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Lorsque Ie document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA, 11 est f llmA A partir da i'angia supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, an prenant la nombre d'Images nAcessaire. Las diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. by errata Tied to lent une peiure, fa9on A ^ i 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 ;•- T l--«i< f«T -^wr »v, -u>tei^ W4# --wr^ vi T i7H ^M' Ml W- t/^ i>i.* 1^' % «.. '■» 7 •w/ ^^ ■!*<" ■ PtMshnlJunr fi^qi , h .lUthrelt. PicntJiHv ■ Ikk /'tlNls/l„^Juf>f/'^J(^i,by.7Mehreit./'ia^,lJ^^^./.fltu^on T.Comli^ v..^W ^P!P!*)»P» m \60 ■dpi.< %trt\ TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION or THfe WESTERN TERRITORY Of NORTH AMERICA, m ^A-. *^'^ist,'. • TOI A fuccinft Tory, P TOMS. which th ? The Dircov fcnt State o towards thi ral Hiftory try, by J. F ofth^Pian J I. An Accoi inhabiting ' XIII State Cudomt ; 1 Origin. III. the C Hemp, Fla digo, Cotto Madder, Ja Prrfimmon, Berriei, anc Myrtle, Sui Particular! dom. IV. Obfervi Works, the the Wefterr Jonathan H V. Hiftorical phical Def : Weft Florid ■:;■ I-- — :^'^ ^ Captain in Illuftrated wit of the St AT by Elihu £ Rapids of tl ^.•/v:.vw-i # I ( TOPOGR/ PHICAL DESCRIPTION or Tn> WESTERN TERRITORY or NORTH AMERICA: COMTAININO A Aicclna Account of its Soil, Climatb, Natural Hi«» Tory, Population, Aoiiiculture, Manners, and Cus- toms. With an ample Defcription ot the feveral Divifions into which that Country is partitioned . TO WHICH ARE added, riety of interefting PArticuIars, by •ifc }. The Difcovery, Setllrinent, and pre- fent S:ate of Kentucky; with an EITay toward! the Topography and Natu- ral Hiftory of that important Coun- try, by J. Filfon. Alfo the Minutea of th^ PiankaOuw Council, 17R4. II. An Account of the Indian Nations inhabiting within tlie Limit* of the XIII States; their Manners and Cufloms ; and Rc^c^tions on tlicir Origin. >II. The Cuhjure of Indian Corn, Hemp, Flax, Hops, Tobacco, In- digo, Cotton, Senega Root, Efqiiine, Madder, Jalap, Potatoes, Silkworms, Prrfimmon, vaiiousKindsot Grapes, Berries, and Nuts, the Candleberry Myrtle, Sumach, Cott'ee, and other Particulars in the vegetable King- dom. IV. Obfervationi on the ancient Works, the native Inhabitants of (he Weftern Country, Sec by Major Jonathan Heart. V. Hiftorical Narrative and I'opogra- phical Def Tiption of {.ouiiiana 'M.d Weft Florid^, containing a great Va- Mr. Thomas Hutchins. VI. Account of the Soil, growing Timber, and other ProduOions of feveral Lands, particularly the Gene* fee Trafi, lately located, and now in the Progrefs of being fettled. VII Remarks for the Information of thofc who wilh to become .Settlers in America, by Dr. Franklin. VIII Topographical Defcription of Virginia, Pennfylvania, MaryUndi and Nprth-Carolinf, by Mr. The. Hiitchini. IX. Mr. Patrick Kennedy's Jolimal up the Illinois River, tec. X. Defcription of the State of Tenafee, and of the South-wefiern Territoiy, with the Conftitution of Tenafee eftablifh^d 1796. XI. An A& for cftablifhing Knoxville. XII. Treaty concluded betweeiv the United States ot America and the Crown of Spain, for the free Navi* gation of the Miflifftppi. XIII PUn of Aflbeiation of the North American Land Company, iic. By GILBERT j M T. A Y iriHBTsrmy during the War, and ^ Captain in the American Army during Commilfioner for laying out Lands in tlie Back Settlements. Illuftrated with corredl Mapsof the Weftern Territory of North Asserica ; of theSTATR OT Kentucky, fs divided into Counties, from afiual Surveys by Elihu Barker;, a Map of the Tenafee Government ; and a Pl^" ofth« Rapids of the Ohio. THE THIRD EDITION, WITH RREAT ADDITIONS. LONDON: PRINTED FOR J. DE BRETT, artOSITE BP»tIKCTON HOUSE, rtCCAOILLY, J797- ;%^-' .*'♦* r iiidMitiirw-"" •'" 'iA^<^ '>^,5ft-a.v--.;:;, ,..* The au to the fett importance defercDce been eftinii during fev( attentively that, regard no inconfid admitted as It ftruck creafe and e jjtre of AnJ rifen from a^ ccfTary to go It was um lis leifure* a rica ; an enu and an hccoi likely to be: All this hi >f the deteat etters which nuch infornt he public, a hat country, ndians 7.nd I It* is very ublifhed in efore the pi hilofopher, , \ **>» wWW.^ »y . ••• ' . INTRODUCTION. 1 HE author of the following letters having been an early witnefi to the fettlement of Kentucky, had frequently fuggefted to me the . importance of that rifing country. But I confefs that, with every deference to his judgment, I was not aware how defervedly it had been eftiniated as of the utmoft confequence. A momentous sera/ during feveral years of which the eyes of the whole world were attentively fixed upon Europe, had fo entirely occupied my mind; that, regardlefs of occurrences in the remote parts of America, I felt no inconfiderable aftonifhment at finding that Kentucky was to be admitted as a feparate (late into the federal government. It ftruck me as a natural objeA of inquiry to what a future in- . creafe and elevation of magnitude and grandeur the fpreading em- ■ pi re of America might attain, when a country had thus fuddenly rifen from an uninhabited wild, to the quantum of population ne« , ceiTary to govern and regulate its own adminiftration. . '. It was under this idea that I requefted my friend to fend me, at lis leifure, a complete defcription of the weftern country of Ame- , ica ; an enumeration of the laws and government of Kentucky;; " and an <4ccount of that diftrid of country which appeared the moft: likely to become ancwftate. All this he has done in fo ample a manner, that H'hen the newt . f the defeat of general St Clair was received, I thought that the letters which had imparted to me and a fmall circle of friends fa.!:..; uch information and entertainment, would prove acceptable to' ' he public, as imparting to them a more particular knowledge of |hat country, fo apparently the bone of contention between the ,•. ndians 7.nd the Americans. If is very certain that no work of the kind has hitherto been: ublifhed in this country; and when original matter is brought . . fore the public, furely it cannot fail to prove acceptable to the ,'. hiiofopher, and entertaining to the curiousr A3 ....•• The. li Vi INTRODUdTIOlir. The occafional remarks, which he has interfperfed} refpcAingf the laws, religion, and cuftoms of Europe, are entitled to indul* gence, as I believe them *o be made with candour. A man who had lived until he was more than five-and-twenty I years old, in the back parts of America (which was the cafe with car author, except daring the period he ferved in the army), ac- cuftomed to that fimplicity of manners natural to a people in a Hate of innocence, fnddcnly arriving in Europe, muft have been powerfully ftridcen with the very great difference between the fim. plicity of the one, and what is called e/tfuette and good breeding it) the other. Perhaps foch a perfon is better calculated than ourfetves to judge of our manners ; and doubtlefs ha'jit very materially aAs upon the human mind ; an*! itnee it has been too much the praAice in Europe to confer favours in proportion to the fervility of courtiers, I am kpprehenfive that we have imperceptibly loft much of oar energy and manlinefs. The calculated rife of the american empire, which theie letter contain, will not, I think, appear extravagant, when we recoiled the rapid ftrides which have advanced it to its prefent flouriihinj ftate of wealth and population. In the life of Edward Drinker, which was publiihed in Philadelj phia, April 1783, are contained thefe remarkable particulars : *« Edward Drinker was born in a cottage in 1688, on the fpoj where the city of Philadelphia now ftands, which was inhabited, the time of his birth, by Indians, and a few Swedes and Ho landers. " He often talked of picking blackberries, and catching will rabbits, where this populous city is now feated. He remembv..! (cd the arrival of William Penn, and ufed to point out the fp where the cabin flood in which that adventurer and his frieni were accommodated on their arrival. •• He faw the fame fpot of earth, in the courfe of his own li covered with woods and bufhes, the receptacles of wild beafls ai birds of prey, afterwards beccme the feat of a great and flouriihr city, not only the firll in wealth and arts in America, but equalli only by few in Eurojie. «« He faw fjlcndid churches 'rife upon moraffes, where he ufi : ixJ^'^.JM^,/ ^J W: ) -■-« nterfperfcd, refpeftingf are entitled to indul- ndour. t than five-and-twenty hich was the cafe with srved in the army), ac itural to a people in a Europe, muft have been trcnce between the fim^ ttte and good breeding . than ouffelves to judge materially afts upon the ;h the prafticc in Europe »ility of courtiers, I am loft much of oar energy ipirc, which thefe letttri agant, when we recoUef to its prefent ftouriihinj ras publilhed in Philadel arkable partifiulars : ige in 1688, on the fpo which was inhabited, a , few Swedes and Ho errics, and catching wi feated. He remembt. ed to point out the fpo [venturer and his friem JC courfe of his own lifi jtacles of wild beafts ar of a great and flouriftini in America, butequallf raoraffes, where he ufi iNfRotoucfloN*. vii io tear nothing hot the croaking of frogs ; great wharfs and ware- houfes, where he had often feen favages draw their fifh from the tiver ; he faw that river afterwards receiving fliips and merchandife from every part of the globe^ which, in his yobth, had nothiiig bij^ ger than an Indian canoe* ** He had been the fubjefl of many crowned heads ; but v.ieM he heard of the opprefllve and unconftitutional aAs paflfed in Bri- tain, he bought them ^11, and gave them to his gfandfonis to mak^ kites of; and embracing the liberty and independentfe of hiscoa»k try, after feeing the beginning and end of the britifti empire iot Pennfylvania, and after triumphing in the ellablilhment of freedom* he died in November 1782." I repeat, that when we recolleft the wonderful changes which have taken place during the life of one man in Pennfylvania, under all the difad vantages with which the population of thatcounfry wat attended, as well as the reft of America, pofterity will not deem it extraordinary, (hould they find the country fettled quite acrofs to the Pacific ocean in Icfs than another century *. I will fuppofe that the inhabitants of America amount at prefent to five millions of fouls at lead, and that their population doubles •nee in 20 or 2 j years ; at th«* end of a hundred years their number will be 64 millions. This is a very fimple but very obvious truth. To be fenfible of this, we have only to mark the ftages cf its growth. For, whether the fecrct of its amazing fecundity be owing to the great proportion of room which the extent of its territory affords, iignifies very • It would to very extraordinary, indeed, if fuch were to be the cafe; for as far back as the Ohio country, when compared with the breadth of the c ntinent in thofe latitudes, the fettled country appears but a narrow Qip or margin upon the eaftern coaft : it is, however, extremely probable, that in the courfe of another century the wildernefs, and other intermediacv: lands, which are capable of improvement, and which lie between the Atlantic fettlcments and thofe of the Ohio, may be occupied, as well as the greater part of the north weft territory between the Ohio river and Canada. What progrcfs the Canadian fett ements may, in that period of time, make northwardly, it is impoflible to fay ;" though, from the want of fo good a climate, it is fair to infer, that the fettlement and im- provement of that country will never keep pace with the mere in- viting and papulating dillric^s further to the fouth. — £pjt. little, ^1 $1 Tin INTRODUCTIO ^. a little, as It does not appear likely that any material alteration, in that refp^fl) will take place in the rourfe of fo Ihort a time as a century ; as the expaniion of its dominion will fecure the fame ad* vantages to population. Under all the difadvantages which have attended manofadlures, and the ufeful arts, it muft afford the moft comfortable reflef^ion to every patriotic mind, to obferve their progrefs in the United States, and particularly in Pennfylvania* For a long time after our fore- fathen fought an eftabli(hment in this place, then a dreary wilder- nefs^ every thing neceffary for their fimple wants was the work of european hands. How great — how happy is the change! The lift of articles we now make ourfelves, if particularly enumerated, would fatigue the ear, and wafte your valuable time. Permit me> howevcfj to mention them under their general heads : — Meal of all kinds, fhips and boats, malt liquors, diftilled fpirits, pot-a{h» gunpowder, cordage, loaf-fugar, pafteboard, cards and paper o^ cVery kind; books in various languages; fnuff*, tobacco, (larch, can- non, mufquets, anchors, nails, and very many ether articles of iron; bricks, tilesj potter's ware, mill-Hones, and other ftone work ; ca- binet work, trunks, and windfot .chaii:s; carriages and harnefs of all kinds ; com-fans, ploughs^ and many other implements of huf- bandry ; fadlery and whips ; (hoes and boots ; leather of various kinds ; holiery, hats and gloves, wearing apparel, coarfe linens and woollens, and fome cotton goods ; lin-feed, and filh-bil ; wares of gold, filver, tin, pewter, lead, brafs, and copper; clocks and watches; wool and cotton cards, printing types, glafs and ftone ware, candles, fjap, and feveral other valuable articles, with which the memory cannot furnifh us at once. If the nations of Europe poflefs fome great advantages over us in manufafturing for the reft of the world, it is, however, clear, that there are fome capital circumftances in our favour when they meet us in our on'n markets. 'I'he exjicnces of importing raw ma- terials, which, in fome inftances, they labour under, while tve do not; the fame charges in bringing their commodities hither; the duties we muft lay on their goods for the purpofes of revenue ; the additional duties which we may venture to impofe, without riiking the corruption of morals, or the lofs of the revenue, by fmuggling ; the prompt payment our workmen receive; the lon^ credits they gilre give or confum purchai pecially of bleac of «5 tc exclufio the univ Thei climates extenliv« globe in Some pi, whicl *s it was free navij date Oa this editi Thefii lefpeflinj but more thought i*. dix, contj America i thor excep ceming th the circun The pn peculiar ei in the eftin pofTefs, tha reader, wh< may exceed tnefe accou within this by a man v oofom of tl: \\ alteration, in jrt a time as a ire the fame ad- \ mannfaflurcs, iblc reflexion tb e United States, ; after our fore- a dreary wilder- was the work of ,e change! The arly enumerated, ne. Permit me» icads :— Meal of fpirits, pot-ath, ds and paper o^ lacco, ftarch, cah- ir articles of iron; : ftone woik ; ca- ;8 and harnefs of npleraents of huf- lath.er of virioui coarfe linens and fith-bil; wares of locks and watches; and ftonc ware, 1, with which the dvantages over us however, clear, favour when the/ [jpotting raw ma- le r, while we do llities hither; the [s of revenue ; the E, without rllking Le, by fmuggling ; llon^ credits they INTRODUCTION. 1$ give on their goods; the fale of our articles by the piece to th« confumcr, while they fell theirs by great invoices to intermediate purchafers ; the durable nature of fome american manufaftures, ef« pecially of linens ; the injuries theirs often fuftain from their mode \^ of bleaching : thefe things, taken together, will give us an advantage of 15 to 50 per cent, on many articlefi and muft work the total exclufion of many others. Extraft from a fpeech deliyered in the univerfity of Pennfylvania, on Thurfday, Auguft 9, 1787. The immenfe extent of the american empire abounds with all climates, with every kind of foil, and with rivers fo various an<^ extenfive, that it feems calculated to become a rival to half the globe in trade and riches. Some obftrudlions interfered with the navigation of the Miffifllp. pi, which were as repugnant to found policy on the part of Spain, as it was diftrefling to the people of the weftern country ; but the free navigation of it is now conceded by treaty with Spain, bearing date OAober 27, 1795, which tretty we have given at length i^ this edition, as the reader may fee, by adverting to p. 56Z. The firft edition of this work having excited a general curiofitjf Tefpefling the weftern country of the United States of America, but more particularly that of the ftate of |Centucky, the editpr h;u thought it would not be unwelcome to the public to annex an appen- dix, containing a defcription of Kentucky by Filfon, publifljed in America 1784 ; from which Morfe, and all other writers (onr au- thor excepted), fince that aera, have taken theif information, con- cerning the developement of the firft rife and progrefs of a fiate^ the circumftances of which are fp truly aftonifliing. The propriety of adopting thefe motives was enforced by the peculiar energy which a corroboration of accounts, fo wondeifql in the eftimation of Europeans, produces, and which the two works poffefs, that it muft be imprefted upon the mind of every intelligent reader, who fometimes fears the ardour of the author's imagination irnay exceed the juft limits of truth and precifion; and the ju.lnefs of thefe accounts is farther ftrengthened by a narrative comprehended within this appendix, written in a fiyle of the utmoft fimplicity, by a man who was one of the hunters, who firft penetrated into the bofom of that delegable legi^n, '1 I 1 .IP INTRODUCTION. To the prefent edition, bcfidcs a variety of ufeful notes and ofai» fervations of tbe mod undoubted authority, interfper&d throughout the work, are added — Ample accounts of the fugar maple-tree, with the oiethod of preparing the fugar froni it, the demand for it, and the capacity of fupply. Mr. Cooper's anfwer to queftton) jToncerniug the ftate of fociety in America, price of provifions, &c, Obfervations on the (late of literature, of civil liberty, and religious fights^ in thp amcrican ftates, by Mr. Tench Coxe, The culture of iodian corn, hemp, flax, hops, tobacco, indigo, cotton, fenega root* (tfijuinc, madder, jalap, potatoes, filkvvorras, perfimmon, variouf kinds of grapes, berries, and nuts, the candlebcrry myrtle, fumach^ coffee, and other particulars in the vegetable k.ing,dom. Obferva. tions on the ancient works, the native inhabitants, &c. of the weft- pm country, by majojr Jonathan Heart, J^efcfiption of a remark^ able rock and cafcade, by Mr. Thomas Flute bins. An hiftorical narrative and topographical description of Louiiiana and Weft Fla- irda, containing a great variety of interefting particulars, by th^' \ lame gentleman. An account of the foil* growing timber, and other produiflions of feveral lands, particulsjrly the Gcnefee traft, lately located, and now in the progrefs of being fettled. Remarks for the information of thofe who wi(h to become fettlers in Amo , lica, by Dr. Franklin. ^ topographical defcripiion of Virginia^ Pennfyh'ania, Maryland, and North Carolina ; Fomprehcnding the riycrs Ohio, Kanhaway, Sioto, Cherokee, Wahafh, Illinois, ^iffiffippl, &c. by, Mr. Thomas Hutchins. Mr. Patrick Kenue- dy's journal np the Illinois river, Sec. A (hott defcription of tb» llate of Tenafee, lately called the territory of the United States foutb of the river Ohio. A fliort defcriptioq of tjj); fouth-wefteri| territory. Conftitution of the ftate of Tenafee, eftabli(he(f^ at Knoxvllle, February 6, 1796. An aft fof eflablilhing Knoxville. Treaty concluded between the United States of America and bi^ pathoKc majefty. Plan of the affociation of tbc north amcricaq |and company, ^c. It woyid lead us beyond the bounds of a preface to (hew the many advantages that ?rlfe from the free navigation of the Miffif* fip{ii» now obtained by the treaty with Spain. This fan^ous rive? is navigable upwards of aooo miles, to the falls of St. Anthony, iq latitude 45", the only f4ll we know in it, wbiph is 16 degrees of ■ixJ/^^ :.r^:^%>0, INTROPU'CTIDIT. Xl latitude above its mouth ; abd even above that fall there is 30 fathon| of water in the river, with p proportionable breadth. About 1000 miles from its mouth it receives the river Ohio, which is navigable joou miles farther, fomefa)^ 1500, nigh :o itsfource, not far from lake Ontario in New Y^^rk ; in all which fpace there is but one fall or rapid in the Ohio, an4 that navigable both up and down^ at leaft in canoes. This fall is 300 miles froffl the Mi^iffippi, and 1 300 from the fea, with five jfathom of water up to it. The otTter large branches of the Ohio, the river of the Cherokees, and the Wa. ba(h, afford a like navigation, from lake Erie in the north to the Cherokees io the fouth, and from thence to the bay of Mexicc^ by the Mifliffippi ; not to mention the great river Miflburi, which runs to the north'Weil parts of new Mexico, much farther than any good accounts we have of that continent extend. From this it appears, that the Miflburi aiFord$ the mod extenfive navigation of any river at prefent known ; fo that it may juftly be compared to an inland fea, fpreading over nine tenths of ;he whole contii^enf of Nortb America. Thefe things being confidered, the importance of the navigatioa of the Miffiffippi, and of a port at the mouth of itj wiU abundantly aj^ar. Whatever that navigation be, good or bad, it is the only one for all the interior parts of North America, which are as large as the greater part of Europe i no part whereof can be of any ufe to foreign commerce without the navigation of the Miffiffippi, and fettlements upon it. Not without reafon, then, has it been faid, .^t whoever are poflefTcd of this river, and of tb^ vaft tradb of fer> -tile lands upon it, muft in time command that continent, and the trade of it, as well a> 9H the natives In it, by the fupplies which this navigation will enable them to furniih thofe people. The Miffiffippi indeed is rapid for 1 200 miles, as far as to the Miflburi* V'hich makes it difficult to go up the river by water. But howevef difficult, it is frequently don^ ; and its rapidity facilitates a defcent upon it, and a ready conveyance for thofe grofs commodities, which are the chief ftaple of North America, from the moft remote places of the continent : and as for lighter european goods, they are mote eafily carried by land, as the Indian traders do, over great part of the continent, on their horfes, in which this country abounds* |lven the mouth of the river is from 1 7 to iS feet in depth, admit- ting ..r Li ■'V'^ ■•«'-*■;•"?-'<'*•' p.! s. L Xii INTRODUCTION. ting (hips of 500 tons, the largeft generally ufed in that trade. Aod as for the navigation from the Mifli(r>ppi> the voyage may be pev- formed in fix weeks. We have not room to expatiate on all the advantages arifing from the navigation of the Mifliflippi, and (haH therefu^ conclude ^ith obferving, that fume of the golden fchemes Ihat were formerly denominated from this yver, may probably now he realized, if the cc. amerce to which it is fo favourable be purfued with iinduftry and prudence. For« in the words of Dr. Harris, the power attained .either by policy or arms is bvt of fhort continuance in comparifon of whatsis acquired by trade. If we reflefton the leafon of the thing, it will appear that commerce is founded on in. dnilry, and cheriihed by freedom. Thefe are fuch folid pillars^ that whatever fuperflruAure is ereAed upon then)) cannot eafily be overthrown by force, but muft be ruined by fap: this we find jufti- ^d by tuftbry and experience. The ancient kingdom of Tyre owed its extenUve and lading power to iti commerce ; and all the accounts we have of the progrefs of Alexander's army agree in thi^ -thpcgh hardly in any thing elfe ; that the dcftruftion of Tyre coft h.im rapre than the over- running the periSan empire, though thjC ter- ^ ritorie? of the former fcarce capered into comparifon with the prodir gioQS dominions of the latter. Carthage, the mod formidable ener iny of Rome, flood likewife indebted to trade for that flrength |Rrhich wasfo long reputed invincible^ and which had always proved fry if the virtues neceffary to a flate fupported and even fubfidipg by commerce, had not been greatly impaifred by that luxury which her riches induced before fbe was attacked by her fonaidable enemy. The hiflory of the middle ages likewife fhews the republics of Ve- .nice and Genoa rifing to an amazing height by the diligent profecu- tlon of foreign trade and maritime power, and finking again into a low condition, and that not fo much by a fuperior force of foreign enemies, as by the n^gledl of thofe arts, and diminution of tbofe virtues, by which their empire was lattairled. According to the prefent fyflem, wealth is the fource of power; and the attainment of wealth can only be brought about by a wife and happy attention to commerce. y ■ ■ ■' T «sitirii manner fettleoM Europe: fally ba pernido has beei Whil Europe, ipan mi nxve gi tliiat nv coniequ Ther and tli< tunes Q aion of lican ei of Euro minds ■*^K^:'v^i Ai ^Ki;:,*- W(!# '■^Hfi' MHMim tm TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION, ^c. (^c, ^. LETTER L k "V l^TPol^ ^W•-w »*•» UT DBAR FRI£ilX>f Ketltucliyt ' 1 HE talk yOu have given me, liWevet' diffidilt^ | undertis^e with the gitateft pleafurcr, as it iriil adbtd me an opportunity of contrafting the fimpl^ manners and rational life df the Americans, in thefe bade fettlements, whh the diftorted and unnatural habits of«the Europeans : v^hich have lowed, no doubt, from the univer- fally bad laws exifting on your continent, and from that pemidotts fyftem of blending religion with politics, which has been produ^ive of untverfat dejuravity. While ignorance continued to darken the horizon ol Europe, prieftcraft feems to have forged fetters for the hu- nian mind, and, in the fecurity of its own omnipotence, td ^ve given a ftamp to the writings and opinions of men, that rtvetted the tyranny of thofe ingenious rophifts<— The con&quence has been lament|ible in the extreme. There are seras favourable to the rife of new governments \ and though nature is governed by invariable laws, the for tunes of men and ftat'es appear frequently under the domi* nion of chances : but hapjnly for mankind j when the ame. lican empire vras forming, philofophy pervaded the genius of Europe, and the radiance of her features moulded the blinds of men into a more rational order. » 'It X 1/ s ft; ■V". 2 WESTERN TERRITORY OF It was the zenith of your power)~ and the }nflate#gnni and though it was contrary to the laws of the land for any pri- vate citizen to make purchafes of the Indians, Aill Mr. Henderfon perfevered in his intention of eAnblifhing a colony of his own. To the inhlibitants he intended to grant the power of making their own laws, while he re- tained the executive authority in his own hands. He a^u. ally took poiTeflion of the country, with many of his fol- lowers, where he remained pretty quiet, making very little Improvement, Virginia being at tHat time entirely occupied with the war which had commenced between Great Bri- tain and the Confederated States. Mofl of the young men from the back fettlements of Virginia and Pennfylvania, who would have emigrated to this country, having engaged in the war, formed that body of men called Rifle-men } which not only checked the growth of the fettlement, but fo dried up the fources of emigration, that it was near being annihilated by the fury of the favages, who were hurried on by the emifTaries of the government of Canada. Though a confidcrable number of inhabitants had fled from the different ftates to this country, in fearch of an afylum againft the calamities of the war on the other flde of the mountains in 1778, 1779, and 1780, yet fo diftreffed was the fettlement during this laft year, after a rigorous winter (which had been more than ufually fevere upon the continent), that the fettlers judged right, when they deter- mined to abandon the country for ever ; but they were diverted from this flep by a feafoniible reinforcement of B 4 * emigrants, / \*r, \ • im' emigrants, after hli^;rc(duAiye.f)f no fniaU degfce of eVii indSi^iiAice* For, in ^nfeqoence of the great qnantity of this n^ney, which lay dead in the hands of individaab« it wsl no iboner tutown in the Miifieiient ftatesy that Virginia, heh) Oiit an opportunity .to them df obuining « copfideration for this depieciatcd currency, than it was fent .to the treafuiy of that ftate in fuch quantities) and given for land Warrant*) that in a (hort time- more of them were iflucd than WQwld h|ve covered half the territory within its limits. Previous to this zra, ereat part of the valtiable land in the dif- triA of Kentucky) had been either taken up on old military grants, and pie emption rights, or located by thofe who had been ^rft in obtaining their warrants ; for it required fome timo for the hufincfs to extend itf^lf, aiid become geneniUy known and under- Hood. _ ' iri ',;:„. in eonftquence, a large proportion of the holders ti tr^afu^ warrants were difappojinteid, when they determined) if they could "^ not obtain prime lanJ) they would lav their warrants' opoo fuch as was vacant) however ileril j which doubtlefa was proper : ibr though (iu; >v4fi9pts had coll them only a nominal value, nor was the ftate XO&TK ▲mb&xca; * ^ Wd office was d^dbed bf t^ftate»'graiMUgimtiiCKfor' any qtr4ntit7 of ii]aloc^te4#ii^^^ n coiklkioii of ctttaia •f Viwinia feicfible of tli« daagpnooa nveniie thejr wcr« opeaii^ to ftai^nlait prf^ioea, j^xi wm pdllite, lo m cxtenfire tnd n inioaittMnoai eoQiitvjp, theie midiK Min dievaBiet, or betweeiilltt JuU^ fome. bottott U»d whi(»* ¥» iIki pioftvCi 0f letil»iMii|% woald be of raloe. Bat thejr did not ftop hini for iAd% a geiieial fp^t of migntioii Wa» tiriting place ftdm everjr part ofm Atlanticj to the wcftero co«ntf)r,iDd traw dte tepatatton of the^ lands apon the QhtO) psrticoUrly thofe of Keatuckyt wiw evcrf day advancing in eftiamtion^ tbey iobbiBg— hence it is th^t there are to be ^n in the Mcrcorics throagboak Eurooet fach smmenie traAs of lim4 In Anieriea <^ied Sat lale-« and hence it u that fo .many perfons have caufe to complain of having been deceived in the accounts which have been given df' land tibey have jpoTchaibd* I had given ludi an account in this wodc*. of the good and iiw different veins of land, which I believed would have dikcAed eveiii purchafer of fadt land againft the dsngCT of impofition ; but as I ;iiave been informed that Xuid-jobbers have confioeted it as a work favoorable to their views, I mall here make fome lematkii, which* .if att^ed to^ will in&llibly pi^yent frauds., The country that feparates the back countries of Vliginia^fiom Kentucky, is, tbe^ greater part o^ it,, mountainous^ and through ,whichi^,roitsc)i^mpaign lands, is nparly i;o miles. The#hoIeof tbaj^tnfLofwildemew extending from Holftdn neariy north, croffl ing Gtiat Sandy r^vCfii the Great and LitUe Kanhaways, jqwte ii^^fiop lands in the diftrift beloQgi^g tq Pennfylvania, erclu* 'five of mmefmall traiSli'in the upper countries of Virginia upon^ the Ohio, all of wliiclj are occupied, is altogether brc^en into hub, rugged, and barren .bills, the bottoms excepted, and, in all proba-^ ^ biuty, will not be inhabited ft>r centuries^ to come, by reafon of ' the immenfe tra£is of good land lying weft' of the Ohio and Mif. .fi^ppi t and that tra ment, there to remain three months, in order that any per- fon having a claim, by virtue of a prior location, might have an opportunity to enter a caveat, and prevent a fiirrep- titious grant from iffiiing. Commiffioners were alfo fent to iKJijuft the claims of fettlemcnt and pre-emption rights ; by which means order was preferved, and the government of a tions of bis contract, that it (hall be of foch a rate of land, /. /. the diibrent foils have been clafled by the general confent of the people, . and are well underftood by the diftinAion of firft, fecond, third, •nd foorth rate land ; the laft is the lowe.1 rate, I am convinced, riiat any perfon would fettle upon, and the diificrence of its v^oe, in my opinioni is as two to one in the ratio of its rate. Now. the greater part of the broken tnAs of country would not - under the devaftation of a moft bar- barous Indian an^ ci^il ^"^t ^d under the miferies of fa- mine and d^lr^fs^ fetjled by all ordors of men in the Unite4 " States, men of difierent interefts and different politick— yas prefe^ed i and tjlie order and quiet, which prevailed in 1784, was fufficient to have induced a ftranger to have be» lieved that he was living under an old fettled government^ Such is the fcience of jurifprudence, when it works upon fimple but fubftuxtlil fprings. Hence arife harmony with- out expence, and equity without litigation. Here are no mufty forms, to lead you into labyrinths of doubt and per- plexity, no contradictory cafes and reports to diftrad your opinions :— our decifions are governed by a£h of the legifla^p ture, decreed upon the- elementary principles of .truth and juftice. r After the peace between Great firitaia and the United States in 1783, the fettlement of Kentucky was tonfidered as formed } but it was not yet determined, whether it wai to be an appendage of Virginia, or not. The United States claimed the back country as the property of the whole union, which ihould be appropriated to the ufe of the federal go- vernment; but Virginia urged the right of the charter granted by James I. which defcribes its boundaries in this ilrange way :— To commence at a point fouthward of the capes of Chefapeak Bay, in lat 36!°, running due weft from thence, then fetting off from the faid beginning, and running to lat. 37° 57' upon the coaft, which is a littk to the north- ward of the faid capes, and then running a north-wefl: courfe. This indefinite grant, having no a£bial boundaries, feems to have origiaated in the belief of' the times of its birth, >. e, that the Atlantic and Pacific oceans were divided only by a narrow traA of country. This grant formed a kind of obtiife angle, expanding as it advanced weftward, and com- WBSTBftir TERRITORY 0» compre&di^g thelli^liiole of the f!ne (cwnti^ oh both fidet of the 0^0. Biit,^ it btdtr to adjuft aHl dlfputes^ the ftate of Virginia oflered to concede 't$e country vefbrard of the OhiOk pro'^ided that other individual ftatet, holding back lands, Kroold give up theirs, and the whole of the countri^ compre^ded withui the prefeht Ihnits of the ftate, on the caftem iide of the river Ohio, fhould be guaranteed to them hj Congrefi. This was doiie } and thus the federal govem- inent became pofleflfed of all the bacic lands in America. Hms hood 'niatten refpecHng Kentucley about the latter end of X 7 83 . As it is necefiary for me to take a retroipe^ve glance of the progrefs of peopling feveral other parts of the weftem country, I muft beg your indulgence and time for an* other letter^ In the mean time, believe me to be' devoted to your wilhes, ' I am, moil iincerely, Yoar's, 3fc, LETTER II. KT DBAR fRIEND, Ktntuchj, X K£ memorable defeat of general Braddock retarded, for feme little time, our opportunities of acquiring a further knowledge of the country on the Ibiirces of the Ohio. But the taking Fort du Quefne by ge« aeral Forbes, in 1760* opened to the view of the colonies of that day a new world. Lands were granted by govern^ ment to tbe army, for iervices done during the war, which^ in a great meafure, with the garrifbning Fort duQueihe (now called Foit Pitt), contributed to form the fihl englillv f^tlement upon the weftem waters. AftoP KOITR AMSiltCiL. II , After the treaty, of Pswru in 1 7^3, by which Cre«t Britaki obtamed a ccffio^ of Eaft and Weft Florida, jind all the eouQtry lying eaft of the Mi^flippi, with a rig^t to navigate that river, frequent excurfioos had been made firom thai time down the Ohio and Mifllffippi to j^ew Orleans. But in thefe excurfions* which were by water, very tittle know- ledge of the Kentucky country had been obtained, exoe|iC at the R^ids, and fome few other places upon the banlbf of the river. -^ ^ Xouifiana yra$ well known« and many &ttlementt wcM ibrming, previous to the late war, on the eaftem fide of the Miflifli|>pi, above and below the Natches : fome troppt bad been ftationed in the niinois, and at Poft St. Vuicenft on the Wabaih river, where the fiench habitants lived^ and cukivated their little plantatiims, in the ftylc off dbjl patriarchs of old ; enjoying the charms of nature^ decked in all the foft fimplicity which the genial current of the human foul, unfophifticated by the alloy of european arti- fice, produces in fuch elegant and fafcinating variety. They poflefied all the fodal talents in an eminexit degree : and their hofpitality was ever enlivened with the charms of w^ and the exhilarating juice of die vine*; which greir and flourilhed to fuch a degree as' to produce wine for exporta- tion f. Thefe fettlements ftill evft) but the fettlementt upon the Miffiffippi that were made previous to the war» were broken up by Indians, who inhabit the country bctweeo Georgia and Weft Florida, called the Cherokee, Creeks, Chacktaw, and Chidufaws nations. Befides, > by the treaty * ** The niinoit coentry is in general of a (bperior ibil to any Girt of North America diat I luve Teen. It produces fine oak, ckoiy, cedar, mulberiy.tree*, ice. ; feme dying rooti, and medi* einal {dantS} hops, and excellent wild grapes; and, in the year fiencl^ iettlen from thefe grapei."— ■769, one hundred and ten hogflieads of weU*tafted' and ftmy wine were made by the french iettlen from thefe grapei."— HtfTCBINS^ ' t This may be tmc ; bat it it the fitft that I have Icamt of their tvtft making wine ^domeftic ale* — Edit. "Or' ■ 4', ^ if- ', Lt'^' i i4 WESTEttK tBRRrXtOlV aP 6{ 1783 between Great Britaiii and the Uiaited StatdS, W« anrquired the country on the e^iftern fide of the Mi£fi^p][^ iltet, onty as bw as the conimenoemeht of the 3:td deg* tfrtothe Natchez} To that thofe rettlements could not tii/ tetityrtdhj the Americans, as both Eaft and Weft Floridsl fell into the hands of Spain b/ the fatoe peace. . * The fouthem Umits of Virginia, being lat. 36I dcg. ar^ divided from North Carolina by a fmie of demarkatiott i'ta a direft weft line, until it ftrikes the Miffifiippi a' little Mcfl^ fis jqnfHon #ith the Ohio. The iam6 ridge of mottntsdns #faich feparates Virginia from the weftern countr)^ feparatet Hit Carolinas alfo ; and on this ftde of the moimtain, withitt die limits of North Carolina, the luxuriance of the foil, iti ftfffie parts, is' equally aftoniftiing' as that of Kentiiclqr. Whem lord CornWallis penetrated into the back pvtts of that ftate, many of its inhabitants began to fly ov«r thd ihotintains ibr fecurity ; and thus commenced the fettlemeiii cidllid Cumberland, from the name of its river *, which is t < vnc^ ,tq;it tAfne Ji ^e > ^^ai^ ^r own d^pxi, jfid by jm ^ pf the Wiflgitiwe of :t^ " I^V' ^^ « Aiiotber fopuuon, 40 ^&^ to .tii^ie mttstht Tqcp/^* i^ |hit ^IJi^hey can derive riol)enrittt,frQin,.tbp au;pie^ At this ,|^p- 1^ fglm^t the arm of 2;overomefft is extended, ' aiia its funds are aj^pro. *j^ C pnatcd» ii*'V #■ i8 WBITlXir TntRXTORT OF eonfidenble tnAs of land in tliediftri£^, who wt^ not refi* dents, thought onr reparation would be premature* partico* larlf as ws luul courts of jufUce, whofe jurifilidion wu dii^ tin^ from that of Virgini||; and the onlf folid ctomplidnt (which, indeed, waa a feriqus' one) was the diftance to which we muft fend our reprefentatives, and oiur local fitvatioA. requiring in fome inftances a legiflation, irhich the majority of the aflembly of tlxe ftate would nptt b^ competent to judge of. However, thSs bufinefs was procraftinated i for finding, though we might feparate whenever we.chofe, yet, that it was optional with the legiflature of Virginia to re**. commend us to be talcen into the federal government (which, they were not likely to do, and whlr.h it was certain could, not be done, without), we were .coLxtont to^main as wo were for ^hat time. The federal government in the courfe of liLk year under- took to lay off the country weft of the Ohio, ia fuch manner as would anfwer the purpofe of felling the land, and fettlinf t,4r pilated, to prote^ them againft the hoftilities of the Indians; aad the whole regular military force, which it has been thought hecef- Uty to fopport, was raifed, and is now emplojcd in their defence. The Atlantic rivers, from the A4ifii|9ippi to the Mohawk* which nature has formed as the channels cV 'heir trade* can be cleared of natural and political obftra^ons. cnly l>y the meafuics of the At* lantic ftates; and no lefs than eight fcveral plans to that end are iiow in preparation or execution Ih as many (ufieient places* under the aufpices of the five ftates, within whole territories the moft fiu voorable rivers and grounds have been placed Inr nature. ** A great aytid expehfive fomplke road has been ^mmenced by Tcnnfyivahia*.leiadibg direAlyweftward towards Fittlbnrg on tiMk dhio and AU^g^ny (antib4i793}. Congreft alone caneffeA the 'xdCn^uilbment of the pofts, the keys of the weftem cdbntry. 'Ilie improvement and opening of the many necefiary roads, leading wcftWara, muft be done by the aAs of the Atlantic ftateu* and by ^eir funds. Not a year elapfes without feveral anprbpriations 4f nioney to this objeA. By a fincere* juft, and clofe union W Vxretn the inhabitants of the weftem country and thofe upon thb fea coafts, both parties will avoid thofe expenfive, bloody, and'fie^ i wnt ftrnggles, which everywhere difgnce and injoie adjacen^|[k ^ftte*."-- 'i^ch Coxe's View, p. aoc, z<^, J.^r . •: ■ ^ thT •* VORTR AMBHtCA. 7 '^ Uit'ctNnitrft Peace htd beta made the preceding year at Fort M*Into(h, between the United States and the Indiant, Ip which the coontrj upon the Muikingum, Scioto, and the Great and Little Miami riTeri, had been given up by the Indiana as a confideratioa for former maffacres, and as ne* ceflary to produce permanent tranquillity ) they finding the United States, by ceffion from Great Britain, had a right to all the country within the Imuts defcribed in the treaty o£ 1783, and that it would be in vain for them to remonftrate againft their peopling it, particularly as it was to Great Brk tain they were to look for reftitution, who had abandoned, them when.alUes, and fold th^ir country without even con- fulting thtm. But when the furveyors began to ad, the. Indians diftovered immediate and hoftile figns of difappro* "bation, ibme maflacres were committed^ and the bufinefk was put off until the following fpring. Congrefs as yet had taken no decided meafures as to the organization of this country, or the mode of parcdling it out, and difpofing of it; the difcontinuance of the late war was ftill recent, and the multifarious obje£b, which pre(pnted Aemfelv bf gafenmtAt tih commending to the confthvent powers of that ftate, iht deputing men to inquire Into the radkal deffAl of chatf eonftitntlon, and making fiich alterations ll the improt e4 wifdom of experience may find nece/nury. It Is thus hi f h« progreffioa of things that govemmentf will trfite at ptiw ft£tion. , I muft beg that you wiU excttfl this digrefiloiit *t it wai aeceflary to account for the delay in proceeding to the ftu tlement of the country weft of the Ohio. This bnfinefi took up the greater part of 1717, ib that it was a year or more before much was done. In the mean timii th^ Iltdiani continued to increafe their depredations, uhdei^ a beUef, that if once the whites were fuflbed to eftabUlh themfthes oil their Sdfi of the Ohio, there wof the indian ttt'Hei, whether helives witiiin ot without the american line, than a is for the fame priiiCi^ Slid nibttvM which tegolite all the merchants and fiore-lceepen of th^ ,iJ[(Hted Sta^.-«£i>i t. f this is ^ mClre rhapfoay, and means nothingi unlefs it is to d^iide the multitude: poWiler aad lead are become as necefl&ry to the meliort|ted|ponditron bl the Indians as falankett and other wearing appaiely which cbnftitote at leaft thiee fourths of the valu^ that is given by Europeans in exchange for dicitlun and pdtiy .— ,..■ * ' ■ - , ■■ .-•Ebit, m m m i it ; ; ^ t k M ^.„^i»M MORTtt AMB&ICA. «| Mb^Uogmm ivUch may b« looked upon u the commence- mcst of the American fettlemcnts upon the weftern ^ of iIm Ohio *. In 178S and 1 789 fome farther furreying wap done I bat iitH« Ance has been traniafted in thofe part^ mcept wart betwocn the Indiana and fettlcn. Tct it it t9 b« hoped that the decided meaTures taken hf the United Skatts will fecure peace» which cannot fail to promote profperity. ' Nature in her pride has given to the re^ons of this fair iri^cr a jfertUity fo aft monftration becomes neceffiuy. During thefe times of bar- * The Muficingom riTcr at iti junAion with the Ohio is about too jrardi widct and it rendered panicalarl/ carioni uom the an- cient fortificationa which lie aboat a quarter of a mile from the upper pomt of the month oT the river> and within the ground-plot of the city of Marietta. Thefe works are very extenfivej and evU dently mark the ingenuity of man in very remote and former ages. They confift of three diftinft fquarea, communicating with each other by a covered way, and again by another^ covered way aoo yard* in lensthj conneAing the laigeft and principal fquare with the old bed <^ die Muikingum river, whence the pitefenp river is diftant, in fome placet} ^a)>put ;oo yaids.. Thefe (quarea are foimM by i ditch and parapet upon aprinciple fimilar to that with the entrenched wall called the Devil's Ditch, on Newmatket heath, and were evidently de&tned ai pofts of refuge and deftnc^r to the ancient inhabitants. There are here feveral mounds ftill retaining a conical figure, and forming the fepulchres of a pejoplc far poic advanced in civilication d|an any which have yet been difcovered in this part of the connSe&t. There is one of diefe cones which chifiengea a more partiralar defcription than die left : it Hands in die middle of the cen||fc fquare of the city« it much hicbf r, a^nd more regularly vr'°* than iy of the others. In its pieient fetded ftate, tnere is plainly tc be leen a glacis, and • parapet about four fcet higher than the Airrounding land. Withia Ihe pariqpec ia a cUtch, twc)ve feet wide, and about three feet below iitt general forfiice of die country. This ditch extends round the haft of the f^one, which has a diameter of fifty feet, and a pcrpendi- cnlat beifl|ft of tluny"fivc iect ftom the bottom of the ditch. The $den of jtne < 'd are formed to a mathematical cxaAneis} along which, to ii ^beft D LETTER III. MT DEAR »RI£MD, Kentuehf, , « IN cafiing your eyes over the map of America, you will difcover that its weftem (or middle)' country is diviiiedSfrom the Atlantic country by a chain of mountains which rife in the rei.iOte parts of the ftates of New York and New Jerfey, and run a fonth>wefterly cour/e, until they are loft (as I obferved before) in the fiat lands of Weft Floridai The weftero country b thofe parts wl^ch are watered by tli^ ftreams running into the Mi]|lflippii, It is aboutjJlfty miles over the Allegany mountain, crofBng •by fhe route wMlh general Braddock took from Fort Cum- berland near the Potowmac,'at the de%iitjn.to the country of Redftone, on the Monoogehala, the iftthem brai^ch of % m KORTH AMERICA* I3 tlie'Ohio. Thif river rifes in the fame mountain confider- ably to the fouthward, runs nmrly parallel with it, the op* pbfite way, upwards of one hundred miles, and is navigable for boats nearly to its fource} the whole of this country beyond the mountain is extremely fertile, well watered, and abounding with all kinds of timber calculated for building •hott&s, boats, cabinet work, &c. &c. The ftigar maple tree is intermixed' in great quantities *. From the foot of the moun- * See *« An account of the fogar maple tree 6f the United Staties, smd of the methods of obtaining fugar from it ; together with ob« fervations upon the .advantages^ both publie and -private, of thu fugar. In a letter to Thomaa Jefitirfon, efq. iccretary of the iJnited Statea> and one of the yicC'prefidents of the american philofophical fociety, by Benjamin Rulh, profeflbr of the infti- tutes, and of clinical medicine^ in the univerfity of Philadd« phia." — ^The fabjea of this excellent paper feems, at firft figh^ more particularly to relate to the United ptatesf but it may, and we hope will, very eflfentially affeA the general ftate of the world, by increafing the fupply of an anicle, of which the ufes are yet, - on account of its high price, but imperfeAIy known. If the mo- nopoly of the Weft India iflands, where alone the wifteful culture^ by flavea, in the ahfence of the owner, can be fopported, Ihould be gradually diminilhed, and at laft abolifhed, hj^ plentiful pro- duce of fiigar from the urg babont £% ittUes I37 toater. Large traas of ibt kad lie ail idoag vpon die iiiiDka of thfii river from the Old I'ort to Fittftvrg^ , OThich -aie capAie of being iKhde iato cxtenfive and hwft- ffiiaitaneadowgreiHid, . . 13ns country is populous, it being the oldeft fettlementf andnade isnnediatdy ;^er taking Foit du (^efne. The '^iTohcgeaM ODpties itidf into the MonoDgehalt about ibitaeK tniies above its jtm€Hon irith the Allegany riter : the counti|F cm this siver is more uneven, bat in the vallies the ftnl ii cttitnitly f idi. Near to I^tflnirg the eontttry k weU peo» {Aed, and there, as well as in RedAcm^ all the comforts alF UfeaaeiniChegraiteft abnndaraoe. flottr is nunufiidared in tts |;odd a Ayle ^s in any part of America ; and batter, cheefi^ t>acon,ftVi^kiablegyazmgcoim» , try in all America, from the fertility of its foil,, its capability \, af being formed mto cstsenfive meadows^ aqd its^ ftomvakf a thae of ifae ya«r w'iien neither infeA, nor tHe poflan of phntir cxHls to vitutte i^ •• M tlw ctfe with common Aigar. Fiom calca- litions gfotilled on ealMiag faAs, it is «foertaiiied» dut Amerioi h now capab^ of producing a furplos of one eighth mote than itf own eonruniplion ; that it> on uie whole* about 13C.0001O00 eooridll which in the coontry may be valued at i; poaiyB' weight Ibr one dollar. Dr. Rufli ntentions many other beadKts his eonntiy nMy derive from this invaluable tice, ilhd conchdcs his paper witn an vclount of A>me of the advantages of fugar to nuuikind, noi merely as commonly confideied to be a h^QI'y* boiMwtn excellent^' whokfoine^MidttoAcHhing article of feod,^^XT« T .Jk' » n » i» .•■•^■^ftJUii'J « S(t-V^» ,f t t» tSie tttiuntaias, whick attra& «he eleodsi and prodaee that aioiftiire fe iMxcAry to grafs t— befides whkli, its fituatioA i$ about thfee kondred 9»d twenty aiUes from Fhiladelphiay •boat two bimdred 4^ forty from Baltimore, and about two bundled and at tp whicb cattle may be dri?en witk Ike gneateft eafe. ' Thi» ccuntky has derived no inconfiderable advantage from tke fettlement of Kentucky, and the other fettlements thaC •re making on the Ohio and MiffiiSppi, the great road d^ - * m^irating ftioa the northern ftates lying through it ; and indeed It is moft convenient, both from Maryland and Viiv giniii« at all feafons of the year, provided that there be any thing buU^ to carry, the pailage being for the greateft partly irater, and the Potowmac navigable, a few places ex* cepted, to Fort Cumberland } all of which obftruftions will be removed in a few years by canals that are cutting *. From Fort Cumberland it is about fixty miles land carriage t# Redftone Old Fort ; but fo friendly has nature been to tim country, that, ^ough it is without feas, thegrivers rdtt dl * in fuch dire6Hons diat tha| is fcarce any place in all this back parts of America where art may not ro^ilfce the land carriage to a "very fmall diftance. I cannot fpeak upon fb ' general a fubje^ definitively } but I mean to be underftood within fifteen leagues. It is aflerted, from the beh audtori- ttes, that the land carriage between the Potowmac and Ohl» ^y be reduced to lefs than twenty miles. . Sttdi^ls the progreffion of things in this coontry, iriiilt tiiere was apparently no market for its fuperfluous pro^ duftion^ that every svtide has fdld extremely well, 1^ conk fequence of tllfe number of emigrants who have been^con* tinually jM^g ^ovm the Ohio. 4? * ThofeiES4«^'«Ktobefiiuihedi&t)iceoorfeof 1793. Dowm If '■• ■^ -" Down from Pittiburg the country is flat on the buikl 6f ^he river ; but a little diftance from them it is confiderably . broken, particularly on the north-weftem fide. Much good 4and, however, is interfperfed on the fouth fide as far as Uie apil^roadi to the Little Kanhaway, where the nature of th« foil feem^ feverfed, and the good land is then found on th« , Weftern fide upon the Muficingum. There i:re fome ftripi of rich land upon the Little Kanhaway ;. but, farther up th« river, the country is broken and fteril, producing fcarce any iotber timber than the fir>tree, or pine, and knotty black oakl, t which are generally deemed fymptoms of a bad foil *. Thii traA of l>ad land extends quite into the mountains in a fonth dlreflion, and runs fouth-wefterly as far as Great Sandy rJ- 'veri with little or no variation, except on the J)ottoms of the Crreat Kanhaway -I-, which are extenfive and rich. The bot- toms • The beneficial eflfefts of the caffia chamaecrifta, in recniit- ing wor9k>at lands, and enriching fuch as arejiatantUy poor, are deicrtbed as follow.8» by Dr. Jamca Greenway, of DinwUddic coun- ty, Virginia :<— In Maryland and Virginia they have lon^ been M the praAice of fowing a pint of the beans of this plant with every % 4>alhel of oats on poor lands. ^The oatsripeni and are cat in July, .ivhen the beatt^ are young* imd ^ape the injury of the fcythe* They flowec in WVuguft an(LSepten}er. In Odlober the leaves fall off, the feerd? ripen, and the pod opens with fuch elafticity as to Icatter the beans to fome dittance around. The year foilowing, the field is cultivated with com ; the beans which ^outicarly are ill deftroyed with the plough and hoe ; but the nmre numerous . I tart not niaking their appearance above ground until the corn is ai4 by, fpring up unhurfTby the inftruroents of agriculture, and fumiOi feed for the eiifuing year, when the field is again (owed / with oats. By this alternate cultivation of corn and oats with tht beans, die land is ^ far improved by the, mouldered Ittves and ftalks of the beans, ^at the product will be' fifteen buffieis tQ^thi^ acre on fuch as, prior to this management, would not haveprod^feed tnore tj^an five. Dr.fGreenway » of opinion, groundeJnn exp^ jience and obfenduioiu t|||t the common field-pea> is preferable to tvery thing elfe in imlpoving lands, if the vines be left to rot oo the ground, iitftead of bcj^g given to cattle for fedder^Soii-. f This river, |t i^zaonth, is nearly 500 yardy|iWe, and the currant gentle for. ablftlf 10 or lis miles, when it wcAmis confidelfijj^ *re you meet with ably tapd for upwairds of 60 miles farthg| whei ^ ^' n • • - , 'm m % •* **■ *• 'nf^"^ "* ' ltOR,TB AMERICA, ^ iottii OB- the Ohio are ererywhere extenfire and hiziiriant. On the treftern fide of the river, the country bejond the rich vein of land-on the Mufldngnm is only tolerable on this' fide of the head water* of the Sciotoj whidi are fucceeded by as fine a body of land as the imagination can paiint* Thb extends confiderably near to the Ohio, and running weftward quite to the Miami, now approximates its banks, •nd difplays, in its verdure and variety of majeftic forefts, all that beauty and richnefs, which have been fo much celebrated by travellers who have pafied. through them. The country on the eaftem fide, except on the banks' of the rivers, is indifferent. There is a body of good landon Great Sandy } but leaving that in a fouth-wefterly courfe, . high,irugged, and broken hills arife, which will hardly ever be capable of cultivation'': thefe hills extend between thirty and forty miles, and open into the fine lands of Kentucky, r We have travelled now about five hundred miles down the Ohio in its mea^erifig courfe, and weVill fuppofe ourfelves at Limeftone, ^ere the champaign country on the eaftem fide of the river begins. This is the ufual landing'^place for people coming down in boats, who mean to fettle in the 4 upper part of the ftate, as I ^U in future call it. It is now neceffary to look back to that country, which we have tra- velled t^ugh.with.fuch rapidity. Pittfburg lies in about lat. 401* 40fphe general courfe of the Ohio is about W. S. W* and the diftance by land from Pittfi>urg to Limeftone is nearly pjo miles. But as the niyth-eaftern limits of the ftate are Great Sandy*, which is fome diftance above Lime, ftone, we may fix ^hem, as nearly ai>can be, in lat. 39°. I amforry I cannot fpeak with more precifion; but thefe Ihings have not yet been afcertained hafi obfervation; ^ the firft falls, when it becomes alinoft }^^P)>Ie to navigate it, from the great namber of obftruftioni which us variooa cataraAs pre* M^' '• Salcldth£^in mainforki of Big SaomVir, lies in 38" 39. north htitude^^Ub ' T* > % * The ^^^ \^ ■5 ir t 41 <. % ... 5k i .' Thocaft £de of ifac Ohio, fpr abont ten or iatenty sdlet bdow WhfleHng, whidli if.about xmc iuaiulced lMk>v Pitt& iN^rg, V generally ndl iiettled. Hhfire .arej6ar iSettlancntt OD the uppofite fbore hbiH you come to the Ma/kmfpamt and die countrj^ now wears the iace of a wildctneis 9a >oth £des of ,the riv^r, there being no Jhabitatbiu worth iwtice, except at the mouth of the .Great £aiilu\it which|^ been. contasunaCed ,hy the Ij^ic a]^jrFaf or de- h^ ^hik I ^eaRt' txpefSeneaS iSi^ tfiveni^ itrofi the iUKgauy xn6i#^Mitt slif Rfarlfft, #Klei^ it '¥is to^rc^ inth ftd#, ittd a^ fiftdi^' iB«^ i» «i*»<">* **T «*^** tesingtoii lies tboot midwiy , lii It M«ly <«ftt»»l «f the ||iiditiidiB*aiu«iriMit«»««sfy,^hi|»%oiiettr^^ %om LeziBgiea td teefttirg 11 fthoiil4«ptf mttei 1 1© Boonftarg it i* iboaf twenty I the iJpper Hue lieM neerly tWrty, Thk f^Burfe* wWth ii aeerljr fifty mike* c6«pitliefldi e*i t^y ilhit it called firi^ iMe land. Letflxirg liet olith» tMatutMfi skbont twetoty mSkt firom itt mouth by Uadt an4 Mirly forty by wrter* tint mailtrf hUtwten i^^ndAM Ohio U bro1seii> but riaft rfhe wttltl^ of Drinnon^ LScfc?<»«iiB^ you £01 into a body of good champaign Iwd| which ent^i^ with We w«|tbD, to the B^ of ;*« iMM% ^'^^ IfOgburg *♦ f ■I 4 v.. fmamA J\ fakitcuM looaftarg 4)r (blrtf r bcfidtcft* irtieitt W MiNitet ' Um piAl id| as dK» ti whidi idiiig tbi aUf gaoi ittt to the mowdibf er. FfoM ndltMiti 'I J AVf«#fw»v// //V- ImhivJr .ImfrHVtt r»Mijhi.l rt^il^jMio ^t*.H\H I /intf^mf liw lml4\\it .Irttfrftttii /'■'/■iif>h\ . I'uHuh,.! feb'i'*ijtn h JH*>*n^ n.\>iM(i , 1,-tul-m . r.OmJ^rSn,^' P I ^THE RAPIDS^ CO tfJ (^ n,m)Mt(y,iifitHkm, j^csast^si^ w ■l:. "! ! ^ ! ■ ^ ^*^l-^^^V:^3 ^ ^*t!^^'^'^J^ mat, «4 ..>»*-«M« - ig>m»»ifc«i»i--*»T<' Liffiptfg tdDmivm^tlieecmiitry^ fer the firft twenty fliflei, ift» : ■*"»w> w irt|vdy^ olfJi iobrior tM« of land f bot fiurtbc^ prebeaAcd^Hliin tbc fqaari «f fifty inOcs. Lkljge bnliei of gobd^hlh^li« on «very fide of DanvHle for tlMOtf. miles and iip«rardt$ but fik dit eourft froA tUenJe t« tbe Ha^ide oE^ OIkio, on the wtttert ofvStk . fhrn^trfaich tadces its nimeiroin a fai« fpring» ealled B^mtt'e Lick| dult is on its Ixmlt^ aix>ut twenty fbflcs^ifrcim tl)«i ffiodlc of ithe river)» tlHefur^Ke isi in jfome piieety Sraktfii fattA'lidges df JuHst winch are in general goaitUm^Jgtlt flnft wdf watered. As jbt approach the^Ra{>id)q(|rtte€tafc» tadre iei^et^ better watered^ and the il^'fliofe ft^te^ The cotaHlff of Beargraft is biS(Ne its (Mmflii^ •nc^ #ilh fhtf Miififfipfft "they are Ht^^iointiAlsf^ l^dge of rkb that ftrelch acroA the bed of the rWtr &m oa^ £de| to tliefthfr, in foine phces pK^e^jj^ ihticl^ ^boit thd aae>i The river is full a mile wide*, aadfheJUl of watei^ «^iuch is «n eternal vafcade t* appears as -if nature had defigned:it.tb fhew how inimitable and ^upendous are her worla»:.lts breadUi contributes to its ^blunitf ; and the cohtimiaUy rumbliog noife. tends to exhilarate' the ipiritSi and jj^i^ei a cheerfiilheis even to fluggar^s. The view up the iSver is terminated, at the diftance of foar.ieagncs, bf m iflaod in its costre, which is xontrafted bf the plain on the opqp^ fitb ihore, that extends a long way into the coimtxf i but the tfje receding finds new beauties, and ample fulgeffc £ot »dmirajtiony in ^e^rifing hills of Silver credk, whidi, ftrttchr ing obliquely to the north*weft, proudly rife h%her aad higher as they extendi until their illumined fununit^lmpeiv ceptibly vaaifli. Oarkville, on^theof^fite ihore, completet the prolpeA, and from its neighbourhood, and from the fettlement .forming upon therofficert* land» ».Seyr yeart fnuft afford: us a cultivated country, «o b)icnii. ,«ppropri«itt beauty with the charmi of the imagination. ^There lies a jTmall ifland in the river abont two hundred yai^ frojoa the eaflern ihore } between which and the main is a or eighty ho|;fhead|^ of tobacco, ouy always pafs with fafetyc— Xbit. . u ^owed ;-'^.' tnaL' <>^ gned!it.to ^ontintoUy ic ri!»er » an ■iflsii'^ i lie Off*- ; fubgea for ichyftrttchr bigher att^ e»compM^ td from the rhere Ues» is from the ^ , o^r" towards the neverovor- iowed h^, th^yhjpiag^fty feet higher., thlin .the bed; cil ^ river.' >Th^e;rt»;.»P.idwbt, but it ¥MJil::fton becbmell, 4pwnfliing town ^-t^rj^^ai!*: already upwf^ds .Qf tw^ hundttd^ fpod houfes- built. Thi^^^''^ *^ <^>^'cd ^^uif^Uje. ■ . - .1 , oijastted to mention, that when the >ftate of Virginia con<* ceded the territory weft:of the Qhioto .^e ynited Stat^fv flMs-relerved a tra^b .lying oppofite .to^^ the Rapids, , for thpfeo|geer»9nd:.foldi^r^jt;alled,ftate^^ and who had. been immediately empl^^yed in the w^^n country* . Haying left the weftern fide of the- Ohio at>l;hc^ J^JigoM, .1 fhall continue my defcription o£. the cou^itirf op this fide, as far as my knowledge .extends* ^an^ irill thai, proceed upwards* <;. ; ■ in leaving the Rapids in a routh-v^eilerly dire^on,. the country is flat, it bordering upon the^ counts^ I .havej^iOl fcribed in the fork of the Ohio and Salt, rivers. After: p^pg the main -branch of tbe,Ssilt 4yier,% near Bullitt's Lick> Mg^ miles di(laqti H^ the fork of the north and ioujth branches, the country becomes broken and, bfilly;.bu;t..bjp^ tween- which. and the Cumberland road, that leads from !^ Upper parts of Kentucky, there is a , confiderable extent; fp/E fine land} but travelling a few leagues £uther fouthwardt you arriveat extei^ve plains,. ;whichftretch upwards of one' hundred and fifty miles in a fouth-weft coiurfe, and end oo^ when they join the mountainous country. -Some few clumps of trees, and a grove here and there, are the only . o^ ftru£tions to a boundlefs horizon. It is pleafant to behold the deer hounding over the fcraggy fhrubs which cover the earths While the fettgig fun gilds thoTcextenfiveplains^ the mild breezes of a rummer's eve, playjng upon the .en- raptured fenfes, foftens the heart to love and friendfiiip. Unpercetved, upc^i^ fotae eminence, .you n»y ei^oy the fports of wild animals, which here rove unconcerned lords * This river ii about i ^o yards wide at its mooth, its carrent is gentle, and iti principal branch i> aavigable about. 60 miles. P 2 ^ of 56 wssrsnif TMiirr^iiY of # «f the field. MeaveM f utiat chenae we there ta lihMff I ^^ Man^ bora toeaibte Hie AibdrdiMte vaaah, hu hmg iacto ' mflsfedhknfelf. Bnt rcafQa at length, i» radiant ikiUe^ and! with graceM pride) iMumines both hemU^hereti vnA FiKBEDOil» in golden plomes, and hi hertrimnphd car» moft now refume her l(mg4oft empire.' We now hive attived ttpon the waters of Green river; at the month of whidi, and between that and the OhSot lies Henderlbn^ gMnt of twdve nStcs f^are^ at I niett>^ Cloned. The plains extend bey«nd' the head waters of this rtver quite in(6 the limits of North C^ffoUna; bnt^at the meottb, ami for fbrtf mSes above, there is a large jirepor- tion of good land, particularly npon Panther credc. From the month ef Green river *^ up the Ohio to Salt rivo*, the had upon the banhs of the Ohio is genernBf fertile and ridt: but leaving its banks yon (bon IMl into the jhaa cefott* try, wUdt is confidered as little better than barren land* However^ it is moft likdjr that it win prove excdBent fef fheepto fted upon, tiie climate being nearly^the ftme at dtat of Spain, where dte fineft wool in Earope is produced* And thoagh the bmd is not reckoned vdusMe in this cioti&» try, on account of its compararive fteriBty, yet it is, of a iuperior quality to much of the foil in the lower parts -of Viigiiria, the CaroUnas, and Georgia. It abouncb Wift haze^ whichy it is w^ known, never grows kiadSy hi a poor finl. The native ftrawberry b found in thefe plains in liie greateft abimdance, as are Hkewift phtms of rts y ^f*d if icom die nadve grape dkat grows fpentaneouflyhere, we can- form any idea of what the fame foil is capable oi pr»> dttcing iHsten they are cultivated, it would appear diat no dimate or foil in the world is more coi^enial to the .Tint i^ Ibr I have never tafled more delidous grapes; and it it * Green river is omraRb of soo yards wide at its moudiy its earrent it gentle, ttid it is navigable ncady 150 nilesi the fi .4» ,^- ■■--/- liNrtff mgiacto efl» and phfll car» ■ ■ ■ .ij m river; he Obioi I I nieBp^ n of Ait iit'>«t the k. From piircr, the ertOe vnA luttcmifi* rren land* ceflent fee ic ftme u produced* 1^ (joiUi- itU.of* r parts 'itf anils iriAt mdtyin « ns in tb« rent forts f oaflyiiere» Ueofpro^ u diat no the.Tice; and it it mooUiy its the MOUTH AMERICA. %f tHe •tiinioti'Oif fome jadidotts fereignersi who Ittve vifited liMfe genial fcgaoiis, thatw good intte as can be made in tm^ part of die fjbakist might be produced frotn die nadve grape pfopcrif^cuiitihrated t* Hiere is nothing more commoa Ciian tomeet witk a j^eafant wine made here bf the fettler% «v3io Itnovr nothing of the ufe of vats, or the decree of ArmentatiDa neceffitry to the perfeAion of the art ff wine»> making* But, I flaeter m;f^ feme progrefs wiU be madfe in this bufiacfs, as feveral foreigners hare long had it in agkadon toandertake it. The country betireen Qrecn and Gnmberland rivers if fftaeaiif rick, and finely waitered. There is in it a moft «alaaUe lead m&aei and federal fiit .^irii^S} and between Ckeen and Sak rivers there are two ctf a bitiimeny whid^ iRben«naljftd» is fonnd to be amber. Bitf fe much do we Aand in *aeed of ch|feaifb and minenilifts, that we remain %noittttt of the properties and vahie of many feffils wbkh lMn« beisndirooveRd i -and many coirtinue mdmown« I ap* ^ The grapes of the earc^pean vinei which ate tmnfplanted t6 America do not (b well iMnr the fadden chanjp of roe weatW, nor the extiMMs ef the diy and we^ so which the climate is liable, as the native grapes. If there be much thmder, and that •tteoded in4ti heavy 1howeis» and fdbwed by exorffive gleams df hMt» at die tioK dutt the cxotic^gnjpcs are g;towii^ to mdlr oai- tnrity, foch gftegn are apt to Dnm; wheieai the thick fltin of die native gn^ jNeleires them againft this mifdiief. When dierefbie I have iectt wMi whrt abondant liurarianoe thefe nattvo vines giowi and have been taught diat the ooarfeft fimits by culti- vation may be meliorated even into ibrts that are delicious ; when I have itM how change of feB and cultivation havefucoeeded; I have always thaegbt that the american fettkis would do more wiiUy in trying to cultivate and meliorate their native vines, fmall and four as their grapes may i^ar at prefent, dian hy endeavearfiig to fence 'Ae natue <» tne feteigo vine. It takes always a g^aat ttme to acco—aodate an exotic to a foreign dicbe, and does not dlways focceed at laft ; the native, whofe nature is already affmilated ta its own clitne, might foener, and with better hopes of fuccefii, be improved under the prefent ftate md progrefii of american eidmradon. See Mr. Anthill's obfervations en im caltore of die vine, in dM Tmnfaaioas ef tlw Phitofbpht. csl Sodcy afc yhaaWfhii, voL i.— .Spit. D3 prebend. ^8 WEStSaW. TlRKITOllY OF ^Hend^ from the want of curioiity of menwhofe onlf oV^ •e£k feetns tobe cuhlvatioii, and the fcience of goritm* tntta. Perhaps thefe are the'moft eflential to the hap^ Aefs of men in the wUd ftate which this country is in. I^xtt appear to follow' jwpulation. Nc^effity has. been ;;:the mother of ihventiQR, it is true } but from the attamment of that perfection to which we liave arriVed in arts.and.'phio lofophy, wifdom and fcience mu(l- go forward. It isifdiffiG- ally impoi&ble for man to degenerate to bar)>arifnu When the greateft merit coniifts: in the exerci{e o£> t|&e ttioft ttfeful and 'appropriate talents, .L think it i».likjdy. that the ingenuity of anen will feel a more lively ftinmhJS>to thf ezercii^ of invention from the love of fame, thejJovei.of mankind, and regard to thrir ■ own :di^ity, than .it evee yet experidticed frons.neceflity. While oc'ious diftin^ions cxi^ and men are rewarded in proportion to; their fervility, hvp man nature muib be robbed of half its manlinefs, and coi|i> ifqueptly men- will be flocbful.. .JlQ\c.inany drones;do.ve obferve in every part of Europe, who feed upon the induA* try. of the necei^tous, who work ^^ly.^^s it is, ncceflafy tp their exifteiice !->Su6h have been the ei:e£h of thfe faAkious duties of man in your hemtfphere, thiit every: thing has become perverted | and governments, inftead of .fecuring happinefs tqmen, ^av^'onty tended to iaggranclize indivWq- aisj and thus has flowed in that ^defiaicment of charaAqr which has marked half the inhabitants of Europe with little more dignity than brute creatures. . .Cumberland Yiver rifcs among the jnountatnsf confider- aWy to the north-eaft, and, after its' feveral bntiic^es have ..jpinedit, rups a loQg way fovth, 3m4 enters the limits of North Carolina •; - After a courfe of half a degree within thofe limi|s^it tiiras to the north-weft, and empires itfelf into the Ohio, at fome diftance abpve its junAion with: the i • - ' • ■ . j,,. . . * Gunberlaitd river is navieable in large vefleU to KalRvijykji fuid thence in boats t« the mouth of Oj^iuyccj— £9iiT> - ; : ' ,, . Miffiffippi. Ml of I MORTH AMERICA. 39 lliffiflippip Tk4 TqiMce runs, into t^e Ohio, ndt a lontg waj below the mouth of Cumberland. The Tenafee is ihe aooft importam oC the .fot^hern branches of the Ohio*. ^ lu^rtliprn fork, called, {{olfton, rifes^in the country of the £m^ name (which I have before mentioned), and, after puffing through NoIacHucky, is joined by the main or fouth ^ranc^k. This branch rifes in ^e remote parts of the ftateof Gcoi^ia, and, after travei;fing the borders of the Cherokee country, is joined by the Holfton branch, when it is called the Tenafee : from thence it runs fouth-wefterly, quite through the limits of North Carolina, and approaches the head wa- tfirs,of the Mobile, which empties^trelJF into the Gulf of Mexico. In its conrfe, it is very rapid thus far ; from the material declivity of the high country, which from rnoun* tains gradually finks into a flat, thpre is a number of falls, but none of them conflderable. It now turns again to the northward, and from its lazy motion, it is x>bvious that there is very little fall of water from this to the Ohio. This turn constitutes what is called the Great Bend of the 't'eivifee, or.Mufcle Shoal,.,from the number of ihoals in this pan I3f the river that are covered with thefe i|eU-filh« The river is, h^ere from, two (p three and a h^ miles ^de* Its in^rtance will cfonflft in its being the moft convenient iidet from the upper parts of Virginia and the Catdlinas to the MiflliEppi, it being navigable for boats of forty tons burden from Holfton, the falls exceptirdi where carryings * The Tenafee is 600 yards wide at itiiiioath, sod upon ascend- log it, to the diftancc of 160 milesi it wideW to, between two and . Aatt miles, which width'- in continues fpr nearly thirty miles, and which comprehends what it called the Great Bend. ,, Thus far it is nsvigaMe without any ohftra^ionj and^'fome jtri^ng fiidh excepted, it mify be navigated at I^ft 60a miles fitfther. The Tenafee river is navigable by ve0*eis of great bofrden to the Mafcle Shoals {. thofe ihoals are only to be paiOed in fmall boats ga batteaax : from the Mafcle. ^oals the liiver Is navigable in boai# of 40 or 50 tons burden, to the Virginia line.— £d it. • P4 place' Si;»3 fal> >ii »» i << '"jiipr" I "T >i'' 4^ WESTBRN TlK&ITOftT Of piacei wlH anfirer until theie are caaila midi^ i4itti'^ be done with veiy little expence*. Holftoo is » aanrow firip of country, IbifoUitftJ ml everj i|de by mbimtBins} but diere ii. thollew nMdk winds through them, fo as to admit of a paffiige this wa^ and down the mer, without any difficulty of hadnMdH whatever. Should you continue your route by hukd In the road to Kentucky (which I fhall delcribe in' another |iltee)i you would have feveral mountains to pafl, and at leaft two hundred miles of bad road. * There ate five fuivijnble riven in this territory* wbieb dlf^ ebarge fhemifelvei immediately into the Mifliffiroi; vie. WoIf| Hatchee* Fotlced-deer, Obloni and Rcel-feot. Wolf rivet, fiiva» niles ficom the montht is about 50 yan)» wide ; Hatehee> 80 yan)*; Forked^deert 60 yitdt', Obion, 70 yards ; and Reel-foot, 30 yards, "ihiefe riven in |(enefal are deep, and flow wirii a gentle euneai^ wincunbeced wi^ locks or ftanee the waMt. ni reftraued by a fecpodaiy bank, which raaa parallel to the general courfe of the river. This outer bank is properly the beginning of high and dry land. It is obviou% that during thofe Q>rinj; fl^s, therivei^ whicb mn i^to the Mifliffippi« moft fufier a coi^erable intemiprion. Their conent is affisoed 10, 15, or 2o miks from tiie mouth, and they ove^ow theiir banks. On thipfe occa^ons,. the ftcopdaty ^astk of tbolb finall riven becomes nece^ry, for it prevents tbe adjacent land from being overftowed, except the narrow border above defcrtbed. Th^ indnitry of f fmall ftench colony at New Oilcans has giveu a Aif- ^cient proQjf^that the innndattops of the Mtffi£Sppi maybe reftflun,i ed by arttneial baorlts, by which means anble land has been and may be fecured, thikiis Hardly equalled in vahie by any |uiowa lands, excc|)t in Egypt,— Edit, After NMTR AiramcA* 4« "ikfttrfOtt loife the pbias wUch etfmd into tlie Cam- bidand ommtyy* in ^oiw emirfe to die TcMiSw, tlM fiurfiKS It fintvlutbrelm, fait the foil amioaifffkk. Greitpwtof the hnd l^g faetvevi iheie riiven «ai tfte Ohio, and fao* Cumbarland aad Green riTerii^ wu in military grant% hf Vkginia to their officers and foidien, and ii e& a fitiuti«i vahiabie for its prazimitf to the jonAioa of liie Ohio and MiCffiJiyi. Their grants extend as Iqw urn tno tuBuBpfn as the partition line between Virgnua and North CaroUna, all of which is a beantifiil country} and tho hanks of ike river, which are very high, prevent it from overflowing i whioh is not the cafe a great way lower down*. The ' * Tlie land on the waten of TVasfee and Cnmberland riven is fsaetalfy wcU tinbcitd. la ibme phces tltcre are glades of rich land without rimber ; bnt thde axe not fitequent nor Isi;^. ' The geoenl j^rowtb U poplar, hickory» black-wvlnnty bnck<«vesortbe Berie-ebefnnt, fycamofe, toeeft, and the focar-auqile. Tne nnder* Siwtbf in many ntaflcsy is cane 15 or so net highj to dofe toge- r, as to exclude all other pUntt ; where the cane does not abound, we find iCd-bod, wild-j^m, f}>ice>wood, red and white SMlben^, genfimg^ Virginia and Seneca: fiudce-noty angdicat fweet anife) ginger, and wUd-hopi^ The glades are covered with clover, wild-rye, boffido-gnfs, an^pea>vine. On the hills, at the heads of rivers, we find (lately rsd>ceda1fs ; msny of thcfe taees are Ibnir feet in dtameter, and forty feet clesr of limbs. In diofe hills there is sbundsace of iron«oM, lead-ow, and cosh. Copperas and » I 11 fit for ufe have been gathered in caves near NaihviUe. On the rivers that run into the Mififippi, the growth is neariy rite feme ss on the waters of Cumberland tvrer. In fpeaking of a new country, that is extremely ferHIe and Well eovered with herbage* it csn hardly be neceflaty to fay that it ajionnds in wild game. The buffuo, elk, deer, and bear, are mraeroos ; nor is there any fearcity of wolves, panthers, wild>cats, fotttf beavers, and otters. They have pheaiants, partridges or quaib, and turkies in abundance through the year. Poring die winter, their warers are covered with the fwan, wild-goofe, brsnt, knd diick. Cat*fiih have been caught in thofe rivers, that weighed above 100 poands, and pereh thst weighed above %o pounds. Nature feems t(f meafure her works on a diffisrent fade on the op- -^- ^dei of the Apailachian monntainsf / In ■ --^iiKir-.i K' • ^ WESTBUy TKRRIT&RT 0» ".He Umd in die Great Bend of the Tendee if T^fiWf butivtien you ap|m»& the country of the Gbickafawi, it hmi 'comet b»oken, l%ht,> and fandy t and, ai yov extend' to thi Southward, I hwb been informed (1 ncrer trat elkd linlber jdian this by land) the foil gro«rs fiiU^Ughter, and* ekcept* large body of good land aa the Miffiffippi and the tottoot of the feveral ftmsams that run intd khd GulT and theHiffif^ ^^ it b little better than Weft Wmit^irhkh. hi» been Iselebratied in Europe for its fertiHly i but fo fine i coanu^ hare I been endearouring to defcribef to70^^, that; judging by comparifonj • the people in Kentucky and Cumberland look upon that as am mdifferent foih ? ' This letter has imperceptibly grown to a cftnfideraUe l^gth, I was anxious to comprehend within this Iketch, ,all the country denominated the wefteris country on both £des.of the Ohio to the< Miami, and thenthewholf-of th^ l^entucky and Cumberland countries, and the country up«9 ^he Tenafee, in order that I might prqc^ied up the Ohio oa die w^ftem fide> comprehending the Whole of the counti^ J>etwebn tW and the Miffiffippi, hack to the ^liami> and continuing northward to the lakes : afterwards to O^cw the -;i. ' la 4Ve year i ^t]ebnthat river in September 179 if and their nombery fince that time, is much increafed. We frequently hear of emigrants from the parent ftate two or three handled at a time cro^ng the ifvuwur^ uin.nfiderftble tiis Iketcht ry on both Bolfrof th^ antrfupwj lie Ohio on the countl^ Sifliami) and to i]|»ew the ,pn of Ja J wrUnd rivei^ , theftateof for *• ^(r the iniant co- fcttletti A oBf to con- etvioe^f ^ umber of fbe ul the fiettle- er, fince tut ligrantt horn DgthempOA- ff^bl«-r!ib and gmiMicHr of the american empire, beliyne Sii?o$ee4 t9.aii aaomMil of th« artiflcialprodiifitionsa &e. of Kcnti^ ana CkiivlwrUwd. FaromlU Believe, n^]P'ricn4» I am youths fincerelf. 'nn..o:> ■nVMnfaawp fen.. ^ *• r v't i-* LETTER IV. Mt SVA& fSlBND, • Kitttuchj, ., iNcontemplatiag the vaftfield of A« american em^re» what a ftupendous fubjeft does il afford:. for fpecUUtionl .Government,! ethics, and- com* memic^a^ng upon princlplet different; in many refpefU trom^vthmfe oif the old world, and entirely in utheral. A gOTCFOment wbi«l^, frith . its fpreading bcanchet, fcems in it* ^mighty grafpi to pFomife liberty and protection to one hemirphere I A^ goveniment which, from its Ample con- ftruftion, and the unity and efficiepcy of its.aAion, is not kftjremlrkableJn, the political, than its tiatural hiftory is in the phyfical world. ;; In-itfinyears more, perhaps, a fettlement will be formed jiiifficiently populous to become a federal ftate in the country Into which I am now going to advance; the limits of Ifhich, from the confluence of the Miffi^ppi and OjpXo ta Detcoit, is between fivcund fix hundred miles } and taking ^ jniedium diftance .between Pittihurg and the mouth of the Ohio, acrofs to the Miffiffippi from the Ohio is very little tefs. The Inhahliants of this Immenfe diftrid do not^ including Fnfenchi amount to five thoufandt The country m 44 WBtTtllt TIftftlTORV 0» tatlihferk(ifI«iTfi>MUH){iwrtMi. QfeHtpm^H hm beni vc the Wabafli on the Ohio ^fidc^ and quite tO'the Illinois on the MUB&'pfi fide, whidi is about two humbed and thirty m3ei above ia junaion with the Ohio, and twenty above the movth of Miflbeof. Hill country lies nearly in the fame parallel of latitude with Kea* tttcky. From the mouth of the Wabafh *, the bottonw oo the (Xbio ar^ exfenfive and extremely fertile, m it dM CflUBtiy from thence t(r Foft St. Vincent $ but towards tlM nptds of the (Hiio, and beyond the bettoms of Au Th«r» the country is ^onfidenbly broken, and the foil in fooit placet light and iadiflTenMit. Afrer leaving Poft St, Viwenti * Tbe Wabafh it neai^y joo Y*^* vide. at its mouth, and ex- cept fome ipcoofiderable npida, it is navigable opwaidt of 400 . '" ^ to nil Mi latt «t«riv Htttch- iOfwn the inois I fo en « tole- rver con* ppcr ptn , and the lomsand haTc all ibly, thai tended to rage ftate* :w it w< » m iMumi oundt* 1 lidUeW the boaki uriamiMI pfide^aftA h k abcRit t srlth the nl. ThM ^hXja* K>ttoimoii j» it tlM ywordsthe il in foaiie t^ViiKent^ ithf wd ex- aids of 460 in - irOKTK AmticA. 45 iBlh»4Xwle Is the DUosis couatj, 70a foon f^ Into theft eiteaAve pUat^wUcb ha«t been. defcHbcd Infuch glowfaig hf HeMUne. Thb b certainly a booatifel covfinyi ; the hBOMnfiK nMBfber of deer,* dk, and buflfalo, which (nnfalf in thofe natural mcadowi, renderp evm ■ enchanting," The air in thia climate is puret tad ^ aloMft continual unclouded iky tend* not a ttitle to Bhaimthe frjitu, and to render e«ea trildneft delightliil. '|he conntf r beCircen Poft St. VinceM and Kaikaikict ii ill end pk in, with little variation. As you gfcend the Ulneii rhrer* the foil grows more fertile, anil on either fide you find iaamenTe forefts. i nuift now beg you will travel with Hutcbins hxitn hence le Defoit fw He will- conduct you up the head branches of this river, and, aficr a fhort paiTage, yon will embark ogaia mm the waters of Lake Michigan, dtfcovdring how the ope* of this great country will be facilitated by the peco- courfin of its immenfe and numerous rivers. His ob> fttvatkMBs I have been told are confiderably accurate, and, 9S I have not had the advantage of travelling this route, I jreee -aaend you to read his book, which was originally pob» tUhcd in England, and no doubt is ftill tabe had. Detroit lies, between lat. 42" and 43% upon the ftraht idueh communicate between Lake St. Clair and Lake Erie^ cenftdcrably to the weftward of Pittfhitfg. The country l^ng between them is not remarkable for any thing but bring a wildernefs. The foil and climate are fuch as would entitle It tQ the reputation of a fine country in any part'a''bcii% fo rapidly meliorated as the climate of Europe has beeii^b)r cultivation. However, '^ it is 'certain, that as the coulitqr hat been more opened in America, and therebf the nfi.ditiOii fun have a£led more powerfully upon th< t$ftii» thcfe bene^ fits have tended greatly already to foften the winter feafiln • fo that peopling Canada (for which we are much obUged t9 yQu) is a double advantage to us, Firft, it is fettling .«Ud. populating a country, that muft, fooner or later, frotrdiikt natural order of things, become part of ouri empire^ and immediately meliorating the climate of the northiim ftatei^ But, to return to Detroit. Our courfe from thence to Jtk^ head waters of the Miami is fouth-wcfterly. The cOuAtr|f for fome diftance is flati and the foil' heavy and damp ibuti upon the waters of tlu>fe rivers, it is beautiful, and abounds in t|ie gifts of nature. ^ The communication between Lake Erie and the Ohio fay water this way, will be up the fouthern branches of the lake ) and by ihort paflages you arrive upon the waters of the great Miami, Scioto, and Muikingum, which are navigable whoi flooded *» It tanik be obferved that the rivers I have. been men* * Great Miami is about joo yards wide at its mootht isra rapid fimmi but without cataracls^ with feveral lar^e branches navi- gid}le for bstteaux a long way up : the principal o< which interlocks with a branch of the lluami river, which runs into Lake Erie, to which there is a portage ; and a third has a porta^ to Sanduiky. . •^ Scioto is about soo yards wide at its month, its current gentle, and is navigable for nearly two hundred miles to a portage of only five or fix miles to Sanduiky. Mu&ingum is a fine gentle river, confined by high banks, which pre* # JfOAtH AMiRieAT '^'^ 4^ HMnttonhigr are-iin^ liM^;«Alef thrftiighoiit the yeais lor Mits ottAnmiin <9r fiftlstiii t«iiflv»' G««at piin (rf the eotm^ tt)r'4MtWMn llkii iittd tlie Wafa«llk^ ^ c&linpaign } but in lf»¥i#U^1iMrlr and navigablci without any ob(traftions, by large batteanx to a little lake at U^ lieiid ; /rom thencf to Cayabogay a creek that empties into I^tke Erie, is. not above two miles ; and wt'ch mu'^ become the beft pottage between that \a)(t and the C;\io. i CayahQga at iu mouth is wide and deep enough to receive hrgq Hoops from the lake. Sanducky is a confiderable river that empties into Lake Krie^ i^s fiieam is gentle, and large enough at its mouth to receive iluop9.A did 48 WBStB&ll TJI&KtTO&T OF dadnotOMkc a perayuMPt meafiires which their depredatbns have obliged Cdpgrers'to sRiopt^ muft end with a permanent peace, or in If few years their provocations will l«ul to the «xtirpation of the vdiole of the Miami and Illinois tribes. Their prow* efs and determined refoludon will, no doubt, confiderably annoy our. army, which, having been moftly recruited from ^le Atlantic country, are not acquainted with foch dexterity and courage or indeed habituated to their manner of fight- ing {but our numbers have grown too confideraUe i for defdits only invigorate our meafures, while the loft of every 'man, to nadons whofe pc^adon is fo extremely tardy as that of the fav^^eiT of Amerca, is a lamentable confider» ation. In the peopling this countvy, siew ftatea will naturally arife } and duis, in c lift of advancement. This country inchidea the fettlement of Holfton, the .fettleaent of Cltoeb, and the fettle- NORTH AMERICA. 5> on tbeii&f n^ i,«ft of otlitf nMaentforjkt Hotoevcr, it it irm a pKtty jMft Ihaveabcii^ IXC dinaea by » ujtd Cwahetm 1 moft likdy be » cither the p«P- itMdGeovgie laad), ev it !iriU hillt which di- of the Cheek* ippi; or ibUov- thofe hills, and comprehend a miles hi lenfl;th and fifty ftwe ',esit'« ka^ known. Tenaieeftands ttry inchidet the IcHnch, and the fettle- fetdementi of Powel's Valley, which are pert in Virginie, end pert m North Carolhia} befidcs the fettlements of Kclachocfcy. and Frenchbroad. This hft fettlement wiH be extended to the borders of the Cherokee coantry, wluch will Mnd this ftate to the fimthward. Its weftern bonndary will be Combcrhuid Mountain, which will divide it from the ftates of X^tttcky and Cumberland. Its northern limlte will be the ridges of hills that divide the waters of the' fenaAw and the Great Kanhaway } and its eaftem boundary will be the high hills that divide the eaftem firom the weft- em weterp in this pert of America| wluch are called In Virginia the North Mountains) and which continue their conrfe through the Cai^olinas. This ftate will be in extent upwards of two hundred miles firom north to {buth, and the eterage width firom eaft to weft nearly an hundred and fifty. • This country has mountains on every fide but the ibothp weft, and is loterTp^ed with high hills in moft parts of it. The vdlties ue extremely fertile, and everywhere, finely watered. The climate in Hhe upper part of the counby is not ib temperate as that of Kentucky^ though it lies in the Ame ladtnde, which is owing to the neighboonng moun- odns. Ifany parts of this diftrift are well fettled, end cul- fivation was brought to fuch confidovblie perleSBon, that the inhaUtants had it in contemjplation to become indepeud* ent feven years fince, under the diftin£tion of the' State of Franklin, of which very probably you may have read. Its population b not only confiderable, but its refpeAabHtty in every confider^tion edll very (bon entitle it to die rank of e diftinft ftate; though it may require fome time to efie^t a unity of fentiments, and a confolidatioh of its various and detached fettlements into that order which the organs of government require. Before I leave this fide of the Miffiffippi, I muft beg leave to digrefif and ihew f^at will be the probible deftination El of /•w 52 WklTIRir tSRIlITOkT OF of the Indian nations, who live betweieil the i^dMm Ibbl^ of thecounby I have been mentioning, apd the Tl0ridit» and which may. amount to thirteen thouf^nd, iiidufi«<6' of men, women, and children. The Cherokeet are about two thoufand fiye hnndred } the Greeks. three thoufand five hundred} the ChaektaiN ait abopt fix thoufand ) and the different vagrant natbns may amou nt toa thoufaiid more. The Settlements making in the upper parts of Geor^^, upon the fine lands of the Oconee and Okemulgee Hnti, will in a very few years bid defiance to them in thi|t quarter. The georgtan troops have ahready " defeated than, and Ibixed them to be quiet. The fettlement of Frenchbroid, tided by Holfton, has nothing to fear from than } and the Cumberland is top puifiant to apprehend any danger. The Spaniards are in pofleflion of the Floridas. (how long tb^ will remain fo muft depend upon their moderation and good manners), and the fettlements at the Natchez and above, whiSh .will foon extend to the fouthem boundaries of Cumberland} fi> that thqr will be completely envdoped in a few yearf. Our people vdll continue to encroach npoft them on three fides, and compel them to live more doneftic ■lives, and afiimilate them to our n)ode of Uving^ or croft tdthe wefterafideoftheMifliflippi. • In thp fettlement of Long Ifland, in the ftate of New Tork, iome of the tribes of Indians remained, and Ihred in eimtinual intercourfe with the whites. Whether it waa firom .any cruelty pra^tifedupon them, or from their predomihant paffion for ardent f(urits, I will not pretend to fay i but it is certain that very few of them reihain, andthey arc a doth* ful, degenerate order of beings, compared with the abori- gines of that country. In the fettlement of South Carolina the CatawlMs wiere allotctd a tn£t of country, and though they have retained their courage, their numbers have greatly 4ecHned. The caufe of civilization i»roying repugnant to their iiWflm^rP. » WORTH AMBRICA. 53 i the FltiriArttt td» bidiifit^' of rt* of Georgia, ;einulgee A^tHt in tW quarter, ted them, uA if Frenchbroid, thiewij and the y danger. The . (how long thejr xnoderstkmand le Natchez and hern boundaries ttetdy enveloped encroach npM re more domeftic \iving, or croft le ftate of New icd, and Ihred in ether it was from idr predoBuhant to fay J but it is they arc a flotb* with the abort. South Carolina try» and though bers have greatly Dg repugnant to their thair population, I think, may be fufficientlf accounted fot la tliis whites eneoniragiilg tlieir thi^ft fpr intoxication. I will next take ndtice of the Genafee country, which Hcs upon the waters that run into Lake Ontario, and whichr k is QEpfded will be peopled as foon as the Six Nations of Indians are peaceable. Thb is a very rich and fertile tnEt ci country, lying in the remote parts of New York « bound- ed by Fainiylvania to the fouth-eaft, by the lakes to the nordi-weft, and high hills and a wildemefs from the Ohia country. I have hitherto omitted taking notice of it, as no^ pr op erly belon^g to the weftem country) but as I am. gmng to proceed to partition the country yrtfi of the Ohio hito fep^urate ftates, I thought it moft. coiififteiit to keep up the duda of connexion i and without mentioning this difV tiid^ there would have been a chal'm between New York, and the iqppermpft ftate upon' the waters 'of fhe Ohio. Let us now return to the Ohio. That ridge of hills wfaidi divides the waters of this river from ihat of the. lakes ruanii^ fgutb-wefterly} until they run north-wefterlyy and divide the fources of the Wabafli and Illinois rivers from the ibuthem branches of the lakes, will moft likely marie the limits to the weft of^ the upper ibite upon the weftem fide of the Ohio. The ridge of lulls, which divides Ihe waten of the Allegany river from thole of t^ Genafee,, will bound it to the north i the Allegany river and the Ohio to the eaft i and tht Muikingum to the fouth. The next fiate I ihould iorm between the Muikingum akid S/ioto, the Ohio^ and that ridge of hills * between the fburc^ of thefe * Theie are no moantaini or ridget of hillt that feparate the wateiB of the Ohio ftom thofe of the St. Lawrence. The coantiy. which ibroM the dividing ground between the waten of the Miffiu fippi and the lakes, though neceflarily much elevated above the codb of the lakest or the fhores cf the Ohio or Miffiffippi riven, does nevcrthelcfa aflume a level form, which (breads into extenfive puarieSf or plains of natural nseadow, interiperfed with fwainps snd morafti, whence lAue the nonh^weft ibarces of ^ Ohio, and die fiwdMaft bmches of the lakes.->SoiT« E 3 rivers ftatw—'H. M^ii im^*>t t '«(»OWr?*flP^^PRN ■ f\ 54 WESTlKir TtftltTOBT OF rinrtanathoftofLiaMEftei the third bet«ttnlk»%lila^ the Grett MUmi> the Ohio, and the ftmc tidie «f hiUa^ The coufitfy I^ng hctween the MiuDit Wabedn the Ohio, and the fame hlllt, I ireold put mto another ftale} aad tht toontry Ijfing between the Wabalh, Ohio, UUBBf^tad Mnoik rivers, I would eftablilh into a lUth ftate. Batweea the month of the IlUnoif river and wmMft of Lake BUcfaigan, lica adiiMA of oonntry equally ftrtile with any fart of the weftera country i bnt^ fai the p r mr e0ien of our ftttleoitnti, it will be fome yeanbcfcre any fettlcnienta can be formed there, except in the fork of thn liS)flii|ppi and nifaioia i which may be ereAed into a ftate, by runphig 1 Une from a pobt lat. 41* 30' uponlhe Miffiffipfii, hi fodi a'dire^tion at to ftrike the head branches of the BUnoii. But k it moft likdy that the country on the MiOffippi MifoyriwUl be iettled before thitdiftria, though it b ildered at tlie empire of Spain. However, I will not be -fo indecorous as to pared out the ttrritovks of other natioM » it is fttiBdenily prefumptnous to have gone fo for as I Iwve. I have now marked out the imagfauMpy boundaries of fix new ftates» eatdnfive of thofe on theeaftamfideo£th«Ohk>, die Genafee fettkment, and widmut indoding die country between the northern limits of Kentucky and Pittfoorg, or the country between Niagara, Detroit, and the (burces of diofe rivers whidi run into the Ohfo. The vlpper fetdement *- ■.T«JI«iS*'< ooU Ua, IWifomader of th« fcrtt of NUgBra wt^Dttttkt (whick I nndcafttad U •bout to bf:4oM)i may iiieMtife iht ftttlMinMt «poa tlic bordtrs of LaIk Erie i but I tUttk k it not likay that abhofpiable clime will find in- laMMMlft liliile the gmiat rcgloas of tlM MiffilBppl arc iB4^ grimt aicafiiffe uaMiabked. b^la not MCtArf to tike notice hoir, and in wlut pro» bable time, thefe ftates will be inhabited. The firft fettlc- init wptm ^kt Ohio» and the progrcfs made In agriculture, #ere entwaady tardy. But it it ncceflary to recoUei^ that Atterica dition of the emigrantt vrilio may be expected from the eaft> •ftt ftatei, diat the inhaUtantt will double once in 15 years for the next 60 yeuv to come, at leaft,— which in the firft 15 yean will be equal to peopling four or five of thefe ftattti and I tlunk we may expcA to fee at the end of 3» yean the whole country I have been defcribing inha- bited^* £4 The \f 5« WltTttN tlltlfrOVV OF s ■ The ratio of indmft ilUr dig firft 30 ' almoft toe •flanlfliiag ftr betteft tf»40o»oeo finiitincrMftiB; thecooHe of tfoTtan, whn it it aocoriont tlitt'iil Aat-i. rica added to her population little aaorethaa ifOoOiOoelaC Che coorfe of a centwy, no doabt will appear a fakolatioM too estravagant) for which reafon it will be neoeaTarffop. me to ftate the rife of the one, and the probable growth of the other. Mr. Jefierfon, in hit notet on Virginia (to Whiek I Aall have frequent occafion to advert in mjAMe^pient lettert); allowt a duplication onlj once in %i\ yean. He taket the ijnce of 1 18 yeart inclufive from iooo| which eftiraate, he fayt, it corroborated by the particular uniformity of the inti^ediate enmnerationt taken in 1700, 1748, and 1759. Accordii^ to thit increafe, he fuppofea th« inhaUtantt of THrginia alone will amount to between 6 and 7»oqo,ooo iHthin ninety-fix yean. It appean/ by » ftatement irtiich he kit made of the eihigrantt in difierent yeart to that country, that the greateft number in any one year w?i 3000, whidi wat the year Itf38. From the year 1654 the diflblution of the Virginia . company took place, and importationt almoft ceafod nntU k became the prance of your goTemment to tranQNMt con* %i£l8 to the coloniet } fo that it doet not appear that the {leopljiig of Virginia wat materia^ owing to the lAigratioia from - Europe : whereat I have known upwardt of ,10,000 cmigranti to arrive in the fing^ fiate of Kentucky within one yew, and from 4 to 10,000 in fcvcral other yeart. Great part of the country from the Bay of Fundy to Cape Fl<»ida upon the fea coaft it unfovourable to af^cul- %ure. New England hat never yet produced c<»n fuffident to fnpply itt inhaUtantt with bread) which muft proceed 'either.from the ignorance of .the arte of hnifbandry in that country, or fixnn the poverty of the foil: I believe both ••** * \ have . **^f*^'!f^^'*^ i«a>>MUpw .. If OiTB 4#llRieAi .' > * §$ iMW helped tft, ntwd'tlie progreA of tgricakwt* Long IfliBd ii chitif afiuKl hoop^ when the lahabitonttfeimfer » gf«at leoflh.of timeto have been content to live ipop fiflu The fteto of New Tork lor » coafidenble diftence beck it e •oathHiilfon of hillf i»d ftonei. The country from Poloo- Ihookito the cepee of the Delewarc b a flat of nothing tmt filt mpvihet and pine horrent^ which extend Imt twenty nilei op the conntryi and the whole country from thofe capet foiithward to the Gulf of Florida it no better, for a confiderable diftance from the Tea, the bottomt of the riven excepted i fo that the firft fettlers of America had not only the nativet to contend againf^ but alfo extreme pO^* verty. « , The eztenfion of the dutch fettlement from New York wp Httdfim't river to the fine landi about Albany, and to thf fifftOe banks of the Rariton, in Jerfey, and the fettlement of Pennfylvania by the celebrated Penn, firft produced that plenty whiA it not only neceflary to comlori, but it eflenp tiri to occafion that fiscundity which diftinguiihet the n^»id population of moft infrnt oonntriet, after they have oveiw come the firft difficulties of eftabUfliing i ftttlement. At die nativet were driven back, the fettlers began tq pe- netrate into the fertile r^mnt of the middle |>artt of the ftatet, which lie at feme diftance ftom the fea coaft. But feveral caufet now combined to retard the population of the country. The nnfivourable appearance of the foil of New England induced moft t^ itt inhabitantt to lead ieai^ing iivet, which not only tend to check the natural increafe. of men by the ioflet incidental to fuch an employment, but hinder, in a material degree, the propagation of the fpecies by the ieparation of |he fexcB. r Thit bufiners wat in fome meafure cqmmon to the ^vhole colonies. Be^des which, .the wars that England was often engaged in againft. France and Spain, and in which we werjs aUe omutfiied^ i^ the frequent i^idian wars, and the hue ame- !«r i i iii iwei ' .'*. iaiiijtotei twia. 'l iljtofi l Mi ll I jh n i w i y n 5i witrBftw tftmtToty op wmmiftn ww, ktl^ opi t little to oMIrttft tht flMMtl pwp o r t hm o# tht incrctft of lahabitMtt. Aaitrka hd «aly crol«d the Um between pevcrty endtflMMei wheA the lite aafbrtamte wer commenced. • However, thete wii • Aill more aeltrtotti md deiefteble ceufi» for thb flowflefk ofpopiiletlon, arifing fifom the introdnAioii of tfrkta fitverf . ; Men began then to look upon it at infamoos to libem^^ tmofementi were faivented to^fill op thekr time— diApatiea followed hi all the eteeff of idlenefi and folly. The lah* Ite were neglcAed i marriagei were left earlji and left freqnent. And thus it happened that the hihabltante of Virginia weft fomid to douMe only onoe fai 27^ yean, and whidk hai been ad^ed hy fome perfont as a criteriim to eftimate the ia» creafe of the inhalritants of all the other ftatet 1 bat it ii not a foir criterion, for it b notorious, that Pennfyivanhi ii much better peopled than Virginia, though its firft fettle* ment was at a hter date. But, now, for the teverfe. Though we enjoy an eztenfive inland naTigatk>n, we are not liable to the fame loft of men which the perils of the fea pro* ducet nor any of thatloTs which maritime countries fuffer by their cttiiens entering into foreign fenrice, or fettling in foreign countries s our voyages will be reguhted by the pe- riodical floods, and the seras of abfence will'be more deter* minate and certain ( fo thatiM*ence here -cannot fo mate- ^rially Interrupt domeftic happineft, and cannot in the leaft itetard the increafe of inhabitants. It b Unpoffible thai we CMi expeijience'any thbg like poverty, for no country, per* haps, upon the globe b fo rkh in the comforts and necef^ ftiries of life. As to wars, we can have n ^!W'^ iae!isiiii i i i ii i iiiLy #r! a,w^^ MORTS AMIItCA. 59 iNflMfti vkh thi-fropcafitf to curly iiiarriag«» prodvMi IqrtlMfiafiicitfaiidliuMiceiiceofyoath, tutored nnder Um pw nttdflM of virtoe •ad fcafim i it ouuiot be cohfldered •• • fiMfriae caloihitioib when we add the tdditional con- MemioB of the pfobebk number of en^grtnts we xanf r»» mkft that our popoletkNi iritt double once in fifteen ycart. Having endeevoured to gite. yon en idee of the country aorth^^weft of the Ohioi omitted in my left, and what will be the probable partitions of the new ftatet to be Uid off on that fid^ of the river, the population, and cxpeQed increafe of die Inhabitantt of the weftem fountry i I ihiUtalce leave of yon lor the prefent, and in my next you Ihall have an of iti productions, navigations, 9cc. I remidn, affeCHcmately, Yours, &c. - LETTER V. MT BBAE niimH r KiHtmif, In the advancement of civilicatien, Ugrkniture ieems to have been in every country the primary olgeft of mankind— Aru and fciences have feUowed, and, ultimately, they have been relevant to each other. Fortu- nately for ui, the-prefent era of rtttfon not only admits, but makes it nece^ry^ that they ihould go hand in hand. Tho decency of life b not the fihalleft of fuhlunary blandiflimcnts^ Fnrity ii to the body what virtue is to the foul )— an eternal invigorating germ> whofe bloflbms diffiife the moft fragrant ^doors, and g^vc a vivacity to^e mind equally manly iod ddiglh^ ■The 60 WSSTBAy TlRlfTOft:y The wefteni. Umitf of the fedcittl empuw ere hounded op* the north bj the Leket Ontario,. Erie» St* Cfadr, Horona' Superior, and the Lake of the Wood * t to the weft by the Miffiffippii and extending as hr foulh as the Natch«|>7or lat. 31 deg. then is bound bf the- Floridas to the ioiRthr. What is called the Weftern Territory lies on this fide of the Allegany mounuin, withUi thefe limits f. Here is found all the variety of foil and cUmate necdflafy to the culture of every kind of grain, filnrous fdants, c^tpn* fruits, vegetables, and all forts of provifiont* The upper: iettlements on the Ohio produce chiefly wheat,. oats, bar- ley» rye, Indian corn or maze, hemp and flax. The fruits, are apples, pears, cherries, peaches, plumi» ftrawberries,^ rafpberries, currants, goofeberries, and grapes) of culinary piants and vegetables, there are turnips, potatoes» carrots^ .rfnips, cymbiline or fquafli, cucumbers, peafe, beans, af- * Lalce Ootario is about 600 miksln circamieiciice» Lake Erie aearlf 300* Lake St. Cbir i^Kmt 90, Lako Horon is reckoned tooo,« -and Lake Soperior betvrwn 15 and 1600. Thtf Lake of the Wood fiom call to weft is about 70 miles, and its £fe«teft bfcadth aboat 40. Lake Michigan is divided on the aoi|di>«aft from Lake Hnron by the Stieighu of Michillimacknac. lu^tuttfk length is 230 mileSf it* breadth about 6ot and its ciicumterence near^ 600. On the north-weft parts of this lalm its waters branw out into two bays} that which lies towaids the north is Noqaafs Bay, and the other Puans» or Green Bay. The waters of this, as well as the o^r gieat lakes, are elear, vbolefone, aboond in fiih, and ase of fuficient depth for the nari- gation of fliips. It is worth obfenring, that fome of thefe lakes, in raagnitndef aie slmoft equal to the feas of Enn^m ; and tboiqrii Hmt is not an immediate communication for fli^ with the Atlantic occaa^ yet the advanugcs they muft sftbrd to the operations of commerce will prove- not only very confiderable, hot, I eonceive, irill be^ nearly m beneficial aa open feas, when the fnrroonding OMmtfiet< am ander that {ane government, and influenced by veciprocal- inititft. : f Colonel Gordon, in his joomal, fays^ « that diis eoontiy may, from a proper knowledge, be affirmed to be the asoft healthy, the moft p!eaiant, and moft fertile fpot of earth known to cnropeaa people." taragus. f^. m" ii i^ ' VORTR AMBHieA. 6i pihi||tti,*eAI»^liroMH^ celeiy, and fidadty befidet which there are meloiif and herba of every fort. . Thb provifion cehfiftidf betf, ^ork, nnicton, veal, andavariety of poul- try, ftich as docks, Maftovy docks, tnrkies, geefe, dong- ^hni fd#ls, and pl^tohs. The ifaperflooos provifions are tfeld fo the trtigiNuits, who are continually paffing through thofe ^tlements, in their roate to thie difltrent diftriAi of country, and which I have enumerated. Some confidbrable ^utntities of ij^irits diftBled from rye, and likewife cider, •are ftnt down the river to a market, in tho(e infant (ettle- ments where the inhaMtants have not had time to bring or- •diards to any perfeMon, or have not a fuperflulty of grain to diftil into fj^its. The beef, pork, and flour, are difpofed of in the fame way. The flax and hemp are packed on hbrfes, and fcnt acroft the mountain to the inland towns dF Pennfylvania and Maryland, and(M I hinted In a iirtuer letter) in a few years, when grazing forms the principal oh^ je£t of thoft fettlers, they will always find a market for their cattle at Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Alexandria. '' Thefe fettlements might produce a confiderable quantity df ftigar,. but hitherto what they have made has ferved for little more than home confumption, as every part of the back country from lat. 4a" to 36% and upon the.Mifliflipp!, as for north as lat. 45", produces an abundance of the fngar maple-tree as would be equal to fornifli fugar for the inhaUtants of the whole earth } and to fend it to any of the market towns on the Atlantic is too for to be profitable, until the canals of the Potowmac fliall have been finiflied. That country produces alfo all the pot-herbs which are common in Europe: feveral kinds of nuti grow in the foreftsk foch as chefnuts, hickory, and black walnuts. The moun- tains, hills, and uninhabited -parts abound in deer, \» lid turkies, and a fpecies of groufe, called by the Americans proinifcuoufly partridge or pheafant. There is an abundance of wild fowl, as indeed is the cafe m every part of the weftern ^9 WBSTBBV TXBIITOIT OF «cft«m cmmtrf ; te enomerate thde could prove ibr yon neither amviement nor inftro^Uou. Linen and wooUen dotlu, leather, and halt, Ibr hone ; confomption, are manula£hnred with confideraUe Ihcoeft. The tw firft articles are 011I7 made in families liEHr thdr own ttfe I bat the latter are made bj men of pnrfSe^ion fm [that bttfinefta and are of a qoalitj. that would notj^fgrace the mechanics of Europe. Blackfaithfl wprk of s41 forti^ c?en to making fire-arms, is done therei as is alfo cabinet ^work, whed-wright, miU-wrightg houfe carpentrf, juAnuj^ ^fluMMaaking, &c. &c.} inihor^ all the trades immediatdy rnecefiary to the prmnotion of the comferu of pew iettlo. fments, are t6 be found here. > After pafling to the ibuthward of lat. 40 deg. the climate »mes favouraUe to the culture of tobacco. It wiU, qo ioobt, grow fiirther to die norths but ndthcr its^avouris [lb aromatic, nor the crop fo certain or {Nrodu^Hv^. Indeed [the farther fouth tobacco grows, generally th« finer ijjs [.(quality I hence it is, that the {iwgars of Cuba arf fo moch lired for tliieir peculiar (cent, and the Oroonookoo for its [mildnefso However, this is of ^Uttle con(bqipenco to any mtry, as it is certain no cultivation is fb pqmicious to th<: m1, and of fo little real advantage to the cultivator. It continually iropoverifhes the land| and ^ every iidditional feafon, mftead of producing riches to an eftate^ tends to beggar it : every veAige of its growth is mifery and devafta- tion, and no foil, but one as proFific as that of the Nili^ would be capable of producing it for any length of time, ac* cording to the fyfteni which has been puriiied in Virginia and Maryland. However, the whole of the Ohio and Mif- fifiippi country below lat. 40 dcg. is perhaps better adapted to produce tobacco in quantity than any other country upon the face of the globe. Kentucky produces, befides tobacco, all the diferent kinds of grain that I have defcribcd in the upper fettle- ment h tiatjtm Rorliome t fuccfft* for tbcir t 4irgrace aU forti, fo cabinft r. joineryt nmedittely pewicttlt* the climate ItwiU, qo ttliavoorb , re. Indeed i« iMier My ire (b moch •okooforitt %c^ to a»y cUnis to the tivater. It additional le, tends to iddevafta- )f the Nile, lof time, ac- in Virginia lio and Mi^' Iter adapted tuntryupon le diferent Ipper fettle- menti yORTB AMBRtCA. (j ^^aU the Mti» with the addition of apricdii ttid aoAMriaet * I theft and peachet grow here to ^ery great per* MdoOf paftieal^rlj wfa^nphnted upon a light foil, which ihovU alwatfa be the cafe when it can be found : but, how^ ever entraordinary it majp appear it is not often the cafe is thisdiOviftof coimtfff. . Tholf coUnarf plants, Kgetabics, &c. I have ennmcrated ahofve^ are produced ir the whole weAem country. In Ibmd parts they gnyir to greater perfe£Uon than in others, as in this the eucnmber, turnips, peas, and many others, are muich . Jner than I ever faw then any where befide. The cantelupe asdon is only to he equalled by thofe in Perfia. We aro not at the trouble and eiqience of forcing. ^Tcry thing pot into the gjronnd of the vegetable kind grows in a moft won* dp fal manner. The foil is uncpnaRonly fayourable to hemp and indian cenu I have known ii cwt. of the firmer produced from an acre of ground, and as much as loobuihels of the latter. This has not only been done from an uncommon fertile fpot, but there are large bodies of land adjoining, which are efually prolific f . I believe that, were I to mention upon an average the produce of the whole country, it would be found t9 be nearly u follows : Hemp per leie • • 800 cwt. Indian corn, or nax^, ditto - 60 bnlhels Wheat, ditto - -30 ditto Barley, ditto • •40 ditto Oau, dhto - • 50 ditto Clover and timothy gnf*» ditto 25 cwt. * I never faw an apricot or ncAirine in any part of the weflern coantry They aie a fruit very rarely met with in the Atlantic gates.— Ell IT. i From feveval a^conntt* and from the fpecimens of the indian wild herajpi m well «• fnm the judgment which fume of our rope* makrrtof the firft clafs here in England have given on it, it feemt pretty clear, that fomething more miaht be done in America by the ' cultivarion of the native, thin by the tnnfplanting of a foreign fpcci«i.—EDiT. ,, Befides ■m v-h 64 WB»««S» tIRRITORT OP Befidet henqp and flax for mannliiifturiiif^ (Mtoa it tnAA* "nittd, iHth confiderable fuccefs, particuUrif jn tlte foutlMni par^ of thf ftate^ and Cumberland} and, no dbnbt, in a few yean, when our fettlements extend to the Natdbes, cot- ton wiU be produced in as great perfection at in the Eaft of Weft Indies. No foil or climate can be more congeiUal to ddr jdant than tkie reigiens on the lowermoft prvti'^ the BCffiffippi. We have it in our power to promote the coU ture of filk alfo. The mildneit of the climate, and the great ^aantity oT f he mulberry trees, which are rrcTywhere inters fperfed in our forefts, render this matter extremely eafyi bot how hr this will be politic, when the ufe of fflk it going out of fAfhion, it a matter that requiret fome confidcr* ation*. Cotton has fuj^lied its pUce, and its fuperior e»- * That fenfible and judicious ohferver. M^. Pratt, leeon- aKiKicd ir to bis countrytiien« that» infteadofaticmptiag to bteed the ftikworai of Afia, thejr (hoold make trials oa various fpecias of fpinning-wonni, with which the woods of America abound. From lepeatM experimentSi he thought himfelf authortfed to affisttt that he was fnre a native fiikworm would fome day or odier be feond in America, fuch as might turn to praAical account; whereas the thunder, the boifterous and fndden changes of Weather, under the preftnt ftpte of the climate of America, diftutfaed the feteiga fiikworm, fo as tba( it would never be cultivated to any advantage equal to what the native fiikworm mij^ht be. At the tkne that tfaeie things were in New England a iubjeA of fpeculation, they were, by the experiments made by madam Hubert, a Pr»ven9al i«:ttled in Louifiana, reduced to demonftration. This ladv made many coinparative experiments on the native and foreign fiikworm, fed on difierent leaves of different mulberr/ trees^ the native worm of America, though larger and ftronger, yet bei^g wild, and not fettled like the domiciliated worm of £urope, did not produce an equal quanrity of filk ; but this (he imputed wholly to its wild un< fetdcd nature ; their fiik, although coarfe, was ftrong and thick. Since making the above remark, eovernor Pownall was infonbed diat 10,000 weight of cocons of tm native fiikworm of America* was fold in 1 77 1 at the public filature in Philadelphia, and that the filk produced from them was of a good quality ; and a famde being fcnt to England, was much approved of in Loudon. By the tran£ •Atons of the american philoiophical fociety held at Philadelphia, printed in 17C8, it appears, that Mr. Moles Bertram had made many curious experiments on the native fiikworm. See alfo M.^ dc Pratz, hift. de Louifiana, Uv. ii. chap. 2. — Edit. ceUence, ifoutbotw oiibt, in » le Eaft o' mgeiualcb >3jrti"- »r»tt, ««««■: ling to bleed Lon« ijpecie* of tboond. From toiibtc. that IwrbefMUiditt . wbeicM «1» her, under the d the foieigB •nv adTantege the tkne that icolatioit, thej t, a Pioven^al iU ladv maide :ign filkwormt ie native worm wild, and not lot produce an to iti wild on* »ng and thick* raa informed „ of America, ia, and that the afamptebcinK By the tran(> it Philadelphia, [ram had made SeealfoM^dc ceU!ence» NORVh AMERICA. 6;j| idtellee, I apprehend-, wQl always make its more profitable tnanofaftory. . 'The groMh of wool #H1 form an important confideni* tion with at. The plains I have defcribed extend quite to Ae'ihdiifktdnt, fo that iheep here may have every advan* tage which the flocks of Spain enjoy. If we can form any Idea twn the ftmples of wool produced in many parts df the dkbitryi we may conclude that our moft fanguine a^ peAations will be fully aiifwered. The bufialo are moftly driven out of Kentucky. Some are ftitl found upon the head waters of Licking creekji Great Sandy, and the head waters of Green river. Deet abound in the exteiifive forefts } but the elk confines kSdi moftly to the hilly and uninhabited places. The rapidity of the fettlement has driven the wild turkey quite out of the middle countries } but they are found in large flocks hi iill our exteoffive woods. Amidft the mountains and broken countries .are great numbers of the groufe I have defcvibed ; and fince the fet- tlement has been eftablilhed, the quail, by following the trail of grain which is neceflarily fcattered through the wil- demcfs, has migrated from the old fettlements on the other fide the mountain, and has become a conftant refident with us. This bird was unknown here on the firft peopling of the country. There is a variety of wild fowl in every part of i:T- -s ftate^ particularly teal, and the fummer duck. The latter breedt inth us. Its incubation is always in :emperate climates, which is the reafon of its being called the fummer duck. The proarley, nor does grafs g«x>w there fo luzuriantlyas with us. Tue country beloW Cumberland foou becomes warm F enough WBSTBftK. T^^^lTf^J PF lor jtm, wm be cukivated on the Miffiffippi i^ 9* f>W$fr fy^eiff, if m «nWBi tl^a U»ey crer irejpe in $ou|]|CarfHWa, 9r Gpqrg^ ) particularly the to^e^p M Mu: ^pil pn t^^^ijCfr ijgg^ in |R$l>itdf inorf ^zi}riaDt tjh^n any in thf Onrolio^fr ^f^fofi eflf jf were iiwde in this Mimfi previoiu ^o ihf^M^ jfafi but ihe objc^k vai abandonc4 in t|^ defiri| "^'^^ WoB 4lf Natchex. Oranges, andorher tropic;|l ^i(S| gfof^ s^ the ^fj^ta^ fad |fl{nie 4ift^e abdye, to con^xl^fale petfe^ion. ^hcvf are » Tariety of nuts that grov both in Kentuclf;| apd Cumberr \lindt Come pf which are conimon tp lioth ; thp moft re* markable of them is die pacane } all pf which h^ve h^en I^ptipe4 both by Carver and Jefferfpn* Grajpet, plums, gopfe. Ip^ies, and ftrawberries, grow al(p fpontsMBeoufly in the foqthem parts of Kentucky, and in mod part* of Cumberland* The produce of the weftorn country will be nearly the lame in the fiune parallels of lati^ide througUojut { fp tb^t* comparing my imaginary fta^es with thf Settled country ii^uth-eaft of thf Ohio, you will be a|^le to fpnn a juft ide^ of what t^ will be capable of producing. But to cwfr preheud t^e pbje£k of th^ comm^ce ojF this country, it ii |lj^ neceflary tp contemplate it, abpu^diag in all the com> forts of life, limited in its variety of climate only by what is 90t de4rab)e i with a foil fp prolific, 9^ na,?igs|tipn, fp ex- ^enfive, and a (ecurity ip permanent, from being ipU^d, that ^ feen4 thi^ vaft extent pf einplre is only to be equalled fof its fuUimity 1^ the obje£k of its aggraiv^s^emait. Provifions, tobacco, and raw mat^ials, will conftitute the Hrft article of our tnide *. Such a, quantity of beef, pork, bacon, * The folkming iaft and jadlcioai obfenrations were addfcflcd to the earl of H^fboroa^bi in the yea' 1770, when fe^rcury «f llMf ^f tfae north amencao dtpu^n^m, : wontfy * ••Noj mtbepi terfM in W ««d lead and ii andaofiiiJ cocioa, ih **Seeooi eoaaanica •Mfe^ thci uePotown flockhiided (MioLond ^. " Third. We with hi; ftwrorfivei ihipimayh. inn, fUx, fii * Fourth, «■ be fent 1 raeace to the than from N "Fifth, I beftnt down cheaper than ooly6omUei in any other *««ith,Ti Hie lea to the •'w be paid, Viiguiia, im ^Oh\o dial Jeywillboili Weft India ^ry tree, foimed into tt *«.opper pan "««r nemp, ii '4 4 irOETR AMERICA. ^j him, btttM^idMde^ kt* 8ec. ihight Be litfftHhM iMfH M voontfy amUl «iie dif , ttojimhti fiiMUk tht Wllft ttd^ «* No put of Korth .Aaerict will itqaiip left caeponigenieat fu Uk prodnAiao of mtiI notth una inr>iiiat«(tab rar nShmtf^ tdrfM in EoMpe* and fbf fapptfteg the WiM lAdu MiiMil ^HA AMcV»/r«v^6NVi Ik« thtn tM comitiy of iImOUo i and ft» iHb feXUminf leafom: *< Flntf The land* aie exoelknt, the dinute tempente; All ntftli% mpM>filbvot«%aiidmiilbeitjftntt««boaiid4Vtl]rWh6ll} henp» SflfNb aad i]r«y grow fpoataneoofly m the Tallies and low landi ; Iced and iron are plenty in the hills; fait fprines aie innaitteraote i and no foil is better adi^rted to the cdttire ottBknitca, dax> itfd cotton, than thet of the Ohio. « Second* The eoontry is well watered by icTeral navigaUe rireiit comnnnicatlng with each other ; l^ which, lind * (hort land caf- iia|e, the pKMoie of the lands of the Ohio cin, ete* tow (i* the year >77a)> be fent Cheaper to the f«a>pofi town ei J^JkU9f^i.9fL the Potowmae river in Viivinia (wl)ere the troops of general Brad- dock landedlt than anykiiM of merchandife itfent from Norduun^* ten to London. « Third, The river Ohio is, at all fcafonsof the year, naviga- ble with large boats, like the weft-coootrv barges, rowed only d/ fearer five men ; and from the month of Febraaiy to April laigi fliips may be built on the Ohio, and font to fei^ faiden wuh hemps iron, flax, filk, tobacco, cotton, poc-elhi Ac. ** fourth, Floer, com, beei^ fkip-jiuiit and. otkr ofefol eftioles> can be fent down the ftieam of the Ohio to Wc^ Florida^ and from dieace to the Weflf Indu iflands, much ebeaper and in better ordetf than from New York or Philadelphia, to thore iflajds. ** Fifth, Hemp, tobacco, iron^ and fuch bulky artii^lesi may alio be lent down tlie ftteam of the Ohio to the Tea, at (eaft 50 per eent, cheaper than thefe artless were ever carried by land carriage, of only 60 milesi in Pamfylvania { where waggonage is cheaper duui in any other part of North America. ** iiixth. Toe expence of trinfportingeatoptan manniaAorics froa^ the lea to the Ohio, will not be fo much as it now jpaid» and muft ever bo paidi to a great part of the coontries of Pennfvlvaniat Viigwia, snd Maryland. Whenever the farmen or merchants of the Ohio (hall jpropetly nnderftand the butinefs of trhnfponation, ihey will build fchoonets, illoops, tee. on the Ohio, fuiuble for the Weft India or curopean markets; nr by having black walnut, ^)erry tree, oak, &c. pmperly fawed nr foreign marke ts, and (GMmed into rafuin the manner that is now donrby tlie fettlen near the upoer parts of the DeUwatc in Pennfylvanta, and thereon ftow dicir nempf ifon, tobacco, 8tb. and proceed with them to New Orleans, F » « It ' !1 68 WBSTVmH TIllRITQILT OP iflandi, and afiord relief to th^ miferable C^faiefe, wheft fcanty portion of rice is 011I7 fufficient to keep foul and hodiT together. Our mountidnous countries muft always prove excellent ranges for herds of cattle j the gn^i> in thie fum« mer, affording fufficient food to fatten them, without thje ezpence of cultiy{|ted meadows, and the winters are feldqm fo fevere as to require any other food than the cane and pea-vine. The navigation of this counti^ has been much talked of. The diftance from one place to another has been computed with fome degree of accuracy, and the various experiments which have bc«n made confirm the opinion that its difficuky is merely imaginary. The common mode of defcending the ftream is in flat- bottom<^ boats, which may be built from 15 to 500 tons '* It may >not, perhaps, be imifi to obfenre, that larie quantities of floor are made in tM diftant (weftern) count riea of I^nnfylvania* and fenc by an expenfive land carriage to the city of Philadcluhist and from thence (hipned to South CaroKnsi and to Eaft and Weft Tlorida, there b^ing little or no whe%t raifed in thofe provinces. '* /The river C/aio feents kindly defigned by nature* as the cha/iuel through which the two Floridas may be funplied with flour ; not only fpr their common confumptipn, hut alfo for the cariVinj on an extenflve coniu.erce with Jamaica, and the Spanifii frttleMents in the bay of Mexico. Millftonet in a*;undance are to be obiained hi the hills near the Ohio; and the co^mtry is everywhere well wa- tered with large and conftant fprings and ft reams for grift and other mills. '. . x-*-.^ Vd&Tfi AMERICA. $^ hiMfta/ Bat, utUt at I Jiavt been able to Jttdge» IlhonU Ibpjpofe, that about 50 oir 66 tons burden would be th« ifaioft codvenieiit, wleldf > and ronfequcntlj fafet particularl]f ' 'ifhen the wacert are very high i for in fbch cafes the rajrf- *50 1 to the Great Bone creek 582 \ t6 t&e Keninvky 6VS %- Jto the Ibplds 703 1 to Salt river 723 1 to CMtk riW 9«2 I to the Wabaik 1019 1 to Cumberland river i < 13 1 to the Tenafee 1 126 1 to the Miffiffippi i if 3 } from thence to New Orleans is about 1005. I have mentioned tlu^t it it about 230 from the mouth of the OMo up the Mifiiffippi to the mouth of the Mifouri and about 20 fironi thence to Illinms, which Is navigable foir bat(|tanx to It^ foukte* From thence there is a portage only of 2 miles- to Chickago, which u alfo navigable for bat^ teaux to it^ entrance liito lake Michigan, which }^ a di(l> tance of 16 miles* This lake affords communication mth the river St. Lawrence through lake Erie, paifing Nlagart F4 by IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 11.25 1^12,8 12^ ■^ ^ 12.2 £ U£ 12.0 ^^ ^ ^>. V Hiotographic Sciences Corporation t"' <^ ;V ^ 23 WiST MAIN STRUT WfUTU.N.Y. MSM (7I6)S73-4S03 /^> ^^^ V^.%^ % 7* WESTERN YERRITORT OF by a portage of 8 miles. The lakes Erie and MTcbigiiD ahr navigable for veflels drawing 6 and 7 feet water. This it one of the routes by which the exchange of commodities between the northern and fouthern parts of this empire wtH be facilitated. "^ In continuing the plan of intercourfe, it will be fbnnd ex* tremely eafy to pafs through lake Ontario to Wood creek. } up Wood creek, and by a portage of about 3 miles, you, ar- rive at a creek, which in 3 miles more brings you to Fort Edward upon the Mohawk river, a branch of Hnd&m*i. river. There are feveral carrying-placei between that and its jun^on with Hudfon ; but very little labour would rei> tnove them, and which I have no doubt but the ftate of New- York • will be judicious enough to fet early about. It is ciertain they have ordered furveys to be made, and plans are forming for the removal of thofe Obftruftionj. It has been long in embryo with them. It wis impofiible a plan of Co much utility could efcape that fage and penetrating po- litician general Schuyler, whofe vaft eftate lies moftly in that part of America. There are alfo portages into the waters of lake Erie from the Wabafh, Great Miami, Mufkingum, and Allegany, from 2 to 16 mileif. The portage between the Ohio and Potowmac will be about 20 miles when the obftru4tions in the Monongahela and Cheat rivers are removed, which will form the firfl: objeA of the gentlemen of Virginia when they . have completed the canal on the Potowmac!. The obftru£tIons to the navigation of the Great Kanha« way are of fuch magnitude, that it will require a work of * That ftate pafTed an ait of aflembly in July ijgtt for re- moving all the obftruft'ons between Hudfon's river and lake Ontario; by which means, when it is done, diere will be an inland navigation, taking its various coorfes, of nearly aooo miles in extent. f Some of thefe have been noticed in a note in a preceding part #f thii work. ages KORTH AMERICA^ 73 nmoditie* npiire wW'^ fbond ex- od creek.; cs, you;ar- Bu to Fort ; H«dfon*« X that and would rc^ he ftate of r about. It , and plans ns. It has Bblc a plan letrattng po- •s moftly in cc Eric from d Allegany, le Ohio and ifkions in which will when they teat Kanha« a work of ligtt for re. |er and lake will be an |y aooo miles eceding part agc« ages to remove them i but if and likewife with the Roanoke, which runs through North Carolina. But this is an event too. remote to deierve any confidenition at prefent.. All the rivers in this country c£ 60 yards wide and uj^ wards, are navigable almoft to their fources for flat-bottomed boats during their floods, and for batteaux the greater part o£ the year, the Great Kanhaway and Little Miami excepted. The Tenafee has a coniiderable fall where it pafTesthrough Cumberland Mountain, where there muft be a portage dfo> From thence it is navigable quite to Hplfton *. The rapids of the Ohio I have defcribed in a former letter f . They are no obftruftion in high water to. boats going * Tenafee river is navigable by veflels of great burden to the Mufcle Shoals ; tbofe (hoaU are only to \ie paifed in fmall boats or batteaux ; from the Mufcle Shoals, the river is navigable in boats of 40 or 50 tons bUrdien, to the Virginia line. — The Cum* beHand river is navigable in large veflels to Nalhville, and thence in boats to the mouth of Obed's river.— Duck river is navimblc in boats about 90 miles. The waters of Harpath, Cany>fork, Stones, Roaring and Red river, have uniformly a gentle current towards the mouth, whence they are all navigable m boats for a confiderable diftance. In a word, no {pot can be marked in that country, that is more that 20 miles from a boatable ft ream, (o great are its advantages of water conveyance. There are five navi< gable rivers in this territory, which difcharge themfelves immedi- ately into the Mifliffippi : Wolf, Harchee, Forked deer, Obion, and Reel-foot. So that the whole country is well interfedled by rivers ; and moft of thofe rivers are navigably by large boats : fome of them by (hips. Wolf river is already defcribed in p. 40. Edit. ■f- Colonel Gordon, in his journal down the Ohio, neiitions, ** That thofe falls do not deferve that name, as the ftreara on the north fidid^has no fudden pitch, but only rups over a ledge of tocks. Several boats," he fays, ** paifed them in thedryeft feafon of the year, unloading one half of their freight. They pafled on the nt>rtb fide, where the carry ing-place is three quarters of a mile Iqnff ; on the fouth-eaft fide it is about half that diftance, and is reckoned the fafeft paffage for tliofe who are unacquainted with it-; but it is the moft tedious, as, during part pf the fummer and autumn, thebat- teaux>mcn drag their boats over, the rocki The fall is abpu^ half a mile i I M' V r T4 wESTiUfr tMRitaut of fdiftg down th« tiyett MkA hldetd bfrtleattt n&itf ptits ajIM«ft 4r afiy t)mt, TlMfft A^e t#o fttuii tipiAi lA fhd WatoA ftet!4rcen itt mtath a^d Sr. Vineeits i bat they t^« 06 miiM*> diftiMfr te mi^i^tidff,- «i(de^ dt tim«i 6f low wat«<« T^ Kaflcafkia is a fmall river which run« Ifito fh« MidSMBppl btt«> ld# the nUfibky iltc^is HaflgilOft a e6ttQdetkhk way ilx>ve thd pitim. Tbd^ M}Mfilf>pi if xtt»tg(ift>te fd St. Anih<»1}y'§ fiilli. Without iay tfbfti»u£lk»ifc Cn^Vittr d«r iiffippi, i^early lat. 44, I think upon lake Pepin, or at St. An- thony's falls, ought to be placed the permanent feat of the federal government. From a point lat.. 44, upon the Atlantic coaft, and running from thence a due welt line, until it (Irikes the Mifiiffippi, is a diftance of nearly izoo miies, and from thence to the Pacific coaft, continuing the lame line, it is f jsA^ething more ; but the difference is immaterial, while the communications from thence would be fa- ciiitated'to every part of the empire, by the peculiar advantages of the anity, ve and pro* Befom % comtnuni- ning Mouo: aft of Cali- 11 either into 'ron thence* iwaten of the ) the Pacific I riven have le South fca. mountains, a it may be fo i the Weftem this vaft con- nent, and the n the United ;nt permanent in the country y will, in the Iffippi, which Jace. By that [l aa like the e motion «nd ^th, the fouth% ;tweeD lat. «5 mtry between J ^7^ and weft [nd 1 600 miles > from eaft to allowance for the northv»^aid upon the Mif* I or at St. An- of the federal and running ,,lifiiflippi. is a le Pacific coaft, I the difference le would be fa- ir advantages of ■ tha • KORTH AMERICA. 77 Bdbj« I fini(h this letter, I fhall juft enter into fotne of the minutiffc of the diftance and time of defcending down the Ohio, the varioat hayigable rivers that have their fourcet in the iiune neighbourhood. Carver has defcribed them as follows : ° « The fonrmoft cupital rivets in America, i.°<. the St. Lawrence, therMlffiffippi, the river Bourbon, or Red river, and the Oragbn, have their fvurces in the fame neighbourhood. The waters of the three former are within thirty miles of each other; the latter ia farther weft. *< This (hews that thefe parts are tlie higheft land in North America'; 'and' it is an inftance hot to be paralleled on the other three quarters of .the globe, that four rivers of fuch magnitude (hould take their rife together; and each, after running feveral courfes, difcharge their waters into diiferent oceans, at the dif- tance of 2000 miles from tbieir fources. For in their paflage from this fpot, to the bay of St. Lawrence eaft, to the bay of Mexico fouth, to Hudfon's bay north, and to the bay of the ftreigbts of Annian weft, each of thefe traVerfe upwards of 2000 miles." Befides, the fame author has defcribed thofe places (and the truth of which is fupportcd by the teftimony of other travellers v9ith'vi^hom I have converfed) as one of the moft beautiful countriea upon the earth. Thefe are his words : - *' The Miffiffippi below lake Pepin, flows .with a eentle current ; but the breadth is ver/ uncertain, in ibme places it being upwards of a mile, in others not more than a quarter. ** This river hat a rangie of mountains throughout the whoTe> way, which in particular puces approach near to it, in others lie at a greater diftance. *< The land between the moantains on either fide, is genendljr coveted with grafs, with a few groves of trees interfperfed, near which large droves of deer and elk are frequently feen feeding. " In many places, pyramids of rocks appeared, refembling old ruinous towers ; at others, amazing precipices : — and what is very remarkable, whilft this fcene prefented itfelf on one fide, the op- pofite fidt of the fame mountain was covered with the fineft herb, age, which jgradoally afcended to its fnmmit^ From thence the moft beautitql profpeA that the imagination can form opens to your view. " Verdant plains, fnlitful meadows, numerous iflands, and all abounding with a Variety of trees that yield amazing quantities of fruit without care or cultivation : fuch as the nut tree, the maple, which produces fugar, vines loadtd with delicious grapes, and plum trees bending under their blooming burdens ;— but above all, the winding river flowing gently beneath, and reaching as far as the eye can extend, by turns attraA your admiration, and excite your raSTiv^ WESTBRH rtfRKXTOKt OF 1' 78 Ohio, which irill fenre far an account of all tht other rifien. Mr. Jefferfon has ftated, that « the inundatioai of the Ohlft begin TOW wander. The hkt is about so miles hmp and aeariy 6 in breadth. ** The MiffifEpiM, as lar as tbe cntraaoe of die river St. Croix; •boot 40 miks aboTe Iske Veput, is vtty fall of iOandS] love of which are of a confiderable lensth. On thefe alfo gnw great jnunbers of the iogar tree> and aroond than Tiacs loaded widi grspn creeping to their very tops. From the lake a few finall moontains arc to be feea. / ** The river St. Pierre flows diroagh a moft ddig^tfid cOantrft abounding widi aU the necelEiries of life) which grow fpontane^ ouflf ; and with a little coltivation it might be maide to prOdnce its loxnties. « Wild rice nows here in great abandance> and everjr part is filed with trees Mnding under their loads of froit ; fnch as plams, grapes, and apples— >! he meadows are covered with hops and many forts of vegetables ; while the groond i» ftored with nfefiil soots; — with angelica* fpikenard, aira ground nuts as large as hens eggs. ** A tattle diftance from the river arc eminences from which yet have views that cannot be exceeded for their variety and beauty ; •— anridft diefe are deliehtful groves, and foch amaxtng qnantities of tbe fugar tree, that they would paodocc fugar fbficient for anf number of inhabitants. ** A little way horn the month of this river, on die north fide of it, ftands a hilU one past of which, that toward the Miffiflppi, is compofed entirely of whitfe ftone of a foftnataw. Bot what ap> peats remaricable n, that the aibur of it is as white as the driven fnow. The outward part of it was cnis^led by the wind and weather into heaps of nuid, of which a bc autifi il compofition might be made ; or^ I am of opinion, that, when [^opedy treated, the ftone itfelf wouM grow harder by dme, and have a very noble tStCi to architcAure. This coontiy likewife abounds with a milk-white clay, of which china-ware might be made, eqfial in goodnefs to die Aiiatic * ** At the falis of St. Anthony the Miffiffippi is ibove a j;o yards wide, and forms a m<^ delightftil catan^ The nil is thirty feet perpendicular, and the rapids beknr, which aie about 300 jraids more, render the defcent confidemUy greater; ta that when viewed at a diftance they af^ar to be ranch hi|^ dum they really arev «Tht therrHtn. begin iff St. Cnri*. i% fewibatt htfid cdonuf I pow fpontanei. te to prt&»«« tf ety ptrt » foch M plointf irith hops «nd ted with nfefcl tt M tafge *• iom which yott y and heaoty ; ixtng qnanritiet Acient for anf the nof99«4 la eKtiemely beaotiful.-^lt is not an ttnt»> tf\ff«p(ed plain, wheie the eye ftnds no relief; but it is compared of mnj^ »»th aAteotSi which are coreied with tht< fined verdure, «ld imerlperied with (ittle grovea, that give a pieafing variety to ^ praTpcl^i «< On the whots, when the falls ate^incladedf wbieh nay he iecn It the diftmMe of four atibs, a more pleafing and pictotcfque view cannot* I beUevei be foi}nd throughout the ontverte. ** The cpuntryi abo«it 60 miks above the falls, to the river St. Francisi is in tome pla<;cs hilly>_ but vfithout moMtaios } and tbo Is^ad is tolerably goodt A ititlc above this, to the nQrth.eaft, are a number of CmiiU lakes* called the Thoufani Lakes;— the coantrf about vtrhioh* thoutsbbnt little trequented. is the heft within manyi miles (qr huntiag. as tKe bNinter .\fiV9H fail* retamtng loaded bn. yood His expe^attonsr The Miflidipfn h««e hegim to grew faaU*. it being not above 90 yards wide." Other t(av«lU:r« i^ife with Carver* alfOt in faying that there iat 9, coniiderable proportion uf |vod laii>d upon Idee Superior and Mppn Red river-^Thcy deTcnDe th# country aboat kke^Winne- pe^ \yhich li^^ tp the oorth^weft ot- lajce Superior, as very fertile ; it producing vaft quantities of rice« which growra fpontaaeoufly ; and £iyft that tl\o fugar tree:grovra in g:eat plenty } which* if true, not only proves thai the 0:41 naaft be very fruitful, as they never grow in i«dA^rent hfiA ; bat'tifst the clioiate mnft be coniiderably mnre lomperate heite than it is upon the Atlantic eoaft 10 degrees ferthec ^hwerd; 4w I never .heard of a fugar tree being feen 00 th« eastern coaft of Amenca as far north aa Iat. 43'*. This opinioa ia confirmed by the following remarks made by Carver : - (• I can trominiyowA knowledge aiSrm, that I foand the win.^ ter I pafled to the weftward of the Miffiifif^i far from fevere ; and the north winda blotf^ing on, thofe countries, coofiderablv taotc ^jnperate thap I have often experienced them to be nearer the coaft [meaning the AlAMtiic coaft] ; and that this did not arife from an wncenainty of thff feafi^nib but was annually the cafe» 1 conchidc# hoth Ir^rn dhe^ ijnall qoanttty of fnow that fell, and a total difofe ^fnow flioes by Um Indiansj without which none of the more eaft- cm nationa can poffibly travel during the winter." When it ia nemeoibeBedt that Uie fettlements of the United $tajtes have extended* in little more than a century, upwards of ^. miles h^9k from the Adantic, under the influence of almoft 9(MMtii».ua) ipdian wtOk exclnuve of many other caufes which ope. rated to reurd their growth, and which am incidental to the rifia ni ali.inff^qpwitnn afoao^tnced in the. pecaliat manner that , Aint- I(' 80 WESTltRll TBRftIT€f|l«r OP I'i confiderinif that he never was m this couQtiy, he hit girei fuch an account of it as cannot be difpleafing to an £im>^ pcan. America w» ; and that it is not oniyprobable> bat nonH]r*certain» that the prefent ftrength of the fettlemehts weft of the Allegaiqr nountaini, mui in the coorfe of a veiy few yean fecaie nieaa from all inrafion ; if appears to me to be an objf A of the greatcft imponance with the prefent federal government to look forward to a circamftance, upoii which the perfeAion of their political fyftem depends : and it is the more fo, as the prefent xra of reafon pots it in their power to extend the advantages of civilization with an acce- lerated force, to which no period that we are acquainted with in the annats of man, has been equally aiifpicious. This objed^ has not efcaped many of onr moft penetrating legif- lators ; and perhaps tbe fentimcnt would have been ^reneral, If tiwre had been time, fince our independencci for tlie habits of life, and the influence of education, to be done away. But the fyftem of the aggrandizing commerce, which originated in Europe, had been tranfplanted upon the (hores of this continent, and has taken fuch deep root, as in fome inftances to militate to the injury of philo* fophy, and the happincfs of mankind. — Hence it has happened (hat the fpirk of fblfiflinefs which is the charaAeriftic of prejudice* folly, and impolicy, has fometimes betrayed its features in the de> cifions of our union. That this Ihould have hapjpened is not in the leafi extraordinaijc; but it is to be prefomed, nnoe the Europeans are beginning to follow our example, it will give ftability to thofe wavering cha. raAers, which will always be found among men who have not judgment fufficient to difcover the principles of a juft policy, nor the firmneft to adopt them without the Countenance of others ; fo it has happened, that there have been found evil geniufes, or ig> Borance, which have reprobated the fublime and wafonable Tiews of the union as chimerical. The advantages of peace have been deariy afcertained by the mo(t enlightened nations of Europe after ftruggles for dominion riiat have coft them millions of lives, and brou^t a load of evils upon themfelves, which nothing but Herculean ftrength wonld be able to fupport : but if man has been treated hitherto as a beaft of burden, the moft enlightened philofophers, particularly Dr. Adaaa Smith, hare proved thefe benefits, and the tolly of colonization. I therefore think when we contemplate the progreft of iraibn* the peculiar nature of the federal govemmenr, and the fingular circumftance of a people of one entire continent ipeakine the fame language, it feems that nothing ihort of a levolntioo- in die natural intelleas of men, can fniftrate the defign. ; I hare entered into thefe miouti« by way of illoftnting, aa £» t«': a* NORTH AMERICA. 8t the itnion evUi be of [Adam ^ton. ifon* agular sTame taral peta. But, M in etcrf thing which hn eh«ra£lerifed hit I»]ltical life, hb judgment in this appears fuperficial, and his mind attached to the theory of its own fabrication. Fre* quent rains in the latter end of the autumn produce floods in the Ohio, and it is an uncommon feafon when one of thofe floods does not happen before Chriftmas. If there is much froily weather in the upper parts of the country, its waters generally remain low until they begin to thaw. But, if the river is not frozen over (which is not very common), there is always water fufficient for boats of any fize from Novem- ber until May, when the waters generally begin to fubiide ; and by the middle of June, in moft feafons, they are too low for boats above 40 tons, and thefe muft be fiat-bottomed. The froft feldom continues fo long as the middle of Febru- ary, and immediately upon its breaking, the river is flooded ; this flood may in a degree fubfide, but for no length of time I and it is from that period until May that the boats generally come down the river. The diflance of defending is in proportion to the height of the water } but the average diftance is about 80 miles in 24 hours, and from 60 to 100 are the extremes ; fo that the mean time of going in a flat-bottomed boat from Pittflmrg to the Rapids, is between 8 and 9 days, and about ao days more to New Orleans : which will make a ' pafi*age from Pittfl>arg tp that place nearly a month. The inunda- tions of the Mifliffippi commence fomething later than thofe of the Ohio ; but it is very certsun they begin in Match, and fubfide in July. This is the moft proper time to afcend die river, as you avoid the (hoals, have finer we&ther } but, above all, when the water is high you have ftronger eddies : and with taking thefe advantages, and with dexterous as the fabjeft required, and my abilities would permit, to iliewt^e advantages of the fyftem of government adopted by America ; . nd at the fame time to Ihew that the coantiy toward the head wataia of the Mifliffippi is beautiful, rich, and abounding in all the va- lietiM of fnturb nteeflWy to fopport and embellifii a great capital. G water- !: I i • c ,.. 9i WESTBJIN TERRITORY OF vatermeiif yon may proceed 50 miles a «. ./, which will bring you back to the rapidt of the Ohio in 40 day», making a large allowance for contingencies* I fliall take leave of you for the prefent, with obfenrlng that the fmaller rivers have no ftated periods to govern their in«ndations{ but are fubjeA to be flooded by all heavy rains, which is a great advantage to the country, as it affords the inhabitants frequent opportunities of fending their produce to the feveral markets upon the large rivers. I am, Tours, &c. HERE the reader will not be difpleafed to fee the obfenf- ations on thefe parts in the topographical defcription of the middle britiih colbnies, &c. by T. Pownall, M. P. late governor of Mafiachufet's bay, and South Carolina, and lieutenant governor of New-Jerfey. JL HE land, fouth-weftward of Hudfon's river, may be confidered as divided into a number of ftages. The firft objeA worthy regard, in this part, is a rief, or vein of rocks, of the talky or ilinglafly kind, fome two or three, or half a dozen miles broad } riiing generally fome fmall matter higher than the adjoining land ; and extending from- New* York city, fouth-wefterly by die lower falls of the rivers Delaware, Schuylkill, Sufquehanna, Gunpowder, Patapfco, Potowmac, Rapahannock, James river, and Roanoke. This was the ancient maritime boundary of America^ and forms a very regular curve. The land between this rief and the fea, and from the Navefink hills fouth-weftward as far as probably to the extremity of Georgia, may be denominated the Lower Plains, and confifts of foil walhed down from above. -■'V^H^**-*'' •NORTH AMERICA. 85 •boTC, and fand accumulated from the ocean. Where thcfe plains are not penetrated by riven, they are a white Tea fand, about 20 fleet deep, and perfcAly barren i as no mixture of foil conduces to enrich them. But the borders of the rivers, which defcend from the uplands, are rcn« dered fertile by the foil waihed down with the floods, and mixed with the fand collected from the fea *. The fub- ftratum of fea Aiud, ihells, and other foreign fubftances, is a perfeA confirmation of this fuppofition. And hence it is, that for 40 or 50 miles inland, and all the way from the Naveflnks to cape Florida, is a perfeA barren, where the wafli from the upland has not enriched the borders of the rivers } or fome ponds and defiles have not fumiflied proper fupport for the growth of white cedars. There is commonly a vein of clay feaward of the ifinglaiTy rief, fome 3 or 4 miles wide; which is coarfe fullers earth, and excellently fitted, with a proper portion of loam, to make bricks of. From this rief of rocks, over which all the rivers fall, to that chain of broken hills, called the Blue ridge or South mountain, there is a diftance of 50, (So, or 70 miles of very uneven ground, rifing fenfibly as you advance further inland^ and may be denominated the Upland. This confifts of veins pf diffin'ent kinds pf foil and iubftfata, fome fcores of miles in lengtli } and in fome places overlaid with' little ridges and chains of hills. A peculiar firatum of foil runt in the fame direflion with thejad through this flage. The people of the country call it red fhell land. It appears to • The country in general bordering upon the coaft in this dif- tance does certainly a^ree with this defcription, but weftwardly from the coaft, and wiimn the diftance of 40 or |^ miles, there are large bodiea of ftron^ fouiid land, pleafingly diverfified with hill and dale, and free from any Adventitious materials, whether brought hy the floods from the higher country, or fuperinduced by or depofited from the fea. — ^Edit. G 2 me §4 \VRltll)( YiimtfOWT OP M« »d bt t l^lti *f ltd mirl I tlthough ¥rh«re tl U dug up^ «r tumid up ^\k iht |)) ihil it beglAi to flill in f^rtiUtf I If the Ky^n^min ftti hU plough A ltul« d««per, (b «» to turn up a Nfh Uytfi tUU» inl)i«d with thi old wo^n topi gWt« AfttK p«w«r «( vtget«- ttontoit. TK« fii^K plictii i4tii ftkkl thit theri wai ftlt^r Mtieil in with thli ore \ It tirtAlnlf fold ai ori At a grtAt price, 'V\\% other l» At Mr« Htivena* on thi upper pA^^t of the R^ritAni Now And thin llttii grilna of netlvi puri gold ire ft»uud in tUti ^ " ' ■H i Wi ii M;'. I ' ^ ^ IV- '*^ ^^if'-Hl i k tftCtUtttt imin f«tt Wi I Uy«r» tUU, i)\A flrA «p- |\ to rftfM\b|- It prWt. *i1^e MOKTtI AMKil«A» If lUftrtltHtvtWAMMoflt, Thur«ld«iri6l.iiMi«(il« i«rUti| Atnti Ih ifS4t 9«Wyter^ (^ «tio«t |^ lUrUiifk t KAtf iM)i tmfA of Miy iMil thf wUtN «• ytt dbviMl •« thi ftHitk vr ««m% iMtwiiii YtUow hv«*chti aiul Cniiiyw**ii« to ihc Uiliw«ri t in finthiNi riit|i ruRi ^ CA^^iTthmif^ \if Utnovtr to Sif4|ii«hiiiiii| where l*e<|it cinmIi Mk into it) ettiji thiwet to Trilltoi^ In New»jerr«)f thi rtorthem hilb Minrow end Hff «{^ht into the lam of i riii|i, mmI t« ceUiil MilxH^cttii§ i Aod in New^ * Thit iwMiitetm in it* Aivtril ri^sfi ii tt eram the Swedes ford to the middle branch of Braddywine creek, and b about two miles wide: hence the road runs flanting over, j.afcents and 3. rivulets about 13 miles, and comes to a iecond valley wluch runs along the fouth fide of the range called Welfii mountains to Lancafter ; whence it continues in i bofom of gently fwelling hills to Wright's ferry on the Sufqudhanna. Thefe fucceffions of vallies ap- peared to me as I rode along them the moft charming of landfcapes. The bottoms^ the vales were fiiU of cultured tarmSf with houfcs, fuch as yeomanry, not tenants, live in : thefe were bi?0eed up with gardens, and with peach and apple orchards all round them, and with every convenience and enjoyment that property and plenty could give to peace and liberty. My heart felt an overflowing of benevolence at KORTH AMERICA. 87 [ the Kitti* Jib, Ke« tte of Petoiyl- le whblt vale one bas been Whenever )f the richeft trough New- ills. Ambfii; felf, between eadthfrom 15 a of fuch, di- gs of the main ehahna to the rlkiU, foroe a Umeftone good or the dreffing cat Thcfides nbcr in gtno^l Iwhich the road runs from the idywine creek, id runs flanting |iles, and comes fouth fide of ler: whence it |us to Wright's of valliesap- »ft charming of full of cultured :enants, live in : ith peach and ery convenience id give to peace of benevolence at nt the fight of fi> much and fiich real happinefii. Between the South mountain and the higher chain of the Endlefk moun- tains (oJted fordiii>n£Uon called t)ie North mountain, and ihi fome places the Kittatinny, and Pequilin), i» a valley of pretty even good land, fome 8, ic, or 20 miles wide, which is the moft confiderable quantity of valuable land^heEng- lifli are poflefled of; and runs through New- Jerfey, Penn- fy.rania, Maryland, and Virginia. It has yet obtained no general name, but may properly enough be called Piemont, from its fituation. Befides conveniences always attending ^ good land, this valley is everywhere enriched with lime' ftone. On the eaft fide of the mountains, next the european fettlements, there are fome *, but very few, and thofe thin beds of coal : there are fome br^ckiih licks or fprings, but no fait fprings. On the weft fide, both thefe abound every- where. The E^ndlefs mountains, fo called from a tranflation of the Indian name bearing that fignific^tion, come next in order. They are not confufedly fcattei^d, and in lofty peaks over* topping one another, but ftretch in long uniform ridges, fcarce balf a mile perpendicular in any place above the in- termediate vallies. Their name is expreflive of their extent, though, no doubt, not in a literal fenfe. In fome places, as the head of Roanoke, the traveller would be induced to imagine he had found their end, but let him look a little on, and he will find them again fpread in new branches, of no lefs extent than what firft prefented themfclves. The further chain, or Allegany ridgie of mountains, keeps moftly on a parallel with the ifinglafly rief, and terminates in a rough ftony piece of ground at the head df Roanoke and New river. The more eafterly chains, as they run further fouthward, trend alfo more and more wefterly) which is the reafon that the Upland and Piemont valley are fo much . I * One at the ftlls of Tames river. G 4 wider m^ 88 WBSTBRII TBRRITOjtY OP li 'J I I i I; I irider io Virginia than £uthcr northward. Tbto ToiMlte wefterly trcndiag <>f th^ hither chant hri»gs them tamed; the ^Icgpmf mountain, and in lieveral places to wtefMtkf and form new ferjvf of mottntains *, as h the ode, I believe, of the Onaikrtow They certajplj do ^d to th<; northward and north*«aft» at the Kiats Kill mounuins, and at the Brimftone and Ondda, ridge> which lie ibuth of Mohawks river. Tht triangtdar mountainous traft of Cduchfackrage, Ijt^ be* tween the Mohawks and St. lAwnnce rfvors and lake Champlin« and the range of mountains on the eaft fide Hudfon river, are di^in^t and different ranges of country. There ar/e nianf chains ci the £n4I«fs mountains ; and ^ far as we are acqusunted with them, weobferve that each chain «pn^U of a .particular kind of ftone* and each different from the reft ; which differences continue for their "whole extend^ as hr as I can learn. When I crofled them I was not ^f^ehenfive of this, and omitted enumerating their fpecics. Some of the chains are fipgle narrow ridges, as the Kittatmny, fbme fpread 2 or 3 miles broad on the top J foote fteqp on one fide, aad extending with a long flope on the «ther: and the fteeper they are, the more rodfji but they are everywhere woody where there is £bU proper and iiifficient to fupport the trees. Towards the further chains north-eaftwvd, the mountains oofifift of rich Jtuid, and in . (pipe places ar« but as large bnwd bankSf which ta|;;e a «r 3 miles to crofs. Many of theft chaksM confift of feveral ridges, one main ridge, .and a nui^wr of lefler ones, and fometimes with .irregular hills at their ^t in the vale. Where any of thofe chains fp iprpad, they meet. and fometimes crofs each other: fometiiq«s lefier branches or, fpurs fbpot 0ut from the main ridges, and thele al(f> gencarally end by irregular Iwlli. ^^ ,In thc^ way. to Ohio, by Franks Town, after you are paft ^e Allegany mountain, the ground is rough in many places, and • H0ET9 AMERICA. $9 fpd continues fp to^e rmr. Hq^pal^nts fkt lonrel hff^ fpnag^ from Um: raoantai% and ^pnrin«a» tlunpih noi large, in a veiy regular chains I bfli^y^, to the Owifiot* iaunintain. Forthfmgbth^ Meganymou^^ainu tfiic^inft vefterly, on ihe w^ branch of Suf4|ue)lK»^»i it kU^ ^pm iNmgfo* back of Virginia. .J Except the fiirther ridgei, as ;\^ now naeationedi^ tberf U bot Uttis good land in the mountains i to be Cure not onip tenth part is cap^le of cidture^ and wl^ii fmaU matter is 1q confifts of extreme rich foil, in laymst on the river f4gq^ being fo lk; it was a blue granite marble j and placed it as an heaitb in my kitchen, and burnt wood on it many years : it was 6 inches thick. When I removed it, to have a modem wind-up coal>range fixed in its place, I obferved it broken into feveral pieces by die fire, and flinging log^tof wood on it: it then appeared to me to be a mere concrenon of (hells : I tried feyerai raeces of them, and they all fermented in common vinegar, and dioolved in a ftronger acid : thoufands of the (hells were as complete as to form, ahhongh burned, as if they had juft been gatbeied on the iia-fhoie.— Edit. found, h NORTH AMERICA. 9' \ The ob- msiking at ihewed me e is not fac in adjoining mixed with inclofed in he clay was e, in which mens which s inftance of ad to an ia- where there jrenuintej and fort as thofe need me that 1 been mixed •e they were intsins is veiy BuffoD} in hit It were equally iaii) bat a bad OS tak of the ce. Kilkenny Some yean [1 a horizontal of a coaiktiy ; and placed t many yean : Ihave a modem it broken into 'ood on it : it (hells : I tried jimon vinegaTf ihellt were at had jnft been found) found, by the fame proceft at hers appeared in its feveral gradations. *< Various fyftemt and theories of the prefent earth ha?e been devifed in otfer to account for this phaenoiAenon. One fyftem fuppofes that the whole of this continent, the higheft mountains themfelves, as they now appear, were formerly but' one large plain, inclining with a cbnfiderable flant to> wards the fea; that this has been worn into its )>refenc appearance of ridges, with vales between them, by the rains of the heavens and waters of the earth waihing away the foil from the upper parts, and carrying it down to feawards: diat the foil thus carried down and lodged in various places hath in a feries of a^es formed the lower plains of the Jerfeysj Pennfylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and the Caro- Unas. The moft material arguments to fupport this hypo- thefis are, that the very tops of the mountains on the weftern fide, though much higher than thofe bordering on the englilh pale, confift yet of extraordinary rich land, but that towards our fide the foil of the very vales as well as of the mountains is thin and ftony, and the rock alnnoft bare* asif die earth had been fwept away off from them. The downfall of waters from the melting of the ihow, the rains, and the fwollen fprings, is fuch among the mountains, and the difcharge from thence fo great, that the freihes on the Sufquehanna river, where it is a mile broad, rife Tfi feet, though they are difcharged with a violent and precipitate current. Thefe fr<^(hes carry doWn with them immenie quantities of foil which they begin to drop as the velocity of their courl'e ilackcns in gliding over the lower plains, and which they finally lodge in bars and iflands iat the mouths of the rivers where they meet the fea *• Thus have been many * I will here tranfcribe an extras from a letter of monfiear Vaadreuil, the governor of Looifiaiiai dated September 28, 175a. "There it infinite difficalty," fays he, "in fettling towards the mouth of the river Miffiffippi, on account of the inmenfe expence in banking f« WESTERN TERRITORY OF mznj very extenfive coiintrie* formed at the mouths of all the great rivers in the world, and thus at the fever^l moutht of the manj gre^t ritcrs ranging fo near one another alopg du$ coaft maj that long-continued range of flat cpimtrfp ivhich is hcrei^ before called the lofrcr plains* be (ovm^ .^iid if we ruppiofe this op^ationto have begun inunediatelf at the carryiilg off of the wat hijcet at the top of Uie country, and that this b daaBrae4> and held up l^ lidg^ of rocks : let dt fi^pofe thsfe rid^ hi9ohen down by any natural accident, or that ip a long courfe^ of agjcs a pafl&ge raa^ be worn through them, the fpace ocV cp^ed by the water would be drained : this part of Ameri- ca* diflwrdened of foch a load of wators, would of cpivrie. rHe, as th? immediate eSeSt of the ihifting of the centre of levity in the globe at once or by degrees, much or little, hanking again^ tlie innndatiom of the lea sod land flooda. I am agaioft Ktuing it as ycC{ and for waiting wttil the ground be more tSd moic laiied hy the accictiqp of foUi as it hath been i iRiet in fkfpiiccofi5y«aii»" a<;cQi'd« . HOllTR AMERICA. 93 accordingly ai the>Qperation of fuch erent had eflfe£t on that centre. The dire£Hy oppoiite part of the earth would, as part '6f the fame eflfeA, fink and become deprefled, and liable td be deluged without any apparent reafoh difcoverable in thole parts ior fuch a change. Hiere is no doubt but that man/ fuch accidents have happened in the world before it becamtf lettled in i's preJTent condition and ftate. That there have happedtfd ;bme fuch accidents, by which the general body of the land o^ America hath been raifed, we have reafon to cbllefi; from the Chinefe chprography, called Quang-yn-ki^ #hich defcribes THiaoiTanas in Corea, which is now divided from it by^he gulf LeaoTong, where the Tea has encroached fo much that the mountain Kiefliefhang, which was for« merly part of the continent, is now near 500 leagues off at fea*/ !f the land of China became thus much depreflfed by the change of the centre of gravity of the earth, thofe parti of America which lie nearly in an oppofite meridian vroiihl be equally raifed. No doubt many partnl deluges haVd happened from fuch caufes, the reafon of which, for want of knowledge in what had pafied on the oppofite fide of the gloSe, could never be explained.* Some fuch changel may have come gradually, and advanced by fuch flow de- grees, as that in a period of a few ages would not be per- ceptible ; hiftory therefore could take no notice of them. « We know from obfervation how much higher th,e At- lantic ocean is than the Pacific, and how it is piled np againft the american coaft on the wefiem (bore of the fpiM of Mexico, driven thither by the trade winds and attra£Boii of the moon and fun. Let us fiippofe it poffibl^ that a paflage might be forced thrpugh the ifthmiu of Darien or fome other part of America between the tropics } theie waters then would pour down firom this height, and be difcharged through this pafi*age, inftead of running back through tht * Buflbn haiidlfs this very fubjeft to a mafterfy manner in hb Theory of the £arth.<~>-£DiT. guV 94 WESTSKK TBREXTORT OP fi gulf of Florida s the height of the Atlantic would be lower between the tropics, and the level of the Pacific ocean would rife ) the centre of gravity of the eatth would ihift, and there would be few places on the earth but what would perceive the eSeCk, although none would be able to conceive the caufe, that did not know the particular event of this paflage beiikg opened." Suppofc now thatlhe Bahama an4 Caribbee iflands were once (which they certainly appear to be) an iAhmus (like that of Darien), the continuation of the Apalachian mountains and the Al-a^Bah'ma country } that what is now the gulf of Mexico was a moft extenJSve plaint and that fome fuch accident as is above fuppofed did anally happen by the breaking of the fea through this chain of land into this plain now the great gulf, that part of the globe adhially becoming deprefied, the oppoiite point would be raifed. « I have mentioned," fays Evans, ** thefe different lyAems as they occurred to me on viewing the various pha&- nomena which meet our eye in the mountains^ for the in- formation of thofe who are curious in inquiring into the fyftem of our world ; but I have neither purfued the invefti- gation with that attention, nor explained them with that dofenefs of reaibning, which I might have done had I been interefted about them : I fliall therefore beg the reader to make choice of that Iiypothefis which he likes beft and thinks moft probable; for my own part I can conclude on neither fingly," The editor • here will take up the fubjeA where Lewis Evans has left it, and add one more hypothefis or theory to the many with which the learned have been amufcd. Viewing this earth as it Is, not as learned theorifts fuppofe it ihould have been or was at firft made } examining with attentive inveftigation of faAs, the af^ual ftate of its ex> iftence) analyfing the operations which heat and moifture, vegetation, corruption, and a continued process Ooventor PownalL of i be lower ific ocean ould ibiftf hat wottl4 :o conceive, mt of ttii* ahama an4 f appear to ition of the intryj that nfive plaint didaaually lis chain of part of the point vould Lcfe different various ph«D- , for the in-r ing into the i the invcfti- n with that e had I been he reader to ;ft and thinks [e on neither ibjca where kypothefis or have been lorifts fuppofc lamining with Ite of its ex- heat and lued procefs . NORTH AMERICA. 95 - of exficcation have on it, in its ordinary coorfe of exiftenee | viewing the effeAs of earthquakes and volcanoes j I am led, t^ a combination of all the ideas ^ribich thefe objeAs oflfer, vp to that ftate of this globe which I conceive to be its original ftatc} and firpin thence I can, as I perfuade myfell^ trace it through every progrefs of its changing .eziftenoe. From the manner in which the land has been continually increafing upon the vraters of the globe from its firft appear- ance, I traced back my ideas to the viewing it in the firft fiage of its exiftenee as a mere globe of mud : that as die earthy parts- fubfided and began to concrete into fand, or clay, or ftoqe ; this globe, then an aqueous planet, was the proper habitation for the inhabitants of that element only : that in time as the planet, in the natural and ordinary ope- rations of the power of nature directed by the great Creator, dried, the land sq>pearedi and as foon as it was thus emerged alx>ve the face of the waters began to vegetate i that fuch animals then, as the advancing vegetation became a proper habitation for, were created and came into being ; the fowls of. the air firft, and every creeping thing, and the beafts of the field in the next progrefs : that when this earth had advanced fo forward in the melioration of being as to become a proper feat and. habitation for man, then, in this laft ffaite of the planet, the human race was brought into being ; at firft, a mere fylvan animal of the woods. Having thus purfued this theory * (for I call it no other now, though I think I could evince to the contrary) by the analyfis and combination of my philofophic ideas, I proceed to examine it by the afhial account which our holy fcripture gives us ofit. I find therein that the firft ftage of this globe is there- * It is more than mere theory, it is pofitire fa£l.<— Every naturalift and philofopher in Europe adopts this faA or theory, call it as yea pleafe : he cannot, and dares not, except in cdntn- didtion to his reafon and fcnfes, adopt any other theoiy. — Ed^it. defcribed i 9« WESTtKlV TiftHtTOkY OP »^ delbrfbed juft u my Maif led me to cencehe of it ; there was a firmament in Hie midft of the wMert, wbicli divided tike waters from the waters, thbfe which were under the fir* mament, and thofe which were^ibote it) the latter were called the heavens, the fontket were this planet. The next progreft of creation wa) the exflccation of this acjueons pla- nety ib that dry land appeared, and was called earth. The next is, that the earth began to vegetate grafs firft, ihrabs next, and trees next, whofe feed were in themfelves. As theie waters and this earth vrere prepared for reception and fnftenanee of their refpe^ive inhabitants, the waters brought forth abundantly the moving creature that hath lifo) the fowl alfomukiplied, and every creeping thing on the earth j the bead next after his l^ind. The laft ftage of this pro- eefs the Divine preator allotted to the produfHon of man, to whom he gave every h^b bearing (bi(d, and every tree in which is fruit, to be to him for meat. He dwelt in a para- difo, and did not work the land ; nor gam his food by the fveat of his brow. Hiat was (m we are taught) a curie whtch he afterwards emailed upon himfelf, through an am* bidon of being wife above what was ordained for him. Thus fay the Indians, that we land-workers take a deal of pains to rpoil a good world. That the literal ftyle of the apologue defcribes the pro^ cefs of the advancing exiftence of this planet and its ihha- bitams by a feries of days*, and that my idea muft fuppofe a feries of ages, makes no diflR»ence ; the procefs is the fame : a myriad of years in the fight of God are but as one day. As, according to this idea of mine, the Waters muft naturally, f I am told tliat the word ufed in the original figmfies not days hot periods. — PuwN. This it certainly does; and conieqaently the aocient Egyjitians, from whom Mofes took his incomplete ac- eonnt of the creauon of tlie world, were roafters of more leaJ pby- fical knowledge, than the moderns are willing to albw thetn* — * \ Edit. and it : there eh ditided let the fir- ttter were The next pieons pl«- irth. The Irft, ihrobt "elves. A» ccpti dinary circumftance which required the fufqpofition Of fome extraordinary caufe to account for it, that flielb and marine ikeletons ihould be found on the higheft mountainstl (h void think it extraordinary, and rather be furprifed, if they were not. If you will. truft nature or believe the ftriptores, you wiU find that they have been from the creation, and are a proof, not of the deluge, but of the truth of the pbilofo- phic account of the creation given in the book of Grenefia [and in the book of nature]. .i„3ut to return* from this digreflion of amufement and fpeculation to bufinefs:— -the analyfis proceeds to defcribethe. fifth .or upper ftagt which lies north-weft on the back of the weftem divifion. ' The northern part of this may be confidered as one great lbvbl plain continuing as yet in its original ftate f* Although it is the nioft elevated tra£t at the top of all this country,, yet it is occupied by a maft of watdrs which lies on its face in five great lakes } the landa and country bordering on thefe lakes flope gently towards^ aqd. many ftreams run hehce into, them t. Ontario or Cataraqui,. or the beautiful lake, is a mafs of frefh water, very deep, alid has a moderate fteep bank and gravelly ihore along the fouth fide : the rivers which fall into it are apt to be fometimes barred at the entrances. This, like the Mediterranean, the Cafpian, and other large invafated waters, has a fmall rifin'g and falling of the water like tides, fome la or 18 inches perpendicular ||, occafionedby * The reflcAing reader will perhaps be forty he his returned fo foon. — l^JiT, • f Vide ruCiuoir prefented to the duke of Cumberland, appendix to adminidrat'on of the colonies. { The parts here defcribed are not pretended to be laid down ar» cnrately. ' Future difcoveries will give local precifion. We here only mean to exhibit a (ketch, not a (Jan. II Partially alfo as the wind fets. H the 9^ WBSTIJIK TIRMTORY OF thttthaiiga lo thd Otite of Ihe aniMfpllcre ( rLQng h^^ber, w Ut« wdght of tbe intumbelkt iir ii kfi, aodi MUng» u U bo* dMnoi grartera k cannot be otkcnrife. ThliJalMl it btft fitcod for the ^Age df hatteenx and canoett aloUg tbefouili fidti the other hewing fcferal rocki near ihs fitrface at th* water ( butthe oUddle U eve^here fafe for flaippiqg. The (hoir li 4ecper or the foudi fide of this lake than any ether place hi Ihdh parts i hut the lake d»es not freese hi the f»> vereft whrter tet of fight of bnd. The ftreight of Oghnllp gar% between thrhike Ontai'io aiid Erlei Ueafiljr paflaUe ioihc 5 ort' rtillci with kny ihipi» or lo miles in all with eanoeai iImii^too a^e obltged to maku n portage up' three pretty iharp hills about 8 miles, where there i» tiow cut sj pretty godd carhray. ThisI portage is made t« avoid that ftupendote fall of Oghnil^aiha *, v'hich In one {dace precifrf* ttites htadtemg aff or a6 fat^omsi and continues for pcr creeks, and thence KORTR AMBRieA; lOI thence eaft and fouth-eaft to his old camp on the Monon« gahela. The borders or intervals on the Ohio a mile, and in fome places a mile and half wide } the land rich and good, but 'the upland in general broken hilly land. He^et with coal in fome places. He examined the land up the creeks, as thefe, which we ihould think great rivers, are called, and found the face of the country the fame, rich in<' tervails. and good farming land on the uplands. This whole country abounds with game, as bear, elk, deer, turkies, 9fid in one place he killed a black fox. . This coiaatry ii now fettling faft, and will foon be better known. The triangular traA of land at the head of this great vale, and between the Mifliflippi, the OhiO; and lake Erie (as that lake is vulgarly called), the country of the Illinois, is the fineft fpot of earth upon the gt0be *, fwelling with moderate hills, but no mountains, watered by the fineft rivers, and of the moft delightful climate'} the foil, as appears from the woods with which it b clothed, is of the inoft abundant fruitfulnefs in vegetation. It abounds with coal; and thei^e are multitudes of fdt fprings in all paris ofit. . There are minea of iron, copper, 'vfid lead. Wild rye grows hert alio ^ontaneoufly. ,. ^ -^ << The pafs through the mountaini' fh>m Pennfylvania, by Shamokin to Onondaga and Ofwego, is from my own obfervations, and well deferves regard t; becaufe I'had a pretty good inftniment for obferving the latitude, and mi- nutely noted all our courfes, and am well accuftomed t aor can ita turves be indeed confiderable: where it i» confinod in a manner bf a chain of little httls^ from the laft mentioned fork to to mMcs-fadbw tke laDs. Mr. Jpfeph DoUbn gave , me an account of the diftances from creek to creek as th6y £dl in, and of die iflands, rift8» and faUs all the way from the £ark to $cioto^ and Mr. Alexander Maginty and Mr. Alexander Lo#ry "gave me the reft t6 the £iU$» as well as confirmed: the others. The river from the fork upwards is moftly ftatii Mr. John Davifoni but that part from Ganaiwagy fed'iihe head is entirely by guefs> for I Jhave no other information of it, than that it heads with the Cayuga branch of SuTqae- hanna. The routes acrofs the conntry^ aa well as the fitoa- tbn of Indian villages, tradiag-f^ces, the creeks that fall into lake Erie, and other ifiaivs relating to Ohio and its branches, are from a great number of informatiotic of traders and other!, and efpecially of a very . imeUigent Indian called the Eagle, who. had a g^dd notion of dif. tamttSf bearings, and delineating.*' Indeed .all the Indians have this knowledge to a very great degree of pra^icaJL pur- pofe. Tlxey are very attentive t&. the pofr.ions of-the fun and ftars, and on, their lak s can ftder their coarib by iHidn. The different afpofh which the hills exhibit on the noirth fide, frt)m tha^t which the fouih has imprefled on their eyes, fdggeft, habitually, at the moment, in every fpot, an almoft intuitive knowledge of the^quazters of .the heavens which we, xnechahicillyji mark by the comp'afs. This, at the firft bluih, may appear incredible to fome; but it may be explained even to the mbft incrednlons >*. Can any, the moft inat- * Every woodman or wpod«feller in England will point out the cardinal points at the bare* infeefUOn of 'any net ktth^ tniddleof a foreft or grove, even if he be Drought into it blindfolded.— Edit. . ' tcntivc •iMntivc obftftor, be «t a loii t«^ ptonounGC, in ;^ mAiKiept, Which m th« north or i the rivc)% the brings of the peakfy the knobs jind gafB in the mquntains, are all l9n4rafUirMi ut4. P>i^e . th^ face of the cmiptry on his n^^nd. The hj^i^it of tra^4- ilng marks to hiqi the diftancesj and he ifill ts^prefs acf^- irate}y ftop thefe diftin^ imprefllons, by 4r9Tfringon. tjj^ .|iin4 » m9p whieh W9uld Q^^qoe m^ny a ^jng icaUeid a fuv- vey^ When I hatte been among then^at Albany, and i|^ quiring »f th?m about the country, I hayeifit Wji feen them dnw 1»^k •> *• The fituatiftn pf Petr^ i« chiefly d)ptef- I9iae4 by ^ cpraputadon of its diijkance jfrpni Fort N>4gif^ by Mr. hl^^nty, and its bearing and 4ift9nce from thts l»puthof3an4i|flcy, » J. 9itMt not omit my ^cknowlc^gi^ent," fays Mr. Eyan), «f t9 |klr, William Wfft for feveral v^luabjlje Jiot^ ,?)H)Ut Potpinnaet the forks of OhiOj and parts a4i>. had not his notes, whereby he might • This is e welUknown fcft. — Edit. -I- So called for diftioASoit ikke } that part of Virginia CMth^aft of.i|ie,QiHtfiQto.99oiitaiM, and on the branthes of G«^ Briar, Kfew river, and Holftdn river. . H 4 other. -«»«.-■ riii-„^w, »w*^*Sii*jl^" xb4 vrEifiKV tbrIlxtorV of oUker^rife Ittve r«iiiderc>d thofe parts more perfeftr Biit the particulars of theie, and many other articles rebtifigfo^he fituation of piacMi^Ittuft defer till I deliver an accmttit^ the ieveral rivcrr and creekS| their navi^tion, portagtiji and lands thereon. ■ ■ . " 'i . . . . .' ■ , ■ • , ■ '•"■ ' ' -i' A brie/ Pffirtption of the mojt confid^able Hxvsii9 in the Western Division. « Trb face of the coontry^ ^ already reprefented, deter- nunes the nature of the rivers. The fiat country (or loivcr plains) which lies between the falls and the fea^ b every- where interwoven with the moft beautiful bays» river^ and creeks, navigable for all forts of veflels % and is the reafon ef fa many 'fine creeks fpreading on every fide, from the bays of Ghefopeak and Delaware : for, as the land hUs no declivity, the flux and reflux of theTea contribute to fo wide extended navigati<»i. All the creeks on Delaware, the yttfgbi of the (bunds, wluch extend along the fea-coaift, and fome creeks in Virginia, and towards the head of Ghefopeak on the weft fide, are bordered with ftlt marflies, fome a mile or two wide. The firft fettlers of America, for the fake of the graffr for the winter fiipport of their cattle, fixing their habitations along thefe places, being iniefted with muikitoes and intermitting feversi gave thofoundaticm for fuppofing America unhealthy. The reft of Ghefopealc i>ay, and its branches, is almoft all a cleaui gravelly, fteep, dqr baidc i and, were it not for the Scarcity of firefh water ^ feme parts of the eaftern fliore, would be as pleafant a ^oun'tfjr as Imagination could well reprefent. r!w The iflnglafs vein already defcrtbed, though broken at Nj^Tork to let the tide through into Hudfbn's river» to a far greater diftance than any other xiver on this coaft, continues ftill north-eaftward, butwith lefs uniformity, over die weft end of Long mand, and the Conne^qit &ore appearing '"s^^w'**«*^?!TS3„ -'.^■i*.^ «44»*i.''*»0»'<---> ^^ HORTU AMBRICA. 105 af^pcttfikli but hd-e ahd there, 1>y reafon of hs beiog overlud with ilie ridges vriilck temUnate here. ' t^' . "i».Deiavafe fiver ,*,ftom the head to G^i^etunk^ tiliongh not obftruQed with fiittt,' hat nM been iin|*'ovs^ to any in* land navigation^ by Tcafon of the thinnef^ of the ftttletnents ■that way. BVom Gu(hietunk to Trenton £klls, are 14 cbnidentbie; rifts, yet all paflable in the lon^ flat boats f ufed in theraavigatioaof thefe parts v fome carrying 5,QQ w 600 bnihels of wheat. The greateft number of the rifts are from Eafton downward. And thofe 14 miles abKiV^&fton, another juft below Wells's ferry, and that .at Xi^ttRm, jare this wocft* The boats feldom come down but with frei^ies, efpecially from the Minnefinks : the freight thence to Phi- ladelphia is 8d. a bufhel for wheat, and 3's. a barrel for ^oui> From the forksf: and other places below, 20s. a ton frv pig won, yd^ a bnfliel frir wheat, as. 6d.. a barrel for floiic. r> This river, above Trenton, has no branches worth mentioning for cenveniency of navigation, Legheiwacfeia. hasAota. hundredth part fo much water t»:Delaware has at , tiie ) mouth- of vit.^ This creek takes the genei^l conrfe laid ^ down in thfe maps. But as Mr. Edward Scnll^: to whom I am obliged for many obfervations, has latt^Iy laid out ibme great traAsof land on this, creek, and given me in account of: it, I (hall heite deliver a few particalarsy in order to fettlOi fome. public difputa that have been 9t fe^eft^ times railed about it. From the mouth to (^ fork the courfe is S. 70* W. abdut 12 mila in a ibraight line, the creek crooked and rapid. .jThOfe thevtWo branches are nearly of a bignefs, the foutherfi one 'rather the * Called by the natives Potoxat, and by thfi Dutch South nverr correlative to that at New-Yor - called North river. -f- Thefeboau are made like tioughs^ fqaare above» the heaus ynd ftems Hoping a little fore and aft ; generally 40 or 50 feet long, 6 or 7 feet wide, and 2 feet 9 inches, or 3 feet deep; and draw ad or as inches water when loaden. largeft. ^^waF**!"*** fo6 WEiTlBir'rXRRlTO»X: OF Itfgeft. Half « mik «bofvc the ktki. the foftlh bnMMht or 'Wallaopatopack, tnmUa about 30 led fMKpeiidfcalarif 1 aad ^ Ut^ W9f higher ve tmt other £dls, not ifake fd large. From the fork to-the prbpiietaries tzaft^itis S. doW. 4^ 5 inUet, the channel pretty ftraight. Thfeocefbr 10 makes taken m a ftraight Ine, the icoarfe u S. $6 W. hj compafi, d«e ftream crooi^d aiid very gentle*- By the range ef ^k hiOs j thu branch continiies mnch the fame dire£doa to iU faurce. The horthem branch of Legheiwacfei|k divides agun into two hranches, at about a mile and a quarter abe«e the month, where each is about large enough to torn an imder^ihot grift mill. Three quarters of a ihile higher it a great jrine fwamp, throng which both branchei come. JAr. ScuU -thinks that thefe branches, whofe general coorie is about N; W. do not at moft extepd above 15 miles; and that all the waters this way are confined to the lower fide of the great diains of monntuns, which extend firom about gentle. ThJEBibe to Conewcga are feveral troa- Uefome fiHa* hut afiipaflaUe donnward with fafety hi htfkei* ' Cbnrtr^ift the only lali iHiich bumbles headlong in. Ihis river t !Below this are three or four others, which are pa0*aibk only vi^th frefhea. By reafon df fo many had falls, this river has not yet any inland navigation } nor is it iB^k«4- callable off any from Conewega downwards^ Its ciOBfiderable inranches are» Owege,.Tohiccon or Cayuga, Senaghfe, or weft branch* Juniata, Swatara, Concwega, Co- doruS) and Coneftoga. . Tohicconpromires wellfbr a.good navigation with canoes to the head of Oluo river, as it is a fine large branch, and the ftream pretty moderate. The .weft Vanch is ftallow and rapid, and has fcarce a M worth the mentioning, and ndt one imp.i2&ble. It b pafiaUe only .Vhen the runs raife it ; and then to the path leading from Franlcs-town to Ohio, where a portage of 40 miles makes this way a communication with that river. Juniata, as it is obftrufhsd with ihort faUs» is gentle^ und ;«etty deep in the intermediate places, and may be unproved for the carriage of goods almoft to Franks*town. Swatara, Conewega, Godoruf, and X^oneftoga, fome centuries hence, will, no doubt, be improved to good account. * This place and the diftri£t is now fettled by a popoloas colony, which fwarmed and t^aime forth fiom ConndEUcui. The peoide of Conne^icpt (ay, that their charter, and the grant of lands unaer it, was prior to that of Pennfylvania ; that the grant (^ Unix t6 them extended within the latitudes of dieir grant (except where pofleflM hj other powers at that time) to the booth feas. They allow New- York and Kew-Jerfey to have been fo poflefled at the time of their grant* but fay» that their right emerges again at the weft boundary of thp(e prorinces. Mr. ;Penn> and the people (^ Benn- fylvania.who have taken grants under him* fay, that tnis diftrict is in the very heart of the province Penn(ylvani«r On this ftate of ckinHs the two colonttfs are in aAual waff, which th^ have not even remitted agaipft each other hue, altboo^ unittd in anas againft Great Britain 1 7^5. «« Chefopcak r-*i»»Mrt.«-*'-« . *^_ xo8 WESTBHK TBRRtTftUr OF <* Chefopeak may be juftly efteeined the bay of Sufqcie- hanna ) and as fuch we may reckon all the creeks and rWen irom Potowmac upwardt, as fo many branches of it. Tht many portages from the creeks of this bay to thofe of J>ela- mwt, are become already verjr ufefiili and in fiiture tgu wtU be more \ib. And it may alio, be oUcrved htre^ that the road at ^ach b tetremeiy level and good ) add veflels of different magnitudes eafily come «p to the portages.. " Large floops can come up to Snow hill on Pokomoke; the portage is. 5 miles fropi thence to Senepnxen found, where ihips may come. If the Marylanders ever intend a direA paffage through their own colony to the feaf here an Attieihpt would be moft likely to fucceed. : "** Shallops may :go^^p Nanticoke river, near 20 miles into Delaware colony r the portage from this river to Indian river is 13 mileS) and to Broad creek 12. « Choptahk is navigable with (hallops to the bridge, about 6 or 7 miles within Delaware colony } and the portage thence to Molherkill is 15 miles. , <( From €hefter river to Saliibury, on Duck creek, the portage is 13 miles; and from Saflafras there is another portage to the fame place 13 miles alfo. ** From Frederick, on SaiSdras, W' 're goo^fhips can come, there is a portage to Cantwell's bridge, on Apoquinimy, 14 miles. ** From' Bohemia, where large flats, or fmall ihallops, can coitie, there is a portijige of 8 miles t^ C^ntwell's bridge. This is the mod: frequented of any between the waters of Delaware and Chefopeak, All thefe creeks, which lead into Delaware, will receive large ihallops, but no larger veffels. «From the head of Elk, where jQiallops can come, the portage iis 1 2 miles to Chrift9en bridge i and it is about the fame diftance to Omelanden point, a faft landing on Dela* wave river, 3 or 4 miles below Newcaftle. This lattet porta|^q . '^**!?^ii'ftWMBWM:V yORTB AMERICA. IQ9 , Th* FIHla- re ages 1} add to tht omokej \ foandy intend a here an liles into 9 Indian ge, about portage •eck, the another an come, quinimy> portage has not been occupied fince thefe parts came laft ii^der the dominioa of the EngHHi.: . :..« Potowmaci^ iMfifihle with large (hipping to Alexandria, and for ihallops 14 milea more to t^ foils 1 the portage thence is 6 miles bj a good waggon read. Boats, fltaped like thole of DelawariT*. and of fomething left dimenfiont,. may go np to tht wmh. mountain witbmt.obftmftipn, favf at Uie rift,at Pittflnirg, after the con^lufion off iSm hidian war, received very large fuppUes of provifion, he, from the Inhabitants of the ifouth branch of Potowmac in Virglnla» who cleared a waggon road, and fowod a good pafr through the mountains to Cheat river, a branch of tbo Mfononpdiela) about 50 miles above the mouth of Redf-one creek,! and found a good and fpeedy conve3rance thence by water to Pittlburg. The diftance from the waters of die iouOk branch of the Potowmac to Cheat river U only ao aafies, and colonel Wilfon has ertfted good grift and (aw milto on Cheat river : thefe circumftances are known to att the officers who ferved in that quarter laft war. And fiace the war, (bme perfons in Virginia, in particular Mr. John Balleueine, who U a good mechanic, has explored thefe waters, and the feveral natural advantages they offer } aad is of opinion, nay has proved, that for lefs than 40,000!. locks, &c. might be formed at the falls both of Potowmac and Jan^ rivers, which would render thofe rivers navi* gable at, all feafons of the year for the largeft barges now ttfed on the Thames, nay even of barges of 2CX) ns, at from his general obfervations of thofe rivers, particularly of Potowmac, at the falls of which he has remarkable fine mills and a forge, and was alfo proprietor of a furnace liar iron ore near the mouth of the Shannandoah for many year;, that they never wov^ * have lefs than 4 feet water in the drieft feafons } and, jm an aihial furvey* heafifures me that tu WtlTtRtf TltRtTOIIY Of that the watcrt of Jim«t t\mtt and thotk of tte Ifihiii way, Bft no mort than 4.mikia dilHftti ttid that tho ynm ten of the ICtnlMway art alfo mvigabia, and togtthar «Mi tboTa of the fouth branch might bt oiade t^ompleteljt Aii ior> the txttence above meiitloaed.** n^ ^ , Though la fearch of the head of Po t o wB M>» iht hUig*i aa4> lord Pairfax'i comailfitontn deteroitoed the aorth to be the main branch » yet it it very well knows^ that the Ibi^lh* t>ranch la navigable 40 miles up with batteaux* And aa It wai not clear to me that the true bead of Potowmac wm ai( the plaM thofe gentlemen determined Ifti thave not men- tioned the wcftem fide of Maryland^ which Ihould btr^ meridian drawn from the head of Potowmac to the PeoniVW vania line. If the aAdr it candidly examined, it will pro- bably be determined, that the fouth branch ti the moll con« fiderable. If fo, the head of the north brunch wiU not be the weftern catrtmity of Maryland, though it now it of lord Fairfax'i grant. 'Very hilly and fwampy grmind 'pee* ventt a portage hf any tolerable road from the fouth branch to Monong^heU. Aa thit latter river it tine and gentle, fome ufe may in future timet be made of it, either in a communication with Green firiar, or Potowmac |. for it it paflbble with flatt a great way above Red (lone creek» and hitemtptrd with one Impafltible fall only* Shanedoro it a fine branch of Potowmac, but itt inland navigation it yet inconfidcrtbte t but» in future time, it wilt no doubt be improved to n good account. Rtpahitnnock, York river, Matapany, and Pamunky, though of eacclient marine navigation, are but inconiider> able above tl\f lowrr plaint \ their branchct bciiig couHncd below the fuu^h moimtain, anil ImpaiTable with the fllghteft Inland crttA. Jamct river it fcftrte infi^rlor to any in excellent navlga* tton ' (or mttrlne at well a« inland craft t itt lowinr fa\\» being near d milct longi and tumbling in little Chort caAtadet, are entirely NORTIt AMKRtCAs «>J ttUftlf tmp»ir«ble. Ttut riv«r thcoce upwArd to tn itii* pifkMe full in tht foath tnounuln b excdleutlx fitttd for large botti Uk« thor« *lr<«U]r Utfcrlbetl in Dditt wltlk iighMT «r«(i^ mucK (ttrthtri «nU would not itqalrt tb»^ 4^ ^ 5<» n^'t«* tM>rta|« to tht brtuieliti of KintiAWaf riv«r. But thii however It not improvtblo to Ohb I Ibr tUnhtway hai an imtMflkbt* fall in a rldg«| widttk la Un|ttd&b)« ht man or b«a(^ by tand t but itt optnUig » pa£^ to tlic New Virginia is a very great kI vantage. <* Roanoitei which fdlli into Albcmarte fminda beyond tht boonda of my map» ii barred at the entrancei fo at not to recaive fuch large Ihips ai it would otherwife bear t It h paflkble with (haliopa to th« falli. From thence upwards U b generally placid and widei and in C&mi placet interrupitd wkh little rif^i and falls» none of which) that 1 have heard of| impalTable. It ii liable to very great frefhesi and has not been yet Improved to any inland navigatiotti for the people on Its brancheii Holfton riveri Yadkiiii and Kew river» turn hitherto pXi their commerce into Jamea riifer. There la no river more likely to be of importance in the future navigation of the Inland parts this way than Roanoke* becaulc it hath good depth of wattNTr^ and e^tenda right Into tlve country. M There are many other creeks and rivers in the fettle* ments that are obfcured by the (bperlor excellence of thefe already defcribcd» which would well deferve defcriptlons tf t were to give a detail of any particular colony. M The little acquaintance that the public has had with the river OhiO» will be a fufllcicnt apology for entering into a more mhiute deuil of it) and its branches) than of any other already defcribed. « From the head) whicli Interlocks with the Cayuga Wanch of Sufquehanna to Citnawagy, t have little knowledge \ but. fuppofe, from the evenncfs of the land) that it may afiord good inland navigation In future ages. From Canawagy to Chartler'a Old Town, the river Is all along fu^clently mo* t deratt) 114 WEStERU TER.RITOilT OF derate, and iilnrays deep enough for canoes and batteawr* t^hieh do dot draw above 15 inches water | nor fs it ob- *ftru£led with any remarkable rifts or falls, fave at ;ii (harp bent fome miles below Licking creek, where the water rufttes on a rock with great violence) and at Toby's falliy which is a rift paffable with faf^ty on the weft fide. In this part of the river are feveral fording«places, but they are more rare as you come lower down. 'That at Chartier's Old Town is the beft ; which, as fbon as the rock appears above water, is paflTable clofe above it. -At Shanoppens is atiother in very dry times, and the loweft down thr river. This part, which is very crooked, has feldom been navigated by our people, becaufe the great number of horfes ncceflary to carry thejr goods to Ohjo, ferve alfo to carry them there from place to place; and the little game that way makes it but little frequented^ •* The navigation from Chartier*« Old Town, all the way down to the falls, has been hithertc performed in very large wooden canoes % whidithey make of great length, ae better fitted to fteer againft a rapid ftream ; they are navigated {Town by 2 men, and upwards by 4 at leaft. From Char* tier's to the tower Shawane town, they are in the fpring about 4 days in going down with the frelhes ; for then they let the canoe drive in the night } but towards the end of futnmer, when the water is low, and lefs fwift, they ufually fpend 10 or I2 days; but at moderate feafons the paflage is performed in 6 or 8. In returningi they take often 30 or 40 days, though double-handed, and feldom left than 20. Suppofing we go down the river from Chartier's, the water is pretty moderate till you come to Sweep-chimney ifland, between Dicks's and Pine creek, where it is very rapid. It generally happens that where tiie river is confined to narrower bounds by iflands, it is more rapid, yet not fo but * Generally 30 or 40 feet lone, 3 or 4 feet broad* and drawing empty 10 or 12 inches water, and when loaded about 18 inches. canoes NORTH AMBRICA. H^< -caiioes may'be eafily fet againft it.. At Fort du Quefne, tt Paul's ifland, 5 mil^ lower, aiid at a flat between that and Logs Town, the water is pretty rs^id, as it is alfo a£ a ftnaU ifland between that and Beaver creek. Th c are, however, inconfiderable ; nor ai^e thbfe places juft below Beaver crefeic, and at a flat a little above the upperend of the Pipe lulls, much more worthy regard. At Hart's rock the river makes a quick bend round a rocky point, and a very fliarp rippling, where the boatmen are obliged to wade, and haul up near the rock, the fo^th-eaft fide being full of quickfands *. At Weeling ifland, Muflcingum ifland (a little way above a £me branch of that name), and at Beaty^'s ifland, the current b pretty rapid. At 3 or 4 miles above the 9ig bent is a con- iiderable rift called Le Tart's falls, where the water is fo rapid, that they are obliged to haul the canoes with ropes, in coming up, for near a furlong along the fouth-eaft fide. From this to *the lower Shawane town, at the mouth of Scioto, is no obftru£tion worth mentioning." The Ohio, as I learn from captain Gordon's journal of 1 766, from 50 miles above Muflcingum to the north of Scioto, is mod beautiful, and interfperfed with numbers of iflands covered with the moft (lately timber, with fevcral long ftraight reachies, one of which is 16 miles and an half long: " and the flream thence downward to the falls is ftill more gentle, and better fitted for veflels drawing greater depth of water." Thefe falls do not deferve that name, as I am taught by captain Gordon's journal, as the flream on the north fide has no fudden pitch, but only runs rapid over the ledge of a flat limeftone rock : feveral boats pafled it in the dried feafon of the year, unloading one-third of their freight ; they pafled on the north fide, where the carrying-place is three quarters of a mile long. On the fouth-eaft fide it is • Above this there arc two remarkable creeks, callec^. by the traders the Two. Upper creeks, which like twins run about 30 miles parallel to (;ach other, and within 3 miles diilance, with a very rich Mefopotamia between them. J 7 / about si6 WBSTKRir TSKftlTOflT OF «bout h«If that dtftance, and is redtoned the fafeft (ndSge for thofe who are nnacqoainted ; bat it is the tooft tedioniy tt during part of the fummer and fall* they drag thtir boais over the flat roclc. " The fall b about half a milerapid wattjir, whicbi howerer, is paflable, by wading and dragging llie cMHoe againft the ftream when loweft ; and with ftiU greater eafe when the water is raifed a little. <* The. foil along thefe parts of Ohio, and its eafteni branches, tho^^bnt littlebroken with highmountains, is none df the heft ; confiding in general of low dry rid||es of whhe oak and chefiiut Imd, with very rich interval low meadc^ ground. Here and there are fpots of fine white pines, anfl in many places great extents of poor pitch pines. The hmd, from the back part of the Endiefs mountains, weftward to Ohio, and from Fort du Quefne upward, is of thde fortSi. The fame little broken chain of hills, which borders it here near the river fide, continues fouth«wefterly, till it ends 'it lO miles below the falls, keeping at fome lo or 15 miles from the general courfe of the river all the way down.*' Captain Gordon's journal gives the following defarip- tion of this part of the country : From the f'J'a to abocM: 155 miles and three quarters, it is very hilly, the cdurfe of the river very winding and narrow, and but very few fpots of level land on the fides of the river. The hills are moftly flony and fteep ; but from the great herds of buffaloes which we faw on the beaches of the river, and on the illands into which they came, there muftbegood paflure. After this the ridgy ground ends, the country then grows flat, and the river, whofe bed widens, is divided by iflands. The navig»> tion is good from the hlh ; but where the flat country l^ gins, boats muft keep the principal channel, which is on the right hand} going down. " fieaver creek is navigable with canoes only. At Kifh- kulkes, about 16 miles up, two branches fpread oppbfite ways ', one interlocks. with French creek and Cher^e, the other ^i **■""■ ' t*^>**3t-%«( ^^ **~»U..*. s inofttedkrak* agthtir boats le rapid watttr, dragging llie thftiB greater ttd iti eafteni antainSjisnone :id^ of white gX low meadc^ [lite pines* antt ics. Thehmd, ,g, weftward to t of thefe forts^ borders it bere tUl it ends'dt [o or 15 nnles iray down." lowing defcrip- B f J's to about the coorfe of ▼ery few fpot* hiUs arc moftlf >uffaloes which the iflands into ire. After this w« flat, and the , The naviga- iat country be- whieh is on die nly. AtKilh- fpread oppbfitc (d Chcragc, the other • NORTH AMERIGA. XI7 €lSket wdhnrd with Muikingmn and Cayah0ga( on this ire many fait fprings, about 35 miles above the forks i it is cnoable about 20 miles fiirther. The eaftem, branch It Ie(s confiderabte, and both are very flow, ipreading through •-very rich levdl country, fbll of fwamps an4 ponds, which prevent a good portage that might otherwife be made to Ciiyahogaj but will, no doubt, in future ages, be fit to open a canal between the waters of Ohio and lake Erie. << Muikingum, though fb wide extended in its branches, fbreads all in moft excellent land, abounding in good fprings and conveniencies, particularly adapted for fettlements ,/e- ffiote from marine navigation, as coal, clay, and fireeftone* In 1748 a coal mine, oppofite Lamenfhikola mouth, took fire, ind kept burning above a twelvemonth, where great quantities are ftill lefr. Near the fame place is excellent whetftone ; and about 8 miles higher up the river is plenty of white and blue clay for glafs works and pottery. Though die quantity of good land on Ohio, tad its branches, is vaftly great, and the conveniencies attending it fo likewife ; we mxfdkeem that on Muikingum the flower of it all. <* Hockhocking is pafTable with batteaux 70 or 89 miles up ; it has fine rich land, and vaft grafly meadows, high banks, and feldom overflows. It has coals zboat 15 miles up, and fome knowls of freeftone. ' << Big Kanhaway falls into Ohio on the fouth-eaft fide, and is fo confiderable a branch, that it may, by perTons coming np Ohio on that fide, be mif^aken for the main river. It is flow for 10 miles, to the little broken hilts, and the land very rich } as it is for about the fame breadth along Ohio» all the way from the Pipe hills to the falls. After 10 miles up Kanhaway, the land is hilly, the water pretty rapid, for 50 or 60 miles further to tlie falls, to which boats may go. This is a very remarkable ftill, not for its great height, tot for coming through a mountain now thought imfafla^ Me for man or beaft, and is itfelf impa^ble. But no 13 ^Qubt ii8 WESTERN TBRRIT^EY OF doubt foot or horfe paths will be found when.a ^eater num- ber of people make the fearcb, and under l«fs in<(bnvenienp cies than oiur travellers are at prefent. By reafon of the difficulty of paffing theOuafioto mountains, I thought them a very natural boundary between Virginia, and Ohio m thtfe parts I and for that reafon made them the bounds of the different territories, not that there is any difference of right between one fide and the other. Louifa, New river, and Green Briar, are fine large branches of Kan- haway } which in future times will be of fervice for the inland navigation of New Virginia, as they interlock with Monongahela, Potowmac, James river, Roanoke^ apd the Cu^tawa river, . << Totteroy falls into Ohio oh the fame fide^ and is pafi^ able with boats to the mountains. It is long, and has not many branches, interlocks with Red creek, or Clinch's river (a branch of Cuttawa). It has below the mountains, efpecially for 15 miles from the mouth, very good land. And here is a vifible effc€t of the difference of climate from the upper parts of Ohio. Here the large reed, or Carolina cane, grows in plenty, even upon the upland, and the fe« verity of the winter does not kill them ; fo that travellers this way are not obliged to provide any winter fupport for their horfes. And the fame holds all the way down Ohio, efpecially on the fouth-eaft fide to the falls, and thence on both fides. « Great Salt Lick creek is remarkable for fine land, plenty of buffaloes, fait fprings, white clay, and limeftone. Canoes, may come up to the crofling of the war path, or fomethiDg higher, without a fall. The fait fprings hurt its water for drinking, b^t the number of frefh fprings near it make fufficient amends. « Kentucky is larger than the foregoing, has high clay banks, abounds in cane and buffaloes, and has alfo fome very large fait fprings. It has no limeftone yet difcovered, but NORTH AMERICA* XI9 but Ibme other fit for building. Its navigation is inter- rupted with (hoalsi but paiTable with canoes to the gap, wbere the war path goes through the Ouafioto mountain. Tl^is gap it is neceiTary to point out, as a very important pafs, and it is truly fo, by reafon of its being the only way pafil able with horfes, from Ohio fouthward for 300 or 400 miles extent. And if the government has a mind to pre« ferve the country back of Carolina, it fliould be looked to in time. <« As we go further down Ohio, the d!ftance from the Ouafioto mountains to the river becomes more confider* able. The land, from the little broken hills to the moun- tains, is of a middling kind, and confifts of different veins and ftrata ; and though everywhere as good as any part of the cngli/h fettlements, falls far (hort of that on the other fide of Ohio, or between the little hills and the river. Thefe hills are fmall, and feem only the brink of a rifing ftage of land, and dividing the rich plains of Qhio from the< upland, bordering on the Ouafioto mountains. They terminate at 10 miles below the falls i indeed a little fpur extended from their fide is that limeftone reach that Ohio ripples over at the falls. « Now to return to the other fide of Ohio. Scioto is a large gentle river, bordered with rich fiats, which it over- flows in the fpring } fpreading then above half a mile in breadth, though when confined to its banks it is fcarce a furlong wide *. If it floods early, it icarce retires within its banks in a month, or is fordable in a month or two more. The land is fo level, that in the freihes of Ohio the back- water runs 8 miles up. Oppofite the mouth of this river is the lower Shawane town, removed fr«m the other fide, which wak one of the moft noted places of englifh * The latitude of its mouth 38** xi'. I have marked the error of its being filaced too high in the map, Mu&ingum is iii Evans's map placed in its general ran much too far to the weft; it was in fome meafuie corr^d in the fubfequent edition, I 4 ' trade 126 WBSTBftir TBKRITORT OP tndi With die Iiidiam. This riTcr, befidei vaft eiteM* of go6d land, h Ibnuflied with fait on an eaftern branchy alild red bele oh Necunfia Skeintat. The ftream is Toy gentl(^ and paffible with krge batteanx a great way up, and with canoes atxt 200 miles to a portage near the head, wfaeie yod carjy over good ground 4 miles to Sandtiflcy. Saiw dniky is a confiderable river, abounding in level rich land^ its ftream gettle all die way to the mouth, where it will re- ceive confiderable Hoops. This river is an important jnfij and die French have fecured it as iuch ; the northern In- dians ctof* the lake here from ifland to iiland, land at San- dniky, and go by a dired path to the lower Shawane towtij and thence to the gap of Ouafioto, in their way to the Cnttawas country. This will, no doubt, be the way that the French will take from Detroit to Moville, unlefs the Englifh w31 be advifed to fecure it, now that it is iii their power. <* Utdie Mineami river is too fmall to be gone hr with cU noes. It has much fine land, and fome fait fprings i its high banks, and middling current, prevent its overflowing much the furrounding land. « Great Mineami river, Afiereniet, or Rocky river, has a very ftony channel, a fwift ftream, but no falls. It has ieveral large branches, paffiible with canoes a great way; one extending weftward towards the Quiaaghtena river ; another towards a branch of Mineami river (which runs in- to lake Erie), to which there is a portage, and a third has a portage to the Weft branch of Sanduiky ; befides Mad creek, where the French have lately eftablifhed themfelves. A ?iein of elevated land, here and there a little ftony, which begins in the northern part of the peninfula, between the lakes Erie, Huron, and Michigan, extends acrofs the lake, Mineanii river, below the fork, and fouth ward along the Rocky river, to Ohioj and is the reafon of this river's ^pag ftony, and the grounds rifing a little higher, than the ;idjaccn( IVORTrt AiiElLiCA, 111 adhKeilt plains, tt is, lilce all ike land on tliii ritcr, ytrf Ath, and would fcai*ce Htvd hcetk pMxeived, had not the river worn the chaniiel down Vdr thd h>cki which lie beneath* « Quiaa^tana river, csAled by the French Ouabach, though that is truly the name of its fouth-eaftern branch, h vtrj large, and fbrniihe* a fiiie narigation » but whether hiterrupted with rifts or falls, I aih not informed, but pro- bably it is not, as the lands roiknd are fine level flats, of vad: extent. The weftem. league of Indians, known to them* felves by the general name of WsLiMtS| corruptly called bf the French Illinois (frequently diftingniihed by us, accord- ing to the feveral tribes or nations that it confifts of ; as the Piancafhas, Wawiaghtas, Pi<)ues, Tawightawis, and Mine* amis), are feated from this river to Scioto { and were per- mitted, about 1 6 years ago, to fettle there by the expreft leave of the confederates. « Into the weftern end of lake Erie falls Mineami river* a coniiderable ftream, navigable with canoes to the port- ages, which lead to the Quiaaghtena sUid Roclqr river, in- terrupted with three coniiderable rifts below the forks : but however it is an important river, becaufe of the portages it fiumifhes fouth'Weftward.^ I fhall dofe this account of the natural ftate of the coan-f try with fome confider^tions on the nature of its climate. The two principal circumflances on which fingly and combined the nature pf the climate of any country deprads, are, the nature of the foil, and afpeA of the given horizon* as conftituted and fituated to receive and retain the heat of the fun : and is the nature of the atmofphere which is i^ the lon^eft continuance of contaA with this hori^pn. ift. If this globe of earth had one uniform plain furfiKe» the nearer approach to, or greater ebngation from the equator which any coimtry had (emiris paiibtu J^ the greater or lefler degree of heat its ilimate wonld partake of; becaufe Xht more dirc^lly, or more obliquelyi that the rays of the fUQ laa WESTERN TKRRITORT OF fun ftrike any furiace, the greater or the lefler muft the re- verberauion of heat be, as the angle of reflection it more acute or more obtufe: the more or lefs alfo wUl the atmo- ij;^ere in conta£l with this land be heated by this reverbera- tion } but as this is not the cafe of the furface of the earth» a thoufand other collateral circumftances interfere with and break this rule. As the furface of the earth is broken with numberlefs irregularities, wherever the inclination of the given horizon lies different from the general horizon of the globe, it countera^ this general eficA : if on the north of the equator it flopes fouthward, or on the fouth of the eqqator flopes northward, fo as to extend its general plain nearer at right angles with the rays of the fun than the fpheric plain of its laititude would have been, it will re* ceive and retain more heat in proportion than belongs to that latitude. Hence the intenfe heat of the fouthern parts of Perfla, and of thofe parts which we call the £aft Indies. Hence alfo, principally, though other circnmftances may concur in the caufe, is the climate of North America hotter than ip the fame latitydes in Europe, Hence alfo, in part it happens, that the regions of North America, in the upper llages, are not fo liable to heat as thofe in the lower plains, though in the fame latitude. If, on the contrary, the given horizoq Hopes from the fun's place, the heat in the lower latitudes will be ipore moderate, which is the cafe of France and Germany compared with the countries of the fame lati- tude in America, and in the higher latitudes the country will fuffer more cigorous cold. This latter is the cafe of Siberia, the plain of whofe horizon being in a high north latitude flopes from the high Tartar plains northward) hence the more than natural rigour of the climate i hence the unfruittul and inhofpitable nature of its foil. 2, Some furfaces and fome foils (other circumflances re- maining alike) are more formed to create a reverberation of heat and to retain it. A fandy foil foon heats, and alfo ret tains ^ -*;-&:• KORTR AMERICA. xaj turn Its heats. A furface uneyen and irregular, hills and deep vales, and even that which is broken with moontains (if t|iofe be not too high, as explained below), refleAing thtf rajs of the fun a thoufand ways, and occafioning them to erofi each other conftantly in all dirc£Hons, creates a ibronger reverberation of local heat than is found in any ex- tended plain. A country clothed with woods, which fhade the earth from the aAion of the fun, will always (taking in the whole region) be colder than a country cleared of thofe woods } and the air which lies in conta£i with it, or. pafles over it, will be always colder. As thefe regions become cleared of thefe woods, are dried and cultured, that part of the climate which depends on this circumftance always me- lim^tes in proportion. This has been found to be the cafe with Gaul and Germany. This effect was fcnfibly felt, and very early obferved, by feme of the firft fettlers in North America ; fome of the very earlieft written accounts which I have feen relate this pircumflfance very particularly, and men of obfervation in that country have in every fucceffive age marked the progrefs of this melioration. There u another circumftance, which indeed does not much enter into the cafe of the climate of North Ame- . rica, but is amongft thefe general propofitions worth notice. It is this: The longer the portion is of any given period of time, in which the fun (hines in any horizon, the hotter in that feafon will the region of that horizon be. Hence the intenle heat of the laher end of fummer in RulBa. 3. The air or atmofphere can be aded upon by the re- verberation of the fun's rays, and be h^ted only in propor- tion to its greater denQty near the earth, and in proportion to the continuity of conta£t which it hsith with the heated parts of the earth. The earth ' alfo in proportion to this, inore continued contaA amongft its parts, in the general level of the furface, receives an4 retains more.heat than it does io the I r I Miiif'iii*"^ i«4 WESTllN TBRRITORY OP tlM higher mountainoiM difcoatinued parts aboffl that l#PtL From thefe two circumftancea combined it ariies, that tai the very high mountains, even under the equator, the cold is intenfe ( and at a certain elevation above the general level of the globe, A> rigorous and btenfe as to put a ftop to all vegetation. The atmofphere will alfo be heated or chilled aecording to the nature of the particles which attra^d by It avi mixed and Aifpended in it, whether they be 8<{ueou8, otf whether nitrous or fulphureous falts, and according to thi fixation, fermentation, or precipitation of thefe particles. The regions covered with great lakes of frelh water,' bat more efpecially the region of the main ocean, the comp q- nent parts of whofe mafs are in perpetual motion, are hi ge- neral warmer than, although in hot feafons and cUmates never fo hot as, the body of the land : it retains however a more equable heat, while the heat of the land changes from one degree of heat to an oppofite one of cold. The general currents of the air, and the natore of the vapours which may be mixed with them, muft depend greatly on the pofition which thefe diflferent portions of the globe have in refpefk of each other in any region. In fura* mer, and in other feafons when the land is heated,, the winds which blow from fea muft prevail } in winter, when the land is chilled, and while the fea retains its ufual warmth, ,fhe wind wir blow from land to fra, and more or left violent in proportion to the contraft. The pc^tion of thefe region^ in refpeA to the general currents of the atmofphere and of the ocean, operate greatly in formhig the eourfes of the feaibns, and the nature of the climate. Theie principles thus Isud down and explained, I will proceed to ftate the fr^ls. The climate of the continent M large, or nther of that portion of North America vrbkh is contained within the limits of my map, may be tiina ftated. Its WOATK AMERICA. "5 ■ «hatl#v«L tfet, that fai HP, tiM OOkl the general )piit a ftop id aecordlng id by it afi aqueous, e« ■ding to tlM 3 particles, h water; bttt the compo- m, arehi ge« and climates ns however a changes hOb^ aetore of the muft depend rtions of the in. In fiun-. heated,, the inter, when ^fual warmth, lOre or lefs ittonofthefe atrndphere leeoorfesof lis fieafoBS are fummer, antumn, or what the Americans «iore cxpreffivdf call the fall, and winter. The tranfition fit>m the locking up of all vegetation in winter to the (hd> den burft of it again to life at the beginning of the fummer, •tiechides that .progreffive feafon which in the more moderate climate of Europe we call fprlng. . The feafon begins to break foon after the fall of the leaf^ and temporary cold rains and fleets of fnow fall in NoTen»> her, the north-weft winds begin, and towards Chriftmas winter in all its rigour fets in ) the ground is covered with fnow, the froft is fettled, the iky becomes dear and one eo»> tinned expanfe of azure, with conftant funfhine i temporary blafts and dorms are at intervals exceptions to this. To- wards April the currents of the air begin to change to north, and •round to north-caft, and the feafon of hazy, foggy, and rainy fqialls from north-eaft begins towards the latter end of April in fome parts, towards the beginning of May in others. The froft breaks up. the fnow melts, and within a week or 10 days after, the woods and the orchards are in the full glow of bloom. About the middle of September the morn- ings and evenings begin to grow cool, and from that time to the beginning of the winter feafon it is the climate of ptf- radife To give a defcription of the climate of New-England, I ihall tranfcribe that account which Dr. Douglas gives, as: he, during a long refidence therein, did, with a peculiar foicn- tific attention, obferve it. ** In New-England generally die falling weather is from north-eaft to fouth-eaft in winter : if the wind is noith of eaft, fnow ; if fouth of eaft, rain. The north-eaft ftorms are of the greateft continuance } the foutiw eaft are the moft violent.*' A north-weft freezing wind backing to the fouth-weft, if reverberated, proves the moft intenfe cold weather. Our great rains are in Auguft about; 3 months after the fummer folftice } and our great fnows about '*tiu=. ia6 WBITBRK TBRRITORY OF about 2 tnonthi after the winter folftice. In falling weather the further the wind it from the eaft the finer and drier k the fnow t the further fouth from the eaft the more hnmii and fleaky. When the wind geti fouth of foutlv-eaft U turn! to rain. The windi from weft-fouth-weft to norths « north-weft are dry winds, fit tot dry curing of fait fi(h| further north they are damp and foft, at coming from the ocean } furtlier fouth arfifroin thf hot latitudet, and fun- bum the fi(h* Our intenfe hot dayt are with the wind from fouth to weft-fouth-weft i from north to eaft-north-eaft our moft chilly weather. The dry wmda arc from. weft to north-north-weft» all other windt vary more or left. From the middle of October begin, and about the* middle of April leave off], chamber firei. Our feafons at to temper of the weather may be reckoned at foUowt : . winter, from the winter folftice to the fpring equinox « fpring, from faid eijuinox to fummer folftice) fummer, from faid fummer folftice to winter equinox ) and autumn, from thence to winter folftice," I have as above ventured to differ from thit divifion of the doAor*s, having divided the feaft>nt into winter, fummer, and fall \ in his next paragraph he feems to be fenfible of this divifion : ** at the end of Auguft thci fymptoms of approaching winter begin to appear*, w€ call it the fall of the year," as the leaves begin to fall. Lewit Evant, in a map of Pennfylvania, New^Jerfey, and New- York, which he publifhed in 1749, fays, <5 That at Fhiladelphia, by many yean obfervations, the extremet of the barometer were a8 59, and 30 78. And that by one gear's obrervation,whichwas not remarkable either for heat or cold, Fahrenheit't pocket thermometer was from 14 to 84.'' The courfes and the nature of the winds are in this region exaAly *Arhat from the above prindplet one might pro- nounce theth to be. In winter generally, and taking the year through for near half the period, the land windt blow, that is, the courie of the air is from the colder region of a fludcd uncul- NORTH AMERICA. 127 r and ^ric ^ ) more hun^ fotttb-eaft U reft to notthp * ; of faltiiO^t ling fron» ^^* ides, and fun- irUh the wind eaft-nortb-eaft B from weft to or left. From niddle of April temper of the inter, from the ing, from faid m faid fummer from thence toi to differ from the feafona into igraph he I'ccms d of Auguft the pear i we ca\l it fall. [cw^Jerfey, and Ifays, ** That at |thc extrtmct of nd that by one Icithcrforheator from 14 tp 84." ire in this region •ne might pro- taking the year jwinds blow, that gion of a fliadcd uncul* •neuUlvated land, to the milder region of the feat t thefe hnd win:*«t are the weft and m»rth*weft wtndi. Thde winds are always dry, and in the winter feafon intenfUjr cold. Thefe land winds in very dry weathe»ar« endaed wMi A ftrong power of attraAion, and abforb tfhe vapours of the inland waters of the country, and create, as they ap- proach towards the lower plains, very thick fogs, which intercept the direct rays of light, fo that the luminous oh- jeAof the fun appears as red as blood: there are variom other phaenomena attendant ot» this Aate of refraAion. Thefe vapours are greatly heated bythe ftin, and gMtly heat the air j in confequence of this, when iheTe fogs are dilBpated, the moft intenfe hent fucceeds them : if they laft till evening before they are diffipe^.ed, they are frequently followed by thunder gufts. As the weft and north. weft winds are fteady and equable, the fouth^weft are unfettled and fqually. The north winds are the carrien of fleet, both fnow and rain. The north^eaft, when it takes to blow, as it does at the feafon between the breaking-up of winter and the commencement of fummer, is fettled cold, and blows hard, with continued rains y and to the northward, as for example, on the coafts of Nova Scotia, and often on the coaft of New-England, when it does not«bring rain, it drives in thick and fixeU fogs before it. The etift winds are Wirm, but not fettled under a fixed charafleriftic as to wet or dry. The fouth-eailc are warm and wet. I cannot ctofe thefe obfervations whhout tranfcribing from Lewis Evans's mnp of Pcnnfylvania, New-York, and Ncvv-Jerfey, printed at Philadelphia 1749, the following curious, at that time novel and very curious, philofophic propofitions \ not only ns they point to very ingenious ex- periments, but as they fhcw whnt progrefs he had tnade in that Hngular branch of philofophy, eleibrichy, at a period when even the lirft philofophcrs were but empirics in it. " All ^ 4a4 .M»e mote oppoi^te tbe wmdti jiii4 tbe lafgmr j^^d compfidei' itbe ( ■) » » i ti i «.»iami-->'i-i^'y"^lCv*^'^ ■I • ■ . ■ ifft tod reftoved in4t>:aAd t of thskt str wRten lMi4# therefor^ I will take the liberty at prefent to refer the rdider,.wbo may be defirous of feeing-fomethiag on thii fiibjeCk, to thoTe p^rts of the << Adminiftra^ioii of the Colo- nies" (vol. i. chap. 70 where thefis matters are treated of, fo far i» refpe£U the general ittfageft of that treatife* Tbb pric^ of ]^d in the back countries of New-York , apd Fennfylvania* I di^lar an acrci The expence of clearing : , ' *^ J J For cutting down iherlmber, 4 dollars* Forpiling ajid burning! 4,dollarst O^ man, in 3 weeks will dear and bur|> an acfe of land: he is ufuaUy boarded and lodged befide the above price.: ;u • An acre of ^maple and beech land, whidi is the timber that generally grows on the land, will, when burned, pro- duce 150 bnfhels of aihes an acre : t)iere fell at the pot- aih worl^ from 6d. to 8d. New-York currency, a bulhel, paid in goods. It will require from 1501. to; stcoU to fet «p a pot-a£^ work, New-York cvu-rency.. .:, *iot», both their dwell- f their o»- nce, of the ii;htbeyare icnt J as to xibej as to [elves when kany mate- •efcntfind On this head, gSSSli^*^. ^ 130 %ktTBEV TSRRltOtT 0» LiETTER VI. Mt Bill rUBMS^ Ketttueky, XN the (economy of the creation littw im id ei fully li the trifdom di Provktenct 4Hi>layed! ^ Some^animals are formed ivhh partkular ^macfat, as in the inftance of the camel, which has one adat>t6d to contain witer. It is abori^al hi the torrid zone, whtre the rars- £i£Uon of the air is fo great, and confequentiy moM fubje£l td drought. In the arftic r^ions we find the nnilk huf- ftlo, or goat, chul with long wool, which fecures h againft inclement cold. Mm, the moft defencelefii, naked, and hel[rfeft of all in an in6nt ftate, hi his maturity is fuperior in reafim % and thna the fittid^es of his mind and body Bnite ha making him Ibveitign 9S the worid. << Bom to deftroy the hifiariornce pping a large g:^ in their tnink, as had always been the praftice, and which was fufficient to defiroy a lefs tender tree, the juice was found to ooze as efl%£hially from an incifion made with ft fcrew auger of {ths of an inch diameter. But tUs was the finally of the imi»«vements. All the means made ufe of In the Weft Indies for the perfeftion of the art were foon alcortained aad jhraAiied : fo that the country is not only «<^ to fupply itfelf with fugar, but ra^ht, with increafe of hands, fupply the inhabitants of the globe f. The fugar maple^treenot only grows ia the greateft ftbondance throughout this coimtry within Uielin^ts I have mentioned, but it is known to be the haidieft,aiid the moft difficult to deftn^, of all the trees In our fereftt (the beech not excepted), bf the planters, wIh> have a method cC chop- ping or girdling the trunks of traea about one foot and a- half above the grouftdj in order to kill them, and f!iereby they prevent their crops from being fhaded* - It is known, that old trees produce the moft and the ' richeft juice ; and it is aUb known, trees that have been ufed for years are better than frefli trees. It b a common re- mark, that whenever youJee a black tree of this fort, it is a (ure fig^ it is a rich one. The blacknefs proceeds from * It it Teiy (wtet ; and, even in iu firft ftate of gtaoalatioa* has, thongh a peculiar, yet no unpleafing tafte. — Edit. f From this tree many of the german fec^tn aUe make a ridi liqueur. - Ebit, K 2 the 131 WESTERN TERRITORY OF the fakclfiom made in the bark by the pecking of the perro» quet, and other birds, in the feafon of the juice rifing» irhich oozing out, dribbles down its Tides,' and ftahis the bark« which^ in the progreffion of time, becomes bbck. I have mentioned thefe particulars with a tiew to preyent yoor filing into the general error, that the refource of making fogar from the maple will foon be deftroyed firom the very nature of producing it } believing, as many do^ that it is impoffiUe for the tree to be able to bear the ai»- nual wounds which are neceflary to be made in its trunk, in order to draw off* the juice j and that a few years muft ne- ceiikrily extirpate them } now, fo far from there being any dianger of that, experience has (hewn^ the longer that they irp ufed in a proper manner, the more plentiful and, rich will be their juice to a certain age } which will be in pro- portion to the life ofthofe trees. No exa£t eftimate can be made of that } but I conclude their decay is not earlier than other trees. ' Both in the animal and vegetable world it hu been ob* fervedf that the exiftence of life, according to the natural order of things, is in proportion to the period of time re- quired to produce maturity* There are exceptions to thb principle, to be fure ; as the crane and hawk for inftance, which feem to acquire maturity as early as moft other birds, and. sre known to live a century md -upwards. However, it 'is very certain that the life of a fugar maple is as long as ah oak, or any other tree. If there is any analogy between animal and vegetable fiib- ftances (and which there moft certaiir>ly is), the incteaiing plenty and richnefs of the juice from the ufe and age of the fugar-tree, will not be thought more extraordinary, than that the quantity of milk is greater and more rich pro- duced firom a cow that has been ufed for years, than from one which has been neglected, or prevented from breeding annually. The MORTH AMB&ICA. »33 T^e feafoa of upping is moftly about the middlie of Vtknarj in Keotvr'cy ) but not until the latter end of the «onth» about Pittiburg* in the remote parts of Pjcnnfyl- ▼ania, on the head branches of the Sufquehanna* and Deb- «are« and hi the ftate of New- York. Frofty mornings and bright funfliine are neceflarj to produce copious exTudations. The feafoB continues in this climate aboat 6 weeksi when the juice is found to be too thin and poor to make iiigar i but it is ftiU capaUe of making molafles» ipirits by diftilla- tion, ^negar, and an agreeable table beer. The bufinefs of fugar-making is moftly managed by wo- men and boys i the men generally having nothing more to do with it than to tap the trees, prepare the flieds, and difierent apparatus. So that our agricultural employments are very little obftruded by this bufinefs, which produces Co important an article for domeftic ufes. The perfection to which we have brought our fugars has induced many people in the upper parts of the ftates of New-York and FennfyU vania to make a bufinefs of it during the feafon of the juicje mnning | and confiderable quantities have been fent to the markets of Philadelphia and York, not inferior to the beft clayed, french, and fpanifh fugars. The fait fprings that have been found in the fingle ftat« •f Kentucky, under proper management, would be fufficient to produce fak for all the inhabitants which the weftcm country could fupport. There are at leaft la of thofe fprings between Great Sandy and Cumberland } the prin- dpal of which are the upper and lower Blue Licks, on licking creek ; one on the Great Bone creek t one on Drin- non^s Lick creek, about a mile and a half from the mouth of the Kentucky { and Bullit's Lick, on Salt river, 20 miles ^m the Rapids of the Ohio. This fpring is the firft that was worked in the country. The firft efifays in this bufinef it were alfo imperfeA, which, however, proceeded more from pover^ than ignrly at Leeft)urg. I have not feen any ~ that has been poliih^d ; but judges in that bufijiefs give us the moft flattering jdeas of its quality, Clay is very conimon in every part of this country which is proper for bricks; and there is a fuperior kind on the Beech fork of Sait fivers which no doubt might^be qnanur r- ' fafturcd yORTR AMERICA* >37 ftAnred into good porcelain. Carrer has mentioned ia day of thb fort that he fam> abo^c St. Anthony*! falls \ Marl^ chalk -f , gfpfmm, and odires, are found in various parts. Mr. Jefferfon hi|S defcribed the medicinal, inflammably Utominous, and other fprmgs, Very accurately i and u there have been' no difcoveries or light thrown upon the fttlijeft fince he' wirote, I ihall refer you to his book for a particalar account of them. Indeed, his account of the natural hiftory of this country is generally to be depended, upon, fo that it is fcarcely poifible to make any improvement upon It, until farther difcovcries (hall have arifen : I -there- fore confine myfclf .to futh obje£b as he has not taken notice of, and to ilieh as have prefented themfelves fince he wrote, occafionally making fbme ftriAures and animad- verfions upon his opinions and information, I have obferved that the climate of this country is various. But, as climate is frequently difierent in the fame parallels of latitude, I will endcavpur to give you fome idea of the difierence between the climate on the upper parts of the Ohio, Pennfylvanla, and Maryland, of Kentucky and Vir- . ^nia, and of Cumberland and North Carolina^ vdiich lie in nearly the fame parallels one with another. It* is well known that the climate upon the Atlantic coaft of America is in the extreme of heat and cold, and that it is more variable than when it was firfl fettled by Europeans { but the wimers are milder. The extremes proceed no doubt from the immenfe continent that lies to the north* weft, and which is interfperfed with £re(h-water lakes. The rarefied air of the torrid zone, rufhing in currents through the upper regions to the ar£tic circle, leaves a vacancy for the cold air, which^ in fupplying it$ place, caufes thofe fre- '* This yoo will 6nd mentioned in a note cxtlraAed from hh booki in the jpteceding part' of this work, t I never law any native chalk either in the weftern coantiy, ^ the Atlantic ft^tcs. — Edit, r ^uent ' +• A I|| WBITBIM TlftllTOIjr OF fuanl chilU or varhtioni la Uic fpriaf Mid antiunsB ii feltermtc froft» rain, and mild wwthtr in winter, whick «f |b common in tl^« middl* ptrt of that country. Thtcold ii mon ftcadf to thn notth of HuUfon^ river i but the power of the fim la tho fonth of 41V bf coanteva£tinf the infocnco of the northern winds, occafiont thofe fndden changoi firom heat to cold*. Opening the coontrj hap * The feOewlaf icmailu and fiiAt lehdre to Ae ^autt and ftalbm ia America and Earape» am cslia^cd Aoai a lata pablieik lioo of die iogeaioua Dr. Helirokc, of Salem (Ma&eharetta). Tlaqr an altogether acw, and amft be Teiy inindHnf , net onljr to dio lovera<^fciencet bat to men of common eotied^. Tke following table exhibitt the mean of gieaiMk heat and eald> bj Fahicnhcit't tbennome^, for 3, 4« and 5 ycaib in the plaeea I.M. Mem of MMa«f north. (r.hcat. |f. MM* fltoekhoha » • - J9 ao SJ.9B 10.10b Copenhagen 1$ 40 81.77 ».o8a Beriin 5» i* 89'37. o.6xb Moat « 50 15 69. If i.iSn Jn«n« - $0 4 9». 7 "•77b V^artxbofg • Manheior • •> 4946 49 *7 4«5« 89. 6 4. b 1* xa Ratiibon - • 79. 7 i«4ab Boda - tJr. 90. 7 4.a6a Genera * - 88. 9 10. aa Rocbelle - . 46 90. 5 1 6.9 3a Padaa - 4J «* 91. 4 16.93a hlarleilkt - . 43 17 89. 6 ay. 5a Rome - 4» 53 83;.43 3346* Salem in Maffa ' 1 « chaietts 4« 31 97. 2 2.4zb Theic eoropean citiefl> except Rome* are all north of d>e Iat{« tode of Sale m. Bnt in die whole middle region of Earope» which is from 7 to 10 degrees north of Salemf the beat in fammcr and fdd in winter, iS} on an average, left than at Salem by adii^ jercnce of 5, 8, and 10 degrees. Comparing the temperatnre of die enropcan atmofphere oMer nearly the fame parallel of latiiade with Sakqi, viz. at Rome, Padoa, and Marfctlles, it ia feond that the mean of greateft heat in Enrope fills ihort of oara by Sd^reci; and the mean of i^teft cold by more than 30 deenca. It is alio fbfuid by obfeira^iOQi made at dificreat timea and plaoe% that ia Aawtica KOKTB AMtRfOA. 139 hCC9l4 Imt the tisf ihi fuddw itry ^ MMua •J. Th«r fmilfteadeitlMirff toltAathccold, by c o Bfe fw aci af tiMgrttterpovtraflbt ABvpoatbtiinki aqdtgnaral cnltif* AHBIiCS dim lUb • MWlir oMotltf of nin amraallf w hav* nomiikiai^ ig noit ftir ivnther m bffT. Md nhn dajrt. The, mdiom aaandty Aan In iuid fewer «iani7> aasif • aw H^egT ^ej^ 'The, mdiam quantity of rain tbdt nib ycailf in Entepe does not cmcd to tnchet of weter* vheieat in AmA» fiti *edinm qoentiiy k at leaft to inehea. TIm mam WMiber «f Mr dafa> Mcoraing to obwnrationa made in so cities of Rnrope* amounta only to 64* Several ohfenrationa in Aneiica omIm the mean nember of hit dajra to he abont 130. 'fhe nean nur'ocr of cloudf day* in the ftiae cities of Enrope (all which are op m the oomiacat) was, in 17811 115} inAmericn dicre are abom So or 90. The number of rainy days in the fame dtiea was, on 1 mean* laa { tht nnmher in America is 8$ or 90. Thefe faAs feem to uove that the atmofpheie of Eorope is more hnnud than that in America ; and this mav be one cauie why the earopean climate it more temperate under the fame parallels of 1»> titndct and left iubjeA to extreme* of heat and cold. The following feA* rcfpcAing the temperatoie of oar own di- flute ate cxtremdy curious. From obfervations made at four dif- ferent honrs in the day for 7 years. Dr. Holyoke found that the jBercary in Fahrenheit tofe to So* and upward*. In 1786. In 1787. In 1788* Day*. ' Days. Day*. Jnne 13. June 10. Tune 5. Jdy II. July t). July 13. ^ Aug. 8. Aug 13. Aug. 8. ' - m. 2. Sc{t. %^ Sept. I, In « 789- Dqr*. May I. Jnne it. uly 13. Ang. 1 1. Sept. X. 3S'. 101790. Day*. May I. June 5. July 14. Aug. 7. Sept. ». 38. In 1791. Days. May 7. June 1$. uly 1$. Aug. I J. Sept. I. oa. I. »7- In 1791. Dtoys. May 7. June 10. July 15. Ang. to* Sept. 2. * It appears from Ifr. Rktcnlioare*! obremdona in Philadelphia, thatvthe finaiMr ^i, Ikt tkmnomcter wm at ami above 9(P, a6 day* in Auguft and 4 iafcp t a m beti wUah aakea J15 dayi in thole two oumdu only. . I have sot iKBMqr ii M aii Miu ai fur May^-InnCf and July kit ; but probably tha beat wIh at md abm* le», lo or 90 days w the nrholc (uSm t an inOaocc ^•ithont pNMilsat la iSpnica. Tb» I40 W B f TJNL« . i T BIUISTOAT^ O F * • • • oiltintioDf bjr fvododng a inurmer likmofphfitt^ tbp^oc^ which the noitfaririiid ptfl^ muftdteiidt to moderate tte climate generally upon the Atlantic Tea. The Aermoineterirai It uid abovego"/ lu 1786* 4 d^ifi. . t79Q» a days. 1787, a dq. 1791, lado^ ^ ,^ 17881 I do. i79>A 8 do. '^ , . 1 789, 4 do. ,. Daring the fame yeah' in winter, the thermoneter wa» at aad below 3a«the ffeesing poiot» ' v In 1786, 108 dayi} and bdk># o."^ 4 dayi. X7871 III do. and do. o. 4do^ ' 1788* 108 do. and do. o. 6 do. and do. o. 3 do. and do. o. 5 do. and do. o. I do. and do. o. 3 do. The mean of the mean temperatare of each month daring tfie 7 yean is as.foUowa : Jan. a4.8-tenth«. Feb. 2C. March 36. 1789, 105 do. 1790, 119 do. X79i> III do. I79a> 102 dd. April May Jane c6.8. 67. Jaly^ Augnft 3ept. oa. Nov. Dec Mean temperatore of each ieafon. Winter. 2^.8. *4-9» a9'S' 23.3. 25.5. Toial mean temperatore of each year. 1786. 48° J3 1790, 1787. 47.88. 1791 1788. 47.67. 1792 1789. 47.68. 1786. 1787. 1788. 1789. 1790. 1791. I79». Spring. 4r9- 45'7' 43'9* 43.6. 48.6. 49.4. Summer.^ 7tf'6. 68.1. 68.9. 70.2. 67.9. 71.0. 68.7. 69.7. 61. 49^S» 40. Aiitamn. 50.3. 59.1. . 49-5- 49.f. 49.0. 51.3* 46»43» 48.96. 48.44. Total mean tem^rature of the 7 years 47.04. As the obferv- ations in t|ie morning were not made at funrife» hot at 8 o'clock» Dr. Holyoke fuppofes a (mall abatement mnft be oade« and .the mean temperature of the 7 yean fixed at 47.5. Meili - 1» ' • at and daring tjie Ls the obfcnr* [at 8 o'clockt ie, aBdiUtt ' mte g;reateft pasn^'bt V^dmikfjhzmm: Ues between latitude ■4ii*'tctA 39^40'< aiifl''(hodd, from it» iituation upon the ]g^ob^ bcf a Tety-eaceUent dtmateiMaiui no doubt i)k time it ,t«Hlt ' At prefenlf tir it too fubjeft to euiianes « and by the 40D fittquent and triokat bihicing, and-fudden I'elaxatioil of the animil fjfftismjathie elafticitj o( Iho. nexves ia injured | and thus the aoilrks of iage aire vifibic at an earlier period in 4baepaiiS'oftAd^i«c» 7* Whence it appears that the mean tempenture of the day is at fuD-iet ; and that the tem]^)erature of the month of April is very little below the mean temperature of the year. * At the forks of Sandy, in the fame fituation 'riz. a noith sfprA)* the fame thermometer at 6 r. m. in the mcky it to Virginia. Tlie rarefied ^ from the fiMithcra repont nwft be more confiderable firmn that traftor Tpaeeof the globe covered by Ak water, than from t^ countrieo covered iridi Ibrefti. Mo«r, at a^ft ail America nuy be confidered at oae lUreft, it appears to me thit the vacancy occaiioned by nnhO&oa In fonthem latitodca muft be greater in the regienr of air, liodi ever the Fsctf c and Atlantic occant, than upon the continent ; and that the cold urfirom ^ pofaur circle ruftei both to the fonth-eaft and (iautkmtSt, and coniequentty the middle parts of o«r coAtfaient moft be lefs iubjeA to cold and variation, by bring more out of the coucfe of die cold winds, than the conntries either upon die Adandc or Pacific fea-coafts. How fiur thn theory may prove fttiafiiAory, lean form no idea. If it be unphilofophical, I^ope you will treat it ac- cordingly ; it is the only way that I can account for the ver^ great dificrence be t w ee n the climate of this country, ahd that of Virginia. * Another caufe for our greater temperature m fummer, is, doubtlefs, vwing to our lying fo much higher. It is one continual imt gradual rife firom Richmond for 200 miles back. There are feveral rifings and failings afterwards* and feveral mountains in the wildemefs } but Iliave always obfervcd !*)«.*«►»„ ■tbroes irttUd o^chttti li4,"-tnBi tbt I be molt rovctodbf th Ibrefti. oneiittftf iMMTof air, a upon ^K litle!r«tAM left to cold of the cold ic or Pacific can form no treat it ac- for the very , atod that iroitTH AMEKtOA* 145 thfenred that the rife firom the eaft to their fummits, 'was greater than the defcent weft; to their bafe, which makes Ihe^tdevBtkn of Xentnckf conflderaUj above that «€ Yir- gtaia« Befidet, Kentucky ha» no nwriBies tw bogs, Which ^'iiitf c o ttfid e iib lefattht wrer parts of Virj^, and the oiiiaed vajMMin fr(»n them produce ddeterioas air, nAach a^p^peart-hottttr than "it 'teaHj is* Mt» Jeffbrfon's table of average heat and (KoM for the di£. ,^ftrent mondM» mads from the obfervations of 5 fucceffive jeara, thoogh it fomiflied him with a datum to eftimate theo- reticallj the climate (tf Vii;^aia» can a£Rbrd jrou no idea of its ten^iarature. Perhs^ in Tome of thofe years, the mer- cory was bdk>w o during the winter. Sut when he has fiated tbt lead and greateft daily heat by Fahrenheit's ther- mometer for jairaary to be from 38P to 44% you can have no conception that there can be any froft in Virginia. I do not mean to fay that it is common fpr the mercury '^ to fall bdow o in that country ; but I mean to be nnderftop4 that firoft is very frequent tbere^ and that by taking the average of the greateft heat and greateft cold, when the extremes are fo great a'* they are in Virginia» it b impoflible for a ftrange? to form a juft Idea of its xUmate. Mr. Jefierlbn allows that the octvemes arc very confiderable, and that the mercury has been known to defcend from 92 deg. to 47 in 13 hours. A journey to the Illinois will prevent ne from writing to you agpJn as ibon as I coyld wiih 1 but I ihall ever remun YonrS) 9c^, fummer, is» It is one 200 miles afterwards, I have always obferved IN •^■"♦■fpfciwii^*--- »44 WESTERN TERKITORT OF IN addition to what ha? been faid ua the ^o|:^ ip. . ;;|3, concerning t^e fugar maple tree, we ihall here Ratify the reader by prefenting him with an ample <^etail on that fubjc^^, by the lame learned and ingenious profeflor. Dr. Benjamin Ru(h, jn a letter to the amcrican phU<|fo- pbical'fociety. Thb fugar maple-trees arc! generally found te&iieA t^th tlie beech *, hendock -f , white and water aih ':|:, the euctnn- ber-tree $, linden'l', afpen **, butter nm +f , and wild cherry- tf'des 1f!^. They fbmetimes appear in groves coveri^ig 5 or 6 acres in a body, but they are more Commonly ^nterfperftd with fome or all of the foreft trees which have been meii- ' tinned. ti'otA 30 to 50 trees are generally futtnd i:^n an acre of ground. They grow chiefly in the richeft foils, and frequently in ftony ground. Springs of the pureft water abound in their neighbourhood. Thejr' are, when liilly grown, as tall as the white and black oaks, and from 2 to 3 feet in diameter §§, They put forth a beautiful white bloflbm Intheipring, before theyfhew a £ngle le^. The colour of the Udflbm diftinguiflies them from the acer rubrum, or the common maple, which affords a bloflbm of a red colour. The wood of the fugar maple-tree is of an inflammable nature, and is preferred upon that account by hunters and furveyors for fire-wood. Its fmall branches are fo much impregnated with fugar, as to afford fupport to the cattle, * Fagot fennigtoea. f Pinut abun, | Fnxinus americiiuu I Magnolia acaminata. y Tilia aoKricana. ** Fo^aloa On* nnla. f f Joglaiu alba (oblong). XX Pninus virgtniana, of i^ Baron La Hontan, in his voyage to North America, gives the following, account of the maple-tree in Canada. After deforibing the bbck cherry-tree, fome of which he Iky* are as tall as the loftieft oaks, and as big as a boglhead, he adds, « The maple- tree is much of the fame height and bulk. It bears no reiemblanbe to that fort we have in Eorope." horfe^ 1km , bdi itsi orj the T It itis( refpe treel Inthk cliarg( the fa thofef by a i trees, i remain a black the taf not bee Fron from oc efq. oft ^ounces A trel 20 to 3^ pounds ezcepttoJ gpmery( Noble, fqgar, K 9$ frj /ncceffive From proCeflbr, ,p|uU|fo- ildcherry- •'m 5 o' ^ tttcffpetfed beeii inaa- idt^n an ft foils, and urcft water when fatty ifrom a to 3 lute bloffom The colonr nibrum, or I red colour* inflammable hunters and ire fo inuch :o the cattle, 108 ameticani* Foptdos ot* virginianai of rica,giv«the ftet def(;nbmg I as tall as til* I the msplc- ^0 te&mbUnGC horfeii KOHTB AMERICA. 145 Imm^ and iheep of the firft fettlen during ,thc /vnnter, before thej are able .to cultivate forage for that purpoCr* Its aflies affiird « great quantity of pot-alh, exceeded by &W, or penhaps bynoae «f tiie'trees that groirin the woods of the United States. The tMe is luppofed to arrive at its fall growth in the woods in ao years. It is not injured by tapping 1 oa the contrary, the oftener it is taliped, the more fymp is obbMned firom -it. In this refpe£t it follows the laewiof animal fecretion. A fingle tree has not-orily farvlved,.but flouriihed, after 41 cappdngs In ttee fame number of .yeais. The e£Ee£t of a ye»dy d]£- charge of (vp firom the tree,^ in improving and increrGng the (apj'ls demonftrated from the fuperior .excellence of thofe trees which have been perforated in an hkiodred places by a fmall wood-pecker, which feeds upon the fap. The trees, after having been wounded in this way, diftil the remains of their juice on tXnc g^und, luid aftcrwdvds ac^ire a black colour. The fap of theib trees is mnch fweeter to the tafte t^on that which is obtained from trees which have not been previoufly wounded, and it aflSirds more fugar. From 3^ gallons and i quart of Tap, procured in 20 hounr from onlf two of fhefe dark-coloured trees, Arthur Noble, efq. of the ftate of New-York, obtained 4 pounds and 13 ounces of gOod grained fugar. A tree of an ordinary fize yields in ,a |;ood feafon from 20 to 30 gallons of fap, from which are made from 5 to 6 pounds of fugar. To this, tbjeve are ibmetimes remarkable exceptions. Samuel Low, efq. a juftice of peace in Mont- gomery county, in the ftate of port of the coToAdcrMc m\» iieel the being equally f.Yn^. S yws «r incifion is the trice, for fiwura tree, !• from 5 gallons to a pint, aecordiirg to'the grtater or left heat of the air. Mr. Low informed Arthltf Noble, eA}. that h^ obtafaied nea^ 33 gallons df fap, in obt dtf (April i^y lySp)^ from the fingle tree which was before meti^oned. Svah ihftances o^ a prdnfion of fap, in fingl(d trees, are however not very common. There is always a fnfjpeD&oa of the difcharge of Tap in ' the night, if a froftfneceed a wann day. The perforatibn in the tiree is made vrith an axe dr ^an augre. The latter iiaabinc aaofaiflcs. ThkbtEt may probaMf lead to §mm- thing nicfnl hereafter. I>tfiiigthei«iBaiiii0g:parttffthB(^rringmMitltt» a»Wo in the fanuacr, and it .the b^^uiiiig of aatnorn, the ni>> p la to ee jiehb a thia fap, hot not it for the waimlaftogy «l Aigar. It atbfdt opleaAnt drink i» harvtft»^Hki haa beoi nfed.inftead of nun» in ibme inftances, ky thofe ianetH hi Cowiofticnt, whoTe aneeftory have left to then* heiv and thcM^ ofiigv Bapfe-tree (probably to fliade their cattle), in all their fields. Bfr. Bfvce defcribes a drink of the ftme kiiMi, piepared by the inhahitants of Cgypt, by ininfiiig the Aigar-cane in water, which he declares to be <« the moft i^^ fireflung drink m the wwid*." There are three methoda of fedociBgthe iap to fugur. I. By fteesing it. Thif method ha* been tried for mtuy years, by Mr, Obadiah Scott, a fiumer in Laseme connty, * laroB La Hootan g^TCt die fbUowiDg accoiipt of die fap of die fogar maple-tite, whtu ofied u a drink, aqd of tlw maniMr of olH^iag it ^*-The tiw yidds a fiqpk wWh hat a oiiith pteafimter tiAe tkaa die heft kflMna^ or daBnjr.vfater^ aad mdiet ;th». wbolefboieft drink in the wodd. This Itqoor fs drawn by xottiiig the nee s hioh{s deep in the '#ood, die eat being made 'flopia^ to Ae length of lo or le inc^; at the lower end of' tfaU gafli a knife is tlunft into the tree floping^y, to that the watf r pa^ along die cnt orgafli, as throojrii a gutter, anil falls opon die knife, «4ttdi has fosse vdUs ]^aced vndiemeath to teceive it. Some trees willTidd c or 6 bottles of this wafer wT a day ; aid feat inhabitants of Ouada mi^t diaw so hqgihcadt of it in one day, if they woidd thtti etft afid notdi all the msple-ttees of thar BeQ«aive piaaorions- The gaih doesuo basmtothe ttte. Of this fap theymdK fv^arand fynqH which is Jib valuably th^ theie ean lie no better lemedy for fordfying the ftomach— hnrfcw of the inhabitants have me pttienee tomdce th^]' ftr,^n coniBon diings are flMitad, fo there are fcarce any bat childicn that give themfefarcstpe trouble of gaOuag'dl^ trees. ■> i-4., ' KORTH AMIHICA. t49 « • M this ftate, with grMt Aicc^t. He fajt, thit one lialf of » ffiftu qaentity i^ ftp fednced in thb way, it better tiMkn one third of the (iMe qimnCity reduced hf boilin];. If the ftok ihoald not be intenfe enough to reduce the ftp to the gndning point, it mii)r tftefwards beezpofed to the uEHidn rf the fire for thet purpofft. a. By fpontaneous eraporation. The holloir ilnnpirf n maple fbgaT'tree, whieh had been rat down hi the fyiing, and which was found feme time afterwarda fiBed wiA iiigak'y firft ftiggefted thir method of obtaining (bgar to our ftnnera, 8d many dr^mftancea of cold and dry weather, krge and iat veflela, and, abo^ all, fb mndk tfane, are neceflUry to obtain fugar, by either of the abote methods, that the mdft general method among our ftrmers b to oixain it, ' 3. By kiBfig* For this purpofe the following ftfts, Which ha^e iKcn afcertained by many experiments, deferre attention. I. The fooner the ftp is lioiled, ;^er it is colle^d firom ^Iie tree, the t)etter.. It fliould never be kept longer than 24 hours before it is put over the fire. 2i The larger the veflH hi which the ftp is boiled, the more fogar is obtained firom it. 3. A copper veflel aflRnxIs a fiigar of a fidrer cdlottr than ,40 iron vefl^L The ftp flows into wooden 'troughs, firom which it is carried and poured into ftore troughs, or large dftems, in the fliape of a canoe, or large manger, made of whhe afli, Ikiden, baft wood, or white (dne, firom which it is conveyed to the kettle hi which it is to be boiled. Thefe cifterai, as well as the kettle, are generally covered by a flted, to defend the ftp from the nun. The fugar is improved by ilnuning the ftp through a blanket, or cloth, either before or after it is half boiled. Butter, hogs lard, or tallow^ an added to the ftp in the kettle, to prevent hs boiling over I and lime, eggs, or new milk, are mixed with it, in order to darify it. I have fiaen dear fugar made without , L 3 ^ the 1^0 . WESTERN TERRITORY OF the addition of ttthcr of them* A- fpooaful of flacked lime, the white of one egg, and a {WBt of new milk, are the ufual proportions of thefe ^iclet, which are mixed with I if gallons offap. In ibme famplet which I have latdj feePt of maple-fugar clarified with each of the above ar- ticles, that in which milk alone was ufed, had an evkient (bperioiity in point of colour. The fugar, after being fofficiently boiled, is gradned and , ^lajfedj and afterwards refined, or converted into loaf fugar. The methods of conducting each of thefi: i^roccfiTcs is fo . nearif the fame with thole which are ufed in the mano- laftory of Weft India fu|^, and are fo generallj '-xiow^, -, that I need not fpcnd any time in defcribing them. It has been a fubjeft of inquiry, whether the m^iple^ugar pight not be improyed in its quality, and increafed in its quantity, by the eftablifhihent of boiling-boufes in the ; fugar-maple country, to be (conduAed by aflbclated labour, .from, the icattered Aquation of the trees, the difficulty of carrying the Tap to a great diftance, and firom the many ez< pences whi^h muft accrue firom fupporting labourers and horfes in the woods in a feafon of the year in which nature ^^rda nofuftenance to man oir beaft, I am difpofed to believe that the moft produdUve method, both in quantify and profit, of obtaining this fugar, will be by the labour oJf private families. For a great number of years manj hundred private families in New^Tork and Pennfylvaoia have fifpplied thenifelves plentifully with this fugar during the whole year. I have heard of ipany families who have made from a to 400 pounds in a year ; and of one man who fold 6oo,poundS| all made by his own' hands in one feafon*. , Not * The following receipt pobliflied by William Cooper, efq. in the Albany Gazette, fully eftablilhes this faft : « Received, X^oopeVs toMre knoiHedge b noceShrf fat makiog this fugar thaa foapt cider, beer» four krout, Ac. and yet one, or all /of tbcfie, are made in moft of tl>c fiurm^iQufes of the United ^IM€U Ihe kettles, and other ntcnfiU of a fimner's kitchen, will ferve moft of the purpoftt of making fngar i •jnd the time required for the labour (if it dcfenres that name) is at a feafon when U is impoffibk ferjhe fiurmer to employ himfelf in any fpecies of agriculture. Hia wife, and all his children above ten years of age, moreover may nffift him in this bufinefs, for the jvofit of the weakeft of them , is nearly .equal to that of a man when hired for that purpofe. A comparative view of this fugar has been frequently jnade wifh the fugar which is obtained froih the Weft India fugar-cane, with refpeft to its quality, price, and the poffible or probable quantify that can be made of it in the United States ; each of which I Chall confider in order. I. The quality of thi% Tngar is neceCprily better than that which is made in the Weft Indies. It is prepared in a feafon when not a fingle infed exifts to feed upon it, or to mix its fcxcrements with it, and before a particle of duft, or of the pollen of plants, qm float in the air. The fam« obfervation cannot be applied to the Weft India fugar. The vSeSti and worms which prey upon it, and of courfe mix with it, compofe a page in a nomenclature of natural hiftory. I (hall fay nothing of the hands which are rm* ployed in making fugar in the Weft Indies, but. that men iHio work for the exduiive benefit of others, are not under the fame obligations to keep their perfons clean while they are employed in this work, that men, women, and fire-woodf Nichcfii^Witnefit ing to the other bofinefs of my fiimi» as taking caie of the cattle &e.>-»-Jolm ILSmidi." A fii^ family, confiftinff of a man and hia two ions, on the aapfo>fagar landa, between the Delawaie and Sofqaebanna, made 1800 lbs. of niaple>fugar in one (eafim. L 4 children t$^ WBITIRV TBRtffoAT OP felfM, mmI wliob«t« beta edacated in tha lM»it« of cIbmi* liadi. fli* fajptrior ptvitf of the inapl64bgar b Indian prowd bf iii licvittgf a left fe^imeiit wkeir diflblved in wit«r dun the Weft Indfai fttgtr. It hef been Ibppoftd, that Ae nhpl6>ftgar b hifieriDr to ecn made nHth aMirie-fiigar prepaitd in a flotenly mai» ner. I have eiamined eqnd q o a a t i de s by #elght, el both . thegrained and the loaf fiiiikr, i» hTfon tea, aAtd in coflSte; made in every refpcA equal by the minuteft circumfhAcea that could aflfeft the ipiality or ttffte of each of them, and coidd perceive no infarlonty hi the ftrength 6f the nmpiis fitgar. The liquors which deeidid thir qaeftion were examined at the fame time, by Alexander Hamilton, efq. fecretary of the tveafiiry of the United States, Mr. Henry Drinker, and federal ladies^ who all Concurred in the above opinion. 3. Whoever tonflders that the gift of Ae iogar maples trees is nom a lienftvolent Previdencei that We have mait^ mlMlona of acrea b our country covered #ith them, that the tree is improved by rtpeated tappings, and that the lugar is ebtidntd by the firngal labonr of » fivmer's family, and at the fame timeconfidcrs the labonr of cultivating the fugar-cane, the capitals funic m firga»^worlcs, the firft coft of flavea andcatde, the expences of provifions for both of them, and fal ibme iaftances the additional expehce of conveybag the fugiir to a maiiKt, m all the Weft India iftinds, will not kcfitale in bdieting, that, the maple^fogar may be manulaftured much cheaper, and fold at alefsprice than that which u made in the Weft Indies. 3. The refourccs for malung a fufficient quantity of this fug^.not only for the confumption of tlic United States, but for exportation, wHI appear from the following KOtTif AMBttCA. I53 hBth^^^ttutt iprt. In the ihtei of Mew-Tork fiid Kniw lyhaafai done, ai leaft ro millhmt of teres of land, yMA prodoee the Agar maple-tree in the proportion of 30 treea to f aere. Noff, foppoftng all the perTons capiMe of Is- hbur in a fkoAlf to ronfift of 3, and each perfon tb attend t^dtteei, atal each tree to yield 5lh. of fogar hi a (eafbn, the produft of the labour of 60)00o fumliea would be r35iOoo,ooo ponndi of ftigar | and, Allowing ttlo inhabit* anta dt iSui VtAtcd 9tafei to compofe 6od,oo» famSief, each of ilrhSeh eonfumed 200 pounds of fugar ia > T^Vt Ae wftolir conlamption would be 120,000,000 pounds in a y«ar, which would leave a balance of t$,oo6,otf potntdt fdr exportatton. Vatuhag the ftfgar at ,« of a dolhr per pound, the fum fatvd to the United States would be 8,dbo,ooo doltart by home confumption, and the fum gained by elporiation would be 1,000,000 dollars. The only part of this calculation that will appear improbable is, the nnmber of fltmines fuppofed to be employed in tho manufactory of the fugar } but the difficulty of admitting this fttppodtion Will vanifli, \rhen we confider, that double that niimb^ 6f fiimUies are employed e v er y year In making 6dtr, iht Grouble, riiks, and expences of which are all much greater than thoTe of making maple-fugar. But (he profit of the maple-tree is not confined to its fiigar. It affords an agreeable molaffes, and an excellent vinegar, 'fhe fap which is fuitabie for theie purpofes h obtahied after the fdp which affords the (Ijgar has ceafed t6 flow, fo that the maniifaAories of thefe different produAa 6f the maple-tree, by fucceeding, do not interfere with dich o^er. llie molaflles may be made to compofe the bafla of a pieafant fummer beer. The fap of the maple is more- over capable of affording a fpirit } but we hope this precious juice will never be proftituted by our citizens to this ignoble purpofe. Should the ufe ofvfugar in diet become more general ih.our country, it may tend to leflen the mclination VW«KW(B!»^-.>-. »54 WBSTBIir TBRtlTOlY OP or Aippofed neceflitj for fpirits ( for I htrs obfenred a telUh for fugar in 4iet to be feldom accom|Sanicd bf a ktye fyr ftrong drink. It is the fugar which if n^^cd with tea which makes it fo generally difagreeablc to drunkards. But a diet confifting of a .plentiful mixtv.re of fugar has other advantages to recomoaend it, which I ihall briefly enu- merate* I. Sugar afibrds the greated quantity of nouriihment in a given quantity of matter of any fubftance in nature | of courfe it may be preferved in lefs room in our hcufes, and maybe confumed in lefs. time, than more bulky and lefs nourMhing aliment. It has this peculiar advantage over moft kinds of aliment, that it is not liable to have its nutri- tious qualities affeAed by time or the weather ) hence it is preferred by the Indians in their excurfions from home. They mix a certain quantity of maple-fugar with an equal quantity of Indian corn, dried and powdered, in its milky (late. This mixture is packed in little baikets, which are frequently wetted in travelling, without injuring the fugar. A few fpoonfuls of it, mixed with half a pint of fpring water, afford them a pleafant and ftrengthening meal. From the degrees of flrength and nourifliment, which are con- veyed into animal bodies by a fmall bulk of fugar, I con- ceive it might be given to horfes with great advantage, when they are ufed in places or under circumftances which make it difficult or expenfive to fupport them with more bulky or weighty aliment. A pound uf fugar with grafs or hay, I have been told, has fupported the ftrength and fpirits oi^ an horfe, during a whole day's labour in one of the Weft India iflands. A larger quantity given alone, has dttened horfes and cattle, during the war before laft, in Hifpaniola, for a period of feveral months, in which the exportation of fugar, and the importation of grain, were prevented by the want of (hips. 2, The plentiful ufe of fugar in diet is one of the beft prevent^ NORTH AMQRICA. ^5S prercntativct that has crer been 4Ucover«d of the'difeafcs «diich are prodnce4 by worroi. Nature fcems to have in^ planted a love for this aliment in all children, at if it were on purpofe to defend them from thofe difeafes. I know a g^emta in Phibulelphiaf who tx^j udopted thif opinion, and who, bj indulging a large family of children in the ufe of fugar, has preferred them all from the difcafei ufually oc- cafioned by worms. 3. Sir John Pringle has remarked, that the plague has never been known in any country where fugar compofes a material part of the diet of the inhabitants. I think it pro- bable that the frequency of malignant fevers of all kinds has been leflened by this diet, and that its more general ufe would defend that clafs of people who are moft fubjeft to malignant fevers from being fo often affeAed by them. 4. In the numerous and frequent diforders of the breaft, which occur in all countries where the body is expoTed to a variable temperature of weather, fugar affords the bahs of many agreeable remedies. It is ufcful in weaknefles, and acrid defluxions upon othet parts of the body. Many faAs might be adduced in favour of this aflertion. I (hall men- tion only one, which from the venerable name of the per- fon, whofe cafe furnifhed it, cannot fail of commanding at* tention and credit. Upon my inquiring of Dr. Franklin, at the rcqueft of a friend, about a year before he died, whe- ther he had found any relief from the pain of the ftone, from the blackberry jam, of which lie took large quantities, he told me that he had, but that he iselieved the medicinal part of the jum refided wholly in the fugar | and as a reafon for thinking fo, he added, that he often found the fame re- lief by taking about half a pint of a fynip, prepared by boiling a little brovrn fugar in water, juft before he went to bed, that he did from a dofc of opium. It has been fup- pofed by fome of the early pbyflcians of our country, that (he fugar obtained from the maple-tree is more medicinal than 1^6 WBtTBMir TBlMtOKT OP tfiMi tint obtaiBed from the Weft Indie fiiger-eiM t but tMs opinloD I believe ii withont fonnderieo* ft ii pfeftf • able in its quolitlet lo the Weft India ftigar only from itt ik« perior dewsUneft. €afi» mvj occni'in n^ich Aigar (jiiey be reqtrfred in medt- cine» or in diet, by perfont who refufe to be benefited, even indireOly, by the labour of flavet. In Aich caft«» the buM- cent maple-fugar will always be preferred *. It has been faid, that fug;ar injures the treth \ but this opinion now has fo fe# advocates, that it dees net defer«« a ferioos refutation. To tranfmit to future generations all the advantages which have been enumerated from the maple-tree, it will be ■neceflary to prote£fc it by law, or by a bounty upon the mapie-fugar, from being deflroyed by the fettlers in the maple country, or to tranfplant it from the woods; and cultivate it in the old and improved parts of the United States* An orchard confifting of aoo trees, planted upon a common fiutn, would yield more than the fame number of apple-trees, at a diftancefrom~a market town. A foil- grown tree in the woods yields 5 pounds of fugar a year. If a greater expofure of a tree to the aAion of the fun hat the fame effe^ upon the maple that it has upon other trees, a larger quantity of fugar might reafonably be expelled from each tree planted in an orchard. Allowing it to be only 7 pounds, then aoo trees will yield 1400 pounds of fugai } and deducing 200 from the quantity for the con* fumption of the family, there will remain for fale iioe poimds, which 9t ^cf^ dol. per pound will yield an annual * Dr. Knowles, a phyficitn of wortlijr charaAer in London, hid occafion to lecommend a diet to a |Mti«nt, of whicli fugar com- pofed ■ material part. Hit patient refafed to fabmit to his pre- fcription, and ga?e as a rcafon for it« tiiat he had witnefled fo much of the opprelSon and cruelty which were cxcrcifed upon the (laves who made the fugar, that lie had made a vow never to tafte die fModeA of their piifeiy as long as he lived . profit prefer- imedl- M IniM* Mt tbU deferM vMUgei it win be i()on the I in tbs ods; and > United ed upon i number A foil- a year. Tunha* iertreef* lexpeAed it to be inds of tbe eon- ile 1200 annual VOSLTM AMSRICA. l^f profit to t\m fanoMr of So doHan. But If it Aonldht found that the ihade of the maple does not check the rgrowfell of gram ,ao7 toon than it does of gnfti double or treble tha^ number of msfde-treet maf be planted on iOverj ftrm* aqd a pvofit^yroportioned to the above calculation be derived fipom diem. Should thk mode of traufpbntii^ the meant of jobcaininff' Algor be fucceTtluly it will not be a new one> The fufiirrcaae of the Weft Indict was biought original^ jfipom 4ihe>iSaft Indies, by the PortugueTe, and cultivated «t liadeira* from whence it was tranfplanted, diroftfy or !»• direaiy* to nil the Aigar iflands of ihe Weft ladies. It were to be wiOwd, that the fcttlers upon the fugar mi^ lands would /pare the fugar-tree in clearing thdr lands. On a farm of aoo acres of land* according to oar former calculation, there are uliially dooo maple-trees. If only 2000 of thofe original and ancient inhabilanti ef the woods were fuffered to remain, and each tree were to afisrd only 5 pounds of fugar, the annual profit of fuch a fi»m» i» fugar alone, at the price formerly mentioned, woidd immmit to M6 doUars, 15a dollars of which would proba- bly more than defray all tlie expences of making it, and al- low a plentifol deduction for family ufe. According to the ufual annual profit of a /ugar maple- tree, each tree it worth to a farmer, a dollars and ^ of a dollar I exclufive therefore of the value of his form, the aooo fugar niaple-trces alone confer a value upon it of 5333 dollars and 4§ of a dollar. It is faid that the fugar^trees, when deprived of the (helter and fuf^ort they derive firom other foreft trees, are liable to be blown down, occafioned by their growing in a rich, and of courfe a loofe foil. To obviate this, it will only be ne- ceflary to cut off feme of their branches, fo as to alter its centre of gravity, and to allow the high wind» to hsve an eafy paiTage through them. Orchards of fugar maple-trecs, which grow with an original cxpofure of alt their 158 WESTBirir t^&tiTdnY op tHcir pwt» to tlie aftioir of tlie fun/ wiU cot be lhd>le to thb inconvenienee. '^ * 'la contemplating the preient opeiting profpe£b in hmnaii aflUriy'lMlk led t.^ expeA that a mater^ part of the gene^ rai hapfrinefs which Heaven feemt to^ have prepared far mankind #iU be derived from the manufiAorj and general vfe of maple-fugari for the benefits whieh I flattMf lAjifdf sure to refuh from it, will not be cotafined to our thm cOuni* trf. Th^ wih, I hope, extend themfelves to the interefta oi humanity In the Weft Indieft. With this view of the fub- jeft of thb tetter, I cannot help contemplating a fugar maple-tree whh a fpeciet of afi«t£tion and' even veneration ; for I have perfuaded myfelf to behold in it the happf means of rendering the commerce and flavery of our african brethren in the' fhgar iflands as unneceflary, as it has al- ways been inhaman and unjuft *. I ihall conclude this letter by wifhing that the patrMage which yon have afforded to the maple-ibgar as well as the maiple-tree, by yonr example f may produce an influence' in onf country as extenfive as your reputation for ufeful icience and 'genuine patriotifm. From, Dear Sir, Yonr fincere Friend and obedient Servant, Benjamin Rush. P. S. Since writing the above letter, I have procured, through the friendfliip of Mr. Henry Drinlcer, a copy of Mr. Botham's account of the method of manufaAuring fugar in the Eaft Indies. It is extracted from the report of the * Tois letter was written before the account of the war which has lately talcen place in Hifpaniola between the white people and their flaves, had reached the city of Philaddphix. t Mr. Jeferfon aiea no other fugar in his family than that which If obtained from the fugar maple-tree. He has lately planted an orchard of maple-trect on his farm in Virgin!*. ' com- NORTH AMSRICA. »5f I to this hnintat « gene* wd for genenil MttfTdf «refttof thefob- t Toga' lention t 1^ meant r airican it hasaW patrOAftge ell as the influence {or ttfeful ,1 •.'" I jvant. Rush. I procured, rofMr. Ig fugar in Irt of the i war which Ipeople and 1 that which planted an com- ciMnmitt«e «f the.britifli pritf coaacil for trade en the fub- je6t of the ilavt trade. I (hall infert in this poftfcript only foch parts of St at-will thiW H^t opon the method of ma- nufaAuring the maple^fugar which has been mentioned, and to (how how rhuch It is to be prefenred, in point of oeconomj, to that which is ufed in the Weft Indies. Extract from the report of the cdmmittee of privy council for trade on the fubjeft of the afirican flave trade, lie. tP the king. Part III. No. 3. Mr. Botham on the mode , of cultivating a fugar plantation in the Eaft Indies, &c. ■ < Having been for two years in the engliih and french Weft indnn iflands, and fince conducted fugar eftates in the Eaft Indies, before the abolition of the ilave trade wu agitated in' parliament, it may be defirable to know dutt fugar of a fuperior quality and inferior price, to that in our ^nds, is produced in the Eaft Indies ; thut the culture of the cane, the manufafhire of the fugar and arrack, is, with thefe material advantages, carried on by £ree people. China, Bengal, the coaft 6f Malabar, all produce quantities of fugar and fpirits ; but as the moft coniiderable growth of the cane is carried on near Batavia, I ftuU explain the improved manner in which fugar eftates are there condu£ted. Th proprietor of the eftate is generally a wealthy Dutchmar- who has eredlcd on it fubOantial mills, boiling and curin houfes. He rents this eftate to a Chin^fe, iA;ho refides c it as a fuperintendant i and this renter (fuppoftng the eftat to conftft of 300 or more acres) re>lets it to freemen l parcels of 50 or 60, on thefe conditions : That they fhull plant it in canes, and receive Co much per pecul of 133I lbs. for every pecul of fugar. that the canet ihall produce. *■ When crop time comps on, the fuperintendant collets a fu£acient number of perfons fi*om the adjacent townr or villages, and takes oft' his crop as follows : To t&Q WBSrXRII t«RRITO«y OP T«;tnf fitt pi tndgfmn mho kmg itufk §ttHmA imSalAtt htt JfKCt to ipn fmh ^ price ptice of com- the method an confider- utraordmary Itheir federal itugu eftato* one diftil- Idred eilHt«». fhe price of ery for each lid at Bauvia gaUont*, iay IgtratBatavia kcep4 keeps pice with tblt in ks culture. Efaporatioa being in proportion to the furftoe, thefa> boUert are fet with u mtich •f k ai poffiUei the cane juice wflh temper fuflklent to ihrow up ita impuriUca b Iwiled down to the confiftence of v t ffrup } k la then thrown up into vati calculated to hold one boUin|i then fprinkled with a bucket* of water tofub- fide its foul parts I after ftanding 6 hours, it b let off by 3 p^s ot' different heights into a fingle copper with one fire* It b there tempered again, boiled up and reduted to fugar, by a gentle fire. It granulates, and the fugar-boiler dipping g wand into the ccpper (bikes on the fide> then drops the fttgar remaining on it into a cup of Water, forapes it up with hb thumb-nail, and is by this means able to judge to Ihe utmoft nicety of the fugar having its proper degree of boiling. The vats or receivers I mentioned are placed at the left hand of a fet of coppers ; after running, off for boiling all that b clear, the remainder b pafied through a ftrainer, on the outfide of the tx^ing-houfe 1 what b fine b put into the copper for fugar } the lees are referved for di/Ulling. The eafy and profitable praAice of making fugar fit>m the fap or juice of the maple>tree had prevailed for many years in the northern and eaftem ftates. The faglity and advantages of this pleafuig branch of huibandry had atp trailed little attention in Pcnnfylvania, though a few of its inhabitants were in the habit of manufa^ring fmall quanti- ties of thb kind of fugar. ^n the year 1790, it became more generally known to the Pennfylvanians, that their brethren in the eaftern and northern parts of the union had long made confiderab(e quantities, with their family utenfib, and without the expence of hiring afllftance \ that the fame tree might be carefully tapped without injury for many fuc- eeffive years } that the procefs was fimple and very eafy, and M only ^*'mv -- ^-- i6t WBITXEW Ttt&lTOftT OF Mdy r cq niw d to be carried on betveea the middle of Fdmniy and the end of Maccba when the fanner has little to doi and that a vcrj large proportion of the nnfettled landa of the Aate abound witk this valuable tree. The fscat and faicreafing diflike to negro flaverj, and to the african trader among the people of that ftate, occafioncd this new prafpeft of obtaining a fupr* not made bj the ua- happj bhdEs, to be particulariy iniercfting to them. ^Tht Ibilowing eftiaate of the capacity of fugarnnaple lands of Pennijlvanb ani New-Yoi^ to fupplj the demand o^ the United States for fugar and mdafles, which wasfbunded on the beft materials attiinaUe at that time, was puUiihedi among other things to ducidate the fubjefti « THE OBMAMD. Bj antSientic documents obtained from the cuftom^oufe of PhiladHphfa, it qipears, that the medium importation of brawn fugar, lor each year, from 1785 to 1789, was Ut, 5,692,848 Of loaf Ingar, on a medium • - . • 4»48o /und of molafles 543,900 gallons, which at 10 lb. per gallon amount to 5,4391000 lbs. half of wfaidi Wii^t in fugar may be ccm- fidered as equal to 543tjK>o gabions of 1,710,500 Total quantity of Ingar required 8,416,828 THB CAPACITT Or SUPPLY. The inlwmation of William Cooper, efq. of Cooper's- towfi, one of the judges of the court of common pleas, in the county of Otfi^o, and ftate of New- York, is, that there are ufually made from a tree 5 ibs. weight of fugar, and that there are 50 trees on an acre at a medium. But fuppofe only 4 lbs. to be produced by a tree, and 40 trees on an acre, then middle of 9> hat little B nnfettkd nee- The and to the occafioncd • by the un- heal. 'The pie houUof Daadol the tfottoded on I publiflied, roftom-bode nportation of 4,480 4,710,500 8,416,82s jf Coopci's- lon pleas, in it, that there , and that But fuppofe on an acre) then KORTit AMBRicAi' ^6j then (git6os ixut will yield 8,476,828 Ibt i and fuppofin^ tiie iHkole demand of the union 43,034, 140 lbs. or 5 timet the importatlOB Into Philadelphia, then 263,000 acret will field a Aipply for the United States. It need itot be Ob^ AnTed, thkt theit are ^ery many more than 263,000 acrei of fhgaiwiiiaple lands hi each of the 8 following countlet i Albahy, Montgomery, Otfego, Tyoga, Ontario, in Ne#- Tork ( Nerthimplon, Luzerne, Northumberland, in Penn- fylvaniai alfo, that the fugar>maple-tree it fouud in many other parts of thoft two ftates, and of the United States. It will be frankly admitted, that the reftrit of the fore- going eftimate has a wild and vifionary appearance 1 bufi M it is made upon ia£b very carefully afcertained, tutd as the whole calculation is expofed to examination, it will not be unreafbnable to give (bme fiiith to it, until exaggeliittoii of h€t or error fhall be pointed out. PMiMptis, 1790. In the fpring of the year 1793, *^^ fi>11oiring letter was received from judge Cooper, and feveral other perfons who had emigrated from Pennfylvania, New-Jerfey, and France, into the prefent county of Otfego, at the heads of the rivers* Delaware and Sufquehanna, which is diftant from Philadel- phia about 137 raiks, and from the city of New-York attout 1 00 miles, in direA fines. M GEMTLBMEN. Cooptf^s-49nmt April 9, 1 793. •* Being convinced that yon feel an intereft in the manu^ , fo£h>ry of maple-fugar. and that your wiflies and exertions to prevent the deftru^on of the trees from whence it is produced have ixen of public utility, we are encouraged to tranfmit to you the ftatement we have been able to make firom aAual obfervation, of the quantity of fugar which has been made this fcafon in the former townihip of Otfego, and which was an eartire wildcmefs in 1786. We find, apraw ale or beer 1 and u there It in drit country much aiiore than twice the abore quantity of hfjtt^mapke landt» In fttoationi not too foothem, the only ohfeft that reqnim attention, it to give, at faft at pofln>Ie« generality to thit fimple, proitaMet and comfortable mann- ■aMi tm LETTER VII. MT mua riiEMDi Ktnhtchf, It b natural, I Uiink, that yoo iionid expe£l by thit time fome account of the inhaMtantt, dieir manner of living, the mode of fettling the country, the routet, dtftance, uid mode of travelling to it, with fome information refpe£ting religion and political fentimentt, and the fodal pleafures of the people ( all of which, I am afraid, will reqthire too much time, for a letter, and therefore I beg that you will be content to recrive the information in the ddiiltory manner I ihall be enabled to fend it. In fome of my firft letters I gave you an account of the firft iettlement of thit country. The pcrtrrVd ftate of that period, and the favage condition of the country, which was one entire wildernefs, made the obj'-dt of the firil emigrants that of fecurity and fuftenunce, and produced the fchcme of feveral fomiliet living together in what were called ftations. Theft ftations were a kind of quadrangular or fometimes oblong forts, formed by building log-houfes conneftcdly, only leaving openings for gate-ways to pafs as they might have occafion. They were generally fixed in -x favourable fituation for water, and in a body of good land. Frequently M 3 , the IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 I^|2j8 125 no ■^™ lU £ US 120 |J|& IF 1'- m ^ 6" - > Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STRIET WfBSTM.N.Y. 14SS0 (716)872-4503 -•>1:«- v.^< J Si ^ i66 WESTERN TERRITORY Of the head of Tome party of connexions, who had a fettlement and pre-emption .right, feized upon thefe opportunities tp have hb land cleared, which was necefiary for the fupport of the Aation j for, it was not only prudent to keep dofe in their forts at times, but it was alfo neceflary to keep their horfes and cows up, otherwife the Indians would carry off the horfes, and fhoot and deftroy the cattle. Under fuch circumftances, the firft fettlement of Ken- tucky was formed, which foon opened a confiderable quan- tity of land in the county of Lincoln, which lies in the upper part of the ftate, and contiguous to the wildemefs that ends in this delectable region. As the country gained ftrength, the ftations began to break up in that part of the country, and their inhabitants to-fpread themfelves, and fettle upon their refpe£live eftates. Jiut the embarrafTment they were in for moft of the conver - niences of life, did not admit of their building any other houfes but of logs, and of opening fields in the moft expedi- tious way for planting the Indian corn } the only grain which was cultivated at that time. A log-houfe is very foon ereAed *, and in confequence of the friendly difpofition which exifts among thofe hofpitablt people, every neighbour flew to the afliftance of each pther upon occafions of emergency. Sometimes they were built of round logs ei tirely, covered with rived afh fhingles, and the interftices ftopped with clay, or lime and fand, to keep out the weather. The next objeA was to open the land for ' cultivation. There is very little underwood in any part of this country, fo that by cutting up the cane, and girdling the trees, you are fure of a crop of corn. The fertility of the foil amply repays the labourer for his toil} for if the * A houfe of this fort may be made as comfortable and elegant as any other kind of building; and is therefore the mcft convenient, as it may be erefted in fuch a manner as to anfwer the circuaur Aapces of all defcriptions of perfons. large ilORTH AMERICA. 167 brge treei are not very numerous, and a lafge proportion of them the fugar-maple, it is very likely, from this imper- fydi cultivation, that the ground will yield from 50 to 60 bufhels of corn to the acre. The fecond crop will be more ample i and as the fhade is removed by cutting the timber away, great part of our land will produce from 70 to 100 buihels of corn from an acre. This extraordinary fertility enables the farmer, who has but a {mail capital, to increafe his wealth in a moft rapid manner (I mean by wealth the comforts of life). His cattle and hogs will find fufficient food in the woods, not only for them to fubfift upon, but to fatten them. His horfes want no provender the greateft part of the year, except cane and wild clover } but he may afford to feed them with com the fecond year. His garden, with little attention, produces htm all the culinary roots and vegetables neceflary for his table ; and the prolific increafe of his hogs and poultry will furnifh him the fecond year, without fearing to injure his ftock, with a plenty of animal food ; and in 3 or 4 years his ftock of cattle and iheep will prove fufficient to fupply him with both beef and mutton i, and he may continue his plan at the fame time of increafing his ftock of thofe ufefiil animals. By the fourth year, pro> vided he is induftrious, he may have his plantation in fuffi- cient good order to build a better houfe, which he can do either of ftone, brick, or a framed wooden building, the pi^incipal articles of which will coft hiqi little more than the labour of himfelf and domeftics ; and he may readily barter or fell fome part of the fuperfluous produftions of his farm, which it will by this time afford, and procure fuch things as he may ftand in need of for the completion of his building. Apples, peaches, pears, &c. &c. he ought to plant when he finds a foil or eligible fituation to place them in, as that will not hinder, or in any degree divert, him from the obj^fl: of his aggirandizement. I have taken no notice of the game he M 4 might 1 68 WESTERN TERRITORY OF might killi as it is more a facrifice of time to bb induftriooi man than any real advantage. Such has been the progrefs of the fettlement of this eountry, from dirty (lations or forts* and fmoky huts» chat k has expanded into fertile tieldsi bluihing orchards, plea- iant gardens, luxuriant fugar groves, neat and conunodioua houfes, rifing villages, and trading towns. Ten years have produced a difference in the population and comforts of this country, which to be pourtrayed in juft colours would appear marvellous. To have implicit faith or belief that fuch things have happened, it is firft neceiTary to be (as I have been) a fpe^ator of fuch events. Emigrations to this country were moftly from the back parts of Virginia, Maryland, Pennfylvania, and North Caro- lina, until 1784: in which years many officers, who had ferved in the american army during the late war, came out with their families s feveral families came alfo firom England, Philadelphia, New-Jerfey, York, and the New>£ngland . fiates. The country foon began to be chequered after that atra with genteel men, which operated both upon the minds and anions of the back woods people, who conftituted the firft emigrants. A tafte fgr the decorum and elegance of the table was foon cultivated- { the pleafures of gardening were confidered not only as ufeful but amufing. Thefe improvements in the comforts of living and manners, awakened a fenfe of ajpbition to inftru£t their youth in ufe- ful and accompliihed arts. Social pleafures were regarded as the moft ineAimable of human pofleffions — the genius of friendfliip appeared to fofter the emanations of yirtue^ while the cordial regard, and fincere defire of pleafing, produced the moft harmonizing eifcAs. Sjrmpathy was regarded as the eflence of the human foul, participating of celeftial mat- ter, and as a fpark engendered to warm our benevolence, W|d lead to the raptures of love and rational felicity. * With NORTH AMERICA. 169 With Aich fentiments our amufements flow from the'in* terchange of civilities, and a reciprocal defire of pleafing. That famenefs may not cloy, and make us dull, we vary the fcene as the nature of circumAances will permit. The open- ing fi'/ing brings with it the profpeft of our rummer's la- bour, and the- brilliant fun actively warms into life the vegetable world, which blooms and yields a profufion of aromatic odours. A creation of beauty is now a feaft of joy, and to look for amufements beyond this genial torrent of fwcets, would be a perverflon of nature, and a facrilege againil heaven. The feafon tff fugar-making occupies the women, whole mornings are cheered by the modulated buffoonery of the mocking-bird, the tuneful fong of the thrttih, and the gaudy plumage of the parroquet.— Feftive mirth crowns the even- ing. — The bufit.efs of the day being over, the men join the women in the fugar groves, where enchantment (eems to dwell. — The lofty trees wave their fpreading branches over a green turf, on whofe foft down the mildnefs of the^ven* ing invites the neighbouring youth to fportive play } while our rural Nei>oi-s,'with calculating minds, contemplate the boyifli gambols of a growing progeny, they recount the exploits of their early age, and in their enthniiafm forget there are fuch things as decrepitude and mifery. Perhaps a convivial fong, or a pleafant narratiouj ctofes the fcene. Rational pleafures meliorate the foul ) and it is by fami- liarizing man with uncontaminated felicity, that fordid avarice and vicious habits are to be deilroyed. Gardening and filhing conftitute fome part of the amufe- ments of both fexes. Flowers and their genera form one of the ftudies of our ladies } and the embellifhment of their houfes with thoTe which are known to be falutary, conftitutes a part of their employment. — Domeftic cares and mufic fill up the remainder of the day } and ibcial vifits, without cere* mony or £otm, leave them without ennui or difguft. Our young 17b WESTERN TERRITORY OF yootig men ^re too gallant to permit the women to have feparate amufements j and thus it is that we find that fuavity and politenefs of manners univerfal, which can only be cfieAed by feminine poliili. . The autumn and the winter produce not lefs pleafure. Evening vifits moAly end with dancing by. the young peo- ple, while the more aged indulge their hilarity, or diflemi- nate information in the difquifition of politics, or fome ufe- fnl art or fcience. Such are the amufements of this country, which have for their bafis hofpitality, and all the variety of good things that a luxuriant foil i& capable of producing, without the alloy of that diftrefs of mifery which is produced from pe- nury or want. Malt liquor, and fpirits diftilled from corn and the juice of the fugar-tree mixed with water, conftitute the ordinary beverage of the country. Wine is too dear to be drank prodigally } but that is a fortunate circumfiance, as it will be an additional fpur to us to cuMvate the vine. The routes from the different Atlantic ftates to this country are various, as may be fuppofed. From the north- em ftates it is through the upper parts of Pennfylvania to Pittfburg, and then down the river Ohio. The diitance from Philadelphia to Pittfburg is nearly 300 miles. From Lancafter about 330. The route through Redftone and by Pittiburg, both from Maryland and Virginia, is the moft eligible, provided you have much baggage } except you go from the fouthern and back counties of Virginia ; then your beft and moft expeditious way is through the wildemefs. •From Baltimore, paffing Old Town upon the Potowmac, and by Cumberland fort, Braddock's road, to Redftone old fort oh the Monongahala, is about 240 miles } and from Alexandria to the fame place, by Winchefter Old Town, and fhen the fame route acrofs the mountain, is about 220 miles. This laft mufl Ik' the moft eligible for all £urope^ns who may wifh to travel to this country, as the diftanc^ have aavity ily be \x have I things out the fom pe- rn corn mftitute dear to oiftance, ; vine. 1 to this e north- .vania to diltance , From :one and the moft >t you go hen your Udemefs. otowmac, Redftone lesi and efter Old untaini i» igible for ;ry, as the diftanc? NORTH AMERICA. I7I diftance by land is ihorter, the roads better, and the ac- commodations good i f. e, they are very good to Old Town, which is 140 miles from Alexandria, and from thence to Redftone comfortable, and plentifully fupplied with pro- viiions of all forts : the road over the mountain is rather rough, but no where in the leaft difficult to pafs. Travellers or emigrants take different methods of tranf- porting their baggage, goods, or furniture, from the places they may be at to the Ohio, according to circumftances, or their objeA in coming to the country. For inftance, if a roan is travelling only for curiofity, or has no family or goods to remove, his bed way would be to purchafe horfes, and take his route through the wildemefs ; but provided he has a family, or goods of any fort to remove, his beft way, then, would be to purchafe a waggon and team of horfes to carry his property to Redftone old fort, of to Pittfburg, according as he may come from the northern or fouthern ftates. A good waggon will coft, at Philadelphia, about lol. (I fhall reckon every thing in fterling money for your greater convenience), and the horfes about 12I. each ; they would coft fomething more both at Baltimore and Alex* andria. Tlie waggon may be. covered with canvafs, and, if it is the choice of the people, they may fleep in it at nights with the greateft fafety. But if they (hould diflike that, there are inns of accommodatipn the whole didance on the different roads. To allow the horfes a plenty of hay and com would cod about is.per (//>»i, each horfe } fuppoiing you purchafe your forjige in the moft (economical manner, i. e, of the farmers, as.you pafs along, from time to time as you may wai^t it, and carry it in your waggon } and not of inn-keepersy who muft have their profits. The provifions for the fan^ily I would purchafe in the fame manner ; and by having a or 3 camp kettles, and ftopping every evening when the weather is fine upon the brink of fome rivulet, . and ,_'-:.:.4,;ai»»**-----:^ 17a • WESTERN TERRITORY OF and bf ^kindling a Hre, they may foon drefs their food. There is no impediment to thefe kind of things, it is com* mon, and may be done with the greateft fecurity } and I would recommend all perfons who wiih to avoid expence« as much as poffible to adopt this plan. True, the charges at inns on thofe roads are remarkably reafonable } but I have mentioned thofe particulars, as there are many unfortunate people in the world to whom the faving of every (hilling is an^bjeA ; and as this manner of journeying is fo far from being difagreeable, that in a fine feafon it is extremely pleafant. Frovificns in thofe countries are very cheap ; beef, mut- ton, and pork, are fomething lefs than 2d. per lb ; dunghill fowls are from 4d. to 6d. each ; duck 8d ; geefe and tur* kies, IS. 3d. butter, 3d; cheefe I will fay nothing about| as there is very little good until you arrive in Kentucky. Flour is about 12s. 6d. per cwt. The bed way is to carry their tea and cofEee from the place they may fet out at ; good green tea will be from 4s. 6d. to 6s. per lb } fouchong from 3s. to 5s ; coffee will coft from is. 3d. to is. 6d. per lb; loaf fugar from 7| to io|d. But I would not recommend their carrying much fugar } for as the back country is approached, the maple-fugar is in abundance, and may be bought from 3d. to 6d. per lb. Such are the expences to be incurred in travelling to this country by Rcdftone and Pittfburg. The diftance which one of thofe waggons may travel one day with another is little fhort of 20 miles. So that it will be a journey from Alexandria to Redftone old fort of II or 12 days ; from Baltimore a day or two longer ; and from Philadelphia to Pittfburg, I fhould fuppofe, it would require nearly 20 days, as the roads are not fo good as from the two former places. From thefe prices the expence of removing a familyi fro» KORTH AMERICA. I7S I their food. 5$, it i» com- :urity i and 1 void cxpence, e, the charge* )le } but I have ly unfortunate very (hilling ii is fo far from t is extremely ap i beef, rant' ir lb } dunghiU i geefcandtur- nothing about, c in Kentucky. coffee from the :a wiU be from !. to 5»i coff«« loaf fugar from I iheir carrying approached, the >ought from 3d. , be incurred in PittfljUTg. IS may travel one So that it will k)ne old fort of two longer ; and uppofe, it would t fo good as from noving a familyi from from either of the fea-ports I have mentioned, to the Ohio, may be computed with tolerable exactitude *• The be(l time for fetting out for this country from any of the Atlantic ports, is the latter end of either September or April, The autumn is perhaps the mod eligible of the two ', as it is moft likely that the roads acrois the mountain will be drier, and provifions and forage are then both more plentiful and cheap than in the fpring. If this mode fhould not fuit the convenience of the party, by reafon of their not wanting a waggon or horfes when they arrive in this country, they may have their goods brought out to Redftone old fort from Alexandria for 12s. per cwt. and in like proportion from Baltimore and Phila* > delphia. . , At Redftone old fort, or Pittfburg, they can either buy a boat, which will coft them about 5s. per ton, or freight their goods to Kentucky for about is. per cwt. There is no regular bufinefs of this fort ; but as there are always boats coming down the river, is. per cwt. is the common charge for freight. But more frequently when there is boat-room to fpare, it is given to fuch as are not able to purchafe a boat, or have not a knowledge of the navigation. However, that is a bufinefs which requires no (kill, and there are always numbers of people coming down, who will readily conduct a boat for the fake of a paffage. The di(iance from Philadelphia + by land to Kentucky is • The editor is informed that, by a letter from thi: Rev. Mr. Toulmin, dated -Lexington, Februaiy 14, 1795, it appears, that the emigrations to Kentucky the preceding autumn amounted to 14,000 people ; that he himfelf rents a country -houfe, out-houfes, and 30 acres of land (including a peach-garden), for 18I. fterling a year, about i mile diftant from Lexington. f The diftances in the (ettleci parts only can be computed with any degree of exadlitude '^ but from the beft information that can be colleAed, from the rapids of the Ohio to Santa Fe is about 1 000 miles, and from thence to the city of Mexico about 1 500. The computed diftance between New Orleans and Mexico is foroething (hort of 2000 miles, and about the fame to Santa Fe. between , ,»<''^*-*'» .Mii^.R.-o'ii'-"***- - 174 WESTERN TERRITORY OF between 7 and 800 miles } from Baltimore nearly 700 ; nearlj <5oo from Alexandria ; and upwards of 500 from Richmond. The roads and accommodations are tolerably good to the borders of the wildernefs } through which it is hardly poiBble for a carriage to pafs, great part of the w. 7 being over high and deep hilk, upon the banks of the rivers, and along defiles, which in fome places feem to threaten you at every ftcp with danger *. This is the only route the people coming from the upper parts of Virginia and North Carolina can take at present to get into the country; the gap of Cumberland mountain being the only place where it can be pafTed without the greateft difficulty. The opening the Tenafee will afford a convenient communication with the Miiliffippi. The wildernefs, which was formerly aoo miles thr^s^ugh, without a iingle habitation, is reduced firom the fettlednent of Powel's valley to nearly one half of that diftance; attd it is to be expected that, in a few years more, the remainder of the didance will afford fettle- ments for the accommodation of people travelling that route } when a good road may be made quite to Kentucky. The canals I have fpoken of, which are cutting on the Po- towmacf, and the removal of the ob(lru£tions in Cheat river, will render the pafTarge from Alexandria, or the fede- ral city, to the Ohio, both cheap and eafy. Upon the arrival of emigrants in the country, they gene- rally take a view of that part in which it is their object to (ettle, and according to their circumdances or calling, fix upon fuch a fituation as may appear eligible for their bufi- nefs. But as the greater proportion of the emigrants who * This road has been confiderably improved, and a poft' nom paflSM Weekly through it from Philadelphia to Kentucky. f There are two coniiderable falls m the Potowmac, one abont la miles above Alexandria, the other nearly 30 ; and when thefe canals are completed (which moft probably was already done about the latter end of 1793}, its navigation will be carried quite intd the Allegany mountains. come \i ch it is of the eem to be only Virginia nto the nly place y. The inication formerly reduced e half of ew years d fettle- iing that [cntucky. 1 the Po- in Cheat the fedc- !, one about when thcfc done about d quite int6 KORTH AMERICA. I75 come to this country are hu(bandmen, I (hall only take no- tice of their manner of proceeding and fettling a farm. Land is to be purchafed in every part of the country : the prices are variouS} according to the- improvements there may be upon it, its quality, and local iituation } the general price of land, with fome improvements, is from 12s. to 15s. per acre. Plantations, with orchards and other improve- ments, may be purchafed from il. to il. 5s. per acre; good land, without improvements, may be purchafed from IS. 6d. to 8s. per ditto, which price will be according to its rate, or quality and iituation. Remember, I take notice only of the fettled country, as I apprehend no European would be hardy enough to form a fettlement in a wildernefs, which will be left for the Ame- ricans, who, no doubt, from habit, are bed qualified for that fort of bufinefs. Indeed, there is a number of people who have fo long been in the cuflom of removing farther and farther back as the country becomes fettled, for the fake of hunting, and what they call range for their cattlei pf as it will not all require his attendance at the fame time. Allowing half an acre for vegetables and pulfc, and the yield of his labour will be 75 bufhels of corn. Admitting then that he has a wife and' 2 childreil, I will allow one half of this corn for their year's fupport, which, with the animal food his (lock will afford him, and vegetables, will conftitute a comfortable living. The other half he may fell, and purchafe thofe artificial necefTaries his family may want. The fecond autumn and winter he may open a acres more, and put the other 3 into better condition } one of which fhould be fown with flax or hemp feed, in order to give employment to his wife, and to provide iinen for do« ineftic ufes. His crop of corn the fecond year, with the extended and improved cultivation, will not be fhort of 125 bufhels. The furplus quantity of this year's crop will go a great way towards purchafing a horfe and plough } and as the third crop will be more ample, he will then find btmfelf comfortable and independent. I have all along fup- pofed this farmer to have made prompt payment for every thing that he has wanted, which is feldom afked from an induftrious man who is anxious to provide for his family. Such a man may not only have credit for horfes and cattle, but even for the land •, and in a very little time, with induf- try, he may pay the whole off. I have taken no notice of the taxes he will have to pay, as it is mofl likely they would not, all together, amount to 5 fhillingSb Provilions of ever^' fort are both plenty and cheap in this country. Flour is from 6s. to 9s. per cwt. according to its quality. Indian corn is from ^d. to is. per bufliel. Beef is from i|d. to 2d. per lb. Veal, ajd. per ditto. Mutton, 3d. ditto } which high price is owing to the general defire the fanners have to iucreafe their ftocks. Pork is from 2d. to 2|d. per lb. Bacon, from 3|d. to 4d. Bacon hams, from 4d. to. 5|d. Salt beef, 2d. Hung or dried N , beef, 178 WB8Tt5It» Tfiftttl^ORY Of bcefi jdi Neat*« tongu«B» tid. ench* Uudklo ^1U('J| whleh are a molt delioloui tnooTeli 9*1, DunghiU fi>wU» duckii muieovjT «UttO| gceA)) turkiesi guinea f0«rli> and pl|«on«| , are v'ropcNrtiotMUy clie«p* JDutter is from a|d« to 3{«1> |Hir ib. CtieeTe from ad» to 3d* per ditto* We have a verietjr of fifh in our riven 1 themotl efteemed of whi':h are the pcrchi trout, bulliito A(kt and Toft turtle. Th^ l>eanh it ift ftee from 5 to ta lb. i» firm and fat In iti rit^ which it from February until Jul^i and ii equal to anjr lalb-water Mi I ever tafted. The trout is caught from 8 to ^0 lb. wetghu' This fifh \i too unlverTallX' known and admired to require any account of its ekcelleneC) particularly as the trout In England Is the tmii miniature of ouri. The buflVto (lOt ii Itt Use from 4 to 8 lb. Is a very fine fllh, but inferior^ to the two fomieri But the foft turUe U* per- hapsi the moft ddkious -Kk in the world) and amply com^ penfates for our having no other teftaceoui (llh. Thii turbk is getattnoui^ eitcept a fmall fhell upon iti back* about the bigneHi of the palm of the hand* Tim weight isfVom 6. to iolb.) Mo(^ipeopl«t make their own (Vtgar ) but when It li fold^ the price li from 3d. t» 4{d. per Ibt according to Its fine* nefa* The bufineni of Htgar^refining is only commencingi which makes it impoflib(e to fly exaflly what will be the general pri4>j pf loaf or refitted fugar 1 but I conclude It will be proportionally low with raw Aigrtri at the bufinefs can be carried on in thia country at lefs cxpence than in.Phittadd* phta and York, where the price of the neesfiariei of lifie ii fo much higheri Tea, cofieei chocolatc> and fpicei, are fomething higher here than in Philadelphia* Good green ten 1b from 51. to 8e. per lb. Imperial or gunpowder^ Id. 6d. Pearl and fehoulongi from las* to t6«. Oonu ibuchoflg, from 4s. 6d. to 7s. per ditto. Bohe:) from ai. to 3*. 6d. Cofiee.« from is. yd. to as* Chocolate^ from t6>0J* to miitineri »*llglbn. Important lifting. Woweve opittloni, V Ijctter cone their proba poriuttlty ftjbjea, t dear flrlent nbrCfA AMEHtCfA. ^1^ tttVtU. iwX to A fifom wnand Uttlturly )i our*, ine A^i }iy.cotiv I. thU tk| ftbout U-fVom t uro\a» > Us fine* |men«lngi illb« tU« iUt U will ifi can be oC life U [plcci» ttf« itip0W(ier» f«. Goeu im 48. w to to t»> 8(l« Splc«i aire moftlf 15 p«r cent, higher than thef arc at PhUadelphta or B^lttmoiret Iha^t tntertd Into f^veiral mtniitlte, In order that ^o)i mikfhave a more clear Idea of the people and fituatlon of this country, t have not altiie.1 lb much at being ag5:oo inhabitants. conceive. con icar Yor ihop *j_i '"—•^v-. *'.t v > ; - VORTH AMERICA. lit wer td ca, »nd can be cheaper rites a» liffcrent does a es as the lorei the towns oi pool> and imcrated, bitants as ZOOfOCO. tsi New- ,i3>503i igton, in has been •. New- .ivcrpool: iic ftate of |outfide of mode of iltants— all I towns laft iwns above ey are, in provincial |i«ay eafily I New- York conceive* conceive, that enropean comforts and conveniences are not fcarce. In fa£b, you may find in Philadelphiai or New- Tork, every article of that defcription ufually kept in the {hops in the englifh towns I have referred to, in equal plenty, but not indeed equally cheap.- To the price of all articles of luxurious furniture (pictures, pier-glafies, car- pets, &c.) adc* one>chird to the englilh price, and you have ^the full american price. Houfe-rent is alio much the fame as in the places hitherto compared: if any thing, fomewhat dearer in America, for houfes of the fame fize and conve- nience. The houfes, in the one fet of towns as in the other, are biiitt of brick and ftone. In the country fituations of America, houfes of equal convenience are as cheap as in the country of Great Britain. Provifions (milk and butter excepted, at Fhiladelp^ia and fouthward) are a full third cheaper than in fimilar places of Great Britain. Butter, in Bofton and New-York, is cheaper than in Philadelphia, where it is from i5d. to 30il. per lb. Cheefe about the fame price as with you, but not fo good. Firing in the great towns very dear, a cord of hiccory wood, 8 feet by 4 ftet and 4 feet, felling in Phila- delphia and New-York, in winter, at 7 dollars. Remote firom the great towns it would be about i dollar and a half. In the fettled country, however, from 15 to 250 miles from the large towns, the ftate of fociety, and the ftyle of living, is, in my opinion, preferable to the country life of Great Britain. In the latter kingdom, the people are divided into, firft, rich proprietors and great lord^, who come occaiionally to vifit their country feats } fecondly, gentlemen farmers, whom inclination, or too ftrait an income, prevent from living in towns } and thirdly, farming tenantry, who cultivate the ground for a fcanty livelihood. In America you h^ve none of the firfl cbfs : the mafs of in- ' N3 , habitants i m ISZ WES.T^E/IN TBRRITO^lf OP Jl%bit;m|s (cJ^cJuiiYC ,pf feryants) nofifts i)f thoft ir,llp ppflefs in ipsJ^^kp\ef ffomiop to 500 acres qf land, a£hij^ in cultiyatiop: tpget(ier in^ith the tc;i4e5it i tliey iiave fen->hedgqi, .tadthofefyw 9rfi rp«gli aqji iaipcrfeft. Theicnce in tl»c midcUe aqd fput^iBi^nilates is uflujly wppd fplit jnto :IeQj|{th^} of .5 or 6 fe<^, ag4 3;9i^ 4 i>9c|i<;a thi<;k,xif-whiK:h ^he.end* are pli^c^d oiie .pn ,t}ffi top ,pf ^pp^her, ;^lg^lar'Wi('e. J[n KewwEpgland, . ftotlC f our ftif in awe. floyqndy r)hedgc^9 ICC inline .wife. > lufylvaoi^ jrivct, ,l?pt aiddie ai^d le-orchwd > content ^e ,vc ^u^aUy icafed with indow^ ,arc ly fpes^cjjng, thcgrpunds ►fe ip^uftT jrtit objcftst iftc, ?unong tbcir yray« Maryland when they lia to South d hofpttahty le ignorant \ are now in f ranee \ NORTH AMERICA. 183 J'rancei book focieties are everywhere to be found ; and .though learning, in the european acceptation of the Word, -ifrunconunon, good Cftift, and fome readii^, are univerfal. In -the country, provifioos are from one>third to one- half lefs than in Great Britain : fi(h and game jure in great .^my. You aflc what appear to ttie to be ^e general induce* .xnents to people to quit England lor Amerlcsl ? In my mind, the firft and principal feature is, '< the total abftnce of ;anxiety refpedljng therfuture fuccefs of a fiubily." Th6re is , of 25,0001. a year, through many intermediate ranks, I have had too frequent occafion to obferve this melancholy fa£l;. In the foriner inftance, the man I - employed confoled himfelf^ with tears in his eyes, for the lofs of his eldeft fon (who was accidentally drowned), becaufe he had one lefs to provide for ; and in the feicond inftance, his lord- ihip laid down his fox>hounds, becaufe he had a large £imily. In America, particularly out of the large towns, no man of moderate defires feels anxious about a family. In the country, where dirells the mafs of the people, every man feels KORTH AMERICA. i8i one thefe 3 not afirft S} for id the y is a [keadily narried Is have motWes a mif- lancholy )ft plea- to this :here arc flFeftion j :r hope: ,c perfeft maybe to which ;d among a year, frequent confoled bis eldeft had one his lord- 1 a large i, no man In the Ivcry ro?tt feels feels the increafe of his family to be the increafe of his riches : and no farmer doubts about the facility of pro- viding for his children as comfortably as they have lived, where land is fo cheap and fo fertile, >vhere fociety is fo much on an equality, and where the prodigious increafe of population, from natural and accidental caufes, and the improving ftate of every part of the country, fumiflies a market for whatever fuperfluous produce he chufes to raife, without prefenting incefTantly that temptation to artificial expence, and extravagant competition, fo common and fo ruinous in your country. In Great Britain, perpetual exertion, incefl^nt, unremit« ting induftry, daily deprivation of the comforts of life, and anxious attention to minute frugality, are almoft incumbent on a man of moderate fortune, and in the middle clais of life ! and the probabilities of ultimate fiiccefs are cer- tainly againft a large family. . In England, no man has a right (calculating upon the common chances) to expe£t that 5 or 6 children fliall all fucceed. . In America it is otherwife : you may reafonably reckon upon a comfortable fettlement, according to your iltuation in life, for every part of a family, however numerous. I declare I know nothing in your country equivalent to the taking off* this weight, upon the mind of a father of a family. It is felt in the occurrences of every day ; and I have feen with pleafure the countenance of an european emigrant, in America, brighten up on this very comfortable reflection} a reflection which confoles even for lofs of friends, and exile from a native country. To perfons in genteel life, and of the clafs which you call men of fortune, nearly the fame difficulties occur: with you every rank treads fo clofe on the heels of the rank above it, that an excefs of expence above income is general } and perhaps the difliculties of a family are ftill greater ii^ the clafs lad mentioned. Teimptfitions to un« peceflary f86 WESTERN TERRITORY OF neceflTary expenc^ owing to the numerous gradations of rank in England, are. perpetual,' and almoft unconquerable. ■With usi a man is more equitably appreciated : and in the country of America, he is eAimated more at what he is, and lefs at what he feems. Something like european manners, and fomething of the ill efie£t of inequality of riches, is to be found in the great towns of America, but nothing like .what an inhabitant of the old country expe- xiences ; and the mafs of the people in America are nearfy untainted. Hence the freedom from artificial poverty, and the univerfal difiuAon of the common comforts and conveniences of life. In your country, moreover, if a man has been pecu- siarily unfortunate, the eager crowd prefs on and trample over him, and once down he is kept down. In America, a falfe ftep is not irretrievable } there is room to get up again : and the lefs unfortunate (lumbler looks round at leifure, and without difmay, for fome more profitable path to be purfued. With you, every employment's full, and you ve prefied and elbowed on all fides : with us, every employment has room for induAry, and for many years almoft every fpecies of induftry muft be fuccefsful. In fipe, ours is a rifing country.-~I am forry to fay it, but, I fear, yours is a felling country. A fingle man, with you, may be buoyed up by his unfettered exertions ; but a family is a milUftone about the neck of many, very many, among you, whofe anxious induftry deferves a better reward. You aik me what kind of people will find it their intereft to go to America ? Whether thofe who have a£ted as merchants, or fhopkeepers, or manufa£hirers, in England will fucceed there i Whether a man of large income can pleafantly fpend it ? Whether a gentleman of moderate fortune can improve it, or a man of large property increafe it there? Whether the american contioent holds out in-< duceuents 'MQRTH AMEiRlCA* 187 ^iMeifMatSTtp the^pflffllpns ,^f law, phyfic, ?nd ^ivinltjr? -;^bat is a^liui^ary jn;^ toflo there? .Qr whe^ier a pcrfoa of a literary turn will eafily find fociety there ? I.canQOt enter. ii^tQcl^^ils on Allthefe inquiries.; ,1 have .neither ,alKihe..fa^, i^qr the titne, forthu purpoie. How- je,yttx» ;tl|c ^fult^ fite fuin an4 fubftance qf my remarl^f .on Ihcfc -qnwfti*^^?, jure jw 'fftlloyr.—TTheywill .perhaps afj- jnit pf exceptiQi ^, ; |i»irt t^ey are gi^t^Mj true. ^Uh.r^ped t9.«)qrc]MQts,ire to de;^!, pf t^ cl^»;HUKls.pf copn^^c^ the artid^ .of barter, ;and tbe ;0ther ^et^ls of bu^nefs, wbi.cli nothing but ajShial refidoAce ^4 local mycMg^Qn (an fuppfy* With ;thi}, 99 perfoQ of goffd d^ura^r and recoinmenclation (wijtb icredit .09 t)ie pld^comitry), can^ to fueqeed in thjc nenr. ^iccefs, hG^evqr, i^iU be muph ac<;elerated, by » knowledge of germau apd /rench, in Pennfylvania and ^ev^-Tork fiates in .partiGular. In Philadelphia, every ftosekeeper ba$ the name of h^s firm* and his tr^e^ written in tl^e gernian chara&er and l^guagCi as ryrell f& in the englUh. Withrefpe^t to manpfadures, I tliink no one will as yet fucceed in e(l^bliA>ing a profitable manufa^ure of woollen, linen, ot of cotton goods (ilocking^ fterhap^ .excepted) ; Jdeither does it appear to me, that the time is yet come for any branch of the pottery to fucceed. There are mqre profitable means.of employing .the caj^t^l necefiary to embark in tboTe manufa«£lures> and there .certainly is in this country a predilection, partly fpimded on prejudice, fmd partly on interefl, in favour of articles m^nufa^red }a Qrcj^t Pritaip* }t is in the power pf your country to *wp i8S WESTERN TERRITORY OF keep up this predile£Uon ; which the Americans Will con- tinue to entertain till your government compels them to relinquiih it. I have no doubt, however j of the fuccefs of a glafs manu- fii£hire, a 'gunpowder manufa^ret of a paper-maker, a paper* (Vainer, a letter-founder, a manufactory of all the heavy kinds of iron- work, fuch as' caftings from the ore, pig-iron, bar* iron, rolling-mills, flitting-mills» and the making of nails. I believe that no foapboilcr, hatter, gun- fmith, tallow-chandler, whitefmith, and blackfmith, brafs- founder, wheel-wright, cabinet-maker, carpenter, mafon, bricklayer, taylor, (hoemaker, coopdr, tanner, currier, maltfter, brewer, diftiller, fail maker, rope-maker, printer, and bookbinder, whether mafter or journeyman, can mifs of employment there. — Even fiiverfmiths and watch- makers will find the ftate of fociety not unfavourable to their trade. Of fiiverfmiths (mafters and journeymen), there are reckoned about 400 In Philadelphia alone. I cannot enumerate every trade, but all thofe of common ufe are now, and will long continue to be, in demand there. Thofe I have enumerated, I know to be fp at this moment : the wages of journeymen are fomewhat higher than with you, dnd the money of a poor man will certainly go farther. Tou aik me, whether a man, of Izige income, can pleafantly fpend it in America ? A lar^e income is not fo cafily fpent there, as in Europe } thejre are not fuch variety of amufements, nor fp expenfive amufements} nor does an expenfive ftyle of living procure fo much refpe£t there, as with you *. I do not think it the place for a man of pleafure* in your acceptation of the word. Can a man of moderate fortune improve it ? Yes, by the purchafe and i^nprovement of land, the fureft and the cafieft way of improving a moderate fortune. * I could not find, on inquiry, that the moft expenfive perfppsin Philadelphia and New- York, lived at an exrcnce beyond 2000K ftcrjing a year, Can I con- lemto tnanu- maker, all the tic ore, nd the rr, gun- , brafs- mafoDi currier, printer, can niifs watch- arable to neymen), alone. I common nd there, moment : than with farther. »me, can is not fo ph variety |nor does •£t there, man of 5, by the and the perfops in Ind 200oi. NORTH AMERICA. 1891 Can a man of large fortune increafe it ? Tes, in the iamt way— 'provided he does not purchafe at random. Thofe who buy land on the expe£lation of re-felling it at an advance of price, rouft not buy in the thickly fettled part of the country } for there land is nearly at the maximum, of price it will arrive at for many years : he muft not buy large trafts, far from all prefent fettlements, unlefs he can ibrce the fpeedy fettlement of them by hii own connexions and influence. If he can do that, he may buy indeed^ any where, ufing common prudence in chufing the iitua- tion: but if he cannot induce an emigration thither by his own exertions, he muft buy where the current of popu- lation is evidently tending, but where it has not yet< reached. Certainly, land fpeculations in America, pru- dently entered upon, are extremely profitable : made at random, they are otherwife *. If thefe do not fuit, part of the american ftock pays above 6 per cent, per annum, and the deferred ftock above 7 '^. The * Purchafers in this country, and meaning to (lay here, will not find it their intereft- in general, to embark a portion of property fo. fmall as not to pay for an agent on the Tpot. In this cafe, it (hould be a joint concern. But fo much caution is lequifite to perfons not going therafelves to America, that I cannot recommend the in. Tcftiture of a fortune there, unlefx the principal, or fome of the principals, adt upon perfonal knov\'Iedge. t The american debt, 16.000,000 Iterling, is funded in 5 kinds of ftock, viz. the 3 per cent, ftocic, the 6 per cent, ftock, and the deferred ftock ; this latter bearing no prefent intereft, but intereft at 6 per cent, will become payable upon it from and after the ift of January, 1801. In the beginning of June 1 794, the prices of american ftock were, in London, Per cent. I. 3. d. 6 per cent, ftock, go\. per cent, paying an intereft of 6 3 per cent. <;ol. per cent, paying an intereft of — 6 Deferred ftock 57I. per cent.; upon which, if compound ' intereft be reclconed at 5 per cent, until 1801, the 57I. will amount to Sol. which therefore will yield- " ' 7 Shares in the american bank, which has hitherto paid SL per cent, ai-e at 106I. per ceiit. paying an intereft of 6 »3 4 o o 10 3 As Can rpO WESTEITK TE^RritORr OF* The profeffioa d the law U not To dlflferetot^ In aiiy of^tHe ftatea of Ameriai, from what it is Ehglarid, al riot taafToira a fMr chance of fuecefs to anjr lawyef from the old cbtiiftrf, who will fpend a couple of years' in attaining the praAicer and the knowledge peculiar to» and rieedTalT^ foi', the par- ticular ftate ih which he wiflies to alt. The* fees are m^ch the fame as in Etagland. The reports of cafes determined in England, are authority) but are not' precedent; They have great weight, and are generally d^ifive', but thef' are open to obftirvatton, to animadterflon, and to cohtri- didkion. The law, however, i^ a fafhibiiitble, and. therefore a-fuM profeffion, and I doubt wh the reafonings of Jefferfon ; and the lateft and acuteft of ' your political philofophers are more than fufpeOed of being the |SSE2E^SE^"!^»Saa>if<»*«B«i^~ji.-'^ »**•*;:£ igt WEITERN truritohy of t\m dUvipIo only nf Tiiine unil narlowi wliofo luior.Mgif b notorioufly tbe proUuce of the Himsricftn fchotil i*— but though not in R^Uitiet, the AmarlcRiii iira htferlor to you in tlw opportunitiei ol knowledge i their librarlet ire fcanty, their colleftiona are nXmoli entirely of IhotUirn book* k they Uo not coninin the meimt of tracing the hlAory ftfqueAioni! thia i» a wanl which the literary |ieople feel very mueb, ariU which it will lake fome year» to remedy i but the convuifed Aale of £uro|)e, and the uicreaflng profperity of America, will contribute rapidly to improve their Atuation in tliii refpedU There i» another circuniAaiice aifo wh'ch hai hitherto tended m keep back the progrcfa of Icttcm with ui. The war brought on much individual a> welt ai national po- verty I neceAlty, therefore, as well a» the habitual InduAry •nd frugality of the people, led every body to attend to commercial purAiiti, and their attention was abfurbcd in the Anprovement rather of their pockets than of their minds. Uut ere long, a new generation will arli'e, and it is riihig, who will be enabled by the accuniuiationi of their parents to dlfpenfe with the purfuits of buriuefs^-they will begin to fed the want of empUiyment i~ thry will imbibe a taAe for literature and philofupliy ix-und the Ane nrti, and the ufcful* Alrnces^ will find their votaries as numerous and fiucelkfiil in America as in Europe ; even at prefcnt the liieraii of the old continent will cvHIy lind congeiiiiil fddety in the great towns of Ainetica, partituiariy at I'biladelphia. You uik me how fervants are to be procured f In the towns (hey are not very dtillt tilt to he iuunil : the country itfelf furnilhes nearly enough, and the ciitii^r.ttinns of all kinds front (Jcrntany, front Ireland, from Uiotbnd, and from Ungland, amount to about 10,000 a yistri thcCe, logeibf^r with the iilicruted bhttloi, furniAi ,1 fiiAkient hip- ply to the Ituti'S tturih of M.iryUiiid i luuth ui that ditto they .I t m il m .i. FH NORTH AMBRIOAi «W i(o Wnor;U4|« ftho«\ I— btti iferlor to you Ubrarl«i »re y of fnoU«rn :lng Ihe hlftory f»ry v>«oi»l« ^««^ Ar» to remedy i the Uicrenflng My to Improve ch hM hllhcTto » with ui. 'lt»« ill national po» labltual InUuikry ,dy to attend to was abforbcd In a than of ihelr lU arlt'e, and It li iilatloni of their VueU—they will tbry will Imbibe nd the fine arti, rle» at numeroui even at prel'ent ily itnd congenial , particularly at rocured? In the iijil ! »l»e country jui^rntlon* of all im btotlund, and (t yvAV\ tl»clfi i, (uflkipnt I'ui" ih of tbat il'H" tbty ihtjf 4«p0Sid Ml tka bbMT of il»vc«t Th* irnfti of Anrvtm* of all Undi In thcfli Aalce, m»7 b« r«gw4td M •btut on«- fMftli 4«arer thnn llw (kmf claflbi tttdl dtftriftlom In IngUiii* Thb rule wUl li»ld for thi tewnrfi m wtll u die tMiii* Few (iM'VMile trt kept Ibr fliew, owing to ovtiy IMffoti Mng of fooie oAooflMi pvoMHon. For loftmot, I koov of only ooe f rofefM <* gtotlemiWi'' 1. •• Mlf » un- OceupMi ptrfon of fortune in PhttMlelphiaH-«>Their time ii not yei come. You bupiire ahont tlie (late of pulitica hi Amerlct, tnd the fenlimcnti of the peo|?le of that country toward Greet Uriiaio. We htm among us about half a doaen fuf^^d royaliAi| Mclirilve of fome KngUlhnien fettled hi the great towna* whoi? the Amorlcana regard a« unreafonably prejudiced •gainfl tboir govtmrnenti and infcfled with a kind of The rcfV oi the Americana are republicana— but of twyi» daflbi the one leaning to an extenfion rather than a iindtatlon of tho poweri of the legUlaiive and executive governeaentt rather leaning to britifh than to french pdiiticf I inclining to introduce and exrend the fUndingi the mAnufe^hvingi and the commercial fyAemi. In thik clafi, rank almoft all the executive ofllcera of governmenti with Mr. Wafhlngton at their head \ the miyorh/ of the member! of the Ceiuiieai and tlie greatef^ part of the opulent nuirchanta of the large tawna. Thia party l|i denominate tite federalift*! partly heeauO: they were the ehief Intro* ihicera and fupportera of the prefent federal government •nd tIte conftitutlon of 17871 and partly from tho very ingcnioui ftsrlei of lettora in favour of that conftitutloni by Mr, Hamilton, termed •• The Federally." The other party are called anit-federalidi ) not becaufe tliey are adverfe to a federal government, or wiOl* iiko g / the r'**«l»* 8- 194 WESTERN TERRITORY OF the Frieheh, for a repubUc, one and indivifible, but ih coiiu tradiftuiAion rather \o the denomination of the other dafs. The antii'federalifl's, at the time vrhen the pnsfent american conftitution was in agitation, werie hoftiletothe extenfive powers given to government, and vriflicd for more frequent returns, to the people, of the authority they 'Were to delcgUte to their truftees in office. This party CbjeAs to. the I^ge fidaries given to the officers of govem- tlient, to the ftate and diftance affiimed by fome among them^ not 'cttn exchiding the prefident Walhington, whofe 'maaners, and mode of living, cold, rcfervcd, and ceremonious (as is faid), have tended, in fome degree, to counteract the effeCt of his great abilities and eminent fervices. The anti-federalifts, atfo, rather lean to the french theory, though not to the frendi prance, of politics ; and they are averfe to what they deem the monopolizing Ipirit, and infulting arrogance, of fupefiority in your nation. This fpirit of animofity againft Great Britain has been prodigioufly increafed by the part your country » foppofed to have taken in fomenting the Indian war, in ex~The con* dufb of your court has certainly given ftrength to the anti- fedbral party^ among whom may now be ranked the ma- jority of the people, and the majority of the houfes of re- prefentatives. It is imcerely to be hoped, that fome' terms of amicable accon.modatton may fpeedily be adopted Perhaps Mr. Jay's being a reputed federalift, will rather affift than obftruCl this deiired event, under all the ch cumftances of the two countries. You will ealily conjecture, from the preceding' account, that the federalifis are the ins, and the antirfiederalifls ,thc l^filllWHi I III nesSsMuft >f J»".'J'!'W '.!^i«iiu«i*i«, 'mmttmumm'^'^m^ n ;. tin coif* tie other B pKcfent (aetothe Hhed for ority they rhi« party of govcrn- me among ralhington, ervcd, and coc degree, nd eminent ;an to the ,ofpoUticsv lonopoUztng ity in your It Britain has r country i*- tdian war, in ing the Ihips, a merchants, »ft» npon the s,— The con. to the anti- ikcd the ma- Ihoufes of rc- it fomc" terms be adopted. , will rather aU the civ Uing accounti Ifcderalifts.the NORTH AMERICA. ^95. W/|Ofthe american government } 2nd this is* in a great degreC) but not univerfally true. We are more moderate than you are. Tou have forgotten to inquire about wine, unlefs you included it under the head of european comforts and con- Teniences. The following prices I take from the irhila- delphia price current of the i ith January 1794 : Amerigm porter, in bottles, 8s. 3d. (fterling) per dozen, bottles in- cluded—this is about the quality of your provincial porter ; London porter, 78. 4|d. excluiive of bottles } beft cogniac brandy, 7s. 4|d. per gallon ; arrack, 6s. 3d. per gallon ; beft Jamaica rum, 5s. 3d. per gallon ; Mideirz wine, . 50I. 17s. per pipe^ port wine, 25I. iis. per pipe; Tenc- riffe wine, 3s. per gallon } Lt(bon wine, 28I. 7s. per pipe } claret, 26s. per dozen j fherry, beft, 5s. 5d. per gallon. In January 1793, when Great Britain was at peace, the London current price lift gave port wine 48I. per pipe ; Madeira, 681; Lifbon, 45I} fherry, 55I. per butt} brandy, 14s. 6d. pir gallon} and rum, 5s. 5d. per gallon. In New- York and Philadelphia, chocolate is fold, re' tail, at lod ; roafted cofFee, i4d ; beft hyfon tea, ^6$; beft (bnchong, 4s. 4d. and 4s. 6d ; fugar, doubls-refined, at IS. 6d. per lb; lump, 13d. and I4d. At pfefent tlje cultivation of the vine is much in vogue in Fennfylvani? } and good wine has been already made in that ftate. . • You aflc me which line of life is, upon the whole, the beft for a man of middling fortune to adopt ? As a general rule, I have no hefitation in faying, that perfons of from 250I. to 5000I. fortune, had better become farmers. I do not know that large fortunes are to be made by farming ; but I am fure that a moderate fortune will more certainly, more ealily, and more plcafantly, produce a common average profit in that line, than in any other I am acquainted with. A hundred and fifty acres of land^ with a tolerable houfc an J O 2 barn —•^WMTiti—W,. .lE^— r 1^6 WBSTBl^y TSRIHTOHY OP barii ujK>f| it^ v^i fti^ckm 1»94 ckwrd for » porfpn ImmMiir ately tobegi^ 9s » fiu-oMir, aaj be purdMfe(l| in OMny fm$, at 4I. correncf an acre \ payable one-£lfth» perbvpf^ ^0«|^ and 0P9-^fU| every ye ?r, vltb iptercft. I dpubt whether this '» more prQfi|9Me* than the porfhafe with the ftme money of « larger quantity of imunproveid landg if the fettler choofe to fs^^pup^cr the diffieuHJcf of the $dl^ i% monthit which 9rt (lifl|ci»lties in England onlyf-to Aiiw> «;|n> they do apt iip|Ht9r fo much under that form. The hmd thus p^rchafed is a fpecies of property that muft of nece0ity lyceiye fM ?nnual increafc in value* from the natural population of the country» befidcs thai which the imluftry of the proprietor may confer upon it* I think I fpeak within coippars when I fay, that an indu0rious cultivator, befides making a plentiful livelihood and good intereft of his capital, will iSnd his farm quadrupled in value at th^ end of 10 ye?rs. If he bought it in any cheap part of the back country, which was at the time in the courfe of fettling. • To perfons wit|> a family, the advantages are much on the fide of farming } the value of the produce in America is m6ch higher than in England, i^hen you confider the lightneis of the taxes, and the cheapnefs, and the fertility, of the land. Among farmers, there is not, as in great towns, a perpetual temptation to unneceflary expencc, or a (lyle of living above income i and a man who has lived in the cafe and plenty of middle life, need not give his fon a better or a more certain eftablifhment at (letting out in the world, 'than 500 acres of land, and 500I. to begin with} and this, 10 years hence, will eaiiiy be within the compafs of men of moderate fortune who begin their american career n ow. Nor is the term " farmer" fynonimous with the fame word in England. With you it means a tenant, holding * Not quite 501. flerling. of - *"iM i:ii t ft» ' iii " '"• ■• nonrii AMsiife'X. 19) ttcther if tU Irft 1% • ty that ie» from yt which Uhink luftriov» ttd good I in value icap P«f* liecoarfc mochon Amerka ifidcr th« fcnUity, in great ice» or has lived re hia fon >ut in the liu with i [e compafs ;an career [the fame holding of ill foMt tdrd, pstytttg fhddt hi renf , afid Moth in tUhtH, and Aueh in tax«i i An tnA!rfor fank in ttfe, dctttpied by p«r- foM of \htit\6t mantt«t^ :tftd edtfeatibh. lA America a ^Irteer ii s tand-otrffef, paying no renr* rio ttth««, and ftvr taxes, eqwtl in rank (o any othek* rank in the ftate, hiving t voice in the appdlAtthent of his legidacort, and a fatr chance, If h% defefVe K, «f b kiwer littiation. Thirdly, * Thii relates to 1 propofed fetdement in Pcnnfylvania on the Lo]ralfock citek; and extending between dte eaft and weft branches of the Sufqochanna, about 40 or 50 miles from Sunbur}*, and about 1 70 from Philadelphin. O % became 198 WESTERN TERRITORY OF becaufe the heats of fummer are not fo intenfey imk* the aU terations of fnows and thaws in winter fo frequent there, as in the more foutherly parts of the ftate. Fourthly, becaufe^ jby common confcnt, the land to be vemment, were for fome time prevalent there. At prcfitM little or nothing of this kind is perceived. Bat the Amo* ricans are a much cooler people than the French^ and I hm % longer prevalcnee of thefe evUs amcmg the lattef. Moro- over, however fettled the ftate of France might be, howcvor (Bscellent its gpvernment> and amiably as well as adminUe its inhalntants, yet for a man who looks forward to the fu- ture fettlement of a fanuiy, France is not, and America in my opmion is, the country to be cheftn* The equality of conditions, and almoft equalit]! of finw tunes among the French, will be ^cat obftaclct to Iho eAa* bliihment of manv£i^re& beyond thofe of mere aeocCty. I do not think this aa evii to the covntfyi. becinte I deleft the manufa^uri^ fyftemi obfervin^ the^ fidbiciiBiit pro- fperity it induces, its infta^Uty, and it» evili dSefk am the h;q>pinds and the morals of the Iwlk of the pe^k. Ton muft on this fyftem have a large portion of the people co»* verted into mere machines^ ignorant, debanchedft and brutal, that ^e iiurplus value of their labour of il or 14 hours a day, miy go into th« pockets and ftqpply Uie lux* uries of the rich^ commercial, and mami£tMEhiring capitaUfti, 1 am grieved to- fee that fk jenfiblo a man an Mtt. Himilton can urge,, in, his report on american mai|ufa£)iures^ their fwv nifhing employment to children, aa sa argument tot their being eftabli£hed in America. I hope t-o> ^ the tioK when QQt only thff childhood, but tho yotitb of the pooreft inluf bitant in this country, female as weU as tatAc^ QaXL be can ployed in the improvement of their underftanding, onder fqipe fyftein of national education j uid in> labour no fiirther than KORTH AMERICA. 201 fhali H coAdncive to htsAih and pleaftire. Let manhood la- bour i but in my opinion eren manhood waa not intended f^ incefiimt labour, nor Is the fyftem of iaceflant indoftry ^ondoclve to hnman hapfrinefs. The prefeat imperfefi ftattt of fociety and of knowledge may make it neceflary^ but t hope the univerfal annihilation Of abfohite ignorance among «• will tend in time to material Improvement in the meant ti promoting human ha^.^inefs. A fmall ijoanthy of kboor frttt produce the comfE>rts and convenienciet of life; add the: old (yAems of government have hitherto hem the chief flip- porta of nriprodu{Gve induftry and luxurious and unnece^ fety expeiiditure. Sttppofing, therefore, that the Frendh do not become a mahufa^uring nation, t do thlidc the country, on the agricultural plan, will fbon be too highly populated to make the comfof lable fettlemettt of a &mily the^e fo eafy as In America. For inftance, France, at 24,8do,ooo of inhabhams. Contains i^2 per fquare mit^ according to Zimmermann ; trhofe calculation vras certainly too Io# at the time. Dr. Jamefon, in his excellent tables of p^ nefs not in the flighteft degree impaired. Take care to provide yourfelf with lemons, apples, or any other fruit that will keep ;. you will find them very grateful, efpecially after ficknefs. This latter complaint is not dan* gerous, and is better fubmitted to than prevented. It goes off earlier by exercife upon deck in the open air than by ftaying below in the cabin } and it is better cured by gentle dilution^ than by loading your ftomach with food, or by any preventative or curative medicines. On landing, your health will be better for having been fick at fea. This is, at . lead, as true with refpe^ to females, as the male fe?(, gene- rally fpeaking. Sicknefs and want of exercife arc apt to induce coftive* nefs : this iliould be guarded againfl by the laxative medio cines you are accudomed to ufe } fena, lenitive ele^uary, jajap, rhubarb, or calomel. This tendency is increafed by much animal food and porter, and even the ufual quantity of wine. Engliihmen are too apt to live in hot weather and fouthern climates, as they do in the culd and rainy winters pf their own country. • You 304 WESTERN TEllRlTORY OF Ton win foon get tired of (hip tdfcuk : therefore provide yooHelf with rulkv, or fllcei of bread baked oter agirin, which yoQ will be obliged to Dr. FradkDn for harlng recoiiu siietioed. A fea voyage is very tirefome. Take, therefore, books, said cardf, and chefi, and draughts, if you play at tfaofe games. ' * With refpeft to the articles worth taking with yoa for your own ufe in America, I think the beft general rale is to take whatever you can pack up In a ffox« or a cheil, keep- ing an account of the contents. Too may take even your glafiTes and your crockery. Stock yourfelf vHth linen, but you need not over A6ck yourfelf with other wearing-apparel. Cari^ enough, however, for a twelvemonth at leaft. Omit not your library} get all your unb to I, keep. «i your fteii, tut .apparel. id books hange of irs. he whole peaches, or. the i {Wceter, rtwd J of fouth of the mag- te dattiA* lyott mean |the ftones ^ou. lyou foffle tttiKty to kind that 1 the coun- ; meift1on» that MORTB AMBftlCA. I05 ifau ih0f «ie thi drill plough very Uttk In America: thej ^ Urn at no •rtiidtl gnflca^ cwepc timothy* upon which ihey dopMid a good deal in the middle provinces. And they hime yet to afpcxtain whether lucerne and faintfoin, vftchct and ^chicory > will be of benefit to thcnv I am, ^e. T. C. LETTER VIII. Wi DIAft PRfBMD, Oi Xkttthitwyt 'UR bws and goyemment havt for their bafia the natural and iqnprefcriptible rights of man, labertjiry focnrity of perfon and property, refinance againft pppreffion, doing vhatever does not injure another, a right to concur, ehher pcrfonally or by our reprefentativet, in the formation of laws, and an equal chance of arriving to piacca of honour^ rewar4» the minds of all aen, of the VCfflity there is of a£Uo|j . every inftance accordii^ ^o the code of Jteafeo «nd truth. Every man is oqiaally coBcemcd in ■'\ . --.ti**-^^. ^» - Ja- ' M-i*- •■" ' i^ • ao6 WEITRRN TERRITORY OF ;1 4 In the welfare ind profperity of hit countrf t hli own felicity can only be co-exi(lent with it t and to fuflfer hi« amhitlon to run counter to the general weal would be madheft in an enlightened commonwealth, ai it could only tend to prol> duce his own eternal difgrace or ruin, where the genim of freedom ii enthroned jn the heart of every citizen. Europe haa long been enflaved by forma and authoritiei ; and, while its multifarioua laws and cu(tomi have ferved only to perplex profeilional meni the fophiftry employed in expoonding them hat completely bewildered the imagina- tions of its citizens, and produced an obfcurity of ideas upon the fubjeft of jurifprudencc and government, which is truly deplorable. There is an old adage which fayS| *' that too much learning malces a man a fooU" • The pai\de^s, and civil law, added to the barbarous codes of the anccAori 6f men in your hemifphere, have tended not a little to embarrafs the minds of men { for .after a life devoted to the ftudy and inveftigation of abfurdity, the miferable ftudent has generally found one foot in the grave, before he hat been able to difcover the impofllbility of obtaining the ob> JeA of his purAiit. Religion, or what you call an cftablifliment, has had its Ihare in rivetting the fetters of ignorance. The elucidation of truth has been retarded by the tyranny of the church } for while prif/ls havt hen the pedagogues of religioHf moraht ftnt't" ments, andpolilicst their intereiled views have been the caufe of their flattering that government, whofe intereft it was to keep the people ignorant, as it fcciired to them the undif- turbed divifion of the fpoils of the induftry of the great bulk of your citizens, while they were offering an indignity as groi's to the Deity as their lydcm was unnatural and unjuft. What can be a greater fupcrerngation, than prefuming to arraign or judge of the fentiments of men, the propriety of which is to be determined before a tribunal in heaven i^ It if an Infttlt too grofs to merit a comment.^ It baa "been fahi veriivc aiAbltton %efk In M \ to proi. genlm of • ithorltiei ( tve ferved nployed in e imagina- Idoai upon , which ii •»y«, •» that iO p»i\de£ts» i\e anccftori t a little to voted to the able ftudent •fore he hat [ling the ob- , baa had its lucldation of church \ for moraht finti- :cn the caufc reft it "wa« to the undif- Kc great bulic indignity as tl and unjuft. prefuming to propriety of heaven i It i« -been fob* terfivt NORTH AMERICA. 2^^ t terflve of all good moraltt by affording a tell to covdr the hypocrify of the moft deflgning knavei. Tou muft excufe this digrefllon \ I have made it for a fiib- jeA of reflexion for yoU| that your mind may be prepared to judge impartially of a fyftem fo very fimple, aa that upon which the fabric of our govemtnent aAa. It was fir(^ necef- fary to (hew the caufc which has produced that myOery you reverence at wifdom } but which is abfolutely founded in perplexity of opinion and ignorance ^ or to give you a clue to reflexions that piay developc iti fallacy. Every man who ia taxed or rated has a vote In the ap- pointment of the reprefentativea of the ftate \ which confifl: of two houfet, /. e. the houfe of delegates and the fcnate, who choofe a prcddcnt, or governor, for one year. The governor choofes his own council to advife with him in ail public matters. It is not immediately neceflTary that the le- giflature (hould approve of his appointments \ but to pre- vent the poflibility cf the exercife of prodigality and con- tumely) they have refervcil to themfelves the privilege Of objeAingto fuch characters for his advifers who have not the public approbation \ which has the good effefl; of producin|[ harmony between the government and the people— of obliging men who afp^re to the honours of their country to refpeX the jAiblic opinion \ and it prrvents the proftitntioti of principle, by intcrdiXing the pernicious confcquences M favourltifm ; wliile no ill can flow from this negative, as it IS not to be prefumed that the colleAed fentiments of ^ whole Aate can ever be prejudiced agalnft an individual ) ami it is impoflible for the minds of the legiflatnre to be warpctt againft their prefident, without fufficient grounds. ■ The very idea is a folccifm in reafon. ' Mr. Jcfferfon, fpcfiking of the government of Virginia complains, that the fcnnte, by its conditution, is too homo- ' gcneous with the houfe of delegates (our fenatc is ele£led an i conftitutcd in the iaiue manner as the fcnate of Vir- ginia), 2oS WE8TERH TSRRITOKY OF 0aaz)t becanfe ikef 9ft diofeii by the faiine eIe£lon, at tlie fame time, and out df the fiime eitizens \ and therefore he %!iy the ch«ice ^Is upon the iame dercrijptum of men. It is hot exactly thui, though it it liable to be fo. The man- ner of nomioatiog the reprefeBtatives of every country fliould be as general as poifible. Government b a comped entered into by every eommunity jEor the (ecurity of thf h^fw pineft and profperi^ of the fiate ; every member of which is one of the aggregate body of that (Utei therefore laws ought to emanate from the fehtiments of the poi^e. The wifdom of having two houfcs of rq>reientative$ is, that they may be a' mutual check upon each other i, and it is expected that the CKperience and colleAed wifdom of the ftnate, who are a lei$ adive body than the hooie of 'dde- gatesy will more maturely weigh the probable confequences of any aA, and prevent, by their ftt4>eniion, any pernicious e£%{ls that migbt refult from itx paffing into a lavlr j or, by giving time to the houfe of ailembly, they may correiS their own errors. If the (esiflUi hAf not always been choien of men of the gjreateft experience, it has no doubt originated from the ig> norancc of its political ioftitutlon } but that is no argument s^gainft the policy of the fyftem. It requires time for every government to acquire its proper tone, and the people muft become familiar with that tone, before they can make a pro- per ufe of the ioftrument. At any rate, Mr. Jefferfon's •pinion i^pears to me prerngture ; for if it is necefiary to have t]M> houfes of reprefentativest clearly they ought to be elcAed by the people. As to their bemg clewed at the lame time, and from the 4ame deicription of men, this can fig- nify very little, as it^dds to the number of repreientativesi and confequently there is a more general confent to the le- giflation. However, our fenate will be chc^en for three ,ycai^, and the houfe of delegates wUl be elected annually; and it appears to me, that the people will not only foon ^ifcovcr mm \ m mm s, ft tine «font be men* It r countrj it compel of which eforc laws pie. ntatives is, (Join of ^ i(e of dde- [)nfeq^ences V pernicious ^^ J or, by correct their / lIORtH AMERICA; . 20$ dlfooyer the objeft of itt political mftitution, but Will c«rrry it into cffeft. They have only to difcover the wifdora of choofing men of experience for the fenate, to make it a general practice } and it moft certainly is better to lave the fyftem thus open, than by confining the eligibility of |a fena^ tor to the refbri^on of a particular age, as that would not only be an encroachment upon the liberties of the citisens^ but it would frequently deprive us of the exercife of ufeful and fplendid talents, which might afford to a mati an bppor- tunity of obtaining a feat in the fenate, when he could not in the houfe of delegates, by confequence of the greater po- pularity of the delegates of the diftrift or county to which he might belong. The prefident of the ftate is chofen annually, and eligible for 3 fucceflive years ; after which he mufl: remain out of office 3 years before he can become again eligible. He has 9 negative voice upon all a As, in confequence of which every ufurpation is prevented from being furreptitiouliy praftifed upon the people by the two houfes of afiembly } and thus a check is given to any inconfiderate (lep or impetuofity of the legiflature, until the fenfe of the people can be made known, and meafures tak^n accordingly. The prefident is, befides, the guardian of the police of the ftate, has the power, with the advice of his council, to pardon criminals, and by proclamation governs or corrcfts the influence of all extraneous cafes. Such is the organization of our legiflative power, "which originated from a convention of the people, and may be altered, improved, or amended, by another convention o| the fame kind, whenever its practice proves its imperfec- tion or deficiency. Thus it is, that in the progreflion of philofophy and politics, a$ well as in arts, and tfte appro- priation of experimental truths, the peribftion of govern- ment is to be afcertained. P AIJ i. t ito WESTERN TERRITORY OF All the powers of government revert to the people^ and they ought to revert to them } the judiciary having been referved to them through the mrdhim of juries. The ic- giflative they entruft to their reprefentatives, who -are efien- Ually the fame} and the executive emanates from the kgiflature ; fo that the whole are ultimately refpoaiible to the people * the executive to the reprefentatives> and the re- prefentatives to their conftituents. Such is the influence of education and habit, that Mr. Jefieribni who has given every pofliUe proof of his attach- ment to liberty, although educated when ariftocratical opi- nions were common, fays, this is " precifely the definition of defpotic government ;" and he adds, " that it can prove no alleviation that the powers will be exercifed by a plu- rality of hands, and not by a fingle one ;" and then he tri< umphantly begs <* thofe who doubt it, to turn their eyes on the republic of Venice.*' When he wrote this part of his notes, he feems to have been of the opinion of Mr. Burke (whofe paradoxical book has found its way out here), when he remarked *< that government was a contrivance of human wifdom." Otherwiie I am at a lofs to 'ronceive how he could compare a government afling upon the una- lienable privileges, and the light of reaibn^ to a dark arif- tocracy which has rivetted upon the minds of their citizens the moil diabolical fuperfUtion, and who have no more chance of judging of the polity of their fenate, than they have capacity : but fpread the rays of philofophy and truth among the Venetians, and then, if their tyrants praftife the fame defpotifm with impunity, I will allow that Mr. Jeflibr- ibn's parallel is juft. Yet fuch arguments would deferve nothing but contempt, were not their author refpe^able for his cardinal virtues, as well as for the career he bore in the ' glorious ftriggles for american independence. However, it U a lamentable eonfideration that men of talents and ge- nius^ j .v***-*-***'***'* NORTH AMERICA. an ving^ been The it- , arc effen- from the ponfible to and the re- :, that Mr. his attach- cratical opi- le definition it can prove sd by a plu- thcn he tri- •n their eyes c this part of inion of Mr. iray out here), lontrivancc of 5 to conceive ipon the una- o a dark arif- their citizens avc no more itc, than they )hy and truth ts praftife the at Mr. Jef&r- j^ould deferve refpeaablefor lie bore in the e. However, lalents and gc- nius» nius, who have afquited celebrity among the firiends of firee- doin>, ihouldf bf vainly circulating their crude fentimenttf retard the progreft of reafon. What myftery can there be either in politics or religion ? Laws founded upon the rights of men, and executed with preciiion, of which every capacity is adequate to judge, con- ftitute the perfeAion of the fcience of govemment» It is the creation of a diftin^on of powers, with views to inte- reft, which infallibly leads to the obfcurity of the human mind i a diftinfUon to be avoided as much a^ poffible, for the purpoft of leaving in the hands of the people, or their agents, t£e whole powers of government. What feu* of a bad admlniftration is to be apprehended, when it is the intereft of every individual to continue the guardian of his country's profperity ? It is promoting a diftinf^on when there is none ; and by creating a jealoufy of power, a real sad growing evil is produced, when the danger was only imaginary. What intereft, but that of the public, can a legiflature have in making the executive part of the govern- ment refponilble to them ? What poiiible danger or incon« yenience can flow from fuch refponfibility in an enlightened ftate i The maaums of reafon and ignorance are difierent. The idea which Mr. Jefferfon makes uTe of in another part of his book, that the aiTeiubly may aflume ** all the powers legiflative, executive^; and judiciary, and tliat thefe may come to the fmalleft rag of delegation," is perfed^ly nugatory. The judiciary power the people never parted with entirely ; and the executive by the agents of the repre. fcntatives, qualified to judge of the laws and nature of our particular conftitution, is not only a cuftom, but forms a pait of the government. It is one of the fprings by which the harmony of the fyftem is preferved ; and ihould it at any time be de(lroyed, it is the people who are to rectify the abufe. They are the potential fountain of all power ; and it is only necefiary for them and their agents to know this, ? 2 in I €12 WESTERN TERRITORY OF in order to prevent every danger of the wbeeki of gorem^ ment being clogged Mid impeded by the deftru^tion of any one of its efiential fprings. Hkc legiflature it not only unqualified for a tribunal to judge of its own laws fronl the plurality of its numbers, but it is impoffible that it could have any ob^e^ o{ tyraidiy in ^eWy when men are familiar inth their own rights* And I beg to know what motive, in common fenfe, could fuggcft fhe idea of embarraffing government by mutilating one of its branches ? Or is it poilible that Mr. Jefferfon, when he fiiid under this fyftem, the afiembly might « afflmie all the powers of government," could mean, that as the executive power emanated from the legiflature, it was liable to be fubomed, or under the controul of the reprefentatives of tl^ ftate ? This idea appears indeed too childiih ever to have entered into the head of even an indifferent ftateT- taseai the executive agents of a government being inde- pendent in their appointments of every power but the laws, are no more liable to be e^ntrouled by the legiflature, than by any other power which might appoint them. Kentucky is divided into counties in like manner as the other ftates, which are fimilar to the counties in England. It has been the crude pra£l:ice hitherto, that each county fhould have 2 delegates, and i (enator, to reprefent them, without any regard to the number of fuBTrages they con- tained. Thb imperfcfl fyftem will be changed by our amended plan as foon as it can be finifhed, and a eeti/us taken of the inhabitants; and every county will then have its number of reprefentatives in proportion to its popula- tJbn— which feems to be the only confiftent delegation. However, our old fyftem as yet has not produced any bad efie£ls } and as the flu£luations of the populations of the counties were very great, perhaps an attempt at a more exaf): equality would have been premature. It is when the local interefl: of a (late becomes different or iii;^iA»lii idm wiiifcHiiliMibHili*' pyfcnt* I of any jonal to Bers>but nxMj in i. Andl >d foggtft ng oneof , when he ase all the executive ible to be ntatives of Ih ever to rent ftatef- aeing inde- t the laws, aturei than mner as the in England. ach county cfent them, they con- red by our id a eetifiis 111 then have its popula- dclegatlon. [ced any bad :ions of the at a more les diflfcrent or NORTH AMERICA. 213 (NT vniouti that this partid reprefentation is liable to abuf^ of privileges ; but for that reafon it ought to be remedied ia every ftate as early as poflible. In every county magiftrates, or juftices of the peace, are appointed by the people, but commillioned by the governor «r jprefideflT:' they a£t without reward. Their number is in proportion to the population of their diftrl^ and they are noihinated from time to timei as the inhabitants increafe, or • vac ncy happens from ddath, or any other caufe; or as their nmiiby may be rerd teftimony Aifficknt that prifona are unneceflary, ex* cept for homiddei and traitors, who ought to be tried aa immediately aa the nature of the cafe would admit. It ii the certainty of puniQiment, and the terror of inftantly fuffMring, that deter men from the commiflion of thofe Crimea where the confdence is concerned. It is our nature to look at every thing which is rentcjjte with indifterence t but proximity excites fome fenfations of joy or fear in the hearta of the moft callous. It is a cruel mortification to the progeny or family of any man Who has difgraced his themory by murder, treafon, or any other crime, againft either the laws of God or the ftate ( and it is a lamentable confideration in human affairs, that it (hould be necefiary to make examples which are fo degrad- ing to the dignity of our natures. Should we then offer infult to misfortune, and reduce to beggary the innocent •cff- fpring or connexions of an offending culprit ? Surely not. The (late is the tutelary guardian of its citizens, the proi* teAor of innocence, the promoter of felicity and profperity, the avenger of wrongs i and not the fpoilcr of comfort, and the tyrant of humanity. For thefe reafoiis, neither murder, treafon, or any other crime, ought to rob the family of the property of the offender by forfeiture of lands and goods to the Aiate. Malefadors, fuch as have been guilty of petty treafon^ manflaughter, fodomy, maiming, disfiguring, counterfeiting money, robbery, burglary, houTe-breaking, horfe-fiealing, grand larceny, petty larceny, &c. &c. fhould be condemned to labour for the flate during fuch a length of time as would be proportionable to the crimes they had committed, which fhould be defined by law } and in cafe it fhould be found, froqi -'^■mmi^ 2l8 WESTERN VeRRITOEY OP firom experience^ that this fyftem did not tend to deter from ' the commilfion of crimet) and wa« prodnfHve of other bod effect it would then be time enough to introduce more ri- gorous meafures. It is however certainy that as yet the ffftem in queftion has not had fufficient time to be experi- enced in its full effe^ in thofe ftates that have introduced it in part. But fo far as a judgment can be formed, it is reafonable to expeA the moil falutary confequences from fuch humane meafures. Our criminal code will be efta- blifhed upon thefe lenient principles. Our laws refpe^ng foreigners will be founded on the broad bafis of hofpitality, and the friendly principle, that the world ought to be go^ vernied as one great family. Refpefting marriage and fuc. ceffion, diore confornubly to the laws of nature than the laws of Europe •— women are permitted to enjoy all the privileges, and all that proteftien, to which reafon and deli- cacy entitle them. It is upon iimilar principles that property u diftributed in an equal and confiftent manner } and that a father is not fuffered to diiinherit a child, except he caii make it appear to a court of juftice that he is radically vi- cious ; and even then, fuch a dereli£tion muft be coerced with con(iderations pointed out by the law. Such are the colIe£led fentiments of the people upon the fubjeA of law and government ; and we have the fatisfadtion jto know they are analogous to the opinions of a wife and judicious europsan author, whofe virtues and fiiperior good fenfe have given them a confequence in your own nation, which does him the higheft honour ; and therefore I will quote from him to conclude this letter, which will fhew that the fentiments of enlightened men, upon the fubjeA of freedom and government, dil|er in no refpeA from the fimple ideas of men who have no guide but reafon and com* mon fenfe. «* The true intereft of the people, then, is to be fubje£k to a legiQation, which, while it refpe^s the enjoyments of NORTH AMEKICA. 219 the rights of mankind, is folely intent upon procuring it ( «nd wliicliy faithful to the principles of an enlightened rea- fon, feeles only the fureft and fimpleft means of obtaining this end. Whatcrer be the form of government to which the people are fubjefted, a free commerce} an unre- ftrained induftrjr, civil laws diftinguiflied for their fimplidtj, criminal laws for their juftice and humanity, founded upon the nature of man, and of focietyi and deduced from thefe principles by reafon, ought to be everywhere the fame.*'— Farewell. Tours, Sec THE following obfervations are from that ingenious and judicious writer, Mr. Tench Coxe, of Philadelphia : The people of the principal european nations will find themfelves more at home in America than in any foreign country to which they can emigrate. The englifli, german, and dutch languages are fluently fpolcen by large bodies of our citizens, who have emigrated from thofe countries, or who are the defcendants of emigrants. The french lan- guage is alfo fpoken by many in cur towns. There are many emigrants from other nations, and the defcendants of fuch emigrants. Our population has been derived from England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland, Germany, the United Netherlands, Sweden, and France, and a few from feveral other countries. It is computed to be above 3,000,000 at "this time * : and the population of no country can increafe fo rapidly } becaufe living is no where fo cheap, and we are conftantly gaining people from the nations of the old world. Tlie ftate of literature in the United States is refpefkable, and is rapidly advancing and extending. Seminaries of • It was a matter of agreeable fnrprife, that our population in 1 79 1 proved to be about 4,000,000* Iiearninr 220 WESTERN TBRRiTORT OP learning are fpread from north to fouth. There are 5 anul- ▼erfitiesy no one of which, however, kt on a very extenfive fcalei 14 collegei, and 48 puUic acadefflietc befide vtty many eftablifliments of fchools. In the townihips or hull*, dreds, and under the care of religious corporations and Ib^ cieties. There is fcarcely an inftance of a ftate conftitution, which does not recognize die utility of public fchobU» and the neceflity of Aippdrting «nd^ increafing them. Libend grants of lands, and other real eftates, and of monies, for thefe falutary purpofes, have been and are continually made. The fituation of civil liberty in America is To univerfally known, that it is fcarcely necefTary to add any thing upon that head. Yet it may not be amifs briefly to mention, diat no man can be conviAed of any crime in the United States, without the unanimous verdiA of 1 2 jurymen } that he cannot be deprived of any money, lands, or other pro> perty, or punifhed in his perfon, but by fome known law, made and publiihed before the circumftance or a£t in quef- tion took place } that all foreigners may freely exercife their trades and employments, on landing in our country, upon equal terms with our own natural-born citizens ; that they may return at any time to their native country, without hindrance or moleftation, and may take with them the pro- perty they brought hither, or what they may have after- wards acquired here ; that if they choofe to remain among us, they will become completely naturalized free citizens by only 2 years reddence, but may purchafe and hold lands on the day of their arrival; and that a free citizen of the United States has a right, dire^ly or indiredlly, to ele£t every officer of the ftate in which he lives, and every officer of the United States. The fituation of religious rights in the american ftates. though alfo well known, is too important, too precious a circumftance, to be omitted. Almoft every CcCt and form of chriftianity is known here— as alfo the hebrcw church. None NORTH AMERICA. 221 y extenfive bcfiUe vcty pg or hut*- ions and fo* conftUution, fchobls, «nd sm. Liberal f monies* for . coatinuany fo anivcrfally \j thing upon f to mention, in the United urytnen i that or other pro- ne known law, or aft in q^*^" f exercife their country, upon im\ that they untry, without them the pro- ay have after- remain among free citizens by hold lands on citizen of the ■eftlyi to elcft id every officer Lmerican ftates^. Itoo precious a I feft and form Lcbrcw church. None None are merely tolerated. All are admitted, aided by mti- tual charity and conc i as^i LETTER IX. MY DBAR FRIEND, JOetltuchj. 1 HAD the pleafure of receiving, within thefe two days, your favour, dated the a4th of A«- gud taflr, and admire the virtue aind humanity of thofe of your citizens you mention to have left off the; uf« of Weil India produce, in coniequence of your parliament not having adopted any mode of eiFefting the abolition of tbq flave trade*. . ' wsab.; * The conftitution of Kentucky expreflly forbids the Icgidatufe to intsftere in any way whatever in the abolition of flavery. - Kt>iT. The ^ti%i^.-u til WESTERN TERRITORY tfF The little pamphlet you did me the favour to. fend widl your packet, addrefled to the people of Greiat Britain on ' that fuh)e£k, with obfervations upon the fituation oi the mi- jbrtilnate Africans cnllaved, contains the pureft fentimenu of benevolence, and the moft rational ideas, and it is written with a.precifion which does the higheft honour to the author's head, untry, m us. jn'g book, benevolent 1 entertains , gWen Eu- li aflforded paradoxes, c people of )r the ftatc c all (laves igbt up» a* ltd females when they ices (hould tnents, &c. ;ople, »ft<* until they to felf-pro- 1$, « It will probably probably be aiked^ Why not retain and incorporate the Uacks i" He then attempts to give reafons to prove why it would be irapditie ; by alleging that the deep-rooted pre- judices of the whitesj and the recolleAion of paft injuries by the blacks, would be productive of continual feuds, which would prolnUy never end but in the extermination of one or the other race* To fuch objeAions, which he calls political, he fays, « may be added others, which are moral and phyfical." I will pbferve upon his political opinions firft. The great charge fuch a bufinefs would bs to that ftate^ would nece& farily tend to procrafliinate its execution, and perhaps render aboitive the whole defign, by makinjg it neceiTary to relin. quifh an objeA which the finances of the government would not admit of being carried into execution ; and thus a molt odious tyranny would be prolcmged. Befides, what could be fo impolitic, in fuch a country as Virginia, as baniflung a numerous dafs of men who might be made ufeful citizen^ rifking a depopulation of one colour, in order to fupi^y their places with another ? an undertaking which, independ- ent of the great expence it would be attended with, would alfo prove furrounded by many other difficulties;. From what country is the vacancy to be filled ? Emigrations have been frequent from Europe to America : but it would require a length of time to recruit 250,000 inhabitants, which^' I fuppofe, is neariy the amount of the flaves of Virginia. There are in politics, as well as. in phytic, cafes which require, irregular prcfcriptions. There is no law in natur^ which binds one man to another } and laws, which are not founded in the principles of reafon and truth, invsdidate themfelves. There is no ftatute which gives power to a white mm to exercife defpotifm over a man becaufe he is black. It is contrary to our bill of rights, as well as repugnant to the code of nature. But the mifchief lies in the prejudices of the times. A complete emancipation, perhaps, would not a24 WBSTBItN TBRRITORT OF not be borne in Virginia} for which reafon it mnft be gradual, as it has been in Pennfylvania. It would there^ fore be wife in that ftate to attach their flaves to the land of their refpe^ve mafters for a certain term of years ; after which they ihould be at liberty to change their fituations, - as thdr drcumftances or pleafure would dire£t« the fame as any other tenants. Such a fyftem, under falutary regulations, would not only afford the negro a conild^rable proportion of freedom, but would be highly advantageous to the ftate ; as, by par- cellii^g out their immenfe.wafte tra£b of land into little farms, the low country, which has been impoveriftied by the pernicious cultivation of tobacco, would become fertilized, and reftored to its priftine fecundity. Let us fuppofe the prefent flaves of Virginia placed in fuch a fitnation for their lives, and that all blacks, born after paffing an a£l for this purpofe, fhould be free at 25 years of age. This would afford time not only to put thcfc little farms in order, but it would reclaim the exhaufted land, and leave the proprietors in a better fituation than they otherwife would have been in, from a fyftem whick encourages indolence, promotes' ignorance, tyranny, and every radical vice; but the blacks, by liberal conditions upon fuch a plan, with induftry, might be able to educate their children, and accumulate a fmall property to en> courage and fupport their liberty and independence, and the ftate would have time to acquire white emigrants, if the blacks did not anfwer the purpofes of cultivation, and the end of the civil polity of an enlightened government ; to fuppofe wliich'would be as uncharitable as the remarks of Mr. ]ef- ferfon,* "it will, doubtlefs, require a length of time to generalize Carriages between the whites and blacks } but that would not prove a material difadvantage to the ftate. There would always be fonie whites who wonid marry blacks for the the won £sntj A thee " A time. knowi icendfl hocom Sierra ingwitJ in a fe^ and c(a] of parti; mepton polifhed in their J example that hav< how eafi the cour, . and equa Whetl mem bran ftin itfel blood, th fecretion, mere eSei fflony of age; who nwu-kt'of 1 of the glo Mr.Jcfl "W^WSTA.- t.^--'t---- mttft ^ dtbcre- 5 land of n\ aftwr huattons* it fame a» iroul roArki of travellers upon the effe^ of climate in every part of the globe. Mr. Jefferfon fays, it is fixed in nature i and alks, " if q. the 21$ WESTERN TERRITORV OF the diffisrence is of no real importance ?" I aitTwer, that h ii of no real importance* when compared with the objcA of refcuing fome millions of miferable human being* from the odious prqudices which have degraded a whole rate of men to the rank of beafts of burden, becanife they had the mif- fortune not to have the tinge of red tmd white. Were a man, who, with all the ardour of a youthful paf- fion, had jnft been gazing upon the fair bofom of a loved and beautiful miftrefs, and afterwards marked the contraft of that paradife of fublunary blifs, to the african or Indian hue« to exclaim in the terms which Mr. Jefierfon has ufed, he might be judged excufable on account of the intoxication of his heated fenfes : but when a grave philofopher, who has pafled the meridian of life, fits down to meliorate, by his writings and opinions, the condition of the ilaves of hii country, whofe fetters have fixed an obloquy upon the virtue and humanity of the fouthiern Americans, I confefi it appears to me not a little inconfiftent. As to the whites being more elegantly formed, as aflerted by Mr. Jefl&rfon, I muft confefs that it has never appeared fo to me. On the contrary, I have often oblerved, in £i* milies which have been remarkable for feeding their blacks well, and treating them in other refpie^h with humanity, that their negroes have been as^ finely formed as any whites I ever faw. — Indeed my admiration has often been arrefted ' in examining their proportion, mufcular itrength, and ath- letic powers. If they fecrete lefs by the kidneys, and more by the glands of the &in, which gives them a ftrong and difagreeable odour, it is alfo certain that white men, inhabiting fouthera climates, do the fame, more than in northern latitudes : by which means an evaporation takes place from the whole furface of the body, which produces that degree of cold which is requifite to counteraA the heat of the ciimate., As there is always a flow of bile proportionate to the degree .of , that his . objcftof g from the g^ of men id the mif- rathful paf- of « loved the contnft m or indiaa (pn has «fed, intonation fopher, who tncliorate, by flaves of hit uy upon the US, I confefs •d, as averted ever appeared lerved, infa- g thdr blacks th humanity, as any whites been arrefted igth, andath- NORTH AMEklCA. i%f of beat, the perfinrable matter will be more bi^ Idfs fattiirated With that fluid, iri&ich, from an antifeptic quality, produces itat odour which is fuppofed to indicate an original differ-^ encet but which, m reality, may be difcovered in a degree in all black-hured people in all countries* No doubt, too, much of that odour is owing to their difference of Uving from that of the wldtes : for it is certain, that thoTe negroes who are cleanly, and live in the manner of their mafters, have lefs of it* ' However, there can l>e no doubt but that the animal fyftem may be To materially affected by climate, as to require a length of time to reftore it to its priftine ftate } and whe- ther man was aboriginal to Afia, or whether every continent has had its Adam, is of no confequence to the argument i— ^it is certain we are eflentially the fame in fliape and intelle^ " Comparing them by their faculties of memory, reafon, and imagination, it appears to me," fays Mr. Jefferfon, ** that In memory they are equal to the whites, in reafon ffloeh inferior, as I think one could fcarcely be found capa- ble of tracing and comprehending the inveftigation of Euclid i and that in imagination they are dull, tailelefs, and anomalous. It would be unfair to follow them to Africa for this inveftigation { we will confider them here on the fame (bge of the whites, and where the fafls are not apocryphal on which a judgment is to be formed." Can any pofition be more puerile and inconfitVent P ** Wei will coniider them on the fame flage of the whites, and then a comparifon is not apocryphal." Now I beg to knOw what can be more uncertain and falfe than eftimating of com- paring the intelle£k or talents of two defcriptions of men; one enflavtd, degradedy and fettered in all their affs ofvelitioti, vnthetU a vi/ia through which the fdys of light and fcience could Ufhot to illutmtu theif ignorant mindt — the other free, ipcle* pendent, and vnth the advantage of appropriating the reafoa and fcience which have been the refult of the fludy ana Qji Inbourt 228 WESTERN TERRITORY OF Ubouri of the philofophers and fm»fiblt mefk for ce|Btmfie» back. If there have been (omc folitary inftaacet whfore negroes have had the advantage of education, they h^vc Ihewn that they are in no degree inferior to whites, though they have always had in this country the very great difadvaatage of aflbciating only with their ignorant country- men, which not only prevents that pOli£U fo eflcnti^d to arreft admiration, but which imperceptibly leads to (erviUty «rom the prevalence of manners, Mr. Jefferron*s own afguoients invalidate th«nfi;lves. ** Homer told us,'* he fays, « nearly 3000 years fincet ** Jove fix'd it certain, that whatever day Makes man a flave, tikci htdf his worth away." Now it is mod certain that the negroes in America have not only been enflaved, but that they have exifted under the moft inhuman and nefarious tyranny, particularly In the foutherzi ftates. Baron de Tott, fpeaklng of the ignorance of the Ttarks» who are alfo flaves, but whites, faid, " that it was with diff> cuhy that he could make them comprehend how two triangles could be equal to one right one." ' But it it only neeefiary, to prove the nullity of Mr. Jefferfon's arguments, to copy his own refle^on. He aiks, ** if the world has {voduced more than two poets acknowledged to be fuch by all nations; how many mathematicians, how many ^eat inventors in arts and fciences hud Europe, north of the Alps, when the Romans crofled thofe mountains ?" and then he fays, « it was (ixfeen centuries before a Newton could be fonned." And aft^r aiking thefe queftions, he abfurdly expels thdt black poets and mathematicians wt to fpring up like mufli- rbonis. ' However, a blaipk in -New-England has compofed an ephemeris, which I have fcen, and which men, tonverftnt in the fcience of aftronomy, declttrc exhibits marks of atdte reafon and genius. OF otiom ^^1 ^'* criw to wbUci, try the very great ignorsuBtcountry- ,(U Co «ff«ntW to y U»d« to (enUity yc»r» fin<;c» ref day worth »w«y." 1 America haw not e exifted under the particularly In the >ran«c of the T«irks» hat it was wUh dift- ndhowtwotriangltt : it ii only ncaeffary, rguments,tocopyhi» wcM ha« producetl efuchbyaUnatioMv y ^cat intentoTS in the Alps, vhcn the A then he fays, « H |n could be formed." ihfurdly expca* tb« fpring up lihe mulh- Id has compofcd an lich men, MeiAire the flcies, and range the nalma abofe i There in one view we grafp the mi^tjr whole* Or with new world* amaze th* anboondcd Ibnl* Though winter frowns» to fincy't npCnr'd ejrca The fields may flouri(h« and gay fcenca aiUe; The frozen deepi maj burft their iron bandi* And bid their waten mormar o'er the lands ; Fair Flora may refame her fragrant reign. And with her flow'ry riches deck the plain ; Sylva.ius may diflufe his hononis roond. And all the foreft may with leaves be crown'd ; Show'rs may defcend* and dews their gems difclale* And ne^r fparkle on the blooming rofe." Mr. Jefferfon has been equally fevere upon Ignatius Sancho. But, as I have not the honour to be acquainted with Mr. Sancho's writings, I ihall conclude that that criti- cifm is equally marked with prejudice. His faying, '* that Terence was a Have, but not black," is in contradi£lion to the teftimony of every other authority ; who all agree* that he was not only an African but a Numidian, who are all known to be black. But, to complete his paradoxes, Mr. J^erfon has re- marked, « that the Indian, with no advantage of education, is eloquent and ingenious,*' without recolleding that the fa- vage is free while the poor African is enflaved f though he allows that fervitudo dedroys half the worth of the human foul. But to do juftice to his c^^ndauc and heart, I will give you his conclufion upon this Aibjeft : f* The whole com- merce between tmdcr and Have is a perpetual exercif^of the moft boifterous pafllons, the mod unremitting defpotifm on one part, and degrading fubmiffions on the other. Our children fee this, and learn to imitate it. The parent florms, the child looks on, catches the lineaments of wrath, puts on the fame airs, gives a loofe to his woid of pailions i and s \ NORTH AMERICA. 231 tut criti- [, « that :radi£tion all agree* venue in confequence of the incrcafcd nuixkber who have left off the ufe of fugari will compel your parliament to abolilh the flave trade upon the prindpte of policy. No doubt but the fyftem is impolitic under every con- fideration} but when a government aits more upon prin- cij^es of patronage, than upon a wife and liberal policy, little is to be expeAcd from opinions fo titiated and con- trolled by bad habits of thinking. Ignorant minds are always the moft incorrigible ) and the deraftations which folly and contumely have produced in their perfevcrahce in error, ihew, in the ftroMgeft of all pof- iible light, the advantage of philofophy. While weak men dread what they call innovation, amendments will be very tardy ; and until education with you is ameliorated, I expedl your unnatural fyftem of flavery, chartered companies, 8tc, &c. will be continued. However, an sera will arrive when ftates who are more wife than your nation appears to be in the appropriation of ufeful truths, will eclipfe the brilliancy of your commerce, and then the fpirit of a people renown* ed for their magnanimity will tear from the fair face of rea- Ibn, the odious ma(k which has fo long obfcured her luftre. It requires no oracular faculties to fee that that period is rapidly advancing } and it is to be preAimed that tite moft donceited and ftubbom fteward would take fome precaution againft the dangers of an impending hurricane. Previous to your laft requeft, I. had interfperfed in my different letters fome account of the natural hiftory of tliis country. .-»*^~. .-"iiMmst.^^ ■ irORTH AMEKtCA. *33 zudi me the too fan- to the re- who haire lament to tvetj con- opon ptin- iwa policy* 1 and con- g\ble) and produced in of tU pof- veak men ill be very i, I cxipeft [panics, &c. If rive when irs to be in le brilliancy ►le renown* ftice of rea- her luftre, that period lat the moft precaution tfed in my lory of this country, country, ind hid re/erred you to Mr. Jcfferfon for more full infdrmttkn j but as It it always with the greateft plea« ibre I wHre to you, I (hall give you fuch an account of It M the length of a letter and my kt.dwledge of the fubjeA wlllpenrlt. I am too proud to make any apology for being obliged to gite you in nkany inftances the popular names of our vegetables, &c. Bee. *, for I think it is high time that the llnnxan deiignation was anglicifed. L!nn;eus had gre it merit as firft nomenclator in the fci- ence of natural hiflcy, and no doubt did the world a great and eflential good by preferring the latin to the fwediih lan- guage for his purpofe. But from the perfeftion which botany and natural hiftory have attained,'! think the objeA of Amplifying, or rendering into englifh, the various terms in that fcience, highly worthy the attention of Tome en- lightened philofopher. True, the latin has hitherto been the moft general lan- guage in Europe among fcientific men, and thus far the in- fancy of the ibidy has beep rapidly matured by the Happy adoption. B>-t the englifli language bids fair to Aipcrfede it i and v^hen we take a view of the different parts of the globe that are fettied by people who fpeak englifh, and compare it with the perfe^ion which that language has ar« rived at, I think it feems probable in the courfe of time that k will become univerfal. We have a variety of fpontaneoas kinds of grafs, for many of which we have no name. I have fpoken of the cane and its properties in a former letter, ^hich the farmer may confider as a grafs, fince it will anfwer every purpofe of grafs to him. I have alfo mentioned bur clover and rye- grafs. Befides which, we have, of the grafs kind, the pea- vine, which in a fmall degree refembles your pea-vine. It has the fame kind of tendril, and runs up the cane, fhrubs, and ryc-grafs, which frequently grows interfjperfcd whh it. It« $34 WfiSTKRH TERRITORY OF lu hlo0iims wc of a reddilh hue, and it prodpcts • (mi\ and impofeft pea. In veiy rich foila It frova inm ^ to s fMt high I but in general it doea not fxcted il indies or a feet, and ii not of fo luxuriant a growth as the vine of the cultivated pea, but has a much nearer refemblance to graft. Our other principal forts of natural graft are, the buf. Mo, orchard, fpear, blue, and crab graflei. The buffalo graft is rather coasfe, grows £rom 9 to |8 iochea high, and is generally found moi\ plentifol in a middling foiU It hw a broad leaf, and feems unworthy of cultivation. The bt. ter kinds generally fpring up after the land has been cul. tivat^, and f*om excellent paihires } and are alfo capable eye, mother- wort, feverfew, cat's, mint, pennyroyal, rue, mint, yarrow, bumct, nettle, fanide, rupturcrwort, cudweed, white and black maiden-hair, cole- wort| ground-pine, tpoth-wort, ground-ivy, lung-wort, mnuntain-polly, winter«green, horehound, ladies-mantle, celandine, jew's^ear, borfe-mint, liver-wort, water-creflbi, fcurvy-grafs, muftard, hyflbpt tanfy, dock, afmart, glafi* wort, hellebore, wo^Ts-bane, fpikenard, &c. You will obferve, that we have adopted names that are C9ml^oo in EurooCi and prefume tb^t >t is the affinity bci ictt t fmal\ 4 it inclm are, tbclnif- The bufi«lo ve$ high, and on. The Ut- haa been cuU e alfo capabk pear and blue variety of na- of daufics, ap" leceeded by the ItUude of other 1 while, holly* wera, jeffamine, t, tuberofe, r»» fercnt forU,&c. marjoram, ft«' ingelica* fennel, Feverfew, cat'st :, nettle, fanicle, len*halr, cde- ivy, lung-wort, ladies-mantle, t, water-ereflb, , afroart, glaf»- name* that are the affinity be tw?«t MOSTH AMBftlCA. tJS tween your pbnM of the above names, and oon, which hn produced thde d cnomlnirl o ni . How hf ch«y art «|iplk»« hie, reqiUres a bettor botanift to determine than I profeft to be} and to retoto their diftrent reinutlie, woold be both tfdiona and lufatiaiaQory, as It is impofiibie to give a jnft idea of their comparative fimiUrity by a defcriptlon*. Fauiiackoiis, Iagqminovs Plamtb, &c Indian corn, lea mala, is a grun the fiae of a peai fiime of it is as large ar the fugar-pea : it grows on a ftamen in afi^nding rows : fome of thefe ftamioa bear upon them to the number of 700 grains, and they have even been coant« cd to a greater amount. This ftamen may be about % inches thick, by 7 or 8 inches and upwards In length : it is enlbkl- ed in feveral covers of thin leaves, .which fcrwn it from th« rapacity of the Urds. Its fopt or ftalk is often of the fame dlmenfions ) having leave s i inches broad and upwards, by a feet and a half in length, which are chamieled or formed like gutters, by which they coUe^ the dew that di0blve« at fun-rifing, and trickles down to the ftalk, fometimes in (uch abundant as to wet the earth around them for the breadth of 6 or 7 Inches. Its ftower is on the top of the ibdk, which is fometimes 8 feet h^gh. Five or 6 earf are commonly found on each ftalk i and, in order to procure a greater crop, the part of the ftalk above the ears ftiould be cut away. For fowiog the maiz in a field already cleared and prepared, holes are made 4 feet afunder every way> obferv* ing :o make the rows as fti aight as may be, in order the more esiily to weed them. Into every hoJe are put 5 or 6 grains, previoufly fteeped in water for 24 hours at leaft, to make them fpring up the quicker, and tu prevent the fox and th wife would. By day people arc placed to guard them againftt * However, ais an account of ihe propenio, caltorr, and ofes ef the Drincipal of ihcin it iDdi(|.CQrablc 10 ntw fettkit, it is add- r«l by toe pfucnt editor. birds; ij;6 WESTfeRN ttRRlTOftY OF birds; by night fires aire k^pt np at 'prt^t^ dlftj^ces to frighten away the fox, who would othe^ife ttitii ^ the ground and eat the com of all the rbwii, one after* auothtlr, without omitting one, till he has his fin, aoid is therelbr^ the moft pernidbus animal to this produ£Hoh. Tht cotH, as foon as fhot out of the earth, is weeded : when it mottnts up, and its ilallcs are an inch big, it is. hil^d, to fecure it againft the wind. Such as begin a plantation in woodo thick iet With cane, have an advantage in the maiz, that makes an&ends for clearing the ground } a labour always more fatiguing than cultivating a fpot already cleared. The advantage is this: they begin with cutting down the canes for a great extent of ground } the trees they peel for 2 feet high quite round : this operation is performed in the beginning of March, as 'then the fap is in motion in thiF country : about a fortnight dfter, the canes, being dry, are fet on fire : the fap of the trees is thereby made to defcend, and the branches are burnt, which kills the trees. On the following day the com is fown in the manner already de- fcribed: the roots of the- cane, which are not quite dead* ihoot freih canes, which are very tender and brittle } and as no other canes grow in the fie\d that year, it is eafy to be weeded of thefe canes, and as much corn again may be pro> duced as in a field already cultivated. This grain is eaten different ways : the moft common method is to make it into {agamity, which is a kind of gruel made with water, or ilrong broth. Bread is alfo made of it, like cakes (by baking it over the fire on an iron plate, or on a board be- fore the fire), which is far preferable to what is baked in the oven, at leafl for prefent ufe : but it mud be made every dny i and even then it will be too heavy to foak in foup of any kind. A light and black foil agrees much better with the maiz than a ftrong and rich one. This corn, it is well known, is very wholefome both for man and other animals, efpecially for poultry. The natives, that they may have change ilWaces to rt "^ tT\« tf tttothtt-, IS thcrefort The corii, n It motints to fccurc it n in wopdi e maiz, tW it>our always ady cleared, ig down the they peel fof rormed in the notion m thif being iry» »« dc to dcfccnd, rees. On the er already dc- ot quite dead* brittle i and as itiseafytobc in may he pro- grabi is eaten to make it into with water, or like cakes (by . on a board be- Ihat is baked in be made every |foak in foup of ich better with [corn, it is well other animals, they may have change HCII^TB AMERICA. i^l cbpoge of 4Ub^ #e^ it in various ways. The bcft is to iBokf it mtp,wh^i|i,C9Ueccies of the rye cultivated bf the Europeans. It lias the fame bearded ear, and produces a ftirinaceous grain. The ear and grain- in t^S WfiSTkRN TEtlRITOftY OP * in the wfld ftate of this plant, are lefst and the beard of the ear it longer than that of the cultivated rye, which makes this wild phnt refemUe more the rre-grafs , in its appear* ance i but it diflSars in no other refpe^t from the rye, and it ihcots in its fpontaneous vegetation about the middle of November, as the cultivated rye does.** The h&t thus af- certsuned, that there is, in this part of the worid, a plant of liwntaneoas growth which produces bread-corn, led governor Pownall to inqunre a little further into the htftory of fb? I^ant called wheat i and he found in Diodorul Siculus a traditionary piece of hiftory, in confirmation of what he had before held merely as a matter of opinion : he fays, « that Ifis was the difcoverer to mankind of the fruit of wheat and barley (growing perchance amongft the other wild plants of the earth unknown to men), and that Ofiris tao^ them the manner of cultivating this to ufe." But Pdyhiftor, as quoted by Eufebius, giving an account, which he took from Berofus, of the ancient natural flatc of Mefo- potamia, where Babylon was built, fays, ** that in the earlieft times it abounded with wild wheat, wvfii atVfiwr, amongft the other indigenous plants." Thefe two h&a, arifing in places, though fomewhat fimilar in fituation, yet in fuch remote parts of the earth, and in fuch diftant periods of time, throw a kind of light upon each other. Wheat, rye, barley, and oat?^ grow extremely well in thefe parts } but one precaution is to be added in regard to wheat. When it n fown by itfeL^^ as in England, it grows at firfl furprifingly \ but when it is in fic^er, a great number €^ drops of red water are obfervable at the bottom of the flalk, within 6 inches of the ground, which are CoUedhd ' there during the night, and dir<«ppear at fun-rifing. Tliis water is of fuch an acrid nature, that in a fhort time it con- fumes the fUlk, and the ear falls before the grabi is formed. To prevent this difafter, which is owing to the too great richnefs of the foil, a method that has fuccecded extremely well, MOUTH AMERICA. aS9 rd of the ;h makes s appear* je, and it aiddle oi t thus af- ft plant of 1 governor ,ry of t^^ SicttlttS a f ^hzt he i: he fay»» lie fruit of k the other I that Ofiris ufc." But ount, which ate of Mefo- n the carlieft amongft the ig in places, fuch remote time, throw well, is» to mix with the wheat intended to be Town, Tome rye and dry mouldy ia Aich a proportion that the moidd (hall be equal to the rye and wheat together. This method Bi. le Page du Pratz Taw pra£Ufed in France ) and, on hb a&ing the reafon of it, was told by the fanner that, as the land was new, and had lately been a wood, it contsuned an acid that was'prejudidal to the wheat j and that as the ryd abforbed that acid without being hurt, it thereby prefenred the other grain^ Barley and oats are to be feen in this country 3 feet high. Indian millet } holcus laxus. The ric& which is cultivated here was brought from Caro- lina. It fucceeds furprifingly well, and experience has proved, contrary to the common notion, that it does not require to have its foot always in the water. ' It has been fown in the fiat country without being flooded, and the grain that was reaped was full grown, and of a very delicate tafte. The fine flavour need not furprife us ; for it u ib with all plants and fruits that grow without being watered, and at a diftance from watery places. Two crops may be reaped 6*001 the fame plant ; but the fecond is poor if it btt not flooded. The firft fettlers found in the country french-beans of various colours, particularly red and black, and' they have been denominated beans of 40 days, becaufe they require no longer time to grow and to be fit to eat green. The iqallachian beans are fo called becaufe they were obtained from a nation of the natives of that name. They probably k'ld them from the Englifli of Carolina, whither they had b»n brought from Guinea. Their ftalks fpread upon the ^und to the length of 4 or 5 feet. They are like the other b nns, only much fmaller, and of a brown colour, having a black ring round the eye, by which they are join- ed to the flieU. Thefc beans boil tender, are tolerably well tsfted, but are fweettib, and rather infipid. Lupines HO WESTERN TSRHlTORt OF Xiipiiie ) Inpinus pereooM^ JerHfalem artidioke } hciiapthuf tuberofus* Cumlings} cucurbitaj^errocora. Cufhas i cttcurbita melopepo) fqwihttt » k\ni of pun^ kia, as cultivated here} being of an eafy culture in the poor* eft foils, and yielding a great and beneficial inpwafe of food, ought not to be forgotten, though, on account of d^ir being chiefly ufed as a fancc, they may be thought of infe. rior con&quence. Their culture is fo eafy as to require little or no attendance after the feed is in che ground } they overgrow every kind of grafs or weed, and are generally planted by dropping fome feeds in the potatoe or corn- fields, and their increafe is immenfe : was ;the fhteld-fhaped fqualh, from the north Ridded to this, it would prove ^ beneficial addition. All thefe kinds are eagerly eaten by cattle and horfes of every ibrt, and they inoreafe milk. Peafe, -as they are here called, but improperly, bcxaufe fpecies of the phafeolus and doUchos are meant, follow the maiz in point of utility. It is well known, that moft people ufe them like europcan peafe, either green or dry ; and feme kinds,, fuch as the Onall white fort, the bcnavift, cuckolds- . increafe, the white black-eyed pea, the white crowder, and many others, are undoubtedly at leaft as good. Add to this, that, while young, hull and all, they make a fine efcu- lent dlfii for the table ; and, when ihelled, they are as good as green peafe, and as much admired ; the hulls, after threfh* ing, are eagerly fought after by cattle, and increaie milk : die hogs fattened with this pulfe, are the next bed pork to thofe fed with maiz. Thus they infinitely increafe the quantity of food *, their culture is eafy } they are generally DOW planted between the com at the fecond time of hoeing } they want little or no attendance in that cafe, as the com ferves them for fupport to climb up by t and the £irther attendance on the coi*n alfo ferves the crop of peafe* This huibandry fcems to be a very good (me, a» by the- time that : the MORTR AMERICA. 141 t in the poor* xeaSe of food, :oiittt of tlieir ought of infe- as to rtqulre ground j they I arc generally )tatoe or corn- Lc {hiel<^fl»ap«l t would prove lagcrly eaten by oreafe milk, roperly, bccaufe leant, follow the that moft people •r dry 5 and feme navift, cuckolds- lite cxowder, and good. Add to make a fine cfcu- they arc as good luUs, after threlh- id increafc milk : |next heft pork to itcly increafc the they arc generally id tinvc of hoeing 1 |cafe, as the com and the ferther ipofpcafe* Th» l» by thfr time that the the drtM take hold of the com, it h fiiflSkicntiy fined to be «at of all danger of hart firom this parafitical nature of the peafe. It is probaMe^ alfi>, that the hauhn kit behind may hpptf the land- with iafficient manure to recruit its vegetap tife vigour, whidi maiz is but too apt to exhauft. The proper pea is not fo fit for the field in this part of America, therefore oidjr eokivatcd in gardens for the purpofe of eating them green* All kinds of mekms fiicceed to admiration in this country. Thole of France, of Spain, of England, which laft are called white melons^ are here infinitely finer than in the countries from whence they have their name ; but the bi^ft of all are the water-melons. As they are not generaH/ keown abroad, a defoription of them will not be unwelcome tf> the reader : The ftalk of this melon fpreads like all others upon the ground, and extends to the length of 10 feet. I." is fo tender, that when it is any way bruifed by treading upon it, the iniit die? ; and if it is rubbed in f he leaft, it grows warm. The leaves are very much indented, as broad' as the hand when they are fpread out, and are fomewhat of a fea-green colour. The fruit is either round like a pompion^ or oh)ong. There are fome good melons of this laft kind ; b«t the firft fort are mof^ efteemed, and defervedly fo. The weight of the largeft rarely exceeds 30 pounds, but that of the fmdleft b always above 10 pounds. Their rind is of a pale green colour, interiperfed with large white fpots. The fnbftance that adheres to the rind is white, crude, and of a difagreeable tartnefi } and is therefore never eaten. The fpace within that is filled with a light and fparkling fub- ftance, that may be called, for its properties, a rofc-coloured fnow. It melts in the mouth, as if it were afhially fnow, and leaves a tafte like that of the water prepared for fick people from goofeberry jelly. This fruit, therefore, cannot £ui of being very refrelhing ; and is fo wholefome, that per- fons in vdl kinds of diftempers may fatisfy their appetite R with i:! "« n-t^0m" f^- -: ' £42 WESTERN TERRITOKT Of with it, witliout any apprchenfioa of being the worie for it. The water-melons of Africa are not bjr Ar To grateful to the palate as thefe. The feeds of water-melons are placed like thofe of the french m^ons. Their (hape is oval and flat, being as thick at the ends as towards the middle ; their length is about 6 lines,, and their breadth 4. Some are black, and^ others red } but the blade are the belt, and it is thofe you ought to choofe for fowing, if you wUh to have good fruit \ which you cannot £iil of procuring, if they be not planted in ftrong ground, where they would degenerate, and become red. Panic ; panicum, or giunea com \ 6iScn from mais in being more difficult to be reduced into food, and being of too hot a nature fqr brutes, efpecially poultry, who will be> come blind by eating it often. It impoveri(hes land i but, when fown at broad-caft, wIM yield a fine and profitable crop of hay for fuch as are inclined to keep horfes or milch cows near home ; nor has it in this cafe fo bad an efTeA on the foil. Buck-wheat juflly deferves to be here enumerated, as the moft fattening grain to all animals, but efpecially hogs and poultry; which latter are always furprifingly multiplied where this grain is raifed. To man it is alfo an excellent food. It is well known, that in Philadelphia buck-whest cakes are one of the articles of that city at their breakfafts. It is alfo a noble crop near an apiary, and will multiply honey greatly. It requires a light loamy foil well broke, and to be fowed very thin. It improves land wherever it is planted. Purflain; portulaca oleracea. Lettuce ; laAuca virofa. FIBROUS PLANTS, &C. Wild hemp } acnida cannabina. Wild flax i linum virginianum. Hemp NORTH AMERICA. 443 irorfe for \U 9 grateful to u are placed is oval and Diddle ; their ^. Some are jctt, and it U wiih to have Bg, if tJ^ey *»e iVd degenerate, from mais in , and being of py, who will be- (heslandi but, and profitable horfes or milch iMidaneffeaoD imerated, as the (ccially hogs and ingly multiplied Ifo an excellent ihia buck-wheat their breakfafts, II multiply honey III broke, and to wherever it '» Hemp Hemp and flax Great Britain imports from the Baltic an- nually to the value of 1,500,0001. fterling. Neither Caro- lina nor Georgia have any lands comparable to our fine lands on the MifBffippi, and yet they have ahready exported great quantities of hemp. The lands are fo rich on the Miffiffip- ]n, that neither of thefe two impoveriihing plants wiU ex- hauft' them ) and there is every encouragement to their cul- tivation, which is fo univerfally underftood that it needs no defcription. - Thoroughly pulverizing the earth, and not fowing it too thick, are almoft the only things to be attended to in its cultivation ; and the proper criterion of rotting the ligneous parts of the plant, fo that they may be eafily fepa- rated in the brake, is the only one of moment m preparing it for embarkation. Add to thi', that ere long we fhall have extenfive fettlements, producing immenfe quantities of materials for exportation on and iiear the banks of that almoft unbounded interior ocean the MiiHffippi, lor 3000 nms up its courfe } not to mention the produdts of the river Ohio, the Shawanefe, Ouabache, Hbgoheegee, Tafoo, Miflburi, St. Peter, St. Francis, and the Red and Black rivers, with many others of inferior note, all emptying thtmfelves into it, where there is fo much room for the in- creafe of people, which always proceeds in proportion as there is fnore fpace for them to fit down in. This is oeyond reply verified by fo amazhig a rapidity of increaf« as Ame- rica has experienced within thefe 40 years, being no lefs than in triplicate proportion } and fince the cruel war, car- ried on by Great Britain and her allies againft France, is ftill greater. Now it is evident, that to carry off the pro- duce of this vaft tra£t, it will be necefTary to build fliips in every part of it, which, together with their bulky commo- dities, muft be fold abroad, as a very few fmall craft will be fufficient to bring up the trifling returns the inhabitants of this happy country may ftand in need of. This being the cafe, let us confider that timber, Iron, lead, 8(c, are found up R 2 this ' ^;c.^'.^«»;.t d 4^4 WBST&EN TIR^ITOfrT OP Om* rivir* but wiitliout rigging and fiub thef caaaol confti. tuU a iliip } lilcewiib we maft re^UcA* that rigging and faiU are bulky articlet, and vould coft much for carrying up fo iipmenfe a diftance. A very ftrafig kind ol flMk caHod indiaii hcm^p, i$ found growing in thtfe parts ; it would be higblf proper to fet on fept an inquiry into its nature and properties : the fav^ies ufe it, and it is^ extremely probable that it would be found worth improving. The ufe of flax is too well kqownt and its neceffity fo evident, that.a defcsip* tioq or recommendation of its culture and preparation wpnld be fuperfluoust The nortb^american annona, the lime, andnuhoe tree, all indigenous here, yield each a fer- viceable bark of great ufe if properly manu£iAured. Hqp } hamulus cupulus. Hops grow i^ntaneouily through all tills country* In fome of the jvovinces of Sweden, a ftrong kind of cloth is faid to be prepared from hop ftalks ; and in the tranfafidons of the fwediih academy for the yeu i750t there is an account of an experiment made in conffil quence of that report. Of the (hUks, gathered in autumn, about as much was taken as equalled in bulk a ^lantity of flax that would have produced a pound after preparation. The ftalks. were put into water, and kept covered therewith during the winter : in March they were taken out,, dried is. a ftove^ and drefled as Qax. The prepared filaments weighed very nearly a pound, and proved fine,, foft, and white i they were fpun and woven into 6 ells of fine ftrong cloth. The author, Mr. Schiffler, obferves, that hop ftalks take much longer time to rot than flax ; and that, if not folly rotted, the woody part will not feparate, and the cloth will prove neither white nor fine. Dr. Lewis's notes on Neu* mann's Chymiftry, 4to, London, 1759, P* 429* Though the hop grows naturally, yet fuch as have a defire to make ufe of it for themfelves, or fell them to others, cultivate this plant. It is pHmted in rows, diftant afunder 6 feet, in holes, 2 feet and 1 foot deep, in which' the root is lodged. When {hot MORTR AM«RICA> a4S laoieenftU carrying «? I natare vod i^j probable Bufeof *» bftt^adefcrip- . preparation annona* the Meachafcr- ured. •ouflythrough^ of Sweden, a «nhopftaUcsv y for the y w made in cod^ ed in autumn, \ a ^lantity of cr preparation, ered therewith ti out,. dried IB. ired filamenti fine,, foft, and of fine ftrong that hop ftalk» :hat,ifnotfuUy i the cloth will notes onNeu- 429. Though , defire to make rs, cultivatfrthi* 6 feet, in holes, ,dged. When (hot Ihtt t6 a eolifiderable Udght, a pole of the fize of one's arm, •ad between la and 15 feet long, is fixed in the hble i care is lifed to dii^ the flioota to it, which fail not to run up the p(rie. When the fiower is ripe and yellowifli, the ftem is cot quite dofc to the earth, and the pole pulled out, in ordet* to ]rick the fioirei^, which kre fared. Tobacco) nicot&na. Without difparaging what u made in other countries, it may be affirmed, that the tobacco ^iHiich grows in the Country of the Natchez, Is even prefenlble to that of Viri^ia, or St. Dbmingo : this country is men*- tinned, becaufe the foil at that poft appears to be more fuit- aUe to this plant than any other ) allhough it muft be owned, that there is but very little difierence betwixt the tobacco which grbws there, and the adjacent parts, as at the Cut- point, at the Nachitoches, and even at New-Orleans ; but tHi«ther it be owing to die expofure, or to the goodhels of tl|e foil, it is allowed that the tobacco of the Natchez and TsUbtts is preferable to the reft. The method of planting and curing tobacco in this conn* try is as follows : They fow it in beds well worked with the hoe or fpade, in the months of December, January, ^ Fe* brdary ) and, becaufe the feed is very fmall, they mix it with tAm, that it nttay be thinner fowed } then they rake the beds, and trample them with their feet, or clap them with a plank, that the feed may take fooner in the ground. The tobacco does not come up till a month afterwards, or even for a bnger time ; and then great cate mufl be taken to cover the beds with ftraw, or cyprefs bark, to preferve the plants from the hoar frofts that are very common at that feafon. There are, at prefent, but two forts of tobacco produced { the one, pointe coupee, with a long and (harp-pointed leaf} the other, nanquitoche, has a round and hairy leaf: this latter is reckoned infinitely the beft. At the end of April, or towards St. George's day, th6 plants have about 4 leaves, of which the beft and ftrongcft are —■ » «■ " 246 WESTSRN TERRITORY OF are now plucked : tfaefe are pUnted out on the tobacco- ground by a line ftretched acroft it, and at 3 feet diftance from one another : this is done either with a planting-ftick» or with the finger, leaving a cavity on one fide of the plant, to receive the water with which it muft be watered. The tobacco being thui planted, it (hould be looked over even- ing and morning, in order to deftroy a black worm, which eats the bud of the plant, and afterwards buries itfelf in the ground. If any of the plants are eaten by this worm, others muft be fet dofe by them. You muft choofe a rahiy feafon to plant your tobacco, and you ihould water it 3 times to make it take root. But the ground is never laboured in this country for planting tobacco } it is reckoned fufiicient to ftir the earth a little about 4 inches fquare round the plant. When the tobacco is abdut 4 or 5 inches high, they weed it, and clean the ground all about it, and hill up every plant. The fame is doQe again when it is about a foot and a half high *. And when the plant has about 8 or 9 leaves, and it ready to put forth a ftalk, they nip off the top, which it called topping the tobacco (referving a few with their heads on for feed) : by this amputation the leaves grow longer and thicker. After this, you muft look over every plant, and every leaf, in order to fucker it, or to pull off the budi which grow at the joints of the leaves } and at the fame time you muft deftroy the large green worms that are found on the tobacco, which are often as big as a man's finger, and would eat up the whole plant in a night's time. This done, care muft be taken to have ready a hanger (or tobacco-houfe), which is here made in the following man- * The plants are at this period out of danger of being fcratched out of the ground by a large flock of torkies which may now be turned into the field, who will not touch the plants, but carefully look for the worms that^infeA them, of which thofe birds are very fond ; and thus they will fave a great deal of labour ; but the fuckers muft be attended to by human labour, which it alfo re- quired to keep the ground clear from weedi. net: ^jf)^?st^i^'f'mnimh>»mfm*i.,,,,,.,^. tobacco- dlftance ng-ftick, he pl«nt| :d. The rer even* sj, wWch :elf in the iDy Others \af feafon 3 timet to ired in this ifficicnt to the piant. , they weed svery piant, and a haif Mves, and it p, which i< \ their heads r longer and r plant) and 9ff the buds at the fame lat are found s finger, and MORTH AMBRICA. 247 ner : 8ke between the fingers, efpecially in the morning before fun-rife 1 but thofe verfed in this bufinefs know when the tobacco is fit to cut by the look* of it, and at firft fight. You cut your tobacco with a knife, as nigh the gnDund aa you can i after which you lay it on the ground for fome time that the leaves may fall, or grow tender, and not break in carrying. On carrying your to- bacco to the houfe, you hang it firft at the top by pairs, or two plants together, thus continuing from ftory to ftory, taking care that the plants thus hung are about 2 inches afunder, and that they do not touch one another, left they ihould rot;. In this manner the whole houfe is filled with tobacco, and left to fweat and dry. After the tobacco is cut, the ground on which it grew is weeded and cleaned : each root then puts out feveral fuckers, which are all pulled oflT, and only one of the beft is left to grow, of which the fame care b taken as' of the firft crop. By this means a fecond crop is procured on the fame ground/ 9nd fometimes a third. Thefe feconds, indeed, as they are R 4 called) ^ 24^ WE8TIRN TERRITORY OP called, do not uTually grow fo hi^ as the fiift ^ notwithftanding they make very good tobaceoi. If jou have a mind to make your tobacco into roUs, tiherb is no occafion to wait till the leaves arc per£e£Uy dry } but as foon as they have acquired a yeHowifli brown colonr, al» though the ftem be green, you unhang your tobacco, and ftrip the leaves from the ftalks. Jay them np in heaps, and cover them with woollen cloths. In order to fwcat then. This done, you ftem the tobacco, or puU out the middle rU> of the leaf, which you throw away with the fti^Es as good for nothing } laywg by the lai^ eft and the longeft of the leaves that are of a good Uackifli brown colour, and keep them for a covering to your rolls. After this you take a piece of coarfe linen cloth, at leaft 8 inches broad, and a foot long, which you fpread on the ground, and on it lay Ae hrge leaves you have picked out, and the others over them in handfttls, taking care always to have more hi the middle than at the ends : then you roll the tobacco np ia the cloth, tying it in the middle and at each end. When you have made afufficient number of thefe bundles, the negroes nXi them up as hard as they can with a cord about as big as the little finger, which is commonly about 15 or 1 6 fathom long : you tighten them 3 times, fo as to make then' ai hard u poffible i and, to keep them fo, you tie them up with a ftring. However, 'unlefs for domefHc ufe, it is now cured !n hands, or bundles of the leaves, which are packed up in hogfheads for exportation. In order to cure the tobacco In this manner, they wait till the leaves of the ftem are perfeAly dry { and, in moid giving weather, they ftrip the leaves firom the ftalk, till they have a handful of them, called a hand, or bundle of tobacco, which they tie up with another leaf. Thefe bundles they hy In heaps, in order to fweat them) for which purpofe they cover thofe heaps with blankctt, lii4 HOATH AMERICA. 249 and hqf boarcU or piaeki over them. Bnt yoa (hould take care that the tobacco it not oVcr-hcated, and does not take fire* which may eafily happen 4 accordingly, you uncover yonr heaps firom time to time, and |ive the tobacco air, by Spreading it abroad. This you cmUinue to do till you find ao more heat in the tobacco : then you pack it in ho^ heads, and may tranfport it any where, without danger either of its heating or rotting. Indigo, for its culture, requires a tolerably rich lode foil, and the fidd ought to be as nearly as poflible a perfedl leveL It will grow in any foil, from the heavied to the lighteft } but rich hammoc, or oak land, of a moid nature, is the beft luiapted to this purpoTe. The ground ihould be thoroughly cleaned, and reduced to a pcrfe£^ garden mould : this is the moft laborioua part of the culture, and fo abfolutely neceC> tuj that no crops can be expeAed without it. Seed of the beft kind abounds on the Vliffifllppi } about 4 boihels of feed are requiiite for an acre, and it muft be fovm in drills about a feet apart ( the time of approaching rain is always beft; the feafon for fowing fets in thebe- pnning of March, and may be continued on till May t if the ieafon be any thing favourable, it will afford five cut« tings between Mar^h and November; feven waAcs being a lonv allowance between each two cuttings : great caution muft be had about cutting, for, if that be don? in dry wea- ther, it will infallibly deftroy the plant i but in rainy weather there is no manner of rifle By this treatment and care the plant is continued for years together in the warmer climates. It ought to be cut as foon as there is any appearance of blofV fom } 10 weeks from planting will generally ripen the feed perfe(£tiy : when cut, it is tied in bundles and carried to the vats. The vats are 3 in number, and ought to be, the firft very large, the fecond one-third lefs, and the third fmaller ftiU. At the head of the large vat ftands a pump to fill it with watOTf 25© WESTZRN TEk^ ^TORY OF 1^0: water. Thefe vats, particularly the firfti or fteeping vat, ought to be ^lade of very harcl timber. In this fteeping vat the weed it thrown together, and prefied down with pieces of live oak or other Iblid and ponderous timber ; it is then covered with water by means of the pump : here it remains to ferment. The crifis whereby to know the exaA time it tt to remain in this vat is when the liquor thickens, begins violently to effervefce, and afiumes a purpli(h blue colour; this will be efiefted in a longer or fhorter fpace of time firom 8 to 30 hours, according to the temperature of the atmofphere. The fteeping vat proje^ with one edge about 3 feet over the fecond, or beating vat } in this edge the bottom of the firft has a hole with a plug } this plug muft be drawn as foon as the above figns of the completion of fermentation appear, to draw ofif the liquor from the weed, which laft is abfo- hitdy ttfelefs : except perhaps it might be employed to good purpofe in a faltpetre manufadbire* In this fecond or beat, ing vat, as foon as the liquor is in, it muft be beat or ftirred by a procefs fimilar to churning. This is a laborious work, and ufed to be performed by negroes, who draw sp and down a lever that has either one or two bottomlefi fquare bucMts at each end ; but of late horfes have been employed in large works. This churning Is continued till the dying particles are feparated from the liquor, or, as it were, fufficiently congealed to form a body or mafs. Here lies the fecret of the art i for, if the beating be ceafed too foon, a part of the dying matter remains undiiTolved, and if beat too long, fome part will again dUTolve : only experience can teach this criterion, urA there is but one method to try it } which is by taking up fome of the liquor in a phial or cup/ and obferving whether the dying matter is inclined to depofe itfelf or not. All farther theoretical leiTons would be fruitlefs ; the young pbnter muft have recourfe to prac> tice. Urns-water is ufed by the £ngliih to haftcn the fcpa- ration } NORTH AMERICA. 2^1 ntiftn ) but there is reafon to think this fpoils the indigo ; neither the'French» Datch,nor Spaniards tife any in theilr plantations. The indigo being arrived at this crifis, the chunUng ceafesy and it is left to fubfidc at the bottom of the vat. When the liquor begins to look of a fiihit green tranfparent colour, the water mnft be drawn o£fy firft bj a cock fixed at a cer- tain hei^t in the fide of this fecond vat, till you come near to the fuperficies of the refiduutn, which is the indigo } then another cock, correfponding with the third vat, muft be opened to let the refiduum run into this laft vat, where it remains to fettle a little longer, in order that it may totally difcharge itfelf of all the tinging matter * j it is then put into bags in the form of Hippocrates's fleeve, to drain it from all fuperfluous humidity : thefe bags muft hang in the fliade. When all the water is drained from it, the remainder, which has all the appearance of mud, is put into very ihal- low boxes, where it is left to dry. When it begins to have the confiftence of clay fit for brick-malcing, it mufl be cut with a very thin bladed knife into fqnare pieces, and then farther left to become quite dry, which is the (late in which indigo comes to the confumer. This laft procefs muft be all done under a Died where the air has free accefs, but the fun none. Should the fun touch indigo in this ftate, it would exhale all the tinging matter, and leave the mafs in a colourlefs ftate, fimilar to flate in ap- pearance : beware alfo of moifture, for that will keep it dil- folved, and incline it to putrefa^ion. Some planters prefs their bsgs in a box of about 6 feet long, 3 feet wide, and 2 deep, having holes in the bottom to let the >yater uft*, and a ftrong thick board fitting exa^ly in • This will be completely depofited in about 8 or lo hours lime ; the refiduum mult be drained through a horfc-hair fieve, pre- vioufly to its being put into hags, in order to have it entirely pure, and free from cxttancout matter, it. Z^l WESTER V TERSITOEY OV It. In thif box the indigo bags are laid, and the board ■with a number of weights on it i but wfaetit&er dib method is better than hanging them in a fhed to dry is uncertain. It {honld have been obferved, that in the drying Ihed the luecet muft be carefidly turned 3 or 4 times a day, and that 2 young n^;roes with a bufli, wing, or bunch of feathers^ ought to be employed in fanning the flies out of the drying &ed, as they are hurtful to indigo. Be cautious alfu, in packing it in barrels, not to put it in till it is thoronghlf dried. The dimenfions of a fet of vats in Carolina are* about 16 feet fquare, and 3 feet deep in the clear, for the fteeper { and the battery 12 feet fquare and 4I feet deep for every 7 acres of indigo. They make them of 2| inch plank of cj. prefs, and the joints or ftuds of live oak 1 to thefe the planks are well fecured by 7 inch fpikes : fuch a fet will laft 7 or 8 years. The befk indigo is called flotant or flora 1 this Is fi^, pure, and approaching to hard j it floats on water, is eafiij inflammable, and is almoft totally confumed by fire \ the co> lour is a fine dark blue inclining to violet, and by mbbing it with the nail it aflumes the colour of old copper. The next beft is more ponderous, and is called violet, or gorge de pigeon, in allufion to its colour : thefe two are the beft fbr dying or ftaining linen and cotton. The third kind is of a copper colour, deriving its name from the coppery appear* ance it exhibits on being broke ( this is the weightieft of all the merchantable indigo, therefore much defired by the planters, and is moft ufed for the woc'ien manufiiAurc. The inferior forts are not worth defcribing, as they arc unfaleable and not fit for ufe' *, they difcover themfelves by fiintinefs, or a muddy, foft, crumbling appearance, accom- panied by a duU blue colour, often appearing even like flate. An indigo wcMrk fliould always be remote from the dwelling-houfe, on account of the difagreeable effluvia of the rotten NORTH AMERtCA. *5$ the bMrd is metliod ncertain. tg (bed the f, and that yf feathen, the drying ju» alfu, in tborooghly at about i6 the fkeepCTi pforetcry7 plank of cy- to thefe the afetwUllaft this Is Bght, rater, U eafily r fire I theco- by robbing it . The next or gorge de 5 the beft for kind is of a [ppcry appear, lightieft of all red by the iufe£bire. ^, as they are ^hemfelves by ice, accom- ren Uice flate. ►te from the iffluvia of the rotten rottn weed and dw quantity of flies it attraAi ; by which means it u alio Icarce poffible to keq> any animal on an in- digo plantation in any tolerable cafe, the fly being fo iron- ukomc, that even ponltry thrive bat littte where indigo is made : nor is there hanUy a poifibiUty to live in a houie nearer than a quarter of a mile to the vats. The ftench at the work is liloewiie horrid. This is certiiinly a great incon- venience i but it is the only one to which this profitable bu- fineft is fubjeft. Cotton beihg fo very ufefbl a commodity as fcarcely to be exceeded by any other, and an article of which wc can never raife too much i for, like all other things, the more it is multiplied the more its confumption increafes ; it is pro- per to be mentioned in this place. Cotton will grow in any foil, even the moft meagre and barren fand. The fort to be cultivated here is the goflypium anniverfarium, or xyloa herbaceum i known alfo by the name of green-feeded cot- ton, which grows about 4 or 5 feet in height. Give this plant a dry foil, and farther it will co(V you but little trou* ble or attention. It muft be planted in rows at regular Jif- tances about 6 feet apart. Plant the feed in rainy weather ;. and, in about 5 months time, the fibrej will be completelf' formed and the pod> fit to gather, which will be known by their being fully expanded. It mud now be carried to the mill, of which take the following defcription : It is a ftrong frame of 4 (hids, each abouC 4 ''^ >t high, and joined above and below by ilrong tranfverfe pieces^ Acrofs this are placed 2 round well-polifhed I/on fpindles,. having a fmall groove through their whole length, and by means of treddles arc by the \-orkman's foot put in direftly oppofite motions to each other. The workman fits before the frame, having a thin board of 7 cr 8 Inches wide, and the length of the frame., before him. This board is fo fixed to the fr tne, that it may be moved over again, and near the fpibdlt. He has the cotton in a bafkct befide aim, whicb he fpreads with his left hand on this board along the fpindles. ^54 WESTERK TERRITORY OP (pindlet) which bj their turning draw the cotton through them, bemg wide enough to admit the cotton, but too near to permit th^ feed to go through i which, being thus forced tp leave the cotton in which it was contained, and bf its rough coat entangled, falb on the ground, between the workman's legs, while the cotton drawn through falls on the other fide into an open bag fufpended for that purpofe under the fpindles. The French have much improved this machine by a large wheel which turns 2 of thefe mills at once, and with fo much velocity as, by means of a boy who turns it, to employ 2 negroes at hard labour to (hovel the feed from under the mill. One of thefe machines captain Bernard Romans, from whom we have this account, faw at Mr. Kreb's at Pafca Oocooloo ) but, as it was partly taken down, he, claiming the invention, was very cautious in anfwering the queilions put to him by the captain ; he could not pretend to defcribe it accurately } he was credibly informed, however, that one of thofe improved mills will deliver 70 or 80 pounds of clean cotton per diem. The packing is done in large canvafs bags, which muft be wetted as the cotton is put in, that it may not hang to the cloth, and may Hide better down. The bag u fufpended between 2 trees, pods, or beams, and a negro with his feet ftamps it down. Thefe bags are made to contain from 350 to 400 weight. With about 20 (laves, moderately working, a very large piece of poor ground might be finely improved, fo as to yield to its owner, a large annual income by means of a ftaple which is much in demand in England, and here is raifed of a quality by no means inferior in whitenefs and £nenefs, as well as length of fibres, to that of the Levant. Roots, &c. Sarfaparilla grows naturally in thefe parts, and it is not inferior in its qualities to that of Mexico. It is fo welt known, that it would be ncedlcf^ to enlarge upon it. Indian -im^ MORTH AMERICA* ^53 thfougik t too near MIS forced nd by its ivreen the alls on the pofe under 5 by* large M with fo , to employ I under the d Romans, cb'satPafca le, claiming he queftions 1 to defcribe cr, that one \Q pounds of vhich muft not hang to b fufpended with his feet kin from 350 tely working, ly improved, ic by means U, and here Lhitenefs and Ithe Levant. land it is no* lit i« fo well }n it. Indian Indian phyfic^ rpine%trifbliata. Ipecacuanha } phycotria emetica ) is found in almoft every fyot of oak-land in this country : it may deferTC to be' ma- nnfiiftured from the fpontaneous root, if not to be oilti- vated. Pleurify root s afclepias decumbens. Viiginia fii Jce root ) ariftolochia ferpentaria* Black Caake root : aAaea racemofa. Senega rattlefnake root} polygala fenega. A bulbous root, lUce that of the tuberofe, but twice as large. The leaves of both have the fame ibape and the fame colour, and on the under fide have fome flame^oloured fpots j but thofe of the rattlefnake plant are twice as large as the others, end in a very firm point, and are armed with hard prickles on bo^h fides. Its Aalk grows to the height of about 3 feet, and from the head rife 5 or 6 fprigs in dif- ferent directions, each bearing a purple flower an inch broad, with 5 leaves in the form of a cup. After thefe leaves are fhed there remains a head about the bignefs of a fmall, uut, but fhaped like the head of a poppy. This head is fqiarated into 4 divifions, each containing 4 black feeds, equally thick throughout^ and about the fize of a large lentil. When the head is ripe, it will, when fliaken, give the fame found as the tail of the rattlefnake, as if to indicate the property of the plant } for it is the fpecitic re- medy againft the bite of that dangerous reptile. The per- fon who has been bit (hould immediately take a root, bite off part of it, chew it fur fome time, and apply it to the wound i in 5 or 6 hours it will extract the poifon, and no bad confequences need be apprehended. Valerian ; Valeriana locufla radiata. Ginfeng } phanax qiiinquefolium. Caflava ; iatropha urens. Granadillas ; pafliflora incarnata. Flat root receives its name from the form of its root, which yi i )f 1 j i i i 1 256 'UrESTttV TBKRITOtT OP which is thin, flat, pretty often i^doictd, and fa mt nkl^$ eren picKad through : it b a IfaM, or at time* a Unas in thicknefs } and Ut breadth it commonly a foot and a haU^ From this ktfge root hang ftveral other fmall ftraight roots which draw the nourifliment from the earth. This plmt, which grows in meadows that are not very rich, fends up from the fame root feveral ftraight ftalks abMit 18 inches high, that are as hard as wood t and on the top of the ftalks it bears fmall purplifli flowers, in their figure greatly refem- bling thofe of heath } its feed is contained in a deep cup dofed at the head, and in a manner crowned. Its leaves are about an inch broad, and about 2 long, without any in* dentions, of a dark green inclining to brown. It is fo ftrong a fudorific, that the natives hever ufe any other for promot* ing perfpirat'.on, although they are perfeAIy well acquainted with faflafras, farfaparilla, the efquine, and others. Efquine. The efquine partly refembles a creeper and partly a bramble. It is fumi(hed with hard fpikes liice prickles, and its oblong leaves refemble thofe of the com> mon creeper. Its Aalk is ftraight, long, fliining, and hard; anc' it runs up along the reeds. Its root is fpungy, and fometimes as large as one's head, but more long than round. Bcfides the fudorific virtue which the -Equine poflefles in common with the farfapariljla, it has the property of making the hair to grow, and the women among the natives ufe it fucce'sfully with this view. They cut the roots into fmall bits, boil them in water, and waih their heads with the decoc- tion. Several of them are feen with their hair reaching below their knees, and even down to their ancles. Madr'er } rubia tin^lorum. This root is one of the moft ufeful ingredients in dying wool and ftuflfs red, as alfo cotton of an agreeable bloom colour, and confequently in general requefl for the difi^erent manufa£hires at home and abroad. It is likewife faid, that madder is an excellent food for cattle, that it incrcafcs milk, and caufes the butter to take a plcifant NORTH AMERICA. a57 r< 1 Uatt in nd ahaH lig^t root! fhis >Uait, I, fends up I iS inchei f theftalks 5'atVy rcfcm- adccp cup , Its learn lout any in» t is fo ftrong . for promot- ;U acquainted icrs. creeper and d fpikes like 'c of the com- »g, and hard; fpungy* and g than round. le poffeffcs in irty of mak'mg natives ufc it ,ots into fmaU nih. the dccoc- hair reaching :les. nc of the moft red, as alfo onfequently in at home and excciient food butter to take a plcaf-int ft pleaiant coloyx' and flavour ) it is fometimct cut for hay, and we are told that it makes an excellent fodder. This plant undoubtedly defenres our attention, efpecially as the many attempts to grow it to ^advantage in England feem tor the moft part unfuccefsful. Many different kinds of madder have been tried for this purpofe ( but npne have yet proved of real ufe except the nitia tinAorum fativa of €. Bauhine, which is the fort cultivated in Zealand, and fome part of Flanders. The ground in which madder thrives beft, feems to be a deep black mould, in fomething of a low fituation, which ihould not have a clay foundation, but rather fand or gravel : the land in Zealand is, and that on the river Amife feems to be, in general of this kind. It is cultivated in Zealand by off-fets, or (hoots, which they take from an old plantation, and replant immediately in rows, about 1 8 inches apart ; the young plants have each a diftance of 4 inches allowed them, and the ground is divided into beds of 12 feet wide, leaving a ditch of about 20 inches between them ) this is done in the beginning of May, and great care is taken that noofl^fet is planted, without it be furnilhed with fibres) it being thought that for want of fibres they would mifcarry, which they often do even in the moft favourable feafons. The greateft labour the people in Holland fcem to have in refvd to this culture, is ciie covering the ftalks, when they attain the height of about 16 inches, leaving only the tops bare, m order to promote the multiplication of roots, which it the part of the plant manufa(Sturcd and foUl. When this covering is performed, there remains only tlie attention of needing, wlilch ought to be done often. The root is ge- nerally taken up the fccond year, but it Ikis been thought that three fummere sxc nccefl'ary for this crop to come to full mnturity : the roots that are faid to yield the moft and befl: dyt have been taken ujf v^hen they had at- tained about 3-tciiths of an inch diameter in lizc. It is S thought 258 *W-BSTERN TERRITORY ( F thought that when thqr grow too large, they yield a dye more inclining to yellow than to red. Tlie lateral fibrous ver- micular roots are faid to yield a fuperior dye, but not to pay for the expenoe neceflary for gathering them. From this general (ketch of the madder culture, as it is managed in Holland and Zealand, the reader may (ee, that it is not fo very ezpenfiTe an affair as it is commonly ' deemed to be ; but, like all other things, the cultivation of this plant may be carried on at too coftly a rate, and it like- wife may be attempted in too penurious a way. The culti- vation by fets or ihoots being praftifed in countries where the feed does not at all, or very difficultly come to maturity, perhaps the feed fhouldbe obtained from plants brought and tranfplanted hither ; which if produAive of feed, ought to be ibwn in drills, like rice, as probably the mod eligible method in the moderate climates of thefc provinces. This plant fccms to be a great impoverifher of the foil } for in Zealand they always allow fome years between every two crops in the fame fpot. It having lately been advanced, that there was no necef- fity for drying madder i and that, in udng it green, there is, even in the evaporation of dying matter, a faving of one half, befides the greater fav't ^% of the expences of a kiln, a mill, a drying-houfe, &c. the reader muft be informed, that he will find all thU to be true }but then it will be neceffary for him to tranfport the dying-houfes from Europe to our madder- fields, and not the madder to the dyers, in order to enjoy the profits of all this great and (economical frugality: for, perhaps there is not a plant on earth (b foon inclining to ferment- ution and putrefaAion, which is occafioncd by its fucculency; yet for the planter's prefent family ufc it is certainly fit to ufe green. As foon as the roots have become fpotted, or black, or lofl a ftrong fcent ^fimilar to that of liquorice), they arc utterly unfit for any ufe. It will be proper there- fore to make a few remarks, neceflary to be known for the drying drying may b if the op, th( to fpre never a make tl crop be raiiingt nieter in be overt kihis arc an equal the l^aft ^'gc ovei in Hollan building i ovens, viz where the one or two a fufficfent 8 wide, a: raake an o ^iovr, and >ny crop, and there c may be of ^flhsofits they muft b< a mill coiifti very proper, the peftle or inform ofar not only to ^ cut into fi ~«.*«»*^aji*»i»/,., » NORTH AMERICA. 259 diylng procefs in thefe countries. A hot fun-ihiny day ■uy Iw ufed to advantage, to dry the roots partially 1 but, if the weather be not £ivourable, when the roots are taken ap, they muft be fpread within doors on a floor, taking care to fpread th^m thinly, and ftir them often : but this will never abfolutely preferve them from changing, much lefs make them fit for traniportation to any diftance. If the crop be fmall, a baker's oven may fufficc } but beware of railing the heat above 180 degrees of Fahrenheit's thermo- meter in the place where the roots are put, which (hould be over the oven : but for larger crops, kilns fimilar to malt* kilns are neceilary. Take care to make them roomy, keep an equal and moderate heat, and by all means prevent any the Idift accefs of fmoke to the roots i for which reafon large ovens would be advifable, fuch as the bifcuit-bakers in Holland ufe, as preferable to every other method. A building may be fo artificially contrived as to contain 13 ovens, viz. 4 on each fide, 3 at one end, and 2 at the end where the door is, with one general brick floor over all : one or two windows may be fo contrived us to give accefs to a Tuflicicnt light. Let us fuppofe the oven 10 feet long, by 8 wide, and allow 2 feet for each partition } this will make an oblong apartment of 42 feet by 32 in the clear below, and on the upper floor 52 by 42, room enough for any crop. Provide good brick funnels to your chimnies, and there can be no danger of fire } the red of the building may be of timber. In this procefs madder will lofe 5* ilxths of its weight. Wlien the roots are fufficieutly dried, tliey mud be pounded in wooden mortars ; for this purpofu a mill couftrufted exadlly like the old-fafliioned rice-mills is very proper, only varying' in the fliape of the lower end of the peftle or beetle ; for in the rice-mills their lower end is in form of an inverted cone ; but here the lower end ought not only to terminate in a fquare, but the but end ought to be cut into fmall fquares, fo as to render the pcAle toothed : S 2 for IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I ■50 "^^ MHI >U Uii 12.2 2f 124 ■" 1.8 II F' II '-^ lii ^ 6" ► <^ v Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSM (716)S72-4S03 .0 a6o WESTERN TERRITORY OF for this reafon alfo the mortar fhould be of a different form from iixc rice-mortar, wliich laft is likewife an inverted cone, or iliaped like the fide of the top of a funnel ; whereas this ought to be in form of a hollow globe, which has a neck like a decanter or bottle, in which neck the peftle ought nearly to fit. To empty the mortars and fupply them with frefh roots, is a necefTary occupation during the pounding. The roots fhould be cleared of their outer bark. It will then be fit for packing into cafks and exportation. Captain Bernard Romans remembers to have heard it faid in Hol- land, that poor people, in order not to be obliged to fell their fmall crops to the manufadturer, at his own price, preferve the foots from fermentation, by burying them between layers of earth in the ground, and that by this means it may be preferved for any length of time, without perceptible alteration. Jalapy an article of confequence in commerce, not only on account of its ufe in medicine, but likewife for its univerfal employment in the fermentation of liquors. Europe has hitherto been obliged to import this commodity from Mexi- co, in which kingdom is a place called Xaleppo or Yaleppo, from whence this drug has its name ; the only place where it was fuppofed to grow. We have hitherto been at a lofs to know the genus to which it belongs, and many roots of purgative quality hcve been taken for it, and were fubfti- tuted in its room. The late Dr. Houflon introduced it from Mexico into Jamaica ; but while he was gone to Eng- land, the man whom he left it in caie of, fufiered hogs to deflroy it : however, this gentleman brought a pencil draw- ing of it to Europe ; but, as this did not fhew the colour, and the feed having been fown in the botanical garden at Chelfea, without fuccefs, what it was remained flill a fecrct, until captain Bernard Romans found it growing wild near Penfacolaj and, being led to think that a certain tuberous root made ufe of by the favages as a purgative, might be .the NORTH AMERICA. 261 ent form ted cone, ereas this IS a neck lie ought :hem with pounding. t. It will , Captain id in H0I-, to fell their :c, preferve 01 between leans it may perceptible not only on its univerfal Europe has from Mexi- or Yaleppo, place where >een at a lofs lany roots of were fubfti- introduced it jone to Eng- 'ered hogs to pencil draw- thc colour, |cal garden at {till a fecrct, ing wild near fain tuberous .ve, might be the the fame, he dried fome fllces of it, and found it to agree fo nearly with that drug in appearance, that it induced him to examine all the convolvuli he could find in this country, as he was informed that to that genus the plant belonged. He fucceeded } and famples which he fent to divers parts of Europe and America, have proved it to be the fame, and of a good quality. This plant is pretty plentiful in fome fpots on the higheft and drieft lands j and captain Romans fup- pofes its cultivation mud be fomewhat analogous to that of carrots. Potatoe. The following lift will point out the varieties in an afcending fcale for goodhefs : i. Spanifh, or the ori- ginal root. 2. Carolina, little fuperior to the firft. 3. Brim- 'ftone, from its internal colour, with a red ikin. 4. Purple potatoe, having that colour throughout, except a very little of the heart. 5. Bermudas, or rouiid white potatoe. The firft is fcarce fit for the table, being very fibrous, therefore moft proper to feed cattle j however, pork of hogs fed with them is but indifierent, and requires to be hardened a con- fiderable time with com. It is remarkable that in pork fed with them the fat always feparates wholly from the Idait, which is likewife the cafe with that fed on the common pe- ruvian potatoe, vulgarly called the irifh. The fourth and fifth are excellent food, and deferve a place on every table ; the fourth, cut into longitudinal flices and firied, is a very good diih i plainly boiled, they are an excellent fuccedaneum for bread. The fifth, being lefs fweet and more dry than the others, are beft for ftewing with, meat, fuch as fat pork or beef, or a fat goofe or duck, to make what is called an ha- ric9t : their very mealy texture renders them the moft proper in room of bread, or to mix with fiour and made into bread. They are a profitable crop, and require a light Tandy foil, which muft be made very clean and mellow: they are planted in beds or hills, being propagated from pieces that have what S 3 they •262 WESTERN TERRITORY OF they call an eye in them ; they require 2 or 3 hoeings, and wkh this management will produce from 300 to 500 buflxels per acre ; even the laft, if we reckon 10 hills neccffary to make a buihel. Abiout July, in rainy weather, flips are taken from them, and planted in beds to procure a crop of fmall ones for next year's feed. The very fame treatment is here necefTary for the peruvian potatoe, but it wants oftener covering, becaufe the heat of the iummer fun would flrengthen the poifonous juices (with which this genus of nightihade abound?), in thofe that might be expofed to the .^ir;; therefore they are unfit for the field in this climate : nor will they bear to be kept any time but in the garden. They will yield (5 or 8 crops yearly, of a very good kind for the table* \ Fruits, &c. Mulberry } moms. Capt. Romans, among his botanic articles, gives the defcription of one of this clafs, which he believes to be the morus papyrifera, and which he diftin- guifhes by the name of, morus foliis palmatis, cortice filamen- tofa, frufhi nigro,'radice tin^oria ; that is, with hand-ihaped leaves, a thready bark, black fruit, and the root containing a dye. This tree is found in abundance in the north- weftern parts of Florida^ The Cha£):aws put its inner bark in hot water along with a quantity of aihes, and obtain fila- ments, with 'vhich they weave a kind of cloth not unlike a coarfe hempen cloth. If the bark were boiled in a flrong alka- line lixivium, there is little doubt but a very fine and durable thread of the nature of cotton, flax, or hemp, might be ob- tained : the root of this fame tree likewife yields an excel- lent yellow dye. But the article muft be here treated of which is mod commonly known to be produced by means of the mulberry-tree : this is filk. A very fhort time, about 6 weeks in the year, will fufiice for all the labour requifitc %o acquire this valuable article ; and that labour is fo light NORTH AMERICA. 2&3 as only needs children to attend it. The gathering of the leaves being the moft laborious pr.rt of the butinefs, it would be advifable to fow the feed as it were at broad-caft, fo that it may fpring up in form of wide hedges of about lO feet brea'Itb, leaving a lane of 2 feet between each pair : by this management the leaves, may be gathered by means of a pair of fhears ; or, if the hedges are narrower, the hand may do it, without the difagreeable neceflity of climbing trees, which is always more or lefs attended with fome dan- ger } and, as this is a female employment, is not fo proper. Mulberry-buihes will grow thus, and yield abundance of leaves ; and therefore this method is preferable to groves or orchards, which take up much room, and have a dirty effect during the fruit feafon. All the fpecies of mulberry-trees grow kindly in thefe latitudes, and fome people pretend the white kind to be beft } but on ftridl inquiry it cannot be afcertained in what manner this affedls the worms j however, it would be highly advifable for the fiik-planter to b^ very cautious, if he has one in his nurfery, ftri£lly to baniih the other ; becaufe this change of leaves is doubtlefs the occafion of fome of the difeafes attending the worms. The remainder of the filk culture is no more than to keep the worms well fed, and the apartment where they are kept thoroughly clean. When they begin to acquire a certain tranfparency, the pe- riod of their fpinning or refolving themfelves into a chryfa- lis is at hand } then it is neceiTary to put up bundles of fome flight thin twigs between the flielves. The wild or dog's fennel affords a ready and proper material for it : on this the worms will natural!/ enough mount, and pitch on a place where to metamorphofe themfelves into a cocoon. In Georgia they have a filature, and likewife at Puryiburg ; but it will be neceiTary here to fubjoin the following ac- count of its preparation for the manufaAory: i. The co- ' coons are to be put into an oven juft hot enough to deprive S 4 - the 264 WESTERN TERRITORY OF the chryfalis it involves of life, without hurting the fibres of the cocoon. A heat fomething Ijelow boiling water on Fahrenheit's fcale will effeft this : without this precaution the infect eats its way out, and deftroys the thread of filk. 2. It muft then be put into a copper with water juft on the point of boiling, and kept fo } this will difcharge the glu- tinous matter firom the cocoon, and difcover the end of the clue : then, taking feveral of thcfe ends together, they are to be gently reeled off, and afterwards fpun and prepared for the loom. This procefs is huvtful to the elaflicity and ilrength of the filk, though it does not deprive it of its glofs : therefore, if we could obtain the knowledge how the raw filk is managed in the Levant, it would be the mod eligible way } all we know about this method is, that it i$ performed without hot water : this is called raw filk, and comes in bales to England and other manufafhiring coun. tries. The refufe cocoons, either damaged by the infed): or otherwife, are carded in Europe, and are then improperly flyled raw filk; this ihould not be confounded with the above-named from the Levant, being by no means equal to it. After the filk is reeled off, we find fome irregular coarfer kind on the inner divifion of the cocoon } damaged cocoons are mixed with this, as alfo the inner divifion next over the chryfalis, after being ftceped in warm water to dif- fipate its gelatinous parts } this mixture is carded, and called ll'irctting. All theife carded filks lofe their lijfire by that r>rocefs. Green river plum. Barren, or red plum. Cherokee plum ; prunus fylveflris frudhi minori. Wild cherry } prunus virginiana. Wild crab-apple ; pyrus coronaria. Apples and pears are here of very good quality, but are never likely to become an obje£t of attention by growing in quantities fufficient to make cider and perry ; but peaches grow here of the fincft flavour. ? NORTH AMERICA. . 265 flavour, and hi the highsft perfefkion, on ftandard trees, and therefore are fit to be planted in orchards. It is well known that hogs fattened with them make an excellent pork i the fuperfluous quantity would not be ill employed that way : but, as in Virginia they have fet us the example, why can we not alfo diftil their juices •, and, by means of that fplrit which becomes excellent by age, at leaft partially banifh the 'money-draining ufelcfs article rum ? This tree fliould be grafted, not fo much on account of the choice of fruit (this country produces no indifferent ones), as becaufe the tree in this climate, efpccially in fandy fflls, is not fo lafting when raifcd from the" nut, as when grafted on its own or any other proper ftock. Perfimmonj diofpyros vlrginiana. Theperfimmon, which the French call placminier, very much refembles the med- lar tree in its leaf and wood : its flower, which is about an inch and a half broad, is white, and is compofed of 5 petals } its fruit is about the llze of a large hen's egg j it is ihaped like the medlar, but its fubftance is fweeter and more delicate. This fruit is aftringent ; when it is quite ripe, the natives make bread of it, which they keep from year to year ; and the bread has this remarkable property, , that it will ftop the moft violent loofenefs or dyfenti^ry; therefore it ought to be ufed with caution, and only after phyfic. The natives, in order to make this bread, fqueeze the fruit over fine fievcs, to feparate the pulp from the fkin and the kernels. Of this pulp, which is like pafte or thick pap, they make cakes about a foot and a half long, a foot broad, and a finger's breadth in thicknefs : thefe they dry in an oven, upon gridirons, or elfe in the fun } which la ft method of drying gives a greater relifli to the bread. There are various kinds of grapes. It were needlefs to attempt to defcribe them all j as indeed it would be impof- fible to Be fufficiently acquainted with them all. I fhall pnlv fpeak of three or four. The firft fort that I. (hall xnentipn 266 WESTERN TERRITORY OF mention does not perhaps properly deferve the name of- a grape, although its wood and its leaf greatly refemble the vine. This ihrub bears no clufters, and you hardly ever fee upon it above two grapes together. The grape in fub- ftance and colour is very like a violet damafk plum, and its fione, which is always iingle, greatly refembles a nut. Though not highly flavoured, it has not, however, that difagreeable iharpnefs of the grape that grows in the neigh- bourhood of New-Orleans. On the edge of the favannahs or meadows we meet with a grape, the fhoots of which refemble thofe of the bur- gundy grape. They make from this a tolerably good wine, if they take care to expofe it to the fun in fummer, and to the cold in winter. This experiment has been- made, but it never could be turned into vinegar. There is another kind of grape which may without hefitation be clafied with the grapes of Corinth, commonly called currants. It re- fembles them in the wood, the leaf, the tree, the llze, and the fweetnefs. Its tartnefs is owing to its being prevented from ripening by the thick fhade of the large trees to which it twines. If it were planted and cultivated in an open field, there is not the leaft doubt but it would equal the grape of Corinth, with which it has been clafied. Muf- cadine grapes, of an amber colour, of a very good kind, and very fweet, have been found upon declivities of a good expoiure, even fo far north as lat. 31. There is the great- eft probability that excellent wine might be made of thefe, as it cannot be doubted but the grapes are capable of being brought to great perfeftion in this country, fince, in the moift foil of New-Orleans, the cuttings of the grape which fome of the inhabitants of that city brought from France, have fucceeded extremely well, and afibrded good wine. Scarlet firawberries ; fragaria virginiana } of an excellent flavour, and fo plentiful, that from the beginning of April the favannahs appear c|uite red with them. Whortic- NORTH AMERICA. 267 Whortleberries } vaccinium uliginofum. The blue whortle- berry is a flirub fomewhat taller than the englifh goofebeny buflies, which are left to grow at random. Its berries are of the (hape of a goofeberry, grow fingle, and are of a blue colour: they tafte like a fweetifli goofeberry, and when fteeped in brandy make a good dram. Several virtues are attributed to this berry. It loves a poor gravelly foil. Wild goofeberries } ribes grofliilaria. Cranberries } vaccinium oxycoccos. > Black rafpberries } rubus occidentalis. May-apple. This apple is produced from an annual plant which is among the firft vegetables that come forward ia the fpring; it is about 10 or 12 inches high) advancing rapidly to maturity, and the apple grows much in the man- ner of the potatoe feed, and is nearly of the fame fize. When ripe it is of the colour of a pale orange. The pulp is of a fucculent nature, without any feed, and its flavour very much like the pine-apple. It is ripe early in June. Acimene. This fruit grows upon a fhrub, and is from 4 to 5 inches in length, and from i to i| diameter. The pulp is fweet and tender. It ripens in July. Peakimine ; a fpecies of plum, nearly the iize of the mo- guUplum, but more delicious. Fapaw. This fruit grows upon a tree from 1 2 to 26 feet high. It is in fhape more like a feed cucumber than any thing elfe. It is ripe about mid(bmmer. Its pulp is yellow, and fomewhat of the confidence of an indifferent melon, and its flavour very much like a cuftard ; but it is too hiC* cious to be agreeable } though, when boiled green» it is good eating : but the rind, which is eafily ftripped off, leaves on the fingers fo (harp an acid, that if you touch your eye with them before you waih them, it will be immediately inr Earned, and itch infupportably for 24 hours after. Nut-trees, &c. Scaly bark hiccor jr > juglans alba cortice fquamofo* CpmmoiY 268 WESTERN TERRITORY OF hi • Common hiccory ; juglans alba fruflu minore rancido. There are a variety of other kinds of hiccory which have not been defignnted. The hiccory bears a very fmall kind of nut, which at firfl fight one would take for filberts, as they have the fame (hape and colour, and their flicll is as tender} but within they are ibrmed like walnuts. They have fuch an excellent tafte, that the French make fried cakes of them as good as thofe of almonds. Black walnut } juglans nigra. White walnut } juglans alba. In this country are great numbers and a variety of kinds of walnut-trees. There is a very large kind, the wood of which is almoft as black as ebony, but very porous. The fruit, with the outer Ihell, is of the fize of a large hen's egg : the fliell has no cleft, is very rough, and fo hard as to require a hammer to break it. Though the fruit be very well tafted, yet it is covered with fuch a thick film, that few can bcftow the pains of feparating the one from the other. The natives make bread of it, by throwing the fruit into water, and rubbing it till the film and oil be fi:parated from it. If thefe trees were grafted with the french walnut, their fruit would probably be improved. Other walnut-trees have a very white and flexible wood. Of this wood the natives make their crooked fpades for hoeing their fields. The nut is fmaller than the englifh, and the fliell more tender ; but the fruit is fo bitter, that none but parroquets can put up with it. Chefnut ; fagus pumila. The large chefnuts are not to be met with but at the diftance of loo leagues from the fea, and far from rivers in the heart of the woods, between the country of the Cha6laws and that of the Chicafaws. The common chefnuts fucceed beft upon high declivities, and their fruit is like the chefnuts that grow in the woods of France. There is another kind of chefnuts which are called the acorn chefnut, from its fhape, and growing in a cup ^ike the acorn. But ther have the colour and tafte of a NORTH AMERICA. 269 y of kinds le wood of ous. The large hen's I hard as to 3e very well hat few can other. The into water, from it. If their fruit -trees have the natives . The nut lender j but can put up fhefnut i and, if the firft men lived upon acornS; is we are told, it was moft probably thefe. Hazel nut } corylus avellana. The Carolina ground-nut alfo grows low down on the Mifliffippi ; and the peccane in the Illinois, in the county of Cumberland, and everywhere near the mouth of the O'.iio. It is about two-thirds of the fize of an englifli walnut, and the fliell is fniooth and ten- der. Mr. jcfFerfon defignates it thus : juglans albj^, foliolis lanceolatis, acuminatls, fcrratis, tomcntolis, fructu minore, ovato, compreflb, vix infculpto, dulci, putamine tener- rimo. Poke } Phytolacca decandra. Plane-tree ; platanus occi- dentalis. Lime-tree; zilia americana. Poplar; lirioden- dron tulipifera. Black poplar ; pqi>ulus nigra. The cotton tree (a poplar) is a large tree which nowife deferves the name it bears, unlefs for Ibme beards tha^ it throws out. Its fruit, ' which contains the grain, is about the flze of a walnut, and of no ufe : its wood is yellow, fmooth, fomewhat hard, of a fine grain, and very proper for cabinet work. The bark of its root is a fovereign remedy for cuts, and fo red that it may even ferve to dye. that colour. Red flowering maple j acer rubrum. Umbrella tree } magnolia tripetala. Buck-ey j lefculus. Afpen ; populus tremula. Reed, or cane ; arundo phragmitis. Locuft i ro- blnia pfeudo acacia : the acacia is the fame in Louifiana as in France, much more common, and lefs flraight. The na- tives call it by a name that signifies hard wood } and they make their bows of it, becaufe it is very tough. They look upon it as an incorruptible wood, which induced the french fettlers to build their houfes of it. The pofls fixed in the earth muft be entirely ftripped of their bark j for, notw,ith- ftanding their hardnefs, if the leaft bark be left upon them they will take root. Honey locufl ; gleditfia. Barberry ; berberis vulgaris. Dogwood i cornus florida* Snowdrop tree ; chidnanthus virgi- pi»w>M-tir<(»<'"'*> " li ■■' ti I iiiTi.jifri«i^ ■ i | .«. ^ ' i ^ ,F ;■:'•.. ayO WESTE^RN TERRITORY OF virginiana. HoUf ; ilex aquifolium. Swamp laurel ; mag« nolia acuminata. Portugal bay i laurus indica. Catalpa } bignonica catalpa. Wild pimento ; laurus benzion. Red bud i cernis canadenfis. SaiTafras ; laurus faflafras. Corn* inon laurel of this country. Such numbers of lauri being found indigenous in America, it may not be amifs to hint at the pimento or Jamaica pepper, as yery proper to be intro- duced wherever it will be found to thrive, which would prove a very profitable article. All the fouth parts of Lou- ifiana abound with the wild laurel, which grows in the woods without any cultivation : the fame may be faid of the ftone laurel } but if a perfon be not on his guard, he may take for the laurel a tree natural to the country, which would communicate its bad fmcU to every thing it were applied to. Among the laurels the preference (hould be given to the tulip laurel [magnolia], which is not known in Europe. This tree is of the height and bulk of one of the common englifh walnut-trees. Its head is naturally very round, and fo thick of leaves, that neither the fun nor rain can penetrate it. Its leaves are full 4 inches long, near 3 inches broad, and very thick, of a beautiful fea-green on the upper fide, and refembling white' velvet on the under: its bark is fmooth and of a' grey colour ; its wood is white, foft, and flexible, and the grain interwoven. It owes its name to its great white flowers, which are at leaft 2 inches broad. Thefe appearing in the fpring amidft the glolTy ver- dure of the leaves, have a mod beautiful effedt. As the top is naturally round, and the leaves are evergreen, avenues of this tree would doubtlefs be worthy of a royal garden. After it has flied its leaves, its fruit appears in the fliape of a pine apple} and, upon the firft approach of the cold, its grain turns into a lively red. Its kernel is very bitter, and it is faid to be a fpecific againft fevers. — ^The faflafras, the name of which is familiar to botanifts on account of its medicinal qualities| is a large and tall tree. Its bark, is thick, and cracked ^i-«MK».~— NORTH AMERICA. 27! cracked h«re and there ) its wood is fomewhat of the colour of cinnamon, and has an agreeable fmell. It will not burn in the fire >vlthout the mixture of other wood } and even iu the fire, if it (hould be fepirated from the flaming wood, it is immediately extinguiflied, as if it were dipped in water. Cockfpur; cratoegus coccinea. Red bay) laurus bor- bonia. Dwarf rofe bay } rhododendron maximum. Spin- dle treet euonymus amcricanus. Alder; fambucus nigra. Candleberry mjTtlc j myrica ccrifera. The myrtle wax tree is one of the greafefl bleflings with which nature has enriched Louifiana } as in this country the bees lodge their honey in the earth, to fave it from the ravages of the bears, who are very fond of it, and do not regard their Aings. One would be apt to take it at firfl fight, both from its bark and its height, for that kind of laurel ufed in the kitchens. It rifes in feveral Aems from the root ; its leaf is like that of the laurel, but not fo thick, nor of fuch a lively green. It bears its fruit in bunches like a nofegay, riflng from the fame place in various flalks about 2 inches long : at the end of each of thefe flalks is a little pea, containing a kernel in a nut, which lad is wholly covered with wax. The fruit, which is very plentiful, is eafily gathered, as the Ihrub is very flexible. The tree thrives as well in the fhadc of other trees as in the open air ; in watry places and cold countries, as well as in dry grounds and hot climates ; for it has been faid that fome of them are to hs found in Canada, a country as cold as Denmark. This tree yields two kinds of wax, one a whitifh yellow and the other green. It was a long time before they learned to feparate them, and they were prepared at firft in the following manner : They threw the grains and the flalks into a large kettle of boiling water, and when the wax was detached from therh, they fkimmed off the grains. When the water cooled, the wax floated in a cake at the top, and being cut fmall, bleached in a (hortcr time than bees-wax. It is now prepared in this manner ; They • »'.. .•:-'-^ I.. 272 WESTERN TERRITORY OP They throw boiling water upon the ftalks and graiqSj till they are entirely floated ; and, when they have ftood thus a few mU nutes, they pour off the water, which carries the fineft wax with it. This wax, when cold, is of a pale yellow colour, and may be bleached in 6 or 7 days. Having feparated the bed wax, they pour the water again upon the Aalks and grains, and boil all together till they think they have feparated all tlie wax. This wax is fo brittle and dry, that if it falls it breab into fevenil pieces } on this account, however, it is the more durable. It would be advifable for thofe who prepare this wax to feparate the grain from the fliort ftalk before they boil it, as the flalk. is greener than the grain, and feetns to part cafily with its colour. The water which ferves to melt and feparate the wax is far from being ufelefs. The fruit communicates to it fuch an aftringent virtue, as to harden the tallow that is melted in it, to fuch a decree, that the candles made of that tallow are as firm as the commode wax candles ufed in London. This afti'lngent. quality likewife renders it an admirable fpecific againft the dyfentery or loofe- r ''fs. From this brief account of the myrtle wax tree, it may we' I.C believed that in Louifiana it is carefully cultivated and grown in plantations. lA. Ic Page du Pratz had fome feeds of the wax-tree brought liim to Fontenai le Comte in Poiftou, fome of which he gave to feveral of his friends; but not cne of them came up. He began to refleft, that Polftou being by far not fo warm as Louifiana, thefe feeds would have dilBculty to flioot ; he therefore thought it might be neceflary to fupply by art the defeft of nature : he procured hotfe, cow, fheep, and pigeon's dung, in equal quantities, all which he put in a veffel of proportionable flze, and poured water on them, almofl boiling, in order to difTolvc their falts : this water lie drew off, and fteeped the grains in a fufficient quantity thereof for 48. hours j after which he fowed them ,in a box full of good earth. Seven of them came up, and made llioots between 7 and 8 inches highi ^Sa tiUthcy s a few mi- fineft wax lolour, and Lcbeftwax, grains, and rted all tlie tUs it breaks is the more prepare this before they I, and feetns which ferves leing ufelefs. t virtue, as to ich a degree, s the commo* uality likewifc ntcryorloofe- iX tree, it may [uUy cultivated tratz had foinc li le Comte in if his friends; o reflea, that a, thefe feeds ire thought it of nature : he Lung, in equal Iproportlonable ig, in order to dfteepedtbc hours i after earth. Seven [j and 8 inches high i iVORTft AMERICA. 273 high) but Aidy "Weiet all killed bf the froft, ffotti t\ie ottiffidti of jHittiag thtoi itito the gfe^np-houfe. Yhis feed having Aich diMeuItf to come up, he prefuines th^t the rtit, ih which k is Wirapped up, hinders the mdlftui'e ffom peii«ttatiag hito, and making its kernel IfaoDt $ and there- fwt he thinks that thoCe who chooib to ta^ it, would do well if they previouflf' soiled it lightly betw^een two fmait boards jaft roagh from the.faw; this friaioh \^ouId eau(b the pelliele of ^t^x fo fcale oft with fo much the greater facility, tA it is naturally very dry/, and then it might bepiit toftcep. ' . , / Stunaeh j rhuft r highl^ neee^ary in dying aiid tanning, which i$ much ufcd in t>ref)!irihg turkey leather. Several kinds grow in the foUthern parts of America, ahd therefore it Is worth our while to inquire into the matter, to know which kind U ufed for thi^ purpofe. The plant is alfo Itnowfi in medicine. The large kind is employed to make into tinegir •, and we are told by the French, that a piece of the wood put into a caik of weak or faded vine- gar, or even water, will produce an intenfely fharp vinegar. A^ a hint to travellers in the fouthern parts of America, where the diftanCe between the fettlements often obliges us to carry oar provifions with us, they may be aflbred, that the fruit of this ^ecies, {l:eeped a very (hort time ifl water, communicates to k -ntctj agreeable > -id flayour, - Mch will render it very fit for making ounch •, which grateful bever- ' age proves a great refrefhment ur a hot day, in the woods. Another kind polFefles a noAious quality : this grows in low grounds; beware therefore of making fpits of this to roaft meat on, and take it for a general rule not to employ any wood, (unlefs you are Well acquainted with it) growing in low grounds, for that purpofe, as almoft all ihe noxious plants, of this coantry, arc found in fuch fituations. In higli grcjunds yoU may iud^fdriminately ufe aUy wood (which hs4 no bad tafte) for that ptirpofe. Satin wood tree. T Coffee W W jilj g iiB ll il fcfc MMHl^^'fUM iii i i m i T ii miTH- ■ W lijj ^ '^ 'rj^ *!! ■■i>ifa — fafc.art*'** 274 WESTERN TERRITORY Of Cofiee tree. Its culture throughout all the fettlements where it is nifed, is now by the young (hoots obtuned from the larger trees j but originally it was introduced by feed, which being foaked for about 24 hours, is then plant- ed in tubs, pots, or beds, at about 3 inches diftance, covered lightly with earth, and carefully watered when no rain hap- pens to fall. The plant ufually appears in about a fortnight ; when the young plants have attained the height of 8 or 10 inches, a rainy day is watched to tranfplant them into a walk, as it is here called, and anfwers to the englifli or. chards ; the ground is here carefully cleared of all manner of roots and plants, and turned up at leaft a fpit deep. About 12 feet is the diftance that ought to be left between every two plants. The growth of coffee is quick, provided the ground be kept clean ; but perhaps no plant is fooner hurt than this by too luxuriant a growth of weeds or plants round or near it. The fecond year eddos or taniers *, or even potatoes, may be planted among them ; which will be a means of raifing provifions by the fame labour that is ne« ceiTary to keep the ground clean. This plant bears fruit fuf- ficient to defray the yearly expence^ at the end of the third year } its produce will then increafe until the feventh year, and after this it will continue to bear in a degree nczrlj equal, until about the fortieth year of its age, when it begins to decay. If any of the young plants ihould fail, thef ought immediately to be replaced by others. In the dutch colonies, when a coffee, walk decays, they root out the trees, and let the ground lie fallow for 10 years, or upwards ; dur- ing which time it affords paflure for cattle, and afterwards it is turned into a cocoa walk, or cotton plantation, The ordinary height of this tree is from 12 to 16 feet j in the dutch colonies they are lopped, to reduce them to a kind of efpaliers, for the eafier gathering of the fruit. 'When the coffee has attained to maturity, it is carried to drying (beds, * Eddo or tanier is a ffwcies of efculent arum, well known ia Eaft Florida, and is go >d food lor negroea. whlck >ttlements ' , obtained oduced by Lhcn plant- ce, covered o rsrtn hap- i fortnight i ; of 8 or 10 hero into ^ engVi(h or* F all manner a fpit deep. left between ck, provided ant is fooncr «ds or plants taniers ♦, or which will be ►ur that is ne. lears fruit fuf- i of the third feventh year, iegree nearly rhen it begins lid fail, they In the dutch out the trees, ipwards ; dur- |nd afterwards station. The feet i in the to a kind of . 'When the drying Iheds, well known in ITDRTH AMERICA. 275 which are conftru£led in the dbtch colonies on the follow- ing plan : The a^a oi the ground generally applied to this ufe is 70 feet by 30 } a brick foundation, of ^, 5, or 6 feet high, is firft laid to riife the building from the ground ; on this the fuperftruQure is placed of timber, being of tvro ftories) the upper floor being about 12 feet above the lower. In each fide of the building are firom 12 to 16 large win- dows, likewife 2 at each end, on either fide of large doors ; all which is necefTary to give a free accefs to the air, to pre- vent the coffee from heating or fhooting. In the lower part of the building a kind of drawers, of about 6 feet fquare^ are fo contrived, as to be drawn without«fide the building, where they reft in woodeh rollers or blocks : thefs drawers receive the coffee after the drying floor, and in fine weathd' are drawn out, but pufhed back the moment it be- gins to rain. By this contrivance a large quantity is, as it were, inftantly fheltered from ruin } no other invention can be fo expeditious. The building muft be furnifhed with 2 pieces of fquare timber^ of th£ length of 25 or 30 feet, an^ about 18 or 24 inches thick, made of hard wood : in thefe a row of mortars is funk, to beat the coffee in, peftles or beatles for the fame, fanning mills to clean the coffee, fhovels for turning it often while it lies on the upper floor i t competent number of baikets, of different fizes, and a pair of fcales with weights. Before this building there are generally one or two platforms, froni 40 to 50 feet fquare, called drying floors, intended to take all benefit 6£ the fine drying weath6r during the coffee harveft. Adjoining to the building is generally a fmaller one, containing a cooper's ihop and a mill, called a breaking mill, through which the new-gathered coffee paffes, to deprive the grain of its pulp or red outer flcin } after coming frum this mill, it is foaked during one night in v/ater, and next day fpread upon the drying floors, where it remains till the air and wind have T2 fufii- V S«P»**^ X'f6 WESTERN T^RILITPIIY OF TbP f Q^> being thjus drie^y i? ifit ipty ^e c|r|iiircr$, wboce It U jc^ J^l) ihpw^^ljr 4r7ii ^iPP» fc««Vf »t is cwrrif4 »nto ^hie 19)^ (J^ini^ Qg^f /^^un^qd only wjl^ ^ A» fcroHrwjf. mnii^. Willie if ft^of^m m ^ linft it mv^ he Mj Cjijirocd* %p wcpe/?' ><* l»;«?Mftg» w»4 w ^oo4 we?it|ier »U tint fir po^blie ^uft )^ ^(^it|;^d, After hmrfcfk iH is »g9in re- torpejd into l^e 4raw|e^f^ ^ V^ ^re ^r 3 pr 4 d^j^s, iq or4er to b^ome ^pMiUy drf | it is thi^ poonded of beat w tlilB ^bpve-mentioned faortajrs |>7 ];iau[i4» ^ deprive ^t of (be thin inner huik> ii^Hcb iarplvf^s every p^ of feeds : after this U is fanned, and Fhefi ^aed> ikf hrpjcen ^iiis ^n fep9rate4 ^m the who]e j iffU^ laft ^P PMt m Nes, m cftHtcf, fpr the market. Wifl^ sdl this feefnin^ trouble 9 coffee wall; is more ea^ljr attende4 tkv^ ^ Oiftsur plMUatipoi and is faid to-be fiiH as profital^^* Dyrjfcf l^el} c^mia If^olia. American aloe; agave yir|^nic9. I?y j ^edera quiQc^f folia. Hemlpv^ fir } pinui canadenGs. Papaw; annona tr^lob^r Tnimpct honeyfuckle; Ipni^era Temper virei^. Upright honeyiiickle ; ^a^alpa nvdi- flora. Juniper; junipepis yirgmipa: grows only in the fouthem finrts of the weftern country. Blaclp: oak ; quercus nigra. White Oi|k ; (juprcus alb^. Red o^k ; quercus ru- bra. Willow oak ; quercUs phellos. Chelhut oak } quer- cus (Hrinus. Black>jack oak} quercus aquatica. Ground oak } quercus' pumila. Live oak ; quercus virginiana. The live oak grows only low down on the Miffiffippi, on thi» ftde of the ^nountain. It is foun4 in fuch fufficient quamity, between the Mifiiffippi and the river St. Jofeph, as wo\il(l be equal to build and fupport a navy fuperior to the noivi- time ftrength of all Eiurope combined togedier ; and which u m-m -r- — rfiTimnrf i aloe; agave >c); fir i pinui ho^qrAlcklei I aa^al^a nu^ ooly in the oak i qvt^rcus I quercus nt- it oak } quer* tica. Ground giniana. The ippi, on this lient quantity, ;ph, as wo\il4 ir to the mari- Ir*, and which KORtlT' Al^EItlCA. 277 is :itknowtedged to be the imd(V'' lading ind htA calculated for ih\^ df war of aAy kind of timber thitt kai been ttfed fot* tlhat pinrpofe. SVgHf tree t' acer fkechar&ium: whieh is the eommon ntone ^oughoat' tliis coiintr]^ for thie fugaup maple. Beefch } ftfgiltr f^^Valtfbai Whi«e afh ; Afttxlnu^ alba. Black a(h ; fraxinus nigra. Elm ; ulmUs' aimeriieaiia; lSlip{)ery eiitt, S^eeV ^hh'i' ultfitis' iUccharin^'ailhei^cami. The elm, beedh, limcj and hoi%t(eiiihVai tur aurea. Sparrow hawk } falco fparverius. Forked-tail hawk i fako furcatus. Pigeon hawk } £Jcq eolumbariis. Fi^ng bairk i accipiter pifcatorius. Field QUHtin. Little owl » ^r'n afip. Tyrant mair^ or kingobh'd i laoinus ty. raj^i^s. Perroquet} pfittacus* Rod-hea4ed wciod^cker } picus erythrocephalu^. liarge red-creftcd wood-pecker ; pU cus plleatus. Whitc->btil wood-pecker ^ picu9 principalis. CfoJilrwinge^ wQod-peqker ^ pici|s auraims. Red-belUed woo^^pecker ; picDs carqli^us.. SinaU-ipotted WQod-pecker ; picus pttlK:A:ens> TQUQw-bQltied woodrpeckeri^ picus variqs. if airy wqod-pe(;ker I pipus i^ilo^us. Blue, jay i corvu8,crii:, talus. Crow blackbird % gracula quUcula. Baltimore bird ; oriolis battimpre. Baft^d b^ltimore bird ;, oiiohs fpurius, Carolina cuckoq; ^ucii^u^ ^mer/iic^nus* Field lai?k. Red- winged blackbird i ft^uriuis mger- ajis fupemc rubeatibus : Cate/by. Robin red-breaft } turdus migrato^us. Red thrufli ; tqrdus rufua. Mocking bird > tu^dvs nunor cinercp albus non maiculatua: Cat^j. Little th|i>ih} tuixJkus minimus: CftteJ^, Purple finch j fringilla purpwe», L«ttw«e blifd i carduelis americapus. CoT7pen bird i. p^^iiv fufi^s^ : Ccaa/by, Little fparrow i pajJerculus: Catejhy, Towhebird}. fria. gUla erythro{^thialma. Blue linnet ; tana^ra cyaiiea> Painb* ed finch \. emberiza biris, Rice-lnrd;. enxb)Bnz« ory:^?oi9» Snpw-bird ; emberi^^a hycmalis. Redrbird y Ip3«ia <;«rdina- 1194 Blue grofs b^ak- } Ipsia cserul«».. Cre<^4 fly-<^cb.«r i myfcicapa crinita. Summer, redrbird.;. muf^iica^ft rubra^ R,ed-fi^rt ) iRufcicapa iiUUci|la» Cat-bird^ mMJEc^frapA eamv liuienfis. Black cap fl3^-catcher ; nHifeicaiUi Qigreftens. Lit- tle NORTH AMERICA. 281 jard V wV 7orked-tail ilumbui«s. in. little laainus ty- od-pecker v pcckcrjpi. pc'mcipal^ Red-bellied ^^cker; picas vwr'ms. corvus, criC* fimore bird \ i^s fpurius, la«k. Red- fubentibus : ,cd tbruft i ^nerco albus r»iBimu»: ;»Ke bi^d i raiiesk. Paint- lis^ Qwdina- ip»^ rubra» tic brown flf-catcher) mufcicapa fiifea. Red -eyed flf* catcher ; mufcicapa oculis rubris. Blue-tMrd ; motecilla fiaKs. Wren } motecilla regulus. Yellow-crefted chatterer i mote- ciUa trochilus. Whip poor Will < c^tprimul^ minor ameri* canns: Catefky Great bat, .or gcatiiicker^ caprimolgus : Cattfif, Houfe martin } lurundo purpurea, American fwaliovi hirundo pdafgia* Yellow tkrooufe; paras carolinienfis* Yellovr-tbroated creeper} paras amecicaiittft gnlture kiteo: Cattjiy, Hooded titmoufe } paruft chcuUo' nigro. Tettov rump i paras virginianus. Finch creeper % paras america- nus. Crefied titmoufe; parus bicolor. Nut-thatch) fitta capite nigro : Catr/by. Small nut-thatch ; fitta eajnte fnfco : Cfftejhy* Humming-bird I troehilnscolubrifl. Hanging*bird» Fine-creepsr ; ccrthia pknus. King^fiflier ;, alceda alcyon*. . Kildee; cbaradrius vociferus. Soree; rallns yirginnnub. Ground-detie ; co^mba: paflerma. Wild pigeon ;;,cQdumb« migratoria. Turtle-dove; coKunbft carolinienfis. Lark; alauda alpeftrlau Nig^t-hawk. Gat-owl. Sercech-owT; fbax americanft ^ Moatb. Crow ; conrus. Crane; arde» cinadenfii* Whel-hawk. Great gre^ eagle. Feather-bead turkey buzzards Large pouch pdiean. Raven.. Houfo^ fwallow ; hirundo ruftica : Jefferfon, Ground-fwallow ; hi- rundo riparira :, J^trfrfi* Cormorant. Squatting fnipe ; Whirling plover. Woodcock, or mud-hen. Yellow-winged fnipe> Red bird wttK black win^ Wagtail. Wild goofe ; anas canadenfis. BuSel-head duck ; anas bucephala. Small brown duck ; anas ruftica. White-face teal ; anas diflnreSt Blue-winged teaL Green- winged teal. Summer duck % aias .fponfa. Blue-wingjcd fliovlei! ; aaas americanustchrif. talus clegans : Cmtt/by. Round-crefted duck ; merg^ cncnl- latugu Pied-bill dopchick ;, colymbus podicepa. Large cceftcd heron ;, ardca. herodias. Creiled bittern ; ardea^ vb* lacea. Blue heron.; asdea ceerulea. Small biltenvj, ardea vireicens. Small white heron ; ardea sBquinoftialis. Indian^ li)Ht^ ardta ftellaris americana: Cote/by, Wood pelican i, t^taluf il 282 WESTERN TERRITORY OF tantalus loculator. White curlew } tantalus albus. Brown curlew ) tantalus fufcus. , We ha^e befides> the duck and mallard, widgeon, canvafs back, wood duck, black duck, fprig tail, white-head duck, black-head dock, bald coot, water pheafant, mow bird, blue peter, fwan, loon, mountain pheafant, or groufe, which I mentioned in a former letter, quail, wild turkey, &c. I have now, my dear friend, complied with your wi(h as far as it is in my power. A country To new and extenfive requires more time, and more room, than a letter will admit of, to give you a complete idea of its natural hiftory } but, I flatter myfelf, it will afford you a general idea upon the fubjeA i and when the unfolding covers of a new creation, juft burfting from the womb of nature, (hall draw men of fcience to trace and invcftigate the various phenomena which this country exhibits, I have no doubt but the world , will receive much pleafure and inftruftion. The moment I have been able to collect an accurate ac- count of the prefent numbers of the different tribes of In- dians, which have hitherto been confiderably exaggerated, I will write to you upon the fubjedl. In the mean time I fhall remain, Your true and affectionate friend. THIS globe, the earth Ivhich we inhabit (fays governor Pownall), is, in its natural ftate, in a continued progrefs of exficcation, and is univerfally, wherever the waters do not prevail, covered with woods j fo that, viewing this great continent America (as yet a new world to the land -workers of Europe), we fee it a country of woods and lakes, or ri- vers. Except where the land is worn to the bone, and no- thing remains on the furface but bare rocks, evory foil, even the pQoreff, has its peculiar clothing of trees or (hrubs. There NORTH AMERICA. 2^3 There are fpots here and there fcattered over the fiice of this country, which* feen annongft the woods from a di- ftance, feem as though they were plains of cleared land } but thefe are covered with a fpecies of dwarf or fhriib oak, which grows about the height of a man's Ihoulder, and bears very good acorns. There are alfo in many, I might fay mod, places, between the banks of the rivers and the hills or mountains, through which thefe rivers runj margins of rich meadow land clear of trees : tl^is peculiar ftate it owing to the annual inundations that thefe meadows are covered with, and to a conftant accretion of foil which is left on the furface after the waters retire ) thefe the fettlers call by a very expreflive name, interval lands. In fome parts, as on the Mohawk and Conneflicut river, thefe interval lands are of a foil fo rich, that jLhey may be tilled } fome have been tilled inceflantly for a century or more, and yet continue as rich as the vale of Egypt itfelf. I know (con- tinues he) but of one place which is totally without trees, and that is a tnCt c£ land upon Long-iiland, in New-York province, called Jamaica or Hampflead plain, on which a fhrubby kind of heath only grows. The particular kind of tree that grows in each tra£l is always determined by the peculiar foil or nidus which is fuited to produce it in preference to other fpecies. This does not exclude other fpecies nlfo growing at the fame time } but fome one fpecies alwnys predominates in each tra£l: the foil, therefore, is belt known, and always de- fcribed, by the european fettlers, from its peculiar Fegeta- tion, as, oak-land, birch, beech, or chefnut-land ; pine-barren, maple- fwamps, cedar-fwamps. Walnut or hickory, firs, white and red elm, magnolia, locufts, faflafras, and various other trees, are mixed with all thefe. The fruits which grow wild, as far as Mr. Pownall's ob- fervations went, he gives us from his journals. The wild vine of di0eren^ forts, which in general produce a very fmall tS4 WESTEKtf TERRITOKY OP firinlli Ibtnr, thiek-ieinned grape ^ but the vines are in their growth* bmariant bryoml the conception of thofe who hare notr r«e)R tkenr. The wild cherry, y tree o# which I faw, fays out MthoTi near SeneQadf , appeared to me one of the largeil trees I ever faw. Mulberry^ red and white i but thtfe latter are fcarce. Hickory, or wsrinuts of various khids^. kazcl,^ wild prune or plum^ chefnuts of different forts, wHd pear and crab,, a kind of cervice or medlar, bilL berry^ gooieberry, asd ftrawberry. The individual trees of th> and hurri- ;e. "Where. Inew gcner»- ncw planta- eat change, lergone any len) as from !w ponder of rhich before Iw fpringtng 'dod% lid attfettii« tuld be at a the fober rariouB tints difplay NORTH AMERICA. 185 difphf in fummer, or «htther the flaunting Uufh of fpring, «|iea the woods glow with • thoufand hues that the flow- ptiag trctsa ai|d Ihnibs exhibit. If the painter woutd attempt the real and accurate portrait of tlkefis woodt-in autumn, he muf^mis in upon liis c«nvas a& the colours of the rainboir, in order to copf all the various and varied dy that inli<«nt ihe engliih fur trade uf Canada will be reduced mote than one half of what it is at prefent. 'Vhifc declaraitoni a» it comes from an Americaui may be con- iidered as impolitic i but 1 hav e thrown it out purpofe'y to thew how little the faith of treaties is to be dejiended u|>on, when they «re fimnd to claih with the important inierelU ot the contra^ing parties i and a^ 1 conftdcr every fj^ciea of polieyt which has not littrgrity for its bails, mean and contemptible. As the Ututed Siities had waited uture than 7 yean in expe^ation that X. C\*lr the wpon tU«5ic \\%^ av?tM), to wu4 0^ oic people. IkW th*t owr lUcr if i^ *>»^ wfiia J «♦ Hovf- *th«r ti»»» ^ mm'' Owr h»a wot time attack, which Every able to *ictx\m Au«ee iro the jcprefent- the winiliew <*.* \mm i hwt it i» : importance than ii an inawbitaWe hcat\». that inrt^nt >p(e th«t\ oi\6 nwt juv, way he con- fupufely to Ihe* Unin, whctt they [t the cotttrafttng f, which ha» t»ot Uii«v«i'K^»''r * that MQRTH AMERICA, «§7 Evwy m*« wha wtg^gw In the petrlloMi vocation of * IW^ 4^«r, owght to rwoM«ft Mwehnttti* the facrifice* h© will h« ohiigeU thai the hfiti(h goventitteitl wo«14 fMifll this engagement, and find- ittg tl wai not then e«tnveittent i«uu>rtion of them were Europeans. General i^t. Clair had advanced between ao and %o mile* in front of fort JefiFcrtott in his courfe toward hkc Krie, when about 60 of the militia delerted, with an intention to return to their ro- fpe^ive homes ; after whom he difpatched 300 of hi* men, they confiiling of the only old ttoops he had in hi* army i and it wa* in the ahfence of this deiachmeuf, that his army was attacked, iult at the break of day j atter the trooiw, moft imiuutlfiotly, had left lite parade at which they had been fome time hefor« it w^ Uuht, Avoiding to the cuftom in indian war, thuukh his out-oolt* had b«en attacked incelfontly during the whole night, and teveral of kiscentineU killed. I'he Indians, finding the army wa* thin of their guard, ruftted upon them with fuch unpc.autity, a* to prevent tlk^ir being able to form, or to *i\ with any vigour or precinon. This ,'■ MMH ,88 WESTfiRir tERltlTOItY OP I obliged to auke of plnCuraUe indulgenoey aad, in manj mftadcet, of his conftitatioa. But wken m fervice of clanger calls him to the defence of hb country, or to avenge the infults wluch tyranny or barbarifin has offered, it becopies jgnominious, not cheerftilly to forego every gratification which is incompatible with heroifm. It is equally igno- minious to put any confideration m competition with the certainty of fucccfs. I know that it has been much the cafe with us to relax b 4ifi:ipline lor fear of haraffing our men. In Indian wars it is necefl&ry to obferve thu rule, which infallibly leads to victory when the combat othcrwife is upon an equal footing. — -Nerqr be furprifed. To prevent which, it is only ne€ef< iuy to move with ftrong and a£Uve flanks, to keep power- ful and vigilant guards, and to have your whole army under arms every morning at leaft an hour before break of day ; which will effe£hially prevent a furprife, as the Indians This gnnd objcA has not been abandoned by the federal goyem- Boent ; tmd for tbe parpofe of carrying it into execudon, by ma- iurcs nore wife, "^ means more ceitain, than had been pnrfued hitherto, 4000 federal troops, with a legion of 1200 horfe and foot, are to be Icept in continoal pay ; and while die difiereitt garri&ni are to overawe the Indians, die Irgion is to fcour the coontij found, ib as to fecure the fettlements on die weft fide of the Ohio from their attacks, and thus by progre£Bve and permanent db- Uiflunents ward off the dangers of irreguhur and predatory war* fare. This fyftem has already produced a very important tSed :-dx more intelligent indian chiefs are fo perferay fenfible, that it is now in vain for them to contend agatnft a paOadtuai, which is daily in- vigorated by the' current of emieracloB, wlncb, Mke a perennial plant, ttiMrs ao figns of decay) mat they have promifed to ponifii thofe aodacions n^itives* who msrde^ed our cemmiffioners that were going to their nations for the porpofe of oicrinethem peace f Mid have alfo agreed to a ceflation of boAilitics whm die pidimi- narics are fettling { fo that I have no hefitatioss in declaring it as mj opinion* that, if the prefent meafurca am pmrued with wiidom tni vigour, there will be a fpeedy cod to was and maffiKre in that quarter, and the whole wefteni country maft then en^ that re|poie> which has fo often and fo fatally been diftnrbed by the inccndurics both of Canada and Louifiana. never I iifOiii •i'MW i ' ii li iii j M i linii rpi iMHItOWKtallMti''''' I, ill many :e of danger avenge the , itbccopaes gratification jquattyigno- oft wkh. the as to relax in adian wars it ttibly leads to equal footing. ; is only netef- o keep power- >le army under break of day, as the Indians tie federal goven- iecudon* by mea- lad been pnrfaed GO hotfe and toot, liffeient gairifoni "couf the coontiy ' fide of the Ohio „ peroBanent efta- ^ piedatofy wat- NORTH AMERICA. 289 nerer attack when their enemy is in force during the night. Move in compaA order, and though you may be harafled in adegreci yet with an army of 2000 n^en well appointed, it would be no difficult matter to pafs through the whole weft- em country. I hope I have not appeared too ftrenuous in endeavouring to wipe away the ftain which our recent defeat has brought . upon the. valour, of my countrymen. There has appeared a languor in the execution of our meafures rerpe£ling Indian afiairs, which Kas not only brought an' obloquy upon the wifdom of our councib, but has fubjefked us to loiTes that are as baneful to our population, as they are afie£ting to our fympathy. Many of us have caule to mourn the lofs of fome friend, or dear relation. Among the dain was a youth of the moft promifing hopes and fplendid talents — talents which might have proved ornamental to his country, and ufeful to man- kind., I know you will excufe me for appropriating to the death of my young friend, with a flight alteration, thofe beautiful lines in the Iliad with which Homer defcribes the death' of Euphorbus : As the young olive, in fomc fylvan fcene, Crown'd by fieih fountains with eternal greeA, Lifts the gay head, in fnowy flow'rets fair, ^ And plays and dances to the gentle air ; When, lo ! a whirlwind from high heav'n invades The tender plant, and withers all its (hades ; It lies uprooted from its genial bed, A lovely ruin now defac'd and dea I: Thus young, thus beautiful, «* brave Marlhal'^ lay, While the fierce " Indian" tore his life awav. The expedition condufVed under the command of general Scott terminated with fuccefs. Indeed, from the firft fct- tlement of Kentucky,' not one of our expeditions has U failed. 9-99 WESTEHI? TSRRITOEY OF fi|Ued. Tlie mtchful Indnos* who are alvayi nsar us, and fcafc^y ever tq \if ^ifcavQrcd but in fiarcO} Meeft the mo- ^jonfs of 9wr qrqay, 9||4 r(;j|4Uy dctermioe from ouf ?igi^iiG«y ^hethiM? 4Q *tt%ck will prove h»7.ardou« to them or not. I ihall begin my enumeration with the fouth«n Indians, afid iH^Qcecd with thpfc of the greateft proximity; taking fffln; tp C9niipfih$n4 ia the fcheiihile the varioi^ tribef that W^ hjivc any di^ind knowledge of to the northward of th« fin^m of l^^i yri^ck hounda our empire to the north* and ^pff to thf ws4 of ^e Miffiffippi, and (both «f th« CheKok between the Scioto dnd Muikingum, 40; Sbavmees^ ear dke head branches of the Scioto, reduced by the late a£Uon to lefs than 2^501 Delawai«% h» the coutxtry between lake Erie and the bead bnJnche» of theMu^ngunr, who have alio ftrflbred in the late different aflions, and it is fuppofed they are reduced from 609 to 4^&. Dehwares, or LinneEnopies, at different villages upon the north branch of the Sufquehannaj 400. ' Aughquagah9> updft an eaftem branch of the Sufque- hanna, 151a Nanticocs, between Owegy and- the mofl: eaftertt branch of the SFufquehasma', 9a. Mohicconsj between Chagnet and'OWegy, upon a branch of theSnfi}uehaiftinj 70; Oonoies, between Utfanango and Chagnet, to the eaft war d of the- eatftemmoft' branch of the Sufquehanna, 40. Saponies, upon a north branch of the Sufquehanna, 30. fifnniles, at Diahago> uponr the north branch of the Suf- quehanna, 120. Senegas, upott the waters of the Ohio, lake Erie, like Ontario, and Sufquehanna, 5^50; Cayugas, upon the Cayuga, and near the north branch of the Srd^uehanna, r8o. Ononjaijocs, near Ohondago, aoa, . - - TJ a ' Oneldas, 292 WESTERN TERRITORY OP P-i Ond^las, on the eaft fide of Oneida, and head branches of the Sufqaehanna, 250. Tnicaroras, between the Oneidat and Onondagoet, 170. Mohocks, upon the weftem branch of Mohock river, MO* • The hft mentioned fix tribes conftitute what are knowa by the name of the Six Nations. Orondoes, near the Three rivers, loo* Abenakies, near the Three rivers, 150. IdttleAlgonkins,, near the Three rivers, 100. Pouteotamies, between St. Jofeph's and Detroit, 270. Ottawas, nesur Detroit, 500. Chippawas, on Saguinam bay of lake Huron, 200. Ottawas (a different tribe), on Saguinam bay of lake Hu- ron, 150. Chippawas ((everal tribes of), near Michillimackinack, fort St. Mary's, on lake Superior, and upon the fouthera fhores of that llike, 5500. Shakies, Fauns bay, on lake Michigam, 400. Mynomamies, near Fauns bay, on lake Michi|[an, 3(x>. Ouifcmifings, Ouifconfing river, 300. Kickapous, upon the fouthern head branches of the Mif- fiffippi, and the waters of lake Michigan, aoo. Otogamies, between the lake of the Wood and MiffiifippI, 300. Mafcoutens, on lake Michigan, and between that and the Miffiifippi, 400. Mifcothins, between lake Michigan and the MifliifippI, 340- Outimacs, between lake Michigan and lake St. Clair, aoo. MuTquakies, upon the fouthern waters of lake Michigan, 200. Sioux, on the eaftern head tomches of the Miffifiippi, and the iflands of lake Superior, 509. Otta- NORTH AMERICA. «93 Ottagaumies, on the head witer^ of the Miffiifippi* 300. Winnabagoes, on the head waters of the Miffiffippi» 2O0. KilUftinoes, onlake Superior^ 250. NaudoWeiies, between Michigan and lake Superior, 500. Ofevegatchies, near Swagatchy, on the river St. Lawrence, 100, Con nafe^agoes, near Montreal, 90. Cohunnevragoes, near Montreal^ 150. Michmacs, on the river St. Lawrence, 500. Ameliftis, on the river St. Lawrence, 400. Chalas, on the river St. Lawrence, 100. Nipiflins, near the head waters of the Ottawas river, 300. Algon^uins, towards the head waters of the Ottawas river, 250. Round* heads, on Riviere aux t^tes boules, or Round-head river, 2000. Mellafagues, between lake Superior and Idcs Huron, 1500. Kris, upon lake Chriftineaux, 1200. Aflinaboes, lake Affinaboes, f200> Barbus, or Blancs, between lake AiBnaboes and the lake of the Wood, I400> Sioux of the meadows, on the head and weftern branches of the MiffiiSppi, 2500. Sioux of the woods, on the head and weftern branches of the Mifliflippi, 4cx>o. Sioux, between the head waters of the MiiBffippi and Mifouri^ 3000. Ajoues, north of the Padoucas, 1000. White Fanis, fouth-eaft of the Mifouri, 1500. Speckled Panis, fouth of the Mifouri, 1200. Padoucas, fouth of the Mifouri, 500.. Grandefeaux, fouth of the Mifouri, 800. CanfeS) fouth of the Mifouri, 1000. Ofages, fouth of the Mifouri, 400. , U 3 Mifouris, *H WE9TB4tN TERAITOST OP 1^' if Wfojtrifi, on the MHburi, 1500. Arkaozfu« on the river Arkiuazas, ipoQ. There are feveral other trilSIs, knpmn by the name of Caou- it99i hmm^ffi, Wehiogs* OuTafpyi* Les Fuans, FoUe Avoine, Mineioal?, ^q. Su^ the differentitribes have been fo confoQad- ed one with another, that it is impoffible to colleA any diftinfl information refpefling their fituation «r numben ) which I apprehend has proceeded firopa the waper&£t knowledge travellers have had of the welt of the MiiB^pi» and to the north of lake Michigan and lake Superior i and which has precluded the pof^lHUty of jsuiung Wf 9etW9lt$ InteUigence from thf Ri> llowever, the »bovp lift Iku been correAed from the a<:<:ount9 of Croghan* Boquet, Carver, Hutchins, and Dodge, and by the comparative teftimony'of the beft informed men I have been able |o m^et with $ and whofe knowledge upon this fubjeA, though they have not written, J Should prefer tp either «f the aboivc autluxiticp, who were obliged tp take the greateft part of what they havf; related, from hearfay, or proce;ed upqn conjeQffrc. Thcr? {urefever?! vagrant tribes, called Chiakaneflbu, Opa- nakina, Machecous, and Souikilas, from the Cherokee;, Chafkaws, andCre^yj but I ihould fuppofe, thefe includ- ed, tkat my account of thofb tribes is tol(M:^bly fsiaft. By this j^^> which X preAimie will appear as acp^iurate as the fubjefl will admit of, the aggregate numbers of Indians will . be found \e(k than 6Qppp who inhabit thf cmintry from the gulf of Mexico, on both fides of the Miffiffippi^ to the gulf of St. Lawrence, and as hr weft as th^ country has been explored } that is, tp the head watcr« of the^MiffiifipiM, ind from thence to th^ MiTpuri (l do not mfw th^ h«ad of it), and between that rivfsr ^d SaotR F^* I have been abl? tp lflan» YWy little in^^m^tion rpfpefting the Indians between 3 tottu and fuperfiitions which it is neceflary to re'concilej, in order to produce perfeverance and unity of a^on, and what a fmaU proportion of them have the apparatus, or underdand the ufe of mufquetry, or poflefs i*erources fuffieieat to enable them to carry on bfting hoftilities againft the power of our increafing numbers, it muft be obvious, that even our defeats wili haften their ruin. Though we (or rather the federal troops) have been dc- foat^i feveral tinus, yet we £hall foon eftablifii a permanent fecurity againft favage invafions and mafiacres ; for though we htffcf not aded entirely Uke Hercules, who defbroyed the ferpents while an infant in his cradle, ftill, 1 prefume, we ihall do it in our- approach to maturity. U 4 The tjMI*..' I if 1»m W ■ t i Z96 WESTERN TERRITORY OF The French, by conciliating the manners of the fsTages, and by their difiufing a more general knowledge among them of the ufe of fire-arms, firft rendered them formidable to the whites. The animofity continued to exift until the commencement of the late war^ wbtn thai vtry poiicy vuu praBiftd hy tbi Engli/bi vibicb tbty badfanmrtyfoftvtrelyrtpro' bated in tbe French. In the various ikirmifhes and a£Kons which have been fought between us, they have acquired a mofk wonderful dexterity and heroic intrepidity } but> in thefe acquifitiomj theyprobably have laid the foundation of their own extinffion: for our defeats but add to our ftrength } and when you re- collect their comparative numbers with ours, and the com- parative fecundity of our women, I think the circumftance does not appear problematical. However, that is not our wi{h. We would gladly teach them the bleffings of peace; and fo far did the aflembly of Virginia carry this difpofition, in the year 1784, that, the more effeflually to accelerate fo defirable an end, they took it into confideration to pafs an a£k offering bounties to luch men and women as would intermarry with the Indians. But as the animofities which then exifted between thin and the back lettlers had arifen to fuch a height, it was thought moft advifable to poftpone it until there ihould be a ftable peace, and till the whites and they were reconciled } but that never will be the cafe until we are in poffeifion of Nia- gara and Detroit. Farewell. A LETTER from major Jonathan Heart, to Benjamin Smith Barton, M. D. &c. containing obfervations on the ancient works, the native inhabitants, &c. of the weftern coun- Sir, Fort Harmar, 'Jan. ;, 179 1. Agreeably to promife I now enter on the different fubjc^ of inquiry contained in your favour of tbe »4»h -•^ V .***" •t^. ^^4 KOmTR AMERICA. 297 favages, : among ■midable intU the lelicy was •tlynpro' ave been ronderful |ttifition8| txtinffioK: n yon re> the com- nimftance idly teach : afiembly 784, that, end, they ounties to e Indians, thin and thought a ftable iled i but of Nia- cin Smith ic ancient rn coun- 1791. on the lur of the ?4th 24th of January laft i but find myfelf unable to give that fatisfa£lory information which the nature of your work may probably{require: however, fuch obfervaMons as opportunity has enabled me to make, I am happy in hying before you. With refpe^t to ancient works : thofe at the mouth of the Muikingum are the only veftiges of any confiderable works I have very particularly attended to, are publilhed in the Co- lumbian Afagazine. Thofe remarks not having been made under an expeAation of their being publifhed, were not fo accurate as I could now wi{h they had been ; but improve- ments having fince been made over the whole extent of the works, no very confiderable inveftigation has taken place. We did at that time open the big. mount and fome of the graves, dig into the caves, on the walls, elevated fquares, ' and at different places within the compafs of the works ; but nothing was found more than I mentigned in thofe re- marks. The works at Grave creek I have' carefully viewed, but never traced the lines with fuch accuracy as to enable me to give you a plan. They are very extenfive, commencing about 4 mil^s below Grave creek, and continuing, at inters mediate difliances, for 10 or 12 miles, along the banks of the Ohio. The principal works are adjoining the big grave, which is about half a mile from the Ohio, and about the fame difiance north of the mouth of Grave creek. The works are very fimilar to thofe at the mouth of Mu(kingunu The continuation of works each way confifis of fquare and circular redoubts, ditches, walls, and mounts, fcattered at unequal didances, in every direflion, over extenfive flats. The big grave, fo called, has been openbd, and human bones found in it ( but not of an extraordinary fize ; neither have I ever heard of bones of an extraordinary fize being found in any of thofe graves, many of which 4iave been opened, and generally found to contain human bones. Thefe are the only confiderable remains which I have myfelf I'll 198 WESTBRM TBRRITQRY OF myfelf extmined. The conunon mountt, or Indian graves, or roonninenta (for they aure not alw»]n found to contain bonet), are fcattered over the whole country, particularly along the Ohio, and its mahi branches : indeed, I have fcarcelj ever Teen a handfooic fituation on a high flat, ad- joining any large ftrcam, where there were not fooie of the ^dMve-mentioned vcftiges of antiquity. . Travellert, on whofe authority I depend. Inform me, - diat, on a branch of the Scioto, called Paint creek, are works much more conilderable than thoTe at Grave creek, or Muf- kingum, a mount much larger, a greater variety of walls, ditches, and enclofures, and covering a much greater extent of country i that they continue for nearly 60 miles along the Scioto to its junftion with the Ohio, oppofitc which, on the Virginia fide, are extenfive works, which* have been accurately traced by col. George Morgan ; and I have been told that there are remains of chimnies, &c. The next works of note arc on the great Mianu, about 20 milei from its jundtion with the Ohio. A Mr. Wells, a gentleman of very nice obfervation and philofoi^ical in- quiry, who had viewed them, and had alfo examined the works at Muikingum, informed me they were very fimilar, though he thought thefe more extenfive, the walls higher, and the ditches deeper than thofe of Muikingum. He alio ebferved, there were fimilar works on the little Miami about 10 miles from its junction with the Ohio, which would' be about the fame diftance from the remains laft mentioned. Thefe are the only traces of ancient works of which I have received fuch authentic information as will juftify me in ve> porting them as undoubted fo£te. Many other remarkable veftiges of antiquity have been deferibed to me, particidafly on the eaft fide of a fmaU branch of the Big-black, a river which empties itfelf into the Miffiffippi, nearly in latitude 33 north, an elevation of earth about half a mile fquare, 15 or 20 feet high, from the nortb>eaft comer of which a wall of orm me, ire worki , or Muf- of walli, cer eitcnt 60 miks , oppofiu^ b) which rgani and iCS, &c. imi) about r. Wellsi a al in« tmined the cry finiUar, iU» higher, He alio liamUbout would' be tttioncd. hichlha^c ^ mcinre* remarkable paftlculailf ick, arWer in latitude fquare, 15 rbich avail of NORTH AMERICA. ^99 0^ equal heig]ht> with « deep dkch, extendi lor near half a . mile fp the high landi* This information I had from the Cha^w Indians, who inhabit that country, and it if con* firmed by mai^ white people* who refidcd with the Chac- tawf , and had often been on the fpot. The tradition of the Chadtaws with refpefk to this elevation is as follows : That in the midft is a large cave, which is the houfe of the CRBAT spirit ; that in that cave he made the CbaiEhws) that the country being then under water, the great fpirit raifed this wall above water, to fet the ChadUwi on to dry, aft«r they were made. The fame perfons and others aflured me, that on the low grounds of the Mifliflippi, which are fubjefl to overflow, at a place called Bio-piere, is a very large mount, encom- * pafled by a number of fmaller ones, in a perfe£fc circle, at equal diftances from each other, and at about 200 yards from the centre, or grand mount. Thefe circumflances I have the more reafon to believe, as every information aiTures me that country is covered with veftiges of ancient fettlements ; a< he fouth of the head waters of the Yazoo and Mobile, my own obfervations confirm it. Who thofe inhabitants were, who have left fach traces } from whence they came, and where they now are; are que* tics to which wc never, perhaps, can find any other than conjeAural aafwcrs. I can only give my opinion negatively, that they were not conAru^d by Ferdlnando de Soto. He' was not on the continent a fufficient time to conftruft even the works at Muikingum } and from every circnmflance it f^pears that he was no farther north than ChattafalUi, 9 Chickafaw village on the Tombigbee branch of the Mobile, Secondly, thefe works were not conilru^led by any european, afian, or african^nation fince tHe difco ▼ of America bj Chriflopher Columbus : the (late of the .«orks, the trect growing on them, &c. point to a much, earlier date. Thirds ly, they were not conftruf^ed by the prefent Indians, or their pre. Ml '1 Soo WKirRRM TRRRITORY OF pmlctcflft^M \ OP ftnnc trAdltloiti wowlil h«vc rtm*U\ekl i« to . their ulei, anU thoy wnutd hitve retained (bme knowl^tge JIn fonftru^Ung ilmlli\i' work8» Fourthlyi they were not een* ftniitkil by people who procurtHl the nccrflttrlen of \\k by hunting i a numhei' AittUtent to citrry on (lich worka never eould hftve AtblUktl in thitt wny. Fifthly, t mny venture to iiddi the people who conl^ruifhsd them were not Altogether in An uncivill«eil (Vnte i they muft have been under the Tub* erdinitlon of Ihw, a l\rkl and well«regulAted police, or \\\ty could not have been kept together in fuch numeroui bodleg, and made to eotttrlbute to the earrylng on of (Vteh (\ui>en» doui undertaking!. Hut my buflneU U lo give you faits, Atul not lo form ^pnje^ureii. There ar<5 otl^er inattera with tt(\)t(i to thli foumry, worthy of Attention \ Aieh ai, the tpiAntities of titelli, ton* erettoni, t^trifi\d\lt)ni, bonei, 9t fa^ioni. I faw no petrlfii<^iona on It myfelf but wooiv, Afh- bonea, and the rootN of (hruba which grow on the Kland t of thedi there wai a great abundance. Gentlemen who have reAded near, and whoAi veracity ii not to be doubted, af- Aired me, that they had feen very di^rent article! petrlHed, It part of a hornelN ne(>, A(hei, and in one InAante m entire birii. But, whiU U n\ore particularly to l>e remarked U, that thta petrl(ytnt» (pidliiy la iouAncd to the illand, and doet NORTit AMERICA. 501 fhlgb wAter, g of the Mo« , and In fvKh e bwn trawf* The Ch\cka. m\« Into th« kwlr cftrtK«n \\y \n ftU parti i(|u«nt» p«i^ (ttom of th« lo\¥«il at high r«ttt of iHStrl* It wxK^, flrt»* hcMUmIt ef icn who h»ve doubtedi ftf- |c\ci p«trlM| b« r«mMke^ ,e llU»^d» *«'^ nl funtpled of U r>n tht oppodtt (hoTDi I y«t there U no l\>rtng of runnhig w&tff, «nv) lUircel]^ « green thing on the tfland* Neither doeii thli qiinUlty txifti in i»nx r«m»rk«ble degreei either aIh)vc or h<«low the M\u There li n like infhnee up the Tenafe^i of a iMrtUuUr i^t| extreorUlnery tor petrlf««lon«» while nothing of the kind ii obTervable either above or betow« The big beaeii found at a ptaee catle^t Dig bone tkk, art now to be Aran In the varloui nuifcumi of the re) to ntake my remnrki on them. At pert Lewlii on the Mtdiillppl, I law a mtntber of gen* tlftncn who had travelled \)p the ^tllbnl'i 1 they fnkldt there ire many of thefe bones to the \vrltward» and the Indiana told them the animal wai (\\\\ to be fbuitd farther weft« , The natural nteadowi cannot be twoounttd ibr t fome ot them havfi doubt)ef^» emerged from the waten of the MliUirtppl ) which t prcdtme wai an arn\ of the Ika* Ibme dl(\ance above the mouth of the Ohio. Other of thcl^ meadowa appear to have been lakeni the waten of whichi in procedi of time) landing Tome outlot» have be«om« di7 landi. Dut Ibme of thefu MtetulowsMUc high landti (Vin iH>umled by an extenfive ttmberetl con«.try, in many placet much loNver than the clear Undi. M(\{or Wyllya Informed mt that he had the mo(\ unequivocal proofi front the a^>- pearancei of rmki and other veftlgei a Utile above the mouth of the MHourl) that the waten of the MlitlAippl had, la paft age«, flowed 70 feet higher thtit the prelent )ilgh>water tnArki. On the Frenchbroad river, a bianch of the Tena- fee, are per|)endicular rocki, on which, more than too i«et ibdve the prefcnt high-water, are artiiictal chara^ra of Itetlh, blrdi, Jtc. A Mr, Williamt, a gentleman of rt^pu* (»tlon, t^lfured mci that he had been at the placC) and that there lould be very little doubt of the ii\arai^ri l>clng artl* Ificid), and that It wai abfohitely imtK)itlbk that any \ierfUn Muld get to the C^t on any other iuppodtion, than that the waten ^02 WESTERN TBRHirORY OF waters of the river, had, at fonke time^ floored fa much higher. Widi refpeffc to the populoufnelV ckF the natives, I cannot give you any fatisfadory account { and from whence they came it is fliU more difficult to detefmine^ *Vhe Ghtckafaw^ fay they came from where the fun ttH m the water, and that they were 7 years on the way, marching only i moon in a year, remsuning the other.part of the time at the firaecamp, preparing ijt the next year's mwch. The similarity be* tween their language and thatch the ChaAaw evidently proves that they are from the fanne origin. The languages of the difterent tribes of the Six nations are alfo very fimilar to each other, as are the languages of many of the weftem nations, and the Creek nations, or Mufrows, •wkk vtrjMIe a/teratun Mufcovites. But the languages of the Six nations, tiie weftcirn nations, and the Chickafaws, are fb- different even m finmd and in conftrudion, that they never could have been derived' from, or any way dependent on each other. With refpeft to their cuftoms and manners, I am equal- ly unable to give you any fatisfaftory information. I cannot help thinking it a great misfortune, that no me^nres have ever been taken which held out a fufficient inducement for men of abilities to travel amongft the tribes which are fafiur removed from the natives of Europe, that we might be af- ftired thdlr cuftoms were not borrowed from, or any way intermixed with ours. It is equally a misfortune that we are iiiffering fo many of their languages to become extinct, without preferving their radieai charaAeriilics : for there it a certaun cbara^teriftie peculicu- to different languages, not dq)cndent on each other, which, though difguifed with t variety of founds, or different dialed, on accurate examin- ation will give fome grounds to conje^hire from what Ian* guage they are derived } add I cannot help thinking that a full invefligatien of the difierent languages of the nations will be the vaofi probable means for f<»'ming reafonable con- jcfturcs r w \m NORTH AMERICA. 30s ^1 cannot lencc thejr r, and that tnoonitt a gtme camp, milarity be. w evidently e languages very fimilar the wcftcni 4tb vtrj.little Stx nations, iiflerent e^en r could hate •ach other. , I am cqucrf- I cannot ie?fnres have icement for ilcliarcfafer [might be af- 1, or any way tne that we jcome extinft, for there i« iguages, not lifed with a ite examin- what lan- linkingthata the nations ifonable con- jcfturcs je£!ares from whence this continent was peopled. A know- ' ledge of their cuftoms and manners might alfo give us fome light. TlTiofe, however, who argue that the Indians are defcended from the ten tribes of Ifrael, from a fimilarity of fome cuftoms, do not confider that the Ifraelites Wcrei but little removed from a ftate of nature j that nature is uniform, and that all things being equal ever operate the fime. It is true that many cuftoms of the Indians are the fame with thofe of the Ifraelites : but they were fuch as na- ture herfelf pointed out. As to the genius of the Indians, I believe they are as ca» , pable as any other nation in learning any art, either mechani- cal cr liberal. Indeed, I never could find that they pofiefled any original ideas different from our own, or had any bias of mind, ptopenfijty to particular vices, or predominancy of any pa0ion, which could not be traced to their origin in the human mind, and be found to arife from the different ftages, between the abfolute ftate of nature and the higheft degree of civilization : in f.% we find them poffeffed of every pali fion, propenfity, and feeling of man. With regard to the arts of the ancient inhabitants, there b very little ground for us to draw conje£tures from, f wifli meafures had been early taken to colleA and preferve the different articles which have been found in different places; and that all other, artificial as well as natural curiou- ties, together with accurate defcriptions of all che veftiges of antiquity, could have been colletfVed and preferved. Perhaps, from the whole, fOme future inquiries might have led us to an inveftigation of the hiftory of this country. I might have added a great number of informations, from travellers, concerning various tribes of Indians ; their cu(^ toms, their languages, &c. fuch as that there are Indians who fpea}c the welfli bnguage i that there are others who live in works fimilar to the ancient remains ak-eady defcrib- ed) that there are Indhuift who Hve a (hepherd life, and' others "ytmrnaf- 304 WESTERN TEREITOET OF Others who entirely devote themfelvd) to the cultivation of the foil. But I have not fuch full afliurance of the truth of thefe matters as to authorlfe me to report them. I have thus, accordinjg to the bef^ of my abilities, given every information in my power, on the various inquiries in your favour. I have little expectation of there being any thing new in them, or which will give light on the fubjcAs ; but fuch as they are, pleafe to , accept them as my earneft endeavours to fervc you. With every fentiment of refpeft, I am. Sir, Tour's, &c. JoNATHiN Heart. DESCRIPTION of a r(;markabl6 rbck and cafcade near the weftem fide of the Tonghiogoty river, a quarter of a mile from Crawford's ferry, and about 12 miles from Union town, in Fayette county, in the ftate of iPennfylvania. By Thomas Hutchins. This cafcade is occailoned by a rock of a femicircular forna, the chord of which, from one extremity of thewch to the other, is nearly ico yards : the arch, or circular part, is extenfive, and upwards of 20 feet in height, exhibiting a ' grand and romantic appearance. This very curious produc< tion is compofed of ftone of variegated colours, and a fpe- cies of marble beautifully chequered with veins running in diSerent directions, prefenting, on a dofe infpcCtion, a faint refemblance of a variety of mathematical figures of different angles and magnitudes. The operations of nature in this ilruClure feem to be exceedingly uniform and majeftic ; the layers or rows of Aone of which it is compofed are of various lengths and thickneifes, more refembling the effects of art than nature. A ilat thin flone from 8 to 10 inches thick, abput 20 feet wi^e, formf (he upper.partQf this amphithea- tre. NORTH AMERICA. 305 tre, over which the ftrnpi precipitates. The whole front of this rock is made up from top to bottom, as well as from OBf ^a^tre^ity of thf lurch to the othor, of a regular fuccefr fion, principallf , of limeftone, ftrata over ftrata, and each ftratum or row projeAing in a horizontal dire^on, a little fiffther out than its bafi^ until it terminates into one entire flat, thin, extenfive piece, as abeady mentioned ; and which jets out at right angles or in a parallel line with the bottom* over which It impends 15 or aefett, sind that without co- lomns, or even a fingle pillar for its fupport. This circum- ftstnce, together with the grand circular walk between the fitont of the rock, and the iheet of water falling from the fummit, exhibits fo noble and fingular an appearance, that^^ «timot be beheld widi^t s^siinition wd delight. ^^ *#:"a^ try '••efr\ !. •ijssm"^i ^tar DISOOVERt, SETTLEMENT, and PRESENT STATt or KENTUCKY. BjJOHNFULSON. VDBfcltHBS IV THB TBAK 1784. I Advertisement. \/V E the fubfcriben, inhabitants of Kentnckyt and well l^ qoainted with the ooontrjr from iti fiift fettkment ; at the reqaeft of die andior of thb book» hare carefidljr lerifed it» and lecta- nKnd it ID die poblic as an exceeding good peHbrmancei con- tuiuiig as accoate a defcription of oor coontiy as we think can pofiUy^ be gifcn : mnch preferable to aaty in on knowledge ex- tant; and think it will be of great utility to the poU^c. Witneft ear hancU this lath day of May, Anno Domini 1784. DANIEL hOO^j LEVI TODD, JAMES HARROW. PREFACE. THE generality of dioie geogi ap faets, who have attempted a map or defcription of America* feem either to have no knowkdge of Kenrjcky, or to have neglcfVed it, although a place of infinite importance : and the reft hare proceeded fo erroneoufly, that they have left the world as mnch in darknefs u before. When I Hfited Kentucky, I found it fo fiir to exceed my cxpeft- ations, although great, that I concluded it was a pity that the worid had not adequate information of it. I conceived that a pio> per defcription of it was an objeA highly inteiefting to the United Sttflisi THE DISCOVJ .,-ik: NORTH AMBRICA. 307 rATE welIl^ he itqocft Bd ICC0II* meet con* think caa wledge tt- . WxtoA 00 2T, r * StstM} iud thenfoiC) incie^Ue at it may appeairto fomei t muft dedaiCf that thii performanoe is not publiflied from lucrative mo- tiveiy l^nt folely to inform the world of the happy climate and plentifal foil of this faroared region. And I imaeine the reader will believe me the more eafily when I inform him, that I am not an inhabitant of Kentucky, bat having been there fome tinwi b^ my acquaintance in it, am fofficiently able to paUilh the troth, andf fiom principle^ have cautioufly cndeavoaied to avoid every fpeciet of fiiUehood. The confcioufnefs of this encourages me to hope for the public canuour, where errors may poffibly be fuand^ The three gentlemen honouring this work with their recommenda* tioo, colonel Boon* cdonel Todd» and colonel Harrod) were among the firft fetders, and petfeAly well acquainted with the country. To them I acknowledge myfelf much indebted for their friendly affift« iBce in this work, which thefr cheerfully contributed, with a did inteicAed view cf being ferviceable to the public. My thanks are ntoK efpecially due to col. Boon, who was earlier acquainted with the fubjeA of this performance than any other now living, as ap- pean by the account of his adventures, which I efteemed curious and interefting, and therefore have publifhed them from his own ^th. Much advantage may poffibly arife to the pofleflbr of this book, as thofe who wifli to travel in Kentucky will undoubtedly find It a complete guide. To fuch I affirm, that there is nothing mentioned or defcribed but what they will find true. Confcious diat it would be of general utility, I have omitted nothing, and been exceeding particular in every part. That it may have the de- filed c&^, is the fincere wifh of JOHN FILSON» Lttempted t ] knowledge of infimte I, thatthef mytxpea- that the thatapio. I the United StttM; THE DISCOVERY, PURCHASE, AND SITTLEMENT OF KENTUCKY. The firft white man we have certain accounts of, vrho difcovered this province, was one James M'Bride, ^vho, in connpany with fome others, in the year 1754, pafling down the Ohio in canoes, landed at the mouth of Kentucky river, ind there marked a tree with the firft letters of his name, X % and WESTERN TERRITORY OP ¥m 508 and the dttt, which remain to this day K Thele men te- connoitred (he country, and retnmed home wtdl the pleafing news of their difcovery of the beft tnift of Ijmd in North America, and probably in the world. From tlus pe. riod it remained concealed till about the year 1767, when one John Finley, and fome others, trading urith the IndiaiUi fortunately travelled over the fertile region now called Kentucky, then but known to the Indians^ by the name of the Dark and Bloody Ground, and fometimes the Middle Ground. This coantry greatly engaged Mr. Finley's atten- tion. Some time after, difputes arifing between the Indians and traders, he was obliged to decamp i and returned to his place of refidence in North Carolina, where he commani- cated his difcovery to col. Daniel Boon, and a few more, who conceiving it to be an interefting objeA, agreed in the year 1 769 to undertake a journey in order to explore it. After a long fatiguing march, over a mountainous Wilder- nefs, in a weftward direction, they at length arrived upon its borders } and from the top of an eminence, with joy and wonder,, defcried the beautiful landfcape of Kentucky. Here they encamped, and fome went to hunt provifions, which were readily procured, there beiing plenty of garne^ while col. ]3oon and John Finley made a tour through the coun- try, which they found far exceeding their expectations,^ and returning to camp, informed their companions of thdr dif* cov(eries : but, in fpite of this promifing beginning, this com- pany, meeting with nothing but hard(hips and adverfity, grew exceedingly diiheartened, and was tendered, dtfperf- ed, and killed by the Indians, except col. Boon, who con< tinned an inhabitant of the wildernefs until the year 1771, when he returned home. About this time ICentuclcy had drawn the attention of fe- reral gentlemen. Doftor Walker, of Virginia, with a num- * This was well known to the Virginian and Carolina men ia 1750. Chriflopher Gi(t, Croghan, Barney Corran, Montonr, aiid feveral others, explored it, and made a treaty in 1 750 with the Piankaihas Indians. bcr _>5(i»«^ ""^S^i VORTU AMERICA. 309 enre' h. the imdin hispe- I -when Adiansi ' called oameof Middle r's atten- . Ind'uMu ltd to his ommiini* ew norC} ed in the xplore it. us wilder* Ived upon Lthjoyand cky. Hew ,ns, iwhich ie> vhilc the coun> itioBSfand their dlf- this com- adverfity, |d, difpetf- vho con- [year i77*» Ltion o( fe- litli a num- bWta. men ia Montoutf C50 with the her ber xaote, made a tour weftward for difcoveries, endeavour- ing to find the Ohio river ; and afterwards he and general Lewis, at fort Stanwi^:, purchafed from the Five Nations of Indians die lands lying on the north fide of Kentucky. Col. Donaldfon, of Virginia, being employed by the ftate to run a line from 6 miles above the Long ifland, on Hplfton, to the mouth of the Great Kanhaway, and finding thereby that an extcniive tra£t of excellent country would be cut off to the Indians, was folicited, by the inhabitants of Clinch and Holfton, to purchafc the lands lying on the north fide of Kentucky riveriirom the FiveNations. This purdufe he cofn- pleted for 500 poiunds, ^cie. It was then agreed, to fix a boundary line, running from the Long iiland on Holfton to the head of ]([entucky river ; thence down the fame to tl)^ mouth, thence up the Ohio, to the mouth of Great Kanha- way: but tfiis valuable purchafe the ilate refiifed to con- firm. Richard Henderfon, of North Carolina, being informed of this country by col. Boon, he and fome other gentle- men held a treaty with the Cherokee Indians at Wataga, in March I775> and then purchafed from them the lands ly- ing on the fouth iide of Kentucky river, for goods, at valur able rates, to the amount of 6000 poimds, fpecie. Soon after this purchafe, the ftate of Virginia took .the alarm, agreed to pay the money col. Donaldfoif had con- tia£ted for, and then diluted Mr. Henderfon's right of purchafe, as a private grentleman of another ftate, in behalf of himfelf: however, for his eminent fervices to this coun- try, and for having been inftrumental in making fo valuable an acquifition to Virginia, that flate was pleafed to reward him with a traft of land at the mouth of Green river, to the amount of 200,000 acres; and the ftate of North Carolina gave him the like quantity in Powel's valley. This re^on w^ formerly claimed by various tribes of Indians,} frhofe title, if they had any, originated in fuch 9 ;manner, a to render it doubtful which ought to pofiefs it : hence X 3 -• this I 3IO WESTERN TERRITORY OF this fertile fpot became an object of contentiony a theatre of war, from which it was properly denominated the Bloodj Grounds. Their contentions not being likelj to decide the right to any particular tribe, as foon as Mr. Henderfon and his friends propofed to purchafe, the Indians agreed to fell { and notwithftanding the valuable confideradon they re- ceived, have continued ever fince troaUefome neighbotm to the new fettlers. SITUATION AND BOUNDAlIEt. Kentucky is fituated, in its central part, near the la- titude of 38° north, and 65^ weft longitude, and lymg within the fifth climate, its longeft day is 14 hours 40 mi- nutes. It is bounded on the north by Great Sandy creek; by the Ohio on the N. W. by North Carolina on the ibuth { and by the Cumberland mountain on the eaft ; bemg op. wards of 250 miles in length, and aoo in breadth } and is at prefent divided into 3 counties, Lincoln, Fayette, and Jefieribn } of which Fayette and Jefferfon are bounded b^ the Ohio, and the river Kentucky feparates Fayette on its north fide from (he other two. There are at prefent 8 towns laid oflT, and building, and more are propofed. Lottifville, at the falls of Ohio, and Beards town, are in ^iefierfon county; Harrodfisurg, Danville, and Boons- urrow, in Lincoln county} Lexington, Lees town, and Greenville, in Fayette county ; the two laft being on Ken- tucky river. At thefe and many other places, on this and other rivers, infpefling-houfes are eflabliflied for tobacco^ which may be cultivated to great advantage, although not altogether the (laple commodity of the country. RIVERS. The beautiful river Ohio bounds Kentucky in its whole length, being ^ mile and fometimes lefs in breadth, and is f ufEcient to carry boats of great burden. Its general courfe is fouth 60 degrees weft } and in its courfe it receives num- l)cr« NORTH AMERICA. 311 fMn of large and fmall rWers, which pay tribute to its glory. The only difadvantage this fine river has, is a rapid, one mile and an half long, and one mile and a quarter broad, called the Mk of Ohio. In this place the river runs over a rocky bottom* and the defcent is fo gradual, that the fall does not probably m the vrhole exceed 20 feet. In fome places we may obferve it to fall a few feet. When the ftream is low, empty boats only can pafs and repafs this ra- pid} their ladmg muft be tranfported by land; but when high, boats of any burden may pals in fafety. Excepting this place, there is not a finer river in the world for naviga- tion by boats. Befides this, Kentucky is watered by 8 fmaller rivers, and many large and fmall creeks. Licking river heading in the mountains with Cumberland river, and the north branch of Kentucky, runs in a N. W. direction for upwards of 100 miles, coUefUng its filver ftreams firom many branches, and is about 100 yards broad at its mouth. Red river * heads and interlocks with the main branch of licking, and flows in a S. W. courfe into Kentucky river, being about 60 miles long, and 60 yards wide at its mouth., The Kentucky river rifes, with 3 heads, firom a moun> tainous part of the country. Its northern branch interlocks with Cumberland ; runs half way in a weftem dire^on, and the other half north-wefterly. It is amazingly crooked^ upwards of 200 miles in length, and about 150 yards broad. Elkhom b a fmall river which empties itfelf into Ken- tucky in a N. W. by W. courfe; is about 50 miles long, and 50 yards broad at the mouth. Dick*s river joins the Kentucky in a northpweft direction \ a about 45 miles long, and 45 yards wide at its mouth, Xlus river curiouily heads and interlocks its branches with Salt river. Green river, and the waters of Rockcaille river. Salt river rifes at four dificrent places near each other. * This river is a principal bnutch of the Kentucky. X 4 The Si» WBSTIRM TBRRITOIIT OP The iHodingt of this river are curioust rolling kt (b>««ni round a fpacioui tra£t of fine land, and uniting almoft i j miles before they approach the Ohio, and to oiiles beW the Mh. It is amazingly crooked, and runs a weftem courfe near 90 miles. Green river, interlocking with the heads of Dick's river, as mentioned above, b alfo amazingly crooked, keeps a wtft. em courfe for upwards of 150 miles, and is about 8« yards wide at its mouth, which is about 220 miles below the biia. ; Cumberland river interlocks with the northern branch of Kentucky, as aforefaid } and rolling round the other arms of Kentucky among the mountains, in a fouthem courfe for 100 miles } then in a fouth-weftern courfe for above 100 miles } then in a fouthem and fouth-weftern courfe for about 250 more, finds the Ohio, 41 3^ miles below the fidli. At the fettlements it is 200 yards broad ( and at its moudi 300, having pafled through North Carolina in about half its courfe. The Great Kanhaway, or New river, rifes in North Caro. Una/ runs a northern and north'-weft courfe for upwards of 400 miles, and finds the Ohio 400 miles above the fidk. It is about 500 yards wide at its mouth. Thefe two rivers a^-e juft mentioned, being beyond our limits. They run contrary courfes, are exceeding large; and it is worth notice, that Clinch, Holfton, Nolachucky, and Frenchbroad rivers, take their rife between thefe two, or rather weftward of New river, fome of them rifin^ and interlocking with it •, and when they nteet, form what is called the Tenafee river, which runs a weftem courfe, and finds the Ohio 12 miles below Cumberland river. It is very large, and has fpacious tra^ of fine land. Thefe rivers are navigable for boats alnx)(l to their fonrces, without rapids, for the greateft part of the year. This country is generally level, and abounding with limeftone, which ufually lies about 6 feet deepi ward of with it i fee river, 1 1 miles fpacious fonrces, ax. This (imeflone, hollows, where where ftreamt run, where we find the rock hi the hottom of the channel. The fprings and ftreams leflWi in June, and continue low, hindering navigation, until November, when the autumnal rains foon prepare the rivers for boats, and replenifli the whole country with water } but although the dreams de- creafe, yet there is always fufficient for domeftic nfes. There are many fine fprings, that never fail 1 every farmer hsu a good one at leafl } and excellent wells may eafily be dug. NATURE or THE SOIL. THE country, in fome parts, is nearly level j in othert not fo much fo j in others again hilly, but moderately } and in fuch places there is moft water. The levels arc not like a carpet, but interfpcrfed with fmall rifings and declivities, which form a beautiful profpefl;. A great part of the foil is amazingly fertile ; fome not fo good, and fome poor. The inhabitants diftinguifh its quality by firft, fecond, and third rate lands } and fcarcely any fuch thing as a marfh or fwamp is to be found. There is a ridge, where Kentucky rifcs, nearly of the Aze of a mountain. All the land below the Great Kanhaway, until we come near the waters of Licking river, is broken, hilly, and gene- rally poor } except in fome vallies, and on Little and Great Sandy creeks, where there is fome firft rate land, but moftly fctond and third rate. It is faid, tliat near this water is found a pure fait rock. Uport the north branch of Licking we find a great body of firft rate land. This ftream runt nearly parallel to (he Ohio for a confiderable diftance, and is about 7 miles from the mouth of Limcftone creek, where is a fine harbour for boats coming down the Ohio, and now a common landing. It is 65 miles from Lexington, to which thlere is a large waggon road. The main branch of Licking is about 22 miles from Limcftone. On this ftream we find (bme firft, but moftly fecond and third rate lands, and to- wards it9 head fomething hilly. There we find the Blue licks, S»4 WBITIRir TXRRITnilT OP IIcIm, two ^n« Alt fpringii wh«re gmt plentf of Mt may Im miide. Round tlMfe llcki th« foil li poor for foine dlftancci being much Imprtgntted with fiilt. The fouthern brftnch of Ltcking» imd ill Iti other Mini, fprtiid through • great body of flrft, and Tome fecond r»te land, where there ii abundance of cMiet nnd fome fah tUki Md (\)rlngi. On thefe fcverid branche» of Licking arc good mill fcatii Mid navigation to the Ohio, from the fork down to III mouth* The Idnd li hlllyi and generally poor, yn ileng the ftreami lad in valliei we find fome excellent land. The Blkhorn landi are much efteemod, being fltuated in t bend of Kentucky river of great extent, hi which thU little river, or rather brge creek, rlfei. Here we find inoAl; flrft rate land, and noa^ the Kentucky river fecond and third rate. Thii great tn£t U beautifully fituated, covered with cane, wild rye, and clover i and many of the Areama tffbrd fine mill feati. The lands below the mouth of Elkliorn, up Eagle creek, and towards the Ohio, are hillj and poor, except thofe con> ulned In a great bend of the Ohio oppoflte Great Miami, cut off by the Bigbcno and Uanklick crecki interlocking, and running fepirate courfei. llore re find a great deal of good land, but fomething hilly. On Kentucky river we find mtny fertile vaIIIck, or Ux^ tome, along the river, e())eclally towards iti* rife, 'i'here ii good land aHo on ,Red river, but towanla the hcadi of thli, and Kentucky, the ft>ll is broken \ but even here, wc^ And in vaUica, and along fircains, a great deal of fruitful land. Generally the foil, vritltiit a mile or two of Kentucky river, Is of the third and fourth r»tes { from about that diftun^e, as we Uave it on cither flde, we Npiiroach good lands. Tin country through which it wUuU its < ourfc, for the mod part, may be coufldercd as level to its banks, or rather precipices i from the b ow of which wc behold the liveri 3 and fomc- tlmct ':A. MOKTM AMIftICA* |tj t)m«f 400 (^ #•'<« to where we treat of the curlofltlci of Kciittickyt Dick*! river rum through a great body of Arft rate landi aboanding everywhere with cane, and affbrdii many excellent mill Arati. Many mllli are already built on thia ftream, aid will have a plentiful Atfply of water In the dryeft Amfima. The banki of thia river, near iti mouthi are flmilar to the banka of Kentucky. The feveral ftreami and branchea of Salt river aflbrd excellent mlii ftata. Thefe roll themftlvea through a great tradl of excellent land 1 but the country firom the JunAion of the(^ waters, and fome milea above towarda the Ohio, which may be about 95 mIlea, la level and poor, and hai abtmdance of pond*. For a cmflderabie difhmce fIrom the head of thii river, the land la of the llrft quality, well fltuated, and nboundi with fine cane. Upon thia and nick'i river, the inhabltanti are chiefly fettled, it being the fkfeft part of the country from the Incurflona of the tn- diani. Oram river aflTordi excellent mill feati, and a coniVant Aream. Thia is allowed to be the beft watered part of Kentucky. On ita hanki we And many Ane bottoms, fome flrA rate, but moAly fecond and third rate landa 1 and at feme dilUnce, many knoba, ridgea, and broken poor land. D«low a creek, calltni Hlnking creek, on thin river, within 50 mliei of Ohio, towarda Salt river, a great territory bcglna, called Oreen river barroiM, extending to the Ohio. ' It hai no timber, and little water, but affbrdi excellent paftun* age for cattle. On fome parti of thli river we And abun* dlnce of cane, (bme fait llckii, and Ailphtireoua and bltuminoua ijprtnga. South of Oreen river, in the landa referved for the continental and ftate troopi of Virginia, an exceeding valu- able lead mine hat lately been dlfcovered. Iron ore ia found on Robgh crrck, a Oream running into thii river. That part of Cumberland river which ia In the Kentucky country, travirflBi V'X $l6 WESTERN TERRITORY OK traverfei a hilly poor land, thoagh in fome parts we find good ibil al fteady n^ of weather in that refpe^, as in the northern ftates. The — irORTb AMRHICAi 31 f m *rb« #eft v^^s are fometimes cold and nltrotn. The Ohi6 rwining in that direftioQj and there being mountains on that quarter, the wefterly winds, byfweeping along theh: tops, in the cold regions of the air, wd over a long traft of frozen water, collect cold In their courfe, and convey it ovct the Kentncky country *, but the weather is not fo in- tcnfcly fcvere as thefe winds bring with them in Peraifylva- iiia» The air and ieafons depend very much on the wmds, as to heat and cold, drynefs and moifture. SOIL AN1> PRODUCE. Tab foil of Kentucky is of a loofe, deep, black mould* vrithoat fand, in the firft rate lands about 2 or 3 feet detp, and exceeding luxwrious in all its produ£Hons. In fome pbttes the mould inclines to brown. In £oxat the wood, as the^ natural confequence of too rich -a foil, is of little vahie, appearing like dead timber and large ftumps in a field lately cleared. Thefe parts are not confiderable. > The country in general may be confidered as well timbered, producing large trees of many kinds, and to be exceeded by no country in variety. Thofe which are peculite to Kentucky are the fagar-tree, which grows in all parts in great abundance, and fumiihes every family with plenty of excellent fugar. The honey*locuft is curioufly furrounded with large thorny fpikes bearing broad and long pods in form of peas, has a fweet tafte, and makes excellent beer. The coffee-tree greatly refembles the black oak, grows large,' and alfo bears a pod, in which is enclofed coffee. The papaw-tree does not grow to a great ilze, is a foft wood, bears a fine fruit, much like a cucumber in ihape and iize, and taftes fwcet. The cucumber-tree is fVnaVl and foft, with re- markable leaves, and bears a fruit much refembling that from which it is named. Black mulberry trees are in abundance. The wild cherry-tree is here frequent, of large iize, and fupplies the inhabilants with boards for all their buildings. tierc virtsr^^ 3i8 WESTERN TSRRITOET Of Here alio is the hvckmcye, an exoeeding foft wood, bearing; a reaiarkable black fruit, and fome other kinds of trees not common elfewhere. Here is a great plenty of fine cane, on which the cattle feed, and grow fat. This plant in general grows from 3 to 12 feet high, of a hard fubftance, with joints at 8 or 10 inches diftance along the ftalk, from which proceed leaves refembling thofe of the willow. There are many cane brakes fo thick and tall, that it is difficult to pafs through them. Where no cane grows there is abundance of wild rye, clover, and bufiEalo grafs, covering vaft tra£b of country, and affording excellent food for cattle. The fields are covered with abundance of wild herbage not com- mon to other countries— the fhawanele fallad, wild lettuce, and pepper-grafs, and many more, as yet unknown to the inhabitants, but which* no doubt, have excellent virtues. Here are feen the fineft crown-imperials in the world, the cardinal flower, fo mach extolled for its fcarlet colour ; and all the year, excepting the winter months, the plains and Tal- lies are adorned with variety of flowers of the moft admlra- Ue beauty. Here is al(b found the tulip-bearing laurel-tree, or nugnolia, which has an exquifite fmell, and continues to blofibm and feed for feveral months together^ r/This country is richeft on the higher lands, exceedmg the fineft low grounds in the fettled parts of the continent When cultivated it produces in common 50 and 60 buihels per acre ; and I have heard it affirmed by credible perfons, that above 100 buflkels of good corn were produced from an acre hi one feafon. The firft rate land is too rich for wheat dU it have been reduced by 4 or 5 years cultivation. Col. Harrod, a gentleman of veracity in Kentucky, has lately experienced the produAion of finall grain, and affirms, that he had 35 bufliek of wheat, and 50 bufl^els of rye per acre. I think, in common, the land will produce about 30 buihels of wheat and rye, upon a moderate computation, per I, bearing •trees not 5 canci on in general ince* with rom which There are cult to pafi abundance r vaft traAs ittlc. The ge not com- rild lettun, lown to the lent virtues. i worlds the colour i and [sons and val- oaoft admira- kg laurel-tree} continues to xceeding the \c continent, i dobuihels ijble perfons, [uced from an [too rich for :ultivation. -ntucky, has L and afBrmSi lO^eU of rye Ice about 30 ■computation, per NORTH AMERICA. 319 per acre; and this is tiie- general opinion of the inhabitants. We may fuppofe that barley and oats vnll increafe abundantr ly } as yet they have not been fufficiently tried. The Ibil is very £ivourabIe to flax and hemp, turnips, potatoes, and cot- ton, which grow in abundance ; and the fecond, third, and fourth rate lands are as proper for fmall grain. TheTe ac- counts of inch amazing fertility may, to fome, appear incre- dible, but are certainly true. Every hu(bandman nuy have a good garden or meadow, without water or manure, where he pleafes. The foil, which is not of a thirfty nature, is commonly well fuppUed with plentiful ihowers. Iron ore and lead are found in abundance, but we do not hear of any filver or gold mine as yet difcovered. . The weftem waters produce plenty of fifh and fowl. The fifli, common to the waters of the Ohio, are the btt£Riloofi(h» of a laii;e fize, and the cat-fi(h, fometimes exceeding 100 ffdghc. Troot have been taken in Kentucky weiglung 30 ponflds; The mullet, rock, perch, gar^fiih, and eel, are here m great plenty. Suckers, fun-fi(fa, arid other hook-fiOl, wn abundant ; but no (had or herrings. We may (bppofe with a degvee of certainty, that there are large fubterraneout aqncdufts ftored with fifh, from whence fine fprings arife in many parts, producing fine hook-filh in variety. Oa thefe waters, and efpecially on the Ohio, the geefe and ducks are amazingly numerous. The land fowls are turki^s, which are very frequent, ^heafants and partridges*. The paroquot, a bird every way refembling a parrot, but much fmaller ) the ivory-bill woodcock, of a whitifh colour, with a white plume, flies icreaming exceeding fharp. It is afierted that the l»U of this bird is pure ivory, a circumftance very fingnlar in the plumy tribe. The great owl refembles its fpecies in other parts, but is remarkably different in its vociferation, fome* * What is called a partridge by moft people in America it a fitil, and wbit is called a pheafant is a fpecies of gionfe. timet V u 320 WESTERK TERRITORY OP times aakmg a ftrange (brprifing notfe* Hke * man in the moft extreme dai^er and difficulty. Serpents are not munerovs, and are fiacK as are to lie fismnd in other parts of the continent, except the ImiU, the homed, and the modcafcm fnakes. Swanipe are rare, and confeqnently frogs and other reptiles comm(m to fuch places. There are no fwarms of bees> except fuch as have been introduced by the pre£eat inhabitants. : Amonc the native animals are the iirus, bifon, or zorax, defcribed by Ce£u'> which we calf a buflnlo^ much refi^. bling a large bull, of a great fize, with a large hf ad, thick, ihorr, crooked horns, and broader in lus forepart than be- hind. Upon his jQioulder is a large hnnp of flefh, covered with a thick bofibiof long wool andturly hair, t>f a daiic brown colour. They4<> not rife from the ground as our catde, b«t fiM'ing up at once upen their feet v 'atserof abroad undee, aii4 clumfy appearance, with .fl&orti-kgSy "but run iiaft, and turn not afide for any thing vihtn dkafod, ekcept a ftandmg tree. They we^.from^ 500 to; looo* weighty acc ekselknt meat, fupplying the inhabitants in many parts with beef, and thdr hides make good leathei*. Ihave heard a hinnter afiert, he faw above 1000 buffiiloes at the Blue licks at once ; fo an- merous were they before the firft fettlers had wantonly fptet* cd away their lives. There ftill remains a great numbet in theexteriorpartsefthe fettlement. Theyfeed upcm cane and grafsk as other cattle^ and are innocent harmlefs creatures. There uc fiill to be found many deer, elks, and bears, withie the fettlemmt, and many raoiis cms the borders of it. There are alfo panthers, wild cats, and wolves. "Hie waters have plenty of beavers, otters, minks, and nmlk-rats : nor are the animals common to other parts want' ing, fuch as foxes, rabbits, fquirrels, racoons, ground-hogs, ptrie-cats, and opofiums. Mod of the fpecies of the do- meftic in the ; to be >U, the re, and to fudi as have jrzorax, h ttSooi' d, thid:, than be< f coTered of adaxfc Dur catdC) >adnii^ fiaft) and ftandmg ^xseUsnt beef, and iter affert, ; fo nn- mlyfpiQrt* iun^Ktin cane and ireatures. id bears, of it. LinWs, and [arts ^rant' ind-hogs, kf the do- meftic KORTH AMSRXC4. 321 meftic tjp9dttiptdi ha(w been introduced 0nce the fettk- tacut, fuch a» horfe«, cows, fiieep, and ho£;9, which are pro- cUgiouflf onukiplied, fufiered to run in the woods without % kccpcC) and only brought home when wanted. INHABITANTS. An accurate accoimt is kept of aU the 9wlc lahaUiUintji ^ve the age of i6, who are rated t iu lime> perlmps» he mpdi^ed tp ope unif^^m. As yet united to the Aate of Virginia, th<^ yre goveoiAd by her wholesome laws, whiiih i^e vhrtuQuAy cjtecutod, ^4 with excellent decoorumt School^ for edi»csi- tlon are formed, and a college is appointed by a(ft Qi a^n^ i^y of Virginia» to be founded under th« condu^ of tjruf- \m m Kentucky! and endowed with lands im iP* i^> A* niqeJlent Ubrary is Ukewife beAowed upon thi^ kwimrf: by the rev. John Todd, of Virginia. 1b» anabaplifts were the firfi: that prtomotfid pubUc wor- (blp in Kentueky ; and the preihyteriaiw have formed 3 I)rge congregations, near Harrod's ftation, and have engaged * This eftitnate, the reader will recolleft, was made in 1 784* It it aflerted that ae*ooe migmtcd hither in i7^7» Y the 3»i WBSfBRlf T^RKlfOKt Of M the rev. David Rice, of Virgiint, to lie their paftor. A{ Lexington* 35 miles firom thefe, they have formed another large congregation, and invited the rev. Mr. Rankin, of Virginia, to nndertalce that charge among them. At prtfb fent there are no other religious focieties formed, Although feveral othfr fe£b have numerous adherents. But froaL thefe earlj movements it is hoped that Kentuck7 will emi^ fiently ihine in learning and piety, which wiU MSSL the wifh of every virtucus citizen. dURIOSITIBS. • Amongst the natural curiofities of this country, tbd winding banks, or rather precipices of Kentucky and Dick's rivers, deferve the firft place. The aftoniihed tjt there beholds almoft every where 3 or 400 feet of a folid perpendicular limeftone rock ; in fome parts a fine white marble, either curionfly arched, pillared, w blteked up int6 fine building ftones. Theife precipices, as was obferved Itt^ lore, are like the fides of a deep trench, or canal; the land above being level, except where creeks fet in, and crowned with fine groves of red cedar. It is only at paftkular placet that this river can be crofled, one of which is worthy of admiration } a great road large enough for waggons made by the buftlo, flojmig with an eafy defcent from the top to the bottom of a very large fteep hill, at or near the river Above Lees-town. Caves are found in this country amazingly large } b fome of which you may travel feveral miles under a Sat limeftone rock, fiipported by curious arches and pillars : in iinoft of them runs a ftream of water. r Near the head of Salt river a fubterranean lake, or large pond, has lately been difcovered. Col. Bowman fays, thtt he and a companion travelled in one 4 hours till he luckily came to the mouth again. The fiune gentleman mentions another which operates like an ur Airnac^ and coataini jBUCb i*«^\ tfO&TH AMERICA. 3*3 >r. Af another ikin, of Atpr6i ilthough >ut front rill emU Uiewilh ntry, tkd icky and liihed eyt of a folid fine wUte fid up intb ifervedbe* [; theUmd td crowned ular placd worthy of rons made the top te the river large} iii kder a fint Ipillan: itt B, or large fays, thtt I he luckily mentions containt Aucb much fulphur. An adventurer in any of thefe will luive » peifeft idea of primaeval darknefs. ^ There appear to be great natural ftores of fulphur and fait in this coiintry. A fpring at Booniburrow confbntly ea^ts fttli^ureous particles, and near the fam<& place is a fait fpring. There is another fulphureous fpring upon Foot DfUe creek, a third upon Green river, and many others iik different placed abounding with that uiefiil mineral. There ^e 3 fprings or ponds of bitumen near Green river, which do not form a (beam, but difgorge themfelvei into a common refervoir, and when ufed in lamps anfwer all the purpofes of the finefl oil. There are different places abounding with copperas, eafily procured, and in its prefent impure ftate fufficient for the afe of the inhabitants : and when refined, equal to any ha Itbeworid. There is an alum-bank on the fouth fide o^ Cumberiand river, fituated at the bottom of a cliff of rocks proje£tin^ over it. In its prefent ftate it has the appearance, and po& fcfles the vhrtnes of that mineral, and when purified is a beautiful alum. Ma^y fine fait fprings confbntiy emit water, which,. b - ing manufaAured, afllbrds great quantities of fine fait. At jprefent there b but one, called Bullet's )ick, improved, and , this aflfbrds fait fufficient for all Kentucky, and exports feme to the Illinois. Drinnoi/ lick, the Big>bone, andith6 Blue lick8,/t!nd forth ftreams of fait water, 'the Nob lick, and many others^ do not produce water, but confif^ of day ttb^ with fait particles t to thefe the cattle rqKiil', and re- duce high hills rather to vallies than plains. The amazing lierds of bufialo which refort thither, by their fize aikd nnmbar, fill the traveller with amazement ahdterrory efpe« dally when he beholds the ptodigions roads they have made from all quarters, as if leading to fbme populous city; th^. raft fpace of land wound thefe fprings deiolated as if by a T a ravapog "t^^lS" 324 WE.ST«#l^ TJMtiLfTOftT OF |. f! I ci ny^Vm ^MacBay* f9n$4 w\^ su'c thus i^tiqitcd, Fjrft oji tkt ground ar^ j^aid Is^gc ^.oad ftoncs} o^ thefe were placed the bodies, feparated from each othor by broad ftonej, covered with other^j which fisrve as a bafis for the next ar- r^gement of (bodies. In this oi;der they are hwitf ▼ithoot mortar, growing ftill uanrowcr to the hei^bt of a man* This method of burying appears to be totally different '^ron that now pra^ifed by tjj^e I^dia^s. J^t a fait fyriug near Ph^o riyer^ ve;cy lai;^ bones are found, hr fyrpaffing tbc 1^ of any fyiofii of ai^io^ xuf^ fu 4mBri|C9. The hM appears to have been about 3 feet h^g, tb^ ^ 7, and die thigh bones about 4} one of which is repofited in th9 libraiy in Philad^phia, and £ud to wdgh 78 pounds. The tafks are abov^e }^ fyot in lei^gth, the g^ders sdwut j inches fqji^e, and 8 i^iches lo^. Thcfe bones have equally e^ti^d t^e amazement pf thjc igiu^^t, an4 attraAed th; ajtteiftipn of jth.e {^ulpfo^er. Specimens of jdiem haye been fent both to France and England, w^ere tb^ h$ive been i:^^ anuned with the greatefi diligepce, ^nd found upon comr porifon to be rem^ipa pf th^e fame ipeci^ of animals thalt produced thofe other foflil bones whifdi lu^ve been dif- cpyered in Tartary, Chi^, and feye|ral oMier pl^^s, both of the old and new continefit. Wha^ ^unal this L«, and by what n^ieaps it^ fvi\m are foupd in regioiu fo widely difiier- cnt, and where none {^ch exift^ ajt prefeat, is a queftion of more difficult 4^09f TM JgRoriPl Mfl (iipqrftitiQus Tar- tart KOKTR AMEKICA. jAj tan attribute ^idm to a creature^ whom they catf MaimfM^ who, they fay, ufcnlly refides at the bottom of the r'tten, jn^ of whom they rehte many marvellous ftorieiv but at this ts an afiertion totally divefted of proof, and even of i>ro<- bability, it has juftly been rejected by the learned ; and on the other hand h is certain, that no fneh amphibious qmh druped exifts in our amcrican waters. The bones thcnav* feives bear a great refemblance to thofe of the efephaflt. There is no other toreftrial animal now known large enough to prodnce them*. The tuiks with which they art equally fumHhed, equally produce true ivpry. Thefe eit- ternat refemblances have generally made fuperficial obfer^ ers conchidei that they could belong to no other than th«t prince of quadrupeds ; and when they firft drew the arteif- tion of the world, philofophers feem fo have fubfcribed to the fame opinion. — But if fo, whence is it that the wh<^ fpecies has difappeared from America ? An ailimal fo labort. ottiand fo docile, that the indoftry of the Peruvians, whiek reduced to fervitude and fiibje^ed to education fpecie» A> vaftty inferibr in thofe qualities, as the llama and the ^acfl, could never ^ave overlooked the elephant, if he had been to be found in their country. Whence is it that difefe bones are found in climates where the elephant, a nati<9e of the torrid zone, cannot even fubfift in his wild ftate, and in a ftate of fervitude wilt not propagate ? Thefe are diffi- culties fufficient to ftagger credulity itfelf ; and at leAgth prodtKed the inquiries of Dr. Hunter. That celebrated anatomift, having procured fpecimens from the Ohio, ex- amined them with that accuracy for which he is fo much * Thofis found in Siberiai in the regions of the Lena and other placMt are calted in Ruffia mammotovokofii, or roammot's bones. Nnmbers of them are to be fecn in the mufeum of the imperial academy of fciences at St. Pcterfburg, and are of a wonderful magnitude. One half of a jaw, with the teeth, is as much as a ^rong man can lift from the ground, and a finele joint of the ver- ttbre of the back bones weighs 40 or 50 pounds. — Edit. Y 3 diftin- 3X6 WBSTBllK TBRltTORT OP dUUngttir.ied. He difcotered a coniidenbk diilereace be* tween the fliape and Aru^re of the bones, and thofe of the elephant. He obferved, from the form of the teeth, that they muft have belonged to a carnivorous animal} whereas the habits of the elephant are foreign to fuch fu(l tenance, and his jaws totally unprovided with the teeth ne« ceflary for its ufe : and from the whole he concluded, to the fatisfaAion of naturalifts, that thefe bones belonged to a quadruped now unknown, and whofe race is probably ex« tinft, unlefs it may be found in the extenfive continent of New Holland, whofe recefles have not yet been pervaded by thie curiofity or avidity of civilized man. Can then fo great a link have perifhed from the chain of nature ? Hap. 17 we that it has. How formidable an enemy to the human fpecies, an animal as large as the elephant, the tyrant of the forefts, perhaps the devourer of man I Nations, fuch as the Indians, mufl have been in perpetual alarm. Tlie animoiities among the various tribes muft have been fufr pended till the common enemy, who threatened the very exiflence of all, fhould be extirpated. To this circum* ftance we are probably indebted for a fa£l, which is perhapi iingular in its kind, the extin^on of a whole race of anl. mals from the fyilem of nature. RIGHTS OF LAND. The proprietors of the Kentucky lands obtain their pa. tents from 'Virginia, and their rights are of three kinds, viz. Thofe which aiife from militsry fervice, from fettlement and pre-emption, or fr^m warrants from the treafury. The military rights are held by officers, or their reprefentatives, ^ a reward for fervices done in one of the two laft wars. The fettlement and pre-emption rights arife from occupation. Every man who, before March 1780, had remained in the f pvmtry one year, or raifed a crop of coroi was allowed to KORTH AMERICA. 3*7 luvve a fettlement of 400 acres, and a pre-emption adjoin- ing it of 1 000 acres. Every man who had only built' a cabiflt or made any improvement by himfelf or others, was entitled to a pre-emptioa of xooo acrca where fuch ba- provement was made. la March 1780, the fetilement and pre-emption rights ceafed, and treafury warrants were afterward* iiTued, au- thorizing their pofleflbr to locate the quantity of land mei^ tioned in them, wherever it could be f >upd vacant in Vhr- ginia. Xhe mode of procedure in thefe afia rs may be inftruc- |lve to the reader. After the entry is made in the land- office, there being one in each county, the perfon making the entry takes out a copy of the location, and proceeds to fur^ tey when he pleafes The plot and certificate of Aich fur- yey muft be returned to the office within 3 months after the furvey is made, there to be recorded } and a copy of the record muft be taken out in 12 months after the return of the furvey, and produced to the ailiftant regifter of the land- office in Kentucky, where it muft lie 6 months, that prior locators may have time and opportunity to enter a caveat* sod prove their better right. If ao caveat is entered in that time, the plot and certificate are fent to the land<>ffice at Richmond in Virginia, and 3 months more are allowed to have the patent returned to the owner. The validity of the right of Virguiia to this extenfive ^eftem territory has been difputed by fome, btft without reafon. The weftern' boundary of that ftate, by charter> reftri£led by the treaty of Paris, in 1763, is fixed upon the Ohio river. She has purchafed the foil from the Indians^ has firft fettled it, and eftabliihed wholefome laws for the regulation and government of the inhabitants } and there^ fore we conclude, that the right of Virginia to Kentucky ia |i permanent as the independence of America, T 4 TRADE J»8 WEtTtitlN TftRRlTOUT Of TBADB OF KtlTTUCKT. A CONttMiEKT fituation for commerce ii the grand hln^ apon which the population, riches, and happmefs of every country greatly depend. .1 believe many cpnceive the fitua- tion of Kentucky to be unfavourable in this refpe£^. I con- feCt, when I iirft vifited this country, I was of the opinion of ether miiinfbrmed men, that the beft channel was from Philadelphia or Baltimore, by the way of Pittiburg, and from thence down the Ohio ; and upon account of the dif. ficultiet and expences attending this route, for which there it no rentedy, that goods would ever be dear. This opinion I have fince reprobated, as the vSed of ignorance of the trade up the Miififfippi from New Orleans, or Mantchac, at die river or gut Iberville. Thofe who are acquainted with America know the Mif. fiiBppi and Ohio rivers to be the key to the northern parti - of the fouthern continent. Thefe are the principal chan- nels thrdugh which that extenHve region, bathed by their waters, and enriched by the many (breams they receive, communicate with the fea, and may truly be confidered as the great paflage made by the hand of nature for a variety of valuable purpofes, and principally to promote the happU •efs and benefit of mankind i amongft which, the convey- ance of the produce of that immenfe and fertile country ly. ing W9ftward of the United States is not the leaiV. A (hort defcription of thefe rivers, and fomc others flowing into them, are obje^h fubmitted to the reader's attention, in order to form a juft idea of the favourable commercial cir- cumftances of that important country. The Ohio river begins at Pittfburg, 320 rniles wefl of Philadelphia, being there formed by the junAion of the AU legany and Monongahela rivers, and, running a winding cpurfe of S. 60° welt> fillb into the MijBlflippi 1074 miles, fitttU AMElttCA. ^^9 nd hinge of every the fittta. • I con. ipinion of was from >urg, and if the dif. lich there is opinion ice of the intchac, at rthcMif- hern parti ipal chan. id by their 7 receive, ifidered ai r a variety the happi. e convey<« ountry ly. A (hort iwing into lention, in icrcial cir. ts weft of >ftheAU winding }74 mileS| by ly th« M««Ad«ti of the riv^r, below Pittfbarg *. The ohly ebftrtiC^ion td tiavigatiorf'on this river are the raptds, su de* ftribed before under the defcription of the Kentucky riven \ but they are pafled in fafcty when the ftream is high. ' . Tht • The navigation of the Ohio, in a dnr feafon, it rather trooUei* tome from fort Pitt to the Mingo town (about yif miles), but frcnl tliencetothe MiiTiffippi, there m always a fufficient depth of watet for bargei, carrying from lOo to aoo tons burden, huilt in tht manner of thofe wnich are ufed on the river Thames between London and Oxford ; to wit, from too to 120 feet in the lceel» 16 to 18 feet in breadth, and 4 feet in depth, and when loaded) drawing about 3 feet water. The rapids, in a dry feafon, are difficult to defcend with loaded hosts or barges, without a good nil6t( it woald be advifablei therefore, for the bargemen, in fucn feafon, rather than run anir ^flc in pniTmg them, to unload part of their cargoes, and re-(hip tt when ttie bargfs have got through the rapids. It may, howeveN be pmper tn obferve, that loaded boats in freihes have been eaiilf rowed againft tlie ftream (up the rapids), and that others, by (Deans otuy of a large fail, have nfcendrd them. In a dry feafon, the dcfcent of the rapids, in the diftance of t vik, is aaout la or 1$ feet, and the parage down would not bft difficult, except perhap for the following reafons: Two milel above them the nver is deep, and three quarters of a mile broad (near three fourths of the lied of the river, on the fouth-eaftem ude of it, being fillcd with a flat limeftone roclc, fo that, in a drf ftafon, there is feldum more than 6 or 8 inches water) ; it is opoA ttw northern fide of the river; and being confined, above men- tioned, the dcfcending waters tumble over the rapids with a con* (iderable degree of celerity and force. The channel is of diiierent depths, bnt no where, I think, lefs than e feet ; it is clear, and apoa each fide of it ere large bfoken rocks, a few inches under- water. Col. Gordon, in hi» journal down the Ohio, mentiona» ** that thefe falls do not deierve that name, as the ftream on the north fide has no fuddeil pitch, but only runs rapid over the ledge of a flat rock } feveral boats," he fays, •* pafled it im the drjififtafii». ttthtyar \ unloading one third of their freight. They paffed oA me north fide, where the carrying-place is three quarters of a mile long. On the fouth-eaft fide it is about half that diftance ; and ii^ lecKoned the fafeft paifage for thofe who are unacquainted with it|^ but it ii the moft tedious, as during part of the lummei and fall* (he batteaux'Rien drag their boau over the flat rock. The faU ia, about half a mile rapid water, which, however, is oaflable, by wadiQg «Dd dragging the boat againft the ftrcami «fhea loweft t ^Jm WESTERN TERRITORY OV The moft rem^kable branches compofing the head watefi pf QhiQ arcs Red-ftone creek. Cheat river, and Yohogania, Thefe w^^ers are na?igable to a confiderable diftance above ^ittfburg, from November until June, ^d the Ohio ^ 9ionth longer} but from Great Kanhaway, which is 196} pxiles below Fittfburg, the ilream is navigable moft of the year, Dowi| this river great quantities of goods are ttrpught, and fome are conveyed up the Kentucky rivers, pthers on horfeback, or in waggons, to the fettled part, and fpid on ^ fiveragp at 100 pounds per cent, advance. ' The current of the Ohio defcends. about 2 miles an hoor IP autumn, and i^hen the waters are high ^bout 4 miles. ^ofe of the Kentucky rivers are much the fame, and irithout rapids, and are of immenfe value to the country, |#>rding fi(h and fowl, and tranfportation of the produce pi the country to the bejl market. Thefe riyers increafe {he Ohio mors in depth than breadth. At its mouth it is 9,ot more Uum if mile in width, and enters the Miffiffipn |a a fouth-weft direction with a flpw c^rrent, and a fine ^hanpe^ This great river, at the jun£kion with the Ohio, ipuns in a S. £. direftion, and afterwards in a S. W. haying been a little before joined by a greater river called Alifpuri^ ^h^ch runs in an eaftward direAion through Louifiana, aid ^terwards communicates to the MiffiffippI its own muddy ^d majeltic appearance. The depth isj, in common, 8 or IQ fathoms, until you approach its month, which empties {tfelf by feveral channels into the gulf of Mexico. Here the. ^avigatipn is dangerous, on account of the many iilands, fand-bars, and logs, interfperfed in its mouth, which is l^put 20 miles wide. Th^ difady^ntage may be remedie4 |nd with ftill greater eafe, when the wster is raifed a little."— See fhe annexed plan, which it | correA defcription of thefe rapida.— Ti^e rapids are nearly in latitude 38" 8'; and the ophr indian vil- Isice, in i y66, on the banks of the Ohio» between them and fort Vitti was on the north-weft fide, 7c miles below Pittfburg, calle^ |he Mingo town ; it contained 60 nmilles, — ^Eoit. ahnoi^ s an how : 4 miles, fame, and c country, le produce rs increafe mouth it is Miffi^Kppi and a fine the Ohio, W. haying 1 Mifouri^ ifiana, and wn muddj non, 8 or empties Here the ly iflands, vi'hich is remedied NORTH AMERICA. '%%t almoft in the fame manner that the ftream was difconeertiedi The confliA between the Tea and i;his mighty river, whictk brings down with its ftream great numtiers of t^t.-^, miidi leaves, &c. caufes them to fubfide, and form ihoals. One of thefe trees, ftopped by its roots or branches, will foon hi joined by thoufands more, and fo fixed, that no humaik force is able to remove them. In time they are confolidat« ed, every flood adds another layer to their height, forming iflands, which at length are covered with (hrubs, grafs, and cane, and forcibly (hift the bed of the river. In this mto^ per we fuppofe moft of the country on each fide of the Miffiffippii below the Iberville, to have been formed, Ii;f iflands uniting to iflands, which, in a fucceffion of timet have greatly encroached on the fea, and produced an ei>- teiifive traft of country. If fome of the floating timber at the mouths of this river were moved into fome of the chah« nels, numbers more would incorporate with them i and the current being impeded in thefe, the whole force of the river uniting, one important channel would forcibly be opeoed^ and fufficiently cleared to admit of the moft excellent navii^ gation* About 99 miles above Orleans is a fort, now called Mantchac by the Spaniards ; formerly Fort Bute by the Englifli, who built it. Near this is a large gut, formed by the Miffifiippi, on the eaft fide, called Iberville ; fome hav? dignified it with the name of river, when the Mifllflippi, itc fonrce, is high This is navigable, at moft, not above 4 . months in the year for the firft 10 miles; for 3 miles fiirther it is from 2 to 6 feet in autumn, and from 2 to 4 fa. thorns the renuining part of the way to lake Maurepas, re- ceiving in its courfe the river Amit, which is navigable for hatteaux to a confiderable diftance. Lake Maurepas is about 10 miles in length, and 7 in breadth ( and there it a paflage of 7 miles between (his and lak( Pfntchartrain. i«k« h. I / 13^2. WESttRN T£RRIT0)IY OP . hih^ Pmitc^tftiUhi is nhoyt 4q miles long, 24 broad, and |d feet deep. From this lake to the fea the channel is 10 |l|ules long, Mid 3CX) yards wide; and the water deep (fnoogh to admit large vefTels throQgh thefe lakes, and their ^mmunicatioDs. This pl& pericnc«. I have reifon to believe that the time is not far diftant fr^en New Orleaiis will be a great trading city, and perhaps ?nother wUl be built near Mantchac, at Iberville, that maj ifk time rival its glory. A prodigious number of iflands, fome of which are of great extent, are interfperfed in that mighty riv?r •, rind the ^ifilculty in afcending it in the fpring, when the ^oods. are high, is compenfated by eddies or counter currents, which ^noC^ly run in the bends near the banks of the river with pearly equal velocity againft the ftream, and affift ^he af- fending boats. 7 hi^ river is rapid in thofe pans whic|i ^ave dufters of iflands, fhoals, and fand-banks } but the l-apidity of thefe places will be no inconvenience to the new- ]y invented mechanical boats *, it being tl^eir peculiar pro» perty to fail beft in fmart currents. ' From * This plan is now in agitation in Virginia, and reeommended ^0 government by two gentlemen of the firft rate abMitiesi Mr. Ch^ries kbHTH AMERiCAi m From Kew Orlcfint to the falls of Ohio, 1»tteaux» oih^-p iog about 4P tpp^i llifive been rowed by 18 or 90 men in i or 10 week9i v^hi^ at the extent, will net amount ttl mo^e than 500 pounds expence, which experience hil proved to be about bne-third of that from Philadelphia^ h is higbly probable tji^it in time the dUlance will be excttd* ijigly ihortened b^ cutting acrofs bends of the river. Charlevoix relates, that at CQupes or Cqt-point, the rivdf formerly made a great turn^ and fome Canadians, by dttp". ening t^^ channel of a fmall broojc, diverted the waters o# the river into it. The impetuofity (^ the ftrestm was fo vio-i lent, and the foil of fo rich and loofe t quality, that iA A fbort tim^ the point was entirely cut through, and the old channel left dry, except in inundations, by which travelleft fave 14 leagues of their voyage. The new channel has beoH founded with a line of 30 fathoms without finding bottofti« When the diftance is ihortencd, which I believe may readil/ be done, and the mechanical, boats brought to their hivhe^ improvementa the expences of a voyage frcmi New Orlefeiil to the £ills of Ohio will be attended with ipconiiderabld et4 pence. No# we know by experience tha( 40 tons of geod^ cannot be taken to the hMs of Ohio from Philadelphia nil* 4er t6oo pounds expence ; but by improvements on th4 Miffi^ppi, witli the conveniences of thefe boats, goods call be brought from New Orleans to the falls for the tenth part of that expence; and if they- are fold at 100 pounds fCf cent, now, when brought from Philadelphia at expent^ fo great, what may the merchant afford to fell his goods a(| who brings thfsi ih much cheaper { befides the great ad« vantages arifing from the exporting of peltry, md country Charici Rnro&y acd Dr. James Min which they receive imports, muft conieqiientlf fvcetve their exports, which is the only retiini they can poffildymake. By ibting the commerce «f Kentncky in its proper ferms, we find tlie expences fuch, that we cOhcIude with propriety, that that country Will be fupplied with goods as fhcap as if fituated but 40 milies from Philadelphia. Bat perhaps it will be replied. New Orleans is iii the pof. leffioB of the Spaniards, who, whenever they pleafe, vavf inake ufe of that fort, and fome others they have on the Mifliffippi, to prevent the navigation, and ruin the trade* The paflage through Iberville is alfo fubjedt to the Spaniards, fnd, bdides, inconvenient } that ftream continuing fo (hort f time, and in the moft difadvantageous feafon. I grant it will be abfurd to expeA; a firee navigation of the MiffifBppi whilft the Spaniards a^e in pofleiEon of New^ CMeans. To fuppofe it, is an idea calculated to impofe pnly upcm the we^. They may perhaps trade with us ppon their own terms, while they think it confident with |bdr intereft *, but no fnendfhip in trade caifts when in*^ fereft exjares} therefore, when the weftern country be- -fmiies porous and ripe for trade, found policy tells us the Fkiridas mnfl be ours too. Accordbg to the articles of the definitive treaty, we are to have a free and unmolefted navi- gation of the ACffifilppi } but experience teaches mankind that treaties are not always to be depended upon, the moft Ibkmn being broken. Hence we learn that no one fliould pot much faith in any ftais } and the trade and commerce of |he Mifliflippi river cannot be fo well fecured in any other poflSrffion as our own. ^ Article 8di of the late definitive treatjr, fays, The navigation of the Miffiffip|» river, from its fouree to the ocean, fiall for ever tenaan free and ooen to the fubje^ of Gr|at Britain ani the dtt- sens of the United Sutes. Although ■■ lUrtri^^^^ilg^^ beeafU tut iht qaentlf liey can proper de with goods ai thepof* afe, may B on the tiC trade- paniards, {fofliort on of the of New o impofe with us ;ent with wheft in^ jntry be* •Us us the iesofthe fted navi- mankind the moft te (hould imerceof 17 other uvigatioa lU for evef IJ the citi- Ithougb Aldiongb the IberriUe only «dmits of a diort HiiilAUfl^ Venient natigation, yet if a commercial town were btiilt there, it wbttld be the centre of the wefterb trade } ihd i land cardage of id or i2 niiles woifld be ttfonted no difad- tahta^ to the merchant; Nay, I doubt fttit, that iff tidie 'i tanal inXi be broke through the gut of Iberville, which vaxf divert the water of Miffiflippi that way, and rendeir it i place of the greateft confequence iii America j but this im- portant period is referved for futurity. , ' tiOVSRNilENT ^. 'I'Rit conftitation of this ftate tfia formed and adopted id! 1792. By it the powers of government are divided into j diftinA departntentl ; legiflative^ executive, and judiciary*' The legiilative power is vefted in z general afledihly, ctfEk-s fifting of a fenate and houfe of reprefentatives ; the Cupretad executive in a governor ; the judiciary in the fupreme cchiri of appeals, and fuch inferior ctMirts as the legiflatture nta/ eftaUifh. The refMrefentatives are chofen anilttally^ by thd people { the fenators and governor are chofen for 4 ft^t bf eleAors appointed for that purpofe ) the jildgek aire a^ |jeiritedi during good behaviour, by the ffStethoti with lUU vice of the fenlate. An enumeration of the free male inhateti aats^ above 3 1 years old| is to be made once in 4 yean^. After each enumeration, the number of fenators and reprefedttks tives is to be fixed by the legiflature, and apportioned aifloiig the feveral counties, according to the number of inhabitants. Tbere can never be fewer than 40, nor more thadi ibo res prefoitativel. The feriate at firil confifted off 1 1 iiiembers i and for the addition of every 4 reprefentatives, one feilatdl* b to be added. The reprefentatives muft be 04 years of age, the fenators 27} the governor 30, and all of theiii mrjft have been inhabitants of the fbte 2 years. The g<^ * This feftiott on die government is added by the piefeni editor^ VeriioY I: \ ■' %#•■ -^^ ||6 WE9t£ft2» T«R|l|Tai^T OP tperaor .u| ihofe of attorney at Uwt juftict of |h« peace, c^rpuQr, aiM) iQ th« miUtia, TMjttdgea, aad;d} oUiQr. ofiioeri, muft b« mhalytants (^tbe countiea for wluci) they are appointed. The governort agiembcrt of in eaeh year, unlefs fooncr convened hf tikc govenu» {4ieh houiH choofes its fpcaker ^d other officers, judges of the qualifications of Us members, and determines the i^ of its proGeedipfi, of which a journal is kept and puUUhfii tfoehly* uhIaTs iecrocy be requifite. The doors of bsdi hsm^ aif hept open. The members of the legiflaton^ yfkiU alteoding the puUte faufinefa, are privileged ^rom «l?^ff in civil a£Uons, and may not he queftioned elfiswlian for any thing faid in pubUc debate. Impeachments are made by the lower hQn&» and tried by the up^ier. All revenue bills originate in the houfe of reprefentatives, and are amendable by t he fenale, like other .bills. Every bill,, psffed 1^ both hovfett, )s prefcntod to the governor, who muft figa it if he apiirove it ; if not, he muft return it within 10 dayi to th« houfe in whi(;:h it originated ; if it be not returned, or if, when returned, it be re^pafled by twotthirds of both houfo, it is a law, without his fignature. The governor has power to appoint moft of the executive officers m{ the ftate } to remit fines MO&TH AMSRICA. 337 fines ud fc t fclttK i ^ ind grtnt kprieret and pardens, ex- cept in cafct of impeachmeat i to require fiiformatioa from czecutiTC tlliccrtf f W torivetie the gdwhd aflemfaly on ex- triordinarj o c c a fi om> and adjourn them in cafe they cannot agree on the' time themfeltet. He mnft inlbnn the legiihu tore Mtt ikot M emattdpate t&of^ already in the ftat^, without the coiifeDt of Hit owiitti tit pbyifig ab equiTaldMl. Treafon tfghhift the coilint. Let a or dif- et in time re behold tenting to we behold bitationrf lusre^on, e the haU- hiftory, m advantages inhabited >f violence rd yells of ied in our u of our nuferabk cities laid, le peateft the fertile (hine with american : in hiftory. exerdfed I briefly re- late - NORTH AMEtlCA. 339 Itte kh* circomftancet of my adventures, and fcenei of lifB^ from my firft movement to thii country, until this day. It WM onthe ift of May, in the year 1769, that I re- figned myrdomeftic happinefs for a time, and left my family and peaceable habitation on the Tadkin river, in North- Carolina, to wander through the vrildemefs of America, in queft of the country of Kentucky, in company with John Finley»' John Stewart, Jofeph Holden, James Monay, and WilUam Cool. We proceeded fuccefsfully i and afiter a long and fatiguing journey, through a mountainoius wildemefs, in. a weft ward diredion, on the feventh day of June following we found ourfflvea on Red river, where John Finley had- formerly been trading with the Indians, and, from the top of an eminence, faw with pleafure the beautiful level of Kentucky. Here let me obferve, that for fome time we had esrperieneed the moft uncomfortable weather as a preli« bation of our future fufferings. At this place we encamped> and made a ihelter to defend us firom the inclement feafon, and began to hunt and reconnoitre the country. We found eyerywhere abundance of wild beafts of all forts, through this vaft • foreft. The bufiaio were more frequent than I have feen cattle in the fettlements, browzing on the leaves of the cane, or croppmg the herbage on thofe extcnftvc plains, fcarlefs, becaufe ignorant, of the violence of man. Sometimes we faw hundreds in a drove, and the numbers about the fait fprings were amazing. In this forefl, the ha- Utation of beafts of every kind natural to America, we praftifed hunting with great fuccefs, until the 2 ad day of December following. This day John Stewart and I had a pleafing ramble, but< fortune changed the fcene in the dofe of it. We had pafled through a great foreft, on which ftood myriads of trees, {bme gay with Jl>loflbms, others rich with fruits. Nature was here a feries of wonders, and a fund of delight. Here Za (he fi H- 1 J49 WBITBRV TBRtlTOtT OF (he difplajM kw IngeiMiHy tnd fandttftrf ki ■ variety tf flowery and frvki, beauUfolly colmmd, etegtfiilf Ihapei, ii9(l charmlnglj flavoured | and im wart dhwrtad whh hi- i|unaara|>lc animak prafanting thaaaliilvct perpatvaUf lo air viev.* aa wt lay k » tluck cane-brake by a large fire, when ^ep kad locked iq> their icnfea, my fituation not diQ>oAng me ftw reft, I teod». od my co m panion , and gently awoke him. Wo la^proicd thia fiivourable o{^rtunky, and departed, leaving then t» take their reft, and fpeedily direAed oiur courle towoink ov old camp, but found it pluadered, and tike company^ pcrfed and gone home. About Aia tlme^ my brothn, Squire Boon, with another adivaturer, who cametocipkie the country ihortly after ua, waa wandering tkrougk tke fe. reft, determined to find me if poffiMe, and accidentally Ibund our camp. Notwithftandiiig tha unfertiinate cirauB. ftancea of our company, and our dangerous fituation, m fur* rounded with hoftile favages, our meeting ft> fortunately in tke viklemeis, made us reciprocally fenfiUe of the ulaoft fatis^ifHon. So much does ft'iendflup trium^ aver miiiiBS' tune, that forrows and fuiSerings vaniih at the meeting not (miy of real friends, but of the moft diftiant acquaintances, and rul)ftltute happinefs in their room. Soon after this, my companicm ia captivity, John Stew« art, was killed by the favages, and the man that came witlv my brother returned home by himfelf. We were then in s dan- VORTH AMERICA. I variety flf Bilf IbiiHi l«dwUh in- ittttttr >« •» «liy riw, » er of Indian madentfrt ivcd, and the It of what m etflngua^di dIfcoveredM bMa left fcl^i. a»w« lay ha IuhI locked up r reftf 1 t«acb> Wo lnp>«i«d MvUigthonto rfe towardi ow e company di(> ,, my biDthcr, cQOittocxpkic (trough tKe fo> acoidentaUy Bate circttB* ^nation, as fur- [»' fortunately 'm of theutiaoft Iphovermiifet- meetlng not acquaintances^ ity, JohnStcw- Itkatcanie^*^ I were then in a dan- 34» ^n§U9U$ hdpkfa fimatbn, expofisd tfiity to ^If «id diitht adiOBgft ietagea aad wild beafta, not a whiMi «kaa in the tcMtMj but owfehct. Thai fitvaicd^ many htrtidreif milea from odr families intHv liowHiig wlklerneA, I believe few #ontd have e^aUy en^ed theh fp pinefiwc experienced. I often obfenred to nay falrotlke#» Ton fee maw Jib# little natnre reqaiirei to be fatiifiedk F«^ ^tft tiK companion of conte&ty ia ratber found \m cmr 0trtt Ircafts than-.ikk the 4njoynMMl of eittemal thfaigi : aotH I firmly beliere it re^airct but a UMc philoibphy to malse il lalA happy in wbatfMnrer (bte he It. Thii conMli lit a foil rcfipMiSe* to thie will of providence i and t i> fence. I did not confine my lodging to it, but ohen repofed in thick cane-brakes, to avoid the favages, who, I believe, often vifited my camp, but fortunately for me, in my abfence. In this Atuation I was conltantly expofed to danger and dcrftJi. How unhappy fuch a fituation for a man tormented with fear, which is vain if no danger comes, and if it does, only augments the pain I It was my happinefs to be deditnte of this afiliiHing pafiion, with which 1 had the greateft rea- ^\n^ t ) be afit«fh;d. The prowling wolves diverted my no€« t!!iT..)l hours with perpetual bowlings t and the various fpe* ties of animals in this vad fore^, in the day-time, were con^ tinn;)lly in my view. ^i) Tluis I was rurrounded with plenty in the midft of want. I was happy in the midA of dangers and inconveniencei. In fuch a divcrlity it was imiiofliblr I ihould be difpofed to mebncholy. No populous city, with all the varieties of romcnercc and (lately Aru tuclcf , which I efteemed a fecond paradife, at the ri(k of my life and fortune. I returned fafe to my old habitation, and found my family in bsppy circumftances. I fold my farm on the Yadkhi, ^nd what goods we could not carry with us) and on the 25th day of September 1773, ^^^ ^ farewell to our friends, and proceeded on our journey to Kentucky, in company with 5 Amilies more, and 40 men, that joined us in PoWel's valle7, which is 1 50 miles firom the now fettled parts, or Keotockf. This promifing beginning was foon overcaA; with a cloud of advcrfity \ for, upon the i oth day of Octo- ber, the rear of our company was attacked by a number of Indians, who killed 6, and wounded i man. Of thefe my cldeA fon was one that fell in the a^ion. Though we de* (ended ourfelves, and repulfed the enemy, y:t this unhappy afiiiir fcattered our cattic, brought us inio extreme difficulty and To difcouraged the whole company, tiiat we retreated 40 miles, to the fettlement on Clinch river. We had paiTed over two mountains, viz. Powel's and WalUcn's, and were ap- proaching Cumberland mountain, when this adverfe fortune overtook us. Thefe mountains are in the wilUerncft, as wc pafi from the old fettlements in Virginia to Kentucky, are nngcd in a S. W. and N. £. direction, arc of a great length Z <( M»d H 34^ WBITERN TERRITORT OF and bra|iltb> and not far diftant from each odxtxf. Over, thefe nature hat formed pafleit that are left difficult tlun mig^ be ezpcded from a view of fuch huge piles. TIk lUpea of thefe difia is fo wild and horrid, that it is impQi&b)e to b^l^d them ^thout terror. The fpefkator is apt ta inuigine that nature had formerly fuffcred fome violent coo. viiU|on I and that thefe are the difmembered remains of die dreadfol Ihock i the ruins, not of f erfippolis or Pabnyra^ bot of t^e world I I remained with my family on Clinch until the ^ of June 1774, when I and one Michael Stoner were foliated by gpvemor Dunmore, of Vur^ia, to go to the frlls of the Ohio, to conduA into the fettlement a number of furyeycn that had been fent thither by him fome months before ; this country having about this time drawn the attention of m^y adventurers. We immediately complied with the go< Vf^or's re^ueft, and condn£t:ed in ^e furveyors, complethg a tour of 800 miles, through many difficulties, in 62 dayi. 3oon ^ter I returned home, I was ordered to uJ^e the command of three garrifons during the campaign, which go> vernor Dunmore carried on againft the ihawanefe Indians : afker the condulion of which, the militia was djfcharged from each garrifon, and I being relieved from my poft, wu folicited by a number of NortluCarolina gentlemen, that were about purchafing the lands lying on the fouth fide of Kentucky river, from the Cherokee Indians, to attend their treaty at Wataga, in March 1775, '® negotiate with them, and mention the boundaries of the purchace. This I ac- cepted i and, at the requeft of the fame gentlemen, under* took to mark out a road in the beft pafiage from the fettl^ * From the lutore cf the furface and interior conteslore of thii ameiican pare of oar earthi the moontaiM, at we ia our relative languMe .call them, all run in ridsest with almoft even topi in pa- ralfel Itnea ; thofie to the weft of Hudfon'a river north eaft and fouth- weft I thofe to the eaftward of it neariy north and fo«th ; between which, in hke parallel lines, ran the great riTers.— 'Edit. ment I ipfit tltioug^ ^ v|(4$niffs t<» l^entD^kj, wUb fiicli fAA- aoM HI I tlmgl^t iijn;f%7 %q emploj for fucb^ i» UofwrtiBt tindetUiUilg. I romi hfgm ll|it ^r](. IWTing «qUe{te4 ai numbor of en* tonvifingVAnii WfUArH»«4< VTe prqateded witb all poAfalt opediiion imtU ^ f^m^ iprUhia 1 5 n^Uea of where Booni^ raogli now ftan4*» «m4 where we were fired opoQ by a party 3 ^ J f' '■' r i ■ \ r 1 ! ij ; 346 WESTERN TERRITORY OF tfaU time ereAed, doing a great deal of mifchief. This wai extremelf diftrefling to the new fettlers. The innocent hufbandman was (hut down, while bufy in cultfvating the foil for his family's fupply. Mo(t of the cattle around the Nations were deftroyed. They continued their hoftilities hi this manner until the 15th of April 1777^ when they at- tacked Booniborough with a party of above too in'number, killed I man, and wounded 4.— Their lofs in this attack was not certainly known to us. On the 4th day of July following, a party of about 200 Indiars attacked Boonfborough^ killed i man, and wound. ed a. They beiieged us 48 ^0urs } during which time 7 of them were killed, and, at la(l, finding themfelves not likely to prevail, they raifed the iiege, and departed. .. The Indians had difpofed their warriors in difierent par- ties at this time, and attacked the difierent garrifons, to prevent their afiifting each other, and did much injury to the diftrefled inhabitants. On the 19th day of this month, colonel Logan's fort was befieged by a party of about 200 Indians. During this dreadful fiege they did a great deal of mifchief, dlftreiTed tlie garrifon, in which wsre only 15 men, killed 2, and wounded 1. The enemy's lofs was uncertain, from the common praAice which the Indians have of carrying off their dead in time of battle. Col. Harrod's fort was then defended by only 65 men, and Boonfborough by 22. there being no more forts or white men in the country, except at the falls, a confiderable didance from thefe s and all taken colIeAively, were but a handful to the numerous warriors that were everywhere difpcrfcd through the country, intent upon doing all the mifchief that favage barbarity could in- vent. Thus we paiTed through a fcene of fufierings that exceeds defcriptiou. On the 25th of this month, a reinforcement of 45 men arrived from North-Carolina, and about the 20th of Auguft foUowingi KORTH AMERICA. 347 followingi coL Bowman arrived with 100 men from Vir^ nta. Now we began to ftrengthen, and from hence, for the fpace of 6 weeks, we had (kirmifliei with Indiulf, in one quarter or other, almoft eVery day. The ravages now learned the fuperiority of the Long Knife, as they call the Virginiani, by experience, being out- gi^neralled in almoft every battle. Our afiairs began to wear a new afpe^ and the enemy, not darmg to venture on open war, prafkifed fecret mifchief at times. On the firft day of January 1778, I went with a party of 90 men to the Blue licks, on Licking river, to make fait for the different garrifons in the country. On the 7th day of February, as I was hunting to procure meat for the company, I met with a party of loa Indians, and 2 Frenchmen, on their march agninft Boonfborough, that place being particularly the obje£l of the enemy. They purfued, and took me } and brought me on the 8th day to the licks, where 27 of my party were, 3 of them having previoufly returned home with the fait. I, knowing it was impoffible for them to efcape, capitulated with the eneiny, and, at a diftance in their view, gave notice to my men of tbeir fituation, witli orders not to re Aft, lutfurrender them- feives captives. The generous ufage the Indians had promifed before in my capitulation, was afterwards fully complied with, and we proceeded with them as prifoners to Old Chelicothe, the principal indian town on Little Miami, where we arrived, after an uncomfortable journey in very fevere weather, on the 18th day of February, and received as good treatment as prifoners could expeift from favages.^-On the lOth day of March follov/ing, I and ten ci my men were conduced by ^olndians to Detroit, where we arrived the '30th day, and were treated by governor Hamilton, the l»ritilh commander at that poft, with gt«;at jlxumanity. During our travels, the Indians entertained mc well i and their i • iA» WESTERN TERRITORY OP 4 IT , 1 .1 11. J . r '7 \ 1 ■ ■'■'■■f V 1 ■4 ^ 1 f 1 f • "i ■ their afieAioB for me was fo great, that thef utterly refbfed to leave me diere inth the others, akhovgh the gofvemer ofibed dwm IOC pounds fterling for me, cA purpole to give me a parole to go home. Several eiq|lifh gentlemen there, bemg feafible of mj adverie fortune, and touched widi human lympolhj^ generonflj offered a friendly fiipply for my wanti, whkk I rcfoied, with many thanks for their ki n dneft : add. iag, thai I never expeOed it would be in my power to ic. compenfe fuch unmerited generofity. The Indians left my men in captivity with the BritUh at Detn^, and on the loth day of Api^ brought me to- wards Old Chelicothe, where we arrived on the 25th day of the fiune month. This was a long and fatiguing march, through an exceeding fertile country, remarkaUe for fine fprings and ftreams of water. At Chelicothe I fpent my time as comfortably as I cculd expcA t was adopted, according to thdr cnftom, into a fomily, where I became a fon, and had a great ihare in die affection of my new parents, brothen, fitters, and friends. I was exceedingly frmiliar and frieodlj with them j always appearing^ as cheerful and fatisfied as pof. fflrie, and they put great confidence in me. I often went a hnntiag with them, and frequently gwned their applaufe for my a^vity at cur (hooting* matches. I was carefiil not to exceed many of them in (hooting ; for no people are more envious than they in this fport. I could obferve, in their countenances ami gcAurcs, the greate(t expreffions of jojr when they exceeded me } and, when the rever(e happened, of envy. The (hawanefe king took great notice of me, aod treated me with profound refpe£l and entire fiiendfliip, often entrufting me to hunt at my liberty. I frequently re* turned with the fpoils of the woods, and as often prefeated fome of what I had taken to him, exprefllve of duty to my fovereign. My food and lodging were in common widi them i not fo good indeed as I could defire, but neceffity ma^ every thing acceptable. I now ■iMllMMMM WORTH AMERICA. 349 f refbfed |ovenior Rstoghre m there, dilniinan Dywantii B&: add> er to It* I now began to meditate an efcape, ^d carefoUf avoided their ihrpicions, continuing with them at Old Chelicothe until tlie firft day of Jane ibUowhig, and then wai taleen by them to the fait fpringt on Sciota, and kept therei mak- ing Talty ten dayi . During this time I hunted fome for them» and found the land, for a great extent about tills x^fw, to exceed the foil of Kentucky, i' poffible, and remarkably irell watered. When I returned to Chelicothe, ahrmed to foe 450 In- dians, of thdr choiceft warriors, painted and armed in a fearfol manner, ready to march againft Dooniborongh, 1 determined to efcape the firft opportunity. On the itfth, before mn-rife, I departed in the moft fecret Bianner, and arrived at Booniborough on the 20th, after n joomey of ido miles } during which, I had but one mcal» I foond our fortreft in a bad ftate of defence} hot we proceeded immediately to repair our flanks, ftrengthen our gates and poftems, and form double baftions, which we completed in 20 days. In this time we daily cxpeAed the arriTal of the Indian army ; and at length, one of my fellbw- prifoners, tkaifing from them, arrived, informing vs that the enemy had, on account of my departure, poftponed tlidr expedition three weeks.— The Indians had fpies out viewing our movements, and were greatly alarmed with our increafe in number and fortifications. The grand councils of the nations were held frequently, and with more delibe- ration than ufual. They evidently faw the approaching hour when the Long Knife would difpoiiefs them of their defirabie L^bitations i and, anxioufly concerned for foturity, determined utterly to extirpate the whites out of Kentucky. We were not intimidated by their movements, but frequent- ly gave them proofs of our courage. About the firft of Auguil, I made an incurfion into the Indian country, with a party of 19 men, in order to furprife a fmall town up Sciuta, called Paint-creek-town. We vi 350 Western tbkritory op We advanced within 4 miles tliaeof, where we met a partjr of 30 Indians on their march againft Boonfborough, intend- ing to j j.|^, On the eighth, the indian army arrived, being 444 in number, commanded by capt. Duquefne, 1 1 other French* men, and fome of their own chiefr, and marched up within view of our fort, with britiih and french colours flying; and having ftnt a fummons to me, in his britannic majefty's name, to furrender the fort, I requefted two days cbnfiden* tion, which was granted. It was now a critical period with us.—* We were a fmall number in the garrifon : — a powerful army before Our walli, whofe appearance proclaimed inevitable death, fearfully painted, and marking their footfteps with defolation. Death was preferable to captivity, and if taken by ftorm, '.<>. muft inevitably be devoted to dcAruflion. In this iuuation we concluded to maintain our garrifon, if poflible. We immediately proceeded to colIeA what we could of cur horfes and other cattle, and bring them through the pof. terns into the fort : and in the evening of the ninth, I re- turned anfwer, that we were determined to defend our fort while a man was living. — «* Now," faid I to thrir commander, who {lood attentively hearing my fentiments, " we laugh at all your formidable preparations : but thank you for giving us notice and time to provide for our defence. Your efl'orts will not prevail i for our gates Ihall NORTH AMERlCi*. 35I {hall for ever deaf you admittance." — Whether this anfwer affeAed their courage, or not, I cannot tell i but, contrary to our expeOations, they formed a fcheme to deceive us, declaring it was thdr orders, from governor Hamilton, to - take va ogives, and not to dcftroy us ; but if nine of us would come out, and treat with them, they would immediate- ly withdraw their forces from our walls, and return home peaceably* This founded grateful in our ears, and we agreed to the propofal. We held the treaty within 60 yards of the garrifon, on porpofe to divert them from a breach of honour, as we could not avoid fufpicions of the favages. In this fitnation the articles were formally agreed to, and figned } and the In- disas told us it was cuftomary with them, on fuch occafi«rted inth with the lofs p «d uncertain.^ ed. , On the tSth MMi myfelf, fp pnrfued the fai i«cb toaremar ■Jxwt 43 miles on the rpth dai ■«, being ign< When the enei advantage of ui from o^e bend 1 Ac Blue licks. ^pn, foraboui by numbers, v 7 of whom wei lamented colonel (econd ion, ^cr MORTR AMERICA. m on out ndians. hr dog, winter the In* Ities in mrntbe iddear; buffalo. lo^evtt, fl&cuWes rough all revived Indians ; i ftation, ■^ A^teO) 1^ afmart eing fttpc- o leiieat, .ed( d^r the dead, about the ommsior >lderfliid if 4 vooi juid vnott erefkedin fteal'mg khyv In a running fetldcad 'hettffbffi. rous tous favage nations, of Shawanefe, Chierokees, Wyandots, Tavraif Delawares> and feveral others near pebrdt, united in a war againft us, and aiTemlded their choiceft wanriors at Old Chelicothe, to go on the expedition, in order to deftroy us, suid entirely depopulate the country. Thdr favage minds were inflamed to mifchief by two abandoned men, ^p* tains MPKee and Girty. Thefe led them to execute every (tiiJxdiical fcheme i and on the 15th day of Augnft, com* jntfidcd a party of Indians and Gmadians, of about 500 in aan^ier, agunft Briant's ftation, 5 miles from Lexin^n. Without demanding a iurrender, they fiirioufly affimlteJl the gsfrifoQ, which was happily prepared to oppofe them } and after they had expended much ammunitiwi in vun, and kiUed the cattle round the fort, not being IHcely to make themfelves mafters of thb place, they raifed the fiege, and departed in the morning of the third day after they came, .irith the lofs of about 30 killed, and the numbsr of wound- ed uncertain.— > Of the garrifon 4 were killed, and 3 wound- ed. . On the 1 8th day coL Todd, col. Trigg, majer Harland^ and myfelf, fpeedily collected 176 men, well armed, and parfued the favages. They had mard^ed beyond the Blue licks to a remarkable bend of the main fork of Licking river, d)out 43 miles from Lexington, where we overtook them on the 19th day. The favages obfenung us, gave way : and «e, bdi^ ignorant of their numbers, pafled the river. When the enemy faw our proceedings, having greatly the advantage <^ us in fituation, they formed the line of battle, from oi|e bend o£ Licking to the other, about a n^e from the Blue licks. An exceeding fierce battle immediately began, for about 15 minutes, when we, being overpowered hj numbers, were obliged to retreat, with the lofs of 67 men, 7 of whom were taken prifoners. The brave and mudb- lamented colonels Todd and Trigg, major Harland, and my fccood Ibn, were among the dead. We were informed that A a 2 the 356 ' WESTERN TERRITORY OF the Indians, numbering their dead, found they had 4' killed more than we ; and therefore, 4 of the prifoners they had taken were, by general confent, ordered to be killed, in a mod barbarous manner, by the young wa'tiors, in order to train them up to cruelty } and then they proceeded to their towns. ,." . w On our retreat we were met by col. Logan, haftening to join us, with a number of well-armed m'jn. This powerful afliftance we upfortunately wanted in the battle ; for notwith- fianding the enemy's fuperiority of nttmberii, they acknoir- ledj|;ed that, if they had received one more fire from us, they (hould undoubtedly have given way. So valiantly did our fmall party fight, that, to the memory of thofe who unfortunately fell in the battle, enough of honour cannot be paid. Had col. Logan and Ins party been with us, it i$ highly probable we ihould have given the favages a total de- feat. I cannot refleA upon this dreadful fcene, but forrow fills my heart. A zeal for the defence of their country led thefe heroes to the fcene of aAion, though with a few men to attack a powerful army of experienced warriors. When we gave way they purfued us with the utmoft eagernefs, and in every quarter fpread deftru£tion. The river was difiicult to crofs, and many were killed in the flight, feme juft entering the riv^r, fome in the water, ot ers after crofling, in afcending the clifis. Some efcaped on horfe« back, a few on foot} and, being difperfed everywhere in a few hours, brought the melancholy news of this unfortunate battle to Lexington. Many widows were now made. The reader may guefs what forrow filled the hearts of the inhabitants, epcceeding any thing that I am able to de- fcribe. Being reinforced, we returned to bury the dead, and found their bodies (Irewed everywhere, cut and mangled in a dreadful manner. This mournful fcene exhibited a horror almoil unparalleled : feme torn and eaten by wild beafts i thofe NORTH AMERICA. 3^1 nlng to owerfol lotwith- iicknow- rom ui, intly did lofe who t cannot usy it is total de« ►rrow filh r led thefe IT men to When eagernefs, river vn» ght, fome ers after on horfe- /crywherc of this were now hearts of ible to de- dead, and nglcd in a a horror id beafts', thofe thofe in the river eaten by fifties j all in fuch a pntrified condition* that no one could be diftinguiflied from another. As foon as general Clark, then at the falls of the Ohio, who was ever our ready friend, and merits the love and gratitude of all his countrymen, underftood the circum- ftances of this unfortunate action, he ordered an expedition^ with air poffible hafte, to purfue the favages, which was fo txpeditiouily eSe£led, that we overtook them within 2 miles of their towns, and probably might have obtained a great viftory, bad not two of their^number met us about 200 poles before we came up. Thefe returned quick as lightning to their camp with the alarming news of a mighty army in vit#. The favages fled in the utmoft diforder, evacuated their towns, and relu^ntly left their territory to our mercy. We immediately took poiTeflion of Old Chelicothe, without > oppoiition, being dcferted by its inhabitants. We conti- nued our purfuit through five towns on the Miami rivers, Old Chelicothe, Pecaway, New Chelicothe, Will's Towns, and Chelicothe, burnt them all to afhes, entirely de« ^ ftroyed their corn, and other fruits, and everywhere fpread a fcene of defolation in the country. In this expedition we took 7 prifoners and 5 fcalps, with the lofs of only 4 men, 2 of whom were accidentally killed by our own army. This campaign in fome meafure damped the fpirits of the Indians, and made them fenfible of ou» fuperiority. Their connexions were difiblved, their armies fcattered, and a future invafion put entirely out of their power ; yet they continued to pra£^ife mifchief fecretly upon the inhabitanjLs in the expofed parts of the country. In Odober following, a party made an excurfion into that diftriA called the Crab Orchard, and one^ of them, being ad- vanced fome diftance before the others, boldly entered the houfe of a poor defencelefs family, in which was only a ne- gro man, a woman ai\d her children, terrified with the ap- prehenfions of immediate death. The favage, perceiving A a 3 their 358 WESTERN TERRITORY <>P their defencelefs fitaation, without offering violence to the fartily, attempted to captivate the negro, who happily prov. ed an over-match for him, threw him on the ground, and, in the ifaruggle, the mother of the children drew an axe from a comer of the cottage, and cut hit head off, whiii her little daughter Ihut the door. The favaget mftantly appeaiw ed, and applied their tomahawks to the door. An old ruftj gvn>barrel, without a lock, lay in a corner, which the mo. ther put through a fmall crevice, and the favages perceiving it, fled^ In the mean tune the alarm fpread through the neighbourhood } the armed men toUeded immediately, and purfued the ravagers into the wHdernefs. Thus Providence, by the means of this negro, faved die whole of the poor fa> miTy from deftru^on. From that time, until the happy re> turn of peace between the United States and Great Britain, the Indians did us no mlfchief. Finding the great king beyond the water difappointed in bis espeffattioln, and confcious of the unportance of the Long Knife, and their own wretched* nefs, fome of the nations immediately defired peace j to which, at prefent, they ieem univerfally difpofed, and are fending ambafladors to general Clark, at the fidls of the Ohio, with the minutes of their councils } a fpedmen of which, in the minutes of the Piankaihaw council, is fub* joined. To conclude, I can now fay that I have verified the fay- ing of an old Indian wk*. i«gf*ed col. Henderfon*s deed. Taking me by the hand, at the delivery hereof « Brother," • fays he, <* we have given you afincland^ but I believe you will have much trouble in fctding it.'*-'-My footfteps have often been marked with hhtod, and therefore I can truly fubfcribe to its original oaine. Two djtirling fons, and a brother, have I loft by favagts hands, which have alfo taken from me 40 valnaUe horfes, and abundance of cattle. Many dark and fleeplefs nights have I been a companion fbr owls, feparatr.d from the cheerful focktf of men, fcorched by the fummer's KORTH AMERICA. 3S? fummer*! fun, and pinched by iJM wiaUv's CQld^ an inftni- loeot ordained to fettle the wilderneft. But qov the fccine is changed : peace crowns the fylvan {hade. . What thanks, what ardent aiptd ce^fel^fs thanks» are due to that allrfvperintending Prpviflenjcc which has turned a cruel waif intp peace,, brought order out of confiiiion, made the fierce favages placid, a^d turned away their hoftUc wes^ pons from our country I May the fame ahnighty gopdnefs babiih the accurfed monfter, war, from all landsj with her luted aiTociates, rapine and infatiable ambition I Iiet peace» defcending from her native heaven, bid her olives i\kfm^ amidft thf joyful nations } and pl?n^y, in league with vooir jnerce, fcatter blcfiings from her copious hand ! This account of my advontujnes urill inform ^c reader !0$ the moft remarkable jpvepts of %ifh cQuntry.-^-I now live m peace ai^d £ifety, enjoying the fweests of liberty, and the bounties of Providence, with my once fe)}ow<4ufferers,iii this ddightful country, which I have fefin pyrchafed with a vaft expend of blood an^ tfc^^Gf^rft^ di^ghting in the fxiaffp^ of its being, in a ihort time, one of the moft opulent aad powexfiil (lates on th^ con^inimt of North America s wUch* with the love and gratitude of my couiitTymen, 1 eft f r> « Mldent reward for all my toil and dan^s. DANIEL BOON, In a council, held with the Piaukafliaw Indians^ by Tho. J. Dalton, at poft St. Vincent's, April 15, 1784. Mycbiidren, What I have often told ^oa, is now come to pafs. Thi^ day I received news from my great, cbiefi at the falls ot Ohio. Peace.il made with Uie enemies cf America. The A a 4, irhitf S6o 'WES'titLtM TERRITORY OP White flefli, the Atneticans* Fffcnth, Spaniards, Dutch, and Englifb, this day fmoke out of the peace-pipe. The toma- hawlc is buried, and they are now firiends. I am told the Shawanefe, Delaware*, ChickafaWs, Chero. Ic^es, and. all other the red flefli, have taken the Long Knife by tht hand. They have given up to them the pri- foners that were in their nations* My ehiidren on Wabajh^ ' ■ ^ . . , • , Open your ears,* and let what I tril you fink deep in your hearts. Tou know me. Near 20 years I have been among you. The Long Knife is my nation. I know their hearts \ peace they carry in one hand, and war in the other. I leave ydU to yourfclves to judge. Confider,' and now accept the one, or the other. We never beg' peace of our (enemies. If you love your Women and children, receive the belt of wampum I prefent you. Return me my fleth you have in ydur villages, and the hoirfes you ftole from my people at Kentucky. Your corn>fields were never difturbed by the Long Knife. Your weiJKen and children lived quiet in their houfes, while your warriors were killing and rob- bing my people*- All this you ktiow is the truth. This is the Isift tirr>.e I fliall fpeakto you. I have waited 6 moons to hear you fpeak, and to get my , people from you. In to nights 1 ihall leave the Wabkfli to fee my great chief at the falls of Ohio, where he will be glad to hear, from your ovm lips, what you have tpjT^j^^ Ifcs:? is tobacco I give you ; fmoke } ^d confider what I have faid. . Then I delivered one belt of blue and white watnpum } and faid, Plankafhaw, fpeak, fpeak to the Americai^s. Then the Piaakafhaw chief anfwercd ; My great father i the Long Kmft^ . You have bjecn many years among us. You have fuffered by us. We fti)l hope you will have pity and compaffion upon us, on our women and children) the day is clear. The fun ihines on us \ and the good news of peace ap- ,: pear? KO&TH AMERICA. 361 pears In our facts. This dayt my' father, this is the day of joy to the Wabafli Indians. . With one tongue we now fpeak. ■ ^ Vfe accept your peaee-belt. We return God thanks, you are the man that delivered us, what we long wifhed for^ peace with the white flefh. My father, we have many timet counfelled before you Icnew us ) and you know how fom« of us fufiered before. We received the tomahawk from the Englifh : poverty forced us to it : we were attended by other nations : we are ;. ry for it : we this day collect the bones of our friends that . long a^o were fcattered upon the earth. We bury them in one grave. We thus plant the tree of peace, that God may fpread branches ; fo that we can all be fecured from bad weather. They fmoke as brothen out of the peace-pipe we DoW {Mrefent you. Here, my father, is the pipe that givet us joy. . Smoke out of it. Our warriors are glad you are the man we prefent it to. «Tou fee, father, we have buried the tomahawk : we now make a great chain of friendihip never to be broken } and now, as one people, fmoke out of < your pipe. My father, we know God was angry with us for ftealing your horfes, and difhurbing your people. He has fent us fo much fnow and cold weather, that God him* felF killed all your horfes urith our own. We are now a poor people. God, we hope, will help us t and our father^ the Long Knife, wUl have pity and cOmpaf* fion on our women and children^ Your fleih, my fiaitheri is well that is among uf } we ihall colle£fc them all together when they ctnne in from hunting. Be not forry,' my frither : all.the prifoners taken at Kentucky are alive and well; wi| love them, andfo do our young women* JSome of your people mend our guns^ and others teil i:t they can make rum of the corn. Thofe are now the fame as we. Inonp mqon after this, we will go with them to their friends at Kentucky. Spme of your people wUl now go» with. ? 3<$2 WESTERV TBR&ITORY OF with Coftea> • diief of on/ nation, to fee his great father, the Long Knifie, at the falk of Ohio. My fatbtr. This being tlie day of joy to the Wabafli Indians, we beg ft Uttle drop of your uiilk, to let our warriors fee it came firom your own breaft. We were born and raifedinthe woods { we could never learn to make rum.— God hai «iade the white fle(h mafters of the world : they make every thing I and we all love rum. •—— Then they delivered three ftrhigs of blpe imd Ti^ite warn- oum and the coronet of peace. Prefcnt in G>uncilj Mttftlto, capt. Beaver, Woodes and Burning, Badtripesi Antia, Maotour, Caftia, Grand Court, with many other chiefs vo4 war captaus, and t^e piipcipal inhi^itants (^ the poft of St. Vincent's. i i i i n n w mmimmmmt m OF THE INDIANS. WE hftve an account of 28 . different nations of Indiaas, eaftward of the Miffiffippi.«— Their fituation is as follows : The Cherokee Indians are neareft to Kentacky» living npen the Tenafee river, near the mouths of Clindi, Hoi- Aon, Nolachucky, and. FrendibrQad xiver^ whidi fonn the Tenafee or Cherokee river, in the interior part c^North- Carcdina, :oo miles IrmnJCentncky* The Chickamaw^es live about 90 n^iles down die Tensr lee &«mi the Cherokecs, at a |^ce called Chi£kaniawgee| which in our language >u&a a boilkig pot, there being a whirlpool in the river dangerous for boats. The drago- numoi^h, a duef of the ChenAees, with tfo more, hsdce off from that naticm^ md formed this tinbe, which is ptUed by the name of the Whirlpool. The NORTIt AMERICA. • 363 The Chibtfgeet, and Middle-fettlement Indians, are fet- tled about 50 and 80 milefl fouth of the Cherokee. — ThtCt {mt tribes fpeak one language, being defcended from tbft Cfaerokees. The Chickafaws InhaMt about 100 mile* N. W. from our fettlement at French lick, on Cumberland river, on the. heads of a river called Tombeche, which runs into Mobile bay. The Cha£hiw nation are 80 miles from the Chickafaws, down the fame river. • The Creek Indians live about 160 miles fonth of the ChaAaws on the Apalache river, which runs Into the gdf of Mexico, fome little diftance eaft of Mobile h^f. The Uchees Indians occupy four different places of relU dence, at the head of St. John's, the fork of St. Mtry\ the head of Cannuchee, and the head of St. Tillis. Thefe rifers rife on the ttorden of Georgia, and run feparatelf into the ocean. The Catauba Indians are fettled in North-Carolina,' about MO miles diftaat from Charles-town in Soudi Carolina. - The tribes to the weftward of Ohio river are the Dela-' mres^ living upon the Mulktngum river, which runs into the Ohio 187 miles above Sciota, on the N. W. fide. The Mingo nation lives upon a N. W. branch of Scioit river, as is reprefented in the map. The Wyandotts poflefs the banks of a river called San- dniky, which heads and interlocks with Sciota, and, run^* ning in a contrary direction nearly N. W. for aj|great diftance, fidls into lake Erie. The Six-Nations are fettled upon waters irunning into lake Ontario, that head in the mountain from whence the Ohio and Sufquehanna rivers rife. The ihawanefe Indians occupy 5ye towns on tht waters of little and great Miami, as appears in the mapt The Gibbaways are fixed pn the eafl fid« of Detroit riverv an4 It; i; i i i 5^4 westSrn territory of and oppofitc the fort of that namt. This river rails out of lake Huron into lake Erie, is 36 miles in length, and the fort ftands on the weft fide, half w»y betwixt thefe lakes. The Hurons live fix miles from the Gibbaways, towards lake Huron, and on the fame fide of the river. The Tawaws are found 28 miles up the Mawmee or Omee river, -which mns into lake Erie. There is a fmall tribe of Tawas fettled at a place called the Rapids, fomo diftance higher up the river than the for- mer. The Mawmee Indians live 240 miles up this river, at a place called Rofedebeau. The Piankalhaws rcfide about 160 miles up Wabafli river J-. The Vermilion Indians about 60 miles higher j^and the ^yahtinaws about 39 miles ftill further up the fame river. The Wabafli heads and interlocks with Mawmee, and runs a contrary direftion into Ohio, 318 miles below the The Long-iflc or Ifle-river Indians Uvc on Ifle, or "White river, which runs into Wabaflu The Kickapoos are fixed on a branch of Mawmee river tbove the Long-iile Indians. The Ozaw nation lives on the Osaw river, which rant into Miffifllppi :— And the Kakaflcy nation, on the Miffiffippi, 400 mUcs above the Ozaws. The Illinois Indians inhabit upon the Illinois river, which falls into the Mifiifiippi )-. And the Poutawottamies near St. Jofeph's, a town on a branch gf the Illinois. The Sioux and Renards are neighbours to the fort oC MichUlimackinac, on lake Michigan. Thefe are the principal part of the nations within the limits pf the United States Aliowmg about 700 to a na- tion MORTH AMERICA. 365 tibn or tribe, they will contain, in all, ^,000 fouls, mJ coofequcntly may furnifb between. 4 and 5,000 warriors. The fpeculations of curious i^lenefs have framed many fyftems to account for the population of this immcnfe con- tident.' There is fcarce a people in the old world which has not had its advocates } and there have not been want* ing fome, who, defpairing to untie, have cut thfj; Icnot, by fuppofing that the power which furniihe dccTt and elk* in abundance, tbfdlutelf the lame m both hemif^iheres. This hypothefii, itributed, in fome den^ee, to the population of this conti*! iient. T^e Carthaginians, who had many fettlcments on the cpaft of Africa, beyond the ftreights of Gibraltar,.sB(l puOied their diiboveries as for as iHiere the two continqMi In that quarter approach each other the neareft, may pnw liably have been thrown by tempeAs on the ameikan coat^ and the companies of the veflels finding it. impra^cable ts, vetum, may have inoHrporated with theibrmer inhalMtaBti, | 4x have formed new fettlements» whidii firom want of the neceflary inftruments to exerr:ire the arts they were s^j ^uaioted with, would naturally degcsMrate into barbarity. | Thertii are Indeed fome ancient writers, who give us reafoa | 40 Aippofe, that there were colonies regularly fori?ed bj that nation in America, and that the comrounic««tie probably to be found on the coaft of Labrador, in (H nation of the Sfk an origin totally diftin^ from in C(f theother Indians. hi the year 11 70, Madoc, fon of Owen Gwynnedht jriMe of Wales, diflatisfied with the fituation of affairs at I Udm^ left his country, as related by the wel(h hiftorlms, lli^aeft of new iet^mento, and learing Ireland to the I Mrth, pre uri) in maoiiers tnd appearance refembling the otber |p The bttrying-groundsj which wtfe nientiibned i^ve> ttniM dtr the head of Ctirioiitiefty form another ftrong argument AKt this country was formerly Inhabited by a people di^bl^ at from the -ftref^nt Indians. Although they do nbt d£^ (iover antr marks of extmordinary art in tht ftruAure, yet, at many nations are particularly tenacious of their ancieibi coftoms, it may perhaps be worthy of inquiry, whether i«fe repofitoriei of the dead do hot bear a confiderable re* Ibiblance to the ancient britifli remains. Some buildings, ttributtd to the PiAs) ire mentioned by the fcottifh anti« , IjjBiries, irhich, if the author mifti^es not, are formed [iKariy in the fame manner. Let it be enough -for him to i point out the road, and hazard fome uncertain conjectures^ The day is not far diftant, when the fartheft receflcs of thii [ ototinent will be explored, and the accounts of the Welili ; ebbliibed beyond the pofllbility of a doubt, or confign^ to that oblivion Which has already received fo many fuppo** fitions founded on arguments ai plaufiUe as thefe. PERSONS Amy HABITS, .^ The Indians are not born white; and take a great deal of pains to daiken their complexion, by anointing them- rdves with greafe, and lyjng in the fon. They aUb paint tKOTfeces, breaftsy and fboul^s, of various colours, but generally red ; and their features are well formed, efpeclafly thofe of the women. They are of a middle ftature,- their lidsbs clean and ftratght, and fc^ely any crooked of de- formed perfon is ti> be found among them. lA many parts of their bodies they prick in gun-^por^er iri very pretty B b ^ figure* ■:M- •P - 1 r. .'■ 1 ^ 1 ■'; 1. ■ t ^ S70 WSSTZRM TEHRlTpRT Of figures. They flaavc« or pludc t!he hair off their heeds, ex- cept a patch about the crown, vrhieh is ornamented with beautiful feathery bead^, wampum, and fuch-Iike baubles. Their ears are pared, and jftretched in a thong down to their ihoulders. They art wound round with wire to ex. pand them, ^d adorned with filver pendants, rings, add bells, which they likewiTe wear in their nofes^ Some of them will have a large feather through the cartilage of the |u>fe ^ and thde who csm afford it, wear a collar oi wam- pnmy a iilver bre^plate, and bracelets, on the arms and wrifts. A bit of cloth about the middle, a fliirt of the cngliih make, on which they beftow innumerable iMroachet to adqm it, a ibrt of cloth boots and mockafons, which ait (hoes of a make peculiar to the Indians, ornamented with porcupme quillsy with a blanket or match-coat thrown over all, competes their dreft at home } but when they go to war, they leave th^ trinkets behind, and mere necefTaries ferve them. There is little difference between the drefs of the men and women,; excepting that a fhort petticoat, and the hair, which is exceeding blac;k and long, clubbed be* hind, diftinguiih fome of the latter. Except the head and eyebrows, they pluck the hair, with great diligence, from all parts of the body, efpecially the loofcr part of the fex. Their warlike arms are guns, bpws and arrows, darts, fcalping-knives, and tomahawks. This is one of their moft uieful pieces qf field furniture, ferving all the offices of the hatchet, pipe, ^nd fword. They are exceedingly expert in throwing it, and will kill at a confiderable diftance. The world has no better markfmen, with any weapon. Thej will kill birds flying, fiihes fwimming, and wild beafts running. GENIUS. . Tub Indians are not fo ignorant as fome fuppofe thetnr but are^a very underflanding people, quick of apprehenfion, fudden in execution, Cubtle in bufinefs, exquifite in inventioD, and ■pp> ladsf ex- ted with baubles, down to •c to ex. mgs, and Some of [re of the oC warn* arms and irt of the ; Inroachet which are nted with rown ovef hey go to necefTaries be drefs of cicoat, and Lubbed be* lead and ncci from le fex. iws, darts, their moft ces of the expert in Bice. The •n. They ild beafts ' »ORTH AMERICA. ^ytj and induftrious in Action. They are of a very |;entle and amiable difpofition to thofe they think their friends, but at implacable in their enmity ; their revenge being oialy com- pleted in the entire deftrudlion of their enemies. They are rery hardy, bearing heat, cold, hunger and thirft, in a fur- prifing manner, and yet no people are more addicted to e3|;- cefs in eating and drinking, when it is conveniently in their power. The follies, nay nifchief, tb'sy commit when ine- briated, are entirely laid to the liquor.; and no one will re- venge any injury (murder excepted) received from one who Is no more himfelf. Among the Indians, all men are equal* perfonal qualities being moft efteemed. No diftinftion of birth, no rank, renders any man capable of doing prejudice to the rights of private perfons ; and there is no pre-emi« aence from merit, which begets pride, and which makes ethers too fenfible of their own inferiority. Though there is perhaps lefs delicacy of fentiment in the Indians than amongft us^ there is, however, abundantly more probity, with infinitely lefs ceremony, or equivocal compliments. Their public conferences £hewthemto be men of genius ^ and they have, in a high degree, the talent of natural elo- quence. They live difperfed in fmall villages, either in the woods, or on the banks o£ rivers, where they have little plantations of Indian corn, and roots, not enough to fupply their fami* Iks half the year, and fubfifting the remainder of it by hunt- ing, fifhing, and fowling, and the fruits of the earth, which grow fpontaneouily in great plenty. Their huts are generally built of fmall logs, and covered with bark, each one having a chimney, and a door, on which they place a padlock. Old Chelicothe is :Y OF iMti09 irequanibly iutet, and confult dF «tt mattert of Im- |MftMt(^ whcthAT of «f ivil or tnUttiry nature. . . S«m« Iuit9 are built by fetitng up a frailne oa forks, t^id ^kicing batk againft it} others of reedt^ and fiuroonded vitb clay* The -fire- it in the middle of the wigwam, and the iiooke pafies through a little hole. They join reeds to> gether by cords run through them, which ferve them for b^es and beds. They moftly lie upon ikins of wild beafts, and fit on the ground. They have brafa kettles and pots to boil their food) gourds or calabafhes, cut afunder, ferve t^m for pails» cups, and diihes. RELIGION. ■ Thb accounts of travellers, concerning theur reUg^n, are f^U'ious i and although it cannot be abfblutely afiirmed that ^hey have none, yet it muft be confefiied verydifilcult to de- fine what it is. All agree that they acknowledge} one i^preme God, hut do not adore, .him. They have not feen Ijim, they do not know him, believing him to. be too £ur ^^ted above them, and too happy in himfelf to be con- called about the trifling affairs of poor mortals. They feem alfo to believe in a future ^ate, and that after death they ihall be removed to their friends, who have gone be- . ^e them* to an elyfium, or paradife. , The Wyandotts, near Detroit, and fome others, have the roman catholic religion introduced amongft them by mif- fionaries, TL^fe have a church,^ a minifter, and a regular burying-ground. Many. of them appear zealous, and fay pfrayera in their families. Thefe, by acquaintance with white people, are a little civilised, which muft of necefEty precede chriftisjiity. ^nThe Shawancie, Cherokeei^ Chickafaws, and fome others, arie little concei'ned about fujSerftition, or rdighin; Others ountinue their ItMrmer fupevftitious worlhip of tlie obje£bs of their love, and iiear, and efpecially thofe being»-Mir)iom they £;. \ • moft ■Mi. **^i mTtimiM'imi^limititim f.';'.-»,^ips*m' KORTH AMERICA. 573^ ttoft jdread, and whom therefore we genertUy denomkiate devils s thoogh, at the fame time, it is aliawed they pray to die {un» and other mferior beaeyolent deities, fot fucedTs in their nndertaklngit, for plenty of food, and otlier nec^Grina in life. They have their feftivals, and other rejoicing-days, on 4diich they fing and dance in a ring, taking hands, having fo punted and difgaifed themfelvcs, that it as di£ktilt to ioiow any of them^ and after enjoying tins diverfion for ik vinlc, they retire to the place where th^ have pre|xured« feaft of fiih, flefh, fowls^ and fruits^ to which sdl ai!e in- irited^ and entertuned with their country ^hgs. Tfaf^if be- lieve that there is great virtue in feaib for tibe fick» For tluB purpofe a young buck xnuft be killed. and boilead^i the , finendt and near neighbours of the patient invited, and hanag firft thrown tobacco on the fire, and covered it np jckfr, I &ey aH fit down in a ting, and raifisa lamentable cry* Thety dien uncover the fire, and kindle it up} and the Jbsadr:irf I ^ bock is firft fent about, every one hdcing a bity and ^ing a loud croak, in imitation of croles. They aftermards ^ced to eat all the buck^ making a moft harmonious, mfiUmcholy fong ; in which ftrain their tnufic is paxtkiihady (atcelknt. v:^./;' ' •\5f.-«;w As they approach their towns, when feme of theirpeople ate loft in war, they nuke great .laoientatacms for theii'^dead, sod bear them long after m remea;|nrance. ;jx ,«)>)<{ Some nations abhor adultery^ do ndt .approve of > a:!.|iltt- nfity of wrves, and iare not guU^ cf theft ; but there are Mher tribes not fo fcropulous in thefe matters, . Amongft (he Chickafaws a huftiand may cut off the nofe of his yrife, if guilty of adultery \ but men are allowed greater liberty. This nation defpifes a thief. Amo^g the Cherokees they ttttoff the nofe and ears of an adulterer 1 afterwards her Ititfband ght* her a diichurge ; and from this'time lbs ia not permitt«4 to r»*»*«^ :-^<' '••■''%.■ :iij; J 374 ^BSTBRN TERRITORY or cation is unnoticed i for they allow perfons in a fingle fiate unbounded freedom. Their form of marriage is fhort-«-the man, beiiorr wit. nefles, gives the bride a deer's foo^t and flie, in return, pre. fents him with an ear of corn, as emblems of their fcvienl duties. The women are very flaves to the men ; which is a'com. mon cafe 'in rude,' uhpolifhed nations, throughout the world* They are charged with being revengefiiU but this revenge is ohly doing theihfelvesjufiice on thofe who injure them, and is feldom exeicuted, but in tafes of murder and adultery. • 'Th^ir king hais no. power to put any one to death by hk own anthority ; but the murderer is gqierally delivered up to the firi^ds of the deceafed, to do as they pleafe. Whdi -One. kills another, his friend kills him, and fo they continue mtiU. much blood is flied ; and it laft the quarrel isiended ,by mutual prefents; Thdr kings are hereditary, Im tbeir authority extremely limited. No people are a more ftriking ^evidence of the mi&ries of mankind in the want of gdvens inent'than they. Every cluef, when o£Fended, breaks off ■with a party, fettles at fome diftance,. and then commences hoit^ities agaiiift his own people. They are generaUyat war with each other, Thefe are common circumftanccs ainongft the Indians. <| /'When they tsdce: captives in vnt, they are exceedingly cruel, treating the uidiappy prifoners in Tuch.'a xnaiiner, that death wpuld be pivi^rable to life. They aftenvsM'cIs ■ give tUemi plenty of food^. load them with burdens, and iiriu6n;i:hey arrive at their -towns, they miift run. the gaunt* let* ^rln this, the fav^gea exercife fo fnuth cruelty, that one motM think it impoflible they ihould furvive their fuffer- irigsf.: .Many are killed j but if one outlives this trial, he is idopted into a family as a Ton, and treated with paternal kindnefs) md if he avoids their fufpicions of going awa^i baOowed the fame privileges as tht;ir,o!trii:people,. ' • "" ■'' anK ■o-T-m- irORTH AMERICA. 371 CONCLUflOM. ". Having finilhed my inteaded nsmdve, I (hall ctofe •with a few obfervations on the happj circumftances that*the iababitanti of Kentucky will probably enj6y» firom the pof> (effion iDf a country fo^extenfive and fertHe^ There are four natural qualities neceflary to prfimote the lappinefs of a tAuntiy, viz. A good foil, air, water, and trade. Thef e, taken colle^vely, excepting the latter, Ken^f tacky .poflTefllri in a fuperior degree : and, agreeably to our defcrlpiion of the weftem trade, we conclude, that it wil^ k nearly equal to any other on the continent of America^ tad the difadvantage it it fubje£t to, be fuUy compenfated k7 the fertility of the foil. This fertile region, aiboanding #ith aU the luxuries of ntore, ftored with all the principal materials for art and ioi. daftry, inhabited by yirlnous and ingenious citizens, nluft ttUTerfaUy attract the attention of mankind, being fituated inthcxentral part of the extenfive amcrican empire (the li* mits of whofe ample domuns may be feen defcribed in the fecc^od article of the late defimtive treaty), w^ere agri. caltute, induftry, laws, arts and fdences, flourifhi where ;ffli£bed humanity raifes her drooping head ; where fpringa a harvcft'^r the poor; where confcience ceafes to be vi ilave» and laws are no more than the fecurity ^ happihefs ; idrare nature makes reparation for having created man } and government, fo'long proftitnted to thp n^oft criminid pur* pofesj eftablifhes an afylum in the wifdernefs for the di& trefled of mankind. Th^ recital uf your h^piqefs ynIX o^ to your country aU the unfortunate of the earth, who, haying experienced op- preffion, political or religious, will there find & deliverance from their chains. To you innumerable multitudes will emi- grate from the hatefol regions of defpotifm and tyranny ; aad pu will furely welcome them as friends, as brothers i B b 4 yoi| ^1 W) I 3^^ WSfTIRH TBtRlTQRY OF joa will welcome them to partake with you of your happi. nefi.— liet the memory of Lycargiit» the fpartan legiflator, wln^: baiu4ie4 wvetottfneft and the love of gold from hit ct^ntry I tkt aeueUent Ijocke, who firft taught the doctrine qC Milfiitii90 1 i\im vcii«rable Pemi, the firft who founded a city of brethren } and Waflungton, the defender tad pre. tiUpv ef perTdcuicd Ubcrty> be ever the Uluftrioua examples of your ftoUtifi)} ooadoft. Avail yourfelves of the benefit! of nMuNt and of the ftniitful country you inhabit. Xetthe ifon of your mine*, the wool of your flocks, your HXM, and hemp* Iho fkina of tikt favag^ aaimali that wander in your weoda> be fiUhaoned into maaufiiAures, and take aR cKlraordkuuiy vatee^ from your l^nds. Then will yoo rival the fuperfluities of Europe, iAd fctiow that happinefs Ihay IteliDUtidk wiihoiit the commerce io umverfidly defired In ypwr cQimtry, like the land of promife* flowkig with mSk ami lu>nty» a land of brooks of water, of fountains and depths Uiaik fprlng out of valUies and hiUs, a land of wheal and. harleyv anp.v. yaRTR AMBI.XCA>. To Hunter's-town the mountain at Black** gap the other fide of the mountain the , Stone-houfe tavem Waidkin's .ferry on Potowmac Martiniburg > « Winchefter iVewtQwn • <■ Stover's-town - ... Woodftock ' Shanandoah riter die north branch of Shanandoah Stanton the north fork of James river James river - m Botetourt court-houfe • Woods's on Catauba river . Paterfon's on Roanoak ' m the Allegany mountain New river the forks of the road Fort Chiflel aftonemill - » Boyd's - - - Head of Holfton Wafhington court-houfe the bleck-houfe Powel*s mountain Walden's ridge - the Valley ftation * Martin Cabbin's Cumberland mountain the ford of Cumberland river the Flat lick - - Stinking creek Richlai^ creek Down Richland creek Ractoonfpring Xiaorel river - % Hazel patch the ford on Rock Caftle river EngUdi's ftation &1I. Edwards's at Crab orchard Whitley's ftation ^ « 3^ . ; !• 113 > 3 116 7 U3 85 m 14 iKJa ^13 t^5 • - n ■ ao- «V5 -8 203 - . 10 ai3 la ns ■■'■••■■ • 1^. 140 . m 29 26^ >i a84 - 37 ^21 18 339 la 351 ai 37», 9 ^^■ g 3«i - . la ' 4bi - 16 4*7 la 429 ft 440 9 448 5 4^3 * 45 498 - 35 533 -• 33 1J06 3 Sf«9 4 ii3 25 598 ao 618 13 6jl 9 640 a 642 '^ 7 649 8 657 6 66$ •• a 66s 15 68b 10 690 - «5 7l^« 3 • 7i« 5 7*3 • ■r ntf J E 'S-" ' . ' "y u ftmamrw^-"*"^ 37* ^BITBJIN TSRIIITOAT or « I'- '! I \ I i: T9 Iurg iPiamber's-town r Fort Loudon Fprt Littleton r ? Tuniata creek - 7 Bedford the foot of the Allegany mountains Stony creek the eaft fide of I^uM biU yprt ligonier Pittft)urg f r ^ r 7 a^ 10 17 II u 19 14 1$ IS la 9 54 9« jiot "9 140 'SI 164 182 aoi a3<> 245 as7 a(S<$ 340 POSTSCRIPT. |N order to communicate a diftinft idea of the prefent complexion of the ftate of Kentucky, a map from thebdi iuthorities is annexed, from ♦hich you will difcern that Ken- tucky is already divided into nine counties j viz. Jeffcrfon, Fayette, Bourbon, Mercer, Nelfon, Madifon, LincoUi, Wppdford, and Mafon j and that yillagci are fpringing up la «very pvt within its limits, while K»da have been opened ^'i|f': . .■ w diil ' i.' '' .w; iW^.. 4v* ^'^ $■' (^ 1^^^ miMtmrntm^MuA^ n Vay ^4>vd huh LmJ , ,. S T E ,/<: .1 K N )% .4AtAP of The State oF KEN TL^ C KY, W Elilm Barker J j>(bnr A«»4, Barren. Naked Land lante V. '''^^M 4= ^:- -- •' n I ^'iti' f "5 Cim»umJbMU a. N )l mm^ . . • " M X MMKSMS It o o u 1^^ i p ^M ^^2f^ -55 *\1 /<^^/ ^ .^\ \ '^Jj* c r ^^/S^t :/ ^^ ja ^ /Tl/wWS'^^s: ^ cyro uii Q*t' fY i ) ^'LisffSlNR !»'!)* *J i!«BnrAm(, I .?^ ^ A- /r ^4f^ Nc*ei ZmA -^^ (Wr Barrens N // r ... IH ci^ ,3j / /hf* •ft ^ >J>*JJli ^^^^.J^ %/ ^ST J" Ai li^i 9^ ^vA MJL/^^/ ?^ >l^ *\ VI ^ s^ -^^ \^^ w* -^~ 1/ "V J Bat ' r e n • -V' 7 rV «/ -^ \S Kt^ /.«««> d^Ao^^ \ \ ■ V. i*-o klMZu c <^\f*!'''*g*"'" (^ w^\\ 'tty^oJH Lana • ^^ r^ i^^ v li ^^ li Prmrr "^^ y^ lir' "^^ it*''. T ElvfT^A !^/S E E 86 8/i loHfu'tiule J ^•»f*v#. /»r J.I>pb»-e«.7»Vv>i«itiV. Zii^tHuie Wfutt frtftn London . Tl'anflrr S«ni)>', (^» '•.~y\a'r::-3y^rvr. .7"».r m mm mtl t tAm/t i mmmm m mi mtmum m^M. f^f^mmmmi^fmm >^;*v^. » t' -"•:*, 1^ I to Hiorten nigged pat of commur Tqu mu) letter, the troops ext< you have c t;^at fideoj vinced of c dians. At the is been iorvat river, inak( cotioty qC? noes from the Weau town on the<(biith> muft have fallen completely into > «ur hands $ however, about 20 Warriors were killed in the Weau villa^, jand in the river croffing the Wabaih, and 47 of their f^zin ttUd children taken jtt^ fohers. « Immediately after the engagement, a council of war was caUed, when it wasdetermined, that Wi&infon (hould crofs the Waibafli undcfr cover of die night, whh a detachment of 400 men, and endeavour to flifprire the town ofKath- tippacanunck, which was HtxisXtd upon the north "fide of diat river, at the mouth of Tippaeatloe creek, and «boint20 miles above the l^#er Weau tdwns. This expedition was conduced with fo much caution and celerity, that Wilkin- fon arrived at the margin of the pararie, within a mile, and pp the weft of the town, about an hour before the break of day ; whilft a detachment was taking a circuit through the pararie to co-operate with the main body on a given fignal« day appeared, and the volunteers ru 382 WESTiRR TERRITOitT OF the inlbrtnation, ihifted our fourfeto doe weft ; and it thtf diftance of 1,83 miles from fort Waihingtoh we ftrack the Wabaih within two miles and a half of Longuille, or j as thci Indians call i^, Kenapacomaqua.-T>It was about 4 P. M. when we reached that ri^er, and crofiing it immediately, we marched in four columns acrofs the neck of land foi^med by the junflion of the Wabafh and £11; rivers } paifing fereral' Indian war pofts that had been frefh painted, we arrived completely concealed on the fouth bank of £11 river, and diredlly oppofite the town of Kenapacomaqua. « The furprife of this town was fo very complete^ that before we received orders to crofs the river and rufh upon the town, we obferved feveral children playing on the top* of the houfes, and could diftinguifh the hilarity and merri- ment that ieemed to crown the fefiivity of the villagers, foe it was in the feafon of the green corn dance, *< The want of daylight, and a morafs* that nearly en- circled the town, prevented us from fuddenly attacking^ which enabled feveral of the Indians to efcape } and in fome meafure obfcured the brilliancy of the enterprife, by limit- ing the number of warriors killed to 11, and capturing 40 fquaws and their children, after burning all the houfes, and deftroying about 200 acres of corn ; which was then in the ^ilk, and in that fiage when the Indians prepare it for toilbmanony. This fuccefs was achieved with the lofs of two men, who were killed. <« About four o'clock in the afternoon we mounted oup prifoners, and took a weft and by north courfe toward the little Kickapoo town, which the general hoped to furprife on his way -to the great Kickapoo town, in the pararie, on the waters of the Illinois river ^ but the difficulties we en- countered in this march, through thefe almoft boundleis pararies, were fuch, that upon our arrival at little Kickapoo: town, we found one half the horfes in the army non-elec- tive, and unlikely to readit the Ohio, by the neareft courfe wc ack the •^ as thd , P. M- ediately, , formed g feveral' • ^urrived vcr, and etc» that uihupon the top» id mcrri- igersj foe icarly cn- attackingy id in fome by limit- turing 4© mfes, and icn in the ire it for le lofs of ntcd our ward the furprifc rarie, on IS we en- toundlefs ickapoo lon-^ec- itt courfe we NORTH AMERICA. $S^ we codid take} which confideratlon induced the general ta- reiinquifli the enterpriie againft the great Kickapoo town t and accordingly, after deftroying about 200 acres of com at Kathtippacanunck, Kickapoo, and the lower Weau£teneaa towns, we gained general Scott's return track, and on the 2ift of Auguft, after a circuitous march o£ 486 mUe», ar- rived with our prifoners at Louifville. ** .T*^ the courfe of this inarch, I had an opportunity of obferving the general face of the country through which we pafled. — Betweeh fort Waihington, at the croffing of the great Miami, where at prefent there is a confiderable fettlfr^ ment under the proteAion of fort Hamilton, a fine body of land is found, but which is very indifferently watered. The fituation of fort Hamilton is well chofen, as advant»* geous for defence, as pleafing to the eye; it (lands on a narrow neck of land, commanding the Miami on the N. W. and a pararie and (LLet of water on the N. £. about a mile wide, and two miles and an half long ; from this pararie an abundant fupply of forage may be got for the ufe of the army by repeated mowings of a very fine natural grafs, from the month of June till the end of September. After paifing the Miami river hills, on the weft fide, the country in places is broken, though, generally fpeaking, fr^m thence to the limits of our march, toward the Maumic villages the face of it is agreeably varied with hills and dales ; well watered, and the timber moftly fuch as indicates a ftrong and durable foiU Between the Maumic trace and our weft line of march to- ward Kenapacomaqua, there are a number of beech fwamps, which will require draining before they will admit of fettle- ments being formed— there are however delightfully pleafant and fertile fituatioos on the Calemut and Salamine rivers, which are only inferior to the woody plains of Kentucky in extent and climate. The pararie, in which was fituated I Kenapacomaqua, on the north bank of £11 riveri is chiefly - % morafsy l1 V. 384 WESTERN TERRITORT OF a moraisy and produces little elfe, other than basely fidlow, a fpecies of dwarf poplar, and a very coarfe* but luxuriant graft ) the latter of which corers moftlf the whole furface of the earth.'^The fAme kind of pararie extends, with little ;dteration, until jou approach Kathtippacanunck, when the whole country gradually afliimes a more pleafing and viduable appearance. <( On our line of march from Kenapacomaqua to Kathtip- pacanunck (the diftance of which, from thetrayerfea we were obliged to make to avoid impafiable morafles, was 60 miles), in feveral places, the profpe^l was only bounded by the na- tural horizon, the uniformity of which was here and there broken by the diftant looming of a grove on the edge of the plane, vihtch ftrongly refembled the projeAing points of a coaft clothed with wood, and feen by mariners at a difVance from the (bore. .> <* The fitiatibn o£ the \zU town of Kathtippacanunck was well chofen for beauty ara convenience; it ftood in the faofom of a delightful furrounding country on a very rich bottom, extending eaft and weft, on the Wabafh river, about two miles ; the bottom about half a mile wide, bound- ed on the eaft by Ttppacanoe, and weftward by a beautiful rifing groun^'j, fkirted and clothed with thin woods— from the upper bank yoo' command a view of the Wabaih river, which Is terminated by a towering gTO\^th of wood, to the fouth, and Tippacanoe creek to the eaft— the country in the rear from the upper bank fpreads into a level pararie of £grm, ftrongland, of an excellent quality, interfperied with copfes, naked groves of trees, and high mounds of earth of a regular and conical fiorm, all of which confpire to re- lieve the eye, and cheer the fcene with the moft agreeable variety. The top of this bank, which is kvel with the plane of the pararie,^ and about 200 feet perpendicular fiM>m the bottom in which the town ftood, forms an angle about 60S ,. . . and ■nd about fl tains, whid with water « The coi Kickapoo tc merous brea give the wh here, in a pr( have defigne our utmoft e art. " Between WeauAeneav the edge of the river bolt imagination c pride (^ the through thoj fou catch a fteals through charms, and to lefs happy oppofite fide a which breaks with the rive ftretching out without tree oi and in every i improved and on the fouth I which, with a peculiar to the wal luftrej ax clouds. "Thepararit « luxuriant furfaceof with Uttle when the id valuable oKathtip- fetwcwerc ) 6onaUa)> by the na- 5 and' there edge of the points of a t a difVance rananckwas kood in the a very rich ibaih river, 'ide, bound- ra jKautiflil oods— from 'abaih river, irood.tothe : country in el pararie of IjtCTfedwith d> of earth afpiTC to rc- )ft agreeable ith the plane from the ,e about 60S and KORTH AMERICA. 385 •nd about nidway ^>{re ifltie from its fide two Hvilig loun* tains, wluch have hitherto conftantly fupplied dte town with water « The country between Kathtippacanunck and the little Kickapoo town is beautiful beyond defcription. The nu- merous breaks, and intermixture of woodland and plains* give the whole an air of the moft perfe£k tafte) fgr nature here, in a propitious hour, and in a benignant mood, feemsto have defigned to prove, in beautifying, how far (he excels our utmoft efforts, and the moft laboured improvements of art. (( Between the little Kickapoo town and the lower Weaudleneau towns, the land is of the firft^rate -quality — at the edge of the woodlands, and before you deicend into the river bottoms, one of the moflc charming profpefts the imagination can form, difplays itfelf in all the variegated pride <^ the moft captivating beauty. From this place^ through the glades and viftas of the groves in the bottom^ you catch a view of the meandering river, which filent*^ fteals through this fmiling country, as if pregnant with its charms, and as if it was hurrying to communicate its joys to lefs happy ftreams. The bottoms of the Wabafh on the oppofite fide are confined by a bluff bank nearly 200 feet, which breaks the fceneiy of the valley, and runs .parallel with the river ~firom the top of this bank a plain is Teen ftretching out to the eaft and weft. as far as the eye can reach, without tree or bufli, covered with a moft luxuriant herbage, and in every refpeA affuming the appearance of an highly improved and cultivated meadow. The plain is terminated on the fouth by a diftant profpe^t of the rifing woodlands, which, with a mi% bloom, and in all that azure beauty, fo peculiar to thefe fair regions, here appears in all its sethe- real luftre } and feems finally loft in combining with the clouds. *,.. ■ ■"-'"";;; M ■ i .•I CC2 4' APPENDIX. No. I. An hiftorical narrative and topographical defcriptlon of I^omtiana, and 'We'ft-Tlorida, comprehendins the river ISlmffl^i, trlth In prihciptil branches and Jetttemettts, uttd (he rhrers Pearl, Pttfcagoula, Mobilhi Perdido, fif. 'cafflba, Cha^-flatchai &c. the climate, foil, smd pro- duce, whether animal, vegetable, or mineral i with direc- tions for failing into all the bays, lakes, harbours and tivers on the north fide of the gulf of Mexico, and for navigating between the iflands ntuated along that coafl, and afccnding the Miflifltppi river. By Thomas Hut> chins, geographer to the United States, THE PREFACE. Several years leridence in the province of Weft-Florida, during which I entered into a minute examination of iti coafts, harbours, lakes, and rivers, having made aae perfefUy acquainted with their (ituation, bearings, foundings, and every particular re- qnifite to be known by navigators, for their bei^eiit I am induced to malte ray obfervarions public. The expence and trouble ar which this knowledge has been acquired, are far from inconfiderablej hcwcver, if the accurate furveys and defcriptions I am thereby ena- bled to give, prove inftruAive and beneficial to my country, I (hall cfteem myfelf amply repaid. It may be proper to obferve that I have had the afliftancc of the ramarks and liirveys, fo far as relates to the mouths of the Milfif- fippt, and the coaft and foundings of Weft-Florida, of the late in* i;enious Mr. Geor^u Gauld, a gentleman who was employed by the ords of the britifti admiralty for the exprefs purfrafe of making aa accurate chart of the abovementioned places. I have alfo ha4 recourfe, in defcribing fome parts of the Miflif- jRppi, to the publication of captain Pitman, who reftded many years en that river, and was well acquainted with the country through which it flows. A particular detail of the advantages that may in time accrue to the pofleflbrs of Weft- Florida, with a complete defcription of the country and its produAions, would not make an improper addition to the following work { but m the more immediate purpofe of it is to LOUISIAVA AND WEST-PLORIDA. 389 to point out the daagcjn of iti coafta to the approachiog io«riner» I ihall eonSnc tiie cunory lemarks I make on thofe heads, to Uch particulau only a> are moft Hefetving of notice. Before I enter on the profecutinn of my defign, I would juA ob- fttvtt that I (hall be more folicitoui to make the refult ot my in> TeftigiKioni ufcful than amuitng ; I (hail endeavoar latbcr to be clear and intelligible, than ftudy to delivet myfelf ia floiid lan- guage. A DESCRIPTION of the river Miffiffippi and the country through which' it flows, called Louiuana* woul4 have faNcen the firA obje^ks fubmitted to the reader*! atten- tion i were it not humbly prefumed that a Ihort account of the difcovery of the river Mifliflippi, and a view of the different Oates to which its banks have been fubjeAed, are judged neceirary» before their defcription is atte^^>ted• The merit of firA difcovering the river Miififllppi (or, in the languase of the natives, Mefchafipi, for the general ap- pellation of the former is a corruption of the latter), accords ing to Lewis Hennepin's account published in London 1698, is due to the fieur ia Salle, who difcovered that river in 1682. It feems that father Hennepin forgot that this river was previoufly difcovered by Ferdinand de Soto in 15419 alfo by colonel Wood in 1654, and by captain Bolt in 1670* Moniieur de la Salic was the flrft who traverfed that river. In the fpring of the fame year ibSs, he paiTed down to the mouths of the Miflilfippi i he afterwards remounted that river, and returned to Canada in the month of Ofkober fol- lowing, from whence he took his paflageto France, where he gave fo flattering an account of the advantages that would certainly accrue from the fettling a colony in thofe parts, that a company was formed for carrying thofe dciigns into execution, with a fquadron confll^ing of four vcflels | having on board a fuflicient number of perfons, and all kinds of ^ goods and provifions, necciforyfor the fcrvice of the new colony, which he propofed to fix at or near the mouth of the Mifliflippi. But having failed beyond the mouth of the river, he attempted to fix a colony at the bay of St. Bernard, where he arrived the i8th of February 1684, about 100 leagues we A ward of the Mifliflippi. There his men underwent liich hardfliipi, that moft of them perifh- ed miferably. The leader, animated with an ardent defire of extending his difcoveries, made various excuriions with fuch of them who were able to travel ) but on the 19th of C c 3 March Hi 1 1 . 39,0 LOUISIANA And WEST-FrOIMDA. March 1687, two of his men villainoufly murdered hkn, when exploring the interior parts of the country* in fearch of mines, and of the tra^ which led to thofe of St. Barbe in new Mexico. About feVen years after, monf. Ibberville, a rerpe£lable officer in the French navy, undertook to execute whateve:^ la Salle had promifed ; and his reputation being eftablifhed already, the court entrufted him with the conduct of the projed:. He carried his people very fafely to the mouth of the great river, and there laid the foundation of the firft colony the French ever had on the Miffiffippi. He took care to provide them with every thing necefiary for their iubildence, and obliged them to ere£^ a fort, for their de- fence againft the Indians. This being done, he returned to France in order to obtain fupplies. The fuccefs of his voyage made him extremely welcome at court, and he was loop in a condition to put to Tea again. His (econd voyage was as fortunate as the firft i^ but very unluckily for his colony, he died whilfl he was preparing for the third. The defign might have been abandoned, had not Crozat, a private man of an immenfe fortune, under- taken its fupport at his own expence. In 1 7 1 2* the king gave him Louiiiana. Thus Lewis imitated the pope, who divided between the kings of Spain and Portugal the terri- tories of America, where the holy fee had not one inch of ground. In this grant the bounds are fixed by the Illinois river and the lake of that name on the north *, by Carolina on the eaft, the gulf of Mexico on the fouth, and new Mexico on the weft. As to Canada, or new France, the french court would fcarcely admit it had any other northern boundary than the pole. The avidity of Great Britain was equal, but France having been unfortunate in the war of 1 7 1 o, the northern boundary of Canada was fixed by the trea- ty of Utrecht in 1 7^1 3. It afllgns new Britain and Hudfon's bay, on the north of Canada, to Great Britain } and com- mifiioners afterwards on both fides afcertained the limits by an imaginary line, running from a cape or promontory in new Britain to the Atlantic ocean, in 58 degrees 30 minutes north latitude, thence ibuth-weft to the lake Mifgofink or Miftafim^ from thence farther fouth-weft direftly to the •latitude of 49 degrees^: all the lands to the north of the imaginary line, being affigned to Great Britain ; and all fouthwurd of that line, as far as the river of St. Lawrenco, •0 LOUISIANA AND WEST-FLORIDA. 39I to the French. Thefc were at that time the tnic limits of Louidana and Canada, Crozat's grant not fubiifting long after ihe death of Lewis XIV In order to have fome plauiible pretehce for fetting on foot a prcjedt for changing the face of public affairs in " France, tnis ftttlement was thought the moft convenient ; and therefore all imaginable pains were taken to reprefent it as a paradife, and a place from whence inexhauftible riches, might be derived, provided due encouragement could be ob- tained from government. For this purpofe it was thought requiflte that a new company fhould be eredted, to msd^e way for which Mr. Crozat was to refign his grant ; which he did accordingly. This occasioned the noife that was made about the Mii^ £ilippi, not in France only, but throughout all Europe, which was ^lled with romantic ftories of the vaft fruitfulnefs of the banks of this great river, and the incredible wealth that was likely to flow from thence } and thofe accounts, though true in part, in the end proved ruinous to many. Before the treaty of peace in 1 762, Louifiana, or the fouthern part of new France, extended in the french maps from the gulf of Mexico, in about 29 degrees, to near 45 degrees of north latitude, on the weft of the Miftiilippi, and to near j^^t^^:^ on its eaftern bank. Its boundaries were Canada on the north j New York, Pennfylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North and South-Carolina, Georgia, and the north-weft part of the eafternmoft peninfula of Florida, on the eaft } the gulf of Mexico on the fouth \ and laftly, the kingdom of new Mexico on the weft. The european ftates having obferved that kings and re- publics claimed the fovereignty of every trafl which had been feen, and were pretended to have been difcovered by navigators failing under their flags, their geographers were not permitted to publifh maps which might have contra- dicted fuch wild claims. This was the abfurdity of former days. But political circumftances often emboldened pre- tenders to urge their chimerical rights } and their no lefs chimerical opponents then yidded what they had no better right to cedt. But the abfurd recognition of fuch abdud pretenfions is but a temporary compliance. It ever did and ever will fow the feeds of implacable animofitics and con- tentions, until preoccupancy and cultivation, the true tefts of lawful poflTeflion, (hall have remedied the former inva- lidity of the claim. Cc4 . Botk '^ '•sissSSSSS^^^^^^z <'^ <^Wtt0'^" It I !■ 39il hdtfisiAJHA AN6 tVEST-FLOlll*A# Both Mbi of (ht Mifll^ppi cAlitintittd unddr th^ do- liSiiiion of his ihoft cKriftiaR ma^dfty till the peace of 1^62, when the eaftern fide was ceded to the king of Great Brt« tath by iht 7th ^tide of the defiiiifive treaty, in the folldNir- ihg words*: " In order to reeAablilh peace on folid a(nd durable! foundations, and to remove for ever all fubjedls of d}(pute with regard t6 the limits of the britifh and french territories oh the continent of America^ it is agreed, thit for the future, the cdrifiAis between the dominions 6f hi» 6rit»)hic majefty, ili that p&rt of the world, {hill be fixed iifrevdcably by a line drawn along the middle of the river MifiSilippif from its fource to th6 river Ibberville, and frorti ther.ce, by a line drawn along the middle of this river, and tht Ukts Matitepal* and Pohchartrain, to the fea ; atid for this pitrpofe the tnoft chriftian king cedes in full right, and ^ai^anties t6 his britannic majefty, the river and port of the Mobille, sthd every thing Which he pcfleflTe^, or otight td fwfiefs, oil iht left fide of the river Miififiip{>i, except the town of ndw Orleans, and the iflirid in which it is fito-* :lted, #hich fhall remain to Fratice j provided that iht navi- Idtibn of the river Miififlippi fhall be equall)r fre«, as well ib the fubjeas of Oi-eat Rritaih, as to thdfe «f Fratftc^ irt Us whole kngth, from its icttce to tht feii, and eXiii'efsly ihut part which is bettilrten the faid ifliitid 6f he^ Orleansj 9dd the right bntik 'df that river, as wtti ai the patfl^age bdth itk and out of its mouth: it is further ftii^litted fhdt fh6 ifeflels belonging to the fubje£!s of either hatloti^ fhali not |ie fi;opp6d j vifitedi or fubjdfted to the payment ef any dtity whatfoever. The fiipulatioiis inferted iti thfc 4th ^tik\ti '« favour of the ihKabitdnts of Gatiadaj fhall alfd take place with regard to the inhabitants of the countries ceded by this article/' In the year i'^Cit and the day befot-e the prelimlHary iar" tides to the pi^ace Were fignedj his chriftian hiajef^y tedfcd to Spain all his territories oh thtf weftern fide df the Mlftf- fippi, together with the town of heW Orleatls, ahd the pe^ ninfula in ^hich it is fituated dil the eafleth Mtlk But the inhabitants of Lduifiana vrtrt ighorant of this ttSioA btfote the year 1764, when Mr. d'Abbadie, then gdVerndr, jjub- Mfhed th Pennfyhania, Delawarcy Maryland, Virginia^ North-Ga^olina, South-^Carolina, and Georgia, to beVfee, fgivereign, aikd independent ilates } that he treats with then* as fucb, and fdf himfelf, his heirs and fuecefibrs, reliiM|ai{hes all claims to the government, property, and ter- ritarkd rights of the famte, and every part thereof. " Article 2. And that all dilpute^ which might ariie in fttnre, on the fubjef^ of the boundaries of the laid United States, may be prevented, it is hereby agreed and declared, (bat the following aire and (hiM be their boundaries, viz. From the north-weft angle of Nova Scotia, viz. that angle which is formed by a luie drawn due norih from the ibnrce of St. Croix river to the highlands, along the faid highlands, which divide thofe rivers that empty themielves into the river St« Laurence from thofe which fall into the Atlstntic ocean, to the north^WeHiernmoft head of Conne£licut river ; thence down along the middle of that river to the 45th degree of north latitude } from thence by a line due wefl in hid latitude, ttntil it ftrikes the river Irriquois or Cataraqui ; thence alcmg the middle of the faid river into lake Ontario ; through the middle of the laid lake until it ilrikes the com- mtoication by Witer between that lake and lake Erie ; thence along the middle of faid communication into lak^ Eric, through the middle of faid lake, until it arrives at the ^ater communication between that lake and lake Huron, thence through the middle of faid lake to the water commu- nication between that lake and lake Superior; thence through lake Superior, northward of the ifles Royal and Phelipeaux^ to the Long lake } thence through the middle of faid Long lake and the water communication betvi^een it and the lake of the Woods, to the faid lake of the Woods, thehcc through the faid lake to the moil north-weiiern point thereof^ and from thence on a due weft courfe to the river Miffiflippi } thence by a line to be drawn along the middle of the faid river Mifliilippi } thence by a line to be drawn along the middle of the faid river Mifliilippi until it ihall interferb the northernmoft part of the 31ft degree of north latitude. South, by a line to be drawn due eaft from Iht detisrmin;iti6n of the line lafl mentioned in the latitude 'of ) II I.. A I 394 LOUISIANA AND WEST^FLORIDA; of 31 degrees north of the equator, to the middle of the river Apalachicola or Catanouche : thence along the middle thereof to its jan£):ion with the Flint river : thence ftraight to the head of St Mary's river : and thence down along the middle of St. Mary's river to the Atlantic ocean : eaft, by a line to be drawn along the middle of the river St. Croix, from its mouth in the bay of Fundy to its Toiirce, and from its fource direcUy north to the aforefaid highlands which divide the rivers that fall into the Atlantic ocean from thofe which fall into the river St. Laurence, compre- hending all iilands within ao leagues of any part of the iliores of the United States, and lying between lines to be drawn due eaft from the points where the aforefaid bound- aries between Nova-Scotia on. the one part, and Eaft. Florida on the other, (hall refpeftively touch the bay of Fundy and the Atlantic ocean, excepting fuch ifla^ds as now are or heretofore have been within the limits of the fiid province of Nova-Sect ia, « Article 8. The navigation of the river Mifliflippi, from its frurce to the ocean, fliall for ever remain free and open to the fubjefts of Great Britain, and the citizens of the United States." Having mentioned all the boundaries that were at differ- ent periods afligned to Louiiiana, the condufl of the Spa- niards, on pofTefiing themfelves of that colony, is to be con- £dered next in courfe. Don Antonio Ulloa arrived at new Orleans about the middle of the year 1 766, but deferred to take pofleflion of the government of the colony in his catholic majefty's name, until he had received fpecial orders to that efie£t. In the beginning of the year 1767, 2000 fpanilli foldiers were fent from the Havanna, but he did not then take pof- (e in on of the country. He fent however about 6q of thefc troops to ereft two forts, one oppoiite to the britifh fort, named Bute,, on the mouth of the Ibberville, and the other on the weliern ilde of the MiiBflippi, a little below the Natchez, where a detachment of britifli troops had taken poft ; another party was fent in the autumn of 1 767 to build a fort at the mouth of the river MifTouri; but the commandant had podtive orders not to interfere with the civil government of the Illinois country, where monf. de Saint Ange the french commandant continued to cotninand with about 20 french foldiers. Don Aiitonio Ulloa, with- out taking pofTenion in his catholic majefty's name, and coi\- ; j«MBPr?'»ww»v: n^jn i i^£s^f* -^i.i,i,„>iMeS.a~ • LOUISIANA AND WEST-FLORIDA. 395 confequently without authority from France or Spain, efta- bli/he4 monopolies, reftriAed commercd) and committed fe* Teral abufes, which lendered him odious to the colonifts. At la'ft, on the 29th of October 1768, the council i^ued a decree to oblige him and the principal fpanifh officers to leave the province in November following, notwith Handing M. Aubry's remonft~ances, and the protelt he made againft the cdift of the council. ' Don Ulloa's conduA had rendered him the mere ob^ noxious } as^ from the letter written by the king of France, acquainting Mr. d'Abbadie with the ceflion he had made to Spain, it appeared that the two kings had agreed, that Loui- iiana fhould retain her laws, privileges, and cudoms. The French, nay the Spaniards themfelves, all blamed Mr. Au- bry's acquiefcence ; for every one was fenfible that the king of France never would have directed him to treat don UUoa with an obfequioufnefs which degraded royal authority and the french nation } and that his inftruAions could, at mod, authorife Mr. Aubry to follow that officer's advice, until the government of Louiliana (hould be delivered to Spain. Whatever entreaties had been ufed to perfuade don Ulloa to take pofTeffion, and by that meafure render the exercife of his authority lawful, he evaded., but did not ceafe to op- prefs ; fo that he loft the efteem which he had acquired by the publication of his voyages; and the colonifts having been informed of tu*; feverity with ivhich he had governed the city of Quito in Peru, he was only confidered as a ty- rant, whofe lole merit was to be learned in the mathe- matics. The fupcrior council, guided by^the intendant and the attorney-general, having threatened him with a profecution, he declared that, at the Balize, Mr Aubry had privately delivered to him the command of the colony. As none could conceive that a clandeftine poiTeffion ought to autho- rife the public exercife of fovereign power, Ulloa's declara- tion was judged an artifice of the grofleft texture ; and Mr. Aubry, who affirmed the declaration to be true, was not believed. It made him £all into contempt, and emboldened the leaders of the party which oppofed him. Thefe in- creafed the doubts of the public relative to the ceffion, an4 ferved to convince every one, that the Spaniards did not ferioufly intend taking poflcffion : — " The ceffion," faid they, " was made in 1762, the day before the preliminary articles of peace were fi^jaed : near two years elapfcd before it *» i -».. » I • i l.'i, > ■li •Ji^ 396 LdUISlANA AND WEST-FLORIDA. it was firft known by the krng*» letter to Mr. d'Abbadie : more than another year pailed before the arrival of doa Ulloa, who ha» been pbove two years in the country, and did not yet take poffeffion." If iht rcflefUons occaiioned by thcfe circumftance* put together } if the conje£bires fcat- tered in the engliih newfpapers, or by jthe Englifli who came into the country, led the inhabitants to think that the cefllon was fidtitious, and a fiate manoeuvre, their fears were at the fame time quieted, fince they did not appre> liend thofe evils which the change of fovereignty makes al- moft unavoidable, even when the new government is milder and more favourable. On the other hand, their indigna. tion was the greater againfl: don UUoa, who abufed the rca> fbns of Aate that were fuppofed to be the caufe of his hav- ing been fent to LouiHana; who availed himfelf of Mr. Aubry's imbecility, to eftabliih a fpecies of defpotifm, the more intolerant, as it {hocked the manners of the firench nation. To put a ftop to this tyranny, it would have been fuf* ficient to commence, with circumfpe6tion, a juridical pro- fecntion againft him, and inform the miniltry of the pro- ceedings. But the council began by iiluing a decree for ex- pelHitg him and the Spaniards. To reduce the people to the neceffity of fupporting that violence, the leaders excited them to offeAd the king of Spain, from whom they had re- ceived no injury, and who doubtlefs would have puniihed his officer, had the council proceeded with refpe^t, and nfed lawful means to tranfmit to him their grievances. But indignities were offered to the fpanifh flag } a ftep which rendered the infult perfonal to the king of Spain, and made him overlook his envoy's mifdemeanors. This b not all : the council and the inhabitants fent deputies to France, charged them to reprefent the grievances of the colony to their fovereign, and fupplicate him to retain the province. Their prayers were accompanied with proteftations of devo- tion and loyalty. But before the departure of theie depu- ties, the leaders of the faction feduced fome members of the council, fecretly fent another deputation to Fenfacola} and, without the people's knowledge, offered Louifiana to Great Britain I 'I'he dread of being called to account, with which the crafty don UUoa had often threatened the intendant and the attorney-general, that he might obftru£t their profecu- tions, and fiience them, relatively to his own conduct, was doubtlefs LOUrSIANA AKD WEST-TLORIDA. 397 doubtlefs the fole caure of that defperate (Vep, the authors (H nhich might have ibrefeen the unfuccehful iffue, had they not been bereft of their fenfes. It is true that there has been no .public inquiry on that head i and therefore* die public has no juridical proof of this fa£l j but the cha- rafteriftics of fudh inquiry as was made, its terrifying appa^ ratus, its refuit, and the concerted filence of thofe by whom it vras direAed, fuMciently confirm not only what is openly raid among the £nglifli, but what the inhabitants of Loui- fiana whiiper to eadh other, When complaining of their miferies with which the perfidioufnefs of their leaders had loaded them, though not accomplices of their crimes. It is alfo faid, that the governor of Weft-Florida was unwill- ing to countenance the treafon and revolt of the fubjedts df a prince then in peace with Great Britain : it is : ^rmed that he lent to Mr. Aubry the original offers he hau eceiv- ed, and that don Ulloa, Who had not yet failed, carried them with him to Europe for his juftification. Why then did not Mr. Aubry produce that paper to confound the confpurators ? They would have been looked upon with ex- ecration by the peojile whom they had betrayed, and the difturbances would have immediately fubfided. Can it be believed, that the governor of Tlorida rnfifted on fecrecy, as It is intimated by fome perfons who would be glad to -Mologize for Bfr. Aubry's condu£t refpe£ting this matter ? Had the inteftine divifions, which then rent the britifli co- lonies of North- America, induced the britifh governor to difcoverthe confpiracy in order to prevent thi fatal confe- quences of fo dangerous an example, would not fecrecy, ^ve deprived him of Uie only firuit he could expedi: from his policy ? Monfieur de Sacier, one of the council, with two other gentlemen of the colony, who were fent to France with the edijt of the fuperior council, and to implore the protedlion of the king, as before mentioned, were imprifoned on their arrival, and have never been heard of fince. During fix months, which elapfed before news could be received from Europe, the unhappy colonifts vainly flat- tered themfelv^s with hopes of being juftified for the fteps they had taken by the court of France. On the 23d of July 1769, news was brought to new Orleans of the arrival^, of general O'Riley at the Balize, with 1 8 tranfports, fol- lowed by 10 more firom the Havanna, having 4,500 troops «a board, and loaded with ftores and ammunition. This '! - 39' LOUISIANA AND WEST-FLORIDA. intelligence threw the town into the grcateft confternation and p^plexity, as, but a few days before, letters had arrived from Europe fignifying that the colony was reftored to / France. In the general diilrafkion that took place, the inhabitants of the town and the adjacent plantations determined to op- pofe the landing of the Spaniards, and fent couriers re- quiring the Germans and acadian neutrals to join them. On the 24th an exprefs arrived from general O'Riley, ^ which was read by monfieur Aubry to the people in church ; by this they were informed that he was fent by his catholic snajtfty to take pofleflion of the colony, but not to dlArefs the iinhabitants \ and that when he fhoul4 be in polTeillon, he would publifh the remaining part of the orders he had in charge from the king his mailer} and (hould any aN tempt be made to oppofe his landing, he was refolved not to depart until he could put his majefty's commands in exe- cution. I.'he people, diflatisfied with this ambiguous meflage, came to a refolutioja offending three depu^ie^. to eeneral O'Jliley, viz. meflieurs Grandmaifon town>^ajor, Ta Frt- niere attorney-general, and de Mazant formerly captain in the colony's troops, and a man of very conQderable pro- -perty : thefe gentlemen acquainted him, that the inhabit- anics had come to a refolution of abandoning the province, and demanded no other favour than that he would grant them two years to remove themfelves and efFe£^s. The g^ neral received the deputies with great politeni^fs, but did not enter into the merits of their embafly* farther than af- furing them, that he would comply with every reafonable requ^ft of the colonifts ; that he had the intereft of their country much at heart, and nothing on his part fhould be ■wanting to promote it } that all pan tranfa£tions (hould be buried in oblivion, and all who had offended (hould be for- Siven : to this he added every thing that he imann ledcould atter the expectations of the people. On the prft of Au- guft the deputies returned, and niade public the kind re- ception the general had given them, and the fair promifes he had made. The minds of the people were now greatly tranquillized, and thofe who had before determined fuddenly to quit their plantations now refolved' to remain until their crops were off the ground. On the 1 6th of Auguft 1769, general O'Riley with the frigate, tranfports and troops on board, arrived oppoilte to net V* LOUISIANA AND WEST-FLORIDA. 399 new Orleans. On the 1 8th the troops difembarked, and the general took pofleflion in form, of new Orleans and the province of Louifiana, in the name of his catholic majefty, as quietly as a french sovernor would have done in the hap- pieft times \ and on the 2^ih, ordered the attorney-gcnoral and twelve others amongft the principal inhabitants to be ar- reted. Of thefe 13, no more than one was releafed : this was the printer, who produced the podtive orders which this intendant had given him, for printing the decree ifTued againft don Ulloa, and feveral other writings. A few days before the proceedings began, a young gentleman nearly re- lated to the attorney-general, and one of the prifoners, feigned a deiign of forcibly refcuing himfelf from the fol- diers who guarded him. He received feveral wounds, which gave him that death which he fought. The proceedings againft the eleven others were conducted in a military manner by gen* O'Riley, and the members of the court were moftly fpanifh officers. The council of war pronounced their fen- tence on thofe proceedings. In vnin did the attorney-gene- ral and the other prifoners demand to be tried by the french laws. Thefe would not have proved favourable to their ac- cufers. General O'Riley was fo unjuft as to refufe that rea- fonable requeft. The attorney-general and four others, who were (hot with him, died with fortitude. Had they really deferved that fate, their condemnation is not the lefs crimi- nal, in the eyes of thofe who are not ftupid enough to reverence authority when trampling upon the laws. The fentence of the court-martial diOionours the authors and tools of that inju(\ice } it difhonours no others. I he fix other ftate prifoners were fent to fort Morn in the ifland of Cuba, whence they were releafed after one year's confinement. The eftates of the eleven perfons, who were condemned by the court-martial, were confiic^ted, according to the practice of moft countries } a practice as impolitic as it is unjuft. It refledts difgrace on princes, oc- cafions the impunity of the greateft crimes, and often mul- tiplies the number of criminals. Many might be virtuous enough not to fcreen a guilty kinfman from juftice; but few have fufficient magnanimity to fee with indifference the effate of that kinfman pafs into the prince's coffers, or thofe pf his minifters. How many has not this fole reafon f&> duced to engage in confpiracies or rebellions, which they Vrould otherwife iiave wiihed to deiUoy I la fuch cafes it frequently i i 40O LOUIIIAMA AKO WEfT^PLORiPA. 1 firequcntly happeiu thai the princCy whom ooafifcaUoa!! caufe to behold ai an enetuj, it deiervedljr oppoicd for hit rapaciouthcTs ar inatt^tion to hit own intercft. 7'he French beheld, with horror, their countryoien aiv^ up to foreigners, privately tried and arj[>itraril]r punilhee king of Spain woiild have cauied his inaiQe to be for ever blefledjn the .cplony, had he* a judge in his .own caufe, gene^ ouily /prgiven. The meafurcs that hav« been adopted, have produced a very difforent e0b^. They aire aearly the fame as thofe of the poriMguefe government, which contrived -father Malagrida's being burnt by the in^ •qvi(itioi\, on the pretenceiqf hit-haviiig boated thitt.he liad jometimes ^onverAsd with the hotly yirgin ; but wihofe re|I crime was an attempt ^gainft his ibivereign'^ life, in ordty to jnake another family afcend the Mirpne. Q-imes .like ^efe, openly perpetrated by the ad«ninif\ration egainft the.lawr, common fenfe, and public iafety, can nowhere be p^iUbted with the pretence of nec(;ility. Whatever thofe ^who ad- vife them iTiay think on the fubje^, they betray their cowHiy and their fovereign himfelf. in free ^ates, •where the per- fonal fafety of the meaneft individual is as iptevqi^ii\g totihe whole nation as that of the greateft, crimes of this kind are /never feen. '1 hey can be committed in fuch countries only, wheredefpotifm is eftabiifhed ; where a few favoured flav^s reduce the reft fecretly to wifh for the annihilation of thofe whom they feemingly adwe. The fame difordered brains which projected the illegal ,profecutions carried on againft the fa£lious leaders of 3U)ui- 4iana, have; doubtlefs fancied that they would deferve im* jmortality for a mafterly ftroke of policy, when they procur- ed the abolition of the laws, privileges, and fupericMr counf:il .of Louifiana, under the pretence pf a decree iflued againft don Ulloa. Have they really thought that people coidd be deceived by names which were to reprefent nothing ? The ihadow of a tribunal was eftablifhed under the name of Ca- .bildo government, that is civil covernment, but the gover- jior and his aiTeiTor are in fadt u\b only judges. Since the "judgments .givQn by them jointly have the fame virtue as thofe ,16UISIAMA AND WfilT'l^tOlllSA; 40I thofe of that Cabildo government, few are To unikilful ai (0 apply to this tribunal. Nay, who would dare to do it, ex- cept in trifling matters ? Was it likewife believed that, for the governor and his afleiTor's conveniency, the fubftitutinff of the fpanifli language to the french, in all the juridical proceedings of Louiiiana, whrre the inhabitants underftand the french language only ( the impartial difpenfation of ju(^ tice, which is the true glory of the Aate, would thence be cfTc^^lually promoted ? lliings will certainly go well, at long as governors and their aflcilbrs Hiall have all the quali- fications that perfe^ judges ought to have, and whilft the parties can procure ifaithful interpreters : but it is as true that, wife as thefe regulations are boafted to be, they depo* pulate the colony. General O'Rilcy confirmed all the decrees of the fuperlor council, except that which had been ifiTued againft don Ulloa. This was folemnly approving the feditious nomina* tion of the members of Mr. Foucault's and the attomey-ge- Bcral's making ) it was therefore arrogantly annulling the proted which Mr. Aubry* had entered in behalf of the king of France and the public, againft that nomination, and all the decrees i/Tued out of that tribunal during the anarchy { it was depriving thofe who had been opprefled from the hopes of obtaining redrefs in the colony. For, the council being aboUfhed, how could any one take the benefit of the firench laws (fince trials by peers or juries are difufed), or think defpotic rulers would allow of applying to fovereign courts for obtaining new trials of the caufes, which they themfelves may have tried illegally, or againft evidence I But, to flatter the Spaniards, gen. O'Riley had determined that they alone (hould be judges } and military men of that nation could not, with the leaft plaufibility, pretend that they were acquainted with the french laws ; he, therefore* had rather cut off than untie. Such is the difpofition of ty- rants of every rank and denomination : Alexander cutting the gordian knot is, perhaps, of all the fables that are con- founded with hiftory, that which more truly charaAerifet defpotifm. Men who, led by avarice and ambitioti, obtain admittance to that order, difregarding the people, to whofe prefervation they feem to have profefledly devoted them* i'elves, but who are determined on making their fortunes* are never difturbed in the leaft about the ineans which can- promote their grand defign. Their eyes being fixed on all thofe who have a ihare in the difpenfation of wealth and ' D d honours, :i li ' ^0i lOXriSIANA AND WfiST-FLORIDA.' Konourt, they fee them only. I'heir mercenar yze prompts them to wi(h for their being entrufted with iniqui- tous and inhuman orders* which they alone are fit to exe- cute. Strangers to nature, they are deaf to the voice of juf- fke and the cries of humanity i and^ unable to rife b'^ noble •nd gettci^us anions, they glory in difplaying their zeal for the prince, hj wholly loading themfelves with that ptiblic fxecration which attends the execution of fanguinary orders. It is not from iuch abjefk fouls that a prince, inebriated with power, can ever learn that there are moments, noe numerous indeed, but yet frequent enough to comfort the ppprefled and chaftife the oppreflbf— mom'*nts, when, after having made himfelf odious to his fubjd^) after having Weakened and degraded them, he may regret their attach- ment, the courage which defpotifm has endeavoured to tnervate, and the patriotifm yrMch it has attempted to ddboy. After this general Oalvex, ffovemor of new Orleans, in the Tear 1779, poilefled himfelf of the britifli pods at the Ibberville and Baton Rouge. By capitulation, the poft at the ilatchcs was evacuated, and the garrifon permitted to join the troops at Penfacola. The Spaniards Ukewife reduc^ the forts of Mobile and Penfacola 1 the former in the year 1780^ and the latter in 1781. The above conmiefta not •nly fiibjeAed the eaftern fide of the MUliflippl, but the Wliole province oi Weft-Florida, to the dominion of Spain. Having briefly touched on the principal revolutions which leave happened in Louiikna, I fluiU now proceed with a fluMt account of the MiffiiBppi. The loCcty and commercial profoerity which may be fe- cured to the United States by the deiinhive treaty of peace, will chic% depend npon the (hare of the navigation of the Miffiflippi which IhaH be allowed to them. Is it not amazing, true as it is, that few amongfl us know this to be the key to thp northern part of the wedem continent i It u the only channel through which that extenfive regioD| bathed by its waters, and ehriched by the many ftreams it receives, comn.unicates with thetea. And here let us fur* feber ol^crve, that the Mifliffippi river may truly be con- fidered as the gr^at pafTage made by the hand of nature for a variety of valuable purpofts, but principally to promotiy the happinefs and benc^fit of mankind i amongft which, the conveyance of the produce of that immenie and fbrtils oountryi tying weftward of the United States, down its ' ftrtara Tvents, ncK omfort the «rhen, after Pter having \e\T attach- avoured ta tempted to leana, in the loftt at the B poft at the ited to join rife reduced in the year fncHiefts not pi, but the tn of Spain, itions which :eed with a lOriflANA AKD WEST-FLOlttSA. 40|| ftream to the gulf of Mexico, is not the kaft. To expe^ the free navigation of the MiffiflSppi it abfurd, whilft the Spaniards are in pofleflion of new Orleans, which corn- mands the entrance to the weftem country above mention* ed i this is an idea calculated to impofe only upon the weak. The Spaniards have forts on tlie MiffifiSppi, and whenever they may think it confident with their intereft, they will make ufe of them to prevent our navigating on it. Treaties are not always to be depended on ) the moft (olemn havt been broken * : therefore we learn that no one Hiould put much faith in the princes of any country | lor he that truftt to any thing but the operation of their intereft, is a poor politician I and he that complains of deceit, where there is an intereft to deceive, will ever be confidered as deficient ia ' underftandins. The great length and uncommon depth of that river, and the exceflive muddinefs and falubrious quality of its watcrt« after its junction with the MiiTouri, are very Angular f • The dire^ion of the channel is fo crooked, that from new Orleans to the mouth of the Ohio, a diftance which doea Bot exceed 460 miles in a ftraight line, is about 856 by water. It may be {hortened at leaft 250 miles, by cutting acrofs eight or ten necks of land, fome of which are not 30 yards wide. Charlevoix relates, that in the year 1722$ at Point G>upj&e or Cut Point, the river made a great turAi and fome Canadians, by deepening the channel of a fmaU ivook, diverted the waters of the river into it. The impe* toofity of the ftream was fo violent, and the foil o^ fo rich aad loofe a quality, that, in a ihort time, the point wat entirely cut through, and travellers faved 14 leagues of their voyage. The old bed has no water in it, the timet of the * Notwithftanding the free navintion of the Mifliffippi allowed by the treaty of 176S1 general 0'RUey» in the year i769t fent a Mttyof fofdien to cut the hawfera of a britifli veffcl csUod th^ Ses Flower, that had made faft to the bank of the river above th« KMrn of new Orleans} the order was obeyed, and the vefiol lartowly cfcsped being loft. f In a half pint tumbler of thii water hat been futtnd a Adi« nent of two inches of dine. It i«t notwiihftanding. extteiAelT whokfoiiM and well taftcd, and very cool in the hotteft (^afon of the year ; the rowers who ire then emptoyed drink of it when in (He Rrongeft perfpiration, and never recciveaay bad eAAs from it; The inhabttanu of new Orleans uft no otner,w«t»r than that ol ^ liver, which by keeping in jara becomes pecfisAly dear. D d a pcri- pr I :404 LOUISIANA ANB WE^T-FbORlDA, periodical oyerflowings only excepted. The new cfhannel has been fince founded mth a line of 3^0 fathoms> wtthbut finding bottom. In the fpring floods the Miffiflippi is tery high, and the current fo ftrong that with difficulty It can^be afcended ; but that difadvantage is compenfated by eddies or counter^ currents, which always run in the bends clofe to the banks of the river with nearly equal velocity againd: the ftreatn, tadzfRU the afcending boats. The current at this feafon defcends at the rate of about five miles an hour. In au- tumn, when the waters are low, it does not run fafter than two miles, but it is rapid in fuch parts of the river which have clufters of iflands, fhoals and fand-ban^s. The cir- cumference of many of thefe flioals being feveral miles, the voyage is longer, and in fome parts more dangerous, than in the fpring. The merchandife' neccflary for the commerce of the upper fettlements on or near the Miffiffippi, is con- treyed in the fpring and autumn in balteaux rowed by 18 or 20 men, and carrying abput 40 tons. From new Orleans to the Illinois, the voyage is commonly performed in eight or ten weeks. A prodigious number of iiunds, fome of which are of ereat extent, interfperfe that mighty river. Its depth incrcafes as you afcend it. Its waters, after overflowing Its banks below the river Ibberville, never return within them again. Thefe Angularities diflinguiih it from every other known river in the world. BeloW new Orleans the land bsg^ns to be very low on both fides of iLj river aerofs the country, and gradually declines as it approaches nearer to the fea. This point of land, which in the treaty of peace fai 1 762, it miflaken for an ifland, is to all appearance of no long date ; for in digging ever fo little below the furface, you fihd water and great quantities of trees. The maby beaches and breakers, as well as inlets, which arofe out of the chsumel within the laft half century, at the feveral mouths of the river, are convincing proofs that this penln- fula was wholly formed in the fame manner. And it is cer- tain that when la Salle failed down the Miififiippi to the fea, the opening %ji that river was very difierent from what it 'a atwefent. The nearer you approach to the fea, this truth becomes, more flriking. The bars that crofs moft of thefe fmall channels, opened by the current, have been multiplied bf /neans of the trees carried down with the ftreams } one ot Which flopped by its roots or branches, in a (halllow part, u LOUISIANA AND WEST-PLOKIIDA. 405" % fuf&cient to obftruA the'paflage of thoufands morei and[ to fix them at the fame place. Such colleftions of trees ar^ daily feen between the Bali.ze and the ^Qflbun^ whic^. iSngly would fupply tlie largeft city in Europe with fud for feveral years. No human force being fumcient for re- moving {hem, the mud carried down by'the river ferves tp bind and cement them together. Thi^ are gra4ually co- vered, and every inundation not only extends tl;ieir lengtli, and breadth, but adds another layer to their height. lip! iefs than ten years time, canes and fhrub^ grow on them. and form points and iflands, which forcibly (hift t^ebed of jhe river. Nothing can be alTerted, with certainty, refpeAing it« length. Its fource is not knowdl, but fbppofed to be upwardf of 3000 miles from the fea as the river runs. We only know that, from St. Anthony's falls, it glides with a pleafant clear dream, and becomes co^iparatively narrow before it9 junction with the Miflburi, the muddy waters of which im^ mediately difcolour the lower part of the river to the' fea. Its rapidity, breadth, and other peculiarities then begin tQ give it the majeftic appearance of the Miflburi, which afibrd# a more extenfive navigation, and is a longer, broader, and deeper river than the Miiliffippi. It has been afcended by french traders about 12 or 1300 miles, aad from thp depth of water, and breadth of the river at that diftance, 'it ap- peared to be navigable! many miles further. ' From the MifTouri river to nearly oppofite the Ohio, the weftern bank of the Mifliffippi is (fome few places ex- cepted) higher than the eaftem. From Mine ati Fer to the Ibberville, the eaflern bank is higher than the wedem, or :ffhich there is not a fingle difcdmible rifing or enfiinente^ the diftance of 750 miles. From the Ibberville to the feai, there are no eminences on either fide, though the eaftem bank appears rather the higher of the two, as far as the Englifli turn. Thence the banks gradually diminiih In height to the mouths of the river, Where they are not two or three feet higher than the common furface of the watpr. The flime which the annual floods of the river Miffinippi leave on the furface of the adjacent (hores, may be com- pared with that of the Nile, which depofits a iimilar manure, and for many centuries paft has infured the fertility of Egypt. When its banks (hall have been cultivated as the excellency of its foil and temperature qf the climate deferve, ]t9 populatioQi will e^ual that, or any otlier part t>f the ■ Pdj vorW, :,; r 'H 40i$ tOiriUANA AND WEST-FLORIDA. vorld. Thi^ tindc* wcaltbi and power of America vr'iW at (pIpe future period depend and perhaps centre upon the l^^jBippi. Thin HHq re(enible» the Nile in the number of it$ mouth^} aU iiTuing into a Tea that may be compared to the Mediterranean, which is bounded on the north and f^ul;!) by tbip two continents of Europe and Africa, as the me^^ican bay is b^ north and Coutjx America. The fmaller i|)pllthjs of this river might be eafily (lopped up, by mean< of tlioi« floating trees with which the river during the ngqdA H always covered. The whole force of the channel l^ing united, the onlr opening then left would probablj grow deep as well as the baj^ To judge of the produce to be expe£ted from the foil of XiOuiiiana, let us turn our eyes to Egypt, Arabia Felix, perfia« India, Cbina^ and Japan, all lying in correfpondent latitudes. Of thefe China alone has a tolerable govern< ment } and yet it rn^iSt be acknowledged they all are, or have been, ^mous for ikar riches and fertility. When our Wapaenng imagination foars to regions of wealth and ter. reiiriarbrirsy it f}a| p a 4 t« d Si It '40S LOVISIAKA AND WSST-PLORXDA; to fuch a degree on the Miffiffippi, that France, though ihe fent few or no emigrants into Louifiana but decayed foldier*, or perfons in indigent circumAances (and thefe very poorly fupplied with the implements of hufbandry), foon began to dread a rival in her colony, particularly in the cultivation of vines, from which One prohibited the co< lonifts under a very heavy penalty } yet foil and^ iituation triumphed over all political reilraints, and the adventurersj at the end of the war in 1 762, were very little inferior to the moft ancient fettlement^ of America in all the modem refinements of luxury. The MiiCflippi furniihes in great plenty feveral forts of £ih, particularly perch, pike, fturgeon, eel, and calts of a monftrous fize. Craw-fifh abound in this country } they are in every part of the earth, and when the inhabitants choofe a diih of them, they fend to their gardens, where they have a fmall pond dug for that purpofe, and are Aire of getting as many as they have occafion for. A diih of Cbrimps is as eafily procured : by. hanging a fmall canvafs bag with a bit of meat in it to the bank of the river, and letting it drop a little below the furface of the water, in a few hours a fufficient quantity will have got into the bag. Shrimps are found in the MlAifiippi as far as the, Natchez, 348 miles from the fea. ■■ Having glanced at the many advantages that will refult from the cultivation and improvement of the lands in the neiehbourhood of the Mifliilippi, we now proceed with a deicription of the coaAs and iilands about the months of that river, with'direfUons to mariners. The coaft here is very low and marOiy, and it would be ' cUfficult to find die entrance of that river, were it not for the houfes at the old and new Balize, and the flagAaff at the former, which appear fome diAance at fea. The white clayey colour of the river water remaining unmixed on the; furface, is another indication that the MiAiAippi is not far diftant ; and though it may be alarming to Arapgers^ as it Vras to myfelf when I firA beheld it, as it has the appear- ance of a Aioal, yet the foundings are mych deeper off the MifiiAippi than any where elfe on the coaA. - It is an obfervation faid to be founded on experience, that where the water of the Miififfippi incorporates with, and apparently lofes itfelf in the bay of Mexico, the current di- iddes, and jgenerally fets north-eaAerly and fouth-weAerly^ \^t out of ^updings th« currents vc'mi ff^^ ni^Aiire go- ▼erned IPUISIANA AMD WBST^fLOIlIDA. 40St ytfned by the winds j and if they ase mot attended ts^ vefleU may be drivet^^roiith-veftward b^yon^ the Balize int<^ the bay of St. Bern^dt which is reported tp be it^U ^Xi Oioala, and confequendy a yery ^angerou^ ii^vigtitionr To come to an anchor off the Bah^e, ve^'eis approach^ ing the land.ouglit to bring the , old Balize to bear about yf. by 3. an4 ihe new Balize W. N. "W ; they will then b9- aboiu two miles di'ftant from, and oppoilte to the eaft pais,. or mouthy in ^3 or 14 fathom water: and though jftroii;^ }^. £. and S. £. winds always occaiion great fwells off ths° BalizC) yet when anchored as above directed they may ride^ in fafety $ except a S. £. wind^ which- is the moft danger^ ous, as it biows directly on fliore, fhould come on fo violent as to part them from their aiichors, and prevent their carry- ing fail ; in which cafe, if care has not been taken to obtain ^ good offing, they will drift either on the mnd banks into the pafs A la Loutre, which has only eight feet water, or in- to the bay Briton, where they will be in a critical fituatipn^ on account of the ihpal water for wjiicli that bay is remark- able. The bed precantion againfl: the confequences of a foutht eaft wind will be to get under way before the ftrength of the gale comes on, and to fteer about N. by W. half W. for the ijland called Grand Gpfier, diftant feven leagues : in failing, round the fouth-wefternmoft part of which, care {houl4 be' taken to fteer clear pf a fhoal^hat runs out from it W. S. W. . about two miles, which being pailed, veffels (hould luff* up, ijntil the S. W. end of the iiland be^s pearly St £. two^ miles } there is then gppd anchoring in three and an half fathoms, foft bottom. There is another fafe ^nchpring«p1a<;e in two &thom'* water, juft within the S. W* point of the lile aa Briton i- from the S. W. end of which a flipal rqns piit nearly half a mile. This iiland is about a league to the weftward of the Grand Gofier, and there is gopd anchoring between them ip three and four fathoms. If a fouth-eaft gale (hould happen at night, it would be impoilible to fee the way between the above iflands. In that cafe, a N. N. £. courfe from the mquths of the Mifli£> %pi will clear the Chandelures, fituated about three leagues tp the northward of the Ifle au Grand Gofier, which are better than nine leagues in length. As all the above iflands are low, and have no trees growing on them, they cannot ^g feei} at any diftapce. Qa th»^ account it will be necefv ■■■ "•<•■■■- •■■•■■ fery^- #m lOUISIAlTA AKD ttTEST-PLOltlDA. |y. ftiy, wben fiuting towards them, to keep a gbod look-out. Iliere is drift '^food on thefe iflands, and fire(h water may be got by di^^ing. The water between the Chandelures and the peninibla of Orleans is full of ihoals, and the navigation fit only for fmall craft. . The river Miffiffii>pi difcharges itfclf into the gulf of Mexico by federal mouths of different depths of water : in fhe year 1772, that called the fouth-eaft, in latitude 29** 10' north, and longitude 89° 10 weft frdm London, afibrded 12 leet i the eaft month, which before the above period fur- ilifhed 15 feet, had theti no more than 10 and an half feet; and thenorth-eaft only ^ and an Kalf feet on the bar of it. The latter now afibrds 12 feet, an4 S. W. has 16 feet. The bars are fubjeft to (hift } but immediately after entering the river, there is from three to fcren, eight and ten fathoms, as £ur as the foiith-weft pafs, and from thence 12, 15, 20 and 5Q fathoms is the general depth for 1 142 computed miles to tbeMifTouri. ■ The ihoals abotit the Mlfliffippi are. formed ftt>m the trees, inud, leaves, and a variety of other matter continually brought down by the waters of the river, which being Ibrced along by the cdrrcnt, until repelled by the tides, then litbfide, and occaiion what are commonly called the bars ; . ^idrdiftance ftom the entrances of the river, which is ge« net^y about rwo miles, depends much on the winds being sccidLoatalW with or againft the tides : when thefe bars ac- comnlate IniBclently to refift the tides and the current of the river, they form numerous fnjalt iilands, which by con which he gave the name of St. Carlos), for the convenience of pilots, and other pnrpofcs, being near the fonth wete on ne (hore m the Mediterranean ; but now the one is a league, and the other almoft two, diftant from it* Defcription 4e la Haute Normandic, tom. a. (v 193* f Pifsniol de la Feicc, Nouvdle deTctift^ ^ to Fnoci^ torn. ix. pafs I! I /I 4ti tOVISlAHA AND WEST-PLORJOA. (• of affiAJti^ vefllcli coining into the river, and forwarding in- telligence or difpatchcs to new Orleans. In afceniinff the Miflifiippi there are extenfive natural meadows, with a profpeA of the f«a, on both fides, moli part of the diftance to the Betour aux Plaquemii\es, which IS 32 miles : from thence to the fcttlements 20 miles fur- ther, the whole is a continued traA of Ipw and marfliy grounds, generidly overflowed, and covered with thick wpod, palmetto buflies. Sec. which appear almoft impene^ treble to man or beaft. From thence the banks of the river are well inhaUted to the Detour des Anglois, where the circular direAion of the' river is fo very confiderable, that Teflcls cannot pafs it with the fame wind that conducted them to it, and mufl: either wait for a favourable wind, or make faft to the bank, and haul clofe, there being Ibfficient depth of water for any veflcl that can enter the river. The two fort3 and batteries at this place, one of each, ofi both wies of the river, arc more than fufficient to ftop the pro- g^fs of any veflbls whatever *. The diftance from hence to new Orleans is 18 miles. The banks of the river are fettled and well cultivated, and there is a good road foe carriages all the way. . ■ \' ■ ■ Nothing with certainty can be determined refpe^ng the time a Vend may take in failing from the Balize to new Or- leans, a diftance of 105 miles. With favourable i«rinds, the voyage has been performed in three or four, but it genel'ally takes feven or eight days, and fpmetimes two or three ^eeks. There i? jalw^ys ihoal w^^ter hear the low points of lj|nd covered inrith willows. In approaching them, a few c^s of the lead will be neceflary : and in feveral places there are trees fixed with qqc end in the bottom, and the other juft below the furface of the river, and in the fame diredi^n with the current, which by continual fridion of the water^ are reduced to a point i and as there are in- ftances pf yefl^ls failing with force againft them being run through their bottoms, and finking immediately after, too much care cannot be taken to avoid them. Attentioi) fliould alio be paid to keep clear of the trees floating down tae river during the floods f. The water is everywhere deep ♦ DoAor Cox of New-Jerley afcended the Miffiflippi to thi^ pl9ce in die year 1698, took po^fiioa, and called the country Ca- rolina. • ' ' - j- It is impcflible to anchor withoat being expofe^ to the daa- |9f' I/0VI8IAHA AMD WBST-PLORIDA. - 4I3 4cep enough (except at the Willow points) to admit vefielt dole to either (hore, where» inftead of letting go an an-* chor, which would probably be loft among the logs funk in the bottom of the river, veirels may fafely make nft to the trees on the bank } which are generally tall, and in fuch abundance* in fome parts, that they prevent the winds from being of that fervice to veflels in afcending the MifltT* fippi, that might be expeAed. It will be therefore neceC* faryi for expedition fake, to rig as many topfails as poOXbict wbach commonly reach above the trees, and are of more ufe than all the other fails put together) however, care muft be taken to ftand by the halliards to prevent the wind, which frequently comes in very ftrong pufis, from carrying away the top-mafts, fails, &c. The town of new Orleans, the metropolis of Louifiana^ was regularly laid out by the French in the year 1720, is fituated on the eaft fide of the river in 30° 2' north lati- tude, 105 miles from the Balize, as already mentioned } alt the ftreets are perfedkly ftraigbt, but too narrow, and crofs each other at right an^es. There are betwixt 7 imd 800 h(&ifes in this town, generally built with timber frames railed about eight feet from the ground, with large galleries round them, and the cellars under the floors level with the ground : any fubterraneous buildings woid row flip of larid extending upwards of 60 leagues between that river and tl»c Tea, In a wcftcrly courfc, indicates very fhrongly the probability of a better and more eafy commu- nication ft-om that quarter, than that by the river Ibbervlllc through the lakes Ponchartrain and Maurcpas. This opinion is fully confirmed by the Information received from Natchi- abe» an intelligent chief of the Humas tribe, who inhabit the banks of a creek known by the name of the Chetima- chas fork, already mentioned, and which I am now to de« ftrlbe. The Chctimachas forms one of the outlets of the Miffifilppi about 30 leagues above new Orleans, and after running in a foutherly dire^ion alxut eight leagnrs from the river, divides into two branches, one of wTiich runs fouth-wefVerly and the othef fouth-eafterly, to the difbnce of feven leagues, when they both empty their waters into the mexican gulf. On the Chetimachas, fix leagues from the Mifilflippi, it a fmall fettlemcnt of a tribe of Indians of the iiime name. 1'b this fettlemcnt the Chetimachas is uniformly about 100 ]Qirds in width 1 the depth from two to four fathoms, when the water is lowefti the courfe foutherly, without any material winding or (hoaI| except at Its rife from the Mif- fiflippi, where thi-re are large colkdions of drifted logs, which have probably occafioncfl the fand-bank formed at the fame place. 'I his bank however extends no farther than 60 Yards, and through which a paflage might eafily be cleared tor batteaux. The upper part ofthis outlet is alfo obftruAed, in feveral places, by heaps of drifted logs fimilar to thofe juib mentioned } but as the water, at all times, runs deep under them, they could eafily be cleared off. It would be as ea<'y to prevent any further colle(flion of logs, or fands, at the entrance of this creek, by ere£itng a fpar, with piles or caflbons, a little above it, in an oblique dire£lion with the current of the MiifiiTippi. That difficulty once overcome, there is no other that can impede n?ivigation from the river to the above mentioned fettlement of the Chetimachas village 1 nor, as thefe Indians inform, to the Sulf. The banks on both fides of the Chiptiinacbas arc generally LOUISIANA AND WEST-FLORIDA. 417 % t generallf higher than thofe of the Miffiflippi, and fo ele- vated in Tome places as never to be overflowed, this ground rifes gradually frdm its banks about aoo yardsi Imd then sently defcends to extenflve cyprefs fwamps. The natural produ6Hons are the fame as on the MiflSfltppi ) but the foil, from the extraordinary lize and compa£kne» of the canes growing en it, is fomething fuperior. If meafurea were adopted and purfued with a view to improve that com- munication, there would foon be, on its banks, the moft profberous and important fettlements of that colony. Nine miles above the Chetimachas is the conceflion of monfienr Paris, a pleafant fituatlon and good hnd. Large herds of cattle are generally kept here, belonging to the in^ habitants of Point Coup6e. The fettlements of the Acadians are on both fides of the river, and reach from the Germans to the IbbervtUe. Thefe are the remainder of the families which were fent by gen. Lawrance from Nova-Scotia to the then britilh iouthem provinces } where, by their induftry, they did and might have continued to live very happy, but that they could not publicly enjoy the roman catholic religion, to which they are greatly bigotted. They took the earlieft opportunityi after the peace, of tranfporting themfelvea to St. i>»mingo» where the climate difagreed ^ith them fo much, that they» in a few months, loft near half their numbers 1 the remain- der, few only excepted, were, in the latter end of the year 1763, removed to new Orleans at the expence of the king of France. There are alviut 300 families of this unfortu- nate people fettled in diflcrent parts of Louiilana. They are fober and induftrious \ they clothe themfelvea in almoft every refpe^ with the produce of their own fields and the work of their own hands, and are very obedient and ufeful fubjc^. The river Ibberville is 99 miles from new Orleans, 204 miles from the Balize, and 270 miles from Penfacola, by the way of the lakes I'onchartrain'and Maurepas. In 1765 a poil: was elb'^'shed Lere, and the gnrrifon, which was a detachment of the 34th regiment, withdrawn in the month of July in the fame: y^-ar. In December 1766, this poft was reporfelled, and a fmall ftockaded foit built by a party of the 21ft regiment, and was demoliflied and abandoned in 1768. And in the year 1778 it was again poflelfed by oart of the i6th regiment, who were made prifoners by the Spaniards in the year following. E c Before * *-»*«»'»--W ' f^%». i ' ' 418 LOUISIANA ANC WE^T-FLORIDA. < Before the ceflion of Louisiana to Spain, the peltries of the britUh Mid french fliores of the Illinois have been ■noftly carried in the britifh dominions, dther in Canada, by the upper parts of the Mifliffippi through Michillitnac- kinac, or by the way of new Orleans at the mouth of that river. Philadelphia and new York have alfo received great quantities of peltries in return for their flour and the dry goods which they have feat to new Orleans, for the inditin trade, dt tha ufe of the inhabitants* Penfacola received likewife large parcels of fkins and furs, which have .been exported thence to London, to South-Carolina, or other parts of America. This is the reafon why the importance of the Illinois or upper Miffiflippi has, till now, been little known. It is even certain, that it has been artfully con- cealed by many, who availed themfelves of the ignorance of the! public on that head. This would n«t have been the cafe, had not the britifh government withdrawn in 1768, the garrifon of fort Bute, which irzs conflruded at Manchac, on the l^nk of the Miffiffippi, oppofite to another fort which the French ered- ed in 1767, at the diftance of about 400 paces from the brkiih fort. Thefe forts were fituated near the place which, m the treat) of peace in 1 762, is defcribed as the mouth of Ibberville river to the north of new Orleans ifland, and this then bcmndary-line of the pofleffions of the two crowns in thqfe parts ; but the plenipotentiaries of the two powers were miiinformed ; for, as we have already obferved, the city of new Orleans is not in an ifland, but on the con- tinent. Or if the traft of land on which that city is fituated, can be termed an ifland, that name can with propriety be ^plied to it during only two, or at moft three months •very year, when the Miffiflippi overflows } an accidental communication with lake Ponchartrain is then opened through the gut of Ibberville. It may be dignified, during that fhort period, with the title of river, but dries up as foon as the Miffiffippi ceafes to overflow. At any other time the walking from englifh to french, now fpanifh Man- chac, is perfectly dry. 1 his place, if attended to, might be of confequence to the commerce of Wefl-Florids. ; for it may with reafon be ^ppofed, that the inhabitants and traders who refide at Point Coupee, at Natchitoches, Attacappa, the Natchez, en the eafl flde of the MifHffippi above and below the l country} for it makes a diffiarence of ten days in their voy»je, which is no inconiiderab|e faying of labour) money, and time. The only difficulty which 6p^ po(ei itCelf Xo this neceflary eftabliihment, is the want of a navig^on throtugh the rivo: IbbervUle, fo thsut veflHs might carry on a conftant intercourCe betwixt this place and Penfacola without going up the Miifiilippi, which is a more tedious navigation. However, this difficulty is greatly ot> viated by a good road made for carriage^ between the navi- gable water of. the Ibberville (a diftance of ten miles) and the Miffiffippi *, and when the latter is high enough to run into the former, which it generally is during the months of May, JnnCf and July, veflTels drawing fromtghree to four £eet, or more, may then pafs from one to the other. About a mile above the Ibberv^le, on the eaft ^de of the Miffiffippij there is a village of Aiibama Indians^ copfifting of 25 warriors. From the Ibberville to the fettlements ol^ Point Coupee il 3c miles } they extend full 20 miles on the weft iide of the Miffiffippi, and there are fome plantations back on the fide of what is generally called la Faufe Riviere, through which th^ Miffiffippi paiTed about 70 years ago, making the fhape of a crefcent. The fort, which is a fquare figure with four baftions, built with Aockades, is fituated on the fame fide of the Mifliffippi, about four n(iiles and a hatf above the loweft plantation. The inhabitants^of Point pou- pee amount to about scx^o of all ages and fexes,'and 7000 flaves. They cultivate tt.'»acco, indigo, and Indian corn | raife vail «^antities of poultry, which they fend to market at new Orleans, and furnifli to the (hipping. They fquare a great deal of timber and make (laves, which they convey in rafts to new Orleans. Eight miles above the fort at Point Coupee, on the fame fide of the>iver, isafmall viU lage of the Afiagoula Indians. They have only about a dozen warriors. On the eaft fide of the river, and oppofitc to the uppei^ pbnutions of Point Coup6e, is the village of the Tonicas, formerly a numerous nation of Indians ; but their conftaat intercourfc with the white people, and immoderate ufe of fpirituous liquors, havie reduced them to about 20 warriors* About ten miles abofc the Tonicas village, iant fbif^ coiripoCed of a bliatk mould about one and a half feet deep, very loofe and tichy occ^oned. In part, by the frequent burning of the'favannas ; below the black mould) it is a ftilf day of different colotirs^ It is faid ■•■'■■'■- this' this clay, : fo hard th wet by a ] ner as lim loofe and : for vegetal This CO and 310 nt peratej w! perienced ! The riv reddifli co at the time it runs aboi this river a ilflippi, wh Ferdinand entrance o leagues up Natchitoch being 20 m was garrifoi £imilies fetl and fome : great quant for a good ] They fent from the n( From th( quarter. 1 name of th computed n following th perior to an; fippi, for being highc more £»vou barley, oats to the fca. ibdian com pulfc of eve here is eftet of America. WriTC to gjCi '■^^{■', ''!%■ ■■«•.■ LOUISIANA AND WEST-FLORIDA, 423 this clay, after being expofed fome time to the fun, beccmee fo hard that* it is difficult either to break or bend, but when wet by a light ihower qf rain, it flackens in the fame man^ ner as lime does whin expofed to moifture, and becomes loofe and moulders away } after which it is found excellent for vegetation. This country being fituated between the latitudes of 30 and 31** north, the cUmate is of courfe very mild and tem«>- perate } white frofts, and fometimes thin ice, have been ex- perienced here } but fnow is very uncommon. The river Rouge is fo called from it9 waters being of a reddiflx colour, and faid to tinge thofe of the Miffiffippi at the time of the floods. Its iburc: is in new Mexico, and it nms about 600 miles. The river Noir empties itfelf into this river about 30 miles from its confluence with the Mif*- flflippi, which is 187 mile$ from new Orleans. The famous Ferdinand Soto ended his difcoverxs and his life at the entrance of this river, and was burled there.- Near 70 leagues up this river the French had % very confiderabfe poA* Natchitoches. It was a frontier on the fpanifli fettlements, being 20 miles from the fort of Adaies. The french fort was garrifoned by a captain's command. There were forty families fettled here, confifting moftly of difcharged foldiers and fome merchants who traded with the Spaniards. A great quantity of tobacco was cultivated at this poft, and fold for a good price at new Orleans, being held in ^eat e(^eem. They fent alfo fome peltry, which they received in trade from the neighbouring Indians. From the river Rouge to fort Rofalie it is 56 mites and a quarter. This fort is fituated in the country known by the name of the Natchez, in 3 1? 40' north latitude, about 243 computed miles from new Orleans, and 348 from the Balize, following the courfe of the river. The foil, at this place, is fu- perior to any of the lands on the borders of the river Miflif- fippi, for the production - of many articles. Its firuatioA being higher, tfibrds a greater variety of foil, and is in a more favourable climate for the growth of wheat, rye^ barley, oats, &c. than the country lower down, and nearer to the fea. The foil alfo produces, in equal abundance, indian com* rice, hemp, flax, indigo, cottofa, potherbs, pulfe of every kind, and pafturage } and the tobacco made here is efteemed preferable to any cultivated in other parts of America. Hops grow wild ; ^1 kinds of european fruits arriYc to great perfeSion> and no part of th^ known world . Ee4 is ^^■rtni. ->. tesed by fprings and brooks ; many of the latter afford conve- nient feats far miUs. Further up this river the canes are \t& firecpient and fmaller in fize, and at the diftance of 20 miles there are fcarcdy ai^, Hqre the country is dear of under- • vrofA r^#3iifci*«wifcr:3it:tw»ii LOUISIANA AND WEST-FLORIDA. 4I7 wood and well watered* and the foil very rtcbi which con- tinues to the ChaAaw and Chickafaw towns. The former ii fituated on the eaftern branch of the Tazou, lOO miles from the mouth of that river, and confids nearly of 140 warriors \ the towns of the latter are about 15 niiles weft of tht north- weft branch, 150 miles from the Miffiffippi. They can raife upwards of 500 warriors. The abovt' biranches unite 50 miles from the Miffiffippi, following the courfe of the river} the navigation to their junAion, com- monly called the fork, is practicable with very larse boats in the fpring feafon, and with fmaller ones a conuderable way further, with the interruption of but one fall, where diey are obliged to make a ftiort portage, 20 miles up the north-weft branch, and 70 miles from tne Miftiffippi. The country in which the ChaAaw and Chickafaw towns are fituated, is faid to be as healthy as any part of this continent, tiie natives fcarcely ever being fick. $uch of them as fre- quent the Miffiilippi, leave its banks as the fummer ap- proaches, left they might partake of the fevers that forne- times vifitlhe low fwampy lands bordering upon that river. Wheat, it is faid, yields better at the Tazou than at the Natchez, owing probably to its more northern fituation. One very coniiderable advantage wUl attend the fettlers on the river Yazou, which thofe at the Natchez will be de- prived of, without going to a great expence $ I mean the building with ftone, there being great plenty near the Tazou, but none has yet been difcovered nearer to the Natchez than the Petit Goufre, or little Whirlpool, a di- ftance of 31 miles and a half. Between this place and th^ Balize there is not a ftone to be feen any where near the river. Though the quantity of good land on the MiffiiUppi and its branches, from the bay of Mexico to the river Ohio, a diftanct of nearly 1000 miles, is vaftly great, and the con-* veniences attending it ; fo likewife we may efteem that in die neighbourhood of the Natchez, and of the river Tazou, the flower of it all. About a mile and a half up the Yazou river, on the nortl^ fide, there is a large creek, which communicates with the Miffiffippi above the river St. Francis, about 100, leaguea hi^er up, by the courfe of the river. It paftes through ftv6ral hkis by the vmy. At the diftance of i smiles from the mouth of the river Tazou, on the fouth fide, are the Tazou hHls. There is a clift' of folid rock at the landing-place, oq; frhich are a variety of broken pieces of fea IheUsy and fome ^ntire. x.^. 4a8 LOUISIANA AND WEST-FLORIDA. entire. Four miles further up is the place called the Ball Grouiylt near which a church, fort St. Peter, and a french iettlement formerly ftood. Thej were deftroyrd by the Yazou Indians in 1729. That nation is now entirely ex< tinA. From the Yazou to the river Arkanfaw is 158/nilcs and a quarter. It is fo called from a nation of Indians of the fame name. Its fource is nearly in the latitude of Santa Fe in new Mexico, and it is faid to be navigable for batteaux. 750 miles. It runs through an immenfely rich and fertile country. About 10 or la miles up this river from the Mif- ^ifippi there was formely a fort, garrifoned genierallr by a company of fpanilh foldiers, for thb purpofe of defending the trade carried on between new Orleans and the feveral villages of St. Genevieve, &c. and particularly for defending the commerce with the Arkanfaw Indians, confifting of about 280 warriors, who are as much attached to the french intereft, as the Chickafaws are to that of the EasUih. No fettlements were made here, except one or two ror the im- mediate accommodation of the garrifon. The inundation of the Miflii^ppi, about three years ago, occafioned the evacuation of the above poft, and the eftablifhmeiit of another on the northern bank of the river 36 miles higher lip. This poA, confiding of a fubaltcrn's command, fix pieces of cannon, and eight fwivels-, was attacked about 18 months fincc by a party of Chickafaws, who killecl ten foU diers of the garrifon, and foon after concluded a peace with the Spataiards. There is a hamlet clofe to the fort, inhabit- ed only by merchants and traders. The Arkanfaw river difcharges itfeif into the MifiiHippi by two channels, about 15 miles from each other j the uppermoft is Called Riviere Blanche, from its receiving a river pf that name, reported to be navigable 600 miles^ and the foil through which it runs equaiin quality to any on the Miflifilppi. From the Arkanfaw river to the river St. Francis, which is oh the weA fide of the Mifliflippi, is icB miles. This is a fmall river, and is remarkable for pothing but the general rendezvous of the hunters from new Orleans, who winter there, and colk£l fait meat, fuet, and bears oil, for the fupply of that city. Formerly the French had a po(t at the entrance of this river, fpr a magazine of ftores an4 provi- ilons during their wars with the Chickafaws, by whom their Illinois convoys were conftantly attacked and frequently de» ilroye«3K.j LOUISIANA AND WEST-PLORIt>A. 429 From the river St. Francis to the river nnd heiahts of . Margot, wbich are on the eaft fide of the Miffiflippt, it 70 milee and a half. This river is faid to be navigable for batteaux a nur.tber of miles. It appears to be a pretty Tittle river. The high ground below its junAion with the Miflir- . fippi affords a commanding, airy, pleafant, and extenfive - fituation for fettlements ; the foil is remarkably fertile. On this ground, juft below the mbuth of the river, the French built a fort, railed AlTumption fort, when at war vrith tAe Chickafaws, in the year 1 736, but it was demolilhedin theyear following, when a peace with thofe Indians was concluded. From the river Margot to the Chickafaw river, which is on the eafl fide of the Mifiiilippi, is 104 miles and a half. The lands here are of an excellent quality, and covered ^th a variety of ufeful timber, canes, &c. This river may be ifcended during high floods upwards of 30 miles with boats of feveral tons burden. From the Chickafaw river to Mine au Fer, orthe Iron Mines, on the eaft fide of the MifHIfippi, is 67 miles and a quarter. Here the land is nearly fimiiar in quality to that bordering the Chickafaw river, intcrfperfed with gradual rifings or fmall eminences. There is a pod at this place, near the fouth l^undary of Virginia. From Mine au Fer to the Ohio river, which is the largefl ealtern branch of the Miffifilppi, is 15 miles. This river, and its principal branches, as alfo the fettlements in the 11- linois country, are delineated in a map, and very particularly' defcribed in a pamphlet which I publiflied in London, the I ft of January 1778 } and to them the reader is referred. Having briefly touched upon all the fettlements on, and principal branches of the Mifliflippi, from the fea to the river Ohio } I fhall now juft mention the bounds of Weft- Florida. The province of Wed-Florida is fituated on the north fide of the gulf of Mexico, and extends from the river Appalnchi- coU, which is the boundary between it and Eaft-Florida, to, thf. Regolets at the entrance into lake Ponchar train, tlience thrctigh the lakes Pdnchartrain and Maurepas, and alon^ the river Ibberville to the Mifliflippi, thcpce along the MU- fiffippi to the northernmo(l part of the 31ft degree of north latitude,' thence by a line drawn due eaft along the fouth boundary of the ftate of Georgia to the river Appalachicola, including all the iflands within fix leagues of the coaft, be<^ twecn Appalachicola and lake Fonchartrain. I now 430 LOUISIANA AND WEST-PLQRIBA. I BOW luroceed to mal:c fome general obfervationi, which may be of fervice in making the land when you arrive on the coaft of Florida. This is diftingutihable many different ways ) as by the latitudes, the trenching and dir^^ion of the . IhorCf and the foundings and quality of the bottomi to each of which particular attention muft be paid. From cape filaize in 29** 41' north latitude, to the Balize At the mouth of the Miiliffippi, the coail forms a curve, in> cUning to the northward, tor 28 leagues, as far as the eaft «iid of Rofe iiland in 30^ 28' north ; from thence the land gradually declines to the fouthward, as far as Mobille point in 30** 1 7' north about 30 leagues. Dauphin ifland, and jche other iflands, including Ship ifland, ftretch nearly weft for the fpace of 20 leagues, and from the north end of the Chandeleurs, which lies near five leagues to the fouth-eaft of Ship iiland, the coaft runs chiefly to the fouthward till you arrive at the entrance of the river Mifliffippi, It is likewife to be obferved, that in feveral places there is doiUile land to be feen over the different bays and lagoons : as at St. Andrew's bay ; which may be known by a high white fand hill, near the point of a peninfula, on the left hand going in : at St. Rofe's bay ■, where there is a remark* able red bluff on the eaft fide of the entrance juft oppofite to the eaft end of Rofe ifland { over the greateft part of which ifland double land may likcwife be feen from the maft-head and at the bay of Penfacola, the entrance of which is re- markable on account of th^ red cliff oppofite to the weft end of Rofe ifland. There is a large lagoon, a little more than a leagueto the weftward of this cliff, about three !. igues in length, leaving a narrow peninfula, over which the double land may eafily be feen, with a high red bank on the north fide fibout half way : this feems to diftinguifli it from any other part of the coaft. There is a double land at the en- trance of the river Perdido ; but it is nOt eafily obferved at any confiderable diftance. The fame may alfo be feen over fome parts of Dauphin ifland, and thofe to the weftward of it, viz. Maffacre, Horn, and Ship iflands, as vrell as between them ; but it appears at fo great a diftance, that it cannot be mtftaken for ax^ part of the coaft to the eaftward of Mo- bille point. The Chandeleurs, which were five in number, when I vifit- cd them in the year 1772, extend nearly S. by W. 9 or 10 leagues. The ifle aux Grand Gozier lies about 10 or il miks to the fouthward of tlxem, with breakers all the vftj between. LOUISIANA AND WkST-FLO^lDA. 43! l^tween. The ifle au Briton, or rather a clufter of iflandt«f that name, lie about four miles to the weft^ard (^the Grao4 Qoziers, or Great Pelican ifland t both thefe and the Chan- deleur iflands are very low, with fome buflies : and behind thenii at a confiderable diftance, there is a chain of low oiarfhy iflands and lagoons, bordering the peninfula of Or- leans. This is a dangerous part of the coafl: to a ftranger, both (ja account of the lownefs of the land, which cannot be feen at any diftance, as there are no trees, and likcwife on ao- cotmt of the above-mentioned ihoal between the fouthem- aioft of the Chandeleurs and the Grand Goziers, from Ish titude 29° 42' north, to 29° 32' north. There is however very good {helter for (hips, witbia the north end of the Chandeleurs, in Naflan roac^ which lies five leagues to the fouthward of Ship ifland, and is one of the beft ior large veflels on the whole coaft of Florida ; not only as it affords good flicker from thofe winds that blow on (hore, but as it is, by having no bar, of fo eafy an acceis from the fea. Care muft however be taken, not to go within three quarters of a mile of the infide of the ifland, it bong flioal near that diftance from the fliore. Veflels may go round the north end of it from the fea, in five and a half and fix fathoms, at half a mile from the (hore } and afterwards mufl keep in four and a half and five fiuhoms, till the north point bears N.N.E. about two miles ; when they may come to an anchor in four fathoms good holding ground, flieltered from eaflerly and foutherlj winds. It would be necefliiry for vefl*els to be well acquainted with this road, as eaflerly winds are frequent on the coaft of Florida. There is frefli water to be got any where on the Chandeleurs by digging } befides which it might be met widi in a kind of wellTs^t an old hut near the north end. No weed is to be found here but drift wood, of which there h gr ..at plenty along flioi e Naflau road was firft difcovered by Dr. Daniel Cox of Ntwjerfey, about the time of king William III. who gave it the name of Nafl*au, in honour ok* that prince. Do£tor Cox had likewife given the name of the Myrtle iflands to thofe which are flill fo denominated, before the French called them the Chandeleurs i and they were fo named by both, from the candles made of the myrtle wax with which Uwfe iflands abound. From ' i t« 43^ ZidtrtSlANA AMi> WE^T-FLOltiDA. *^nm the weft ftle of th<: ifthmus* of the peninfula (^ Ofleans to the jun£Hon of the Ibberville with lake Maarepas, it i» 60 computed miles, follotriag the courfe of the river, which for the firft ten miles is flm navigable above four months in the year ; but there is at all times from* two to fix feet for three miles further, itid between two and four fathomt is the depth the remaining part of the way to the lake. The river Amit falls into the Ibberville on the north fide, about II miles from the junAion of the Ibberville with the Miffifiippi. The water of the Aniit is clear, with a gravel- ly bottom. It may be afcended with veilels drawing five or fix feet water, about half a dozen miles, and wit}i batteaux too miles forther. Seventeen miles from the Ibberville this river forks ; the weftern branch, called the Comit, has its fource near the country of the Natchez ; and the eaOern branch, which is the moft confiderable, riles near the Pearl river : both thei'e branches run through a ver]^ fertile coun* try, in fome parts hilly, which, as well as the low lands, is covered wjth canes, oaks, a(h, mulberry, hiccory, poplar, cedar, and cyprefs. The banks in general are high, yet in fome parts they are fubjeA-to be overflowed. There were « number of inhabitants fettled. on the Amit and Comit, who had flaves, and who raifed indigo, cotton^- rice, hemp, tobacco, and Indian corn, in great abundance, and all ex* cellent in their kind. They had plenty of horfes, cows, hogs, poultry, &c. and the river abounds with a variety of fiOi. From the Amit to lake Maurepas is 39 miles, following the Ibberville. The quality of the land and timber on this river is fimilar to that on the Amit, with this difl^rence, its banks in general are lower and the country lefs hilly, and • The river Ibberville was very little known by the Englifh at the treaty of peace in 1 762 ; for notwithilanding the crown hat expended Tome thoufands of |X}unds in clearing the Ibberville, it ii not now navigable from the Miflifiippi towards lake Manrepv, even for a canoe ^ and when I viewea it on the icth of O^ober 1766, the furface of the water of the MifliHippi was then 24 feet below the l)ed or bottom of the Ibberville. The MidiiTippi is the foorce of the Ibberville, when raifed hitfh enough to run into it, i.nd occafions what istrroneuully called the ifland o£Orleans to be thtn an ifland in fa A, but at any otlier lime it is not environed with waiter ; therefore, with what degree of propriety can the Ibberville be termed a river, or the town of new Orleans faid to be fitoated on an ifland i there LOl there is a gre and live oak : ihip-building. who raifed in very thriving \ Lake Maure width, with ic it is low, and 1 Two creeks fj celled ^^attaban From the Ibb paflage leading is feven miles, a into two branch to about the dl fouth channel is Lake Poncha about 40 miles, 1 following creeks Ic Comble, four fooca, fix J and f the mouth of wl John, which alfo already mentionei rcfidcd on the r themfelves in mal ftock, for which 1 Thediftancefr is tch miles, and with marfhes on ( On the fouth i trance from the : Borgne, or Blind iji imall craft may "ppi } and there i- Ponchartrain : bui fixi and fometimes Near the cntran the north fide, ai which rifcs in the of 150 miles. Thcr afterwards. In th on this river, when 'Vidian corn, and a! LOUISIANA AND WEST-FLORIDA. 433 nfula of [aurepasi he river, ove four n* two to and four ay to the orth fitlc* with the I a gravel- ng five or ) batteaux irville tlus it, has its lie caftcrn ■the Pearl rtile coun- ir lanus, is ry, poplar, igh, yet in L'herc were nd Comit, •ice, hemp, and all ex* rfes, cowl, \ variety of there is a greater proportion of rice land, and alio cTprcfs and live oak : the latter is of an extraordinary quality for (hip-building. There were feveral inhabitants on this river who raifed indigo, indian corn, rice, &x. and were in a very thriving way. Lake Maurepas is about ten nules in length and feven In width, with lo or 12 feet water in it. The country round it is low, and covered with cyprefs, live oak, myrtle, &c. Two creeks fall into this lake } one from the north fide, celled Kattabanie, the other from the peninfula of Orleans. From the Ibberville acrofs the lake, it is feven miles to the paflage leading to Ponchartrain. The length of this paflage is feven miles, and only 300 yards in widtjbk, which is divided into two branches by an ifland that extends firom Maurepas to about the dii^ance of a mile from Ponchartrain. The fouth channel is the deepeft and {honed. Lake Ponchartrain. The greatefl: length of this lake is about 40 miles, breadth 24 miles, and depth 1 8 feet. The following creeks fall in on the north ilide, Tangipaho and le Comble, four feet deep } Chefun^a, feven ; and Bon- fonca, fix } and from the peninfula of Orleans, Tigahoc, at the mouth of which was a fmall pod. The Bayouk of St. John, which alfo communicates on the fame fide, has been already mentioned. The french inhabitants, who formerly reiided on the north fide of this lake, chiefly employed themfelves in making pitch, tar, and turpentine, and raifing (lock, for which the country is very favourable. The diftance from lake Ponchartrain through the Regoleti is teh miles, and between 3 and 400 yards broad, and lined with marfhes on each fide. On the fouth fide of the Regolets, and near to the en- trance from the fea, there is a large paflage into the lake Borsne, or Blind lake, and, by ibme creeks that fall into it, fmall craft may go as far as the plantatioas on the MifliC^ ilppi ■, and there is a paflTage between the lakes Borgne and Ponchartrain : but either by this, or that of the Regolets, fix, and fometimes feven feet, is the deeped water through. Near the entrance at the eaft end of the Regolets, and on the north fidcj are the principal mouths of Pearl river, which rifes in the Cha£taw nation, and is navigable upwards I of 150 miles. There is feven feet going into it, and deep water afterwards. In the year 1769, there were fomc iettlements j on this river, where they raifc J tobacco, indtgo, cotton, rice, I i'ldian corni and all forts of vegetables. The land produces F f a variety ■!ti 1 •! 434 LOUISIANA AND WEST-FLORIDA. , f ^rr a variety of timber €t for pipe and hogfhead (laves, mafts, yards, and all kinds of plank for (hip-building. From the Regolets to the bay of St. Louis is about 1 8 miles. This is a fmall, beautiful, compact bay, with about feven feet crater in it : the land near it is of a light foil, and good for pafture. There were fevcral fettlers formerly on it, but in the year 1767, the Chadlaw Indians killed their cattle and obliged them to remove. From this bay to the bay of Biloxi, is 26 miles. Juft op- podte to Ship i(land, on the main land, is fituated old Biloxi, in a fmall bay of the fame name, behind I'lfle au Chevereuil, or Buck orUeer ifland. This is the place where the French made their (ird efl;abli(hment in Louiliana : but they did not continue there lolrtg, findins it in every refpeft an improper (ituation for the capital. There are ftill a few inhabitants at Biloxi, fome of whom are the offspring of the original fct- tiers. Their chief employment is railing of cattle and ftocit, and making pitch and tar : but the natives are very trouble- fome to them. From the Biloxi to the Pafcagoula river is about 13 miles. This river empties itfelf by feveral mouths •, between the eafternmofV and wefternmoA of which, there is a fpace of be- tween three and four miles, that is nearly one continued bed of oyfter-(hells, with very (hoal water. The only channel is at the wefternmofl entn^nce, where there are four feet. This large river about 20 miles above its entrance is divided into two branches, which continue their courfe to the fea, ge. ncrally about five or fix miles afunder. The intermediate I fpace, for feveral miles above its mouth, is nothing but marfhes interfe^led by lagoons. After getting into either of the branches, there is from three to fix fathoms, and the rl* vcr is laid to be navigable for more than 150 miles. The foil on this river, like all other rivers on the coaftofl Weft-Florida, grows better the higher up you go ; but even near the entrance it is far from being bad. There are fome good plantations on the eaft fide ; but here, as well u all the way to the weftward, the inhabitants are much nio- lefted by the natives, efpecially by the Chaflaws, who kill! their cattle, &c. From the Pafcagoula river to the Fafs au Heron at the bar I of Mobille is 18 miles. This pafs has four feet water; and from thence to the point, which is on the eaft iul- of thel bay of Mobille, in latitude 30"^ 17 north, is nnrly lix milts Before defcribing this bay, I (hall here take notice of tkj folio.! 'A. aves, mails, is about 1 8 , with about ight foil, and i formerly on i itiUcd their les Juft op- ted old Biloxi, lu Chevercuil, :re the French It they did not I an improper inhabitants at le original fct- ittle and ftock, e very trouble- ibout 1 3 miles. i between the is a fpace of be- ; continued bed : only channel is I four feet. This ; is divided into to the fea, ge- ic intermediate is nothing but ig into either of oms, and the li* 3 miles. s on thccoaftof 1 you go-, but )ad. There art t here, as well Ji its are much mo- 1 a£laws, who kill lOUTIIANA AND WEST-FLORIDA. 435 followingMflands iltuated along the coaft, between the bay of St. Louis and the point of Mobille. Cat ifland lies about eight miles eaftward of the bay of*St. Louis, and feven miles from the coaft : it is iix miles in length, very narrow, and of an irresular fliape, with a large £hoal from the ead; end of it, extending within two miles of Ship ifland. The foil is pooi*, producing nothing but pine, fome live oak and grafs, and Its fhore is almoft everywhere covered or bordered witli an immenfity of (halls. The marlhy iflands near the peninfula of Orleans, are diftant about three miles fouth of Cat ifland ', and between them there is a channel of nine feet, which continues to the Regolets through a number of fhonls. ■ Ship ifland is fituatcd between fcven and eight miles eail of Cat ifland, and about ten miles fouth of the bay of Biloxi. This ifland is nine, miles in length and two miles in wiiltb where broadofl:. It produces piie trees and grafs, and there is a well of tolerable water on it. The wellern part of this ifland is very narrow, and for better than three miles there is not a tree on it. A ihoal runs out due fouth, about a mile from the wefl end. The channel is bet- ter than a mile wide, with from four to five and fix fathoms; j)ut the bar has only 21 feet. In going over it from the fea (he courfe to be (leered is due north, keeping the '.bove (hoal near half a mile to the cadward, and after fairly pafllng the end of the ifland, from the inner part ofNvliich lies a (hoal, the courfe proceeds N. E. until the broaJell part of the point of the ifland bears due fouth about one mile and a half, where there is between four and five fathoms. This is a good place to anchor in the fummcr«time i but is very much expofed in winter, when the northerly winds prevail ; and is a very convenient place for (hipping tl>e produce of :he rivers Pearl, Ibberville, and ^ i^ t, and the lakes Maurcpas and Ponchartrain. From Ship ifland to Horn ifland is between five and fix miles, with a fmall key called Dnj,' ifland between, about two thirds of the way, aqd with a (hoal all the way from the former to about a quarter of a mile of the latter, where .there is a channel of five fathoms. The above (hoal extends i'onth of the channel nearly two miles, whore there is a bar of r,, feet : in crofllng of which it behoves the mariner to .kte\} about half a mile from the fliore, and to fteer for the end of the ifland, and on approaching it to give it a birth of nbout a cable's length, to avoid a flioal on the left •, after K f 2 palling 43^ lOtflMANA AND y^tlT-fLOHt^Ji^ paffing of which he ought to Iccep a little to the we(|:wardV •n account of a (hoal that runs from the infide of the ifland^ then to bailkl round' (o the eafbvard, where there is better than 15 feet water, a little more than a mile from the illand. Horn ifland is nearly 1 7 miles in length, and about ha^ a mill? in width. There are more trees on the middle of the ifland than in any other part of it} and for about three miles from the eaft end there are no trees at all, but there are a number of fandy hilldcs. kound ifland lies about five mile" north from oppofite the middle of Horn ifland, and is well timbered* The ifland of Mafl*acre is upwards of two miles to the eaftward of Horn ifland, from which a flioal extends better than a mile and a half between them, leaving a channel of aboiit II fed round the weft end of Maflacre iflfand ; but Within the ifland there is between three and four fathoms. '^^ Maflacre is nearly nine miles long and very narrow } it is remarkable for a grove of trees in the middle, which is tl^e niore particular, as th^re is pot a tree any where elfe on the ifland. The diftai^ce between l^aflacre ifland and the main is about ten milesi from two to three fathoms all the way acrofss except ohe large flioal called la Grand Bature, which ftretches out from the main land about a league, with two or three feet vrattr on if, and in fome places not to much! Behind it, theire is a large bay called I'Aqce de h Grzni Bature, eight miles eaft of Pafcagoula: bluiF. The land here an^ to the eaftward, as far as the bay of Mobille* is fwampy towar;ds the Tea, with a clay h(>ttom foir two or three miles back } bpt afterwards it is covered chiefly w}th pines, live oak, and, hiccory, and the foil is fandy or gravelly for feveral miles, before it becomes truly &t for cul* ture } notwtthftahding whieh it is good for pafture. T,Tom ]^afl*acre tp Dauphin ifland is five miles, with a Ihoal all the way between them. Theic are fuppofed for- ]i.erly to have been but one, which went by the general name of MalTacre, fo called by numf. d'Ibberville, from s large heap of liuman bones found thereon at his firft land- ing i but it was after r/ards called Dauphin ifland, in honour of the dauphin of Franc?, and tp take ofi^ the difagreeable idea excited by the other name. Dauphin ifland is about ten miles long, and in the broadeft part not quite two miles. The weft end, for between three and four miles, is a narrow flip of land, with fome dead lOUCSf AtlA AND WEST-FLORIDA. 437 trees ; tht reft is covered with ihick {rinei, whidi come clofe to the water's edge on the eaft tide, tbrminff a large bluff. There are the remains of an old Arenth poft on the Couth fide of the ifland } about two miles from that bluff are a few old houfes on the north fide oppofite to it, near which are large hillocks of oyfter«flieIls, now covered with dwarf cedar and live o^. lliere are many fuch vefliges of the ancient inhabitants in feveral bays and other places on the coaft } and as thefe are always found on high banks, the ufual places where the native encampj it cannot well be fup» pofed they were left there by the fea, though many are of that opinion. Gillori ifliand is divided from Dauphin jiland on the nortk fide by a narrow channel, through which a boat may pafs with fom venient for fmall veffels. There is a fmall fand key calledHittle Pelican ifland, about a league S. £• from great Pelican iflnud, forming a curve to the eaftward, and there it pieets a large fhoal extending from Mobille point The deepeft water on the bar of Mobille, or rather of Mo- bille bay (for there is another bar at the entrance of the river near the town), is only 1$ or 16 feet, The mark for going over it ii| the deepeft channel, is to bring little Peli- F f 3 ca^ h\ M ■ LOUISIANA AND ^yEST•PLORIDA.- \y ■■■■' ^# can ifland well on with the bluff on the eaft end of Dauphin • iflandi bearing about. N. N. W. | W. and then to (leer in for the key in that direction. The point of Mobille bears from the bar nearly due north four miles, and the key is more than a mile and half within it. Both the eaft and weft reefs, as well as the bar itfelf, are fteep to- wards the fea, there being from three to feven and eight fathoms immediately without } this occafions a conftant fwell with a heavy Tea when it blows from the fouthward : and therefore, in rough weather, it would be imprudent to go over it io a veflel that draws above ten or eleven feet wa- ter. Within the bar it deepens gradually towarJi little Fielican ifland, between which and the eaft reef the channel is not more than a quarter of a mile broad, with fix or feven fathoms water. This depth continues all the way refund Mo- bille point, where is.tolerable good anchorage in four or five fathoms, but it is at befV an open road-ftead, the bay being too large to afford much (helter. From Mobi!!e point to the town the diftance is about 1 1 •leagues nearly due north, and the breadth of the bay in ge- neral is about three or four leagues. At the lower part of it is a deep bite that runs about fix leagues to the eaft- ward of the point, having a narrow peninfula between it an:, the fea. The river Bon Secour falls into the bottom of this bay or bite, and Fiih river with thai: of la Sant on the north fide of it •, on all of which there ?.re feveral habit- ations. On the weft fide of .he bay of Mobille there are likewife fome fmall rivers, but none confiderabh, befides la Rivi- ere aiix Poules, by which there is a fmall inland commuDK catioti to the weftward, and Dog river, which falls into the bay about nine miles below Mobille. The former has fi»c f r fix feet in the entrance, and is navigable for a boat fe- veral miles back into the country. With regard to the ge- neral depth of the water in the4)ay, there is from two to three fathoms two-thirds of the way from Mobille point towards the town, and the deepeft water to be depended on in the upper part of the bay is only 10 or 12 feet, and in many places not fo much ; but there is no danger, as the bottom IS foft mud. Large veilels cannot go within feven miles of the town. Notwithftanding all thefc inconveniences in point of navi- gation, Mobille having hitherto been the frontiers of the french dominions in Louifiana, always was, and now is, a very ■,i,-:!f:4SM- LOUISIANA AND' WESt-FLORIDA. 4^9*' verf cohfiderable place. It has a fmall regular fort,' built with brick, and a neat fquare of barraclcs for the ofHcers** and foldiers. The town is pretty regular, of an oblong * figure, on the wed bank of the river, where it enters the bay. There is a confiderable Indian trade carried on here. Mobille, when in pofleffion of his britannic roajefty, fent ' yearly to London, ikins and furs arr.ounting from 1 2 to 15,009 pounds ftcrling : it was then the only ilaple com- modity in this part of the province. The britifh garrifon ' at Mobille furrendered to the arms of his catholic majefty in the year 1780. The bay of Mobille terminates a little to the north-eafV- -^ ward of the town, in a number of mar(hes and lagoons : which fubject the people to fevers and agues in the hot ' feafon. The river of Mobille is divided into two principal ])ranches, about 40 miles above the town : one of which, called the Tanfa, falls into the eail part of the bay } the other empties itfelf clofe by the town, where it has a bar of feven feet j but there is a branch a little to the eaftward of this, called Spanifli river, where there is a channel of nine or ten feet, when the water is high ; but this joins Mobille river about two leagues above the town. Two or three leagues above the Tanfa branch, the Ali* bama river falls into Mobille river, after running from the N. £. a courfe of about 130 miles ; that is, from Alibama fon^ fituatcd at the confluence of the CoufTa and Talpoufe, both very confiderable rivers } on which and their branches are the chief fettlements of the upper Creek Indians. The french fort at Alibama was evacuated in 1763, and has not been iince garrifoned. Above the confluence of Alibama and Mobille, the latter is called the Tombecbe river, from the fort of Tombecbe, fitoated on the weft fide of it, about 96 leagues above the town of Mobille. The fource of this river is reckoned to l>e about 40 leagues higher up, in the country of the Chickafaws, The fort of Tom- becbe was taken poiTeflion of by the Englifli, but abandon* eJ again in 1767, by order of the commandant of Penfa- cola. The river is navigable for flooi>s and fchooners about 35 leagues above the town of Mobille. The banks, where low, are partly overflowed in the rainy feafons, which adds greatly to the foil, and adapts it particularly to the cultivation of rice. The tides of the river are covered m many places f ,f 4 with : w"1f.i'iimT-f LOI^IDA. ) with large canes, fo thick that they are aUnoft impenetrablf | there is aifo plenty of remarkable large red and white cedar, cyprefs, ehn, aih, hiccory, and various kinds of oak. Scvt.- rsi people have fettled on this river, whp find the foil to a|^ fwer beyond expefhition. The lands near the mouth of the MoblUe river are gene- rally low : as you proceed upwards, the land grows higher, and may with great propriety be divided into three ftages ; firft, low rice lands on or near the banks of the river, of 3^ mpft excellent quality : fecondly, what are called by the people of the country fecond low grounds, or leyel flat canq lands, about four or five feet higher than the low rice lands : and, thirdly, the high upland or open country. The firft, or low lands, extend about an half or three quarters of a mile from the r-ver, and may almoft everywhere be eafily drained and turned into moft excellent rice fields, and are capable of being laid under water at almoft all feafons of the ye^r. They are a deep black mud or flime, which have, in a fucceffion of time, been accumulated, or formed by the overflowing of the river. The fecond low grounds being, in general, formed by a regular rifing of about four or live feet higher than the low lands, appears to have been originally the edge of the river. This fecond clafs or kind of land is in general ex- tremely rich, and covered with large timber and thick (Irong canes, extending in width upon an average three quarters of .a mile, and in general a perfe^ level. It is excellent for all kinds of grain, and well calculated for the culture pf in^ digo, hem^, flax, or t )bacco. At the extremity of thefe fecond grounds, ypu come to what is called the high or upland, which is covered with pine, oak, and hiccory, and other kinds of large timber. The foil is of a good quality, but much inferior to the fe- cond or low land. It anfwers well for raifing Indian corn, potatoes, and every thing elfe that delights in a dry light foil. Further out in the country again, on the weft fide of this river, you come to a pine barren, with extenfive reed fwamps and natural meadows or favannas, which afibrd ex- cellent ranges of innumerable herds of cattle. On the; eaft of the river Mobille, towards the river Alibama, is one entire extended rich cane country, not in- ferior perhaps to any in America. Whenever portages are made between the Mobille and Cherokee river, or their branches, which are probably but a few ft - 1 LOVIUAMA AMD WEST-FLORIDA^ 44f 4. few miles apart, the Mobille will be the firft rWer (or commerce (the Mifixflippi excepted) in this part of the jxrorld, at it affortl^ ^ ^orteft and moft diredl communion {ion to the Tea. The land to the eaftward of Mobille point, for about three ^agues on the peninfula, it remarkable for alternate fpaces of thick and thin treef. The point it covered with a grove of thick but not very tall ones. There is a fmall la- coon about four leagues to the eaftward of the point, with hardly water at the entrance for a boat, the trees about which arc very tall and thick. There are feveral hilloct to the eailward along fhore, all the way from thence to the river Perdido, except at one place, about two-thirdt of the ^ay i where double lands may be feen over a lagoon which ih-etchet to the woftward of that river. The river Perdido empties itfelf into the fea about ten. leagues to the eaftward of Mobille point, and four leagues to the weftward of the bar of Penkicola. The entrance is nfurrow, with a bar of fix feet ; but afterwards it widens fonfiderably, ftretching firft to the N. £. upwards of a league, where it goes within a mile of the head of the great lagoon weft of the entrance of Penfacola harbour. From thit the Perdido tumi to the weftward for three or four miles, where it formt a large bay. This river was for* merly the boundary between Florida and Louiiiana, divid- ing the french and fpanifli dominions. There is nothing remarkable between the river Perdido aqd the bar of Penfacola, except the grand lagoon, which reaches near to the Perdido, with fome ftraggling treet on the peninfula, and the high red bank on the north fide of it, before mentioned. The foundings between the bars of Mobille and Penfacola are pretty regular, except near the bars, where there is deep water along fhore, as they ftretch out. It b neceflary in ncaring them, to keep a good offing till their refpedlive marks are on for going over in the deepefl channel. Immediately without them there is very deep water, from 7 to 12 and 13 fathoms, oozy bottom, and good holding ground. At the fame didance from the ihore between them there is only iix or eight fathoms } the Ixtftom in general is fine white fand with black fpecks and broken fhells: in fome places a coarfer bottom, and in others oozy fand. The weft end of the ifland of St, Rofa ftretches athwart the IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // ^/ ^ ^CT 1.0 I.I IJA Ui 1^ Ui^ Vfi^HIIHiBH MVIG^^IB^^B IIMIHHiV^^B < ^ 4" ». Photographic Sciences Corporation ¥^ ^' r<\^ ^ <^ ■ii **tnj MAIN ITMIT WMITIR.N.V. MStO (7U) I73-4S09 <* *■:• LOUISIANA AW> WEBT-FLORIOA, Arrivola was appeinted governor of this province, whtcli then comprehended a very large traCt of land on the ^If of Mexico. He built a fmall ftockado, which he called fort St. Charles, with a churchy &€< ju{,l by Uie rjcd cliff at the entrance of the harbour. This place was taken in the year 17 19, by the French from MobiUe. Penfacola ffcll at that time an eafy prey, having only about 150 men to defend it. Shortly after- wards it was retaken by th« Spaniards, whp yrere ^gain dif. polTefled by the French in the fame year. The fecond time the French piade themfelves mafters of it^ they kept poflel^on till the year 1722^ when it was re? ftored to the croWn of Spain by tnjaty. The 3paJ>'ards in the interim ifemoved to St. Jofeph*^ bay. About the year 1726, they built a frtiall town on the weft fide of Rofe ifland, near the {^fetit fort, or fighal-llpufe^ which waf orjginally cor^ftru^ed by- thero> but greatly improved by ge- neral Haldiitialkdl The fettlement remained there till about the year 1 754 1; bot- beiiig theii partly overflowed in a gale of windy the town was removed to the place where it now Hands. After this country was ceded to the Englifh by the peace of 1762,1 many placed were pointed out as convenient^ ]y fituated for the purpofe of building a town } but on due examination,' the prefent fittation was generally preferred, and the prefent' town regularly laid put in the bcginifing of the year 1 765. The town of Penfacola . is of aii oblong forna, and lies almoft parallel to the beach. It is about a mile in length, and a quarter of a mile in breadth, but contrafb at both ends. At the weft end is a fine rivulet, from which vefTels are fupplied with waiter. The prefent fort w^s built by the writer of this narrative, in 1775, with cedar pickets, with four blockhoufes at proper diftances, which defend or flank the works. It takes np a large fpace of ground juft in th^ middle of the town, which it divides in a manner into two fcparate towns, and can be of no great fcrvice towards the defence of the place, in cafe an attack be made on it, either by the natives or a civilized enemy The town of Penfacola is furrounded by two pretty large brooks of water, which take their rife under Gage hill, a fmall mount behind the town, and difcharge themfelves into the bay, one at each extremity of the town. 1 he town and fort of Penfacola furrendered to the arms of tOUISIAVA AND WEST-FtOHIDA. 44^ (^f hU catholic majefty ia the year 1781, and with them thtf whole province of Weft-Florida became fubjedt to the king of Spain, as before mentioned. The hopes of a fpanifh trade induced many people to fettle here, at a great expence i but it did not anfwer theif expectation. The principal objects ought to be the indian trade, indigo, cotton, rice, hemp, tobacco, and lumber, thefe being the natural produce of the country. T hough Penfacola ftands in a very Tandy fituation, yet with pains the gardens produce great plenty of vegetables. Fruit-treeb, fuch as orange, fig, and peach trees, are here in perfiedtioiu And the bay abounds with a variety of fine £fh. About a mile to the eaftward of Penfacola, between it and the Englifh point, is the eaft lagoon, which after turn-* ing to the N. W. four or five miles, receives the Six Mile 'rook. This is a pretty little winding ftream, on the eaft fide of which is an iron mine, where a large natural magnet was found. There is a fine mineral fpring of the chaly- beate kind, near the mouth of the lagoon, of wluch there ^e ievecal others in this country. From Englifh point, the bay flretches to the northward. On the weft fide, near the mouth of the river Efcambia, lies Campble-towa, a fettlement of french proteftants, about 10 miles from Penfacola by land, and 13 by water. The fpot on which it ftands is high, and a very light foil j but its fituation being near to the marfhes, it is thereby ren- dered unhealthy, and has been the means of carrying oflf many of the inhabitants who were fent out in 1766, and were for fome time fupported by government, in order ta manufacture filk ; but either for want of proper manage* ment, or other reafons, nothing of that kind was attempt- ed, and the place is fince abandoned and the town deftroyed. The riyer Efcambia, the moft confiderable that falls into the bay of Penfacola, empties itfelf near the head of th« north branch, about 12 or 15 miles from Penfacola, through fevqral marfhes and channels, which have a number of iflands between them, that arc overflowed when the water is high. There is a fhoal near the entrance, and veiTcIt that draw more than five or fix feet cannot be carried into it, even through the decpeft channel j but there is (iota two to four fathoms afterwards. I afcended it with a boat upwards of 80 miles, where from the depth of water it ap- peared to be navigable for pettiaugers many miles further. It is uncertain where* the fourceof this river is j but fup* pofed ! * V 44^ LOUISIANA AND WEST-FLORIdA, pofed to be at a confiderable diftanqe, and is very wlodins in.its courfe. The lands in general, on each fide of the river, are rich, low, or fwamp, admirably adapted for the culture of rice or corn, is may fuit the planter bell j and what gives thefc low- lands a fuperiority over many othcs. is ^the great number pf rivulets that fall hito this river from the high circumja- cent country, which may eafily be led over any part of, or almoft all the rice lands, at any feafon of the year whatever. Near the mouth of this river are a great number of iflands, fome of very confiderable extent, and not inferior for rice to any in America. The fettlements made by nieflleurs Tait and Mitchell, captain Johnfon, Mr. M'Kinnon, and fome others, arc very evident prpofs of this alfertion, who, in the courfe of two years from their firll fettlement, had nearly cleared all the expences they had . been at in making very confiderable eflablifhments ; and I am well afliired would entirely have done it in another year, had not the Spaniards taken poflefiion of the country. Further up the river, we meet with other iflands, having mi ch higher banks than ,thofe below, very fit for raifing indian corn, or pulfe of all kjnds, with a fiifiicient propor-' tion of rice land on them alfo. The large ifiand on which Mr. Marlhall made his fettlement, nearly oppofite the old ilockaded fort, about 28 miles from Penfacola by land, and 40 by water, is the uppermoft ifiand of any note in the river Efcambia, and is, without doubt, in point of fertility of foil, equal to any thing to be met with . in the country. The wefterly part of this laft mentioned ifiand is high, and not fubjedk to be overflown, unlefs in remi^rkable high fteihes, and then only fome particulair low parts of it ; the rcfl: is high, and well fecured againft floods : the eaftern part of it is Ibw, and liable to be overflowed at lome times of the year ; the high land extends from about a mile to a mile and a half, from the weftcrnmoft branch of th6 rivar that furrounds it, and is equal to any on the Mifliflippi, Amit, or Comit. A more advantageous place for fmall • fettlements than this, is not to be met with any where near Penfacola. " . The country on each fide of the river above this ifiand is higher, and as the water is confined in one channel, forms a mofl: beautiful river, with great plenty of good low lands on each fide of it for many, miles up. The low lands gene- rally extend from a mile and a half to two niiles.from the i, , banks / enjoy a goo empharicallj everywhere plenty of fi wild game a "With reg Efcambia an grounds. Better than grafs or cane and cafina. each of the The rifing liiccory. The north gable for fm fiJe. The .LOUISIANA AND WEST-FL.ORIDA. 447 banks of the river, and fome places more, when we come to a fine high pine'country, intermixed with oak and hiccory land. There are, on both fides of this river, a number of rifing grounds or bluffs, which afford delightful profpe^ts on the river, and would be elegant fituations for gentle- / men's feats. The low lands and iflands abound with great quantities of white and red oak for flaves, which anfwer well for the Wert-India market, and an inexhauftible quan- tity of cyprefs for lumber and fhingles, together with plenty of red and white cedar for building. The open country, or high lands bordering on thefe low rich lands, are gene- rally pine, but of a quality fuperior to mofl other pine coun- tries, having generally a good foil for five or fix inches deep, and well adapted for raifing corn, beans, peas, turnips, potatoes, &c. Perhaps there is no country more beautifully diverfified with hills and dales, nor more plentifully fupplied with •fine flreams, than that which borders on the low lands upon this river. But what, in a very particular manner, recommends this part of Wefl-Florida, is the fine and ex- tenfive ranges for cattle which are fo frequently to be met with here *, it being very common for an ordinary planter to have 200 heads, and fome 1000 heads, within the vicinity of Penfacola. There is fcarcely a ftream in thefc jparts but what has water fufficient for faw-mills, and the country abounds with excellent timber for planks, or lumber of all kinds. The air is pure and healthy, and the planters and negroes enjoy a good ftate of health the year round. The Indians emphatically call it, on account of the fine flreams of water everywhere to be met with, the fweet water country. Great plenty of fi(h is to be found in this river, and all kinds of wild game are to be met with in great abundance. With regard to the face of the country between the Efcambia and Penfacola, it is Varied with vallies and rifing grounds. At about 20 miles from Penfacola the foil grows better than it is at the town ; the vallies are covered with grafs or canes, interfperfed with thickets of laurel, myrtle, and cafina. There is generally a rivulet running through each of them, either to\^>ards the Perdido or i fcambia. The rifing grounds are chiefly covered with pines, oak, and hiccory. The north branch of the bay of Penfacola is only navi- gable for fmall velTels. It w»i formerly well fettled oji each fide. The middle land between the north bay and the QuySva-^ 44^ iouisiANA And WEST-i^toRiDA. OtiTavalana, Or Yellow water, a branch of the eaft hxy^ abounds with large tall pines fit for mafls, yards, &c. The Tellow water, ov Middle river^ enters the eaft bl'anch of the bay at the K. £■ Corner, and after ^oing about £ve or fix leagties tip the country, the eafiern branch ends In a bafon or lake at the bottom of a rifing ground ) but the Weftem branch I havo afcended fome leagues further. There lure feveral fmall iflands near the enti^nc^ of this river, which produce cy{>rers and fmaU cedars, but the foil is indifierent. The Eaft river empties Into the bottom of the eaft branch, about fix miles from the Middle river. It is about a quarter of a mile broad for two leagues, and then contracts to the breadth of 30 or 40 feet. This river comes from the eaftward, running nearly parallel to St. Rofe's channel, and its fburce is about i6 miles from its entrance into the bay. The peninfula between the bay of Penfacola and St. Rofe's channel, which is from one to three or four miles broad, Is in general very poor fandy foil. It produces, in fomft places, large pines and live oak. Rofe ifiand extends along the coaft, for the fpace of hear 50 miles, and is nowhere above half a mile broad. It is irery remarkable for its white Tandy hummocks, and firaggling trees here and there. There is a clump of four tall trees clofe together, which, at a diftance, appears like one, about 1 8 miles from the weft end, and another of thundings all along it, are of great fervice to know the coaft : there are nine or ten fathoms in fome placesy within a mile or two of the ftiore } and, when a frigate is within 16 or 17 fathoms, the tops of the trees on the main land may be defcried from the quarter-deck. The bottom is generally fine white fand, with broken (hells, and black fpecks ; but in one place ofiT the eaft end of Rofe iJDand, out of fight of land, the bottom is of a coarfe gravel, mixed with coral. This ought particularly tu be attended to, as it is the only fpot with that kind of foundings on the coaft: it is of a confiderable extent, and there, are from 20 to 30 and 40 fathoms on it^ or more. There is indeed a coral bottom off the bay of Efpirito Sanflo, and fome other parupn the coaft of £aft-Florida« but thefe generally begin in LOUISIANA AND WEST'FLORIDA, 449 eaft hxfi c. the eaft ing about nch ends i) but the er. There rcr, which idifferent. ift branch j a quarter i£ts to the from the anneli and the bay. , St. Rofe's lies broad, 5, in feme »ace of rtear oad. It is nocks, and imp of four ippears like Ither of the Ird. There imark than twice fail* the coaft in feven or eight fathoms, within fight of land } from which, and the ditfcrence of latitude, one cannot be miftaken for the other. This is a very extenfive bay, ftretching about 30 miles to the north-eail, and is from four to fix miles broad. There is a bar before it with only fev^n or eight feet where ' deepelt. But afterwards there is 16 or 17 feet, as far as the red bluft* on the main land. The channel between this bluff and the eaft part of Rofe ifland is but narrow j and a little further on, tovards the bay, it is choked up with, a largp (hoal in lome places dry ; the deepeft water on it is only four or iivcfeet ; lb that nothing but very fmall vcflils can enter this bay from the lea : and the channel between Rofe illand and the main is jud fufficient for boats or pettiaugers. On the north fide of St. Rofe's bay, almoft oppofite to the entrance fronl the fea, there are three pretty large branches, which ftretch feveral miles : the wefternmoft, which is the largeft, is again fubdivided into fmaller branches, all which have deep water. The other two receive each a confider- able rivulet of clear water with a rapid fiiream. On the banks there is plenty of cedar, &c. The largeft river that falls into St. Rofe's bay is the Chafta-hatcha, or Pea river, whiqh runs from the N. E. and enters the bottom of the bay through feveral mouths, but fo {hoal that only a fmall boat or canoe can pals them. I afcended this river about 25 leagues, where there is fettled a fmall pa; ty of the Coufiac Indians. The banks of this river, in point of foil and timber, refembles very muchthofe of the river Efcambia. Between the bays of St. Rofa and St. Andrew's the coaft runs E. S. E. and S. E by E. for the fpace of 52 miles, ^he foundings much the fame as off Rofe ifland ; it is to be obferved that the trees are thick, and come pretty clofe to the ftiore. There are likewife feme red hummocks as well as white, which with the trenching of the land may beef fervice to know that part of the coaft. The entrance of St. Andrew's bay is between a fmall ifland on the right hand, and a narrow peninfula on the! left. There is a high white fand hill, which is a remark- able objcft from the fea : it lies in latitude 30° 60' north, and about ten leagues to the north-weft of cape Blaife. From the point of the peninfula, there is a large fhoal ex* tending for more than two thirds of the way. towards the G g ifland j 45« LOUISIANA AND WEST-FLORIDA; of ifland ; which is two miles dij[lant| leaving a channel 17 or 18 feet } but it has afmallbar of 13 feet, There is anchorage jud wi hin St. Andrew's ifland in three fathoms and an half, but it is more commodious within the point of the pcninfula in five fathoms, with the ad* vantage of frefh water, wiiich is eafily got by digging. St. Andrew's bay runs iirft to the N. W. nearly parallel to the fea fhore, for three leagues ; then it turns to the eaftward for about a league, when a large branch breaks off to the S. E. The main body continues to the northward for two leagues, when it is divided into two large branches, ooe going to the N. £. and the other to the weAward. This lad, which is the lead, reaches within a ^^w miles of St. Rofa's bay. The country between thtoi is low and marfliy, and full of frefli-water ponds, • St. Andrew's bay is navigab!-, for any velTels that can go over the bar. There is a large (lioal with only three or four feet, about half way up the fird reach, but there is a deep channel on the wed fide of it, and afterwards there from three to fcven fathoms all over the bay. There IS are no rivers of any confequence, nor can the foil imme- diately on the bay be much commended i there is however great plenty of large pines, live oak, and cedar. From St. Andrew's ifland to the bay of St. Jofeph's, the middle of the coad between them runs about £. S. £. near i; miles, with a fhoal all the way between them near the fliore, which eafily appears, it being of a whitidi colour. 1 here is from 1 2 to 18 feet on the greated part of it, except towards the mouth of St, Jofeph's bay, where there is a bank near the middle, between St. Jofeph's point and the main land, with only feven or eight feet, and four fathoms jud within ; but there is a very good channel with three fathorhs on the bar, between that bank and St. Jofeph's point, on the right hand going in. In going into St. Jofeph's bay it is requifite ta keep within a cable and a half or two cables length of the peninfula, in five or four and a half fathoms, as it fhoals regularly to- wards the point, from A^hich a fpit of fand runs out a little way } and when in three fathoms to haul round gradually, ftill keeping near two cables length off fhore. The bar is narrow, and immediately within it there is from four to fix and a half fathoms foft ground. The end of the penin- fula forms two or three points, from each «f which a fmall fpit runs off for 2i> little didancej which may be known by . ^ tk LOUISIANA AND WEIT-FLORIDA. 45 » the difcoloured water on them. This Is an excellent har- bour ; in which the beft place for anchoring is jud within the peninfiila, oppodte to lome ruins that dill remain of the village of St. Jofeph. There the Spaniards had a pod, which they abandoned about the year 1700, but they tookpoflcf- fion of it again in 17 19. There is very good water to be got here by digging, and on the north fide of the bay are two or three fmall frefli-water brooks, oppodte to which are three or four fathoms clofe to the diore. In the year 1717, the French eredlcd a fort which they called Crev- cceur, a mile to the northward of a brook in St. Jofeph's bay, oppodte to the point of the peninfula, but abandoned it the next year, on the reprefentation of the gover- nor of Penfacola that it belonged to his catholic ma* jefty. The bay is nearly of the figure of a horfe-dioe, being about 1 2 miles in length, and feven acrofs where broaded. Towards the bottom of it are a few fmall idands, and the water is fo dioal that a boat can hardly go near the diore. 1 he foil on the north fide of the bay is very fandy, but there are fome fpots near the ruins of St. Jofeph's that are covered with a kind of verdure, and produce plenty of grapes, fome of which are large, of a purple colour, and pretty good to the tade : they were probably planted there by the Spaniards, t here are here likewife fome fmall cabbage-trees, of which there are great numbers on St» George's idands beyond cape Blaife, atid ^n all the coad to the eadward. '1 hefe cabbage-trees do not grow above the height of 20 feet •, the bud or unformed leaves, in the hearty being boiled, has fomewhat the tade of cabbage, but is more delicious. A tery good edablidiment might be made here for a fiftiery, as the fettlers might make fait on the fpot to cxire the bafs, rock, cod, grouper, red mullet, and other kinds of fidi, which are here in great abundance ; and, when well cared, are little if at all inferior to thofe brought from the northward. The peninfula between St. Jofeph's \»nd cape Bhife is a avrow dip of land, in fome places not above a quarter of a wile broad. The gaps here and there upon it, and the water in the bay appearing through them from ihe mad- head, together with the trenchlnjT of the land about N N.W, tnd S S. £. for near four leagues, make it ealily known,. the trees about cape Blaife are very thick } and there is a ren^arkaUe fingle tree^ like a budi, that ftands without the G g 2 othsrs -(. lA- 452 LOUISIANA AND WEST-PLORID>i. Other* towards the point. In cafe of an caAerly wind, there is fafe anchorage oppofite the thickeft trees, in fix or feven fathoms, about one or two miles off fhore i and there is a large pond of frefli water near the beach, about three or four miles to the eadward of cape Blaife. There is alfo a re- markable gap amone the trees between the fea and the bottom of St. Jofeph s bay, where is a narrow i(lhmus not above 5 or 600 yards broad. Cap« Blnife, where it ends in a low point near two miles from the trees, in latitude 29° 40 N. is not only remark- able from the aforefaid circumilances, but likewife on ac- count of the irregular foundings that are found a great way out at fca from it. There is a fpit of land that runs about two miles from the point in a 8. S. E. direction } and there are fcveral banks of three or four fathoms, at the diftancc of fix or fcven miles, with deep water from feven to ten fathoms between them. There are even fomc banks of fiVe and fix fathoms almoA out of fight of land from the mad-head ; but though they may alarm a ftranger, there is no danger in going near enough to make the land plain. There is another cape, or point of land, about fix Icaguci to the eallward of cape Blaife, being an elbow of the largefl o^ St. George's iflands, nearly oppofite to the river Apala- chicola. This point lies in 29° 38' N. There is a large {hbal ruaning out from it a confiuerable way^ but how far has not yet been afcertained. The coaft between it and cape Blaife forms a kind of hollow bay, with deep found- ings, and a foft bottom. There are two iflands to the north-weft of St. George's cape ; that neareft to it is fhiall, and remarkable for a clump of ftraggling trees on the middle of it ; the other is a pretty large ifland of a triangular form, and reaches within three leagues of cape Blaife, having a pafiage at each end of it for fmall craft into (he bay, between thefc iflands Jind the river Apalachicola : but this bay is full of fhoals and oyfter banks, and not above two or three feet water at moft in any of the branches of that river. Having thus given an account of the fearcoaft of Weft-Flo- rida, I Ihall' conclude with a few general obfervations on the feafons, winds, tides, &c. As moft of the bars lie a confiderable way without the entrance of the bays and rivers, the water feldom rifes or falls on them above a foot ; but in the bays or channels it rifes two or three feet. The tides are irregular^ and leem to be governed in a great meafure by the winds ; but not always by that wind which blow» , ' . dircdiy LOUISIANA AND WEST-FLORIDA. 453 direfily on the fpot. Though there is generally about la hours flood and 12 hours ebb, yet it often happens that there are two tides of each in the I'pace of 24 hours } and fometimes the tide will run one way for the fpace of 18 hours together, and only iivc or fix hours thd contrary, (0 that nothing can be faid with certainty on this fubje^t* By reafon of the trade winds blowing in ihe Atlantic ocean, ind continuing into the bay of Mexico, it is natural to fup^ pofe that the water, being there hemmed in, will of courfe force a paiTage out where it finds the Icafl refif\ance ; which is throueh the gulf of Florida. From this general principle it fhould follow, that on the coaft of Weft-Florida it ought to run from weft to eaft, which in fome nieafure would ac- count for the fhoals being found at the eaft end of all the iflands on this coaft, and deep water on the weft ends \ but in a large bay, or mediterranean Tea, like that of Mexicoj^ where there are fo many rivers, bays, &c. the general courfe of the current muft be greatly difturbed. ^ From this proceeds that irregularity which is obfervablc on the north fide of the bay of Mexico, where the tide of ebb always fets to the eaftward near the fhore, and the flood fr6m the fouthward, or S. £ : what it may do in the ofling has not yet been examined, nor will it beeafily determined. To the eaftward of cape Blaife, the general obfervations concerning the deep water at the weft end of the iflandft and peninfulas, and vice verfa, do not feem always to hold good. Indeed, as far as has been examined of the weft part of Eaft-Florida, it is a fhoal a conftderable way from the land (and therefore ought to be known only to be avoided), except the bay of Efpiritu Sandto *, at the entrance of * The bay of Efpiritu Sandlo is fituated on the weft coaft of the >rovince of Eaft Florida, in 27° of north latitude. It has a good larbour; but the land all about that coaft is very low, and cannot X feen from a (hip's deck when in feven fathoms water. Several low fandy iflands and mar(hes, covered with mangrove buflics, lie before the main land. Here is the greateft quantity of fifh in the fummer time imaginable; which may be catched with a^fetne, enough to load a ftiip, if the climate would admit of curing them, even in a few days. Here is ftone proper for building on this coaft ; alfo great plenty of deer, and fome wild cattle. But the main hnd near the^oaft is in general fandy and barren, and is intermixed in many places with vallies capable of improvement for ftock of all forts. The ba^ aod iflands before the 'idiun land abound with 0fli and various forts •f, wild fowl, Cg 3 , which 1 •'> ! ': -w^sMh?,, 454 LOUISIANA AND WE$T-F10RI0 A. which, in the latitude 27" 8'| thcrt is four fathoms, aixi fafe anchorage. From the winds that prevail iji general on this conil during the months of April, Muy, ;^td to the middle of June, the v;eat} ^x is mild. I he Tea and' land breezes are pretty regular, and they generally continue fo all the fummer. In July, Augu(V, ani! moft of September, there are frequent fquallst with much rain, thunder, and lightning: and (bmetimcs gales of wind from the fouth and fouth-i»«ft for feveral days together. From the middle of October to the end of March, the northerly wind? prevail, which at times blow very hard during t.hat feafon ; when the wind changes to the eaf^ward or fouthw; "d of that point, it is commonly attended with clofe, hazy, or foggy weather. It ought to be obferved, in tailing in the gulf of Mexi> CO, to be very careful of logs, or driftwood, in the night- time*, for lyhen the waters of the MiiliQippi are high, that river difgorges an immenfc number of large logs, or trees; which, being driven by the winds and currents all over the gulf, may do confiderable dam:»ge to vrflcls under full fail. I fhall here fubjoin fome remarks on the Tortugas, &c. as heretofore pubU(hed by George Gauld, cfq As a competent knowledge of the Atuation of the Dry Tprtugas is abfolutely neceflary for the navigation to and from the north fide of the bay of Mexico, and from the "Weft-Indies through the gulf of Florida, a few general remarks concerning them may not be unacceptable to the public at thif time. I hey confifl: of ten fmall iflands, or keysj extendinj^^ E N E. andW. S. W. for ten or eleven miles, atthe di(hnce of about 30 leagues from the neareft part of the -oalt of Florida, 40 from the ifland of Cuba, and 14 leagues iijm the wefternmoft of the Florida keys, Thty are all very low, but feme of them covered with mangrove buflies, and may be feen at four leagues diftance. The fouth-wefternmoft keys, which, in going from Penfacola, Mobille, or the Mifliilippi, 13 the eorner to be turned, and coming from ^ape .r^ntohio, the point to be avoided, lies in 24" 32 north latitude, and zhowt 83° 50 weft longitude, from the royal obfervatory at Greenwich ; the variation of the compafs, by a mediu^n of feveral obfervations, is feven degrees eaft. A reef of coral rocks runs about a quarter of a mile S. W. from thefc keys, the water on which is difcoloured ; and in general, wherever tljcre is danger, iimaycafily be (eon fron ■ : ' ■ ' * ■ - ' • ■ tv LOUISIANA AND WEST-FLO'RIDA. 455 the mafl-head in the day-time. There is a large bank of brown coral rocks, intermixed with white patches of fand, about five or fix miles to the weAward of the Tortugas, with very irregular foundings from Hx to twelve fathoms i the bottom api>ears very plainly; and though it m..^ be alarm- ing to Arangers, yet there' is no danger. You will find from 13 to 17 fathoms between this bank and the Tortugas. If you are botuid to the caAward, and meet with a Arong eaOterW g«ilc, which is frequent there in the fuminer feafon, you may fafely come to an anchor in five or fix fathomsy under the lee of tne long Tandy iiland to the northward of the S. W. key, about a quarter of a mile off (hore. The bank of foundings extends only about five or fix league* to the fouthward of the Tortugas, but much farther to the ' weAward, and all the way to the northward along the Florida ihore. This is a lucky circumAance for the fafety of navi- gation in thofe parts, as caution in foundings may prevent any danger in the night-time } for the foundings are ex- tremely regular all along this bank to the northward, almoft to cape filaifc, in latitude 29° 41' : fo that by the latitude and depth of water, we generally know how far we are to the eaAward or weAward. There is a fpace of feveral leagues together, from ao to 50 fathoms ; but from 50 or 60 it deepens faA to 70, 80, and foon after no ground. From the bar of Penfacola to the Dry Tortugas, the true courfe is S. 30° N. 134 leagues, and therefore S« £. by S. by the compafs will carry you clear of them to the wcAvrard ; but it will be both prudent and neceil:.^ry to found frequently when you get into the latitude of 26^ 25', and never ftat.» '.n to lefs than 30 fathoms in the night-time, till you are paA the latitude of 24° 30', when you may haul up S. E. by £. or £. S. £. which will carry you near to the Havanna. There is a broad channel over the bank to this eaAward- of the Tortugas, of 10 to 17 fathoms ; which, in going to and from the coaA of WeA-Florida, Sec, might occafionally cut off a great deal of the diftance } but that paffage is by ro means to be attempted,, unlefs you can fee the Tortugas diAin£tly, and keep within two or three leagues bf the eaAernmoft of them, as there is a coral bank of only 12 feet at the diAance of five leagues } and farther on towards Cayo Marques, the weAernmoA of the Florida keys, there is a very dangerous and extenfive bank of quickfand^ on many parts of which there are no more than four or five Gg4 ^ct :;^N^" y I 4^6 LOUISIANA AND WEST-FLORIDA. feet of water4 It is of a remarkable white colour^ and may ■ be eaiily feen and avoided in the day-time. Having now finiHied my intended narrative, I fhall clofe it with the following obfervations upon the probable con- ' fequences that will arife to the United States of America, from the poiTeflion of fo extenfive a country, abounding with fuch a variety of climate, foil, and productions ; re- ferring my reader for his further information upon the fubjeA, to the Philofophical ElTays publifhed in London in 1772, concerning the ftate of the britifh empire on this continent. There is fome amufement at lead in reflecting upon the vaft conlequences, which fome time or other mufl infallibly attend the fettling of America. If we confidcr the pro- grefs of the empires which have hitherto exifted in the world, we fhall find the (hort duration of their moft glo- rious periods, owing to caufes which will not operate againft that of Nortk America. Thofe empires were formed by con<]ueft ; a great many natioils different in charaCler, lan- guage, and ideas, were by force jumbled into one hetero- geneous power : it is moft furprifing that fuch diflbnant parts fhould hold together fo long. But when the band of union was weakened,' they returned to their original and natural feparation : language and national charaCler formed many fovereignties out of the former copnefted varieties, This, however, will be very different with Korth America 5 the habitable parts of which, including the dominions of Britain and of Spaing north of latitude 30°, contain above 3,500,000 fquare miles. It would be unneceliaiy to re- mark, that this includes what at prefent does not belong to our North America. If we want it, I warrant it wifl foon be ours. This extent of territory is much greater than that of any empire that ever exifted, as will appear by the following table : Square Miles. The perfian empire under Darius contained - 1,650,000 The roman empire, in its utmoft extent • i,6io,ooo The thinefe empire » - - 1,749,000 The great mogurs - - - 1,116,000. The ruffian empire, including all Tartary, is larger than hny of thefe. Bur I might as well throw into the american fcale the countries about the Hudfon's bay, for the one is Tork and Pennfylvania, in North America ; and particularly the lands in the coun? ty of Ontario, known by the name of the Genefee traft, < lately located, and now in the progrefs of being fettled. HE lands generally known by the name of the Genefee tra^ are fituated in ^he ba^l^ parts of the fiate of New- Yorkf and contain upwards of 2)000;ipoo of acr^s, moftlj !iiiijriiiiii*i«i'"**'ii^'^^'^'^.« jlccoumt of the gekesee tract. 45f good arable land, forming nearly an oblong fquare of ^o miles in length from fouth to north, and 42 miles wide from caft to weft. Thefe lands were granted to melTrs 6orham and Phelps, the original purchafers from the ftate of Maflachuflfet?, in the year 1788. And this grant was afterwards c&a^rmed by the fix nations of Indians, who, on receiving a val jable confideration, alienated the whole of this property, and foon after thefe nations removed themlelves and families to a diftant country. The fouth-eaft corner of this tra£l is in latitude 42% lon- gitude 82° } lying weft from the river Delaware ; and 77 miles weft from Philadelphia. The a£tual diftance of the eaftem boundary, from the Hudfon's river or Albany, is about 140 mile From Phila- delphia, by the neareft road, the diftance may be about 180 miles ■, and not more than 200 miles north of the propofV ed new city of Columbia, the intended feat of government of the United States. But the peculiar advantages which diftinguifh thefe lands over moft of the new fettled countries of America, are the(l^ following: i. The uncommon excellence and fertility of the foil. 9. The fuperior quality of the timber, and the advantages of eafy f:ultivation, in confequence of being ge- nerally free from underwood. 3. The abundance of grafs for cattle in the woods, and on the extenfive meadow grounds upon the lakes aiid rivers, j 4. The vaft quantities of the fugar maple tree, in every part of the traft. 5. The great variety of other line timber, fuch as oak, hiccory, black walnut, chefnut, afh of difl^erent kinds, elm, but ter- nut, baflvrood, poplar, pines, and alfo thorn trees of a pro- digious fize. 6. The variety of fruit-trees, and alfo fmaller fruits, fuch as apple and peach orchards, in different places, which were planted by the Indians, plum and cherry-trees, mulberries, grapes of different kinds, rafpberries, huckle- berries, blackberries, wild goofeberries, and ftrawberries in vaft quantities: — alfo cranberries, and black haws, &c. 7. The vaft variety of wild animals and game which is to be fpund in this country, fuch as deer, moofe deer, and elk of a very large fize, beavers, otters, martins, minxes, rabbits, fquirrels, racoons, bears, wild cats, &c. many of which fur- nifh excellent furs and peltry. 8. The great variety of birds for game, fuch as wild turkies, pheafants, partridges, pigeons, ployecs, heath-fowl, and Indian hen^ together »--« and fixed their refidence. — Of this returfi the following is an exaft copy : . , . . .• • Thefe lands are part of the traft of country which was grant- ed to the officers and fuldiers of the continental arrtlVf for military fcrvices. The foil is in general the fame as the Gcnefec pre-emp- fion : bat they dp not poflbfs equal advant|iiges, in being exempted From tht; land-tax for 1 5; years. Thefe lands are not only fabjeft ^0 the ufual taxes of the ftate, as foon as located, but fettlemeats fnuft be made, and houfes built, within a limited time,, otherwife |hey revert back to the ft ate. •f In 1793 the inhabitants were fix times that ntrmbe*,— Eoit. \ "i A re- 4^2 ACCOtTNT OP^.THE GENESEE TRACt. A return of the fettlers on the prtf-emption lands in the county of Ontario, December 1 790. .n 1 M«ile« aiaai J> St 81 • No ofl bl Ranges 1 1 above 16 under i6 ; .a (1, -, Town- fliipt hi In the ift range, .i— 10 aa II 26 1 No. 2 11.9 ditto, — ditto, — ditto, — ditto, — ditto, _ In the ad range, — ditto, .. ditto, — ditto, — ditto, _ ditto, — In the 3d range, — ditto, ~ • ditto, — In the 4th range, — ditto, — ditto, ditto, .> In the 5th range, — IS J 10 8 % 6 5 I 7 6 2 18 11 4 4 3 I* 4 I »4 IZ 30 33 4 8 9 1 20 12 4 70 32 10 18 7 38 i6 4 «3 5 J 7 7 a 9 I 8 lo I a 4 6 a o a5 9 7 «7 4 >2 1 9 20 »3 3 2 30 4 o o o o 6 o o o o o o • o o o o o b • o o o I o 0- 6 I o o o 7 o c o o o z o o Q o 1 o I 9 10 II No. I a J lO ZI No. 10 11 IS No. 8 9 lO 11 No. 9 65 «i SO 5S ti 34 as 3I »3 5 99 ss »4 ao I] 3o 2 ' ditto, — ditto,! . - 7 a 18 5 »5 ID 17 7 4 3 4, 4 o 10 ZI 26 10 ditto, — ditto, — 5 th and 6th, — la the 6th range, — 8 4 10 4 4 12 5 9 4 ai II o • o o • o o o 12 jand4 No.10 28 20 23 ditto, — ditto, — Ib the Jth range, — 9 I I 36 3 I la I 3 i8 4 1 o o o o o ZI la Ho. 6 56 8 5 ditto, — ditto, — WcftoftheGenefee 8 8 16 18 4 15 11 36 I a 9 lo 34 59 river, Indian lands o^fp- 7 10 9 15 o 34 fite to No. 5, 8, and 9, iii^ the 7th 1 tange — 4 % 3 6 • «7 .1 ■ — • ^— ■ • •— " ^^~~ ^■— TotA ' toi 5*3 >9» : )i8 I 3 11 — -. i047« ' 1 • By advices received in March 1793, the inhabitants had in- creafed to 7000, and fettlers were daily going ot lie lands. In two years hence, the Gensfee lands may be eftimated to contain 15,000. —Edit. «* Bcfides ACCOUNT OF THE GENESEE TRACT. 463 " Befides thefe fettlers who aflually occupy the Genefce tra£l) there is an eftablifliment of quakersj called the Friends fettlement} iituated on the eaftern ridge of the grant, and at the outlet of the Crooked lake, conflfting of 260 per- fons, who are very induftrious, and have already made con- fiderable improvements, having completed an excellent grifl: and faw mill fome time ilnce.-— It is expected there will be double that number before a twelvemonth. — ^To the north- ward of this fettlement, I2 or 15 miles didant, at the north-weft corner of the Seneca lake, and about three miles from the boundary of the grant, is the town of Geneva, in the neighbourhood of which there are many fettlers, and fo on northwardly to lake Ontario, and in different direc- tions for about 30 miles. About 20 miles fouth from the Friends fettlement, near the head of the Seneca lake, is the village of Culvers, and four miles further on is Cathrines town. In the neighbourhood of thefe villages there is a di(l triA of country bounded by the Pennfylvania line on the fouth, and the heads of the Seneca and Cayuga lakes on the north, and running eaft from the Genefee fouthern bound- ary, to Owega creek, in which there are near 600 families fettled. Between the Seneca and Cayuga lakes, and par- ticularly to the eaftward of the latter, the country is fettling %ery faft, and fo on along the eaft branch of the Sufque- hanna, to its fource at lake Ocfega.-»It would be difGcult to afcertain the prefent population of the lands adjoining the Genefee grant, but it may be fafely concluded, from the progreflion of fettlements for two or three years paft, that in the courfe of a very few years, the whole country to the eaftward of the pre-emption line will be well and thickly inhabited *. The New-England fettlers, who have already * An Idea of the rapid population may be formed, from a detail of the towns and villages which have been built within the laft three years, and which are now in a ftate of progreffive increafe, oamely* Inha- bitantt. 1. The town of Cannandarqoa, at the north end of the lake of that name, lying within the Genefee grant, and intended to be the head town of the county of Ontario gtf- 2. The Friends fettlement, at the outlet o'f the Crooked lake * - ... 360 ' Carried over 359 %. The 1 4. 1' V M i, >' i i 464 ACCOUNT OF THE GENESEE TRACT. already fixed themfelves on the Genefee tra^V, have made fuch favourable reports of the climate and foil, that there are vaft numbers of their countrymen preparing to remove thither. Some of thefe, who at firft bought townfhips of the original grantees, are felling farms to new fettlers from two to three dollars an acre, according to quality, fituation, and other local advantages. «* It is in contemplation at prefent to make a water com* munication between the Sufquehanna and the Skuylkill*, which, if effefted, will lay open the market of Philadel- phia for the reception of the produce of all the Genefee country. And as the foil and climate are fuppofed to be the heft in the world for railing large and productive crops of hemp, flax, Indian corn, wheat, rye, barley, oats, buck- wheat, peas, beans, and every other fpecies of grain pro- duced in North America, much benefit will be derived to the fettlers, by every improvement which can be made in facilitating carriage by inland navigations. ** At prefent wheat can be fcnt from the Genefee fcttlc- ments to Philadelphia, at one Ihilling fterling per buftid; but if the water communication be opened between the two rivers, the coft will not exceed four pence. *' Dry goods can now be fent to thefe new fettlcments at about eight (hillings fterling per hundred weighl, ^vhich will probably be reduced to three fhiUings, when the navi- gation is completed. , Inha- bitant!. ' Brought over 359 3. The town of Geneva, at the north- weft corner of the Seneca lake (fuppofed to be) - - - 100 4. The village of Culvers, near the head of the Seneca lake (fuppofed to be) ... ■yo 5. The village of Cathrines . town, fituatfcd on the head of the Seneca lake, four miles from Culvers - 30 6. New town, a beautiful village on the eallern forks of the Tioga river (fuppofed) - - ioq 7. Cheeming town, three miles below New town • 50 The fettlements on the lands furrounding thefo towns, m ^ a fquaic of about 80 miles - ' - - 5931 - » Total 6640 • * '793*. T^^.'* communication is aclually begun, and promifes ihe grcatell advantage to the Genefee lands. — Edit. <« Na ACCOUNT OF THE 6SMBSBI T&ACT. 465 « No country in the world is better adapted for railing cattle than the Genefee grant. One of the firft fettlen in that country aflerta, that he can every feafon cut vnld graft on his own farm, in the Genefee flats^ fufficient to eady been reprefented to be luxuriant beyond defcrip- tion, in a fpecies of coarfe graft, very fit for hay. It is faid that there are many wild horfes upon the tn£t, which, is an additional proof of there being winter food in the flat lands and in the forefts." The farming lands exhibit a variety of diffbrent foils adapted to every fpecies of cultivation. The bottoms be- twetii the rifing grounds beine univerfally rich, and the foil deep in every part of the traa, may be turned fuccefsfully to the raifing of hemp and flax of the very firft quality, alfo Indian corn. On the r4fing gropnds, wheat, rye, oats,^ barley, buck-wheat, potatoes (which are faid to be the beft * 1793. Sheep are alfo foond to profpef on theft lands, and the {entlemen who lefide there have a vaft miaber, befidcs hogs, cowi|| and ppttltryi &e.-— Edit. I :vl 4^ Aceov^T or t^t oevesee tract* It the world), turoip^, and all kinds of vegetables, may S# tf^iva^ed in ttie (>reateft perfeAion ; and confiderable ad- tvnttj^ may b( derived from making afliet from the tim« ber cOjnfume ' 'm dearing the grounds. Indeed the woods of America fumilh much refource,- Independent of agriculture, not only in the article of pot and ftctrl aihes, and in the fugar extra^ed from the Tap of the mapie ; but alfo in fxits and ikins, from the woods fur- rpundin^ the farm : and Cuch articles always produce ready xioney to the new fettler, to affifl him in his agricultural pvrittlts. On the Oenefee lands, iron ore has alfo been dUeovercd^ which, at a future period, may be produdtive of great advantage to rlie proprietors^ Already very good cp*e faap been found on one of the town(hips, and informa- tion iMis tieen a^hially received, that iron founderies are ibon to be erected on another towrihip, fituated upon the property of a Mr. Facit. ** Every part of the traft abounds with fpringi of excel- tent water. ' « It has alfo been afferted^ that there are fait fprings on the grant, and that fome of them are now worked by ihe iiew fettlers, fo as to A)p|>l7 the whole with good fait, at 9 fiioderate price, ** There is tikewifb a natural ftdphnr fprmg in the traA. «< The preient fettlers have ahready got a jfine ftotk of eattle and hogs, and find that they thrive vad increafe very £ift i but as yety there are few (heep, although, it is fup' p9fed, they wcmld fuceeed well on the hills, after the coun>' try i$ more fully peopled. Several genteel fmnilies are pre- pufng to fettle on the traft this feafbn, which will greatly racHitate the population of tfaefe lands. ** The crops of wheat, Indian corn, and other fmalf grains, were very, abundant laft year } fa that the prefent ^tlers are in 9' fitu^tion to aflift and to fupply the wan^s of new corner). ** The market for gf aiii and provifion raifed in the Genefee eotmtry, wili be on the fpot for fome time to come, 'and the «>h(laqt>in^ux of fettlers^ who may be expeAed, until the wh6le of thefe lands are occupied, will, at leaft for a time^ cqnfume all. the lurplu^ produce ', afterwards the city of Piiiiadel|^ia wil) prob^ly be the heft market ^ and whils iht coufeitryls in thr progrefs of being ftttled, the hemir a^d flax raifed br the Geneiee hnatrs, and alfi> the afiiet "t aid AecdtTirt of trb oiirtsBt ttAtt. 4V7 • %ti(l fligar made upon tbefe lands, and the ikhn and ftxtt ^ocvred b^ hunting, muO .Itimately go to Philadelphiii «nd New- York j but this wnl be the bufincfs of the mer- chant, who will receive all thefe articles from the farmer in Return for dry goods, implements of hufbandiy, fait and knfn, and fuch other articles as the fettlers may want." It b'the conftant praAice in America, for fmall traders to le(labli(h what is called flying f^ores, fpr the fale of goods Wherever new fettleinents are ihade. And already there arc actually fueh merchants eilabliihbd in the Genefee country, St the county town of Canandraqua, at the north end of the lake of that name, where all kind of produce is bought and fold by the merchants already fettled there. Wheat is, at prefent, 1791, one dollar per buftiel (48. 66, fterling) ; indian corn^ 2s. 6d. ditto } fait, from the Onon- dago works, 60 miles call of the grant, is half a dollar a bnfhel ) in time it will be cheaper. At a future period, when population iliall have rendered Various markets neceflary, the heavy articles raiffcd on the jnorthern part of the grant, will probably be tranfported to 'Quebec, by the way of lake Ontario, CatorOqui, and Mont- Veal ; and fuch articles as will bear land-carriage, by the way »f the Mohawk river and Neiv-York. As the crops are extremely uncertain in Canada, it i^ by no means improbable that this country muft often be reforted to in order to fupply the Canadians with breacl. It has been already mentioned, that the climate of this country is reckoned more mfld in winter, and lefs flilfi^ ta the funamer, than the fame latitudes nearbrthe t^lanVtc dbean; ind as agriculture advances, and the country becomes inorc open, the climate will improve. At prefertt it h ekVl^drtly healthy, and none of thofe perrodictl difprdefs are known among the fettlers which prevail in thofe pSrti df AAierica Which are nearer the fea, fuch as intermitting ifevers, agues, and bilious complaints. The fevere weather generally fets in about the beginning •f December, with (harp cold, black Irofts, jtnd fklls of fnow. About chriftmas the grotmds are covered with foow. Which continues about two months> or t!It«4itie firft w«ek tn ^archt during which interval there is a tit^ ferene A:y» With tine weather. It is then that the farmer traniiijorts hit corn and other produce to a market, or to the granaries and fiores at thfe landing-'phcea, to be in reAdin . Aance, in which they appear to have more real enjoyment than ^^e fame daft of people in any other country in the . world Thefe fnows are therefore reckoned extremely bAneficial ; , for while they meliorate the ground, and afli(V the farmer in removing hit heavy timber and produce, at an eafv ex- pence, they contribute much to hit comfort and happinefi, in the intercourfe with hit fricndt an I neighbours, in the facility of travelling from one place to another, and in the fine, (erene, and clear atmofphere which it experienced dur- \ ing the whole of the winter. The fnowt are generally oflT the ground about the middle of March, when the fpring weather commencet, by mild ihowert of rain, which continue occaiionaUy du^ring the whole of the montht of April and May, gradually becoming warmer and warmer ) which cccafiont a quick vegetation. During thit feafon the country iu delightfully beautiful, with the whole firuit-treea in bloom, at well at every flirub or , vine which heart any wild fruit m the woods. In June the weather begint to grow warm. In Tuly aqd Auguft 4t it occafionally fultry, with frequent tliunder* Ihowert, which are fucceeded immediately by nne ferene vftp- ther, without the intervention of any fettled rains. During this feafon the flie* are very troublcfomc i but this will be left and left the cafe at the country iu cleared. The montht of September, OfVobcr, and November, are delightfully pUnfant. The mornings and evenings are . fometimet- foggy ^ but the middle part of the day is rlc;>r and ferene, without any raint to diftreft the farmer in fxving ; hit different cropt, or to prevent him from reaping tlic full . extent of the fru|tt of hit induftry. The great variety of fruits and game alfo, at this feafon , of the year, adds not a little to the pleafure and comfort of the fettlera. Itut Aill thcle comforti arc not to be aciiuired without indudry and labow. ' The , •The Gene unds, ind are with the Indian + This numb joo Gerroant m P«>«ngtIjeJ«ij ACCOUNT OP THB CKMKSBE TRACT.' 469 -'the Genefee country makina apart of the new county of ' Ontario, in the Aatc of New- York, li confeouently under ' the government of the cnngrefs of the United Statesi which govrrnnient is perfectly free. Every inhabitant is eligible to be chofen a meml)rr of the legiflative body, or to be ap- pointed a public magiltrate. Religious opinions exclude no man from any public iituation in the government, and every fc^tary or focicty are at perfect liberty to exercife their own Mode of worfhip, under the protection of the fame laws . Which give the mott perfect fecurity to their property. The native Indians have wholly retired from the Genefee country*. In this particular quarter of America, thefe tribes are now pcrfcdly tranquillized, and difpofed to culti- vate the arts of peace and civilization. After cedina any tra£t of country, for a valuable consideration paid, and after a treaty figned for that purpofe, as in the prefent cafe, ho inflancc occurs of thefe Indians ever fettling upon the fame lands. ! hey are remarkable for keeping faitn in this re- . fpcft. Indeed ihey always retire from the fettled countries, on account of the fcarcity of game, upon which they princi- pally depend for fubfiftence. But above all, the extended fociety of white inhabitants^ amounting to upwards^of 6000 perfonsf, already eftabliChed in this new country, half of whom may be prefumed able to bear arms, gives the moft perfect fecurity to the fettlers,. and the n>ore efpecially as their numbers wUl daily increafe. With this increafe will alfo be introduced, in a greater degree every year, public fchools and other feminaries of learning for the education of youth of both fexet, as well at places of public worfliip. Some churches and cHapcls are already built in this new country \ and the lateft advices ' ftate that the rev. Mr.'Rofswas to eftablilh an academyi for the educatioPi of youth, in the county town of Cannan- darqua, in the Genefee tra£t, in the courfe of the fpring or fummer 1791 > , To theie improvements in civil fociet/ are added, courts of juftice, and public magiAratei \ and judges for the new country of Ontario 1 where court-houfes, and other public buildings, are either ere^Ud or in progrefs, fo at to extend * The Genefee lands are nearly 800 miles from the Kentucky Imdi, and are by that means diftantly feated from the prefent war with the Indians(i 793).— Edit. i This number is idmoft doubled, and laft year upwards of (00 Germans went from Hamburgh, &c. for the purpofe of im- proving tlie lands, and were to be embodied as miUtMu^EoiT. H h 3 to ■oi fc».!*i.ijkij-^t.._-^ »>.-*/*^. 47# Accovv-T av thk osmesis tract.* to thjft i|3)iabitantS'th<; faQie civil and pplit;tcal pr and in fending reprefentatives to coxh. grefs and tQ the iicrbbl^,, 'w^ch are enjoyed by otl^. citi% zeim of Aopteri^i ■^ In addition to what has been already faid conceriUQg ^t inaple filgar, it, may here be remarked t^at no cultiygtipq, ic neceflaiy; that np contingency, fuch a$ hurricanes, oj: t«i^ feafopt, can diftprb the pf ocefs } f hat i^ei^her tlie hlaia.vy« tJ^,^!^ p^nce of ipi-ls, engihes, machinery, or a fyftem of, i[)lapting» ^hich occupies negroes for the whole qf the feafon, i$ neca? iUry at^ll to make the maple iugar :-*-the proccfs' occupies £3c weeks, fyom th(B mid*he or February, ip the ^nd q| Marc!b * atld the whole of the bt;iild2ngs, and olher ar,ticlcs Dece0ary fbr carryins it on, are to be obtaiQcdat fo trifling an expence, a$ to be within the reach of a.iiijr p^fonof conoh mpn induftry, wboft fondu£t in life cap eqtitlf hiip^ to the moft moderate credit. Upon the fcale of fpiir mqit and for the^pin^fe of mak- 19^ 40 cwt. of fugar, all the implpqient^ tl^at are i^eceS^wy^ *rc, theft following: »i StsteeBkettle9of/i$ gallons eachj tor boil the ftp, with pot racks fbr each kettle £^^ 9 • au Two non ladles, with bowls of a gdlon, to* ■ fhiftthefap fpoin one kettle to anoraier 2 5 7(* Four fcrew augers, I tp| inch> for boring the trees - ' •> r Q ^ 4. Tea backets with covers, of three gallons. etch, for coUedJng the fapj and yolocis f^r carrying two between the ihotilders 5'. Sixteen- hundred wooden troughs^ of three; ' gallons ^ach, to receive the fap from the^ ti*os, threepence each • - N. B< Ohe man, acquainted with the bu£i- pe(ii may c^t down wood and make 20 troughs i^ a diy (or eight days work of ten men); i^ Sis, wooden, troughs, dug but frooA. larger. liqibpr, lik«>canoe, for hpldi^^ 4 IQi ^ 4yi ACCOUNT OF THE GENES2E TRACT. manner. This upon the fcale-of four hands : eight hundred trees in all| to be tapped. The fap of the fecond tapping will be found ricl;ier and more productive than the firft. At firA, the auger (hould go no deeper into the tre^ than I of an inch, and to be deepened afterwards to the extent of two inches and a half, as the manner of the Tap's running may render neceflary. — ^The hole to be made in a {lanting or de(cendihg poiition, that the fap may run freely in frofty weather. — In thefe holes there ihould be fixed fpouts to projeQ from the tree 12 inches, but not to enter tiie orifice more than half an inch. Elder wood fpouts to be prepared in the feafon. Preserving the sap or strup.— -In the early part of the feafon^ the fap will keep during froft, but as the fpring advances, it will be neceflary to boil it the day after it is drawn froiA the tree, to prevent fouring and fermentation. Boiling the sap.— A fmart fire fhould be kept up ifrhile the fap is boiling, and a table fpoonful of flacked lime put into each 15 gallon kettle, while the fap is warm<' ing, . an4 before it boils, to raife the fcdm, and give the fu^ a grain. w hep the fcum rifes, it ihould be ikimmed off. When the liquor is reduced one half,'difcharge it into the one half of the kettles, continuing the prgcefs till the whole is placed in one kettle, filling up the ^mpty ones a^ foon a$ poifible with frefh fap. When the liquor in the laft or aggregate kettle becomes a fynip, it fliould be ftrained through a woollen cloth, be- fore it becomes too thick. When thus cleaned, it (hould (land in buckets or other proper vefTels 12 hours, that the whole fediment may fall tp^the bottom, and th^ clarified fyrup to be poured off into ti kettle or boiler. The fediment to be boiled up again urith frelh (ap. In graining, cleaning, and whiteing the fugar, the me* thod of the iugar-bakers to be ufed. In graining the fugar, pour the fyrup inta a boiler, after liaving fiood 12 hours, and place it over a fmart fire of charcoal, fo as to prevent any flame, ufing 'butter or hog's laird to keep down the fap when it rifes to the top. This ihould be carefully attended to when the fugar is graining* . Th^ mature ftate of the boilirr is Igiown by taking a litth .^-...~, ,^ •».«.:* w-... ACCOUNT OF THE GENESEE TRACT. 47J little of the f^iTp from the boiling-fttck, and trying if it' ropes or draws into a thread between the finger and thumb ; then it fhould be put into a tub or cooler, and ftirred i^cef- fantly until the grain can be felt, when it is in a fit flate to be poured into the moulds. > Molasses and vinegar. — ^When the trees of the fecond tapping become poor, which may Ise about the 3.1ft of March, or perhaps not Jill th& loth of April, the number of fre(h-tapped trees will yield a fap, of which may be made^ good molafies, and excellent vinegar. Rum has alfo been made of an exceeding good quality from the rich Tap. ■ ^ GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. In maple plantations, it may be ufeful to cut. down alt other timber which grow intermixed i^ith the fugar-trees^ and alfo thpfe of that fpecies which are not thriving. It is not yet afcertained from experience, how long a tree may be tapped with fuccefs. — But there are- inftances among old fettlers on. the North river of trees being tapped for 50 years, and ftill continue to yield their fap in feafon, the fame as new trees \ and it is even aflerted bf perfons of fome experience, that thefe trees become mqre, valuable, yielding a fap of a richer quality the more tHey arc tapped. How far a careful cultivation in plantations may ftill in- creafe the quantity, and enrich the juices drawn from this valuable tree, remains to be afcertained by experiment; The prcfumption,. however, is in favour of ftill greater advantages from cultivation and art. THOUGHTS ON EMIGRATION. IF any country in Europe has more people than can be comfortably fubfifted in it, fome of thofe who are incom- ihdded may be induced to emigrate. As long as the new fituation ihall be found to be preferable to the old, emigra- tion may poffibly continue } but when many of thofe, who in the old countries in Europe interfered with others th the fame rank in the competition (for farms, {hops, bufinefs, and other means of fubfiftence), are gradually withdrawn to another country, the inconvenience of that competition <(af^;. The numbers remaining no longer half ftarve each other. El ' li -X,.-- ■ a»j 474 ACCOUNT or the genesee tract. (©Aer.—'Xbey find- they can now fubfift comfortably ; >n4, ihoQ^ pp-hap« not ^ite fo well as thofe^rho left them, jet the inbred attachment to a natire country is fufficient to iBTCrbalarice a moderate difference j and thu» the 6migra> tkm ceafes naturally of itfelf. without the necellSty of any Iegiflatiy,e reftriii^ioiqiSy whw are neither neceiQiary nor jpolitic '^he waters of th« ocean may move in currents ftom one ii|U3rter of the globe to anotlier, as they happei) in fome places to be accumulated,, and in others diminifhed } but no law beyooJ the law of gravity^ i» neceilary tp prevent their ari>andoi>Hig any coafl entirely. Thus the different degrees «f happinefs of different countries and fltuations filndj or mther makey^ their level by the flowing of people from one ta another }, and where that level is once found, the re- movals ceafe. Add'tq this, that even a real defieiehcy of |KopIe in any country, occaHoned by a wading w^r or pefti- fence, is Q)eedily fupplied by earlier, and of courfe more pro- llfie marriages^ encouraged by the greater facility of obtain- ing the means. of fubfiAence ; fo that a country half depo- pulated would foon be repeopled| till the means of fubfiftv cnce were equalled by the population. All increafe beyond' that point muft perifh» or flow off intp more favoorable ^nations. Such overfowings there have been of inankinji' nz all ages, or we fhould not now have had thirteen ftMef JBi America, containing near four millions of people } but fo apprehend abfdlute depopulation from that caufe, is ttif liiq2>poie tHat, by the ebbing and flowing of a great river, v^ time h*^ waters would be exhanfted. That great national advantages may be acquired to tUv old countries in Europe, from whence people emigrate, ha^ been ibewn in one point of view : but if fuch overflowing of people fhould go to another country where land is eafily acquired, and population encouraged' by early marriages, tk^ is another point of view in which the parent flate may be bencQted, by, the removal of the people it c^ fpare.^ Utitrhatnefit will; aii^e £sqsa. predlle£](ion5 for the manufac* tnref 'Of their native country ; hence an extended confump* fi«i>.o£ dte^ labour of the people who are engaged in manu-„ HSivteii. lis- th^ c4d countries, from whence thefc people- eniigmlieid } aod ir< *.<■> far as thefe people multiply in % 0reai(er<4tgcee thvi dxey could have done in Europe, and ii^ v^£)^ JSq a& they> by means of ch.:ap land and agricultural^ muiiiit^l CMiifiAii^me mofiC of. tlV' of^i^HfiK^e§ than the|^ ' ' ' ' fOulC i (coidd.hare done, in their ovu coyntf^,, from beinj|^ rlcker aOid better able to hxty them i, \^ the il^me proi^tipn ar«: fhefepepple. rendered more iMeCq) to the ftate^ than^ na pmigratjon had- taken place* feeing, that their labour h ren> dered produf^ye abroadf vchich wa& fipt tibs cafe In their own country. The new fettlera in America finding, plenty of (ubfiftenc^ and, bod eailly acquired, whereon to feat their children, felr dorn poftpone marriage through fear of poverty. Thisn^s, tural mcrcafe. is therefore in proportion far beyond, what i|^ would h«ve been had they remained in Europe. New farms are d^Iy everywhere forming in thoCe iip-. tnenfe foreils, new towns and villages rifing : nence a grow-' ing demand for the manufa^hires of their mother-eoiintry, to the greater employment of the manufa^Ehirer, and enrich-*. inent of the merchant. By thj^ natural augmentation pf (be demand for manufaflures, the ftrength of an empire i|. looreared, and. its men^bers are multiplied. "was thif count! y already attached to Great Britain bi, |he tie of confansuinity, a fimilarity of langiiage, religion^ and natural affie^^on fecured by thefe mean% and the mu^ fual advanta^ which would arife. from a treaty of cQoir mercial alliance ; it' would afford ^ii additional ftrengtk to fhe britiih empire, far fuperior, and more to be depended pill than any advantage that ever could have been ^cquireci^ . |>]^ the moft HicGcfs^l conqueft. Thefe national advantages would certainly niooe than equiponderate with any ideal inconveniences that might l>e fuffered by the emigration of fuper^uous cottagers, who «ould remain in poverty ^nd mifery in Europe, ufelefs to ^eokfelve^, and a burden to their country. By removing to enjoy plenty and happinefs, in cultivating the vaftunoc<^' ^pieid trades of fertile land in North America, they would not only cafe their own country of its fupernumerary inha-; lutants, but, as f hey advance in opulence, confume its manu* The overBowings of Gernumy and France -are -now emi* giratingto Anieric^ ; and it^ might, in the co^rfe of a few; Joears, 1)e matter of ferious regret if Britons and Irdanders^ ^ohave a vfmcb letter ri^t, did not endeavour to cement^ by this intimate connexion and a natural alliance, countries ^^harel^ nature designed for the mutuad aggrandizement |i|;kdTup|)or£< of foach^ otiier. ^w«ver ^e^ tfai?. advwgta^< ar& w]l)j{;t|,r«i4tjit. to th« m '•*j?*iii 4j6 ACCOUNT OP THB GENBSEE TRACT, n iStUerii of new'Iandfl in chofen sbod iituatipni in Amerioi/ it is bj no means infinuated or uiggefted tUat the comforts or benefits to be derived firom fuch fettlements are to be ob- tained ix^thout labour and induftry. It is fufficient to fay, that in no country in Europe does labour and induftry pro- duce to the farmer fo ample and Co certain a return, wheri good judgment and perfeverance are exercifed. And per- haps the Deft way to elucidate the nature of the employment 6{ the firft fettlers in fuch a, country as has been already defcribed, is, by a detail of the routine of his occupation as a farmer and planter in the amefican woods for the three iirft years, wliich will be nearly as follows : FIRST TEAR. The farmer or plahter is fuppofed to be a man of fmall } property, young, active, and originally bred in this line; uch a perfon fetting himfelf do^n in the Genefee country, may enter upon the bufinefs of life, with an aiTurance of being foon in eafy circumftances and independent, if he dtKer poflefles money or credit to ftoclt liis little farm, as follows : 1,'With pne breeding mare, one milch cow with calf, two oxen or fteers, two fows with ' pig, a few turkies, geefe, duclcs, and dung- hill fowls } in all fterling - ;^ 30 o o 2. Farming implements : Two axes; two grub- bing hoes, and two common hoes } a plow '■ and filhrrow, with their appendages s a grind- llone, ditto ; a crofs-cut faw, ditto } other farming implements } with two guns, pow- der and (hot; and fifhing tackle • 15 o 3. Houfehold furniture - 1500 4. Com, flour, and other provifions for fix months - - - - - 10 o o Total in ftcrling, about ^70 00 With this ftbck of cattle, implements of hufbandry, and other conveniences, the fettler choofes his fpot of ground; and commences his operations in the month of March, hav- ing previoufly cut down and prepared a fmall quantity of timber. In March, he builds himfelf a Ipg houfe or cabin, which, with the affi.^gnce of his friends and neighbours, is gene- isdly completed in one day. He grubs three acres of his ma new count ACCOUNT OP THE 0£N£SEE TRACT* 47^ beft ground for indian com, &c. and occafionally emplojr* himfelf in ihooting game and t fi fhing, for fubfiftenct through the year. April^he plowf the land which he has grubbed, and cutf rail thnber for fencing it. Ma^— he plants his indian com (one peclc to three acres), and between the rows, pumpkins, cucumbers, and fquaihes are planted. He alfo plants half an acre of potatoes ( an^ l^e likewife makes a fmall garden for peas, beans, coUards, and other vegetables. June-i-he weeds and hills his indian corn and potatoes ( and he proceeds to clear land for fowiiig wheat in the fall.f July— -he continues to weed and hill his indian com, and to clear more land for wheat ; he alfo clears half an acrt for turnips. Auguft — he fows his turnips, tops his indian corn, ind blades it for the cattle — Continues to clear and prepare his wheat hnd. September — he continues clearing his wheat land, and be- gins to plough it up. October — he fows his wheat (one bufhel to an acre), har- rows it in } alfo fows wheat between the rows of his indiafli com. Kills game for the family. November — he fenced his wheat land, which fhould ex* tend to ten acres, if he is induftrious. December— he takes in his indian corn, potatoes, and tur^c nips, and builds a crib for holding his com, and a pit in the n'ound for fecuring the potatoes and turnips againft tht Iroft. Builds a (hed for {helter for the cattle, alfo a fmall houfe fbr the hogs. January— >he cuts and fplits timber for fence rails ; and he alfo cuts logs for enlarging his houfe, which he hauls upon the fnow. February— he continues cutting timber for fence rails, and deading trees on fuch land as he intends to prepare for cuitivatibh during the enfuing feafon. Having thus detailed the progrefRye employment of tht american farmer for the firft twelve months after he fettles in a new country, it may be proper to ftate the probablQ produce of his farm, which may be eftimated as follows : I. Ninety bufliels^ of indian corn} 2. One hundred bafliels of potatoes } 3. Two hundred buHiels of turnips ; 4^ One hundred and fifty bufhels of afhes ; 5. One colt^^ 9, One calf i 7. Eight or ten pigs } 8. Three or four dozen tif 1 1 ' 'J ^F turkies, g^e, and fo^s ; 9. iTcg^tables fqt family Hiei Tuck as rquaflle$| piimpkins, metohSi yard, and (lacks it up. Auguft-— pulls his flax early this month, and prefervet the feed, t^repares half an acre T)F new grcrund for turnips^ and fows them. Tops his indian corn, and blades it fof the cattle. Continues to clear more ground for wheat, and to prepare fence railing. PuHs his hemp towards the end l»f the month. Se^ember— begins to plow his wheat ground, inrhi^h il generally a boy's work. Spreads out his flax, after being watered. Spreads out his hemp alfo in the weather, to r6i< main till winter. Ofhiber — fows his wheat on his rietr gi^buhd ; alfo fows wheat between the rows of his indian corn. Cuts his buck* wheat; threihes It in the Held ; takes home the grain, and Upres it in the loft 6f his houfe* Notembcr-** The ppERi He is then a: the additional cleared for culti tlie means of { fcorfe and yoke MarchT~he *»d domeflics, ixiil it up for fuj the firft time, I He choofes for pares and fows perior to clover April— he fo' fows oats on th< ^ring barley on L May, June, J »• fotaer ycar^ llTo^iiiber-- fences his wheat land about lo acrMmoMi Alfo fow* rfe on ten of the acres whicfh formoiy bovt irlwat i rhe other three he referves to foar #ith oalt in April* Decemher— takes in and fecorea his tndian rd him the means of paying wages. He purchafes an .additJonal horfe and yoke of oxen. March-r-he continues, with the afliftancc of his wife tnd domeftics, to draw off the fap of the fugar-tree, and tm }fal it up for fugar, nK>laAes, and vinegar. This month, fat the firft timue, he turns his attention to meadow ground* He choofes for this purpofe his loweft land, which he pre« pares and fows with timothy grafs, which is deemed fui* perior to clover for new lands !n America. April— he fows a little fpring wheat on new land. Hm fows oats on the three acres formerly referved. He (bwf ipring barley on the fix acres in corn laftyear. May, June, July—- he proceeds -m the fame routine af ihe fonaer year, in clearing land^ planting corn and pota^ toes, r *S Ul *%. m 480 ACCOUNT or THE OBMESEB TRACT. tocf, fowing hemp and flttc, pumpkins, fquaihes» cuctimbers, ami mdohs. Improtet and extends the gjurden ground, and Ami and phuitt all kinds of vegetables. Sows buck* wheat in July. AlTo finiflies his harveft of wheat, oats, and barley, and ftacks it up in his barn-yard. Auguft — he clears and prepares ground for an additional quantity of turnips, alfo for >vhrat. To^> his Indian corn, pulls his hemp, waters his flax, and faves his flax feed. He alfo fows his meadow ground with turnips, along with the timothy grafs. September, OAober— he proceeds in the fame routine of agricultural purfuits as the former years, but on a larger fcale* ..>ilQvember — the neceflary parts of the improvement of the farm being then pretty well advanced, the farmer now thinks of planting orchards. For this purpofe he appropriates the ground neare(\ his houfe, which had been cleared and cultivated the flrft year, to the following purpofes: Kft, For an apple orchard, three acres i 2d, for a peach or- chard, I acre ) 3d, for cherry-trees, plum and pear-trees, &c. I acre ; all of which bear fruit in four years. Between the rows of trees in the orchard may b raifed every year, Indian corn, wheat, oats, &c. At the end of the third year the aggregate produce of the farm fhould be nearly as follows : Sterling. £37 10 I. Indian com a. Wheat 3. Spring wheat 4. Buck wheat • J. Oats • 6. Barley 7. Potatoes 8. Turnips 9. Hemp 10. Flax 11. Garden }i. Meadow ground V Total * '. . . . J 5. Aihes - • 14. Hogs for fale Acreu 10 20 • 3 5 5 3 3 i' Buflielk 30O 400 6e, may cafdy elhiblini'thcmfelvcs there. A little money fayed of the good wages they receive there} while they work for others, enables them, in a few years, to buy land and begin their plantation, in which they are afllAed by the good will of their neighbours adding fume credit. Multitudes of pour people from England, IrclanJj iScotiaiul, and Germany, have,hy this means, m a few years, become Wealthy furn^rii i who, in their own countries, where all the lands are fully occupied, and the wages of hibour luw, could never have emerged from their low condition wherelu they were born. From the falubrity of the air, the healthincfs of the cli- mate, the plenty of good proviflons, and the encouragement to early marriage!*, by the certainty of fubHAenre m ciiU tivating the earth, the increafc of inhabitants by natural generation is very rapid in America, and becomes AIll more fo by the acceflion of Arangers :— hence there is a continual demand for more artifans of all the neceAary and ulcful kinds, to fupply thofe cultivators of the earth with houfcs, and with furniture, and with utenAls of the grofler forts, which cannot fo well be bruught from Europe. Tolerable good workmen in any of thcfe mechanic arts, arc furc to find employ, and 'to be well ]».iid for their worki there being no rcttraints preventing Arangers from excr. citing any art they underltand, nor any pcrmiflion neceifary. If they are poor, they be^in lirA as fervants.or journey- men ) and if they are ibber, induArious, and frugal, they foon btcome maAers, ci'tabliih themfelves in bulincfs, railc families. Mid become refpei^table citixena. LaAly, perfons of moderate fcM'tunes and capitals, who having a number of children to provide for, are deArous of bringing them up to industry, and to fecure eAates for their poAerity, have opportumties of doing it in America, which Kurope does not aAbrd. There they may be taught ufc- ful and proAtable mechanic arts, and may follow the (wtwc without incurring reproach on that account i but, on the contrary, more vain prof|>e^t a InAauces J Ijclng bouq vania, ao y percent, w The oftal In America, wge private too dear th every mie d< of land Incl Things that i bear the ex p in the cour.ti fiKihire of fm A fuflicient « indeed, a goo( it is all workc fiKjture, for tj lities of wool weavers, 8ic, abli(hments, producing <|u»ntirics of linen and woollen goods for fale, has been I'tveral times attempted in difl«rei)t provinces : but thefe projects have generally failed, goods of equal value being imported cheu^ier \ for thei'e unnatural o|ierations mud be fupporied by mutual prohlbhions, or high duties on the imporention of goods, by which means the manufa^urera ait enabled to tux the home confumer by greater prices* Thrrcfore the government of America does nothing to encourage i'uch projed^ \ the people ore by this means not impolVd on eiilver by the merchant or mechanic : if th« merchant demands too much proht on imported (hoes, they buy of the ihnomaker \ and if 1m adks too liigh a price, ihey take rhem of the merchant \ thus the two profelliuns are checkn to each other. The Oioemaker hmvever has, on the whole, a ctMifiderable proHt upon his labolur in America^ beyond what he had in Europe, as he can add to Wis price » Cum nearly equal to all the oxpencts;!i»f< freight aiul.ctim* miition, rlfque, or iniiiranee, 9tc. necc^^rily 'chotgcd bjithi merchant, and the cafe it 'the fdttie iritlVthni workmen in every other mechanic art. llence^it is that artlfans live iictte; and more euiily in An^erl^a than in J^uropav>nd I i 3 l'u( h m ' >l 4S4 DIl. FRANXLIK'i iNrORMATTOK fisch ai are good economics, make a comfortable pro vifiotf for age, and for their children. Such may therefore re-«^ move with advantage to America. In the old long-fettled couhtries of Europe, all arts, -trades,profeffions, farms, &c*are fofuU, that it is difficult for -a poor man, who {i^ children, to place them where thej may gain or learn to gain a decent livelihood. The arti- fans w!io fear creating future rivals in bufinefs, refufe to Ukr apprentices, but upon conditions of money, mainte- narce, and the like, which the parents are unable to comply wilh. Hence the youth are brought up in ignorance c^ »every gainful ;,rt, and are obliged to becqme foldiers, or fervants, or thieves, for a fubhflence. In America, the rapid increafe of inhabitants takes away that fear of rival- 'ihip ; and artifans willingly receive apprentices, from the hope of profit by their labour dtiring the remainder of the •time flipulated after they fhall be inftrufied. Hence it is eafj for poor families to get their children inftrufted; for the arti- .fansare fo defirous m apprentices, that manyof themwill ctcb ,give money to the parents, to have boys from ten to fifteen ■years of age bound apprentices to them till the age of twenty- t>ne ; and many poor parents have, by cliat means, on their arrival in the country, raifed money enough to buy land fufficient to eflablifh themfelves, ar.d to fubfifl; the rell of their family by agriculture. Thefe contrafls fur apprentices are made before a magiftrate, who regulates the agree- ment according to reafon and juftice ; and having in view the formation of a future ufeful citizen, obliges the maAer to engage, by a written indenture, not only that during the time of fervice flipulated,, the apprentice fliall be dulf provided with meat, drink, apparel^ wafhing, and lodging, and at its expiration with a complete new Aiit of clothes, but alfo that he fhalL be taught to read, write, and cad ac- compts, and that he fhall be well inAru6ted in the art or profeflion of his mafler, by which he may afterwards gaia a livelihood, and be able in his turn to raife a family A copy of this indenture is given the apprentic/;;, or his friends, and the magiftrate keeps a record l^f it, to which recourfie may be had in cafe of failure, by the mafter, in any point of performance* -.•.ThlsdefireamcnErg maflers to have more hands employed inlrworkJnB..for th(N»i induces them to pay, the pafTngesof foung ptrSota^of- ^^k fcxeti who on their arrival agree to ferve tbem' two, three, or four years jthofe who have already .learnt aitrade, agi*eeing for a fliorter term, in pro« 4. HE preferj n»enttoned, con fwap the 34ih TO SETTLERS IN AMERICA? 485 portion to their fkill, and the confequent immediate value of their fcrvice j nd thofe who have none* agreeing for a longer term, in confideratibn of being taught an art their po* verty would not permit them to acquire in their own country. The almoft general mediocrity of fortune that prevail? in America, obliging its people to follow fome bufinefs for fubfiftence) thofe vices that arife generally from idleneisj are in a great meafure prevented. Induflry and conftant employment are great prefervatlons of the morals and virtue of a nation. Hence bad examples to youth are mory rare in America, which muft be a comfortable confideration to parents. To this may be truly added, that ferious* re- ligion, under its various denominations, is not only tole- rated, but refpe£led and praftifed. Atheifm is unknown there, infidelity rare and fecret ; fb that perfons may live to a great age in that country, without having their piety ihocked by meeting either an atheift or an infidel. And the Divine Being feems to have manifefVed his approbation of the mutual forbearance and kmdnefs with which the different fefts treat eadi other, by the remarkable profperity with which he has been pleafed to favour the whole country. 1 No. IV, fi topographical defcription of Virginia, Penniyiyania, Ma- ryland, and North- Carolina) comprehending the river* Ohio, Kanhaway, Sioto, Cherokee, Wabalh, Illinois^ Mifliflippi, &c. the plimate, foil, and produce^ whethqr animal, vegetable, or mineral; the mountains, creeks, roads* diftanccs, latitudes, &c. of thofe countries. By Thomat Hutthins, captain in the 6Qth regiment of foot, With a plan of the rapids of the Ohio, a plan of the feveral villages in the Illinois country, a table of the diilances between fort Pitt and the mouth oif tht Ohio : and an appendix, containing Mr. Patrick Kennedy's journal up the Illinois river ; and a correct lid of the dinisrent na- tions and tribes of Indians, yrith the nutr/per of iSghting men, &?. [1778] 4. HE prefei^t topographical ^cfcription pf the parts abovemenr inentioned, comprehends alrooft the whole of the country lying be* (Wjeep the 34th and 44th degrees of latitude, and the 79th and '93d I»J degrs^l '•''Tf^i*,^,-^,^^'. 486 VIROXKIA, PElflfSVLVANiAr degrees of loDguude> and defcribesin extent of territory of about ^50 miles in lensth, and ^00 miles in breadth ; ^nd one which) for healthinefs, fertility of fod. and variety of produflionsi is hot per. hips furpafled by any on the habitable j^h>be. Thofe parts of the country lyine wcjfbMrard of the Allegany tnodotatn, and up6n the rifers Ohio kntl Mifliflippi, and upon hi6ft of tht other rivers aMd lakes htte defcVibed* were done Itotn my dtfn furveys, and corteAtfd by my ow yards to a quarter of a mile wide. The lands lying nearly in a north-wefterly direction from the great Kanhaway river to the Ohio, and thence north- eafterly, and alfo upon Le Tort's creek, little Kanhaway river, BufTaloi Fitlwng, Wceling, and the two upper, and X 1 4 • two :SiM /^SS VIRGINIA, rENNSYLVAKIA^ two lower, and feveral other very confidcrablc creeks (or what in Europe would be called large rivers), and thence eaft and fouth-eaft to the river Monongahela, are, in point of quality, as follows. The borders, or meadow lands, are a mile, and in fome places near two mijes wide } and the uplands are in common of a mod fertile foil, capable of abundantly ^troducing wheat, hemp, flax, 3cc. Thf lands which lie upon the Ohio, at the mouths of, itnd between the above creeks, alfo confift of rich intervals, and very fine farming grounds. The whole country abounds in bears, elks, buffalo, deer, turkies, &c,— an unqueflionable proof of the extraordinary goodnefs of its foil*. Fort Pitt. Hands at the confluence of the Allegany and Monongahela rivers, in latitude 40° 31' 44", and about five degrees weftward of Philadelphia. In the year 1760, a fmall town, called Pittfbnrgh, was built near fort Pitt, and about 200 fami|ies refided .in it ; but upon the Indian war breaking out in the month of May 1763, \they abandoned their houfes, and retired into the fort. in the year 1 765 the prefent town of Pittfljurgh was laid out. It is built on the eadern bank of the river Mononga- hela,' about ^00 yards from fort Piit. - '» The junftion of the Allegany and Monongahela rivers forms the river Ohio, and this difcharges itfelf into the Mifliflippi, in latitude 36^ 43', about 1188 computed miles from fort Pitt. The Ohio, in its pafl*age to the Mifliflippj, glides through a pleafant, fruitful, and healthy country, anii carries a ^ ..laa-dry feafcw, tjhft descent of tltqt, Pf 4 except perKa^ ior.tb? &ll^ving nafisoii^wo nulci above, them the.rjiYer is deepj^an^ three ^UPfutei^ pfi^ n^ile hroadk } but ^hf iqi^annel is. mMch^onT leaded* an4.4pe$not exceed 95Q jai^dfi ii|i brea4cb.,(na^ fbreertourfih^ of,the: bod of the. riy^tr^^p/^ iiic fou]tb»eailci;9 ^y4f of it, hi^ag ^Ued with a flat {jmeftpxje, rock, jfo that ^^ a: diy ^alf^ there is fe^doin mqr^ lii^p^^^T or <^glu inches letter);, it is-^^^ion tiyp northerc i^^of jtjhf ^iver, and betng jcani&iied as abpvte ntient loped, ,t^q.^ek^p4*^Si waters tumble 4»ver tfate J^pjdf.^i^ a,c<;)in(k|qra^c; degree of celerity and ioccef Th^ change) ,is of d|^q{-e9t,4<3^t^* b^t po where, ,1 tlwnk, lef* thwt^^fi %^t : it ip de^, ^^p^.uppn (?ach fi4c of it are large bufblfen cckdcs, .a^few i^chps Wf\fjii water *. The rapids ^nearly; in htif»49 3^"* 4 i ?P*4 ^^^ ^^ ^ndian village. (^. i7|$i^,on the,^nks'of the,Qhio river be^ tween them. ^ fort Htt,., ^^s.. pn tltfi norv^-weft fide, 75 mHes below l?it|ti]^rghy cailbd, ,th9 Mingo tpwn lil eontaineq '6^ families. Moil of the bills on b9(h fides of the Ohio, ;pre filled witl^ cxc^ent coal; and a co^^fnine was in the yef^ 1760 opened (^pofite to iortlPitt on the river MfNfton^ihela, for * Cdioixfl Gdrdflht, to. h?i joams! down the OKio, mentionsf " tint fliefc falls do'Mt dciSrrve that name, as the ft^am on the north fide has no fudden pitch, but only runs rapid ovrr the ledge «f a ftit rock ; fcvend hoajs," be fayai <* panngs, are found numbers ot large bones, teeth, and tuflcs, conimonly fuppdfed to be thofe of elephants } bat the cele* brated do^or iHunter, of London, in his ingenious and qirious obfervations on thefe bones, itc, has fuppofwheat, rye, oat«, barley, flax, hemp, tobacco, rice, (ilk, pot>afh, &c. than the country under con4RT^- CAROLINA. 495 larse reed or Carotlna'cane grows in plenty, -even upon the upland, ^nd the winter is To moderate is not to deftr^ H. 'fhe fame moderation of climate continues dpwn Ohi9, effiecialiy on the fouth-^aft iide, to tiie rapids, and thence on both Hdes 6f that riter to the Mifliflippi. Great Salt lick credc is remarkable for -fine hqd, plenMr of buffaloes, (alt-fprings, white cby, and limeftone. BmaU boats m^y go to the croMng of the war-path without any im- pediment. The ralt-fprlngs render the waters unfit for drirtking, but the plenty of frefh fprings in their vicinity make fufficient amends ror this inconTenience. Kentucky is larger than the preceding creek; it k Tor- rounded inrlth high clay banks, fertile lands, ahd large fah- fprings^ 'Its navigation is interrupted by fhoals, but TpaJC- able with fmall boats to the gap, where the war-path |;oes through the Ouafioto mountains. Sioto is a large gentle river, bordered with rich flats, or meadows It overflows in the fpring, and then fpreads about half a mile, though when confined withm its banks it is fcarce a furlong wide. If it floods early, it feldom retires within its banks in lefs than a montii, and is not fordable frequently in lefs thap two months. . The Sioto, befides having a great extent bf mofl exceHeQt land xtn both fides of the river, is farnifhed with fait, on an eaftem branch, and red bole on Necunfia Skeintat. The ftream of Sioto is gentle, and paflable with large batteaux or barges for a conwleraUe way, and^ith fmafler boats, near 200 miles, to a pottage of only four miles to Sandulky. Sanduiky* is a conf iderable river aboundii^ in level land. Its (beam' gentle all the way to the mouth, where it is large enough to receive floops. The northern Indians crofs lake Erie heniTrOm rflandto ifland,^lartd at Sandulky, andgo\iy a direO: path to the lower Shawanoe town, and thence to the gap of the Ouifibto mountain, in thcirwjiy to the Cut- ■ tawa country. Lhftle Ajf ine:lmiTiVcr'is too fmall to navigate with batteaux. It 'Irts mu^h fine' Ithid and feveral fak-f^ripgs ;' its hrgh 1)anksand gentle currebt prevent its much overflowing the farrounding land^ in frefhes. Great' Mine^mi^ AiTereniet, or Rocky river, has a very 'ftony channel i a fifift ftream, but no falls. It ha«t fcvcral large branches, ' paffable with hoats a - great way ; one extending weft watdtowards the Wabaftr river; 'another to- wards I 4fc 4^6 ittdrvtA> ^BNtrvtiirAirfA^ wvdi a bciiiileh' of Mineami rivor (whkh runvbto Uk« t.r\e% tp which then h a portage i and a third has a portage to Ihe weft branch of San- uiky» bclidca Mad creek, whrre the Ff^Mh formefly eftabliOied themfelvcs, Riitng ground, here aiid there a little ftonyi #hkh- begins in the noriheru Grt of the p < |in fttla, between the laJces Erie* Huron, and ichigan, and extends acrofa little Mineami river behiw tht forks, af^d fouihwardly along the Rockv river, to 6bio, Buftalo river falls into thcOhio on the eaftem fide of it, It the diftance of 925 computed miles from fort Pitt. It is a very confideraMe branch of the Ohio 4 is 200 varda wide» navigaWs upwards of 150. miles for battctux or barges of 30 feet long, five feet broad, and three feet dei^ carrying about fnren tons, and can be navigated much farther with large canoes. The dream is moderate. The lands on both fides of this river are of a moft luxuriant quality, for the pro- dufUon of hemp, fiax, wheat, tobacco, &c. They are covered with a great variety oJF lofty and ufefiil timber 1 as oak, hie- cory, mulberry, elm, &c. Several perfons who have alcended this river, fay that falt-fprings, coal, lime, and free-ftooe, ftc. are to be found in a variety of places. The Wabafli is a beautiful river, with high and upright banks, lefs fubjeA to overflow than any other river (the Ohio excepted \ in this part of America. It difcharges it- felf into the Ohio loaa miles below fort Pitt, in latitude 37° 41'. At its mouth it is 970 yards widei is navigable to Ouiatanon (41 a miles) in the ipring, fummer, and autumn, with batteaiui or barges drawing about three feet water. From thence, on account of a rocky bottom and flioal wa- ter, large canoes are chiefly employed* except when the river i« fwelled with rains, at which time it may be afeend- ed with boats, fuch as I have juft de(cribed, 197 miles fur- ■ ther, to che Miami carryina-f^ace, which la nine miles from the Miami village i and this is fituatcd on a river of the fame name, that runs into the louthofouth-weft part of lake Erie. The ftream of the Wabaih is senerally gentle to fort Ouia- tanon, and nowhere obftrufted with fsUs, but Is by feveral rapids, both above and below that fort, foroe of which sie pretty confiderable. There is alfo a part of the river for about three miles, and 30 miles from the carrying-pUcei where the channel is fo narrow that it is ncceflarv to make ttfe of fetting poles, inftead of oars. The land on this river ii rcpnarkahly fertile, and feveral parts of it are natural nieadowt, ff great cxtcnt| covered with fine long gnls. The timber * MARYLAND, AKD M6IITH-CAK0L1HA. 4^7 h large and high, and In fuch irariety. that altooft all the uiflferent kinds growing upon the Ohio, and iti branchei (but with a greater proportion of bUck and whi(e mulbcrry, may be found here, A UWer mino has been difcovered about a8 roilea above Ouiatanon, oa the northern fide of the Wabafli, and probably others may be found hereafter. The Waba(h abounds with falt'fpringt, and any quantity of fait may be made from themy in the manner now done at the Saline in the DUnois country t \ht hills are repleniOied w'*.h the beft coal, and there It plentT of lime ftnd free-fltone, blue, yellow, and white clay* hf glafs-works and pottery. Two french fettlements are eiVablifhed on the \^aba(h, called pod Vincent and Ouiata- non I the firft is 1 50 miles, and the other a62 miles from Its mouth. The former is on the eaftern (ide of the river, and confifts of 60 fcttlers and their families. They raife indian corn, wheat ) and tobacco of an extraordinarv good qualitjf — fuperior, It is faid, to that produced in Virginia. They have a fino breed of hories (brought originally l^ the Indians from the fpanilh fettlements on the wcnem ude of the river MiiBCBpoi), and large (Vocka of fwine and black cattle. The ifiitlors deal with the natives for furs and deer-fltins, to the amount of ;abottt 5000I. aanuallyi , Hemp of a good texture grows fpontaneoufly in the low lands of the WabaOi, as do grnpes in the greateft abur.lancei having a black, thfaa fltin* and of which the Inhabitants in the autumn make a fufii* cient quantity (for their own confumption) of welWtafted ltd wine. Hops, large and good, are found in many |daceS( and the lands are particularly adapted to the culture of rice* Alleuropean fruits— apples, peaches* pears, cherries, cur* rants, goofeberrles, melons, &c. thrive well, both here, and fe the country bordering on the river Ohio. Ouiatanon \m a fmall ftockaded fort on the weftern fide ef the Waba(h, in which about a doacn families refide. The aeighbouring Indians are the Kickapoos, Mufquitons, Ptan« kaJnaws, and a principal part ol the Ouiatanons. The wbide of thefe tribes confids, it is fuppofed, of about 1000 warriors. The fertility of foil «nd div£» fity of timber in this countrT,are the fame as in the vicinity of pod Vincent. The annual amount of flcins and fiirs obtained at Ouia* tanon is about 8000I. By the river Wabafh, the inhabitants ef Detroit nu>ve to the (buthrrn parts of Ohio and the lUU Mis country. Their route Is by the Mleoii river to a carry- teg-placei which, im before dated, is nine miles to the Wa- X. k baih, fc * W I i* iii m ' " mj I * */ i v j«*-.r ■"*•■'■»'• '■ '■"*V.-..,.-»'-'^* -*«-•"!»«*- V ' 40% VIRGiniA rSMNSYLVAlllA, • . . . - ' b'afli, triien thb river k railed with frefhes ) but at odief' feafons, thediftanceis from 18 t0 30inil^s, including tiie ptortage. The whole of the latter is through a level country. Carts are ufually employed in tranfporting boats and mer- chandife from the Miami totheWabafh nver. The Shawanoe river empties itielf ear, in frifbes ancl iSoods. In paffing tKefe iAands, the middle of the wideft inter- mediate wato' is to be navigated, as there it is deepeft> From die mouth of the.Cherokee river to Mwfde Ihoals the current it modei^e, and both the hi^ and low lands are rich, and abundwtly covered with oaks, walnut, fiigtf-trees, hiccory, &c. About too miles above thefe ihoals is, what Is called, the^lKM, or fuck, occafioned, I imagine, by the high mountain, which there confines the river (fiippofed to 1^ the Laurel mountain). The whirl, or fuck, continues rspid for about three miles : its width about 50 yards. Af- cending the -Cherokee river, and at about 100 miles from the fuck, and upon the fouth-eaAern fide of that river, is HighWafee river. Vaft traAs of level and rich land border on this river } but at a fmall diftance from it, the country is tnuch broken, and fome part^ <^ it produce only pine-trees. Forty miles higher up the Cherokee river, on the north> weftem fidcj is C3)»ch*s river.\ It is 150 yards wide, and about CQ miks im it feveral famiUes are fettled. From^ CUnch's < w. ''-'-*--- ^-^'.^-'•^fcwa^iUit^ktt wi—»B%*li»iiiii>IS«M! t"*** MARYLAKP, AKD KORTH-CiAROLINA* 499 CUocliV to TenaCe^ river is 100 miles. It comes in On thf eaftern fide, and is 250 yards wide. About ten miles u|» lhis:riy^ is ft Cherokee town, called Ghotft, and further up this branch ^e feveral ctther Indian towns* pofleffisd fe^ Indians caUed die over-hiU Cherokees. The ^navigation of this branch is much interrupted hy rocks, as isalibtht river called Frenchbroad, which comes into^tbe Cherokee river 50 miles above the Tenafee, and on the fame fido* One hundred and fifty miles above Frenchbroad is Loi^ ifland (three miles in length).} and from thence to the fourcd of the Cherokee river is do miles, and the whole diftailce 'm fo rocky, as to be fca^cely navigable with a canofc. By the Cherokee river, the emigrants from tbe fronticf counties of Virginia and North-Carolina pafs to the fettle* ments in Weft-Florida upon the river Miffiffippi. Thtfy emteirk at Iiong ifiandi > . > i ^ ■ «;: vr#.rt Inow.proceedto give adefcription of that jpart of Airmail called the Illinois covntiy^ lyii^ between the Miffiffipi^ wefterly, the lUmois river northerly, the W^fk eaftcslii^ and the Ohio foutherly. :.,v Thelandattheconflncncs cm: fork of tht riverk Mi£USn4 pi and Ohio, ia above 20 feet higher tlun the comnyih Humk of thefe rivers } yet 'fo confideraUe' are the fyring flo^cbi that it is generally overflowed for about a we^ as vec the lands for ftvpnl miles bad in the country* Tlte foil at the fork is coiQpofbd of mud( eairth» and jEwd^ bcg»» mulated from the €)bip and Miffiffippi rrvers. It '19 ai* ceedingly fertile, and in its nattiral ftate yiehfe htanpy pea-vines, gra£i, &e. and a great variety, of trdeS, ftifttf in partiqub>F^ the aCpen tnce of an unu^oal height atnii tkicknefs. For 15 miles np the Miffiffi^ (from theiC^o^ the cotm* try is rich, level, and well timbered } and then fevt^ral gen« tie rifidig aroulids af^M»r, wliich gradu&?ly diminilh at the diftance or between four and five miles eaftwtfd firom fche river. From thence to the Kafkaftrias river is 65 nuks. The country is. a mixture of hills and vallies ; fbme of tht fiortner are rocky and fteep ; but they, as well as the vaUiesy are ihaded with fine oaks, hiccory, walnut, aih, and mid* bcrry<4rees, &c. Seme of the high grounds afford moil pleafant fituations for fettlements. Their elevated and aiiy* pofitions, together with the great luxtuiance of tlie foil, everywhere yidding plenty of good grafsaadvufefiil plants, K k 2 pre* m -«wta«i.vi.'- «..;Ti>.>»--*«ier'- — S60 VtRolNlA, IftvUiltLVAlltJLi i ' promife conftpnt health, and ample returns* to hiduibjonl ftttkrs. Many quarries of lime, free-ftone, and marble, have tieeii cHfcovered in this part of th^ coucitry. : Several creeks and rivers fall into the Miffiffippi, in the above diftance (of 6c miles), but no remarkable ones, except the rivers a Vafe and Kaika&ias } the former is navigable for Imtteaux about 60, and the latter for about 130 milds. Both thefe rivers run through' a rich country, abounding in ex- tenfive natural meadows, and numberlefs herds of buffalo, deer, Sec. Th^ high grounds juft mentioned, continue along the Mftem fide of the Kafkaflcias river at a fmall diftance from It, for the fpace of five miles and a haif, to the Kalkaflcias villagie }. then they incliike more towards that river, and run nearly parallel with the eaftern bank, of the Miififiippi, at the diftance of about three miles in fome parts, and four ]nUe$ in other parts from it. Thefe are principally compofed (^Ume and frce-ftone, and are from 100 to 130 feet high, di- vided in feveral places by deep cavities, through which many fipAll rivulets pafs before they fall into the Miffifiippi. The fides of thefe hills, fronting this river, are in many places pe^ndicular, and appear like folidjnecesofftone-mafonrjr, c»f various cdours, figures, and fizes. i: The- low land between the hills and the Miffiffippi, begins en the north fide of Kaikaficias river, and continues for three miles above the river Mifouri, where a high ridge ter* nnnates 'it, and forms the eaftern bank of the Miffiffipfx. This interval land is level, has few trees, and is of a very rich foil, yielding ihrubs ^nd mofl;fragrant flowers,, which, added to the number and extent of meadows and ponds dif- perfed through this charming valley, render it exceedingly beautiful and agreeable. ' Jn thit vale ftand the following villages, vix. Kaficafkias, whieh, as already mentioned, is five miles and a half up a river of the fame name, running northerly and foutherly. This village contains 80 houfes, many of them well built ; federal of:fione, with gardens, and large lots adjoining. It ccnfifts of about 500 white inhabitants, and between 4 and coo negmes. 'Jihc former have large fiocks of black cattle, wmnCflkc, • Three miles northerly of Kalkaikias, Is a village of Illinois Indians (of the Kaflcalkias tribe), containing about a 10 per- » fo&i MARYLANS, AND MORTH-CAROLIKA. 50I font and 60 warriors^ They were formerly brave and war* Tiket but are degenerated into a drunken and debauched tribe, and fo indolent, as fcarcely to procure a fufficiency of ikins and furs to barter for clothing. Nine ihiles further northward than the lad mentioned vil- lage, is another called la Prairie du rochcr (or the Rock mea^ dows). It confifts of 100 white inhabitants, and So negroes* Three miles northerly of fhis place, on the banks m the Mifnflippi, ftood fort Chartres. It was abandoned in the year 1 772, as it was rendered untenable by the conftant wafh* ings of the river Miffiilippi in high floods. The village tt fort Chartres, a little ibuchward of the fort^ contained fy few inhabitants, as not to deferve my notice. One mile higher up the Miffiflippi than fort Chartres, it a village fettled by 1-70 warriors of the Piorias fnd Mitchiga- mias (two other tribes of the Illinois Indians). They are at idle and debauched as the tribe of Kaikaikias, which I have juft defcribed. Four, miles higher than the preceding village, isSt. Pht

le fituation of any known in this part of the country, i-^ere the fpaniCh commandant, and the principal Indian traders, refide } who by conciliating the affections of thjs nativcSi have drawn all the' Indian trade of the Miiburi, part of that of the' Miffiilippi (northwards) and of the tjribes of Indians re? fiding near the Ouifconfing and IUmoi$ rivers, to this ,vil- %€. In St. Louis are 120 hpufes, moftly built of iionf. They are large |ind cqnimodious. ^^I^iis villaj^e has 800 inha- bitants, chiefly firench J fome of them have had a liberal education, are polite and hofpitable. They have abput leq pegroes, and large flocks of black cattle, &c. Twelve miles bdow, or foutherly of fort Chartres, on ^he weftern bank of the Mifliflippi, and nearly QppQ<'*e to |he village of I(a&alkiaS| is tlie village of ^t. Qenpyieve or mr p 50a VIRGINIA, PBNN4YLVANIA, MQffire. It contains upwards of ibO hoii( ing great herds of buffalo, deer, &c. Ducks teal, geefe, fwans, cranes, pelicans, turkies, pheafants, partridges, &c^ fuch as are feen'in the fea-coaft colonies, are in the greatest Tariety and abundance. In ftiort, every thing that a reafon* able mind can defire, is to be found, or may with little pains be produced here •. Niagara fort is a moft im'^ortant poft. It Tenures ;( greaterntimber of communications, through a larger country, than probably any othqr pafs in interior America j it ilands at the entrance of a Arait, by which lake Ontario is joined to lake Erie, and the latter is conneiHed with the three great lakes Htirpn, Michigan, and 3upei' About nSne miles above fort Niagara the carrying-place begins It'b occafioned by the fiupendous cataract of that i^ame. The quantity of water that tumbles oyer this fall is unparal- leled in America} it's height is not lefs than 137 feet. This fM would interrupt the communication between the lakes. I)ntarip and ISrie', if a road was not made up the hilly country that borders upon the ftrait. This road extends to » fm'all poft eighteen miles from fort Niagara. Here the traveller embarks in a batteaii or canoe, and proceeds 18 mileis to a fmall fort at lake Erie. It may be proper alfo to add, that at the end of the firft two miles in the lafl men- tioned diftance of 18 miles, the fireaqi of the river is divid- ed by a lai-ge ifland, above nine miles in length i and at the bpper end of il, about a mile from lake Erie, are three or * See the annexed plan of the villaees in the Illinois country, ffQ. and fee Mr. T. i^ennedy's journu hereufito annexed, for ^ (»w»Umr it,>r.k,.ti* tUmi^r^f ' ' ' ' four . farther account theieof. IIARYJLAKD, ANO NpRTH-CAROf.XNA. jOJ Sifwr iflandsj not far from each other. Thefe iflandt , bf iOf terrupting and confining the waters difcharged firom the lake^ greatly increafe the rapidity of the ftream { which indeed if u> violent, that the (kifiveft gale is fcarcelyfufficient to enable a large veffel tp ftem it: but ijt is ruccefsfully reii(Ve4 ii| ffflall batteaux or capoes, that are rowed near the fhore. ' I ^Ice Erie is about 225 miles in length, and upon i| medium about 40 miles p breadth. It affords a good nayn gation for {hipping of ai^y burden. The coaft on both fidoi of the lalce if aenerally favourable for the paiTage of batteaux and canoes. Its banks in many places have a flat fandf ihore, particularly to the eaflward of the peninfula called Long ppint, which extends into the lake in aibuth-eailem' 'dire^ion for upwards pf 18 miles, and is not more than five miles wide in. the broadeft part } but the tfthmus, by whi<^h it joins the cgntinei^t, is fcarcely ago yards wide^ The pea* iufula is compore4 of fand, and is very convenient to haul boats out of the furf upon (as is almofl every other part of the ihore) when the lake is too rough for rowing or failing % yet there are fome places, where* in boiflierous weather (oi| account of thfir great perpendicular height), it would be, dangerous to approach, and impoffible to land. , Lake Erie .has a great variety of fine fiih, fuch as ftuN geon, eel, white filh, trout, perch, 8cCf t The country northward of this lake is in many parts fvrelled with moderate hills, but no high mountains. The climate is temperate, and the air healthful. Thei lands are ' yreX^ timbered (but not generally fo rich as thofe upon the Southern iide of the bke) *, and for a coniiderahle diflance from i^, and for feveral miles eaftw;ard of Cayahuga river, ' they app^a^r quite level, and extremely fertile ; and except where extenfiye favannas, or natural meadows, intervene, are covered with l^ge oaks, walnut, a(h, hiccory, mulberry, faiCifras, &c. zad produce a great variety of ihrubs and medicinal roots. Her^ alfo is great plenty of buffalo, deer, jturkies, partridges, &c. Fort Detroit is of an oblong figure, built with flockades, ^nd advantageoufly fituated. with one entire fide com* ioanding'th^ riyer caUed Detroit. This fort is near a mile in circumference, and endoics about 100 houfes, built in a regular manner, with parallel flreets, croiQng each other at right angles. Its Ctuatiph is delightful, and in the centre of a pleaiant, fruitful country. 'Tlie fUait Saiat Clair (commonly called the Detroit ■')>■■-■' ■'''■■■■ -^ ■ ' ^ • • river) ;.i V 5o6 TIR'oINIA, PlNNSYLVAklA, tif€t) \» at il» entrance more than three milci wide i but in afcending k, !t» width perceptibly diminilhes, fo that oppo- iite to the fort (whith is 18 mile* from lake Erie) it docs not exceed half a mile in width. From thence to lake St. Glair it widens more than a mile. The channel of the ilrait is gentle and wide; and tiecp enough for (hipping of great burden, although it is incommoded by feveral iflands j one of which is more than feven miles in length. Theft {flands are of a fertile foil, and from their fitualion afford a *ery agreeable appearance. For eight miles below, and the lame diftance above fort Detroit, on both fides of the river, the country is divided into regular and well-cultivated plantations i and from the contiguity of the farmers' houfes to each other, they appear as two long-extended villages. The inhabitants, Who are moftly French, arc about 2000 in number} 500 of whom are as good maskfmen, and as well aceuilomed to the woods, as the indian natives themfelves. They raife large ftocks of black cattle, and great quantities •f corn, which they grind by wind-mills, and manufafturc into excellent 'flour. The chief trade of Detroit confifts in a barter of ctferfe european goods with the natives for furs, deer-ikins, tallow, &c. * The route from lake St. Clah: to lake Huron Js up a ftrait or river about 400 yards wWe. This river derives kfclf from lake Huron, and at the diflance of 33 miles lofes itfelf in lake St. Cl^V'- I* *•» '» general rapid, but par- ticularly fo near its fourcei its channel,. and alfo that of lake St. Clair, are fufliciently deep for fliipping of very con- iiderable burden. This ftratt has feveral mouths, and the lands lying between them are fine meadows. ^Hte country 4m both fides of it, for 15 miles, has a very level appear- «nce i but from thence to lake Huron, it is in many places broken, and covered with white pin^^i oaks, maplej birch, ^d beech. Mfi Patrick Kennedy's journal of an expedition undertaken . by himfelf and feveral coureurs de bois in the year 1773* jFrqm. Kaikaikias village in the MUnoia country, to the head waters of the llUnois river. «« JPLY 23, I773' W« fet T^tifrom KaikaCkias in fearcli of a copper mine, and on the.'Zift reached the Illinoisi river} it ia 84 miles frggi K;>flc afe g s . Tine fame day. we cntcwd MARYLAND, AND tf ORTB-CAROLINA. 507 flntered the Illinois river, which i« 1 8 miles above that of the MiiTouri. The wa^ was fo Iqw, aud the Ades of the river To full of weeds, that pur prt)grefs was moch interrupt- ed, beihg obliged to row our boat in the deep water, and ftrong current. The chain of rocl^s and high hills which begin at the Piafas about three miles above the Miflburt, extend to the mouth of the Illinois river, and continue illong the fouth-eaftern fide of the fame in an ead-north- eaft coMrfe. About 1 8 miles up this river, on the eaftern fidcf is a little river called by the natives Macc^in or White potato^ ri^er ; it is ao yards wide, and navigable nine miles to the hillf. The fhore is low on both fides i the timber^ bois connu, or paccan, mapls, aih, btttton»wood, &c. The courfe of the UUinois river here is N. N. £ } the land is well timbered, and covered with high weeds. There are fine mea^ . dows at a little dii^ance frcMn the river ; the banks of which do not crumble away as thofe of the Mifllfiippi do. We paifed numbers of fmall iflands, fome of them between nine and twelve miles in length, and three miles in breadth.-— The; general width of the river in tl^a day's journey was abowt 400 yards. ■ « Augud I. About t\irelve fli'clock, we Hopped at t^e Piorias wintering ground. About a quarter of a ttiWe from the river, on the eaftorn fide of it,' is a meadow of many miles long, and five or fix, nifiles broad. In this meadow are many fmall lakes, communicating with each other, and by which there are pafiages for fmall boats or canoes, and one in particular leads to the Ulinois river : the timber iG( ffeneral very tall oaks. We met with' fome beautiful iflands m this part of tne river (48 mile^ from the Miffifiippi), anc( great plenty of buffalo and deer. « Au^uft 2, At one o'clock we pafied an iiland called Pierre; A fleche or arrow ftone is gotten by the Indians from a high hill on the weftem fide of the river near the above iAand } with this ftonc the natives make their gun- flints, and point their arrows. Half a league above this iiland, on the eaftem fide of it, the meadows border on the river, and continue feveral miles ;; the land is remarkably rich, and* well watered with fmall rivulets from the neigh<« bouring hills. The banks of the river are high^ the wateri clear, and at the bottom of the river are white marl and fand* ** Attguft 3. Pafled the Mine river. It comes into the Illinois river on the north-weftem fide of it, 120 miles from the Miffiffippi, It is .50 yards wide, and very rapid. ^' . «Auguft ^- 5J08 vmOIMIA, PEKMtYLYAKlA, , ** Auguft 4. Here the land on both fidet of the THit fioii river is low, but rifes gndvtzWf, The prairie or rnea* Quian, 200 yards weft from the river of that name ; it is of a circular fiffurx fix miles acrofs, and diicharges itfelf by a fmall pattage four feet deep into the Illinois river. This lake is 171 milts f, om the Mifliflippi. The general courfe of the Illinois river yaries very little ; it rather however inclines to the eaft- ward. The lands are much the fame as before defcribed^ only the prairies (meadows) extend further from the river* By our reclconing, we are 177 miles from the Miififlippi. *( Auguft 6. Set out early, and at 11 o'clock we pafled the Sefeme-Quian riVer. It is on the weftern Me of the nitnois river} is 40 yards wide, and navigable 60 miles j the land bordering on this river is very goda. About four o'clock we pafled the river De la March (on the weflern fide alfo of the Illinois river) ; it is 30 yards wide, and navigable about eight or nine miles only. Though the De la March is not fo long as the Sefeme-Quian, yet it is much handfomer* Thefe rivers are about nine miles diftant from each other. Here the land begins to rife gradually on the weflerh bank. At fun-fet we pafl*ed a river called Michili* mackinac. It is on the fouth»eafiern fide of the Illinois ;-iver i is 50 yards wide, navigable for abopt 90 miles, and Maryland, and NORTH-cAiioLfMA. jof ' hu bef weeq 30 and 40 fmall iflandi at iti mouth t whic&' at t diftance appcai' like a fmall village. On the banks of thii river it plehty of good tlnbci^, vht, i»ed and white cedar^^ fine, mapltf, vralnut, &c } zitd fltadihg fokn'e (rfec^s of cod^ was induced to walk tip the river a few miles, though not far enough, to reach a coaUmine. In man/ places I alfo found clinkers, which inclined me to tbbk that a coal-mine, not far dlAant, was on fire, ami I have fince heard therd was. The land is high on the eaflern bank of the river, but on the weftem are large plains 6t meadows, extendUig as ftr as can be feen, covered with fine graft. This river h 195 miles from the Mifiifiippi. *« Auguft 7. The morning being very foggy, and thef river overgrown with weeds along its fide«; we coiild make but little way. About la o'clock we got to the old Pioria' fort and village on the weftern ihore of the river, and at the fouthem end of a lake called the Illinois lake } whi Si9 VIRGtHVA, P'clock on the wefiern fide of the river % but the grafs and wced^ were fo h^, that we could make but little way. "Auguft 10. MTe crofied the hlgjh lan^, and at tqii o'clock we came to the Fox river (or a bjranpk of it), after walking 24 miles. It ^lUs into th« IllinoiiS river, ^ miles fieyond the place where we left our boat. 1^ Vox river is ^^ yards wide, and has about five feet watef 4 its covx^fe is from the welh^ard'by many windings tliro!igh large mea<^ dows. At three miles difiance, after cric^ng this river, we fell in with the Illinois river agaioi and kept ^long its bank; here we found a path. About fix o'clock we arrived, after walking about 12 miles, at an old encampiqent, 15 miles from the fork. The land is ftony, and ch(( meadows not fo good as Come which we formerly polled. lEbrom hence we went to an iiland, lii^ere fitveral French traders were en* f amp^d i but we could get no intelligence frqm them aboiit the copper mine which we had fet out in fcareh of. At this iiland we hired one of the french hunters tp condufk us la 9 canoe to. our boat. "_M Auguil II. We fet off about NORT^-^A^OLXNA. ^i I this river is a coal-mine, that extends for half a mile along the middle of the bank of the river, which is high. On the eaftern fide, about half a mile from it, and «>out the iame diftance below the coaUmine, are two (alt ^nds, iool 3^ds in circ^mfeireace, and fevcral f«et in depth') the witef b ftagnant, and of a )(ellowifli cohttr^ butt the Fr^^h atid natives make good fait firbm it. 'We tafted the watsr, suad thought it falter than that which the French make fait from, at the Saline near St. Genevievie. At alnt o'clock w« an'ived at our boat. From the ifland' where we found th^ ' firench traders, and froln whence; we embarked in a cano( to go to our boat, there is a coniiderable defcent and Tapi4^ all the wajr. , Here it is that the firench fetdei^ cot tl^citt^ milUftones. The lapd along the b»nks of the river is mudi, better than what we metwithj when we qroStd die couatrf on the loth qf this montfai. -On the Mgh lands, and piu^i- cularif thofe on Uie fouth-^MIem $de, there i« abandance 0ou( tyro o'clock, and proceeded till nine ^n^jht. . « Auguft 13. We la/ by half Uus daf^ on account o£ wet weaUKr. « Augufl: 14. Embarked early, and ^er cro^ng the Il« lindfs lake arrived late in the evening at the Fioria ^t* ^ > <* -Auguft ic. Rowed* very cooftwatly all d^r> tmd ir- rlvedat the Mine river in the evening. Here I met wilii Mr. Janifte, a french gentleman, and prevailed on him to accompany me, in an attempt up this river, to dtfcover the Coppermine. - « Auguft 16. Embarked early, and aficettded the Miii6 river in a fmall canoe, about fix milfs, but could get no further, as the river was quite dry a little higher up. It nms tfie aAwve diftaace diroogh very high grounds, 'is rocky and very crooked { the winks of the river are much broken, and the paflage choked with timber ; Mr. Janifte fays, that the current is fo ftrong in floods, nothing can rimft it. The bottom is fand, green in fome places, and red in otherr • it i; faid that there is an alum hiU on this, river. As i thought that it was impoffible to get to the mine by bad at tQs feafon of the yesur. o& accoiwt of the rocky^'mooDtains, weeds, briars, &c. I determined to re* tarn to Kaflciikias, and accordingly we wtot back to our boat, cmbarleed about one O'clock, and coiktihiied rowing day and night until 12 o'clodk the i8th, when we enterea the river Miffifiippi on our way to Kaikaikias village." mm ^^t'- in 0^ LP' $v%tk^frkiiiAiUi I i^ mm «a*,-4«iKM,-.«i|^« *Id. V; i 1 S.' ftioit deferiptWor tlhe ftitc of Tensfe^^ laiely called the tt^rito^f «jf*the tJftUed States fot^ k" Che rivte ■■■■/■ ■■^■- i' ■■ ■ ■ ' ■ '.- I • • HiEftate dTTctiJlftle, htfly calledl* the the United! Staffs % the ibtc? rf North G^roida, ill the yiaf 1 78«(. It is; fituSted b<^ ttieto the pah$eliM 'jfahd 36* ^o', extincfng irom th^ |p«^ irdd motiiitaih tcf theriver Miffiffip^^ f Whdi #e ca^ dm ^es oh the tnapi df ^y countryy' ^|edall^ th« jfliap^ cff ati^ eb«iia#y, in vhich little elfe i^ ftcm. Ihan the £^t6i»i0b of ^onhtains, rivers, aiid pl4in^, w^ are4dK^ tohnelir What ii the fi^.e of it^ipjl^md climate i ^haf^ttre the advaiitagear its ^habiHTnii^ may fbe exp(e£ted to etyey* or the difficulties under which tl^y^uft taboW. 4^gtii^l afi fc^med a conftw ■ ifhence t m^mmmmm^^-^'^- -.,..v«ti«,.3^s,.s-,A3ca0.«^y«»l«aa^^ mtmimmmmmmmmmmmmm 1^ m .< ^^ :■■■ '^'ii- ■ Mb iMipigi iMi •i^ 37 jirf* J^--:^-:;^;-' K ^..x.:,. A* ^ \ £ »«"r 1^1 Fitblic JtifatLf. .__/..■■■ ItuUoH Boundaries..^. — - Jkdian Ttm/if ^S IlielSffmrex onAtJUvtrr dmutetkeirwiJtk. >■ '^ \. ■\d ^^iS^g ^: £f«*. «? .tfi Oxwju^BMe f^ «* Zvnd4>LPu^/ifAt^iJm€ lf*lJ^S. Av JDebret I . T.Co2ider Scti^! \Misfied Jtift* lf*lj^. ^' J.Debrett. Pu-nuUliy. I irff'iitfliMiiiiiii ^'*'^** ' ■ •p f/y ■^-'■■ ~m mi ^M0 ^ ■^■ •TATE OP TBKASEB. 5^J ;wifence we may conclude that the fettlen on Holfton will preferve a confiderable intercourfe with the atlantic (Htes : put people who live to the weftward of Cumberland moun- tain, will fend their produce to market by means of the MiiHflippi. This remarkable diflfdrence in their fitnation will probably induce the inhabitants of thofe diftriAs to employ themfelves differently^ for the mofl: proper or pro- stable productions in one iettlement, may not be moft pro- fitable In the o&Ser, The Holfton iettlemeht cdhtalns 62,338 inhabitants, thoush in the year 1775 ^^ hardly contained 2000. The land m this fettlement is generally fertile ; but the face of the Country is much broken. Placed, as it is, between two large mounta'.ns, we may readily fuppofe that the farmor never differs by the want of rain. The foil produces wheat, barl<;y, indiim com, hemp, and flax, in great perfection. Phyficiahs ha?e not hitherto found their way to that coun- try, fdr the pebple hive hot been fick. Thtj enjoy a tem- perate climate, eafV , and abundance. Iron ore abounds in that country. A capital furnace and for|^ haVe lately bt«h erected on Holfton^ near the Virginia line. Thei:^ is a bloOii^ery bebw the mouth of Wataga, and anot?ier 2c miles above the mouth of Frenchbrdid. Thtrt are alfo fundry lead-mines in this fettlen^etit, one in parti- cular 6fi Frenchbro^d river, that prodvieta 75 per cent, til pure lea4. The greatei): part of the flate of Tenafee lies on the weft fide Of Cumberland mountain ; and though that cotintr^ hais hardly been fettled ten years by civilized m^, it natu- rally claims the greateft (hare of our attention, becaufe it is •xt^nfive, and will probably become the refidence of a nume- rous an^ powerfUl colony. , ..,»„^ ' ,. j I'he mean diftance between Cumberland ^otnitaiii axid' the Miffiifippi is about 230 miles. This, at 163 milii^t broad, gives 15 millions of acres ; and it is generally agreed, that )l I or t'^ nUilidhs of that land ifaay be cultivated to ad- vaht^giii ^(^h is the proportion of arable land. The naU tiiies, who formerly inhabited that counuyr_mu(^ have been' vary numercnis ; we fi^ldbin go !mbre thah%ve of fix miTer albng the bahn of CiimTOfl^ihd riVer^ Without finding al lar^bin^ihg-filaA^, the evident remtuh^ of a coV>}lderabl«i town. As the Indians had their choice of land* and do not j^ppear tp have been equally numerous in ot|ier plices, wq • LI »ay i--'aa , iii riiW W W . . ,^** which is in a very flouriihing iituation. Naihville, on the fouth bank of Cumberland river, 4s the diftriift toMm of Mero : the courts of the diftri£t arc held here. The Davidfon academy, -which is richly endowed, is in this town. Jonefborough, the capital of Wafliington diftri^t, is the f<»t of the courts of the dilh-iA. • There are feveral other fmall towns that bid fair to in^ creafe in confequence. Roads and Distances.— From Knoxville, the prefent feat of government, to Philadelphia, b 6 co miles. Mikf. lOQ 64 II 33 28 "5 34 32 From Knoxville to Long-iflaiu), on Holftoii, is Abingdon - - •, -FortChffl*el Engliih's fierry, Kew river Montgomery town • - » Bi|;Uck - ' n liberty town - - New London - . Floods - - - . - Powhatan court-houfe Richmond - - From Knoxville to Richmond 494 Thefe.two roads are very good waggon-roads; and th« price of tranfportation of any goods or articles from Rich- mond to Knoxville does not exceed four dollars per cwt. , LI2 From !"•*¥- r n $i6 fTATS oif rtHAnt. ♦iz. '^ Fiom KnraviUe to Sonth**weft Point Big lick garrifbii, on GomberlttKl Bledfoe^ KaflivUle Milei. 31 So J Hi Tht to tidies httWeth tbe two gttrifatit we not yet ipMied lot waffgons i bat families moiring to the fettlementi oad Was cut actofs Cumberland mountain*, and it was paded by 30 or 46 waggbhi !h tt^e ftift. ITie late /rfdld!y con(}u£t of the Qicrokee Indians, in confequence of ii long talk with go- ▼erhoi'Brount^ilhcftheaihicable difpofltion of the fpaAifh «yvernment; hftVe greatly altiared the condltibn olTetriers oh ^HQiberl^d river^-aad n»de thenr perfectly haj^py. Several thpufands crowed t^e Cumberland mountain in oeptember, ditober, and November lafl, in detached families,, without a guard, and without 'danger. The Indians treated^ them with kindnefs, viilted their camps at night, and Aipplied them plentifully with venifon. From Naihville, on Cumberland river, to Lexington, ia j^entucky, is 190 miles. From Naihville to New Orleans the diiftanee by land is albput 450 miles — the country in generaL level> and a good soad might bcfut at a fmall expence. ' C1.1MATE. — ^Thc climate in this country is very tcmpc« «Mbe.; and the esi^t^aeeof t«n years aflures us that it is Kealthy. The piercing nor^rly winds that prevail, during Cfafr Wiatexv in the atiaittic^ates, feldoib raoleft the ih- ItflbitsUtts- on. Cumfoedand river, fbr they have no grdil moanltaiM- ■Bountai of the I in theai the air Irom t] differeni cold an( the Cun many gi ihem aj Korth-ea Other may accc ment. J ^and moil of the m rock. It m apyt to ihis is PC; jcommon i arifes, tha there is n? waters} a inhabitant mitting fe the fame proceeds i air, the te have been (certainly on the wa climate is Men (r better plac gree of h have the n in view, | profpedts t places are there is h: fupp^loiie % this is pccaijoned, doubtlefs, by the great filTures that arf common in thofe rocks ; from the fame caufe it probably arifes, that we feldom find marAes or ftagnant waters wher« there is n>uch lime-(l(»ie. In this ftate we find no ftagnan^ waters i and this is certainly one of the reafons why thf inhabitants are not afflicted with thofe bilious and inter* initting fevers, vhich are fo frequent, and often fatal, ia the fame latitude^ near the coaft in Carolina. WJbether it proceeds from the goodnefs of the water, the purity of thf air, the temperature of the climate, or whatever elfe may have been the cauie, the inhabitants of that country havf (certainly been remar]|c;ably healthy, ever fince they rettle4 on the waters of Cumberland riyer ^ whence it appears the climate is healthy and pleafaat. MeQ frequently change their habitations in queft of f hetter place } and the ipan who can enjoy the greateft de- gree of health, eafe, and plenty, is generally Tuppofec! to have the moft defirable habitation, jlltepiqg this reniarl^ in view, perhaps there are few places that prefent fairer profpetE^s to the man who is looking for a fettlement. Few places are more healthy ; there is none moi r fertile { and there is hardly any other place in ^hich the fi^'mer can fupport his family in fuch a degree of afHuence. The foi| is not only fertile, but eaftly cultivated Six hogiheads of tOr jlocco for one man does not require more labour than three )ipg%«a4^ in the atlantic itates ; and a dififi;ie|ice fimila^ ti ■* . jji8 STATE OF TENA8EE. (o thii appears in every ether crop. In the culture of corn the difference it greater. This circumftance alone would fecure abundance to the mduArious man } but we mutl alfo recolle£t that, in cold climates, the farmer is (hut up or pre- vented from working feveral months In the year, during which cold feafon he is confuming his Aores, and his cattle are making greater deftruAion. When we confidcr the quantity of food that mud be laid up for the neceflfary fup- port of Aock in cold climates, we may fairly calculate, that half of the farmer's time is fpent in making provifion for his cattle, or in fhelterihg himfelf from the weather. . In the ftate of Tenafee cattle at prefent fupport themfelves among the reeds, pea-vines, rye-grafs, and clover j but when the progrefs of cultivation ihall have dcftroyed the wild range, it is obvious that the fodder and ftraw obtained from the ordinary crops, will be more than lufiicient to fupport the cattle. . Let us review this account. It is granted that, in cold climates, more than half of the farmer's time is loft from labour by intemperate weather, or taken up in working for the fupport of his cattle i this gives an odds of two te one in favour of the country that has been defcribed. We are next to recolle6(, that one day's labour in this country pro- duces more than twice as much grain, or other provifions, as it produces in common land, and in a northern climate ; this gives another difference of two to one, which makes four to one throughout the year: but coniidering that in- duftry, in all countries, bears fome proportion to tlie ne- ceflities of the inhabitants, we fhall fuppofe that the farmer in this territory during the year raifes only twice as much provifion for his family as he could raife on common laud in a colder climate ; and the difterence,'as it refpe^ him- felf, muft be immcnfe. In this country he would live in great alfluence, or become rich, by that meafure of induftry which, in the other fituation, would hardly be fufficient to the fupport of a miferable life. People, however, are feldom contented with the mere neceflaries of life. There are certain luxuries which the prOgrefs of fociety has taught uf to confider. as neceflary. Sugar, coffee, and tea, belong t6 this clafs ; as do fundry articles of foreign drefs. What is the farmer to fell in the weflem part ofthe ftate, that he may be enabled to buy foreign articles ? He lives at a great diftance from fea : how is he to be provided with fait ? . • It "f-r, STATE OF TENA»EE. 5I9 » It is very remark abler, that the farmer has more ufe for fait in the wcAern country, that in the atlantic Aates. . His cattle, in tliat country, will not thrive without fait ; and this is the only thing at prcfent he has any occafion to give thtm. It has already been obferved, that lime-ftone abounds in the weftern country ; this ftone is not found in the fouthern Aates, until we approach the firA ridge of mountains. As we travel we Award, we find lead-ore and • falt-fprings in abundance. Does this country abound in articles that are feldom found in the atlantic Aates, beciufe it is compofed of the original mother earth { whereas the land near the coaA, in the middle and fouthern Aates, is adventitious ? Be this as it may, the falt-fprines that are found in every part of the weAern country, afford the ut- moA relief to the inhabitants, whofe cattle, from the qua- lity of thqir food, have more need of fait than thofe who are nearer the fea. Hitherto the falt-works have not been judicioufly managed, either at Kentucky or the Cumberland fettlement ; and yet fait, made from the water of fait- fprings, may be purchafed for one dollar the bufliel. As the fource can never fail, and the mode of preparing it is capable of great improvement, we may reafonably fuppofe that the average price of fait made on Cumberland river, will be three-fourths of a dollar the bufliel. . The fettlers have not had much experience of bringing loaded boats up the MiAifllppi } but they calculate, from the trips they have made, that fait may be freighted from New Orleans to NaOiville, at rather lefs than three-eighths of a dollar the bufliel } and it appears, from fimilar experiments, that pork, flour, or other produce, may be eafily taken from Nafliville to New Orleans at lefs than three-eighths of a dollar the barrel. Thofe calculations regard the Miffiffippi in its prefent Aate, with all its circular bendings, the banks covered with trees, and no part of the upper country fettled ; but the river, at prefent, is morie than double the >nec<.flary length. From the mouth of the river Ohio to New Or- leans, the prefent diAancc by water is fuppofed to be 1000 miles : the dire^ diAance is c'onfiderably fliort of 5 oomiles. Innaviga ting that river we often find places like a horfe- flie, whe re we do not gain more than a mile by failing or rowing five miles. Every one of thofe bends may be cut off at a fmall expence. Let a common ditch, three or four feetdeep, bedug acrofs thofe necks of land, the roots being cut away when the river is low, and the next flood, by the L I 4 rapidity If 520 STATE OF TENASEE. rapidity cf theftream through the fhort paflage, wil) change the ditch to a navigable channel. An experiDnent of this land has beds made with fuccefs, at a place called Point Couple. 1 wo great benefits will arife from this procefs of giving the river a ftraight cburfe ; one half of the time and labour in afcending the river will be faved by fliorten- !ng the diftance. This cafe fuppofes that^veflels afcend th6 river by the help of oars and poles, without fails, which is generally the cafe at prefent, becaufe t^e river is (o crooked, that no wind can be fair } but iif cafe the chief bendinss of the river fhould be cut o£f,asa foutherly.wind prevail there for the greater part of the year, every veiTel would afcend by the ufe of fails, and the di^culties of that navigation would be reduced to a trifle. Confidcring what would be the litmoft expence of tranfporting fait fronl New Or- leans to Nafhville, and confidcring that NafliVine is 2 or 300 miles by water farther from New Orleans than fome dther parts of the territory, and prcfuming that a great fharc of the prefent ^xpence may be faved by pra^icable impt'ove- Qients i^ the navigation of the Mifiiijippi, we may readily cpnclude, that the mere freight of the luxuries of life muft be a fmall obje£t to the inhabitants of that territory. Ai matters are now circumfbnced, the navigation of the littifliflippi being free ^', the fettlers on Cumberland river can t^ their produce to a (hipping port, at lefs expence than it can be wagKoned 50 miles in any country. ' ' As thv couQtry that has been defcribed, is capable of pro- ducing, in great perfection, every article ' that grows in the Atlantic ftates, there are no leading circumflances by which we can poffibly idetermine what is likely to be the geheral tourie of its trade, or the particular articles in which its mo^l valuable exports will confift. Iron, lead, pot-afli,' pork^ bacon, butter, cheefe, corn, wheat, barley, flax, hemp, rice« ijadigOf and cotton, have all been mentioned by different perions from that country, as articles of export. E^ch of • The treaty lately negotiated with Spain by Mr. ^'inckney, contatnt-fuch indifputable proofs of reciprocity and liberal fenti- ment, as cannot fail to beget ant-a(h; porkj , hemp, rice* by differ-nt jrt, E?.<:h of Mr. ^ incknejr, I liboral fenti- e and affif Aion "paniih nationn haps more pra< fentimentt that nfiikrs himfe)f ftatcd by envy; thofc tbofe articles will doubtlefs be exported in a greater Qr le% quantity, according to the demanjd ; but it appears qiQ(^ pro^ IJabli:, that the inhabitants Avill make th:ir ct\)ef remittances in tobacco, hemp, rice, indigo, ^n^ cotton. The low grounds on the tVliffiilipjii tr\vi(i producg great crops of ric^l and it has already been obferyed, that the high grpi^nds n$%^ that river are particularly favourable to tt^e culture of indigo • and cotton. The article la(l mentioned muft be a conftant- iburce of wealth tp the planter, becaufe its value is COQ7 fiderable when compared with its weight, ^nd it ipu^ be i|i conilant demand in foreign markets. It i| hardly neceflary tp obferve, that in a country where timber of the bed and moft durable quality, and all pther materials abound, ne^ cefTary for (hipping, the inhabitants will doubtlefs build (hips JFor a diftant market. By tracing the (hort lines which mark the Indian boun- dary, we difcoyer, that all the lands on D,t|ck river and £lk iriver, as well as on the fevera^ rivers which rOn into thjC Mi^lffippi, continue to be claimed by th^ Indians} and thqfe l^nds are among the beft in that cpnatry. It may he obferved, at the fame time, that all thofe lands are claimed py the Chickafaws, a fmall tribe of frie9dly Indians. We may be aflured,' that the governmept of the United. States NriU nojt permit thofe lands to be fettled, without the coi^- fent of the Indians } but we muft difcover that the natural progrefs of thingi, in a (hort time, will render a confidera- ble part of that country, efpeciaUy the lands on the Miilif- (ippi, ufelefs to the Indian^, and ne(:e(r r 521 ^TATE OF TFNASEE. -fo near the Tea, will hardI7.be fold, even by the public, for lefs than one dollar the acre, while individuals are felling worfe lands, in worfe Htuations, for twice that price. Six millions of acres, at one dollar, would bring 6,000,000 dollars, by which a debt to that amount mud be extin- guiOted, and 360,000 dollars per annum faved tp the na- tional trcafury.- Suppofe the twentieth part of th« money thus faved, or 1 8,000 dollars, was paid annually to the Chickafaws, one half in corn, or other provifions, at a ftipulated price, and the other half in clothing ; is it not -obvious that thair cond'tion would be greatly mended, and equally clear that the ftate of our finances would be much improved by fuch a regulation ? It is true, that indian lands have commonly been obtained on terms much lefs pirofitable to the Indians, and more eXpenfive to the whites ; but it may be prefumed that experience will teach us to foriake the old plan, fince it is neither recommended by the dictates of humanity nor the rules of economy. Such is the territory fouth of the Ohio. The eade/n di- vlfion, as we have obferved, is compofed of fm;^ moun- tains and vallies, which are extended in the direction of the rivers. There is no plain, dr track of arable land, of any confiderable width, in that fettlement i but t^e val- lies are generally fertile. In the great weftern divifion, there is not a fingle eminence or ridge, that claims the name of a mountain. This country, neverthelefs, is fufficiently diverjSfied by riilng ground, and bears no refemblance to the continued plain, which is found near the coaO, in the middle and fouthern ftates. The rich, lands near Cumberland river are confiderably broken by knobs or fhort hills } but thofe hills have lime-ftone for their bafis, and are fertile and £t for cultivation to the very top. Streams that run in op- pofite direAions are uniformly divided by ridng ground, and fome of the ridges are confiderably elevated j but they are generally covered with good foil, arid arc feldom too ftecp for the plough. There are two remarkable ridges, or broken tra£ts, in that country, of confiderable dimenfions, which are not included in the above defcription ; for they are ikony or barren in many places. The firft of thofe ridges divides the waters of Cumberland river from thofe of the Tenafee ; it is broad as it approaches the foot of Cumberland mountain, or rather diverfified in that part by alterna,te hills and plains; but the plains, being chiefly with- out tiinber^ are called barrens. The fecond remarkable ■ ' traft STATE aF TENTASEE. ' 523 tra£l of broken or barren land, begins near the mouth of Tenafee^ dividing the waters of that river from thofe of the Miinffippi, and extending foutherly towards the Chiska- faw towns. The fmall rivers that run into the Miififfippij have their heads in this ridge. It is, in fome parts, above 20 miles broad, rifing at the very margin of the Tenafee. It is covered with long grafs, having little ot no timber, ex- cept a fmall growth on the watercourfes, which are nume- rous. The territory wed of Cumberland mountain has been fiated at fifteen millions of acres } but this calculation leaves eight millions for the Holfton fettlement, which is certainly . too much. The amount that may remain for fale on that fide of the mountain, has, in round nun^bers, been ftated at fix millions } but the quantity, in all probability, will be. coofiderably greater, without including the great traft of vacant land fouth of the Frenchbroad, nor the confiderable traAs of arable^land tKat are found in Cumberland moun- tain, nor thofe in the Cumberland barrens, fo -called, where the land, though without timber, is frequently very good ; the Indians formerly, in burning the long grafs, muft have deftroyed the trees. It is probable that all the lands to the northward of the great bend of the Tenafee, may hereafter be joined to thoi^ ceded by Nwth-Carolina, fo as to form one' ftate } fuch a ftate would have a natural boundary ; and when we confider that th«^ Creeks and Chaftaws live to the fouthward, who are numerous nations, together with the CHickafaws, we ihall be apt to mark the latitude of the fouth bend, for a long feries of years, as our fouthern boundary for the pur- pofe of fettlement. The reader has been informed, that the foil, climate, and produAions, of the country on the weftern waters, are different from thof: in the Atlantic ftates } and it has been intimated, that the whole face of nature in thai country bears a different appearance. Obfervations concerning things that are new or uncommon, fhould be made and re- ceived with caution ; but the reader cannot fail to realize the narrative, if he takes the trouble of recollecting two or three remarkable fadts, to which reference has already been had. In the atlantic fiates, the (Irata of lime-fi:one are broken, and inclined confiderably to the horizon, be^ng, at a me- dium} nearly parallel to the axis of the earth. In the weft- ern f If ■ SH STATS OF TEKASES. ern country^ the ftrata arc conAantly foua^ parallel to the horizon. In the atlantic ftates, fak-i^rings are feldom or never /ound. In the weftern country they abound in every part. In the atlantk ftates, pit-coal is very fcarce, and is ob- tained with difiituhy. In the yreftern country, it is comQ^ira, and frequently appears within a few feet of the furface. One of thofe countries muft haye fuffered prodigious conr yulfions } the other may be fuppofed to retain more of its original form. Is it at all furprifing, that a country, fo dif- ferent in its ftrufture, its appearance, and e^tiai qualities, ihould produce more plentiful crops, or that it ^lould epgage z confiderable degree of public attention ? s\ j 1 A fih,ort deftrlp^ion of the fouth-weftern territory, in a lettcf froTO a reAdent there, date4 July 1 795 *, THE territory of the United States, fouth of the river Ohio, is that tra£^ of country iituate between 35 and 36} degrees north laUtude, being bounded on the north by Kentucky, on the fouth by Georgia, on the eail by North? Carolina, and on the welt by the river MiiIi0ippi. It was <^}ginaUy part of North-Carolina, but way ceded to the tJnited States in the year 1789; the Cumberland country und fettlements are included in us limits, all together forming an extent ef country of not l^fs than 500 miles in length ; it| width about 105 miles. The natural advantages which this temperate climate poC- feSkSi exceed thofe of any other part of the United States, c perhap? of the world, A circumftance peculiar to this country is, that the foil will yield all the produ^pns c<^m- mon to both the northern and fovithern climates : here iti s cnftomary to f^e in the fame field, or fields contiguous to each other, wheat, Indian corn, rye, barley, rice, tobacco, hemp, indigo, cotton, and every kind of vegetable, growing to the greiileil perfei^ion. Perfons "who have feen this coun- try, and who have been accuftomed to the cultivation of vines, fay that there i9 no doqbt but that it will be extreme^ ly producr fbr exportation : it is gsilerally well knoWh Wffh what ra- pidity the ftate of Kentucky has been peopled tince it became «n independent government. This territory has alfb taken ileps to become a feparate (bte, aAd will, in the courfe of a lew months, be admitted into the ufnlb^ as a (latei there being nb doubt, from the prodigious emigraflbn wliich has lately taken place, that uftder the conditutioh they Wift be etititlea to beco'me a feparate ftate whenevei* tliey choofe. The bounds of this letter do riot admit of a detail of the niany indances of the rapid population of thid country: fu^ce it tb fkff that Knoxville, the prefent feat of the territorial go- vertiittelrit, not more than three years fiflce was a wood^ in vt'hich a blockhoufe neceffary to refiel itidiaA invaitons was crefted lince j which time, a town has gro^n«up herd, cohlift- ing of from! to 300 houfes, inhabited byagreat number of re- ibeffcable famiUe's ', and although it is not more than two ^eirs fince the Indians appeared at lead lOdo ftrorig before this town, fuch has fince been the progrefs of population, that Kftany weilthy andrefpedtable families hdve now fet down with the greateft fafety from 30 to 40 miles nearer the indiah bbund^y j and it is already contemplated to remove the feat df gOVernmeht to a more central flrtiation of the teirrTtbtj* ^miles from Knoivllle, on the banks of the t'cnafee. To a pcrfoh who' obfervcs the migr.u;ion to this countiy,' it ap- pears as if North and South CaroKha, and Geoargia, vireri eirtiptying themCelves into it. It is not uhfrequeht tb (ee ffotii 1 tb 300 people in a body coming from thofe foathern cltmatet, ol)prelFeJ with difeaifes, to revive and enjoy health in this falubrious air. From the northern rtates the emigra- tion here has been little or none : the greateV facility of rrld, added to the general tcmperaturs of the air, are fup- 1'^ i\ ,.-<»•», ^- ; .-^n' 526 ' STATE OF TENASEE. fuppofed to be the real caufes of the inhabitants enjoying a greater degree of health, than in any other part of Ame- nca. > So great are the natural advantages of water in this coun- try, that it is afierted with truth, tn^re is not a fpot in it 20 miles diftant from a boatable navigation, from whence the fanner, planter, or manufans of the winds ) but the inhabitants are equally fe- cured from the cold chilling blads of the north-weft and north-eail winds, as from the warm relaxing breezes of the fouth. The fbte of the air is only materinlly affefted by the gradual approach or departure of the fun ; in fhort, the hand injoying z of Ame- this coun- lot ia it 20 bence the eisifafety, a markets, , into the The face ar : except level i but billy parts, hills and 49 bufliels moms will he uplands rain; what r rendering et to be ex- fcovered in cannot but ant} on his (f the year, ;ver fo bad :o repel all his cattle e fields and the coldeft inhabitants pplies their to the emi- eprived of to fecure winds} for us qualities ere are no different equally fc- i-weft and ezcs of the fted by the Ihort, the hand e STATE OR TENASEE* ^f hand of nahire has placed its firft bleffings on this land, and proclaimed., that, whoever be the inhabitants, they muft be happy and independent. There is not a neceflary, and but few luxuries of life, which cannot here be attained with eafe. Salt, fugar* iron, lead, faltpetre, copperas, &c. abound everywhere. In this climate the fyftem of nature feems to be in ha higheft vigour} and there is no neceflary production of the earth. Tea, or air, proper for the comfort of man, that is not found here. The ihodes of getting titles to lands have been various here. At the time North-Carolina ceded to congrefs this territory, they referved the right of ftill laying on its lands all Warrants then iflued, which warrants are now all appro- priated } and as there is a great deal more land in this tern- tory than they could cover, it is probable they have been laid on the beft, particularly as there is fcarcely any dnnoy- ance met with by the white people from the Indians } and the country has therefore been freely explored. For th; lands on which the warrants have bieen laid, North-Carolina' has iflued patents agreeable to the ceffion aft. Another mode lately adopted, of obtaining a prior claim to lands in this country, is by a furvey and location, which, there is no doubt, will give a priority of entry in the United States* land office, when opened j which, I am told, will be the. cafe at the next fcifion of congrefs : and, if the form of the bill I have feen ffiould be adopted, it will give a perfon in Philadelphia the fame opportunity of confirming and completing a title to the lands under thefe furveys that th%, people refident in this, country have. Another mode which has been fuppofed tu fecure a right to land is, that people have fet down on the lands which they like heft, that were not before appropriated, and expeft to be allowed a right of pre-emption } but this is fuppofed to be the worft kuid of claim, as they have never paid any confideration for them } ana for the furveys and locations the furveyor general's and other fees have been paid. The city of Columbia, the. new capital of the ftat'> of South-Carolina, in Americ;p, is finiihed, and the f> Stfft. 4 The fenttors (hall be chofen by dilhrias, to be formed •*i,- STATE .07 TfiNAflt. 5*9^ rhe titr of ;^ ftate of eftabUihed FFebruaiy, ites (butb of : general go^ • conftitutton )fNorth.Ca- of the terri- 0, do ordain government : e» into a free kfee. ite {hall be' ; of a fenate I the people^ feting of the :rm of ftven hts (hail be i the imir- s of making d apportion- number of lei's than 21, txable inha- fuch ratio I never ex- . fcveral pe- led, be fixed Iri^ts, iorm- numbcr of rt's than one repreleitt** drifts, to b« formed foMfed by the legiflature, each diftriA containlSiig fuch a number of taxable inhabitants, as (hall be entitled to eleft hot more than three fenatori. "When a diitrift (hall he com- jpofed of two or more counties, they (hall be adjoining, and ho county (hall be divided in forming a diftri£t SeA. 5. The firft election for fenators and reprefentatives (hall commence on the fecond Thurfday of March next, and Dull continue for that and the fucceeding day} and the hext election (hall commence on the firft Thurfday of Augnft 1797, iind (hall continue on that and the fucceedmg day | and for ever after, eleAions (hall be held once in two years, commencing on the (irft. Thurfday in Auguft and termmat* inff the fucceeding day. ^ Se^ 6. The firft feffion of the general aflTembly fl^all con- mence on the laft Mond^j of March next } the fecond oa the third Monday of September 1 797 : and for ever ?(ter> the general aflembly (hall meet on the third Monday of September next en(uing the then ele^on, and at no other period, uiUefs as provic^d for by this conftitution. Se£t. 7. That no perfon (hatl be eligible to a feat m the general aflembly unlefs he (hall have re(aded three years in the (late, and one year in the county immediately preceding t&e election, and (hall po(refs in his own right in the countr which he reprefents, not lefs than aoo acres of land, snd fludl have attained to the age of 21 years. SeA. 8. The fenate and houfe of reprefentatives, when aflembled, (hall each choofe a fpealter and its other officers, be judges of the qualifications and ele^ions of its menibers, and fit upon its own adjournments from day to day. Two thirds of each houfe (hall conftitute a quonun to do bu(uiefs; but a fmaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorifed by law to compel the attendance of ab* fent members. Se^. 9. Each houfe may determine the rules of its pro- ceedings, puni(h its members for diforderly behaviour, and with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a member, but not a fecond time for the fame offence, and (hall have all other powers neceiTary for the legiflature of a free ftatc. SeA. 10. Senators and reprefentatives (hall ia zll cafes^ except treafon, felony, or breach of the pfcace, be privileged from arreft during the feifion of the general afTembly. and in going to and returning from the; fame) and for any ipeech or debate in either houfe they |li41 not be que(tionea >u any other place. Mm Scd. '!!« ^^(^ ItATB or TBNAtif. SeA. II. Each houfe may punifli, by imprifoiftnefit, Aif" ing their feiBon, any perfon, not a member, who (hatt> be guilty of difrefpeft to the houfe, by any diforderly or con- temptuous behaviour in their prefence. SeA. 1 2. When vacancies happen in either houfe, the go-* Tcrnor for the time being (hall iflue vrritv of eleiftion to fill fuch vacancies. SeA. 1 5. Neither houfe ihall, during their fefllon, adjourn withnar and 75 cents per day^ nor more for every 25 miles he ihall travel in going to and returning fc;om the general af- fembly. Soft. but ii Se6 •fteri have a pcrfon ailfum Sea of ilat record, theUi nor (hi crative Seft. be veited Scft. •he men places w thereof, be fealed ITATI Of TBNASBt* S$^ B^, a I. No money (hall be drawn from the treafury^ but in confequence of appropriationi made by law. Se&, 22. No perfon who heretofore hath been, or here- after may be, a cdUc^r or holder of public monies, ihall have a feat in either houfe of the general aiTembly, until fuch perfon fliall have accounted for, and paid into the treafurya all fums for which he may be accountable or liable. Se£t^ 23. No judge of any court of law or equity, fecretary of ftate, attorney general, regifter, clerk of any court of record, or perfon holding any office under the authority of tne United States, (hall have a feat in the general aflembly | nor Oiall any perfon, in this Hate, hold more than one lu- crative office at one and the fame time i provided, that n^ appointment in the militia or to the office of a juftice of the peace, ihall be confidered as a lucrative office. ^ iSe^ 24. No member of the general aflembly (hall be eli- gible to any office or place of truft, except to the office of a juftice of the peace, or truftce of any literary inftitution, where the power of appointment to fuch office or place of truft is vefted in their own body. SeA. 25. Any member of either houfe of the general ad fembly {hshl have liberty to diflent from, and proteft ngainft, any a£l or refolve which he may think injurious to the pub- lic, or any individual, and have the reafons of his diflent entered on the journals. 8e^ 26. All lands liable to taxation in this ftate, held by deed, grant, or entry, ihall be taxed equal and uniform, in fuch manner that no 4 00 acres ihall be taxed higher thai\ another, except town lots, which ihall not be taxed higher than 200 acres of land each } no free man ihall be taxed higher than ioo acres, and no ilave higher than 200 acres on each poll. SeA...27. No article manufa£hired of the produce of this Aate, ihm be taxed otherwife than to pay infpe£Uon fees. ARTICLE II. Se£t I. The fupreme executive power of this ftate ihall be vefted in a governor. Scft. 2. The governor ftiall be chofen by the eleftors of the members of the general aflembly, at the times and places where they ihall refpedtively vote for the members thereof. The returns of every eleftion for governor ihall be fealed up, and tranfmitted to the feat of government, by the returning officers, diredled to the fpeaker of the Mm 2 fenate. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 11.25 ■^ Itt |Z2 ^1^ c% ^ Ta ^J '> *> Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WiST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO (716)S72-4S03 ^.^% 53* ihPAfB of TEN A jet.' fcinate, who (hall open and publifh them in the ptefence (A a majority of the members of each houfe of the general af- femblf. The perfon having the htgheft number of vote? ihall be governor ; but if two or more (hall be equal, and Aigheft in votes,. one of them iball be chofen governor hj jbint ballot of both houfe^ of the general aiTembly. 'Con- tefted eleftions for governor (hall be determined by both fibufes of the general aiTembly, in fuch manner as fhall be j^refcribed by law. SeA. 3. He fhall be at leaft 25 years of age, and poffefs < freehold eftate of 500 acres of land, and have been a citizen or inhabitant of this ftate four year» next before his ihall, during the recefs, die, or his office by other meaint become vacant, the governor (hall have power to fill up fuch vacancy by granting a temporary commiffion, which /hall expire at the end of the next feffion of the legiflature.. Sed. 15. There fhall be a feal of this itate, which ^alji be kept by the governor, and ufed by him officially, an^ ^all be called the great feal ^f the ilate of Tenafee. Se£l. 16. All grants and commifiions (hall be in the name and by the authority of the ft ate of Tenafee, be feale4 .with the ftate feal, and iiened by the governor. Se£l. 1 7. A fecretary of this ftate fhall be appointed al$4 ^ommiffioned during the term of four years. He fhall keep a fair regifter of all the official a^s and proceedings of the governor; and ihall, when required, lay the fame, an^l aU papers, minutes, and vouchers, relative thereto, before the genera! afTembly, and ihall per&rm fuch oth^ duties 9S ihali be e;)Joined hijai by law. ARTICLE III. Se£t. I. Every freeman of the age of 91 years and up- wards, poiTeffing a freehold in the county wherein he may vote, and being an inhabitant of this ftsute, and every free man, being an inhabitant of any one county in the ftate ix youths immediately preceding the day of ele^ion, ihaU be entitled to vote for members pf the general aflembly, f^r the county in which he ihall ireilde. SeA. 2. £le£iors ihail in all cafes, except treafon, feloriy, or breach of the peace, be privileged from arreil during |heir attendance at eleiftions, and in going ^o an^ returning from them. Sea. 3. A\\ eleaions i^all be by baUpt. ARTICLE IV. Sea. I. The houfe of reprefentatiye$ ihall have the fole power of impeachment. Sea. 2. All impeachments fhall be tried by the fenate. When fitting for that purpofe, the fenators ihall be upoi> 9^th Of a^rm^ti^jp. ^w[ m 3 o?*?. I. ! It 534 STATE OF TENASEB. ^ ScA. 3. No peiTon fhall bo convicted, without the coni> currencc'of two thirds of the members of the whole houfe. SedV. 4. The governor, and all civil officers under thi§ ftate, (hall be liable to impeachment for any mifdemeanour in office ; but judgment, in fuch cafes, (hall not ex'end further than to removal from office, and diH^ualification to hold any office of honour, trufl:, or profit, under this flate. The party (hall, neverthelefs, iii all cafes be liable to indi£t- inent, trial| Judement, and punifhment, according to law. ARTICLE V. , Seft. I. The judicial power of the flatc fhall be vefled in fuch fuper|o'r ^nd inferior courts of law and equity^ as the legiflature fhall, from time to time, direct and eflnblilh. Scft. 51. The general ^jTembly fhall by joint ballot of 1)oth houfes appoint judges of the feveral courts of la^v and equity, alfu an attorney or attornies for the flate, who ihall hpld their refpe^iye offices during good behaviour. Sed. 3. The judges of the fuperior court (hall, at (bated times, receiye a compenfation for their fervices, to be af- certajned by law j but (halfnot be allowed any fees or per- quifites of office, nor fhall they hold, any other office of truft or profit under this ftate, or the United States, Seft. 4. The judges' pf the fuperior courts fhall be juflices of oyer and terminer and general gaol delivery, throughout the flat^. Se£t. 5. The judges of the fuperior and inferior courts fhall not charge jqries with t^fpedt to matters pf fa«^, hut may flate the teftimony and deClfire the ]zyi, Se^l;. 6t^ The judges of the fuperior courts fhall hav^e ppwer, in aU civil cafes, tp ifTue writs pf certiorari, tore- move any caufe, or a tranfcript thereof, from any inferior court of record intp the fuperior, pn fufi^cient caufe fup- ported by oath oir affirmation. Se^ft. 7, The judges or JMftices of the inferior courts of law, fhall have power, in all civil cafes, to ilTuc writs of certiorari, to remove any caufe, or a tranfcript thereof, from any Inferior jurifdiftion into their court, on fufficient caufe, fupported by oath or afthmation. Se£t. 8. No jud^e fhall fit en the tria(of any caufe where the parties flpll be cqnne^ed with him by affinity or cou- fanguinity, except by confent of parties. In cafe all the fudges o(^ the fuperior court fhall be interefled in the event of iuiy caufe, or related to aU pr either of the parties, the governw STATE OP TENASEE. $$$ foveraor of the ftate (hall in fuch cafe fpecially commiffion three men, of law knowledge, for the determination thereof. Se&. 9. AU writs and othei procefs (hall run, In the name of the .(late of Tenafee i and bear te(l, and be (igned by the refpe^tive clerks. Indiftments (hall conclude, Againft the peace and dignity of the Aat^. Se£);. 10. Each court Aiall appoint its own clerk, who may hold his o(Rce during good behaviour. Se&. II. No fine (hall be laid on any citizen of this ftate, that (hall exceed 50 dollars, unlefs it (hall be aflefTed by a jury of his peers, who (hall ailefs the line at the time they find the faA, if they find the fine ought to be more than 50 dollars. Soft. 12. There (hall be judices of the peace appointed for each county, not exceeding two for each captain's com* pany, except for the company which includes the county Aov/n, which (hall not exceed three, who (hall hold their offices during good behaviour, ARTICLE VI. " ' Se^. I. There (hall be appointed in each county, by the county court, one (heriff, one coroner, one truftee, and a fufficient number of conftables, who (hall hold their offices for two years. They (hall alfo have power to appoint one regii^er and ranger for the county, who (h^ll bbld their offices during good behaviour. The (heriff and coroner (hall be conmiiffioned by the governor. Sefb. 2. There (hall be a treafurer or treafurers appoint- ed for the (late, who (hall hold his or their offices for two years. Sefl. 3. The appointment of all officers not otherwife direAed by this conflitution, (hall be veded in the leglfla* ture. . > ARTICLE vn. Se£l. I. Captains, fubalterns, and lion-commiffioned of- ficers, (hall be elected by thofe citizens in their refpeftivc diflrifls who are fubjefl to military duty. Se£l. 2. All field-officers of the militia (hall be elefled by thofe citizens in their refpeftive counties who are fubjeft to military duty. Se£l. 3. Brigadiers-general (hall be ele£led by the fiel4- pfficer of their refpeflive brigades. Sefl. 4. Majors-general (hall be ele^ed by the brigadiers •fn4 field-Q^c{;rs of the reljpeftive divifions, M«»4 Sea. tv V 'Q i ; i i r, ( . ^^6 STATE OF TENA8EE. BcA. $, The governor fball appoint the adjutant-general | the majors-general (hall appoint their aids { the brigadiers- general {hall appoint their brigade majors; and fhe com. 'manding officers of regiments their adjutapts and quarter- teafters* SeA. 6. The captains and the fubalterns of the cavalry e laid off. ARTICLE X. , Se£t. I; Knoxville {hall be the feat of government, uhtH ^he year 1802. Se£t. 3. All laws and ordinances now in force and ufe in this territory, not incoufiflent with this confiitution, {hall continue to be in force and ufe in this ftate, until they {hall jc3^pire, be altered) or repealed by the legiflature. Se6t. 3. That whenever two thirds of the general affem- bly ihall think it neceffary to amend or change thb conftitu- tion, they (hall recommend to the electors, at the next iele^ion for members to the general affembly, to vote for or again{l a convention ^ and if it {hall appear that a majority of all the citizens of the itate, voting for teprefentatlves, have voted for a convention, the general affembly ihall, at their next feilion, call a convention, to conilil of as many members as tiit^re be in the general aflembly, to be chofen in the fame manner, at the fame place, and by the fame electors that chofe the general affembly, who ihall meet within three months after the faid election, for the purpofe Ijf reviling, amending, or chan^ng the conilitution. ! I f'^t STATE OF TE!»A8EE. SeA. 4. The declaration of rights hereto annexed, is dew dared to be a part of the conftitutlon of this ftate» and Ihall never be violated on any pretence whatever. And to guard againft tranfgrefnons of the high powers which we have delegated, we declare, that every thing in the bill of rights contained, and every other right not hereby delegated, is excepted out of the general powers of govemment, and ihall fpr ever remm inviolate. ARTICLE XI. Declaration of rights. I. That all power is inherent in the people, and all free lyovcrnments are founded on their authority, and inftituted ' for their peace, fafety, and happinefs: *br the advancement of thofe ends, they have at all times an unalienable and in- dcfcafible right to alter, reform, or abolifh the govern- ment in fuch manner as they may think proper. II. That government being inftituted for the common be- nefit, the doftrine of non-refiftance againft arbitrary power aftd oppreflion is abfurd, flavifli, and deftry^ve to the good and happinefs of mankind. III. That all men have a natural and in<)efeafible right to •vorfhip Almighty God according to the dilates of theh- own confciences ; that no onan can of right be compelled to attend, ere^, or fupport an/ place of worfhip, or to main- tain any miniftry againil his conrcnt ; that no human autho- rity can in any cafe whatever control or interlere with the rights of confcience } and thaf no preic^nce ihall ever be given by law to any religious eflabliihments or modes of worfhip. IV. That no religions teft ihall ever be required as a qva^ lifieation to any ofHce or public truil under this ifaite. V. That eledHon ihall be free and equal. VL That the right of trial by jury ihall remain inviolate* VII. That the people ihall be fecure in their perfons, houfes, papers, and poflefiions, from unreaibnaUe fearchcs and feizures ; and that general warrants, whereby an officer may be commanded to karch fufpedted places, without evi- dence of the hSk. committed, or fo feize any perfon or per- fons > not named, whofe offences are not particularly dc- fcribed and fupported by evidence, are dangerous to liberty, and ought not to be granted. VIII. That no freeman ihall be taken, or imprifbned, or erron who undertakes to examine the proceedings of the egiilature, or of any branch or officer of government } an<) no law ihall ever be made to reftrain the right thereof. The free communication of thoughts and opinions, is one of the invaluable rights of man j and every citizen may freely fpeak, write, and print on any fubjcft, being refponfible for the abufe of that liberty. But in profecutions for the pub^ lication of papers invefligating tl\t o^cial cpndu^ of offi- cers or men in public capacity, the truth thereof may be given in evidence } and in al} indiOments for libels, the jury fhall have a right to determine the law and the fa£ts. under the dire^ion of the court, as in other cafes. XX. That no retrofpcdtive Uw, or laixr iippairing tBe ob- ligation of contradb, fhall he made. XXI. That no man's particular fervices fhall be demand- tdf or property taken, or applied tOj ppblic ufe, without the confent of his repreient^^ives, pr without juil com? penfation being made therefor. . XXII. That the citizens have a right| in a peaceable manner, to afTemble together for their common good, to inflru<^ their reprefentatives, and to apply to thofe invei^ed with the po^vcrs of government for redrefs of grievances, or other proper purpofes, by addrefs or remonflrance. XXIII. That per|)etuitics and monopolies are contrary tq the genius of a free flate, and fhall not be aUowcd. XXIV. That the fure and certain defence of a free peo- ple is a well*regu1ated militia j and as flanding armies, in time of peace, are dangerous to freedom, they ought to be avoided, as far as the circumilances and fafety of the community will admit ; and that in all cafes the military ihall be in Ari£l fubordination to the civil authority. XXV. That no citizen in this ftate, except fuch as are employed in the army of the United States, or milicia iq actual fervice, fhal! be fi^bjc^ to corporeal puniflxment «nder the martial law, 3p^VI, tens of thli there is not Qucd in pri- of his cro- rcfcribcU by ee to cvcrf liings of the nment •, an4 ght thereof, ns, is one of n may freely ifponfible for for the puh* iduft of ofiir reof may be or libels, the md the fails^ ifes. airing tBe ob- II be demand- ufe, without ut juft com? a peaceable mon good, to thofe invcfted grievances, or 'ance. re contrary to twcd. af a free pco- ing arxnies, in ley ought to fafrty of the the military ority. pt fuch as are or militia in punifliroent iTAii. OF TfiNA5£^. $4^ IXvi. That the freemen of thii.ftate have a right td keep and to bear arms for their common defence. XXVII. That no foldic. (hall, in time of peace, be quar- tfcred in any houfe without confent of the owner, nor iw ri me o f war, but in a manner prefcribed by law. XXVIII. Thae no citizen of this ftate Ihall be compelled to bear arms, provided he will pay an equivalent, to be af* certained by law. XXIX. That an equal participation of the free navigation of the Miilifllppi is one of the inherent rights of the citizen* of this ftate : it cannot therefore be conceded to any prince, potentate, power, pcrfon or perfons whatever. XXX. That no hereditary emoluments, privilege*, or honours, fhall ever be granted or conferred in this ftate. XXXI. That the people redding fouth of FrenchbriMid and Holflon, between the rivers Tenafee and the Big pi^ geon, are entitled to the right of pre-emption and occu« pancy in that traA. XXXII. That the limits and boundaries of this ftatc be afcertained, it is declared they are as hereafter mentioned i that is to fay : — Beginning on the extreme height of Stone mountain, at the place where the line of Virginia interfe£l9 it, in latitude 36° and 30 north ; running thence along the extreme height of the faid mountain, to the place where Watauga river breaks through it ; thence a direft courfe to the top of the Yellow mountain, where Bright's road crofTes the fame ; thence along the ridge of Paid mountain^ between the waters of Doe river and the waters of t^.ock creek, to the place where the T02A erodes the Iron nK>ua-> tain ; from thence along the extreme height of faid moun- tain to where Ndachucky river runs through the fame } thence to the top of the Bald mountain ; thence along the extreme height of faid mountain to the Painted rock, on Frenchbroad river ; thence along the higheft ridge of faid mountain, to the place where it is called the Great iron or Smoky mountain y thence along the extreme height of faid itiountain to the place where it is called Unicoi or Unica mountain, between the indian towns of Cowee and Old Chota ; thence along the main ridge of the faid mountain to the fouthern boundary of this ftate, as defcribed in the aft of cefiion of North-Carolina to the United States of America; and that all the territory, lands, and \vacers lying ireft of the faid line, as before mentioned, and containad • ' - . *. .within \ |4« ftTATB OP TENA9EE« within the chartered limits of the (ka^" of North-Cflrdltffai ■re within the boundaries and limits of this Aate, ovei^ which the people have the right of exercifing fovcreigntf and right of foil fo far as is confifient with the conftitution of the United States, recognizing the articles of confederal tidn,the bill of rights and conftitqtion of North-Carolina, the ceflion a£l of the faid ftate, and the ordinance of the late congrefs for the government of the territory north-weA vf* the Ohio } provided n tlon of government. Se(\. 2. All fines, penalties, and forfeitures, due and Cwing to the territory of the United States of America fouth of the river Ohio, fhall enure to t)ie ufe of the ilate* All bonds for performance, executed to the governor of tht faid territory, ihall be and pafs over to the governor of this ftate, and his fuccefTors in office, for the tife of the Aate, or by him or them refpe£tively to be ailigned over to the ufe of thofe concerned, as the cafe may be. Se£t. 3. The governor, fecretary, judges and brigadier- general, have a right, by virtue of their appointments, under the authority of the United States, to continue in the exer^ cife of the duties of their refpeftive offices^ in their feveral departments, until the faid officers are fuperfeded under the authority of this conftitution. Se£t. 4. All officers, civil and military, who have been appointed by the governor, (hall continue to exercife their refpe^ive offices until the fecond Monday in June, and un* til fucceflbrs in office ihall be appointed under the authority of this conftitution, and duly qualified. SeA. 5. The governor 0^all make ufe of his private feal,, .until a ftate feal ihall be provided. SeA. 6. Until the firft enumeration ihall be made, as directed in the fecond fedlion of the firi^ article of this conilitution, the feveral counties ihaU be refpe^ively ei^i ■ . tiOfid ftatf , ovet* bvcreignty onftitution confederal arolinai the of the latt rth-weft •£ latl extend any part of tfaid ceffion ,in a change ;nt, it is de- claimst and ■porate, flwU e admipiftr*" tt, due and of America of the ftatc* rcrnor of th« ernor of this ■ the ftate, or to the ufe of id brigadicr- ments, under in the excr- their fevcral led under the Lo have been Bxercife their flnc, and un« [the authority Is private fcal,, Ibe made, as Irticle of this Vpcftively cA-i '*^ titled iTAf E OF TEl/ASEBf. J4f dtled to eleA one (enator and two reprefentativMi provided that no new countv (hall be entitled to feparate reprefenta- tion previous to talcing the enumeration. Se£l. 7. That the next election for reprefentatives and other officers to be held for the county of Teuafec, ihall ht held at the houfe of William Miles. SeA. 8. Until a land office (hall be opened, (o as to enable the inhabitants fouth of Frenchbroad and Holftoil, between the rivers Tenafee and Hig pigeon, to obtain titles upon the claims of occupancy and pre-emption, thofe who hold land by virtue of fuch claims, (hall be eligible to ferve in all capacities, where a freehold is by this conilitutjen made a requifite qualification. Done in convention at Knoxville, by unanimous confent* on the fixth day of February, in the year of our Lord one thoufand feven hundred and ninety fix, ahd of the independence of the United States of America the twentieth. — In teflhnony whereof we have hereunto fubfcribed our names. William Blount, prefident. Blount County. — David Craig, James Grecnway, Jofeph Black, James Houdun, Samuel Glafs. Sullivan County. — George Rutlrdge, William C. C. Clairbornei Richard Gammon, John Shelby, jun. John Rhea. Davidson County. — Jolm M'Nairy, Andrew Jackfon, James Robertfon, Thomas Hardiman, Joel Lewis. Greene County. — Samuel Frazier, Stephen Brooks^ William Rankin, Eliiha Baker, John Galbreath. ,' Hawkins County. — James Berry, Jofeph M'Min, Tho- mas Henderfon, William Cocke, Richard Mitchell. Jefferson Counit.— Alexander Outlaw, Jofeph Ander- . foR, George Doherty, James RoJdye, Archibald Roane. Knox County.— James White, Charles M'Clung, Joh» Crawford, John Adair. Summer County.— David Shelby, Ifaae Walton, W. Douglafs, Edward Douglafs, Daniel Smith. Sevier County.-— Peter Bryan, Samuel Wier, Spencer Clack, John Clack, Thomas Buckenham. TenasbE County. — ^Thomas Johnllon, Jsnies Ford, William Fort, William Prince, Robert Prince. . *. Washington County.— John Tipton, Samuel Handler, Leeroy Taylor, Landon Carter, James Stutrt. A,tteft. William Maclla, fecretsu-y. 1, '1 w ,U [' ) I j44 ^cir toK t&iA^LUuiiKo k«ro'xViLLS. AnzSi foif eftabiUhing Knoxville dn tbe north bank of t^e HoUlon, and immediateljr below the fecohd creek that runs into Holfton on the north ii Je, below the rnouth of ]^renchbroad river, and for appointing commiiGbners for > the regulation thereof. INHERE AS in the year 1791 it was found expedient td eftabliih a town on the north bank of Holfton, inimediately below the fecond creek, that runs into the north /ide of the famci below the mouth of Frenchbroad, governor 31ount hnving determined to fix the feat of government on the faid fpot : and whereas a town was accordingly Ind out by James White at the above defcribed place, and called l&ioxville, in honour of majcrogeneral Henry Knox, con- fiiHng of the neceifary ftreets and 64 lots, numbered from one to 64 j as mil more fully appear, reference being had to the plat of faid town : SeA. I. Be it enafled by the govemer, legiflative council and houfe of reprefentatives of the territory of the United S^tes of America, fouth of the river Ohio, that a town be eftablifhed on the above defcribed fpot of ground, which jQiall continue to be known as heretofore by the name of Knoxvilb, in honour of major-general Knox, coniifting of the aeceiTary ftreets and 64 lots, from number one to 64, agreeable to the plan of the faid town made in the ye^r SeO:. 2. And bs it ena£ted, that colonel James King, John Chiiholm, and Jofeph Greer, cfqrs. George RouUone, and Samuel Cowandee, &c. are hereby appointed com- n^ifllonjers of the faid town, with power to regulate the fame, and if neceflary, with the confent of the proprietor, to enlarge It. Se£V. 3* And be it enacted, that a corre^ plan of the faid town, as origiaally laid off, in the year 1791, be made by the faid commiffioners, and lodged in, the office of the rc^ifter of the county of Knox, for the benefit of all perfons concerned, with their names, as commiffioners^ fubfcrlbed t^etoi and that it be the duty of the faid commiffioners to drfignate the firft and fecond comers by the fixture of a ftone Qt ftones at each comer, at leaft 18 inches in the ground, Cob Whe Rye, Oats, Barle; PotatJ Beef, Pork, Vcm Butter Cheefi Bacon, Bar ire Caftinc Whi&l Cpm, Oats, ville, Potatbe Bee^pe Port,^ Butterj iitXn Bar iron Caftings Whi(kej Knox Only Waters o; tttcky. s. : of tie :ck that outh of aers iot rdiciit M ncdiatcly I fide ot governor iment on r 1 nd out nd called noX| con- sred from ;nghad to ive council he United a town be [nd, which ic name of >nfifting of one to 64, lithe ye»r jcncs King, : Roultone, ntcd com- •gulate the proprietor, )lan of the 1, be made ffice of the all perfons fubfcribcd imiffionexs ixture of a les in the ground} !>R1CE8 CURRENT AT KKOXVILLE. 545 ground, and fix above, And to ufe good care that the fame oe not removed or defaced. (SignedV William Blount, governor* ^ Griffith Rutherford, P. L. C. David Wilfon, S. H. R. - : Prices cul-reii^ at itnoxville. Ccnti. - p 25 to 33 J-3 66 a-3 to 75 4' 1-3 331-3 . SO ■..••^ 33 1-3 2» 50 3^ 33 1-3 "" 16 2-3 • 81-3 81.3 8 1-3 m 8» 33 1-3 * 7 50 « (ORN, per bufhel - - Wheat, per ditto ... Rye, per ditto , ... Oats, per ditto . * "^ - Barley (but little fowed) Potatoes, per bufhel - * - * Beef, per loo pound - - - Pork, per loo pound - - - Veuifon hams driedj each Butter, per pound •* * • Cheefe, per pound - • - Bacon, per pound « - * Bar iron, per 109 Ib« - •• « Caftings, per 100 lb. - - Whiikey, per gallon • - Prices current at Naihville. Q>m, perbufliei - - - 162-3- - Oats, wheat, and rye, the fame as at Knpx- ville. . - ._ Potatoes, per bufhel - - - 33 1-3 Bee£| per 100 lb. . - - .2 Pork, per c itto - - 3 Butter, cheefe, and bacou, the fame ^ Jat Knoxville. Bar iron, per pound ... 16273 Caftings, per pound • - - 162-3 Whiikey, per gallon - - • i»to75 Knoxville, June 4, 1795. Only one iron ore bank has yet been difeevered upon tKtf waters of Cumberland^ and I have heard of but one in Ken<* tucky. *«* One hundred cents make one dollar. . Nn I . »_ • — • «^-' S4^ AMiRiOAv ivoaar^ ) No. VII. Report of Mr. (eoiiXvey Htmilton on opening his budget, SotUn. CeoC*. The whole of the civil lift for 1794 is 397»aoi 6 Extraordinary, for public works, l»ene* \ ' ^ wlcncies, ace / '47»"y3 4i EftinuieoCthc war «isipeneesfar 1794 i>4^7i93<^ K 6(tbls 3^003,830 56 Dollars. The cpmp.■.».'- - ^ -'- in ACT FOR TilADtk(3^&dtTSl«7 «. Cent*- 201 6 9> of repf «- rongrefs af- ent of the pofts an4 in the in- nt for, the feveral in- ks. si^ SeA. 2. And be it farther ena^ed, That the preiiderlf, be authorized to appoint an agent for each tradipg-jdoul^ eftablifhed, whbf6 duty it (hall be to receive, anddifpoie oi^ in trade with the iiidian liiat'ons afore meiitipned, fuch gdQdft «j» he (hall be direaed by the prefideht oi^e United State|| to receive and difpofe of^ as aforefaid, according to this rules and onlers which the prefident fliall prefcribe i, an4' ^ver/ fuch agent (hatl tal^e ah oath or affirmation, fait]^<*' lully to execute thd truil cbmmitted to him i skd thsit hA will nbt> direftly or indirdEtly, be concerned or mterefte4 ih any trade, commdrce, or barter, with any Indian or In<> 4ians whatever, but on the puhlic account : arid Cball alfl> give bond with fufl^cient fecurity in fuch fum as the prefi' dent of the United States fhiW dirj^a, truly ahd honeft^j^ to accbutit for all the mohciy, goqds, aiid other proper^ whatever, which (hall come into his hands, or for whichi^ in good faith, he ought fo to aiccouhi, and fo perfoith aU th<^ duties re4uii^ed of him by this a£t v and his accounts (halT be made up h;llf-yearly) and tranfmitted to the fecretary of the treafury of the United States., SeA. 3. And be it further enaAed^ 'That the a^iits» tkeir (clerks, or other perfohs employed by them, (hall not be^^' ^reaiy or. indirectly, concerned or ihterefted in carrying; on the bu^nefs of trade or commerce/^ on their owh, or any' other than the public account, or tak^ or apply to his or' their own ufe^ any emolument or gain for negotiating ot, tranfaAing any btifih^fs or trade, during their agency ot'^ empioytnenti other than is provided by this aA : and if any fych perfon (hall offend again(t any of the prohibitions afore* faid, he or they (hall be deenA^d guiltv of ii tnifdemeanour | [ and (hafl, upon conviAion thereof, forfeit to the Utflted' States sk fum not exceeding one thoufand dollars, and (hall be removed from (uch agency or employment, and for ever thereafter be incapable of holding any office under the Xtnited States t provided) that if any other per(bn than' a public profecutor (hall give information of any fuch of- fence, upon which a profecution and conviction (hall be had, one half the aforefaid penalty, when received, (hall be for the ufe of the perfon giving fuch information. SeA- 4* And be it further enafted. That the prices of the goods fnpplied to, and to be paid for by the Indians, (hall be regulaiied in fuch manner, that the capital A'ock fumifliedi b/ the United States may not be dimini(hed. Sea 5. Be it further enaAed, That during the continu- ance o( this aA, the prefident of the United States be, N n 2 , And mmtm 548 AN ACT FOR TRADING-HOrsj* and he Is hereby authorized to di^w annually from tlitf treafury of t$e United States, a ium not exceeding 80C0 dollars, to be Applied, under his diredlion, for the purpofe of paying the agents and clerks j which agents fhall be al« lowed to draw oiit of the public fupplics, two rations eachg aind each clerk One ration per day. Sed. 6. And be tt further eria^ed, That 150,000 doI>' lars, excluiive of the allowances to agents and clerks, be, and they are hereby appropriated fpr the purpofe of carry- in^ on trade and intercourfe with ihc indian nations, in the manner afdre mentioned, to be paid out of any monies uh<( appropriated In the treafury of the United States. Sea. 7. And be It further ena^ed. That ifvCny agent or agents, their clerks, or other perfons emploifed by them, ihall purchafe, or receive of any Indian, in the Way of trade or barter, agun or other article commonly ufed in hunting i any inftrument of hufbandry, or cooking uitenill, of the kind ufually obtained by Indians in their intercourfe with white. people } apy article of clothing (except ikins' or furs) ; He or they (hall refpe^lively forfeit the fum of ioo dollars for each offence, to be recovered by aAion of debt, in the name and to the ufe of the United States, in any coUf t of law. of the United States, or of any particular flate having jurifdidtioh in likie cafes, or in the fupreme or fuperior courts of the territories of the United States : provided, that no fair fKall be commenced except in the ftate or terri- tory within which the caufe of a^ion ihall have arif^n, or the defendant may reiide : and it fhall be the 4uty of the fuperintendants of Indian affairs and their depiitie^ t^erpec* lively, to whom information of every fuch offence fhail be given, to coUef); the requUite evidence, if attainable, and to profecute the offender without delay. Sea. 8. And be it further enafted. That this aft fhall be in force for the term of two years, artd to the end of the next fefHon of congrefs hereafter, and no longei*. Jonathan Dayton, fpeakcr of the houfe of repfrefentativcs. John Adams, vice-prefident, of the United States, and prefideni of the fcnate. Approved — Jpril the 1 8/i&, t 796. G". Wafhington, prcfident of the United States. Depbfited among the rolls, in the office of the depart- ment of ftate. Timothy Pickering, fecrctary of ftate. irom m€ ng 8oCo ; purpofe lall be al- ons eacb^ ;,ooo dol- lerks, be, of car»y- ns, in the loiiics uh- f agent of by them, sy of trade 1 hunting i fil, of the ourfe with lar'or furs) ; loo dollars ebtjin the ly coUft of [late having or fuperior : provided, ate or terri- e arifen, 01* luty of the iticS "Vfefpec- Ince (tail be ible> and to laft ibaUbe end of the refentativcs. I States, and lited States, the depart- [ary of ftatCr W^^^ THE INDIAXI TRIBES. .549 Lexington, Kentacky, Feb. 2, 1 79(S* BY tariocis parties who havci been in the woods huntingf Aure learn that the Indians, who are now out on our frontiers^ are friendly, and appear very happy in meeting with tha white people, and rendering; them any fervice they poffibiy eaA. In many of the frontier towns in this ftats, the Indians: have already come in with their furs and peltry, in order to exchange them for articles which they are in want of i they adre welftreated by our inhabitants, and fay, that they receive our commodities on better terms tli^Q tkey have been ac- cuftomed to from the britifli traders. No. IX. A lejtter from Lexington, Kentucky, contains the following particulars. SiR^ Saturday morning, 30th Jan. 1796. JTERH APS the inhabitants of Kcn]tucky never experienced a feverer froft than laft night. After repeated obfervations this feafon, I find thi$ morniiig colder ten degcees than any morning this winier. At nine, I hung the thermometer in open air, and in 15 minut^ the merfuiry fell 20° to o. James H. Stewart. Thomas Love, No. X. Obfervations on the prefent iUuation of l^ided property in America. January, 1792. There exlfts at the prefent crifis, the nieans of employ- ing money to greater advantage, and upon principles (wh«n fa^s arf ^nown) more pbvioufly fecure than has occurred at any former period, in anycoitatry inthetitorld* It fe by tlit pur^hafe pf lands ift America. ^ ♦ . $^n 3 Fpccw <50 FUBSENT SITUATION OF Speculations of this fort have not generally attracted tht notice of monjpd men ; particul^irly in Great Britain, for the following obvious reafons : . Firft, Certain prejudices have exifted, and do ftil) exift, 9gainft the am..rican people, the american governnient, and confequently againft every fpecies of propfirty in that cpuntry. Secondly, the diftance from Europe is fo great, and the means of obtaining good and accurate information has been fappoied to be fo deficient, that a general diArujl has pre- vailed. - 1 It is however owing to thei<; prejudices, and to this diftruft, that j^efe immenfe advantages are to be obtained i becaufe theji^ are only accejfible to thofe ipdiyidual^ whofe minds are capable of difcriminatiug fa^ through the gloom of pre^ jutfice, and whofe pecuniary refouroes are equal in all re* fpt&s to the obje^ of fi^izing the advantages which the peculiar ftate of America now ofijgsrs. ' The fiii£U are thefe fqllowingV and they are fo well au<« thentic^ted and afcertained, as not to admi( even of th^ fludow of a doubt. Firft, that the new government of America is not only firmly efta^UCbed, but that it ha? given the utmoft energy and effe<^ to every thing that can beget confidence at hbm^ 9nd abroad) while its pm>lic meafures have greatly promoted tfie general profpenty of the country. ' Secondlyi that as a jproof of this, the public funds have advanced in a ratio beyond all former example, in any coun- try in the world, in (b ihort a period. A fund is cftablifhed for the payment of the iptercft in fp^ci?, at the rate o( fix per cent, per annum* and the creditors of the ftate are rendered iecure in the (ixiftence of a furpl^s revenue, which muft Gnk the capital in a ihorter time than can be well conceived, in conl'equgi^^e of t^ unexampled rapid population of the country, . . ' Xhk4ly* that the g;en?ral expenditure of government is regularly difchiarged, independent of the fund for paying the intereit of the national debt, which intereft is now paid f egulafiy in fp^cie every quarter. Jrourthly, that in confequence of an accurate enumeration, or ^enfus, which has been made of the w^ol^, peqple of the Unitied States, h appeals that they l(ave nearty doubled wHWii Ac is4\ *9 1'mh n9^l[!^fM^^g^« ^V? » for the ^,irt»W,»*MP)B»^WMij«S^,«,ai^JW i£led tlM 1, for the i\\\ exift, dent) and in that , and the has be$n has pre- isdiftruft, [; becaufe minds are m of pre-r I in all re- which the b well au^ tren of th^ 5 not only koft energy ice at hbtah V promoted funds have any coun*> cftabli{hed rate of fi* iC ftate are 18 revenue, Ihan can be tpled rapid government for paying |ia now paid numeration, ROtple of the ]y doubled mi for the ^ ti>- LAVbtH t»RbPEliTY IV AfkitLlCA. ^jfl ^tnhil which have been midje In the year fJQtt proirh, that thb whole mhahitahts nearly ainount to 4^006,000 m ibuls I Fifthly, that it alfo a^^rs, froth iichihfte rgtiirn^ nSaOk by the different officers 6{ the ctiftbms to the fc Lr c Vaiy ib the treafttry in America, that the value of viaencvh exjk^K^ amounted in one year and ohe month, ending in Sepitettri)^ 1796, to 20,415,96$ doQars, rating the fjiid ekpldrts it the^ original coft, which in ilerlih^ money, :it Is. ^d. to the dot- br, amounts to 4109^,5911. 7s.— sm increafeevea more rapi^ than the population. It alfo appears, that nearly One hafiT df the valu6 of theft ixpiorts v^e fent to thjp ^omintonii 6i Great Britain. Sixthly, that the mdll inconteftable evidence a9w exiftt. that the government of Aniierica is ai ftrong in4 e£Sci^£t as any in Europe ; that the la#s tinder the new 4:iOuflitui> tioh are acquiring energy every hour} tha£ j^fiiee is im- partially admihiftered, and the executive power lode|;d ili the hands of men who hold the firft rank in point Qtj'uta^ and integrity, joined to great and aclmowledged aViUt^e9^ Under all thefe circi^ftances, not a doubt cai^ ^ .cii^ tertained of a mbft ra^id rife in the population of Ataerica,; and confeqiiently of the value of the landed pi-o^^ is that country, which muft keep pace with the funds^ 9^9 with the gtoeral increafe of a£kive csipital, which Will vi^xi^ fnWj arife £rom the progreffive proiperity oif t^b countr^^ aided by the foreign fpeculations in th. fiahds, and' perhapf ;ftill mdi'e affifted by the operations ahd cSk€t9 <^ the na^ .tional bank^ lately eftabliihed, which cannot faiU to give ;t' jj^i'ing to human labour, in facilitating the increafe of agri- eulture, and confequently of riches, in a couiitry fo full ojf ittfburcei. Independent ^ the vaft population of America', whicfai' ihcreafbs iti geoiiuitrical proportion, the prefent (late ot the jCOntinent of Ejarope ,^fford$ the mo£b foHd reafdn to con« dude, that the emigrations firon;i thence, which haye been in ffrogrefs foi* ithe hft five years, will gjra^wHy increafe more ahd ii^oi'e, and ,tha^ of four&, ii^ 20 ye»r«, the United States muft contain above 8 millions of people } In 46 yefars, by the fan?fe rule, the f , ^^^^^^^ . numbed muilr advance to i^ Ji} 60 years it is highly probable 1 that' the' populsttion will in- > 30 millions ; N^ 4 mi m n li * J» 551 PRESENT SITUATION Or »nd fo OQ, doubling every ao yean ;■ for while there is room enough, and abundance of lands, in general far more fertile than thofe which have been heretofore occupied on xh^ fea-fide, no check can be given to population. No perfon is jealous of another, becaufe there is room enough for every body. And no man is a£raid to marry, becaufe there is a certain obvious refpurce for maintainiog a fimilj com- fortably, with moderate induftry i and not only fo, but alfo for providing for children, very amply, when they arrive at maturity, arifing from the cheapncfs of land, and the vaft produce of the foil, enabling the farmer to raife com and cattle, at a fmall expence, in comparifon to what muft be incurred in Europe. . For thefe obvious reafons, America muft advance in riches as population advances ; and as the wealth of the coimtry dqwnds entirely on the furplus produce of the foil, there apfiears at prefent, a$ far as human penetration cai| (iifcover, a greater probability of that country enjoying an yninter^pted courfe'of profperity than any country in the world. It is fcarce poffihl^, in the nature of things, tha( it can retrograde. Ine progrefs of wealth may ndt be fo rapid as in the great commercial countries in Europe: but it muft be regular and fure ; and various refources of the country, which have yet fcarce been found out, will prefs forward as adventitious aids, in rendering the revenue fe- cure, and in reducing the taxes below what are paid in any country in tUc univerfe. A(Qong thefe s^dventitic'is ai^s inay be reckoned the ;^hes fns|de from the timber cut down in clearing the lands, ^e fugar extracted from the juice of the maple-tree, and the extenfive di(Ulleries of fpirit^ for the confumption of the country, from the furplus grain and fruits, vrith which it abounds. . The pot and pearl-alhes have already become an immenfe article of produ^ve commerce *, and a ftrong probability exiils, that the maple>fugar vrill alfo become an Qhje£k of cpnfidcrable advantage to the farmer, when population is more ext<;nded. It is (nade at a feaibn which does not iiiterferc with any agricultural purfuit, and it is not im^ probable, that the high price of this article will hold out fufficieut encouragement to the northern american farmers, * Pot and pearl- aihes, exported 1789 and 1790^ in one yea( ttnooDted to S3 1,0461. fterling, . who LANDED PROPERTY FN AMERICA. 55] p^o have inexhauftible foreds of thefe maple-trtes withiif fheir reach, to make this manufaflure an objef^ of their at* Mention j and when once they get into the train of pro* ducing it, large quantities will be brought regularly to mar- ket. According to an edimate, which has been iounded oa experimei)t, four ilout men will produce about 40 hundred weight, of fugar, from &% weeks labour during the months pf February and March, before the tillage commences. The diftillery is a Aill more obvious refoufce, as the con* fumption of fpirits u inrnienfe, and muft daily increafe, as the means of producing it ffom furplus grain and fruits alfo increafe. But perhaps, to a britiih fubje^t, the moft pleafing £ir« cumftance in this detail of fa£b is, that thefe fertile back lands in America, by ofiering fuch ad vantages, in the cul- tivation of the foil, will obvioufly divert the attention of the people from manufafhires ; for few men will chufe to fol- low any handicraft employment, fubje^ting them to conftant labour and confinement^ who can occupy rich and pro- ductive lands for almoft nothing, compared to (he value of the fame property in Europe. On confidering the ftate of landed property in America, at the prefent crifis, and after a full inveHiigation of the fa£b conti6j^ed with this objedl, two circumftance; would appear obvijus } namely, ift. That in no country in the world are the rights of land better fecured than in America, or the titles fo fimple or fo indifputably clear ; nor is it puflible that greater pro- tection can in general be extended to every fpecies of pro^ perty, than aavr exifts, and will prevail in a greater degree, as the fyiiem of gQvenu^ent advances ip energy and per- fection. ^ 2d. That in no country, comparatively fpeaking, are lands fo cheap as they can be obtained at prefent in America, even by many hundred per cents. The reafons to be afiignpd for the very low price of lands are, that the Americans themfclves have not, till of late, had any aftive capital among theip, and Europeans have not been accoftomed to turn their attention to this objedl. Where, therefore, there is no competition* and abundance of any article at market, it muft of coucfe fink under its yalue. This has been the cafe hitherto: but the time is faft lipproaching, when it will be fo no longer. An exifting aCUyq J <^IL' ^^H w ill t 554 PRSSEKT SITITATtON Qf •^ve capital will foon embrace this particular olj^, and •• Increafe of people, rapidly advancing, will ftamp a new and increafed value on all unoccupied lands, within 300 to 400 jniles of the fea. The true criterion for afcertaining the probable Value o( ^is fpecies of property, in time coming, is to mxrk the pro- grefii of populatioa in the northern and middle ftates of America, and the obvious effi&s of this population ia advancing the price ; ^o look alfo at the future increafe of America, and to jibrm eftimates from fads »lone, of what inay be expe^ed as population advances. The fafts now offered, in elucidation of tliis potfitipn, Mt Jthefe following : and they are inconteftably true| and to be relied on, as events tha^t have aAually occurred* id. It has happened in the courfie of the laft three years, Ihat tra£b of land in the back parts of |Sfew-Tork govern- ment, which had been fold in townfliips of 6x miles fquare^ containing 23^340 acres, at one AiUing jllerling per acre, have been fubdivided and fold infiurmf^to fettlers, from oufi half to one, two, three, four, an4 five dollars an acre, ac- jcording to the fituation and quality of the foil -p a^d the price is yearly advancing, as the fettlers increafe^ 2d. It has 9lfo happened, wkhm the la^ three years, that lands, 70 to $0 miles weft of Albany, which fold for one idoUar an acre, now bring, without aiiy cultivation or im- povement, two or three dollars, which laiids i(r.ould not have brought one filling an acre (even yeai^ ago. 3d. Upon the Mohawjc river, ^eft of /Ubany^ lands, which ten years ago would not haye brought more than from five to fifteen fhillings ha acre, now lell from 3I. to lol. an acre ; and ^hi$ price, high as it is, is advancing with the increafe of populatipn in that p^rt of Amejrlca, which has been moft rapid. From thu ftatement of f^s (which 9pply in general to every part of America in the progrefs of fettlement), it appears evident, that inhabitants alo^e are necefiary, to enhance the value of landed property in thofe parts of the United States which are nearefl the thickrl.ettled countries. It may therefore be necefiTary to inquire into the fiiAs, relative to the probability of people being found to putchafe and cultivate thefe lands. In order to afcertain this, it will be proper tp recur again to the fa^ ahready JUted^ relatiyrto t)^ aggregate popu-' Ijatioi^ lour n Of leaft o l^acjc grants tied coi much 1 !tt and m new and x> to 400 e Value of ^ the pro- die ftates ulation in icreafe of ;, of what ifitipn, jire and to be uree years, rk govem- les fquare^ I per acre, I, from on,e a acre, ac- d the price years, that kid for one ion or im- ^.ould not ny^ lands, more than rom 3I. to 9cing with ica, which reneral to ement), it leffary, to parts of ickri.ettled the fafts, putchafe icur again ate popu- hAVJ>S9 PROPERTY tN AMERICA. 55J Utioi^ of the United Sutes, which is eftimated a^ yearly lour millions *. Of thefe four millions of people, it U fuppofed that at leaft one-eiffhtieth part, or about 50,000 fouls, mud move l^acjc into tne new lands twery year, ih4ependent of emi- grants from Europe. '^jThere not being room in tho thick-let* tied countries nearer the fca and the lands being not only much lefs fertile, but '^Ifo dearer than the new lanUs, the youns people, who genicrally marr^ as Toon jis they are of ^e, have been for ten years paft in the regular jpra£tice of moving back, from aop to 409 miles from the tea, where they become proprietors of lands at a fmall price^ and where the foil being much more fertile and produ£hye, they foon Set forward in the world • and become iiidependent : an4 liis plan having yntformly fucceeded wherever k has hotti jtried, the coi^le of emigration has become regular and pe- riodical I and for the laft three years, the attention «f the ^ew-England ftates has been principally dire£ked to thie );^k fettlements in the ftate of New-Tork. In purchai^ng lan4l^ therefore in America, although little iloubt can be eiitertained of a good foil being prctdu(£tive ii| time, in any fituation, not exceedingly.remote } yet the great ^vantage^ larhich are to be immediately derived, muft be from the purchafe of lands particularly iituated, and particu- larly circumft^ced i where the foil is proved to be good, by unque(^ioqable evidence, and where the diftance is fo near thick population, as to fecure a quick and rapid fettle- ment : aiid fuch feem to be the peculiar properties of the lands which are fituated c .1 the eaftern boundai^ of lake On^ tario, and on the fouth fide of St. I^awrence river. * The following is an cxaA copy of the cenfus laft made of the people of the United States, by which is known the number inha- biting each ftate. I Georgia 3 South-Carolina 3 North Carolina A Kentucky . . 5 Virginia • « 6 Maryland . ; 7 Delawsr .. . JB Fennfylvania . ^New-Jeifey • ? 82,548 250,060 393*75 « 73.677 . 747»6»o t 3t9»728 • 59*094 • 434*373 184.139 2,544,920 10 New>York 11 Conne^icut 12 Rhode IQand Maflachufets Main . . V' 2,544,920 340,120 237,496 68,825 378*787 96,540 >4 »5 New-Hampfliire 141,185 Vermont . . 85,539 tr*-*" t6 Weftera Territory 40,000 3*933*4'* I -I, t fS$ PRBSIKT SITUATION pP This couBtiy, which is within a fliort diAancc of Albany^ •nd iilre€i\f opppfite to the populrus fettlcment, anei the feat of government^ of Upper Canada, and in the immedlr. ate vicinity of Grand ifle and Buck's ifle, which form the great entrepot of the trade of the lakes, certaiply ppiTeires Aiany advantages calculated to invite fettlers. Except one tra£l in a more weftftrn iituation, it is the pnlv cxteniive bodv of Is)nd now to be fold in the ftate of New^ York, pr indeed in any ot the northern or middle Aates, where the- very large trafb of unoccupied lands are chiefly dirpofe4 of.— 'fhe advantages which both thefe diftriAs of country pbflefs^ muft unqueftionably fecure to the proprie- tors a rapid population } and thofe who are fo fprtiinate as to poflefs a part of th|s property, at the low price at which )arge trails of land may povr be purchafed by wholefale, for n\pney, namely about half a dollar an acre, and can af- ford to fpare the money, in the mean time, muft accjuire a ^arge and accumulating fortunp in a very few years. li^ cpnteipplating the progre^ive increafe of property in- vefted in american Jands in the courfe of being fettled, the mind alipoft grows wild, and islod in the magnitude of the objed, and in the aftonifhing accumulation of wealth, which arifes from this fpecies of inveftment ) to elucidate which, the foUbwing profpeflus has been formtd, upon the |c^e pf 800,909 acres, purchafed at one half dollar an acre^ fror|)cft\j^ 1 I I .s o o o o tANDEB PR o o o ^ rj .C il If jj It) o •£ u O efts <*j >r * 11 U J^ bO< u a * a ..s on 8 d -•^^ CO -3 to- c 00 .S M i 18 cS o «* 00 a .« " u I a. 1 8 & H ■s ■I i -M e fill .4i o {2 u .MM P <4M o s ;4 OPEnTY It? A MERICA, wo W 00 •« ^ « ij -« M) <0 «< Si O o % • o o o o o o o e 8iS.8 8 8 ^ 0^ »» r» «^ f~- *» -!' <* lU I ^ •' o Mi" a " S a -a. o o II •s .a 8 u (i !. To ■ mind not familiar to obje^ of tHii foilt, it {dntii troaderiill, ikae tlicre (hoold e»ft ibcb «n evident meant Of acquiring, mrmt fMreparrfi without genei-ally attraAing the notfcc of ioi the great mollied men io ifeurope i but thii ii eailiy eiplainedi by ftating, that tiU within the laft two i|«ars therf war nd gpvernShent ifl* America, ct!ttl»ted to t>i!f«iy pre- •ttletnenti Mid thcfac it who are t| through I particuUi^ prejudice! [n Europe lean lands » advantages ed from an Theprc.* ds will un- J property, advantage o rife aftcr- • true value* ( is a rpecies contrary, it thing that !| amcrican [qd climate, Increafe of xuniary in- i^tagCi that rifque, at- of lofs can thofe who iftEtoinvcft No. XI. GentleincnQfthcftntteandof UmiudSwth the houie of reprerentatives. Dutmitr jo^ i794« I LAY before yoa • report made to me by the feciecary of waf refpe^Ui^g the frontiers of the Unifd St«tei« The difordeii and the great expences which inceflantly ai'.fe upon the frontiers are of «, nature and magnitude to excite the moH ferioos confiderations. I feel a confidence that congrefs will devife fnch coafthutional and eflcient meafures as (hall oe adequate to the great obje^ of preferving our treaties with the Indian tribes, and of affbroi^g an adequate proteAioa to oor fnntlers. . G. Washinotonw The feeretary of war refpeitfully fuhmlts to the prefidf nt of the United States, the following obfervations refpe^ling the prefervation of the peace with the indian tribes with whom the United States have formed treaties. O retrace the condu(£^ of the government of the United States towards the indian tribes, fince the adoption of the conftitution, cannot fail to afford fati&fadtton to every phi^^ lofophic and humane mind. A eonftant fQllehude- appears to have exided in the ex* ecutive and congrefs not only to form treaties of peaeo with the. Indians upon principles of juftice, but to impart to them all the bleffings of civilized life, of which their condU lion is fufceptible. Hiat a perfeverancein foch principles and condu^ will reflet permanent honour upon the national character cannot be doubted. At the fame time it muft be acknowledged that the execution of the good intentions of the public is nc* quently embarraiTed with perplexing confiderations. The defires of too many firontier white people to feize by force or fraud upon the neighbouring indian lands has been, and ftill continues to be, an unceafing caufe of jcaloufy and hatred On the part of the Indians ; and it would appear upon a calm invefVigation, that until the Indians can be quieted apon this point, and rely with confidence upon the protcdlion of their lands by the United States, uo well-grounded hope of tranquillity can be entertained. The encroachment of white people is inceiTantly watched, >nd in unguarded moments they are murdered by the In-* dians, mm^tmmmfr^m, ^ j ^6& 6» HfiSERTtNG PEACE WITH ' dians» Revefige is fought, and the innocent frontier people Are too frequently involved as vI6tims in the cruel conteft. trhis appears to be a principal caufe of Indian wars. That there are exceptions will Mot be denied. The paffion of a young favage for war and faihe is too' mighty to be reftraihed by the feeble advicfe of the old nben. Ari adequate police ieems to be wanting, eiithfer to prevent or puni(h the depre^ datidAs di^the unruly. It would afford a confciofus pleafure, could the afiertion be niade on ouf jiiiftA, that We have con- fidt!red th*. murders of Indians the fame as the murders of* wliites, and have punished them accordingly, 't'his however knot the, cafe^ Thd irritated pajSions on account of favage crudity are generally too keen in the. places where trials are had* to conyi£t aind puniih for the killing of an Indiaji. It is confidered as unnecefTary to cite inftances, although multi- tudes might be adduced in almoft every .part of the country from its nrfl fettlement to the prefent time. If this view of the inability of both parties to keep the ptitt be tdrrefb, it wdtild feetfi t6 iipUow as a jv^ iconfe- quence, that an adequate remedy dught io be provided foi* an evil of fuch magnitude. It is certainly an evil to be Invdlved in hoftilities with tribes of favages, amounting to two cw three thoufand, as is the cafe north-yreft of the Ohio. But this evil v/ould be greatly increafed were a general indian war to prevail fouth of the Ohio i the indian warriors of the four nations in that quarter not being much ihort of 141OOQ, not to advert to the combinations which a general, indian war might produce with the european powers, Mrith whom the tribes both north and fbuth of CheOhio are connefifed. It ieems that our own experience would demonfcrate the propriety of endeavouring to preferve a pacific condu^ in^ preference to a hoftile one with the indian tribes. The United States can get nothing by an indian war, but they rifque their men, money, and reputation. As we are more powerful and more enlightened than they are, there is a re» fponfibility of national character, that we ihould treat them with kindnefs and even liberality. It is a melancholy re- flection, that our modes of population have been more de- ibru£tive to the indian natives than the conduct of the con- querors of Mexico and Peru. The evidence of this is the utter extirpation of nearly all the Indians in the moft popu« lous parts of the union. A future hiflorian may mark the caufes of this deftruAion of the human race in fable colours. Although the prefent government of the United States cannot with tiecei powet tiers, of the terencc *«rthori need. of rovera f « attemt °e found *^e follow ocdiredJed «*«nbott6d Watci provi\ Stt""^' 2%, Th ftht white Indian natid *o Oliver h] ^\^^^ to be wiiure thcreq «cnearefti„1 bodied in a4 i';'=OWo,forl o'^committinj 0' property. ^ ,r"'wand artiJ \tl^^ goVeJ iftis was a fed fj'^on* mtiihA l^J^l^ fouth- * *« touTe, '^M iubjwftftron^^ j^ 'o /endee ^Hcir attention ubon '"''■an nation or li^ Z^ 'nAan known to beloniio ^ order ,o be tried and Du^fl!?,i r "«"«* ■«i«(»ry poft in fi'lare the^,^^ irnit^a.1^.,' T" """W; „ S *< "«rcft Indian ,„»S'£^„™'"*'" take fttisfaftion upo" 3dly, .erron.»?^,iL..'"*'»"o» or tribe , ""died in arms on aSt S^f, i"! """ "» aAi'nbJed or^m r«S»ryj„rifdi^l'S,'"''' ^'Wing to Indians out of'"; h« Ohio, for the pnr^ftfcr' ""r^'""^ '"""•hof I of committing depi;darion,«^T2i*^""''"'* '"<"»»». «• ftffion, intitled. «f„^Tf^^'<^? the fenate paftd the ISt m. 562 TREATY WITH SPAIK. If to this arrangement the expence ihould be ohjie&cd, it is to be remembered that the prefident of the United States, in purfuance of law, has, authorized both the go- vernor of Georgia and the governor of the fouth-weftern territory to eftablifh a defenfive proteAion, which amounts to a large fum annually. Pofts therefore requiring garrifons amounting to 1500 non-commiflioned and privates, for tlie whole fouth-we(l:rn frontiers from the St. Mary's to the Ohio, would probably be adequate to this object. If the pofts belonging to the United States, and now oc- cupied by the Britifh, north of the Ohio, be foon delivered lip, they, with the poft at the Miimi villages, and pofts of communication down the Wabajfh on the fouth, and the Miami river to lake Erie on the north, together with a poft at Prefqu'ifle, would be a pretty adequate protection to the frontier north of the Ohio, and a curb to any Indian tribes, difcontented without juft caufe, which it is prefumed will never be afforded by the gov^ment of the United States, , If to thefe vigorous meafures ihould be combined the arrangement (^, trade recommended to congrefs, and the eftabli(hmwhich from thence ihall be drawn due eaft, to the middle of the river Apala- chicola or Carahfuche, thence along the middle thereof to its junction with the Flint ) then ftraight to the head of St. Mary's river, and thence down the middle thereof to the atlantic ocean. And it is agreedf that if there fhould be any troops, garrifons, or fettlements of either party on the territory of the other, according to the above-mentioned boundaries, they ihall be withdrawn from the faid territory within the term of lix months after the ratification of this treaty, or fooner, if it be pofiible } and. that they (hall be permitted to take with them all the goods and efte£bs which they poflefs. III. In order to carry the preceding article into jeSe^ one commiffioner and one furveyor ihaU .be appointed by each of the contracting parties, wjko ihaH meet at Natches on the left fide of the river Mifiiffippi^ before the expira** tioin of fix months from the ratifica<;t€Mi of this convention $ and they ^all proceed tp run and miike thfs boundary, ac- cording to the ftipulations pf the faid article. They ihsiU ^ O 2 snake J |l III . lUlrf"! Ill '■"'" -• — - ./ ^ 1 f ' y if §9^ tu^hrr ytttf i^Aftr. make plaffs^ ttiid ktep journals of thx\r pro€ted\np, wTifdi limil be cq0iMet«d as part of this conVefltio- ridat, and the cottonMUiding oficer of tlie troops of the Vhited BH/tf it» the foMfh^wefterH territory* who fhall a^ by comOHMi eonftnt, afid amicaUy, as well with refpejii to ^s pofait) as to the fumifliing (^ pfoirifions and Inftru- inentsi wnA aiakiiig every Othe^' ftrrangement whid^ may be peceilary or ufeful for the execution o7 this article. IV. It is iikewift agreed, that die weftefn boundary of the United States, Which ftpartttea them from the fpanifh colony of Loaifiam, it k% the middle of t^e channel or bed of the river Miffiffippi, from the northern boundary of the laid ftates to the completion of the 31ft degree of latitude north of the equator* And his catholic majcfty has like- ^fei^re^, that the nairiotion of the faid Hvcr from its Ibdrc^ to the oeean fhall De free only to his fubje^, and iheehimns of the United Sufes, unlefs he (hould extend this privilege to ^e fubje^ of other ponlrers by a fpecial convenfioh. V. The two high cofit>a£l?ing parties fludf, by all means in their power, maintain peace and harmony amongft the feveral Indian nations who hihabit the country adjacent to the lines and rivers which, by the preceding article, form ihe boundaries of the two Floridas; and the better to at- tain this effe£^, both parties oblige themfelves expreflly to 9eftrain by force, all hoftilities on the part of the Indian na- tions living within their boundary; fo that Spain will not iiifler their Indians inhabiting their territory, nor will the United States peTihit their laft-mentioned Indians to com- tnenee hoftilitie» againtV his oathplic majedy, or his Indians, in any manner whatfoever. And whereas feveral treaties of friendship exift between the two eontra^ingpsoties and the faid nations of Indians, it b hereby agreed, that in future no treaty of alliance, or iother whatfoevef (except treaties of peace), Ihall be made irf either party,; with the Indians living Within the boundary iof thfv Other *, but both parties will endeavour to make the utilvaiitiiges of the uidian trad^ eommon and mutually bene- £knl t^ their refpefttve fubje^ and citizens, obferviiig in :i-*»H, — .. ^- '^•itm i ^di if .f** TREATY WIT« 8PAIK* 56^ •11 tbfaigsi tlie moft complct« reciprocitfy fi> tint both psuv tics may obtain the advantages arifinjg from a good under* ftandi«g with the faid nations, without betog w^9&. to the expenc« vrhicH they have hitherto ocfiafioncd. VI. B«ch party ihaU endeavour, bv all meUM In thdr power, to proteft and defend alt ^eflkls and other tfk£tt belonging to tlie citiscnt or A»fa^£h of the othsr^ whldi ihall be wit-hhi the extent ol their jurlfidiaiott I17 fea or li^ lapd, and ihall nfe all thchr cfibrts to recovery and tfeufe to be recovered, to their right owners, their veflels and tSo6» which may iuive becQ taken from them witldn the extent of thdrTaid jwHTdi^ion, whether they are at war » not wttb the fubjedts who have taken poAc0ion of the faid effpSb. Vlf. And it It agte«d, that the ful^efti or citizcm of /each of the contmflhig pnrdeS| thdr Tefl<^ or oflStifts, ilhal( not be liaWrt to vy e n^nr goor detention on tlit putt of th«- other, for any mUitaiy eji^ition, or other piDiblic or private purpofe whatfoeyer. And in atl eftfits of feisure, detention, or arrcft^ for debts contra^d, or offvnoet committed by any citizen or Aifajoft of the one party withitt the juri& diction of the other, the fame ihf^l M made Md pgofteuted by order and authority of law only, and accoi^ng to thf pnegular coarfe of prdeeedings uliMkl in fuich cafes. The citiv eem gnd fubje£ts of both partita ^sall be allowed ftiok advo*' cates, folicitors,. notaries, agentt| and fk 566 TRBATY WITH SPAIW.- and dqxurt when and whither thejr plcafe, without any kl or hindrance. IX. All fliipt and mfrrhandifr, of what nature foever, which (hall be refcued oat dF the hands of any piraties ur robbers on the high icas* ihnll be broog^ into •^fomc poet of either ftvte, and Chall be delivered to the cni^ tody of the oifficers of that port, in order to be taken care of), and reftored to the true proprietor, as foon as doe and fuffident proof fliali. be made concerning the pri^ierty thereof.;-: ; X. When any veflel of either party ihaU be wrecknl, foundered) or otherwife damaged, on the coat^ or within the dominions of the other, thdr refpeftive fiibieds and dtizens (hall receive, as well for themfelves as for thdr ■vseflels and: eflS:£b, the fame affiftance nHiich would be due to the inhabitants of the country where the damage hap> pens, and (hall pay' the fame charges and duties only as the (aid inhabitants would be (ub)eft to pay in a like cafe : and if the operation of.JTpaits would require that the whole, or any part of the cargo be unladen, they (lull pay no duties, dmges, or..fees»^ or inhabitants ol'' the faid United States, or againft the property, of any of^ the inhabitants of any of them, firom any prince of ftate,' with which the United States fliall be at #ar. Nor ihall any citizen, (ubjeA^ or inhalntant of the faid United Statesy apply for, or take any commiffion or letters of marque, for arming any ihip or fliips to aCt as privateers againfk the fui>> jeCb of his catholic majefty, or the property of any of them, ftx>m any prince or ffaite whh which the fiud king fiiaU he at war. And if any prrfon of either nation fliall take fuch commiffion or letters of marque, he ihall be pu> niihed as a pirate. XV. It ihall be lawful for all and Angular fubjeCb of his catholic majefty,. and the citizens, people, %nd itohabitants^ of the United States, to fail with theii: ihips, with all man- ner of liberty and fecurity, no.diftin£tton being made, who are the proprietors of the merchandifes laden therein, firom any port to the places of thofe who now are, or hereafter ihall bCy at ennuty with lus catholic majefty or the United States. It ihati be likewife lawfol for the fubjedls and in- habitants afortfaid to fail with the fliips and merchandifes O o 4 afoTQ ^ .:!■ % •4 . tRKATY WITH SPAtK. vioff QCfitten/sd, apd to tra4e with the &ine liberty and fe* curity from the p)aret» ports, or havens of thofe who are Cfi^rniof of bolh> 9r cither party, irtthout any oppofition or d^iWba^cfl whatfoftfcr, not only from the places of the Vitnay afo^ nae^tipa^ to neutral pl?i;ci, but 9lj(b from one pltce bvlonging tp an eaemyi whetheir they be under the J9rird«CUon of th^ fame prince, or uiid^ ieveral : and it is li9ft\ff ftipidated, tluit free ifa|ipi ih^U flfo give freedom to gQ04i| %m that every thing ^all be deemed free and ex< Onpt which Iball he foun4 on bow4 ^^ f^^?' bclopung to the fubjeJb of either of the contraAing parties, altnough ^t wb(rie U4mg» or any {rart thereof, ihouUi appertain to 4}^ diemy of either, contraband goods beii^ alws^ys ex- cepted. |t is ^Ifo agreed, that the faqie liberty be granted to peifqni who ^rc i9n hpvd a free ibjp ) io that, although t|i«r may ^ eneniei to either party, they ihiall not be made piri6»^i, ffr ttlikpn out of that free ihif^ VuM* they arc folfliarfi, vai m aAw|l (ervice 9^ the enq^|p$. . %\h Tl^ lyy^rty of navigation an4 cocpmerce (hall ex- tend to all kinds 9( nierchaodifcf, e^epting only thofe yfhif^ swe 4)ftiPgill0^4 kg ^^ name d rontr^ha^d ) 9nd ifpder tniii Pfmc of co^trabfta^, or proh!l)i^e4 goods, £hall l» coq)pf0be94fi4 arms, great guns, bomhi, vifh. their JuTeei, mAJkfi ^l>eF t^g» beloagi^ to them, cannon. Wl*, g*i»pfliwk8^ m^tff^i pU(;es, iWrds, U^lce% fpears, ]^bert9» J9m»r9, ipnm49, grena4e<» faltpeti-e, mi^ets, mulket^lls, ^^Jiersi |i^e$s, b^c^fia^%q», C9a^ of mail, ^4 Ihe \ik^ kM ol ar«a#, prpKf ^pr an^jfi^ fohliers i «M^«lr#eA4, ht\$h hofi^s with ^if Jiirmtut^, ^pd all QIIM' WMHkc ipiknunenftf wha{evff^ Thei'e x^erchandifes irhi^ foUow* fli9U not be re(;lf(»m4 ajlfcms co|>tnt|^4 or |irohibitc4 g0f>4s i that k to fi^, ^U Splits pf cl«ths, and all Other Qumufd^res wofen pi fipy vfppl, flax, iilk, cotton, or any of liuer tofa^eri^ls w Ik^ey^r, ^11 |:ipdf of weeing appa> rel, together with all fpecies whereof they ^re ofed to be made ) gol4 aB4 Qiver, ^» well cpi|i^ as micoine4> tioj iron, Jyttea, bTaOi* coppeTi COfil? ) ay alfo i^cat, Upley, and oats, and any other km4 of cpra sma4 PV^fej tobacco, and like- wife ^11 manner of rpice«, falted an4 (a^oai^^d %ih| faked ^A), cheefe and butter, beer, oilf, wines, fng^Mr, and all fertsof fait I and in geuer^^l, a^l provU^oos which ibrve for the fuftenance of life } furthermore, all kinds of cotton, hemp, Sis^, tart pitch, rop«s, fails, fail-cloths, anchors, or vay part ok aQt;hpr8> 41iQ ihip-mafU, planks^ aa4 wood of all "****■«*«■' •^Nr4=»-.>^ ^,_ ir and fe* vrbo are >riti«n or ;s of the from one inder the : and it is eedom to e and cx- Lonoing to , althaugb ^fcmm to ilws^ys cx- be granted t, auhougli ot be made rs they VC ce ihall ex- only thofc gpods> inalL wi^ their pm, cannon- ic8% fpear&s re, xmiSdccts, Iff (oMiersi I, «iid aU aerchandifes tptra^d <^ yths> and all filk, cotton, rcving appa- ; ^fcd to be ie4t ^"» ''**"> ey» andQ»"> :o. and likc- ^dhi ^*ltcd ijtV, and all kich ftrve for Is of COttOBi anchors, or Lnd wood of ' all TREATY WITH SPAIN. , 569 all kinds, ^nj all things proper either for building or re» . pairing mips, and all other goods whatever which have not . becu worked into the form cf any inftruraent prepared for vrar by land or by Tea, (hall not b<: reputed contrabandi much lefs fuch as have been- already wrought and made up /or aqy other ufe ) all which ihall he wholly reckoned amongft €rce goods ( as likewife all other merchsmdifes and things whick . are not comprehended, and particularly mentioned in the foregoing enumeration of contraband aoods } Co that they may be tranfported and carried in the treeft manner by the fubje^ of both parties, even to i^aces belonging to aa enemy, fuch towns or places being only excepted as are nt that time befieged* blocked up,, or invefled i and except the i^aces in which any fliip of war or fquadron ihsdl^ in. conftquence of ftorihs or other ace! '"nts at fea, be under the neceiUty of taking the cargo of anjr trjiding yefiel or V(^ls, in which cafe they may uop the iGiid vefieL or veffdSf and furniO) themfelvcs with ncceflVies, givina a receipt, in order that the power to whom the faid (hip of war belongs,, may pay, fof the article (b taken, according to the price thereof, al the port; to which they may appear to have been, deftined hy the ihip's, papen; and tne two cor^tra^g par- ties engage, that the vdSeU ihall not be detaine4 longet than may be abiblutely neeeflajry for their faid ihips to fupp^' themfelves with neceflaries i that they will immediateiy pay the ''alue of the receipts, and indeia^njfy the proprietor for alL' IqSv which h/e may have Aift^med in eoniequenoe ^f fuch^ tranfa^ipav. XVU. To the end that all manner of dlficonons. an4: quarrels may be avoided and prevented on one iide and on the other, it is agreed, that in cafe either of the parties hereto Ihould be engaged in a war, the ihips and vei&ls belonging to fubjeds or people of the other party, muft be- furniihed with fea letters of pafl*ports, exprei£ng the fame,, |Mrqperty and: bulk of the ihip, as alfo the place and habi- tation of the maimer or commander of the faid ihips, that it may appear thereby that the ihips really and truly belong to fabjeos of one of the parties ; which pafTport ihall be made out and granted according to the form annexed to this treaty. They ihall likewife be recalled every year, that is, if tbueihip happens to return home within the fpace of a year. It is likewife agreed, that fuch fhips being laden, are to^ be provide4 not only witja paS{^s, as above mentioned, but » ^1 i 1: 4 )U: $*J0 TREATY WITH fPAlN. bbt alfo with certificates, containing the fevcral particulari of the cargo* the place witence the (hip failed, fo that it Bny be known wliether anv forbidden or contraband goods be on board the fame { which certificates (hall be made cut hf the officers of the place whence the (hip failed in the ac- cuftomed form i and if any one fhall think it fit or advife- able to cxprtfs in the faid certificates the pertbn to whom the goodi on board belong, he may do fo ) without which rtqmfites they may be fent to one of the ports of the other c0ntra6ting party, and adjudged by the competent tribunal, attroi^ding to What is above fet forth, that all the circum- ilar^ces af this omifllon having been Weil eifamined, they fhall . be adjudged to be le|;al prizes, unlefs they (hall give kgal fatii^ion of their property by teftimony equally equi- vuent. ^; , ■ XVin. If the (hips of the faid fubjiBcM, people, or in-' habitants of either of the parties, (hall be met with, either ' iSiling lAfmg the cbafts, or on the high feas, by any (hips of war bf' the 'Other, or by any privateer, the faid (hip of war, or jpi-ivateer, for avoiding any diforder, ifhall remain oat of cahnon-fhot, and may lend their l>oat8 on board the merchant-fhip which they (hall fo meet with, and may en- ter her, to the number of two or three men only, to whom the mailer or commander of fach (hip or vefTel mall exhibit his pafi|>orts concerning the property of the (hip, made out according to the form inferted In this prefent treaty { and the (hrp, When (he (hkll halve (hewn fuch pafi!port, (hall be free and at liberty to purfue her voyage, fo as it (hall not be lawful to tnoleft or give her chafe in any manner, or force her to quit her intended cour(b. XIX. Confuls (hall be reciprocally eftablifhed, with the* privileges and power which thofe of the mod favoured na- tions enjoy in the ports where their confub refide, or are permitted to be. - XX. It is alfo agreed, that the inhabJtanta of the territo-' ries of each party (hall refpeftiveiy have free accefs to the courts of juftice of the other } and they (hall be permitted to profecute fuits for the recovery of their property, the payment df their debts, and for obtaining fatista^ion for the damages which they may have fuflaincd, whether the per- ftns whom they may fue be fubjefts or citizens of the coun- try in which they may be found, pr any other perfcns whatever who may have tak.n refuge therein } and the pro- ^edings and fentence& of the courts ihall be the fame as if the' contending TREAT^r WITH SPAIN. 57» irticulari ) that it id goods ladc out n the ac« )r advifc- to whom )ut which the other i tribunalf e circum- ned, they (hall give iially equl- rte, or in- ith, either any (hips lid ihip of all remain board the id may en- r, to whom Kail exhibit made out rcatyj and rt, (hall be hall not be r, or force , with the* voured na- ide, or arc contending parties had been fabje^s or cUiseni of the faid country. XXI In order to terminate all differencts on account of the loflcs luAained by the citizens of the United States, in confequence of their veflels and cargoes having been taken by the fttbje^ of his catholic majeAy during the late war between Spain and France, it is agreed that all fuch cafes be referred to the final deciiion of commiflioBers to bt Appoint- ed in the following manner : His catholic mt^efty fhall ap- Soint one commiffionrr, and the preildcnt of tbt United tatet, by and with the advicp and confent of the fenate» (hall appoint another i and the faid two commiffionert (hall agree on the choice of »• third, or if they cannot To agree* they (hall each propofe one perfon i and of the two namec fo propofed, one (hall be drawn by lot in the firefence of «the two original commiffioners } ttidthe porfon. whofe name (hall be drawn (hall be tlie third commiflioner i and the three commiffioners fo appointed (hall be ffvem impartially to examine and decide the claims in queftion» acvording to the merit of the feveral cafes,, and to jufike, equity, and the laws of nations. The faid commiflioniers fliall meet and. fit at Philadelphia ; and in cafe of the death, ficl(>ne(i, or neceflary abfence of any fuch c^mmifiioneri his placcffliall be fupplied in the fame tnanner a« he wm (ir(i appointed, and the new commiffioner! (hall talce the fame oaths, and do the fame duties. They (hall receive all complaints and ap» plications authorifed by this article during 1 8 months fnm the day on which they (hall aiTemble. They (hall have power to examine all fUch' perfons as come before them on oath or afiirmation touching the complaints in que(Vion, and :dfo to receive in evidence all written teftimony authenticated in fuch a manner as they (hall think proper to require or ad- mit. The award of the faid commiflioners, or any two of them, (hall be final and tonclufivi, both as to tuftice of the claim, and the amount of the fum to be paid to the claimants ; and his catholic majefty undertak< to caufe the fame to be paid in fpecie, without deduOioi!, at fuch time and places, and under fuch conditions, as fhall be awarded by the fame commiflloners. XXII. The tvro high contrafling parties, hoping that the good corre(ix>ndence and friend(hip wliich happily reigns between them will be further increafed by this treaty, and that it will c( Mte to augment rheir profperity and opu^ |ence| will in luiure give to their mutual coiomerce all the cxtenfion t IK I J i;n Ji i% '■u ' 1 h \} Syi KORTR AMER1CAV LAUD COMPANT. extenfion and favour which the advantages of both couiv* tries may require. And in confequence of the Aiputattom contained in the fourth Icicle, his catlioUc majeftj will permit the citizen9 of the United States, for the fpace of three Tears from this tinKI, to depofit their merchandlfits and efibfis. in the port df New (Means, and to export them frotn thence without paying wnj other dmy than a fair price for tlic hire of the -ftcMret I and his tat^wtf promifes, either to contintie thiii permifilon, if he finds during thai time that it is not preju- dickt to Ae imereft of Spain, or if he ihouid not agree to coatinoe, he wiU affign to them on another part of the banks of the Miflifllppi ai> ecyaivatent eftahliflament. XXfH. *rte prewnt tivaty ihaH not be in force un^U ra- tified t^ Hie eonnvAing paiff ies, and the rati6cations fliall he exchanged' in fi% mouths from that tirae,^ or fooner, if peflible. In wiincft whiereof, we, the under.written plenlpaten. lAaries of hia cathoKc majeftaf «ad of the. Un^d States of America have figMd »hU prtfenttreaty of firiendthip, Ihnits, and iiM>igation, aiul have tliereutito affixed our foaiire- ^e^velf. ' '>tiv'.^r.4 Done at San Lorenao et Real, this feven md twentieth daji! ^ Oftober t^gf,^-^ Thomas Pinckkbt, (l. s.) ' - ' PlUNCB DB LA> Pa£, {L. S.) wh< vani oftJ T fix r tc a p^.->ry— I .,..,^,,^..-^^ ...,i. ,„.v,-^— ..,j,, . , ^n:- -^-Hf^-rw^ No. XHL r^ rfb Pfin bf aSbciation of' the ^^brth American land' company **. X HE lubrcrlbers hereto having, at a ^eat expence of money and time, with much indu(lry acquirqd a large and valuable property, confitlinj of lands in the dates of rena fylvania, Virgi^i'iA,^ Nurth-Carot.na, Soutb'CarQlina, Geor- gia, and Kentucky, which have been chofcn ot A;leckJ (in preference to other tra^b) in confidcration of tHe good qua* lity of the foil, advantageous pofition, certainty (>t title, and other circumftapccs, that imiueed them, as purchafcrs, to give Tuch preference, they now offer a plan exprefled in the articles of agreement hereto annexed, by which all perion^ Efiabliflied in Febniary 179;:. wh^ % Aiillion ▼ania, ^ and Oe Willin, John Americ of Penn tbefe art Foart (»tac Ian r. ll GOUIV* sd in the ; citizens from this the por* B without re of the intic this notprcju- '. agree to (Vt of the it. > tukU ra- itions fhall fooner, it ilenlpoten- i States of [hipf liinits,^ or feaU re- L twentieth MET, (L. 8.) ^A», (L. 1.) company ♦. caspence of a large an*! sof rcnn liua, Gcor- njkaed (in e good qua* (/title, and rqhafcrs, to reffed in the all pcrlon^ KOftTK AMERICAN LAUD COMt>AKY. 57J who have mqney may, if they pleafe^ participate In the aki- vantages refttking from the pnrchafe, fale, and htiprovemenc of thefe valuable eftates. The lands upon which this plan is grouiided amount 'to fix millhm of acres agreeably to the fchedule hereof here* tc annelid, which are valued, one with another, at the average price of half a ddltalr per acre, or three flinii«Ni of dwlars being the capital ftock } this, divided upon 30,000 ihares, gives loo dollars per ihare, at which ti^ proprietors agree to fell in the fir A inftance. The titles to thefe efhtes are veiled in tniftees as joint te- nants, in truft to convey the Aime to purchafers conformably to the articles of agreement hereto annexed : ^ monies arifing from the fales thereof are for the ufe and account of the holders or poflbflbrs of the fhares in the ftock of the north ameriean lamd company. Articles of i^preement indented, made this loth day^of Fe- bruary 1 795, by and between the honourable Robert Morris, efq. of the citv of Philadelphia, John Nicholfon, efq. of the faid chy of FtUIaddphia, and James Oreenleaf, efq. conful from the United States at Amflerdam, but now in Neii- York, of the one part, and thofe who ihall become purcha- fers, owners, or holders of fliares, in the north ameriean land company, of the other part. Firft. This aflbciation ihall be ilyled ((The North Ame- rican land company/' Second. Every owner of one or more (hnres (hall be- come a member thereof, and a party to thefe articles in vir- tue of fttch ownerihip, as fully, to all intents and purpoles whatever, as if fuch owner had actually ligned and iealed thefe prefents, and ceafe to be fo when he parts wh|i his ihare or ihares. Third. The capitsi ihick in thi^ company coniifts in iix millions of acres of land, (ituate in the (lates of PennfyU -vania, Virginia, Kentucky, North-Carolina, South-Carolina, and Georgia} the titles to which are veiled in Thomas Willing, elq. now preiident of the bank of the United States, John .> ^xon, efq. now preitdcnt of the bank of Nortk America, and John Barclay, efq. now preiident of the bank of Pennfylvania, m trail, to convey the fame agreeably to thefe articles. Fourth. Where two or more perfons ihall claim the fame land under different contrails with the board of mana- gers, or where any perfon or perfons fluall dum a tra£l or trails J74 IVORTK AMBRI6A1V LAKD COMPANY. tn£k» of land under contraA of contnupis with the board oif managers, {U[id the fatd board (hall difpute fuch claim, in fifch cales a (bit or fuits^ may ;be commenced againft tfie fald board, in the county of Philadelphia, in the lupreme court of Pennfylvania, or in the federal circuit court of Pennfyl- vania, by the perfon or persons f^imiag, and one or more fei^ed ifliie* joined, in order to determine the right of the parties, and trials had thereon, m (he city of Philadelphia} •ad the fai4. board fhall requeft the truftees to convey the lands fo claimed, to the perfon or perfons in whofe favour fuch determination ihallhe had : and if the faid board fhall not agree to the commencement o( fuch fuit, and to form fuch feigned iffue or ifliies, or ih:tll i^ot requeft the truftees to convey to the perfon or pf^P>ns re^uefting fuch fuit to be commenced, or in whofe •faypur fuch deteixninatioi> ftiall pafs, fuch perfon fhall be deemed anq taken to be in full and perfect pofl«ffibn of the difputed premifes ; and the truftees being ferved with a notice in writing, that the faid board refiifed to agree to the commenceipent of fuch fuit, or to form fuch iftiie or iilues, or refufed or jieglefled to requeft the faid truftec* to convey to fuch pqffon or perfons in whofe favour fuch determination pa^ed, (hall be deemed to hold the legal eftate therein, in truft for f^ch perfon or per- fons, and ftall in three months from the fervice of fuch no- tice convey the fame accordingly, unlef^ the faid board fhall, within the faid three months, agree tp the commence- ment oif fuch fuit or requeft, the truftees \o f onvey to the perfon or perfons in whofe favour fuch determination fhall pafs : and where any perfon has any demand upon or caufe ofcomplaint againft the company (other than a claim of title to lands), that cannot be amicably adjufted by the board, a iuit fhall be commenced by fuch perfon againft the board, in the fupreme court of Pennfylvania, .or in the federal circuit court of Pennfylvania, and one or more feigne4 iiliies joined, in order to try the right of the party and afcertain the quantum of damages, and a trial had thereon in the city of Philadel- phia i and if, after a certificate of the verdiA and judgment in iuch trial fhall be ferved upon the board and upon the fe- cr^tary, the fum recovered and the cofts of fuch fuit fhall not be paid to the party, he may thto maintain his a^ion againft the board for money had and received to his ufe; and the board fhall be perfonally liable tq ^he payment of fuch fum, unlefs they can fhew that they had not at the time &ch certificate was ferved upon thexn, or at any time after- wards^ . j»^.« . ..~..«-'^«>i«> board of luin> in tBefald me court Peimfyl- ; or more bt of the idelphia i mvcy the )fe favour )ard ihall i to form xe truftees . fuit to be itioij fhall be in full , and the at the faid jch fuitf or Itorequeft perfons in deemed to rfon or pcr- of fuch no- faid board commence- ivey to the lation (hall , jn or caufe ■laim of title [he board, a [he board, in Jeral circuit les joined, in Jie quantum of Philadel- judgmentin ipon the fc- ich fuit ftall rtu his action h'ls ufe} and lent of fuch at the time ytime aftcr- NORTH AMERICAN LAND COMPANY. 575 tt^rds, monies of the company in t|ieir hands fuffictent to pay fuch fum and fuch cofts. Fifth. The faid capital {lock in lands (hall be reprefent^ ed by 30,000 (hares or aflions of 200 acres each, to that everv perfon holding a (hare or (hares will be entitled to one thirty thoufandth part of the faid capital (lock of lands, or monies and profits refulting therefroni upon each (hare. Sixth. The afiairs and bufinefs of this company (hall be condufted by a board of managers, to be ele^ed at their office in the city of Philadelphia on the 31ft day of Decem- ber in every year, unlefs when that day. happens on a Sun- day, and then on the next day, by the holders of (hares or a£tions, each (hare entitling the holder to a vote in to lOOo acres, and thereon to ere^ a dwelUntf-houie, barn^ and other needful outhoufes, a fair-mill rryf griil-mill, at the expence, and for account of the company } all of which may be occupied (upon terms to be agreed on by the board of managers) by the agents or furveyors they nfay employ to fell and fettle the faid tra£ls } the f&id farms and im- provements to be finally fold fo^ the beneit of the company. Tenth. The board of managers fhall, whenever they iaake fale of any lands belonging to this company, depofit the money received for the fame, whether in whole or in pai't, in one of the three banks already mentioned (that is to fay , the bank of the United States, the bank of North. America, or the bank of PennfyWania, opening an account for the north rmerican land ^mpeny with the bank in which the drpoiit is made } and the monies fo dcpofited, Ihall be fubje^ folely to the drafts of the preiident of the board of managers, attefted by the fecretary, and exprefled to be figned in'prcfence of the board, the dx^aft luentioning the the] ind E traa for 1 indh the f Of ft brouj tmd I theb( name •dmiu faid c *nd cc office 1 paymei dtie ; a on acc( faahnei precedf Twe] Of the < One of by a de( manage: as the b deceafcc Thirt upon re( and boai deed or( or purcl have be firft cert efetary, tees, tha cured to ably to th been depi Fdurtci be appoin in future, time and J^ . <1M iil< «l board 'cites « next, rd, and cretary, fionally » one or cationed ftirteys fid wHo Of their lent and lority to ents, for referring fs, or to ire to ob- ich credit eft of the ewer, and rtfe, to lay 1, and to companyt Ifrom 500 mfe, barn, ift-mill, at of Mrhich the bo«rd ly employ is and im- of the the purpoTe for \^ich it is ddiWh, and t|iat h i| W th< UJfe ind fervice of the company. ' . '^'5 -^ '' Eleventh. AH covenarits, articles of agreement, or coH- trafts, made bjr the board of managers, or by their agents^ for the fkle of lands, fhall be to and in the name of tl^ individuals compofing the board ; and fliall be to them, aWd the furvivor of thetii, and the executors and adminiftrators of fuch furvivor, to this intent expreflly, that fuits (hall hfe brought in their names for the ufe of the faid compatiy, and that ff fuch perfons fhall ceafe to become members df the board, then fuits may be brought and maintained in th6 Haitae of them, or the furvivor of them, or the executors or tdminiftrators of the furvivor of them, for the ufe of the faid company ; and fuch covenants, articles of agreement, tod contrafts, (hall be depofited with the fecretary in theft office for fafe keeping, and for the put-pofe of collefting the payments which may be ftipttlated therein as they become due : all monies received thereon, or from any bther fource^ on account of the company, ihall be 'epofited in the famfe fnahner, and upon the fame conditions, as mentioned in the preceding article. Twelfth. The truftees in whom the titles co the land* of the company are vefted, /hall, in cafe of the death of any One of their number, immediately after fuch event, convey by a deed, to be prepared and prefented by the board of managers, a joint tenancy with themfelves, to fuch perfon as the board of managers fhall chbofe for a fucdefTor to fuch deceafed truflee. < Thirteenth. The truflees for the time being fhall^ upon receiving a requeflin writing, figned by the prefident and board of managers, attefled by the fecretary, execute a deed or deeds of conveyance in fee fimple, to the purchafer or purchafers for any traft or trafts of land which may have been fold by the board or their agents, it being firfl certified by the ^aid prefident, and attefled by the fe- cretary, in the manner as before provided, to the faid truf^ tees, that the confideration-^money hath been paid or fe- cured to be paid } if paid, that it hath been depofited agree- ably to the tenth article } if fecured, that fuch fecurities have been depofited agreeably to'ttie eleventh article. Fourteenth. The fecretary fhall, for the prefeat year^ be appointed by the prefident and board of managers ; but in future, fhall be eledled by the fhare-holders, at the famQ time and place of ek^on of the prefident and managers ; F p an4 l> ' In' li ^ ^■ ?<0' ;J ^1 |r#Rtrt AM«Rrtai meeting, tnanageis ; {hall give ^d of the •der to gite and ftatfr- ffosathe twwji ^OltTH AMERICAN LAND COMPAKT. 57^ tv^entieth to the thirty-firft days of December, inclufively« in every year. Nineteenth The board of managers {hall provide an office in the city o£ Philadelphia, wherein to hold their meetings ) and the fecr^ary {hall give conflant attendance therein, day by day, at fuch iiours as may be fixed on by the board of managers, to perform the duties of his ftation, and for the purpofe of laying before any {hare-holder that may defire it^ the book of minutes, book of records, books bf tecount, and to give fuch other information refpefUng the e{late and affairs of the company, as will convey a true idea of its aAual fituation. Twentieth. The certi{ic&tes for {hares or a£lions {hall be transferable at the pleafure of the holder } but the tran{^ fers mu{l: be made by the hblder in.perfon, or by his attor« tiey, or legal reprefentative, at the office of the board of ma- nagert, in prefence of the fecretary 1 who {hall keep a rec^d of all transfers, in a book to be provided and kept for . that purpofe } which transfers {hall be ligned by the perfon transferring, who {hall alfo deliver up the old cer- tificate or certificates, to be cancelled and filed, and new ones {hall be ifiTued to the fame amount to the transferee, Perfons wanting to transfer {hares, as attornies, mu{l pro- duce a power in the following form : « Know all men by tfiefe {Nrefents, that do make, con- f^itnte, and appoint to be true and lawful attorney for and in name to fell, afiign, and transfer " {lock or {hares fianding in name in the books of the north americaa land company, with power alfa as attorney or attornies, under for the purpofe to make and fubilitute, and to do all lawful a£b requifite for effecting the premifes ; hereby ratifying and confirming all that faid attorney or fubltitute or fub{litutes {hall do therein by virtue hereof. In witnefs whereof, have hereunto fct hand and feal, the day of in the year of our Lord one thoufand hundred and ** And the fame Ihall be acknowledged, proved, and certified, in fame maqner and form as is before provided with refpedb to the execution of proxies. Twenty-firft. The prefident, and board of managers, {hall caufe a {latement of the company's falcs and receipts to be made out, and printed annually, or if they fee proper, half-yearlyi one copy of which {hall, at the ti8ie,be forwarded r p a f III i> i 1 a 5^0 irOHTR AMSRICAN lANO courAHt. may leave his acMrefi at di|f his expence, and as he fluB to every fliare-holder that office for that purpofe» at 4ire£t. TwentT-fecond. The board of managers fliall, in thv cour(e of the laft ten days of the month of Deciaober iik every year during the exiftence of this company, canfe the accounts of the company to be made up ^ and alter paying, office^rent, falaries, and contingent charges, and after referv- ing fuch as they may think neceflary for a conthigent fondy not exceeding 4000 dollars, they Ihall declare a dividend of the remaining balance of the cafh in hand, by dividing the fame into thirty thoufand parts, and allowing one of thofe parts to each ihare : the dividend ^ made fliall be advcrtifed in the puUic iKwfpapers, and the fliase-holder» be notified that, they may perfonally, or by their attorney, or legal reprefentative, apply at the company's office, and recdve payment : and if at uxtf time die receipt of monies^ cm account of the company,, ihoald be A> great prcvioci* to the end of the year, as to- admit of more than one divi- dend, the prefident and board of managers may, in their difcretion, declare one or more dividends at fuch time or times as they ihall deem proper, the iaid dividends to be advertifed and paid m the fiune manner as is above provided. Twenty-third. It is agreed, by the fad Robert Morri^ John NicholTon, and James Greenleaf, puties c^ the firft part, that the dividend or dividends ihall not be lefs than fix per cent, per annum, or fix dollars on each ihare la every year; and that if the caih arifing from the fales does not amount to that fum, they the laid parties of the firft part do hereby promife, and bind themfelves, their heirs, executors, and adminiifarators, to advance and lend to the board of managers, fuch ium as may be neceflary, in addition to what they have in hand (^the company's money, to enable them to pay fix dollars on each ihare, the board of managers granting their obligation to the laid parties of the firft part, to repay the faid advances out of the firik monies they may receive thereafter, on account of the com- pany ; except fuch as the faid board are obliged, by article the fourth, to pay to peribns recovering againft the board s and alfo excepting the monies referved for a contingent fund. And in order to fecure the performance on the part of the faid parties of the 6tA part, they do hereby agree to depofit ia thp hands of the trufiees^ each 3000 iharcs M . (hail in the Dberiik ■fe the paying, Tcferv- lividend dividing one of ihaUbe ^.holder* attorneyr Bee, and f monies* predion* one divi- t, in their ti time or ands to be is above rt Morris, f the firft ot be left ich Iharc the fates ies of the :Wcs, their id knd to .^cffary, ia ifs money, the board parties of ,f the firft , the com- [by article he boards contii^cnt ice on the do hereby each. 30le by them only out of the payments actually received, or as the cafh comes into the company's pofix:iIion ; which comnu&on fhall be divided into five parts, onie for the prefi- dent, and one for each member of the board. Twenty-fifth. The prefident, and each member of the board of muiagers, and the fecretary, fhall feverally give fecurity to the truflees, in the fum of 20,cxx> dollars, for the faithfiil difcharge of their refpeftive trufts. The board of managers will alfo take fecurity from the agents and purveyors they may appoint, for the faithful difcharge of their duty and truft. Twenty-fixth. Certificates for 30,000 fhares or afUons wtM be immediately made out, figned, and delivered to the parties of the fiifl part, after the execution of thefe articles, IB the £c41owing form : « X^is is to cmify, that i^ ?P3 i % »«£n.".^- I 582 NORTH AMltlCAN tAND COMPANIT. is entitled to Aare In the entire property of the north american land company $' thie dividends whereof fliall not be lefs than fix dollars on each (hare annually ; conformably to articles of agreement duly executed, dated at Philddelphia, the twentieth day of February, one thou^ fand feven hundred and ninety-five, transferable only at the company's office in that city, by the owner in peifon, or bv his executor, adminifirator, attorney, or lepl reprew fent^cive. Signed in the prefence, and by 6rder of the board of managers at Philadelphia, this day of * 17 ' prefident. Atteft. fccretary." Twenty-feventh. This company (hall exift for 15 years (nnlefs the Tales of their lands, and the collection of the monies, ihall be fooner eSe^d), ind as much longer as may be neceflary to dofe and fettle their cdncems, and make a > final dividend. At the end of 15 years from the date of thefe articles of agreement, it (hall be the duty of the then board of managers to call, by advertifements in the new(^ |npers, upon the (hare-holders, to appear in per(bn-, or by proxy, at a meeting ta be held nt the company's office,' fix months after the date of fuch advertifement } and there to determine upon the be(l mode of difpofing of any part of the company's eflate that may then remain unfold or unw collected, fo as to make a ju(l and final divifion thereof; and a majority of votes given by the (hare-holders and proxies that meet, (hall be conclufive. The faid board (hall carry the fame into eSedt, and a final dividend thereof, as ibon thereafter as may be praAicable. Twenty-eighth. It is further agreed, that if upon ex- perience it (hall be found neccflary to alter, amend, add to, or din4ni(h, thefe articles of agreement, the fame may be done upon the following terms and conditions, and on no other : the perfon or perfons wi(hing for an alteration, (hall propofe the fame at»an annual meeting of the (hare-holders, by laying the propofed changes before them in writing : and if fuch chahges or alterations, or any part thereof, meet the approbation of a majority of the (hare-holders and proxies then met, the propo0tions fo laid before them (hall be printed, with notice that decifion is to be made thereon at the next annual meeting } and copies thereof be tranf^ snitted to every (hare-holder, who fliall leave his addrefs ^t the office for that purpofe, at his expence, and as he (haU dlreCl:. When two-thirds of the whole number of (hare- }iolders and proxies then met. concurring or agreeing to the '^ faid ir6RTR AMBRICAir LAND COMPANY. ^t%. Aid changec or akerationsyor any part thereof (proTided tlvtt th^ faid two-thirdi of the dkartf>holdert and prozfet reprefoit not lefs than two-thirds pf the whcrfe number of , Ihares), the fame jhall become a part of thefe article^ and be Incorpora^d in thli plan, and be binding upon ail coo* femed, as if the fame had been now inierted and accepted* t Schedule of die lands wheron the 9lK>ve plan it founded, viz. r>NirsTLVAiriA> Northamptoa county Nort)i9iQDerland Lazeroe MiiBin Huatingdon Weftmoieland ACTM. 7S1OOO SI 7)046 4,500 34»3»8 19*174 4o>ooo l^oftb aod weft of AUe^ny and Ohio nfu* s^otooo ▼IKOIlfU* Monongahela countjr - ' Wa(hington - • IiaRiion , * » r ' ? Ohio T r RandoI{^ - > - • MontgQiqeiy - • . preenbriaf ^ - - Rnflell r r T T KaQhawa;|r 7 r ? yoaTH»CAao|.iN4. B.c9nfQr( v^ Hyde counties Rowan couDtf, on Yadkin river ^ . Robinfon) Moore» Cumberland* Richmond, ^nd Anfoqcoantift 7 r a5|O0o 44»«55f 30)Oo« i8i8a5 »S6»3S5 20»000 « 341560 Orangeburgh 4iftri^ ^inety-iix Waihington - Pinkney - Camden Cheraw Waihington county fopfU-fAao^ijA, eaoRQia, ?^ aoo,oo9 «7»»99 50CVOOO '"■ ^' 577.87s »7»034 340}68o ' 1,883 15,130 4,636 »»4S3»5»6 |«o,37<^ AfTMk ^1*^ ^J2,6|I4 V1^9^' J»57.»|f 9|Sn|^ '>1-X>1. , ^T' "t; I \ KBNTt/eXT.. ,, ,, , .. ' ,, ,, 946,990 43i»045 ,*ttt*';j/«»j««t Totil 6,000,0431 n > aoiufn. Jimei Greenleiif. jfSia/.J •> in%'I'»<5r"''n/>' Sealed and d«Uver^cl (the wotds " huh- ditd" in two-iOaces, in the twenty- j Robert Mdrtii.r*.«/.; third articw^Qeias nrft oblervcd to b« ftruck out,' and tne words ** thou- tand" inferttd itt their ftead), in the )-John NichoIibri.YJWt/J prefence of • ■ K. B. The name o(;Thomas Fitzfiitron*, ^•dfOr «ine of the^Mnttd of managers, is oblerved to be written oivan enftirc.^ THOMiHsJ?|» LATHy, Garer'pt C9TTRINQER. The twentieth (Jay of February, anno domini 1795^ before mc Matthew Cl|rkron, efq. mayor of the city of FhiUi< delphia, in the fiate of Fennfylvaniay-came the above-named Robert Morri*, John Nicholfon, and James Greenleaf, and acknowledged the above written articles X)f agreement to be their and each of their aft and deed ; and defired the f^ine to be retdvid as fuch, and that 'it may be recorded. Iti Mtnfcf wlicrcof, I have^ hey^unio fct my hand and feal. Matthew Clarkson» mafto Ac hid Indians all the l^nds weftward and jloutHw^rd'of Ae following Imes, to wit : beginning in the boundary be- tween South and North-Carolina, where the Soutl^-ry^^-' fiaa ittdhm bovmdary ftrikes the fame ; thence north to a foittt firom which a line is to be extended to the river €liik:h» that fhall pafs the Holfton, at the ridge which di- vides the waters running into Little river from thofe run- ning into the Tenafee ; thence up the river CUnclt- to pimpbell's line, and along the fame to the top of the Cum- berhnd mountain } thence in a dire£t CQurie towards the Cumberland river, where the Kentucky road crofles it, as fir as the Virginia line, or parallel aforefaid, of 36I degrees ; thence weftwardly or eaftwardly^ as the caufe fhall be, along the faid line or parallel to the point thereof which is due' north- eaft from another point, to be taken on the dividing ridge of Cumberland and Duck rivers, 40 miles from Nafh- ville V thence fouth-weft to the point laft*4nemioned, on the faid dividing ridge, and along the faid dividing ridge north - weftwardly, to where it is interfefted by the faid Virginia line, or parallel of 36I degrees : fo that there remained to the United States the right of pre-emption of the lands weftward and fouthward of the (aid lines, and the abfolute right to thofe northward thereof, that is to fay, to one parce^ >f counarcel to the eaftward, fomewhat triangular, comprrhcnd^ A)g the codhties of Sulliyai) and Wafliington, and parts of thofe of Greene and Hawking, running about 1 50 milef from ead to weft, on theVirginia boundary, as its bafc, andbe^> tweep 80 and 90 miles from nqpth to ibuth, where broadeft^ and containing, as may be conjectured, without pretending to accuracy, between (even and eight thoufand fquare miles^ or about five millions of acres : and to one other parcel to the weftyrard, fomewhat triangular alfo, comprehending iparts of the counties of Sumner, Davidfon, and Tenafee ; thebafe whereof extends about 150 miles alfo, from eaft %6 weft, on the fame Virginia line } and its height, from nortb to fouth, about 55 miles ; and fo may comprehend abdnt four thoufand fquare miles, or upwards of two and a half millions of acres of land. Within thefe trianglet, however, ;ire the following claims of citizens, referved by the deed of ceffion, and cotffequehtly! jforming exceptions to the rights of the United States : ' I. Appropriations by the ftate of North-Carolina, for their continental and ftate officers and foldiers. ' II. Grants and titles to grants vefted in individuals hf the laws of the ftate. ' in. Entries made in Armftrong*s office, under an ajl of that ftatt; of 1783, for the redemption of fpecie and other certificates. The claims covered by the firft refervatlon, are— , ^ I ft, The bounties in land given by the faid ftate of North* Carolina, to their continental line, in addition to thofe given by congrefs ; thefe we're to be located within a diftri£fc bo^inded northwardly by the Virginia line, and fouthwardly by a line parallel thereto, and 55 miles diftant ; weft- wardly by the Tenafee, and eaftwardly by thejsieridian of the interfe^ion of the Virginia line and Cumberland river. Grants have accordingly iffiied for 1^239,498 acres, and war« rants for the further quantity of 1,549,726 acres, making together 2,789,224 acres* It is to be noted, that the fouth-weftern and fouth-eaftera angles of this diftrift, conftituting perhaps a fourth or a fifth of the whole are fouth of the lines eftablifhed by the treaties 'of Hopewell and Holfton, and confequently in a country wherein the Indian title is acknowledged and gua- ranteed by the United States. No information is received of the ctAd proportion of the locaticms made within thefe jpgles. ■ ]&ouatiM . ! g,^^ RfiPOftT aN THE CE9E9 TBRRITORT. BoDnties in land tp Evan's batulidD) raifed for ftat< pur^r yoies: thefe were to be taken weft of the Cufnberlan*^'*»i,i prt|ij.\ salreadf Pennfyl- vide the iaiA and isnorfli LC Wian- tf caty of t 6£ th« :hc Caya- - Itccti that icn down bovc fort »f the Big lowft th(^ old fort^ due we(K : Wabaihtf Ic country ifh cleared )fe of the m. Hovr boundary It is only r country, rmally ex- n. As to [llinois, it fair afcer- onfent be- inc before ntains, on millions of perfons ent names, yliffiffippiv leir appH- them bad jing never been klPORT OK TMB CEDED TERRITORY. 59I been fulfilled, their titles vere never completed by grant*. Others were only in a (late of negotiation, when the britifla authority was difcontinued. Some of thefe claims bdoc already under a fpecial reference by order 01 consrefs^ and all of them probably falling under the operation of the lame jpruiciples, they will not be noticed in the prefent report. The claims of citizens to be here ilated will be, . i. Thofe referved by the ftates in their deeds of ceflioiir n. Thofe which have arifen under the government of the United States themfelves. Under the firft head prefents itfelf the tra£t of country from the completion of the 41ft degree, to 42^2' of north latitude «nd eltending from the Fe&nfylvania line before mentioned Sao miles weftward, not mentioned in the deed of Coo- ae^cut, while all the country weflward thereof was men- iioned to be ceded } about 2,500,000 acres of this may por- haps be without the Indian lines before memioned. 2. A refervation in the deed of Virginia of the poiTcflions and titles of the french and Canadian inhabitants and other fettlers of the Kaikaiklas,St.Vinoent's, and the neighbouring villages, who had profefled themfelves citizens of Virginia, which rights have been fettled by an z&. of the laft {efltaa of congrefs, intitled, " An aA for granting lands to the in- habitants and fettlers at Vincennes and the Illinois country in the territory north-wed of the Ohio, and for confirming them in their pofTeflions." Thefe lands are in the uejghbour- kood of the feveral villages. 3. A refervation in the fame deed of a quantity not ex- ceeding 150,000 acres of land, for general George Rogers Clarke, and the officers and foldlers of his regiment, who were at the reduction of Kafkaikias and St. Vincent's, to be laid off in fuch place on the north-well fide of the Ohio, as a majority of the officers ihould choofe. They chofe they ihould be laid off on the river adjacent to the rapids, which accordingly has been done. 4. A refervation, in the fame deed, of lands between the Scioto and little Miami, to make up to the Virginia troops on continental eftablifhment, the quantity which the good lands, in their fouthern allotments, might fall (hort of the bounties given them by the laws of that (late. By a ftatement of tUe 1 6th of September 1788, it appears that 724,053} acra had been furveyed for them on the fouth-eaftern fide of the Ohio ; that I139513854 acres had been furveyed on the Itprt^-wcfterp #ae } tbA\ warrants for 64^,649 acres morc^ • ^ff J t ■ i } ' > '$p% RBPORT OH TRl CEf>BD TSUttlTORT. to be laid off on the fame fide of the river, were in the kands of the furvcyor, and it was fuppofed there might ftill be feme few warrants not yet prefented j fo that this refer- tation may be ftated at 2,045;o34[ acres, or perhapi ibme fmall matter more. II. The claims of individual citizens derived from thd United States themfelves are the following : , 1. Thofe of the continental army, founded on the refatu- tions ofcongrefsof September i6, 1776, Auguft 12, and September 30, 1780, and iixed by the ordinance of May' 30, 178^5. The refolution of October 22^ i787> ^^^ ^^^ fupplemcntary ordinance of July 9, 17^8) in the feveii ranges of townihips, beginning at a point on the Ohio, due BOrth from the weftern termination Of a line then lately run^ as the fonthern boundary of Pennfylvania : or in a fecond tra£l of 1,000,000 of acres, bounded eaft by the 7th range of the faid townfhips, fouth by the lands of Cutler and Sar- gent ; north, by an extenfion of the northern boundary of the faid townfliips ; and going towards the wefl fo far as td include the above quantity : or laAly, in a third tra£t of country, beginning at the mouth of the Ohio, and running up the Miflillippi to the river au Vaufe, thence up the fatnt till it meets a weft line from the mouth of the little Wabafh | thence along that line to the great Wabafh : thence dowfl the fame and the Ohio to the beginning. The fum total o^ the faid military claims is 1,851,800 acres. 2. Thofe of the individuals who made purchafes of land at New-Tork, within the faid feven ranges of townfhips^ according to the refolutions of congrefs of April 21, 17879 and' the fupplemcntary ordinance of July 9, 1788, which claims amount to 150,896 acres. * 3. The purchafe of 1,500,000 acres of land by Cutler and Sargent, on behalf of certain individuals, ailbciated under the name of the Ohio company. This begins where the Ohio is interfefled by the weftern boundary of the 7th range of townihips, and runs due north on that boundary 1 306 chains and 25 links } thence due weft to the weftern bounda- sy of the t7th range of townihips: thence due fouth to the OhiO)' and up that river to the beginning ; the whole area cttntaining 1,781,760 acres of land, yrhereof 281,760 acres, eonfifting of various lots and townfliips, are referyed to the United States. 4. The purchafe by the fame Cutler and Sargent on be^ half ^Ifo of themfelves and other. This begins at the nortli> eaftem ^ eftftc and town theni Weftt along begir land, 16,2 t'etain tained andS After I Weift l theeai 20 mil along i the ge Dorth I ' ot acre before United It is and lar never c eels of 1 and the thereon perhaps, as purch of the d Thee n(iden Morgan, party un difcontin further v not to be 6. Th] May 20, nada and t^fofutior Thefe wo 7. The .asm <% in th« ihtftUI srefer- perhapi om thd ! refoilu- 12, and of Maf and the le fevcii tiio, due 1 fecond ih range and Saf- jndary of far as td tra£t of [ running the fam^ Wabaih i ncc dowrt n total o^ of land >wn(hip8» 8, which 4 lutlcr and ^ed under rhcre the 7th range ary 1306 bounda- ith to the hole area 60 acres, red to the It onb&i |he nortli- eaftern kk^ORT ON THE CEDED TBERlTOltY. 593 Mftern angle of the ti'aA of their purchaCi bifore defcribed, and runs due north to the nonhern boundary of the tenth townfhip from the Ohio \ thence due weft, to the Scioto 1 thence down tne fame, and up the Ohio to the fouth- v^eftern angle of the faid purchafe before defcribed, and along the weftern and northern boundaries thereof to the beginnings the whole area containing 4,901,480 acres of land, out of which, however, five lots, to wit, Nos. 8, i if 16, 26, and 29 of every townfhip, of fix miles fquare, ore detained by the United Statrt, and out of the whole are r^ tained the three townlhips of Gnadenhtitten, Schoenbrun, and Salem ; and certain' lands around them, as will be here- after mentioned. . 5. The purchafe of John Cleve Symmes, bounded on the Weft by the ereat Miami j on the fouth by the Ohio | on the eaft by a Ime which is to begin on the bank of the Ohio, 20 miles from the mouth of the great Miami, as meafured along the feveral courfes of Ohio ; and to run parallel with the general cburfe of the faid great Miami ; and on the ttorth by an eaft and weft line, fo run as to include a million d( acres in the ^hole area, whereof five lots, numbered as before mentioned, are referved out of e'^ery townfhip by the United States. It is fuggefted that this purchafer, under colour 6f a firft and larser propofition to the; board of treafury, which was never cTofed (bat pending that propofition^, fold fundry par- cels of land, between his eaftern boundary before mentioned, and the little Miami ; and that the purchafers have fettled thereon. If thefe fuggeftions prove true, the fettlers will, perhaps, be thought to merit the favour of the legiflature, at purchafers for valuable confideration, and without notice of the defedl of title. The contraAs for lands, which were at one iypam under Scotia, and for other purpofes, atcording to refolutions of congrefs, made or to be made on that fubje^k. Thefe would of courfe contain 6y, i ao acres. , 7. The fame ordinance of Maf ao, 1785, appropriated Q q th« M ' ML I *| I r/. h l^. 594 REPORT OM THE CBSSD TBRRITOCT. the three towns of Gnadenhnttea, Schoenbmn, and Salen^ • on the Muikingum, for the chriftian TnH;qt»« formerly fet- tled there^ or the remsuns of that fodety, with the gronnds round about them} and the quantity of the faid circumjacent grounds^ fpr each of the faid towns, was determined fay the xefolution of congrefs of September 3, I788» to be fo much as, with the plat of its refpeAive town, fliould make up 4000 acres ; (6 that the three towns and their circumjacent lands were to amount to 12,000 acres. This refenration , was accordingly made out of the larger pncchaie of Cutler and Sargent, which compr ehende d thoa. The Indians, however, for whom die re(eryati. 1 Im amltt of the ations dtftanc people *hrceq parent the AU, fecoal fings of Jow <«• i diefc cl« times fan back of . confidera from ip|: ^hich ar« ^o«. fuitc difonce i called IJtt fcafon the and ^oixi ftnnine. ^ Wehav fides the B ^c lands i jJreadygi^ «c land a Mr. Hutch Wcrandi We havii ^an-ics of ^gum, fa "lISCR.PrioK o, ABKLI.HI. S9i No. XV. Xxtraft of a letter fivi / w mat territory is to be built. Mr. Thomas, i AM much pleafa, „.,K . ''"'"'' "'" "*• ''*»• 7 ftily one half ,o ?«/^^r mountain,. Nat toVhrf? ' "T '^'' <="» »f fe™- bottouB, which arederoej!?"''"'''""' ""«» j>»gs of thericheft uplands anJ r"^^?'' ""<" 8™« » the •hrfe elevated pUuni S n? T,.'^ '""ances. whe« 2r'f»drroiif„„d:;™fX^,'°''' "«*"• "^ «™^ ««kof thefe commence the hSr I" T" loofeearthr o»fid«hlyuneTen.a;?re'i^,ti'l' "•'"^'•J" general arj femmg. "= Itft bottoms and uplands for «<'2^'t,:L"«jJ^^tl 't'""; "^ r »«« ^l-- on both *« lands in this S,cXn^dt" 7' * VcripUoTS »b«ady given of th„ o„"h?OUo tI ' re5.mber growing on Mr. Hutchin. and others- b?t rl, a ^'"^ mentioned bv "^^""morenumet^'^J^-f^nfeft .h„„„^ We have found olentv ^ J- ^ ^ ^'^ ^n^- g^-ries of buHding ^0^^,°^^'^ ^ ^^^" ^ fine • 2 '^ '^"J'* o*^ any other pur- ^^ pofe :r p;i P, •x ^l^^mmtr |9^ A DfcfCKfPriOM OF AOlLfHI/ pofe for which they may be wanted. At prefent ^ - gd ao miles up the river for pit-coal, but there is no Uv of plenty will be found nearer : we have found feveral fait licks within our furveys. and are aflured there is a (alt fpring about 40 miles up the Mufkingum, firom w^ich a fufficienc quantity of fait tor the fupply of the country t this information, but fay a fufficient quantity may be made at a fpring on the branch of the Scioto. XVe have had no time yet to go in feirch of iron ore | but one of our people has brought m a fmall ftone, taken from one of the neighbouring hifh, which I found on trial to contain a rich von ore. We find the feafon here much more forward than even at Pittfburgh 1 by the 7th of April there was as good feed for cattle on the banks of the Muikinsom, as you will generally find by the nrriddle of May in the oeft enclofures in the county of Worcefter. To give fome idei of beginning a fettlement in this coun* try, compared with Vermont, or any new country to ther northward, I ftate the following fUk :— about a dozen fa-* milies removed to this place a year ago laft March, and fet« , tied oppofite fort Harmar, on the Virginia fide of the ' Ohio i their lands were the fame as ours, and entirely new 1 they raifed 1000 bufhels of com laft feafon ) and although the laft winter was very fevere, they wintered, without any hay (making ufe of their hufics and ftalks, with fome corn)y betwen 60 and 70 horfes and neat cattle, fatted a fi^fiScienc quantity of pork for their own confumption, befides win- tering over a large number of fwine. From the plot of ground laid out for building the city of Adelphi, we' have a moft delightfol profpefl i from this . ground you will have a full view of the waters in the Ohio eight or nine miles up that liver, and five belqw) and of the Mufikingum from its mouth five or fix miles up. The front line of houfe-lots is 9c yards firom the Muflcingum,and parallel thereto } all the fpace between them and the river is to remain an open ftreet or common } the courfe of this ftreet is north 40** weft, and extends in length one mile. All the ftreets are either parallel or at right angles with that ; but from fome hoUov ground and rivulets the city will not be parallelogram, although that figure has been aimed at as much as the fituation would admit ; the north- eaft end thereof is bordered by a be^utifol brook, which lam informed nus all the year } the fouthmoft end« and part of -♦- ▲ DBICRIPTION «F ADBLPHI. 597 al fait fpring ficienc mftde. natlon9 on the on ore I >, taken on trial m here the 7th banks of [riddle of Her. luf coon* •y to the! dozen fa* , tnd fct* . Le of the rely new I [ although ithout any >ine com)if lufficient fides win- of the rear, is bounded bj another creek larger than the former, which will afibrd a good canal for boats to uafs up when the waters of the Muikingum are high. The houfe- lots, in their ncareft approach to the Ohio, are diftant therefrom 25 perch, and fcparated from it by the laft mentioned creek, and low interval lands of the ArA ^ualitpr t a part of the houfe-lots towards the rear are (eparated from the reft by a deep hollow ground^ through which the laft mentioned creek pafles : thefe bti are fituated in ground gently afcending towards the north* eaft, which further on terminates in very confiderable hills,* in which rife eight fprings, the fources of the creek laft mentioned ; thefe, with a comparative fmall expence, mav Ve colle^ed into one great refervoir, and conduced to any part of the city. ' The city plot includes the ruins qf feme ancient town or works, of which the world has heard much of late. I nstve not had time to take an accurate furvey of them all, therefore muft omit a particular defcription thereof} but I muft confefs I was greatly furprifed in finding thoi'e works fb perfe^ as to put it beyond all doubt that they are the remains qf a work ere£ked at an amazing expence, jperhapt fbme thoufflind years fince, by a people who had very con- fiderable knowledge in fortifications. In laying out our city, yre have preferved fome of the works from becoming pri- vate property, by including them within lots or f(^uares ap« propri^ted to public ufes,' viz. an advanced work; contain- ing a mound of earth in the figure qf a cone, the bafe of which is 376 feet in circumference, and is 30 feet perpen- dicular, furrounded by a parapet 580 feet in circumference and 15 feet thick, haying a ditch 15 feet wide, and at pre- fent about three feet deep, and on die fide next the town, or principal works, an open fpace without parapet or ditch, where it is prefumed was the gs^te or place of entrance. We have alfo, in the fame manner, fecured for public ufe two elevated mounds of earth, ((tuate within the walls of the great oblong fquare, or principal fortification i one of them is nearly of a fqusure figure, the fides mieafuring *53» 45 &et l^ 135, 7 feet, is raifed about five feet aboye; the common fioirfiice, and on the top a horizontal plain of (he above dimenfions, having op three fides, thereof, gentle afcents proje£Ung out, of about 20 feet wide, in the form of glacis, for the convenience of walking up ; and on the fourth^ fide b an indented afcent of the fame width. The Qjcj3 othcc [tl' ' 598 A DBSCRIPTIOy OP AOBLPHI. Other elevated fquare is an oblong of 200 feet I^ 124, of about the fame height, and as level on the top as the other, uid regulai' projeaing afcents ou each fide thereof ) thefe appear to have been the foundations of fome fpacious public buildings % but however that may be, they are very con- venient, and now referved for that purpofe ( the reft of the works can remain, when the city is built, on paper only. As to the natives, the enfuing treaty I truft will be con-* ducted on principles of honour and juftice, and end to the fatisfa£tion of that, as I conceive, much injured people. When we arrived at this place, we fortunately found cap« taia I'ipes, the chief of the Delaware tribe, .with about 70 men, women, and children, of that and the Wyandot tribes, at fort Harmar, who had come down to trade ^ we were in- troduced to them by the commanding officer. Captain Pipes fome days after, with about soothers, came over and dined with me i we gave them to underftand our bufinefs, and that we hoped to live in friendfhip, and ihould be glad to fee them, or any of their friends, at all times. Captain Pipes told us that they ihould be happy to live by us, but did not expe£t any people sct>uld come on to fettle before the treaty ; we told him we bad brought n'o families', nor urould any come on untH after the treaty, when we expected every thing would be fettled to their fatisfa£tion ; in the mean time it was neceflary we ihould plant fome corn. Captain Pipes appeared fully fatisfied, and parted, with avowing his friendihip ihould continue as long as the fun and moon endured. Since making up this new acquaints 'ance, we have otore or Icfs of our indian friends to vifit us almoft every day, who appear in perfect good humour, and full as happy as we in the new acquaintance y but nothing is faid about our fettlement, except one of their chiefs, who is now at the itort, and appears to be a very feniible, fober old gentleman, on his 6rlt viiit to us, told me, that ** he thanked Cod that the way was cleared, lb that they could come down with fafety to trade ^ that captain Pipes told him, he and all the Indians were ufed exceed in <>ly well by us ; that be u .s very glad to fee us here, but there were fome things leihoik; not lp£ak oi until they met in the greal^ council, meaaiD^ the treaty." dc the inhah likely Muga pulati. What deraj ^ & fct The tween ofliterj to the / / ^ IS, 14» ^ othera \ thefe public y con- reft of 1 ptpcf jc con- Ito th« people. [\d cap- bout 76 )t tribesa were in- Captain over and bufineffl, I be glad Captain "I usy but lie before liUcs', nor cxpeAed \ ; in the me com* ed) with . s the fun acquaint-! ;o vifu us ;Our, and nothing licfs, who [ble, fober ihat « he icy could ipes told ly well by ^cre fome the grca^ INDEX. A, Acacia regarded by the ladiann m an incorruptible wood« 169; Adelphi, defcnption of, in a letter from, 505. Acadiani, fectiement of, defcribed, 41 7. Their origin and miiforp tunes, ib. Acimene, defrnption of thi« wood) 267. AA for eflabi (hing trading hoiifei with the indian tribes, 546. Aa for eftablifhing Knox ville, 544. . Advertifemcn : to Tilfon's Account of Kentucky, 306. Affa^Mla Indian* defcribcd, 419. Agriculture, when apparently the firft objeA of mankind, 59. Alexandria, its population, 180. Alibama river, a branch of the Mobillci 4^9. Alibamai Indians defcribed, 41 5, « Allegany river defcribcd. 24. America, contrafted with Europe, i. The caufes of its independence^ ib. Sentiments concernine its peopling, ib. Conformity of its in- habitants to the Tartars, ib. When in its infancy, 3. Tyranniz- ed over by Spain, 4. Now countenanced by England and France* ib. Divifion of its weftern country, za. Its empire a ftupen- dous theme for fpeculation, 43. Its rapid populatlori a fjabjeA of the utmoft aftonifliment, 47. Frobjible magnitude of its fe> de il empire, 50. Increafe'of its population during the courfe of the century, 56 Ji »n ! I.W< l l ' »»l'W <»W»>W.g ftoim^ I iiMMCft to go thither, i86. Remarka concerning the popalatioi^ of its immenfe continent, 165 A feq. What nations mw be fop- poferf to have contributed to it, 2^7 Hf fe HI. 481. No; IV. Ja^. No, V. 512. No. VI. 544. >Jo. VII. 546. Nd. VIII, ab. ' No. IX. 549« No. X. ib No. XI. CC9. No. XII. 562, No. XIII. J72. No. XIV. 585. No. XV. 595. Applet of a good quality grow ini America, a6^. May apple, de« fcribed, 267. ^ >- Apprentices, want of, in America, 484. Apricot feldom feen in the weftern parts, 63. Affkanfaw Indians, their number, 428. River of tfcat namci ib« Pofts and frttlements upon it| ib. Army, Oanding, its pernicious confeqnences, 16^ Afbeftos, 84. Afbton, captain* falls in an a6lion with the favages, 354. Ailereniet or Mineami river defcribed, 49;. Aflbciation plan of the north american land company, 57a. Atheifm unknown in America, 48c. Aubrey, M. his obfrquious and' lervile behaviour to the fjMniQ^ general Uiloa, 395, B, BALTIMORE, its population, 180, Bark of american linne trees, proper for making ropes, 877. Bvlcy grows extiemcly weU in America, z}9, Scant, mUHmaim INPBZ. efup- i»le to whole ought* sr'» 0C-' or the for the & ieq.' Tretty & feq* , tb. sntockyi 398; at :rvttionf t Heart, pn it» ib. No. IV, 6. Vlll, U. 56%, bpkt de« name) ib« fpaniH^ ^aiM, appaiachian, defcription of. 939. freoch," feund in t)if ceuntblaclciriver, 4x5. Lani near iti defcribedi ib. - "' Big Kanhawa^ river defcribedi ^940 Lai)d and foil 00 it| tb* Buoxt liiMlians defcribed. 420. ' < './...'.." Biloxif l^ay df, deferibed, 45*4. fiendi iJVeat^ of the Tenafee* defcribed/ii, Biopere» veftiges of ancient fettlemente at* 299. Bjraat enumeration of, a8o & feq. ' . Bifona of Scythia refemble the buffaloes of Americaj 3. Black) one in New-England compofed an ephemerls, aaS. Blaife, cape, defcribed, 4; 2 ; its loundines, ib. Blue lidcs, dreadful refult of th^ battle tnere, 3^5. Boats, flat-boftbm6d, hdw conftruAed, 68. 105. In what muh ner propelled by the force of mechanical powers, 332. Bones, or iftimenfe magnitude not' afcertained, 31. ConjeAorei *^ refpeAing them, 324. Some found in Ruffia of the fame kind, ib. & fcq. 3oon, colonel Daniel, fiens his recommendation of Filfon's ftate of Kentuck}r, 306. Himfelf one of the earlieft fettlers there, 307, . Proceeds in queft of Kentucky with his aflbciates, 330. Finds in it abundance of wild beafts, ib. and immenfe quantities of buf- faloes, i^. S«i«ed and plundered by the Indians, 340. Efcapes, ib. Joined by 'his brother, ib. ; who (hortly returned leaving him alone, 341. Contemplates the beauty of the country, tb. His bfothec comes back, and they depart togetfter to Cumlier* land river, 343. He (bon afi^'rwards goes home for his family, ib. whom with other familic' he brings to Kentucky, ib. Again en gaged with the Indians, ib. His fon falls in theattion, ib. Em- ployed by govetoor lord Dunmore to cpnduft fome furveyors to « di^t fettlement, 344. Takes a command dnrins the cam- Eai^, ib. Mj|rks out the roads towards Kentucky, id. Aflailed y the Indians, 34$. Ettdn « fort at tioonlborough, ib. More battles, 34; —346. 3 (o & feq. I'heir confequences, 346 Sc feq. 3;i.Hu'daughter taken prifuner, 345; retaken, ib. Himfelf taken pri (oner, 347. Experiences a generous treatment from the Englim and from the Indians, ib. Efcapes to Boon(borough, 340. Lofes his fecond fon in battle, 3^3. How verifying the obfervations of an old Indian, 358- H is prayer for the exti rpation of war, 359. IJves at length ii\ undifturbedtranqnillity, ib. Bofton, its population, 180. Bourbon, one ot the fpmr capital fivers in A.merir 1, 77 & feq. j^wman, colonel, his long paflkge i! t nigh a fubterraneous lake, 3 2 a. firings a reinforcement to colonel Boon from Virginia* 34;. Refult of his expedition againtt the Shawanefe, 352. Bfaiii^ock, general, a confequence of his defeat, la. Budj{^t, report of Mr. fecretary Hamilton on opening his, 546. Buck.\«ihc»t an excellent graini 243, ' IVDIZ. BMaldes of Aniericik'refemble'itlie bifont df ScythM,' u Miinn6r in which they forni a lick, 31. Theirimmenfe nttmMr» 41. SuAlo|fafs» defcription of, 234. BnffiJo river defcri»bd> 496. Land uidproduAion»oiiit,ib« Bnfibn, in part defcribea. the mammoth, 31. 178. Touches apoa the natoral hiftdry of America, ib. Hit remark concerning the ai^imals inhabiting in common the two countries, 365. Xnehaloous river> remarkable for extenfive meadows bordering on It, 493. Not navigable, ib. Barying-grounds, fomo at Kentacky, perhaps bearing k leffsmr blance to ancient bri^ leiiiains, 369* GAHOKIA viUaf^ dcfcribed, 501. Calaway> colonel,. nis daughters taken* prifoners by. the Indians^ and retaken, 345^ Calts of a roomlrous £ze foiind in the Miffiflippi, 408. Campbell, colonel, gains a vidlory over colonel Fergufqn ^nd hi| detachment, 15. Campbletown fettlement defcribed, ^^f Canada dafcribed, 45. Its winters, ib. Canals,, benefits to be derived from their coifipletioni 98* Canawagy river defcribed, 492. Cane, the, defcribed, z^, Cannadarquar p(^pulation of fhis town, 463. Intended to be the head town of the county of Ontario, ib. Cape au Gres, on the Miffifltppi, defcribed, r«^r Carolina groimd n^t, the ioqg dcSgnation of tt by Mr* Jefierfoni^ Carolina, north, ti^graphicalljr defcribed by T. H|itchins, 485 *ftq. Carver, his ideas of civilization on one fide of the Allegany moui^- tains, imagina^, 2. Parts of America defcribed bV him, 44. Accuracy pf his obfervations, 45. Mentions the tour capita^ rivers of America, 77 & feq. Cafcade and rock, defcription of oae near the weftem fide of the Yoohiogeny river^ 304. Caffia chamzchtifta, its beneficial tScA» in recruiting vram-out lands and enriching lands naturally poor, ^$« Pefpril^di il:^. Cat ifland defcribed, 43 $. Catabaws defcribed, 52- 363. Cataraqut, or Ontario lake, defcribed, igt, Cayuga Indians, account of, 290. Cateiby touches upon the natural hiftory of America, 2784 Cathrinestuwn villaee, population of, 464. Cat-fi(b) its impienie fixe, 41. 319. Cattle profper in the Genefee traA, 465. , Caves, their prodigious dimenfions, 3Z2» How carioufiy fupported« ib. J 1 Cayaboga Cayahc fideri Ceded Chaaa Chadai 299. Chalk 1 Channel 75. I Ciuplaii that t Mado Charievc Hisac Chartresj Chcemin Chegee ] ChrKcotl Cher)kee iuck ii Cherokeci Chefalaya Chefapeaii Chefnuts Chefter ri Chetimrcl Chetimacl Chicamaw Chickafaw their ori Land ad Chippawa Choptank Church, it Clark, gen His (Tifii ceives an Clarkviile Clay, pJeni Clfniate, rica, 1 2 4 its affim fee tradt, Cline, Mr. Clover, the Coals, fom< Codnrus ri . Co4eutjree, 1 of tke IKX»BZ^ Cayahoga river ddcribedf 47,. 493. likil/ to bceeme fideraofe importance, 494. Ceded teuito^, report oh* 585&feq. /*' rf?' ? Cha£U hatohaj or Fdi river, described, 449. Cha^way'deficiibed, 52. .^90. Their tradition of their ttfigtt* 299. Their numbers, 427. Chalk foond in various parts, 137. Channels of communication by water, their .varieties and extend 75' »74- Chaplain^ captain, natnre 6f his lemarks in confirmation, of the idea that the Mtfouri colony was foppoficd to have been foonded bf Madoc a prince of Wales, 368. Charlevoi:|c quoted, 4. Parts of America defcribed by him) 44* His account of the Ohio, 333. Chartres, fort and rilbge, defcribed, 50 r. Cheeming town, population of, 464. Chegee Indians, defcribed, 363. Chehcothe, oldj manner in ^hich it is built, 371, Chenkee river, defcribed, 498, Navigation of it, ib. Whirl of fuck in it, ib. Soil on it) ib. Not navigable in many places^ 499. Cherokees defcribed, CI &r feq. 290. 362. Chefalaya river, defcnbed, 420. fiayofit, ib, Chefapeakbay defcribed, {04. 108. Chefnuts defcribed, 268. Chefter river defcribed, 108. Chetirorchas Indians defcribed, 415. Chetimacha" river defcribed, 416. Chicamawgee Indian defcribed, 36a. Chickafaw Indians defcribed, 290. 363. their oriein, 302. Their numbers,' 427. River, defcribed, 429. Land adjoining to it, account of, ib. Chippawa Indians defcribed, 292. Chbptaok river defcribed, 108. Church, its tyranny retarding the dud ''ation of troth, 206* Cl^rk, gcnctal, his fuccefst'ul expedirion againft Peckaway, 3^3, His aiftingui(hed chara^er and fortunate expedition, 357. Kc» ceives ambafladors from the Indians. 358. Clarkville defcribed, 34. Clay, fJenty of, in America for the making of bricks, 1 36. Climate, its eflf^^s on the human foul, 29. Nature elf it- in Ame- rica, 121. 137. Remarks comceming its effe^s on the fkin and its affimilation of foreigners to natives, 225 & feq. In the Gene- feetra^t, 467. Clinct Mr. his opinion concerning the mammi)th, 279. Clover, the, defcribed, 30. Coals, fomebedsof, in America, 87. ri7. 136. Codf^rus river* a branch of the >iifqiiel>v>nna, 107. Cc4eL.t!ree, it^ culture throughout the fcttleraent^^ 2 74 & feq. ColumbiBt Their tradition of «l\ r*i«b»**^ iColambiay new npltal of Southr its a^randizemeqt» how baneful, 80. Cemmanfeatioiu between the watenof |he old pppopean fettlementf »nd the waten of the Ohio, no. ' " Company} north american land/ plan of the aflbcialioq of, si* ^ feq,' ■■ •-'■-•••* '- ,> Coneftoga river, a branch of the Sofqaehanna^ 107. Conewe|y rive^, 'a BranipH of the Soiqaehanna, 107I Cook, qift^tn,' hU'dtfcDveries appear to fopport the hypothefis of fioflbn concerning |the animaU 'ii^ha^iting in commofi the two ^ominenti, 366. ; • ' " Conclofion, the* XJi* ' Cool, WiUiani| accompanies colond Boon hi ^aeft of Kcntuckyi 339' Continental ccrftncy, ftate'of the, 8. Cooper, Mr. 'tlbomas, his letter on the ftate of fociety and prices of provlfibnt in^imerica, 180 & feq. ' , - * Copper minei iu New Jerfey,^ 84* On the Wabafli, 135. Com, iadian, defcribed, 13$. Its o(es, 23^. Guinea com or panic defcribed, 24a. ' * Cottoti* manufaAoiyj appareiitly more profitable than that of filk, £4. Crop of, upon the Cumberland, 48. Method'ofculturci 253.' Will j(row in any foil, ib. A powerful fudorific, a^O* Court of criminal and civil jurifdifUonj 2x3. ConiTac Indians, wheiie fettled, 449. * poxe, Tfnph, goot^B, if* Hitobfervarions on the popolarion, fiato o^ literature, civil liberty and ^li|;iovi rights in America^ »ao. ' ■ •■ " ■.•... ^ . 7- ' Crane, its particular longevity, 132. Crawfifh abound in the Miffiflippi, 408. Creeks defcribed, j;o & feq. Two remarkable one^f 1 1 5. Creeks 4n the Ohio defcribed, 493 & feq. ■ « • Crows tt)e«dow» river 4efcrilP'a; ^69. Crozat, M. obtained a gnnt of Louifiana from the french king, 390. Its bounds, ib. j^lefigns his grant, 39 r. ■ Culvers village, population of< 464. Cumberland inountain, its horribK^ afpcA, 343. Ciimberiand river defcribed, 14. 38. Land adjoining ton defcribed, 41.48, How far navigable, 73. ' • Cumberiand fettlement, caufe c^itsoommencemcnt, 13. Itsprc^ duttions, 64 & feq. 1 Curic^ty natural to the foul of man, 338. Coihas defcribedj 240. D. D'ABENTON touches upon the natoral hiftogr of America, 273. Dalton, J. holds a council with the Piankalhaw Indiaiu, 359. his fpeech, 360. ' ■ Danesi IMDSX« Danes, pikt nartgaten, thiir dircoTcrtei^ 36^7. Dauphin ifl*n*defcribed, 436, ^ , Deer, manner in which they form a lick, 31. Their immenfe nam. ber, 45.' Definitive treaty between Great Britain and ifae United $tat«s of America, 393. De la March river defcribed, $08. Delaware river defcribed, 1 05. Delu^j eflfeAs afcribed tpit,.9i« ' Demi Quian lake, its fize and iitaation, j;od. Demi Quian river defcribed, $08. Large favannah on it, ib« Defcription of a remarkable rock and cafcade near the weftem fid# . of the Youghio^eny river, by T. Hutchins, 304. Detail of the routine of the occupation of a fettle r as a planter and farmer in the american wooos,] for the firft three years, 476 & feq. l>etroit defcribed, 4;; and ftq. ^0$. Probable furrender of ita forts likely to increafe the lettlements upon the borders of the lake Erie, (4. Of material importance to Great Britain, 286* Situation of it delightful, $05. Number of inhabitancV ib. Detroit river defcribed, 505. Dick's river defcribed, 311. Diftances from Knoxviile to Philadelphia; 51^, Diftanccs from one river to another, 71. 108. Diftindliohs their exiftence how baneful to human nature, 31. Divinity, profcfTors of, not much in requeft in America, igo. Dojf ifland defcribed, 435. - Drinker, Edward, curious particulars concerning him. Introduc- tion, V. Gave the unconftitutional a^ of Great Britain againft' America to his grandfons, that they might convert^ them bto kites, vi* Duck river, where navigable, ^o. Dunmore, earl ofj his expedition, 6. t E. £ARTH, various fyftems and theories of, 91. jEaft river defcribed, 448. 1 Eels found in the Miffiflippi, 408. Elkhom river defcribed, 3 1 1. Elks, their immenfe number, 45. Emigrants, tlieir numbers, 56. Detail of the routine o( a fettlei as a planter and farmer in America for the firft three ]rears, 476. Emigration, thoughts on, 473. Remarks on, by Dr. FranKlin> 481 & feq. Endlefs mountains, defcf iptton of, 8;. Many chains of them, 88 ; each chain confifts of a particular kind of ftone, ib. England, how politic and humane, 4. Her fettlements in Ameriea« 5 8c feq. Caufe of the war between her and France, ib. Obtains . ceflions by the treaties of Paris in 1 763, 13. Enjoying a coa{ ^ iideiable fiiare of liberty whilft other countries laaguiihM under deipo- 1 At . 1 m 4 I / i* '9 t *^ ^efpotirm; so. In what inftance praAinnff the very policy whicfr fht fo fevereiy leprobated in France) 296. Indaqpmenta to quir it fpr America, 1 85. ^ngH(h language likely to fuperfede the Latin, 233. Erir, lake, defcrilied^ 50$' Navigation of it good, ib. Banks have »- flant faiidy (hore, ib. Its circumferrnce, 6c. Filh in it, 50^. Efcambia river defcribedf 446. Soil, climate, and advantages oi the' adjoining country, ib. & feq. Efpiritu SanAo bay defcribed, 453. Great plenty of fifii here, ib. Abounds in wild fowl, >b» Efqaine defcribed, t^6. St|dorific virtue of it, ib. Natives ofe it fuceeftfuUy to make their hair grow long, ib. Efquimaux Indians, fuppofiid remains of the colony of Vinland« EvanSf Lewis, his philoibphioal propofition, 128. Evans, Mr. extraA from his j<)umai« 89. Account of him, ib. Slipborbos, defcription of his 4eatb, 289. ' Slirope, when in its infancy, 3, Contraft between it and Ame- rica* 179. Exchange, coarfe of, 8. Lownefs of it tended to accelerate the fet« tlement of the country, ib. Expeditions, recital of two, againfl sn indian tribe, 379. * Expecbtion, journal of one, by Mr. Patrick Kennedy, to the head quarters of the Illinois river, 5^6 and feq, FARINACEOUS plants, enumeration of. 235. Farm, produce of, the iirft year after clearing in the americatt woods, 477. Farmen on toe Comberland river, ipanner of defcribing their land, 48. Detail of the routine of a fetiler's occupation as a farmer and planter in the american woods for the firil three yearsy 476 & feq. Farming, the beft line of life for a man of middling fortune t» adopt in America, 19^. Federal government, circumftances under which it arofe, 19 & (eq. Fergufon, colonel, defeated and killed, 15. Fibrous plants enumerated, 242. Filfon, joha, his account of Kentucky a fource of information to all fucceeding writers, introduction, v. vi. His ilate of it, 306. Recommendations of the authenticity of his account ander the fienatum of Boon, Todd, and Harrod, ib. Not an^inhabitant oftbe fettlement, 307. Goes thither in 1767, 308. Obliged to decampi tb. Returns again in 17691 with colonel Boon and others, ib. Defcribes its (ituation and boundaries, 310 ; its ri- rers, ib. & feq. the nature of its foil, 313; its air and climate* 316 •Srieo. ; its foil and prcduce, 317 & feq.; its onadrupeds, 320. ; its inhabitanti, 321 & ibq, ; its religious feAs, ib. ; itsca- riofities, 322 k feq. ; its different fprines, 3 23 ; its airious fepnl- chres, ib. & feq. ; its various rights of land, 326 & feq. ; its ttadcy 3-28 It feq. ; iu government, 335 k feq. tlreftoi FJax ai fiaiti Florida Flowcn Forbes. Forked Fortifies fcribc Foffils, Fox riv( . France, 1 5&fe triarcli Vincei rica, 2 the ufi Whites, J'rankiin, become Franklin, Freemen, Friends* ft French-be French en Friend, mi 289. H FrUi^r, an diflferen Froft, feve FoAda, fta Fur trade, than one 0A;.LIP( Gene^ ing timb Hudfon tinguiAi emption quakets, country vemroeni lb. Chui citizens of a fettl 4;6. "■ •♦ jr vrhlcW I toquir :s have a- t. 50 c. esol the here, ib. res ofe it Violand, , ib. md Amf- tc the fet- D the he»d american their land, a farmer ree y«ar«, Ifortone t» 19 & feq. Irmation to jof it, 306. under the inhabitant lObliged to Boon and 110; itsri- [nd climate* luadmpedi, lib.; itscu- Vioonfepni- feq. i its tVHEX* fireftone found to the northward of Newark, 84. Flax and hemp, how much imported to Great Britain from xhn Baltic, 243. Might be cultivated with vaft fuccefs on the Miffif- fippi, ib. > Florida, Weft, hifto^ and topography of, 288* Flowers^ variety of, and enumeration of them, a 34. Forbes, general, refult of his capture of fortdu Quefne, lU Forked river defcribcd, 40. Fortifications, ancient, on the Muikingtim and other parts, ie^ fcrib^d, SI. 297. Foflils, whv of unafcertained value, 37. Fox river deicribed, jfio. France, how politic and humane, 4. Her fettlements in America, 5 8t feq. Cauie of the war between her and England, 16. Pa- triarchal manner in which her colonial fubjefts fived at Foft St* Vincent, 13. Q>ncili,ates the manners of the favages in Aaie« rica, 296. Diffufed amopgft them a more general knowledge o£ the ufe of fire-arms, to render them m^re tior&udable to tha vc^hites, ib. Wheh thu animofit^ oeaf' lamentation over t^e fofs of an accomplil^ed one, 289. His death compared to that of Euphorbus, ib^ Frui^t, american, inferiprto engUfli, 204. Enumetation of the. different kinds of, 26a. Froft, fevere, experienced at Kentucky, 549. Funds, ftate of the american, 189. Fur trade, enelilh, in Canada, when likely* to be reduced more than one half, 286. ■ G.- OA](^LIPOLIS, fettlement of, defcribed, 3 79* 387. Genejfee country defcribed, 53 tc feq. Account oittbe.(bilj grow* ing timber, and other produAions, 458 Sc feq. Diftwfice from Hudfon's river and Philadelphia, 459. Peculiar advantages diC>' tinguiihing^thefe lands, ib. Return of the fettlers 00 ^e pre-< emption lands in the county of Ontario, 46a., Settlement of quakers, 463. Capable of great io^prorement; 464. No^ country better'adapted for raifing cattle, 465. Climate, 467. Go- vernment, 469* Its population,, 469. Native. Indians, ib. Schools, ib. Churches, ib. Enjoying the iame privileges as the other citizens of America, 470. Soil, 46$. Detail of the routine of afettlex ai s farmer and plaoter for the three firft years/ 476. . ^ . Geneva, I ■ 1 [ firotz. iknen,$mim of, its papalation, 464. • Ceagraplirr, either ifnonot qT KcMockf < or uegfif^OaOf tftftlloofe* ingir, 306. GibMw^ IndisM deTcribcd. 363- GUIori iflaod defcribed, 457. GirtTt caMain, inflames the lavages afdai coloiiel Boon and h« attieiatM, 355. Gift, Mr. extniA from by joomalf jo. 99. Gordon, colonel, his hi^ opimoB otthe weftem limits of die fede- ral empiie of America^ 6o> ' Defcribes die mannerof pafiag die ^ fidls of the Ohio, 73. Grapa^ oatiTe, defciioed, id. Variom kinds of, s6$. Eompcin, does not bnr ttanfplaaang to America, ^7. Capable of being htooKht to gieat peneAion, and of prodociaf food wine, 266. Grs&, Afleieilt kinds of, defctibed, 234. Grave creek, ancient fbrtificadaos oob 297* Great Bone lick defcribed, 31. Gieat Salt lick creek defcribed, 118. 49;* Great Miami river defctibed, 119. Great Mioeami river ddcribed, 49$. Great Pelican ifland defcribed. 437. Greenland difcovcred bf the Daiic% 367* ^ Green river defcribed, 36. 312. Gainea com, 01 panic, defcribed, 24s. Gonpowder, many of the natives mnnfiAnre their Ofiril> i)^* Gjrpfom kmtA in various part% ij). H* H AMILTONi Mr. fecretarf, repoft oft opening his bodget, s^i. Hare, wild, not oftB in Anserica, s 79. Harland, major, killed in an aAioo widi the Indians, 3CC. "- ■ ■ of FiUbft'sftato Harrod, colonel James, figns his : of Kentockjr, 306b Hatcliee river ddicribed, 40. t Hawk, its pardcvbrir extended Me, ixu Hawk's htj defcribed, X37. ibart, major Jonadian,his letter to B. S. Barton, M. D. ice. eon* tMniiy obfervatioBs oa the ancient wosk% native inhshitaan Ac* of the weftem coontrjr, 296. ^ loop, native or wild, mi^t be i m prov ed , 6t. 244. Pemp and flax, qoantitjr imported anmnllf fiom the Baltic into Great Britain, 243. * Kenderfon, Mr. die refalt of lur endeavmns to eftaUilh a colonj at Kentockr, 7. His daim invdHnted, 8. An indemnification granted to htm, ib. Sitnation of us grant, 36. Ptuchafcs of bnds 4t Kentucky, 309. His rig^ difpated bjr the ftate of Vir- gima, who, notwithftanding, retirard mm for his acqnifitioos, ib« Henriade, die reafon wIr- it has been h fittle read, 229^ ficffaib diflfeicnt kinds w, 234. Itftflbok* aandbk pafiogthe >t»J$- 5. Ice. con- Baldc into a cdloay itioo of ofyir- Index. t • . HiccMjr, Ttiioai kinds off 207. HiUfltgroa^, earl of, account pielented to him of the variow and inpoitant public advantaeet to be drawn fnmi the coontiy of the Ohio, 66 & feq. Hockhockiog river deicribed, 117. 494. Holdco, Joh^ •ocompwiies col. Boon in qoeft of Kentnckv^ 339* Holder, captun, defieated at the head .of hit pacqr again? toe u- , ▼W* 354- H emigrants, ib. His account of the inundations of the Ohio, 7 8. A man of ettidiuao, 79. But faper6cial, and attached to his own theoriei, St. Qgoted, 1 37. Oiafervations c Re nuun. Jew- 4 -^,«»« Jerurakm deliveied, leafbni why it ha« betfn fo litde Uni!, ii§. niinoit coontiy def obfervationa to colonel Boon on figning colo* nelHenderfon'tdeed, 34|l; Indian nations, caufe of their decieafe in popolation, 4. Indian com deferibed, 255. Indiana defciibed} 488. Indians fell grants of land to the britifli commiffionen, 6* MailiN ere the firft fettlers, ib. Engaged againft the army of colonel Lewisi ib. Their conceflions in confideration of former maflir. creS} i9;< which, itotwirhftandhug, they in part renew, ib At war with the fettlers, 20. How foffiering by intoxication, 53. Why they cannot carry on their attacks regolarly and perfeTer* ingty, 288. Their barbarous treatment of the vanqniihed, 352. One (hot in the moment after he had killed his enemy, j^±» Send ambafladors to general Clark, 358. Names of thofe pr«>. ient at the Pi^nkaihaw council, 362. Various nations Of tnem defcribed, 360. t^ & feq. Their perfons, habits, and varioua ornaments, 369 & feq. Their warlike inftruments, 295. 370; their great dexterity in ufing them, ib. Their genius, difpofi« lion, and conftitution, 303. 370 & feq. Their generous allow- ance for mifchiefs done during intoxication, 3^1. Their natural eloquence, ib. Their modes of living, ib. Their dwellings, 372. Their domei^ic utenQIs, ib. Their religion, and its accompanyiiig ceremonies and feftivals, ib. Sc feq. They Kaft tB^ihe recovery of the fick, 373 Their laws againft adultery arid marderi ib. k ftq. Their forms of marriage, 374. The flavery of their wo« men, ib. Power of their kings, ib. Their mutual wars, ib. Their cn^el treatment of their captives, ib. Their good notion of dif. tahces, bearings, and delineating, 102. Their good difpofitiooa to the Americans, ^49. Ubfervations with reipeA to the pse- fervation of peace with them, ^59. Cuftoms and manners, 30s. Arts, 303. . A€k for eilabiiihing trading houfta with Aeir tribes, 546. Indigo, method of its culture, 349. Indians, Huron, defcribed, 364. Inducement to people to quit England for America, 30* {nfidelity rare and fecret in America, 485. Qtrodu^ion, i. rnvention, what the moft powerfal ftimulus to it, 38. Journal, Mr. Patrick Kennedy's, of an expedition to the head quar* ters of the Illinois river, r'..6. Julian, the emptor, his opinion of the winters in Fraince, 46. Jurifprudence, advantageous refult of its fimplicity and Arength, 1 1. Iron 9' , COlii^ colonel r mafliv- ib At ion, 53* perfetcr- ny, 35V hofe pi«- , of tnem id f ariou» I, difpofi- 9as aUow- eir natural ings, }7«. mpanying 5 lecovery ler, ib. k their wo- ,ib. Their ion of dif- iifpofitioM I the p»e- merii iot. theadqoar. * * Iron INDEX,. Iron ore, where found, 135; Found in Cunoberland and Ken* ttidty, 54J. Ifinglab, vein of, dcfcribed, 8a. 104. K. KAIMS, lord, contends that climates affimilate foreigoen to na* tires, 215. Kakaiky Indians dcfcribed, 36A. Kalro touches upon the natural hiftory of America, 278. Kanhaacary, great, when the fcttlements at the mouth of it com* menced, 386. Kanhaway, great, river, dcfcribed, 16. 100. 1 1 7. 494. coo Magni- tude of the obftruAions againft its navigation, 72. Land on it* 494. Journal of an expedition from, to the head of the Illinois^ 506. ^Cenapacomaqua, country near it, dcfcribed, 384* Xennaway, great, river, dcfcribed, 31a. ' '* l^nnaway, little, river, dcfcribed, a6. ' Kentucky, fettlement of, aftoaiihing that it fliould be admitted at a feparate ftaie into the federal government of America, intro- duAion, i. Its fndden rife, ii. An objcft of contention be- tieeen the Indians and Americans, iii. Great benefits arifing to it from the free navigation of the Mifllffippi, v. Probable cxtenfion of its trade and commerce, viii. ix. Its peopling encoutaged by Virginia, 6. The river defcribed, 118. De- fcrtptioii of the various lands, their allotments, how centraAe d for, and bow purchafed or obtained, 8 & feq. Commifiioners - fent to adjuft tne claims of the fettlers, i o. When confidered as an eftabliflied fettlement, 1 2, Strange defcription of its bound- aries, ib. 'Formed in part by pre-emption rights, 14. The Icey-ftone of. fettlements upon the waters of the Miffiffippi, i6» Nbmber of emigrants reforting thither, ib. Receives a general court from the ftate of Virginia, ib. Its roads more opened ta admit carriages, 17. Augmented in its numbers, ib. Inclined to independence, ib. Reafons for deferring an applicarion io be taken into the federal government, 1 8. Secure in defpitc of fur- rounding wars, 22. Aercement for its admiffion into the federal union, ib. Its population, and natural and artificial produAions, 24. 180. 47 & fcq. Advantageous courfe of its rivers for the purpofes of land- carriage, 25. Heights of its perpendicular pre* cipices, 32. Wine made from its native grape, 37. Abounds in foflils, ib. But is in want of chymifts and mineralifts, 38. Its foil favourable to hemp and indian com, 63. And to £llc and cotton, 64. Excellence of its (heep and Wool, 6;. Its fait fprings defcribed, 133 & feq. Its various mines, minerals, and auarries, 135 & feq. Its difierent fprings, 137. Its climate, ib. & feq. Advantage from having neither marflies nor bogs, 142. Stations of its inhabitants defcribed, 16; k feq; Their Rra ^V ■» Jog, » 1 ^ Iog-lionrci» t66. Their modet of cultiirtttonf if). & ieq. iMf Che vaiietjr of their abundant refoorect , ibb Fortunate cnnfe- fluencn accruing to it from an acccHion ^ f>:voimnth i68 Ik feq. Their occupations and paftimea, 169 Se feq. Their ufnal be?e« rage, i7o< Their feveral routei* ib. Modes of tranfporting bac- 'f*g«f t?!* Etpemk of'traveilirit, ib. it fieq. Prices c^ proiri* uons, 1 72 & feq. 177. lu dinances from other fettlcmenti, 173. Value of lana for parchafe» 17$; ^pr^ratiom and acqui* fitioni nedeibry iipon laktiw pbfleiBon of it, ib. Sc feq. Abund- «nee which muft c!nfoe> 1 70 & feq. Laws, government, and rew ligion defcribed, 305 8e feq. State of it, by Filfon, 506.. Either tm known or ncgleeled bytfae geographers, ib. Who tlie firft white man that dtfcovered it» 307. Called by the Indians the 'darlc and bloody ground, 308. ipfpeAin^ hoofes for tobacco «ftabli(hed witmn it, ^10. CharaAer of its inhabitants, 321 Sc feq. Its religious fisAs, 321. Its curiofities, 321. How rifing from a howling wildemefs to a Aonrtfhing and fplendid fettle- inent, ^48 8c ieq. A fevere winter there, 3 ^4, Why conceived to hairebeen anciently inhabited by the Wdin, 36^. Entrench* ^isents there of the mode of niifing which the Indians were ig- norant, 368. Its boriaUgrounds perhaps bearing a refemblance to aneient britifli remains, 369. How poflefled oiF the four natu* ral qnalities neceflary to promote the hapfrfnefs of a conotrv, 37<;. The various reafons why it Ihould univeifally attraA tne attention of mankind, ib. Confe^urnces likely to accrue to it fromtlMI recital of its happineft, ib. 8c feq. The inhabitants ad- vtfed to imitate the political conduA of Lycuigus, Locke, Penn» and Wafbington, 376 ; and to introduce manonAures from their own internal refources, ib. Reafons for fuppofing that, proba- bly, their country will be inhabited by the nm people the world ever knew, ib. Seoarity of the fettlement from a cordon of troops, extending opion the weftem fide of the Ohio, -400. Cir- cumftances attending the rife of the fettlementy bow compara- 'tively perilous a^nd calamitous, 413. TCintncfcy river defcribed, 312. 495. Kathtippacanundc, the town of it, deftroyed, 383; defciibedf with the adjoining country, 584 & feq. Kickapoo dcicribed, with the adjoining oonntry, 385* Kickapoo Indians defcribed, 364. Ktfhkiminetas creek defcribed, 493. Knoxville defcribed, 51;. 527. A^ for eftablifliing it^ 544, Prices of provifions, 545. *^LACOMIC creek defcribed, 493. Lake, an extraordinary fubterrancons one, y22. liskes, american, thfir vail magnitude, 60. Lakes of the weod^ ilefcnbeJ, 60. Land, > north- amerkan, company's plan of the aiTociation, 572 '*feq. Land l&feq. ilbete- ?» ^«- f protri- Itmentt* 1 icqui* Abunda , utd re- 1. Eithet the firft liani the f tobacco ti, 3«i * [ow fifing iid fettl»- conceivcd Efttiench* !• were ig- erembhnce B fouf n«ta> a couDtiy* attrta the iccrae to it Abitants ad- focke, ?enn, s from their that, proba- tle the world cordon ot , -400. Cir- >w conpaia- defcribedt ih»g it, S44* jciatioD) 57* Land fKDE*. i*tn^t price oC 139* Expence qF clearing, !b* ILandi in Virginia, P^nnfylvania. Maryland, and Noctk-C«r«Unai dcfcribed. 486 te Tea. Language of the Six ^fati^nl defciribed, 302. Latip language likelv to be fuperfeded by the engltfh, aj3» luauiel-hiTl dcfcribed, 89. no. laureUtrcei, variety 00 S70. ^ l sao. Lick, a, dcfcribed, ^t. Licking creek defcnbed, 31. 493^ Licking river dcfcribed; 29. Licks, extrfotdinarycurioftties, 323, Liroeftone, gre^t abundance. of; in the npUnds; 84. Limeftone, fertilijty and beauty of this part of tbe fioanttf, 27. i l6f Linnaeus, an in^ance of his literary merit, 233* Literature* ftate of, in America, 191, 2 19. Little Miniami river dcfcribed, 119. 4,9 j;. Located, explanation qf this word, 10. Locke teaching the doArine of tojcration, 3 76. Logan, colonel haftpns to join colosfiel Boon wi|h a letpforcemeq)* lioog hunters penetrate the monrtt^ini of tbe wi|iden\ers| 5. ILong ifland dcfcribed, C7. Long ifle Indians defcrioed, 384, Lon^ knifcf expreffion of the favage^, its meaning, 3^^f Louts XIV. one of thft confequeoces of his ambition, 4* Grantf Louifiana 10 N|> Crozat, 390. Louifa river, a branch of the Kai>haw9y, 1 1 8* ]p>ouifiana, discovery of, 4^ too. Settlements of, dcfcribed, i^f Thekey tpMexifo, 58* Granted to Crozat, 390. }tsbQm)4i>> ib. Grant revoked, and given to a company,' 301. Oeded tp SpatOi 304. "pw iU coqduA of the Spaniaras then^j* 394v Vail produce to be expe^ed from it^ 4aS. Situation, ib. in cUmaie ^miliar to the Couth of France and Lifbpn, U), Louifvilieflercribed, 35. 527* -^wer plains, v^bat may pe fo denominated, .8^t R r J liViBadf .] fm\ m T- •••■^i.'-^s-'' I' < i -/ INDEX. liufiad, the reafons why it has been fo little nwi, 229^. LycurguSf baniihiDg covetoafncfs and the love of gold} 37^. M. MACBRIDEi the firft white man that difcovered Kentacky» 307^ M'Macken> Dr. James, p^opofes to conftrucl boats fo that they fliall be propelled by die force of mechanical poweca* 333. Macopin river defcribird, 507. . Madder defcribed, %s6. Ground it beft thrives in, ib. Cultare of it> ib. Ovens neceflary to dry it ini 2^g. Means ufed to prefervc it from purrefaAioni 260. Madocy prince of Wales, wb]^ fuppofed to have founded a colonjr up the Mifouii, j6j. Mallet, hts report froni the ancient Icelandic chronicles, 367. Mammouth, immenfe fize of its bones, 29. Opinions concerning, it, by ijufibn, Hunter, Cline, and JefF rfon, 279. Manlinefs of charaAer degenerating proportionably with the ferYi- ^ty of courtiers^ introduAion. ManufaAures, what would fucceed in America, 1 88. Maple-tree defcribed by Dr.- Rulh, 23. 14.1. Tlie fugar produced^ nora it Qot inferior to that of the Weft Indies, ib. America capable of producing a: fur^us of it, ib. Its utility and other qualities, ib. 144. Ptoduaive of the iineft fugar under care and management, 130. Its nature and power of fupply de- Icribed, ib. & feq. No cultivation neccflary, 470. Scarce any procefs or expence attending the making the fugar, ib. Imple- inents neceflary, ib. **xpence of purcbafing them, ib. Seafon for tapping, 471. Other procefs attending the making it, 472^ Geueru obfervations, 483. - . Maple-leaved ftorax, wood of it defcribed, 2^7* Marble, plenty of, on the bank of the Kentucky, 136. Margot river defcribed, 4 29. Fort upon it, ib. Marl found in various parts of America, 137. Marriages, late and unftequent, caufe a ilowrefs of population, $8. Maryland topographically defcribed by T. Hutchins, 485 & fea, Maflacre ifland defcribed, 436. ^ Matapany river defcribed, 112. Maurcpas lake, and adjoining country, defcribed, 433. Mawmee Indians defcribed, 364. May-apple defcribed, 267. when ripe, ib. Meadows, natQral,.not to be accounted for, 301. Meafures (probably fuccefstul) adopted for terminating the indian war, 288. Melons, all kinds of, fucceed to admiration in America, 241. Water melon defcribed, ib. Mercer, lieutenant governor, his account of the communication betwixt the waters of the Old eutt^an &ttlcniems and the water oftbtOhiOi 110, ' ( '• Miami, ^n the Mobi Mobi {^jbi com >b. Mogh {yionon 06^ INPEX. Miiiunt, great, tfver, Jcrcribed, 46. Fortifications on it 4«fcribei, 298. Micheean lake, country near it defcribed, ^4 & feq. $0. ^ichiuoiackinac river defcribed, $08. Soj^l on it defcribed, ib* Middle, or Yellow, riyer defcribed, 448^ Militia, its adyantages, 1 6|. Mineaini river dffcjibed, 121. 49 jp Mine au fer, 1 d near it defcribed, 429. ' Mine river defcribed, 307. ^in^o nation defcribed, 363; MiOouri, the, a more powerful ftream than the Mifliffippi, y$» How far navigable, ib. Its adjacent colony fuppofed to have been founded by Madoc, prince of Wales, 367. Milfiffippi, its navigation pbftrufted by Spain, introdifflion, ix^ Advantages of its frequent turning, 70. lijigibility of its na* vization oeyopid that of any other channel, 71. How far navi ^able, 74. When its inundations con^meqce, 8n Being central IS proper for the feat of government, 7$. Defcribed, 328. Ita navigatbn declared by the eighth article of the definitive treaty free and open to the fi|bjeAs ot Great Britain, and the citizena pf the United States of America, 344. Firft difcovery of it* 389. Called by the natives Mefchafipi, ib. The eaftem iide of it ceded to England, 302; and tne weftern part of it to Spain, ib. May be confidered as the great paflaee made bv the hand of nature for a variety of valuable piirpofes, out principally to promote the happinefs and l)enefit of mankind, 402. Channel remarkably crooked, 403. Might be much fl^ort^ned, ib. Remarkable fediment it leaves, ib. Ne\y channel cut for it, ib. So deep as to be unfathomable, 404, Method of conveying merchandife on it, ib. What diftinguilhes it ftonf rver^ other known river in the world, ib^ Opening of it very different now from what it was laft century, ib. Its fource not known| 401. It leaves a (lime ot^ ^he banks like the Nile, ib. Navi- Ktion of it not fo difficult as is generally ima^ned, 406. May made to anfwer every purpoie of trad^ and commerce, 4o7f dThe adjoining pountry tb': fined, and capable of being made the moft productive, 408. Its fi(h, ib. Anchorage and diflferent bearings, 409. Iflanas formed by it, 419. Surprifing that the nations pofleflld of Louifiana never endeavoured to obtain an exaft knowledge of the (ea.coaft vveitward of the n^oiuhs pf the MiJiflippi, 4.5. Wobille bay, 437.^ its depth, ilj. Mobille town defcribed, 439. ^ohille river defcribed, 439. Soil tipon it, 440. Likely to be- come the moft important river in America next to the Mifliflippi, \b, & feq. Moghulbughkftum creek defcribed, 493. Land on it, 497, i lylonongahela river defcribed, 493. Land on it| * r 4 Morfe, _,„.. 48. 117. 4931 494* Settlement formed upon itf 21. Ancient fortificattooi bn it defcribed, ib. 896. Mjrrtle wax-tree, one of the greateft bleffinga beftowed* on Loui- £ana, 271. Defcription and caltore of it« ib. & fe^. N. KANTICOKE river defcribed, io9. Kalhville, fettlement of, defcribed, 43. ji^o Kalhville, prices of provifions at, 54;. Katcfabitociies formerly a confideraUe french poft, 423. Ihtchett country of, once famous for the number and civiliz^^ioi) df its inhabitants, 424. Who for fome time live in friendfliip with the Frencli, ib. Whom thev at length maflacre, 42;^ But are foon afterwards fubdued by a freSi body of french troops, ib. Natchezj, climate oC more onifoipm and temperate than at New O^- leanai, 414. Kation, it^igrating, how imprefled with the c;hariAers of its «ew: fiate, 725. Native inhabitants of "^ weftem country, obfervations on, by major Heart, 296. Navigation, one of its consequences, 4. Why^ tin art of it con« tinued devious until after the lapfe of-^feveral centuries, 68. KeAarines fcarc( in tltt weftem country, 63. Kegro, his intrepid defence againft the favages, 353. Kegroes, their proponion, mufcula!: ftrengtb, and athletic powers, 226. Caufes of their odour, 227&feq. * ' New Eneladd, climate of, 125. Kew Oneans likely to become a great commercial city, 332. How fituated, 406. The climate fimilar to that of MarfeiUcs, ib. New river, a branth of the James, 1 13. New town villoat againft diis fruit and its properties df^icribed, 267. J17. Paris, treaty of it, in 1763, cedlons ' ich ^e EngUfli obtaine4' by.". U. . . Partridge, a naooe given by the Americans to f^uaits, 319^ Pafcagoula Indi^ins defcritied, 420. Pafcagoula river defcribed, 434. Soil on it, ib, Fflflfage to Americfi, price of, 202. NecefTary articles to be takei| with one, ib. Shpuld calculate on a paifage of ten weeks, ib. Pea river, or Chafta-hatcha, defcribed, 449.' Peace concluded between the United States and the Indians, 19. Obfcrvations on the prefervation of, with the Indian tribes^ 559^ Tea vine defcribed, 233. Peaches of the fined flavour, 265. Cultivation of tt^em ought to be attended to, ib. Peakemine defcribed, ^67. A fpecies of plun), ib. Peail river, where it rifes, 433. Settlements on it^ i of the land adjoining, ib. Pears of a good qvality in An^erica, 264^ Peafe, account of, 240. Improperly fo called, ib, Pelican, great, ifland defcribed, 437 Penn, William, founds a city of' brethren, 376. Pennant, his opinion concerning the peopling pf America, 2f Touches upon the natural hillory of America, 278. Pennfacola, bar of, defcribed, 441 & feq. Diicovery of it, 443. Settlement on it, ib. Town of, defcribed, 444. Pennfylvania defcribed, 57. 485 Sc feq. }ts population, 58. Perch found in the MiiTiflippi, 408. Perdidp livef defcribed, ^^41. Formerly the boundary betweei^ Florida and Louiiiana, ib. Perlimmon much refembles the medlar, 26^. Vcrv aftringent, ib. Natives' method of making bread of it, ib, Pel rei actions, curious inflances of, 301. Pheafam, a name giv<-n by the Americiins to groufcf 319. Philadelphia, its infancy and fiouriihtne maturity, witueUed by one man, introduo^in, vii. Roads ancTdillanc^H irom it, byland^* to the falls of the Ohio, 376. Roat^s and diilances from thencq to Pittlburg, 377. Its population, 180. Phyfic, department of, well filled in America, 190. Piankafhavv council, minutes of, and fpeechcs, 359. Picmonr, valley of, dcl'cribed, 87. Pierre me Provi nJ fruOil 2 8( jPuritJ iitioil team» E takeif C8| ib. ins, ig? ». 5S9t >oght to ricai 3t it, 443» 58. between tgent, ib. pd by one by land," Im thenc^ Fiettc IMBEX, Pierre ifland defcribed, ;o7. • Pike found in the ^iffiffippi, 408. Piorcu fort, iituiition of, 508. Pittibarff, ftate of the country by which it is furroonded, x6« T»* ble of diftances between it and the mouth of the Ohio, a6|t Road and diftances to it from Philadelphia, 377. Defcribed* 488. Plan of aflbciation of the north aroerican lan4 company, 57a Sc feq. Planters, germao, of canes, Brules and C!:apitoula method of con- duAine their plantaticys, 414. As farmers in America, routine of their occupation, 476. . . Plants, american, botanically defcribed, 235 & (eq. Point Coupee, fettlements ofj defcribed, 419. i>fumbey of inhabit- ants, ib, Pokomoki river defcribed, 108. ' Politics, the fyilem which blends them with religion baneful, i^ State of, in America, 193. Bonchartrain lake defcribed, 433. Land on it, ib. Number aii4 names of the creeks in it, ib. Pflpplation, flownefsof it, how caufed, 58. 180. Statement of, bf Mr. 'Icnch Coxe, 21^. Of the United States of America, 55$^ Portages of the feveral rivers, 108. Portage, lake de, defcribed, 240. t'otatoe^, five different kind)) of, 261. Culture* ib. Poutawottamies Indians defcribed, 364. Fowel's mouncaio, its horrib|e afpcd\, 343. Fownall, governor, extrad from his topographical defcription of the middle britiih colonies, 32* Peicription of woods In Ame* rica, 183 & feq. Totowmac, abfurd to make it the (eat pf government, 76* De- fcribed, 109. , Prairie du Rqcher village defcribed, 501, Pratt, Mr. quoted about filkwunns, 64. Preface to Filfon's date of Kentucky 306. To Hutchins's Louifiana and Weft-Florida, 3 88. To Hutchins's Virginitjj, Fenqfylvania, &c. ^S^ & feq. Prices current of proviiions at iCno iville, 545 ; in NafhviUe, ib. Prieftcraft, its pernicious influences, i. Printing, why not invented until after the Inpfe of feveral centuries, 70. Profpedus (hewing the benefit arifing from the puichaie and fettle- ment of land in New- Vork, 557. ProvKions, prices of, 172* lyj, 181. In Knoxville, 545. At Naihvil'.e, ib. frulTta, late kfng of, hisjuft remark concerning fccurity in war^ 286. !|^urity in the body and virtue in the foul compared, $9. QiJAKERS' w»?» . v<^AKTi:RS' fettkiteiit in the Cene&e txaA, '46|, Qjjebec dcfcribed, 4j;. (^iifhtiu nyj^ dbfcribed, izj, . R. KAINY lAand riv^rdeTcribcd, (lo* Rakish, capital of North-Carolina, j^9 7. Rankin, Mr. paftor to thf analMp|iils of Kentucky^ ^ttf Rapahan nock river defcribed, 112. Rapids, fituation and fall of (he, deferibedf 34 4 ftq. Red river defcrt)^, III. Red (hell land, what U> called, 85. Rcelfoot river defcribed, 40. Religion, the fyftem which blends it with politics, banefp), u RcligiQiu rights, ftate of, in America, 229. Remarkable rock and ca(c;^dr, defcription of, near the Yo>ghi(^- Mny river, 304. Remarks for the information of thoie who vifli to become icttleif in America, written by doAor Frankiiu, 401 & feq. RcDort of Mr. (ecretary Hamilton, on optp'n^ his budget, 54& L>f the fecretary of ^te Soajiftooe, found about the Delaware, 84. Society, ftate of, and ftyle of living in the fettled ocontiy, prefiaa* ble to the country lifc of Great Britain, j 8 u Soil, die fymptoott of a bad one, a6> So^di mountain, dvicription of, 85 ; abounds in iron ore, ib. Stuih-weftem territoiy, ddcripiion of, ^S4&fcq. Spain obftruAs the navigation of the Mifliiippit introdaftion, t'x. Tyraimical againft the Americans, 4. How Ion? and by wfiat means (he is likely to lemain in the poftfion c? the Flori^jlas. , ct. The danger of her eodcavouiin'^ to mrlefl. Aasrrica, 58* Confideri Louinjna as the key to M niico, ib. Not likely to admit of a free navigation of th-^ Miftftppi whilft (he poflefis ^ew-Odcans, 334. Taeaty between it and the United butes of America, c6z & ieq. Spani(h rivet a branch of the Mobille, 439. .Spruce pine, where it grows, 277. State troops, a traA oTcountry relecved for them, 41. States, United, rather puerile to think of making Fotowmac the feat of govenmieot, 76.^ Stewart,' John, accompanies colonel Boon in qaeft of Kentucky* 339. Killed br the favages, 340. . Stones foil of (hells found on the mountains^ 89* Stoney river, 415. Land near it defcribed* ibb StrawberiT, native, defcribed, 36. 266^ ^rgcoo found ia the Miffiffif^, 408. oontof bofiHoU [iuquifii* picfia»« ib. ioot )<• by wTiat Florviat* ric«» s^ ikd^r to poffciis ^ bottes rmac the :eanick]r» Sa^> .IITDBX. Sogir, method of enlttvaticg, in the Weft lniie$, %t<^ Staur mv > t(>ce, abundant, a8. 6 1 . Proceit of making tbe luga/ from it, 41. 150. 144.. The namben relinqvilhing the ufe of it not Kkcly to promote the abolition of the flare trade. 33 1^ The trees nameroui near the river St. Pierre, 78* No culitya- doo neceflary, 470. Scarce any proceft or expence attending die making the fagar, ib. Implements neceflary, ib. Expence of parchafing them, ib. Seafontor tapping, 471. Other pro^ cciies attending the making it, 472. Genenl obIcrvatiotta« 473. Solphur found irs abandance, ijj;. Samach uled in preparing turkey leather, a 73* Saperior, lake, its circumference, 60. Soiqoehanna river, 106. Its branches, ib. Swatara, a branch of the Sufquehanna, 107. S)'ftems, various, of the formation of the eauh, 91. T. TABLE of diftanccs betweep Pittfl>nrg and the mouth of !he Obi botanically defcribed, 236 & feq. Tribea* indian, enameratton of them and their lefidcnceSt ago* |6>. Trig£> colonel, killed in anaAion «^ith thelndianh 355. V & U, Vase river defcribed, 500. Vaudrueil, M. letter from, on fetting the bank of tht Miffiflippi* Valea between the ridges of the Allegany mountains, 6. Beautifuf onas in the nwd from Philadelphia to Lancafler, 86. IJchee Indiana defcribed, 363. Vegetables, culinary, of Araerica< foperior to thofc of Ei^landy 204. Vermilion titer defcribed, fto. *■■' I ■ — Indians defcrUied, 364. Veftiges of ancient fettlements, 299. Vinlandoolomzed by Icelanders, 367. Virffinia, ibteOf, encourages the peopliny of Kentucky, 6& ieqii Divi0on of its fbuthem limits, 14 & feq. Vrfjes her right to . conider Kentucky as her appendage, ii. Grants a gei^eral court to Kentucky, 16. Reierves a traA of country tor the ftate troops, 41. Its copulation flow, 52. Its laws rcijpedting the emancipation of flat.s, sza. The irnumbers within it, 223. A complete emancipation not feafible, 224. Inftance of their g)od difbofition towards the Indians, 296. V^hy not carried to eSea, ib.^ Difpute the right of Mr. Henderfon to laiu^s purchafed by him at Kentucky, yet reward him for his acquifi. tions, 309. Topographically defcribed by T. Hutchins, 485 • &fe 299. ChaAawi dcftrip- tion of its oriein, ib. V^'allanpaupack river defcribed, 106. Walnut-trees, number and varietiei of. 368. Nut fnalkr than the englirh, ib. War, rules to be obferved in one agatnft the Indianii «88. Waftiington fort, (ituation of the country near it defcribed, 385* Wafhington, general, figns a recommendation of Mr. Rumfey's invention for carrying a boat againft the ftream by the influeoco of (team, 69. Water-melon defcribed, 241. Waters of the old european fettlements, their communication with the waters of the Ohio, 1 10. WcauAenau, the lands around them defcribed, 385* And the beautiful profpe^, ib. Welih, why conceived to have inhabited Kentucky, 367. Weft-Florida, hiftory and topography of, 388- Boundaries of it* 429. General obfervatioas of ufe in noaking the land, 430* Ohfervations on the winds, feafons, tides, 8cc. of, 4j[2 & feq. Weftem waters, number of fouls upon them, 5^. Their probable increafe, ib. Ohfervations upon the ancient works and native inhabitants, by major Heart, in a letter to Dr. Smith, 296. Whaiely, Phillts, account of, 229. Specimen of her animated poe« try, ib Comparatively poflefling greater genius than Mr. Jef- ferfon, ib. Wheat, where indigenous, 30. Thrives in America, 238. Whcftone excellent en the ^tu^k^ngum, 117, Wild animals, enumeration of, and where found, 278. Wild hare, not one in all America, 279. Wild rye defcribed, 237. . 'Wilkinfon, general, his expedition againft an indian tribe, 330. Wine, price of, in America, 195. Excellent wine might be made there, 266. Wolf river defcribed, 40. Woman, her intrepid defence agatnft the favages, 358. WoodciKks with bills of pure ivory, 319, Woods, detail of the routine of the occupation of a fettler as a planter and farmer in the american woods, for the firft three years, 476 k feq. Woods in America, Pownali's account of, 1 88 Sc feq* World ftill in an infant ftate, 3. Whortleberries defcribed, 267. Something like goofeherries, ib. Wyandott Imtians defcribed, 363. Some initiated in the roman catholic rclitfion, 372. S a YADKIN, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 S^ 1 2.0 m V-'^W-'w-' ^ — 6" ► .% / Hiotographic Sciences Corporalion 23 WIST MAIN STREiT WEBSTER, N.Y. U5M (716)«72-4503 \ \\ O^ % <° V ^ I INDKX. Y. YADKINi a brinch of James rivet, 113. Yazoii. river defcribed, 426. Fertility of the adjoining counties ib. Confiderable, advantage that will attend^ building on this river, 427. Yellow river, or Middle river, defcribed, 448.- youghiogeny river defcribed, 24. 109. Vallies on Its bank* defcribet^-j 99. 487. Defcription of a remarkable rock and cafcade near the weftevnfide of it, 304. York river, 112. %* In the note at the bottom of p. 502, and in that of p. J04, the reader is referred to a plan which afterwards was noC thought of confequerice enougn to be engraved. tmiim Direclions to the Btrtderf for placing the Maps. , Mapof the Weftem Territory, Rapidaofthe Ohio, Map of Kentucky ' Map of the Tenafee State, - te/ace the Tifle page. 33 378 51a /' BOOKS printe(i for J. 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