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This Itim Is lilmtd st iht rtdueilon rsifo chtcktd btlow / Ca documcni tst lilmi au taux da rMuciion indiqu< ci'dtsaeus. lOx 14x 18x 22x 26x 30x / 12x Ux 20x 24 X 28x 32x Tha copy film«d hara ha* baan raproducad thanki to tha o*n«rositY of: Toronto Reference Library L'axamplaira filmi fut raproduit grica A la gAntrositi da: Toronto Reference Library Tha imagas appaaring hara ara tha bast quality pesaibia eonaidaring tha condition and lagibility of tha original copy and in kaaping with tha filming contract spocificationa. Lat imagat tuivantat ont it* raproduitas avac la plus grand soin. compta tanu da la condition at da la nattat* da Taxampiaira filmi. at an conformity avac :as conditions du contrat da filmaga. Original copias in printad papar covar* ara flimad baginning with tha front covar and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or illuatratad impraa- sion, or tha back covar whan appropriata. 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Mapa. plataa. charts, ate. may ba filmad at diffarant raduction ratios. Thosa too larga to ba antiraly includad in cna axpoaura ara filmad baginning in tha uppar laft hand cornar. laft to right and top to bonom, as many framas as raquirad. Tha following diagrams illustrata tha mathod: Las cartas, planchas. tablaaux. ate. pauvant itra filmis i das taux da riduction diffironts. Lorsqua la Jocumant ast trop grand pour itra raproduit an un saul clichi. il ast filmi i partir da I'angia supiriaur gaucha. da gauchs i droita. at da haut an bas. an pranant la nombra d'imsgas nicassaira. Las diagrammas suivants illustrant la mithoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 «MCROCOrV RISOUniON TBT CHAIT (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No. 2) 1^ |» |12 ■ z? If 1^ 1.8 1.6 ^IPPLIED IM/OE Jnc 1653 Cast Main StrMt Rochester. New York 1 4609 (716) 483 -OJOO-Ptione (716) 2U-M69-Faii &":■'■ m ORPARTMEXT OF THE INTERIOR, CANADA. WATKll POWER BKANCH J. H. Chiillies, Supt. WATER EESOURCES PAPER No. 6. R E 1* O R 1^ ox SOUTH SASKATCHEWAN WATER SUPPLV DIVEHSION PROJECT uy H. E. M. KENSIT, M.I.E.E. Prepurcl uiidor tiro direction of tlie Superinte'ident of Water Powo No. 12, Part 8, Annual Report 1913. 49986—1 O T T AW A . r, O VKHN M KN T lMtlNTIN(! B IT H K A U 1914. '2»3%g:5^ Ito'r 4 - I3>» •* • TABLE OF CONTENTS. Previous Inveatlnatlons 7 Notes from rei.ort by the C'ommlraioner of Irrigation 7 /iJotes from report by Mr. T. Airii Murray 9 Notes fiom report by Mr. Walter J. Francis, CR 9 Uemarl<8 on above reports 10 Statement of the problem 1 1 l-;ievations and population. Table 12 General considerations re sources of power 12 Percentage of Items in cost of steam power. Table 14 Access to pumpinir stations 14 M.^thod of comparison 15 Quantity of water require! 17 Horse-power required 17 Initial installation 18 Complete installation 18 Capacity of plant is Power plant at river 18 t'ost of coal delivered at the '■iver 19 The ron.«umers' Coal '" - >'• 20 ■Ihe water of the South ' ■ river 22 < ias turbines 22 The Humphrey Internal f'ump 2.^ Summary of alternative »0i 1 rower 32 Summary of basis of es'.imit 34 Nummary of estimates — o.-rram and table .■J7 Hi(th duty pumping enginex — veriical tilple expansion — coal operated 40 Initial instal'ation — estimates 40 Complete Installation — estimates 41 Steam turbine driven centrifugal pumps — coal 42 Initial installation — estimates 42 Complete installation — estimates 42 Steam plint 43 Natural gas 44 Steam driven centrifugal pumps — natural gas fuel 4t; Initial instal'ation — estimates 46 Complete installation — estimates 47 Water-power 47 Initial Installation — estimates 48 Complete installation — estimates 49 Steam reserve to water-power plant 50 Initial Installation — estimates r>2 Complete installation — estimates ,'■,2 Comparative diagram of annual cost of water-power with steam reserve versus steam turbines with coal r.J I 'loilucer gas plant — general considf rations .■i4 Producer gas plant on the coal field — initial installation .16 Estimates r>S Recovery of by-products ri7 I'roducer gas plant on the coal field — complete installation (n, Fst'mates AO Cost of transmission 61 Klectrically operated pumping station — estimates 6i Summary of total cost, Initial and complete 65 T'loducer gas versus water-power fig Purchase of power B7 Klectrically driven pumps with purchased power — e.-^timates 89 Oil engine plant — Diesel engine 71 Initial installation — estimates 75 Complete Installation — estimates 76 Comparison of oil engine and steam turbine plant. Diagram 77 Cas engines for pumping 7S Review of a'ternatives 79 Klectric transmission versus freight on coal. Diagram 80 Votal cost of water delivered to consumers 83 • 'ost due to pipe line. Diagram 84 .'oncluslons g.^ I nrtex to map showing sources of fuel power 85 Appendix 8T 49986—11 iit:i:ininK\r of iiik imkhiou rro|H>sf(l iinMiiurc k.vsI.iii of dtllv 'ly Si7 '■rnvily sy«lciii j^7 \'l\ HV.IIV HyHtcm MD Miniliir wiitrr xuinily syatvm S9 IM.IISTKATIO.NS. Thf Humiihi'py line, mil <*iiniliii»li(>ii riiiii|i ('(iinliuKtioii ihaiiilier, lii.iinO.OOO KaUon pump. partly fltle.l ■•■; 'I'lie lluiii:ilirey liitirmil Coinliu.xtiiiii I'imip. SutI;oii viilvr box of unit now eiect lit CliiiiK- foi-d. I lir.'hind ;;9 The Humiijiiey liileiiiiil i 'omliiistioi I'uiiip. I'hiiiKfonl ri-sfivoir. KiiKland. shovini; dis- i-harKe from on** 41».i"ni.iHni enllon |-unip L'!t iJIAiilSAMS. lluiiiiiliicy liuiiips. MiTtloual iliaifl.un Jl Humphrey iiunip.". gi iieial aiTaiiKeim iits 2ti Summary of estimati .« 37 W'ater-povvei- \er.suw steam turliitien .">3 o 1 eiiffineH vei»ii« xteam turbines 77 IMecirif tran.«mi.«a!on \ersus* rate on coal 82 i'o>i per l.'HUi gallons ilue to pipe line only S4 PLANS. TO FAIK I'AllE. South .Saskatehewan water diversion projeet. routes for proposed city water supply 1" South Saskatchewan water diversion sources of fuel, power and indications thereof S4 REPORT OF H. K. M. KEYSET Ottawa, April 14, 1913. J. K ClIAI.UKS, E^i].. Sii|M'riiit('ii(lc'iit, \Viitcr|n)wer Brunch, Ottawii. SOUTH v\SKATCIli;WA.\ mVEIl. Sir, — In accordance with your instructions of September 25, 1912, to investigate the sources of power available for pumping water from the South Saskatchewan river for supply to cities and towns iu the central jwrtion of South Suskiitcbcwiui, I bejr to report as follows: — 1 lmv( spent the period from September 30 to Ducembir 5 in the locality, niokinp a thorou>rh investiKiition into the nature of the problem and the local con- ditions affecting it. It will be understood that in accordance with your iii-.tructioii-i this did not include any surveys or tield work, which still remain to be dealt with. In compniiy with ^Ir. J. 15. JlcRae, consulting engineer to the department, and Mr. I). L. Mcl.can, chief engineer. ^lanitoba Ilydrographic Survey, I visited th3 South Saskatchewan river near Boldenhurst (Billings Ferry), and at ' the RIbow,' and sub=e(iuently I returned alone and made a further careful inspection of the nature of the land near the Elbow. I have also visited the following places, spending sufficient time in each to collect all available information bearing on the subject, and data of power and water supply under conditions obtaining in such western towns: — Moosejaw, Regina, Weyburn, Saskat on, Winnipeg, Calgary, Eli w, Tugaske, Medicine Hat, Van- couver, iid the developed eojii mine of tiie t'ousuniers' Coal Coinpaiiy en the Lake of the liivers, 38 miles south of Mooseiaw. T have interviewed the following officials and other gentlemen to whom I am much indebted for information furnished: — Calgai-i). A. S. Dawson, chief engineer. Department of iVattira! Resources. C.P.R. John F. Sweeting, industrial agent, western lines, C.P.R. F. II. Peters, commissioner of irrigation. Eugene Coste, president, Canadian Western Natural Gas Light, Heat and Power Company. J. D. Fleet, general manager, Calgary Power Company. William Georgcison, wholesale merchant, principal in the proposed company to pipe natural gas from Alberta to Aloosejaw, Regina, Winnipeg and intermediate points. 11. 1.. Shimmin, engineer to Mr. Georgeson. K. A. Brown, city electrical superintendent. Lellibridge. Arthur IJeid, city electrical superintendent. Mr. Blanchard, city engineer. nRPARTMF.yT OF THK KTF.HIOH Medicine Hat. A. K. Orimmer, city engineer. John McNecly, proprietor Medicine Hat Milling Company. Mr. Soans, resident engineer, C.P.R. B. Winter, gas superintendent, C.P.R. Arthur M. Grace, chief engineer. Southern Alberta Land Company. Moosejaw. H. C. Pope, chairman Light, Heat and Power Committee, City Council. L. W. Kundlett, city commissioner. W. F. Heal, city commissioner. T. Martin, division engineer. C.P.R. J. Antonisen, city engineer. J. D. Peters, city electrician. Theodore Kipp, jr., chairman of the Power Committee, Board of Trade. Mr. Patton, secretary Board of Trade. W. B. Willoughby, M.P.P., leader of the Oppositicn, Saskatchewan Legislature. A. H. Dion, general manager, Moosejaw Street Railway Company. John C. Chisholm, LL.D., president, and L. E. Bays, manager, Consumers' Coal Co. Lake of the Rivers Mine, near Ifoosejaw. T. Steele, superintending engineer to Mirrlees, Bickerton and Day, makers of Diesel oil engines. Reyina. A. F. Mantle, Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Go% 'rnment of Saskatchewan. C. E. McPherson, chairman of Highways Commission, Government of Saskat- chewan. Dr. M. M. Seymour, commissioner, Bureau of Public Health, Government of Saskatchewan. Senator J. H. Ross, of the Dominion Senate (named as representative of the Saskatchewan Government on the Water Commission to be appointed). G. A. Mantle, city commissioner. L. A. Thornton, city commi-sioner. Dr. G. A. Charlton, bacteriologist, Department of Agriia Kioctru' Iraition Compuny. 1 liiivp also visited ii iiuniicr of coal, pas ami oil plaTits in operation at various points in the west, elosely inqiiiri. jt into their operation from the managers and operating staffs and ohtaining operating costs and financial results where possible. Thes" included plants in Moosejaw, Medicine Ilat, Lethbridge, Saskatoon, Van- couver, Weylmni, but in some cases the particulars as to cost of operation were given in confidence, to Ic wed for estimating purposes only. I now beg to hand you my report on the sources of power available and the esti- mated cost of pumping by each metluxK together with a discussion of various possi- bilities which appciir to deserve further investigation. Yours respectfully, H. E. k. 'vENSIT. City Watku Si fi'i-v kiiom tiik Sot tii Saskah iikwan Kinkr. PItKVlolS ISVKSTIOATIONS. The primary object of the investig... ms herein reported upon was to ascertain what sources of power are available for pumping water from the South Saskatchewan river fi>r municipal supply to tlie cities of Moosejaw, Kcgina and Weyburn, and inter- mediate towns, and the comparative cost of power from such different sources. Prcvio\is reports bearing on this subject have been made by: — The Commissioner of Irrigation, dated April 2, 1912, to the Department of the Interior. Mr. T. Aird Murray, C.E.. consulting engineer to the province under the Saskatchewan Public Health Act. in 1011. Messrs. Walter .T. Francis A: Co.. of Montrciil. dated June 15, liHl, to the city of Moosejaw. Brief extracts frcin the above reports are therefore first given, to show in a general way the proposals made and for the purpose of ready reference to data quoted therefrom. Notefi from Report lii the Commi/i.iinner of Irrigation. Purpose. —To take from the South Saskatchewan river a supply of water for town purposes and deliver the same by gravity to towns in the Moosejaw and Regina districts. QHantit!i.--Ua» taken the figure of the application of the Saskatchewan Govern- ment as 200 cubic feet per second. The only feasible scheme, in the writer's opinion, is to dam the river i. i develop enough power to pump the water to a sufiicient height on the side hill of the river, the available power has been based on the minimum winter flow. (See below under ' Flow.') trravity pipe line. — Circular reinforced concrete pipe covered everywhere by 6 feet of earth From 10 feet 6 inches to C feet 5 inches inteti il diameter. ItEPARTMrAT OF TflH IXTEIllOlt Demand for water. — Assumed equal from intake to delivery nt Ucj^inn. where '»> cubic feet per secouil is allowed. Total lenirth of 170 miles is therefore divided iiilo four sections havin-:, from the intnko, capacities res; ectively of 200, 15'1, 100 and 50 cubic feet per second. Location of dam. — Somewhere in townships 22 t>r 2'! 'ibout 20 miles S.W. of * the Elbow.' Flow. — Available L.W. flow assumed at ;5,000 cubic feet i)er second. (See ' Remarks ' below.) Efficiency of turbines and direct eonneeted centrifugal pumps assumed at 52 per cent. Friction in pipes from pumps to delivery to intake on height of land near river, assumed at 10 per cent. Quantity required in pipe: 200 c.f.s. Head on pipe line — Intake at Uolilenhiirst din h;'i!,'lit of hind) 1,0.11 Regina ],S()2 8!) ft. Head at dam^ Top of dam 1,C!)0 Natural low water 1,fl,".:j 37 f. Lift required — Canal intake 1,0.")1 Top of dam l.fiOO 2fil ft Tlieoretic lorse-power roquiied. 12, to follow a wiudin;; route to obtain the necessiiry contour to reach Re-.'ina. This route is 170 miles long and does not include conuectiou to ^loose'aw, abn\it 14 miles by air line north of the pipe line, nor any other town. (See Plate ^^^.^ This is further referred to under the head of ' cost due to the pipe line.' The available low-water flow in the river is assiuned at ."5,000 c.f.s. According to the Department of the Interior's b.vdropraphie survey of the river at S.W. 2S-.3- .l. West 3rd Mer., the minimum dischi'rjr*' was on .Tauuary !• and 10, 1011, 1.382 c.f.s. The observations givinir this fiifure covered only a shirt porind, so that it is possible the flow may at times he even less than that given. A marfrin of per cent on 1,382 leaves 1,300 c.f.s. From this there must also be deducted the water required for city water supply under the proposed project. This was taken by Mr. Peters at 2v)0 c.f.?. Applica- tion was made for rights to divert 100,000,000 gallons per day for this purpose, equal to 185 c.f.s. Subtracting this latter figure from 1,300, as above, leaves 1,115 c.f.s. so thnt the flow available = l.ll.S o.f.n. SOI 111 s.i.s/r.i'/CHKUiv ^y^TF.l{ si rri.v nivEitsin\ i'i{o.n:rr Aolcs from Jieport by Mr. '/'. AinI Murray. Mooscjair. — Storaf?e supply for only 20.000 i-op\ilnti\' olmit 1" finllons per day iiofussitntes sh/trtiis off the supply dnily. /.'(Y/ini.— Present supply o;ly gr"f>as- katchi'wan river to the Moo-^ejaw and Kcgiua dis»'"cts must depen 1 entirely uiiou pumpiuj; water over the height of land or tunuellnicr throujrli tlio height of laud. I am inelined to think that a tminel scheme will prove tlie most efficient in every way. combined with the construction of a dam .icross the river, but exact d a-a not available. A 2.5-foot dam would allow of a gravity cut through the height of land i jr fourteen miles at an average depth of thirty feet. Water would be delivered to RutTalo lake, aixty-tive miles from the Elbow, with a total fall of thirty-eight feet. Buffalo hike is eighteen feet below normal river level at the Klbow, and is seventy-five feet belnw Moosejaw, 200 feet below Kegina and 1S2 feet below Weyburn. The water w(.uhl then have to be pumped to points from which it could gravitate. Water required for t"ivn mtpitly. — Assuming fifty gallons per head per day and 100,000 population each for Moosejaw and Regina, with lOO.i'OO for smaller towns (total. 300,000). we would re far as possible. The smaller towns between the above-named cities and between Moosejaw and Elbow, on the lines of the Canadian Pacific railway, arc also extremely linrtod in tl eir water supply. Between the above-mentioned points there are some twent.v-si.K cities, town- and villages, many of which arc growing rapidl.v. An estimate (pigc 12) bused on the latest figures and allowing an average rate of increase of only 15 per cent per annum indicates that these places will have a population of at Ica.-t 100,000 witiiiii tlic n .xt two years, or about the time it wc dd take to carry out any comprehensive wiitcr supply scheme. Furthermore, within the same area or closely adjacent thereto, the Ciinadian Pacific, Canadian Korthern and Grand Trunk Pacific railroads have built or are 1 nild- ing several new lines, and numerous new towns are already established tlicrcon, indi- cating the probability of a comparatively dense population in the near futur.'. The situation has been investigated or studied and reported upon at different times by Mr. T. Aird Murray, C.E., of Toronto, Dr. M. M. Seymour, Commissioner of Public Health, Saskatchewan, Messrs. Walter J. Francis and Company of Jlont- real, the Conmiissione.- of Irrigation and his assistant, Mr. P. M. Sauder, all of whom appear to agree that the ultimate source of town water supply over the said cen- tral portion of south Saskatchewan must be from the South Saskatchewan river. The nearest part of the South Saskatchewan river is at a distance of about ".'> to 80 miles in an air line northwest of Moosejaw and proportionately farther from Regina and Weyburn according to the route taken. (Fuller particulars will be found in the body of this report.) The elevation of the water in the river is considerably below that of the cities of Moosejaw, Regina and Weyburn, and intermediate towns, and the water will have to be pumped to an intake on the height of land near the river bank. This intake must be at a sufficient elevation to give a gravity supply from thence to the above- named cities. The lift will be from 260 to 330 feet for a gravity supply, and to meet the ultimate needs of the district this will probably require finally about 12,000 horse- power, though the initial installation need not be more than a part of this capacity. It will therefore be seen that a large amount of power will be required and that the cost of pumping must be carefully considered. On account of the nature of the river, i. e., its slow flow and absence of natural fall, its great width and the probable lack of suitable foundations for a dam, it cannot be considered a favourable water-power development and would certainl.v be a somewhat expensive one. It has therefore been considered advisable to make a thorough investigation of what sources of power other ihan water-power are available to do this pumping, and what the costs by such other sources would be, compared with one another and with water-pcwer. 12 in-:i'\in]ih:\r or iin: iwkkioi,' III ^hJl "^ "^ r *^" "^P"'*' ^htreforo, i8 to pre.sent suggestions as to what other sources of power are available and practicable, and what the costs would be by each of such methods, taking into consideration both capital and operating co.t8 and g.v.ng the final results in terms of the total cost per 1,000 garh.ns of water lifted to the intake of the gn.vity pipe line. gallons oi Elevations and Popilatioxs. Tiiun. EilMiu' Aiktou (.•«tiiiiiitr<1). Mridffffonl 'I'liga^ke Kyelin)w Brrnvnlcc Kwler Mai-fjiiis.. Tiuf.ml IMl«;k .M(X)«E.i.i\v Driiikwatfr .. Pitiiiun (■■stiiirit.-rl) Knilli.lM Wilcox Cdrinne Mil«it<>nf I<;inif Yfllow (;ra>« McT.iioriirt WKvmiiN I'aK(|iiia . . Belle I'laiii... I'flise.. • iraiiil Ciiilw Kk.mn.v - — l'o)>iilutiiiii. T..t:.I I'cipilhitiiill. Klivatimi abov*' r*ea le\ t^l. ■J.M 1 S'lT UilO lOO 400 ^,r'.t2 i,H;r> 4IM) ■2:0 1,HI2 l.s.V> l.SIW 1 Sti'l 4.5t» ."iiK( 13:. 4. On arcount ;t hill within city li.ni-s, .S» f..,.t. tlii» sliMuhl hv ti.k.ii .i, I,S:R Low water of South Sas^katphewan river, near Boldenhurst, 1,053 Wevat.ons at Canadian Pacific railway rail level, from official cont..nr< I opulations per latest estimates of Canadian Pacific Railwav Companv. nnle.s otn-^rwise stated. u'LV'Z"/^ 'T'*'^*'' °^ ^^ P" '■"'' ^" """""' ^^■""•'' '""•^e the atinvo population reach 102,000 in January, 1915. OKXKRAL COXSIDKRATIONS re .SOLRCKS OF POWKII. The object under consideration is to develop power for pumping wat.T ut » given point, at the least possible annual expenditure (made up of both annual capital charges and operating costs), that will give the maximum reliability of service. Three methods are possible: — (1) The development of a water-power. (2) The puTPhaso of power in bulk delivered at the (.S) The gentration of power from fuel, elth. or at a distance with electrical tran smi-ssioii. pumping ststion. lit the pumping station. .sof 77/ s".(.vAM7<7/A;iri V iri7T/,' St rrr.y ihveksiox vumfj-t 13 Alternative (3) covers u large numbor of possible alternBtives which are fur- ther (letaile*! mi p.ijfe :i2. The nilvaiitapcs, (Ii>ia(lvaiitaf;es ami reliability of each source of power are dis- cussed under tlie iiendiu)? relating to that source of power. No Rcueral comparison of the cost of power from different sources can be made that is of any real value over even a small area, as conditions vary so much that eiieh case is a problem in itself. After having uscertain.d the iietu:d .■xi^tin(r con- ditions as closely as possible, the different methods must be co.npared by estimates of capital expenditure and operating expenses that will meet those particular con- ditions. Tims, taking one of the simplest possiiile cases, suppose a gns euirine and an electric motor of the same rated horse-power, and supplied with gns and electricity at fi.\ed rates. Let these rates be as nearly as possible e', depending on type, overload capacity, etc. (5) Cost of land, buildings and foundations, varying with type of plant, as affecting space, etc. (0) Depreciation and repairs, varying with type of plant. (7) Labour and superintendence, varying with type of plant. (S) Length of transmission. ITEMS IN COST OF STEAM POWER EXPRESSED A8 A PERCENTAGE OF THE TOTAL COST. Average results from several American plants. Size, 3,000 to 5,000 k.w. Load factor, about 35 per cent. Cost of fuel corrected to be equivalent to coal at $3.50 per ton. C<)»t IHT K.W. hour. Operating cuots - Fuel Wagmt Oil, water BU|>|flift« Kfitaim anH mainti'iiance. Management and office •618 •IHi) 042 043 lao Annual capital charges ~ Gout (ler k w iuHtalled Jl.W Interest, 5 (ler cent ; Kinking fund, 3 |>er cent i depreciation, 4 |>er cent -isuraiice and taxes, 1 lier ttnt ; total, 13 per Cent 921 Per cent of oiierating coHtf. 68 2 It* .'i 4 B 4 6 lU 3 lUO (> Per cent of total COHtH . .(4 U I 2> 2-8 U 8 I'M 6 6P3 1 524 3<» ,'•> 100 Access to I'umpino Station. Two sites have been surveyed for a dam, and the route for a gravity pipe line to Regina approximately located from each. The lirst site is due west from Boldenhurst, between townships 22 and 23, range 7, west of 3rd meridian (see Plate 38), and the nearest existing railroad station is Aiktow on the Outlook brunch of the Canadian Pacific Railway, about 19 miles dis- tant in an air line from the site. The second site, in township 21, between ranges 7 and 8, west 3rd meridian, is about 15 miles south of the first and the nearest existing railroad station would be Tsngraspo, 3 miles east of Ernfold. on the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, about 23 miles distant in an air line. It may be assumed that a branch railroad line would have to be built to the sita of the pumping station, and this would probably have to be done at the expense of the proposed Water Commission. Outside of any question of fuel for power, such a line would appear to be neces- sary for the conveyance of building materials, machinery for the initial plant and 8ul>sequent installations from time to time, supplies and stores, fuel for heating, etc.. SOUTH SASKATCHKniS WATKR si PI'l.Y inVEKsloy I'HOJEVT 15 and practioally lu-cesgnry for the transportntion of the eiiKinetrn, nmiiuKer and other.i, and it will ttuTcfore lx> a part of the eost of producing iwwer at the pri(|H sed location. Assume that the second location is selected, as it apiM'an to yiwv somewhat the shortest mute for the pipe line. No surveys have lieen made and only the rouphe: , estimate of eost can be arrived at. To the 23 miles by air line add 20 per cent for deviations to follow contour of the laud, sidinK-, &'c., and wc have 2.S miles. A full i;aiigc line would need to be lail that co'ild be used by the railroad companies. Assunij the cost at $15,00() per mile, complete with sidinps, sheds, &c. It may further be assumed that some form of motor ear would have to be maiii- ta'ncd for use on this line, and a man to operate it, to convey less than car-load lots per cent; snikinp fund, ii |icr cent; uiiiintcuiiucc. •> per cent; insurance and taxes, 1 i» r cent ; total, 10 per cent. Tl:e cost of this special line would then he appro.\imately thus: — First cost — Twenty-eight miles of track at $15,000 $420,000 Motor car, shed, &c 3,1)00 $423,500 Annual cost — Ten per cent ou $420,000 $ 42,000 Twenty rer cent on $3,500 700 Wages of one man 900 $ 43,600 Incidentals, 10 per cent 4,300 $ 47,960 Annual cost, say $48,000. This is a considerable m to add to the annual costs, but, as it applies equally to whatever Foiirce of power is used, it has not been added to the estimates in any case. Method of Comparison. The comparison between differen .nethods of producinpr power is, in this report, trade on the basis that the total annual cost of producing power or pumping water is made up of: — (1) Annual capital charges, i.e., interest, sinkin? fund, depreciation (according to type of plant), insurance, taxes, &c. (2) Payments for water rights, water storage charges (for power), leases, &'., if any. (3) Operating costs, including mana?ement, office, legal and all expenses not included elsewhere. This covers every item in any way eutering into the total cost, and represenU the total annual expenditure, including proper provision for repaying capital and a depreciation and reserve fund to cover the ilifferenee iietween the probable life of the plant and the period of the loan, unforeseen expeditures (floods, lightning. &c.) and obsolescence of plant. 16 in.i'MiiMKM or lilt: iwnuunt ; Tlie s.vstcm nf lower |ir«i !()Wp«t )tnl nmninl cxpcndifiiro (hy the above mothiid) .-hiiiild be the Le>t tiiinii -iiil mid eiiKiiieeriii-jr proposition. There i:^, however, miotlier nictho I of niiiUiiifc' tlirse comparisons which may be referred to, ns it is (piite freipiently used. This i-r)iisi9ts of i.ddinfT to the to'id capital expenditure tlie caiiitiilized value of the e-tiniated annual openitiiiji expenses, and comparing .ogother the totals so obtained, eallinpr tiie ratio between tiioni the ' investment efficiency,' or some similar term. This iipp«nir« to lie n lu.rely theoretical way of lookinjr at the matter and one not representinpT actual conditions. The annual ojieratinR costs are not capital charges except possibly duiing the early stiifres or in l!ie event of an unremunerative undertaking, and then only as to any deficiency. They are not taken out of capital nor can they be converted into capital (as profits could be), since eo'ts must be spent as incurred. Operatinj; costs are, on the contrarj-, met as incurred out of revenue earned, they vary largely for tiie sanic size of plant according to tile type of plant, the load factor and. the etticiency of nianagenient, and have no fi.xed or definite relation to capital expenditure. It would appear tliat whereas the first nietliotl may be suitably applied to compare the cost of different designs using the same source of power for the same purpose, the second method will be the most suitable for comparing tlie results to be obtained from >• tlio ('i.miiii^si.int'r of Piiblio Hciiltli. fJdvcriiniciif of Siisknt.licwiiii, to tin- Jlinistcr of tlio Inferior, it is st.xU't] tliat till- Provinciiil (loviTniiiont liml iipplieil to tlio Commissioner of Irriirntion £nr authority to divert l(»0,(MH),n.) in the vieinily of tcwnship 2r>. riiiim> r., west of .Iril nwridinn. Tliis is in tlio iieinlil.onrlioo.l of tlie Klhow. This wonhl supply, on the h;isis of mi :iver:i«e deni:ind of inu ;,Mllons per Ciipitii r>er (hiy, n popnhitioii of l.(l(MI,0()(>. I'liil.'il.l, i.„i„il.ii;„ii. .\~ -liwUM oil |„ije I:.', it ni:iy h ■ . -tinial.-d ihjt the populiitioii ..f the district to I ,■ tir.-t de;ilt with "ill he n.it less fhiin llMHMH) l,v ,Inii- iinry. 101.-,. It does not appt^ir prolmhle thiit ii populiition of l.(t()i».(i()0 in the .said area i.e.. the Moosej^iw-IJeiriiia-Weyhiirn district, will he reaihed for a noo.l many .years to eonie. y\ u:'i> It in;iy he iidvisahle to put in a pijie line of eapa<-ity to meet tlio proliablo demands for a iinmlK^r oi .Venrs ahead. ,.n .iciom.i of the heavy proportion of tlie cost of trenehiii}.', etc.. this does not apply to the pnmpinj; jilant. Piimiihir, /)/ ' ■ I LiKnite 1 ISfl i 30,5 324 79 i jo.ooo 3 tMi j 24 00 'An investigation of the coals of Cnnnda, vols. 1 and 2, 191?. 20 DHi'Ah'TMHxr or nil: i\ri:iinni It ^('I'li thiit for the piu-pi jf ^t(•:llll riiisiiiL' lit tlie iinrticular spot iiiidur coiitiidi-ratiiiii, the C'row.-iiu'st cniil wmild apiit'nr to yivo the hest viihie for the money, and to he tlie most s\iitidde to tifriire on Inr that ])Mrpose. Jliiucver. the apparent vahies are so eh)-e lliat it eouM only lie determined hy actual test nnck'r worUinj;- conditions which would prove llie eiieapcst in jiracticc^. 'J'lie a'o\e conipari>ons Inive no hearinj;' on the i'ii>t of producing: jiower at the pit mouth, which will he cunsidercd separately. ('iPuU 1 and - were tested under the >uperinteiid<'nee of the Min<'s Department, Ottawa, under the saini' condiliiMis and in the >ame hoiler and furnace. i'liiii ;! w;,- -cpar.-ilely tested as de-cri!>ed uniler the head' of 'Consumer's Coal Comi)nny,' hut the evaporation is estimated and not the resnlt of test. 1 1 i- iriilalili' tiiar Ua\\ the liiinites wcnild ;;ive eonsiderahly lu'tti'r results if hnrnt in larirer hnilers witli ppociol fiirnaecs. It i- al-o ])r.i!ialile that hetter te>t re-ults could he ohtained for the Crow^ni-st coa'. with a lar;;cr Imiler, an economizer, etc., hut for an all-the-year-roinul perform- ance which iiu-ludcs lu-.-es due to standby a-^ reserve, hlowiufr ■^"\\n and. hankiiif.' hiiilcr-. wtallierin;;- I'y storafiv. etc., it would pruhahly not lie sali lo a»ume a nuieh hctter ti.iiure. i l-'i-iniiil //.(/(.v.- In rcfiard to fr<'i>;ht rales a- alh'ctinj;' the total eo^t of eual. it may he anlicipalcd ihal tlie-e are more likely to he decreased tiian increased. In a repnrt nf the Western l'"reif;lit Hat<'s Ca>e heariuff hefore the Hailway Com- mi»iiin ( ' I i' i- stated as follows: ,Mr. M. K. Cowan, K.C., ecuinsel for Saskatchewan and .Mhcrla. then tmik up the rales on coal from Kstevan to other Canadiaii Pacific Railway stations in Saskatchewan as compared with the Great Northern Railway, Xiirthcrn i'acilii- and Sim line rates in North Dakota for similar distances. lli> exhiliil »liow .1 that the Saskatchewan rates were from ','2 to li'l ikt cent hijilier than the American ones. It was also shown hy the Commissioner of the Roard of Trade of Saskatoon. (-^ that ^vlierea= the coal freicrht rate from Fdniimton to Saskatoon. invoUinir a drop of (514 feet, was O.so^; cents per ton mile, the rate from Port Arthur to Saskation iuvolvinj; a ri-i' of 1,ri74 feet, was O.-Wl cents. 'I'he rate from Kstevan to Klhow, as triven ri'cently fur the purpos<' of this report hy the Canadian I'acific Railwa.v, is equivalent to O-O:^) cents per ton mile. 'J'he (Irand Trunk Pacilic railway have under construction lines from the Kstevan district to Moose.jnw via Retina and from Mooscjaw to Klhow. which may also have ^ome effect on tlie frei>rht rates. Jii this coinieetion the secretary-treasurer of the K-tevan Hoard of Trade reeen'ly stated (^) tlint when the new Orand Trunk Paeifii' 1 e hetweon Kstevan and Rejrina is in o|icration it will le possihie to lay down li?juiti' in that city at ai>proxiinately $1.S0 per ton, the cn-t of mining h(Mn;r in thi' neiiihl nurhood of CCi to SO cents. It woidd therefore appear desirahle, when the matter is rijie for decision, tu revise the estimates hereafter i;i\t'n in acconl with the latest freijilit rates and ). The head cilice of thi~ company is in .Moosejaw, and. the president is .Mr. John ?:. Chisholm, IX.H, (1) Ottawa cm 1,1. .laniiiirv 10, llli;) (»^ Siiskiileeii Hoi, 11 Slat; N.ivpniln • 18, 191i. (■M liVxitui Kvfiiiiifi l.riidrr. NuNPaih' r 2r>, 1912 soil II sAffKAiciiEn.w w \rt:i! si rru /»/i a./.'n/o.v run.n.vr 2t l)islance.~Th\a mine is distant in an air line from Klbow less than 100 miles as ;iL;iiiii>t aliiiit 2l'0 miles t(i the eual licMs near Kslevaii, wliii'li Wduld lie a larfre cnn- •^i\ I'lUhiHcr 23 A recent paper l.y Dunnld Clerk, D.Sc.. F.H.S., a well-known authority, read before sec. G. of the British Association at Dundee, September 0, 1012 (') K'ives an account of past experiments and the present position of this type of engine. The following is a brief summary of the conclusions reaelu'd :— ' Many attempts have been made to produce a cotnmcrciiil gas-turbine. So far no attempt has succeeded; the practical difficulties have provcl to be too serious. 'ijeeently the explosion type has been studied by Mr. Hans Ilolzwarth, who has built a gas turbine of a rated power of ],0<)() horse-power. . . Many practical difficulties were found, but ultimately the turbiiu^ was operated by producer gas made from coke. ... So far as I understand Mr. llolzwarth's experiments tho highest power actually obtained was about Kit) brake horse- pinver From these e.xi)eriments Mr. Ilolzwarth came to the eonclu- sious that the siu'cessive explosions interfered with each other. . . . The theory of the Ilolzwarth machine doe^s not appear to me to permit niore tlian a 10 per cent heat conversion. So far as I understand ^Ir. llolzwarth's results, his actual conversion is nnich less than this ' Tho existing internal combustion engines are quite .satisfactory for small and moderate jiower units; but the weight increases so rapidly with increase of cylinder diameter that large units, sueli as 20,000 horse-power per shaft, easily attaineti by the steam turbine, have proved quite impossible for the reciprocating gas engine. ' In order to apply internal combustion for the purpose of such large units, it ap[)ears to me to be necessary to dispense with the cylinder, piston and crank. I fear that this cannot be done on the lines of either constant pressure or explo- sion turbines here shortly discussed.' On the other hand, it is stated by ^fr. K. A. Fernald in a re<'ent ;,aiHT (-) that:— ' Results are soon to be expected from the more recent investigations and tests relating to gas t\irbines. Some of the tyiK's are believed to be based on correct principles, so that after a satisfactory rotary air compressor has been designed, rapid progress in the development of this prime mover nn.v be expected.' In his inaugural address as president of tho Institution of Klectrical I'-ngine.rs, London, Knpland, in November, 1010, Ifr. S. Z. de Ferranti said, in reference to coal conservation : — ' In the future we have to look towards two other means of eonve ■■ — the gas-turbine — driven electric generator and the production of electriciiy ni some more direct way from the coal, but these two means of conversion, although capable of giving the most efficient results, are so much in the distance, that they are quite beyond our present cionsideration.' INTERNAL COMBUSTION IT MPS. I Of this type of pump, the furthest developed appears to be the 'Humph. /,' as developed by the" Pump and Power Company, Limited, 28 Victoria street, London. England. This is not only a new design but embodies an entirely new principle, and while not yet a fully demonstrated success for all classes of pumping, its performance to date has been so pnomising that it is thought to be worth careful consideration and inquiry. * Reprinted in Engineering, London, September 13. 1912. 2 Technical Paper 9, I'.S.A., Bureau of Mines, 1912. 24 in:i:ii{i\ih:\r or iiii: i\rt:iiiuii Til ailditioii fo ;i study of flii> avnilnlilc information on tlip sul>jfct. this branch caiisod lino of its engineers, ^Ir. Alfred M. Boalo, B.Se., to visit and reiwrt upon pliints in operation and under constnu-tion in Eiijjlaiid, and the information so obtained i< incorpornteil in the folhiwinp: — Tlie pump is of extreme simplicity — in ilr. Be;\le'- words ' the most strikinjr thing iil>out the wlio.e itlant is that there is so little to see,'— nevertheless, a seetional draw- ing anil haered doM'ription is essential to a olear \inderstandinfr of its operation, on Mci-onnt (if the new principle involved. This is. therefore, friven first and is followed by a brief disenssion of the ditfii'id- ties that will most readily occur to readers. A description of the present stage of jlevelopment i.? then pivcn and a bibliography is added to assist those interested in obtaining more detailed information. secTiON. 11 ■■ Fii:. 1. Hiim|ihri'y InlHrniil Combust ion I'uiiip. First ixiwiiniental fmir cycle piiiii|i. Tn this internal combiistioii pnmp the explosion of the charge of gas takes i)lace in direct contact with the column of water, wiiich acts as a water piston. A horizon- tal iiipe forms the pump and is connected at one end to a combustion chamber and flt the other to an open water tower. The water is able to surge or oscillate freely backwards and forwards after an explosion and this surging column of water fulfils all the functions of a piston and pump plunger even to controlling tiie valves for water, pas and air, and exhaust. The following description of the simplest form, together with the accompanying cut, Fig. 1. is taken from Mr. Humphrey's paper before the institution of Mechanieal Engineer-, London, November, 1009. 'The pun;p consists essentially of a combustion chamber A, fitted with an int.ike valve I> for combustible ui!.\ture, and an c.\li:uist val.'c C fur bufut products. A pipe D connects the bottom of the combustion chamber to a low level tank E and to a high level tank F, and between this pipe and the former suirn sAsK \Tt ^Imt !>>' a -i""'"!^- b>it the exhnust valve C has no sprinp to hold it >ip and falls by its own weifiht when the pawl II is reniovoil from im(l<>r a rollar J fa-ti'iioisually a little before this level is quite reached the kinetic energy of the moving cobunn has been expended in forcing more water into the high level tank, ami the cohmni has therefore come to rest. At this point of the cycle the spring (Hi the water valve quietly closes this valve, and is assisted by the water now tryiiiir to flow back from the high Icvi! tank to the chamber. It cannot How back far, because there is already a considerable quantity of water in the chamber, and as the column rises further it reaches the exhaust valve and striking against it, shuts it by impact. The exhaust valve is inunidiatcly lucked shut, bv the ji.^ivl >bown engaging under the collar of the valve stem, and now that there is no longer any outlet for the small fiirls II t'r«'-li I'vdi' Til. ..IMTiitiuM of til,. aiMiMriitu. is >,i Mm;,l,. tl,„t wl„.„ ,1,, M.^finil a'.|.iinitii- mi th.-.. liii,- "iis tir-t tri.;l it mil sti'iniilv nt tli.. vi'iy Hr-t iitt.-iiipt." Several other forms have been devflopod in addition to that above described, for suction lifts, h.Rher heads, etc. In the larsrcr pumps there are a large number of small water valves instead of one larpc valve. ^'ji; Mr Ilim.pirrys ,,.p,.r. -An Ititornal Cniulmsti,,,, I',,,,,,,; ,,m,1 l,.f„rn ti.e n.t, n ,o„ of Mo..l.,„m-Ml En.Mn.-rs I..m,lon. in \ov,.,„l,o,-. I'M,-... ..|v,.. ., ..lU nf .leM.lo.1 mformat.on on dosi^n .n,i ,.omp;,rntivo ,.o.t. of o„on,ti„n. It .1.,, nro.ln,v,l n yory full ,I,s,.nss,„n l.v prominent ....^rinoors nn.l it ,„ny ho of i„to>v~t to .-iv,. .„n.o bnof oxtraofs frnn. t „. as r.pn.<..ntinf, tho views of those who presunnblv h.ve i^^ niate-ial interest in the matter. Dr. W. Cawthorne T'nwin. referrinfr to tlie tests earrie.l „„t on this ,„„„p. -,,i,]:_ ;0'ie> startr.l it not only un,| take Mr. W. B. Bryan, , liief en-ineer, .Metropolitan Water Board, .said that.- before'itT'"'"""' '" '''"' "'" ^"" '"' "^'' """ '"""" '""' ■' •"^•^'••i«-"t «eld Prof. Vernon C. Boys said:— sfrti.^'lT" "" r" ™'-' '""' "' """^ """-' ^''"'■'' "'■ "'^' '"'f'"' i"^tMntaMeon.slv .st.irtid the maeluiu. p.nns at lull speed.. . when made la.jier instead of bciiiff great, . onfjht to be less.' ■r the dittieulties enjrineer, Irrifiation Departineiit, (;..verniniMit of In,li: Mr. Alfred Chattert II id:— -He would like to eompare these results with those obtained at tho irrijra- t.on piinipiM.. station at Divi in the Kistna district of the Madras presi- deney. There , i.Wu Diesel enfrines of 100 B.H.R. drivinjr r-.O-indi centri- that inder the most favourable conditions Ki.OOO B.T.f. were re.,uired per 'ek ■.„; ""T "." ', "^ '"'" *''" ^"'""'' "■"•- """^'^"■- "f two-thirds the most ethnent load the thermal units expended rose to 17.000. whieh was n great eoutra^t to what had Wn obtained at Dudley Port (with Jlumphrey pnmps). He thought that the Diyi pumping station represented the highesMimit of eftieieney so fnrntta.ned with internal eomhustion engines and eentrifugnl pumps, hu the fuel tised was petroleum rcMMues wh!,.], ,.,.t about t'! per t ,u delivered (about .^-Tfi eents per gallo,,). Caseous fuel of e„„ivalent value whether from wood or eoal. eouid certainly be manufacture.l at Divi tr • ft wti t . T "■';,"• .""•' r'"' ""■ ^'" •"'"'" '' --'^ be possible to ^ l.ft water at nlout o„e-thinl ot the present co.t, as there would als,! I e a verv •■in'rilr-di'rier'"'. ■" "'""* "" *''"'''"' ''""•''•"' "^^^ °^ -"«•■- "-i -^t--^. ana in salaries and wares. Jlr. Ewart C. Amos said :— ... ■ • •, • ''''"'*'; ■'""' "*•«>'• ("luullv obvious reasons made it evident that the actual cost of raising water would le eonsideial.lv less with a ^ Humphrey pump than with steam pumps, and further, the efficiencv would ^ bo maintained for a much longer period and at less cost than with anv other torin 01 pump at present known.' The n!ii but ahovc .iuntations are favourable. But various .pieslions were asked as to .pace oceupied. oorrosion of the inside of the pump and piping from the products of combustion .,i the gas, tarry or oily i.ppearanco o„ the surface of the water, con- tamination of the water tor drinking purposes, etc., to which Mr. Ilumphrev ^. plied in effect as follows: — ' Tlh- HiiiiU'lirt-v ItittTiul f'nnilni?*tinn I*niii|». Surtion \';ilvf Kjx nf unit iittw fn-ctf*! ;it ChiiiKford. Knu-hiiol. I'i !■ The Hiimplirfv Iiitiiiial riiiiiliii»tiiin I'liinii. Cliitigfdril Ki>K 17' //Ml i\ \\ \ii:ii SI rri.i in\ii:.-i<>s run.iKii 31 Tlic fiu-I i> II'"'"''"'*''' >•'"' f""'"" I'lit'"""'"''*' •■""• "' ii''"i't *•''■■"' I'"'" '"" "' -'""*' pounds, the guaranteeil consumption is 11 pouu.ls of coal per actual \v.i:.p. hour and the niiaiantccil fuel cost i* about "Ol cuts jht l.'HM> pillons dclivcrcil into the reser- voir, hut it is expecte.1 that the aetual tinure will he ah.. at O. ():!•_' ivut-. The pump tlcsigncd for the K.Kyptian Cioveniment at the request of the rousultiuf: eUKineer to the Puhlic Works Dcpurtment ', t.) dilivcr 1(K).(M)(),IMH» ^'allons \h-t liav with a lift of 19 feet (400 w.h.p.) for druinaR purposes. It ia understoof' fViis pump has now heei> shipped. Summarn. It will he seen from the al .ve that these pumps have sutlii-iently demoimtroted their .|nalities to he chosen f..r larpe and important work in competition with steam. Kus and oil euftincs. hut that the result of actual oiK-ratinj? jHTformance and working; posts on a larjie scale are not yet availahlc. The official tests hy the M.'lropolitau Water Board will pr.ihnhly have heen carried out heforc this rcpi.rt appears. Also it will be noticed that both the installations described are for low lifta, 19 to 30 feet and for comparatively small horse-powor (250 to 400 w.ji.f.), for though the volume of water is lar^e the lift is small. The lift required from the Saskatchewan river is about :500 feet and conv.-nietit sizes of units would he about 1.40it and 2,000 water horse-power. Tie size of unit, however, could be further sub-divided an desirable. The frenerally expre-sed opinion is that this is essentially a low lift pump for dealing with large quantities of water. The makers, however, say that higher lifts have been devehiped in exi)erimciits up to 200 feet, this being the limit the experimental conditions allowed for, that the pump then showed no sign- of having attained its limit anne mechanic in charge. Cost.-'M the present stage of development and with tiie data so far available, it is feh that a detailed estimate of cost would not be sufficiently reliable to be of value. However, from a careful consideration of such data and prices as have been obtained it may he said^ as an indication of the pos^il ilities, that: (1) It appears that the cost of Humphr. y pumi'S cr.cted m Saskatcbewaii and complete with producer ga.s pla: ■ would be approximately the -ame as bat fi.r stiani turbine plant. (See sinnuiary on pag.- -W and ■'"!'.> I- li ♦• -'I 1 1 1910. Humphrey Pumps and Compressors, the 'if RnKineers, 32 UEVMiiMKsr or iiik i\ri:iiioii (2) It npponrs tlint the total aiimiul cfpst, or tlio cost per 1,(X>0 gallons pumped, plmiild hv at least 25 per cent less than with steam or water-power during the initial stages, hut that water-power mipht be about 15 per cent cheaiXT on the tions arc : — ' Larjre Ihimphrey pumps for C'hiiififord and K}r>-pt.' This is a detailed descrip- tion, with photos and sectional drawings. Engineering, London, December 13, 1912. 'London Water Supply. The Chingford Keservoir.' liie Times Engineering Supplement, 'Sh\y 29, 1912. ' The New. Keservoir at Chingford.' The Engineer, London, March 14, 191:?, and two following issues. Other references are : — ' The Humphrey Gas Pump at the Brussels Exhibition.' Engineering, London, July 22, 1910. 'Proceedings of the Institute of Jlechaniciil Engineers.' London, December, 1909. ' The Steam Engine and other Ilcat Engines.' .1. A. Ewing, third edition, 1910. ' Humphrey Pumps and Condensers." A paper by Mr. H. A. Humphrey before the Manchester Association of Engineers, November 12, 1910. ' An Internal Combustion Pump.' A paper by Mr. II. A. Humphrey before the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, London, November, 1909. ' The Humphrey Internal Combustion Pump.' Prarlical Engineer. August 4, 1911. 'Humphrey Internal Combustion Pump.' By Edward N. Trump, American Machinist, January 5, 1911. 'The Italn'c'ck Twip Cyclr liitriial CunibusliM;! I'liuD.' Englnpiilni). Londnu. May 5 ,1911. 'Technical Paper 9,' V. S. Bureau of Mines, 1912. SL-MilAKY OF ALTEII.NATIVE SOI RCKS OF POWKU. The principal subdivision is: — (1) Wuter-powcr p'ant located on the South Saskatchewan river near the Elbow. (2) Fuel-operated plants located at the river or at a distant point with electric transmission. Fuel Plants. In considering coal-operated plant« it must not Ik" presumed that it is necessarily cheaper to generate power on the coal field and transmit electrically to the pumping station rather than convey coal by rail. In this case transmission involves two separate buildings and plant (power plant and pumping plant) and two separate staffs to operate them, i.e., there must be a power station at the mine with boilers or gas producers, engines, generators, switchboards and transformers, a more or less lengthy transmission line, and a pumping station with transformers, motors and pumps. In other words, the additional cost of installing and operating the additiomil plant, together with losses in conversion and transmission, must be set against the cost of I'onve.viuM coal iiy rail, (.'^ee page sO.) SOVTB 8S8KATCBEWA\ WiTKIi SCPI'LY nirERSlON PROJECT 33 In the following list of possible sources of fuel power, some of the alternatives are strictly practical and are considered and estimated for in detail in the followmg pages; others are merely suggestive of possibi'.ities that may be worthy of further examination. (1) Steam plant — . A. Located at the coal mine, with electric transmission and motor-driven pumps, involving two separate plants and staffs. , , . , B Located at the river, coal delivered by raU, enabling the use of high duty pumping engines, giving direct application of the power and avoiding cost of extra plant, staff and transmission. C. Ditto, with steam turbines and centrifugal pumps, giving low capital ^°^ D. The plant in B or C, with the boilers fired with natural or producer gas, or oil. (2) Producer gas plant — A. Located on a more or less distant coal field, with electric transmission to the river and motor-driven centrifugal pumps; involves two separate plants and staffs, and losses in conversion and transmission. B. Located at the river, coal delivered by rail; saving additional buildmgs, plant, staff, losses, etc. . • u C. Located on a nearby coal field, if available, transmitted to the river by pipe, and used in gas engines or under steam boilers. (3) Purchased power supplied, ready for use. to an electrically-operated pumping station supplied and worked by the Water Board. (Sec page 07.) (4) Oil fuel— , , A. Diesel oil engines, located at the river, direct connected to pumps and operated by imported fuel oil. B. Ditto, operated by oil produced from western shales. C. Steam boilers fired with imported fuel oil or shale oil. (,">) ^atiiral (fits (see i)a!ie 44.) A. In gas engines. B. Under steam boilers. C. In internal combustion pumps. (6) Internal combustion pumps, of the Humphrey or other type, located at the river and operated with — A. Natural gas. B. Producer gaa. C. Oil gas, pro(l.\iced from crude petroleum or shale oil. ^^rnii.v other combinations can be made with the above, but those given are believed to cover the principal divisions. . , l With respect to the high duty pumping engines and to some extent also with the steam turbine equipment, very different resiilts are obtaineil according to the 'duty' or foot pounds of work per pound of steam. The higher the jaty the greater the refine- ments necessary to obtain the increased economy, and theiviV'-e the greater the first cost, but the smaller the consumption of fuel. If the undertaking is proceeded with it would lie worth while to work out several estimates of first cost and coal consump- tion for different duties, in order to ascertain the minimum first cost that will secure the best result with these types of plont. It is believed, however, that the estimates which follow will be sufficient to give a fairly close idea of the ri^ults that can be obtained with the proved Sources of power. 499««— 3 il 34 nF.PAUTMEST OF Tilt: IXTHItlOl,' It limy lie ixiiutci] out tlmt tlic cxjii-t c-.st of imhv r will linvc Imt ii i-anipnnitivcly small infliioncp on the total cost of water delivered to the consumer, as shown by the tnblo oil ynxiic '*.'">. SfMMARY OF BASIS OF ESTIMATES. ("apitiil (•(i>ts fur iiliiiit are based on recent quotations for this or similar plant, iiiid siH'eiiil eare has be<'ii taken to jmt nil estiinates on as cinial a basis as possible. The fipure for cost of cribs, conduits and wells, while based on sneh work in a similar location in the west, is not reliable, for the cost cannot be determined with any accuracy without a survey, and no survey has been made for the pun'ose, but it is believed that the fipure should bo ample. In any case it is taken at the same fipure in all estimates and cannot seriously affect the comparative results as a whole. Annual capital eharfres on fuel-operated plant are taken ■= follows: — Interest, 5 tier cent ; sinkiuf,' fund, :! (ler cent; ov<-rall depreciation, iiK ludiiift buildiiifrs, -2 JXT cent; insurance and taxes, 1 per cent; total, 11 per cent; 11 per • ent is eharped on plant and build.inps and 8 imt cent on the amount borrowed to cover enjiineering and continfrencies and interest during constrnctioii. Ertijincering and Contingencies. — It will be noted that 15 per cent has been nllowcd for these items for the initial installation and only 7§ per cent for the com- plete installation. It is presumed that practically all the surveying and desiRiiing work will be done in connection with the initial installation and that subsequent addi- tions will be practically a duplication of existing plant, involving but little expense for engineering and contingencies. liuihlinijs. — Steel framed concrete, of best construction Labour. — Three shifts, never less than two men in engine room and two men in boiler house, one first-class mechanic with assistant according to size of plant, etc. Fuvl. — The calorific value and evaporative power assumed for the different coals are based on the values given by the Alines Ucpartmcnt, Ottawa (') or other specified sources. The cost of coal and of freight on coal are based on actual prices obtained from official sources at the time the report was in preparation. The cost of natural gas and oil is dealt with in the chapters relating thereto. Sfeam Plant. — Suitability of the water is dealt with under ' The Water of the South Saskatchewan Iliver.' Boiler efficieii<',v, in view of fairly large units, soft water, and steady operation is taken at 75 per cent, with economizers and super- heaters. Superheat l.'iO'' F. Steam pressure, IT.') pounds. Capacity of P/an/.— Initial installation, 20,000,000 gallons per day. Complete installation, 100,000,000 gpUons per day. Oiilimt. — Seventy-five per cent of full normal rated load, that is, of the above capacity. Reserve. — Initial installation, 100 per cent (two equal units, one as spare). Complete installation, 30 per cent (one 30,000,000 gallon spare). Head, including 10 per cent friction in pipes to delivery to gravity pipe line, 828 feet. Water Ilorse-power. — It will be seen that in the 'Summary Kstimatos,' pages .'JH, ;t!t, the eomi>aris l>A i7( //A.ii I \ WMHK SI I'I'l.y /)/ 1 A,7.'>/<*\ l'i;i>.n:rr 35 applicil "11 the oolumii of water to raise the required amount :it tln^ roiuiroil rato. This i? thought to bo the fairest basis of comparison. The cost per ' brake ' or eflFective horse-power, thoujrli given in the separate estimates, is necessarily less accurate, as: — (1) It depends on the eflSciency of the pumps and varii'^; witli both the type and make of pump. (2) It depends also on the maker's rutinj; i)f tlie plant and on the margin he sees fit to allow, which, in turn, depends largely on the inherent overload capacity of the type of plant. (3) Units cannot always be supplied of the exact size required without unreasonable increase of cost over that for tin* nearest standard size. There is, therefore, usuallj' a difference, and sumetinn's a cnnsidorable ditfcrence, between the B.H.P. required and the B.II.P. installed, and a coniiiiri-nn niaile on that basis would be apt to be misleading in this case. The final and most useful comparison is that headed ' Cost per l.ooo jjallons pumped to height of land,' height of land meaning tlie spot on w icli the intake to the gravity pipe line is situated. Afi'rai/e rout.— In studying the summary on pages 12"' and l-'t' and noting' the larjrc dilferenccs between the cost by the initial and complete in^tallati(^ns, it natu- rally occurs to one to average these tigures for eacli alternative in iu'dcr to conipan- one alternative witii another and get a general idea of tlie average rcsi > The tigures are therefore written in for this purpose, but they should not be taken :'.> rci)reseutiug a iletinite result at any particular stage of development or output. The averages given r- mply the arithmetical averages of the c gallons is l>ag<' 411. be carefully considered : — the case of the cost r ' average ' total annu. -ImWM in tlie tivst i»tii Three points shou (1) As to the initial installation, that the costs are in all ca.-(\a liigii, due to the large exi)enditure for small output, the necessary provision of 100 j>er cent reserve, the large proportion of management and general exiienses, the large proportion for engineering and contingencies, etc. (2) As to the complete installation, that the costs are in some cases, as for water-power and producer gas, very largely reduced (per horse-power year) from those of the initial installation, but this reduction represents a growtli of demand for water from 20,000,000 to 100,000,000 gallons jier day, or 400 per cent. Even with the rapidly-growing population of the West it must be many years Ix'fore this is achieved, possibly twenty-five years or more. The cost of production by the initial installation must therefore be given eiiuully careful consideration with that by the complete installation. (3) Cost of the complete installation. — While the cost of tlie initial plant can bo quite closely estimated, that of the complete installation oannut well be figured eipiuUy closely. The complete installation will be built up by a series of extensions to the plant over a iieriod of, suy, twenty-five years or more. During tiiis period conditions, price of material and fuel, ' state of the art,' etc., etc., may cliange very considerably, so tiiat it mav lie inadvisable ti iitinue with the same type of plant. Furthermore, during this long period, some of the original phint will be worn out or it- Mqiiated and have been replaced, and some of the original loans may have tieen completely paid off, so that tlie annual capital cliiirges, wliieii in m')sl i-ases form a large proportion of the total iiiiiiual <-ost. (see page 4<») iiiiiy In iil' (litfiToiit from those assumed. 6] 5 SI 36 OEI'ARTMKST OF THE ISTERIOR For the purpose of comparison, however, a definite basis had to be assumed, the same for all cases; therefore the estimates are for an initial installation and for a com- plete installation, and show also the result of averaging these two, in order to give some idea of the general result that would be obtained over a series of years. Costs. — The price taken for plant, the amount allowed for engineering, contin- gencies and interest during construction, and tiie rates allowed for annual capital charges, all, of course, affect the cojt of production. Xo doubt similar plant could be obtained for lower figures and the amounts allowed for engineering, inter: it, depreciation, etc., could be cut down below those shown in the estimates. The objects, however, have inen to allow for tlie higliest class plant and buildings, and to give safe figures both as to capital and operating expenditures, that would not be likely to be e-xceeded in practice. Summaries of Estimates. — A complete sunuuar.v is given on pages :!h and ;!:» and other summaries in different form are given page 4<>. There arc followed li.v the detailed estimates, and a " Keview of Alternatives' is given on page T'J. SOVTU HAHKATCHEWAy W.iTf.R Hlfl'LY DlXERSlOS I'KOJKCT 37 ^4a,eoa 11 'HI ilj iid 38 nKPAKTMKXT OF THf. IMKRIOR zi = ! Is J I 3 3 a. a. s •5 * 'si ■3 3 1 •J o H iJ o I o cs < X c o o 5 o o o o o' ©* © © o © S ^- -|inB|jii)qliMi|o; J«'A -.! H AV a. ;x i •«»UJ3 S-. >. c - "!Jn"H d H W y rt a ::: •pajiiili aH •rf 1 4 |M([l)lll ^^^ ■"! M H J-^IOAV ■\mi j(i}iio3 T 111 ->3U.l.Wl(ip JUJO J*l c r i; 01 ijOC'i joj jHoa [v\iv\ := "a 111 H uiuaijjjip ju*) jaj -" s 1 1" K i Sb- m Sis ^ 94^ — N — S.« fj ' s: s:^ S i'i So V? «— — 8? 5 ^' 11 1 •»»o3 (unnuv I«l"l i •j«)o l«J!9 !§! ^1 1 B x r 1 m S ,.I I.' 53 S5r Is i-N 5S »j 2 3 - 4^ Ma's. IJ — 3 : — i Si s '•; J I - -■31 suLTH sAsK\rrin:\v\\ \v.iri:ri si ri'i.y luvKRsin^ I'lutJErT 39 il il. n 1 - 5 •3-=- ■s = ca \H i:-i t1 •ii .2 3 SoE , » ril i •sa; 3 I? ?5 s ^ S; g^ S| •xS 3?-! 1 " 1 -HO !-! w t SS SI £§ ^S g5 tS ?i 1^ -u ; 71 '5 » =:= = -= — .^ - 1 «- 1 ?l 55 3i 2S| f-5 T ill ^ .1 5 1 8S S 25 S»> ■ S ] »5 5: I ft "If tt : m s%l:Si s^gls ^ I -r i -r— : £» S5 5 ■5 5!-; A'.'J -J.I S"5 I ■c = .2 — is' i H £-34 ill 1! - 1-3 I 11 I 40 nEPAHTUEM or THK ISTERIOR Comparison of Capital Expenditure and Cost per 1,000 gallons pumped, taking the coal operated turbine plant as unity, for the reason that it shows average capital and operating costs. CaIMT.M. ComT KliH I'llWKR I'l.AXT «»NI.V. TjiH- of I'laiit. Cost HKK I.IKK) iii|»Ictf. Initial. CiiiiiliUtt*. Hi(fh fluty piiiii|>iiiR fiijrinfi' StHuni tiirlHiiHs, ciKil iiiMratinl ... . Steam tiir!iiiifH ami natural \fw \Vat<'r iM)w«T, nu r^tpani ivr-ci-vc . . . . Watfr imwer witli ntfaiii rtw-rie. . I'niducer (tan, electric tran-niisnion. . l*iirch»sel.> ■-'.52 123 41 5 mil •I'M- \3S> .">2 .■>Lll »«» 208 iC)-5 :<:i't 42 92 KNI ISII 2.J0 143 141 Comparison of Annual Charges and Fuel Cost, expressed as a percentage of the total nnniial cost. (For details see respcctivo estimates on pages noted.) Type of Plant. I'atce. t'.M'iT.M. Cii.\iii.K>. Cost ok FlKi. oil I'oWKli. Initial. Complete. Initial. Complete. Hi»fli liiity (luiiiiiini; engines 40 to 42 Ste.im tiirliines. i(ialo|)erate I'lircliaMtl power ti<), 70 Oilenjrines 75 to 7« 4;V2 -'17 :i.-) 4 15 4 32 S% .52 II 47 3 (i7 li 22 ;< ,S2 !l SI 4 15-7 7t> S 7.-. s ."lO (1 1 r.ii 7 r.."i 1) 12 1; 27 4 7:1 II li 5 21 7 !l 25 •17 7 51-8 ;v4 S5-7 lillill DLTV PLJIPIXG EXGI.NES. VKRTlr.M. TRIPLE EXP.V.VSION.— COM, OPER\Tl:l). Initial Installation. Duty, 1T0,000,(K)0 foot pounds per l.(KH( pounds of dry steam. Two units of 20,000,000 gallons capacity each, 1,375 \vnter hoi^c-povver, 100 per cent reserve. 75 per cent load factor. Capital cost — Two pumping units, with foundations, piiiiiij? condensers, etc. . . . $:i44,000 Two 550 H.P. boilers, with superlicaters, stokers, ete . 29700 Buildings, including crane, conveyor, etc 4i),500 Cribs, conduits, wells, suction piping, etc 50,000 ■n. . . , . $473,200 tuganeermg and ^ .SOUTH SASKATVHEM.W WATER .Si I'l'LY IHVERSIOS "REJECT 2,(50 Annual cost — » „ ^ $ Per cent. Capital charges, 11 per cent on $473,200, 8 per cent on $98,189 -ASSO 43.20 Fuel, Crowsneet coal at $5.65 45,500 32-80 Labour, three shifts 11,700 8-45 Oil, waste and supplies • • • • 3,170 2-30 Repairs and maintenance fi,350 4-60 Manaprement, oflSce and general 12,000 8-65 $138,570 100-00 41 iii VV.II.P. hours = 1,375 x 8,760 x'^ioo = 9,050,000. It $138,750 , „ » Per w.ll.P. hour ^ „ - - = 1.53 cents. 9,05(MHIO „ $138,570 4.„„ Per w.ii.P. year = = $100. 1,375 Cost per 1,(X)0 gallons delivered on height of hmd: 75 per wut of 20,(H)0,000 jfallons = 15,000,000 gallons per day. Annual cost, $138,570 = $-'5'*0 per day. = 2-54 cents per 1,000 gallons. w 15,000 See estimate for complete plant. Compleie hislallatiov. Five units, total capacity, 130.000,000, of which 30 per cent is reserve. Working capacity, 100,000.0(K) gallons = 6,875 \v.ii.i>. Total installed, 1-30,000,000 giillnii? =-- S.O.IO w.il.P. Capital cost — Two pumping units, 20.000.000 galloTLS $-311,000 Three pumping units, .30,001 »,000 gallons 6><0,000 Six 550 H.I', boilers and aecessi.ries 80,100 Buildings, crane, convewrs, etc 161,000 Cribs, conduits, well, piping 75.000 $1,349,100 Engineering mid contingencies, 7 J per cent 101,200 $1,450,300 Interest during construction. 5 per cent 72,520 ^1 $1,522,820 *i .500 ,soo Per w.H.p. installed, '^•"" =$169. -g, 8,950 ||| Annual cost — $ Per cent. Capital charges. 11 per cent on $1,349,000, 8 per cent on $173,720. 161.900 35-42 fuel 216,130 47-30 Labour 32,250 7-05 42 ltf:PART.ilf:\T OF THE IXTKRIOK Oil, wiisti- mill su|)|ilii-s ^ Si>4(» 1 •<»."> Repairs mi'l maintenance 17 880 3-91 Management, office and general 20,000 4.37 $457,100 100-00 W.H.P. hours, 46,250,000. Per W.H.P. hour, 1 01 cents. Per W.H.P. year (6,875 H.P.), $66.59. Per 1,000 gallons delivered on height of land, 1-67 cents. Price of coal.— Each 10 per cent difference in cost of coal will make 4-73 per cent difference in total cost. Steam tihbi.ne drive.n CE.NTRiFtGAL pumps. — Coal. — 120,000,000 duty. Initial Installation. Capital cost — Two jtinnpiiiji units, 20,000,000 gallons each, complete $82,.100 Two 750 horst-powpr boilers and accessories 30 000 Buildings, iiielndinp crane, conveyor, etc 4]'300 Cribs, conduits, wells, etc 5o'oOO T? ■ ■ , . 212,800 linguieernig anil contingencies, 15 per cent 31920 T J . $214,720 Interest during construction, 5 per cent 12 236 $256,956 Per W.H.P. installed, $93.60. $ Per cent. Capital charges, 11 per cent on $212,800, 8 per cent on $44,156. 26,940 21-70 I'uel, Crowsnest at $5.65 64,500 62-00 J'^''"'"" 11,700 9.45 Oil, waste and supplies 2 500 2-02 Repairs and iiuiintonaiioe 6 3,')0 5-13 Manageiiicnt, office and general 12 000 9-70 $123,990 100-00 Per W.H.P., 137 cents. Per W.H.P. year, $90. Per 1,000 gallons delivered on height of land, 2-26 cents. CoaL—VAvh 10 per cent difference in cost of coal will make 5-2 per cent difference in total cost. See estimate for complete plant. Complete Installation. Capital cost. — Two pumping units, 20.000,000 gallons ^ 82,500 Three pumping units, 30,000,000 gallons .. .. 173I040 Six 750-H.p. boilers and accessories in.'oOO soirii s\.-r'. Imnkfr-.. etc $ i:!4,'.'.'>ti Cribs, conduit-, wells, etc 7r.,(MM» Enninwriiiff and continponeios, 7 J per cent «:{.•><••> Interest (lurinjr coii-tniction, 5 jht t-eiit ;'.1,'JT(» $(ir.<;,t»co Per w.n.P. installed, $73.50. Anniiiil cost — « Per cent. Capital chn— es, 11 per cmt on $.-)Sl,800, 8 per cent on $74,870 60.980 15-41 Fuel ;iOfl,000 t57(!0 Labour.'." •1^.2.'-. l-.'"i" Repairs and maintenance 17,8M> ;>•'•••> Management, (iffiee and Keneral 20,0(K) 4-41 $453,110 lOOtMl Per w.ll.r. limir. 1 "iHt cent. Per w.ii.p. year, $66. Per 1,000 pnllons delivered on height of land, 1-66 cents. Coal.— Each 10 per cent difference in cost of coal will make C-70 per cent differ- ence in total cost. STBAM PLANT. It will lie M-eii l),v reference to tiie >unniiiir.v on \u\in-s :!> anil :!!». and the .letiiiKvl estiniater-. tliiit >tei;ni tnrliiiie piiint. iiiider tlu iiilitio!i- to li.' iiicf. offers low en.pitiil cost and reasoualde cost |kt 1.4. ■ I'unliiise of Power." piifre l.">'.» and • Oil Kutrines." pajre 71 and diiit'nnu on pii;.'e 77. Some of the special advantages of steam power may be here pointed out and these should be considered after studying the questions of first cost and operating cost as discussed under the above references. Steam plant offers the advantages of: — 1. Low first cost for both initial and complete installations. 2. Low total annual cost in the early stajres. 3. No transmission line losses and risks. 4. Plant of a type of thoroughly proved reliability. 5. No risks from ice and floods. 6. Alternative sources of fuel. Steam boilers could be adapted for coal, oil, natural or producer gas firing, as future conditions arising from develop- ment of the country may wake desirable. 7. Large overload capacity. Also, in this case, the water is ' excellent for steam boilers ' and in accordance with standard waterworks practice, the .in-ulatintr water for «oiii-l|s.<.|| of AltiTiiiitivts." on pufri" 7!l stPiini jxiwi-r wniild not ^ri i liiiich c.v<>rL'.-..(NMMHMi «riil|,,iis iHT (lay. I !rr till' i,,.v l-.-f f..r .111 (• -imt NATURAL GAS. In view of tlie proposjil-^ made by Mr. Williiuii (Jcortrcsoii, of Ciiljwrv, who is understood to also represent other local oapitulists, to pijjc -latural pas from .\l!orta to Winnipeg, and to .supply other cities on the route, conxi.i.-ration ha> been .11 to natural gas as a pos.sible source of jiower for pumping. The proposal niarina, Winnipeg' and other cities wn> to supply KDS -in bulk' to tiie municipalities, not including di-tribution, at 2.1 cents per 1,000 cubic feet. The subject ..f a supply for punipin)? was discussed uith Mr. (Jeorge.-on. who expressed himself as prepared to undertake it at the above price. The distau<-e from the Allx-rta (jas Helds to Winnipeg is about 650 miles and to Moosejaw about 3(M» miles. It lias been reported that the city of Wiin,i|.esr is ser ,>uslv eonsidering an offer from the proposed company to supply and distribute the gas at 40 cents per 1,U.X). It has also heen reported that the city of Regina is favourably disposed to dosing a contract for a supply in bulk at i'5 cents. The cost of tlie com- plete undertaking to supply as far as Winnipeg is c-fitnated at f|l20,n(>0,(HMi. It has al.-o been stated that it Winnipeg should not enter into a ontrn the supply would in any case be taken as far as Kegina. 'llic toll., Willi.' arc iiii-sioii of iintin;ii y. City. Lenptli of -raiiHiiii>..hin. I'lH>- I- T l.()0>l I'lllii iir |«i»iT. f'alpiiy, Alts Kan»a-< litv . . . :T" milts . . '-'.Vl Tiil^'kii, Kiiii^a^. . . :^Ml HklalMMiiH city Ill <'iii<-iim,Tti 131 Pitt-ljiirir H-> Tcl.il,,, (ihio ..-liir) Kansas rity aii i.t-iits. . W. to,'«i,,iits. 11 I... {11 cuts. . l.Sto lTJ cuts. . . .Tn-i'ii's net. ."^i^-iial siiniin. ^ rati- to l.ii!:,- ii.t-i s. . Spi-ci.il rati' til \:\ i>s niaiinfactnicrs. :i ■ ' . ntn. I'r, I'l ..liiih it will l.(. seen that the length of traiiMnis- :, t- miles) ami HiM^ina (.'3-1.", miles) is not prohibitive. Till' co.,t of a I.ranch line from the main )iipe to ilie pimipi a con.-ideraMe item. Tt will he seen from 'Access t.. pimipiiig - shortest t of a pilKj line from Jloosejaw to Elbow at 17,500 per mile. MooM '.law I : Stat on Would 1 i taiii li. that ti.c liln is ■-'■'i miles. (las. Li yht, Ileat s of Ki inch pipe Mr. R. L. Shim- 6-i eh to 4-inch ' Include distribution under a franchise. This is state.) to provide tliat of the I profits 2 per cent sha.I hrst be paid to the city, then 10 per rent to the stock l.olders and en 3 per cent of anv fai ther profits to the citj. *^ so I II s \sK 111 III WW ir I 7>;a' >//'.''/ > i> ^ ku i'>\ ridut-ji 46 The exact sir* of pipe « >iil>l not -reatly ^n t thr ^t, » "ioh ■■'■\\\ti iarecly be maiif up of triinsiMirtuti.!!, trem ing, ntrht of way, etc. If the cost is tak( at $8,(Xmi [ht Tni|# the c.-tt for ity nv ics would be $200.*«"'. on which inu . ••. 1 per I'lit; t. I, 10 per nt. iv. mini irge of $20,<'<)0. RiUahilily.— There is uiway i. ikw- ility . f interruption or diminutiou ' thv •iiivi*' i' '■ a" in- not he renewed or increaac. 'y new well- feediiu: been done in other cases, tl i spital r -^ in t> Furthcr.'iiiin-. tin' •imtii n- "f 'i' - may be nut out f oervice by tuulty i>rk. .an- sprin>r 'x-shets i^r flo. •-. etc. There is nlso the p..™-it.ility ol i dry MippI its value and serviceability, bu? hriiicini? in th»' For the iilwve reasoiiS it di|N' lini' which >r material, sinking of ground, Ih'i. tiling wet, not only diminishing -is of interruption from frost. rable to depend upon natural gas as number of cities. There should be lUKht into service in the event of a to be hand fi: ! by POll \ UU« Ci ,1... .,^t secur and. 1- wonl' e V<\it III ) ic inst. n <■' con.-, ; -red i. niiiv na'':r; i gas Hi ^' 1 • The boilers can be designed 1 kept on hand at all times. ral gas does not give this apital invested in the plant in the • pe line. at ti: pumping station has therefore not been consider the effect on the cost of power of using team b<)'' rs aduptf-d to be used wi*h either fuel. "(/(/.■/(•(.•iHii. -Ill \\v,i to til' 11111^ . "Ill I'liRis ;!s iind :■>'.». it will U- sihmi, com] ring the aver:.- results ir >nj '"e 1 and coinpietc installations, that as betwc ! the high dii . and steam t iitrifugal plants, the latter appears to offer lowest capital and annual oo also involves the largest fuel conTOmption and is ost favour ible to the oomp'u ii ith gas. \V. vvill there! " make the comparison between natural gas and coal for opera- ting steam tiirbiti riven centrifugal pumps. t TH '"• i fO il i^-> tht= •tok ler it . — These Would consist of reduction in cost of fuel and reduc- ilers by dispensing with mechanical stokers. The other estimates iiclude mechanical handling if the coal and the minimum of labour, lid not well be much saving itii this item, especially as it would be isolated a plant and one for thi- purpose, to have never less than two .lice included in other estimates for coal storage, bunkers, etc., could not b. -ed with or much reduced as it would be required for reserve though : .t for :3e. Taki itural pas at 25 cents per 1,000 cubic feet, 40 cubic feet per boiler rse-pow- uour actually used to develop power, and a saving of $4 per boiler rs«-pow4 ." installed for mechanical stokers, iie average saving would be about Vi.OOO pef rinu!!!!!. or a!-'"it 4--_' por .■•I'lit or. t!i>- ti>t;i! annual cost*. (Si-i- siii!:::::)ry, ■ages :5s and :iJ>.) It therefore appears that the saving due to natural gas at 25 cents per 1.000 cubic feet would probably be but small. Furthermore, it must be noted that such saving would only be made if the gas was delivered at the pumping station at that figure. t l\ 46 />A.7'.iwn/A;\7- OF I in: isrKRum Tf the cost of the pipe line is $200,000 as above, on which the annual charges at 10 per cont would be $20,000, it appears that the purchasers could not afford to bear the cost of this pipe line. On the above basis of cost of pipe and r^uantity of gas, the cost of the pipe would add an average of 2-00 cents per l.OOJ cubic feet to the cost of the gas. STKAM TIHBINK DRIVEN CEXTHIFfCAL PUMPS — NATlllAI. CAS rXDER BOII.KRS. Initial installation. Capital cost — Two pumping units as before $ 82,500 Tto 750 horse-power boilers and aecc'sories 33,000 Buildings, crane, conveyors, etc 41,300 Wells, conduits, etc 50,000 $206,800 Engineering and contingencies, 15 per cent 31,020 $237,820 Interest during construction, 5 per cent 11,890 $249,710 Per w.ii.p. installed, $90.70. Annual cost — $ Per cent. Capital charges, 11 per cent on $206,800, 8 per cent on $42,910 26.180 22 30 Fuel, 25 cents per 1,000 cubic feet 58,300 49-96 Labour 11,700 1000 Oil, waste and supplies 2,500 2-13 Repairs and maintenance 6,350 5-40 Management, office and general 12,000 10 Biiildinps. crane, conveyors, etc 1.'?4,2r)0 Well, conduits, etc Tr),000 $5C:!.T0O Enpineerinf,' anj contingencies, "J \vit cent 4:.',20<) $0 Interest durinp construction, 5 per cent ;{(i,2!t!) Per w.H.p. installed, $71.25. Annual cost — I Per cent. Capital clmrpt>«, 11 per cent on J.lfl.'i.iOO. S per cent on $72,500 67.900 l.'i.C.'i Fuel 2!I1,(HK> CC.tin Labour Wl.iM 71.3() 100-0(> Per w.ii.P. hour, 0-965 cents. Per W.II.P., year, $63.50. Per 1,(KH) gallons delivered on height of land, 1-60 cents. Fuel. — Each 10 per cent difference in cost of fuel will make 0-7 per cent differ- ence in total cost. I 1 WATER-POWER. In milking extensions to a water-power station from time to time, niueli e.vjx'nsc and delay would Ih? incurred in carrying oct the ui . essary temporary works to e.\eludc' water. It is therefore assunietl that it woidd in this ease be advisable to complete the buildings, wheel pits, and tail-races for the final capacity of the plant, while putting in the initial installation. Especially is this the case as the difference in cost would be only iibout ifdO.ooo, which is a comparatively snuiU item in the total exiH'iiditure. This additional expenditure against the initial installation docs not occur in the case of any of the other alternatives. On the other hand all tin' nlternniivcs are charged with $50,000 to $75,000 as the cost of cribs, conduits anil wells for supplying water to the pumps, which would not bo necessary in the case of the water-p>wer station. The following estimates of the cost of water-power do not include any steam r«wrve, and attention is culled to the noti-s on this subject on page ."i(t. 48 hKI'.lHTMEST OF THE IXTERIOR Water Power. Initial Installation. Two units of 20,000,000 gallons capacity each ijer day, one being reserve. Thirty- ••"•en feet head for power. Capital cost — Approximate cost of dam, sluice gates, etc., as per Mr. Peter's estimate $1,000,000 Two horizontal water turbines direct connected to centri- fugal pumps, with governors, flexible couplings, etc 9 67,200 Piping and valves inside station, rough labour for erec- tion of sets, accessories, etc 8,000 Excavations, buildings and foundations, including wheel pits and tail-races, of capacity for the final installa- tion 93,690 Racks, stoplogs and gear 15,000 Crane 6.000 189,890 $l.ls9.S!)0 Engineering and contingencies, 1.5 per cent 178,480 $1..3t!s.:{70 Interest during construction, 5 per cent, two years on dam, one year on power plant 109, -OO $1,477,860 r . • • . 1. 1 *1.4"8,000 Per B.ii.P. of turbines installed, . „,„- = "WaO. 4,20O . $1,478,000 Per w.ii.P. required, „ „,. =ip5d0. 2, 1 60 Annual cost — $ Per cent. Capital charges, dam, interest, 8 per cent; siniting fund, 50 years, 3 per cent compound = 09 per cent; repairs and maintenance, 1 i)er cent; taxes, 1 jrt cent; total, S jtcr ,.,,„( >*(» Power plant and buildings, interest, 5 per cent; sinking I! per cent; depreciation, 2 per cent; insurance and taxes, 2 per cent; total, 12 per cent; 12 per cent on $189,890, 8 per cent on $287,970 45,800 30 10 Labour 0.150 603 Oil, waste and supplies 1,000 -66 Repairs and maintenance on power plitiit and buildings, 2 per cent 3,800 2 -50 ICanagcment, ofRi-e and general 12,000 7'01 $tfil,750 10000 ¥, . SOI Til s.inKiTriiKww WMEK Si rri,r ni\Eitsio\ rno-iurr 49 100 Effi.-ipney of pumps, 75 p.r .ent. l,:iTr. W.U.I', x ^^^ = 1,835 B.H.P. Average load, 75 per cent — 1.835 X '* X 8.760 = 12,050,000 B.II.P. hours. 100 Per B.n.P. hour, jt^^i^) =^-2« -"t*- 100 Per w.ii.p. hour, 1.26 x - =^1-68 cents. _ $151,750 Per w.H.p. year. ., „_, =fllO. I,3i5 Per 1,000 irallons delivered on heisht of land — 75 per cent of 20,000,000 pallons =^ 15,000,000 gallons per diiy. Annual cost, $151,750 = $416 per day. i^^« =2.78 cents. 15.000 Complete Installation. Two units of 20,000,000 gallons capacity each per 24 hours. Three units of ;i0,000,000 (ralhms capacity each per 24 hours. One 30.000.00ft gallon unit being reeerve. Capital cost — Earn, as before $1,000,000 Buildings $93,600 Racks, etc 15.00(» Crane 6,000 Two 2,100 horse- power turbines and pumps, as before. . . . 67.2(i0 Three 3,150 horse-power turbines and pumps 136,500 Piping and valves insid< ^i.rion, rough labour for erec- tion of seta, acceesf vU*, e. ?., as l)efiore 8,000 Ditto for next three sn.-^ 18,000 344.390 $1,344,390 Engineering and contingencies at previous figure, plus 7* per cent on additional $154,600 190,067 $1,534,457 InteroBt during construction, 5 per cent, 2 years on dam, 1 year on power plant 117.219 $1,651,676 $1,652,000 Per B.II.P. of turbine installpil. \■\^\'■,^^ ='121. • ^ $t.rtW.«» «*'' 4t9K(— 4 11 n ! il ^1 '-yS=*v so i>Ki:\HT\n:\r or rut: imerwr $ Per lent. r'?l>o"'' • 15,120 7-08 Oil, waste and supplies 2,000 l-OS Repairs and maintenance on power plant and building, 2 per cent 6^90 3.63 Management, office and general 20,000 10-53 $189,910 100-00 100 Efficiency of pumps, ~Tt pir cent, CnST.'J w.ii.p. x -=S>,160 B.H.P. 75 7S 9.166 35 ^^ X 8,760 (averape load 75 i>er cent) ^60,200,000 B.ii.r. ^"■'"•"•'"-ooSo^^-^^^--^- 100 Per W.II.P. hour, 0.315 x „, = 0-42 cents. 75 „ $189,010 Per W.II.P. year, = $27.60. Per 1,000 frallons delivered on height of land— $189,910 .in5-x 75...00 = «-«»^ «'"^- 8TEAU BESERVE TO WATER-POWER PLANT. It is now very (renerally recognized and the principle is being rapidly applied, that steam reserve is in most cases a necessary adjunct to hydro-electric plant, if continuity of ser\'iec is to be retiionably assured. In the case under consideration, the supply of water for all purposes to a number of towns, continuity of operation is of vital importance and every reason- able precaution must be taken against interruption of service from the water plant due to ice, floods, etc. In the report of the Commissioner of Corporations on Water Power Develop- ment in the United States, March 4, 1912^ (') it is sUted that: " Hydraulic con- cerns usually provide themselves with steam auxiliaries . . . There sometimes arise emergencies wlien the steam auxiliary is an absolute necessity.' Mr. Charles T. Main, the well-known consulting engineer of Boston, Mass. stated before the Boston Society of Civil Engineers C) that: '(Icnerally a water power tends to have a rather low factor of reliability, due to the fact that there is usually only one dam, one power house and often a long transmission line, beside* risks from floods and droughts.' Mr. E. A. Graham, assistant engineer to the Winnipeg Electric Railway Com- pany states (3) that: 'It is becoming recognized more ind more every day that hydro-eieetrii- pliints no nuitter Imw wtjl liiiilt mid niierHted, s«>rvt' the public l)cst when they are insured by a well-equipped auxiliary plant ... In the case of a single hydro-electric plant the auxiliary plant should be of at least half iu capacity.' A nnient number of the Electrical Newt (Jan. 1, 1913) says in an editorial that: ' The present day tendency in the larger hydro-electric plants in Canada is decidedly in favour of some form of auxiliary e<|uipment. The present I') (Idvrrnint'iit I'liiitlnir (tinfr. Wiiphliiirtoit. iwis. i'» y.l<¥litvitl Wmlil. N.V.. Owcmhfr 23, 1I1(I!1. hr Klutih-al .Viir*, Toronto, Januury 1, IjtlJ. sin rii s\.i\ t:itsio\ i'itECTlMC PLANTS. APriOXIMATX noDUi. t'ity i>r ('i>iii|«iiiy. Hvdiitiilic I'lant. Sti:iin kf^ne. IKiminii'ii !'i>»fr aii^l Tran»nii»Mcm <'iihi|iaiiy. Iluiiiiltim "Jl.Mfi" k «. Mciiitri'il Li^'lit. Heat iiiid I'.mrr ("..iiiiBiiiy :;4,(IIHi k w. Ottawa Ehrtrir CoiM|iaiiy (iri«l(l II 1' liy.lraiilir |iun>hu«e
  • lniiiliia KlfCtrii'Trailii'ii ("omiwy .•Ci.iiiii) k w . TonmUi Klcctrii- I.iKlit Ci>iii|«iiiy Niattam. Citv..f Cnlitary, All»ita f alirary I jiwei < . WiiitiiiN-K Eliitric Hallway ('<.iii|>aiiy IT.OIIO k.w. Oinaiban LiRht anil I'owiT iSt. Ijiwn-ntT ItiKT) l."i,(Hl"W». .■>..1iO 1. . |>. ".•'■"O li p. 1,.'iiiOli |>. i.".,:t<>ti ii |.. LlMHNI ll p. ir.oiM) ll i>. The I racti(V in the T'nited Stales apfK-ars to be similar; for instance, the Southern Power Company, one of the largest hydro-electric conceriis in the country, has two 8,«MI0 k.w. auxiliary steam turbine generating stations and the Seattle luuni- eipality !ia- alinwe.l I .r a .".."Ml k.w. -team n-^erve plant ii nnectiMn will, it- new hydro-electric di'veloi nient. (') If it is consid^re 1 that in the present case a steam or other fuel reserve is advia- able, then it must be of sufficient size to form an adequate reserve; it should be remembered, however, that the proposed gravity pipe line, without counting branch lines, wo\ild contain, when full, about .100,000,000 gallons (170 miles of pipe from 10 feet C Inches to C feet 6 inches in diameter) forming in itself considerable storage and reserve. If, tlierefore, the refcrve fuel plant was of about one-third the capacity ">f the initial plant and about one-fourth the capacity of the complete plant, it would probably giw- i.iiffioirnt srcurity, as the gravity pijic could lie punipftl up full durinj? hours of light demand. t ' ) J<"<> n"' "/ Ulrcliiiilfi I'nxiir tinii'iiui jilant when required, but sonic additional men would need to be BvnilaMc for attciidiutr t" the boilers and also for attention to the plant to keep it ready for .-crvicc. I'mlcr the iiloxc ii.iiditions the c< sf of such auxiliary plant wouM le alio\it as follow-^: — COST OF 8TRAM RESERVE. InxHal Plant. <^ftpital cost. — 600 horse-power steam turbine and centrifucal pump unit complete with build inps, boilers and accessories $ 54,000 Cribs, conduits and wells 25,000 i|t TO.tXKl Engineerinp and contingencies, 10 per cent 7,900 $ Sfi.OOO Interest during construction, 5 per cent 4,350 9 91,250 Annual cost. — Capital charges, 11 per cent on $79,000, 8 \ict cent on $12,250. ... $ 9,670 Fuel, allow 2,000 Labour, two extra men at $70 per month 1,680 Oil, waste, supplies 260 Repairs and maintenance, 1 per cent 790 Proix)rtion of manapi'ment, office and general 500 114,890 Complete Plant. Capital cost. — 2,400 horse-jMwer of steam turbine and centrifugal pump plant, complete with boilen, buildings and accessories $204,000 Cribs, conduits and wells 60,000 $2.'i4.(NX) Enginecrini; and contingencies, 10 per cent 25,400 $279,400 InleH*it during cuiiet ruction, 5 per cent 14,000 $293,400 SUI 111 sASKATVHniAy W ATKK SI PI'LY inVKIfsim I-Itn-IHCT 53 C0r^PAPJ50J^ OFTCT/IL AAAfC/Al. COST STEAM TURBJA^ES V^/TH CO/tL . '^01* ~Mf PfifTicuuifT c7/iTej ^t //v/r/^L CC/^Pifre WATef} POW£ff. STEJOm TutaiNes ^ /.S69,oco e57,coo / »d5. ceo 656, OPO ojFfei?eAKe. Jil/,3/g,000 )S/ pes, coo ■fxo CHOt ^A. C CiO 1 y jk?>- o.-jt- ^voo. •fitViOCJ' — ^ 0Ma,oio< Qyy'Aur fo to J© Fig. 4. 54 UEl:\RTMH\T uF TUK IMKRKtH Annua] cost. — riniil.il .li iriii-. II per .-(lit "11 i)i:.'7!»."Miii. >- per ••i-iit mi >i(."!ft.4iNt. . iH:l.1,Tfi<> Fuc-i, n'low 6,000 Labo'i.-, three extra men at $70 per mouth 2,520 Oil, '.aste nnd supplies 750 Repairs and maintenance, 1 per cent 2.540 Proportion of management, office and general 1,000 $40,570 Adding the alove jinioiints to the eost of water-power plant without steam reserve, llii- ri'-iilt- -ii..«n ill till- -iiiiiniiirv nn page* ■■!>« and .'!!• are olitained. It will If .lll^ervpd that the water-power plant will, mainly owing to the cost of the dam, involve capital expenditure of about $1,000,000 in excess of that necessary for a steam furliine plant. The watcr-ii..wcr plant, either with or without steam n-serve. involves greater cost per l.fHiO n„|],,ii^ jiumped than the steam turbine plant up to an output of about 25,000.000 gallons per day (see fig. 4). Be.vi.nd this point the advantage is in favour of the water-power plant and this advantage increases so rapidly that on an output of 7.''..0(K),nno gallons per day the cost iier 1.000 gallons pumped is 0-86 cents by the water-power plant (with steam reserve) against lOti cents by the steam turbine plant, or about one-half. This economy, however, is only securees, engine valves, etc.. am! necessitating considerable complication and exp.Mise for gas washers and ^cruhl]ers. (2) Excessive amount of manual labour for stoking and cleaning fires, breaking up 'caking' coal, iic, leading to waste of partly burnt fuel. (3) Formation of clinker, to avoid which quite large quantities of live steam must sometimes 1 .> mixed with the air supply, involving i,ot only con- >idiraMe expense, but ais<, decreasing the calorific value of the gas produced. (4) Xon-uniform quality of the gas. The lignite deposits of south Saskatchewan furnish a fuel which appears to be particularly suited for the making of producer gas with a minimum of difficulty from the above causw. The test made by the Department of Mines, Ottawa, (') on these coals for this purpose show very favourable results and are dealt with in considerable detail in the refport is.-ued on the subject. Taitlurtnn /iij-e in a propi-rly il«>sipn<>^ ga» pifMlueer than in an ordinary- steam lioiler. Lake of the Hirers 7)M/r»c<.-— Par; •> ulars of the fuel produitsl by the ( onsumem Coal Company are Rive-i umler that head, but for (•oiiipariH>n tlie c<.iiiliwi..ii» of the special report (') of the Mines D.-partnient im tlii- fuel may 1k> niMntel In re: - 'The fuel bume exeiplionally "Itan after a run «i 40 hours. •The liBiiite may lie pronoun vd an excellent fuel tor the pr.>ower when utilized in a pr(«liicer nas plant a.* it arrivtw froii. the mine-, with- out further tn-atment. The t^'udeniy t.> disintegrate *iiiiiiii(iii i '->ii»uiiiciH < 'iial t...lli.ii.». I.ivlortim. ,'|„. hi^el■.. (•|a«.ofc.»l-LitfMit.- "l"'iV'ii"i'.' lloriM. l*owf*r of (ilunt l^engtli of U'Bt Kiwl, lii»t unit* ill ilry nwl Kiifl. ("■lit iiiiitu ii» ili»rK>il Kr.i'l B.li.l'. iiuliiiliinf «u\'liiirif!<. . . < it*, ^ ivi' lii-at iinitu till", i-i. ic iii-t in-r |ioun. •V-li. Moiotiin'. KiM practically confirmed by the numerous and thorough tesU made by the I'liited Suites liiircuu of Mines on North Dakota and other lignites. (•') The Saskntehewan (S iris) and North Dakota deposits are stated to be geolo«ically port of the same coal ' Field.' On patte 118 of the lV|.nrtment of Mines (Ottawa) reiiort before n-ferrod to, there is trivon a comparatite table of the heat expenditure for Renerating producer <•) Letter of Jnlv 12. 1912. , , .,,.,.„ i») liisutflrliMt .|u:intit,v of cui'l ^fiit lo il.-tfriiilMf voliiiiu' of h;ih KFiuTati'il. but iinUi-ulloiiM «t>re that it woald li«Te bet-n laHsfartory. (') Vox- iletallH »et' Hullitiii ^^ ami Tfrhiiiial I'miiT '.>. 96 DKKI/fTJ/iAT OF Tilt: ISTERIOR gas for power purposes with reprrsentatlve Canadian coals. Concerning this table it is stated that: — ' This table . . . would give the proportional cost for fuel assuming lliiit 111) thi' i-oiiis were sold nt the siiiiit' price [ht 1,0 B.T.U. This order i>f arranp^rment is not quite fair to some coals and gives others some slight undue adrantage, but affords a general idea of the relative performance of the vorious groups.' The table includes twenty-eight coals of all classes taken from coast to coast, and shows that, in terms of heat units per B.If.P. hour, the Taylorton lignite takes second place for producer gas purposes, the first place being held by Edmonton lignite. This table brings out the point that the higher quality coals are not neces- sarily the best for gas producer purposes. In Technical Paper 9 of the United States Bureau of Mines, it is stated that :— ' It was found that the low grade lignite of North Dakota developed as much piiwiT when converted into priHliicer piis as di 18-87 Fuel, 17,000,000 b.ii.p. hours, 2 80 lbs -'•_^ ^^ Labour "■ - tr.o tiOS Oil. waste ana supplies. 4r. cents per ^auv .; • Repairs and maintenance. 3 per cent on $410.fK>0 -.^J .« Mnnngement. oflRce and general " „ »12fi.03n ion.no 57 P« mi r hour ^^'"''^ = 0-74 cents Per B.ii.r. Hour, ^- ^^ ^joy $126.0(10 Per B.1I.P. year, ^^soo = *^ ' '"• $48.60 x 1,000 X 100 _ „- Per K.W., year, ..^g 92 " ' See also complete installation. PRODLCEn GAS. Recovery of By-produch. For a plant of tl. size of the j-tial y> J«||;;;^n -iO. an o. . at the rate of 1,940 B.ll.i'.. it is doubtful wh.tli.r tin. ro-twrj ' •.' , „ . r;'=J. o ;:;n.i «S":;tv.;o'.;r-;,„ti:vi.o..,. ...... . -. ...™> .•-.- day would, however, require a .•apacity of about 1...0

    t:i'.{Hi\n:\r or rut: ixtkrior Piil.lir Mipply w.i- .oniiiK'ncMl in Mny, ]!X»5. nnd until th- .late r.f the report (about S.",)t.iiilKT, 1}»12) tlnTP is stated not to Imvp been a «in>rlp stoppnue of the ga« supply from the station. Oat. — The average aiialysis of the gas is:- ro. IF .. (II. X . . Voluiiip Her cent. .... 17 40 .... 10.31 . . . . ia-'>Tt .. . ;i.L'.-. .... 4;}.4U IliKhiT fully Uui.ag the puat seven The iinal,v.>i-i of the iirt'^ciit bitiiriiiuous slack is: — Pit reiit. •^-'' li»-40 Vcialil.. iiiattor 35.30 ^' '<.'■"*-'"•" MG iloisturc Id.'id C'aloriHc valuo, ll,4»;{ nianufacturinjr. including wage.s, materials, acids, stores, etc., and all repairs and maintenance \.4-> By sale of by-products. 301 2-20 Net cost, including general charRcs 0.81 General cJiar^es, includni.1? interest ,jii debentures but not on share capital. (Paid-up capital $l,C(iS.iHKi, including U4S,(HK) of dtlK-ntures.) \'9 Cost per l.tXKi cubic feet of gas made 2-(iO Ao/c— This includes distribution in an extensive system of pipes, and carriage of eoal by rail. By-ltruiliirU ohfained.—W'ith 3,:M»0 tons of bituminous slack gasified jwr month the by-products sold were appro.ximately : — Tar 280 tons jK-r month. •Sulpliate ol amin.aiia J-'O tons per nwnth. The tar is useA.7r//n. .X » ^T^:R .w/-/;,) nn^:l(--.v.r mny V. .nk...«s„ ...... ..nl^^ ^^^^ i„ tl^ f,'l. From .... a..ovo it .i.. ..■ ^... ."a. ';-;;:'/;: ■,!,.'' ^ '.h^.u.. (') s>nv 1-0.". piT cent. , ■ i . . i-o .„ nn.U im - to.i of 'IS^OO The proportion of tar at l)n.ll..y Port .. enu.v«l..n. to 1 . P -- >- ^ ^ ^^,^^,^, pound, of ..onl. T.... rni....l S.n.es r.ov.rn.nen - y;, ', J 'j^. „,. ..vorage a production of fi.l.f.! nnd 07 pounds ,H-r .on fron, .l.tfor. nt ..n.| of S.- pounds: in n.l c..-^.^ with wnti-r oxtracte.!. It would Mvn, a,lvi-nM... .luTcforr. to rod.xv tl.o .-st.nmtv- ... th. al"-. ir 1 *"" Tl... coal n.p,i. of t..c co„.p.c,c installn,...n of '•»; V-|»-;;,^i;";:.r Z avora«c of thnc-.p.artcr- -d withov.t tnr recovery «• annum. i i . i i, .r-,. . 'tra fuel s.iould As ,..c rnnoval ..f th- ..- decreases .ho l.oa vahu _ I ■ ; _„. *;;V,,,,, ,„,„„. ,,. „llo...d for. As ,1. an.ount of tar ,n S-k«t.-h..«an . _^ ;- ■ = r^^.^ ^^^^ ^,^^ M, per e, ... will he al! w.mI. n.uk.nj: a lotal ot l.n.-.'Kt to. Dudley I'or. I'asis wuild produce :~ Sulphate of aninioiiia. ll,ir>0 .oTi* (M^r aiuiu.u. 4.TX) tons piT a.u.un.. - 1 t 1 ..-^iw iiriiTui tioll of ltV-|'rOU>UCtS lJ,duei„B .h,s on .he a..ove ..asis for the apparent .ower prop.,...on . . M in .he .oral lignites, we '• Mve: — Ta.-. ll.l-'><> V I7n 1 or. .■..550 loi.s iKT a.i.iu.n. . , -w(» V ' i !:>'» .ous per animii'- Ammonia, *." •' ^ | (c, ' " ' I- 1 ioi"^ ,.-;e>. of cold tar in Montreal is *l.50 per Tar.— The present (l-ehruary. lOl- P^ue ot coai br.rrel of 4(i jiallons, weighing uhout .it", pounds. 5,550 x2.l«Nt jj 1^ 5p ^ |j)9^(KXt iKT annum. "500 ..,„,,„, ., .4,„.,,,...... -Ti„. ,.r,-... i«;''-j|;;;;:~:i;;;;;;:'.'d .Ir;": -hS taictu. 4.330 tons X *•«> ^- *-'5'.».MM) i^r annum. Total hi sate of (,ri'<-o-'^«./...-«35'.).: . .-•1 Kullrtlll 1:1. f.iltMl Stale. Huiejui -f .Mu"" . 60 in:i'.\itrMt:\T or tiik isruuiuit rRuincKR <;.\s ii.wr <>\ tiik coai. kiklk. Complete Inntallalion wilK By-product Recovery. Miixiiiiiiin l.iml, i:j,n<¥i n.ii.iv Av(•rJl^'l■ bmd. !t,T50 n.ii.r. One liimre unit of .1,00(1 b.ii.p. = i'^ -r cent roserve. Capital cost — Two 2,0«)rt 11,11. 1', pus rlpctrif sonN, a* lioforo $224,000 (ias producers for (5,(KK) n.ii.ii fM(,(K>0 I Thrt>«> .'Lltoo n.ii.r. pas-pUftrit sots ' 4lo!ooo f <'iis proiliK'frs for i:!,5(M) ii.n.i' 170 ooo ; Complete equipineiit for ammoniii mid tar recover}- 107.500 foal and ash conveyors, biinker->, crime 24.400 Biiildinirs and foundations 177 500 I .... fH,2O9.40O I ngineerint; nnd eontinKcncies, 7} jur cent 00,700 iM.;!0o,i()o Interest diirinj; construction, 5 per cent i;."..(iOfl «il,:!ti5.100 iVr B.ll.i'. iii'tidled. - .-^ $^. 4 . 1.000 100 Per K.W.. ♦»., X X -- $124. 740 92 , , $ Per cent. Anniiul cost— Capital chiirBcs, l.J jht cent <>n $1.2iUt.KN\ s [jer cent ..n $1.''>.''.,7(M» H'.n,4{5() .•!!l..'iO Fuel, p.iwer unly, ^.'(,4fKl,(HMI H.ii.e. ||,.ur- nt 2 ^o IwiuimU |H'r 11,11. 1-. liiiiir •*n!>,.')i"» Fuel, extra if fur ret-overed, It) p.r cent 11,!i,'i<» i:!1.4.M> .W.'io I^liour, [xiwer priKlncliiM only .'I.'i.OiO S.l.T Oil, wBsti- mid 8uppliu4 ,'ls.4(Ht H 91 Repairs and niHinteniince, .'t |Kr cent .';•'. 2S0 N.42 Management, oHice tiiid Rf'nernl 20,00<» 4.t!4 $4.'!0..'.S0 KiOOO (Per II. II. p. hour, -.'.o.'.; |Mr k.w.ii.. T'i.".). liv -liU- i.f hv-priidiict- iw iicr pre.-.- lin^r cnjciil.iiii.n. !!':!.'i!t.7iK); di*- count this .'1.'. iK-r cent for co-.t of ncid, extra Iiihrn'r and cost of mnrketiiiK $2:!.'!.snO Not cost tin'i.T^O I'er n.ii.f. hour, 0.2.12 7«* V I'ltOJKVT 61 See followinp pofftw ns to cost of transmission and oiMTalinu sub-stiitlon at p\niip- iiiji i.lmit. nii 0-2lL» cents per K.w. hour sold. At Messrs. Brunner, Mond and Company's works in Cheshire. EuRhmd. the fuel coat with continuous running has worketl out at 0.09(1 cents with slack at $1.70 deliv- erml. This o<|uivalcnt to O.O.'i? cciit-s \wr K.w. lioiir with osed punipinj? station are at Lak,' of the Rivera (Consumer's I'oal Company, which sec) and in the Kstcvan district. Coal is known to exist at nearer points, as at Outlook on the C. P. R.. ^ut no very definite information is at hand as to q\iantity and quality. The distance from Lake of the Rivers to the South Saskatchewan river, near Biyceton, is about ninety-five miles in an air line; allowinff 10 ycr cent for deviations and contours, say 105 miles. The distance from Estevan in a «i:nilar manner wo.ild be about 245 miles. It may be presumed that it would be desired' — (1) To build a line of the best permanent construction. (2) To provide two circuits as security against interruption of supply. Capacily.— The electrical power require.1 to be delivered at the pumpinj? station would be for- 20,000.000 gallons capacity per day— 1 fiOO k.w. (average load assumed 15.000.000 gallons ^ 1.200 k.w.) 100,000.000 gallons capacity per dn.v— 8.r cent It is however questionable whether it would be advisable to instal at first for such a distant future as the full requirements. If we take three times the initial requirement of 1,600 k.w., i.e.. 4,800 k.w., the power could be transmittal by a No. aluminum wire and the total difference in cost with aluminum at 23 cents per pound would be $75,000 or about 12 per cent of the total cost of the line. As, however, this is but a small pcrccnt:igc on the l.lal cost of the complete under- taking, and to change the wire with the plant in operation would involve considerable expense, it will l)e assumed that the line is built of full capacity in the first place. Right of way.— To purchase a (10-foot right o' way at $20 per acre with hgnl expenses, fencing, etc., would ccst about $350 ik- miU. but it may be anticipated that this could be cousiderably reduced by obtaining easements only over cross-country IWTtions and that an average cost of $2(MI \K-r mile will be luflfi.Ment to allow in tho estimates. (1) Slrelrical Timrt. London, May 28. '»'''• (i) Kliilrieul Ptvietr, London. October 25, l'»07. 62 i>h:ir\in\in\i «/' iin: iMiKimt Sfeel Tower rertiiy Pole Line A doubli' circuit steel towor line for S*8,iKK) volts, of the bc,«t cim*tructim, would post nbou: nn follows •. — Miitcriiil and ercetion, per mile ik5,3(K) EnBintvritiir iiiiJ i-ontinRen-ies, 10 per ci'iit M'* Riiclit of wny. cuseincnts and feneintf 2<>() I $•!.(•:!' » -^ A .-iiiRlo circuit wood pol linc of t!ie l»esi construction would cost alKiut: — t Material and erc<'tion, |)or mile $2.5ttO Enpinecriiijf and oontintrencicr', 10 jkt cent 250 Right of way. etc 200 $2,950 A» two siuKle cin-uit pole lines -.vould be reiiuireOI.T8. 1U5 MILF..-*. Initial Itmtalla'i'n. Ma.Yimuni I'.ad. 1,000 k.w. .\verau( load, 1,2"N> k.w. Capital cost- Tower line complete at >.'i,;jOO jier mile $55fi,0«0 Kiglit of way, euM-nieht- and fencing at 1200 per mile 21,000 Twi) l,7y) k.w. stcj' up irunsfi.riner- and switching e(|uipme:it at power statinn witli extra liuiWiiig s|iace 24,l>20 Ditt" Ht pi ntpiotf statinn 24,920 W26,840 Fiigiheeriiii.' ami coll! irij;eii. !«'«, 10 )r<>r cent 02,680 $689,520 Intire!>i diiriii? c-iistnictioii .'> per .ent 34,470 $72n,9»0 , $724,000 Per K.w delivin'tl. $450. li-e.) (Includt^ transfuruicrg, switching itiuipnieiit Hn yeors"). 3 prr rent S'TS Repairs and mainfenmu-c, 5 per ovn\\ tsixps, 1 per oeiit 13-75 Capital changes, 13-75 jn-r cent iin t02fi,S40, ".7.1 per cent on $97.150 0:!.r.2i) SX.2() Patrollintc the lino at fSO per mile o,100 7 i)2 l-oi>.s of power in triinsl'iiiiiuiiion and trini.*niis»iiin, ^;i.v .'> per cent on 1.203 k.w. nt 75 «>ents per k.w.li 4,130 3.S« llOO.O.nO 10000 $10«.0.',0 Per K.w. II. delivered.^ „,. ^= 101 cents. 1,200 X 8.7<'.o Complete Instnllalion. Maximvini l.mds S.OOO k.w. .\veraKe load. <»,000 k.w. Capita! cost- Tower line, as before fft.-iO.OOO Rijrht of way, OS liefore '.'1.20 Ditto at pumpin« station sO,l>20 $7.'ts.S40 EiiBineerinp an«r cent 40, yrr rvm nu ♦738,«*10, 7'75 \h'T rvut 1.11 ii«lH..".-'0 lli>,;i»!t» 7.! ;i Patrollinw line 8.400 .'..fl L.,»^ ,,f |h.«er. T* on '(.lOli k.w. nt .75 cents 31,!)00 21 I $160,000 lOO-tW $1.10.000 P.r K.w. II. dclivercl. ^„ . 0.28« cents. «,0(M) X (<,7«o jV'o/e.— The co«t« per k.w. of capacity and per k.w. hour are very high on this line, uwinn to its liciufc of lir!«t-clHs.i ronstnii-ti.vn und c()iiipiie carry say ■J*<,\W»> k.w. and the iBhincc distributed for (jeneral |M»wer purposes, the • M {>er k.w. w<.hW be greatly reduced. J 64 ItEI'MlTMFAT Of TlIK IXTERIOH * EI.ECTHICALI.Y OPERATED PUMPINO STATION. The foUowiiijr estimate considers centrifugal pumps driven by electric motors, operated by power transmitted from a producer gas plant situated on the coal field, the pumping station then beir-g practically a sub-station of the producer plant. The cost of transformer.*, switchgear and buildings for same and the loss in transmission and transformation is allowed for under ' Cost of Transmission.' The cost of ' ^lanogcment. Office and General ' is included under the cost of operating the producer gns plant, in which th*; cost of a mechanic is also included. In considering the apparently high comparative cost of power from producer gas, it must be remembered that in this case this oost covers two separate buildings, plants and operating staffs and a long and expensive trantimission with losses in transmis- sion and transformation, placing it under a great disadvantage with water power generated on the spot where it is required. ELECTRICAI.I.Y DHIVKN t KXTKll' TiiAI. HIMI'S OPERATED FROM PROmCEB OAS PLANT OS THE COAL FIELD. Two 20,000,000 gallon units, one being reserve. Initial Installation. Capital cost — Two electric motor driven centrifugal pumping units • 41,900 Accessories, rough labour for erection of sets, etc 5,000 Buildings and foundations 16,850 Cribs, conduits, wells and piping inside station 60,000 1113.750 Engineering and contingencies, 15 per cent 17,060 C130,800 Interest during c< instruction, 6 per cent 0,540 $137,340 Annual coat — Capital charges, 11 per cent on $113,750, 8 per cent on $2.'5,690. . $ 14,3»0 Labour 7,530 Oil, waste and supplies 600 Repairs and maintenance, 2 per cent 2,340 I 24,760 (Re management, transformation, etc., see preceding notes.) L Complete Initallalion. Capital cost — Two 20,000,000 gallon units as before I 41,900 Three 30,000.000 gallon units 88,200 Accessories rough labour for erection of sets, etc 12.000 soiTH saskatvukw.is n:iTt:K si riu.Y iuvhrsiox i'iioject 65 liiiildiii^s, fiiiiniliitioii:- uiid cmiM' #:.N,0<)») Cribs, conduits, wells nnd piping inside station 75,000 9245,100 Engineering and contingencies, 7} per cent 18,380 $263,180 Interest during construction, 5 per cent 13,170 $276,660 Annual cost — Capital charges, 11 per cent on $245,100, S per cent on $31,650. ... $ 20,520 Labour 8,340 Oil, waste and supplies 1,200 Repairs and maintenance, 2 per cent 4.000 $43,060 {Re Management, trannformution, &c., see notes preceding initial inBtnllution.) TOTAL l-OST WITH rRuOL'CER OAS PLANT. Initial Plant. Capital coat — I'riHli!<-<>r pliiiit nil ••lull tii'ld (|>hk<' •*><>) $47:i.H(M) TriiiiKnii'>r»ku tii) 724,000 l'um|iiiig pliiiit (I'loctric) (|iagi-i>4) 1.'17,30") $120,000 TrniMniisnion of power ( imjn- «W) 106,10(1 Piiiiipin^r pliiiit (pii^rc *'>4) 24,800 Total annual cost $256,000 $256,900 PerB....H. lumr.j.^^,^^,,^^ .L'.lHnenta. 213 X UN) Per w.H.p. hour, _ — 2-84 cents. 76 _ $866,lMi(t Per w.ii.p. year, -- $187. 1.3 !•> Per 1,000 gallunK delivcn'tl on lieiKlit of land 75 per rent of 2(MKKMHH) gidlous - IS.tlOO.liOO gallons p«r da.v. Annual cost. $2r>«,lHM) ■= I'OS |)er day. = 4-60 centa. 16.000 66 in:r.iKTyK\T or the istkkior Complete Plant. Capital cost — Pr.«lm-.T pli nr on .-oul tiold ( |Hnro «<>) $l,3flr>,100 Truiiiiini»»ii>ii i<( |mi\v3,4flO ul*iii|'iii»r plimt (tliM'irif) (pajr"' •'•'') 27fl.70O Total capital co«t t2.4»5.20O . .»2.40«,2OO -„,„ Per w.ii.i". required, aft.,," = "78. $278 X 76 ^ana Per B.H.P., = 1209. Anntial co«t — „^ ,;>^ l'r.«lu<-.T n.i^ I'lmit (piiKo m.) i^n'-ftft TniiiKiiiifi^i f iM.w.T (iMino •«) l.ift.iOO I'liiiilMiijf pliiiit (piitr.- •(.'•) 44.n(»0 Total annual co«t |-191.6flO $.'Htl.r.O() Per w.ii.P. hour, ^^ O.flo oentg. o.nn X i(H» Per B.II.P. hour, _, ^ 0.865 wnt». 76 f3{»1.60(t Per W.H.P. year, ^ -_^ = W?. 0,878 Ppr l.OOO Kiillona dolivered on lieinht of land— mum _,.42,,„„. 365 X 75.001) PRODl'iER UA8 VEIWra WATKR-POWEH. It will Ih. «■.•.. fn.ni til.- M.ii.n..ir.v ..ii pn»r.-s :is .ui.l :»• that th.- .-"tinuiti-H ^how « hiffh '-"St for pro,lu.vr k«h i.owor. hlKlH-r than any of tlie altomativ.-!.. an-l that the w,.t.T|.o«.r without .tram r—rv.. -h-.w- th. low.-t ■■ .-t |«r horM-p>'«-.r y.ar .-xii-pt for tlio initial installation. The cctimatc*. however, have l>««en prepared to inwt a particular case and not at a genernl eoropnriiton. To meet thi« case the priKlnccr ira» power has to lio trannmitted aiM.ut 100 mile* to conii*tji with water-power to Ik) uw-d at the upot where it in dcvelop«'lirectly applied without conversion. ... Thii tran»fni«»ion of the Ran power involvea in thin case a double circuit steel tower lino of tlio be*t construction to carry n coinpnrntivcly small amount of power, inrolving a hijfh cost per hors«'-iK>wer year. Furthermon'. the producer kus estimate, as a complete catimate for the purpose, include'* the cost of traiisforminn stations at hoth ends of the line and all lo»»es. of two separate l.tiildinKs and plant* (|).)wcr plant and pumping' plant) atid two staffs for operating the same. The waler-powT ami other plants arc not Ininlcncd with tlu>se costs, though the wateriHiwer iilant has a very cxp«'n«ive dam. The eMtimales muitt therefore not lie taken as an indication of the ahility of pro- ducer irns to compete under any other conditions. The cost hy walwer, uo steam rcnerve \*'r u.ii.P. year 20.70 Watcr-powt-r, with steam rcHcrvc i»>r ii.ii.P. year 2ft 30 Rovrn sAHKtTiHnrA\ nATt:R si rriA iu\t:Kxio\ vKttJEvT 67 It i» of iiil«T«f«t ti> nmxi.liT. further. Ii..w tlii< .■imi|MiriM.ii w.ml.l wtnii.l if tho phit wen- r.'v.r-Mtl iiikI ih.' wMt.r-ix.wir lm. a THK «ll|ll<-U-. r»i.ili.l<.».l j»r llll.l' «'i»it |HT H.ll.l'. vtitllt'a under consideration, though the opi)ortunity, oven without tlie water-pumping project, is obvious. A usual preliminary to tho securing of capital and dotation of such a company is the obtaining of definite advance contracts for the s;iU> of their product (powwr). There can be little doubt that if tlie Commisitie on the basis of something like 2,000 horsepower of 24 hour power, ami inmsibly to 10,000 horse-power, or more. 4s»lt«— SJ ' 68 ith:i:mTyK\T of the i\tkrioh M ArtHiiiiiiiiir tliut II |)n-liiiiiiuiry ^viiiliciiti> of iiiKloulitc^l ^tuiuliiiir wiiit fiiriiu>ly, tlu'ro <'fln hn littl(> iloiilit thiit tli»«.v I'oiil.l HOMirti oth»«r iiiimidiTnlilc i-nntra-ln with miiiiii-ipnliti*?* niul luri;i' imiwit iiM>r« in tho »a.\w iliotrict. Thi'.v wiiitlil thru Im- in u ixmition t<> ntnrt witli ii phint if AUttii'ii'iit xizi' to wN-ur<> the mo6t economical production possible and with a laiye load secured by long term contracts. Under such conditions there would be no ditBculty in financinir a company to put in a plant of the best modem cunstruction with every necessary safefpiard. Aaauming the source of power to be coal, such a company could secure its own *oal lands or enter into contracts for the supply of coal at fixed rates over a term of years. It is not to be lost sight of, that auch a contract with the prupoaed Commission would in itaelf make possible the formation and capitalization of a company; that it would for financial purposes be on a par with obtaining a good franchise and would make a starting point fnr the company to obtain other contracts; and that, therefore, it would be worth the whilo of a company to make a special low price to the Commis- sion. The Commission would safeguard itself by providing for:— (1.) The plans and plant to ; approved by its own engineers. (2.) Adequate spare plant . anticipated that a Mrong and reliable company could be formed with ample capital and thb best and most nicidem of plant provided, and in such case there is no inherent reason why the supply of power to the pum;>ing station should not be just as satisfai^tory and secure against interruption as if t! e Commission operated their own generating station. The Commission would have the advantage of reilucing capital expenditure and of knowing in advance exactly what the power would cost. This would be of ai>siet ancc in detennining closely the tariff rates to be charged for water. Such a contract would prol)ably have to be made for a minimum term of 21 years, with the option tu the ComniiMard. The pumping HOITH S.tSKiTCIIKttAX WlTf.H SI fl'LV IUVKKsIOS fUlUhJ I 69 load is in itself, owinR to the i-oiilinuou* and steady dcmiind. n load fuvnurnblc to low cost of production, and if a power company had sudi a l^nd in addition t<> the ordinary load for power and liiilitinfr. they would be in an exceptionally favourable position. The advantaiceo to a power company when such a cuetomcr is only one of a number of customers are many. For instance:— (1.) Thfy can instal a larger plant, givinn lower capital co^t per horse- power installed and obtain a higher efficiency duo to lnrB«r units. (2.) Their administration chanres are spread over a larger output. (3.) Their wages bill is but slightly increased for the larger output. (4.) Their transmission lines can carry power for other ctistomers, leav- ing only a part of the cost to he charged against pumping load. (6.) Their operations are on a large enough scale to make the rcc,.very and sale of by-prwiucts from fuel practicable at an earlier stage. As an alternative to purchasing power per horsepower year, in which case Uie cost usually depends more on the maximum temporary load occurring in a given period than on the actual work done, a contract might be made to pay at a certain rate yter l.OflO.OflO gallons actu.TJly pumped. For instance, it is state*! ") that the city of Minnciip another instance of iMissiiiiiitiet in this direction, the offer of Mr. A. S. Porter, of licgina, made in writing on Xovcml>er 2S, 1912, may be mentioned. Mr. Vorter appears to own a control!''ig interest in 17,000 acres of coal lands in the Estevun district shown on map 'Plate SH , ard has for some time past been endenviiuring to furm a company to supply power by clivtri*- trnnsmission to Regina, Mo.'fW'jaw, etc. Kstimntes on cost of production and transmission have, he states, been preparctl for him by u firm of ctigincers in Winniix'jf. Hasing his figures on these estimates he made a tentative offer to deliver power for pumping nt the Elbow at $:i;1.7.'> p«>r electrir il horsepower per year of .100 days, including transformation to the required pressure at the delivery end. Assuming 16 ptr cent extra cost for a full year the cost would be ISS.SO per electrical horse- power year. Now, antoimiiit; that the pr<'!M-»e4 * LM,7tMt Purchase o; ivA'cr nt l>:W.^0 |ht i.ii.I". yrnr. ( 'i>iiibiiii' I iMiricn. y motors atid v amps, 69 per cent — 10<' |;^8.H<. X -, X 1,375 w. II. p 77.500 69 M»nag> 'nei:t, ofHce ai..l general 12,o00 1114,260 Jti.-.:.jVa/ Wr,r\d. Xfw York, Oct. 1. 1918. page 138S, Wili 70 UKI'.\ltTMF.\r Ut TIIK ISTF.RIOR Complete In$tailaii&n. Two 20,000,000 gallon uniU. Three 30,000,000 gallon uniti. Capital ••Off. IIS ilotnil*-.! on |mg«> «r> l^'tl.ft.V) Annual coat— . „ „nn A- .Mailoil oit patJ.' •!.'. * *•»'""" Purchase of power aa aboTe— 138.80 X ^^ X 6,875 w.H.P 387,000 Management, office and general 20,000 $450,960 Those fijtiircw are >h«wii in the n.mparative suinnwry on page* 3H anwi"r. Steam turbiiiM and dial W»t*r jowt-r W»t«r-|i<>«'tT with uteam rwern' Purchuseil |io» >r at W8 80 Tiital 'tf. ■i w 1 IMi 2 7« •1 Sll a lift • 1 H«i 2 OB 1 IM From which it will be aeen that purchased power even at this high price would ortVr o.ai.-iiltriii.lo lulvaiitage in t-.tal eost of pumping: in the early -tiiK.% but that water-power would have a large advantage when the complete plant was in operation- whit 'i might be 25 years, or more, hence. The striking difference, howev.-r. is in capital exi*nditure, wmch compares thus — •Source .if |ii>wiT. Htpam tiirlMix-K ami o>al Watfr-|«>»vr Water |iir Initial I'laiit. Cumpirt* Plant. 357.VIO (Wsltllll 1.4«4.UIIII l,riri2,oui» t.W.l.iKKI 1,!H5,(I00 l.'»r,;«K( 277.«W» Furthermore^ the above example in based on the transmission of power from the Estevan diutriet, alwut 220 miles. If the transmission was from the Lake of the Rivers district (about 100 miles) or possibly some nearer point, the cost should be consider- ably reduced. It is also probable that on competitive tenders a much better price per hor«e-power year could be obtained than that which has been here used. Aa further examples of the supply of electric power ' in bulk ' on a large scaif, the following reeent instanccft may bo montionerit K»ll». Po|Hl- latii'ii. IifiiKth of A ppmx. Priee Trknnniiuion. |»r H.l'. y««r. IV»wer Sai>|>li"l ''V- Mikw. I • I ,- ,^, 111 ar. K»iiim»ti.|iii»l''>»«TCo. H."*!! III'. {;■:„, IT . . K«inini«lMiai« I'ow.r. li'r!. M •-'9 C»lr»r» «'"*'•' <'"'"i«"y-.. . ,. *\'^, IS wZtK.-.tr,..Tl'.m..rAl.iKht <•«. a,'!^ ■?. IVmiinim. I'ow.r ft 1r»n.n.i»i.«i ( -jS- 2 •-■"•«" » Montn-al l.iKht. I e»t ft Pow-r ( o. ■Vr-S fflMO M.mti««ll.iKht, ILiUft Howrto. ';•!!: .-« M.mtmil l.iirlit. Hm.1 ft IWr « o. ' .VS!, I »2 Wau-nimn K. .mitaiii r'-n J ' • . tSS ' *• M.«itt««l Litfl.t. H™t ft P"*.T ( o. •>1J3J Shskwiniinn Wntir A Tower < o. ,;''|!^ \"" Montr«»l Cotton C.^ 'I",, Ontario l*o««Tr.fc OIL ESaiNE PI-AST. Under this heading the .mly engine to l,e oonMdere.1 is tY^?^i..l!.nTlv K .^uoe no other ty|H» of oil engine uppi-ars to be at present mii-le '". ^'J' " "*'-^ '"'^^ CI The Dieael engine i., ho^vever. made by mwiy different firm, m Europe and by ;; least one fim in the United Stale., the latter, however, only making in s.«. up *° *Th^"ergine. un- .ow m well known and their reliability and economy have been «, fully^rovS U ^.r .tationary work and for marine work by the f riUrfi. F«nch Tnd Japanese navies, that it i. not deemed n.-.-es.ary to enlarge on »»e- J^^'*^;^ A. an instance of their ,.«.• for pumping, it may be ment oned tb.t a -"» ho«e ,,ow-r engine wa. installed by the Manchester Ship ( anal Company m !•«'. Jhi. e^i;e giv Sg an output at the rate- of :n.TOO.«00 gaUon. per 2| ho^ir. «ga.n«t a head TlS f.^t! Since that date two other similar plant, have been installed by that com- pany at other locks. k ' KUclrical Horld. Augnit 3, 1912, p««. MI. iSfe<.trirnl W,>:!d. M-K 2.!. !»IS MKROCOPr RBOUITION TBT OMIT (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No. 2) A /APPLIED IM/QE I 1653 Eott Main StrMt RochMttr. Htm York 14609 USA (716) ♦« - 0300 - Phofi. (?»6) 38S-MM-Fo> 72 UEl'AUTMEST OF fUE ISTERIOK The following table shows some of the Diesel engines in operation or on order for use in Canada : — DIESKL EXCIX?; PLANTS IN CANADA. I.IH'AI.ITY. 1 Nnmlier i>f Hrake Horne Power. Kngincs. i„oiwratiim! On OrtU-r. Tcrtul. Town of N'm-kton, Sa«k Scott, S.i«k Wilkif, SaKk lUttleford, Sask Mflfort, Saxk V*er?j<(n, B.f . . Pfnticton, B.C Sjiwkatclu'wan T'lay l*nHliict» Coni|iany. Thf Kleetiic Company, Toronto Moosejaw Kl«'i'tric Railway ConiiKiny. . 1.-.0 UNI 14 4110 r>5U .•jOO (kV) 11)0 lOU KW ttw 4>*0 150 lad 200 L'OO 200 2«J0 ISO 16 good results, the cost of oil being equivalent to 3-48 cents per Imperial gallon. An analysis of the working results snows that if this plant had been operating a pumping load with oil at 15 cents, the total .'..st would have lH>en $115 per water horse-power year, or 28 per cent m.,re than the cost estimated for steam turbines (m-c suniiiiiiry. pages :!S and .'5!0. . o i » i, „„ On the other hand., if this same plant could have been put down in Saskatchewan and operated on fuel oil at 3-48 cents the cost would have been 32 per cent less than with steam. ^ iriu At a recent date (Dec. 1012) the price of fuel oil in tank car lots at tlbow would have been 14 cents; it has been as high as 15 cents in Moosejaw. and it would not be safe to assume less than this for estimating purposes; owing luainly to the leported decision of the Standard Oil Company to supply no more crude oil, but to refine the whole of their product, the market in Western Canada has been much disturbed and the future prbe appears to be a very uncertain quantity. It is therefore possible that an oil engine plant in Saskatchewan might be rendered practically valueless by an increaso in the price of fuel oil that would make the cost of operation uneconomical as compared with other sources of power, or even prohibitive. , x f i The above however, bv no means exhausts the possibilities with reference to fuel oil So far only imported crude petroleum at 15 cents per gallon has been cons.dere.L There are other liquid fuels, nearly or equally as suitable, if they can be obtained in large enough quantities at a low enough price. It will be seen from Fig. 5 that with fuel oil at less than C.3 cents, or thereabouts, the cost of production with Diesel plant would be lower than with steam for the con- ditions required. . . Diesel engines are claimed .. v < satisfactorily niul economically, and without any important alteration or adj..sti at, on a wide variety of oils, including shale oils, gasworks tar oil, creosote oil, and in fact on almost any combustible oil. In respect to shale oil, this is extensively used as fuel oil in t.reat 1 r.tain .m.l is ^tated to be lighter, cleaner an.l better for the purpose than crmle petroleum 1 he- price there is about W to 11 cents per gallon, but this is probably argely controlled bv the price of crude petroleum. . „ , .. i ' No definite information appears to be available as to oil shales in Saskatchewan The shales in southwest Snskatcbewan are stated t« carry no oi w-hatever. but o'l shal- are stated to exist north of Hattleford. Saskatchewan, north of Kdmonton. Alberta, and south of Manitou, Manitoba, and it would appear to be a matter worth investigation. 74 DKI'MiTMEM' OF THE IXTERIOR In 1008, some 45 tons of Xcw Brunswick shnlos were sent to nn oil shale works in Scotland and there tested under practical conditions and under the superinten- dence of the Department of Mines, Ottawa. The report' states that: — ' The results were ver^ satisfactory, as the average yield per ton of shale was 40-09 gallons of cm oil and 76-04 pounds of sulphate of ammonia. This compares very favourablj with the shales which ars worked so extensively in Scotland, the yield of wliicli rarel.v cxf-fods 25 to -JO gallon of crude oil.' Sulphate of ammonia is at present worth $00 to $C5 per ton in MMontreal, and assuming the residue oil wi^s sold for even 5 cents per gallon, the gross return from a ton of shale, without taking account of tiie lighter and more valuable distillates, would appear to be about as follows: — Crude oil, 40 gallons at 5 cents $2 00 Sulphate of ammonia, 77 pounds at $00 per ton 2 31 $4 31 Thir, however, is a subject by itself. Much valuable detailed information as to the methods and cost of production of shale oil and by-products is contained in the reports above referred to, Nos. 55 and 1,107. It is stated (^) that a noticeable feature in the g^'owth of German industries is the rapidly increasing use of coal tar oil and residue for fuel in place of petroleum. The production from lignite and shale works amounts to some 00,000 tons annually, and the coke and gas works produce about 1,000,000 tons of tar annually, from which some 300,000 tons of heavy oil are obtained and used as fuel, the calorific value of which is very high. In consequence of the rapidly increasing production the cost of this oil, now averaging 5 cents per gallon, is becoming less. It hag been pointed out by Dr. Diesel (') that the most economical way of using coal lies in the extraction of the tar or creosote oil. The two principal methods are : First, to coke at a low temperature giving a high yield of gas and a good oil, but inferior coke; second, to coke at a high temperature, producing good coke but a small yield of oil. ' In Germany, where the tariffs on crude oil are excessive, the coal is coked by an intermediate process, with some slight additions, and a good coke for furnace use is produced ; a large yield of good heavy oil is obtained from the tar after the more valuable products have been removed.' A report on the natural gas and oil in the western provinces, prepared by Mr. F. G. Clapp, chief geologist. Bureau of Associated Geological Engineers, Pittsburg, is understood to be in hand by the Department of Mines, Ottawa, and to be expected to be issued in a few nioiitiis. A Itoyal Coinmissicm on Fuel Oil is now sitting in Great Britain— with thes<> and other expected reports it is probable that a good deal more information on tli<>se subjects should soon be available. In view it the large amounts of easily-mined lignite in Saskatchewan from which oil and other by-products could be extracted, and of the possibility of oil or oil shales iK'iiitr (U'veloju'd within reasonable ilistance. it is ]M(ssii)l( that the i)ositioii as to fuel oil may be ccaiiderably modified. * rrndiirHoTi of Natural Qua and Petroleum in Canada, No. 46, 1909. Bituminona or oil shales of Ned Urunswick and Nora Scotia, etc., Nos. 55 and 1,107, Department of Mine*. Ut 1 u w & •Inst, of C.E. Abstracts. London, vol. CLXXXVI, page 46, 191!. •Tlir Motor Ship and Motor Boat, editorial. England, Oct. 31. 1912. ,OUTB SA^KATCnEWXy WATEfi ^VPl'LY DlVERSloy PROJECT 75 DIESEL OIL ENGINES. Initial Installation 1,375 w.H.P. X "^ - 1.-S30 B.H.r. The rated capacity is reduced 8 per cent at Moosejaw aHUude and « -"f-^^ 7 per cent should be allowed on account of small overload capacity, total, per cent. 1,830 B.H.P., plus 15 per cent = 2,155 b.h.p. Two units, one being reserve. Capital cost — « o^^ .^qq Two 2 160 B.n.P. Diesel oil engines at $60 • ; • • " '" Two 20,000,000 centrifugal pumps (very slow speed or gearing; ^^^ at $9x1,830 .■; •■ " 5000 Accessories, rough labour for erection, spares, piping, etc. . . . • • ^^-^^^ Buildings and foundations *,.,.... 6.000 Oif tanks for' 90 days "storage, "excavkiion, pumps and piping. . . . W.^ Cribs, conduits, wells and piping ' — $384,380 t- ... 67,660 Engineering and contingencies, 15 per cent ^ $442,040 .... 22,100 Interest during construction, 5 per cent ^ $464,140 . $464,000_ - Per B.n.P. installed, ^^^^ — *i"'- $464,000 4.„a PerW.u.P., 2_^50 =$168. Anniuil cost— $ Per cent. Capital charges, 11 per cent on $384,380, 8 per cent on ^^^^_^ ^^^ $79 760 Fuel oil, 12.050,000 b.h.p. hours, 0-45 pounds per b.h.p. ^^^ ^^^^ hour, 15 cents per gallon • • • • ^ ^^^ ^ -^ Lubricating' oil, wa'sie' and supplie;," 0.04 cents per b.h.p. ^^_^ ^ ^^ n^X'S^'^n^r:.. •ii;dudin;; .^m.,i :.^. ;;.!. ^;^^^ ^^^ etc., 3 per cent. . ■ ^^.^^00 C-75 Management, office and general ^ $177,610 lOO-OO 76 DEPARTUEXT OF THE INTERIOR Per B.H.P. hour, ^i,r^^ q = 1-4T cenvs. Per w.H.P. hour, 1-47 x ,. = 1.96 cents. _ $177,600 ^,^„ Per w.H.P. year, = $129. 1,375 Per 1,000 gallons pumped, ---; --*,, ., = 3-24 cents. .i6.5 X 15 mil. Fvel. — Each 10 per cent diflFcrence In cost of fuel ivill make 5-2 per cent differ- ence in total cost. DIESEL OIL ENUINES. Vomplete installation. Five units, total capacity 130 million gallons, of which 30 per cent is reserve. Working capacity, 100,000,000 gallons = 6,875 w.H.P. Total installed, 130,000,000 gallons = 8,950 w.h.p. Capital cost — Two 2,160 B.n.p. engines as before $ 259,200 Two 20,000,000 gallon pumps as before 32,900 Three 3,230 b.ii.p. engines at $60 582,000 Three 30,000,000 gallon pumps at $S..50 x 2,750 b.ii.p 70,000 Acce.-sories, labour, spares, piping 12,500 Buildings 25,900 Crane 6,000 Oil tanks for 90 days storage, pumps, piping, excavation 97,000 Cribs, conduits, wells and piping. 75,000 $1.160.,'-)00 Engineering and contingencies, 7i per cent 87,100 $1,247,600 Interest during construction, 5 per cent 62,380 $1,309,980 T. • . 11 J $1,309,980 Per B.H.P. installed, ' = $93.50. 14,010 $1,309,980 ^,,„ ^'^ "•"•'••• 8,950 = ^'''- • Per cent. Annual cost — Capital charges, 11 per cent on $1,160,600, 8 per cent on $149.480 139,850 21.73 Fuel _.il, 60,250.000 b p. hours. 0.4 cents per b.ii.p. hour, 16 cent* per gallon 408,000 63-48 Labour. ... 18,230 2.82 Lubricating oil, waste and supplies (0-0.16 cents per B.n.p. hour for engines) 22,360 3.46 SOVIH *1«K.17CH£»VA.V \VATt.K SVVl'hY DIVKHSIOX PROJECT 77 COAJP/^/?/SOA/ OP 0/L £NG/NE AND ST£/IM TO/?3//Ve ALAAfT TOT^i. ANNUA) L. COST OF OPEffflT/ON /NCLUO/N& C/iPiT^L C^^iPQ£S JLLUSTffjCiT/N00 gallons per hour. The head with pipe friction is taken at 328 feet. SULIU .SisM/'//tU-l\ \\Mi:ii ^-ri'l-LY ItlVKHsluS FKOJKCT 81 125,000 x^Ojc 328_x l.oo<. _ ^.^^ ^^^^^^ ^^. ^^^^,_^ ^^.^ ,^^^,^ 120,0C\),0IK) 17 100 • z.-= 2-138 tons of C0..1 per hour. 4 X 2,000 2138 X 8.700 = 18,700, plus 10 per cent == 20,570 tons per annum. Til.' fr.ijrlit u„ tliis (mi.l.r <• liti..,,- .l.Hnr.l m, l«w 14) wonl.i 1»- :ipi'r"N- imately $1.54 per ton. allowing double cost on tl.c private branch line. 20.570 tons X 11.54 ..^ *31,7(!0 per iinniini. Comyh'te /^i(i»<.— Increased "iiiii Frri)flit :t',0inii in this .-y} no /o ^il. of a^^s re/i/fSAY /&/S /s/e 21 Z3 e6 ^ 3z 3< ^r? '^ 19^3 Fig. 6 sorrn s.\sK\rrHEvr\\ w^tkr sirrrr nivERsios i-rojf.ct If in order to dispose of the T^ator for whioi, the size of pipe i. .losip... d we allow a^ a rough Jtin,nte. 25 per cent additional length (42^r. n>.W f'"" »>;» '^»: Hn^ of L'pacity'of r,0 e.f... at a cost of WT.«On ,.r -i o C) the^Ulo^i oo.t w.ll be $3,035.-08 and the total cost of the concrete r'PC I'ne only 9.W — ,.• , . ^^..^ This concrete pipe line is a comparatively pennam ' struc .re. l.al-le to repairs Kilt not to raoid wear or obsolescence. , ,. n • The aZIl capital charges, however, could nnt well W V - than the followmg:- Interest. 5 per cent. Sinking fund -Assuming a r.o-year life and a loan for the -ame period, the annual payment toVe Seed at confpound interest at . per cent to re,.a.v the capital ... that time would be O-SSti tier cent, say 1 per cent. " Vcpairs an,l maintenance, say 1 per cent. Extensive damage .u^ occur from wash-outs frost, etc.. but this 1 per cent would provide $1.^,630 per annun.. Taxes, etc., say 1 per cent. Total, 8 per cent. Eidit per cent on $13,627,239 = $1,090,200. . , u * ♦>,<. In addition to this, there is the wrought iron press.,re p pe from the P"n.ps to the gravttv pipe line intake, which i.s figured at $184,800. On th.s we may low a thirty- year life sav a 2 per cent sinking fund, or annual charges of 9 per cen.. Nino p- r cent on $184,900 = $16,032. The total annual charges wwuld, therefore, be:— On the concrete pipe. On the pressure pipe. $1 .090.200 16.630 . ,'06,830 or $3,032 per day. As shown under the head of ' Quantity of water required,' it is I'^^f le/hat the ""'The cost per 1,000 gallons due to the pipe line only ww.ld therefore be:- GalUms ,H.r day. ' C™t» [km- 1 .0.10 GuUot.-. 20 20 15 IH 6 Oii 4 02 3 03 15,000,000 20.000,000 50, \ « j \ 1 1 \^ o 1 i 1 ! 1 i i \ < 1 1 ^ « i t 1 : ? s 8 a ? s 1 ^ 9 f 5 V 1 <0 X. k >^ ^ >0 5 y> «^ ?i 10 5 X 1 1 ^ N ^ f. ^4 ' a hj p> »; ^ ^ iu ^ u IN SA'&'j'x ffe Fig. . CT 8» t, 75,000,000 VfT tint tiital uin|>iiiR (ilaiit lit till- rivfr. 5-8 B 76°„ le ('■fffrrent C6i ~ - the nakes little ;08t of the ndertaking number of the South t, and that ain locally, ? le substitu- > results. « line and g the cost he various ig thereby ain pump- Plate 39). nada,' No. ' D. B. Dowlins. Jan. 27. 191S. L£9eNO Shsded f>ori}6na fn^rmsent stress o^Z/^it^ ro AceoMMftfrt. Mvwtr m^. H.S./t HImsit. /iLAe^. PLATE N»a9 D£/^mM£/\rr of the /ArrERtoR. V\/^rgf9 0aov^rf9 M^f^CH. C/7Y VmreR SUPPLY FROM TNC S SASKM^rrCHE¥yMN RtVCR. SOURCES OF FUeL PO¥V£R m fNOtC^TlONS^ THEREOF V •» » 4 *» m w_ MO Offtn^^iOtft/fireh. g9ff/S/3. &Cb ^i^iM*i soLiH sAfiK.\niif:w.\\ iv.i7f.7.' SI rPLY nnEKsios vnn.iFAT 8S Complete installation: Capacity, 100,000,000 gallo;is per day. Output, :5,000,<'.00 gallons. fOST IX i-Kxr.> I'BK 1,0»).;.\LU)N!< niETo:— | i „ . ! Per out of ti.tal tal to main I'-impinK Main Mechanical ,„,,„pi*e „na c,«t of .leliv.rin^' punipinK plant tohWKhtof !>■ Filtration '"'Xtn to co„.,nn.r,. a lan.l. Line. , Inition. Initial inKtallation Complete installa- tion .Vvcrage. . . . 2 a; 1 !Hi 20 20 4 (« 12 11 1 .-> 1 .3 1-4 1.) 12 13 J o'.l ft Ills, lit tentn. 211 cents. ti 75- COKCLUSIONS. The preceding table shows at a glance the relative importance of the different items entering into the total cost of water delivered to the consumer. It will be seen that the cost of pumping at the river is but 6 to 9 per cent of the total cost and consequently a considerable difference in the cost of power makes little difference in the totel cost ; for instance, 25 per cent difference in the cost of the power is less than 2 per cent ou the total cost. The important items are: — (1) Cost due to the pipe line. (2) Cost due to local pumping and distribution. The figure taken for the last item would be high for a well-mauaged. undertnking in a large town, but it is intended to represent the average result of a number of towns large and small. i, o *», Assuming, as the present knowledge appears to indicate, that the South Saskatchewan river is the only satisfactory source of water for the district, and that the cities interested must have a larger supply of water than they can obtain locally, then the real problems are: — (1.) Can the cost of the pipe line bo substantially reduced? (2.) Can the cost of local pumping and distribution be reduced? It may be possible, and it is at all events worth investigation, whether the substitu- tion of a pressure instead of a gravity system would not achieve both these resulte. A pressure system, if practicable, would permit of a much shorter pipe line and one embraciiig a much larger number of towns, thus probably diminishing the cost and distributing it over a larger number of towns. Also, if the water can be delivered at a pressure of say 65 pounds to the various cities, the local pumping plants could be dispensed with, and the saving thereby should much more than compensate for the increased expenditure at the main pump- ing station at the river. These questions are further considered in the following Appendix. INDEX TO MAf SHOWISO SOURCES OF FUEL. ' )W|;h AND INDICATIONS THEREOF (Plate 39). Based on Map No. 97 by D. B. Dowling, B.A.Sc, in the ' Coals of Canada,' No. 83, 1911, issued by the Department of Mines, Ottawa. 1. Salvador. Seam disclosed here. (') 2. Kerrobert. Seam disclosed here. (') >D. B. Dowling, Jan. 27. IMS. 86 DEPARTMEM UF HIE ISTERIUR 3. Eagle lake. The seam here is believed to be the same as that stated to be at Eagle hills in No. 5 below. (*) 4. Brock. Large quantities of lignite are found here. (*) 5. Eagle hills. Coal seams have been found here. (*) 6. Outlook. Coal deposits here. (') 7. Saskatchewan Landing. A 4-foot seam disclosed at range 16, township 20, section 14. (•) 8. Maple creek. Seams of bituminous coal, underlie the adjacent country. Flow of natural gas reached at 1,200 feet (^) ; 4-foot seam at depth of 196 feet; 7-foot seam at 292 feet. (>) 9. Swift Current. Coal mine being opened. Company formed to bore for natural gas. (2) 10. Cypress hills. Coal is being mined here. (*) 11. Moosejaw. A well was sunk 1,200 feet at the city electric power house and indications of natural gas obtained. 12. Pense. A flow of natural gas was struck here, but not of much importance (*) 13. Rouleau. Large quantities of lignite are found here. (-) 14. Few Warren. 3-foot 4-inch seam at range 24, township 13, section 24. (*) 15. Dirt hills. Seams of coal are known to exist here. (') 16. Lake of the Rivers. Consumer's Coal Company. See under latter heading in body of report. 17. Wood Mountain district. Lignite closely resembles that of Estevan district Seams from 3 to 17 feet. Not developed. (*) 18. Manitoba and Saskatchewan Coal Company. Ultimate capacity, 2,000 tons per day. (') 19. Eureka Brick and Coal Company. Capacity, 200 tons per day. (8) 20. Western Dominion Collieries. Equipment for 1,(K)0 tons in 10 hours. (•) * I). B. Donrling, January 27, 1913. * Pamphlets by Minister jf Agriculture, Saskatcbewan, ' Saskatchewan, Canada,' 1914 and 1911. 'C. P. E. Co. nani'-hlet. ' Western Canada,' 1912. * Mr. T. Martin, div. engineer, C.P.R., Moosejaw. ' Memoir 24E, Department of Mines, Ottawa, 1912. " Coals of Canada.' Vol. 1, 1912. Department of Mines, Ottawa. sunn .» acity iit ;i i-iiinif cases it ii|i|ii'iirs frniu the ri'-iKi-tivc^ clcviitions (sec table Dage 12) that they could not. The basic idea appears to be to provide an undertaking of general public benefit in the sense of making the supply available not only to two or three- of the larger cities, but also to the large number of intermediate smaller towns. The methods and routes 80 far proposed do not appear to make this possible, or even to take it into con- sideration. If the pipe line is to be wholly or partly unproductive of revenue throughout its length, the cost will be heavy on the cities at its termination ; if, on the other hand, a method can be used which permits of supply to intermediate towns without appreciable length of branch lines, the cost to all users should be diminished and the benefit will be much more general. The first saction of the proposed gravity concrete pipe is 10 feet 6 inches internal diameter and is buried 6 feet clear, necessitating a trench about 17 feet deep and 12 feet 6 inchee wide, and from the nature of the work it would probably not pay to lay this as two pipes of smaller diameter at different times, although the full capacity may not be required for say 25 years or more. On the other hand, with a pressure system a much smaller diameter fteel or wood- stave pipe might be laid at probably much less cost, sufficient for 10 or 15 years ahead, such pipe following the route of the railroad and centres of population. Later on, when conditions warrant it, a second parallel pipe could be laid, or feeder pipes could be laid to points of heavy demand. GRAVITY SYSTEM. Summing up the above, the gravity pipe system appears to entail the following disadvanta^ree : (1) The pipe line is remote from intermediate towns, and its length is about 40 per cent more than the distance by railroad. It is also far from being easily accessible for inspection and repairs. 88 DEPARTMEST OE THE lyTEKIOR (2) The annual capital charges during the early stages will he an exceesive burden. (3.) The water will be delivered without pressure and each town muit main- tain its own pumping station to add the necessary pressure for distribution. (4.) To get the necessary height of land will necessitate placing the pump- ing station about 24 miles from the railroad. PRESSURE SYSTEM. To avoid these disadvantages it is suggested that a pressure instead of a gravity •ystem should be considered. The addition of about 65 pounds pressure at the main pumping station would probably give all the pressure necessary for domestic supply. A pressure system would enable the pipe to be laid by the shortest or most desir- able route independently of the contour of the land. The pressure system would offer the following advantages: — 1. The plant can be located at the most advantageous spot independent of the elevation of the adjacent height of land. It might be located at 'the Elbow,' within one or two miles of the railroad instead of about 20 miles di. ant. This offers groat advantages for the delivery of machinery and supplies, and for access to the work» when completed. It would also avoid the exi)enditure of about $400,000 and en annual cost of about $4S,0(H( for a branch railway line (see paces 14 and 15). 2. Tie pipe can be laid near the route of the railway, diminishing its length by about 40 per cent, avoiding the cost of branch line?, and making it far more acces- sible for repairs. 3. It will probably pay to lay a much smaller steel or wood stave pipe, sufficient for fifteen years ahead, diminishing the initial burden on the undertaking (see also- above). 4. It can then supply intermediate towns between the principal cities without branch lines, thus distributing the costs, increasing the benefits, and producing revenue along its whole length. There are fourteen towns on the Canadian Pacific Railway line between Elbow and Regina and others coming into existence on the routes of other railroads closely adjacent. 5. The .ecessity for an individual pumping plant in each city or town will be done away with, except for fire or reserve purposes. Any inequality of pressure due to direct pumping and varying demand could probably be met by the addition of standpipes, etc., at suitable points/ but it is possible that in the case of simultaneous supply to a number of cities and town^ the resultant demand would be so steady that but little would be needed in this direction. Or, each city could provide its own elevated tank or reservoir giving such storage and pressure as its engineer considered necessary, the supply to such tank being delivered from the main pumping station to the top of the tank. Any inequalities of pressure due to direct pumping could not then affect supply consumers. The elevations of the cities and towns on the proposed route are such that the pressure at all points would Ijc nearly uniform (page 12). A system of direct pumping under pressure, properly designed, would not appear to greatly affect the safety of supply, since in any case the supply must depend upon direct pumping from the river to the height of land, and the additional pressure would be taken care of by steel or wood stave pipes instead of by concrete pipes for a gravity supply. To provide for fire pressure, if higher pressure was considered necessary in the cities and larger towns, each" city could provide its own steam fire engine or simple and sor TH s ASK \T( iif:\y.i\ wmhu si rfi.y in\t:iisio\ vhojevt 89 inexpensive iiiotnr dri\en pumps to :irt as lioosters, siu-h methods eostintr but n frac- tion of the capital and operating costs necessary to maintain a separate plant in constant operation for providinK the pressure necessary for domestic purposes in each city. While increased pressure means preator first cost for plant and prreater cost of pumping, it does not mean that these would be increased proportionately. If, therefor, the development is to be ca -ried out on a co-operative basis amongst the municipalities, it is probable that addintr the necessary pressure at the river would considerably diminish the total cost of the water delivered to the consumer, by reducing the cost of the pipe line and redu<-ing the cost of local pumping. SI&:iLAB WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS. A few notes on what has been or is being done on systems similar to that herein contemplated may be of interest to those reading this report. New York city has nearly completed an aqueduct largely consisting of pressure tunnels, from a point 'M miles, distant in the Catskill mountains, which will have an ultimate capacity of 600 million gallons daily. Los Angeles, California, has nearly completed an aqueduct 222 miles long, with a capacity of 273 million gallons per day. San Francisco, California, has drawn plans for obtaining its supply from a dis- tance of 180 miles at an elevation of 3,800 feet. The total cost of the scheme, giving a supply of 24i) million gallons daily is estimated at $37,000,000. Manchester, England, obtains its supply from lake Thirlmere through an aque- duct nearly 100 miles long. Birmingham, England, obtains its supply from the Elan river, in Central Wales, through a 70-mile aqueduct. Glasgow, Scotland, is supplied through a 30-mile aqueduct from Loch Katrine. Winnipeg, Manitoba. — The city is carrying on surveys for a gravity supply from Shoal lake, a portion of the lake of the Woods. The 'distance is about 90 miles and the tentative plans contemplate the supply of 25,000,000 gallons per day. Steps are being taken to include the surrounding towns and cities in a ' greater Winnipeg water district.' Estimated cost, $1' (OO.OOO. Mexico. — An interesting description of a water supply pipe line of similar length but smaller diameter is given by J. L. Campbell, M. Am. Soc. C.E., in a paper on 'the Water Supply of El Paso and Southwestern Eailway, New Mexico.' (•) This system is a combination of gravity and pressure supply and supplies all the requirements of the railway for a distance of 128 miles. The system includes 116 miles of wood stave pipe and 19 miles of cast-iron pipe, total 135 miles, along an approximately straight route; also, one 422,000,000 gallon storage reservoir, four 2,500,000 gallon service reservoirs, two pumping plants in duplicate, stand-pipes, &c. The pipe line is carried over a very broken and irregular country. From a small concrete dam across the creek at an elevation of 7,728 feet the pipe line drops down 5J miles to 6,980 feet (difference, 235 feet), continuing 5 miles to the storage reservoir. From thence it drops to Coyote at 5,810 feet. This first section brings the water from the source to the railway and is 32 miles long. The second or pumping section of SOJ miles, extends east along the railway, ris- ing from 6,810 feet at Coyote to 6,750 feet (940 feet) on Corona Summit where it delivers to a reservoir. The third section, which is a gravity system, extends from the reservoir on Corona Summit, dropping from 6,750 to 4,570 (2,180 feet) in 80 miles. OTraL- .m. Soc. C. E., toI. LXX, Dec.. 1910, p. 164. 90 llF.PARTMF.ST OF THE ISTF.RIOR The pressure is limited to 130 pounds per so re inch (300 feet head) except on 19 miles of the pump main, where the estimntca maximum pressure is 310 poundi (718 feet head). The maximum diameter of the pipe is IC inches, and this section delivers about 3,120,000 Imperial gallons per day. There are rcKulatinjf, relief check, blow-off and air valves, air chambers and open «tnnd-pipes dcsinned to keep the wood pipe full, regulate flow, prevent accumulation of pressure and water hammer, and remove sediment. All of which ia respectfully submitted. H. E. M. KENSIT.