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THE INTRODUCED

AND THE

SnPREADINa I'L^NTS

ONTARIO AND QUEBEC.

By A. T. DItUMMOND, B.A., LL.B.

TIIH INTIlODrCED AND THE SPREADING PLANTS
OF ONTARIO AND QUEBEC.

By A. T. DRrMMOXi), U.A., LL.U.

Those nienibers of our flora which luive been introduced, or
whicli have the liabits of naturalized species, we may refer to one
or other of five t>'i(iuj)s : —
I. Iiieideiitil escapes.
II. Adventive plants.

III. Naturalized foreign plant.s.

IV. Species which are both indigenous and naturalized.
\'. Native hpeeies which have the habits of introduced plants.

The first, .second, and third groups are well known, and only
recjuire a passing notice.

Tlie first group embraces species which have escaped from
cultivated grounds, have propagated tlieinselves in neglected
gardens, or have been casually introduced with grain or grass-
seed, or ill other ways, and which are not in the lea.st permanent.
Stray plaiit-< of whiat, oats, corn, and other grains growing
upon our country roa(l>ides, and upon the tracks of the railways,
are familiar to us. The little heartsease, the ragged robin, and
morning glory are some of our garden jilants, which, unaided
by continu (1 ciiitiv.iiioM, have occasionally, i'or a brief period,
struggled to leiaiii their places in the neglected flower plots.

The term adventive has been applied to foreign plants which
hav(! permanently located themselves in the country, and }et are
so dependent upon some of the accompaniments of civilization
that were the country to resume its preadamite condition they
would probably soon disappear. Adventive plants form a nume-
rous class, ombraeing most of those weeds which confine themselves
to the vicinity of dwellings and barns, and to cultivated grounds.
The mustards and the corncockle, familiar pests on many eastern
firms, and the flax, e.irrot, [lar.snip. and artichoke, illustrate the
group.

Those introdue d species, which have freely spread themselves
throughout the sittled parts of the country, and which, though
domesticated through the agency of man, are probably quite

independent of him for existence, come Tinder the c.itetrory of
naturalized plants. The buttercup, eli'ver, Canada thisth; and
sheep sorrel, 8trikiiii>ly exemplify this extensive group.

The remainini^ groups re(|uire a more attentive consideration.
All of the species referred to them are indigenous to tliis c<uintry ;
some to tlie settled, otluTS to the remote districts. \\ ith many
individual plants of sduie of the species it forms a question
whether their introduced habit indicates a foreign origin or results
from a tendency of the indigenous plant to abiionnally spuad.
In certain in.^tanccs the known limited di.'«triliution of the species,
in its indigenous form, dispels any doubt. For ex;im[)le, around
Lake Superior. Agassiz chronicles as native, or ])robably .so,
species who.se habits, in the settled parts of the country, evince a
decidedly exotic origin. AVliere, however, the range of both forms
is extensive, indicating the limits of each is imiiractieable. It is
indeed pomble that not only have the rambles of the n;iiive species
frefpiently placed them side by side with the domesticated plants,
and probably (juite undistinguishable from them, but that in some
instances the species, though common to Europe .ind America,
have no introduced representatives here; and that individuals of
these species, which have the habits of exotics, are in reality
indigenes which have wandered beyond their natural homes.

A (jue^tion, replete with interest, arises in connection with
these naturalized plants. Have changes <if climate and of other
conditions in the long lapse of years impres,><ed new spicific cliar-
acters on the individuals of any .species, or, if not, have they pro-
duced any permanent varieties'? If even the latter were tlu^ ease,
it seems probable that not oidy might varieties be diff-rent on
different continents, but the migration of thest- varieties might also
lead to s{)eciiic cluuiges. Let the imagination trace the wander-
ings of one of these little plants under such circumstances.
I'robably of a spreading habit in its native country, it ('migrates,
th»-ough one of the imiumerable channels constantly op^n, to a
foreign clime, where it becomes establislied, and where, in conse-
quence of a change of conditions, .some slight but pi'rmanent
alteration is effected in its characters. The plant thrives, and ii»
the lapse of years biconus a widely distributeil weeil. Anotlur
emigration takes place thence to a country where climatal and
other conditions are different from tho}.c of either its luitive country
or last adopted home. A nmre marked variety results. In the
course of long time this variety appears on another continent, to

he subjected to farther cliangos, wliich ho destroy the identity of
tlie ])l;tiit that u butinist (inly ac(|Uaintcd with the species in its
native elinie, on seeing its waiideriiiir individuals iieie, hails the
discovery ol" an allied jdaiit rcijuiring a place in speciiic nomen-
clature. It is, however, a sui:;;,estive enquiry whetiier il" this n<;w
species or tlie variety were to liiid a tooting in the country whence
its proticnitors came, it would retain its identity as a species or
variety. Tlic whole subject merits some investigation as to how
tar, in any n^speet, climatic or other ditl'eiences produce p(rmanent
change. I cainiot, however, help here recalling some analogous
eases. The inland maritune plants, growing on tlie
shores of the Great Lakes and elsewhere, have been subjected to
a gieat change in their conditions of growth without any corres-
piimling alteration in the distinctive characters of the species.
Similar instances are recorded in the insect fauna of Lake
Superior, and our att;;ntion lias lately been drawn to Purls nipir
an intruding butterfly from Europe, extensively naturalized in
the Province of Quebec, which here even feeds on a plant dit!er-
ent from that which constitutes its food on the other side of the
Atlantic, and yet retains its specillc features unchanged.

Li enumerating, in the catalogue below, species which have both
indigenous and introduced representatives in the country, I briefly
indicate the provincial range and habits of each plant as far as
known. Our knowledge of the habits and distribution of the grasses
in Ontario and Quebec is, however, so limited that I enumerate,
without any accompanying notes, sucli species as are probably
referable to this catalogue. Indeed, with respect to both this
and the other catalogues, I shall be glad to have the aid of
botanical friends in rendering our knowledge of the habits and
range of all of the spreading and naturalized plants more com-
plete.

Jiiiniincitltis salcrdtiis, L. This plant is frequent in railway and
roadside ditches, and in wet places in old pastures and neglected
grounds. In range it is common from the Detroit Kiver and the
southern shores of the Georgian Bay to the Lower St. Lawerence,
and is native in the Hudson Bay Territory. In the two Pro-
vinces it probably chiefly occurs in the introduced state.

Jinrhitrat vidrjiiris, li. Br., is often met with in gardens. Mr.
Barnston (Canad. Mat. 1851)) speaks of it as introduced or not
according to locality. The varieties are indigenous from Lake
Superior northward and westward. The plant is well known ia

Ontario in its introduced form, but is apparently Ichs fauiilifir in

Quebec.

En/shniim rhrhwithoithn, L., is a weed in ^nirdens at BcHevilln
(Mr. J. Miicoun), but elHewlierc I know it only as a native. In the
Lake Krie districts and in Kastern Ontario it is frequent, and no
doubt occurs in the Kastern Towiisliij)s.

Dndm ornid, L. Tliis plant is little known here, and is only
provisinnally placed in this catalogue. Provancher cites Cap
Tourinei»t(! as a .•station, and, accordint;' to Prof Gray, it is not
found north of the Province of Quebec. In the.Southern I'nited
States and in Massachusetts it is introduced.

Tiirrlfis (jhihrn, L. Mr. Maeoun regards this as introduecMl
around lielleville, where it occurs in newly seeded meadows. In
the indigenous form its known rantri' is fiom Lake Superior to
Montreal and southward. In the Hudson's Bay Territory it is
well difVu-ed.

^lsi/iiil>rlina S"phi<i, L., is ncca.sionally met with fioni Pres-
COtt, in Ontario, castsvards. Whether it occurs in ihr indiuenous
state or not is open to doubt. In the Northern Slates it is -till
less known.

Crrasti'ion vixcosnni, L. Torr^y and Oray, in their fl' ra,

when referring; to this species, as well as (J. v,il<j<itiiin, add an

intorroii-ation after '-introduced." .Mac(»un thinks it occurs in

both the native and naturalized states at Belleville. It nnues

from the northern shores of Lake llurou to thosi; of the Lower

St. Lawrence. Secman notes its occurrence within the Arctic zone.

Arewiri't sn-j>i/ll!jn/t'i, L. Prof. Rrunet ',,ays of this plant,

'^ E//c cxf cr-tiiiiinn' lit spoiifiniec en Jjuhnnfor." I have only

seen it in the introduced state, but Maeoun. whilst observing' its

oecurrenee in wa.-to "rround, thinks it may be indiizenous at

Belleville. Although distributed from the islands of Lake

Huron (Dr. Bell) to Labrador, and .southward to Lakes Erie

and Ontario, it does not ai)pear to be very common.

Trifollnm repciis, L. ^lost of the imlividuals of this widely-
diffused species met witli in these Provinces are probably intro-
duced. Aiiassiz seeujs to (piestion whether the Lake Superior
plant may not be native. My esteemed correspondent, Mr.
Maeoun, in a note on it. says, "7'. npnis is certaiidy a native,
but it is also an introduced plant. I have observed it in all my
wanderinj:, and noticed that it always makes its appearance in
new clearings along with Eriijcron Cunndime"

Vlrta cmcai, L. From Belleville! eastwards this species is not
uiiciiiiiiiioii. Dr. Hell cmi^itlers it iiitrodueed in (jiasp6 ; in
Ontario it is certainly iiuli^eiious. It appeirs aumiij.' the intro-
duced plants ol' Aj;assi/, and liuwell — (Ai^assiz's Lake Superior.)
PotiiitiUd i\orv(ijir'i, L., knnis one ol" tlioK! species wliicli are
frcijuently found on roadsides and in fields, and yet may not be
introduced. In its undoubtedly uative state it is common from
the northern coast of Lake Superior to Labrador and Newfound-
land.

Pottntillii Ar<jt)it<(i, L., is ibund altundantly in old sandy
fields at Toronto, Port Colborne, Pieton and (ias[)e. At Swamp-
Bcott, near iJoston. 1 obtained it on the roadside iu sandy soil.
It is (juestionably native.

AijriiiinniK Eitpntoi'm, L.. is fre(|uently met with on road-^^idos.
In Southern Africa it is a naturalized plant (D'lJrban.) Tlio
indigenous form is well distributed over both Ontario and
Qucbi'c.

Gd/iinii Jpniiii', L. This plant, if it has not been overlooked,
has a limited di.-tribution. It occurs in the Erie district, and
ran;.ies thence to Mdnlre.il. I have only met with it in <i;ardens,
and Dr. Lawsoii, of Ilalii'.i.x, who has an extensive acquaintance
with tiie flora of these rroviiiees, informs me that his experience
is thiit the introduced form is not common exce])t in i^ardens,

TitniXdfiini tJiiix-lnniis Desf. This is a plant of wide dif-
fusion, extendinjj; northward to the Arctic zone. Wherever met
with in the settleil parts of Ontario and Quebec, its liabit is that
of an introduced plant.

Achillcd vullc/oHiiin, L.. is another extensively-diffused species,
which also ranges lo the Arctic zone. It largely freijuents road-
sides and waste fields.

Xaiitliiiim stniiiiKiuim, L., occurs in the Erie district, and
thence eastward. Some forms of this species are indigenous in
the United States — (Gray's Manual.)

Gnnpludlnni iiligiiKinitin. L. Most of the species of the genus
(Inaph ilium have a more or less introduced-like habit. Indi-
viduals of this species are freiiuent y met with on roadsides and
in fields. The r Mge of the plant extends over the two Provinces,
except iu the extreme West, where, however, it is to be looked

for.

Artemisia vulgaris, L., is a common roadside plant in eastern
Ontario and Quebec. Torrey and Gray (Flora N. Amer.) refer

to it as iiHliiiciious in Hritish North Aiiu'ricii. It occurs within
tho Arctic z inc.

Cii'Hiina <irvi,nc, Sc'»[). In the Hctlldl districts f\ orrnisr is
decidedly iiatiirali/rd. hut soiiu! aiithdrs ro-anl it as probably
iiidiu^fuoiis ill till! Hudson's IJay Territory. It is well diffused
throiiLcliout Ontario and Qiubcc.

Phtiitdiin tiKijnr, L., is very comninn everywhere anionirst
<"*ass in fields and on roadsides. A'ja.ssiz thinks it indiirenous
on the north shore of Lake Superior, ami Maeoim has inlitrnied
nic of its occurrence, in the native state, on rocks aloiiir rivers in
the northern part of the Ccuuity of IVlerhonm.L'h, Ontario.

Vinmini. sn-pi/l/!/i>liti, Iv., is a familiar field and waysido
plant from the Detroit River to Gaspe and Newtoundland. Its
habits are those of an introduced plant, hut some observers have
met with it in the native state.

linniillii riil<i<iris. L., is well distributed over the two Pro-
vinces. TIu' naturalized state occurs abundantly in lawns and in
pastures, and sonmtimos on roadsides.

(^ihiiiiiiifJi'i cHiinpridiinii, Benth., is well known throuLihout
Ontario, hut in Quebec does not seem to have been observed. At
Kingston I think it is indi.i:enous, and Mucoun similarly retrards
the Helh'ville ]ilant. The liake Superior form A^assiz also con-
siders native rather than naturalized.

Pol 11(1(111 II III (iiunil'iir, L. This, the most common of weeds,
almost everywhere meets the (ye. I have only seen the intro-
duced i'orm. and have doubts whether it is, at any locality, indi-
genous. The variety eircfnni {]\ cmtinn, L.) is an aboriginal,
us also is var. llnnndi' (P. mnrlfhiiiim, Kay.)

Ilidnnliiti Liipidiis, L., has escaped from cultivation, and some-
what permaiieutly settled in some places. I have seen it around
Montreal and at Lennoxville. It is indigenous on the north
shore of Lake Supeiior, and during the past sunuuer I found it
entwinin:^; itself among the shrubs which border Salmon (h'eek, in
the Township of .Melbourne, Province of Quebec. It can no
longer bo reg irded as a plant of purely W.isteru range.

Fcxtncd (iviiKi, (iray, var <hiri'iiscii/'(, Oray.

Poll <'/>mpi<ss(i^ L.

P. pnitciiiiln, I .

A(jrostis vii/giiris, With.

Pdiilciiiu g/dhrinn, Gaudin.

P. criisgdl/i, L.

Ti'iflnnii npi IIS, L.

J, iti II III II III, Jj.

Si» intiiii;itt'Iy cnmicctcd in tlicir raiiijo and li:il)its with the
exotic plant"* <il' our ticMs and roadsides, an; our native xpccios
ill tluur ahnornialiy diU'uMcil Htatcs tliat there seems a propriety
in re^V•rrin^' to them here. 'IMu-ir habits an; instruetive as they
furnish an exphmation of th«! eircumstanccs whicii have led to
the intntchiction of tbrci;iii plants int< the country iti our tiincH.
Native species, when they assume these randtlinn' habits — as
iu(»st, if j)erliaps not all, (if our doincsticatcMl exotics to a irreater
or less extent have in the countries iVom whicii they have come
— frcf(uently stra} into <:rain-lields, to roadsides, wharves, and
other localities, whence their seeds are readily conveyed to
foreiiiU lan<ls, ; lonj^ with ^^rain, wool, packinij;, personal ellccts of
emigrants, ballast, and oti r means of transmission, so amply
aftorded. Thousands of the seeds thus yearly brouuht to
foreiun shores probably never uerminafe, an<l ol' th<»se wlTndi do,
perhaps but a small proportion, n^presentiiijj; some of these hardy
species, and a i'ew others, which find a conuenial climate and soil,
mature and perpetuate their existence. Tlu! n^currini:; immigra-
tion, year alter year, of the same as well as occasional other
species, soon, however, uives a feature to the vei^etation there.
The spreading habits of any of the plants, in the countries from
which they iiiivt; come, will have hardened their natures, and lu'rved
them iur not only cnduriiij:; the vicissitudes (d', perhaps, dissimilar
soils, and a more tryiiiu; elimate, but also of encroachinjjj upon
the domains ol' the native vegetation. In tills niaiiner has, [
coneeive, arisen in a larire measure the distribution of the exotic
flora of our roadsides and tields. And it furtlier seems un(jues-
tionable that those mcmberri of our indigenous flora which have
this spreading habit will not oidy be the most likely to mij^rate
to and become naturalized in Ibreiiiii lands, but of all species
whieh may happen to be .so n.ituralized from here will be the
most hardy, and probably have, eventually, the widest ranj^e.
Ei'hjriuin C<inti(li'tisr and h\ (iininnm are familiar illustrations.
With an extensive range in this country, they have migrated to
Europe, whore, in the naturalized state, they now have a wide
distribution. (Knoflicrd hicmn's aftords an example of the same
feature!.

Illustrative of this last group there are some well-known plants.
R(tHuncuti(s alortlvus, h., is very common on roadsides in difl'erent

parts of till' country. The rnn^re of tlic plant is from the Dt'trnit
River to the liOWerSt. liawronco an<l Newtninidland. The variety
mirriinflnis oecurson the north shore of Luke Superior, and theiieo
westward and south-westward.

C(>ri/<lii(is (iiirid, Willd. At Ottawa. I fmind this phint aiuonc^
the rocky del)ris on the hanks of tlic river, alonir with introduecij
plants. Dr. Bi'll has observed a siinil ir spre.idinu' tendiMuiy on
the Manitoulin Islands. This habit is. as yet, hut little developed,
as elsewhere the species i.s only known in its normal state. It i.s
well distributed over the two Provinces, except in the Krie district.

OxdlU utri'rfa, ]j. At Kingston, this is eoininoii in u,arden.s.
Excepting.' on the north shore of Lake Superior, it is well ditVused
over Ont.irio and Qui-bec.

(KiKitliirn lii'i lull's, L., is now a LMrden plant. It is sonietinie.s
found irrowini; in rubbish and on road-sid'S. The distributioti of
the plant over the two I'rovince.s is very <>eneral.

Saiiihiiriis Cmi'idnisis, Ji. This is exceedingly coninion in
fence lows. It isu well-known species from the .southern shores of
the Gcorj^ian JJay and I'rojii the l)t'troit Uiver to the Lower St.
Lawrence. Its abnormal habits have been observed in the United
States, and the question has breu raised whether it is a native
there or not.

Ei'ujcrDH Cirnddnitils, L., is a plant of wide distribution, both
on this and other continents. Here it rangeH over the jxreater
portion of the two Provinces, and often occurs in neglected fields.
Twootherspccie.'iof thi.-,geiius I'J.iiinninin, Pers. and E.stri'g(i.si(in,
Muhl. have also a tendency to beeonu! intruihrs.

Jinl/jic/ciu liirla, L., is a .Mtuthern plant, Indiiicnous in the
Ontario peninsula, and e.istw.irds as f.ir as Belleville, but also
fre(iuent in irrain fields around London and on St. Joseph'.s
Island, Lake Huron, and .spreading in the County of Northum-
berland.

Antenuiiria p!i(nt(ijtiii/o(!it, Hook. This plant is found every-
where throughout the Provinces, and beyond them extends to
Hudson's Bay and the Koeky Mountains. Farm yards and the
road-sides are favourite resorts of it. Anion'-- its near allies, the
Gnaphaliums, there is also a tendency to spread.

B'uhnH /roiidoHa, L. This, and perhaps one or two other
species of the same genus, frequently stray into railway and
roadside ditches. The known range of B.frondnsa is from Lake
Erie to the Lower St. Lawrence.

Lobelia iujlata, L., a well distributed plant of both Provinces,
occurs in grain fields in the Province of Quebec, iind is thought
to be the cause of some cases which Lave lately occurred of
poisoning among cattle.

Jlcdwma pn/ry loidcs, Pers. and 77. Iilaphla, Pursh — neither of
which seems to range into the districts north of Lakes Huron
and Superior and into the Province of Quebec — both have, Mr.
Miicoun inioruis me, spreading habits at Belleville.

Vcfhijia hasfafa, L. is a l're({uent intruder on road-sides and
in neglected fields. In the indigenous state it is common from
the Manitoulin I>lands to the ueighbourlioud of Quebec.

V. iirtici/a/id, L. This species occurs in similar situations to
V. hdstatit. and has a nearly analogous range.

Vcfoniai pcrcijrliia, L. This is a woU-knuwn grass plant,
occurring on lawns, in parks and elsewhere. Its recorded range
is from Luke Erie to the vicinity of Quebec.

lTrticagriir.il is, Ait, Macoun remarks, has an introduced habit
at Belleville. From Lake Superior to Auticosti this plant has
been everywhere met with.

Fuli/yniiinn PcnHsijlvaiiiaim, L. In wet fields, road-sides, and
railway ditches, this, and perhaps one or two more i'olygonums
arc often found. 1\ I'ciiiini/lviinicifiii is known to range from
the Manitoulin Islands to below Montreal,

Acalijpha Virgiitica, L., is a familiar weed in some places. The
species is distributed from the Erie district to about the City of
Quebec.

Euphorbia macula ta, L., is a known road-side plant, and is
possibly an introductiun from the United States. It ranges over
a considerable portion of Ontario.

U. commutata, Engcl., has been noticed at Shannonville, Ont.,
by Macoun, who remarks its introduced like appearance.

tSulix liicida, Muhl., is very common in the ditches and moist
grounds on the sides of railway track... It is abundant through-
out the two Provinces.

Panicum capillarc, L.

When the Provinces were originally settled by the ancestors of
the present French population, we can believe that many of the
weeds of France found a home nere. Immigration during suc-
ceeding years from the same country, and from Great Britain and
Germany, not only repeated the introduction of many of these
weeds, but largely swelled the number of introduced species.

r«

At. the present day, our close commercial relations with Great
Britain and the United States are producing a yearly influx of
these unwelcome visitors, and scattering them broadciist over the
country. Though new forms only now and then make their ap-
pearance, there is an incursion — renewed every summer to a
greater or less extern — of those familiar, self-made friends of
ours. At the same time, not only are these very species — along
with some members of our indigenous flora — migruting from
here and obtaining a footing in other foreign lands with
which we are in commercial intercourse, but they must fre-
quently reappear among their native brethren, in the countries
from which they originally came. Amongst those countries be-
tween which trade relations are intimate, there must be a con-
stant interchange in this way.

Illustrative of this immigration from difterent countries, there
may be cited : from tropical America, Seuebura didi/m<t, Pers.,
which occurs at Gaspe, and Montreal, and which has. probably,
been directly introduced, Chnuipodlum amhrosioidcs, L., species
of Amaranthus, of which there is presumption that they have
come by way of the United States, and Nicofiann ntsfloi, L.,
which Dr. Gray considers a relic of cultivation by the Indians;
from the United States, Murtijnvi prohoscidni, Glos., probably
Acahipht Virghiica, L., and some of the Euphorbias, and from
Europe, in addition to many well-known plants, Potrntilla argen-
tcd, L., Leontodon autianntdc, L., Fbtntiujn btaccolata, L., Ru-
mex patlcntia, L., and (h/nodon Durfjjlou, Pers.

The large yearly influx of population from different parts of
Europe aids materially in establishing species throughout the
Provinces, and the facilities afforded for the subsequent distribu-
tion of these species are especially great in consequence of the
long continuous lines of railway and water communication be-
tween the seaboard and all sections of the interior. Many intro-
duced plants arc thus of wide range. C'lpxdla harm pasforis,
Moench, Aihilha milhfoUani, L., Maruta cofidn, D. C, Ci/-
noglossuni officiiKdc, L., and Pidygonum pi;rsioirl'(, L., for ex-
ample, extend from Lake Superior to the Lower St. Lawrence.
Others, again, arc quite restricted in range. Leontodon autam-
nale, L., and Scnehicra didipna, Pers., are limited to the sea-
ports, and S. coronopus, D. C, is only known from Gaspe ; Ve-
ronica chamcedrys has not been observed elsewhere than at Que-
bec ; Sist/mbriu7n sophia, L., is uncommon in the Province of

Quebec and quite unknown west of Prescott, and Plantago
media, L,, has, as yet, only been observed at Toronto.

Currents may play a more important part in the introduction
of exotic plants than is generally supposed. Our Canadian lake
coas-ts supply illustrations of this agency at work. Coral islands
are, it is well known, mantled with a vegetation largely resulting
from the seeds carried to their shores through the medium of
winds and currents. In the United Kingdom, the influence of
the Gulf Stream is observable in the occurrence of Eriocaulon
gtptdiHjnhtre, With., Si'<jji'iiichluni (tncrpa, Car., and Naias ficxllts,
liostk, upon the western coasts. It seems, indeed, possible that
the part played by this great current in the phenomena of distri-
bution has not been brought into sufficient prominence. 'J he evi-
dence, though limited, suggests the enquiry whether, in addition
to .some local plants, others, common to the two continents, and
fairly diflPuscd, at fne present day, in Europe, may not have had
their starting points on its west shores, whither their seeds have
been carried, by the Gulf Stream, from America, at stray times,
during passing centuries, without destroying their vitality.