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U 1^-^ ' '''\:'''''f~%^:'; The information whil-h I have endeavoured to digest, hai l>eM» derived chiefly from the ^uruals of Cbc^-Uouse ^ # Assembly. The first returns appear in the Reports of tlrt; ^^ Committee on Crown liands in 1824. It compriscf' • the baptisms^ marriages and burials in the District # ^ Three Rivers, from,] 791 to 1822; in the District of Quebc;^ from 1794 to 1821 ; and in the District of Monty-eal, froi^ £V ' 1810 to 1822. There is an omission then itf^hc^Jourhalr^r ^- of the returns for three years, but since 1825 tl^y have been- * • regularly inserted^ X n - •< ; la consequence oi the comparativiely short Cinie for i^btch the returns are made from the District of Montreal, aiMl the occurrence of anotbev gap of three years between 1817 and 1819> I have altogether omitted the consideration of that jDistriictpriflr to; 1826,- ./v^l^.; ;;:,.,. ^,. ,; •. '" n.: :,^,. :,\,...u^'- .- ■ It is to be regretted thM n^tt^lar census b^ been tak^n in Lower Canada between 1784 and 1825, and that the ^ published returns of the latter, and of the recent one in 183i, afford little that can be relied bn, (as far as the olijects of this p^per are coocemed) be^^nd the actual numbers of ^ inhabitants. £ven so simple a matter, as the itotal number- - iof males and females separately, ciinnot be obtained from ,;^ • either, nor their relative humbers at any particular period, of life. In the latt census persons of both sexes under 14 . ' years of age are given Jn the same column ; and the hge§ * «t fiHl under which the males are classed, bepad that perib4^ of life, are quite different from those used in the olassificatioi|M^ of tb6 lemales. Wb^ the numbers of persons of different '% 9^4re ffiiiiimed up, tbey are foi^nd to exceedcoaaid^ 'V/ i ''•^^ ^ _■!«*»»' i^' 1 '' 'W«f<^l ;i-^ OP LOWER CANADA^ im % •«: Uion '-^ cvably the total number * • Tbo dfecrcpaucy seems partly divingr to the nttmber of females under 14 being sometimes priced under two h<;ads j but in many instances neither a eorrection for-this, or lyiy other apparent source of erro<*, eouW make the total, and detaiis correspond. The census of 1826 Is, in these respects, equally unsatisfactoiy. They also diflfer much from one another. In the pensus of 182& the males above 00, are stated as 1 1,437; the feitales abov6 45, as 8,^42; in tfie census of 1831, the males above 60 amounted to 13,243 j the females above 45 to 2:^,61 3.t Besides the regular census, Iiowever, returns of the amount of the population have occasionally been obtainecl from the Cur^. Of these, within the period alluded to above, there was one in 1790, giving the number of persons In the different parishes up to the close of that year. It has ntft, I believe, been published, butthe originar papers are in the CIvU Secretary's Office. Another, made in 1822i WIS published in the Report of the;Cdmmittce on Crown Lands. The remarks accompanying the latter, contain much intere8tr»g information j but the omission of the returoa for some Parishes, and of the prdtestants, detracts much for its value. ^ Aeoniparison of the population oitht Districts of Quebec tond Thr« Rivers by the ecnsus of 1784, with theXur^s' \ ' ' ■• "• ■ ' •• ■ .......-;■. •! ■ • • . ■•r., . : ■ f ' ' it ' r On eorraetinf th* return forRimouiki, which ww eMimued toi-'hidk wd'^n «U«jk. ,Mh. .ummin, up of ih. u,ul namb«r in Bon.«„ft.r«, 1 found ih. totnl ^omtor ofperwd. in «>•, Pxorinc... by. th. c.n.n. of 1931/wm.508.9U. But ^dmf together the nunrtMi« « wch p«riod of D&. (^Ini. of Rlmoodd inchidod"^ ll;:;;"^^ wS ■^r fc.-f ■^•B.- V J K' 3»¥ ^^ -V '? J f^^H 1 \ Mtkl I'M.* 1»«W»»*"-^ • . Aiit the incrtw* then w ^^^^ gf 'rj^Wl^bUfott*^«»°^^*- . ,we latter period «»ar^ after iirliwn jnereaw m the ***?J7lj.g ^utherft Th* lower rate oi i» ii.^;ffratWn frOna tue »«« ._i A ^nft looh ii w» **" , ^ wy one was ne»<^»j ilPSi r f ^^^ww^ , V i «r.}^'•K>'i9?7^^i^'f'o<'*4"'>'f*•''W•'^'i >''T OV LOWliA CANfAUA. W \ vrit tnoh 9lOs ly be thern BW of . J <»vet list be ion in*© d itttbe bewbole ^s nearly » as )fct Bainmcr. / o»»U|iifd» leftdB to QoocliHle thfit^ about tfiF«nt)^ve yean nn QeeeMgry for the doubling of a popnUtion by tbe natural increase uiider equally favorable eircuipstences. ,;,; Tbe populntion of the di»tri«u of Qu^beo and Three Rivers ip 1784, was $7,286, By iheCur^s' returns we find that it had increased to 70^, at the close of 1790* At thie rate it would bav« doubled in twenty-ope years. The biiptiRnis recorded in the districts of Three Rivers, from 17W, and of Quebec, from 17W, to ieOO inclueive^ were3l,49a. The burials 14»330. The B^rpI^s added t* the population* at these periods, mokes it amount to 03,601, attheclosa^f 1800. At tbU rate it would bav^i doubled ■ in.twenty^five yeapi. ., . m ^ .,; . '\ ■ , ; . , ,/, ^,,, ' • The baptisms for the next ten years were 53^01 3, the burials 2$,24«. IbfT surplus raises th» pppnlatjm to A80,37U at the dose of 1810 j a rate of increase that fllld cause it to double in S7i y^rs. ( ^""T" The baptisms from 1810, to, 1820, w^re 64,^1 the burials d3|085. The inerease in the natin^ way raisef the populatloQ at tb« close of 1880, tal$^,^|> , At this rate it would only double, jp saii yeap% .Tbe; calculated population however* al Ai? period, if I§6>^I0| jlalu^i^ the p;enws of 18^ as oiie points an4-tlm popuIatliiHip fji abewB by tlie natural bicreoseat tlie f;l9se p| 1800, <^r t^ !e«her. At the rate. of ioereaM dedueed fiwrn the ^qilpubpr tion, it would have doubled in very little more than tw^ntyw scven years.! . ^^%ttsf4bi*st ««W«]u«i w^>t4b»§m«mjm<9fim9»m \4wBm^m'.^^d 3 jtx t ^&.i i iJ^^'^ ^J^''A ~!^$i?» f ti^^^i r-'i. ^ It v^? -'- ' ■ " •".; 196 ON TAB IfKDldAL StATlSTICS ':'"?■• ^r. '> '4n!eftc;h of -these t)ei'iod9 we perceive that tlierc htwbeen an ftfttetseof Ihe httmbei* of bnrials compared' \vith tb6 baptisms. In 'th^ fimt they Were as 45| to 100 { In thct Sedomliitf 48f to 100 ; and in the third as 40^ to 100. Id ib«' ilve y«ar«' frbm 1898 to 1830, the ratio in the isanie tdistrtctsiWifeiSHwiOft^' ?f-^" '■■''■' ••'■• ■^.^*■v;;■ This increase in the yatio of burials to baptisttis, seems partly owing to immigration, and ii some measure klso to An inctvttse of mortalitv iil the Oily of Quebec, whWb bears ti^lkrgil- propdrtioQ to the total 'mortality of the tdistriets under cdnsideriition. in the five yenrs from 1796 It6' 1800, the buriafs in Quebee, were to the baptisms a« O^f to^OO^ From 1806 to J8I0, as 76, S9 to 100; from 18^6 tp 1680; as 80, 24 to 100 ; and firially from 1896 to 1890, as 76^ 28 to 100. Tboligh in the last period the rate of mortality in > Quebec had' coi»siderably increased, the births liad increased in a still greater proportion^ <' , , '■'■[*'■• '''Th^-tb^l nthnWr of mafe' children baptried in both dUtridts prior l» 1822, is 80,750 ; of females 75,712. The 'propbrdoh is l()6; i35 to lOO, or 16 to 15. In the district ^f l%ree Rivei^ (consisting itlmdst wholly of couAtry .parishes,) the males were 2S,0Ql', the f<^mal^s2l,326. Tli^ -proiM^rtion is 107,' '86^(0 1€&, Ar 14 to 13. In theCity oT '4uebec!yihe ba|>tlsiil8 ft^m 1794 to 1821, «<^ere 9,976 Miile^ iitd9fiQ0kmli^T^ proportion 104» 8 toi fOO^ pr 22 •iti-2li- lU'.i^' o-M-ii' ;)!.i«b! •;■; ;V , ; U.[ •*/ ;> w.-i- .,' .■.■■.. ■;,:; -<*■ ' ' ■ y ■ :iii- th« e»leuI«Uoii, h bib ahoft of it, when the eakulaiion is mad* between the ' popukliim by the nstnra} inereaeeitt 1800, end' the cenaoe of 1835. • Thue ihe wing in Man' degree the effe«t of immigretlon, which be^n to be perceptible eboiit thiit niiae..' i'he poptil«idM of the twb diatrietein 1838 wa* 1751488.' I hhd'eome 'tfifllwliy ia'aaoenidDrag i^>eol^Ml4MM» of 'lllft Dhuga* dtide lathil dt«iil«i|'4r ^-tiiel^rldee'byeolintieUl •^-'''' !i':'5nV'j"?it); nssb- ,-iwJ«''..o ' ^;--;iP;i ,s*:*!. v;\;;» \> 0> XOWBR CANADA. 199 The total buriabduriifg the samct period, ^vcre 40,486 maK BDd ^.370fei«iil«j 114. 46to JOO, or 8(o7, lo 108, 66 to 100, or 13 to 12. I„ the town of Quebec, 8,623 taalei, Btod 6,641 females j 129, 84 to lOQ, or 13 to 10 * ^ The registers of baptism, in the whole ProvJbce since J«a6,.hewaproporti<^ of 20 Aaiea to I9 females • the country parishes 1 7 male, to 16 females; the towm 30 males to29|»raale».t «>wns au The registers of burials in the Provio«e since 1825, shet^ a^pro^ortion of 6 malei to 6 female. , in the townJ more than 6 males to 4 females j In the country 7 to 6;~TW. however include. 1832, the season of ^i„,lera, whichcarried off a much larger proportion of males than females. If we exclude 1832, the proportions Will be in the Province 7 ma)es.to6femaIesj in the towns J6 to 6, in the countr^ 8 ^ The ratio of burial. tf|»ptlsms from 1825 to 1831 inclusive, is 49, 64 to 100 j in the totvns76i6 to 100- in the dountry44,38tol00. These proportions correspond very cUwely with those observed in the Districts of Quebec and Three Rivers alone, betw^een 1810 and 1820. -The relative proportion of births and bwwU^end. to mahe the number of males greater than-that of femaW in the country; whils^in tK^town it l^nds to make the female. 'i'iK'v'j j'St.-if;;,:'>i) •>.) to oa. fcm.|. : wbih, nmong^t lb. C«|telk» U»y ware „ 11 ,„ ,0^ ^»««««- if^'i^^ *•»»• »« 183» ,*• ftmala, birth, w,r^ o^ 798,111. mth. 934 ^" IJI isv ,"-,/ .■■ T-, ■j.i^, ,. ;,,.. ■ _,^.;^ :.,,^ lcf»tiutt>«oiii«thiaii the femal««. Bat^ all hava already remarked, there U no ceruia information jw tfala h^ad, ai regards thb countrjr genevallf. In tbo Oarts' retttriM to 1790, the mate^ to tto* Coutttrjr PtorUfceaictf M tocluda aemmts^ ili» tofirm, and ttairea, who wer^ not ttamsd icfonitog to their ^exes. ^'-^-^ hu^ ... :, ..ii-^v. ■• ... ^ ..'y.- in calculating the annual rates of baptisms, marriage^ and bnrial^I httacbeeen tlie^M»*»«*^**^«y ^«"» ealcnlateit for tt» Rapwrt of thfc Boplilation Committee of the House of CobMUoas to 18^1. F*r though we h^ not the adfantage of acetiiusattheend of each ptrlod, the reason whloh Induee* MrwHI«kn»aii t»««lM« *«« *^>^ *• vepcjTts sUU ih^afeiiat^nly aagiod ai anyothers^ but „ may be of some use, as ei^togna to aee what relatlonour progftss to these i«iV*it^>^to«o that of aw^^^^^ densest, and cert^nly the healthiest community in Europe. yh*ifc«i.' ' '(?■:-% i IM9 mMrk, howffMV tj Ml llw«f>»». by «> *>iairrrwM liiittMy to fiOi in)b ony owor.ir IMMtordMOMMidaiyofaMUieaatofEaygntioR. ' ^:.^,m 14^ •'fl» est. ■ r OP LOWBR\qANADA. aoi for soldiers aqd sailore, it i^ill amount to 90,028. The bapti^s in^he, intervening peVjodr were 21,20Vy giving an annual mean of 4,240, or onein !2i ,2^, The burials 9^538. Mean 1,906, oi: one in 47 >18.\ The onarriages 8^52(2< Mean 706, or one in 127 %66. V .^ i. l The mean population of 1806 anV 1810, allowing 3^000 for Boldierst sailori, &c. was- 116,069^ Jh(b annual mean of baptisms 5,5^, one in 20<79> T^o annual mean of burials 2,071 > one in 43 .46. • The \ annual mean of marriages ]^017t onein ll^TJfi^ • . \ : '' '- .i- ^ . The mean population of 1816 And I89(K with the same- allowanee for soldiers, sailors, &c.^wa8\ 1^^560. The annual mean of baptissms 6^85-l,'6ne ki St ;83, ^Annual .mean of t^uflals 3,S86^ one Tu 45'A Annual mean of . marriages 1,180, of(e in 126 .74. ^ ^ , . The mean populationnyfthe same dl«irlbts\ between 1826 ' and 1830, with 3,500 for^ldiert, sailors, &cl was 194^786. The'annual mean of baptistns 9,440, one in 201.63. Annual mean of burials 4,878, one in 39 .99t Aniiual ibean of marriagesl,786, one in 109. ^" . > ;: »0 The mean, population of the Province, eXC|(i6lveLof the District of Gasp^,* between 1826 and 1830, ^a« 457,200 ; adding 5,000 for soldiers^ sailprs, &c. it becomes 462j200.t •; .C :';* ;•->,:« .1-11 '4 ^. * The regiitera from Qwpi it9 only for thne yun, itnd app«rtiMly dcfeetiTe /t The higb^t numbttra allowtd for ■idl6n alone waa c^y 1,000. Aa the number coming to the porta of Quebec and Montreal Ik^tt* Jraar did not exeied 19,000, if each on an average la auppoaed to remain one ntoifli. Ihey will e^oal • reaident population o f l>OQ(Kmen. Thia altowanee will not be thooght tqo anAll on the preeent occaaion, when we eonridar that diaee aM perabna gtaerallj ia th* prime of liie,' and' aecoatomed toalMaltl^ emplojraMnt, and tonaeqnwMfy atM" likely to addnear ao iauch to ibe mpfta^. amdiC^^tamly not t» the.ibirtht^ aaiaa tkqnal mnabar oT reaideBia of. both «t^ aad aUvagaa. :l>Tha nniiAet of i«eldi«ij»il ' Uwto Iwiiillla rto-tMflly liB^ /" % B jy rV, r "Jit ^ ^1 202 ^,.-- -1'. -'-i.' ^-J^ ■ _ , *-' ■ ^ ON THB MBDICAL STATISTICS Tht atitiual mean of baptisms were 21,583) one ia 21 .41. ^be a»iiiuil meiii of burials 10^17, one in4a.9&< The anttual mean of tttarriftgc» 3>890> one in 1 18 JS* Tbe Ipwekt rate of tnortality was in the years 1799 and 1816; in the first it was equal to one in 62 .7^} in jtbe liittdr to one in 54 td. The greatest mortality occurred in 1810 and 1830 j io the first it amounted to one in 33 .14} In the other ,fe9 one in 34 .5. in the District of Montreal in 1^30 and It^l, the m^an mortality was equal to one in 36 .91. Some portions of the District suffered most in one of these years> someiiii the other* The greatest proportion of marriages occurred in 1812, when they equalled «, J|lwriagw"mi-3, The Province. 1836 to 1830, ODain993-4, " 44, " I18i 1796 fo 1800, BirllM,-^»baeina6, Buritb, " 41, MutiagM " 128» England, 1806 10 1810, 1816 to 1890, 1896 to 1830, «i«ia34# ont in 36, on* in 37, ... " 61, " 67, «,64> ua^ Vff* 199, * •lbir|aMftrodi«#ta|MNt7i«MMra«k WlMiiw«eonri4«rthit,ortlMEtaigruiii tifa»u*Mtti4itir»y«ntl«0|V«r|m>TiM*,maB7timnarlMMlalQiN6M{ aMtlMt * hwtt mm)mmkk mmiHtam a vikry atert te* thtto, ibn nUMranw niM wiU tnkMf to fiMMd faHr cfiid to UMir iiiiitBe* on Doctor Price's rule for finding the «»tpeottttlo» df lif«i or mean life, was to take a mean betweeen the annual rate o^ births and burials; b«t lale invedHgatlons In England, ledMr.Malthus to consider that it fa nettper the annual ifate of mortality, and conseqti^htly longer than what iA ^ven by Dr. Price's rule. Mr. Malthus howe^r states, that the mean life at any period is equal to the time which elapses until the mean mortality of a certain number of years, equals the mean biitbs of a similar previous period. Guided by i^g rule, if w)e take tlie niean of births In tl|^ r Ow four yean, inm mi to J794, it is found to be 860; g»# in«wi «f twrials «f four :-.'-n'^; ^r^ il.ri Oi • TJie numbm obtained bj eomp«riqg'th« m«rria|e« pf !^ yw» (ftqia 1796 lo l816)wiUi the birth, ofamqutl period (bur yeawlMar wji 6 1^, < hw* ttruek pff nReTFSt|5ni."icoihiiiMttioD for 1%^^ Thie might be eoniidered too low, still making a large allowance for the increase of mortality from this cause, the mean life thus obtained would not be greater, perhaps not equal to the result wi aBert«^lffiB;» lry whwy« of flwyfe^ "Bat^ if the Mc ewha f hiitha tms ^ bttriab Wwooa th* lJ ii .|" i r 11 )' 'fig I 1! ■ OF LOWKR CANADA. 205 can scarcely suppose that the surphis remaining in these districts, together with their descendants born since their arrival, would add one-fifth to the mortality of the native inhabitants. . . I . If, on the other hand, we endeavour to ascertain what proportion of those baptized live to marry 3 and compare^ for that purpose, the baptisms of a period of years,. with the marriages of an equal period, 24 or 26 years later ; the influence of immigration will tend to make the proportion appear larger than it really is. The total baptisms from 1801 to 1805 were 24,096j from 1802 to 1806, 26,015.. The marriages from 1826 to 1830 were 8,930. If we take from the marriages the usiial allowance of a sixth for second and third marriages, the number left for first marriages is 7,442. If we supl^ose the average age of marr^ges to be 24 years, nearly threef fifths of those born would seem to live to marry; and a still greater proportion if the ii^ean age of marriage was 25 years. ,. , ,;, . A return of all the deaths in the Province for several yrars, classed,, as is often done in other countries, fu;cordiug to the ages of the deceasedj^ would be very i^seful in many respects, particularlyin assisting us to estimate both the probability, and expectation of life»^.,. , . i . , , , It is a subject of general remark that cities and towns are more unhealthy than the surrQundlqg couqtry : and for the most part the rate of mortality in towns is ooiisidered to bear some relation to their size. £ven on a small scale, the iiiuple circun^^tancf of iipan|y>eople living in. th^ i^^e Iraihttng or npiirtiirem, itRni| ^ it crowded, sterns tolie' inimical to health. Thus, the average mortality is observed to be greater In large hospitals than in small ones ; and in the same hospital, gr«iitf p in th« targe wardi tliaQ in the ■* '*J«*SB1^^'|Si|<* i.la ■A -M) 'ni'fif^-J'';'^^^: ■^•. trvt-. W'^i 206 Oy THK MEDICAL STATISTICS •/ 1826 to 183a» ope in 17|< "231-3. "882^. small.* Perhaps in no place or country is the truth 6f this observation more se already given for the districts, as the periods in both ar^ the same :«— - I79« to 1800, ! 1806 to 1810, 1816 to 1838, Birtba,— one in 24^, one j|p 281, oatf in 21^ Burialt, " 36i, «« 29 J, " 271-5, Uarrioges, " 130, " 105, " lOOJ, To the calculated population in the first period 2000 is added for military and sailors, making the whole 11,650. To the second 3,000 is added, as the number of troops w:as increased, makings in all 16,278. The total nui^ber in the third period with the same addition (for though the troops were fewer, the sfarpping, &c. was increased) was 20,898. In the fourth we have the mean j>f the censuses of 1825 and 1831, which, with 3,500 for soldiers, &c. amounts to 28,699. The mean population of the city of Montreal by the census of 1825 and 1831 -was 29,572, to' which may be added 1,500 for soldiers, sailors, &c. Tfae mean annual baptisms between 1826 and 1830 were 1,557, or one in 19.95. The mean burials 1, 125, one in 127 ,69, Mean of marriages 347, one in 98.18. • ^e mean population of the town of Three Rivers between 1625 and 1631 was 3,550. The mean annual baptisms from 1826 to 1630 were 186, one in 19. Mean burials 101, one in 35.15. Mean marriages 34, one In -fe^h4i — ^ — ■' •— ' fftw&iBJi' MMioal Btaikltaw. 'TK- a '-rrt;;;-- •■*;' • w OF LOWBR CANADA. 207 t The annual mortality varied, in Quebec, from one in 18 in 1831, to one in 28^ in 1838: in Montreal, from one in 21 in 18»1, tp one in 28 .93 in 1828 : In Three Rivers, from one in 24 in 1826, to one in 46 .43 in 1829. If to the calculated population of Quebec in 1832, we add as before 3,500 for soldiers, sailors, &c. it becomes 32,966. I The deaths in that year were 2,611 males, and l,430females. t The proportion one in 8 .16. The population of Montreal for the same year, with the addition of 1,600 for soldiers, &c. was 34,164. The deaths 2,096 males, and 1,817 females. The proportion one in 8 .73.» In Three Rivers, where cholera did not prevail, the deaths were 88 males, and 65 females ; being one in 27 of the population. In 1^ the mortality in the country parishes of the districts of Quebec and Three Rivers was equal to onie in 42 .8j in the district of Montreal to one in 30.1. But if we examine the two previous years, we and that the country parishes of Montreal were healthy, whilst there Was a considerable mortality in those of Quebec and Three Rivers. In the populous Island of Orleans, within three nautical miles of Quebec, the mortality in 1832 was only equal to one in 69 .94 j being less than in any of the seven precedinir years. . The following is the annual rate of burials in the country parishes of the several districts between 1826 and ]832t» t9.77, 3SM, 87.86, 42 .0^ OT.O, 43.27, 48.60, 44.8, MM, 1837, 1888, Quabae,— one ia 41 .47, 45 .91, 4B .43, 11irMRhr«ra,«nelft37.63, S4 .0, 59.33^ MntTMl, oiM {pt 44 .ii«!!»£3lV : m fy-.y V, . _X' 7 t)t» LOWfeU CANADA. m^ pHndple of indttdidg'yeard of pestilence in our estimat^si is correet, yet, When they occur rarely, they ought only td be taken in connexion with the returns of many ordinary yeart, certainty of niore than seven or eight as in the pre^nt instance, and rather with the years that follow, than those which precede their occurrence. The annual average mortality in the city of Quebec frofi 1825 to 1832 was one in 18 .4. In Montreal froin 1836^ 1882 one in 19 .95. In Thre6 Rivers one in 82 .7. i • The' high taifi of mortality is not altogether confined to the last fiM!ion; and inany other towns in England, is It .■ ■,«)'., .itU ;• ^« ratuniS| for 1833 bar* juat been lent in. They are partiealar^ iniereMinn In dbiHMliiMeofor ttiip being tbe yeer immediately lueeebding the eprdemte.~ FWm tU n«BuMr4>r (ufirtt'penoM eat off in the piweeding ye» w« Mpeeted tbit t^ mortality pr^lh^ foMp^ nmeh,belo<) i|«^a W««! TO?''^5?S?** ^^ <»«>fW|«>oni< the moftalitj of which of previotp 2?"i^T^a - '"'^ '^ "^ ■•*•■• •'•^ "o^yM ••« m their retarai..: The «««if)aWidli]r^4h«|iraviMMiirl^ntt^ b* •rthirtiat^tt^i^ljirin ^^l c ■ ' \ \\ {'. ^10 ON TflM M^fCA*- STATISTICS pfli^ ^C $0 hig^ ^ fi>9sopt fi9 ^1 thff iQi^iddle Qf Ohb Inst |i^ ^ms^er^MPf wjiip)^ ti«ssu^re4 fmain fthe^^cjif^of Irade, |he,rA(io pf B^ort«lUy has i9cj:^«se(l dicing tl^e sftwe p^^ipd) whiut titie pppulatloo has diinini»)i^. Vfpa^ the^e conside- rations we are led to enquire kow U blH»p«i)s, that the raMp pf iWtali(y hf^ bee% increasing in Qu^ip during the last l^rly yefirs, notwith9tonding Its^a^yan/piPsdHrinf t^,^l9p , in commercial prospew^ . *. ^ - v\ I|^ EagU|nd« wjU^ the inprea^of wef^t^^^bena w^.an incriPivse4 ptt^utip^ tp ^he general pol j^e 9.<.^e c^t^ The strejiiis w^im cj^qsed* dramfd. nn4 j^t4d; Jbey w««» ventilated ^\sp,Qr at le<^^ p^ire ^ir waspap^ fr^fy^m^/^ hy widening the^, i|nd ^n abundant »npply,of,ji7afer, brip^ght tp eve/ry l^use, ei^cpiirag^d ^lei^nUnesa within dpp^s. t^^ i|« uipk to.Quebefi in 9f^m of tl>««e, nespf etPr^ Within the walls $he p?>ving is tolerfbfy gpo^i bit M»wre baa b(?pff a» ye^ i^ rm^\w systep^ of (4ef»nMiW .tb« str^f ts. Tb* pwbW? sewew aye io ?wb « »tate» that foi»e be«i w aveniiM to tbr country, have neither the advantage of paving or sewen. fr^QR jHq, ^1^ ?p»e pC J» usnaS in such cirflttffl8ieiice6i.»aog»lented-ittcon8eque»cbdf theiwdnfeeJf a> mdf supply of water; we cannot 5e aurprisedl ati the frequency of disease and death. ^LllUe attentiOtt water from being sent in pipes through the town. If, however, this mpde should seem too difficult or uncertain, Bome other means might surely be de^sed for affording a more ready supply of '^d water to the poor, lt^.8 thp more called for, as the scarcity of is^ater Is perhaps the onV^ one of the sources of disease peculiar to them, that can be %,ct by municipal regulations. Those things can Only be done at a- considerable expense j but the object to lie ikttained is worth any pecuniary sacrifice. Those* wh^mY be chiefly called on lo contribute will do well to recollect, that when disease begins among the poor, ^t sooner Or later spreads to the rich. '_ The ciuises of the higltrate of mortality iti Montreal are probably much the same as in Quebett ' A cursor, examination of the TOburbs shews that much remain* to be done there also, in the Way of cfeansing, pavhiir and draining 5 and the benefits* the wat#r worte are, as yet, wholly confined to thW who can aflferd to pay for thtro.^ > In 1833 rfeturhs were made to the House of Assembly of tbehaptisms, marriages,arid buriails in the Province during ««ch month Of the four preceding years. The substam;e of ih«o is arranged here in It tabular form; I have separated the returns of the cit«rt from thotee of the country parishes, "ii^l^trdtaHrt T^ars iirom^ i&ei F ea r of-thevep i dcmic ; BnHifmU *h* Ptt9iiutJhmvlBMi» >18SI L' :: ; S'.', m::? 'MM mj. OMO Msnli •MOO •Ml JaM. •it* '•SM '••to' bet.' •kto' ton ink,. •Ill JUL M. JUL JBft im |8» L a MM WW loto ife, iB during I Other 1 thews ipply of > rn. If} icertaiot Nrdiog a t is thp the only it can be only be *t to be vrhoii«ay recollect, ror later :y\Vi\ itr«al are ^ic^wory ftind to be vin|r and ^, as yet, f- th^m* t isembly of ice during bstanceof (separated f parfehe9, ?inic , t_„_„:^ : I'r, v.;:? 1.- Alt •Ill 74 lOM 1«MS or LOWSR CANADA*. 213 CMMr; partahM, !«■»-«». A SI. IMS Vtby. ISM Mureb stss AprtL Sin assi JmMi SISS J«i;. AsgL STflS SttT Oeb ISN inr ttMt. IflSS UM. MS •n . ssr «ss SSI isn ISOB SBl« IMS .SSSt SST MB '^ A SI. MM tts n ns S74 d» m •TV «* sss iM m int. M 78 <<6 ' in iaa4 «M 7IS «0T SOS <*• M ( ■ A SI. MT Mt ssS 996 iwt SSI iM isft s«s "0 sto SSS isn. lU lOS IW^ 1st m IISO SSi 7*» S95 us II*' -,, ILUlL-i-L ' l-^^^^ ^^.^^ l4Jil^v^ • ill the country the giieatest number of births occurra«l in Marcb^ of, deaths in July and August ; the least nuoiber both of births and deaths in November^ December^ January; and^ebruary. in the towns tho greatest nutnW « both of birth» . and deaths occurred in Juqo, July,' and Aujgust^ the least in tht wiater months. we> find that the increased moirtality'conimeBiced' iqMarchy though cholera did not aii|>ear. until June. The increased mortality in the spring* WM chiefly in the oil^ and! district of MontreaT^ •where in March it amounted td nearly onei-half more than the mean of th^ three preceding years j it increased still mor^ in April, and in May it tm nearly, double, ^a December the rata of mortality 'was below^' the*average of the same month in the • pre^l^g years^ ; ^ > ; A physician ii hg re led to inquire, w^ afff IhgidliiiWg ' .V, that^ caina sacfi an Increase of mbrtalifyt both in: town and counlty during the isuquner mofiths pfot if i they iiiere ichown dielrcauses might be examfaMd ialo>[and perhaps measures suggested for lessening their frequency and fatalit f . .\'"r^k 3U ON tHB MBDICAJl SXA'HiTICS i This information dm ool^ be oMsteed, at regpects the country paf ishes^ by reports firora , ,ibe , loical ni4e4ijc«l prsfctioi^eca. liMhft •9^1*11^0 vei \^ to, co^i^^t t^ie nott useful information la hospital cjecorda^ la Ikaving rflcoune t» theM ia Qiiebeo^ however, tof expectotibna imre wry uucli dtftppohited; Rtyaicpntion was (hiit dlrectedittrflre HeteiDilew w^r^StmtnA Mespital^ wbtek, mi iioeoknit of tjl^v lpiig.8iandinlg& Meme4 likely to afibrdl tb9 ned^isary inforw^tlQo, fir^ ifwmi^tlie ,ifiv^ta^y that h attocl^e^.'^o the l e aulta o b t ain eA from- «Hdd: sMt .he:i«Fgr;iiM6il.M : thoi ;praie«t ooCMiibn. %»ei96iwicQiikise ivM, 10 ibe^£iilsranaHotpteaV< ^Sk» linrli%lh lhiT| -*7'-""' — -**■ Hon M« iniiaed loi:«hl! oii«S,intr Utoljr «• 9U^i^ moM) tl»a» otbtn frtiA wav «aii8e> : ofi diifiMe de|>f MlfMti; oil- ih« f«^ poveny; iwft 4attit«lid0)iin~ nt^hfl^HKQ^ of iltemi '^itd^s Atn pe be uBOtkot^ ftomi tlw^bqs jfltai : hQokfi.appertf8M.' tbe^e record, are very valuable in assisting U8 to forjntiM) Wlnl^ ^i^apectioff llw 4iw«if «b*.dlierf»l aeoioW.-. T»^ feUawiwff Jablfj shflWa Mbe boapltri. .dwi^io.. iMri 4Bpith. \^ *e Army fa tower Ca»Ma, dttriog eacb quii^r 4jf^;y«M-,lro» Wacripi^^ Itoediiti,^^ ^^'•^W U^uswlly (1,^9,1^ «liroalt.«f iaata«J ,»r tfip* JitFe been letiarUblf for fr^^wcy, or fiitality, : \\^ remaiailer are imMed undaf mo ««ieiml hb«I. The Jnt flWtor ««»N» &om*ba2lfiof;D««amberi«^iW aoiof Marcb, the second from t|ie 3l«t of Man* ift tbe aOtbl Of :"!f' ?® *i"* '^^ xy^Ui M JiiM toUM flOiiy of 30chdrDec«iflb^r: 'i ' ' ' ' ^ ' 7^ |t^ The greateilt namber of deaths from diseases not 'S^ , wer e U from Apo |>! « y, « ri.ta g ehri%-fem.& r , \ r :/^'^ >'. ^w ^- /^v \ - • \ ■■■■ I! H^ ii 1 1 316 ON THB MBDICAE StATlSTlCS five of tvhlch occurred in the flrdt quirtcr/noii^ of Aen* appear to belong to any particular .easoh. The admi^ous bLSi with ApbpJe^ and Enteritis yery little exceeded the ^Thenumber admitted with fevers in the second and third quarter, wat more thau double that of the fest a"f/o«'*i whilst the mortality scarcely exceeded onC half, me mortality from Pneumonlii on the contrary wa» greater, and Rheumatism was more preVfelerit in the spring and summed than in this Winter. These resuHs are, I heliere, contrary to popular bpiiiion, and perhai>8 to popular expenencc. . . The follcwingSBhewa the nitio of mortality in the army m Lower Canada from 1820 to 1881 :— " I f li ^ 1 ?' ' '" I - --"i The mean annual fuortality was 1,333 per cent. I^be, mean during the same period in Upper Caniicia was 1,253 per cent.*?^ The;jnortality was considerable in the upper province ih 1828 and 1829, when the troops in the _ lower province were healthy. , It ^pr««y4»»l '■»»»* '» 1830' bu, in 1^1 i.w« light in the upper provtoee, (only one p^ cent) wh.l«.t w» •IWe the .mege in the lower. ThU "'""r^''" 'l^" t«n,bl.nce to what h» been .lH«dy remarked r«»pect.ng XM»«re» of ai««« In the dMfer«t district of Lower ;o ■;*! .,-,()«!!! '-'^liVJi^;.--' ■ < 1 ;; ; 4:\rv:. ;•?»(■ \i i ■■ . r •k - t OF LOWER CANADA. 217 The annexed table shews the mortality by different diseases in the military hospitals of both Canadas from 1810 to 1822. Though it does not assist our enquiry into the' diseases of different seasons; yet it is valuable in other respects, particularly in enabling us to estimate the prevalence or mortality of particular diseases at (fiflerent periods. It is copied from one prepared for the Army Medical Department, the only alteration I have made is the condensing under one head several diseases of com- paratively infrequent occurrence, and adding a column of per centage*— -iU ' ■/*< . V r:^:?imss-is:-ii.^ ti ,v 7n c- V J/-.'!V i^a ./< f,-; ■-:;.v, ■■'i : nrv ( 218 ON.THB MBDlfAL STATISTICS ri OF LOWER , CANADA. 1 219 ■«j< C4 eo 00 s 00 e4 jai. 00 tn 00 1 00 If we compare this table with the table in page 207, we observe that the deaths from consumption, betweeji 1$M) and 1822, f bore a much smaller proportion to the wKole mortality, than from 1820 to 1827.* Iti the first period the amount is under 10 per cent, in the last 34. Excluding l^from the former the returns of 1812 to 1815, when the war ^ and its consequences added so much to the whole mortality, the proportion of deaths from Phthisis is still only 1 2 .6 per cent. As it seems very diflScult to account for fcuch a disparity in the proportion of deaths from Phthisis in men under tlie sapie circumstances; we might suspect that it Arose from diseases of the chest not being so accurately distinguished formerly, as they have been of late. But if toy error in this respect existed, it would, most probably, be rather in applying the name of consumption to diseases which do not strictly come under that head, than in Withholding it, and so far would tend to lessen, rather than increase the disparity. If, in order to avoid any error which miglit arise from this cause, the deaths from all diseases of the chest in both periods are compared, they are foniidin the first to be 29.2 per cent, of the whole, but deducting the period of war, as before, 43 .6 per cent. In the latter period they are 62 .63 per cent. Thus, whatever thp cause may be, the deaths from pulmonary disease appear to have inoreased.f The • The dauh* flrom Phthiti* ia iha utaj in both Camdu frooi 1890 » 1881, \nm 33perMiiiofthe whole moculhy, ,, . ,. ..-.,.■' \ ■ * u ^^''^ *'*''' °"*" °" ''•'■ ""''J'** fro" """ipf formerly eeen it Mated (( thLk in the Edinburgh Medical Journal) by a Medical OfBcer Who had aerred hi Canada. . that the cKmate, .oatrary to what migfat be mnm*, ..mm IvramUe t» iMfaom of conaumpcr. h^U, a„d th« «,ldie,a who j«i,^ « 0^ -^^.^ ^ ^ «,, diaeaae, were frequtotlyraatored to health. '^ ' / ' '"] *.? r K 220 1 ON THE MEDICAL STATISTICS deaths fim Dysentery and D'-^h-. on .he contrary, h.»r a nluch less proportion to the whole m the latter 4 «r In the former, even if the years of war are rraed. This is probahly owing, at least in part, to an imoroTed mode of medical treatment. 'Xm the scanty information I hav^ as ye. been aWe^^ obtain, no conclusion can be drawn r speCmg the d^^^es that cause the increase of mortality in^mmer. Fevers and bowelclplaints would seem to l4, .he "-»' P«™^^ d^Lr Ae U.wns in this season : for under these heads t^r principal par. of the admission, and deaths m the riyho^it^L receives cases of every description, and *; «Ie diseases are also ve.y prevalen. amongs. ^e m li:^:.h.ugh from being early .«end.. to. .n.Hrom th better^.ndiaon.f.hemen.heyares^^^^^^^^^ flfiserted tbat a principal part ot tne ueuius :^„ in young children , bu. we have no re.«rns hy wh.ch Twl'^er.rdt.es may be, there is reason for l^X Lrmanyof ^^ "^^^^''TZ: torn Uie soil disengaged by .he in.ense bea. »f *« «^; It is now generally admi.Md .hat Dysentery often proceeds Lm t^ta r.^ aid conUnued fevers seem to be frequent y TcSenc; of Miasmau in —'-'.•"---; I which intermtttente do no', prevail j .hough the latter «s S *-■»<»' ^vious eflectof M-""'"' -" " J^'^ *^ Lv fevers attributed U> i.. U may be men..oned, »' »«"'»K ^„ 4e mWecn .ha. in pl.c« where Malaria prev»l% .. has ::efa:S<^ *a.'more than ordinary propornon of the mort^ty occur, in the ^l^^^^„, ^ fo, a If these views are correct, there is reason w ««f i1n»^vemcn. ih the health, and a pn.l»ng|''o» of * ~ ■n- OF LOWER CANADA. 221 the average life of the inhabitants both of town and country; in Uie one by an enlightened police, and in the other as a consequence of the drainage that must accompany an improved and extended system of cultivation. I have endeavored to point out what seem to be the most obvious causes of disease, but probably not the only, nor perhaps the chief ones. The medical practitioners* who in the discharge of their dutfes, frequently visit the abodes of the poor, may see others that escape tlie eye of one who has, comparatively, few opportunities of observing them. Be this as it may, it is certain that the mortality in the towns of Lower Canada is very great, and caUs imperatively for the utmost exertions of all classes to remove or lessen any source of disease that can be clearly pointed out. # ■y,<. 3? '■■! Mu^ •-..■ iiV< i i J.; , •p-- ■ ■ ■ , — T 1 V i. ,. ■ h 1. ■ « - , u'^" .! ?^n/f' ■ ■•'■ 1 » * 1 ' • t - • * , V' -• / *- » - , s . . • * ■ • • '' - * • tf ^ / - . y > ■ # . J o 1 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 w \ HIH 1 I f • »■ ■ „ ^M 1 'X A 1 1 f • ^ 1 A i 4 f r 1' ' \ t ^^^^^^^^^^^^Hr>'^^^>^^^| i \ V ; * -^^^^^^H f ' < ♦ f ^ ¥ « ■ ■ • 1 - ■''^%''- 'i '' "^ • ; \ . -'i:- • \ 1 , '■ '., /""■.:■ "• * \ . \ \ - %;'^-. . V ^^l^g^jM .•••\-'.--- ■"/■■*-.- fii4^^2^^ iig ^^^^^ ■'■.,v