. C. C. CLAnKR. 10th edit, with many new engravings, los. 6d. bound in red and lettered ; royal paper, 16s. bds. N. B. The sale of ten editions of this volume, and its mere title, render 4iny eulogy on its merits Dnncces&ary. XXXIX. BLAIR'S UNIVERSAL PRECEPTOR; being a General Grammar of Arts, Sciences, and useful Know- ledge. With 600 Questions, forming the most popular and useful School-Book in the Language. 12th Edit. Price 5s. N. B. This has justly been called the Sun of School' Books f and no Work ever published more deservedly merited such a distinction, or has deserved better of the rising generation. Two hundred thousand copies have been sold within a few years. XL. The BOOK of TRADES j or. Library of the Useful Arts, in which every Trade is illustrated with a separate Engraving; and its history, utility, present state, advan- tages, and disadvantages, fully described; with 500 Questions. Price lOs. 6d. bd. N.B. This volume ought to be studied in every school which educates Youth for trade, and is a fit present to Young Persons leaving school, on entering the World. arithmetic ano Q^atftematioat. XLI A Series of MATHEMATICAL TABLES, stereotyped, for the use of Schools and Students, consisting of imma- culate Logarithms, Sines, Tangents, &c. 5s. 6d. N. B. These Tables are of primary consequence in all calculations in the study of Trigonometry, &c». Arithtnetic and Mathematics, 17 XLIL The ARITHMETIC of REAL LIFE and BUSINESS, adapted to the practical Use of School*, including a come plete Reformation of all the Tables of Weiirhts and Mea- sures! the Calculation of Annuities, Leases, Estates, Lives, Stocks, Exchanges, &c. •. B^ the Rev. J« Joycc, price 38* Cd. XLIII. A KEY to DITTO, for the use of Teachers ; to which is subjoined a System of Mental Arithmetic, price 38. 6d. N.E. Thii Arithmetic has superseded every other wherever it has been teen and once used. XLIV. POPULAR ELEMENTS of PURE and MIXED MA- THEMATICS, for the use of Schools, including com- plete courses of Algebra, Euclid, Trigonometry, Conic8« Fluxions, Mensuration, Astronomy, Mechanics, Optics, &c. &c. calculated in a course of education to succeed to the Study of Arithmetic. By Peter NiCHOLtoir, pi'ice 188. N.fi. Every Schoolmaster, and every Student after passing through any system of Arithmetic, will hail the existence of this noble and compre- hrnsive volume. It conducts the Student, who is master of fractions, ^through every branch of mathematics, ahd contains hundreds of examples for exercise, all of Which are answered in a separate Key, for the use of Tutors. This volume has no counterpart or equal in the language, and its production has been the arduons labour of many yeari of a life devoted to Mathematical teaching and study. XLV. The ELEMENTS of LAND-SURVEYING, in all its Branches^ practically adapted for the Use of Schools and Students. Bj Abraham Crocker, Land-surveyor, Price 98. cd 18 Elementary Books. ^ XLVI. ' The BIOGRAPHICAL CLASS-BOOK; or 450 Lives of the most EmineDt Men uf all Nations, from Homer to Arthur Young, designed as Reading Lessons for Schools, for every Day in the Year, on the plan of filair'i admirable Class-Book. By the Rev. J. Goldsmith. 12mo. 78. with 150 portraits. N.B. Notwithstanding the pretensions of various Books in this list are transcendant in their several departments, yet, for various instruction, and the extent and usefulness of its knowledge, the preceding volume has, perl)aps, no equal in the English language. XLVII. THE BRITISH NEPOS, consisting of Select Lives of the Illustrious Britons who have been the most dis- tinguished for their Virtues, Talents, or remarkable Advancement in Life, interspersed with practical Re- flections, for the use of Young Persons. By William Mavor, LL. D. 5s. XLVIIL A SELECTION of the LIVES of PLUTARCH, abridged for the Use of Schools. By WfLLiAM Mavor, LL.D.&c. Price Cs. bound. X XLIX. THE UNIVERSAL, BIOGRAPHICAL, and CHRO- NOLOGICAL DICTIONARY, including Fifteen TlMia- sand Lives of eminent Persons, of all Ages and Nation^ A new and enlarged Edition, corrected to 1821. B/m John Watkins, 25s. Ji^amtal W>Ulo&ovibis^ L. An EASY GRAMMAR of NATURAL and EX- PERIMENTAL PHILOSOPHY, on the Plan of Gold- smith's Grammar of Geography, and Robinson's Gram- mar Book and J Davi O? MIS' mistr series with from board The dious the I'd Watk ES5 cAm By Sir N.B.I detailed I naries, welcom^ to be se jadge. Classical Studies. 19 mar of History, and dcsif^ned as a Practical Elementary Book, to simplify tlic Study of Philosophy in Schools and Lecturc-Uooms, with 500 Questions. By the Rev. David Blair, 68. 6d. t ' LI. ONE THOUSAND EXPERIMENTS in CHE- MISTRY, exhibiting the applications of Modern Che- mistry to all branches of the useful Arts, in a metliodized series of real processes and easy experiments, illustrated with several nundrcd cuts and fine engravings, chiefiy from original drawings; by Colin Mackenzie, Esq. boards. Price 1/. Is. LTI. The PORTABLE CYCLOPyEDIA; or, Compen dious Dictionary of all Arls and Sciences: including the latest Improvcnicnls and Discoveries. B.y C. T. Watkins, A. M. Ifis. LIIL ESSAYS on Ihc proximate MECHANICAL CAUSES of the General Phenomena of the Universe, By Sir R. Phillips. 3s. ()d. ClaiSiaiical ^tutiied^ LIV. iU^RAMMAR of CLASSICAL LITERATURE; be seen to command the approbation of every competent and learned 10 Mlementari/ Booh. LV. A COMPLETE DICTIONARY of MUSIC, ex- plaining all the Terms used in the Theory and f ractice of that Science, and serving as an illustration of Music in all its Branches; to which is prefixed, a familiar In- troduction to the first Principles. By Thomas Busby^ Mus. D. 7s. fid. LVI. The ELEMENTS of BOOK-KEEPING, by SINGLE and DOUBLE ENTRY; comprising several Sets of Books, arranged according to present Practice, and de- signed for the Use of Schools. To which is annexed, an Introduction on Merchants* Accounts, with engraved Specimens. By James Morrison, Accountant; Master of the Mercantile Academy at Glasgow. In 8vo. Price 7s. 6d. half-hound. N. B. This Work challenges comparison with every other syitem for •implicity, nerfection, and practicability. Blank sets of Books are provided, ruled faint and red, to as to correspond with the separate Books of the system, and save much trouble to the Tutor, LVIL UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY; or, si Complete and Practical System of Short-hand ; being that which is ' chiefly used in the Courts of Law and Houses of Par- liament, and which is taught in the Universities and Public Schools of the United Kingdom. By William Mayor. 7s. 6d. LVIII. A GRAMMAR of MEDICINE, being a popular and familiar Introduction to the Study of that Science, and to the attainment of Health and long Life, with plates. Gs. bd. !,:. / J POP LiBRAB Fancy King C Bunch, ages at and re\ Engravi InFi writer ai draughti rare, bee masters i The foil hope thtti their me he taugi liberal m The I DrAwin simplest colourei coloure< eminent George N.B. pages c( be had i Draivlng. 21 <> 31ut)cniie amusicment LIX. POPULAR FAIRY TALES; or, A Liliputian Library, containing twenty-six choice Pieces of Fancy and Fiction, by those renowned Personages King Oberon, Queen Mab, Mother Goose, Mother Bunch, Master Puck, and other distinguished Person- ages at the Court of the Fairies. Now first collected and revised by Benjamin Tabart, with 27 coloured Engravings. Price 6s. bound. 9tt of Dratoingi. In France it is as common to learn to draw as to read and write, and even everjj mechanic is a tasteful and accurate draughtsman. In England this accomplishment is more rare, because the means of study have been inaccessible^^ musters being widely scattered, and lessons very expensive. The following Works have therefore been pi'ovided, in the hope that the Study and Practice of Drawing may, by their means, be rendered universal, and that this art may be taught in every Seminary, a* an ordinary branch of liberal and useful Education, LX. The ELEMENTS of DRAWING ; or, the Art of Drawing without a Master ; commencing with the simplest Forms, and ascending to Historical Designs and coloured Landscapes; consisting of threescore plain and coloured Engravings, from Piciures and Subjects of eminent Masters, with explanatory Letter-press. By George Hamilton, Esq. 1/. 7s. half-bound. N. B. EXERCISE-BOOKS, of corresponding sizes, and pages consisting of fine Drawing and Tissue Pai^er, may be had at 5s. neatly half-bound. '33 Elejnentary Books, LXl. ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY EXAMPLES of RURAL SCENERY, calculated to facilitate the prac- tice of Drawing^ Landscapes from Nature. By J. C. Nattes, Esq^ 12s. LXII. ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTY EXAMPLES of ANIMALS of every Species, in various Attitudes, calcu- lated to confer freedom and accuracy of execution in this important branch of Art. By H. B. Chalon, Esq. 10s. 6d. N.B. The two last may be had done up together, under the title of Nattes and Chalon's Examples, at 20s. ; and, for the convenience of Students and Masters, plain £XERCISE>BOOKS for each, of corresponding sizes and pages, made of Fine Drawing-paper, may be had, at 5f. •ach. GIFI Commei abridges dents, a; VORD, Ei for Mid< N.B. T Counrrj is rable voiun hands of y and in the ^ Onthi Crimina iOatutal )^i0tocg« LXIIL The ELEMENTS of NATURAL HISTORY, for the Use of Schools. By William Mavor, LL, D. with 50 Plates, representing 200 of the most curious objects. Price 78. 6d. bound. €nsli»h ^iiW ano Conistltution^ LXIV. The YOUNG BRITON's CATECHISM of Social Bights and Duties. For the Use of Schools. By the Rev. S. Barrow, Author of the Questions on the New Ttitament, the Young Christian's Library, &c. 6d» The As gaages, I in the Int TARY Boo it is to t Children WORDS he bepin IDIOMS teaching student i; compose berated ! system el it is almc be taught tain Wor by xvhich Diitinctic Foreign Languages, 29 LXV. GIFFORD's BLACKSTONE; being Blackstone'i Commentaries on the Laws and Constitution of England, abridged, modernized, and adapted to the use of Stu- dents, and to the Upper Forms of Schools. By J. Gif- voRD, Em^. late one of his Majesty's Justices of the Peace for Middlesex, Surrey, &c. I4s. N. B. The necessity of studying the Laws and Constitution of our own Country is universally acknowledged, yet, till the appearance of this admi- rable volume, no Work existed which could with confidence be pnt into the hands of youth. It has been much adopted in the great Public Schools, and in the various Universities. LXVI. On the POWERS and DUTIES of JURIES, and on the Criminal Laws of England. By Sir Richard Phillipi. 8f . jToteign HanffuageiS* The Abbe Bossut, with a view to facilitate the Study of Lan- guages, has compiled, agreeably to new principles, illustrated in the Introductions to the Works, a series of Simple ElbmbMo TARY Books, divested of Pedantry and Intricafcy, whose objecjt it is to teach Foreign Tongues by th«2 same means by which Children acquire their Vernacular Tongue. He considers "WORDS as the Body, or tangible Substance, of a Language, he begins, therefore, by teaching WORDS j and he considers IDIOMS as the genius and spirit of a Language, therefore, after teaching^ Words, he teaches the Idiomatic Phraseology. The student is thus qualified to translate from the Language, and to compose in it, by means of any Books of Exercises, or any ela- borated systems of Syntax. An Adult may uot only by this system effectually learn a language in half the usual time, but it is almost thb only means by which a Foreign Language can be taught to Children, who have great powers of memory to re- ' tain Words and Phrases, and only small powers of Judgment* by which to comprehend Grammatical Rules and Syntactical Diitinctions. 24 TAementary Hooks. The following (ire the Initiatary Worhs of M. L'Abbe Bo.ssuT, compiled and j^Mished on the Principles above described, ^ LXVII. THE FRENCH WORD-BOOK; or First Step to the French Language, being an £asy Spelling-book, and Vocabulary of three thousand words, by M. L*Abbb BossuT. is. LXVIII. THE FRENCH PHRASE-BOOK; or, Key to French Conversation, containing the Chief Idioms of the French Language, and serving as a Sequel to the French Word-book. By M. L*Abbe Bossut. Is. LXIX. THE FIRST FRENCH & ENGLISH GRAM- MAR, containing every thing essential, and nothing superfluous. By M. L'Abbe Bossut. 2s. Gd. LXX. FRENCH and ENGLISH EXERCISES, with Syntactical Rules and Corresponding Examples, supple- mentary to tlie First French Gr^'mmar. By M. L'Abbe Bossut. 3s. LXXL THE ITAI JAN WORD-BOOK, or First Step to the Italian Language, on the plan of the French Word- book. By M. L'Abbe Bossut. Is. LXXII. - THE ITALIAN PHRASE-BOOK, serving as a Key to Italian Idioms and Conversation. By the same Author. Is. Lxxin. THE LATIN WORD-BOOK, or First Step to the Latin Language. By the Same. Is. Foreitm. . — Schoolmasters* Assistants, 25 'Abbe r above t Step ■book, /Abbe LXXIV. THE LATIN PHRASE-BOOK, or, Colledion off Idioms and Colloquies of the Latia Tongue. By the same. Is. '•. : LXXV. ' I 'ENFANT PRODIGUE, Conte Morale, with Idioms and Phrases, for Exercise in French, 18mo. 3s. iey to oms of to the RAM- o thing I, with supple- L'Abbe Step to Word- g as a le same to the ©cfjoolmasteriai' agiSistam TBoofeg. LXXVI. Tlie SCHOOLMASTER'S REGISTER of the Good and Bad Conduct of his several Pupils for half- 9-ycar ; applicable to Study, Moral Conduct, and Be- j^ayiour. Is. . LXXVII. The GOVERNESS'S REGISTER of the Good and Bad Conductof the several Pupits under Instruction for half-a-y^ar. Both by the Rev. David Blair. Is. LXXVIII. All ESSAY on the INSTRUCTION and AMUSE- MENTS of the BLIND, with Engravings, by means of which the Blind may be taught various Arts and Em- ployments, with ease and certainty. By Dr. Guillie, Director of the Royal Institution for the Blind, at Paris. 8s. LXXIX. Tlie TUTOR'S KEY to Seventeen Sets of Question* contained in the ScLies of Books published on the Plan of the Interrogative System, forming a practical Guide 96 Elementary Books, to that compleie course of useful and liberal Educa-. tion. 58. 6d. % N. B. This Yoluroo perfects the Interrogative System, ^and qualifies Tutors to introduce the whoie of ib sub- jects into their Seminaries, withoui any prcviou:i pre- paration or study. LXXX. TO XCVI. i 1 Blait^g Universal Prec? ptor, f GoJdsmith's British Ge<. ' 14 Morrison'^ Book-Keepinf . 15 Gifford's Blackstone. S6 Robinson's Ancient and Modera History. if Book of Trades. Mther of the 17 Key* separate, at 9df. or It, each. B 8Uh- ir» pre- OTHER BOOKS, OP MISCELLANEOUS CHARACTER AND GENE- HAL UTILITY, RECENTLY PUBLISHED BT SIR RICHARD PHILLIPS and Co. otition. ch. I. .Closely printed, in a thick volume, royal 18mo. price Ids. boards, with a Coloured Cliart^ and a complete general Index, THE CHRONOLOGY OF THE LAST FIFTY YEARS, Constituting a Chronicle of the Times, from 1771 to Dec. 31, 1820, perhaps the most eventful period in the History of the World ; prefaced by an ample general Chronology, from the earliest Records to 1771. N. B. This volume will prove to be one of the most convenient and useful books of reference ever published ; and sooner or later must find its way into every public library, and into the book-case of every private family. The period of fifty years has been chosen, as being the term of an active generation, within which events con- tinue to operate on the affairs of the world, and on the interests of individuals, and during which they are, there- fore, in the highest degree interesting to the reasonings and recollections of contemporaries. ^8 Books reitntly puhlished. 11. In One Yolame, 8vo. price 10s< 6d. HISTORICAL MEMOIRS OP NAPO- *^ LEON, BOOK IX. Written by Himself, with an Appendix of one hundred ftnd four proofs, also by Himself, that the pretended manuscript from St. Helena was not written by Napo- leon; with a large Map of the Battle of Waterloo, coloured, and many large Charts. III. THE SAME WORK, Printed from the original MS. in French, price 12s. IV. Elegantly printed in Post Svo. price 8s. 6d. A MORNING'S WALK FROM LONDON TO KEW, By Sir Richard Phillips. N. B. This work takes a liberal, extended, and intel- lectual view of the state of Society, Opinions, Manners, and Philosophy, as it existed in England in the year 1815 and 1816, and as developed by the contemplation of the various objects of history, antiquity, and industry, in this interesting portion of the valley of the Thames. V. In one volume, 8vo. 14s. boards, WALKS THROUGH IRELAND, By J. B. Trotter, Esq. late Private Secretary to the Rt. Hon. C. J. Fox. N. B. This Work exhibits the most Interesting, Affecting, ^id Eloquent Account of the Domestic State of Ireland, and of the Condition of the Irish People, that has appeared. In one Oft of Mod printed Authori and Co' With! "I^ sier's G " Gi^ I care Lord C The att the cu invite Book YOl Conti perform for ever and the* the ten the use Price I WIL] Conti TOMS ai Propert interest* Books recerUiy publithed. VI. 99 In one thick an4 closely-printed volume, square 12mo, double columns, price 10s. 6d. I a. THE VOCAL LIBRARY Of two thousand Songs, being the largest collection of Modern English, Scottish, and Irish So^fGS, ever printed in a single volume. Selected from the best Authors between the Age of Shakespeare, Johhon, and Cowley, and that of Dibdin, Wolcot, and Moore. With Double Indexes. " I would rather have written Glover's Song of " Ho- sier's Ghost,'' than the Annals of Tacitus.— Sheridan. *' Give me the making of the National Ballads, and I care not who makes the Laws." — William Pitt, Lord Chatham, VILandVIIL The attention of all Persons, in any way connected with the cultivation or management of Land, is particularly invited io the two following superior and very ustful Books, YOUNG'S FARMER'S KALENDAR: Containing Details of the most approved Modes of performing all the Business on various kinds of Farms, for every Month of the Year; intermixed with practical and theoretical Observations. By Arthur Young, Esq. the tenth Edition, revised, corrected, and enlarged, for the use of the Gentleman as well as the practical Farmer. Price lOs. boards, or lis. 6d. bound. WILLIAMS'S FARMER'S LAWYER: Containing the whole of the Law and Local Cus- toms and Usages, in regard to Agricultural Possessions, Properties, and Pursuits ; shewing the relative rights and interests of Landlords and Tenants, their liabilities and so Books recently jfuhlishcd. obligations, privileges and inimnnitics, with prolcctiou against trespasses, and other wrongs. Also the tenures, and local usages, as to the precedents, or forms of letting of lands, in the respective counties ; and approved forms for leases of every description. By Thomas Walter "Williams, £!sq. of the Inner 'J'emple, Barrister-at-law, author of « the Justice of the Peace," &c. &c Price 8s. boards. %* These two Works may he had datie up together , at 2lf. IX. In one vol. Price 4s. bound in red, COXHEAD's READY RECKONER: Being an infallible and immaculate Series of Com- putation and Interest Tables, superior in extent and accuracy to any Book of the kind. To which are added, the Farmer's Assistant in measuring Land at Sight, in estimating Work', in Marketing, Corn, &c. N. B. This volume is stereotyped, and printed and calculated with such care and accuracy, that twenty shillings is offered for the first detection of an error. X. THE CIRCULATING LIBRARY; Consisting of Select and Elegant Novels, in 3 vols. Prrec 18s. half-bound. Vol. I. Contains— GLEN- FELL; or, Macdonalds and Campbells, an EdiiH burgh Tale of the Nineteenth Century. Vol. II. Consists of an Elegant Translation of Ma- dame DE Genlis' New Novel of PETRARCH and LAURA. Vol. III. ANDREW of PADUA, The Improvisi- TORE ; from the Italian of Francisco Furba, and the VINDICTIVE FATHER, from the Spanish of Lean- DRA DB VaLLADURAS. Books recently published. XI. 31 THE PICTURE OF LONDON; Or, GUIDE to the BRITISH METROPOLIS and Us ENVIRONS, for 1821, describing every object of Interest and Curiosity, with Tables of Distances, Streets, Coach Fares, and other useful lists, illustrated by large and superior Maps, and one hundred beautiful engrav- ings, by Greio. Price 9s. 6d. bound. The same useful Work, with the Maps only, 6s. bd, XII. THE GUIDE TO ALL THE WATER- ING AND SEA-BATHING PLACES, FOR 1821; Serving as a necessary Companion to persons making Summer Tours, or visiting any of those interesting places of fashionable resort, illustrated by numerous Maps, and one hundred original Views, drawn and engraved by Greig. Price 16s. bound. XIII. In the Press, and to be published in May, 1821, in two or three closely-printed volumes, in the size and manner of Debret's Peerage, A GRAND BIOGHAPHICAL WORK, Containing interesting Facts and aulhentic Details re- lative to two or three thousand Living Public Men of 1821, in every walk of Life, and in every Country of the civiUzed world ; including Emperors Kings, Princes, Nobility, Legislators, Lawyers Divines, Phyisicians, Men of Genius in Arts and Literature, Generals, Admirals, &c. &c. 3i Books rtcenily published. Early communications are earnestly solicited, ft-ce of postage, of brief but accurate Memoirs and Biographical Notices of all Persons whose Actioos have rendered them objects of public enquiry and curiosity, which shall bo carefully inserted, and proof sheets sent, if desired. XIV. A COMPLETE AND COMPREHENSIVE , DICTIONARY Of TRADE, COMMERCE, 8^ MANUFACTURES, Serving as a Practical Counting-house Companion, and being in itself a useful Practical Library to every Man 6f Business. By Thomas Mortimer, Esq. and revised to the present time. By William Dickenson, Esq. Closely printed in a thick 8vo. 28s. boards. Nv B. Perhaps a more useful, correct, and complete work for the Counting-house, Counter, and Desk, of every Shopkeeper, I'rader, Merchant, and Banker, never was published than this Dictionary. A^ong other useful features, it gives the name of every article of Commerce, in twelve Modern Languages, the New Custom-house Rates, &c. &c. &c. *<,»* A New Edition it in the press of Copperas Topo- graphical Dictionary, which will be revised to the Siting 0^1821. XV. Periodical Miseellanyt established above a Quarter of' a Century* On the first of every Month is published, at 2s. forming a half-yearly Vol. at l6s. half-bound, THE MONTHLY MAGAZINE; Or British Register of Literature, Philosophy, AND History, constituting, junce the epoch of its first Books recently published. 8S publication, the most popular, useful, and extensively circulated Miscellany ofits time ; and read alike through- out the United Kingdom, the Colonies, the various Na- tions of Europe, and the United States of America. The Contents of every Number of the Monthly Maga* zinc are subdivided under the following general heads :— Miscellaneous Communications from Correspon- dents on all Subjects of Literature and 8ci< ence. Biography, and Remains of Eminent Persons* Cornucopia of Anecdotes. Kovelties of Foreign Literature. Original Letters, &c. in the British Museum. Original Poetry. Account of Mew Patents. Proceedings of Learned Societies; Keview of the New Music. Review of the Fine Arts. Literary and Philosophical Intelligence. List of New Books, with a Critical Proemium. Register of the Progress of British Legislation. RepTt of Diseases in London. \ Report of Chemistry, &e. Report of the State of Commerce. List of Bankruptcies and Dividends. Report of the Weather. i Report of Agriculture, &c. Retrospect of Public Affairs. Marriages, Deaths, &c. Biographiana ; or, Westminster Abbey. Domestic Occurrences, classed and arranged in the Geographical order of the Counties. ♦^* Either of the Former Numbers of this Miscellanu, or any Volume to complete Sets, may be had of the Pub' Usher, and of all Booksellers, Postmasters, Newsmen, and other Dealers in Books, Tu regard to a Work so well known as the Monthly Magazine, which is itself tlie best advertisement of every article that appears in its pages, it would be superfluous to enumerate the contents of a particular Number. It will be sufficient to observe, that the several departments are distinguished by the same originality, variety, utility, and living practical character, which have recommended the entire series to the !I4 Sooks recently puhliihedi •teady preference and constantly incrensing patrouage of the Brittik public and the civilised world. No particular stress has ever been laid on the ffffaphical Embellish* irients of a Work which has sought to recommend itself b; the hiiiher pre- tensions of sound public priucipleK, and literary and scientific super* riority ; but no Miscellany of its time has been illustrated with engrav- ings of greater general interest and utility. It may be stated, in a few words, that this Miscellany is adapted to the masculine and mature character of the age; and will always ({ratify tlie Philosopher, who seeks truth and thinks for himself —the Puliticiaa who prefers the welfare of his country to party-predilections— the Mo- ralist, who considers human happiness the end of his studies— the Man of Letters, who seeks variety and originality — and the Student and General Reader, who aspire after living knowledge in all the arts and pursuits of mankind. In the union of these several qualities, the Monthly Magazine challenges comparison with any Work of its time, fo- reign and domestic. Nevertheless, this Miscellany has continued to be sold at the estab« lished Magazine-price of Two Shillings ; an extensive circulation being a primary object to correspondents; while their various com munications and interesting variety and living character to the Work, serving as its life's blood, and tending (as reciprocal cause and effect) still further to extend, and confer stability on its circulation. In the N umber published Feb. 1821, the same Editor meets his readers, correspondents, and the public, with unabated energies, and matured experience, at the cooimencemeni of his 5ist Volume. XVI. GOLDEN RULES FOR JURYMEN, Containing Principles of general Justice, Maxims of Law, and Practices of British Courts, in Civil and Cri- minal Cases, set forth in short paragraphs, for the use of conscientious Jurors in the Jury-box. By Sir Richard Phillips. A sheet, or a small book, Is. XVII. COLDEN RULES FOR ELECT(5rS, Consisting of the Theory of the Representative S}s- tem of Election Laws, and of special Rules for distin- guishing between worthy and unworthy Candidates. Bj biR R. Phillips. A shett, Is. Books recently published. u XVIII. GOLDEN RULES for MAGISTRATES AND SHERIFFS, Developing the Principles of Universal Jurisprudence, the true Operation of English Law, the just Powers of the British Magistracy, and the onerous Duties of She- rifl's of Counties. By Sir R. Phillips. A sheet, Is. 4,^% Public-spirited Persons, of every political party, will, it is to be inferred, unite in giving universal cur- rency to tliesc sheets, as calculated to produce the most solid Reform, by correcting the practices and improving the information of authorities, in whom chiefly reside those executive powers on which depend the happiness or misery of the people. , XIX. JOURNAL of NEW VOYAGES and TRAVELS, pub- lished on the 15th of every month, with plates, at 3s. 6d. each Number, containing some new Work of Voyages -|Or Travels complete ; and constituting in its series the most interesting, popular, and original periodical Work ever published. VOL. I. CONTAINS : . » Fisher's Voyage to Baffin's Bay. Prior's Voyag;e to the Indian Seas. Dupin's Public Establishments of Great Britain. Chateauvieiix's Travels in Italy. ^ , F.orbin's Travels in Greece and the Holy Land. Analyses of Seven New Works. VOL. II. CONTAINS: Count de Forbin'a Travels in Egypt. M*Keevor's Voyage to Hudson's By. Freminville's Voyage to the North Pole* Dumont's Thirty-four Years Slavery in Africa.' Portenger's Shipwreck and Adventures. Burckhardt's Travels in Egypt and Nubia. Prior's Voyage to the Southern and Indian Ocmdi, Cordova's Voyage to the Strait of Magellan, j Waller's Voyage to the West Indifls. Books recently published. VOL. III. CONTAINS : Sansom's Travels in Canada. Cornelius's Travels in Virginia. Mollien's Travels in Africa. Prince Maximilian's Travels in the Brazils. Graham's Travels through Portugal and Spain. Bowririg's Tour in Spain. Castellan's Travels in Italy. Bracl^enridge's Voyage to Buenos Ayres. VOL. IV. CONTAINS : Pertusier's Promenades in and near Constantinople. Gourbillon's Travels in Sicily and to Mount Etna. Sommiere's Travels in Montenegro. . ' Poaqueville's Travels in Northern Greece. Schoolcraft's Tour in Missouri towards the Rocky Moun- tains., Key's Voyage to Cochin- China, Kelsall's Classical Excursion from Rome to Arpino. . VOL. V. CONTAINS : Baron. Von Hallberg's Journey through the North of | Europe and Visit to Madras. Friedlander's Travels through Italy. Montules ditto in Egypt. Letters written during Capt. Parry's late Voyage to the Arctic Ocean, by an Officer. « The first four Volumes contain nearly 180 maps and eiTgraYings, at Sis. each, half-bound, or 3s. 6d. per Number. W. Lewis, Printer, 2i,Fiuch-Lane,Cornhill. # lin. [ntinople. Etna. kocky Moun- o Arpino. • the North of IToyage to the « 10 maps and 3s. 6d. per 'ff ill.