IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /. {/ <\ .s «, y 5? s i «P.< fe i/i fA 1.0 I.I liM iH36 IIIIIM lll||^ Z2 20 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" ► V] <^ /a '/a '^1 e. e). *#^ /; / O 7 M Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 1980 ^ Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. 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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too targe to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent etre film^s d des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour etre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est filmd d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 c^ t^ THE INTRODUCED AND THE SnPREADINa I'L^NTS OF ONTARIO AND QUEBEC. By A. T. DItUMMOND, B.A., LL.B. TIIH INTIlODrCED AND THE SPREADING PLANTS OF ONTARIO AND QUEBEC. By A. T. DRrMMOXi), U.A., LL.U. Those nienibers of our flora which luive been introduced, or whicli have the liabits of naturalized species, we may refer to one or other of five t>'i(iuj)s : — I. Iiieideiitil escapes. II. Adventive plants. III. Naturalized foreign plant.s. IV. Species which are both indigenous and naturalized. \'. Native hpeeies which have the habits of introduced plants. The first, .second, and third groups are well known, and only recjuire a passing notice. Tlie first group embraces species which have escaped from cultivated grounds, have propagated tlieinselves in neglected gardens, or have been casually introduced with grain or grass- seed, or ill other ways, and which are not in the lea.st permanent. Stray plaiit-< of whiat, oats, corn, and other grains growing upon our country roa(l>ides, and upon the tracks of the railways, are familiar to us. The little heartsease, the ragged robin, and morning glory are some of our garden jilants, which, unaided by continu (1 ciiitiv.iiioM, have occasionally, i'or a brief period, struggled to leiaiii their places in the neglected flower plots. The term adventive has been applied to foreign plants which hav(! permanently located themselves in the country, and }et are so dependent upon some of the accompaniments of civilization that were the country to resume its preadamite condition they would probably soon disappear. Adventive plants form a nume- rous class, ombraeing most of those weeds which confine themselves to the vicinity of dwellings and barns, and to cultivated grounds. The mustards and the corncockle, familiar pests on many eastern firms, and the flax, e.irrot, [lar.snip. and artichoke, illustrate the group. Those introdue d species, which have freely spread themselves throughout the sittled parts of the country, and which, though domesticated through the agency of man, are probably quite 8 independent of him for existence, come Tinder the c.itetrory of naturalized plants. The buttercup, eli'ver, Canada thisth; and sheep sorrel, 8trikiiii>ly exemplify this extensive group. The remainini^ groups re(|uire a more attentive consideration. All of the species referred to them are indigenous to tliis crlina S"phii/ll!jn/t'i, L. Prof. Rrunet ',,ays of this plant, '^ E//c cxf cr-tiiiiinn' lit spoiifiniec en Jjuhnnfor." I have only seen it in the introduced state, but Maeoun. whilst observing' its oecurrenee in wa.-to "rround, thinks it may be indiizenous at Belleville. Although distributed from the islands of Lake Huron (Dr. Bell) to Labrador, and .southward to Lakes Erie and Ontario, it does not ai)pear to be very common. Trifollnm repciis, L. ^lost of the imlividuals of this widely- diffused species met witli in these Provinces are probably intro- duced. Aiiassiz seeujs to (piestion whether the Lake Superior plant may not be native. My esteemed correspondent, Mr. Maeoun, in a note on it. says, "7'. npnis is certaiidy a native, but it is also an introduced plant. I have observed it in all my wanderinj:, and noticed that it always makes its appearance in new clearings along with Eriijcron Cunndime" 6 Vlrta cmcai, L. From Belleville! eastwards this species is not uiiciiiiiiiioii. Dr. Hell cmi^itlers it iiitrodueed in (jiasp6 ; in Ontario it is certainly iiuli^eiious. It appeirs aumiij.' the intro- duced plants ol' Aj;assi/, and liuwell — (Ai^assiz's Lake Superior.) PotiiitiUd i\orv(ijir'i, L., knnis one ol" tlioK! species wliicli are frcijuently found on roadsides and in fields, and yet may not be introduced. In its undoubtedly uative state it is common from the northern coast of Lake Superior to Labrador and Newfound- land. Pottntillii Arliti, Iv., is a familiar field and waysido plant from the Detroit River to Gaspe and Newtoundland. Its habits are those of an introduced plant, hut some observers have met with it in the native state. linniillii riilmpiri/eneral. Saiiihiiriis Cmi'idnisis, Ji. This is exceedingly coninion in fence lows. It isu well-known species from the .southern shores of the Gcorj^ian JJay and I'rojii the l)t'troit Uiver to the Lower St. Lawrence. Its abnormal habits have been observed in the United States, and the question has breu raised whether it is a native there or not. Ei'ujcrDH Cirnddnitils, L., is a plant of wide distribution, both on this and other continents. Here it rangeH over the jxreater portion of the two Provinces, and often occurs in neglected fields. Twootherspccie.'iof thi.-,geiius I'J.iiinninin, Pers. and E.stri'g(i.si(in, Muhl. have also a tendency to beeonu! intruihrs. Jinl/jic/ciu liirla, L., is a .Mtuthern plant, Indiiicnous in the Ontario peninsula, and e.istw.irds as f.ir as Belleville, but also fre(iuent in irrain fields around London and on St. Joseph'.s Island, Lake Huron, and .spreading in the County of Northum- berland. Antenuiiria p!i(nt(ijtiii/o(!it, Hook. This plant is found every- where throughout the Provinces, and beyond them extends to Hudson's Bay and the Koeky Mountains. Farm yards and the road-sides are favourite resorts of it. Anion'-- its near allies, the Gnaphaliums, there is also a tendency to spread. B'uhnH /roiidoHa, L. This, and perhaps one or two other species of the same genus, frequently stray into railway and roadside ditches. The known range of B.frondnsa is from Lake Erie to the Lower St. Lawrence. 10 Lobelia iujlata, L., a well distributed plant of both Provinces, occurs in grain fields in the Province of Quebec, iind is thought to be the cause of some cases which Lave lately occurred of poisoning among cattle. Jlcdwma pn/ry loidcs, Pers. and 77. Iilaphla, Pursh — neither of which seems to range into the districts north of Lakes Huron and Superior and into the Province of Quebec — both have, Mr. Miicoun inioruis me, spreading habits at Belleville. Vcfhijia hasfafa, L. is a l're({uent intruder on road-sides and in neglected fields. In the indigenous state it is common from the Manitoulin I>lands to the ueighbourlioud of Quebec. V. iirtici/a/id, L. This species occurs in similar situations to V. hdstatit. and has a nearly analogous range. Vcfoniai pcrcijrliia, L. This is a woU-knuwn grass plant, occurring on lawns, in parks and elsewhere. Its recorded range is from Luke Erie to the vicinity of Quebec. lTrticagriir.il is, Ait, Macoun remarks, has an introduced habit at Belleville. From Lake Superior to Auticosti this plant has been everywhere met with. Fuli/yniiinn PcnHsijlvaiiiaim, L. In wet fields, road-sides, and railway ditches, this, and perhaps one or two more i'olygonums arc often found. 1\ I'ciiiini/lviinicifiii is known to range from the Manitoulin Islands to below Montreal, Acalijpha Virgiitica, L., is a familiar weed in some places. The species is distributed from the Erie district to about the City of Quebec. Euphorbia macula ta, L., is a known road-side plant, and is possibly an introductiun from the United States. It ranges over a considerable portion of Ontario. U. commutata, Engcl., has been noticed at Shannonville, Ont., by Macoun, who remarks its introduced like appearance. tSulix liicida, Muhl., is very common in the ditches and moist grounds on the sides of railway track... It is abundant through- out the two Provinces. Panicum capillarc, L. When the Provinces were originally settled by the ancestors of the present French population, we can believe that many of the weeds of France found a home nere. Immigration during suc- ceeding years from the same country, and from Great Britain and Germany, not only repeated the introduction of many of these weeds, but largely swelled the number of introduced species. r« 11 At. the present day, our close commercial relations with Great Britain and the United States are producing a yearly influx of these unwelcome visitors, and scattering them broadciist over the country. Though new forms only now and then make their ap- pearance, there is an incursion — renewed every summer to a greater or less extern — of those familiar, self-made friends of ours. At the same time, not only are these very species — along with some members of our indigenous flora — migruting from here and obtaining a footing in other foreign lands with which we are in commercial intercourse, but they must fre- quently reappear among their native brethren, in the countries from which they originally came. Amongst those countries be- tween which trade relations are intimate, there must be a con- stant interchange in this way. Illustrative of this immigration from difterent countries, there may be cited : from tropical America, Seuebura didi/m