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Lea diagrammas sulvants lllustrant la mtthado. errata d to u le palure. pen A 1 2 3 32X 1 ■■;- 2 3 '■ 4 ■ 5 6 THE EEOEGANIZATION OF THE UNIVEESITY OF OXFORD. BY GOLDWIN SMITH. ^xtoxti anil £ontion: JAMES PAEKER AND CO. 1868. '**t?flg?^*1v^?hJ1^^'?IT-.''"ry^f?-f:t. MtkMtAitMfcMMMM •••» LF-SOtSfe / I:' i ; : t \ 1 I I 7 ; ( K\ /■ 2Etti&mits of (D):forir. T HAVE been for many years engaged, in different capacities, in the reorganization of the University, and have been in constant intercourse with those who took the leading part in the work ; and it has occurred to me that my thoughts upon our present situation, briefly set down, may possibly be of use, if only as an outline of the subject, to some who are now engaged as I have been. My own connection with the Uni- versity having almost ceased, I may be sure at least of speaking in the general interest, not from any sec- tional point of view. I shall assume that, though the promotion of learn- ing and science may be the highest function of the University, its direct function, in the present day, is Education ; and that educational duties ought to be attached to our emoluments. It appears to me that the expenditure of public money in sinecures for the benefit of persons professedly devoted to learning and science has been decisively condemned by expe- rience. What have been the fruits of sinecurism in the case of the Chapters, of the Headships at Oxford, or even at Cambridge where the Heads have been better elected, of the Canonries of Christ Church 9 14 .r -' ^ -2 ■•-hi. OX ||{j|6tfJUMM!Wit|:«initn>.-:3l«l)!><"><««>.'.r.'-rrr.">» THE REORGANIZATION OF unless connected with Professorships ? Have they borne any reasonable proportion to the revenues ex- pended ? I n the i nstances jvhere a sinecure h as be en held by a ^distinguished man, di d he become distin - guished on hissinecure and by reason o f his holding it, or was he distingui shed before his appointmen t to it ? Intellectual labour is not so different from all other kinds of labour as to be stimulated by that by which any other kind of labour would be paralysed. The motives which, in fact, impel men to undergo severe intellectual eflfort, to write books or carry on scientific investigations, are very various and very mixed, being often undistinguishable from the ordi- nary desire of profit and love of distinction, both of which inducements the system of sinecures removes or greatly enfeebles, and seldom soaring so high as the pure desire of truth, which alone will make a man work hard when his income and his position are secure. In like manner, the conditions under which, in the present state of society, literary and scientific men arise, are too various to be artificially created with cer- tainty, or anything approaching to certainty, in a given place. Much of the language held on this subject is in truth anachronistic. We are not living in the Mid- dle Ages, when it might be necessary to draw men at any cost out of a half-barbarous population, engrossed by war, unscientific husbandry, or petty trade, to the only place where intellectual pursuits could be carried on. Modern society has a multitude of callings and positions more or less intellectual, more or less favour- THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. able to the pursuit of literature and science. The high education of all those who are to enter such call- ings and hold such positions is likely to promote learn- ing and advance science much more than the books occasionally written by the holders of sinecure prefer- ment. It is easy to exaggerate the service done by writing a single book as compared with that done by increasing the general intelligence through the effec- tive discharge of educational duties. Those who propound schemes of learned and scien- tific sinecurism generally think it enough to throw out a hint as to the mode in which the representatives of learning and science are to be appointed. But this is the fundamental question. What man or board can be entrusted with the power over national intellect which the exercise of such patronage would confer ? So long as an office has fixed duties there is some security for the election of at least a competent person; but in the case of sinecures this check is removed, and the very offices to which the patronage is attached become on that account themselves the objects of cupidity and intrigue, so that the purity of election is vitiated at the source. If a wrong choice is made, it is not only a ne?-ative injustice but a positive discouragement to those Avho are rejected. Society will not pay twice over for the same thing, either in money or in honour. These schemes, also, in permanently fixing the rela- tive endowments of the different studies, assume a knowledge of the future requirements of learning and science which we do not in fact possess. Subjects •i.itiiUiUm mamiii THE REORGANIZATION OF highly endowed may in course of time be worked out, as seems likely to be the case with classical philology before long: while others may call for in- creased recognition, which, under so stereotyped a sys- tem, they will with difficulty obtain. Thus the course of intellectual effort may be distorted and its progress actually retarded by schemes, which, at the time when they are framed, seem most comprehensive and en- lightened. Experience seems to show that the best way in which the University can promote learning and ad^ va nce science is by allowi ng its teachers, and especia lly the holders of i ts great_Profes8ori al chairs, a liberal mar gin for private study ; by this, by keeping its libraries and scientific apparatus in full efficiency and opening them as liberally as possible, by assisting through its Press in the publication of learned works which an ordiuary publisher would not undertake, and by making the best use of its power of conferring literary and scientific honours. The Press, if success- fully conducted, might perhaps afford a limited sum in pensions to men who have done unremunerative work for learning and science, which the Delegacy, being officially conversant with the claims of such men, would be a proper body to bestow. Sinecurism can plead no historical title to the Fel- lowships. They were given for the support of Students going through the long course of Academical Educa- tion which led up to the Doctor's degree. It appears by the College Statutes that the Fellows were expected at the end of their Academical course to take bene- THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. s fices ; and I am told by those who are best acquainted with the old College accounts, that the evidence of those accounts is against the supposition that many Fellows ended their days in College. The University of Oxford was in its earlier days like the Continental Universities, a place of general study, professional as well as liberal, having besides the liberal Faculty of Arts, which formed the foundation of the course, the superior and professional Faculties of Theology, Law, and Medicine. It was open to all comers, who lived where they pleased, subject only to its general discipline, though most of them, it seems, were gathered into Halls, with a graduate at their head. The instruction was carried on in the public schools, and under the public teachers and Moderators of the University. The officers of the University, its Chancellor and Proctors, were elective; and the legis- lative power was vested in and freely exercised by the Convocation, which, even if non-residents had the right of voting, we may safely pronounce to have been a resident Academical body in the days when strict residence was required up to the time of the Doctor's degree, and when the absence of a post, combined with the difficulty of travelling, would have made it prac- tically impossible to bring up non-residents to vote on any particular question. In this University, Colleges were founded for the support and stricter government of poor students. These Colleges in course of time increasing in number tUtUf'ait.Hi:- I- THE REORGANIZATION OF ill and wealth, by a very natural process, absorbed the University, which at last became merely their Federal bond. The Federation retained the examinations, the degrees, the discipline of the streets, and nominally the instruction ; but really the instruction passed into the hands of the several Colleges, partly, perhaps, in consequence of the decline of the Scholastic Phi- losophy, which formed the staple of the old Academical system, and the rise of the Classical studies, which the Colleges took up. Ultimately no one was allowed to be a member of the University without being a mem- ber of a College. The Colleges in thus absorbing the University sad- dled it with their raedicoval statutes, with the local and family preferences which founders had thought them- selves at liberty to indulge in the selection of literary almsmen, but which were fatal to the fair bestowal of prizes, or the right selection of tutors ; with restrictions on the possession of property suitable only to eleemosy- nary institutions ; with the raedifeval rule of celibacy ; with clericism, which assumed a new significance when the clergy, from being a great estate embracing all the intellectual callings, became at the Reformation, in the strict sense, a profession, animated by strong profes - sional feelings, and placed in ronstant ant^sjonism to Dissent^; with a mediaeval rule of life and a mediaeval rule of study, which growing obsolete, and being in- evitably cast aside, notwithstanding the oaths taken to observe them, left nothing but sinecurisra in their place. The conjoint operation of celibacy, clericism, and sinecurism reduced the educational staff of the THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. Colleges (which, the Professuriato having fallen into total decay, was also that of the University) to a few clergymen waiting in College for College livings, and filling up the interval by a perfunctory discharge of the duties for which they received Tutors' fees. All studies but those connected with the clerical profession, or adopted by the clergy — that is to say, the learned languages and divinity — fell into decay. The Faculties of Law and Medicine dwindled to shadows, the sub- stance departing to the Inns of Court and the London Hospitals. Even the Faculty of Theology itself, the Anglican Church having developed no scientific the- ology to replace that of the Middle Ages, became almost a name. The connection between Church and State cut us off from the Nonconformists, a growing element in the nation; and in addition to this, clericism bound us to the political party to which the clergy were allied, and which, at the same time, as the party op- posed to change, was most congenial to the holders of large sinecure endowments. It was mainly the exclusively clerical character of the University that shut the door against Science. At Cambridge, through a combination of historical acci- dents, t'.j clerical b^Jrit was less strong, and a turn had been given to study, at a critical moment, by Newton. The Constitution of the University meantime was subverted in three ways. (1.) Laud, confirming an ar- rangement made under Leicester, took away the initia- tive in legislation from the Convocation and vested it l'i'3?(«i<»eu««j»**( THE REORGANIZATION OF in the Board of H eads of Houses, men elected by cl ose College s, themselves without educational duties, a nd by their social position e stranged from sucheducatioiial a ctivity as th ere migh t be in the pla ce. (2.) The Vice- Chancellorship, which, the Chancellor being now a non- resident grandee, was really the chief office of the University, was made rotatory among the Heads of Houses, and the University was thus deprived of the power of electing its own head. (3.) Through the system of dispensations and the disregard of the Col- lege Statutes respecting residence. Convocation be- came to a much greater extent non-resident, while the facilities of communication and locomotion having increased, non-resident members began to come up more frequently to vote ; and thus the University fell under the control of a non-resident and Non- Academical body, mainly clerical, and using its power for the objects of the political and ecclesiastical party to which the clergy belonged. Railroads have greatly intensified the last-mentioned evil. The constitutions of the separate Colleges also tacitly underwent a momentous change. The Head was originally everywhere a celibate, living with the Fel- lows. In the case of the Colleges founded before the Reformation it was not necessary to bind him ex- pressly to celibacy, because he was always a priest, and a priest could not be married; in the Colleges founded after the Reformation he was expressly bound. The Heads, however, of the earlier Colleges took ad- vantage of the legal flaw ; those of the later got the restriction repealed; the original lodgings in the THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. tower were exchanged for a separate and domestic house, and thus the Head of each College became socially severed from his Fellows, and the whole order from the University at large, almost absolute power over which it at the same time acquired. The result of these untoward accidents, combined with the general deadness of public duty during the greater part of the last century, was not only torpor but corruption within the University itself, and fatal estrangement from the nation. The eflFect upon the character of our governing class, bred up here in igno- rance and Jacobitism, was calamitous at the time, and has not yet been effaced. At the beginning of the present century, with the general ferment of opinion and revival of public duty, came University Eeform. The examinations for the B.A. degree were again made a reality, and a class list in Classics and Mathematics was instituted. In two or three Colleges, where there were no local or family restrictions, the Fellowships and Scholarships were thrown open to competition; and thus Balliol especially became a good place of education. But the limits of self-reform were soon reached. The Statutes of Colleges were legally unalterable, the Laudian Statutes were practically so, since the Board of Heads could not be expected to initiate any mea- sure of em anci nation ; while the holders of close Fel- lowships, who constituted an overwhelming majority in the place, could scarcely be blamed for being un- friendly to Reform. An appeal was therefore made to the Liberal Government of the day, which first issued 10 THE REORGANIZATION OF a Commission of Inquiry, and when that Commission had reported, passed an Act carrying out directly some reforms in the University, and, as to the Col- leges, l.iying down certain objects to be effected in the first instance by the Colleges themselves, which were empowered to amend their Statutes for those purposes, and upon their default, by an Executive Commission. The Act was materially damaged, and narrowly es- caped being rendered unworkable by the attacks of the Conservative Opposition ; and the Commission, besides having a strong Conservative and Ecclesiastical ele- ment in itself, was beset bv the vetoes which were given to all the bodies upon which it had to operate. At that time, moreover, many things which are seen now were not seen, and with regard to others, opi- nion, even among the most advanced Reformers, was not ripe. The Act broke up the Laudian oligarchy of Heads of Houses, by substituting for the lioard of Heads an elective Council ; and it gave the University a resident legislature which was intended also to be Academical, but the Academical character of which was impaired by an amendment moved for party purposes by a High Church Conservative, and importing, into Con- gregation all the city clergy and other residents un- connected with education. It failed to restore the freedom of initiative to the legislative body. It failed to restore to the University freedom in the choice of its Head. It failed to emancipate Academical legis- lation from the control of the non-Academical Con- vocation. THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. II Irectly An amendment introduced into the Act abolished the tests for matriculation and for the B.A. degree, but left in force the tests for the higher degrees, and the declaration of Conformity to the Liturgy required by the Act of Uniformity of Fellows and Professors. In the Colleges the Commissioners opened the Fel- lowships and most of the Scholarships to competition. This was their great achievement, which, besides its direct and obvious benefits in stimulating industry and securing better Tutors, placed the Colleges in the hands of intelligence, and of men owing allegiance to education, and comparatively friendly to further re- forms, though still, perhaps, not entirely free from bias as the holders of sinecure endowments. The value of the Scholarships was greatly increased. A large proportion of the Fellowships in every College was made tenable by laymen. The obsolete rules of life and study, with a mass of other obsolete provisions of the Statutes, were swept away, and power was given to the Colleges of amending their Statutes for the future. On the other hand, the Commission failed to deal with celibacy j it failed to deal with sinecurism ; rather it ratified sinecurism by abrogating the old rule of residence and the other ancient duties of a Fellow, and enacting nothing in their placr. It left the Colleges without any security for the residence even of a sufficient number of Fellows to form the College staff'. It failed also to deal with the Head- ships, leaving them without any fixed duties, and in the same isolated and awkward position as before with regard to the body of the College. 12 THE REORGANIZATION OF i A step was taken by the Commission, acting under the directions of the Act, towards the restoration of the University instruction, by the reorganization to a certain extent of the Professoriate, and by exacting from some of the wealthier Colleges contributions to the payment of Professors. But the work was in every respect incompletely done, the authority of the Commissioners being very limited, while it was quite beyond their power to settle the relations between Tutors and Professors, and thus to reconstitute the instruction on a University basis. Thus, besides some grave questions as to the new constitution of the University, and the question of tests for the higher degrees, and of religious restric- tions on the tenure of Professorships and Fellowships, the questions of celibacy, of sinecurism, of the utiliza- tion or "abolition of the Headships, of the reorganiza- tion of instruction, are still left on our hands. At the same time, and partly owing to the long torpor of the Universities, other questions are heavily iu arrear. The subject-matter of liberal education has not been revised for three centuries, and in that interval the Classics, once the sole depositories of all knowledge and culture, have sunk in value, and modern Science has come into existence. University Extension is urg- entlv demanded : and the educational institutions of the country generally, of which the Universities are or ought to be the heads and centres, are in course of reorganization, and this under the pressure of poli- tical fear. Such I take to be the broad outline of the situation THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. 13 with which we have to deal. It involves problems very difficult in themselves and entangle)] vith each other. To suggest a complete solution of all these problems at once is quite beyond my power. They must be solved, as it seems to me, gradually, by men guiding the councils of the University in a statesmanlike spirit, with full knowledge of the educational circumstances of the time, and an entire devotion to Academical interests. On the ascendancy of such men for the next twenty years the fate of academical education will depend. I will briefly touch on the chief points ; first, how- ever, stating my belief that as this is a University of Colleges, a University of Colleges it will remain; that though, for the sake of the Colleges themselves, all monopolies ought to be abolished, no attempt to restore the old uncoUegiate University can be success- ful on the ground occupied by these great foundations, with their wealth, their name, their social advantages ; and that the rational objects whereat to aim are the extension of the Colleges, in number or accommoda- tion, and their consolidation, without loss of their in- dividuality, or of the emulation of which it is the spring, into a University, employing their combined resources for the common good. To treat their as- cendancy as an encroachment, and to propagate ex- pectations of the revival of a University in which they will again be mere private foundations is, I ap- prehend, futile; and such language is calculated only to drive them back more than ever into their noxious isolation. 14 THE REORGANIZATION OF To take, first, the questions affecting the Colleges internally. The Commission has left the Fellowships mere prizes, prizes of two or three hundred a jlusivcness, or want of respect for the claims and efforts of ungiftcd minds, I must concur in the opinion that the 'Pass* Examinations ought to cease ; and that men who arc unable, with reasonable in- dustry, to reach the standard required for the lowest class in the honour lists, ought not to be brought to the University. Elsewhere they may bo useful and prosperous: but in a place of intellectual pursuits for which they are not fitted and have no taste, they are exposed to very dangerous influences, without, as it seems to me, any countervailing advantage. The so- ciety in which they live, being merely that of men like themselves, can hardly improve or refine them; while they are liable to contract habits of selnsh luxury which may cling to them through life. Their reading, being carried on without interest in the sub- ject, without ambition, because without hope of suc- cess, and generally under the rod of an impending examination, only serves to disgust them with books ; the papers which it is necessary to set them at the age of twenty-one or twenty-two are a humiliation in themselves; and to this humiliation is added, in a large proportion of cases, the disgrace, at some period or other of their career, of a pluck. The change must, however, be made warily, and must wait, to some extent, on the reorganization of the educational in- stitutions immediately below the University, at which 36 THE REORGANIZATION OF a passman ought to finish his career. We cannot turn half our students out of doors without being assured that provision will be made for their final education elsewhere. The Entrance Examinations of the several Colleges may be of use to the College, but they are of no use to the University ; because the men who are rejected as not properly prepared by a good College, are at once accepted by a bad one. They, in fact, adjust themselves inversely to the necessities of the case. The Entrance Examination ought to be in the hands of the University, not only to secure the exclusion of men unprepared for Academical studies, and whose admission lowers the character of the instruction and the examinations, increases the number of disgraceful failures, and infects the place with the bad habits of idle men, but also to put the requisite pressure on the public schools, which would never have neglected the mass of their pupils as some of them have done, if ♦^hey had been constantly brought to the public test of a University Entrance Examination. The present mode of appointing Examiuers on the nomination of the Vice-Chaucellor and Proctors secures a turn of the patronage to all the Colleges, bad as well as good ; but it does not secure justice to the Candi- dates or to the University. There is a painful con- trast between our practice and that of the University of London, and, as the consequence, tlie degrees of the University of London will presently be more highly THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. 37 esteemed than ours. So long as the system of Ex- aminations continues the Examiners will be the most important officers of the University, with perhaps the single exception of the Vice-Chancellor, and they ought to be appointed in a manner above suspicion, properly paid, and placed for the time in a position of perfect independence, so that scandals as to the connection between tutor and pupil in the examination school may never for the future arise. Probably Congrega- tion would elect well, always supposing it to be made a purely Academical body. The better appointment of Examiners is a reform which will not brook delay. It may be worth consideration whether the Pro- fessors should not be made standing Examiners, and whether we might not be more sure of their doing this work — the great requisite for which is sound knowledge — well, than of their being good lecturers. They should be combined however with elective Ex- aminers, to prevent the examinations from running too much in the same groove. All our degrees ought to be real j this is not merely a matter of policy, but our duty as trustees of the national fund of literary honour. The degree of Master of Arts ought to be given at the real end of the general course; that of Bachelor of Arts at the end of the first portion of that course. Honorary degrees, too, ought to be bestowed only for literary or scientific merit. If the University must worship the powers of politics and of the sword, let this be done in some more appropriate way than by making party leaders and soldiers Doctors of Civil Law. 38 THE RKORdANIZATION OF That the Lcgishitivc Assembly of tlie University should be rightly constituted is a matter of the most vital importance. Upon this depends the fusion of the Colleges into a University, and their power of acting together for the common good. To the University itself, its constitution once placed on a satisfactory footing, ought to be entrusted the disposal of all sums contributed by Colleges to University purposes, the resettlement, from time to time, of the Professoriate, and other requisite changes for which it is now neces- sary to resort to the spasmodic and humiliating action of Parliamentary Commissions. The most indispensable, though perhaps the most diiHcult reform, is to set the intelligent and responsi- ble government of the University free from the un- intelligent and irresponsible interference of the non- Academical Convocation. As has already been said, the power of the non-residents is a usurpation ; and it is not only a great anomaly, but a great evil : besides its actual interventions, the feeling that it may at any time intervene renders a far-sighted policy impossible, and hangs like lead on T^uiversity legislation. The Mem- bers of Convocation are more than four thousand in number ; they arc scattered over the three kingdoms : themselves knowing nothing, as a general rule, about Academical education, they cannot be brought together to be instructed or persuaded by tliose who are better informed, and on whom the responsibility rests : they are practically represented even on important occa- sions by less than a tenth part of their number, and these not the ablest and the most euhghtened, but the THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. 39 nearest to Oxford and the hottest partisans. Ordinarily speaking, in fact, Convocation is an instrument in the hands of a few party wire-pullers, who choose to devote themselves to that occupation rather than to Academi- cal duty. All this has been stated before, and is not denied. It is only said, on the other hand, that the subjection of our conduct in the discharge of our high trust to this improper and noxious control is the bribe which we pay to great interests for conniving at our existence; an argument which may have weight with a University of sinecurism, but 'an have none with a University of duty. For similar reasons, the non-Academical elements ought to be removed from Congregation, and the legis- lature of the University made, as it was intended to be, purely Academical. If all University Officers, in- cluding Delegates and Curators, as well as all engaged in education, were admitted to the franchise, it would seldom happen that a Master resident for Academical purposes would fail to have a vote. To claim for the local clergy, lawyers, physicians, bankers, or government officials votes in the councils of the University, is as absurd as it would be to claim fur the Eton soldiers quartered in Windsor barracks votes in the councils of Eton College. This is not the case of a political franchise, to which everybody has a general claim in the absence of proved disqualifications; but of a vote in the administration of a special institution, for which special qualifications are required, and with which no man of sense would wish to meddle unless he could i>;ive his attention to its affairs. 40 THE REORGANIZATION OF If ballast, and a guarantee that Oxford shall not too much outrun public opinion, is really needed, a certain number of non-residents specially qualified, by having held important educational offices in the University or the Colleges, and possibly the Head Masters of great Schools, might be added to Congregation. Such men would have some conscience in coming up to elect teachers, or to vote on questions of education. The retention of an initiative Council was not an act of deliberate policy, but a deference to habit and to that fear of Academical liberty, which, from long desuetude, had become so absurdly strong. The opera- tion of an arrangement, exceptional in itself and doubly exceptional in the case of a highly-educated and intellectual assembly, requires to be carefully watched. So far, I apprehend, it has not been suc- cessful. The Council has proved unable to act as a Cabinet, to shape any intelligible and consistent policy, or even to father and advocate its own mea- sures, which are thrown before Congregation in a very unsatisfactory way. It has hitherto operated chiefly in preventing questions from coming to a decisive issue, as in the recent case of University Extension, Avhere the House was quite prepared to vote upon certain definite proposals which had been thoroughly ventilated, but the Hebdomadal Council, being divided in itself, could only submit measures unacceptable to all parties alike. It is not desirable that the Uni- versity should be much occupied in legislation. Its legislation ought to be on organic questions only, all details being relegated to administrative committees : THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. 41 long but where an organic question has fairly arisen, it ought to be settled ; and it can be settled only by allowing the advocates of change to bring their pro- posals before the House in their own way, and to take a decisive vote. As the Council does not, and from the limitation of its number cannot, include the heads of many im- portant departments, there are many subjects with regard to which it can only be set in motion by a process of memorializing which consumes hardly less time than would be consumed by public discussion under a system of open legislation. The elections, also, the effect of which, if political and ecclesiastical party could have been kept at bay, might have been wholesome, now that political and ecclesiastical party has seized on them, are the pests of the place. Among other evils, they put great power into the hands of the least worthy members of the University, who spend in electioneering the time which others spend in study or in the work of education. The other peculiarities of our system, the prepos- terous rule of discussing a measure on one day and voting on another, the absence of any power of moving amendments or of going into Committee on the details of a measure, which are more or less corollaries of the Initiative Board, are fatal to rational legislation ; and the wonder is, not that so much confusion and dis- content exist, but that legislation does not come altoj^ether to a stand. The want of initiative vigour in the Council is evinced by their lazy retention of the fashion of legislating in 42 THE REORGANIZATION OF btid Latin, whereby a double danger of miscarriage through the imperfections of language is incurred, and of legislating not by substantive enactments, in- telligible in themselves, but by perplexing and often unintelligible references to the Statute-book. The Statute-book itself swnrms with blunders and am- biguities, the consequences, of neglecting to employ a proper draftsman, which come to light as often as it is necessary to put a strict construction on any clause. Incalculable trouble and waste of time are caused in all departments, and in the Colleges as well as in the University, by the refusal to make use of the improved machinery of administration everywhere else adopted in modern times. In an active University, the Vice-Chancellor must always be a functionary oi the highest importance, not only as regards executive government, but as regartlc general initiation; and in the period of educational change, on which we are evidently entering, to place the right man in this ofHce is an object of national concern. The method of mere rotation among the Heads of Houses is clearly the oflspring of the age of torpor, quite unsatisfactory at the present time. A nomination by the Chancellor would be a party nomination; an election by Convocation would be a party election. But an election by an Academical Congregation would almost certainly be good. At Cambridge a corresponding body now elects, and, I believe, elects well. Heads of Houses are the natural persons to hold the office, provided they can be set free from other duties THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. 43 'riage irred, :>, in- often The am. iploy age for the time, and provided that they have among their number a man equal to the need, and willing to be elected. In fact, unless the University has the means of building an official house, none but the Heads of Houses can hold au office which entails a certain amount of hospitality and state. We cannot say how eff^ectually war might be waged on the vices which bring such misery on students and all belonging to them, till the discipline is in better hands than those of two annual Proctors, who are ap- pointed without regard to special fitness, and who have no time to acquire experience in their office. Here, again, we are clinging to a mediaeval arrangement ut- terly unsuited to modern administration. Congregation, which, once more, ought to concern itself only with organic legislation, might, of course; appoint such Delegacies as it pleased from time to time for the administration of details. A Delegacy of Estates, including all the financial and legal busi- nesp, one of Discipline, one or more of Studies, one of the Press, are those most obviously needed. Every Delegacy ought to report annually to the University. No Delegacy or Committee can be organic with" .i a proper Secretary and a Chairman of its own. In appointing Secretaries or other subordinate officers care should be taken not to give them anything like a freehold, legal or practical, in their office, or a claim to object to any alteration of their duties which may become necessary from time to time. The emoluments of the Begistrarship are too large for its duties; and might supply two Secre- 44 THE REORGANIZATION OF taryships, or a Rcgistrarship and Secretaryship at least. The Vice-Chancellor might very properly be Chair- man of the Delegacy of Discipline; but the rule which makes him ex officio Chairman of all Delegacies and Committees, and paralyses their action when he is absent (and perhaps still more when he is present) is too absurd, and too contrary to what common sense dictates elsewhere to require discussion. Yet it is said that Vice-Chancellors cling to it on the ground that they do not feel justified in diminishing the prerogative of their office : as though the office existed for any pur- pose but the service of the University. The Delegacy of the Press, if successfully managed, may become a department of the very highest import- ance. It may do much towards reforming, with autho- rity, the educational books of the country. This pros- pect of new usefulness and influence opens upon it just as it is losing its advantage in the printing of Bibles, and that department is declining in lucrativeness and im- portance. But to succeed in such an enterprize the De- legacy must be put at once on a good footing. A short time ago it was utterly without a Secretary to corre- spond with authors and keep the business on foot, and without any Chairman but the Vice-Chancellor, whose presence could be nothing but a hindrance : it was, in short, in a perfectly inorganic state. A Secretary to the Education Books Committee has now been ap- pointed, with the best results; but there is still no general Secretary, no Chairman, nobody to look to the finance of the department, which is much in want THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. 45 of proper superintendence and control. A general Secretary and a regular Chairman are absolutely neces- sary, and ought to be appointed without delay. The Chairman ought, if possible, to be paid ; and if he does his duty he will have enough to do; for the conduct of the Education Books' department will, for some time to come, be sufficient in itself to give full occupation to an active mind. That the University Library, under its present man- agement, is as useful as its means permit, seems to be the universal opinion. This, however, ought not to prevent justice from being done to the Librarian, whose office has become far more important and oner- ous of late years, and who ought, at least, in addition to his present stipend, to be provided with a house. A special Sub-Librarian for the Oriental department seems also to be requisite. The election of the Li- brarians ought to be taken from Convocation, and vested in Congregation. It is too much that the efficiency of one of the great libraries of England should be the sport of the party feeling which reigns in Convocation without control. The Library, however, will probably, at no distant period, make a further demand on our resources. It is scarcely possible that we should be able long to main- tain our vexatious claim to a copy of each book pub- lished in England ; and the time has probably gone by for obtaining any equivalent by way of commutation. If the University Press is managed with skill and 46 THE REORGANIZATION OF vigour, it will probably bo iu a position to help the Library. But if anyone wishes to become a benefactor to the University, the best object on which he can bestow his liberality is the Bodleian. As a former Curator of the Taylor Institution, I cannot iielp entering a protest against the plan of merging its Library in the Bodleian. It is a lending library, which the Bodleian is not ; and it is a library where the reader can go to the shelves and select a book for himself, whereas in the Bodleian he can only select from the Catalogue. It is practically serv- ing very good purposes of its own. Everything that sustains and renders visible the his- toric greatness of Oxford is worthy of attention, and therefore it is not trifling to suggest that the picture gallery of the Bodleian should be converted into a gallery of Oxford worthies. The Public Orator might also give at Commemortition short biographies of those who have died during the past year, to be entered in the official annals of the University. On the subject of discipline, almost everything has been said when we have provided for the appointment of a good Delegacy and of competent Proctors. The great guarantee for a student's morality is his in- dustry ; and the best disciplinary measures will be those by which industry is advanced. The principles, however, on which discipline is administered are some- what unsettled and in need of rational revision. The Siutute-book has been cleared of most of the language THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. 47 p the sfactor caa which treated undergraduates as boys ; but practically we have hardly yet realized the fact that they are young men. It is fatal to effective discipline to pre- tend to insist on any rules which, under present cir- cumstances, cannot be consistently enforced : while, on the other hand, an amount of license is at present allowed to patent and systematic extravagance and dis- sipation which seems scarcely compatible with the duty of a University. We are bound, it would seem, at least to supply the place of the restraints to which the student would be subject if he were living in his own home. It is true that the home itself is in too many cases a school of idleness, expensiveness, and luxury ; and that the task of the Urtiversity in con- trolling the propensities of men who have not to earn their own bread is one of extreme difficulty, in the |)erformance of which she is entitled to the greatest allowance. But the sense of her duty to the poor ought to nerve her in coercing firmly the vices of the rich, who, by the fatal influence of social superiority, mislead and corrupt the poor, and thus fill many a family with distress, and injure the hopes and pro- mises of many a life. i In the midst of our other difficulties, the question of University Extension presents itself in an urgent shape. The number of students at Oxford and Cambridge bears no proportion either to the demand for liberal education, and for degrees as the certificates of liberal education, which has arisen since the great increase of 48 THE REORGANIZATION OF wealth in tlic country, or to the amount of the endow- ments. In our own case the education of fifteen hundred students, which is a high estimate of our number, is but little to shew for revenues not falling far short in the aggregate of j£200,000 a-year, consi- dering that each student probably costs his father on the average £200 a-year besides. Academical education is in fact threatened with another schism like that which was produced by the exclusion of the Nonconformists, and which led to the foundation of the Loudon University. A new Uni- versity is in course of fouudation in Wales j and the design of founding one in the manufacturing North, round the nucleus of Owens College, Manchester, seems to be approaching maturity. There arc some who would see the multiplication of Universities with indiflference or with pleasure j careless what may hap- pen to national education so long as Oxford can be kept for the Anglican Church, or believing that the more Universities^ the more centres of intellectual life, and therefore the more of intellectual life itself there will be. The creation of a number of centres of in- telligence is not so much an object when intelligence is widely diffused, and can find centres for itself where- ever there are books and scientific apparatus. Good libraries, institutes, and museums in our chief towns could probably do more in this way than the multipli- cation of Universities. On the other hand, the multi- plication of Universities, each with the power o» con- ferring degrees, and bidding against eiich other for popularity, as they infallibly would do, would almost THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. 49 certainly confuse and debase the national standard of literary honour, and in fact put an end to the existence of intellectual rank. This has been the result of the multiplication of Universities iu the United States, and it is there lamented by the wisest men. The time may come when society will be able to dispense with all these distinctions ; but few will think that this time has yet arrived. At the present juncture, in fact, hereditary rank, which has hitherto acted as a conservative ele- ment, having to all appearances reached the last stage of decay, literary and scientific rank, which is still recognised by the people, and most of all perhaps by the most democratic class, may have an exceptional value for the nation. In the Academical anarchy which would ensue upon the multiplication of Universities, it is possible that the so-called University of London, which is iu fact merely an examining board, might compass the object of its aspirations, towards which it has already made considerable strides, by becoming the central board of examination and fountain of literary honour for the whole nation. I may perhaps be biassed by affection for my own University, but to me it seems that such a transfer of the educational kingdom from the ancient and historic seats of learning to a new ofHce in London would be more than a sentimental misfortune. University Extension may be effected either by en- largement of our internal accommodation or by ex- ternal affiliation. Plans of both kinds are before us. The most obvious expedient is to enlarge the exist- ing Colleges as much as their educational power and s 1 ,r^:;«uus;3fl( 50 THE REORGANIZATION OF the size of their Halls and Chapels will permit : per- haps in most cases this limit has been already reached. The next obvious expedient is to build new Colleges. There are some Colleges the revenues of which are already or will soon be superabundant, but which, having no more room in their Halls and Chapels, or being hemmed in by other Colleges, cannot enlarge themselves on their present sites. There seems to be no reason why these Colleges should not build sister Colleges on other sites, under the same foundation, though of course with a separate staff. Power might no doubt be easily obtained to raise money on the Col- lege estates for this purpose. It would not be neces- sary in building to adhere to the pattern of the medi- aeval quadrangle, which was adapted to a cloistered community, not perhaps without an eye to defence, if, as would seem probable, a cheaper and more con- venient plan could be devised. It may be a question whether All Souls, which, the scheme of the Commission having failed, still remains in fact a tabula rasa, should be devoted to education ; or whether, as was suggested to the Commission, it should be made a Professorial College, its buildings converted into houses for Professors, and its revenues into their stipends, the payments to the Professoriate at present drawn from educational Colleges being to that extent released. A Professorial College would realize the idea of those who desire a quiet and con- genial home for learning and science; and the only thing to be said on the other side is that there would be a waste of the Hall and Chapel. l4tJf:ift'Hii^'i;i*Kf ; aJJf s ■•;; Ji'; THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. 51 The abolition of the College monopoly and the ad- mission of independent students are to be desired, as has been already said, in the interest of the Colleges themselves, which ought to stand, not on any mo- nopoly, but on their own merits. Nor is it doubtful that a student may, if he pleases, live more cheaply in lodgings than in College; because, though a College has the economical advantage of doing things on a large scale, it must do all in conformity to the tastes and habits of the wealthier class ; and, still more, be- cause the society of a College is the real source of expense. What seems to me doubtful is whether many men will find their account in coming to a University, where they will be in a state of social isolation, and, almost inevitably, in a somewhat inferior position. This experience alone can decide. The moral objections to the lodging-house system are of course entitled to respectful consideration, though they come to us in a rather questionable form, being evidently connected with the tendency to spread moral alarm as the precursor of the confessional. On in- quiry as to the results of experience at Cambridge, various shades of opinion will be found ; but it is cer- tain that nothing has come before the authorities of the University or of the Colleges there to lead them seriously to entertain the thought of abolishing the system. In the case of Cambridge, it is true, the out- lodging students are members of Colleges. But a fair equivalent, at least, for this is proposed in our case by the institution of a University Delegacy, having the same power over the lodger students which a College :<' 52 THE REORGANIZATION OF h:Ls over its undergraduates, together with a power of requiring thera to change their lodgings, if there is occasion. The presumption is that lodger students will for the most part be poor, and therefore unable to indulge in expensive vices, as well as isolated from social temptations. Those who dwell so much on these questions of academical morality are apt to confine their view to one particular vice ; but selfish luxury, abject indolence, gambling;, gluttony, and drunkenness, from which dwellers in Colleges enjoy no exemption, may surely defile the character as deeply as that to which, in the peculiar code of ecclesiastical ethics, the name of impurity is technically applied. The Cambridge system would scarcely be applicable here, because so few of our Colleges have room in their Halls and Chapols or educating power for more than their buildings will contain. But in cases where it may be desired there can be no objection but the moral one, the answer to which has already been given. The failure of Private ITalls, which the Oxford Re- form Act authorized Pilasters to open, throws little light upon the general question j since a student in a Private Hall, while instruction was on the College not on the University basis, was at the obvious dis- advantage of having no instruetiou but tliat of the Master of his own Hall. Enlarge our internal accommodation, however, as we will, there must be a limit not only to the number of students which our lecture-rooms, examination- rooms, and other public buildings can contain, but to THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. 53 the number which our discipline can control. Thirty thousand are the legendary object of our aspiration. Five thousand would probably be an anarchy. If we do not wish to see other Universities created, we shall be obliged sooner or later to look beyond our own precincts and to contemplate something in the nature of affiliation. A further reason for turning our thoughts this way is that a great many parents, especially in the manufacturing districts, are deterred from sending their sons to Oxford, not only by want of room, but by the fear of their total estrangement from business habits and ideas, and of their identification with an idle, expensive, and luxurious class. The prevalence of this fear, together with the religious tests, has, to the great misfortune of the nation, placed the manu- fa^',turing districts, with all their wealth and power, ^^^ilmost out of the pale of Academical influence. The plan proposed by one of the Sub-Committees on University Extension is to affiliate local Colleges, pro- vided that they are chartered, and that they will allow the University to be represented in their governing bodies ; and to permit the student to pass the first part of his course in the Affiliated College, bringing him up to the University for the remainder. He would thus not only escape a large part of the expense and of the social and moral peril ; but, before coming to the University, he would have given some proof of the industry, which is the only guarantee for his moral cond ict. It is not proposed, of course, that the stu- dent should necessarily reside in the Affiliated Col- lege; he might reside in his own home. Affiliated 54 THE REORGANIZATION OF Colleges might have Halls of their own in Oxford for the students sent up to finish their course. King's College, London, and Owens College, Manchester, are instances of Colleges already suitable for aflBliation; and there is evidence to shew that at Liverpool and Birmingham similar Colleges would soon be formed. At Birmingham, in fact, there is one already, though it would require adaptation to this purpose. Those ■who are most conversant with the interests of the medical profession especially have given a decided ad- hesion to the plan of Affiliation. The Educational institutions of the nation, however, ns has been already said, are undergoing general re- organization ; and the movement can hardly fail to result in the establishment, among other things, of something intermediate between the University and the School. A schoolboy of nineteen is an absurdity; and, on the other hand, there are many youths who want something beyond the school, and who are yet, both by character and circumstances, unsuited for the high intellectual pursuits of a University, and had much better enter at once on their practical life. The relations c^ such local Colleges, when they come into existence, to the Universities, and the question whether any Academical degree shall be granted for attend- ance at a local College must be settled, upon a further view of the circumstances of the case, by those into whose hands the general guidance of our educational policy may fall. That English education will for some time to come need the organizing and guiding control of a ceu- f(lft^{!l^Pl^^ ^^t^HHi^^il W2IG-C29-XI THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. ss tral authority, can hardly be doubted : and it seems equally clear that in a country governed by party, the Universities, if made thoroughly national, would be better and more trustworthy depositories of such au- thority than the political government. As there are two coequal Universities, there would be little reason to apprehend a procrusteau despotism of education. There are other modes in which the influence of the University might be extended beyond its local bounds. The publication of educational books at the Press has been already mentioned. The examination and cer- tification of teachers for middle and especially for en- dowed schools, would also be a most useful office, and one which the CJniversities would be perfectly com- petent to perform. It would, perhaps, be more cer- tainly useful in the long run, as well as more appro- priate and more feasible, than the present plan of "Middle Class Examinations," the cordial reception of which by the country is a proof of the position held by the Universities in the national esteem, but which was framed in great haste, rather perhaps as a tem- porary expedient for applying a test and giving a stimulus to Middle Class Education than as a perma- nent institution, and without a defiuite view as to its ultimate scope and limits. This plan further involves the dangerous principle of conferring an Academical title without Academical training, which may some day be pressed further, and place the University in a dif- PvUit position. The University of London has of late practically abandoned Affiliation, and now grants its degrees, on ^i C29-XI ilHl!l '3 '-1- '-■'-' ' ' " " '""""'"'-•"g'' 56 THE REORGANIZATION OF mere examinntion, to all persons without regard to the place of education. It is to be hoped that we shall be cautious in following this example. A mere examina- tion is, in the case of ordinary men, a very inadequate test of the benefit received by a course of Education in a good College, under efficient teachers, and amidst intelligent and active-minded fellow-students. It de- notes the possession of a certain amount of Academical knowledge, but not of Academical habits of mind. The Senate of the London University published an ana- lysis of the results of the B.A. Examination in 1865, which places in a strong light the comparative value of collegiate and non-collegiate training even as a pre- paration for degree Examinations, not to speak of more general results. There were 104 candidates in all, of whom 50 came from one or other of the affiliated Col- leges, 11 from other Colleges or Schools, and 43 were registered as private students. Of the 104 candidates 60 passed and 54 were rejected, but the distribution of the rejections among the difi'erent classes of candidates was very significant. Of the candidates from the Col- leges of the University 34 per cent, failed to pass ; whereas of those from other Colleges and Schools 54*5 per cent., and of the private students as many as 70*5 per cent, were rejected. It may be said that the Examiners, in the end, sifted the good from the bad ; but this does not affect the presumption that the im- plied indifference of the University to the character of the place of education led to the selection of inferior places of education by many of the students. I f ' l&Ut ti'-i ■»':*-i-'>i';i.-i:i>.;::-Vt«IM»M»i»Kt;;!;- THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. 57 The relation of the University to the Established Church must be settled in the councils of the nation j it would be a mockery to put to the clerical Convoca- tion of Oxford the question whether the clergy shall retain the exclusive control of the national Universi- ties. Every instinct of class, every prompting of a conscience formed under sectional influences, leads them to struggle as a body agaiust the removal of the Tests. No statesman can doubt that the Tudor polity, in which the absolute identity of Church and State was assumed, and no one but a member of the State Church was allowed to be capable of the privileges of a citizen, is numbered with the past. It has been en- tirely swept away as regards political franchises, and as regards admission to the national p)aces of educa- tion its hour is manifestly come. Probably Tew men who have watched the course of religious movements with open minds entertain much doubt that the root of the Tudor faith itself is dead, and that the persistent im- position of the tests of that faith upon the consciences of all the divergent schools of thought must lead to moral and intellectual evil. Under these circumstances t'iie aim of the statesman will be to throw open the Universities, to introduce united education among the upper classes, and to relieve conscience from oppres- sion, as rapidly and completely as is consistent with the preservation of the religious character which the mass of those who resort to the Universities desire that education should retain. The University is at present bound to the Established Church by the subscription to the Articles required on B/mf»*"n"ri»fltW»**|#:'i»»rtiTr 58 THE REORGANIZATION OF m taking the Master's and Doctor's degree, by the de- claration of conformity to the Liturgy required by the Act of Uniformity of Professors, and by the restriction of the Faculty of Theology to persons in Holy Orders : the Colleges by the declaration of conformity required by the Act of Uniformity of Heads, Fellows, and (legally) of Tutors, by the rule requiring the Fellows in most cases to take the Master's or Doctor's degree which involves subscription to the Articles, by the limitation of the Headships with a single exception to clergy- men, by the requirement in almost all cases of a num- ber of clerical Fellows over and above those necessary for the service of the chapel, and in the case of some Colleges founded or reorganized after the Reforma- tion, by more specific provisions for the adherence of the Head and Fellows to the Anglican faith, and for their expulsion in case of a change of creed ^. All this is in addition to the performance of the Anglican service as by law established, and the preaching of Anglican doctrine, in the University church and in the College chapels. It is naturally proposed by some that the University should be thrown open by the abolition of the tests and of the declaration of conformity required of Pro- fessors, and that the Colleges should be left as they are. But Oxford being a University of Colleges, so that exclusion from the Colleges is practically ex- clusion from the University, this solution would not '' Merton is, I bolievc, the only College in which the restriction of the Fellowships to members of the Church of England rests on the Act of Uniformity alone. ItSJttu-'.t.'ij'i' THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. 59 de- tlie jctioa Iders : satisfy the object of a statesman ; nor would that ob- ject be satisfied, indeed it would be practically rather thwarted, by the erection of sectarian Colleges, which would still keep the members of different Churches in a state of isolation, perhaps even of embittered isola- tion, from each other. The rational course seems to be to remove at once from the University and the Colleges all Parliamentary restrictions, a term in which must be included not only the restrictive clause in the Act of Uniformity but the tests on degrees, which were in fact imposed by the State, though the power of the State in an uncon- stitutional era was exercised by the Crown; and, for the rest, to leave the Colleges at liberty to open them- selves. The result will, in all probability, be that the Colleges will adapt themselves to the educational de- mands of the time, and that amongst them accom- modation will be found for every shade of ecclesiastical sentiment; just as schools practically adapt themselves to various demands, and find amongst them accom- modation for different shades of opinion. That Col- leges dependent for their position and for a large part of their revenues on their popularity as places of edu- cation will do anything to outrage or alarm the reli- gious feelings of those who resort to them, is surely not much to be apprehended. The service of the Established Church would con- tinue to be performed in the College chapels, and in this respect nothing would be altered but the com- pulsory attendance at that service which many persons wish to give up, as it is, on grounds quite independent 6o THE REORGANIZATION OF of the objections of Nonconforraistti. That tliere would be any practical diffieulty on the subject of religious instruction, that Undergraduates would cease to be taught anything which their parents thought essential, or that any religious intercourse which now goes on be- tween tutor and pupil would terminate, because Non- conformists could not be forced to attend theological lectures, 1 cannot believe. Rather, I suspect the sys- tem of Colleges would practically become more reli- gious than it is now, when their religious character was no longer formally guaranteed by tests. As to the harmony of the Fellows themselves, if it has survived the deep theological dissensions of the last forty years, it will scarcely be destroyed by the removal of a super- ficial unity of profession. If it is thought too much to give a bare majority of the existing Fellows the power of doing away with religious restrictions (though for my own part I see no sort of danger iu it) the best course perhaps will be to require a majority of two-thirds. But at all events the controlling authority must be one of an educational character. To give episcopal Visitors a veto to be used iu the interest of their order, would be to ensure an ultimate conflict between a College advancing under the pressure of public opinion and an episcopal non possumus; and statesmen will not fail to observe the inexpediency of complicating academical with ecclesias- tical reform, and compelling the able and active-minded Fellows of Colleges, checkmated by a bishop's veto in their own sphere of duty, to resort to the standard of emancipation raised on a more extensive field. Many MiUi tc tiHt-.i" THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. 6i a keen arrow flying in theological or political battle has been winged by academical discontent. In all plans of religious emancipation for the Univer- sity, the case of the Theological Faculty is abandoned as hopeless. Possibly it may be so at present. But it ought never to be forgotten that the free study of the- ology at the Universities by really learned and respon- sible theologians, with all the aids and amidst all the corrections which the presence of other studies can supply, is likely to be of the most esse.tial service to a society perplexed with religious douiji and labour- ing to all appearances in the throes of a great religious revolution. The relations of the University and its cor:^ .jcnt Colleges to the State also require revision. At present the law is not quite certain, but it appears that though the University may be called to acnijiiii:Jlei!*."4*"!'!;iti:«tJ-t3«( THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. 67 Even of our policy, the policy of our immediate future, let me say once more, in conclusion, that the part which can be distinctly forecast and set down at once in writing is small. Men, able men, acting singly in the interest of the University, scanning with a clear and steady eye the circumstances of a time full of change, open to the rational influences of the age, yet self-reliant enough to keep their feet in a strong cur- rent of temporary opinion, are the one great need of the University. Unless a serious effort is made to put such men at the head of affairs, the multiplication of paper schemes of University Reform, in which mere visions mingle with' proposals more or less practical, or even legislation itself, whether Parliamentary or Academical, will never make Oxford what every one who has long and affectionately studied her history, her resources, and her opportunities, and who under- stands what the feeling of the nation towards her is, must well know that she might be. GOLDWIN SMITH. Ilrinttb bji |ames ^arhcr anb Co., Ctohjn-jjarb, <$icforb. Ill ■■>«i;ili»nM«ltWrtliltiWF'*'tlim>-. 33p tte same ^utjbor. Second Edition^ Post Svo., cloth lettered, price 5^. Irish History and Irish Character. Uniform with the above, price bs. The Empire. A Series of Letters published in " The Daily News," 1862, 1863. 'iivo. cloth, price 4J. Three Lectures on Modem History, delivered in Oxford, 1859-61. I., II. On the Study of History. III. On some supposed consequences of the Doctrine of Historical Progress. With A Letter to the " Daily News" defending the principles maintained in the Lectures against the " Westminster Review." %vo., price is. The Foundation of the American Colonies. A Lecture delivered before the University of Oxford, June 12, i860. Post Svo., limp cloth, price 2s. 6d. Does the Bible sanction American Slavery? CAeap Edition, Fcap. 8w., sewed, price is. OXFORD AND LONDON: JAMES PARKER AND CO. -'K K5JWI«'W»WH^m»«» '. ■