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(5 Editions 65,000 issuedi; THE MINERAL WELLS OF TEXAS; THE EUREKA SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS; THE THERMAL WELLS, CITY OF WACO, TEXAS. • • • It is 111!' intciitiiiii til issiu' i?//;/»i(.'/r, ("c iteu's (liun's tn luclvc nf tlu' most iiiiporlani Krsdrts, incliiiliiiK till' viTv host (■( tlif Niirlli and Smilli. f ullv? irilustratcD. \S>. iTiii.isMiai IN iMi: crTi'KKs i.riDi'. rriii.isiiixd c umi'an'i I'l IILI^MFKS lir I rllKK s l.riDi:-, 'lo THK I'KINCII'.AL HK.M.TH AND rLKASlKK KK.SdKIS OF rill-: IMTII) STA'II'.S. r\ /d-?r r-iii~MM»aiii "ii'i iiiwnnnr^'rfti '""■"•1 r-" Niagara Falls. -General View from New Suspension Bridge. 4 a '\^-^--^-^ I 1 IT' ^^ — ( I .'V CirrTi^:R's Cti;ii)i^: TO K^XI^I^S. THE FALLS. OW.M five huiuiieil thoiisanil visitors luivu the pleasure of viewiiif; tlie Falls of Niaj,Mra every year. The inaiiv luiilions who aiimially i)ass by, either via liiiffalo or Suspension llriil^'e, without stopping' over at Niai^ani lalls, certainly cannot fully realize that tiiev are losing' the oppor- tunity, possibly of a lifetime, of beholding one of the grandest and most beautiful works of nature. Standing upon the Ijrinkof the precipice at I'rospect Point, and taking the first good view of the Kails, every one is im- pressed with their majestic beauty and enormous power; and when they contemplate the innnensity of the volume of water, the great depth of the chasm into which it niakes its mad though graceful plunge, a mingled feeling of awe and admira- tion takes ijossession of the i^eholder. It is not ourmission to attempt a tlowery or classical descrip- tion of Niagara l''alls, but rather to guide the reader to the m.in • points of observation from which they can be seen to the li. advantage. By presenting a larger number of branliful illus- trations than were ever before issued in anyone publication, we seek to induce as many as possible to come to Niagara, and enjoy for themselves the pleasure of seeing the greatest cata- ract known to the civilized world. The finest writers in the I'.nglish language— Dickens, Trol- lope, 'i'hackeray and a host of others-have expendeii their best efforts at woril-[)ainling in attempting to set forth the beauties of Niagara. Ihit words seem weak and powerless, and tlie great cataract baflles description. We can only iiooe, therefore, to make our descriptions acce|)table to the reacler by siipplementin;; them with ()rofiise illustrations. These are half-tone reproductions from the liest photographs ob- t.iinable from leading jiliotographers, or made l)y our own artist. I'lit there are a few facts and (igures to which we gladly call the attention of our readers, that they may more clearU under- stand the power and magnitude of Niagara. It is by com- parison onlv that we can fully coiiiprehend them. It has been estimated th.-it the average amount of water llowing over the I- alls is 2()6,ooo.ooo cubic feet every twen'y-four hours, which is said to represent a force eipial to the same amount of power produced from two hundretl thousand tons of coal; the daily output of all the coal mines in the world. When we consider that competent engineers estimate the theoretical power of these Tails to be from live million to six million horse power, and that all the water mills of the I'nited States have only developed an amount eepial to about one-tifth of this immense force, we are again led far lieyond ordinary (3) r •If iT (4) American Fall, fro.n Prospect Point. . ' Hirdseye View of Goat I land and Amer.can Rapids. o i o o o ■■ 1 r ' e p r KB,. • 1^' e mm \ »l^t^,\'AF'^^^' ipgr ^^^s^^s!si^' ^^^^^mmn^^B — *■ ' » 1 --wn' ^^^^^S^M^^^^5;^g^^^^^^^^^l " r -( ■ o '•'^^ ' -C-. - ,.--^" ^^ i_ (bt General View from "The Clifton." : o • o t iimpriliciihioM, as to llii' ^n'M pDWcr ol iIi'M' j^ratul aijil IhmiiIiIuI 1 alls. I'lic Aiii.'riraii I'. ills all' aliniit iixx) fttt «i(lc, im IiiiIIiil; llic lliiilal W'il cr Central Fall, ami tlir luiulit is ifi( fci't; tlic ra|>iiU aliiiM' tlirc I'.ills have a fall nl fnitv feet w itiiiii oiic liair a iiiilc. 'I'licst' falls arc iiiiir<' iicriiiaiicnt tliaii n u hi(h it '\ in turn pruiert the innler str.itinii (if sdft sh,ile frmn washini,' .i\\.i\. I'he lldrsohiie I, ills, fre(|iieiitl\ calltMl the CaiLidian, h,i\e a ( (iMtdiir (if ,1 111 lilt J,7;i) leet 1 1 lie siir\ f\ (if iSS^i showed them tn lie j.^KMi, and ,ire I ; iiiti t \\v desire td call the .ittentidii df every \ isitor to the " air ex])ldsidns," vvliich dcciir ,'it intervals of fniin live tn twenty-live secdnds, those shdvvinj; the ^'reatest furceand iiKist readily per- ceived hein^; from the ci'iiter df tlii' cataract. This plienom- eniin is df recent dis( overy, .ind it is to this th.it the ),'re.itest c.insi' f(ir the recession is now attributed, I'urtlier mention of • iw. .,,.i.;.„.t ...;ii 1,^, r,„,.wi <.i^....a,..i-,. ;•. ii.iw- ,..,i-b c.insi' Kir me re( essioii is now .inrimiied. i- iir the subject will be fdund elsewhere in this work American Falls, from Below. (7t (S) The Gorge, Victoria Park, and "The Clifton," from New Suspension Bridge. HOW NIAGARA CAN BEST BE SEEN. I JOO many come to tliis resint cxpecti. U) see all tliat to tlieir iniiids is woitli seeing;, in a vciy low hours, and tlicn hasten tu the station to catch tlie next train. These people are nioie wise than tiiuse wJKj are satisfied with a liurried glimpse of the Falls from trains which j)ass in sight, but at a distance, l)nt do not stop off even for an hour; and e\en these are wiser than those w lio pass from cast to west, or ?'/( <■ 7'rrs,i, and do not select a route tiiat will take them within sight of tins great cataract. A mere sight of the Falls from the car window is far better than not to see them at all; but a few bours spent at the Falls is a thousand per cent better yet; though the wise ones who spend several days here, have the pleasure of seeing them in all their l)eauties and from the best points of observation, and are thus able; to fully appreciate them. To intelligently decide how best to see Niagara, it is necessary to determine bow long a time can be spent at sightseeing before ]>lanning what to see first. We will there- fore give a descri|)tion of the routes and bytrijis for the benefit of those who conclnde to remain several days, confi- dent that many of our readers who planned only for a few hours' stay will contimie their visit longer. After being comfortably located at your hotel, take a walk or ride to Prospect Park, and a good view of the Cataracts from Hennepin View and Prospect Point; at each of these places you can spend twenty minutes or an hour enjoying a feast for the eyes ell worth traveling around the world to behold. If your arrival is in the morning, after taking in these views you will have time enough for the sights in and about Prospect Park to oc6ui)y yoi'r mind nntil luncheon or early dinner; if it is afternoon, and these sights have been enjoyed, and after a short ramble around the Park, your mind and body can well afford to rest for the day; but we would not be surprised if you desired to see the Falls again, possibly by twilight or moonlight. The points of observation mentioned are usually the first to which the visitor is taken when riding, but as the time re- (juired for a satisfactory view from these places, which are considered the best on the American side, from which the Falls, tlie Gorge and the surnjunding scenery can l)e admired, it should be as near an hour as circumstances will admit, and to keep a carriage in waiting, at an expense of one dollar per hour, is a matter which some may be disposed to consider. The next trip will hr over the bridges to the Islands. As this route is a little more than two miles from Prospect Park, and a number of stops should be made in order to do it well, at least two hours' time should be devoted to it; our readers can best determine for themselves if they prefer to ride or walk. The Park carriages make this trip, giving the privilege to stop over at any point on this route and to resume seats in another c-f the carriages. The first is Hath Island, reacheil by a bridge over the rapids, thence by another bridge to Goat Island, so named because at an early day a number of these animals were pastured her(>. The po])ular drive around this Island is to the right, and the following are the points of interest to be visited, in the order named, and as nuich time can be devoted to each as the individual visitor may deem necessary: — Luna Island is reac" d after a short drive or walk, thence by a path leading down l)y the sides of the bank to the bridge, or a stairway from Steadman's Point leading to the same, (better take the path and return by the stairway). At Luna Island fifteen minutes time can be very pleasantly spent. On returning to the cliff by the stairway, you are at Steadman's Bluff, from which several grand views are to be (9) e o a. Z % ^- c o - — -IS) Prospect Park and Island Bridges. I liad. One or two liumlied feet fiiitlicr on, fullcjwiiif,' llie line of Steatliiian's cliff, brings you to tlie office of tlie "Cave of tlio Winds," and twenty niinntes or half an hour can be .spent here ni takiiifj the romantic trip through and around the cave. Do not fail to visit it if you can sjjare the time, and the dollar expense necessary. The drivers of hacks and carriages may not encourage this, as they receive no com- mission from the receipts, but do not heed them, even though they advise otherwise, as the trip is an adventure and experience well worth the time and expense. Continuing along the road which skirts the cliff a few hundred feet, we reach Porter's Hluff, where the first near view of the Horseshoe Falls is to be had on the Island by the route taken. From here a stairway leads down to the patli to Terrapin Point, where many years ago w as built a stone tower, which after long and constant use was torn down be- cause it was considered dangerous. At this point it will be well for the visitor to observe the Utile signboards of the commissioners, which read, "Do not venture in dangerous places." Hut this need not intimidate the visitor so nuich as to prevent the enjoyment of viewing the grand sights be- fore him, as this is the nearest accessible ])oiiit to the center of the Horseshoe Falls, and the scenery is grand beyond description. Returning to Porter's Bluff, the road is continued along the edge of the rapids, four or five hundred yards, to the entrance to the Three Sister Islands, which are reached by the three bridges, phot(JS. of which we have reproduced in the group on tiie opposite page. On the Sister Islands a half liour can be very pleasantly spent viewing the little cas- cades between the islands and the gre.it Canadian rapids, of which a grand sight is to be had from the third island of this cluster. Returning across these bridges to the road on Goat Island, it is followed around the u])per end, which it circles to the point where the waters divide; part going to the American and the greater cpiantity to the Horseshoe F"alls; from here we follow the former towards the rapids, and all the way to the place of entrance on the island, noticing the pretty views of the Park and tl>e city, and watching the rough and tempestuous waters, which but a few moments before we witnessed calmly and peacefully parting from their sweethearts with a kiss; now in their mad, wild fury they are hastening to be the first to make the desperate leap of the cataract and to meet their loved ones in the deep chasm of the gorge below the I'alls. With the return to Prospect Park, or the city, ends route inmiber one. For route inimber two, we will take a trip over the new Suspension Bridge to Ontario. The fare over this bridge is 15 cents for the romid trip or 10 cents for one way. From the bridge one of the very best general views of the two Falls, (ioat Island, the Parks and adjacent scenery is to be had. The floor of this bridge is one hundred and ninety feet above the water, and the sensation in crossing is one of awe, which is speedily dispelled in admiration of the sur- rounding scenery. After crossing the bridge and luissing a short distance to the left, Victoria Niagara Falls Park is reached. From its borders on the cliff a magnificent view of the Falls is to be seen; probably tlie best from any point, as it is immediately opposite the American Falls, and affords the best general sight of the Horseshoe Falls as well. The place from which this grand view is to be had is named Inspiration Point. If this tri]> is taken on foot, numerous places can be found where seats and shelter are provided, and where ample time can be spent in feasting upon the grandeur of the scenery. If riding, the scenes can be enjoyed while the ride con- tinues through the Park to the Dufferin Islands, a romantic locality, as the names of its " Lover's Retreat," "Rambler's Rest," " Lover's Walk," etc., fully attest. For the walk or ride through Dufferin Islands a fee of 10 cents is charged for pedestrians, 50 cents for conveyances drawn by two horses, and 25 cents for those drawn by one horse. One half hour or more can be enjoyed on these islands. (t3) (u) The Whirlpool. At tlie end uf Lover's Retreat is to be seen tlie grandest view of tiie Canadian Kapids, wliich are one mile wide, and nearly the same distance in len^tli. Many of the hif; waves are to he seen dashing their spray twenty feet hi^jli, remind- inf; one of the seashore in rouf^h weather, and making a panorama of which one seldom tiies. A short distance heyond these; islanils is the Hnrninj; Sprnifj, wc^ll worthy of a visit, and for which a fee of 50 cents is charged; it is a stronj; snlphur spring,' from which a large (juaMtity of gas escapes. This is ignited hy an at- tendant, lirst as it flows through a long gas pipe, wiiicli when lighted makes a brilliant blaze; and aftirwaids as it bubbles up through tiie water in the sjiring, setting tire, as it were, to the water. The spring is situated in a darkeni^l room, mak- ing a very pretty siglit as tin; flame illmninc.'s tiie darkness. From here those in conveyances can return by the same route or over a Canadian country road, ])assing Loretto C(jn- vent, through the old village of Dnunmondsville, a pretty suburb of Niagara, to the Lundy's Lane battle field. Here a tower has been erected from which, for a fee of 25 cents, an excellent view of the surrounding country can be seen; thence returning by the old village of Clifton, now Niagara Falls South (Ontario), then over tlie new Suspension Bridge to tiie hotel. Thus ends route number two. THE TRIP DOWN THE GORGE. 'TPHE deep and indcscriliably wild gorge, which in the 'cii- •*• turies p.ist has been worn into the rocky formation of the earth's surface, beginning at the Lewiston Mountain or the Niagara escarpment, and winding backward to the Falls, is one of the most interesting places in the world. The early history of this gorge is tilled with blood-curdling incidents, thrilling struggles for supremacy between the Indians and the settlers, and the roar of musketry of the battles between French, Indians, English and Americans as they each strug- gled to dispossess the other of this valued territory. Manx- places along the banks at the verge of the gorge show e\ i- dciices of ha\ing once been the scene of battle, anil e\eii now traces of earthworks of improvised fortresses are to l>e found. 'l"he Niagara gorge is seven miles in length from the I-'alls to Lewiston, and its dejitli above the water lexel increases from 164 feet at the Falls, to 300 feet live miles lu'low. Nature has prepared many wonderfully beautiful and picturesiiue scenes for the visitor ; sceni'S that can lie viewed many times before the eye wearies of the repi'tition. Directly i>elow the waterfall, the watiT of the Niagara ri\eris v.iriouslv estimated to be loo to 230 feel in depth in the main channel, and (or lu'arly two miles, about one-ipiarter of a mile in width. Here it mo\es along slowly, and is na\igated by the steamer " Maid of the Mist." I he cars of the Niagara I'alls and Lewiston Railway, known as the "(lorge Koute," which start from I'rospect Park at Falls street every fifteen minutes during the season, enter the gorge about half a mile above the railroad bridges and the head of the Whirlpool Rapids, and as the cars wind their way downward along the serpentine tracks of the incline, the pas- senger sees below him the great gorge; to the south a most beautiful \ iew of the I'"alls in the distance, and to the north the mammoth cantile\er bridge of the Michigan Central and the new steel arch bridge of the (irand Trunk railway. As the bottom of the incline is reached, the gorge suddenly narrows, and the immense volume of water, forced into the narrow delile, bursts into a fury and roars wildly as it dashes the waves high in the air and at a terrible speed rushes toward the whirl- pool. The transformation seems almost incredible. Passing "Rapids \'iew" under the bridges, then the Whirlpool Rapids ;md "Observation Rock," the tracks wind along beside the mad waters to the Whirlpool, where a sto]) is made. The ])eculiar phenomenon of the waters caused by the sudden chang- ing of the currents and the mad rushing stream from above, combined with the beautiful picture presented by the verdure- covered rocks of the ravine, makes a stop well worth the time spent. From the \Vhirl])ool the river surges away to the north again; beginning here what is called the "I^evil's Hole Rapids," and tumbling and leaping through the narrow confines, each (>5) IK9r^MHM««l4Mll (161 The New Single Arch Steel Bridge, Grand Trunk Railway. ^. -J . Iiiiii^^i= .*«**ii(ssg»c^'" -ja^^r^*?"?^?"!:^' ■ :»*t»'--^.^^,^'*'* ''i:^'< r*T-i gi^jt & wi ^* "■ "■ '■' ■ »r- -Tr«» 1-^ ^ .-^- ^ ^^^ •7J -^ pv V »» u^ 1 : Horseshoe Fall and Islands, Irom Canada. ('71 mmmmmmMmmmm \\ imnm9 ^ ■nr (i8) American Rapids. "TTP'-. im. m^ wiivf justlcs till' next tivir till' IiIl; incks tliiil m;iki' tlir stiT.im ,1 must |)tiiliiiis iiiir, iiiid witli II ciirii'iit .iliiinsi I'ljii.il to lli.ii of till' I ppii' K.ipiil!^. I III- |)ic lull' is ill) iiispiiiim niic, iiimI iint til III' fni'mlli'll. rinir liUliiircil flit .llinvr, illf tii In' Mill llir i;ruliM|iii' i.icis of till' i(M k, Mi'iiiiiii; til lliicitfii tlir iiilviiitiir- iiiis (ilu's lii'jiiw ; lii'siili' till' li;i< ks tlu' «;itiis kisluil iiiln ln.iiii, ;iliillu\iitiil, tlif I'.iliiiili.ill slinri', li'ss stri'p, iiliil iii\ iTi'd with nf;ul\ i'\ri\ kniiwn s]ii(ii's of tii'i" iind llouiT in its ii,iti\r St, III'. I'li'lou till' W'liiiiimiil is iiiiiiki'i's I'.irk, II sIiikU, iiioss- i;nn\n irstiii'4 ]il;ii r, luiiiii'il iiltiT C';i|it. lirinkir, tlu' foiiinli'r .iiid IHi'siili'iit of till' lo.id. A litllr hrymid this |i;irk .iiid jiisi np- positi' till' historiiiil '• i'osliT's i''l;its"on tlii' C';iii;i(li.in slinii-, is Ciiaiit Koi k, II nuuistrr liouidiT tiiiit stiiiids iiloof from tiit' iiioiiiitiiin, oiilsidf of iind oMTliiini^iiiLC tlir r.iihn.id. 'I'lu' "Stii- tiiul," iiiiothi'i' liir,i;i' liouhler, proji'its fur iilioic tlii' riisliiii'^ wiitiTs (if till' riiiiiiis iH'iir liy. Tlii' " i )i'\ il's Hole " lu'voiul this lioint is till' most ititi'iistim,' imd histoiiciil (if nil stoiijiim; pliici's. I''niiii thi' I .ir tln' iiuiiK' uf thi- Ml ly Umi miiy lie si't'ii, Iind .;o cars, the New York Central trains, the steamers of the Nia^;ara Navi);a- tioii Company and the » iiieeiiston Icriy, TIk^ "Old I'mt Wreck of the Old Suspension Bridge. I 19) r—f--y'^* wr" '^' '' ^^p "* ! » The American Falls in Winter. V The Horseshoe Falls (Early Winteri. mvmmmHmmtmfimmmmfmmmmmmMme^mmimm'mmmlmm (22) The American Falls from the Canadian Shore. m Old Fort Niagara. Route," as it is known, winds lip tlic hill into Main street of liistoric old Lewiston, and the visitor is in the heart of what was at one time the f;reati'st port of entry on this frontier, and which, from the earliest iiis- tory known, lias been the most important jiortage of the Niaj;- ara, heiiig on the direct line he- tweeii New York and Detroit. l"ar lip on the bluff to the north, stands the old Barton homestead, tlie first residence on which was erected by Major Benj. Barton, whose appointment in the Ameri- The Old French Castle. ( 23 » can army was made by President Madison, and who for many years associated with Gen. Fortei- and Jud^;e I'orter in the ownership of much of tlie property along the frontier. An interestiiif,' feature to-day is the old elm tree which guards the entrance to the gate at the homesccail, and about which is woven a jMctty romance. Tliis tree was once a riding whip in the hands of the charming young wife of Major Barton, on the day when she rode on her favorite saddle beast from Geneva to join her husband at her new home I early in iHof). Tlie iiuulaiiie, half in jest, planted the wliii) on tin; liillsiiU' .iiul it stands to-day, gnarled and knotted, having escaped the tiestiiiction which lollowed the invasion of the British and Indians in the war of 1.S12. On, thron^h the scenes of the historic stru);^!''*^ hetwecn the French, British, Indians and Americans, and jiast the old Frontier Honse, which since its erection in 1S24 5, has heen initil recent years tlie most important hosteliy in this ref;i<)n. Many hrilliant assenil)ia};es have heen seen in the once richly decorated hall room, and men who have made the history of the world have heen its t,'nests. This was the staj,'e coach headcpiarters fur Western New York, and in the Masonic Hall, on the npper floor, it is said William Morj;an was tried for infidelity to the order. .At the tiiMi of the railway may he seen, a short distance further east, the ancient Lewiston Academy, lon^ since ahandoned, hut which was the .seat of learning in Western New York in the early part of the cent\ny. The tri]) con- tinnes throUf;h the finest of farm lands and endless orchards laden with the choicest of frnit, and into the town of Yonn^s- town, where for one hundred years there was no cessation of blood-cnrdliiiK events. After passing the steamer landing and the El Dorado Hotel, the line enters the confines of old Fort Niaf,'ara. Here in 1678. LaSall', LaMotte, Fr. Henne- pin and fonrteen othei' French .idventmers landed from Lake Froiitenac (Ontario), and in the midst of a Seneca Indian village established a trading post, which later on was converted into a hlock honse. This heing the key to the possession of the lake region, the French made several nnsuccessfnl attemjits to gain the consent of the Indians to establish fortifications, and in 1720 erected, partly through deception, a block honse at Lewiston, five years later by permission, establishing what is now known as the old " I'rench Castle," the first stone building at Fort Niagara. Dnr ng the war of the Rebellion many of the most des- tructive of the British expeditions were sent out from Niag- ara. It IS said that William Morgan, the offending member of the Masonic fraternity, was last seen alive in the dnn- geon of the old castle, and Porter's History of Fort Niagara gives a detailed account of the disajiiJcarance of Morgan and the conse;a and Ni- lOKort, and nils on tlu! surpasses isity to the le i'(ja(l is a ground. at railroad Falls and .•oniprossed lake twelve liicli laslu's nilfs. The Ijiool is one in the world tlie journey •( "inplished years ago, SuspLMision man beinj^s lie, a local )ni the bnf- linking; by a ■r, CajUain iininer, at- , i.SHj, and 3d that life lister waves nt. at brief the Anieri- side. The Wbirii-ool Rapids. water of the Kapiils is said to hv. very deep and travels at the rate .)f tliiity miles an hoin', the terrible force swinjiinf; the main cniont backward and forward from side to siile like a drunken thing, careening one wave against the next, until the spectacle becomes at once grand and awe-in- spiring. The mad rushing of the waters churns and dashes the waves first heavenward in snow white spray, then merci- lessly against the rocks that jut out into tlie boiling stream, until, pounded into a living mass of foam, it empties into the Whirlpool three-tpiarters of a mile below the bridges. To get the most comprehensive view of the Rapids the visitor should spend several minutes, the longer the better, on the Buttery observation rock, which is on a natiwal level with the water just at the foot of the Buttery elevators. No fee is charged for occupying the rock, but to travel up or down the elevators a distance of 300 feet, a fee of 50 cents is charged for the rounil trip. The Kapids may be viewed from the K,i|)ids View platform just l)elow the bridges, or tidni tlie Canadian shoii-, wlii<'h is rearhoil by an inclined railway. THE DEVIL'S HOLE. "\TO more interesting or historic place is to be lound than -'■^ this weird and enchanting sjiot about three miles below .he b'alls. Here a grisled old ruck projects out ovi'r the gorge below, keejiing guard on the rushing waters of the Devil's Hole Rapids that roar and wind in and out along the picturesipie valley known as the gorge of Niagara. This monster rock is joo feet above the water, and the top is as (25) ' Devil's Hole.' .«■»> (•.■ !f.,. "^mmm -fflr-7 -t k'Vt-1 as a floor. Here it was that a supply train of tlie liritisii army traveliiiK from I'ort Niagara to I'drt Sclilosser, Se])tciiil)er 14, 1763, was sto])pcam that fell in beautiful cascades tlown into tlie ravine l)eside the towering rock, ran red with the blood of the victims. To this day the big flat rock is known as the Devil's Pulpit and the stream as Bloody Kun. Historians differ in stating the inmiber of British killed in that massacre, but it is generally agreed that more than 200 men were in the detachment. John Steadnian, commander of the wagon train, escaped on a fleet-footed horse, a drum- mer hoy named Matthews fell into the forked top of a tree in the gorge and escaped, and a wounded wagon man es- cajied by hiding in the bushes, A detachment of soldiers in camp at Lewiston marched 10 the scene and met the same reception at the hands of the red men, only eight escaping to tell the tale. A winding stairway now leads into the ravine, a fee of 25 cents l)eiiig charged for admission. The ravine is one of the most refreshing spots to be found, and the narrow walk along the face of the rocks takes the visitor to the Devil's Hole, now a cleft in the rock about 30 feet deep, and at the further end of which is a spring from whence the sweetest of cold watt r flows the year round. It is necessary to stoop low to enter the cave, but several persons may stand erect within the main chamber. In front of the opening stands a lan;e boulder called Ambush Rock, and whicii at one time covered completely tlie mouth of this retreat, mak- ing an impregnable fortress. It is stated by the older set- tlers that before the engineers of the New York Central rail- -oad began blasting in the vicinity, the Devil's Hole cave 'The Devil's Pulpit. (a6) lain of i\w Schlosser, tliers to eii- ! valley he- ld with and low witii a the hands in anihush. hove them nahawk or 111 cascades in red with flat rock is loody Run. sh killed in e than 200 ;onnnander sc, a drum- p of a tree on man es- of soldiers et the same lit escaping ne, a fee of vine is one the narrow litor to the t deep, and vhence the s necessary ; may stand he opening d which at treat, niak- e older set- 'entral rail- ; Hole cave extended three (piarters of a mile into the rock and had (yften heen exi)l(Jied. The interior of the cave appeared to have heen cut out by rough instruments, and it is believed was formed by some prehistoric race. A winding walk leads to the old Council Rock at the head of the long stair- way, and around which it is said the friendly ciiiefs of the Kive Nations for many years held their councils or " pow- wow's" over the affairs of state. A pathway almost hidden by moss takes the adventurous to tlr- lost chamiel of BU)ody Run, where the little stream disappeai .i under the rocks, but which was once a beautiful cascade. In this ravine and the bed of the stream, relics of the battles of the eighteenth century arc .jften found. Stairways lead to the ra;<.1 . and tracks of the Gorge railway below. INTO THE HEART OF NIAGARA. A I' 1 H<"-'("'H niany thousands of visitors to Niagara Falls ■^*- view the great cataracts from above, and from many points, yet it is truly said that no one has seen Niagara in all its glory, no cue can accurately measure or understand the ])ower of the great waterfall, until he has taken a trip on the little steamer ".Maid of the Mist." To reach the steamer from the American side there is a long incline with free stairway for foot passengers, and com- fortable cars upon which passengers are carried for ten cents down and back. The landing on the Canadian side is reached in a similar way. On board the steamer, the passenger is fur- nished with a comfortable rubber suit, and, encased in water- proof from head to foot, he is stationed on the upper deck to drink in the beauties of the scenes about to trans|)ire. The feeling that possesses the passenger on board the little steamer as she enters the great cauldron at the foot of the Horsehoe F.ills is apt to be one of timidity, and he instinc- tively draws back from the rail of the boat and closes his eyes as the little boat faces the torrents of spray and rides over the seething water into the very heart of Niagara. Hut there is no danger; and when in a few seconds more the steamer floats backward upon the foam-whitened waves, and the passenger reali/cs tliat before hmi is one of the grandest pictures ever paintjd by Nature anil one which delies the brush of the most skillful artist to reproduce, he exi)erieii<'es a sense of ])leasure when for the second time the bow of the steamer is turned toward the falls and enters again. Above, nearly 200 feet, the river empties her green water over the brink of the precipice, and as it breaks into foam in its terrific descent, it gives forth a roar, the power of which is indescribable. Into this storm center the little boat ploughs her way, and to the very verge of the roaring, seething mass of water that falls with resistless force into the pit below. The spray clouds dash about from siile to side, and the compres- sion of air often semis the spray high above the great falls, making the picture the more beautiful. Helow, the water is churned into a river of "black and green and white, a lioiling Steamer "Maid of the Mist.' tW) ■Ak. pr^ HVMmMm«IMRM>AM V t Winter View, American Falls from Goat Island. (2S) The Cave of tlie Winds in Winter. The Ice Mountain. f «9) •! ' ?^^' '. ^ ll My* li' W iW l | V \\\ wi n III 1 1 1 I I . JW IWB^WMM|q>fW1ffWifjW>llill*ip|i ; '|'1<-'*'' "f scenes, and as lie watches the picture ilissolvc in the distance, resolves to repeat the ex|)erieiicc as often as opportunity offers. The steamer is a staunch little craft anil rides the turliuleiit water like a feather. As she passes the American Kails i ; jjreat w iiite clouds of mist dash over the boat, and sometiiiies seem to envelop lier completely. The bri;;ht sun peepinj; throU),fh the mist forms little rainbows, and each passeiij^'er sees, startinjj out finm besiile his very feet, a tiny colorhow, dancing'- away in the clouds aiul retiirnin>,' aj,'aiii until one is encircletl as in a halo of j^'orv. As the boat leaves the tirst falls, the bow becomes larj^'er and larf,'er, until it is swallowed up m dist.'ince and one sees above him the monster shafts of roariny water tumblin},' one over the other in their rollicking' way. The steamers are under careful mana) '> <^ > it »TM ^ H I sm m mf m m «ry.^Mm! ■ ^ej '! f lw ¥'xa^ ' JLiigu w . "' - **' y-t ' W ' " ' fy i^ pw^" ^''i i '^' -^Ji ' <* < ' ' ■■■■ » ■ Lewiston, from Queenston Heights.— Steamer "Chippewa. EXCURSIONS BY WATER. ^1) Ktsorl tity on lltu cotitiiit'iit olfi-rs more •'■^ oppoiluiiitics for pifasiiro tri|is than Niag- ara. Wlifii the tourist has coniplftcd the "sJKht- sccitiK" ahoiil the I'alls, and starts out to view tlic liistoric country hereat)iiuts, it is well to phiii a trip by water to Toronto, the flower of tlie I'rovince of Ontario. Tlie traveler may make the journey hy electric car from flifton, on the Canadian siile, to (Queenston, alonj,' the luink of the Nia),'iira Cior^je, |)ast Brock's momnnent and the l)attlelield of (Queenston Heights, to the docks of the Nia^Mra Kiver Line; ot may leave \iaj,Mra I'alls or Susiutision Hrid;,'e \ ia the (■|or>,'e Route or New N'ork C"eiilral ohservation trains to I.ewiston, on the American side, taking the deli),'htful ride down the Niajjara river as it sweeps into Lake Ontario, seven miles away; or may continue the trolley trip on to N'ouii;,'stown, on the American side, and embark from NiaKiir;i- (in-the-I.ake. if desired, the trip may lie. made via the Michigan Central from the Canadian side down to Niayara-on-the-Lake. I'he water trip is made at convenient hours by one of three hand- some steel steamships of the Niagara Navigation Company, the Chicor.i. the C'oron.i or the Chip- pewa, all of which are fitted out with complete electrical appliances and modern conveniences, and the trip across the lake, thirty-two miles from the mouth of Niagara river, occupies about three hours. Hy leaving Niagara I'alls early in the morning and embarking in the first steamer out from I.ewiston or ( Uieeiiston, the visitor has six hours in Toronto, and returns in time to connect via anv of the several lines lor the l-'alls, carrying memories of a delightful trip and a vigorous ap- |)etite for dinner. I. (I'ft'rs more than Nia),'- tlic "sIkIiI- mt to vii'w ell to plan wcr of the may make ton, on the le hiink of iimcnt and Its, 1(1 tlie may leave ,'e \ ia tlie ihscrvation ii(ie, takJD^r river as it s away ; or ouii;,'stown, m Niajjara- y lie made nadiaii side later trip is three hanil- Navigatiim r the C'hip- h complete iivcniences, '-two miles iipies ahoiit he morninjj r out from s six hours ■oimect \ia Is, carrying igorous ap- M,iny exrursionists who have not the Inni' to \isit luroiiln emhaik .It ()iif(iistf)n o' l.ewisloii and m.ike the rnertripio the inunth lil the river, where on either >i(le of the li.iv are to lie fontui the rilir>, ol the hattles of the olden times, when the powers weie stru^j^ling for control of this territurv. » )n the Amerii an side is N'oim),'stown, the si ene ol manv liloodv hallles; and old !■ Ort Nia^'ara, once the scat of the I rench nower m America, and which is now i,',irrisoned. I'liere is also to he seen a life saving; curps, with exhibitions several davs a week, and an excellent military hand which ^i\es daily < oncerts. _ On the I'anadiaii shore is NiaKara-oii-lhe-l.ake, the (Jueeii's Ko\al Hotel and resort, "Id I'orl \lississaut,'ii,i on the lakcold inn CieorjLie, erei'ted li\ the llritish. .ind the new ( h.iiit.ill(|iia j^rounds and hiiildinns. Tlie return to llu' K"'Ki' I'lay he m.ide on anv ol the conipanv's ^ti'amirs, or liv trolley cars ol the l.ewistoii and N'oiingstown I'rontier railro.id, on the American side. The steamship coinpanv ha:< preii.ired a li.'indsome little hook, " 1 low to See I "lonto," ^,'i\ 111^; dct.iils ol the trips to he taken al)o,iril their sliifi^, and aiding in the selection ol hotels while there, which will he sent those adilressing Mr. John I'oy, ("icneral .NIatiager, at Toronto. AN IDEAL SUMMER RESORT. AM( )K !•'. ideal spot cmild nut he foimd fur spendini; the siiiii mer miMitlis th.in that (pi.iint little town, Niagara-mi-the- l.ake. HiTc e\er\ foot of u'roiind is interestini,' to the lo\er of the earl\ history of tin- struggles and triumphs of the liritish, ,ind replete with reli' s and reminders of those bloody days. ( )p- posite is the garrison l'. S. I'ort Niagara, s.icred to the .Ameii- ( ans, as a loi ality whose e\ery nook and corner h.is a olac • in «t... l.i^-*..i*t' ..r tlt.L^'.. I Ii' It'ittli.w fi ir h:i 1 1 ir«>iii :ii't cii f:!!* Ii:ii L' :|^ During the war of 1812, I'ort (leorge was se\eral times under hea\ y tire from the American fort and the village III Niw.irk was destroyed eiitii of (leii. Mct'iiire ol the I'niled .St.ites ariin , « hen he retired from a temporary possession of the llritish fort in \H\ }. This wanton ait resulted Liter in the almost tot.il destriu timi of e\er\ building on the American Irontier, ulien the British Indians were turned loosi' to avenge the destruction of the \illage. I'lirther north, and on the \er\ shores of the lake, was erected I'ort Mississaiigiia, merely a i)lo( k house surrounded by earth fortiticatiops, and which' ser\ed as a support to Korl deorge in many engage- ments. I'.M'rv foot of this groin d was hotly contested many times, and relics of battles are mten found in the immediate vicinity of the town now known by '.he romantic title, " Niagara- oii-the-l.ake." Now ,i\\ is |)eace and h.irmony. both forts ha\e been ab.indoned by the t'anadians, and there only ri'inain the ruins of the battlements to call to memory those davs of strife. Heree\ery year the ipiiet of the simimer is disturlnd b\ the iiinual eii'-aiiipments of the Canadian troops, who m ciipy the ..isiorical grounds th.it face N'oimgstown, and carry on mimic w.irfare for practice. In the broad bay formed by the swee(» of the river, the fleets of both American and Cinadian yachts ,ire gathered an- nually for regattas and pleasure excursions, and the waters are, during the summer season, continually dotted with white sails and |ileasnre boats. Hack, beyoiul the shady streets of the little town, are many of Canada's best summer homes, and still further back, on the shores of the lake, are the buildings of the new Chaiitauipia. (33) * - ■ » ■^- ■ : ' Lr"- ' .- ' , ^ ?.* ^ w * , "'?'i'i j - ' J :^jutj » i^ ' M--^ ^ Hotel Royal, NiogBra-un-the-Lake. QUEEN'S ROYAL HOTEL. \ MID this scriR' (if ii'i)iisi' .111(1 lic.-uity is sitimU'd a (:'■ inning ■^ *■ Mimmir licilcl, " 1 lie (hKi'ii's Koval." Tlic l)ma-lo-dale in c.irnij,' for their j,'uests. The hotel will comfortalil\' accjim- iiiodate ;,oo people, is liijhted by electricit\, has teh'phone and tcleL;raplii( connections, and every modern coii\ eiiien-lo-(l;iti.' in hlv Mccom- fplioin' ;iml ()li\ I'liitiiit'. i^ed in ad- thc ("i()Il;c to N'oiiii^'s- ll'IWUC'Il tlic iikcii cliiL' h the \ictoria I'ark, where the ijrandest \ lews of the Falls are to be seen; passini,' the Table Rock elevator and bazaar where tickets are procured for a trip under the I'alls, next the Dufferm Cafe and throu<,'h the I'ark to Clifton, passinjj the popular hotel of that name, also the Hotel La Fayette, at the Canadian eiul of the new Susjjension Hridfje. It is at this latter point that most of our readers will take ])assa<,re, either for a trip to Chippewa and return or in the opposite direction; tickets for the trip to Chipjiewa and return are 25 cents and are };ood for stop-o\er ])ri\ ile,ij;e at any jjoint on the line and as often as it suits the ])le.isurc of the passentjer: and we advise all to take jilenty of time, if they have it to spare, as the points of interest and the view are unsurpassed about Niagara. I ?,(> ) evator :iii(l r the F;ills, oil, |)iissin,i,f F;iy(.'tti-, ;it It is iit this ^.t'^v, t'ithtT ■ i!iic-c'ti(iii; nts and ari' hni- and as wo a(h isi' ; the piiints jjara. The Horseshoe Falls from Above. The trip to Queenston costs 30 cents, or 50 cents fortlie round trip, or 75 cents for both round trips. In takin.i,^ the tri]) to Queenston from this point, the line passes near the top of the cliff o\eriookin)f the S^rfie, passes the city of Niajjara Kails, Ontario, the two haniisoine railroad bridges, to the in- cline railway leading,' to the Whirlpool Rapids, where from the lonj; platform at the water's edjje an excellent \iew of these troubled and exrited billows is to be had: at this point the water rushes by with the ra|)idity of a fast train. The next point of interest is the Whirlpool, and from the car windows can be seen the up])er and lower Whirlp(;ol rapids and the Whirlpool, which is nearly circled by the double track of this scenic line; at the furthest point of the Whirlpool is a station, and the b-est place to view these interestinjf scenes is only about one hundred feet distant. We advise :i stop-over at this station, as the tifteen minutes between cars can be very pleas- antly spent here. The next jjoint on the line is the Xiajfara Glen, or Foster's Flats, where the student of f,feoloi,fy and lover of the wild and rustic in nature will find much to interest him; ])assin<,f on with- in sijfht of the ^'orj^e, the location of IJloody Run and the Devil's Hole can be seen on the opposite side of the ri\ er, and very soon after, Urock's Monument is reached; this I'lnijlish memorial was erected in honor of the brave jfeneral who fell at the foot of Queenston Heijjhts, gallantly leading his men in a charge t'pon the Americans, who had previously carried the (37) jp T ^ r t j^ ^qaw^wm j:. ' .^ -:~i .j.-Ju i uu-ij a j I J>!) The Upper Whirlpool Kapids, from the Buttery Station. .■■i tu'ij^lUs, :ii:;l (lisliidfjcil soiiu- of tlii' saiiK- soldiers hi' wms urfj- iii"; lorwiiid to its rc-capturc. Tiiis they tinally fiid, Ijut not be- fore (ieneral Uroctc had received his death wound. 'I'lie view fr;uide; tickets and suits are procured at the ba/.aar at Table Rock, nearly opposite the elevator. (.^ I ■ip»ll|iii ) llilli li iil n liii lJ I Min| l>i W i(»li l ^Ff«F (40.1 The City of Niagara Falls. -Birdseye View from Tower, looking East. THE GEOLOGY OF NIAGARA. ''pU tlie f;euU)f;ist and stiulcnt of tliis scioiitific study, tin: A f;culi)j;y of the Niagara rej^ioii, and CHpecially that of the Goif^c, opens nj) a hook of luituie full of interest. In the Ciori;e, the geologist reads its iv^c, and each stratum re\eals i)af;cs of history, to theiu intensely intercst- iiii;; even the school-hoy, who has just coinnienced to ac- cunnilate a kn(nvledj;e (.)f geolof^y, readily concludes that the Falls have not always heen where they now are, and he naturally wonders how Iouk a time it will take thcni to reach Lake Krie, or the mouth of the river at Huftalo, if the present rate of recession is continued. Professors (iilhert. Hall. Spencer and others, have all written and lectured upon this suhject, and each lias fjiveii valuahli; data and information. The works of the former liave been freely quoted from in the reports of the Commissioners of the Oueen Victoria Niagara Falls Park, Ontario, and that of tlie latter hy the Conuni-ssioners of the State Reservation, New York, ( I'ros- l)ect I'lrk.) From both of these reports we are pleased to use extracts from the writings of these scientific gentlemen. The geological points we think the reader most interested in are the age of the River, the Falls, and the Gorge, and the future recession of the Cataracts. Even on these points we have only briefly (juotcd those authorities, as our space will not admit of our going more, deeply into this pleasing theme. Prof. Gilliert writes as follows : — "The middle term of our time scale, the age of the gorge, has excited great interest, because the visible work of the ri\er and the visible dimensions of the gorge seem to af- ford a means of measuring in years one of the ]H-ri()(ls of which geologic time is composed. To measure the age of the river is to determine the anticpiity of the close of the ice age. The principal data for the measurement are as follows: ( I ) The gorge now gr(nvs longer at the rate of four or five feet a year, ami its total length is six or seven miles. (.;) At the whnli)ool the rate of gorge making was relatively very fast, l)e(ause only loose material had to be removed. Whether the old chaimel ended at the Whirlpool, or ex- tended for some distance southward on the line of the river, is a matter of doubt. (.5) Part of the time the volmne of the ri\er was so nnich less that the rate of recession was more like that of tlie American I'all than that of the Horse- shoe. Some suggestions as to the comparative extent -pf slow work and fast work are to be obtained from the jnofile of the bottom of the gorge. While the volume of the river was large, we may supinise that it dug deejily, just as it now digs under the Horseshoe Fall; wliile the volume was small, we may suppose that a deep pool was A made. " Before the modern rate of recession had been deter- mined, there were many estimates .J the age of tl. river; but their basis of fact was so slender that they were hardly more than guesses. The first estimate, with a better found- ation, was made by Dr. Julius Pohlman, who took account of the measured rate of recession and the influence of the old channel at the Wliirli>ool; he thought the river not older than ,5.500 years. Dr. J. W. Spencer, adding to these fac- tors the variations in the rivers volume, computes the river's age as 32,000 years. Mr. Warren Upliani, having the same facts before him. thinks 7,000 years a more reason- able estimate. And Mr. F. H. Taylor, while regarding the data altogether insufficient for the problem, is of opinion that Mr. Upham's estimate should be multiplied by a number consisting of tens rather than units, thus estimates founded on substantially the same facts range from thousands of vears to hundreds of thousands 01 years. For myself. I am disposed to agree with Mr. Taylor, that no estimate yet made has great value, and the best result obtainable may perhaps be only a rough approximation." t'V Ul» The New Suspension Bridge. Ami Pfof. Spi'ucer it'ports tliat — ••All atti'iiipt to rt'diui' i:;e()lo>;ii'al time ti) terms of years are most ditliciilt, i)iit the Nianaia River seemed to he an easy chronometer to read, and yet we see that some utter- ances even this year are vastly f:^rtlier from the mark than those made tifty years af,'o — the clock had n(jt kept mean time throiif,'hout its existence. After this attempt at re^u- latinf; the chronometer, investif;ators will doubtless carry the (leterniinations to ^iPater accuracy, hut for the present I can oHer this theological compensation. The Niagara seems a stepping stone hack to the ice age. What is the connection hetween the river and the Pleistocene phenomena? The Lake; epoch is an after phase of the (Jlacial period, and Niagara came into existence long subsequent to the connncncement of the La;>es. If we tt> ^ the differential elevation of the deserted beaches, and treat them as absolute uplifts in the Niagara district, with the mean rate of rise in the earlier portion of the lake epoch as in the later, then the appearance of Warren water in the Erie basin was ai;cnt 60 per cent longer ago t!ian the age of Niagara river; or about 50,000 years ago. Tlii; earlier rate of deformation was not greater than tliat during the Niagara episode, as shown by the deformation of the beaches, but it may have been slower, so that from 50,000 to 60,000 years ago Warren water covered more or less of the Erie basin. Before the birth of Niagara river, by several thousand years, there was open water extending from the Erie basin far into the On- tario, and all the upper lakes were open water with a strait (42) ;h the Johnson ridj;e was effected. With the ])resent rate of calculated terrestrial uplift in the Niagara district, and the late of recession of the Falls con- tinned, or even doubled before the cataract shall have reached the Devonian escari)ment at Buffalo, that limestone barrier shall have been raised so hinh as to turn tin- waters of the upper lakes into the Mississijipi drainaf^e, by way of Chicago. An elevation of (10 feet at the outlet of Lake Ivrie \vould briu),' the rocky flcjor of the channel as hif,'h as the (Jhicaf,'o divide, and an elevation of 70 feet would completely divert the drainage. This would recpiire 5,000 or ft, 000 years at the estimated rate of terrestrial elevation. It would be a repetition of the phenomena of the turning of the drainage of tiie tipper lakes from the Ottawa valley into the Erie basin. " Tlu! comimtation of the age of the Niagara river, — based upon the measured late of recession during 48 years; upon the changing descent of the river from .^vjo to 420 feet, and back to 320 feet; and upon the variable discharge of wat(!r from that of the Erie basin oidy, during tiiree-fourths of the life of the river, to afterwards that of all the upper lakes, — leads to the conclusion that the Niagara Falls are 31,000 year.s old, and the river of 52.000 years duration: also that the Huron drainage turned from the Ottawa river into I,ake luie less than S.ooo years ago. Lastly, if the rate of terrestrial deformation continues as it appe.-irs to have done, then in about 5.000 years the life of Niagara Falls will cease, bv the turning if the waters into Utv Mississipi. These computations are confirmed by the rate and amount of differential elevation recorded in the deserted beaches. It is further idiighly estimated that the lake epoch commeiu'cil 50,000 or fto.ooo years ago, and there was open water long before the birth of Niagara, in even the Ontario basin, and that under no circumstances could there- have been .my hydrostatic obstruction to the Ontario basin since be- fore the birth of Niagara I'alls." NIAGARA AS AN AIR-COMPRESSOR. n"'HK real cause of the recession of Niag.ira F. ills, or at least ^ the most destructive agent, has been discovered at last; and it is air— au' condensed by the power of Niagiini until it is forceur winter ilhistr.itinns diiIv t.inieh eiin\e\ the real he.nitN iif the \ie\\s thes represent; the sparklini; k>'I'is nj Irosl and ici' are absent ; these imparl to the scenes a da/zlinu nr.indeiir tliat eanncit he reprndnicd. The >,'real ire nmiintain, fmineil by the ice which llnus duw n the river from Lake l.rie, theiit e ii\er the l-'alls where it sonn Inrms a L;uri;c, rises olien in i heiL;hl iif KX) feel, When it lirst a( ciMnnl.ites, it is ilear and sp.irkliiiL,', hnt afliT a luavy fall of snnw the npeii jilaces are liiled in and the rdiiirh edi,'es sinnothecl nv er, tjiv ini; tlie ap|iear- ance of a mnnntain nf simw r.ilher than nne (if ic e. i.uni; crvst.il icicles h,ini,' fmni differeiil pnints, iisn.dh neai' the upper ednivs of the i'.dls, sonu' reachini; the i American Palls, Winter View, the old rdiiilitioii III' .ilT.iii'>. It is trilr iii.iliv iniliviiltl.il liti/clls ,1 re lint iiiiw rci ii\ iii^; fro Irmii \ i>iliir!'Hnr llu' piiv iltnc nl u.i/ ini; 11111111 till' lie. iiilii'N III Ni.iu.ir.i fruiii tlic ln>t |iiiiiits .it whiili till' I'iills ;iic ti) !»■ Hci'ii, .iliil wiiii ll Mil' Diiw ii|i(ii, lire 1(1 .ill. i'lu'si' cili/iiis rt'icJMij ,1 lilu'r;il i i)iii|i(ii>.iliiiii fur their pnsMs- sioiis; till' iiiiiiiiinl |i.ii(l fur tlic l.iiiiN li\ tlu' Si.ilc of \t\\ N'ork Itciiit; !Si.f.Vl.''.ii)iO for kj; ;ii res. Tlif l'ro\ imc of nm.irio iiiiid Si3'i..Si i.-'i for ispK res ill! iiiilfd in tlicir piirls; this w.is .ihoin S-\H,'iiiiiir, i hainiian ; (leo. II. W ll'S, Heni. I'.. ( h.irlton, James llrainplicld, lames Wilson, !>il|'i"i||- tenilent. CARRIAGE SERVICE IN THE RESERVATION. !•(?/ Vlsrr(»KS to Ni.ifjiira I'alls who do not care to eni;a),'e priv.ite conveyaiKcs may enjov a di'lif,ditfiil trip alioiit the State Kescrviition in the I'ark ciirriaKcs, vvliich st.irt every few iiiinntes from tlii' inclined railw.iy hiiildiii).; in the jiark and make tiie circuit of tlie reservation and the islands. The carriaKL's seat coiiifortahlv a partv of twelve persons, ■{"he drive is alonj.; tlie American rapids and ttir()i|i,di tlie park hoiilevards past the rustic i)rid^'es, thence to {l.itli and Cioat {slan({s. {'he drive iilioiit the islaiitl is oiu' of tlu' most attrai - live in all this ijre.it resort. I'he heavily w leil driveways lead lirst to Sleailman's {tliil'f, whence stairwavs reach Lima Isliinii and the liriii,il \'cil I'.ills; thence to the Cave of the Winds, {'niter's {lliiff anil p.isl Horseshoe {'alls, alon;,' the Canadian Kapids to '{'liree Sister Isl.iiids, to the {'.irtiii'.^ of the W .Iters, the Sprin;;, and then li.ick to the iiiclided railway liuildint;. Tickets, entitling; the passeii;,'ei' to sinp-ovcr priv il- e<,'es at any pnint of interest, cost lifti'eii ( eiits, the fee tixeil liy the commission contrnlliiij; the park. ' • HISTORY, BRIEFLY TOLD. ''I"*HI'2 liislory of tlu! Niagara {"rniitier, so rich in historical *• events, can only he briefly told in the limited sinice at our eoiniiiaiid; hut it is all so closely iiulentified with Niagara I'alls, it lieiiif.; the center of this field of historic interest, that we tlecm it esst iitial to concisely relate an account of the most important h.-ittles and other occurrences of this ref;ioii. We nl.idly refer tiie interested reader to the his- tories of "Old l'"ort Niagara" and "The Niagara Kcf^ion,'' by Peter A. Porter, for a more extended acconiit, as it is to this author, the hiitoriaii of Niaf^ara, we are indebted for most of the data from wliicli our narrative is derived. On the (illi day of December, 1(17.^, LaSalle and his party landed at the mouth of the Nia^;ara {'fiver, where, up- on tlie point of land now ()ceu]>ied by Fort Niagara, lie established a trading |)ost. Soon after, he built (piarters, which were protected by jialisades, se\-eii miles above at the lu!ad of navigation, on the beautiful location now occupied by the village of Lewistoii. Taking from his vessel, a brigantiiie of ten tons, a supply of tools, anclior, cordage anil other materials to be used in the construction of a new boat, he had them carried over- land to the mouth of Cayuga Creek, twelve miles distant, (491 (50) Falls Street. -Looking East from Monument. and fivo miles above tlie I'alls, over the route since known as tlie Fortaf;e Koad. Here lie built tlie (iriffon, the first craft larf;er than an Indian canoe tiiat evci' navij^ated the upper American Lakes. The pr(!tt)- little villa),'e of LaSalle, named in honor of this threat ex])lorer, now occupies this site. The Griflon was completed in 1679, and set sail for the far west. Its out- ward passaf^e was successful, but it was lost on the return voyage.' LaSalle was accoiiipaniod to this country by the French missionary, Louis Hennepin, to whom history is ini.lebted for the first known picture c'" Niagara Falls, and also for one .Sackett's Harbor for them; but on account of the sickness ot Commodore Chauncey they were not forwarded, and the attack nixin the forts was abaudoued. Ceil. Brown determined to ,itlack the stron.i,' jjosition at BurliiiLtton lleii,dits, but - ira. Hr at .'iistdii and iii; therein siilc. >tlur foiccs miles Iniiii fticers were I of die en- ids. Scott's itive oidiTs )11. Tliink- miiiibei" lie : the" rest ol id not liesi- f the sitiia- Is that con- re he loiind liositioii on attic was a ways ready i/ardtms for ren. Raill at 1 was he I ore ne-liftii the the Uritish lir heinir re- ad been re- 1, who after 1 |)art of his nd. It was after this ^a-nerai tlia' I)iuminiind;.\ ille, the little \illai,'e situ- ated upon the old liattie-lield of l,':;:'l\'s l.aiie, was iiaiiied. it was nearix sunset whiMi tlu' battle ojiened, and \er\ soon W*»ffilSl ~ "1 sicKc. I'rotn thi- ^rd up to tlu' morning of tho ijili they built t'ii It h works iirxl ticmla's, ;iiul attempts wen- made to tut off the supplies of the Auierieans. On the last tlay luimeii they commetK e,'es occurred in one of the stone huildiiiKs, killing many and causiii- ,reat con- fusion, during which the Americans drove the Hritish out of the Fort. The ol'tici.d reports show their loss to he 57 killed, 313 wounded, and S.V) missing; while the total loss of the Americans was only 84. in capturing part of the works, two h.itteries and two l)lock- hoiises : soon after another liattery u.is abandoned and a maga/.ine blown up : the c ,11111011 were spiked and dismantled and many prisoners takiii. Thus the besieged became the be. legers, and the siege of Fort I'.rie endeil. \ery soon aft t this all lighting ceasetl upon the Niagara frontier, and the war of iH\2 and 1814 was at mi eiitl. (Jur space will not allow us to relate anv particulars of the other engagements th.it occurred on the Ni'agara I' rontier, and those already given ,ire possibly more lengthy than tln'v should i>e in a work of this kind; but they have been so related Ik - cjuise of the fact that nearly all of the so-calU'd guides iJiili- lished and sold at Niagar.i h,iM' uniformly given them from the Hritish standpoint; our .Americanism uroiiipted us to examine into the history with the \iew of biieliy relating facts as far a.s possible in our iuinible way. THE SORTIE FROM FORT ERIE. AF'IKR the defeat of tlie Hrit- ish in their attack on Fort Krie, both armies remained ipiiet for some time. Hut on the 17th of September (ieneral Brown, who had recovered from his wounds received at Luntly's Lane, pre- pared to make a sortie upon the en- trenchments of the enemy, hoping to raise the siege and drive the besiegers off. 'I'he fort had been investeil for forty-tive days. Cien- eral I'orter, who was familiar with the ground, suggested and planned this sortie, aiu' w;is sent witli his regiment to cautiously approach the |)osition of the enemy. (Quietly feeling their way through the woocis to within short range ol their works, and seeing that they were unob- served, he gave the order to iharge, and in thirty minutes he succeeded \i .Liul (;.,r;,'e. Prospect Pa''k, Early Spring. Office of Supt. State Reservation. Incline KailvA/ay Station. 1,59) *t- i AW'U...'^' ' BJ'V, l' ^ 'l fm i • ^•■■■' .... .. •r "f ' » .. ■ |4 ♦ -A- ^■-^ ^ I- f: . w ■ M. If, 11. 1 I', ills. mil. I to I .■ ^JsT- ^^-%, 't-*:!S: Jl-I -' ^^^^ :WP''^ \i.il,Mrn KlMT .nut lli.rjje. MilliiiH DiMri. Birdseye View from the Tower, .coking North. MtttSl ,iuar,i I'.ilK IIV'iKiiilir :iiii| M.intir.n tiiiiiiu ('• % ■'*.; ■--'■>.,-,• . <9.iiU^'r;.lJv: .1 -,i ;'i'';. J' '^■, ,-'* '.u» V*- ■---■''■"*-c'M>>^~-'r;>-'«^.iSi"i< •«=*-' '''^^■■'1-. - it^' CITY OF NIAGARA FALLS. inlll.K iMIllli: I c THE city embraces about einlit ami oiio-hall K(|iiaie miles i)f tunitniy, iiiid lias a pdpiilatiini of Imm ly.ooo to 20,000, I'oiir yeiiis n^i) it was iiiiowii as tin' villa>;i; of Niaj;aia Falls, aii(i SMs|iciisi()ii Hiid^;*', two mii;'s distant, was a s('|)a- rati! town, i>otli toj^ctiior contiiiniiif; a pcixilatimi of (j,()oo. Today tlicy arc both one, and the interveninf^ space be- tween the two former villaKCS is now fairly well built overwitli business houses, tlii! liandsomedwellinKs of tliewell- toclc) citi/eus, and the cozy cotta(;esof the middle classes. The |)resent city limits cxtenil far beyond the suburban settlenuMits: and we have ..let those who belii've that these outside tr..cts will never be needed for building; purjioses, and coiidenui the i)olic>' of speculators who contiol, by puichase or oiition, tlie.se districts for pure ly specidative iiurjioses. Hut this same trouble is to bi' met with elsi'wbere, and it only prov(!S that somebody has confidence in " (ireater Niag- ara." It is possible that thesis j;cntlenu'n have looked too far ahead, and in some cases have overreached, but that is ])urely a (piestion to tie decided by time. To the writer, who when a boy hunted <|uails ujion the lands now iMubraced in the Central Park of New \ink City, it seems to be hut a art of the city is held too hij'h, and that those lookiii,;; for factory sites and homes are chiveu away in onseciueiu- It woukl seem, however, that the policy of tlie two f;reat ■'■ com- jianies is t( o liberal to prevent the location of any i,esirable manufacturiuf^ enterprise or individtuds seekiiif,' such an op- l)ortuuity. Thesecomi)aniesown lar^;e tracts of land adjacent and convenient to their jilauts, and within the city limits, which they pmchased years af,'o at reasonable figures for just this jmrpose, and they are more than fjlad to make liberal terms as to factory sites or power. The city lormerly gained its notoiiety from its lieautiful I'idls, and a lai);<'r nundier of visitors aie attracted here to se(! them than ^o to any other resoit in tlu; United States, excepliuK pel haps a ftnv sununer attiactimis adjacent to some of the lar^e cities, like Coney Island and simihii places; which are visited in lar;;e nnndiers tor a stay of a few hours oidy, The I'aik reservations madi' on ciich sidi; of the Niagara river in the immediat(! \iciuity of the I'alls, foi- the puipose of preserxiiiK their beauty and addinj^ suci' '•ouveuiences as may be lor the pleasure of citizens and visitors, nnist in the future <'idiance the popularity of Niaj;ara I'"alls and increase its attractiveni'ss as a pleasure resort. Hut it is upon its f^rowint; re|)ntation as a manufactininn center tha. its threat future de|)cn(ls. The most saiiKuine pic- dictions as to its t;ro« th fail to reach the i)oint of possibihty, as to its si/e and po|)ulation, when the t;u,it power di'velop- nients, now far jiast the sta^e of experiment, shall lia^i; com- pleted the extensive impro\-emeiits row under way, and in contemplation. Our followinj,' remarks are based upon the accomiilish- nient of these, /. '■. the development of 550,000 horse power .and its use at or near Niaf,'ara I'alls. We desiie to i)e consei \ative. and hnvv always refrained from iiidulj;in^ in |)io])hecy, but in this case we do not hesi- tate to express our ])rivati! o])inion, based upon the forej^oinj; claims. The develo|)meiit of this f;ri>at power will in the future be more rai)id than in the jiast. The Niagara Power Com])aiiy ha\e been fi\e or six years in securing 15,000 horse-power, but th(! work now undt .' way to increase this to 50,000 will ]irobably be linislied w ithin one year. Hy that time they may coinmence tliesecoiul plant of the same size. This, of course, will de])end u|>on the demand for power: of such demand, we are credibly informed, there is no doubt, as the 35,000 addi- (Ci) ,(ssiiiv; I'lif ii( *■ the Ipisi f(|iii|i|i(d and m.m.iucd fh'( trie sirt'i'l < ,ir snsIiiiis in tlu' « uimtiN, till' scMiiii'fii iiiihs nf tr,i( k hciiiK distiilnitid thriiUKhiiiii the i>nrtiiiiis (if the ( ity iiKist in need (if sik li Ir.ms- |iiii'tati(in fai'iHtics, .ind tdin hini; at inanv |i(iiiits df inicicst, wiiich iii.iki's it an ciiidvahU' |)li'asiiic idiilc fur the \ isitm .is well as the resident ni this hiistlin>r ( itv. Tlu're are live se|i.i- rate lines under (ine inanaL;eineiil, liiit a iini\er 1 ir.msUr is .dlowed at a live-( elit fare. The ( ,iis ,ire (i| the Ihill make, ,md the electric. il e(iui|iment is th.il (if the (ienei.ii l''.le( trie Idiii- pany. I'he main lines start at i'nisiKwt Park, I', ills street terminus, and a sin>,de fare ( arries the passeiiKt r (nit Palis street past the New N'urk I'elitral deput, p.ist the threat ilv- draiilic I'liwer ('(impaiu's can.il : the \ aridiis iiiaininnth m.mU' facturiiii; pi. lilts (ipeiated l)\ electric pnwer ),'enerate(l liv the Niagara water; ji.ist the Niagara {'alls I'nwer Cdmpanv's power houses; the site of historic I'drt S( hlosscr, wnere the ( hiinney erected by the Kreiicli more than a (cntiiry ai,'o is still seen standing;; past the landiiiL; place of the steamers from liiiffalo; to r'.chota town, where a transfei takes the \isit(ir throii^jh siihurlian Nia,LCara and thence around to the old town of Siis|iension Uridine. Cars may he taken from t ns iioint to the DexiTs Hole on the Nia^rani i ior^e, or to the Ihittery Whirlpool Kapids, from where the best -im,' ihlc view can he ohtained of the j,'re.it whirlpool rapids, .., |iast the Kapids Mew, where an inclineil railway leads to the licul of tlu' ra|)ids helow. This same line carrii's passen^^crs to the \ia!,'ara I 'ni\ ersity .ind the l)e\'eaux tdlle^'e. The main lines of the com|)any pass the Convention Hall, it heinn hut ,1 hrief ride from tliere to the princip.il depots or hotels. '['he ol'ticers of the C(im|iany are: |. '!'. Jones, president; Will. 15. Rankine, \ ice-president ; C. li. Hill, secretary anil treasurer, and J. C. Brewster, superintendent. RAILROADS. "M'lAGAKA FALLS enjoys Kri'it'T advanta^i'S in the way ■^^ of transportation, for ))oth piisseiitfers and freight, than any city of its i)o|)ulatiiin in the I'nited States, as many of the most important trunk lines make it a terminus or have f)rancl) lines to this city. The following,' railro.-iih i-etif-.T here: New N'ork Ceiitr.il and Hudson Kiver Kailro.id, Mi 111- ^an Ceiitr.il Kailro.id, Koine. W.ileriown .ind ( »^;(leiisii.irv» Kailro.id, i'.rie K.iilro.id, l.eliiv;li N'.illev K,iilw.i\ , \Vest Shore Kailro.id, ( ir.iiid 'I'ruiik K,iilw,i\, W.ih.ish K.iilw.iy, Can.idian i'ai ilii K.iilwas, Itiiff.ilo .iiid Ni,ii;.ira lulls K.iilroad (ele( trie), NiaLiar.i I. ills and I.ewixioii K.iilro.id iele(iri( 1, Ni.iu.ir.i junc- tion Hell Line, Ni.iLjar.i I. ills i'.iik ,iiid Ki\er K.iilway jCaii.i- (11. Ill sidi'l lelei trie I. All these lines li.ive .icc ess to the h.irhor and docks of the 1 ity over the tra( ks of the licit Line, and are tliii> .liile toniake (■(innections w itii lake ste.imers dr.iwinu twelve leet of w.iter or le>s. It ise\|)ecieil tli.it the 1 liamiel of the Ni.in.ir.i Kivcr will he dredi^'ed until thi're is a depth of w.iter to the doc ks in this 1 ily of eiiihteen to twenty feet. The loimaKe h.indled h\ die r.iilro.ids ( cnierinu at Ni.i^ara l'"alls two ye.irs auo Ions, 'I'he tot. il iiumher of c.irs of frei>,dit h.indli'd was 7o^),(/)7, incliidini; 27,1 }>) cars of local freiiiht. 'I'lie railroads of Nia;,Mr.i falls li.ive ()2 re;,'iilar d.iilv passcii- '^er trains on their schedules for the slimmer of iH()7, and in July and Aiiijiist there may he nearly :is many more extra excursion trains ; in the winter season they iiumher ahoiit 80 daily trains. These ti).;iires ^'i\e ,1 very correct iile.i of the immense passen),'er hiisiness transacted hy the roails ceiiter- 111)4 here. The report of the Commissioners of the State Reservation h.is a list compiled hy .Mr. 'I'. \'. Welch, the su|)erintenilent, of every excursion that iirrived at Niaj^ara the year ])revious to its puhlicatioii; it shows the number of trains, cars and jjassi'ii- j(ers, and the towns from which they came; we ),'i\e herewith from this list a number of excursions for six months, May m October inclusive. .May No. Cars, 82 No. \'isitors, 4,i)2o June " .u? " 20,700 July " 1,082 " 64,()20 August " 2,047 " 122,820 Sept " 058 " 57.480 Oct " 101 " Ci.ofw Total 4,615 276,1)00 ( owe.-liouse. where dynamos placed at the top of the turbine shafts generate electricity for transmission to near and distant points. Tliis wheel-pit is 178 feet in dejith, and is connected with the main tuimel. The tunnel has the purpose of a tail-race 7,(joo feet in length, which serves a slope of six feet to the 1,000 feet. , The tunnel has a uuixinnnn height of 21 feet, and a width of 18 feet, 10 inches, making a net secti(jn of j8() stpiare feet. The slope is such that a chip thrown into the water at the wheel-pit will pass out of the port.'d in three and one- half mimites. showing the velocity of the water to be 26^ feet per second, or almost 20 miles per hour. In this great work 600,000 tons of material were removed; 16.000,000 bricks. i(j,ooo,ooo feet of lumber and timber were used, be- sides 60,000 cubic yard of stone; and 55.000 barrels of (iiant American Portland cement, 12,000 barrels of natural cement, and 26.000 cubic yards of sand were used. Over one thousand men were engaged in the construction of this tun- nel for more than three years. The most careful consideration was given to the subject of the turbines to be used, and alsci to the (jiiestion of power transmission. In the winter of i8qo, Mr, Adams, while in Europe, conceived the idea of obtainii g informati(jn as to results obtained by engineers antl niai.vifactiners, not yet published, and in pursuance of this suggestion an Inter- national Niagara Commission was establisl.ed in London in June, i8i)o, with jiower to offer S22, 000 ii; prizes. The Commission consisted of Sir William Thomson (now Lord Kelvin) as chairman, with Dr. Coleman Sellers, of Phila- delphia. Lieutenant-Colonel Theodore Turretini. of Geneva, Switzerland (the originator and engineer of the great water- jiower installation on the Rhone), and Professor E. Mascart, of the College vif I'rance. as meml)ers. and Professor W. C. Unwin. Dean of the Central Institute of the (iuilds of the City of Loudon, as Secretary. IiKiuiries concerning the best-known methods of development and transmission of ]iower in England, Prance. Switzerland and Italy were made, and competitive plans were received from twenty carefully selected engineers, manufacturers of power in P'ngland and the Continent of Einope and America. .Ml of the plans were submitted to the Commission at London, on or before January i. 1891. and prizes were awarded to those consid- ( (i: > w. I. OS .1 Interior of Power House. jifil worthy by tlic Coiiiniiijsioii. Tlie first iiiipoitaiit result was tlie sflectiuii of tlie (lesif;iis of F"aescli and I'iccard, of (jeiieva, for tiir'oiues calciilatccl to yield 5,000 liorsoimwer each, and three of these wheels wen; built from these desijjns by the I. V. Morris Company, of I'hiladelphia, and a:.; now in place. The (juestion of tnrbines haviiif; been disposed of, the problem of transmission uf power remained for solution. After a carefnl study of the various methods of trans- mission by wire ropes, hydraulic pipes, compressed air and electricity, the Company in i8(jo, adopted the electrical sys- tem. The two-phase, alternatinf; current dynamcjs employed were adopted under the ad ice of tin. Company's electrical engineer, Professor George Forbes, 01 London. In these the field magnet revolves instead of the armatme, and three such dynamos of 5,000 horse-powfjr each were made and installed by tlie Westinghouse Company, of Pittsburg. During the sunnner of iSyfi, a transmission line 26 miles in length was constructed from Niagara Falls to Buffalo, and since November, 1896, the people of Buffalo have been enjoying the uniciue distinction of transportation in cars propelled by an unseen power generated more than twenty miles distant. At the jiresent time three 5,000 horse-power turbines and dynamos have been installed, but the rapidly increasing demand for power has necessitated the extension of the wlieel])it and ])ower house to more than three times their present capacity. The work upon this extension, sufficient to acconunodate seven more 5,000 horse-power turbines and (Ivnamos, has been in progress since June, i8cj6, and is being rapidly pushed to com])letion. Contracts for five additional 5.000 horse-power ♦■■•.Mnes and dynamos have already been awarded, and they will 1:.t installed as rapidly as the manu- facturers can deliver them. With the full completion of tlie present extension. Tin; Niagara Falls Power Company will have available 50,000 horse power, one-half of which is expected to be ready for delivery on or before December 31, .897. The Niagara I'alls I'aper Company, which was the first tenant of the Pou er Company, has been using 3, .500 hydraulic horse-power for over two yeais. So thoroughly satisfied has this company been with the power furnished, that it has expended a million dollars in the erection of an adilitioiial plant and buildings, and is now using 7,200 hydraulic horse- power. The Pittsburg Reduction Comi)aMy manufacturers of aluni- inimi, has for some time bi^en using 3,000 electrical horse- jxjwer with perfect success, and of the other tenants of tlie Power Company using electrical horse-power. The Carbor- nuduin Comjiany, manufacturing abrasives, and the Acety- lene Light, Heat and Power Company, manufacturing carbide of calcium, have both recently evidenced their .satisfaction with the electrical power furnished, by doubling the capacity of their plants. The Niagara Falls Power Company has now contracts for present and future delivery of 7,200 horse-power of hydraulic power and 19,545 horse-power of electrical jiower. The cost of undeveloped hydraulic power is from $8 to Sio per horse-i)ower, and upon the lands of the company, elec- trical power, two-phase, alternating current as it comes from the generator, is sold in large blocks at S20 per horse-power; a figure a trifle in excess being charged to purcha.sers of small blocks. These prices are for continuous 24-liour power. Apart from the consideration of the superior reliability, cleanliness and convenience of electrical power over steam ])ower, the above figures show conclusively the great economy to the consumer resulting from its use. It is doubtful if even under the most favorabli^ conditions, steam power has ever been produced anywhere in the United States for less than S30 ])er horse-power for a lo-hour day; while the resuilts of actual experience and tests show the average cost to be much greater. Recent tests made by a distinguished exi)ert. of the cost of steam ])ower at va-ious plants located in different cities in the United States, show that the cost of power generated by steam, when ])roduced under conditions most favorable (69) »:< to ecoiiuinv, is Sji.ji) jier lu)rsi'-|ii)\\er for ii-lioiir powi-r, wliilo the avei'iiKo cost per lioist'-powcr is iiiore tiiaii one- tiiird f;''i''it''''- 1" ■■' test of a lar,i;o elevator at Hiillaio, N. v., lie loiiiul that tiie cost ot j-llour po«er for jij days per year was over Sji per JKjrse power. A test cuveriiif,' a year at one of tiie largest flouring mills in the State of New York—especially favored in location, and where every atten- tion was j;iven io secure economy in i)peratinf,' — the cost of 24-honr power produced hy steam was found to he S45 pel' horse-jiower. The average cost of ^4 hour power at the several different plants tested was found to he $03.60 per horse-powci. The 30,000 horse-power developed when the ]>resent wheelpit extension i.s completed, reptesents hut one-half of the capacity of the present tunnel. A rif^ht of way for a second discharge t".:uicl has been secured, and when the demand for pi;\ver shall render it necessary, the present I)laiit will he dupncated. hi addition to the 200,000 horse- power, for the development of which provisions have been made upon the American side, the Canadian Niagara Power Company— an allied corporation — now holds from the Cana- dian Government an exclusive franchise granting to it the right to develop upon the Canadian sids, in the Oueen Victoria Niagara Falls Park, at least 250,000 horse-power. Work upon the Canadian plant has already been begun, and by the terms of its franchise, the Canadian Niagara Power Company must have 10,000 horse-]iower ready for transmis- sion and delivery on or before No\ember i, 1898. When fully develojicd. the American and Canadian plants will have a combined capacity of 450,000 horse-power. When we consider that most factories use only from 5 to 50 liorse-p(jwer, that Lowell, Mass., was built by 11,845 horse-power, that Minneapolis owes its marvelous growth and (levcloiiment to 25,000 horse-power, that the city of '•'••.ffalo uses less than 50,000 horse-power, and that the total jiower used in the State of New S'ork does not exceed the combined ca)>acity of these allied companies, then it is that the vast significance of the develo|i!!'ent of Niagara's The Wheelpit Extension. ( 70 I loiir power, e tli;iii (Hie- Utitlalo. N. )i- Hi clays t Covering a tate of New every atteii- -tlie cost of L) be S45 per jwer at tlie $63.60 per the jireseiit oiie-lialf of f way for a d when the the present 0,000 horse- 5 liave been iRara Power III the Cana- iif,' to it the the Oiieen lorse-power. I begun, and Lgara Power or transmis- ■^98. When plants will er. only from 5 ilt by ii,K45 lous growth the citv of lid t]iat"the s not exceed >s, then it is of Niagara's power becnnii's apjiarent, and its meaning to the city of Ni- agara I'alls and neighlioring cities can be fully ajipreciated. The first use of power at Niagara was about 17:15, wlien the Freiicii ( rictcd a saw-mill, near the site of the Pittsburgh Ri'ductiDii Company's uppiT Niagara works, for the inirpose of su|)plying lumber f(ir Kort Niagara. In 1805 .Augustus I'orter built a saw-mill on the rapids. In 1807 I'orter and liartim i-rected a grist mill on the river. In 1817 |iilm W'ituur built a s.iw-mill at (iill Creek, in i8jj .Augustus I'orttT built .M grist mill along the ra|)ids above the Falls. Fiom that time to 1885, when the hinds along the ri\er wi'ri' t.iken for a State Park, a considerabli' .imoiint of jjower was developed ,ilong the r,i|)ids liy a canal wliii h took the water out of the river near the head of the rapids and follovvecl ;ilong ne.irly parallel with the bank of the river. Mills were built between this canal and the river and a part of the tifty-foot fall between the head of the rajiids and the brink of the falls was utilized. A ])a]jer mill was also built on Hath Island. In 1847 Augustus Porter outlined a ])lan on which the (ires- ent Hydr.iulic canal is built. In 1852 negotiations were com- menced by Mr. Porter with Caleb J. W'oodhnll .ind Walter liryant, and an agreement was fm.illy reached with these gen- tlemen, by which they were to constnut a canal, and receive a ))lot of land at the head of the canal hav ing a frontage of 425 feet on the river; a right of way 100 feet wide for the canal .ilong its entire length of 4,400 feet, which is through the most thickly ])opiilate(l i)art of the city, and about seventy-live acres of land near its terminus, hav ing a frontage on the river below the falls of nearh a mile. Ci round was broken by them in 1853 and the work vv.is carrit 1 on until 1858, when a canal thirty feet wide and six feet deep was Hnislied. The location of the head of this canal was the best that could have been chosen. From the head of the r.ipids it is but a short distance to an island (Cirass Island), which extends a considerable distani'c along the shore and for a considerable distance from the isalnd the water is very shallow. In this short space, between the head of the ra])ids and the foot of drass lslan' ,11 adojite'd was to widen the' orij;inal channel to seventv feet and to make the new part fourteen feet dee'i). The canai is cut e'litiie'ly throut;h me k below the water line. The ixiwe'r for driv iiii; the drills or this work was obtained from an air compressor run by water ])ovver from the |i(nver station and transmitted aloni; the line of the canal in pipes. The e\(avation was done by dredijes and the flow ol water throuirh the can.d was not interfered with. This im|irov t'lnent is now completed, and the canal has a cajiacity of about 3,000 cubic feel per second, K'^ '".U •! 'urpliis power, after supplyin:.; the old leases, of about 40,000 horse- power. Work is still beim; carried on enlariiint; the' canal to 14 fee't deep and 100 feet wide. When this improvement is coirpleted the canal will have a capacitv of more- than 100,000 horsc- pow e'r. I 7.^ I Sinii' this iiii|irciwiiicnt li.is liccn ( uliilililnl ,i new |iiiucl"- imlisi' Ims hcfll luiill Inr tlir |ilir|iisr nl slip] il\ iliu; |niucr tf!i;ints. I'lir lliis new phiiil w.itir ist.ikcn in ,in(i]iiii i;iii,il fiuni this liydr.iiilii l);isiii to ,i Inicli.iy tliiils Itit wide ;inil tv\(iil\ -tun (K'i|i luiilt lU'.ir till' iclm' 111 tlu' liiuli liiiiik. I'iniii tlii- lurcli.ix, pinstoi k pipes liuilt iif (l.in'-;r stii 1 i iyiit Icil in ili.iiiutff, iiin- (liitt till' w.itiT (Inwii uM r llic hiuli li;mk tuo liimilrcii ninl tin fi'i't til the siti' (if the pnwiT liiiiisr un tlii' slupins,' hank .it thi' I'djii- iif the water in the rixcr helnw the Kalis, I'he site iif till' puwci" liiilise was cnMTeil witli iilcikeli .iliii ilisintiL^raleil ruik, whieh hail fallen fniin tiie hank ihiiinu ayes past, which nuereil the hcil n«k to a ileptli iil linin ten to se\ent\ feet. I'or the renioval cif this liinse material .1 Ciiant or Mdiiitm-, as it is terintil uas iiseil. This is a ni.u liine thiouini; a >tri.'ain lit water frmn fmir tn si\ iiu lies in ili.iiiieiir, ari nrilini; tu the si/e 111 the nii//le iiseil, uiiiler piissiire. it is very larLieh usiil in the western part nf the liiiti'il Stati's fur minini; purposes, l)iit has ne\er liei'li iiseil in the iMst. ihis )iarticiil,ir iiiai hine was pnreh.iseil in .San i'ranrisro, I'al. riie w.iter 111 siijiiily this ma' hine was takii) from the 1 .in.il, anil the jiressure of tun himilreil .mil ten leet heail was siMll- tieiU to i;i\e a force wltich reailily I'.asheil .lown all the louse material into tlie ri\er, imcoverinu a lieil of s.imlstone iipun whirli the power house is liiiilt, anil from whii h the iii.iterial ol which it is built w as i|iiarneil. The ])iiwer house hiiililinil \^ill he one lumilreil anil ei^lily feet lorn; by one hinnlieil feet wiile anil will 1 onl.iin I'l wheels of .iliont two-tliousaml horse-])ow I'r each. < )ne thinl of the leiiyth of the hiiililiui,' is now constructeil, anil tin.' seconil thinl is uiiiler I onsti iiition. TIk' wheels in this jinwcr house work imili'r a he.iil of twci huniired and ten feet, which is the liiLthest head under which w.iter has ever been used hir power in the ipiantity used in this plant. It was decided th.it w.itt'r for the wheels should be siip|)lieil by a ])enstock k'atlinu from the forehay above descril)i-d. \er- ticalK about one hundred and thirty-li\e leet to the top of the slojiiim bank, tlu'iice down the slo])e to the side of the st.ition next til the bank, eiL,dit feet in diameter, connectinu' with a sup- ply jiijie ten feet in diameter, running hori/ontally aloni; the ceuti.r of the tailracc from which the wheils wmild dr.iw their Cut No. 2. The Pulp Mill of the Cliff Paper Co. water. In connections Irom the bottom of the wlii'el case to the top 111 the siippK pipe. In this connection, which is ti\e feet in di.imeter, \ ,il\es are pi, iced so that .nu wheel c.ili be shut down independeniK of tin- others. The wheels standiiif,' dircith imr this trunk, disi li.nx'e the water thidui,di ilr.ift tubes runninu down on either siiU' of the siijiply jiiiie. iShown in cut No. 3,) Iniler m'ueral plans and specilicitions of the env;ineer. .1 contract was let to Janus l.effel \ ('om])any. of Sprinixlield, ( >hio. for siip]i|yini,' the wheels now in use. Ihe ilescri])tiiin of till' whei'ls is as fiillows: The wheel runner>, in case nf throe wheels which run the Ue'uratiirsof the I'lttsburLih Kediiction C'omp i!U .mil which run at a s)Heil ci( two hundred and lift\ re\iilutions ])er minute, are se\ eiit\ -eiudit inches in diameter; in case of the other wheels, which run .it three hundred re\ dliitions per minute, 66 inches in diami'ter. The rim of the runner (shown in cut No. 4) is the bucket riliL,'. and is cast solid fiom ^un met.il brun/e. Dn this rim are twii sets nf buckets takiiis,' water on f.ice ,ind ilischarijinLC it at each side nf the rim. The bucket rinu is bolted to the sjiokes ^ (74) V U> tin- .■ fi'i't ill lit (Inwil tl\ mt-r nuininu No. }.\ iiitiT, ii iiiUlicld, piion — ^ Cut No. 3. Penstock and Power House. of cast iron center, tiic linli ul \\lii(|i js kc\e(l to the >li,ill nl liainnu-rcd iron tv cni\ Icct in lcn<;tli. Siirrnuniliim the outsiiK- nf tiic runner is a c\ liiiiier in w liicli the i;atcs art' littcd. The uatcs arc ahdiit twiiitx pir cent less ill iiiiiiil)t-r tiian tlie hiickcts. Tiu'v are hniiL: (Hi sieel iiiiis ami ii|ien l)\ lifiiiiL; (Hic cduc sn tliat ilie dirci timi in uiiich the water enters ihc whi'cl is nearly tanuential tn the riiiiiier. Mach 1,'atc has two arms u iiitii are coiinccteil In the riiiL;s 1)\ iiU'ans of which tlic\ are i)|)ened and closed. This work is cncioscd in a cylindrical case cIcm'Ii feet in diameter and four feet Ioiil;-, which is connected to the penstock li\ a supply pip<' live feet in diameter. ( Ml the side of this cas idliows are lilted to w liicli the draft tiihes are c uniiected. • ne hliall passes out throimh these elliows lliroiii;h slMltinu' boxes. ( )ii the inside of the lioMs li:,'mim \ ii.e sli ps are lasieiieil, against which rin^ison the shaft work to ()re\eiil an\ motion in the shall I'.acii end of the water wiicel sh.ift is rinidlv coupled to ,i direct current L;eiierator, capable of developiiiL; fn e liiindri'il iind si.Ntv kilowatts of electrical C'lii'ru\. (lie interior of the power House as now built, is shown in cut No. i. The oKicers of the Niai,'ar.i I'alls ll\draiili( Power ,iiid Manufactnrini; (ompaliN are; lai ob !■ . .S( hoeljkopf, President. \\ . 1). ( Hmstead, \ ice-President, .\rthur ,S( iioellkopf, Se( retary and i'le.isiirer. \V . ('. johnsoii. I.ni;iiit'er. Cut No. 4 The Bucket RIiik i Water-wlicel i •7f I (76) Cut No. 5. Interior Power House, Niagara Fulls Hydraulic & Munuluctiirin;; Co. \ Views on the Line of tlie Buffalo & Niagara Kails Elettric Ry., near Cayuga Island, the Site of the Pan-American Exposition of 1809. I7"l (7^' The International Hotel. \ International Hotel, from Bridge over the American Rapids. (79» l»iiii>mit*aHBIIki«f. ' iOMI THE INTERNATIONAL HOTEL. T^mS is tiv l.uf,'i-yt, best, and the k";ulin<,' iiotcl (/ Xia^Mra ■*■ Kails. It is situated on the hlorU siniDunded by Main, P'.iils and Hridjje streets, and the New N'^rk "^.tate I'ark KeBer\ation, (he latter \\u\g between the hotel .'iid the Anieri- ran ra[)ids. '!"he river, rapids, and the liei'.atifid islands are all in plain s't;ht from the wi;idows of the International facinj,' the north, souili, and west. The front of the bnildinjf is on Falls and .Main streets, the two priiuipal thi>rouj,lifares of the city. The hotel has a nice little park of its own, into which ihc dining; rouin extends, and upon which Its windows open on two sides, making' it <'eli,hlfu!!y cool and pleasant durint,' the heated term. The l-.oiise 's siilist;uitially built of brick and N'ia.Ltara limestone ; ihe kitchen and launtlry are in sej)arate l)uildinj,'s, thus avuidinL; heat an^l odors, and insuring safety fri :\\ lire. [he International can safely accoinnio(.;.te 600 guests, anil during the months of July and August of each season, for nearly forty years, this popular hotel has been fidl. The sea- son usu.illy extends from May 13 to November I, but the two hot niontiis are the busiest ones for the hotels at the Falls. At this time the International is t'.;e center of attraction for the best class of \isitors at this resort, and guests from other hotels g itlier here to meet their friends and enjoy the festi\ ities of various kinds which follow each other in cjuick succession. It is a rule with the proprietor and managers of this hotel to amuse as well as entertain their guest.^^ and therefore they have dances in the ball-room, musicals in the grand p.irlor, and pri\ate theatricals in their own park. An excellent orchestra is also engaged for the season, and several concerts are gi\en daily. Those contemjilating visits during the busy months would do .veil to write for rooms and rates. A diagram will be fur- nislu'd showing location of rooms, and rates will be made upon a|)plication. 'I'he regular rates arc S.V50 to j^j.oo \)vr day, or S17.50 to S28.00 per »veek. .All communications should be ad- dressed to Internatio lal Hotel Co., Niagara I'"alls, N. N'. (80) Table Rock in Winter. V ^ •?m The Cataract House. (8i) y ■ -MiM--\vmtirmi- ' ithui n i-tl^: J^.,-^..^^-!-.^ .^^ . , — . '5g IJji i^ ^:^«i^ \ l>2> The Cataract House, from Bridge over the American Rapids. ■'^ miiA 'The White Man » Fancy." THE CATARACT HOUSE. '"I^HIS is onL> of the larj^'est ;iiif the Xev; ^ ork State i\eser\.uion between. This I'ark idsoex- tends to the soiuK .'^ule; the front beimj on Main strcci, the hotel a"d grountls occu- pying; one \i hole block, "wo wiiii^s ex- tend towards the \nieii.;,iH rapids, -\iid from the wi kIovvs of all par's of tlie house f;icii;!.' soutii and west, maj^niticcnt views of the rivi .lad ra;)ids are seen; also (ioat hhiud aiid othor . djacent landscape. The ("atarrict House can accu.ii..iodate beiueeii -looand soo quests, and at times, in the bu'-y season, every roou' is 0( cupied Ih tli'j i>>;si class of visitors ihat come to \iajrar,i. In the uwip room and ()arlors of litis liotel will be found oil |)amtint(s of :he l'"al!; Kock of .\f,'es. The M.dd of the .\!isi (ov i.vjiiio man's fancy|,and the orij,''- iiia'i ,'t the les^end of the "Indian Maiden and the \\'lii(o ("anoe" (or red man's fact), toijeMii ) with ma))3 of N' ;.,'ara from its early hi.-lorv U> the present time. in a leafle' is^;u'd by this hotel we notice this : "The (. .it.iract House neitlu'r seeks for nor caters to large excursions; but now, more than evi' before, looks for, c.iters to anil entertains that iarj:fe class of persons who desire and will liave the \ery best the market affords." 1 8.3:1 'The Hed M.ir = 5„ct." L h' -.^Hitmttm wiMHiii>ri i-r ^tf- (84) The Clifton House. 1 N On Goat Island. THE CLIFTON HOUSE. () liiiti'l in Ni.i.Lj.ii-,! I'. ills is hi-UiT known the world oxiT tli.in is ' he Clifton Ilonsc, \\ hicli n((n])ii's ;i iironiincnt posi- tion ;it tlif MTV \T'r;,n' of till' clil'f fiiiini; both ciit/iracts, iind at till' rntr;mcc to tlii' hi'iiutiful ()iic'C'n X'ictoria Park. Tourists, nol)li'nu'n, and stndi'nts from all parts of tiii' ^jlohi- liave ri'L^isti'H'd tluir nanii's and I'lijoyt'il tlii' liosnitality at the Clifton, and liurinj,; the season, this is oin' of the hnsiest resort liotels in Aii.eriia. The Ijiiildinj; is a sui)stantial l)ri(k and stone structure ,ind arranv,'ed witii an idea for the comfort and (onNcnience of its ^riiests. 1 'h' broad veranihis extending; • ilonir each sto''y of tiie iio. ' li. .lisli |ironienades and an unobstrurted \ievv of the ),;orjii()US scenery of Niaj^ara, an F*" i M a-Dini i ii i ' i .—-.I. -I.,. rMa — liMMHNMtkWaMU •iUbM^iMICta 'I" I- ' «v ^^' THE TEMPERANCE HOUSE. "TTHIS ]iM|)ul,ir lidtc-l is sitii.itrd imiiu'iliiiti'ly I'ppositr tlic New \iiil< C'c'ntiMl K.iilnKid Dcpnt. im Si(()iitl stii'i't, .ihoiit two lumi.-;o to i^2.5o piT (la\, or Sc, to fSi2 per week. (SS; , p.lllnr fill till' r lloors iil);irt- liiinhia, (IcIUfS, ,1 M'l'V iis ;m(l Is • ,,(l with I'ts and L 'llllM!!'- iiindri'd jiiiiprii'- iis was ipcrancc' and" two ii'iids lir ascd to at till- ri'('i.'i\ I' 1'1r'1i)s f horst's sion top ol)lii;im,' V LJIllStS loiiits ,Miests number forty-two, and many of them ojjen into suites of conxcnient numl)er for families and tourist ])arties. Tiie entire buiidinLi has been relitled and refurnished throughout with tlie Ijest of modern furnishiuLts. The location of the Ni.^i; ira House is ( on\ enieiit for travel- ers. I'rospect I'ark and the American I'alls are but two minutes' walk from die Niauar.i House, ancl an excellent car- riatce ser\ ice is maintained in connection with the liotel. The Niaf;ara House is located at 410 412 Main street, and is iiuder the maTiaj.fement of Mr. 1'. 1'. I'fohl.oncof the jjopular \()unj,f business men of Xiaj^ara 1-alls. He is assisted by Mr. luitjene Hall. Rooms niav be secured in ad\ance bv addressing .Mr. I'fohl. (Hyl SALT'S NEW HOTEL. \.\1( i:\(; tlif Ixsl 111 llif MM.illiT ImliN 111 Nia)4.ii;i liilNis the New Salt, .VvS ,\^7 SccoikI a\tiuu', IhUmiii iIic Niu NOrk Cciilral and V.r\u ili'iiots. and wliidi is niuli r llu' man aKuniint of I'rancis II. Sail and Sli'|.li<'n j. 1 "lav, two ol tlu' iuislliiiK' yonnK liotfl imn of llif fity. Tlic hoiisr was cici ti'd hy joliii Salt in iSiio, Mr. Sail ln'inu succcfdi'd hy liis son ami NIr, Tolii'V OIK' yi'.ir lali'r. Salt's Ni'W llolrl lias ace niiii laliciii^ lor mmiiIv Iim' jjuests, and the conx I'liii'in cs .■iir tlio lusl. I he Um al lU'i tin- cars pass the door and llic cars of the ( lor^o railway may also he taken from this |>()iiii. Missrs. Sail \ Tolicv arc parficnlarlv proud of the ( iiisinc of Ihcir hostelry, .iikI the house is deserveillv pojuilai. Kalis S-' |)er d.iy. Salt s New Hotel. THE PARK SIDE INN IS l.()l.'.\ 1 I'.D (ii)poMte ihe ( Hieeii \i( toria I'arkand opposite 1 the .Aiiicrican [•"alls ol NiiiKaia. 'Ihu llorseslioe lalls, a short distance aho\ e, are partially hidden from view hy the heautiful shade trees of the I'ark, hut in winter hoth falls are in pl.im view. It is one of the most charnhnj,' spots on the Canadian shore, and in the season is a resort for wheelmen and tourists. There .ire accommodations for tiftv ^ucsls, and a private diiiiii": hall for re,i,nilar ,L;uests. Kates SJ to !s.2.5o per day, and :sio |)cr week. The Park-Side Inn is one block from the suspension hridt^e and convenient to depots. Lighted lliniiiL;liout liy elec- iri<'ii\. KcHiins secured in advance hy addressini; Mrs. \V. J. McKov, jiroiirietor, or K. l.aird, manauer. (50) ,%. ^. 0/-A-" IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I If 1^ 1^ S K2 11^ 1.8 1.25 1.4 lllii 6" — ► j^%^^;> %^^< ''#''*.^ o / Photographic Sciences Corporation TJ (VEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 il9BaP-glEi5**S»!»l>i;- - .c»)rarc.'jt knows, Uire tliiit . Across s Hroik's IIKISS of ^ "'-"^.r WILSON AND LAKE ISLAND PARK. 'T'HIS is one of the most charming and delightful summer •*■ resorts near Niagara Falls; it is located on Lake Ontario, at the mouth of the 'i'uscarora river, ten miles from the Niag- ara river and sixteen miles from this city. The Tuscarora is navigable for some distance, and is protected at its mouth by two large piers running out into the lake forming a very pretty- harbor for all kinds of vessels. The islands formed by the turns and outlets of the river are l)eautifully wooded and dotted here and there by pretty cot- tages. Lake Island I'ark is owned by Walter N. Harris and Thomas C. Walton, and is a very ])opular place, bemg visited throughout the summer season by people from all the surround- ing country, Xiagar.i Falls and Toronto; (piite a number of the visitors to Niagara Falls spend one or two days of their sojourn m this region at this pleasant resort. The group of half tones which we use to illustrate Lake Island I'iirk is from photos by our special artist. The Tower Hotel, Wilson. (9.3) i-4. \% ^ * The tower lioti'l, a luindsoiiic lialftonc of which may be found amonK our illustiatioiis, is the best and most popular at Wilson- it is new and of modern construction, havin^f all the latest conveniences. Mr. A. F. Howker, the proprietor, is a most agreeable fjentleman and has ajjreed to take good care ot any of our friends who favor him with a visit. Wilson is on the line of the Koine, Walertown \- dgdens- burg Ky., and is also reached by a number of boats from points on the lake. The Old Frontier at Lewiston. NIAGARA IN ART. roTWITHS'l'ANDlXG the fact that we have secured 140 ' l)h()tos, bv Neilson, Curtis and Koonz, from which the sub- jects for our eiiiiravinj^rs were selected and leiirodiiced, we have also enijaKed a beautiful picture, in oil, of the Horseshoe Falls, from Prof. F. Harold Havward, the well-known artist of Mt. Clemens, Mich., who is now summering at Xia,t;ara, havinjx N^ rooms at the popular Cataract House. Prof. Havward, whom we have known favorablv for several years, is an artist of note and abilitv, and we i)redict that his paintings of Niagara are sure to gain for him a national reputation. We believe we have thus presented the finest and most com- pletelv illustrated publication ever devoted to the beauties (>f the Falls, although the most e.xpert photographer admits his 111- abilitv to more than vaguelv portray the beauties of t.ie region. / •« \-rsm i ''••■■ ,i,^.i^ig!a V ;vJjf4V*^ii£-i^M>-i..T,v.;.i=^'ji^^ rd, wlioin ;t of note ijjara are lost com- •autii's of its liis iii- le region. ■^B Niagara Surface Coating Co., Manufacturing Paper for ■■ Cutter's Guide." Below Table Roclc. (1)5) ■-« EXPENSES AT NIAGARA FALLS. Ki •}\ SINCE tlR- oiK'ninji n( tlu' two l)i;iutifiil |)arks, oiu' im imcIi sitlf of Niajiarii, the Falls can Ik- sri-n from I'vtM-y desira- ble point of view free of cost. The expenses generally are as cheap as at any resort. Street cars to anv part of tiie city, with transfers S 05 Toll, new Suspension HridRe 'o Toll, new Susjiension UridKe, round trip 1? Tolls to Steel Arch HridK'e round trip 'O I'ark Carriages, Cioat Island, round trip ' .1 Incline Railway, round trip •• 'o ("lorge Route to Lcwiston ■ 3? CorKc Route to Lewiston, round trip ''O Klectric Line to (^ueenston, Canada 3? Electric Line to Queenston, Canada, round trip '« p:iectric Line to Chijjpewa and return -5 Electric Line, round trip to both of the above 75 Burning Si)rings ,••,•,••■,' ■.' ••,•■•,.••• ^o Under Horse Shoe Falls from Talile Rock, nicluiling guide and suit ?° Whirliiool Incline Railway, Canada • . ■ .W Iklttery Elevator (300 feet) to Whirlpool Rapids, each wav "•' To ascend stairs to tojj of Brock's Monument....... 25 Steamer "Maid of the Mist," round trip, mcludmg waterproof suit • 5° "Cave of the Wind," including guide and waterjirool suit ' ?° Lewiston, Youngstown and Fort Niagara 35 Lewiston, Youngstown and Fort Niagara, round trip 1 00 Carriage hire, one to four jjassengers, per hour. . .... 1 00 Carriage hire, one to four passengers, to 10.00 17.50 to 2S.00 S.oo to 10.00 7. CO U* 10.00 S.oo to 1000 q.oo S.oo to 12.00 7.00 to 10.0c 5.00 to 6.00 t^oo to 12.00 17.50 to 2S.00 *io.oo to 15.00 ■ S.oo to 2S.00 10.00 12.00 7.00 4.00 lo.co 6.00 tn H.OO 4. CO (■ q6 I •••^?W'^"=-^4'^ rt*ifcj- " WALTER W. STEELE, OSTEOPATHIC INFIRMARY, Niagara Falls, N. Y. I'KR WKKK. '6.00 ti) 7.00 6.00 to H.oo 6.00 to S.oo 5.00 to 7.00 7.00 to 10.00 '^.00 to 10.00 6.00 to S.oo 6.00 to S.oo 7.00 to 10.00 7.00 to 10.00 7.00 to 9.00 6.00 to S.oo S.oo to i;.oo s 00 to 10.00 7.;o to 2S.00 s.oo ti) 10.00 7. CO U* 10.00 S.oo to 10 00 g.oo S.oo to 12.00 7.00 to 10.00 3.00 to 6.00 t^.oo to 12.00 17.50 to 2H.00 10.00 to i;.oo r.S.oo to 2S.OO 10.00 12.00 7.00 .(.00 10. CO 6.00 to 8.00 4.00 THE DISCOVERY OF OSTEOPATHY. ''PHF. revolt ;in;iiiist our jirim(lsiri''s iiu'tliciiu' clit'st, wi.li its ounce of (iiiininc, its Jiox of hliic-iiiiiss, iind its ciiii of iper;ic, (not to nicntion its cjistor oil or its rliiibarl)) h;is l)i'cn jjoinK on for ve;irs. I?iit for ;i time no siihstitiite could lie fomnl. Hciiltli resorts, inincr;il waters, dietary and plusical-cidtiire tactics were all tried and found helpful hut insufficient. The water cure ^nw promise of ^reat K"""'. '"'* il t""> ^*'''** found wanting;. In Faith Cure an'l Christian Science strength for a prostrate will was discovered, whereby this same will was en- al)led to resume control of bo'lily functions and often effect a cure. Hut all of these systeins were lamentably at faidt, and every thoughtful physician felt that many diseases were beyond his control that should be within it. Still as a rule they lient their .ninds to the discovery of new drugs or more curious operations of surgery. Howe\er one quaint character among tl-.em began, not a study directed by others along beaten paths, but an original study of bones. 'I'his physician was Andrew T. Still, M. D., and his tirst skeletons came from the historic Indian mounds of our great Mississi])pi valley. Death in his own family made him bitterly question the efficacy of materia medica; and caused him to turn his attention to discovery of new and better curative methods. Out of this search and research, not so much of books as of nature, grew piece by piece, fact by fact, the science of Osteo- pathv. Parts of the science were used before Dr. Still himself understood the whole, or had discovered the fundamental prin ci|)le; and when at last he felt that he had grasped the great idea of Life, Health and Cure, and held it in his hand ready to l)e ap- plied, he had few adherents. I )e\ otion to one idea had left him without money, friend^ or influence. I5iil he gave the benelit of his idea freely to the poor, and it was not long till the rich were begging for it. The labor soon bicame too great for one, and new operators were trained under the careful and critical eye of Dr. A. 'I'. Still himself; ,ind soon there grew up under his special siiperx ision.a large school of Osteopathy. The demand for operators has been larger than the supi)ly, and the labor thus thrown on the "Old Doctor," as he is loxingly called, has been a severe tax. Whenever an operator is thoroughly fitted for his task, there is a place waiting for him, and patients eagerly gather about him, coming hundreds of miles. WHAT IS OSTEOPATHY? The name it.^elf, comes from two Greek words. Osteon, bone; and I'athos, feeling. The bones bfi.g the frame work, the foundation, as it were, of the human be^ug, and their proper adjustment being of prime importance, they were given the honor of naming the new science. Hut the name is of small importance, the essence of the science being of princi|)al interest. The foimdation of this science is the idea expressed in the first chapter of Genesis, when God looked upon his handiwork and declared that it was "very good." Man was made to be a well adjusted, unclogged machine- capable of action and labor until, worn by the friction of advanc- ing years, work ceases and eternal rest begins. (97) :.i: 1 Whfii tliis iiiailiiiu' is init of order the ( )stc(ip:itli, by miinip- ul.ilitin, ri'pliui's tlu' sliiiiu'tl coj,', wIuti'mt ii iii,i\ be; riiiinvis tlif ijrossuri- fniin muscli's, ncrvi's ;inil liu.micnts; opiiis up the obstructed ])assaKes; b\ ),H'ntli' iiieiisuns, jHrsiuKles iiMturc to use tlie oil ll,isl,.iud the hiMiMli niiiciiine is iu good order Jigiiiu iiiul reiidy for its idlotted tiisU. M;in\ a woman has made her>elf si( k liy tlie heavy exertion slie has used to run a sew ing mai iiine when a re.idjusting of tiie jjarts, a little cleaning of tlie wheels, a tiuhtenini; of the gear, or a drop of oil. would have done the work e.isily. No new fuel is added l)y tlie Osteopath to the lire already choked with ashes; nor the body mutilated when it should be simply strait,ditened. A few months aijo it was the custom to lauLjli at tin' Osteo- path's diagnosis of misplaced bones, but now that the X Kay is showing the slipped vertebrae of the spinal column iiu redulity must give way to belief, and it must be owned th it the extra- ordinary cures are not mere accidiMits but the happy results of a known s( ieiice. You must understand that the Osteopath lias no ipiarrel with surgery, reco,i;ni/.ing that there are extreme eases where its use is a necessity. At many times, howe\er, where surgery has heretofore been used, the trained lingers of the Osteo])ath do the work without its intervention; and humanity can scarcely be thankful enough for the science that ri'scues them from the misery of ihe drug and the knife. The truths of Osteopathy as enunciated liy its te;u hers are as follows: 1. Man is a machine. 2. He is created ])i'rfect. 3. \Vlu-n he gets out of order, the means of readjustment are within himself. 4. l)rugs cannot create any part of this machine; nor re- place any disturbed jxirtion of it. 5. Aiid this is all any physician is lalled ui>on to do. 6. He, by the use of his theories, cannot do it. 7. The Osteopatii can and does. S. When man is out of order, remo\e the obstruction and let u.iture do its woi'k. 1;. Ihe efforts of n.iture at repairing are simph marvelous. WHAT CAN OSTEOPATHY CURE? Ihe (pieslion is asked time ;iiid ag.iin, W hat can t )steopath\ cure' .\s if tlu\ thought it a dose of (piinine to be taken for chills and fe\<'r,or a Salvation Oil to l)e rubbed on for rheuma- tisinl Hut if Osteopathy is an\ thing, it is the Srinur of Rislorhii; Ili-i\llli. It has its fundamental principles and its truths built U|)on them. The application of these truths is the nart of the 1). O. Here it is that the science will grow and ,. Heing the oldest and best known. Walter W. Steele, D. O. the head of the Niagara I''alls insti- tution has performed many remarkable cures and references will be furnished upon application. (9S1 i('tii)ii and ii,ir\t'liins. )st(.'()i)iilliy tiikiMi fur ir rlicuiiia- /us tori /It; •iillis built If Dart of 1(1 ,(frffit lii'd ill till- iff of (lis- LJ lU'rMlllS tiiiiiilatiiiK ; in (|tiift- latinj; the hert'viT it \n^ i>f this iiity of its laid, "'I'Ih' Men." jgni/i'd 1)\ ota, South rolina and V is tauijhf. Still, I'rfs. Falls insti- refiTf lufs Ailriaii, Mii'li - s fw Alhfit I.i;i. Minn. i\ « Alliiiiiv. N. V b n Altodiiii, I'a 7 *^ A 02 Ann Arliiir. Mi( h Akruii. oliiii 1) (XJ All. .n. Ill iS So Au.liisiiM, Kan i> ^s Atlimta.da 21 So Aiilimn. N- N' \o'<. AuKUSIa.da 2li 1? Auniista, Ml' 14 d; Anstiii. Tfx .*) yo H inj'iii. Mu HaiTlail.iH. Me Id bi; 17 IS lialtiiii'Tc, \M 10 oo Battle Ci.rk. Miih S Hi It.iv Cilv, Mich 7 0** licllrlniil line. (Illln <) 20 HilliMKs. Mc.nl ?7 v=; hliKiininutiiii, 111 K) Sj Itonliani, ",\-\ ,^5 20 Hdsic.n. Mass 10 i; Urattli'hiiiu. \'l ■1 11) Hrt'ithani. Tex . . .!<» 10 Itristcil, Tenii 20 70 Hullal.i. N. N ;s lliirliiiKliin. jiiwa 11) 22 lintler, I'a ? '),i Cairo, III l<» 2? t'antdii, Oliiii fa S: I'entralia.lll. 11) 05 C'lKintaiujiia, N. \ 2 y. Cheyenne. \\'\'it 41 6; Charlesti.n.S. C J7 70 l'lKittaniMii{a, Tenn U) fo Chicak'ii. Ill..via(i T \<\ . 12 00 ChicaKo. Ill , via M. (. K K 1.? o; Cleveland. (Uihi ; ;; Cincinnati, ( Inii) 12 25 Circle\ille, Ohiu 1) 75 Coluinhia. S. C 2() 15 t'oluinhu'^. ( lliio 1) "5 Ciiuncil Ulutis, Inwa. , . 25 So Dallas. Tex \2 0> Dainille. \a 1^ .1^ Davtcin. Oliin . 10 sn Heailwiiiiil, S. 1). 44 55 Decatur. .\la 24 Hi LIMITED RATES TO NIAGARA FALLS. Decatnr. Ill Denisnii. Tex Denv.'r. Cell. lies Miiines. liiHii Delniit. Mich. Deri l.ncll4i', .Muni. I )eliiHare. ( Mini. , , Diihitli. Minn. Diiliiiijiii'. Ii'» I . . . Dunkirk. .\. \' Klinira. N. V I'Jle, I'a I'l I'asd. Tex ■ '.nipiiria, Kan . . . . I'Aaiisville. Iiiil . . . Knri Dii.lue. r.wa. I'nrl Sciitl. K:in , . . I'nrl Wnrth, lex.. I'nrl Wavne. Ind . ( laUi'Slun, I'ex . . . (iralliin. \V. \ a — (ireeii llav. W is (Jreein illi'. Ti'V . ■ ■ (iianil Island. N h. dr.ind K.i|iids. Mic (iiilliiie. (Ika. Ter . Ilarrislinr);, I'a. . . Ilarllurd, Ct Ilar|iers hCrrv, \a lleiellM, .Mnllt Iliilh Sprinns, Mi^■ llul Spriniis, .\rk . . Iliiiisliin, Tex Indianapolis, hid liiwa City. Idwa . . . iacksiiii, .Mich acksiiii. .Miss ai ksnnville. I'"la. unctidii Cilv. Kai aniestinvn. N. N' Kalainazuii. Mich. K.insiis Cilv. M.I. Key West, hla ... Kni.xvilli', Tenn. . LaCri.sse. Wis l.alavelli-. Ind . . . Lancaster. I'a. . . . I. insinti. Nlich l.aredii. 'I'ex I" 4' .t'* \i s; .'( li (J i)<> tn Su .s 40 24 to 4' 1 70 .\ 4^ \ ct ;k -0 2S St IS t; n 1; i-1 (M .V 7^ IC ii') 4" Oo 10 4" is ')'- ,(; Ml (J It 1) s; M 't'- s ti| s '» 11 '14 -1) to 24 So 21* 00 .I'l 10 1.1 2t 19 (14 S Si 21) to .to 2t 21) M 2 1:1) 1) 41) 2; to 4I) 15 20 20 20 Sh 1 ; S7 ') 2t 114 4f> So l.ea\eii\viiitli. Kan. I.e\visl..n. Ml' i exiimtiili. Ky I. in... In. Nell Lima. Dili I.iiie Ki.ck, .\rk.... I.i.llis.ll e, KV I .Ml. Ii;iiirn. \'ii Mackiii.iw. Mich — NIa'lisi.n. W is . . . , Mansliild.dhi M,irieil.i, Ui.iii. ... M.illi. 111. Ill Mel.hilie. r.l Meinpliis. Tenn.. ., Meiidali, .M.s; MexiroCilv. Mex... Nlilwaiikee, Wis. .. Muoreliead, Minn. . Mt. Clemens, Mich Nashville, I'eiiii — Nebr.i ■ City, Ne' New 1 1, IV M, Ct ... New ( Irle.i s, La . Oil Cit\, I'a ( Hvnipia. Wash — ( ini.iha. Nell (Ishknsli. Wis I'alalk.i. I'la Talestiiie, Tex .. I'arkeisliiirK. W. \'; re.iiia. Ill retiiskey. Mich I'hiladelphia. I'a. . I'illslniruli, I'a riltslie'd. Mass. ... I'lipia. ( )liiii I'uillali.l. (Ire I'.irllainl. Me ... I'nrl Huron. Mich I'rairie ilii Chine. I'lielil.i, CI.. Keil Cli.ud, Nell Kii'liin.ind. Ind . Kiichesier. N. \. Ki.ck NIan.l. Ill . K.iine. N, V Sa'iinaw. Mich. Salem, Ore Wi, .J2t 55 . I.t «|o . 14 (>■■' 27 40 1) p ■ 27 00 I' 7f ID 20 ■ l.t 40 . Ill 1)2 7 »<> 10 4t 17 10 4 -S 24 15 . 27 It • P .10 .. It tt .(I 5.t I) t2 21 25 2() 00 I) 04 , . V to . . ■ 4 i,H ■ 74 ?o . 25 7? . 17 97 . . U 25 . . .* 15 . . Id 75 17 25 .. i,\ 40 . . 1) 25 .. 5 i)> ■ 7 .12 . . 10 20 ■ ■ 71 -o n 15 t 115 ■ I') 7') . . 42 to . . M to .. 11 65 I t2 17 1)7 .1 i)o ■ 7 1)0 ■ 7^ 50 Salt Lake City, Uuli.. Sar.it. .(j.i, N. \. .San Am. nil... Ton Saiiiliisky. < ilim .... S.iii I'laii. is .. Cat. .Siillll St.'. .\l:ir.e. .Mich Savannah. ( i.i. Seatlh', Wash Selma, .\i,i ShreMpiiil. La Slierni,in, TeX Si.iux Ciu . liiwa. — Si.iiix h.dls.S. D. .. . Spiikaiie. W . SI SpiillKhel.l. ^l s . . . Si. .\ll«USlllie. I'l.l, . . . Slellhenvill c Ol.i 1 . . SI. I.. mis. M . SI. I'aiil, Minn SI. J,,se|.li. M •. Sii|ierii.r CiU . \\ .^ . . Sviaciise. .N. ^ Tacoina. \\..:-h . . Tampa, I'l.i Taylor, Tex. 'Texarkaiia, .\i k . . . . Tern. Haute. In. I .. . Tilliii, Ohio ■Tiliis\ille. I'a ■Tolc.lo,Ohio T.ipeka, Kan 'T'lriiiilii, Can. I. la 1 Km ■I'or.into, Can ..la i Ua ■Trov, N. \' I'rliana. Oliln t'lica, N.\ \ickshiirK. Miss \'iiiceiines. Ind \ inita. 111. I. Ter yirKlnia City, Nev — Waco, 'Tex Warren. I'a Washiinjlon. D. C... Waukesha, Wis . Wheelintf. W. Va .. Williamspcirt. I'a — Winnipeg. Maiiitcilia. .\enia. Ohio /anesville. Ohii. ...St 4 tu ■ ■ "54 . . . 42 ifcj 7 .(S 7' !.f ... It ct . 2*1 71. ... 7J 5u •• 26 45 . . . X\ 0.) ... It (n ■ 25 75 . 2(1 (10 ... (H) ;» S 4(, ... .12 25 ... 7 45 ... 11) 2t .. . 24 to 2t to . , . 2) 50 . .t 12 ■ . 74 =0 ... .tS 75 Jf) 10 . . ■ .11 .15 . It to ... ft 15 .' .' S 26 ... 27 1)0 .itl. 1 5', ill. 2 (it (1 It ... 9 45 ... 4 l** ... to 50 . . 16 75 .to 70 ... 7S to . . . . .V) 10 ... .1 22 .. II 20 .... 15 75 ... 7 95 '.'.'.'■ 4 70 . ., . 10 to ... 1) ;t5 !:^f ■«MMMMiMMlMM**MlltaM n U- ^ ; // / i .'it\th . I . (I. I'.A T. A|i. Rapids of the St. Lawrence, ! ' f"" ' r" '^" MICHIGAN CKNTRAI. TRAIN AT FALLS VIRW STATION. Canadian Resorts. Green Mountains, White Mountains, Portland, and the New En -^g"'-^----^ ■--■■^- ' *. W't • 4 1 .;5 :.•»-,,.?;•,: "sss^lmsfssAtiSSSfiSiSSiUie&S' ^ii»»sS5»*^SSS»iiis^i^K«^