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LONDON: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS, 1852. ■^^1 I VS London : Spottiswoodbs and Shaw, New-StreeU8quare. r' I I .} ISetitratiott- ■ \' Accept, my dear Lady Franklin, these few pages, as the warm and honest tribute of de- served admiration for yourself and estimable niece, Miss Sophia Cracroft — admiration, which I delight in, in common with thou- sands, that such as you are Englishwomen; and pride, that a sailor's wife should so nobly have fulfilled her duty; for, if, on the one hand, the name of Sir John Franklin, that chief " sans peur et sans reproche,^^ is dearly associated with our recollections of the hon- ours won in the ice-bound regions of the Pole, your names are not the less so, with the noble efforts made to rescue, or solve the fate of our missing countrymen. That those sacrifices, those untiring ex- ertions, that zeal which has never wavered, that hope so steadfast, since it is that of an A a \ I IV DEDICATION. Englishwoman for her husband, that patience under misconstruction, that forgiveness for th'i sneer of jealousy, and that pity for the malicious, which you have so pre-eminently displayed, may yet, by God's help, one day reap its reward in the accomplishment of your wishes, is the fervent prayer of SHERAED OSBOIiN. , -, II— — aMi J f PREFACE. I FEAR with the many of my cloth^ my crime in writing a book will be an unpardonable one; the more so, that I cannot conscientiously declare, that it has been at the urgent desire of my friends, &c., that I have thus made my debilt. My motive is twofold, to tell of the doings of a screw steam vessel, the first ever tried in the Polar regions, and by a light readable description of in- cidents in the late search for Sir John Franklin, to interest the general reader and the community at large upon that subject. Without fear, favour, or affection, I i\>ive told facts as they have occurred; and I trust have, in doing so, injured no man. A journal must necessarily be, for the most, a dry nar- ration of facts ; I have, therefore, thrown in here and there general observations and remarks founded upon such facts, rather than a dry repetition of them. To the officers and men serving under my com- w Ban VI PREFACE. w mand, I can offer no higher compliment than, in having thus placed their severe and zealous labours be- fore the public; and no professional reader who reads these " Stray Leaves," can fail, I am certain, to per- ceive how heavily must have fallen the labours here recounted upon the men and officers of the steam tenders, and how deep an obligation I their com- mander must be under to them for their untiring exertions, by which this, the first and severe trial of steam in the Arctic regions, was brought to a suc- cessful issue. The " Resolutes," no doubt, will object to the round terms in which I have growled at the bluff- bowed vessel it was my fate and now my pride to have towed so many miles in the Frozen Zone ; but on second thoughts, I doubt not they will acquit me, for they will remember the joke was once on their side ; and if I do not love their ship, at any rate I liked them. To Lieutenant W. May and Mr. M'Dougall, I am much indebted for their faithful sketches. I fear my letter press is unworthy of the companionship. To those who may accuse me of egotism in con- fining my remarks so much to the achievements of my own vessel, I have merely to say, that in doing so, I was best able to be truthful ; but that I am fully aware that to the other screw steamer, the ^i PREFACE. Yii ; ' " Intrepid," and my gallant friend and colleague Commander J. B. Cator, there fell an equal amount of labour ; and that to all, ships as well as screws, there was an equal proportion of hardship, danger, and privation. I should indeed be forgetful as well as ungrateful, did I here fail to acknowledge the more than kindness and assistance I have ever experienced from my friend Mr. Barrow, a name past and present inseparably connected with our Arctic discoveries; so likewise I have to offer my thanks, heartfelt as they are sincere, to those who, like Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort, and Captain Hamilton of the Admiralty, bade me speed, when sincerity and zeal was all I had to boast, and who dared to overlook the crime of youth, and granted to " seven-and-twenty " the deference which " five-and- fifty " alone can claim. Bichmond, Feb. 15. 1852. u I mI f ( I \ s c LIST OF PLATES. .% Cape Hotham FrorUispiece Breaking throitoh the Ice . . .to face page 82 Winter Quarters „ 157 Sledge Travelling „ 204 ■' 1 ' ~ V*"**^ V w— * . ' -^-^ Vf^ T'TJ'^'-"!^ m m- » t ik;„-3r~: -■^a^riC ■_:-;-jei .. ■ 1 ;?«b; t f X i * I .h-! \ STRAY LEAVES FROM AN ARCTIC JOUBNAL. The evils attendant on a hurried outfit and departure, as is the usual man-of-war custom, wero in no wise mitigated in the case of the Royal Naval Expedition, fitted out at Woolwich, in 1850, to search for Sir John Franklin's Squadron ; and a general feeling of joy at our departure prevailed amongst us, when, one fine morning, we broke ground from Greenhithe. The " Resolute " and " Assistance " had a couple of steamers to attend upon them ; whilst we, the " Pioneer " and " Intrepid," screwed and sailed, as requisite to keep company. By dark of the 4 th of May, 1850, we all reached an anchorage near Yar- mouth ; and the first stage of our outward journey was over. JSTo better proof of the good feeling which ani- mated our crews can be adduced than the unusual B N MAP SHEWING THE TRACK Of H. M.S. PIONEER, IN SEARCH OF S >FH. M.S. PIONEER, IN SEARCH OF SIR JOHN FRANKLIN. 1851 -1«.S2 . i uo lOO uo «o ao 70 eo u9\H ^^n-ci Lo'inlou: LouijLU.ia, [^.rr, iiMi. ■i.i;.-. , i','. \ 100 a V. I id I 2 ARCTIC JOURNAL. fact of not a man being missinsc amons^st those who O O O had originally entered, — not a desertion had taken phice, — not a soul had attempted to quit the vessels, after six months' advance had been paid. Here and there amongst the seamen a half-sleepy indifference to their work was observable. This I imputed to the reaction after highly sentimental " farewells," in which, like other excesses. Jack de- lights ; the women having, as usual, done all they could, by crying alongside, to make the men believe they were running greater risks than had ever been before undergone by Arctic navigators. The old seamen's ditty of — " We sailed by Fairlee, by Beachey, and DungSness, Until the North Foreland light we did see " — f gives a very good idea of our progress from beacon to lighthouse, and lighthouse to headland, until the lofty coast of Yorkshire sunk under the lee ; and by the 8th of May the squadron was making slow progress across the mouth of the Frith of Forth. Hitherto, " all had been pleasant as a marriage bell ;" the weather had been fine ; and we already calcu- lated our days of arrival at different points, as if the calm was to last for ever. The Cheviot Hills glittered in the west ; it was the kind good-bye of our own dear England. Hundreds of white sails DEPARTURE. "th. cu- if [ills of ail3 dotted a summer sea : all was joyous and sparkling. Scotland greeted us with a rough " nor'-wester," — and away we went. " Not all the king's horses" could have kept the expedition together. The "Resolute" and " Assistance," hauled dead on a wind, under close-reefed topsails, performed a stationary movement, called "pile-driving" by sailors, which, as the pilot suggested, would, if the breeze lasted, carry them to the coast of Holland. The two two steam-vessels, under fore-and-aft canvass, drew rapidly away to windward and ahead and in spite of all we could do, a few hours of darkness effectually succeeded in dispersing us. Accident again brought the "Pioneer" in sight of the vessels for a few hours ; but the " Intrepid " found herself in Strom- ness Harbour, with a degree of celerity which gave rise to a racing disposition on the part of my gallant colleague, "Intrepid," versus "Pioneer," which it took a great many days of competition to decide. They who want excitement had better go and beat a vessel up the Pentland Firth, against both wind and tide. I tried it, but shall not repeat the experiment ; and, after a thorough gOv. d shaking in the North Sea, was not sorry to find myself at anchor in Stromness. The very proper and triste sabbath of the North was followed by a busy Monday. The arrival of so B 2 \ see 4 ARCTIC JOURNAL, many gold cap-bands, and profusion of gilt buttons, interfered, I fear materially, with the proper delivery of the morning milk and butter by sundry maidens with golden locks ; and the purser's wholesale order for beef threatened to create a famine in the Ork- neys. The cheapness of whiskey appeared likely to be the cause of our goHg to sea with a crew in a lamentable state of drunkenness, and rather preju- diced me against Stromness ; but if it had no other redeeming quality, all its faults would be forgotten in the astounding fact that there may be found a landlady with moderate prices and really fresh eggs. As a description of this part of the world is no part of my task, I will pass over our long and crooked walk about Stromness ; and the failure of the good folk there to induce us to trust ourselves on their ponies for a ride to Kirkwall, naturally limited our knowledge of the neighbourhood. Above the town of Stromness rises a conical- shaped hill ; it has, I believe, been immortalised by Scott in his " Pirate :" it had yet deeper interest for me, for I was told that up It had toiled dear friends now missing with Franklin. I and a kind shipmate walked out one evening to make our pilgrimage to a spot hallowed by the visit of the gallant and true- hearted that had gone before us — and, as amid wind and drizzle we scrambled up the hill, I pictured to i ;f / tnd to STROMNESS. 5 myself how, five short years before, those we were now in search of had done the same. Good and gallant Gore! chivalrous Fitz-JamesI enterprising Fairholme I lion-hearted Hodgson ! dear De Vaux ! — Oh ! that ye knew help was nigh I "We surmounted the hill — the Atlantic was before us, fierce and troubled ; afar to seaward the breakers broke and lashed themselves against the firm founda- tion of the old Head of Hay, which loomed through mist and squall, whilst over head the scream of sea-fowl, flying for shelter, told that the west wind would hold wild revelry that night. "H. M. S. North Star," carved on the turf, showed where some of her people had chosen this spot for a record of their visit to Orkney ; we did likewise, in honour of our own bonnie craft ; and then, strolling homeward, discussed the probable chances of the existence of the said " North Star ;" the con- clusion arrived at being that there was more cause for anxiety on her account than for Franklin's Expedi- tion, she having gone out totally unprepared for wintering, and with strict injunctions not to be detained : " I'homme propose, et Dieu dispose." I could have hugged the snuffy old postmaster for a packet of letters he gave me. I rushed on board to a cabin which proved, as the First Lord had saga- ciously remarked, into how small a space a Lieutenant B 3 \ ' I ARCTIC JOURNAL. Commanding could be packed ; and, in spite of an unpaid tailor's bill, revelled in sweet and pleasant dreams. The " Intrepid " and " Pioneer " rejoined the ships at Long-Hope ; and my gallant comrade and I made a neck-and-neck race of it, showing tb ^ w steaming, at any rate, there would be little to cliooiio between us ; and, on May 15th, the Arctic squadron weighed, and, passing out of the Pent! and F] > th, the '* Dasher " and " Lightning " cheered us, took our letters, — and the Searching Expedition was alone steering for Green- land. Night threw her mantle around us ; the lonely light of Cape Wrath alone indicating where lay our homes. I like losing sight of Old England by night. It is pleasant to go to rest with a sweet recollection of some quiet scene you have just dwelt upon with delight, the spirit yearning for the excitement and novelty ahead. You rise in the morning, old Ocean is around you : there is, to the seaman, a lullaby, say what they may, in his hoarse song ; and they of the middle watch tell how the friendly light of some dis- tant cape glimmered and danced in the east, 'antil lost in somo o i '^liiSf squall Now f . r xN j/th- West 1 we exclaimed, — its much talked of dangers, — its chapter of horrors I As gallant Frobisher says, " it is still the only thing left undone, whereby a notable mind might be made famous and remarkable." As it was in Frobisher's da^' so it is '/ PLAN OF SEARCH. now, unless Franklin has accomplished it, and lies beset off Cape Jakan — and why may it not be so ? Whilst the squadron progresses slowly towards Cape Farewell, the ships under topsails, and the steamers under jury-masts and aiuld, we will take a retrospective view of what is now — L 50 — going to be done for the relief of Franklin. Capt. Collinson, with two ships, i- 1> goi c to Beh- ring's Straits with the "Plover" as ; depot, in Kot- zebue Sound, to fall back upoa in t. sc of lisaster. He steers direct for Melville Island, alo g tnc coast of North Am rica. Capt. PuUen, ha ^ success- fully searched the coast from Point 1 jw to the Mackenzie Rive. , is endeavouring now ti push from thence, in a northerly direction, for Bai s Land. Dr. Rae is to dv the same from the (. Dcrmine River. Capt. Penny, a first-rate whalin_ aptain, with two fast brigs, is now ahead of us, i. )ing to make an early passage across the middle ice of J3affin's Bay. He goes to Jones's Sound and Well tgton Channel, to reach the Parry Isles by a northern route. We go with two sailing ships and two steam vessels, so as to form separate divisions of two vessels each, to examine Barrow's Straits south-westerly to Cape "Walker, westerly towards Melville Island, and north-westerly up Wellington Channel. Thus no less o 4 X 8 AKCTIC JOURNAL. M than eight fine ships flying the pendant, and two land parties are directed, by different routes, on Melville Island. Besides these, an American expedition, fitted out by that prince of merchants, "Mr. Grinnell," leaves shortly for the same destination ; and in Lady Franklin's own vessel, the " Prince Albert," as well as a craft under Sir John Ross, we find two more assistants in the plan of search. And yet, gentle reader, if you turn to the papers of the fall of 1849, you will find some asserting that Sir John Franklin had perisiied In Baffin's Bay, be- cause Sir James Ross had found nothing of him in Lancaster Sound ! Happily the majority of Englishmen have, however, decided otherwise ; and, behold, this noble equipment ! this magnificent outlay of men and material I We will not dwell on the pleasures or annoyances of the cruise across the Atlantic, beyond stating the fact that our bluff-buwed worse-halfs, the sailing ships, nigh broke our hearts, as well as our hawsere, in dragging their breakwater frames along In the calms ; and that we of the screws found our steam vessels all we could wish, somewhat o'er lively, mayhap, — a frisky tendency to break every breakable article on board. But there was a saucy swagger in them, as they bowled along the hollow of a western sea, which showed they had good blood in them ; and we soou felt confident of disappointing those Polar seers. If \ THE ATLANTIC. — GREENLAND. 9 Ion as [ch {on rs. • who had foretold shipwreck and disaster as their fate. The appearance of numerous sea birds, — the Tern especially, which do not fly far from land, — warned us, on Sunday 26th May, of our fast approach to Green- land, and on the morrow we espied the pictur* (|ue shores about Cape Farewell. Which of all the numerous headlands we saw was the identical cape, I do not pretend to say; but we chose, as our Cape Farewell, a remarkable-looking peak, with a mass of rock perched like a pillar upon its crest. The temperature began to fail as we advanced, and warmer coats quickly replaced our English clothing. Distant as we were from Greenland, our view of its southern extremity was fleeting, but suflficient to show that it fully realised in appearance the most striking accumulatit i of ice and land that the mind could picture, — a land of gaunt famine and misery, but which nevertheless, for some good purpose, it had pleased Providence in a measure to people. Had we not had an urgent duty to perform, I should have regretted thus hurrying past the land ; for there is much to see there. True, Greenland has no deep historical interest, but the North has always had its charm for me. Scandinavia, and her deeds, — the skill and intrepidity of her bold Vikings, — their colonies in Snajland, our Iceland, — their 10 ARCTIC JOURNAL. discovery of Greenland, — and the legend of the pirate Biarni, who forestalled even the great Columbus in his discovery, — were all associated with the region through which we were now sailing. Without compass, without chart, full three centuries before the Genoese crossed the Atlantic, the Norse- men, in frail and open barks, braved the dark and angry sea (which was so sorely tossing even our proud vessels) ; and, unchecked by tempest, by ice, or hard- ship, penetrated probably as far as we could in the present day. This, and much more, throws a halo of ancient renown around this lonely land; moreover, I had long loved Nature's handiworks, and here as- suredly her wonders reward the traveller. Here, me- thought me of the mighty glacier, creeping on like Time, silently, yet ceaselessly ; the deep and pic- turesque fiord pent up between precipices, huge, bleak, and barren ; the iceberg 1 alone a miracle ; then the great central desert of black lava and glit- tering ice, gloomy and unknown but to the fleet rein-deer, who seeks for shelter in a region at whose horrors the hardy natives tremble ; and last, but not least, the ruins of the Scandinavian inhabitants, and the present fast disappearing race of " the Innuit," or Esquimaux. Dullard must he be who sees not abundance here to interest him. ITu'ting with the first ice wc saw, it soon appeared WHALE FISH ISLANDS. 11 le; •cd that the training of the uninitiated, like puppies, was to be a very formal and lengthy piece of business. Thanks to an innnense deal of water, and very little ice, the steamers eventually towed the "Resolute" and the transport (a lively specimen of the genus), into the Whale Fish Islands, — a group of rocky islets, some twenty miles distant from the excellent Danish harbour of Godhaab on the Island of Disco. We did as our forefathers in anchoring at the AVhale Fish Islands, but would strongly recommend those who visit this neighbourhood to go to Godhaab rather. Its anchorage is good, communication with Europe a certainty, and the hospitality of the Danish resi- dents, few though they be, cheering and pleasant to ship-sick wanderers. Having thus expressed my total dissent from those who, with steam vessels, go i.o Whale Fish Isles, it will be but fair for me to say, that I arrived at this our first stage in the journey to the Nor'- West, in far from good humour. We had been twenty-four days from Greenhithe to Cape Farewell, and sixteen days from the latter point to our anchorage ; hurry being out of the question when a thing like the " Emma Eugenia" was pounding the water in a trial of speed with perfect snuff-boxes, like the " Reso- lute" and "Assistance." Patience and a four-day tow hud at last finished the work: and to all our ■ 12 ARCTIC JOURNAL. • anxious enquiries about the prospect of the season, as to where Penny was, and whether any intelligence had reached the settlements ? not an answer was to be obtained from a besotted Danish carpenter, whose knowledge appeared to be limited to a keen idea of changing, under a system he called " Trock, " sun- dries (with which the Danske Koeing had entrusted him) Into blubber and seal-oil. After a day of coal-dust, I landed with some others to see what was to be seen, and to load, as we were taught to believe, a boat with wild fowl. The principal settlement having been pointed out, we landed on the slope of one of the islands, on which a coarse rank vegetation existed amongst the numerous relics of departed seals, sacrificed to the appetites of the Esquimaux and the troching of the Governor, as he was facetiously styled. The said individual soon appeared, and, in spite of co- pious libations of Her Britannic Majesty's " Pure Jamaica," of which he had partaken, was most polite and hospitable. From him I discovered that he and a cooper were the only Danes residing here, and they together with a cross-breed who did the double duty of priest and schoolmaster, constituted the officials of Cron-Prln's Islands. The native population amounted perhaps to one hundred souls : and it was in supplying their wants, and In aifording a market for their superfluous skins and blubber, THE ESQUIMAUX. 13 d that the Danes derived a profit, under a strict sys- tem of monopoly; no foreigners being allowed to trade with th<; Esquimaux, and they, on the other hand, having sitrict injunctions to lodge everything they do not require for private use, in the public store. The quantity of seal-blubber in store, which was equal to as much oil, amounted to nigh upon 100 tons ; the number of seals annually destroyed must be enormous : this says much for the industry of the natives. The Esquimaux appeared all comfortable and well to-do, well clad, cleanly, and fat. Most of them had moved for a while into their summer lodges, which consist of little else than a seal-skin tent, clumsily supported with sticks They were more than suffici- ently warm ; and the number of souls Inhabiting one of these lodges appeared only to be limited by the circle of friends and connexions forming a family. The winter abode — formed almost underground, — ap- peared decidedly well adapted to afford warmth, and some degree of pure ventilation, in so severe a cli- mate, where fuel can be spared only for culinary purposes ; and I was glad to see that, although ne- cessity obliges the Esquimaux to eat of the oil and flesh of the seal and naorwhal, yet, when they could procure it, they seemed fully alive to the gastronomic pleasures of a good wholesome meal off fish, birds' eggs, bread, sugar, tea and coffee. .i^i'-'.r^-yr.v-v ■v^ i^ K i u i 14 ARCTIC JOURNAL. Their canoes are perfect models of beauty and lightness; in no part of tlie world do we see them excelled in speed and portability — two very im- portant qualities in the craft of a savage ; and in or- namental workmanship, the skill of both men and women is tastefully displayed. The clothing of the natives is vastly superior to anything we could produce, both in lightness of ma- terial, and wind and water-tight qualities ; — the material, seal and deer-skin, and entrails, manu- factured by the women, — their needles of Danish manufacture; their thread, the delicate sinews of animals. We gladly purchased all we could obtain of their clothing. Every one has heard of the horrors of an Esqui- maux existence, — sucking blubber instead of roast beef, train-oil their usual beverage, and a seal their bonne-bouche ; the long gloomy winter spent in pestiferous hovels, lighted and warmed with whale- oil lamps; the narrow gallery for an entrance, along which the occupant creeps for ingress and egress. This and much more has been told us ; yet, now that I have seen it all, — the Esquimaux's home, the Esquimaux's mode of living, and the Es- quimaux himself, — I see nothing so horrible in one or the other. The whaler, from bonnic Scotia, or busy Hull, fresh from the recollection of his land and home, no i t '■-*« THE ESQUIMAUX. 15 It, kS- 10 doubt shudders at the comparative misery and bar- barity of these poor people; but those who have seen the degraded Bushmen or Hottentots of South Africa, the miserable Patanles of Malay ia, the Fue- gians or Australians of our southern hemisphere, and remember the comparative blessings afforded by nature to those melancholy specimens of the human family, will, I think, exclaim with me, that the Es- quimaux of Greenland arc as superior to them in mental capacity, manual dexterity, physical enter- prise, and social virtues, as the Englishman Is to the Esquimaux. The strongest — Indeed, I am assured, the only — symptom of the advantage of religious instruction perceptible in the Greenlander, over lils North Ame- rican brethren, is in the respect they show for the marriage tie, and strong affection for their children. The missionary, with this race, appears to have few difficulties to contend with : naturally gentle, and without any strong superstitious prejudices, they re- ceive without resistance the simple creed of Reformed religion, which he has spread amongst them ; and the poor Esquimaux child sends up its prayers and thanksgiving, in the words taught us by our Saviour, as earnestly and confidently as the educated offspring of Englishmen. An old man, whom I pressed to accompany me as pilot to the Island of Disco, declined under the plea 16 ARCTIC JOURNAL. that his wife was very ill, and that there was no one but himself to take care of the " piccaninny." Inter- ested from such proper feeling in the man, Dr. P**. and I entered his winter abode, which he apologised for taking us to, — the illness of his " cara sposa" having prevented him changing his residence for the usual summer tent. Crawling on all fours through a narrow passage, on either side of which a dog-kennel and a cook-house had been constructed, we found ourselves in an apartment, the highest side of which faced us, the roof gradually sloping down to the ground. A B. Gallery. u c. Section of house. E. Bed and seats. H, Cook-house and kennel. The above section will give some idea of the place. Along one side of the abode a sort of bed-place ex- tended for its whole length, forming evidently the fa- mily couch ; for on one end of it, with her head close to a large seal-oil lamp, was the sick woman. She was at the usual Esquimaux female's employment of feeding the flame with a little stick from a supply of > ESQUIMAUX. 17 oil, which would not rise of its own accord up the coarse and ill-constructed wick ; over the flame was a compound, which the sufferer told us was medicine for her complaint, — the rheumatism, a very preva- lent one amongst these people. Leaving the kind Doctor to '^lo the part of a good Samaritan, I amused myself with looking over the strange home into which I had got. The man took much pride in showing me his family, — consisting of a girl and three fine boys. His wife, he assured me, was only twenty- eight years of age : she looked at least six-and -thirty : and he likewise, though only thirty-four, had the appearance of being at least ten years older. They had married when she was twenty, — the usual age for marriage, as he told me. His daughter, rather a pretty and slight made girl, was very busy making shoes for her brothers out of cured skin. I rewarded the youthful sempstress by giving her one of a num- ber of dolls kindly sent me for the purpose by Mrs. W. of Woolwich ; and could that kind friend have seen the joyful countenance of the Esquimaux child, she would indeed have been richly remunerated for her thoughtful little addition to my stock of presents. To finish my Esquimaux tale, I was next day not a little surprised at the father coming on board, and giving me a small pouch which his child had sewn for me in return for my present. This proved at 18 ARCTIC JOURNAL. 'I I I I I least that Esquimaux children can appreciate kind- ness as well as others. The Whale Fish group consist of a congery of islets, of various shapes and sizes, with deep water channels between ; the whole of granitic forma- tion, with broad veins of quartz and masses of gneiss overlaying in various directions. Those I visited exhibited proof of constant and, I might say, rapid destruction from the action of water and frost. The southern and south-west sides of the larger islands were of, may be, 300 or 400 feet elevation, with a gradual dip to the north-east, as if their creation had been brouhgt about by some submarine agency up- heaving the primary rock, with an irregular force from the north-east. The tallest cliffs were rent from crown to base, and frost-cracks intersected one another in such a perfect labyrinth that the whole mass appeared as if merely hanging together from its stupendous weight. The narrow bays and bights with a southern aspect, where the concussion of a heavy sea had had its effect, were strewn with the wreck of the adjacent precipices, and progress for sports- men along the shore, in pursuit of wild fowl, was extremely difficult. On the northern sides, these islands showed other features quite as peculiar to the glacial region upon which we were wandering : I .1 I jase, ich a !ared kdous th a eavy reck orts- was :hese ir to [•ing : M WHALE PISH i 19 there the low projecting ledger of granite were polished by the constant attrition of oceanic ice and icebergs, until walking over them became barely possible. July \%tliy 1850. — I am much amused at the ease with which we assimilate ourselves to new climates and new habits. Yesterday, my friend Dr. P***. and I bathed within fifty yards of an iceberg, the water only two degrees above freezing point, candour must acknowledge we did not stay long ; and to-night, though no Highlander in love of hardship, I found myself at midnight in the water groping for lost gun-gear, an experiment which, having escaped from without rheumatism, I pro- mise not to repeat. One of my crew slept last night on deck with his arm for a pillow, although the temperature was below freezing point, and every one complains of heat and throws aside jacket and cap when making the slightest exertion. Coal-dust everywhere and on everything. Inces- sant work from 4 a.m. to 8 or 9 o'clock p. m., one would have supposed, would have induced rational beings to go quietly to bed when the day's work was over. It was far otherwise. The novelty of constant daylight, and the effect which it always has upon the system, until accustomed to it, of depriving one of the inclination to go to roost at c 2 20 AECTIC JOURNAL. "■I I 1 I ! regular hours, told upon us, and often have I found myself returning from five hours' work, chasing, shooting, and pulling a boat, just as the boatswain's mates were piping " stow hammocks ! " That I was not singular, a constant discharge of guns through- out the night well proved, and unhappy nights must the ducks and dovekies have spent during our stay. Not to shoot became, in the Arctic squadron, tan- tamount to folly, although the proceeds of great con- sumption of powder were but small; nevertheless, stout men, who had not buttoned a gaiter since their youth, were to be seen rivalling chamois-hunters in the activity with which they stalked down the lady ducks on their nests. Apoplexy was forgotten, the tender wife's last injunction on the subject of dry feet pitched to the winds, and rash men of five-and- forty pulled and shot little birds, in leaky punts, with all the energy of boys of fifteen. Cold fingers, and a load of Flushing cloth on one's back, are vile realities, otherwise I could have given fancy her swing, and spent many an hour in the " blest ideal," at the beautiful and novel scene which lay around me on a lovely morning at one o'clock. I had just crossed to the north side of an island which faces Greenland, and passed a quiet and secluded bay, at whose head the remains of a deserted ruin told of the by-gone location of some AN ARCTIC NIGHT. 21 on lave Ir in tene lone an liet )f a )me Esquimaux fishermen, whose present home was shewn by here and there a grave carefully piled over with stones to ward off dog and bear. All was silent, except the plaintive mew of the Arctic sea- swallow as it wheeled over my head, or the gentle echo made by mother ocean as she rippled under some projecting ledge of ice. The snow as it nielted amongst the rocks behind stole quietly on to the sea through a mass of dark-colv^ured moss ; whilst a scanty distribution of pale or delicately-tinted flowers showed the humble flora of the north. The sun sweeping along the heavens opposite, at a very low altitude, gilded as it rose the snowy crests of the mountains of Disco, and served to show, more grim and picturesque, the naturally dark face of the " Black Land of Lively." From thence round to the east, in the far horizon, swept the shores of Greenland, its glaciers, peaks, and headlands, all tortured by mirage into a thousand fantastic shapes, as if Dame Nature had risen from her couch in frolicsome mood. Between this scene and my feet icebergs of every size and shape, rich with fretting of silvery icicle, and showing the deepest azure tint or richest emerald, strewed a mirror-like sea, glow- ing with the pale pink of morning. The awful silence was impressive: unwilliKg to break it 1 sat me down. c 3 *fi 22 ARCTIC JOUKNAL. I " I felt her presence by its spell of might, Stoop o'er me from above — The calm majestic presence of the night, As of the one I love." Suddenly a distant roar boomed along the water and echoed amongst the rocks : again and again I heard it, when, to my astonishment, several huge ice- bergs in the offing commenced to break up. A fearful plunge of some large mass would clothe the spot in spray and foam ; a dull reverberating echo pealed on ; and then, merely from the concussion of the still air, piece after piece detached itself from icebergs frr and near, and the work of demolition was most rapid : truly did Baffin boast, that he had laid open one of nature's most wonderful laboratories ; and I thought with Longfellow, in his Hyperion, — " The vast cathedral of nature is full of holy scriptures and shapes of deep mysterious meaning : all is solitary and silent there. Into this vast cathe- dral comes the human soul seeking its Creator, and the universal silence is changed to sound, and the sound is harmonious and has a meaning, and is com- prehended and felt." After many difficulties, which called for some obstinacy on my part to master, I was allowed to go to Disco, and Captain Ommaney, hearing of my intention, kindly made up a party. Taking one of GODIIAAB. 23 )ly ig: to my of our boats, we shipped an Esquimaux pilot, called *• Frederick," and started on June 2lBt, at 2 o'clock in the morning. To all our enquiries about Disco, Frederick had but one reply, — " by and by you see." He liked rum and biscuit, and was only to bo animated by the conversation turning upon seals, or poussics, as the natives call them. Then indeed Frederick's face was wreathed in smiles, or rather its oleaginous coat of dirt cracked in divers direc- tions, his tiny eyes twinkled, and he descanted, in his broken jargon, upon the delights of poussey witli far more unction than an alderman would upon turtle. After threading the islets we struck to the north-east by compass, from the northernmost rock of the group, which our guide assured us would sink below the horizon the moment of our arrival off Godhaab. He was perfectly right, for after four hours' pulling and sailing we found ourselves under a small look-out house, and the islets of our departure had dipped. Entering a long and secure harbour, we reached a perfectly landlocked basin : in it rode a couple of Danish brigs, just arrived from Copenhagen, with stores for the settlement ; and on the shores o^ this basin, the Danish settlement of Godhaab was situated, a few stores, and the residence of two or three officials, — gentlemen who superintended the c 4 24 ARCTIC JOURNAL. 'I li I commercial monopoly to which I have before re- ferred; a flag-staff and some half-dozen guns formed the sum total. Landing at a narrow wooden quay, close to which natives and sailors were busy unladening boats, we found ourselves amongst a rambling collection of wooden houses, built in Dano-Esquimaux style, with some twenty native lodges intermixed. Very few persons were to be seen moving about: we heard afterwards that the body of natives were seal catch- ing to the northward. A troop of half-caste boys and girls served, however, to represent the popula- tion, and in them the odd mixture of the Mongolian with the Scandinavian race was advantageously seen. A Danish seaman conducted Captain O , Dr. D , and self, to the residence of the chief official, and, at the early hour of six, we made a formal visit. His mansion was of wood, painted black, with a red border to the windows and roof : no doubt so decorated for a good purpose; but the effect was more striking than pleasing. A low porch with double doors, two sharp turns in a narrow dark passage — to baffle draughts no doubt — and we found ourselves in a comfortable room with Herr Agar smoking a cigar, and gaily attired to receive us. The " Herr " spoke but little English ; we no Danish : however. ^ S HERR AGAR. 25 rr rer. the qu'at and reserved manner of the good northern did not conceal a certain kindness of which he soon gave us hospitable proof; for, on acceding to his offer of a little coffee, we were surprised to see a nice tidy- lady, his wife, as he informed us, spread a breakfast fit for a Viking, and then with gentle grace she ably did the honours of her board. Hang me, when I looked at the snow-white linen, the home-made cleanly cheer, the sweet wife all kindness and anx- iety, I half envied the worthy Dane the peace and contentment of his secluded lot, and it needed not a glass of excellent Copenhagen schiedam to throw a " couleur de rose " about this Ultima Thule of dear woman's dominion. The morning pull had given a keenness to our appetites, and I have a general recollection of rye bread, Danish cake, excellent Zetland butter, Dutch cheese, luscious ham, boiled potatoes, and Greenland trout fresh from the stream. Could sailors ask for or need more ? I can only say that we all felt that, if Herr Agar and Madame Agar (I hate that horrid word Frau) would only borrow our last shilling, we were ready to lend it, A broken conversation ensued, a little English and much Danish, when Dr. D fortunately produced Captain Washington's Esquimaux vocabulary, and. 26 ARCTIC JOURNAL. M iii aided by the little son of our host, we soon twisted out all the news Herr Agar had to give. Captain Penny had only stayed a short time. He arrived on May the 4th. The prospect of an early season was most cheering, and then the worthy Herr produced a piece of paper directed to myself by my gallant friend Penny. He wrote in haste to say his squadron had arrived all well after a splendid run from Aberdeen : he was again off, and sent kind re- membrances, dated May 4th. This, at any rate, was joyful intelligence, and worth my journey to Disco ; my heart leaped with joy, and I thought, at any rate, if we were late, he was full early. After a long chat, we went for a stroll, in which a tree — yes! as I live, a tree — was discovered. Be not envious, ye men of Orkney, it stood full thirteen inches high, and was indigenous, being the dwarf birch tree, the monarch of an arctic forest I Stum- bling upon the churchyard I should have indulged my taste for old tombstones had not the musquitoes forbidden it; and, with a hurried glance at the names of old hunters of fish, and departed Danes and Dutchmen, I ran for the beach, remarking that, whereas we in Europe evince respect for those who have preceded us to that bourne — mm ■HWMI I ■■-W:'- GODHAAB. 27 10 \ " Where life's long journey turns to sleep, Nor weary pilgrim wakes to weep — " by placing stones around their last homes, in Green- land pieces of soft and ugly wood are substituted, although nature has strewn on every side masses of granite fit to form mausoleums for Pharaohs. Bad taste ! I exclaimed ; but that's not confined to Disco. Having promised to return to say good-bye, we kept our word most willingly, and found " Herr Agar" had a circle of friends to meet us ; and my astonishment was great at the sight of two more pet-- ticoats. One was the wife of a Moravian missionary, and the other the wife of a gentleman at Jacob's Sound. They looked perfectly happy, and at least appeared as well at home in the dreary region which had become their adopted country as we could expect, or their husbands desire. Conversation soon flagged ; the missionary gave it up in despair; the "Herr" smoked in silence ; and but for the ladies we should have been soon dumb. Happily for me (for I wanted to purchase some seal skins), a captain of one of the brigs came in at the moment, and, understanding both English and Danish, conversation became quite animated. Watching my opportunity, I told him of my desire to purcliase seal skins for trowsers for my men; he immediately informed Herr Agar, who gave 28 ARCTIC JOUENAL. him a yali ! and walked me off by the arm to his store rooms, followed by his good lady ; lifting a bundle of beautiful seal skins, the Herr made me an offer of them. I commenced fumbling for my purse, and at last produced some gold, making signs that various officers intended to have seal skin trowsers. Nay ! nay ! exclaimed the good lady, tlirusting back my money, whilst the Herr began loading me with skins. Oh ! the horror of that moment : I felt as if I had been begging, and must have looked very like it, for Mrs. Agar, with a look of sudden inspiration, as if she perfectly understood me, ran off to her husband's wardrobe, and produced a pair of trousers, of perfect Dutch dimensions, and, with the most innocent smile, made signs of how I should pull them on : I smiled, for they would have made a suit of clothes for me. Seeing no way of getting out of the scrape my ignorance, of Danish and their generosity had led me into, I determined to take as little as possible, and with a thousand thanks walked back to the drawing- room, with Herr Agar's "whisperables " on one arm and a couple of seal skins on the other, my face burning, and my conscience smiting. Time pressed, and we bid our kind friends good bye. Herr Agar fired a salute of three guns, which wc returned with three cheers ; and, after taking a stirrup cup on board the " Peru," started for Whale |i / LEAVE DISCO. 29 a Fish Islands, Avhich we reached at eleven o'clock at night, much pleased with our excursion. Every one likes a souvenir of some pleasant by- gone scene or event : those souvenirs are often odd ones. A messmate of mine used to tell of Greece, her temples and ruins : *' he had had many a plea- sant snooze amongst them ! " Another dwelt on the scenes of Montezuma's sorrows, for it was there he had partaken of most savoury wild fowl, — and yet another hero knew but of Peru and Pizarro's triumphs, by the markets producing very good prawns; whilst I must plead guilty to associating Greenland and the deeds of Scandinavian heroes with Herr Agar's seal -skin trousers. Amidst a last flourish of coals and dust, which left us filled to repletion, — indeed we were just awash, — we were ordered to take the ships in tow, and start ; this being done, I came to a virtuous resolution in my own mind, after what I was going through in dragging my "fat friend," the "Resolute," about, to think twice ere I laughed at those whom fiite had shackled to a mountain of flesh. When I had time to ask the day and date, it was Sunday, 28th June, 1850, and we had turned our back on the last trace of civilised man. Vogue-ia-galere. The night was serenely calm. We skirted the black land of Lively, making an average speed of 30 ARCTIC JOURNAL. three miles per hour, so that our fearful load of coal — full three hundred tons — did not diminish the speed nearly I's much as I at first anticipated. Although I could not but feel from our staggering motion and bad steerage that the poor " Pioneer " was severely taxed in carrying her own dead weight of about five hundred tons, and towing a clumsy craft, which fully equalled another seven hundred tons, all this re- ceiving vitality from two little engines of thirty horse power each. Whilst a sudden and rattling breeze from the south caused us to make sail and run merrily past the striking clifts of the Waigat and Jacob's sound, I will briefly refer to the character of the vessels composing our. squadron, their equipment, and ge- neral efficiency. The "Resolute" and "Assistance" were sailing ships rigged as barks ; their hulls strengthened ac- cording to the most orthodox arctic rules, until, instead of presenting the appearance of a body intended for progress through the water, they re- sembled nothing so much as very ungainly snuff- boxes; and their bows formed a buttress which rather pushed the water before it than passed through it. The remark made by an old seaman who had grown grey amongst the ice was often recalled to my mind, as with an aching heart for ■ i THE SHIPS. 31 ac- til, ,dy e- iff- led lan len 'or many a long mile I dragged the clumsy "Resolute " about. " Lord, Sir I you would think by the quan- tity of wood they are putting into them ships, that the dock yard maties believed they could stop the Almighty from moving the floes in Baffin's Bay ! Every pound of African oak they put into them the less likely they are to rise to pressure ; and you must in the ice either rise or sink. If the floe cannot pass through the ship it will go over it." Internally the fittings of the ships were most perfect: nothing had been spared to render them the most comfortable vessels that ever went out avowedly to winter in the Polar ice. Hot air was distributed by means of an ingenious apparatus throughout lower deck and cabins. Double bulk- heads and doors prevented the ingress of unnecessary cold air. A cooking battery, as the French say, promised abundance of room for roasting, boiling, baking, and thawing snow to make water for daily consumption. The mess places of the crew w'^re neatly fitted in man-of-war style; and the well laden shelves of crockery and hardware showed that Jack, as well as jolly marine, had spent a portion of his money in securing his comfort in the long voyage before them. A long tier of cabins on either side showed how large a proportion of officers these vessels carried ; but it was so far satisfactory, as it -— .-»TT^ Ij^ I ,*-. ^y ■^f"^'^ 32 ARCTIC JOURNAL. proved that the division of labour, consequent upon numbers, would make arctic labours comparatively light. A large captain's cabin, with a gunroom capable of containing all the officers when met together for their meals, completed the accommodation. The crews consisted of sixty souls each, of which a fourth were officers. The vessels chosen to b the first to carry the novel agent steam into hyperborean climes were the " Pioneer" and "Intrepid," sister vessels, belonging originally to the cattle conveyance company; they were propelled by screws, and were of sixty-horse power each, about 150 feet long, of 400 tons burden, and riojged as three masted schooners. Over the whole of their original frames, tough planking called doubling was placed, varying from three to six inches in thickness. The decks were likewise doubled ; and, as may be supposed, from such nu- merous fastenings passing through the original tim- bers of a merchant-man, every timber was perfo- rated with so many holes as to be weakened and rendered useless : indeed, the vessels may have at last been considered as what is termed " bread and butter built," the two layers of planking consti- tuting with the decks the actual strength of the vessels. At the bow, the fine form had L~ppily t i .i'^ % THE SCUEWS. 33 been retained, the timber strengthenings being thrown into them at that point within, and not without ; they were, therefore, at the fore end some- what like a strong wedge. Many an oracle had shaken his head at this novelty, and when I talked of cutting and breaking ice with an iron stem, the lip curled in derision and pity ; and I saw that they thought of me as Joe Stag, the Plymouth boatman, did of the Brazilian frigate when she ran the break- water down in a fog, — " Ha})py beggar, he knows nothing, and he fears nothing." A few catastrophe-lovers in England having con- signed Franklin to death because he had steam- engines and screws, every precaution was taken to secure the " Pioneer " ar.d " Intrepid " in such a way that screw, rudder, and sternpost might be torn off by the much-talked-of bogie ! — the ice, — and the vessels still be left fit to swim. In the internal arrangements for meeting an arctic climate, we were on somewhat a similar plan to the ships, — some difficulties being presented by the large mass of cold iron irarhinery, which, of course, acted as a rapid refrigerator. For the voyage out, the men were confined to a little place in the bows of the vessel, and from thence to the cabins of the oflftcers, all was coal : a dead weight of 260 tons being originally carried from England, which we increased to 300 D mmr /■ 34 ARCTIC JOURNAL. tons at the Whale Islands. This, at an average consumption of seven tons -per dierrii would enable us to tow the ships 3000 mileSi or, steam alone, full 5000 mileSi carrying twelve or eighteen months' provision. The crew consisted of thirty souls, all told, of which five were officers, — namely, a lieutenant in com- mand and a second master, as executive officers ; an assistant-surgeon, who zealously undertook the su- perintendence of the commissariat, both public and private, and two engineers, to look after the steam department. These occupied the smallest conceivable space in the after-end of the steamers ; and, with separate cabins, had a common mess-place. Such were the arctic screws : it only remains for me to say, that they were very handsome, smart-sailing vessels, and those embarked in them partook of none of the anxieties and croakings which declared op- ponents and doubtful allies entertained as to their success in what was styled a great experiment. They had but one wish ungratified, which was, that they had been sent alone and fully provisioned, instead of carrying an inadequate proportion of food, so that, in the event of being separated from the ships by accident, they might have wintered without suffering and hardship. All the crews had been carefully chosen for health and efficiency ; and they, as well as the officers, were actuated by the loftiest feelings of enterprise and OFF UPrERNAVIK. 35 I none op- heir hey they tend hat, s by ring 3alth Kvere and humanity ; and that feeling was fostered and strength- ened by the knowledge they had, of the high con- fidence placed in the squadron by their country, speaking through the press. In fact, we were called heroes long before we had earned our laurels. Lastly, the Admiralty put into the hands of the officers the orders they had given the leader of this noble squadron ; and there was but one opinion as to these orders, that more liberal, discretionary ones never were penned! — and with such power to act as circumstances might render necessary, we felt confident of deserving, if we could not com- mand, success. June 24:th, BaffiiCs Bay. — The squadron was flying north, in an open sea, over which bergs of every size and shape floated in wild magnificence. The ex- citement, as we (lashed through the storm, in steering clear of thcm> was delightful from its novelty. Hard a starboard ! Steady 1 Port ! Port ! you may ! — and we flew past some huge mass, over which the green seas were fruitlessly trying to dash themselves. Cole- ridge describes the scene around us too well for me to degrade it with my prose. I will give his version : " And now there came both mist and, snow, And it grew wondrous cold, And ice, mast high, came floating by As green as emerald. D 2 r^' 36 ARCTIC JOURNAL. Through the drifts, the snowy clifts Did send a dismal sheen ; Nor shapes of men, or beasts we ken, The ice was all between. With sloping masts, and dipping prow, As who pursued with yell and blow, Still treads the shadow of his foe. And forward bends his head. The ship drove fast — loud roared the blast, And northioard aye we fled — Until we all suddenly hauled-in for the land of Greenland, in order to visit the settlement of Upper- navik. Passing into a channel, some y\v miles In width, we found ourselves running past the remark- able and lofty cliffs of " Sanderson his Hope," a quaint name given to this point by the " righte worthie Master Davis," in honour of his patron, a merchant of Bristol. Well worthy was it of one whose liberality had tended to increase our geo- graphical knowledge ; and the Hope's lofty crest pierced through the clouds which drove athwa.l its breast, and looked afar to see " whether the Lord of the Earth came not." Under its lee, the water was a sheet of foam and spray, from the fierce gusts which swept down ravine and over headland; and against the base of the rocks, flights of wildfowl marked a spot famous amongst arctic voyagers as abounding in fresh food, >W*»v~W>'.»~ y UPieERNAVIK. 37 — a charming variety to salt horse and Hambro' pork. On rounding an inner islet of the Women's Group, as it is called, a straggling assemblage of Esquimaux huts, with a black and red storehouse or two, as at Disco, denoted the northernmost of the present Danish settlements, as well as the site of an ancient Scandinavian port, — a fact assured by the recent discovery of a stone pillar on one of the adjacent islands bearing the following inscription : — a od. f " EUing Slgvatson, Bjame Thordason, and Endride Oddson, erected these memorial stones and cleared this place on Satur- day before Gagndag (25th April), in the year 1135." Exactly four hundred and fifty-two years before the place was rediscovered by our countryman, Davis. The " Intrepid " having the honour of cuirying- in the two post-captains, we box-hauled about in the offing until she returned with the disagreeable in- telligence that all the English Whalers were blocked up by ice, some thirty miles to the northward. Capt. Penny had been unable to advance, and the season was far from a promising one ! Squaring our yards, we again bore up for the northward. In a few hours, a strong reflected light to the westward and north- ward showed we were fast approacliing the ice-fields D 3 1 38 ARCTIC JOURNAL. or floes of Baflfin's Bay. A whaler, cruising about, shortly showed herself. June 26th, 1850. — My rough notes are as follows : — A. M. Standing in for the land, northward of " Women's Isles," saw several whalers fast to the ice, inshore. Observe one of them standing-out. H.M. S. '* Assistance " is ordered to communicate. We haul to the wind. I visit the "Resolute." Learn that we altered course last night because the floes were seen extending across ahead. The whaler turns out to be the " Abram," Captain Gravill. He reports : — " fourteen whalers stopped by the ice ; Captain Penny, with his ships, after incurring gr isk, and going through much severe labour, was waiching the floes with the hope of slipping past them into the north water." Mr. Gravill had lately ranged along the Pack edge as far south as Disco, and found not a single opening except the bight, up which we had been steering last night. He said, furthermore, " that there would be no passage across the bay, this year, for the whalers, because the water would not make sufficiently early to enable them to reach the fishing-ground in Pond's Bay by the first week in August ; after which date, tiie whales travel southward towards Labrador. The report wound up with the discouraging statement that the whale-men agreed that the floes, tliis season, (' A CKECK. 39 last be irs, id's fte, 'lie jnt >n, I were unusually extensive, that the leads or cracks of water were few, and icebergs more numerous than they had been for some years." " It appears that a northerly gale has been blowing, with but slight intermission, for the last month ; and that in consequence there is a large body of water to the north, the ice from which has been forced into the throat of Davis Straits. All we have to pray for is, a continuation of the same breeze, for otherwise southerly winds will jam the whole body of it up in Melville Bay, and make what is called a " closed season." Mr. G (though not a friend of Penny's) told us that Penny was working day and night to get ahead, and had already run no small risk, and undergone ex- traordinary labour. Poor Penny I I felt that fate had been against him ! He deserved better than to be overtaken by us, after tlie energy displayed in the equipment of his squadron. In the first watch the brigs " Lady Franklin " and " Sophia " were seen by us, fast between loose floe pieces, to seaward of which we continued to flirt. The " Intrepid " and " Pioneer " were now to be seen slyly trying the*.: bows upon every bit of ice we could get near, without getting into a scrape with the com- modore ; and, from the ease with which they cut through the rotten stuff* around our position, I already d4 u 40 ARCTIC JOURNAL. foresaw a fresh era in arctic history, and that the fine bows would soon beat the antidiluvian " bkiiFs " out of the field. Thursday/, 27thJufie3 1850, found us still cruising about under canvass; northward and westward a body of dirty ice, fast decaying under a fierce sun- light, bergs in hundreds in every direction ; and, dotted along the Greenland shore, a number of whalers fast in what is called " Land water," ready to take the first opening. The barometer falling, we were ordered to make fast to icebergs, every one choosing his own. This operation is a very useful one in arctic regions, and saves much unnecessary wear and tear of men and vessel, when progress in the required direction is no longer possible. The bergs, from their enormous depth, are usually aground, except at spring-tides, and the seaman thus succeeds in anchoring his vessel in 200 fm. water, without any other trouble than digging a hole in the iceberg, placing an anchor in it called an ice -anchor, which one man can lift, and, •with a whale-line, his ship rides out under the lee of this natural breakwater, in severe gales, and often escapes being beset in a lee pack. Fastening to a berg has its risks and dangers ; sometimes the first stroke of the FASTENING TO ICEBERGS. 41 the man setting the ice-anchor, by its concussion causes the iceberg to break up, and t!ie people so employed run great risk of being injured; at another time, vessels obliged to make fast under the stee^) side of a berg have had pieces detach themselves from overhead, and injure materially the vessel and spars; and, again, the projecting masses, cr.lled tongues (which form under water the base of the berg), have been known to break off, and strike a vessel so severely as to sink her : all these risks are duly detailed by every arctic navigator, and the object always is, in fastening to an iceberg, to look for a side which is low and sloping, without any tongues under water. To such an one the Intrepid and Pioneer made fast, although the boat's crew that first reached it, in making a hole, were wetted by a projecting mass detaching itself with the first blow of the seaman's crowbar. A gale sprang up almost immediately, and during the night the Assistance blew adrift. Next day it abated, and the ice to the northward looked open. In the evening one of Penny's vessels, the Sophia, joined us, and from her commander we soon heard of their hopes and disappointment. Directly after leav- ing Disco they fell in with the ice, and had fought their way the whole distance to their present position. The season was not promising, but forty-eight hours of a N.E. wind would do wonders, and I cordially partook of his opinion, that " keeping the vessel's 42 ARCTIC JOURNAL. '\ f I II I. nose to the crack " was the only way to get ahead in the arctic regions. The crews of the brigs were in rattling health and spirits. Having delivered him some letters and a number of parcels which, by great good luck, had not been landed at Uppernavik, Capt. Stewart returned to his chief, some eight miles north- ward of us, and we remained to watch progress. Saturday, June 2^th, \S50.— * * * * Monday, July \st, 1850. — At last the hoped-for signal, " take ships in tow," was made ; and, with a leaping heart, we entered the lead, having the "Reso- lute" fast by the nose with a six-inch hawser. What looked impassable at ten miles' distance was an open lead when close to. Difficulties vanish when they are faced ; and the very calm which rendered the whalers unable to takf advantage of a loose pack, was just the thing for steamers. Away we went ! past berg, past floe, winding in and out quietly, yet steadily ! — and the whalers were soon astern. Penny, the inde- fatigable, was seen struggling along the shore, with his boats ahead, towing, and every stitch of sail set to catch the lightest cat's paw : he too, however, we soon passed. The water a-hcad increased as we advanced, and we found, as is well known to be the case, that the pack-edge is always the tightest part of it. Several whale-boats from the vessels astern were busy taking ducks' eggs from the islands, which seem to abound along the coast. When passing one I /A»^ TOWING THE SHIPS. 43 nth to )on bed, Ihat ere licli me ^ of these islands that appeared remarkal)ly steep, I was disagreeably surprised to feel the " Pioneer " strike against a sunken rock with some violence ; she slipped off it, and then the " Resolute " gave herself a blow, which seemed to make everything quiver again. Capt. Penny had a signal up, warning us of the danger ; but we were too busy to see it until afterwards, and thei> the want of wind prevented our ascertaining what was meant. After this accident we went very cautiously until the evening hour, when, having neared Cape Shackleton, and some thin ice showing itself, through which, at reduced speed, we could not tow the broad-bowed " Resolute," siie was cast off, and made fast to some land ice, and I i)ro- ceeded on alone in the " Pioneer " to see what the prospect was further on. Cutting through some rotten ice of about six inches in thickness, we reached water beyond it, and saw a belt of water, of no great width, extending along shore as far as the next headland, called Horse's-head. Picking up a boat belonging to the " Chieftain " whaler, which had been shooting and egging, I re- turned towards the "Resolute" with my intelligence, giving Cape Shu klcton a close shave to avoid the ice which was setting against it from the westward, the whale-men who I had on board expressing no small astonishment and delight at the way in which we screwed throus^h the broken ice of nine-inch thick- 44 ARCTIC JOURNAL. y ness. Oa reaching the squadron, I found it made fast for the night, and parties of officers preparing to start in different directions to shoot, and see what was to be seen, for, of course, our night was as light as the day of any other region. To the " Chieftain's " doctor I, with others of the " Pioneer," consigned, what we flattered ourselves were, our last letters, thin^'ing that, now the steamers had got a-head, it was not likely the whalers would again be given an opportunity of communicating or overtaking us. There is something in last letters painful and choking ; and I remember that I hardly knew which feeling most predominated in my breast, — sorrow and regret for those friends I had left behind me — or hope and joyful anticipation of meeting those be- fore us in the " Erebus and Terror." At any rate, I gave vent to them by climbing the rocky summit of Cape Shackleton, and throwing off my jacket, let the cold breeze allay the excite- ment of my mind. Nothing strikes the traveller in the north more strongly than the perceptible repose of Nature, although the sun is still illumining the heavens, during those hours termed night. We, of course, who were unaccustomed to the constant light, were restless and unable to sleep ; but the inhabitants of CAPE SHACKLETON. 45 these regions, as well as the animals, retire to rest with as much regularity as is done in more southern climes ; and the subdued tints of the heavens, as well as the heavy banking of clouds in the neighbour- hood of the sun, gives to the arctic summer night a quietude as marked as it is pleasant. Across Baffin's Bay there was ice ! ice ! ice ! on every side, small faint streaks of water here and there in the distance, with one cheering strip of it winding snake-like along the coast as far as eye could ren.ch. " To-morrow ! " I exclaimed, *' we will be there." " Yes ! " replied a friend, " but if the breeze freshens. Penny will reach it to-night !" And there, sure enough, were Penny's brigs sailing past our squadron ; which showed no sign of vitality beyond that of the officer of the watch visiting the ice-anchors to see all was right. " That fellow, Penny, is no sluggard!" we muttered, "and will yet give the screws a hard tussle to beat him." A couple of hours rest, and having taken the ships in tow, we again proceeded, and, at about seven o'clock on the morning of the 2nd of July, passed the " Sophia," and shortly afterwards, the " Lady Franklin," — alas ! poor Penny, he had a light con- trary wind to work against. I do not think ray memory can recal in the course of my wanderings any thing more novel or striking 46 ARCTIC JOURNAL. 'I ■ than the scenes through which we steamed this fore- noon. The land of Greenland, so bold, so steep, and in places so grim, with the long fields of white glittering ice floating about on the cold blue sea, and our little vessels, for we looked pigmies beside the huge objects around us, whether cliff, berg, or glacier, stealing on so silently and quickly ; the leadsman's song or the flap of wild fowl the only sounds to break the general stillness. One of the cliffs we skirted along was actually teeming with birds called " loons : " they might have been shot in tens of hundreds had we required them or time not pressed: they are considered remarkably good eat- ing, and about the size and weight of an ordinary duck : to naturalists they are known by the name of guillemot, and were christened " loons " by the early Dutch navigators, in consequence of their stupidity. Numerous seals lay on the ice in the offing, and their great size astonished us. As we advanced, a peculiarly conical island, in a broad and ice -encumbered bay, showed itself: it was " the Sugar Loaf Island " of the whalers ; and told us that, on rounding the farther headland, we should see the far-famed Devil's Thumb, the boundary of Melville Bay. A block of Ice brought us up after a tow of some twenty-five or thirty miles, and, each vessel picking ll .li 1i 4 -■^' 4; ■ BAFFIN 8 ISLES. 47 Imc up .1 convenient Ice-berg, we made fast to await an opening. I landed to obtain a view from a small Islet close to the " Pioneer," and was rewarded by observing that the Duck Islands, a group some fifteen miles to seaward of us, had evidently a large space of open water around them, and broad lanes extended from these in divers directions towards us, although, with- out retracing our steps, there was at present no direct road for us Into this water. Captain Penny, however, being astern, had struck to seaward, and was fast passing our position. On the Islands there were recent traces of both rein-deer and bears; and I amused myself picking some pretty arctic flowers, such as anemones^ popples, and saxifrage, which grew In sheltered nooks amongst the rocks. Before leaving the vessel, a boat had been de- spatched to the headland wlere so many " loons " had been seen, to shoot for the ship's company's use : the other ships did likewise : they returned at about four o'clock next morning, and, I was annoyed at being Informed, without any birds, although all the powder and shot had been expended. I sent for the Captain of the forecastle, who had been away in charge of the sportsmen, and, with astonishment, asked how he had contrived to fire ^!' 48 ARCTIC JOURNAL. . ■ away one pound of powder and four of small shot, without bringing home some loons? Hanging his head, and looking uncommonly bashful, he answered, " If you please, sir, we fired it all into a bear ! " " Into a bear ? " I exclaimed, " what ! shoot a bear with No. 4 shot?" "Yes, sir," replied Abbot; "and if it hadn't have been for two or three who were afeard of him, we would have brought him aboard, too." Sending my bear hunting friend about his business for neglecting my orders to obtain fresh food for the crew, I afterwards found out that on passing a small island between the " Pioneer " and the Loon Head, as the cliff was called, my boat's crew had observed a bear watching some seals, and it was voted immediately, that to be the first to bring a bear home, would immortalise the " Pioneer." A determined onslaught was therefore made on Bruin : No. 4 shot being poured into him most ruthlessly, he growled and snapped his teeth, trotted round the island, and was still followed and fired at, until, finding the fun all on one side, the brute plunged into the water, and swam for some broken-up ice; my heroes followed, and, for lack of ball, fired at him a waistcoat button and the blade of a knife, which, by great ingenuity, they had contrived to cram down one of their muskets ; this A BEAR HUNT. 49 it e e very naturally, as they described it, " made the beast jump again ! " he reached the ice, however, bleeding all over, but not severely injured; and whilst the bear was endeavouring to get on the floe, a spirited contest ensued between him and old Abbot, the latter trying to become possessor of a skin, which the former gallantly defended. Ammunition expended, and nothing but boat- hooks and stretchers left as defensive weapons, there seemed some chance of the tables being reversed, and the boat's crew very pr perly obliged the captain of the forecastle to beat a retrent ; the bear, equally well pleased U bv rid of such visitors, made off. " Old Abbot," as he was styled, always, however, asserted, that if he had had his way, the bear would have been brought aboard the " Pioneer," and tamed to do a good deal of the dragging work of the sledges ; and whenever he heard in tlie winter any of the young hands growling at the labour of sledging away snow or ice, he created a roar of laughi or by muttering, *' Ah ! if you had taken my advice, we'd have had that 'ere bear to do this work for us ! " Jul^ Srd, 1850. — Penny, by taking another route, gave us the " go by," and in the afternoon we started, taking an in-shore lane of water. The wind however E r^-n-rr yr r- ■•"- "::^^y^---iS^7r^ v^ 50 ARCTIC JOURNAL. had freshened up from the Avestward, and as we ad- vanced the ice was rapidly closing, the points of the floe- formi bars be- -pieces tormmg " hars, ' with holes of water tween them. V^ith the "Pioneer's" sharp bow, we broke through the first of these barriers, and carried the '* Resolute " into " a hole of water," as it is called. The next bar being broader, I attempted to furce it by charging with the steamer, and after breaking up a portion of it, backed astern to allow the broken pieces to be removed. This being the first time this operation Avas performed, and much having to be learnt upon the feasibility of the different modes of applying steam-power against ice. We soon found ourselves surrounded with broken masses, which, owing to the want of men to remove it away into the open water astern, rendered advance or retreat without injury to the propeller almost im- possible. Here the paucity of men on board the stear . vessels was severely felt, for until the " Resolute " was properly secured I could expect no assistance from her ; and the " Pioneer," therefore, had to do her best with half the number of men, although she was fifty feet longer than the ship. Unable to move, the closing floes fast beset the steamer, and then the large parties of men that joined from the squadron to assist were useless, beyond some practice, which all seemed willmg to undertake, in the use of ice-tools, con- ove it ce or t im- stcar . ' was from r best is fifty llosing )artie8 were jcmecl con- .1 ARCTIC SrORTING. 51 sisting of clvsels, poles with iron points, claws, and lines, &c. In a short time, the prospect of liberating the " Pioneer " was seen to be farcical, and all the officers and men from the " Hesolute " returned to their ship, although parties of novices would walk down con- stantly to see the first vessel beset in the ice. A few birds playing about induced myself and some others to go out shooting, a foggy night pro- mising to be favourable to our larders. The ice however was full of holes, and very decayed, in addition to which it was in rapid motion in many places, from the action of wind and tide. The risk of such si)orting was well evinced in my gallant friend ]M 's case. He was on one side of a lane of water, and I on the other; a bird culled a "Bur- gomaster" flew over his head to seaward, and he started in the direction it had gone. I and another, shouted to warn him of the ice being in rapid motion, and very thin ; he halted for a moment, .".nd then ran on, leaping from piece to piece. The fog at this moment lifted a little, and most providentially so, for suddenly I saw INl make a leap and disappear — the ice had given way I — he soon rose, but without his gun, and I then saw him scramble upon a piece of ice, and on watching it, observed with a shudder that both he and it were drifting to the northward, and away u 2 / 52 ARCTIC JOURNAL. from us. Leaving ray remaining companion to keep sight of M , and thus to point out the way on ray return, I retraced my steps to the "Pioneer," and with a couple of men, a long hand-line, and boarding- pikes, started off in the direction M was in. I could tell my route pretty well by my com- panion's voice, which in rich Milesian, was giving utterance to encouragino; exclamations of the most original nature — " Keep up your courage, ray boy ! — AVhy don't you come back ? — Faith, I suppose it's Avater that won't let you ! There will be some one there directly ! — Hoy ! hoy ! ahoy ! don't be down-hearted anyway!" I laughed as I ran. My party placed themselves about ten yards apart, the last man carrying the line, ready to heave, in case of the leader breaking through. So weak was the ice that W') had to keep at a sharp trot to prevent the weight of our own bodies resting long on any one spot ; and when we sighted our friend M on his little piece of firm ice, tlie very natural exclamation of one of my men was, *' I wonder how he ever reached it. Sir?" M assisted us to approach him by pointing out his own vo\'' and by extending our line, and holding on to it, we at last got near enough to take him off the piece of detached ice on which he had providentially scrambled. I never think of the occurrence without a sickeninrj sensa- / DUCK ISLES — DEVIL'S THUMB. 53 ice the one n bis ation ever each ding near I ice ever jnsa- tion, mixed with a comic recollection of K 's ejaculations. Whilst walking baci. with my half- frozen friend, the Ice showed itself to be easing off rapidly with the turn of tide. x\t 1 a.m. we were all free, and a lane of water extending itself ahead. Juhj ith. — At 1 P. M. we started again towing the ships, the whaling fleet from the southward under every stitch of canvass threatening to reach the Duck Islands before ourselves, and Captain Pennys' squadron out of sight to the north-west. By dint of hard steaming we contrived to reach the islands before the whalers, and at midnight got orders to east off and cruize about under sail, all the vessels rejoining us that we had passed some days ago off the "Women's Isles. The much-talked of, by whalemen, " Devil's Thumb," was now open ; it appears to be a huge mass of granite or basalt, which rears itself on a cliff of some 600 or 800 feet elovntioii, and is known as the southern boundary of Melville Bay, voiui'"' whose dreary circuit, year after year, the fishermo' work their way to reach the large body of water about the entrance of Lancaster Sound and Pond's Bay. Facing to the south-west, from whence the worst gales of v/ind at this season of the year arise, it is not to be wondered at that Melville Bay has been the grave of many a goodly craft, and in one E 3 54 ARCTIC JOURNAL. ill M. i Wi disastrous year the whaling fleet was diminished by no less than twenty-eight sail (without the loss of life however), a blow from which it never has re- covered. No good reason was adduced for taking this route, beyond the argument, founded upon ex- perience, that the earliest passages were always to be made by Melville Bay ; this I perfectly under- stood, for early in the season, when northerly winds do prevail, the coast of Melville Bay is a weather-shore, and the ice, acted upon by wind and current, would detach itself and form between the land ice and the pack-ice a safe high-road to the westward. It was far otherwise in 1850. The prospect of an early passage, viz., from the first to the third week of June, had long vanished. Southerly winds, after so long a prevalence of northerly ones (vide Captain Gravill's information) were to be expected. The whole weight of the Atlantic would be forced up Davis's Straits, and Melville Bay become " a dead lee- shore." I should therefore not have taken the ice, or attempted to w^ork my way round Melville Bay, and would instead have gone to the westward and struck off sooner or later into the west Avaier, in about tlic latitude of Uppcrnavik, 73° 30' N. However, this is what amongst the experienced is styled theory ; and as anything was l^etter thiai standing sfiU, I was heartily glad to sec the " Chief- MELVILLE BAr, 55 up Ice- ice, r, in !ccl is than Ihief- I tain," a bonnle Scotch whaler, show us tlio road by entering a lead of water, and away we all went, working to windward. The sailing qualities of the naval Arctic ships threatened to be sadly eclipsed by qneer-lookir.g craft, like the " Truelove " and others. But steam came to the rescue, and after twelve hours' hard struggle we got the pendants again ahead of our enterprising and energetic coun- trymen. Saturday, Juhj Qth. — By 6 A. 31. we were along- side of Penny's squadron, which was placed at the head of the lane of water, up which we had also ad- vanced ; and so keen was he not to lose the post of honour, that as we closed, I smiled to see the Aber- donians move their vessels up into the ycry " nip." In the course of the day the whalers again jaught us up, and a long line of masts and hulls dotted the floe-edge. The ice was white and hard, affording good exer- cise for pedestrians, and to novices, of whom there were many .anongst us, the idea of walking about on the frozen surface of the sea was not a little charm- ing. In all directions groups of three and four persons were seen trudging about, and the constant puffs of smoke which rose in the clear atmosph' i ;, showed that shooting f. he table was kept carefully in view. E 4 «5>^.'-":*™'7"^ '" 'V ■ . -.--•v^. / 56 ARCTIC JOURNAL. 1 ill li ii A present of 170 duck eggs from Captain Stewart of the " Joseph Green" whaler, shoived in what pro- fusion these birds breed, ^nd I was told by Captain Penny thtit on?, of the ifclefs passed by him on the 2nd was literally rilivr wUl lucks, and that several boat loads of eggs might hav3 been taken off it, — in- teresting proofs of the extraordinary abundance of iUiimal life in tbese nortb'irn . egions. Our Saturday eyeniHg v/as passed listening to stirring tales of Mel- ville Say and the v, liale fishery, and several pro- phecies as to the chances of a very bad season. The numlier of ice-bergs and extent of the ice-fields, in- ducing numy to believe that more than usual risk would be run in the bay this year. Sunday-forenoon passed quietly and according to law, though a falling barometer made us watch anxiously a heavy bank of black clouds which rested in the southern heavens. The dinner bell however rang, and having a very intelligent gentlemen who commands a whaler as a guest, we were much interested in listening to his de- scription of the strange life led by men like hin-self, engaged in the adventurous pursuit of the whale ; Mr. S. assured us that he 'ad not seen corn grow, or eaten fresh gooseberries for thirty years ! altliough lie had been at home every winter. Thoucrh now advanced in y<^ars, with a large family, one c? wiioia was the C' ■ aander of Her Majesty' brig the m^^:^ / ■ \^ ■M- <. i A GALE — DOCKING SllirS. 57 m- fisk eiy Ins a cle- ;elf, tie; tow, igh \ow Oil! ithe " Sophia," then in company, still he spoke with entliusiasm of the excitement and risks of his own profession ; it had its charms for the old sailor, whose skill and enterprize had been excited for so many years in braving the dangers of Ice-encumbered seas whether around Spitzbergen or in Baffin's Bay ; he evidently felt a pride and satisfaction in his past career, and it had still sweet reminiscences for him. I felt a pride in seeing such a man a brother-seaman, one who loved the North because it had hardships — one who delighted to battle with a noble foe. " We are the only people," he said, " who follow the whale, and kill him in spite of the ice and cold;" there was the true sportsman in such feelings. He and tlie whale were at war, — not even the ice could save his prey. A report from deck, that the ice was coming In before a southerly gale, finished our dinner very abruptly, and the alteration that had taken place In a couple of hours was striking. A blue sky had changed to one of a dusky colour, — a moaning gale sent before it a low brown vapour, under which the ice gleamed fiercely, — the floes were rapidly pressing together. Two whalers were already nipped severely, and their people were getting the boats and clothing out ready for an accident. " The sooner we are all In dock the better," said 58 Arctic jouhnal. eI 'i I Captain S., as he hurried away to get his own vessel into safety, and, ahnost as quickly as I can tell it, a scene of exciting interest commenced — that of cutting docks in the fixed ice, called land-floe, so as to avoid the pressure which would occur at its edge by the body of ice to seaward being forced against it by the fast rising gale. Smart things are done in the Navy, but I do not think anything could excel the alacrity with which the floe was suddenly peopled by about 500 men, triangles rigged, and the long saws (called ice-saws) used for cutting the ice, were manned. A hundred songs from hoarse throats re- sounded tliroiigh the gale ; the sharp chipping of the saws told that the work was flying; and the loud laugh or broad witticisms of the crews mingled with the words of command and encouragement to exer- tion given by the officers. DOCK IH THE ; ACTOFCUTTINCj The pencil of a Wilkie could hardly convey the characteristics of such a scene, and it is far beyond my humble pen to tell of the stirring animation ex- i ! DOCKING IN THE ICE. 59 the ron( ex- nibited by some twenty ships' companies, who knew that on their own exertions depended the safety of their vessels and the success of their voyage. The ice was of an average thickness of three feet, and to cut this saws of ten feet long were used, the length of stroke being about as far as the men directing the saw could reach up and down. A little powder was used to break up the pieces that were cut, so as to get them easily out of the mouth of the dock, an operation which the officers of our vessels performed whilst the men cut away with the saAvs. In a very short time all the vessels were in safety, the pressure of the pack expending itself on a chain of bergs some ten miles north of our present position. The un- equal contest bet", cen floe and ice-berg exhibited itself there in a fearlV.l '^ rner, for the former press- ing onwarl against the i.'ige grounded masses was torn into shreds, and thrown back peacemeal, layer on layer of many feet in elevation, as if mere shreo of some flimsy material, instead of solid, hard ice, every cubic yard of which weighed nearly a ton. The smell of our numerous fires brought a bear in sight; Nimrods wi^"^.*' number issued out to slay him, the weapons being as varied as the indi- viduals were numerous. The chase would, however, have been a fruitless one, had not the bear in his eo ARCTIC JOURNAL. retreat follen in with and killed a seal ; his voracity overcame his fears, and being driven into the water, he was shot from the boat of one of the whalers which had perseveringly followed him. The brute was of no great size — not more than five feet in length. The coat, instead of being white, w^ turned to a dingy yellow, much resembling in colour decayed ice ; a resemblance which enabled the animal, no doubt, to approach the seals with greater facility. By midnight all fears for the safety of the vessels had ceased ; indeed, as far as our searching ships had been concerned, there never had been much cause for fear, the operation of docking having been carried out by us more for the sp.T.o of practice t' an from necessity. We were tightly beset until the Howing evening, when the ice as suddenly moved off ns it had come tr ether; and then a scene of joyful excitement took place, such as is only to be seen in tl Arctic regions — every ship striving to be foremost in her escape from imprisonment, and to lead ahead. Want of wind obliged the whalers and Penny's brigs to be tracked rmng the floe-edge by the crews — a laborious operation, whxii is done on our English canals by iiorscs; here, however, the powerful crews of fisher- nen, mustering from thirty-five to fifty hands, TRACKING AND TOWING. 61 by er- ds, fastened on by their track-belts to a whale-line, and with loud songs, made their vessels slip througli the water at an astonishing pace. An odd proof of the unhandiness of such vessels as the ** Resolute " and " Assistance " was given to- day : the former endeavoured to tow herself ahead by the aid of all her boats, a distance of about three or four hundred yards, and was quite unable to do sOj although the wind against her hardly amounted to a cat's paw ; the consequence was, that until the steam vessels got hold, she was fast dropping astern of the whalers, and, as was usually the case, every one's temper was going wrong. The run was not a very long one, and in the heart of a fleet of ice-bergs we again brought up : one whaler, " The Truelove," having turned back in despair of a passage north- about to Pond's Bay. From our position a good view of Melville Bay was to be had, and a more melancholy one, eye never rested upon. Surrounded as we were with bergs, we had to climb a neighbouring mass to obtain a clear horizon ; the prospect to seaward was not cheering; and from the Devil's Tlmmb northward, one huge gkcier spead itself. The first sensation we felt was that of pity for the poor land — pressed down and smothered under so deadly a weight : here and there, a strip of cliff protruded, black and 62 ARCnC JOURXAL. bare, from the edge of the mer-de-glace, whose surface, rough and unpleasing, was of a sombre yellowish tint, with occasional masses of basalt pro- truding through it, like the uplifted hands of drown- ing men : it seemed Earth's prayer for light and life ; but the ice, shroud-like, enveloped it, and would not give up the dead. July 9th. — Every day taught us something : we had learnt that the ice went off as rapidly, if not more so, than it came in ; and when an opening oc- curred to-day, the " Pioneer " with the " Resolute " again in tow, was ahead of the whalers, and close on Penny's heels. The ice to-day lay much across, forming very tortuous channels ; and the performance of the Screws, in twisting themselves and their tail-pieces (the ships') round floe-pieces and bergs, was as in- teresting as it was satisfactory. In some places we had to adopt a plan, styled by us ** making a cannon ! " from its resemblance to the same feat in billiards. This generally occurred at sharp and intricate turns, where the breadth of water was con- siderably less than the length of the vessels ; we then, in order to get the vessel's stem in the proper direction, used to steer her in such a way, that the bow on the opposite side to which we wanted her to turn struck the ice with some force; the conse- MAKING "A CANNOI. " 63 eces in- we a ton- we [per Ithe to kse- quence was, the steamer would turn short off, and save the risk of getting athwart "the lead," and aid in checking the ship round at the same time. Another novel application of steam took place to- day. We came to a bar of ice, formed of loose floe- pieces of all sizes, but too small to heave through by means of ice-anchors and lines; Penny stood close up to it, but he could neither sail through it, nor warp ; he had therefore to make a long detour round its edge ; steam however was able to do it ; and with our knife-like boivs, aided by the propeller, we soon wedged a road through for ourselves and the « Resolute." Detentions in the ice were amongst the most trying moments of our life in the North ; and from the composition of our squadron, namely, two fast vessels, and two slow ones, tnv tant waiting for one another put me u\\ \v. < d of the old doggrel : — *' The Eavl of Chatham v:' -^ u vwn, Was waiting for Sir Richard Strachan ; Sir Richard longing to be at 'em, Was waiting for the Earl of Chatham." The risk of detention in such a region can be understood by all; but few, perhaps, will appreciate the feeling of mingled passion and regret with which the leadinor vessel in such a mission as we had in 64 ARCTIC JOURNAL. i ill hand found herself obliged to wait to close her con- sort, when all was water ahead, and the chances of it reraaininjj so were but slight. A few hours we all knew had often made the difference of a passage across Melville Bay without detention, or of a long, laborious voyage — here we were waiting for our consorts. # # # * » On the 10th, a short tow, and in company with a portion of the whalers, for several had retreated, we again had to dock, to escape nipping from liie ice, and on the morrow, a similar scene of hurry and excitement took place when liberation came. Thursday Wth. — Seven of the most enterprising whalers still hung on our heeis, and to-day found us all at a bar beyond whicii there was a sea of water. Patience ! was the *'' mot (Tordre ; " and it vented itself in a number of dinners and the winding-up of letters ; for we all felt that the hour of separation from the whalers would soon arrive. They all were delighted with the performance of the steam vessels in the ice, and quizzed our crews for sitting at their ease, whilst they had to drag like horses. Captain Penny, likewise, candidly acknowledged that he never thouglit they could have answered so well ; and regretted that he had not had a steam vessel. Our seamen fully appreciated the good FAVOURABLE PROSPECT. 65 US ter. ted of am Ing so lod service the screws had done them: they had now been eleven days in the ice, durin^^ every day of which period they had witnessed it v/orking eftec- tually under every circumstance ; they had seen the crews of the whalers labouring at tlie track-line, at the oar, and in making and shortening sail, both by day and by night ; whilst our crews had nothing to do beyond taking the ships in tow and casting them off again ; already I observed a really sincere anxiety upon all their parts for the safety of the " screw. " I heard from henceforth inquiries amongst them, whenever a shock took place, " Whether she was all right ? " or to my orders, a ready response — " All right, sir ! she is all free of the ice I " At night the bar opened, and giving the " Lady Franklin" a jerk into the water beyond, the "In- trepid " and " Pioneer " rattled away w ith the ships in tow, as hard as steam could take them. Oh, for one run of ninety miles ! There was open water ahead; but, alas! we could only get three miles an hour out of our vessels — alone, we could have gone five ; making in a day's work the diiferente between seventy-two, and one hundred and twenty miles. By two o'clock in the morning wo had outrun both Penny and the whalers ; and, could we onl y have gone faster, assuredly the passage of Melville F 66 ARCTIC JOURNAL. 1^^ ! Bay would have been that day effected. The land- floe was still fast, reaching twenty-five or thirty miles off" shore, and the pack had drifted off" some ten or fifteen miles ; between the two we were steaming at five o'clock in the moining of the 12th of July, and all was promising — a headland called Cape Walker and Melville Monument opening fast to view. The quarter-master grinned, as he made his report, that he was sure we were in what was a fair lead into the North Water ! Hope is not prophecy ! and so they will find who labour in the North ; for how changed was the pros- pect when I went on deck after a short sleep — a south wind had sprung up. We were under sail. The pack was coming in fast, and the signal " Pre- pare to take the ice," flying from the Commodore's mast-head. We did take it, as the pack came against the land-floe, with Cape Walker about abreast of us ; and, in a few hours, the " nip " took place. The " Intrepid " and " Pioneer " Jiaving gone into a natural dock together, were secure enough until the projecting points of the land-floe gave way, when the weight of the pressure came on the vessels, and then we felt, for the first time, a Melvlli3 Bay squeeze. The vessels, lifted by the floes, shot alter- nately ahead of one another, and rode down the floe for some fifty yards, until firmly imbedded in BESET IN MELVILLE BAT. 67 — a sail. c pre- [dore's ainst List of place, into 0. ill the when if and Bay lalter- n tbc 3d in ice, which, in many layers, formed a perfect cradle under their bottoms. We, of course, were passive spectators, beyond taking the precaution to have a few men following; the vessels over the ice with two or three of the boats, in case of a fatal pqueeze. The '* Sweet little Cherub " watched over the steamers, however, and, in a short time, the pressure transferred itself elsewhere. Next day showed all of Her Majesty's squadron beset in ISIelville Bay. The gale had abated, but an immense body of ice had come in from the S. W. To the N. "VY. a dark haze showed a water sky, but from it svq must have been at least forty miles, juctween us and the shore, a land-floe, of some thirty miles in width, followed the sinuosities of the coast-line. Bergs here and there strewed its surface ; but the major part of them formed what is called a " reef," in the neighbourhood of Devil's Thumb-, denoting either a bank or shoal water in that direction. A powerful sun-light obliged spectacles of every sliade, size, and description to be brought into use ; o)id, as we walked about from ship to ship, a groat deal of joking and facetiousness arose out of the droll appearance of some individuals, — utilit}^ and not beauty, was, however, generally voted the great es'Hcntial in our liafhclor community ; and good looks, by general consent, put away for a future day. F ? 68 ARCTIC JOURNAL. Great reflection, as well as refraction, existed for the time we remained beset in this position; and the refraction on one occasion enabled us to detect Captain Penny's brigs as well as the whalers, al- though they must have been nearly tiiirty miles distant. The ice slackening c little formed what are called " holes of water," and in these we soon observed a shoal of narwhales, or unicorn fish, to be blowing and enjoying themselves. By extraordinary luck, one of the cfiicers of the " Intrepid," in firing at them, happened to hit one in a vital part, and the brute './as captured; his horn forming a handsome trophy for the sportsman. The result of this was, that the unfortunate narwhales got no peace; directly they showed themselves, a shower of balls was poured into them. This fish is found throughout the fishing-ground of BaflSn's Bay, but is not particularly sought for by our people. The Esquimaux kill it with ease, and its flesh and skin are eaten as luxuries; the latter especially, as an anti-scorbutic, even by the whalers, and some of or.j crews partook of the extremely grcasj -looking substance, — one man vowing it was very like chesnuts ! (?) I did not attempt to judge for myself; but I have no doubt it would form good food to a really hungry person. The narwhales vary I'ectly round ■or by and latter lalers, smely it was Ijuelge good vary NARWHALES. 69 in size, ninging sometimes, I am told, to fourteen feet ; the horns, of which I saw a great many at Whale -Fish Isles, were fi ^m three feet to seven feet in length. The use of this horn is a matter of con- troversy amongst the fishermen : it is almost too blunt for offence, and its point, for about four inches, is always found well-polished, whilst the remainder of it is usually covered with slime and greenish sea- weed. Some maintain that it roots up food from the bottom of the sea with this horn ; others, that it probes the clefts and fissures of the floating ice with it, to drive out the small fish, whicli are said to be its prey, and which instinctively take shelter there from their pursuers. The body of the narwhale is covered with a layer of blubber, of about two inches ill thickness. This was removed, and carefully boiled down to make oil ; and the krang, or carcase, was left as a decoy to mollicmauks, and ivory-gulls, — these latter birds having for the first time been seen by me to-day. They are decidedly the most graceful of sea-birds; and, froni the exquisite purity of their plumage when settled on a piece of ice or snow, it required a practised eye to detect them. Not so the voracious and impertinent mollies — the Proccllaria of naturalists. Their very ugliness appeared to give them security, and they are, in the Nortli, what the V 3 70 ARCTIC JOURNAL. |l I vulture and carrion crow arc in more pleasant climes — Nature's scavengers. llic 14tli and 15tli of July found us still firmly beset, and sorely was our patience taxed. In-sliore of us, a firm unbroken sheet of ice extended to the land, some fifteen miles distant. Across it, in va- rious directions, like hedge-rows in an English land- scape, ran long lines of piled-up hummocks, formed during the winter by some great pressure ; and on the surface, pools of water and sludge* broke the general monotony of the aspect. The striking mass of rock, known as Melville's Monnmcnt, was clear of snow, because it was too steep for ice to adhere ; but everywhere else huge domes of white showed where Greenland lay, except where Cape Walker thrust its black cliff through the glacier to scowl upon us. Tantalus never longed for water more than we did. Those who have been so beset can alone tell of the watchfulness and hoadaching for water. Now to the mast-head with straining eyes, — then arguing and inferring, from the direction of wind and tide, that water must come. Others strolling over to a hole, and with fragments of wood, or a measure, en- deavouring to detect that movement in the floes by * Is the term applied to Lalf-tbawcd ice or enow. ANXIETY AND nOPE. 71 Cow to tide, to a re, cn- )cs by which liberation was to be brought about. Some sage in uniform, perhaps, tries to prove, by the ex- perience of former voyages, that the lucky day is passed or close at hand ; whilst wiser ones console themselves with exclaiming, " That, at any rate, wc arc, as yet, before Sir James Ross's expedition, — both in time and position." The 16th of July showed more favourable symp- toms, and Captain Penny was seen working for a lane of water, a long way in-shore of us. In the night, a general disruption of the fixed ice was taking place in the most marvellous manner; and, by the next morning, there was nearly as much water as there had before been ice. The two steamers, firmly imbedded in a mass of ice, many miles in circumference, were drifting rapidly to the southward, whilst the two shij)s afloat in a large space of water, and fastened to the floe, awaited our liberation. The prospect of a separation from the ships, when unavoidable, in no wise depressed the spirits of my colleague of the " Intrepid," nor myself. Like the man who lost a scolding wife, wc felt if it must be so, it was for the best, and we were resigned. But it was not to be ; the " Intrepid " with her screw, and the "Pioneer" with gunpowder, which, for the first time, was now applied, shook the fragments apart in F 4 72 ARCTIC JOURNAL. I i i which we were beset, and again we laid hold of our mentors. A thick fog immediately enveloped us, and in it we got perfectly pnzzled, took a wrong lead, and, tumbling into a perfect cul de sac, made fast, to await a break in the weather. The 18th of July, from the same cause, a dense fog, was a lost day, and next day Penny again caught us up. He re- ported the whalers to have given up all idea of a Northern fishery this season. Alas ! for the many friends who will be disappointed in not receiving letters ! and alas ! for the desponding, who v/^ll croak and sigh at the whalers failing to get across the bay, believing, therefore, that ive shall fail likewise. Penny had passed a long way inside of the spot the steamers had been beset and nipped in ; and he witnessed a sight which, although constantly taking place, is seldom seen — the entire dissolution of an enormous ice-berg. This ice-berg had been observed by our squadron, and remarked for its huge size and massiveness, giving good promise of resisting a century of sun and thaw. All on board the " Lady Franklin " described as a most wonderful spectacle this ice-berg, without any warning, falling, as it were, to pieces ; the sea around it resembled a seething cauldron, from the violent plunging of the masses, as they broke and re- broke in a thousand pieces ! The floes, torn up for a V J i DISSOLUTION OF AN ICEBERG. 73 haw. d as ;any ound lent re- or a distance of ten miles by the violent action of the rollers, threatened, by the manner the ice was agi- tated, to destroy any vessel that had been amongst it ; and they congratulated themselves, on being suf- ficiently removed from the scene of danger, to see without incurring any immediate risk. The fog again lifted for a short time. Penny went in my •' crow's nest," as well as into the " Resolute's," and soon gave us the disagreeable intelligence, that the land-floe had broken up, and we were in the pack, instead of having, as we had fancied, " fast ice " to hold on by ; and, as he remarked, " We can do no- thing but push for it ; — it's all broken ice, and push we must, in-shore, or else away we go with the loose floes!" "With this feeling the six vessels started in the P'.ght, in an indifferent and cross lead, we towing the " Kesolute " and " Lady Franklin," — the " In- v^rud," with " Asuistance " and " Sophia," astern, breaking through two light barriers of ice, the prospect was improving ; and, as they said from the " crow's nest," that eight miles of water was beyond a neck ^'f ice ahead, I cast off the vessel ii\ tow to charge the ice ; at first she did well, but the floe was nearly six feet thick, hard and sound, and a pressure on it be'^idcs. The " Pioneer " was again caught, and the squadron anchorc to the floe to await an opening. 74 ARCTIC JOTT^'T-TAL. i i J A few hours afterwards we were liberated, and, moving the vessel as far astern as we could, the fact was duly rej.M.rted to the senior officer; but, as the road ahead was not open, no change of position could be made. On the morning of the 20th we were again beset, and a south gale threatened to increase the pressure ; escape was, however, impossible, and " Fear not, but trust in Providence " is a necessary motto for Arctic seamen. My faith in this axiom was soon put to the proof. After a short sleep I was called on deck, as the vessel was suffering from great pressure. My own senses soon made it evident ; every timber and plank was cracking and groaning, the vessel was thrown considerably over on her side, and lifted bodily, the bulkheads cracking, and treenails and bolts breaking with small reports. On reaching the deck, I saw indeed that the poor " Pioneer " was in sad peril ; the deck was arching with the pressure on her sides, the scupper-pieces were turning up out of the mortices, and a quiver of agony wrung my craft's frame from stem to taffrail, whilst the floe, as if impatient to overwhelm its vic- tim, had piled up as high as the bulwark in many places. The men who, whaler-fashion, had, without orders I afterwards learnt, brought their clothes on deck, ready to save their little property, stood in knots, >.^ -' /I ''■ / / / t t " PIONEER " NIPPED. 75 L-ail, vic- Jiany rdcrs leek, lots. i waiting for directions from the officers, who, with anxious eye, watched the floe-edge as its ground past the side, to see whether the strain was easing ; sud- denly it did so, and we were safe ! But a deep dent in the "Pioneer's" side, extending for some forty ""jet, and the fact, as we afterwards leath'; »^ twenty- imbers being broken upon one alaj. ; lO /ed that triid had been a severe one. 2;ain had the ice come in upon us from the S.\V., and nothing but a steady, watchful progress through the pack was left to our squadron, as well as Penny's. But I shall not weary the reader with the dry detail of our every-day labours, — their suc- cess or futility. Keenly and anxiously did we take advantage of every move in the ice, between the 20th and 31st July, yet not seven miles in the right direction was made good; the 1st of August found us doubting considerably the prospect of reaching Lancaster Sound by a northern passage ; and Capt. Penny decided, if the water approached him from the south, to strike to the westward in a lower latitude. The ships, generally the " Resolute," kept the lead in our heaving and warping operations through the pack ; and, leaving a small portion of the crews to keep the other vessels close up under her p^^-^rn, the majority of the officers and men laboured at .ae head- '>. fl^ ''•K^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 11.25 U^|28 |2.5 |5o ''"^™ IM^H 2.0 2.2 iS. U ||iL6 V] -<•». /: /^ y Photogrdphic Sdences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STRIET WIBSTER.N.Y. MSSO (716) 873-4S03 *^°,% ^^ rf> ;V t ^ \ \ 76 ARCTIC JOURNAL. ! most ship to move her through the ice. Heaving ahead with stout hawsers, blasting with gunpowder, cutting with ice-saws, and clipping with ice-chisels, was perseveringly carried on ; but the progress fell far short or the labour expended, and the bluff-bow slipped away from the nip instead of wedging it open. "Warping the "Resolute" through a barrier of ice by lines out of her hawse-holes, put me in mind of trying to do the same witii a cask, by a line through the bung-hole : she slid and swerved every way but the rignt one, ahead ; I often saw her bring dead up, as if a wall had stopped her. After a search some one would exclaim, " Here is the piece that jams her!" and a knock with a two-pound chisel would bring up a piece of ice two or three inches thick I in short, all, or nearly all, of us soon learnt to see, that the fine bow was the one to get ahead in these regions ; and the daily increasing advantage which Penny had over us, was a proof which the most obstinate could not dispute. I often thought how proud our countrymen would be of their seamen, could they have looked on the scene of busy energy and activity displayed in the solitude of Melville Bay : — the hearty song, the merry laugh, and zealous labours of the crew ; day after day the same difficulties to contend with, yet day after day met with fresh resolution and new resources ; a ''^:-m'$' '^.ABOURS AND AMUSEMENTS. 77 aving wder, ilsels, 38 fell f-bow open, of ice ind of irough ay but ad up, L some 8 her!" ing up [)rt, all, 16 fine and ,d over d not would )n the in the merry er day r after 3es; a i wide horizon of ice, no sea in sight, yet every foot gained to the northward, talked of with satisfaction and delight ; men and officers vicing with one an- other in laborious duties, the latter especially, finding amongst a body of seamen, actuated by such noble and enthusiastic fee-ings, no necessity to fear an in- fringement of their dignity. The etiquette of the quarter-deck was thrown on one side for the good of the common cause ; and on every side, whether at the capstan, at the track-line, hauling, heaving, or cutting, the officer worked as hard as the seamen, — each was proud of the other, and discipline suffered nought, indeed improved, for here Jack had both precept and example. If we had our labours, it is not to be wondered at that we had also our leisure and amusements, usually at night, — a polar night robed in light — then, in- deed, boys fresh from school never tossed care more to the winds than did the majority of us. Games, which men in any other class of society would vote childish, were entered into with a zest which neither grey hairs nor stout bodies in any degree had damped. Shouts of laughter I roars of " Not fair, not fair I run again 1 " " Well done, well done I " from individuals leaping and clapping their hands with excitement, arose from many a merry ring, in which "rounders," with a cruelly hard ball, was being played. In other / 78 ARCTIC JOURNAL. directions the fiddle and clarionet were hard at workj keeping pace with heels which seemed likely never to cease dancing, evincing more activity than grace. Here a sober few were heaving quoits, there a knot of Solomons talked of the past, and argued as to the future, whilst in the distance the sentimental ones strolled about, thinking no doubt of some one's goodness and beauty, in honour of whom, like true knights, they had come thus far to win bright honour from the « Giant of the North." Sometimes a bear would come in sight, and then his risk of being shot was not small, for twenty keen hands were out after the skin : it had been promised as a gage d'amour by one to his betrothed ; to a sister by another; a third intended to open the purse- strings of a hard-hearted parent by such a proof of regard ; and not a few were to go to the First Lord with it, in exchange for a piece of parchment, if he would not object to the arrangen Every day our sportsmen brought home a fair proportion of loons and little auks, the latter bird flying in immense flocks to all the neighbouring pools of water, and to kill ten or twelve of them at a shot when settled to feed, was not considered as derogatory to the character of a Nimrod, where the question was a purely gastronomic one. I found in my shooting excursions an India-rubber boat, con- TJ^I ■r LIEUT. HALKETT S BOAT. 79 work, never grace, a knot to the ,1 ones s one's :e true honour d then ;y keen romised a sister purse- roof of it Lord , if he a fair 3r bird l>ouring Im at a Ired as Ire the md in con- iM structed upon a plan of my dear friend Peter Hal- kett, to be extremely convenient ; in it I floated down the cracks of water, landed on floe-pieces, crossed them dragging my boat, and again launched into water in search of my feathered friends. At the Whale-Fish Islands, much to the delight of my Esquimaux friends, I had paddled about in the in- flated boat, and its portability seemed fully to be appreciated by them, though they found fault with the want of speed, in which it fell far short of their own fairy craft. The separation of the squadron, occasioned by either mistake or accident, detained us for a few days in the beginning of August, in order that junc- tion might again take place. Penny, by dint of hard tracking and heaving, gained seven miles upon us. For several days a schooner, a ketch, and a single- masted craft, had been seen far to the southward ; they were now rapidly closing, and we made them out to be the " Felix," Sir J. Boss, with his boat towing astern, and the " Prince Albert," belonging to Lady Franklin, in charge of Commander Forsyth. August 5th. — Plenty of water. The "Assist- ance" received orders to proceed (when her consort the '' Intrepid" joined her) to the north shore of Lan- caster Sound, examine it and Wellington Channel, 80 ARCTIC JOURNAL. ana having assured themselves that Franklin had not gone up by that route to the N. "W., to meet us between Cape Hotham and Cape Walker. I re- gretted that the shore upon which the first traces would undoubtedly be found, should have fallen to another's share ; however, as there seemed a prospect of separation, and by doing so, progress, I was too rejoiced to give it a second thought ; and that the " Assistance" would do her work well was apparent to all who witnessed the zeal and skill displayed by her people in the most ordinary duty. Taking in our ice anchors, and getting hold of the "Resolute," Ibid my friends of the "Assistance" good bye, thinking that advance was now likely : this hope soon failed me, for again we made fast, and again we all waited for one another. Amongst many notes of the superiority of steam over manual labour in the ice, I will extract two made to-day. The "Assistance" was towed by "Intrepid" in fifteen minutes, a distance which it took the " Reso- lute," followed by the " Pioneer," from 10 A. M. to 3 p. M. to track and warp. The " Intrepid" steamed to a berg in ten minutes, and got past it. The rest of the squadron, by manual labour, succeeded in accomplishing the same distance in three hours and a half, namely, from 7 P. M. to CHARGING THE ICE. 81 d" in IHeso- Im. to lutes, lanual stance M. to 10 30 P. M., by which time the ice had closed ahead, and we had to make fast. August %th and 7th. — Very little progress: and a squadron of blank faces showed that there were many taking a deep and anxious interest in the state of affairs. The. remark that Sir James Koss's expe- dition was by this time, in 1848, in a better position than ourselves, and only found time to secure winter quarters at Leopold Island, was constantly heard : there was, in fact, but one hope left, — we had steam-, and there was yet thirty days of open navigation. Friday the 9th of August at last arrived. Captain Penny's squadron was gone out of sight in a lano of water towards Cape York. The schooner and ketch were passing us : caution yielded to the grim necessity of a push for our very honour's sake : the ship was dropi^-jd out of the nip, the " Pioneer" again allowed to put her wedge-bow, aided by steam, to the crack. In one hour we were past a barrier which had checked our advance for three long weary days. All was joy and excitement: the steamers themselves seemed to feel and know their work, and exceeded even our sanguine expectations ; and, to every one's delight, we were this evening allowed to carry on a system of ice-breaking which will doubtless, in future Arctic voyages, be carried out with great success. For instance, a piece of a floe, two or three G /"S. f 82 \ t ARCTIC JOURNAL. hundred yards broad, and three feet thick, prevented our progress : the weakest and narrowest part being ascertained, the ships were secured as close as possible without obstructing the steam vessels, the major part of the crews being despatched to the line where the cut was to be made, with tools and gunpowder for blasting, and plenty of short hand-lines and claws. The "Pioneer" and " Intrepid," then, in turn rushed at the floe, breaking their way through it until the impetus gained in the open water was lost by the resistance of the ice. The word " Stop her I Back turn, easy I" was then given, and the screw went astern, carrying with her tons of ice, by means of numerous lines which the blue-jackets, who attended on the forecastle, and others on broken pieces of the floe, held on by. As the one vessel went astern the other flew ahead to her work. The operation was, moreover, aided by the explosions of powder ; and altogether the scene was a highly interesting and instructive one : it was a fresh laurel in the screw's wreath ; and the gallant " Intrepid " gave a coup-de- grace to the mass, which sent it coach-wheeling round, iis it is termed ; and the whole of the squadron taking the nip, as Arctic ships should do, we were next morning in the true lead, and our troubles in Melville Bay were at an end. It was now the 10th of August — by heavens I if vented ; being lossible or part ere the der for aws. 1 rushed mtll the t by the ! Back 3W went means of attended esof the stern the [ion was, |jer; and jtrng and le screw's coup-de- [•wheeling [squadron we were loubles in heavens 1 iij UJ X X CJ O X r z < UJ ESCAPE FROM MELVILLE BAY. 83 I shall never forget the lightheartedness of that day. Forty days had we been beset in the ice, and one day of fair application of steam, powder, and men, and the much-talked-of bay was mastered. There was, however, no time to be lost. The air was calm, the water was smooth; the land-floe (for we had again reached it) lay on the one hand, on the other the pack, from whose grip we had just escaped, still threatened us. Penny had been out of sight some time, and the " Felix " and " Prince Albert " were nearly ten miles ahead I Gentle Reader, I'll bore you no longer I We had calm water and steam, — the ships in tow, — our progress rapid, — the " Albert " and " Felix " were caught, — their news joyfully received, — and they taken in tow likewise. The dates from England were a month later than our own : all our friends were well, — all hopeful ; and, putting those last dear letters away, to be read and re-read during the coming winter, we pushed on, and there was no time to be lost. Several nights before we escaped irom the pack the frost had been intense, and good sliding was to be had on the pools formed by summer heat on the floes. The bay-ice * was forming fast, and * First winter ice, or young ice, is called bay-ice, from an old Yorkshire word hay^ to bend. — Author. a 2 84 ARCTIC JOURNAL. did not all melt during the day. The birds had finished breeding ; and, with the fresh millions that had been added to their numbers, were feeding up preparatory to their departure south. The sun was sweeping, nightli/j nearer and nearer to the northern horizon. Night, once set in, we knew full well the winter would come with giant strides. " Push on, good Screw 1 " was on every one's lip ; and anxiety was seen on every brow, if by accident, or for any purpose, the propeller ceased to move. " What's the matter? All right, I hope!" Then a chuckle of satisfaction at being told that "nothing was amiss!" Time did not allow us, or I verily believe we might have killed tons of birds between Cape Walker and Cape York, principally little auks (^Alca alle) ; — they actually blackened the edge of the floe for miles. I had seen, on the coast of Peru, near the great Guano mines, what I thought was an incon- ceivable number of birds congregated together ; but they were as nothing compared with the myriads that we disturbed in our passage, and their stupid tameness would have enabled us to kill as many as we pleased. On August 13th, Cape York being well in sight. Penny's brigs were again in view ; and whilst the " Intrepid " and " Assistance," with the " Prince Albert," communicated with the natives of Cape WJ t. s had 8 that ng up m was irthern ell the ish on, inxiety For any at's the ckle of miss 1 e might ker and ^le)\ — aoe for ear the incon- er; but yriads stupid Qany as sight, list the Prince Cape ia DETENTION OFF CAPE YORK. 85 I '1 York, the " Pioneer " pushed on, and soon passed ' lie brigs, who, although they knew full well that the late arrivals from England had letters for them, were to be seen pushing, tooth and nail, to get to the westward. Slow — as slow as possible — we steamed all day along the " Crimson Cliffs of Beverley." The inter- view with the natives of Cape York, alas, was to cost us much. My frame of mind at the time was far from heavenly ; for " Large Water " was ahead, our squadron many a long mile from its work ; and I was neither interested, at the time, in Arctic Highlanders or " Crimson Snow ! " In the evening the " Assistance " joined us ; and I was told that " important information had been gained." We were to turn back ; and the " Intrepid " went in chase of Penny, to get the aid of his interpreter, Mr. Petersen. I remember being awoke at six o'clock on the morning of the 14th of August, and being told a hobgoblin story, which made me rub my eyes, and doubt my own hearing. What i thought of it is neither here nor there. Suffice it that Adam Beck — may he be branded for a liar ! — succeeded, this day, in misleading a large number of Her Majesty's officers (as his attested document proves), and in detaining, for two days, the squadrons in search of o 3 .-jT,rv-:*- %i^' 86 ARCTIC JOURNAL. Franklin. No one with common perception, who witnessed the interview on our deck between Mr. Petersen, Adam Beck, and our new shipmate, the Esquimaux from Cape York, could fail to perceive that Mr. P. and the Cape York native understood one another much better than the latter could the vile Adam Beck ; and had I had any doubts upon the subject, they would have been removed when I learnt that Petersen had seen and communicated with these very natives before our squadron came up, and that no such bloody talc had been told him ; in fact, it was the pure coinage of Adam Beck's brain, cunningly devised to keep, at any rate, his own ship on a coast whither he could escape to the neighbourhood of his home in South Greenland. The fact of the "North Star" having wintered last year in Wolstenholme Sound, or " Petowack," was elicited, and that the natives had been on board of her. The " Assistance " and " Intrepid," there- fore, remained to visit that neighbourhood, whilst we proceeded to the south shore of Lancaster Sound, touching, as had been pre-arranged, at Pond's Bay and Cape Possession. Steaming along the Crimson Cliffs for a second time, we left the " Lady Franklin " and " Sophia," in a stark calm, to do their best. Fewer ships, the faster progress ; and heartily did all cheer when, at midnight, we turned to the N.W., leaving the /. econd )phifi," ships, when, ig the THE WEST WATER. 87 second division to do their work in Wolstenholme Sound. So ended the memorable 14th of August: it will be, doubtless, remembered by many with far from pleasant feelings; and some who have been " gulled " in England may thank Mr. Petersen that a carrier-pigeon freighted with a cock-and-bull story of blood, fire, wreck, and murderj was not de- spatched on that memorable day. The 15th we struck westward, that is, the "Pio- neer," with " Resolute " and " Prince Albert " in tow. After ^our hours of very intricate navigation, called " reeving through the pack," we reached the West Water, — a wide ocean of water without one piece of floe ice, and very few icebergs. The change was Wonderful — incredible. Here was nothing but water; and we were almost within sight, as ve steered to the S.W., of the spot whore, for forty- seven days, we had had nothing but ice I ice ! ice ! Let us hurry on. The West Water (as usual with the water at this season of the year) was covered with fog : in it we steered. The " Resolute," as a capital joke, in return for the long weary miles we had towed her, set, on one occasion, all studsails, and gave us a tow for four hours. When off the mouth of Lancaster Sound, the "Prince Albert" was cast off; and she departed to carry out, as I then thought, a part of the grand scheme of land travel- o 4 ■T^';-ii\(,-C'.'>*7^'~.*>-': •■?/■" 88 ARCTIC JOURNAL. ling next year, into which it became almost daily- apparent the search for Franklin would resolve itself. Already had night commenced ; next came winter. Touching at Pond's Bay was made a longer pro- ceeding than was ever calculated upon, for a suc- cession of thick fogs and strong gales prevented the "Pioneer" running into th*} bay, or acertaining whether cairns or other marks had been erected on the coast. The 21st of August came before we had a change of weather : happily it then took place ; and the " Pioneer " (having some days before left the "Resolute," to cruize off Possession Bay) entered Pond's Bay, running up the northern shore towards a place called Button Point. The "West Land," as this side of Baffin's Bay is called, strikes all seamen, after struggling through the icy region of Melville Bay, as being verdant and comparatively genial. We all thought so, and feasted our eyes on valleys, which, in our now humbled taste, were voted beautiful, — at any rate there were signs and symptoms of verdure ; and as we steered close along the coast, green and russet colours were detected and pointed out with delight. The bay was calm and glassy, and the sun to the west, sweeping along a water horizon, showed pretty plainly that Pond's Bay, like a good many more pond's inlet. 89 ; daily itself. Qter. 2r pro- a suc- ted the taining ited on change nd the ift the entered towards Bay is ;hrough mt and |o, and ir now ly rate and as russet lelight. to the pretty more miscalled bays of this region, was nothing more than the bell-shaped mouth to some long fiord or strait. One of my ice-quartermasters, a highly intelligent seaman, assured me he had been in a whale-boat up this very inlet, until they conjectured themselves to be fast approaching Admiralty Inlet; the count y there improved much in appearance, and in one place they found abundance of natives, deer, and grass as high as his knees. I landed with a boat's crew on Button Point. The natives had retired into the interior to kill deer and salmon : this they are in the habit of doing every season when the land ice breaks up. Numerous unroofed winter habita- tions and carefully secured caches of seal-blubber proved that they had been here in some numbers, and would return to winter after the ice had again formed in the bay, and the seals began to appear, upon which the existence of the Esquimaux depends. On first landing we had been startled by observ- ing numerous cairns, standing generally in pairs : these we pulled down one after the other, and examined without finding anything in them ; and it was only the accidental discovery by one of the men of a seal-blubber cac/ie, which showed that the cairns were merely marks by which the Esquimaux, on their return in the winter, could detect their stores. 90 ARCTIC JOURNAL. The winter abode of these Esquimaux appeared to be sunk from three to four feet below the level of the ground: a ring of stones, a few feet high, were all the t^estiges we saw. No doubt they completed the habitation by building a house of snow of the usual dome shape over the stones and sunken floor. Having no wood, whale- bones had been here substi- tuted for rafters, as is usual along the whole breadth of the American coast-line from Behring's Straits; but many of the hovels had no rafters. On the whole the impression was, that the natives here lived in a state of much greater barbarity and discomfort than those we had seen about the Danish settlements on the opposite shore. A cairn was erected by us; a record and some letters deposited for the natives to put on board whalers at a future season : and having placed a number of presents for the poor creatures in the diiFerent huts, and on the caches, we hurried on board and made the best of our way to Possession Bay, rejoined the " Resolute," from whom we learnt that the " North Star " had placed a record there, to say, that after having failed to cross Baffin's Bay in 1849, she had done so in 1850, and had gone up Lancaster Sound to seek the " Enterprise " and " Investigator," under Sir James Ross, they having, as we knew, meanwhile gone home, been paid off, I ... ^ . !■( LANCASTER SOUND. 91 recommissioned, and were now, please God, in the Arctic Ocean, by way of Behring's Straits. August 22ndj 1850. — The "Resolute" in company, and steering a course up Lancaster Sound. The great gateway, within whose portals we were now fast entering, has much in it that is interesting in its associations to an English seaman. Across its mouth, the bold navigator Baffin, 200 years before, had steered, pronounced it a sound, and named it after the Duke of Lancaster. About thirty-five years ago it was converted into a bay by Sir John Ross ; and within eighteen months afterwards, Parry, the prince of Arctic navigators, sailed through this very bay, and discovered new lands extending half of the distance towards Behring's Straits, or about 600 miles. To complete the remaining 600 miles of unknown region. Sir John Franklin and his 140 gallant followers had devoted themselves, — with what resolution, with what devotion, is best told by their long absence and our anxiety. The high and towering ranges of the Byam Martin Mountains looked down upon us from the southern sky, between fast passing fog-banks and fitful gusts of wind, which soon sobbed themselves into a calm, and steam, as usual, became our friend : with it the " Pioneer," towing the " Resolute" astern, steered for the north shore of Lancaster Sound ; and ^f 92 ARCTIC JOURNAL. on August 25th we were off Croker Bay, a deep indentation between Cape Warrender and Cape Home. The clouds hung too heavily about the land, distant as we were, to see more than the bare outline, but its broken configuration gave good hope of numerous harbours, fiords, and creeks. From Cape Home, we entered on a new and peculiar region of limestone formation, lofty and tabular, offering to the seaboard cliffs steep and escarped as the imagination can picture to be possible. By the beautiful sketches of Parry's officers, made on his first voyage, we easily recognised the various headlands ; the north shore being now alone in view ; and, indeed, except the mountains in the in- terior, we saw nothing more of the south shore of Lancaster Sound after leaving Possession Bay. Off Powell Inlet we saw an extensive glacier extending into the sound, and a few loose 'berg pieces floating about. This glacier was regarded with some interest ; for, remarkably enough, it is the last one met with in sailing westward to Melville Island. The iceberg, as it is well known, is the creation of the glacier ; and where land of a nature to form the latter does not exist, the former is not met with. The region we had just left behind us is the true home of the iceberg in the northern hemisphere. t'm^ ti > ICEBERGS AND GLACIEBS. 93 •eation o form with, le true sphere. There, in Baffin's Bay, where the steep cliffs of cold granitic formation frown over waters where the ordi- nary " deep sea lead-line" fails to find bottom, the monarch of glacial formations floats slowly from the ravine which has been its birth-place, until fairly launched in the profound waters of the Atlantic, and in the course of many years is carried to the warmer regions of the south, to assist Nature in pre- serving her great laws of equilibrium of temperature of the air and water. At one period — and not a very distant one either — savants, and, amongst others, the French philosopher St. Pierre, believed icebergs to be the accumulated snow and ice of ages, which, forming at the poles, detached themselves from the parent mass : this, as they then thought, had no reference to the existence of land or water. Such an hypothesis for some time gave rise to ingenious and startling theories as to the effect which an incessant accumulation of ice would have on the globe itself; and St. Pierre hinted at the possibility of the huge cupolas of ice, which, as he believed, towered aloft in the cold heavens of the poles, suddenly launching towards the equator, melting, and bringing about a second deluge. Had the immortal Cook been aware of the cer- tainty of land being close to him, when, in the 1 \ 94 ARCTIC JOURNAL Antarctic regions, he found himself amongst no less than 186 icebergs in December, 1773, he who, from the deck of a collier, had risen to be the Columbus of England, might have then plucked the laurel which Sir James Ross so gallantly won in the discovery of the circumpolar continent of Queen Victoria's Land. On every side of the southern pole, on every me- ridian of the great South Sea, the seaman meets icebergs. Not so in the North. In the 360 degrees of longitude, which intersects the parallel of 70° north (about which parallel the coasts of America, Europe, and Asia will be found to lie), icebergs are only found over an extent of some fifty-five degrees of longi- tude, and this is immediately in and about Greenland and Baffin's Bay. In fact, for 1375 miles of longi- tude we have icebergs, 'and then for 7635 geogra- phical miles none are met with. This interesting fact is, in my opinion, most cheering, and points strongly to the possibility that no extensive land exists about our northern pole, — a supposition which is borne out by the fact, that the vast ice-fields off Spitzbergen show no symptoms of ever having been in contact with land or gravel. Of course, the more firmly we can bring ourselves to believe in the ex- istence of an ocean-road leading to Behring'd Straits, the better heart we shall feel in searching the various A GALE IN BAKEOW'S STRAIT. 95 longi- Tjoints land which Ids off been more he ex- »traits, '^arious tortuous channels, and different islands with which, doubtless, Franklin's route has been beset. It was not, therefore, without deep interest that I passed the boundary which Nature had set in the West to the existence of icebergs, and endeavoured to form a correct idea of the cause of such a phenomenon. Whilst this digression upon icebergs has taken place, the kind reader will suppose the calm to have ceased, and the " Resolute" and " Pioneer," under sail before a westerly wind, to be running from the table-land on the north shore of Lancaster Sound, in a diagonal direction towards Leopold Island. On the 26th of August Cape York gleamed through an angry sky, and as Regent's Inlet opened to the southward, there was little doubt but we should soon be caught in an Arctic gale : we, however, cared little, provided there was plenty of water ahead, though of that there appeared strong reasons for entertaining doubts, as both the temperature of the air and water was fast falling. That night — for night was now of some two hours' duration — the wind piped merrily, and we rolled most cruelly ; the long and narrow " Pioneer, " threatening to ])itch every spar over the side, and refusing all the manoeuvering upon the part of her beshaken officers and men to comfort and quiet her. A poet, who had not been fourteen hours in the 96 ARCTIC JOURNAL. cold, and whose body \va3 not racked by constant gymnastic exertion to preserve his bones from frac- ture, might have given a beautiful description of the lifting of a fierce sky at about half-past one in the morning, and a disagreeable glimpse through snow-storm and squall of a bold and precipituous coast not many miles off, and ahead of us. I carnot undertake to do so, for I remember feeling far from poetical, as, with a jerk and a roll, the " Pioneer," under fore and aft canvass, came to the wind. Fast increasing daylight showed us to have been thrown considerably to the northward ; and as we sailed to the south the ice showed itself in far from pleasing proximity under the lee — boiling, for so the edge of a pack appears to do in a gale of wind. It was a wild sight, but we felt that, at any rate, it was op- tional with a screw steamer whether she ran into the pack or kept the sea, for her cla wing-to- windward power astonished us who had fought in the teeth of hard gales elsewhere in flying Symondite brigs, — not so, however, thought a tough old Hull quarter- master, whose weather-beaten face peered anxiously over the lee, and watched the "Resolute" beating Cromer-a-lee, for I heard him growl out, " Wull, if they are off a strait lee-pack edge, the sooner they make up their mind to run into it the better!" "Why so, Hall?" I inquired. " Because, sir," re- f ' t •» -" ■» iW^'Tm^s-: AN ARCTIC YARN. 97 &gs, larter- tiously leating IWuU, Ir they Itterl" plied the old man, " that ship is going two feet to leeward for one she is going a-head, and she would work off 7iothi '» never worK on notning , "Pleasant!" I mentally ejaculated ; but, willing to hear more from my dry old friend, who was quite a character in his way, — " Perhaps," I said, " you have occasionally been caught in worse vessels off such a pack as you describe, or a lee shore, and still not been lost ? " " Oh ! Lord, sir ! we have some rum craft in the whaling ships, but I don't think anything so sluggish as the * Resolute.' Howsomdever, they gets put to it now and then. Why, it was only last year, we were down on the south-west fishing- ground: about the 10th of October, it came on to blow. Sir, from the southward, and sent in a sea upon us, which nearly drowned us; we tried to keep an offing, but it was no use ; we couldn't show a rag; every thing was blown away, and it was perishing cold ; but our captain was a smart man, and he said, — * Well, boys, we must run for Hang- man's Cove*, altho' it's late in the day ; if we don't, I won't answer where we'll be in the morning." So up we put the helm. Sir, to run for a place like a hole in a wall, with nothing but a close reefed top- * Hangman's Cove, a small harbour on the west side of Davis's Straits. H »\ 98 ARCTIC JOURNAL. ■ail set, and the slcy as thick as pea-soup. It looked a bad job, I do assiii'^ you, Sir. Just as it was dark, we found ourselves right up against the cl>f s, and we did not know whether wc were lost or saved until by good luck we shot into dead smooth water in a little cove, and let go our anchor. Next day a calm set in, and the young ice made round the ship : we couldn't cut it, and we couldn't tow the vessel through it. We had not throe months' provisions, and we made certain sure oL being starved to death ; when the wind came strong off the land, and, by working for our lives, we es- caped, and went home directly out of the country." " A cheering tale, this, of the Hangman's Cove," I thought, as I turned from my Job's comforter ; and, satisfying myself that the pack precluded all chance of reaching Leopold Island for the present, I retired to rest. Next day, the 27th of August, found us steering past Cape Hurd, off which the pack lay at a distance of some ten miles, and, as we ran westward, and the breadth of clear water gradually diminished, the wind failed us ; although, astern in Loncas'ter Sound, there was still a dark and ansT" v vf^ ' lokenii .; u, war of the elements, whereas where we were off Radstoek Bay — all was calm, cold, and Arctic. " Up steam, and take in tow I" was again the cry ; and HS the pack, acted on by the tide, commenced to i INTELLIGENCE OF FRANKLIN. »» ooked dark, 3, and saved smooth Next made ouldn't ; thvt^o 8'ulO Oi i strong we es- mtry." ".ove," I r; and, chance rcth'cd steering listancc land the \e wind Sound, lenii^ it fere off lie. (he cry ; Inced to travel quickly in upon Cape lileketts, we slipped past it, and readied an ell»'>w formed between that head- land and Bucclicy Island. The peculiar patch of broken table-land, called CaflwcU's l\»wer, as well as the striking cliffs of slaty limestone along whose base we were rapidly steaming, claimed much of our attention ; and we were pained to see, from the strong ice blink to the S. W., that a body of packed ice had been driven up the straits by the late gales. The sun was fast dipping behind North Devon, and a beautiful moon (the first we had found any use for since passing Cape Farewell on the 28th of May) was cheerfully accepted as a substitute, when the re- port of a boat being seen from the mast-he; d startled us and excited general anxiety. We were then off Gascoigne Inlet, the " Resolute" in tow. The boat proved to be the ** Sophia's," and in her Captain Stewart and Dr. Sutherland ; they went on board the " Resolute," and, shortly afterwards, the inter- esting intelligence they then communicated was made known to me. It was this, — the "Assistance" and " Intre -id," after they left us, had visited Wolstenholme Sound, and discovered the winter quarters of H. M. S. " North Star," but nothing to lead them to place any faith in Adam Beck's tale ; from thence they hud ex- amined the north shore of Lancaster Sound aa far H 2 I 100 ARCTIC JOURNAL. as Cape Riley, without discovering anything: on landing there, however, numerous traces of English seamen having visited the spot were discovered in sundry pieces of rag, rope, broken bottles, and a long- handled instrument intended to rake up things from the bottom of the sea ; marks of a tent-place were likewise visible. A cairn was next seen on Beechey Island ; to this the "Intrepid " proceeded, and, as rather an odd incident connected with her search of Ihis spot took place, I shall here mention it, although it was not until afterwards that the circumstance came to my knowledge. The steamer having approached close under the island, a boatfuU of officers and men proceeded on shore: on landing some relics of European visitors were found; and we can picture the anxiety with which the steep was scaled and the cairn torn down, every stone turned over, the ground underneath dug up a little, and yet, alas ! no document or record found. Meanwhile an Arctic adventure, natural, but novel to one portion of the actors, was taking place. The boat had left the *' Intrepid" without arms of any descrip- tion, and the people on the top of the cliff saw, to their dismay, a large white bear advancing rapidly in the direction of the boat, which, by the deliberate way the brute stopped and raised his head as if in the act of smelling, appeared to disturb his olfactory nerves. The two men left in ciiarge of the boat happily caught / FIRST TRACES. 101 or: on Inglish red in I long- 3 from e were leechej'^ and, as larch of Itliougli distance der the ided on visitors h which , every sijrht of Bruin before he caught hold of them, and launching the boat they hurried off to the steamer, whilst the observers left on the cliff were not sorry to see the bear chase the boat a short way and then turn towards the packed ice in the offing. This event, together with some risk of the ice sepa- rating the two vessels, induced the party to return on board, where a general (though, as was afterwards proved, erroneous) impression had been created on the minds of the people belonging to the two ships, that what they had found must be the traces of a re- treating or shipwrecked party from the "Erebus'* and "Terror." A short distance within Cape Kiley, another tent- place was found ; and then, after a look at the coast up as far as Cape Innis, the two vessels proceeded across towards Cape Hotham, on the opposite side of Wellington Channel, having in the first place erected a cairn at the base of Cape Riley, and in it deposited a document. Whilst the "Assistance" and "Intrepid" were so employed, the American squadron, and that under Captain Penny, were fast approaching. The Ame- ricans first communicated with Captain Ommanney's division, and heard of the discovery of the first traces of Sir John Franklin. The Americans then in- formed Penny, who was pushing for Wellington Channel ; and he, after some trouble, succeeded in II 3 f- rf'-'-v--'"-^ 'T-— 102 ARCTIC JOURNAL. catching the " Assistance," and, on going on board of her, learnt all they had to tell him, and saw what traces they had discovered. Captain Penny then returned, as he figuratively expressed it, " to take up the search from Cape Riley like a blood-hound," and richly was he rewarded for doing so. At Cape Spencer he discovered the ground-plan of a tent, the floor of which was neatly and care- fully paved with small smooth stones. Around the tent a number of birds' bones, as well as remnants of meat canisters, led him to imagine that it had been inhabited for some time aa a shoo+vng station and a look-out place, for which latter purpose it was ad- mirably chosen, commanding a good view of Barrow's Strait and Wellington Channel; this opinion was confirmed by the discovery of a piece of paper, on which was written "to be called," — evidently the fragments of an officer's night orders. Some sledge marks pointed northward from this neighbourhood ; and, the American squadron being unable to advance up the strait (in consequence of the ice resting firmly against the land close to Cape Innis, and across to Barlow Inlet on the opposite shore), Lieut, de Haven despatched parties on foot to follow these sledge marks, whilst Penny's squadron returned to re-examine Beechcy Island. The Ame- rican officers found the sledge tracts very distinct for some miles, but before they had got as far as Cape r •ard of what r then Eike up I," and [d-plan 1 care- ind the mnants it had ion and v^as ad- larrow's )n was )er, on tly the >m this being ence of o Cape pposite foot to uadron Ame- nct for Capo TRACES OF THE LOST EXPEDITION. 103 Bowden the trail ceased, and one empty bottle and a piece of newspaper were the last things found in that direction. Not so Captain Penny's squadron: — making fast to the ice between Beechey Island and Cape Spencer, in what is now called Union Bay, and in which they found the "Felix" schooner to be likewise lying, parties from the "Lady Franklin" and "Sophia" started towards Beechey Island. A long point of land slopes gradually from the southern bluffs of this now deeply interesting island, until it almost connects itself with the land of North Devon, forming on either side of it two good and commodious bays. On this slope, a mul- titude of preserved meat tins were strewed about, and near them and on the ridge of the slope a care- fully constructed cairn was discovered : it consisted of layers of meat tins, filled with gravel and placed to form a firm and solid foundation: beyond this, and along the northern shore of Beechey Island, the fol- lowing traces weve then quickly discovered: — the embankment of a house with carpenter and armourer's working- places, washing-tubs, coal-bags, pieces of old clothing, rope, and, lastly, the graves of three of the crew of the "Erebus" and "Terror," — placing it be- yond all doubt, that the missing ships had indeed been there, and bearing date of the winter of 1845-4G. H 4 -vl.----. 104 ARCTIC JOURNAL. We therefore now had ascertained the first winter quarters of Sir John Franklin ! Here fell to the ground all the evil forebodings of those who had, in England, consigned his expedition to the depths of Baffin's Bay on its outward voyage. Our first prayer had been granted by a beneficent Provi- dence; and we had now risen, from doubt and hope, to a certain assurance of Franklin having reached thus far without shipwreck or disaster. Leaving us in high spirits at the receipt of such glorious intelligence. Captain Stewart proceeded in his boat to search the coast-line towards Gascoigne Inlet and Caswell's Tower. We continued to steam on ; off Cape Riley a boat was despatched to examine the record left by the "Assistance;" and, from her, I heard that the " Prince Albert," which had been ordered by Lady Franklin down Regent's Inlet to Brentford Bay, had visited the said cairn, deposited a document to say so, and was gone, I now felt cer- tain, home. As the "Pioneer" slowly steamed through the loose ice which lay off Beechey Island, the cairn erected by Franklin's people on the height above us was an object of deep interest and conversation ; and, placed so conspicuously as it was, it seemed to say to the beating heart, "Follow them that erected rae!" THE PIONEER AGROUND. 105 On rounding the Avestern point, three brigs and a schooner were seen to be fast to the land ice in Union Bay ; and, as we had been in the habit of almost scrap- ing the cliffs in Baffin's Bay, I, forgetting the differ- ence between the approach to a granite and a lime- stone cliff, and desirous to avoid the stream of ice now pouring out of Wellington Channel, went too close to the shore, and eventually ran aground, the " Resolute " just saving herself by slipping the tow- rope, and letting go an anchor. A rapidly-fulling tide soon showed me that I must be patient and wait until next day, and, as the " Resolute " was in the course of the night worked into the bay, and secured, we "piped down" for awhile. Wednesday, 2^th August. — I was awoke by ahearty shake, and Captain Penny's warm " Good morn- ing; " he had come out to me towing the "Mary," a launch belonging to Sir John Ross, in order that I might lighten the "Pioneer," and offered me the " Sophia " brig, to receive a portion of my stores if I would only say it was necessary. "A friend in need is a friend indeed," and such Captain Penny proved himself; for my position was far from a pleasant one, — on a hard spit of lime- stone, in which no anchor could find holding ground, and, at low water, five feet less than the draught of the "Pioneer," exposed to all the set of the ice of /A \ '! I W I I 106 ARCTIC JOURNAL. the Wellington Channel and Barrow's Strait with about another week of the "open season" left. All arrangements having been made to try and float the steamer at high water, I had time to ask Captain Penny his news; the best part of which was, that as yet nothing had been found in our neighbourhood to lead to the inference that any party in distress had retreated from the " Erebus " and " Terror." He considered the harbour chosen by Franklin for his winter quarters was an excellent one. Captain Penny gave no very cheering account of the prospect of a much fartlier advance for ourselves : Wellington Channel was blocked up with a very heavy floe, and Barrow's Strait to the westward was choked with packed ice ; the "' Assistance " and " Intrepid " were to be seen off Barlow Inlet, but their position was far from a secure one ; and, lastly, Penny told me he intended, after the result of a fresh search for a record on Beechey Island was known, to communicate with the "Assistance," in order that Captain Ommanney might be fully in- formed of all that had been discovered, and that we might learn whether any thing had been found at Cape Hotham. On the 29th of August, the " Pioneer," much to my joy, was again afloat, and fast to the ice in com- pany with the other vessels ; and, although my officers ■ // H franklin's winter quarters. 107 was ," in and crew were well fagged out with forty -eight hours' hard labour, parties of them, myself amongst the number, were to be seen trudging across the ice of Unicn Bay towards Franklin's winter quarters. It needed not a dark wintry sky nor a gloomy day to throw a sombre shade around my feelings as I landed on Beechey Island and looked down upon the bay, on whose bosom once had ridden Her Majesty's ships " Erebus " and " Terror ; " there was a sicken- ing anxiety of the heart as one involuntarily clutched at every relic they of Franklin's Squadron had left behind, in the vain hope that some clue as to the route they had taken hence might be found. From the cairn to the long and curving beach, from the frozen surface of the bay to the tops of the distant cliffs, the eye involuntarily but keenly sought for something more than had yet been found. But, no ! as sharp eyes, as anxious hearts, had already been there, and I was obliged to be con- tent with the information, which my observation proved to be true, that the search had been close and careful, but that nothing was to be found in the shape of written record. On the eastern slope of the ridge of Beechey Island, a remnant of a garden (for remnant it now only was, having been dug up In the search) told an interesting tale : its neatly shaped oval outline, the 108 ARCTIC JOURNAL. f border carefully formed of moss, lichen, poppies, and anemonies, transplanted from some more genial part of this dreary region, contrived still to show symp- toms of vitality ; but the seeds which doubtless they had sown in the garden had decayed away. A few hundred yards lower down, a mound, the foundation of a store-house, was next to be seen; the ground- plan was somewhat thus : — North side, 61 1 feet long. (9-tfttT tONt. P.B FEET.5I "%. 1 1? ^i/ y^«.v F A D. B D.T Exterior embankments, about four feet through at the base and five A c. E F. j feet hi?h, in which posts had been sunk. K L. An interior enibankm.'nt of same description enclosing a space, supposed store ; had marks of posts in it likewise. CE. andFr. The doorways. H. Evidently a carpenter's workshop, from the shavings, &c. It consisted of an exterior and interior embank- ment, into which, from the remnants left, we saw that oak and elm scantling had been stuck as props to the roofing,* in one part of the enclosed space some coal-sacks were found, and in another part franklin's winter quarters. 109 ibank- re saw props space part numerous wood-shavings proved the ship's artificers to have been working here. The generally received opinion as to the object of this store-house was, that Franklin had constructed it to shelter a portion of his superabundant provisions and stores, with which it was well known his decks were lunibered on leav- ing Whale Fish Islands. Nearer to the beach, a heap of cinders and scraps of iron showed the armourers' working-place ; and along an old watercourse, now chained up by frost, several tubs, constructed of the ends of salt-meat casks, left no doubt as to the washing-places of the men of Franklin's Squadron : happening to cross a level piece of ground, which as yet no one had lighted upon, , I was pleased to see a pair of Cash- mere gloves laid out to dry, with tw^o small stones on the palms to prevent their blowing away ; they had been there since 1846. I took them up carefully, as melancholy mementoes of my missing friends. In another spot a flannel was discovered : and this, together with some things lying about, would, in my ignorance of wintering in the Arctic Regions, have led me to suppose that there was considerable haste displayed in the departure of the "Erebus" and " Terror" from this spot, had not Captain Austin as- sured me that there was nothing to ground such a be- lief upon ; and that, from experience, he could vouch 110 ARCTIC JOURNAL. I for these being nothiug more than the ordinary traces of a winter station, and this opinion was fully borne out by those officers who had in the previous year wintered at Port Leopold, one of them asserting that people left winter quarters too well pleased to escape to care much for a handful of shavings, an old coal-bag, or a washing-tub. This I from experience now know to be true. Looking at the spot on which Penny had dis- covered a boarding-pike, and comparing it with a projecting point on the opposite side, where a similar article had been found with a finger nailed on it as a direction-post, I concluded that, in a line between these two boarding-pikes, one or both of the ships had been at anchor, and this conjecture was much borne out by the re^stive positions of the otlier traces found; and besides this, a small cairn on the crest of Beechey Island appears to have been intended as a meridian mark, and, if so, Franklin's Squadron undoubtedly lay where I would place it, far and effectually removed from all risk of being swept out of the bay, which, by the bye, from the fact of the enclosed area being many limes broader than the entrance of Erebus and Terror Bay, was about as probable as any stout gentleman being blown out of a house through the keyhole. In the one case the stout individual would have to be cut •»sw'r?5f^v;s'^>7'T'i-''V"'^''^"*^'^*^' r^^:r?MTfTYJTK7V'- GRAVES OF SEAMEN. Ill traces borne IS year serting sed to an old jrience ad dis- t with here a nailed t, in a )r both ijecture of the airn on e been nklin's )lace it, being )m the broader ly, was being In the be cut up small, in the other case the ice would have to be well broken up ; and if so, it was not likely Franklin would allow himself to be taken out of harbour, nolens volensy whilst he had anchors to hook the ground with, and ice-saws, with which his crews could have cut through a mile of ice three feet thick in twenty -four hours. The graves next attracted our attention; they, like all that English seamen construct, were scrupulously neat. Go where you will over the globe's surface, afar in the East, or afar in the West, down amongst the coral-girded isles of the South Sea, or here where the grim North frowns on the sailor's grave, you will always find it alike ; it is the monument raised by rough hands, but affectionate hearts, over the last home of their messmate ; it breathes of the quiet churchyard in some of Engl«^nd's many nooks, where each had formed his idea of what was due to departed worth ; and the ornaments that Nature decks herself with, even in the desolation of the Frozen Zone, were carefully culled to mark the dead seamen's home. The good taste of the officers had prevented the general simplicity of an oaken head and footboard to each of the three graves being marred by any long and childish epitaphs or the doggrell of a lower-deck poet, and the three inscriptions were as follows : — 112 ARCTIC JOURNAL. (( lil Sacred to the memory of J. Torrington, who departed this life, January 1st, 1846, on board of H.M.S. * Terror,' aged 20 years." *' Sacred to the memory of Wm. Braine, r.m., of H.M.S. 'Erebus;' died April 3rd, 1846, aged 32 years. "* Choose ye this day whom ye will serve.' — Josh. xxiv. 15." " Sacred to the memory of J. Hart well, a.b. of H.M.S. ' Erebus;' died January 4th, 1846, aged 25 years. " * Thus saith the Lord of Hosts, consider your ways.' — Haggai, i. 7." I thought I traced in the epitaphs over the graves of the men from the "Erebus," the manly and Chris- tian spirit of Franklin. In the true spirit of chi- valry, he, their captain and leader, led them amidst dangers and unknown difficulties with iron will stamped upon his brow, but the words of meekness, gentleness, and truth were his device. We have seen his career and we know his deeds ! " Why shouW their praise in verse be sung ? The name that dwells on every tongue No minstrel needs." From the graves, a tedious ascent up the long northern slope of Beechey Island carried us to the table-land, on w^hose southern verge, a cairn of VIEW PROM BEECHEY ISLAND. 113 long the m of stones, to which I have before referred, was placed ; it had been several times pulled down by different searchers, and dug up underneath, but carefully replaced. The position was an admirable one, and appeared as if intentionally chosen to attract the attention of vessels coming up Barrow's Straits; from it, on the day I was up, the view was so exten- sive, that, did I not feel certain of being supported by all those who have, like myself, witnessed the peculiar clearness, combined with refraction, of the atmosphere in Polar climes, I should bear in mind the French adage, — " La verite n'est pas toujours le vraisemblable," and hold my peace. To the west, the land of Cornwallis Island stretched up Wellington Channel for many miles, and Cape Hotham locked with Griffith's Island. In the south-west a dark mass of land showed Cape "Walker, and from Cape Bunny, the southern shore of Barrow's Straits spread itself until terminated in the steep wall-like cliffs of Cape Clarence and Leopold Island. This latter spot, so interesting from having been the winter quarters of the late relieving squadron under Sir James Ross, looked ridiculously close, — to use a seaman's term, it appeared as if a biscuit might have been tossed upon it ; and the thought involuntarily arose to one's mind, — Would to God I r I!;!. ; ill If' 114 ARCTIC JOURNAL. !!i!'l that, in 1848, Sir James Ross had known that within forty miles of him Franklin had wintered. I have now nearly enumerated all the important points, to which, at all hours of the day and night, parties from the eight vessels assembled in Union Bay were constantly wending their way and returning ; but around the whole island there were abundant proofs of the missino^ expedition having been no slug- gards; for there was hardly a foot of the beach-line which did not show signs of their having been there before us, either in shooting excursions or other pur- suits, and usually in the shape of a preserved-meat tin, a piece of rope, or a strip ol canvass or rag. On the eastern extreme of Beechey Island, and under a beetling cliff which formed the entrance to the bay, a very neatly- paved piece of ground denoted a tent-place ; much pains had been bestowed upon it, and a pigmy terrace had been formed around their abode, the margin of which was decorated with moss and poppy plants ; in an adjacent gully a shooting- gallery had been established, as appeared by the stones placed at proper distances, and a large tin marked " Soup and BouilH," which, perforated with balls, had served for a target. I carefully scanned the flat slabs of slaty limestone, of which the over- hanging cliffs were formed, in hopes of seeing some name, or date, scratched upon the surface; some clue, % BEECHEY ISLAND. 115 that 1. :)rtant night, .n Bay rning ; undant 10 slug- icH-line in there her pur- ^ed-meat •ag. and, and ranee to denoted upon it, und their vith moss shooting- d by the large tin ated with scanned the over- ing some onie clue, mayhap, to the information we so dearly longed for, — the route taken by Franklin on sailing hence, whether to Cape "Walker or up Wellington Channel. But no ! the silent cliff bore no mark ; by some fatality, the proverbial love for marking their names, or telling their tales, on every object, which I have ever found in seamen, was here an exception, and I turned to my vessel, after three unprofitable walks on Beechey Island, with the sad conviction on my mind, that, instead of being able to concentrate the wonderful resources we had now at hand about Beechey Island in one line of search, we should be obliged to take up the three routes which it was probable Franklin might have taken in 1846; viz. S. W. by Cape Walker, N. W. by Wellington Channel, or W. by Melville Island, — a division of force tending to weaken the chance of reaching Franklin as quickly as we could wish, unless circumstances were pecu- liarly favourable. Vague reports of some of Captain Penny's people having seen sledge-marks on the ei* stern shores of Erebus and Terror Bay, induced one of the officers of the " Pioneer " and myself to arrange with Captain Penny to take a walk in that direction. Landing on the north shore of Union Bay, at the base of the clifFa of Cape Spencer, we were soon pointed out a deep sledge-mark, which had cut I 2 r 116 ARCTIC JOURNAL. through the edge of one of the ancient tide-marks, or terraces, and pointed in a direct line from the cairn of meat-tins erected by Franklin, on the northern spur of Beechey Island, to a valley which led towards the bay between Capes Innis and Bowden. I con- ceived the trail to be that of an outward-bound sledge, on account of its depth, which denoted a heavily-ladened one. Proceeding onward, our party were all much struck with the extraordinary regularity of the ter- races, which, with almost artificial parallelism, swept round the br.se of the limestone cliffs and. hills of North Devon. That they were ancient tidal-marks, now raised to a considerable elevation above the sea by the upheaval of the land, I was the more inclined to believe, from the numerous fossil shells, Crustacea, and corallines which strewed cbe ground. The latter witnesses to a once more genial condition of climate in these now inclement regions, carried us back to the sun-blest climes, where the blue Pacific lashes the coral-guarded isles of sweet Otaheite, and I must plead guilty to a recreant sigh for past re- collections and dear friends, all summoned up by the contemplation of a fragment of fossil-coral. The steep abutment of the cliffs on the north of Erebus and Terror Bay, obliged us to descend to the floe, along the surface of which we rapidly pro- SLEDGE TRAILS. ii: ks, or cairn rthem wards I con- bound oted a much the ter- , swept hills of [-marks, the sea inclined ustacea, . The ition of rried us Pacific ite, and past re- by the Inorth of 3cend to [dly pvo- gressed, passing the point on which the pike used by Franklin's people as a direction-post had been found. At a point where these said cliffs receded to the N. E., and towards the head of Gascoignc Inlet, leaving a long strip of low land, which, connecting itself with the bluffs of Cape Riley, forms the division between Gascoigne Inlet and "Erebus and Terror Bay," a perfect congery of sledge-marks showed the spot used for the landing-place, or rendezvous, of Franklin's sledges. Some of these sledge-marks swept towards Cape Riley, doubtless towards the traces found by the " Assistance ; " others, and those of heavily ladened sledges, ran northward, into a gorge through the hills, whilst the remainder pointed towards Caswell's Tower, a remarkable mass of limestone, which, iso- lated at the bottom of Radstock Bay, forias a conspicuous object to a vessel approaching this .leigh- bourhood from the eastward or westward. Deciding to follow the latter trail, we separated the party in such a manner, that, if one lost the sledge-marks, others would pick them up. Arriving at the margin of a lake, which was only one of a series, and tasted decidedly brackish, though its connection with the sea was not apparent, we found the site of a circular tent, unquestionably that of a shooting-party from the " Erebus " or I 3 f 118 ARCTIC JOURNAL. " Terror." The stones used for keeping down the canvass lay around; three or four large ones, well blackened by smoke, had been the fire-place; a porter-bottle or two, several meat-tins, pieces of paper, birds' feathers, and scraps of the fur of Arctic hares, were strewed about. Eagerly did we run from one object to the other, in the hope of finding some stray note or record, to say whether all had been well with them, and whither they had gone. No, not a line was to be found. Disappointed, but not beaten, w^e turned to follow up the trail. The sledge-marks consisted of two parallel lines, about two feet apart, and sometimes three or four inches deep into the gravel, or broken limestone, of which the whole plain seemed to be formed ; the dif- ficulty of dragging a sledge over such ground, and under such circumstances, must have been great, and, between the choice of evils, the sledge-parties appeared at last to have preferred taking to the slope of the hills, as being easier travelling than the stony plain. A fast-rising gale, immediately in our faces, with thick, driving snow and drift, suddenly obscured the land about us, and rendered our progress difficult and hazardous. After edging to the northward for some time, as if o strike the head of Gascoigne Inlet, the trail struck suddenly down upon the plain ; we did the same. I i m the s, Avell ice ; a ces of Arctic jv^e run finding all had d gone, ted, but el lines, or four tone, of he dif- und, and eat, and, ppeared )e of the ay plain. es, with ured the difficult me, as if lil struck he same. TARTHER TRACES OF FRANKLIN. 119 • \ \ and as suddenly lost our clue, though there was no doubt on any of our minds, but that the sledge had gone towards Caswell's Tower; for us to go there was, however, now impossible, having no compass, and the snow-storm preventing us seeing more than a few hundred yards ahead. We therefore turned back, walking across the higher grounds direct for the head of Union Bay, a route which gave us considerable insight into the ravine-rent condition of this limestone country, at much cost of bodily fa- tigue to ourselves. The glaciers in the valleys, or ravines, hardly deserved the name, after the monsters we had seen in Baffin's Bay, and, I should think, in extraordinary seasons, they often melted away alto- gether, for, in spite of so severe a one as the present year had been, there was but little ice remaining. The gale raged fiercely as the day drew on, and, on getting sight of Wellington Channel, the wild havoc amongst the ice made us talk anxiously of that portion of our squadron which was now on the opposite or lee side of the channel, as well as the American squadron that had pushed up to the edge of the fixed ice beyond Point Innis. Seven hours' hard walking left us pretty well done up by the time we tumbled into our boat, and, thanks to the stalwart strokes of Captain Stewart's oar, we soon reached the " Pioneer," and enjoyed our I 4 T .1' 11 i 1 1 I 1 120 ARCTIC JOURNAL. dinner with more than the usually keen appetite of Arctic seamen. Such were the traces found in and about Frank- lin's winter quarters; one good result had arisen from their discovery, — the safe passage of Franklin across the dangers of Baffin's Bay was no longer a question ; this was a certainty, and it only remained for us to ascertain which route he had taken, and then to follow him. Wellington Channel engrossed much attention; the Americans, with true go-ahead spirit, watched the ice in it most keenly. The gallant commander of their expedition, De Haven, had already more than once pushed his craft up an angle of water north of Point Innis; his second, Mr. Griffin, in the " Rescue," was hard at work obtaining angles, by which to ascertain the fact of Wellington Channel being a channel or a fiord, a point as yet undecided, for there was a break in the land to the N. W. which left the question still at issue. Captain Penny, with his vessels, got under weigh one day, and ran over towards the " Assistance," as far as the pack would allow him, and then despatched an officer with a boat to communicate our intelligence as well as his own ; a sudden change of weather obliged Penny to return, and the boat's crew of the " Lady Franklin," on their way back, under Mr. John Stuart. i! FLIGHT OF WILD FOWL. 121 weigh as far led an jnce as )bliged 'Lady >tuart underwent no small risk and labour. They left the " Assistance " to walk to their boat, which had been hauled on the ice ; a thick fog came on ; the direction was with difficulty maintained ; no less than eleven bears were seen prowling around the party ; the boat was found by mere accident, and, after fourteen hours' incessant walking and pulling, Mr. Stuart succeeded in reachJi.^ the " Lady Franklin." Through him we learnt that Cape Hotham and the neighbourhood of Barlow Inlet showed no sign of having been visited by Franklin, that the pack was close home against the land, and that the " As- sistance" and " Intrepid" had been subject to some pressure, but were all safe and sound. Almost every hour during our detention in Union Bay, large flights of wild-fowl, principally geese and eider ducks, flew past us, as if they had come down Wellington Channel, and were making away to the southward ; this certain indication of approaching winter was not to be mistaken, and we anxiously counted the hours which kept flitting past, whilst we were chained up in Union Bay. South-easterly winds forced the pack tighter and tighter in Wellington Channel, and once or twice it threatened to beset us even in Union Bay ; and on the 31st of August our position was still the same, the Americans being a little in advance, oft' Point Innis. •": III! h 122 ARCTIC JOURNAL. From the Ist to the 4th of September, we lay wishing for an opening, the Americans working gal - lantly along the edge of the fixed ice of Wellington Channel, towards Bi:rlow Inlet. September the 5 th brought the wished-for change. A lead of water. Hurrah ! up steam ! take in tow I every one's spirits up to the high-top-gallant of their joy; long streaks of water showing across Wel- lington Channel, out of which broad floe-pieces were slowly sailing, whilst a hard, cold appearance in the northern sky betokened a northerly breeze. With the " Resolute " fast astern, the " Pioneer " slipped round an extensive field of ice ; as it ran aground off Cape Spencer, shutting off in our rear Captain Penny's brigs and the "Felix," another mass of ice at the same time caught on Point Innis, and, unable to get past it, we again made fast, sending a boat to watch the moment the ice should float, and leave us a passage to the westward. Whilst thus secured, we had abundant amusement and occupation in observing the movements of shoals of white whales. They were what the fisher- men on board called " running " south, a term used to express the steady and rapid passage of the fish from one feeding-ground to the other. From the mast-head, the water about us appeared filled with them, whilst they constantly rose and blew, and hur- THE WHITE WHALE. 123 we lay nggal- ilington change, n tow ! of their 3 Wel- !es were 3 in the 'loneer 8 it ran 3ur rear another it Innis, de fast, should stward. lusement ents of fisher- rm used the fish om the 2d with nd hur- - ried on, like the birds we had lately seen, to better regions in the ouuth. That they had been north to breed was undoubted, by the number of young "calves" in every shoal. The affection between mother and young was very evident ; for occasion- ally some stately white whale would loiter on her course, as if to scrutinize the new and strange objects now floating in these unploughed waters, whilst the calf, all gambols, rubbed against the mother's side, or played about her. The proverbial shyness of these fish was proved by our fishermen and sportsmen to be an undoubted fact, for neither with harpoon nor rifle-ball could they succeed in capturing any of them. It was a subject of deep interest and wonder to see this migration of animal life, and I determined, directly leisure would enable me, to search the nume- rous books with which we were well stored, to en- deavour to satisfy my mind with some reasonable theory, founded upon the movements of bird and fish, as to the existence of a Polar ocean or a Polar continent. A sudden turn of tide, which floated the ice that had for some hours been aground on Point Innis and Cape Spencer, and carried it out of Wellington Channel, which favourable tide I therefore con- jectured to be the flood, enabled the " Pioneer " and 1 i 124 ARCTIC JOURNAL. "Resolute" to start across Wellington Channel, to- wards Barlow Inlet. Northward of us, ran, almost in a straight line, east and west, the southern edge of a body of ice, which we then imagined, in our ignorance, to be Jixedi extending northward, — aye, to the very pole ; foi in the rumour of it being a mere fiord, or gulph, I had no belief, nor any one else who crossed it in our ships. The day was beautifully clear, a-.d a cold, hard sky enabled us to see the land of North Somerset most distinctly, though thirty to forty miles distant : and yet nothing appeared resembling land in the northern part of Wellington Channel. More than one of us regretted the prospect of this yet unsearched route remaining so, and the racing mania for Melville Island and Cape Walker bore for all of us this day its fruit, — unavailing regret. A fresh and favourable gale from the northward raised our spirits and hopes, late as it now was in the season, and already, with the adventurous feelings of seamen, we began to calculate what distance might yet be achieved, should the breeze but last for two or three days. The space to be traversed, even to Behring's Straits, was a mere nothing ; and all our disappointments, all our foiled anticipations, were forgotten, in the lightheartedness brought about by a day of open water and a few hours of a fair wind. CROSSING WELLINGTON CHANNEL. 125 lel, to- it line, of ice, to be y pole ; gulph, ; in our a cold. North ) forty smbling hannel. of this racing lore for As we rattled along the lane of blue water which wound gracefully ahead to the westward, the shores of Cornwallis Island rapidly revealed themselves, and offered little that was striking or picturesque. One uniform tint of russet-brown clothed the land, as the sun at eight in the evening sunk behind the icebound horizon of Wellington Channel. Novel and striking as were the colours thrown athwart the cold, hard sky by the setting orb, I thought with a sigh of those gay and flickering shades which beautify the heavens in the tropics, when the fierce sun sinks to his western rest. No gleams of purple and gold lit up the hill-tops; no fiery streaks of sunlight streamed across the water, or glittered on the wave. No ! all was cold and silciit as the grave. In heaven alone there appeared sun- shine and vitality : — it was rightly so. Frost was fast claiming its dominion, for, with declining sunlight, the space of water between the pack and the floe became a sheet of young ice, about the one-eighth of an inch in thickness. The " Assistance " and " Intreplri " were gone, it was very evident ; but the American squadron was observed in Barlow Inlet. As we approached them, at two o'clock in the morning, they were seen to be firing muskets. We therefore put our helms down, and performed, by the help of the screw, figures of ,,l i .! = il I : .1 126 ARCTIC JOURNAL. eight in the young ice, until a boat had coramunicated with Commander De Haven, from whom we learnt that one of his vessels was aground in the inlet, and that it was no place for us to go into, unless we wanted to remain there. The passage to the west- ward, round Cape Hotham, was likewise blocked up, and no alternative remained but to make fast to the floe to the north of us. This was done, and just in time ; for a smart breeze from the S. E. brought up a great deal of ice, and progress in any direction was impossible. I had now time to observe that the floe of Welling- ton Channel, instead of consisting of a mass of ice (as was currently reported) about eight feet in thick- ness, did not in average depth exceed that of the floes of Melville Bay, although a great deal of old ice was mixed up with it, as if a pack had been re- cemented by a winter's frost ; in which case, of course, there would be ice of various ages mixed up in the body ; and much of the Ice was lying crosswise and edgeways, so that a person desirous of looking at the Wellington Channel floe, as the accumulation of many years of continued frost, might have some grounds upon which to base his supposition. A year's observation, however, has shown me the fallacy of supposing that in deep-water channels floes continue to increase in thickness from year to year ; BESET OFF CAPE HOTHAM. 127 tion of some in. A le the [3 floes year; and to that subject I will return in a future chapter, when treating of AVellington Channel. The closing chapter of accidents, by which the navigation of 1850 was brought to a close by the squadrons in search of Sir John Franklin, is soon told. The " Resolute " and " Pioneer " remained, unable to move, in Wellington Channel ; a northerly gale came on, after a short breeze from the S. E. ; and imagine, kind reader, our dismay, in finding the vast expanse, over which the eye had in vain strained to see its limit — imagine this field suddenly breaking itself across in all directions, from some unseen cause, farther than (as appeared to us) a northerly gale blowing over its surface, and our poor barks, in its cruel embrace, sweepinr; out of Wellington Channel, and then towai 1- Leopold Island. At one time, the probabllliy of reaching the Atlantic, a3 Sir James Ross dill, stared us disagreeably in the face, and blank indeed did we all look at such a prospect. A calm and frosty morning ushered in the 9th of September. The pack was fust re-knitting itself, and ^ e were drifting with it, one mile per hour, to the S. E., when Penny's brigs, that had been seen the day before crossing to tlie northward of us, were observed to be running down along the western shore with the American squadron ahead of them. r ■TW" jjyjM'»t'J^gJ.. ' . ' !J-" ' -*'.-i!- ' "'^. ' ^^'^JJ,^ ' LJi r-a— f^ < I ''I I 1 128 ARCTIC JOURNAL. the latter having just escaped from an Imprison- ment in Barlow Inlet. About the same time, a temporary opening of the pack enabled the steam- power again to be brought to bear, and never was it more useful. The pack was too small and broken for a vessel to warp or heave through, there was no wind ** to bore " through it, and the young ice in some places, by pressure, was nigh upon six inches thick ; towing with boats was, therefore, out of the question. The " Resolute " fast astern, with a long scope of hawser, the " Pioneer " like a prize-fighter settled to her work, and went in and won. The struggle was a hard one, — now through sludge and young ice, which gradually checked her headway, impeded as she was with a huge vessel astern — now in a strip of open water, mending her pace to rush at a bar of broken- up pack, which surged and sailed away as her fine bow forced through it — now cautiously approaching a nip between two heavy floe-pieces, which time and the screw wedged slowly apart — and then the sub- dued cheer with which our crews witnessed all ob- stacles overcome, and the naval expedition again in open water, and close ahead of the Government one under Penny, and Commander De Haven's gallant vessels, who, under a press of canvass, were just haul- ing round Capo Hotham. A light air, and bay ice, gave us every advantage. ■y ALL THE VESSELS MEET. 129 ison- le, a eam- ?as it m for wind some hick ; jstion. ope of tied to J was a , which he was f open roken- er fine aching iTie and e sub- all ob- ain in nt one gallant t haul- ay ice, Next day, in succession, we all came up to the " Assistance " and " Intrepid," fast at a floe edge, between Cape Bunny and Griffith's Island. That this floe was not a fixed one we were assured, as the *' Intrepid " had been between it and Griffith's Island, nearly as far as Somerville Island ; but, un- happily, it barred our road as effectually as if it were so. Penny, with his squadron, failed in passing south- ward towards Cape Walker ; and Lieutenant Cator, in the ** Intrepid," was equally unsuccessful. I was much interested in the account of the gallant struggle of the " Assistance " and " Intrepid " in rounding Cape Hotham. They fairly fought their way against the ice, which at every east-going tide was sweeping out of Barrow's Straits, and grinding along the shore. It is most satisfactory to see that all risks may be run, and yet neither ships nor crews be lost ; and it is but fair to suppose, that, if our ships incurred such dangers unscathed, the " jweet cherub " will not a jot the less have watched over the "Erebus" and "Terror." Of course, the " croakers " say, if che floe had pressed a little more — if the ship had risen a little less — in fact, if Pro- vidence had been a little less watchful — disasters must have overtaken our ships ; but when 1 hear these " dismal Jemmies " croak, it puts me much in MMMMI 130 ARCTIC JOURNAL. 1 mind of the midshipman, who, describing to his grandmama the attack on Jean d'Acre, after re- counting his prowess and narrow escapes, assured the old lady that Tom Tough, the boatswain's mate, had asserted with an oath, which put the fact beyond all doubt, that if one of those round shot from the enemy had struck him, he never would have lived to tell the tale. From my gallant comrade of the " Intrepid," we heard of the search that had been made in Wolsten- holme Sound, and along the north shore of Lancaster Sound. In both places numerous traces of Esqui- maux had been seen, at Wolstenholme Sound es- pecially. These were numerous and recent, and the " Intrepid's " people were shocked, on entering the hutu, to find many dead bodies ; the friends, evi- dently, of our Arctic Highlander, Erasmus York, who, as I before said, had shipped as interpreter on board the " Assistance." In Wolstenholme Sound, the cairns erected by the " North Star " were dis- covered and visited, and, whilst speaking of her, it will be as well for me to note, that Captain Penny, on his way up Lancaster Sound, met the " North Star "off Admiralty Inlet, August 2l8t, gave Mr. Saunders his orders from England, and told him of the number of ships sent out to resume the search for Franklin. Captain Penny left Mr. Saunders i i WATER SEEN IN WELLINGTON CHANNEL. 131 Ills r re- jdthe 3, had nd all oa the ved to d," we olsten- ncaster Esqui- ind es- and the ing the 8, evi- York, :eter on Sound, ere dis- her, it Penny, North Bive Mr. him of 3 search aundcrs under an impression that he was going to Disco, to land his provisions. There was one remarkable piece of information, which I noted at the time, and much wondered at ; it was derived from Captain Penny, and the officers of the " Lady Franklin " and " Sophia." It appears they crossed "Wellington Channel, about ten miles higher up than . did ; the ice breaking away, it will be remembered, and drifting with the " Re- solute " and " Pioneer " to the south. From a headland about twelve miles north of Barlow Inlet, Captain Penny observed with astonishment that there was only about ten miles more of ice to the northward of his vessels, and then, to use his own words, " Water ! water I large water I as far as I could see ! to the N. W." How this water came there? what was beyond it? were qiXestions which naturally arose ; but it was not until the following year that the mystery was explained, and we learnt, what was only then suspected, that we had overshot our mark. Sej^t, IIM, 1850. — The winter of the Arctic Regions came on us, in its natural character of dark- ness, gale, cold, and snow. First the wind from the S. E., with a heavy sea, which se^.t us careering against the floe edge, and gave all hands a hard night's work to keep the anchors in the firm floe, as K 2 N 132 ARCTIC JOURNAL. the edge rapidly broke up, under the combined effects of sea and shocks from our vessels ; then, with a gust or two which threatened to blow the sticks out of our craft, the wind chopped round to the N.W. ; and a falling temperature, which Arctic statistics told us would not, at this season, ever recover itself, said plainly, that winter quarters alone remained for us. Happily, the " Intrepid " had discovered a harbour between Cape Hotham and Martyr, on the south side of Cornwallis Island. This place, and Union Bay, in Beechey Island, offered two snug positions, from which operations in the spring with travelling parties could be well and effectually carried out. Action, action now alone remained for us ; and ear- nestly did we pray that our leader's judgment might now decide upon such positions being taken up as would secure all directions — viz. to the south-west, — north-west and, lastly, west being provided for. Sept. \Zth. — Found the four vessels of our squadron, and one of the American brigs, — the " Ad- vance" under Lieutenant De Haven — all safe at the floe edge. The floe had drifted during the gale considerably towards the shores of North Somerset ; and the wedge-shaped island, called Cape Bunny, was distinctly visible: the other of the American brigs had, in the height of the gale, blown adrift and disappeared in the darkness and snow-drift. I 1 1 f AMERICAN SQUADRON. 133 4-t rift. For her, as well as Her Majesty's brigs under Captain Penny, much anxiety was entertained. The Ameri- can leader of the expedition, I heard, finding farther progress hopeless, intended, in obedience to his orders, to return to New York. This he was the more justi- fied in doing, as no preparation or equipment for travelling-parties had been made by them, and their fittings for wintering in the Arctic Regions were, com- pared with ours, very deficient. The gallant Yankees, however, could not return without generously offer- ing us provisions, fuel, and stores ; and the officers, with a chivah'ous feeling worthy of themselves and the cause for which they had come thus far, offered to remain out or exchange with any of " ours" v/ho wanted to return home. We had no space in stowage to profit by the first offer, nor had enthu- siasm yet become sufficiently damped in us to desire to avail ourselves of the proffered exchange ; both were declined, and it was said that Lieutenant De Haven was told by our leader, if he could land any thing for ua in Radstock Bay as a depot, he might render good service. Letters were therefore hurriedly closed, letter- bags made up, and pleasant thoughts of those at home served to cheer us, as, with the temperature at about zero, and with a fresh breeze, we cast off" r\ 134 ARCTIC JOURNAL. together, and worked to the northward, towards Griffith's Island. Rubbing sides almost with the " Advance," who courteously awaited with the ** Pioneer " the heavy- heeled gambols of the " Resolute," day was drawing well on before the squadron reached Griffith's Island, from the lee of which the missing American schooner was descried to be approaching. Lieutenant de Haven now hoisted his colours for home, and backed his topsail. We did the same ; and after a considerable time he bore up with his squadron for New York, doubtless supposing, from no letter being sent, that we had none. It was far otherwise; and throughout the winter many a growl took place, as a huge pile of un- despatched letters would pass before our sight, and blessings of a doubtful nature were showered on cur ill-luck. To the ice, which extended unbroken from Grif- fith's Island to Cape Martyr, we will leave the Naval Expedition secured, whilst we briefly recount the most striking points in connection with the American expedition that had now left us on its voyage home. In 1849, Mr. Henry Grinnell, a merchant of the United States, actuated by the purest phllanthroi^hy that ever Influenced the heart of man, determined 4*h AMERICAN SQUADRON. 135 -U to devote a portion of his well-deserved wealth to the noble purpose of relieving Sir John Franklin, who, it was much to be feared, from the despond- ing tone of a portion of the English press on Sir James Ross's failure, was likely to be left unsought for in 1850. He therefore, at his sole expense, purchased two vessels, one of 140 tons, the " Ad- vance," the other 90 tons, the " Rescue," and, having strengthened, provisioned, and equipp )d them, Mr. Grennell then placed them under the control of his government, in order that they might be com- manded by naval officers and sail under naval dis- cipline. The American Congress passed the neces- sary acts, and Lieutenant E. De Haven, who had seen service in the Antarctic seas, took command of the " Advance," as the leader of the expedition, and another distinguished officer, Mr. Griffin, hoisted his pendant in the " Rescue." On the 23rd May, 1850, the two vessels sailed from New York, touching at Disco, where I am oorry to say they found my worthy friend " Herr Agar" to have died shortly after my visit; they reached the pack of Melville Bay on the 7 th July, and, tightly beset until the 23rd, they did not reach Cape York until early in August. The 7th August they reached Cape Dudley X4 136 ARCTIC JOURNAL. DIgges I (at that time we were still beset off Cape Walker in Melville Bay), thence they stood to the south-west, until they reached the West water. On the 18th August, when we had a thick fog and almost a calm off Possession Bay, the American squadron was in a severe gale in Lancaster Sound ; and on the 25th August, after visiting Leopold Island, the gallant Americans reached Cape Riley close on the heels of the " Assistance" and " In- trepid." From that time we have shown that they lost no opportunity of pushing ahead; and if progress de- pended alone upon skill and intrepidity, our go-a-head friends would have given us a hard tussle for the laurels to be won in the Arctic Regions. As a proof of the disinterestedness of their mo- tives, men as well as officers, I was charmed to hear that before sailing from America they had signed a bond not to claim, under any circumstances, the 20,000/. reward the British Government had of- fered for Franklin's rescue ; we, I am sorry to say, had acted differently^ . America had plucked a rose from our brows; but in such generous enterprise, we for the most part felt that no narrow-minded national prejudices could enter, and I gloried in the thought that the men who had so nobly borne themselves, as well as he, the princely merchant who I GO INTO WINTER QUARTERS. 137 had done his best to assist the widow and orphan to recover those for whom they had so long hoped and wept, were men who spoke our language, and came from one parent-stock, — a race whose home is on the great waters. Looking at my rough notes for the following week, I am now puzzled to know what we were hoping for ; it must have been a second open season in 1850, — a sanguine disposition, no doubt brought about by a break in the weather, not unlike the Indian summer described by American writers. 5ept, \Ath. — I went in the " Pioneer" with some others, to see if the floe had opened a road to the south of Griffith's Island ; it had not, nor did it ap- pear likely to do so this season, though there was water seen some fifteen miles or so to the westward. One day the " Assistance" and " Intrepid" started for Assistance Harbour, to winter there, but came back again, for winter had barred the route to the eastward as well as westward. One day after this, or rather many days, we amused ourselves, with powder, blowing open a canal astern of the " Reso- lute," which froze over as quickly as we did it. At other times, some people would go on the top of the island, and see oceans of water, where no ship could possibly get to it, and then others would visit the same spot after a night or two of frost, and, seeing 138 ARCTIC JOURNAL. ice where the others had seen water, asserted most confidently that the first were exaggerators ! At any rate, September passed ; winter and frost had undoubted dominion over earth and sea ; already the slopes of Griffith's Island, and the land north of us, were covered with snow ; the water in sight was like a thread, and occasionally disappeared altogether. Fires all day, and candles for long nights, were in general requisition. Some cross-fire in the different messes was taking place as the individuals suffered more or less from the cold. Plethoric ones, who became red-hot with a run up the ladder, exclaimed agair':t fires, and called zero charming weather; the long and lethargic talked of cold draughts and Sir Hugh Willoughby's fate; the testy and whimsical bemoaned the impure ventilation. A fox or two was occasionally seen scenting around the ships, and a fox hunt enlivened the floe with men and officers, who chased the unlucky brute as if they had all come to Griffith's Island especially for fox skins; and the last of the feathered trlb^, in the shape of a wounded ''burgomaster," shivered, half frozen, as it came for its daily food. Oct 2nd, 1850. — Lieutenant M'Clintock had very properly urged the necessity of sending tra- velling-parties to forward depots of provisions upon the intended routes of the different parties in 1851 ; AUTUMN SLEDGE PARTIES. 139 these were this morning despatched, — Lieutenant M'Clintock, with Dr. Bradford, carrying out a depot towards Melville Island ; Lieutenant Aldrich taking one to Lowther Island, touching at Somerville Island on the way. Lieutenant Mecham was likewise sent to examine Cornwallis Island, between Assistance Harbour and Cape Martyr, for traces of Franklin. We, who were left behind, felt not a little anxious about these parties whilst absent, for winter was coming on with giant strides ; on the 4th, frost-bites were constantly occurring, and the sun, pale and bleary, afforded more light than warmth. Our pre- parations for winter were hurried on as expeditiously as possible; and the housing, which, like a tent, formed a complete covering to our upper decks, af- forded great comfort and shelter from the cold bleak wind without. On the 5th, Lieutenant Aldrich returned from his journey ; he had not been able to go beyond Somer- ville Island — the sea between it and Lowther Island being covered with broken packed ice, half-frozen sludge J and young ice. On the 7 th, Lieutenant Mecham arrived with the intelligence that the " Lady Franklin" and '* Sophia" were, with the " Felix," safe in Assistance Harbour. Captain Penny, after his failure in reaching Cape Walker, had a narrow 140 ARCTIC JOURNAL. escape of being beset on the shores of North Somer- set; but by carrying on through the pack, in the gale of the 11th September, he had happily secured his ships in excellent winter quarters. Lieutenant Mecham had an adventure on his out- ward route, which has some interesting features : as he was crossing the entrance of a bay, since named Resolute Bay, he observed a bear amongst some hummocks, evidently breaking the young ice by a sort of jumping motion ; and he then saw that he and his party had unconsciously left the old ice, and were travelling over bay ice, which was bending with the weight of the men and sledge. Bruin's sagacity here served the seamen in good stead, and the sledge was expeditiously taken to firmer ice, whilst Mr. M. went in chase of the bear ; having mortally wounded it, the brute rushed to seaward, and the sportsman only desisted from the pursuit when he observed the bear fall, and in doing ao break through the ice, which was too weak to sustain its weight. Captain Penny, on the following day, sent over his dog-sledge to secure the flesh for his dogs, by which time the unlucky bear was frozen to a hard and solid mass. Oct. 9th. — Lieutenant M'Clintock returned ; he had placed his depot forty miles in advance, to- wards Melville Island, — three days' imprisonment RETURN OP PARTIES. 141 by bad weather, In the tents, having foiled hi? hopes of reaching Bedford Bay in Bathurst Islrmd, where he originally intended to have reached. This party had, likewise, met water to the westward, and there was now but little doubt on our minds that, had the large field of ice which was blocking the way be- tween Cape Bunny and Griffith's Island broken up or drifted away, our squadron would have reached, in all probability, as far as Parry did in '20 ; but now, the utmost we could hope to attain in the ^following year was Melville Island, which would b our gc'l^ instead of our starting point, Autumn travelling diflfers, in some m^nsure, from that of the spring. I will, therefore, gi^ e ti;Q indul- gent reader an account of a short excursion I made for the purpose of connecting the search from where Lieutenant Mecham left the coast, to the point at which Lieutenant M'Clintock had again taken it up ; in fact, a bay, facetiously christened by the seamen (who had learned that newly -discovered places were forbidden to be named), " Bay, Oh ! no we never mention it I " and " Cape No ^ i ae." My kind friend, Mr. May of the "Resolute," volun- teered to accompany me, aed on Thuioday, the 10th of October, we started with our tent, a runner- sledge, and five days' provisions. The four seamen and our two selves tackled to the drag-ropes, and, ;,■ .V--'S'-'S"^V"3^;>: u 142 ARCTIC JOURNAL. with the temperature at 6° above zero, soon walked ourselves into a state of warmth and comfort. Three hours' sharp dragging brought us to Cape Martyr ; ascending the beach until we had reached a ledge of smooth ice which fringed the coast within the broken line of the tide-marks, we turned to the westward, and commenced searching the beach and neighbouring headlands. I shall not easily efface from my memory the melancholy impression left by this, my .first walk on the desolate shores of Corn- wallis Island. Like other things, in time the mind became accustomed to it ; and, by comparison, one soon learned to see beauties even in the sterility of the North. Casting off from the sledge, I had taken a short EtroU by myself along one of the terraces which, with almost artificial regularity, swept around the base of the higher ground behind, when, to my astonishment, a mass of stone- work, and what at first looked exactly like a cairn, came in view ; it required no spur to make me hasten to it, and to discover I was mistaken in supposing it to have been any thing constructed so recently as Franklin's visit. The ruin proved to be a conical-shaped building, the apex of which had fallen in. Its circumference, at the base, was about twenty feet, and the height of the remaining wall was five feet six inches. Those who CORNWALLIS ISLAND. 143 had constructed it appeared well acquainted with the strength of an arched roof to withstand the pressure of the heavy falls of snow of these regions ; and much skill and nicety was displayed in the arrange- ment of the slabs of slaty limestone, in order that the conical form of the building might be preserved throughout. r^ 1 Horizontal Section, 20 Teet circumference. Vertical Section, 5 feet 6 incliei high. I ! 144 ARCTIC JOURNAL. ^'! I We removed the stones that had fallen into the building, but found nothing to repay our labour; indeed, from the quantity of moss adhering to the walls, and filling up the interstices of the masses which formed the edifice, I conjectured it was many years since it was constructed, though it would be impossible to guess when it was last inhabited ; for, at Pond's Bay, I observed the remains of the native habitations to have the appearance of extreme old age and long abandonment, although, from the fresh seal-blubber caches, there was not a doubt of the Esquimaux having been there the previous winter. A mile beyond this ruin we halted for the night. Four of us (for, in Arctic travelling, officer and man are united by the common bond of labour) erected the tent over a space whicl^ we had cleared of the larger and rougher pieces of limestone, leaving what was called a soft spot as our castle and bedroom. One man, who dubbed himself cook for the day, with a mate, whose turn it would be to superintend the kitchen on the morrow, proceeded to cook the dinner. The cooking apparatus was a boat's stove, eighteen inches long, and nine inches broad, in which lignum vitae was used as fuel. Water having first to be made from ice and snow, and then boiled in the open air, the process was A winter's evening. 145 not an expeditious one, and I took my gun and struck inland; whilst Mr. May, in an opposite direction, made for a point of land to the westward. No pen can tell of the unredeemed loneliness of an October evening in this part of the polar world ; the monotonous, rounded outline of the adjacent hills, as well as the flat, unmeaning valleys, were of one uniform colour, either deadly white with snow or striped with brown where too steep for the winter mantle as yet to find a holding ground. You felt pity for the shivering blade of grass, which, at your feet, was already drooping under the cold and icy hand that would press it down to mother earth for nine long months. Talk of " antres vast and deserts idle," — talk of the sadness awakened in the wanderer's bosom by <;he lone scenes, be it even by the cursed waters of Judca, or afflicted lands of Assyria, — give me, I say, death in any one of them, with the good sun and a bright heaven to whisper hope, rather than the solitary horrors of such scenes as these. The very wind scorned courtesy to such a repulsive landscape, and as the stones rattled down the slope of a ravine before the blast, it only recalled dead men's bones, and motion in a catacomb. A truce, however, to such thoughts — INIay's merry recognition breaks the still- ness of the frosty air. He has been to the point, L u 146 ARCTIC JOURNAL. and finds it an Island ; he says, — and I vow he means what he says, — that May Island is a beau- tiful spot ! it has grass and moss upon it, and traces of game : next year he intends to bag many a hare there. Sanguine feelings are infectious; I forget my own impressions, adopt his rosy ones and we walk back to our tent, guided by the smoke, plotting plans for shooting excursions in 1851 ! " Pemmican is all ready, sir ! " reports our Soyer. In troth, appetite need wait on one, for the greasy compound would pall on moderate taste or hunger. Tradition said thai it was composed of the best rump-steaks and suiet, and cost Is. 6d. per pound, but we generally voted it composed of broken-down horses and Russian tallow. . If not sweet in savour, it was strong in nourishment, and after six table- spoonfuls, the most ravenous feeder might have cried, hold ! enough ! Frozen pork, which had been boiled on board the ship, was quite a treat, and decidedly better than cold, thawed pork could have been ; this, with plenty of biscuit and a "jolly hot" bason of tea, and, as one of the seaman observed, '* an invitation to Wind- sor would have been declined." The meal done, the tent was carefully swept out, the last careful ar- rangement of the pebbles, termed " picking the fea- thers," wa8 made, and then a waterproof sheet AUTUMNAL TRAVELLING. 147 spread, to prevent our warm bodies, during the night, melting the frozen ground and wetting us through. Then every man his blanket bag, a general popping thereinto of the legs and l>ody, in order that the operation of undressing might be decently performed, the jacket and wet boots carefully arranged for a pillow; the wolf-skin robes, — Oh, that the contractor may be haunted by the aroma of the said robes for his life-time ! — brought along both over and under the party, who lie down alternately, head and feet in a row, across the tent. Pipes are lighted, the even- ing's glass of grog served out ; and whilst the cook is washing up, and preparing his things ready for the morning meal, as well as securing the food on the sledge from foxes, or a hungry bear, many a tough yarn is told, or joke made, which keep all hands laughing until the cook reports all right, comes in, hooks up the door, tucks in the fur robe ; and seven jolly mortals, with a brown -holland tent over their heads, and a winter's gale without, try to nestle their sides amongst the softest stones, and at last drop into such a sleep as th ro only enjoy who drag ii sledge all day, w'th the temperature 30° below freezing point. Fnday mor'.:i :g, at seven o'clock, we rolled up our beds, or rather sleeping-br.^«, stowed the u Ige, drank boiling hot chocolate, and gnawed cliocrily L 2 Il ii.! i:i r llv m I'.f ■!i C! 148 ARCTIC JOURNAL. at frozen pork and biscuit ; the weather beautiful, calm, and very cold, below zero, we started, skirting round the bny. By noon a gale sp' uig up, sr^tding a body of icy spiculce against our faces, liaising both pain and annoyance. Two nock r-iiaB f«'" tl\. first. time were seen to-day. At noon ve sat down under the lee of our sled;' e, and partook of a mouth- ful of grog and biscuit, and a.ojala marched rapMly towards Cape No Name ! By the evenir^g we Ihid marched fourteen miles, the en fire circuit of i*.e bay, without observing any trace of Franklin having vi- sited the neighbourhood ; and as fx'ost-bites began to attack our faces, we erected our tent as expeditiously as possible, and in it took shelter from the wind and cold. The pungent smoke of the lignum vit^e kept us weeping, as long as the cooking went on ; and be- tween the annoyance of it, the cold, and fatigue, we all dropped off to f-leep, indifferent to a falling tem- perature, prowling bears, or a violent gale, which threatened to blow us from the beach on which we had pitched our fluttering tent. Next day, my work being done, we struck home- ward for the squadron, and reached it the ?';me evening, the said 12th of October being the last autumnal travelling of our squadron. The following week the tempern trre rallied a little, and the weather was generally : ■; our prepara- &^ " PREPARATIONS FOR WINTER. 149 tions for wintering were nearly completed, and the poor sickly sun barely for two hours a day rose above the heights of Griffith's Island, To our great joy, on the 17th of October, Captain Penny came over from Assistance Harbour. He had happily decided on taking up the search of Wel- lington Channel ; and an understanding was come to, that his squadron should carry out the travelling operations next spring on that route, whilst our squadron accomplished the farthest possible distance towards Melville Island, and from Cape AYalker to the South-west. Captain P. expressed it as his opinion that the Americans had not escaped out of Barrow's Straits, in consequence of a sudden gale springing up from the southward, shortly after they had passed his winter quarters. This supposition we of course after- wards found to be true, although at the time Ave all used to speak of the Americans as being safe and snug in New York, instead of drifting about in the iue, within a few miles of us, as was really the case. With Penny's return to his vessels, may be said to have closed all the arctic operations of the year 1850. Our upper decks were now covered in; stoves and varming apparatus set at work ; boats secured on tlie ice ; all the lumber taken off the upper decks, to clear th'^ni for exercise in bad weather ; L 3 #|ft 150 ARCTIC JOURNAL. r masts and yards made as snug as possible ; rows of posts placed to show the road In the darkness and snow-storms from ship to ship ; holes cut through the ice into the sea, to secure a ready supply of waterj in the event of fire ; arrangements made to insure clean- liness of ships and crews, and a winter routine entered upon, which those curious in such matters may find fully detailed in Parry's " First Voyage," or Ross's " Four Years in Boothia." The building of snow- walls, posts, houses, &c., was at first a source of amusement to the men, and gave them a great field in which to exercise their skill and ingenuity. People at home would, I think, have been delighted to see the pretty and tasteful things cut out of snow ; obelisks, sphinxes, vases, cannon, and, lastly, a stately Britannia, looking to the westward, enlivened the floe, and gave voluntary occupation to the crews of the vessels. These, how- ever, only served for a while ; and as the arctic night of months closed in, every one's wits were exerted to the utmost to Invent occupation and entertainment for our little community. On November the 8 th, two officers ascended the heights of Griffith's Island, and at noontide caught the last glimpse of the sun, as it happened to be thrown up by refraction, though in reality it was seventeen miles below our horizon. We were now M ■» ii n m m •»tm»* • AN ARCTIC PRAYER. 151 fairly about to undergo a dark, arctic winter, in 74^** of north latitude ; and light-hearted and confident as we felt in our resources of every description, one could not, when looking around the dreary scene which spread around us on every side but feel how rauch our lives were in His hands who tempers the wind to the shorn lamb ; and wanting must he have been in feeling who did not offer up a heartfelt prayer that returning day and returning summer might find him able and fit to undergo the hard- ship and fatigue of journies on foot, to seek for his long-lost fellow-seamen. On leaving England, amongst the many kind, thoughtful presents, both public and private, none struck me as being more appropriate than the following form of prayer : — A Prayer for the Arctic Exped . n. " O Lord God, our Heavenly Father, who teachest man knowledge, and givest him skill and power to accomplish his designs, ^ve desire continually to wait, and call, and depend upon Thee. Thy way is in the sea, and Thy paths in the great waters. Thou rulest and commandest all things. lY-^ therefore draw nigh unto Thee for help in the great work which w J have now to do. " Leave us not, we beseech Thee, to our own coun- sel, nor to the imaginations of our own foolish and L 4 \ I 152 ARCTIC JOURNAL. deceitful hearts : but lead us by the way wherein we should go, thnt discretion may preserve us, and un- derst"iiu:u .: lary keep us. Do Thou, O Lord, make our way prosperous, and give us Tliy blessing and good success. Bring all needful things to our re- membrance ; and where w^e have not the presence of mind, nor the abil>y, ^u pc^rfoi ni Thy will, magnify Thy power in our weakness. Let Thy good provi- dence be our aid and protection, and Thy Holy Spirit our Guide and Comforter, that we may be defended from all adversities which may happen to the body, and from all evil thoughts v*^hich may as- » the If Clothing when indoors. Additional for walking. 1 Flannel shirt with sleeves. Box cloth pea jacket. 1 Cottc. ditto. Welsh wig. 1 Waistcoat with sleeves, lined Sealskin cap. with flannel. Beaver skin mitts. 1 Drawers flannel. Shawl or comfortable. 1 Pair trousers, box-cloth, Men with tender faces required lined with flannel. a cloth face-cover in the 1 Pair thick stockings. wind. 1 Do. thin ditto. 1 Horse hair sole. 1 Pair carpet boots. January^ 1851. — That we were all paler was perceptible to every one ; but only a few had lost flesh. A very little exercise was found to tire one very soon, and appetites were generally on the decrease. For four hours a day, we all, men and officers, made a point of facing the external air, let the temperature be what it would, and this rule was carefully adhered to, until the return cC the sun naturally induced us to lengthen our excar,iii .s. Only on three occasions was the weather too severe for comiiunication be- tween the vessels, and the first of these occurred in the close of December and commencement of January. To show one's face outboard was tlien an impossibility; the gale swept before it a body of snow higher than our trucks, and hid everything a few yards off from sight. The "Resolute " three hundred yards off, was invisible, and the accumulation of snow upon our M 2 ~— r 164 ARCTIC JOURNAL. ! I hou? i'_; Threatened to burst it in. The floe seemed to tremble as the gale shrieked over its .; rface, and tore up the old snow drifts and deposited them afresh. A wilder scene man never saw : it was worthy of the Arctic regions, and a fit requiem for the departing year. After one of these gales, walking on the floe was a work of much difficulty, in consequence of the irregular surface it presented to the foot. The snow- ridges, called Sastrugi by the Russians, run (where unobstructed by obstacles which caused a counter current) in parallel lines, waving and winding together, and so close and hard on the edges, that the foot, huge and clumsy as it was with warm clothing and thick soles, slipped about most help- le«(7ly ; and we, therefore, had to wait until a change of wind had, by a cross drift, filled up the ridges thus formed, before we took long walks ; and on the road between the vessels parties were usually employed mending the roads. With one portion of the phenomena of the North Sea we were particularly disappointed — and this was the aurora. Tlie colours in all cases were vastly inferior to those seen by us in far southern latitudes, a pale golden or straw colour being the prevailing hue, the most striking part of was its apparent proximity to the cprth. Once or twice the auroral I. I / AURORAS AND CLOUDLESS SKIES. 165 ' coruscations accompanied a moon in its last quarter, and generally previous to bad weather. On one occasion, in Christmas week, tlie light played about the edge of a low vapour which hung at a very small altitude over us : *t r -er on this occasion lit up the whole under surface oi -aid clouds, but formed a series of concentrl iicles of light, with dark spaces between, whic.i * , glistened, and vanished, like moonlight upon a hcuvaig, but unbroken, sea. At other times, a stream of the same coloured vapour would span the heavens through the zenith, and from it would shoot sprays of pale orange colour for many hours ; and then the mysterious light would again as suddenly vanish. Clouds may have been said to have absented them- selves from our sky for at least two months of the winter ; the heavens, the stars, and moon, were often obscured, but it invariably appeared to be from snow-drift rather than from a cloudy sky. Snow fell incessantly, even on the clearest day, consisting of minute spiculae, hardly perceptible to the eye, but which accumulated rapidly, and soon covered any- thing left in the open air for a few minutes. With returning daylight, and the promise of the sun, clouds again dotted the southern heavens, and mottled with beautiful mackerel skies the dome above us. The immense quantity of snow which in a gale is M 3 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V. 1.0 I.I ■1° 1^ lii 1^ 12.2 t m " us Gi 14 2.0 1.8 L25 |||||i.4 IIIIII.6 V] 7. /A O Photographic Sciences Cormration 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 (716) 872-4503 ^ ^^ WfSTi' 166 AKCTIC JOURNAL. ■1 ii kept suspended in the air by the action of the wind, and is termed drift, quite astounded us; and on two occasions, with north-westerly gales, we had a good opportunity of noting its accumulation. The " Pioneer " and " Intrepid " laying across the wind, the conrtcer current caused a larger deposition around us than elsewhere. On the first occasion, after the wind subsided, we round a snow-wreath along the weather side of the vessel for a length of one hundred and eighty feet, about eleven feet deep in the deepest part, and sloping gradually away for one hundred yards. After weighing a cubic foot of the snow, I calculated that, at the lowest computation, the mass thus deposited in twenty-four hours was not less than four hundred tons in weight ! How the floe bore the pressure seemed unaccountable to me ; but it did around the " Pioneer," although that near the " Intrepid " broke down, and the water flowed up above the snow, forming it rapidly into ice. Much later in the winter — indeed in the month of March — a succession of furious gales quue smothered us ; the drift piled up as high as the top of the winter housing, which was fifteen feet above the deck, and then blew over to leeward, filling up on that side like- wise ; whilst we, unable to face the storm without, could only prevent the housing from being broken in, by placing props of planks and spars to support the ' I j,. ;/■■ WINTER GALES AND SNOW DRIFT. 167 superincumbent weight. We had actually to dig our way out of the vessel ; and I know not how we should have freed the poor smothered craft, had not nature assisted us, by the breaking down of the floe. This at first threatened to injure and strain the "Pioneer," for, firmly held as she was all round, the vessel was immersed some two feet deeper than she ought to have been by the subsiding ice. We set to work, however, to try and liberate her, when one night a series of loud reports awakened mc, and the quarter- master at the same time ran down to say, in his quaint phraseology, that "she was a going off!" a fact of which there was no doubt, as, with sudden surges, the " Pioneer" overcame the hold the floe had taken of her poor sides, and after some time she floated again at her true water line; whilst the mountain of snow around us had sunk to the level of the floe, and at first formed enormously thick ice ; but this in time, by the action of the under-currents of warm water, reduced itself to the ordinary thickness of the adjoin- ing floe. Before we enter upon the subject of returning spring, and the new occupations and excitement which it called forth, let me try to convey an idea of a day spent in total darkness, as far as the sun was concerned. Fancy the lower deck and cabins uf a ship, lighted u 4 SHjfnfp^jym^^' 168 ARCTIC JOURNAL. I ii entirely by candles and oil lamps ; every aperture by which external air could enter, unless under control, carefully secured, and all doors doubled, to prevent draughts. It is breakfast time, and reeking hot cocoa from every mess table is sending up a dense vapour, which, in addition to the breath of so many souls, fills the space between decks with mist and fog. Should you go on deck (and remember you go from 50° above zero to 40° below it, in eight short steps) a column of smoke will be seen rising through certain apertures called ventilators, whilst others are supplying a current of pure air. Breakfast done — and, from the jokes and merriment, it has been a good one — there is a general pulling on of warm clothing, and the major part of the officers and men go on deck. A few remain, to clean and clear up, arrange for the dinner, and remove any damp or ice that may have formed in holes or corners during the sleeping hours. This done, a cer of all hands, called " divisions," took place. Officers inspected the men, and every part of the ship, to see both were clean, and then they dispersed to their several duties, which at this severe season were very light ; indeed, confined mainly to supply the cook with snow to melt for water, keeping the fire-hole in the floe open, and sweeping the decks. Knots of two or three would, if there was not a strong gale blowing, be WINTER DAILY ROUTINE. 169 are lone en a arm knen up, ice the nds, the ere ies, ed, to en, iree be seen taking exercise at a distance from the vessels ; and others, strolling under the lee, discussed the past and prophesied as to the future. At noon, soups, preserved meats, or salt horse, formed the seamen's dinner, with the addition of preserved potatoes, a treat which the gallant fellows duly ap- preciated. The officers dined somewhat later — 2 P.M. A little afternoon exercise was then taken, and the evening meal, of tea, next partaken of. If it was school night, the voluntary pupils went to their tasks, the masters to their posts ; reading men producing their books, writing men their desks, artists painted by candle-light, and cards, chess, or draughts, combined with conversation, and an even- ing's glass of grog, and a cigar or pipe, served to bring round bed-time again. Monotony was our enemy, and to kill time our endeavour : hardship there was none ; for all we underwent in winter quarters, in the shape of cold, hunger, or danger, was voluntary. Monotony, as I again repeat, was the only disagreeable part of our wintering at Griffith's Island. Some men amongst us seemed in their temperament to be much better able to endure this monotony than others ; and others who had no source of amusement — such as reading, writing, or drawing — were much to be pitied. No- thing struck one more than the strong tendency to "'^■.: 'y 170 ARCTIC JOURNAL. taik of home, and England : it became quite a dis- ease. We, for the most part, spoke as if all the most affectionate husbands, dutiful sons, and attached brothers, had found their way into the Arctic Expe- ditions. From these maudlins, to which the most strong-minded occasionally gave way, we gladly sought refuge in amusements, — such as theatres and balls. To give an idea of the zest with which all entered these gaieties, I will recount a list of the characters assumed by the officers, at the first fancy dress ball. Capt. Austin - Old Chairs to mend. Ommanney - Mayor of Griffith's Island Lieut. Aldrich - Fancy dress Cator - Old English Gentleman. M'Clenlock - Blue Demon. Osborn - Black Domino. Brown - Red Devil. Meeham - - Blue and White Domino. Dr. Donnet - A Lady, then a Friar. Bradford - A Capuchin. Mr. King - Jockey. Rearse - - Smuggler. May - Roman Soldier. Hamilton - A Spinster. Eds - - Spanish dancing Girl. Markham - As Allegory. Cheyne - Miss Maria. M'Dougall - - Vivandiere. Lewis - - Farmer Wapstraw. I ' ila- the lied :pe- lOSt ,dly and all the ncy MASK BALLS. Mr.AUard - _ Mahomet Alt. Webb - - Bedouin Arab. Harwood - Miss Tahitha Flick. AUen - . Greenwich Pensioner Brooman . Punch. Crabbe - Sir Charles Grandison. Richards - A Scot. Dr. Ward - _ A Beadle. 171 Whilst pirates, Turks, gypsies, and ghosts, without number, checquered the ball-room. These our amusements ; but the main object of our coming to the North was kept constantly in view, and nothing that labour or ingenuity could devise towards the successful accomplishment of our mission was wanting. Some turned their attention to obtaining informa- tion for the general good, upon all that related to tra-'elling in frozen regions ; others plodded through many a volume, for meteorological information upon which to arrange a safe period of departure for the travellers in the spring ; others tried to found some reasonable theory as to the geography of the unex- plored regions around us; whilst a portion more actively employed themselves in bringing into action divers practical means of communicating with our missing countrymen which had been supplied to us in England. Rockets, in the calm evenings of early winter. ^\ 172 ARCTIC JOUUXAL. were fired with great effect; in proof of wbich, signals were several timea exchanged, both in the autumn and spring, between Assistance Harbour and our squadron, by the aid of these useful projectiles, although the distance was twenty miles. The balloons, however, as a more novel attempt for distant signalising, or, rather, intercommunica- tion, were a subject of deep interest. The plan was simple, and ingenious ; the merit of the idea, as ap- plicable to the relief of Sir John Franklin, by com- municating to him intelligence of the position of the Searching Parties, being due to Mr. Shepperd, C.E. It was as follows : a balloon of oiled silk, capable of raising about a pound weight when inflated, was filled with hydrogen evolved from a strong cask, fitted with a valve, in which, when required for the purpose, a certain quantity of zinc filings and sulphuric acid had been introduced. To the base of the balloon, when inflated, a piece of slow match five feet long was attached. Its lower end being lighted. Along this match, at certain intervals, pieces of coloured paper and silk were secured with thread, and on them the information as to our position and intended lines of search were printed. The balloon, when liberated, sailed rapidly along, rising withal, and as the match burnt the papers were gradually detached, and, fall- ing, spread themselves on the snow, where their ROCKETS. — BALLOONS. 173 glaring colours would soon attract notice, should they happily fall near the poor fellows in the " Erebus " and " Terror." Every care was taken to despatch these balloons with winds from the southward and south-east, so that the papers might be distributed to the north and north-west, and westward. Fire balloons, of which there were a few, were likewise despatched ; but the impression in my own mind is, that the majority of the balloons despatched by us, after rising to some height, were carried by counter- currents — always the most prevalent ones at the cold season of the year — to the southward and south-west. On two occasions I distinctly saw the balloons, when started with S. E. winds, pass for awhile to the N. W., and then, at a great altitude, alter course under the influence of a contrary cur- rent, and pass as rapidly to the S. E., in the teeth of the light airs we had on the floe. The farthest distance from the pclt;t of departure at which any of these papers were found, as far as I know, appears to have been within fifty miles. The " Assistance " despatched some from near Barlow Inlet, which were picked up on the opposite side of Wellington Channel, north of Port Innis. Neither this, however, nor our non-discovery of any papers during our travelling in 1851 can be adduced as a 1 : ! i <->.. 174 ARCTIC JOURNAL. I proof against their possible utility and success ; and the balloons may still be considered a most useful auxiliary. Next — indeed we should say before the balloons — as a means of communication, came carrier pigeons. When first proposed, in 1850, many laughed at the idea of a bird doing any service in such a cause ; and, may be, might have laughed yet, had not a carrier pigeon, despatched by Capt. Sir John Koss, from his winter quarters in 1850, actually reached its home, near Ayr, in Scotland, in five days. In our Expedi- tion none of these birds had been taken ; but on board the " Felix " Sir John Ross had a couple of brace. I plead guilty, myself, to having joined in the laugh at the poor creatures, when, with feathers in a half- moulted state, I heard it proposed to despatch them from Beechey Island, in 74" N. and 92" W., to the meridian of Greenwich and 56" N. latitude, even though they were slung to a balloon for a part of the journey. At any rate it was done, I think, on the 6th October, 1850, from Assistance Harbour. Two birds, duly freighted with intelligence, and notes from the married men, were put in a basket, which was attached to a balloon in such a manner, that, after combustion of a certain quantity of match, the carrier pigeons would be launched into the air to commence their flight. The idea being that they would fetch CARRIER PIGEONS. 175 the some of the whaling vessels about the mouth of Hudson's Straits ; at least so I heard. The wind was then blowing fresh from the north-west, and the temperature below zero. When we in the squadron off Griffith's Island heard of the departure of the mail, the opinion prevalent was the birds would be frozen to death. We were mistaken; for, in about 120 hours, one of these birds, as verified by the lady to whom it had originally belonged, reached her house, and flew to the nest in which it had been hatched in the pigeon house. It had, however, by some means or other, shaken itself clear of the packet entrusted to its charge. This marvellous flight of 3000 miles is the longest on record ; but, of course, we are unable to say for what portion of the distance the bird was car- ried by the balloon, and when or where liberated ; that depending upon the strength and direction of the gale in which the balloon was carried along. Kites, which the kind Mr. Benjamin Smith had supplied me with, both as a tractile power to assist us in dragging sledges, as well as a means of signalising between parties, afforded much interest, and the success of our experiments in applying them to dragging weights was so great, that all those I was able to supply gladly provided themselves with so useful an auxiliary to foot travellers. Experience, 176 ARCTIC JOURNAL. however, taught us how Impossible it was to command a fair wind, witliout which they were useless weight, and in severe weather there was some danger, when handling or coiling up the lines, of having to expose the hands and being frostbitten. My attempts failed to despatch the kites with a weight attached sufficient to keep a strain on the string, and so keep the kite aloft, whilst at the same time it was enabled to proceed through the air in any direction I chose ; for, as may be conceived, a little too much weight made the kite a fixture, whilst a little too little, or a sudden flaw of wind, would topple the kite over and bring it to the earth. As a means of signalising between ships when sta- tionary, the flying of kites of different colours, sizes, or numbers, attached one to the other, would, I am sure, in the clear atmosphere of the Arctic Regions, be found wonderfully efficacious. Lastly, we carried out, more I believe from amusement than from any idea of being useful, a plan which had suggested itself to the people of Sir Jaraes Ross's expedition when wintering in Leopold Harbour in 1848-49, that of enclosing information in a collar, secured to the necks of the Arctic foxes, caught in traps, and then liberated. Several animals thus entrusted with despatches or records were liberated by different ships ; but, as the truth must be told, I fear in many cases the next night saw the THE ARCTIC POSTMEN. 177 from pful, a )f Sir 5opold lation I foxes, limals were must Iw the poor " postman," as Jack facetiously termed hiir^ in another trap, out of which he would be taken, killed, the skin taken off, and packed away, to ornament, at some future day, the neck of some fair Dulcinea. As a " sub," I was admitted into this secret mystery, or otherwise, I with others might have accounted for the disappearance of the collared foxes by believing them busy on their honourable mission. In order that the crime of killing " the postmen " may be re- cognised in its true light, it is but fair that I should say, that the brutes, having partaken once of the good cheer on board or around the ships, ouidom seemed satisfied with the mere empty honours of a copper collar, and returned to be caught over and over again. Strict laws were laid down for their safety, such as an edict that no fox taken alive in a trap was to be killed: of course no fox was after this taken alive ; they were all unaccountably dead, unless it was some fortunate wight whose brush and coat were worthless: in such case he lived either to drag about a quantity of information in a copper collar for the rest of his days, r else to die a slow death, as being intended for Lord Derby's menagerie. The departure of a postman was a scene of no small merriment : all hands, from the captain to the cook, were out to chase the fox, who, half frightened out of its wits, seemed to doubt which way to run ; N 178 ARCTIC JOURNAL. whilst loud shouta and roars of laughter, break- ing the cold, frosty air, were heard from ship to ship, as the fox-hunters swelled in numbers from all sides, and those that could not run mounted some neighbouring hummock of ice, and gave a view halloo, which said far more for robust health than for tuneful melody. During the darker period of the winter, and when the uncertainty of the weather was such that, from a perfect calm and clear weather, a few hours would change the scene to a howling tempest and thick drift, in which, if one had been caught, death must inevitably have followed, great care was necessary, in taking our walks, to prevent being so overtaken; but nevertheless, walks of seven or eight miles from the vessels were, on several occasions, performed, and a severe temperature faced and mastered with perfect indifference. I remember well on the 13th January seeing mercury, in a solid mass, with a temperature of 40"^ below zero, and being one of a good many who had taken three hours hard walking for mere pleasure. We joked not a little at the fireside stories at home, of bitter cold nights, and being frozen to death on some English heath : it seemed to us so incredible that people should be frostbitten because the air was below freezing point; whilst we should have hailed ¥ i I i RETURN OF THE SUN. 179 I n with delight the thermometer standing at zero, and indeed looked forward to such a state of our climate as people in the temperate zone would to May sun- shine and flowers. With the increasing twilight, many an anxious eye was cast from the top of Griflfith's Island, to see the prospect of good foot travelling offered by the floe: it cannot have been said to be cheering, for broken and hummocky ice met the eye whichever way one looked, with here and there a small smooth space ; and if it looked so from the heights, we knew full well that when actually amongst those hummocks the travelling would be arduous indeed. There was some time yet, however, to elapse before the tussle comrr.enced, and many a snow storm had time mean- while to rage. With seamen's sanguineness, we trusted that they would fill up the hollows, anc' help to smooth over the broken pack : any way, we all knew " a long pull, a strong pull, and a pull alto- gether," would master more difficulties than as yet had shown themselves in the Arctic Regions. Such were our occupations, such the amusements, such the hopes and fears of our winter quarters oft Griffith's Island ; and looking back now at that pe- riod, we happily forget its dreariness, and recollect only its brighter moments, — the fast friendship there formed for many, the respect and admiration for all. N 2 ^\ 180 ARCTIC JOURNAL. February Ith, 1851. — The stentorian lungs of the " Resolute's" boatswain hailed to say the sun was in sight from the mast-head ; and in all the vessels the rigging was soon manned to get the first glimpse of the returning god of day. Slowly it rose, and loud and hearty cheers greeted the return of an orb whom the world, without the fro.'^sen zone, does not half appreciate, because he is always with them. For ninety-six days it had not gladdened us, and now its return put fresh life into our night-wearied bodies. For a whole hour we feasted ourselves with admiring the sphere of fire, which illumined without warming us ; and indeed the cold now increased rather than otherwise, and our lowest temperature and severest weather did not occur until March. • Preparations for spring travelling were now has- tened ; daily committees of officers met, by order, to discuss every point, and receive, approve, or reject proposals and plans. Every soul, high and low, exerted his ingenuity and abilities to invent articles, portable and useful, for travellers ; whilst others sent in to the leader of the expedition schemes of search, in which distances, directions, weights, and material were duly considered. Hopes rose high, as every one felt that the field was thrown open to individual ability and skill. Every one naturally (for orders "to put the men in training" did not come out until afterwards) commenced to "harden up" for the la- 1 PiiEPAEATIONS FOR TRAVELLING. 181 1 fii VII i bour before them. Zealous individuals might be daily seen trying all sorts of patents. Out of their hard-earned wages some of the men bought and made sails of peculiar cut for their sledges ; others, after the " working hours" were over, constructed water-bottles, velocipedes, cooking tins ; in fact, neither pains nor trouble were spared — oflficers and men vying in zeal. Early in March an interchange of visits between our S(j[uadron and that under Captain Penny opened the communication. His vessels had got through the winter equally well with ourselves, and he, in like manner, was hard at work, preparing for the foot journeys ; and, as no sledges or other equipment had been brought by him from England, in consequence of his hurried departure, every nerve had to be strained, and every resource called into existence, to enable him to overcome his difficulties in lack of material. On the 8th of March, at 11 a.m., the temperature in the shade having been a couple of hours pre- viously at 41° below zero, and Mercury solid in the open air, we were delighted to see a solitary drop of water trickle down the black paint of the *' Pioneer's " side : at that moment, oddly enough, the temperature in the shade was 36°—, and in the sun the thermometer only rose to 2° below zero I N 3 i 182 ARCTIC JOURNAL. Water, however, it undoubtedly was, and as such we cheerfully hailed it, to prove the increasing heat of the sun, and to promise a coming summer. All March was a scene of constant business, diversified with sledge parades and amusing military evolutions, recalling to our minds unpleasant recollections of sweltering field-days and grand parades. Having briefly touched upon the leading incidents connected with our winter, and brought events up to the preparations for a search on foot, it may not here be out of place to give a brief sketch of the causes which had brought about the necessity for so many Englishmen to be sojourning in these inclement regions, as well as occasioned the voyage of that distinguished navigator whose squadron we hoped to rescue. The seamen of Northern Europe, the Norsemen and Scandinavians, seem, from the earliest records extant, to have sought for the glory attendant upon braving the perils of Polar Seas. From a.d. 860 to 982, from the sea-rover Naddod's discovery of Iceland, to Eirek "of the Red Hand's" landing on Greenland, near Hergolfs Ness, neither wreck, disaster, or tempest checked the steady, onward march of their explorations ; robbing, as they even- tually did a century afterwards, the immortal Genoese of one half his honours, by actually land- ■ *1 ' N.W. DISCOVERY. 183 / ■ ing, under the pirate Biarni, on the new continent south of the River St. Lawrence. In Greenland, a hardy race, the descendants of the Northland warriors, appear to have multiplied, for, in A.D. 1400, a flourishing colony stood on this threshold of the new world; converted to Chris- tianity, the cathedral of Garda had been con- structed, and the archives in Iceland proved it to have been successively held by no less than seventeen bishops; the colonies were known under the general terms of East and West Bygd (Bight), and numbered in all sixteen parishes, and two hun- dred and eighty farms, numerously populated. Strict commercial monopoly, and the naturally secluded position of the Scandinavian colony in Greenland, seemed to have occaslonea its perfect decadence, or, otherwise, as traditions tell us, a sudden hostile inroad of the Esquimaux swept off the isolated Europeans: from either cause there remained, after the lapse of two centuries, but the moss-covered ruins of a few churches — some Runic inscriptions — and the legends of the Esqui- maux, who talked of a tall fair-haired race, their giants of old. The heirloom of the northern pirates, the domi- nion of the sea, passed, however, into England's hands, and with it that same daring love of the N 4 \ w 184 ARCTIC JOURNAL. difficult and unknown, which had led the Viking from conquest to conquest; and whilst southern Europe sought for the wealth of the Indies in the n»ore genial regions of the south, English seamen pushed their barks to the west, in the boisterous seas of high northern latitudes. Confining myself purely to those who essayed the passage to Cathay Cipango, and the Indies, by the north-west, first on the glorious scroll stands Frobisher. That sturdy seaman of Elizabeth's gallant navy, on the 11th of July, 1576, with three craft, whose united burden only amounted to seventy -five tonSi — this " proud ad- miral" — sighted the east coast of Greenland, in 61** north latitude. Unable to approach it for ice, which then, as now, hampers the whole of that coast, he was next blown by a gale far to the south-west on to the coast of Labrador, reaching eventually to 63° north latitude, and landing in Frobisher's Straits. He extricated his vessels with difficulty, and returned home, carrying a quantity of mica, which was mis- taken for gold ; and awakening the cupidity of the court, nobles, and merchants, three more expeditions sailed, exhibiting laudable courage and skill, but adding little to our geographical knowledge. Such a succession of miscarriages damped the ar- dour for north-west discovery for a while ; until, in 1535, "divers worshipful merchants of London, and •I , ENGLISH N.W. DISCOVERERS. 185 r-^ the West country, moved by the desire of ad- vancing God's glory, and the good of their native land," equipped " John Davis " for a voyage of dis- covery to the unknown regions of the north-west. Piteous as were his hardships — doleful as were his tales of the "lothsome view of y® shore, and y® irksome noyse of y® yce;" "y® stinking fogs and cruelle windes" of Desolation Land — the seamen of that day seemed each to have determined to see and judge for himself, and ably were they supported by the open-handed liberality of wealthy private individuals, and the corporation of London mer- chants ; whose minds, if we may judge of them by such men as Sir John Wolstanholme, Digges, Jones, and others, soared far above Smithfield nuisances, and committees on sewers. After Davis we see Waymouth, then Hudson, who perished amid the scenes of his hardships and honours. Captains But- ton and By lot, followed by the ablest, the first of arctic navigators — Baffin, — he sweeping, in one short season, round the great bay which records his fame, showed us of the present day the high road to the west ; and did more ; for he saw more of that coast than we modern seamen have yet been able to accomplish. Lastly, in that olden time, we have the sagacious and quaint Nor-West Fox, carrying our flag to the head of Hudson's Bay ; whilst James's fearful \ w 186 ARCTIC JOURNAL. sufferings in the southern extreme of the same lo- cality, completed, for a while, the labours of British seamen in these regions. A lull then took place, perhaps occasioned by the granting of a charter to certain noblemen and mer- chants in 1668, under the title of " Governor and Company of Adventurers of England" trading into Hudson's Bay, with the understanding that the dis' covery of a north-west passage was to be persevered in by them. During a century, they accomplished, by their servants, " Hearne and Mackenzie" — the for- mer in 1771, and the latter in 1789 — the tracing of the Copper-mine and the Mackenzie rivers to their embouchures into an arctic sea in the 70° parallel of north latitude ; whilst a temporary interest, on the part of Great Britain, during the reign of George the Third, occasioned two names, dear to every seaman's recollection, to be associated with the ac- complishment of geographical discovery in the same direction : the one was Nelson, who served with Captain Phipps, afterwards Lord Mulgrave, in his attempt to pass over the Pole; and the other, the greatest of English navigators — Cook, who, in 1776, failed to round the American continent by coming to the eastward from Behring's Straits. At the commencement of the current century, our knowledge of the northern coast of the American NORTH-WEST DISCOVERY. 187 continent amounted to a mere fraction. On the west. Cook had hardly penetrated beyond Behring's Straits; and on the east, Hudson's and Baffin's Bay formed the limit of our geographical know- ledge; except at two points, where the sea had been seen by Hearne and Mackenzie. Shortly after the Peace, one whose genius and ability were only to be equalled by his perseverance, the late Sir John Barrow, Secretary of the Ad- miralty, turned his attention to arctic discovery, and especially the north-west passage. He had himself been to Spitzbergen, and as far north as the 80th parallel of latitude. Combating the prejudiced, convincing the doubtful, and teaching the ignorant, he awakened national pride and professional enterprise in a cause in which English seamen had already won high honours, and Great Britain's glory was especially involved. What difficulties he mastered, and how well he was seconded by others, and none more so than by the enlightened First Lord of the Admiralty, Viscount Melville, Sir John Barrow himself has told, in the able volumes which imperishably chronicle the deeds of ancient and modern explorers in Polar regions. Since 1818, with the exception of Sir John Boss's first voyage, we may have been said to have constantly added to our know- ledge of the north-west. It w^as in 1819 that Parry sailed to commence that X \ M I 188 y\ ARCTIC JOURNAL. magnificent series of discoveries which, since com- pleted by Franklin, Richardson, Beechey, the Rosses, Back, Simpson, and Rae, have left us, after thirty- five years of well- spent toil and devotion, in perfect possession of the geographical features of Arctic America, and added three thousand six hundred and eighty miles of coast line to our Polar charts. Is this nothing ? If the mere quid pro quo is required of public servants, surely the Arctic navigator has far better repaid to his country the pay and food he has received at her hands than those who, in a time of universal peace, idle through year after year of foreign service in her men-of-war ; and most as- suredly, if we are proud of our seamen's fame and our naval renown, where can we look for nobler instances of it than amongst the records of late Arctic voyages and journeys. The calm heroic suf- ferings of Franklin, — always successful, let the price be what it would ; the iron resolution of Richardson; Back's fearful winter march to save his comrades ; the devoted Hepburn, who old though he be, could not see his former leader perish without trying to help him, and, whilst I write these lines, is again braving an Arctic winter in the little " Prince Albert ; " Parry, who knew so well to lead and yet be loved; James Ross, of iron frame, es- tablishing, by four consecutive years of privation and indomitable energy, that high character which en- NORTH-WEST DISCOVERY. 189 abled him to carry an English squadron to the un- visited shores of Victoria Land at the Southern Pole; and lastly, the chivalrous men, who, again under Franklin, have launched, in obedience to their Queen and country, into the unknown regions between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, to execute their mission or fall in the attempt. It was to save these devoted servants, that the spring of 1851 saw full 500 British and American seamen within the frigid zone. That portion of them that had come by Baffin's Bay had been so far successful in their mission, that they had dispelled all the visions — gratuitous enough — of Franklin having perished by shipwreck or other disaster in his pas- sage across the bay. We had seen his winter quarters; we had seen his look-out posts, and the trail of his explorations. They all said, Onward I To be sure, we did not at once know by which route he had gone onward. The uncertainty, however, gave a spur to those about to be engaged in the searching parties, and each man thought there were especial reasons for believing one particular route to be the true one. The majority — indeed all those who gave the subject any consideration — believed Franklin to have gone either by Cape Walker, or to the north-west by Wellington Channel. Hope, thank God, rode high in every breast, and \ i f ! 190 ARCTIC JOURNAL. already did the men begin to talk of what they would do with, their new shipmates from the " Erebus " and " Terror " when they had them on board their re- spective ships ; and I have no doubt they would have done as one gallant fellow replied, when I asked him if he thought himself equal to dragging 200 lbs. ** O yes, sir, and Sir John Franklin too, when we find him." Increasing light, decreasing cold, plenty to do, and certain anticipations upon each man's part, that he would be the fortunate one to find and save Franklin, made the month of April come in on us before we had time to think of it, but not before we were ready. The original intention was for the sledges to have started on the different routes laid down by our com- modore on thii 8th of April; but a fall of tem- perature on the 6 th altered this plan, and a delay of one week was decided upon. I therefore availed myself of the occasion to visit Captain Penny's win- ter quarters ; proceeding there on the dog sledge of Mr. Petersen, who happened to be on board our vessel at the time. rating f^"■ Nothing, Ico'iceive, can be mor^ : ' dog-sledging in the Arctic Rtj^ijiiK, on a fine day, especially when, as in my case, the whole affair has the charm of novelty. The rattling pace of the dogs, their intelligence in choosing the road through the DOG-SLEDGING. 191 broken ice ; the strict obedience paid by the team to one powerful dog whom they elect ^.3 leader ; the ar- bitrary exc'ciae of authority by the said leader; the constant use of the whip, and a sort of running con- versation kept up uy the driver with the different dogs, who well knew their names, as in turn Samp- son I Caniche ! Foxey! Terror! &c. &c. were duly anathematised, afforded constant amusement; apart from Petersen's conversation, which was replete with interest, and the information he gave me of the dis- tances accomplished on the coast of Greenland by the Danes with dog-sledges, made me regret much we had not provided ourselves with a team or two for accomplishing any necessarily rapid j'ourney. When Mr. Petersen at Uppernavik lad so nobly thrown up an appointment under the Danish crown to serve as interpreter with Penny in the search for Franklin, he brought with him a sledge and a few dogs : these had twice littered, and the numerous puppies were already grown into serviceable dogs, forming two efficient teams. The major part of the winter, scarcity of food, such as seal and l>ear, had told severely upon the poor creatures; bu an Es- quimaux dog lives on little when not worke 1 ; and, with a little oatmeal and grease, they had all outlived the severe season ; and some bear's flesh having been luckily procured, there was every probability of good I ■> m 9 192 ARCTIC JOURNAL. service being rendered by them. Our rate of tra- velling was over five miles per hour, and though making a considerable detour to avoid broken ice, I was shaking Penny by the hand four hours after leaving the ** Pioneer," the distance between the squadrons being about twenty miles in a straight line. I was much struck with the great advantage of wintering in harbour, and near the shore, over a position such as our squadron's in the midst of the floe. There was a cheerfulness in the vicinity of the land, barren though it was, quite refreshing to one who had always a mile to walk during the winter to reach Griffith's Island, or remain satisfied with the monotony of the ice-field around the " Pioneer." Be- sides, being snug in harbour. Captain Penny, sa- tisfied of the security of his vessels, intended to leave only one man in each of them, every other soul being told off for sledge parties, whereas our squadron would have some sixty men and officers left behind to take care of them, exposed as they were to be swept into Barrow's Straits, or farther, by any sud- den disruption of the ice. I, therefore, mentally, gave my adhesion to the opinion expressed by au- thorities at home, to secure winter quarters in some bay or harbour, and not to winter in the pack, unless it is unavoidable. . .>..MU*lMM.tt*^. CAPT. penny's squadron. 193 The oldest English officer who had ever wintered within the Arctic circle on a voyage of discovery, Sir John Ross, was not likely to be forgotten by me ; and I sincerely congratulated the veteran on his escape from sickness during the past winter ; and, though a wonderful instance of physical endurance, I, with others, could not but feel regret that a naval officer so advanced in years, and who had served so long, should be necessitated to undergo privations, of which those who did not witness them can form no conception. Time enabled me to do little more than admire the perseverance displayed by Capt. Penny, his off.- cers and men, in their preparations for travelling. Sledges, cooking apparatuses, tents, in short, every- thing, was ready, having been made by themselves in the course of the winter; and, on the 13th April, six sledges, drawn by seamenj with an officer to each, and provisioned for forty days, would start for Wel- lington Channel, there to part into two divisions, — Capt. Stewart, of the " Sophia," taking the one side of the Channel, whilst Capt. Penny, with two extra dog-sledges, would direct the search in general. De- lighted with all the arrangements, and equally so v.'ith the high spirit of chivalrous devotion apparent in every word and action of these our gallant coad- jutors in the purest of enterprises, my heart was full, o I V 1 1 194 ARCTIC JOURNAL. as I said " Good-bye " to my hospitable friend Penny on the 11th of April; and a rapid drive by Mr. Petersen carried me to the " Pioneer '' in less than three hours. After a short halt, Mr. P. returned to Assistance Harbour, doing full forty miles within twelve hours on his dog-sledge. I was astonished to find, on my return, that as yet the temperature at our winter quarters had not been registered as being above zero ; whereas, in Assistance Harbour, Capt. Penny's quarters, the thermometer had occasionally for the past week ranged above it, and on the day before I left showed 11° in the shade. This diiference of tem- perature was doubtless occasioned by the radiation of heat from the land, by which they were, unlike ourselves, surrounded. During my absence, I was told that Mr. M*Dou- gal, of the " Resolute," who had been despatched as early as the 4th April to inspect the depots formed in the autumn, had returned to the ships, and brought accounts of a wholesale destruction of the one on Somerviile Island by bears. Hunger and mis- chievousness seemed alike to have induced the brutes to break and tear to pieces what they could not pos- sibly eat — such as tins of patent chocolate, some of which were fairly bitten through. This informa- tion induced us all to take extra precautions in i 11 SLEDGE EQUIPMENT. 195 securing the provision, of which depots during the march were to be formed. It is now time to describe the sledges and their equipment, upon the completeness of which the lives of our travellers so entirely depended. The sledges, constructed of tough and well-sea- soned wood, had been carefully constructed in Wool- wich Dockyard. They were shod with iron, and the cross-bars or battens which connected the two run- ners, and formed the floor upon which the load was placed, were lashed in their places by us when re- quired for use. At the four corners of the sledges light iron stanchions dropped into sockets, and formed the support for the sides of a species of tray or boat, capable of serving to ferry the sledge crew across water in an emergency, as well as to keep the pro- visions and clothing in it dry. This boat was made in some cases of gutta-percha, in others of oiled can- vass ; — And, together with the sledge and drag- ropes, which were made of horsehair, to prevent their becoming hard and brittle from frost, weighed - . . - Two fur blankets and spare blanket, two weighed Nine blanket-bags for sleeping in - - - A tent of oblong form, made of a species of brown hol- land, supported by four boarding-pikes, and a line which served as a ridge-rope, and was set up to any heavy thing that came to hand O 2 Ibi. 120 40 42 55 196 ARCTIC JOURNAL. 1^ Mackintosh floor-cloth to spread over the snow or gravel A shovel to dig out snow for banking-up with - A cooking apparatus, invented by Lieut. M'Clintock, ca- pable of cooking a pint apiece of tea, cocoa, or pemmi- can, with a spirit lamp, tallow lamp, and spare kettle - Sextant, 1 gun, and gear _ - . _ A bag containing 5 tin pannikins and 5 spoons - A knapsack for each man, containino' 1 flannel shirt, 1 Guernsey frock, 1 serge frock, 1 pair of drawers, flannel, 1 pair of boot hose, 1 pair of stockings, 2 pairs of blanket- socks, 1 towel, 1 comb, 1 lb. soap _ - - Spare boots, and thick Guernsey frocks for sleeping in - A tin case, containing pepper, salt, herbs dried, lucifer matches, grog-measure, calico and flannel bandages, plaster adhesive, lint, liniment, eye-wash, pills, simple ointment, glycerine, lancet, tincture of opium, pins, needles, and thread - - - - - Store-bag, containing broom or brush for sweeping the tent down with, spare boot soles, wax, bristles, twine, shoe-tacks, crape awls, slow-match, nettle stuff", and strips of hide, cylinders for documents, printed records Spare ammunition, cleaning rods, and wrench - Kites and string . _ _ . - lbs. 12 17 10 5 48 36 16 11 14 12* Dead weight, lbs. 440 Such were the weights of the sledge equipment in the case of one of those intended for a long journey. Nothing, it will' be seen, was forgotten, and there was nothing superfluous ; yet, as the 440 lbs. had to be dragged by six men, there was already 73 lbs. per man, which would, from its nature, be hardly any SCALE OP PROVISION. 197 lbs. 12 5^ 17 10 5 48 36 16 11 14 12* lighter at the end of the journey; and as about 200 lbs. was judged to be as much as a man could drag, there only remained 127 lbs. per man avail- able for provision and package. The daily scale of provision, as ordered by Captain Austin, during the journeys, was to be as follows : — Pemmican - lib. Boiled pork - 6oz. Biscuit - 12 oz. Rum, concentrated - * gill. Tobacco - - loz. Biscuit dust - 1 oz. Tea and sugar - f oz. Chocolate and sugar (alternate days) IJoz. Lime-juice (for 10 ( lays) - -» oz. The fuel allowed to cook this, for a party of seven men, amounted to one pint and one gill of spirits of wine, or 1 lb. 8 oz. of tallow. A little calculation soon showed that about forty days' provision was as much as any one sledge could take with it, or for an outward journey of about twenty days ; which, at an average distance of ten miles per diem, would only give an extent of coast line examined by any one sledge of 200 miles. Before I endeavour to show how, by a system of depots and relays, greater distances were aichieved, the complete load of a long-party sledge may as well be shown. o 3 198 ARCTIC JOURNAL. ib«. Total dead weight - 440 Pemmican and cases - - 330 Biscuit and dust, &c. - - 278 Pork and packages - 123 Tea, sugar, chocolate, tobacco, &c., in a case - 47 Lime-juice and rum - - 67 Spirits of wine and tallow - 78 Sundries, tins, &e. m 45 Number of men to drag 7 1408 201 lbs. per man Tire officer's load consisted of a gun, powder and ball, telescope, compass, and note-book ; and as all the party, in anticipation of cold weather, had to be heavily clad, it may be supposed that the total weight to be dragged through snow and over rough ice was quite as much as the stoutest physical powers were capable of. Several days previous to departure we had travelled short journeys, in perfect marching order, and sledges ladened, — an arrangement which was highly beneficial ; and from the way the sledges went over the floe, they gave us high hopes of answering our expectations in the forthcoming march. \ From head-quarters the following arrangement of sledges was made public : — n PLAN OF SEARCH. 199 Captain Erasmus Ommanney was to cross Bar- row's Straits to Cape Walker, with the following sledffcs and officers under his orders: he there was to use his own judgment as to the disposal of the force, it being required, in the event of two routes showing themselves, viz. one to the S. W., and the other W., that Lieutenant Sherard Osborn was to be ordered to take up the latter. « '' \ O 4 200 ARCTIC JOURNAL. o P3 w H O ^ ^ • " /"-s /^ /— \ . g g bC ;4 C3 .a a a a •I a e3 P3 <4^ a «) U3 J* « S CO -w ■M tn •4J -W -(J '-3 '-S •'5 • FN u Ph 1° o ft .3 I • — * (=1 Go ft O O s -f^ H-3 c» DIVISIONS OF SLEDGES. 201 To the highly important direction 'thward up the unknown channel of Byam Martin Island, and which, as Lieutenant Aldrich very properly thought, would intercept the course of Franklin, should he, from Wellington Channel, have sailed north about for Behring's Straits, two sledges were told off under that officer : — Long.party-lL^^yP^^^jjj^r Faithful and I Lieut. R. D. Al- sledge - J 1 firm - - J drich, 7 men. Supporting I jj^^gp^^ sledge J {In Deo con- "1 Mr. R. R. Pearse fide - - J (mate), 7 men. Lastly to Melville Island, on which route a depot, forty miles in advance, had already been placed in the autumn, and renewed in the spring, the fol- lowing party was appointed : Lieutenant M'Clintock, on his reaching the said island, acting as he should judge fit as to despatching Mr. Bradford along the northern shores, whilst he prosecuted the search to and beyond Winter Harbour : — Long-party -i perseverance / ^^^^^^^^^ ^^ "I ^^^eut. M'Clintock, sledge - J \ the end - J 6 men. ■ St. George ■ and merry England Onward to ^ the rescue {Respice, "i Mr. W. May prospice J (mate), 6 men. Do. Resolute Dr. Bradford, men. 6 Supporting -ijj^^^jj^^^ sledge - J t i i i 202 Supporting sledge Do. ARCTIC JOURNAL. ■5} Dasher Parry r Faithful & i Mr. Shellabear (2d L intrepid J master), 6 men. r Endeavour "i Mr.Cheyne (mate), l_ to deserve J 7 men. Mr. M*Dougal, I have before said, started during the first week of April with his sledge, the " Beau- fort "— That future pilgrims of the wave may be Secure from doubt, from every danger free. He had to replenish the depot formed for Lieu- tenant M*Clintock, and then to connect the search round a deep bay, which connected Bathurst and Cornwallis Lands, for separate islands they were proved by him no longer to be. Thus fifteen sledges, manned by 105 men and officers, were equipped for the search, leaving on board the four vessels of tl ( squadron, seventy-five souls, which number was afterwards further reduced by Mr. R. C. Allen being sent to search the islands to the westward with the sledge " Grinnell " and seven men. It now only remains for me to show in what man- ner it was proposed to enable the supporting sledges to apply their resources, so that the long parties should reach far beyond the 200 miles, or twenty days' journey, of which they were alone capable when dependent on their own provision. The plan pursued in the southern division will M SYSTEM OF DEP6tS AND SUPrORTS. 203 give the best idea. The supporting sledge, " Suc- cess," was capable of feeding all the division for five days, by which time we hoped to be at Cape Walker, and then have sufficient to return back to the squadron, where it could again replenish, and, returning to the same point at which we had sepa- rated from it, form such a depot that each of the sledges in return would find five days' provisions to carry them home. By this means six out of the seven sledges in the Southern Search will be seen to reach a point fifty miles from their original start- ing point in perfect condition so far as their provisions are concerned. We will, for the sake of clearness, cause these six sledges to divide into three divisions, of two each, viz. a long-party sledge and a support : in each case the support can feed the long party for ten days, and then, forming a depot of provision equal to ten days more, have sufficient left to reach back to Walker, and thence home. The long party are now still complete, after receiving two supports, equal to fifteen days, or 150 miles; and two depots stand in their rear, the one for ten days, the other for five days. The long party now starts, consuming its own provision (forming its own depots for the returning march), advances for twenty days, and accomplishes 200 miles ; which, with that done 204 ARCTIC JOURNAL. i< H whilst supported, makes in all a journey outward of thirty-five days, or 350 miles from the ships. Of course, with an increased number of supports, this distance and time may be carried on as long as the strength of the men will endure, or the travelling season admit of. On the 12th of April, the day calm and cold, some 50° below freezing point, a scene of bustle and merriment showed that the sledges were mustering previous to being taken to the starting point, under the norlli-vvest bluff of Griffith's Island, to which they marched with due military pomp in two columns, directed by our chiefs ; our sense of decorum was constantly overthrown by the gambols of divers dogs, given to us by Captain Penny, with small sledges attached to them, on which, their food duly marked and weighed, with flags, mottoes, &c., in fact, perfect facsimiles of our own, were racing about, entangling themselves, howling for assistance, or else running between the men's legs and capsizing them on the snow, amidst shouts of laughter, and sly witticisms at the tenders^ as they were termed. Keaching the halting place, tents were pitched, luncheon served out, and all of us inspected, approved of, ordered to fall in, a speech made, which, as was afterwards remarked, buttered us all up admirably ; the thanks of our leader given to Mr. M*Clintock, to whose foresight. I i'ltitta.jmtttAmtum ■ i^aitTfnrir-" - •■- — -"- i ■J-i v;^:f-^i^*.v;j.y..;-j;-i ■-?^Yier--«rTy^^f : SLEDGES READY TO START. 205 whilst in England, and whose valuable information collated during his travelling experience under Sir James Boss, we were so entirely indebted for the perfect equipment we now had with us. The inspection over, we trudged back to our ships, Sunday being spent by the men in cooking and eat- ing, knowing as they did that there were a good many banian days ahead; packing up and putting away their kits, and making little arrangements in the event of accidents to themselves. Monday was no day for a start; but on the evening of the 15th April the breeze slackened, and the temperature only some 14° below freezing point, we donned our march- ing attire, girded up our loins, and all hands pro- ceeded to the sledges. As we shut in our wooden homes with a project- ing point of Griffith's Island, the weather suddenly changed, and a fast increasing breeze enveloped us in snow-drift. Reaching the sledges, and shaking them clear from the snow of the last two days, a hasty cup of tea and a mouthful of biscuit were partaken of, a prayer oifered up, beseeching His mercy and guidance whose kind providence we all knew could alone sup- port us in the hazardous journey we were about to undertake; hearty fiirewells, in which rough jokes covered many a kindly wish towards one another ; and then, grasping their tracking lines, a hundred hoarse voices joined in loud cheers, and the divisions 206 ARCTIC JOURNAL. ! of sledges, diverging on their different routes, were soon lost to one another in snow and mist. An April night, with its grey twilight, was no match for the darkness of a snow-storm from the S.W., and we had almost to feel our road through the broken ice off the bluffs of Griffith's Island. At two o'clock in the morning we reached much piled-up ice ; and in the hope of clearer weather in the evening, the word to halt and pitch the tents was given. The seven sledgei of the division, picking out the smoothest spots, were soon secured. The tents fluttering in the breeze, a little tea cooked, short orders given, and then each man got into his blanket-bag, and dreamt of a fine day and finding Sir John Franklin, In the evening the weather was still thick as pea- soup, with a double-reef topsail breeze blowing in our teeth ; but detention was impoasible, so we again packed up after a meal of chocolate and biscuit, and facing towards Cape Waller, we carried the hum- mocks by storm. Ignorance was bliss. Straight ahead, over and through everything vas the only way; and, fresh, hearty, and strong, we surmounted tier after tier, which more light and a clearer view might only have frightened us from attempting. Here a loud cheer told where a sledge had scaled the pile in its path, or shot in safety down the slope of some liuge hummock. There the cry, one ! two I three I Haul I "•"•^BBi?HfrjMJite»tettl.. li'ii.riaifft^M^B DEPARTURE OF SLEDGE PARTIES. 207 of a party, and quizzical jokes upon name, flag, or motto, betokened that "Succepa" or "True Blue" had floundered into a snow-wreath, above which the top of the sledge-load was only to be seen, whilst seven red-faced mortals, grinning, and up to their waists in snow, were perseveringly endeavouring to extricate it ; officers encouraging, and showing the way ; the men labouring and laughing; — a wilder or more spirit-stirring scene cannot be imagined. A hard night's toil cleared all obstacles, and no- thing but a fair smooth floe was before us, sweeping with a curve to the base of Cape Walker ; but a fresh difficulty was then met with, in the total absence of hummock or berg-piece, by which to preserve a course in the thick foggy weather, that lasted whilst the warm south wind blew. Imagine, kind reader, a greyish haze, vvith fast-falling snow, a constant wind in the face, and yourself trying to steer a straight course where floe and sky were of o'.ie uniform colour. A hand dog-vane was found the best guide, for of course it was impossible to keep a compass con- stantly in hand ; and the officers forming in a line ahead, so as just to keep a good sight of one another, were followed by the sledges, the crews of which soon learnt that the easiest mode of travelling, and most equal division of labour, consisted in marching directly after one another : and as the leading sledge i-l 1 1 i rsi i I \ i 208 ARCTIC JOURNAL. had the extra work of forming the road through the snow, and straining the men's eyes in keeping sight of the officers, the foremost sledge was changed every half hour or hour, according to their will. It will be seen that we travelled by night, and hoped by such means to avoid the glare of the sun, and consequent snow-blindness. It entailed, however, at this early season of the year, great suiFering In the shape of cold, the people being exposed to the weather during the severest part of the day. From the 15th to the 19th the weather was of the same nature, — constant gales of wind in our faces, snow- storms, and heavy drift, against which we struggled, helped by a rising temperature, that we flattered our- selves would end in summer, — a mistake for which we afterwards suffered bitterly, the men having, from the ease with which they kept themselves warm, become careless of their clothing, and heedless of those precautions against frost-bite which a winter's experience had taught them. Easter Sunday came In gloomily, with the wind inclined to veer to the northward, and with every appearance of bad weather. Setting our sails on the sledges, and kites likewise when the wind served, the division hurried on for Cape Walker, which loomed now and then through the snow-drift ahead of us. The rapidity of the pace at which we now NORTH-WEST GALF-. 209 advanced — thanks to the help afforded by the sails — threw all into a profuse perspiration, especially the seamen, who really looked as if toiling under a tropical sun rather than in an Arctic night, with the tempera- ture below freezing point. Fatigue obliged us to halt short of the land, and postpone for another day's march the landing on the unvisited shores of Cape Walker. During the sleeping hours, the increased atten- tion to the fur covering, and the carefully closed door, told us that the temperature was falling ; and the poor cook, with a rueful countenance, an- nounced that it was below zero, as he prepared the morning meal. More than usual difficulty was found in pulling on our stiffly-frozen boots, stockings, and outer garments; and when the men went out of the tent they soon found their clothing becoming perfectly hard from the action of the intense cold on what had been for several days saturated with per- spiration. To start and march briskly was now the only safety, and in double quick time tents were down, and sledges moving. A nor'-wester was fast turning up, and as the night of Easter Monday closed around us, the cold increased with alarming rapidity. One of those magnificent conglomerations of halos and parhelia common to these regions lit up the northern heavens, and by the brilliancy of co- louring and startling number of false suns seemed as 210 ARCTIC JOURNAL. ! if to be mocking the sufferings of our gallant fellows, who, with faces averted and bended bodies, strained every njrve to reach the land, in hopes of obtaining more shelter than the naked floe afforded from the nipping effects of the cutting gale. Every moment some fresh case of frost-bite would occur, which the watchful care of the officers would immediately de- tect. The man would fall out from his sledge, re- store the circulation of the affected part, generally the face, and then hasten back to his post. Con- stant questions of " How are your feet ? " were heard on all sides, with the general response, " Oh ! I hope they are all right; but I've not felt them since I pulled my boots on." One halt was made to remove and change all leather boots, which, in consequence of our late warm weather, had been taken into use, but were now no longer safe ; and then, with a rally, the piled- up floe around the cliffs of Cape Walker was reached. Cold and hungry as we were, it must have been a heavy barrier indeed to have stopped our men from taking their sledges to the land ; and piled as the floe was against the Cape, full fifty feet high, we carried our craft over it in safety, and just in time too, for the north-west wind rushed down upon us, as if to dispute our right to intrude on its dominion. Hastily securing the tents, we COLD AND FROST BITES. 211 hurried in to change our boots, and to see whether our feet were frost-bitten or not ; for it was only by ocular proof that one could be satisfied of their safety, sensation having apparently long ceased. I shall not easily forget my painful feelings, when one gallant fellow of my party, the captain of the sledge, exclaimed, " Both feet gone, sir ! " and sure enough they were, white as two lumps of ice, and equally cold ; for as we of the tent party anxiously in turn placed our warm hands on the frost-bitten feet, the heat was extracted in a marvellously short time, and our half-frozen hands had to be succeeded by fresh ones as quickly as possible. With returning cir- culation the poor fellow's agonies must have been intense; and some hours afterwards large blisters formed over the frost-bitten parts, as if the feet had been severely scalded. Satlly cramped as we were for room, much worse was it when a sick man was amongst our number. Sleep was out of the ques- tion ; and to roll up in the smallest possible compass, and try to think of something else than the cold, which pierced to the very marrow in one's bciies was our only resource. Next day, Tuesday, 22nd April, wind N. W. blowing hard, and temperature at 44° below freezing point, parties left the encampment under Lieute- nants Browne and Mecham, to look around for p 2 212 ARCTIC JOURNAL. I lii cairns, &c., and report upon the trend of the land, whilst the rest of us secured a depot of Halk^^t's boats, and built a cairn as a record of our visit. As it is no' my intention to give a detailed account of the operations of the Southern Division, but merely to tell of those events which will convey to the reader a general idea of the incidents connected with Arctic travelling, I shall without further com- ment give them, leaving to the curious in the mi- nutias of the journies the amusement of reading in the Admiralty Blue Books the details of when we eat, drank, slept, or marched. Cape Walker was found to form the eastern and most lofty extreme of a land-trending to the south- west on its northern coast, and to the south on its eastern shore. The cape itself, full 1000 feet in altitude, was formed of red sandstone and conglome- rate, very abrupt to the eastward, but dipping with an undulating outline to the west. In its immediate neighbourhood no traces of Franklin having visited it were to be seen, and, as a broad channel ran to the southward (there was every reason to believe down to the American continent, and thence to Behrlng's Straits), by which Franklin might have attempted to pass. Captain Ommanney, very properly despatched Lieutenant Browne to ex- amine the coast of Cape Walker Land, down the OLD HEAVY ICE. 213 channel to the southward ; and then, the "Success" sledge having previously departed with invalides, the five remuinmg sledges, on the evening of the 24th of April, marched to the westward. Previous to that date it had been impossible to move, on account of a strong gale in our faces, together with a severe tem- perature. Every mile that we advanced showed us that the coast was one which could only be approach- able by ships at extraordinary seasons : the ice ap- peared the accumulation of many years, and bore, for some forty miles, a quiet undisturbed look. Then we passed into a region with still more aged features : there the inequalities on the surfiice, oc- casioned by the repeated snows of winters and thaws of summer, gave it the appearance of a constant succession of hill and dale. Entangled amongst it, our men laboured with untiring energy, up steep acclivities and through pigmy ravines, in which the loose snow caused them to sink deeply, and sadly increased their toil. To avoid this description of ice, amongst vv^hich a lengthened journey became per- fectly hopeless, we struck in for the land, preferring the heavy snow that encumbered the beach to such a heart-breaking struggle as that on the floe. The injury had, however, been done during our last day's labour amongst the hummocks ; a fine clear P 3 214 ARCTIC JOURNAL. evening had given us the full effects of a powerful sunlight upon the pure virgin-snow : the painful effect, those alone can conceive who have witnessed it. All was white, brilliant and dazzling; the eye in vain turned from earth to heaven for rest or shade, — there was none ; an unclouded sunlight poured through the calm and frosty air with merciless power, and the sun, being exactly in our faces, increased the intensity of its effects. That day several complained of a auU aching sensa- tion in the eyeball, as if it had been overstrained, and on the morrow blindness was rapidly coming on. From f xpcrlence, I can speak of the mental anxiety which must have likewise, with others, supervened, at the thought of one's entire helplessness, and the encumbrance one had become to others, who, God knows, had troubles and labour enough of their own. Gradually the film spread itself, objects became dimmer and dimmer, and at last all was darkness, with an intense horror of the slightest ray of sun- light. In this condition, many of the four sledge parties reached a place called by us all, in comme- moration of the event, "Snow-blind Point," at the entrance of a bay in 100° W. long. Unable to advance in consequence of a severe gale, which raged for six-and-thirty hours, we found, on the 1st of May, that sixteen men and one officer ARRIVAL AT SNOW-BLIND POINT. 215 were, more or less, snow- blind and otherwise unwell ; a large proportion out of the entire number of thirty souls. To be ill in any place is trying enough ; but such an hospital as a brown-hoUand tent, with the thermometer in it at 18° below zero, the snow for a bed, your very breath forming into a small snow called " barber," which penetrated into your very innermost garments, and no water to be pro- cured to assuage the thirst of fever until snow had been melted for the purpose, called for much pa- tience on the part of the patients, and true Sama- ritan feelings on the part of the " doctors," — a duty which had now devolved on each officer of a sledge party, or, in default of him, upon some kind volunteer amongst the men. Happily, the effects of snow- blindness are not lasting, for we recovered as sud- denly as we had been struck down. The gale blew itself out, leaving all calm and still, as if the death- like scenery was incapable of such wild revelry as it had been enjoying ; and again we plodded onwards, parting from the last supporting sledge on the 6 th of May. Since leaving Cape ^\ aiker on the 24th of April, we had gradually passed, in a distance of sixty miles, from a red sandstone to a limestone region; the scenery at every mile becoming more and more monotonous, and less marked by bold outline, cliff p 4 216 ARCTIC JOURNAL. ; or mountain : as far as the bay, of which Snow-blind Point formerl one extreme, a long range of hills, soft and rounded in contour ^ faced the sea, and sloped to it with a gradual inclination, some three miles in length ; ravines became more and more scarce ; and after passing the bay, in 100° long. W., none of any size were to be seen. Drearily monotonous as all Arctic scenery must naturally be, when one universal mantle of snow makes earth and water alike, such a tame region as this, was, if possible, more so ; and walking along the weary terraces, which in endless succession swept far into the interior, and then only rose in diminutive heights of, maybe, 500 feet, I re- called to memory the like melancholy aspect of the Arctic shores of Asia as described by Baron Wrangell. The broken and rugged nature of the floes obliged us to keep creeping along the coast-line, whilst our ignorance of the land ahead, its trend or direction, occasioned, together with the endless thick weather that we had until the 14 th May, many a weary mile to be trodden over, which a knowledge of the bays or indentations would have saved us, It was under such unprofitable labour that the sterling value of our men die more conspicuously showed itself. Captain Ommanney, myself, and Mr. Webb, of the "Pioneer" (who sooner than be left behind had voluntarily taken his place as one of the sledge ZEAL OF THE MEN. 217 crew), were the only three officers; we were con- sequently thrown much into the society of the men, and I feel assured I am not singular in saying t' -^t that intercourse served much to raise our opinion of the character and indomitable spirit of our seamen and marines. On them fell the hard labour, to us fell the honours of the enterprise, and to our chief the reward ; yet none equalled the men in cheerful- ness and sanguine hopefulness of a successful issue to our enterprise, without which, of course, energy would soon have flagged. Gallant fellows ! they met our commiseration with a smile, and a vow that they could do far more. They spoke of cold as "Jack Frost," a real tangible foe, with whom they could combat and would master. Hunger was met with a laugh, and a chuckle at some future feast or jolly recollections told, in rough terms, of bygone good clivor; and often, standing on iiomc neighbouring pile of ice, and scanning the horizon for those we sought, have I heard a rough voice encouraging the sledge crew by saying, " Keep step, boys ! keep step ! she (the sledge) is coming along almost by herself: there's the *Erebus's' masts showing over the point ahead! Keep step, boys ! keep step ! " We had our moments of pleasure too, — plenty of them, in spite of the cold, in spite of fatigue. There was an honest congratulation after a good day's 4 I 218 ARCTIC JOURNAL. work ; there was the time after the pemmican had been eaten, and each one, drawing up his blanket- bag around him, sat, pannikin in hand, and received from the cook the half gill of grog ; and after drink- ing it, there was sometimes an hour's conversation, in which there was more hearty merriment, I trow, than in many a palace, — dry witticisms, or caustic remarks, which made one's sides ache with laughter. An old marine, mayhap, telling a giddy lamby of a seaman to take his advice and never to be more than a simple private ; for, as he philosophically argued, '^Whilst you're that, do you see, you have to think of nothing: there are petty officers, officers, captains, and admirals paid for looking after you, and taking care of you ! " or perhaps some scamp, with mock solem- nity, wondering whether his mother was thinking of him, and whether she would cry if he never returned to England; on which a six-foot marine remarks. That " thank God, he has got no friends ; and there would only be two people in England to cry about him, — the one, the captain of his company, who liked him because he was the tallest man in it, and the canteen serjeant, whom he had forgot to pay for some beer." Now a joke about our flags and mottos, which one vowed to be mere jack-acting ; then a learned disquisition on raising the devil, which one of the party declared he had seen done, one Sunday after- J PLEASING DREAMS. 219 "%1 noon, for the purpose of borrowing some cash to play skittles with. In fact, care and thought were thrown to the winds ; and, tired as we were, sleep often overtook us, still laughing at the men's wit- ticisms : and then such dreams, — they seemed as if an angel had sent them to reward us for the hard re- alities of the day : we revelled in a sweet elysium ; home was around us, — friends, kind, good friends, plenty smiled on every side ; we eat, drank, and were merry ; we visited old scenes with bygone ship- mates ; even those who had long gone to that bourne whence traveller returneth not, came back to cheer our sleeping hours; and many a one nigh forgot, amongst the uphill struggles of life, returned to gladden us with their smiles : and as we awoke to the morning meal, many a regret would be heard that so pleasant a delusion as the night had been spent in should be dispelled : each succeeding night, however, brought again "the cherub that watcheth over poor Jack," to throw sunny thoughts around the mind, and thus relieve our wayworn bodies. On the 14th of May the "Reliance" and "True Blue " sledges reached a wide break in the continu- ation of the land, looking like a channel, and some heights to the S. W. appeared to mark the opposite shore of a channel full twenty-five miles wide. Captain Ommanney and myself ascended an elevated 220 ARCTIC JOURNAL. mass of table-land, and looked upon the wide-spread wintry scene. Landward, to the south, and far over the rugged iind frozen sea, all was deathlike and silent as the grave : we felt we might have been the first since " creation's morn " to have looked upon it ; the very hills were still clothed in their winter's livery, and the eye could not detect the line of de- markation between land and sea. The frozen foot- prints of a musk-ox excited our curiosity, as being the first and only ones we had seen, and, together, with like traces of rein-deer, a short distance from Cape Walker, was the sum total of the realization of all our once rosy anticipations of beef and venison to be found during the southern journey. Ptarmigan, in small numbers, were occasicmally seen, and about four brace shot ; and now and then a stray fox was espied, watching us, although their numerous tracks showed them to be pretty plentiful : traces of hares were very numerous, but none were fallen in with by our sportsmen, except at Cape Walker, where many were seen by later visitors and several shot; indeed, it appeared as if it was the limit, in this direction, of animal life ; the Polar bears, and ergo the seals, not showing themselves west of the same headland in our route. On the 17th May the "Reliance" and "True Blue " parted company, each having provisions left R ■^ff ft ■-;■■'■■■ ■r-.-^'^-)1^.^ '"\^'\/''' ■ ! i CONCLUSION OF JOURNEY. 221 to enable them to advance for a further period of five days ; Captain Ommanney generously allowing me, his junior, to take the search up in a westerly direc- tion, whilst he went down the channel to the south- ward, which after all ended in a blind bay. I went some fifty miles farther, and, finding the coast trend to the south, endeavoured to march in a westerly direction acro^T he floe. The sledge was light, with only ten days provision, and the men were well inured to their work ; but I saw, that from the severe strains which were brought on the fastenings of the sledge, that wood, iron, and lashings would not long stand it; and as every foot we advanced progress became more laborious, and risk greater, I desisted in the attempt ; for, situated as we were, nigh three hundred miles from our ship, the breaking down of the sledge would have entailed fearful misery, if not destruction, to my party. Turning southward, we again closed the land, when another severe storm, on the 21st of May, obliged us to take shelter in our tent, and remain there until it was time to return. The journey homeward was light work : the sledges were now half emptied ; the weather had become mild, being only a little below freezing point ; we knew the ground, and could make short cuts, and by forced marches we succeeded in makmg two days' journey in one, thereby giving ourselves a double quantity of food "S- 222 ARCTIC JOURNAL. to consume. Lost flesh was quickly recovered ; and the two sledges, again rejoining, reached by the night of the 4th of June a depot formed at Snow-blind Bay. Here we met Lieutenant Mecham. He informed us that neither by our parties, or those of Penny's, had intelligence of Franklin been brought back by the supporting sledges. There was, however, hope yet : the long parties had not yet come in; and Captain Penny had been stopped by loater — open water — early in May. He had again gone out with a boat ; and all attention was directed to Wellington Channel, for every one felt that on no other route was there a chance of Franklin being heard of. Lastly, great fears were entertained lest our long parties should not beat those of the " Lady Franklin " and '* Sophia" in time and distance ; a piece of esprit-de- corps highly commendable, no doubt, but which, I blush to say, I took no interest in, having gone to the Arctic regions for other motives and purposes than to run races for a Newmarket cup, or to be backed against the field like a Whitechapel game-cock. Whilst Captain Ommanney went to Cape Walker for some observations, we pulled foot (with forced marches) straight across the floe for Griffith's Island. Every hour wasted in the return journey was a crime, we felt, towards those whom we had come here to save. The fast increasing heat told that the open ■-"r'-J^—.-r- j->-- RETURN TO THE SHIPS. 223 season was at hand : and even if we could not get our ship to the water, we had brought out a number of beautiful boats, built expressly, at a great expense ; our foot journeys in the spring had been new and successful, what might we not yet expect from boat expeditions when the floes were in motion ? On reaching that part of the frozen strait which was evidently covered with only one season's ice, namely, that of about three feet in thickness, symp- toms of a speedy disruption were very apparent ; long narrow cracks extended continuously for miles ; the snow fiom the surface had all melted, and, running through, served to render the ice-fields porous and spongy : the joyful signs hurried us on, though not without suffering from the lack of pure snow, with which to procure vrater for drinking. At last Griffith's Island rose above the horizon ; a five-and- twenty-mile march brought us to it, and another heavy drag through the melting snow carried us to our ships, on the 12th June, after a journey of five hundred miles in direct lines, in fifty-eight days. We were punished for our last forced march by having five out of the sledge crew laid up with another severe attack of snow-blindness. Eight-and-forty hours afterwards Captain Omman- ney arrived : he had crossed some of the cracks in the floe with difficulty, aided by a bridge of boarding- 224 ARCTIC JOURNAL. il pikes; and Lieutenant Mecham with the sledge " Russell," coming from Cape Walker on the 17th of June, was obliged to desert his sledge, and wade through water and sludge to Griffith's Island, and thence to the ships ; showing how remarkably the breaking up of the ice in Barrow's Straits promised to coincide in date with the time it was first seen to be in motion by Sir E. Parry's squadron in 1820. All the parties were now in, except three sledges and twenty-one men, towards Melville Island : the supports in that direction had suffered in about the same ratio as ourselves to the southward ; the pro- gress, however, as might be expected, where the coast-line was known, was more rapid. The total" number of accidents from frost-bites amounted to eighteen, and amongst them were several cases in which portions of injured feet had to be amputated : only one man had fallen, John Malcolm, a seaman of the " Resolute ;" he, poor fellow, appears to have been delicate from the outset, having fainted on his road to the place of inspection and departure in April, 1851. After an absence of sixty-two days. Lieutenant Aldrich, with the " Lady Franklin " sledge, arrived from Byiim Martin Channel. He had searched the west coast of Bathurst Island, which trended a little westerly of north until in latitude 76° 15' ^. At that point the channel was still full twenty miles LIEUTENANT ALDRICH RETURNS. 225 wide between Bathurst and Melville Islands, and extended northward as far as could be seen. The only things of note observed, were reindeer, in the month of April, on Bathurst Island, and, with the temperature at 60° below freezing point, they were grazing on moss or lichen; this point placed be- yond doubt the fact, which is now incontestable, that the animals of the Parry group do not migrate to the American continent in the winter. On his way back. Lieutenant A fell in wita large flocks of wild-fowl winging their way northward. The floes around our ships were entirely covered with the water of the melted snow, in some places full four feet in depth, eating its way rapidly through in all directions, when Lieutenant M'Clin- tock's sledge, the " Perseverance," and the " Reso- lute " sledge, Dr. Bradford's, hove in sight, having been out exactly eighty days. Lieutenant M*Clintock had beer, to Winter Harbour, and visited all the points known to Parry's squadron, such as Bushnan Cove, and Cape Dundas, &c. ; but of course no traces of Franklin. He had, however, brought a portion of Parry's last wheel used in his journey, and substantial proofs of the extraordinary abundance of animal life in that remote region, in the hides and heads of musk- oxen, the meat of which had helped to bring back his crew in wonderful condition. Eighty head of oxen 226 ARCTIC JOURNAL. and reindeer had been counted by Mr. M^Clintock, and he could have shot as many as he pleased. Dr. Bradford's journey was not so cheering a one. He had been early knocked up from a fall, — serious symptoms threatened ; and for nearly a month the gallant officer was dragged upon hi.^ sledge, carrying out, thanks to his own pluck and the zeal of his men, the object of his journey, — the search of the eastern side of Melville Island. We were now all in : Lieutenant M'Clintock had fairly won the palm, — " palmam qui meruit ferat ; " in eighty days he had travelled eight hundred miles, and heartily did we congratulate him on his success. The day following, July 7th, I and one of the officers of the " Pioneer " started to visit Penny's expedition : he was expected back, and we longed to hear the news ; Captain Penny having last been re- ported to have reached the water with a sound boat, a good crew, and a month's provisions. Landing at Cape Martyr, wet up to our necks with splashing through the pools of water, nowhere less than kr jc deep, and often a mile in extent, we did not v/il- lingly leave the dry land again. On ascending a slope which gave us a view of the south shore of Cornwallis Island as far as Cape Hotham, and near a point known as that whence the dog-sledges in the winter used to strike off when communi- ^i^^l II llintock, ed. Dr. He had ymptoma nt officer thanks to object of side of leutenant Imam qui led eight ulate him le of the ; Penny's longed to ; been re- nd boat, a anding at splashing ;han kr/je . not v/il- cending a L shore of ham, and og-sledges communi- LIEUTENANT M'CLINTOCK F.^^TURNS. 227 eating with the ships, our astonishment was great at finding the ice of Barrow's Straits to have broken up ; — the grey light of the morning, and the perfect calm, prevented us seeing to what extent, but there was plenty of it, and a sea again gladdened our eye- sight. Oh I it was a joyous exhilarating sight, after nine months of eternal ice and snow. The ground flew under our feet, as elevated in spirits we walked rapidly into Assistance Bay, and grasped by the hand our old friends of the " Lady Franklin." We had each our tale to recount, our news to exchange, our hopes and disappointments to prose over. One thing was undoubtedly certain, — that, on May 16 th, Captain Penny had discovered a great extent of water northward of Cornwallis Island ; that this same water prevented Captain Stewart of the " Sophia" from passing some precipitous cliffs, against which a heavy sea wf.s beating; that this same sea was clear of all but sea washed ice : and no floes were to be seen. Moreover, owing to a southerly breeze, which blew away to seaward the ice over which Dr. Goodsir had advanced to the westward, his retreat was nearly endangered by the water obliging him with his sledge to take to the neighbouring heights ; and all this, a month before any thing like a disruption had taken place in Barrow's Straits. This latter event it seems took place about the 25th of June, Q 2 228 ARCTIC JOURNAL. 1851 ; and, on the 28th June, the commander of the " Sophia " had gone in a whale-boat from the entrance of the harbour to Wellington Channel. Thnee days after our arrival at xVssistance Har- bour, not a particle of ice was to be seen east or west in Barrow's Straits, looking from the highland on the east side of the anchorage, except between Griffith's Island and Cape Martyr, where, some ten miles from the water, and in the centre of a fixed floe, our un- lucky squadron was jammed. Everywhere else a clear sea spread itself, sparkling and breaking under a fresh southerly breeze. Some individuals, who had visited Cape Hotham, reported the water in Wel- lington Channel to have made up as high as Barlow Inlet, beyond which, up to the north water, a floe still intervened. In default of Penny's arrival, I was much inte- rested in a journey, upon which Mr. John Stuart, surgeon of the " Lady Franklin," had been despatched to follow the traces of some of Franklin sledges towards Caswell's Tower, and to re-examine the traces found in 1850. The sledge-tracts, which I have elsewhere alluded to, as existing on the east side of Erebus and Terror Bay, Mr. Stuart found, as we conjectured, to have been those of some exploring party, sent from Beechey Island to Caswell's Tower, in Radstock Bay ; for at the Li. u MR. JOHN STUART'S JOURNEY. 229 base of the said tower — a remarkable detached mass of limestone — two carefully-constructed cairns were found, but no record in them ; beyond this, no farther signs of the missing navigators were found — nothing whatever that could indicate a retreating party. That these cairns were placed to attract atten- tion, appears certain ; the most conspicuous points have been chosen for them ; they arc well and care- fully built, evidently not the mere work of an idle hour. Failing Penny, and his intelligence, I contented myself with visiting the neighbourhood of Assist- ance Harbour, and with observing the various phe- nomena connected with the dissolution of the winter ice and snow upon the land ; and, of these, none was more interesting than the breaking out of the ravines, which, having filled with snow during the winter, had formed, during the previous fortnight, into large lakes of water, sometimes of acres in extent; and then, in one moment, the barriers which had pent up the ravines gave way, and, with irresistible force, the waters rushed over every obstacle to the sea. Three large ravines broke open whilst I was in As- sistance Harbour, and the thundering sound of the ice, water, and shingle which swept down, and soon cut a broad channel for many yards through the floe in the bay, was a cheering tune to the gallant fellows y declaring that the floe had merely formed itself into pack, and was now lying along the coast of North Somerset, ready at an hour's warning to spread itself over the waters. The southerly gale, however, piped cheerily. A heavy swell and surf — Oh ! most pleasant sound ! — beat upon the fixed ice of Assistance Harbour ; yet no pack came nor floe pieces either, and thus was placed beyond all doubt the ukI that, at any rate as far west as Griffith's Island, Barrow's Straits was clear of ice. In an angle foriaed between Leopold Island and North Somerset, there was evidently a pack ; for an ice blink, which moved daily about in that direction, showed that the mass was acted upon by the winds ; Q 4 r 232 ARCTIC JOURNAL. : and at last the southerly wind drove it up into Wellington Channel. To be condemned to inac- tivity, with such a body of water close at hand, was painful to all but those whose age and pru- dence seemed to justify in congratulating themselves on being yet frozen in; and trying as had been many disappointments we experienced in the Arctic Regions, there was none that pained us more than the ill-luck which had consigned our squadron, and its 180 men, to inactivity, in an icy prison under Grif- fith's Island, whilst so much might have been done during the thirty days that the waters of Barrow's Straits, and God only knows how much more beside, were clear from ice in every shape, and seeming to beckon us on to the north-westward. It was now we felt the full evil result of our winter quarters. Boats could not be despatched, I suppose, because the ships might at any time in July have been swept by the ice whither it pleased, and the junction of boats and ships rendered uncertain. Future expeditions will, however, hit this nail on the head, and three distinct periods for Arctic ex- ploration will be found to exist, viz. : — The spring, from April to June 25th, for foot journeys ; from June 25th to the first week in August, for boat ex- peditions ; and then six weeks (for steam vessels) of navigable season. p*." j.p'f^'^^-jK V^-P barrow's strait clears of ice. 233 Unable to remain with satisfaction away from our squadron, to be daily tantalised with looking at a sea which might as well not have existed for us, we re- turned to the " Pioneer," calling the attention of the officers of Penny's squadron to the possibility of a vessel from England, sent to communicate with the squadrons, actually running past us all, and reach- ing Melville Island, mayhap, without detecting our winter quarters ; an opinion in which all seemed to concur ; and a large cairn was therefore afterwards erected upon the low land, in such a position as to attract the attention of a craft bound westward. On our return to the Naval Squadron, we found them still seven miles from the water to the south- ward from Griffith's Island. Towards the westward, on the 25th of July, all was water, and a water sky. About Somerville Island, and Brown Island, a patch of fixed ice, similar to that we were in, connected itself with the Cornwallis Island shore ; but between that and us the water was fast making : indeed, it every day became apparent that we should be re- leased from the northivardi and not from the south- ward. One officer saw Lowther Island in a sea of water ; and thus early, if not earlier, I had the firmest conviction on my mind that a ship might have been carried in a lead of water, very similar to that Parry found in 1829, into Winter Harbour, 234 ARCTIC JOURNAL. Melville Island; or, what, in view of our object, would have been more desirable, up to the north- west, by Byara Martin Channel. Griffith's Island had, by July 25th, put on its gayest summer aspect — the ravines had emptied themselves — the snow had disappeared from the slopes — a uniform dull brown spread from one end of the island to the other — on its sheltered terraces, poppies, saxifrage, and sorrel in full flower, inter- mingled with lichens and mosses of every hue and description ; and we, poor mortals, congratulated our- selves upon verdure, which was only charming by comparison. The great body of melted snow that had been on top of the floe, had now nearly all escaped through it in numerous fissures and holes, and they were rapidly connecting themselves one with -the other. Canals, which had been formed in the floe, for the purpose of euabling the squadron to get out, should the water make exactly in the same way it did last year, now spread snake-like over the floe ; and the water of Barrow's Straits had approached to within a distance of four miles. Thus closed the month of July, with the additional disappointing intelligence, that Penny, who returned to As I > ance Harbour on the 25th, had not been able, owing to the constant prevalence of contrary winds setting in from the N. W., and his want of pro- CAPTAIN PENNY RETURNS. 235 visions, to make much progress in "Wellington Channel. Indeed, he had, from all accounts, found his boat but ill-adapted to contend with the strong breezes, heavy sea, and rapid tides into which he had launched between the islands north of Corn- wallis Island, and never succeeded in obtaining a desirable offing; the islands, however, were tho- roughly searched for traces ; a small piece of fresh English elm was found on one of them, which Penny believed to have been thrown overboard from the "Erebus" and " Terror;" also a bit of charred pine, which Sir John Richardson believes to have been burnt by a party belonging to the same ships. But the most important result of Penny's efforts was the verification of the existence of a great body of open water, north-west, and beyond the barrier of ice which still existed in Wellington Channel. I will not boie the reader with some days of hard labour, in which we cut to the southward into the ice, whilst the water was trying hard to get l> us from the north ; it eventually caught us, and (Satur- day, August 8th) we were all afloat in open water, with a barrier of ice still southivard towards Bar-' row's Straits. The *•' Intrepid" had been sent early in the week to look round the north end of Griflith'a Island, and reported a narrow neck of ice from the N. W. bluffs towards Somerville Island. Eastwa •"Y"" 236 ARCTIC JOURNAL. and not westward was, however, to be our course, and we therefore remained where we were. On the 9ih and 10th, a general disruption of the little re- maining ice took place: we made gentle and very cautious moves towards Barrow's Straits ; and, at last, on August 11th, the ice, aj if heartily tired of us, shot us out into Barrow's Straits, by turning itself fairly round on a pivot. We were at sea because we could not help it, and the navigable season was proclaimed to have commenced. Taking, like another Sinbad, our " Resolute" old burden behind us, the "Pioneer" steamed away for Assistance Harbour, from whence, as we had been given to understand some days previously, Jones's Sound was to be our destination ; a plan to »yhich I the more gladly submitted, as I felt confident, from all I had heard and seen of its geography or of that of the neighbouring land, that it would be found to connect itself with Penny's North Water : once in it we felt failure of our object to be impossible ; we had still three years' provisions, and nearly four years of many things. One man had died, perhaps half a dozen more were invalids, but the rest were strong and hearfcy : to be sure, we all lacked much of that sanguineness which had animated us hitherto. Repeated disappointment, long journeys in the wrong direction (as it had proved) over regions which had, ALL THE SHIPS MEET. 237 m of course, shown no trace of those we had hoped to rescue — had all combined to damp our feelings. The morning fog broke, and a day, beautiful, g3rene, and sunny, welcomed us into Assistance Harbour, which we found had just cleared out of ice ; and the " Lady Franklin," " Sophia," and " Felix," with anchors down, rode all ready for sea. As we towed the "Resolute" up to her anchorage. Captain Penny pulled past in his gig, evidently going to make an official visit to our leader. Di- rectly after the " Pioneer" was secured I went on board the " Resolute," to hear the news, her first lieutenant having been in Assistance Harbour (Cap- tain Penny's quarters) up to the moment of our arrival. I then learnt that Penny was going to volunteer to proceed up Wellington Channel, if it cleared out, in one of our steamers ; and my gallant friend, the first lieutenant, spoke strongly upon the necessity of still trying to reach the North Water by the said route, whilst I maintained that, until we had visited Jones's Sound, it was impossible to say whe- ther it would not be found an easier road into the open sea seen by Captaii Penny than Wellington Channel appeared to be. Captain Penny soon joined us, and there, as well as afterwards on board the " Lady Lranklin," I heard of his proposal above alluded to, which ha( been declined. "T iling in his . ;i.i-.-,.T.^-j>-r,TT;"«T'^"I m 238 ARCTIC JOURNAL. offer of co-operation, which was for one reason not to be wondered at — insomuch that our large and efficient squadron needed no assistance either ia men or ma- tei'ial to do the work alooe — Capt;un Penny had decided on returning home, beiieving thfit Franklin was so far to the !^^ . W. tis to be beyond !>:. , reaoh, and also lookinj.^ to the tenor d," his instructions, which strictly onjoiiiefi liim to return to England in 1852, » * * * * Next morning, by four o'clock, wc were all bound to the eastward. A few aiaongsi those of our squadron still hoped by Jones's Sound to reach that sen of whose existence, at any rate, we had no longer any doubt, whatever might be its difficulty of access. Off Cape Hothara we found a loose pack ; it ex- tended about half way across Wellington Channel, and then a clear sea spread itself eastward and north- ward along the shores off North Devon to Cape Bowden. From a strong ice-blink up Wellington Channel there was reason to think the barrier* still athwart it ; we did not, however, go to ascertain " Had we but happily known at that time of the perfect de- scription of the Wellington Channel ice subsequent to our passage across in 1850, as shown by the tract of liie American Expedition and Li mtenant De Haven's admirable report, we should not then have fallen into the error of believing barriers of ice to be permanent in deep-water channels, a fallacy which it is to be hoped has exploded whb many other misconceptions I k: m;tov -w i^J- *j, v~ Yii -v.-o-^-;-- ,■■■ ,^--.:, _.-:.. ^ DEPARTURE FOR JONES 8 SOUND. 239 whether it was so, but, favoured by a fair wind, steamed, sailed, and towed the " Resolute " as fast as possible past Beechey Island. The form of sending letters to England had been duly enacted, but few were in a humour to write ; the news would be unsatisfactory, and, unless Jones's Sound was an open sea, and we could not therefore help entering it, there was a moral certainty of all being in Eng- land within a short time of one another. And so it proved. Leaving the ** Assistance" and " Resolute" to join us off Cape Dudley Digges, the steamers proceeded, under Captain Austin, with three months' provisions, on the night of the 14th of August, for Jones's Sound. Next morning brought the steamers close in with the shore between Capes Horsburgh and Osborn, along which we steered towards Jones's Sound. Glacier and iceberg again abounded, and the com- paratively tame scenery of Barrow's Straits was changed for bold and picturesque mountains and headlands. As the evening of the 15th drew in, Jones's Sound gradually opened itself in the Coburg Bay of the charts, and, in spite of a strong head wind, we drew up to and commenced working up it under sail and steam. During the night. Cape Leopold as to the fixed nature of ice, and the constant accumulation of it in Polai' Regions. 1 ■,. ■ 240 ARCTIC JOURNAL. i i showed to be an island, dividing the sound i.Ao two entrances ; and the exhilirating eflfect of a fine broad expanse of water leading to the westw^ard, up which we were thrashing under a press of canvass, was only marred by the unpleasant fact that we had parted from the ships containing our main stock of provi- sions, without the means of following up any traces, should we be happy enough to discover them, of the poor missing expedition. Saturday/, August \6thj 1851. — The sound is evi- dently narrowest about the entrance ; from a point to the N. W. of us it evidently increases in width ; loose patches of ice are occasionally met with, and the tides seem somewhat strong, judging by the set of the vessel. The scenery is magnificent, especially on the south shore, where some ten miles in the interior a huge dome of pure white snow envelopes land some 3000 or 4000 feet high, which Cap- tain Austin has named the Trenter Mountains, in compliment to the famile of Sir John Barrow (that being the maiden name of the Dowager Lady Barrow). From this range long winding gla- ciers pour down the valleys, and project, through the ravines, into the deep-blue waters of this mag- nificent strait. Northward of us the land is pecu- liar, lofty table land, having here and there a sudden dip, or thrown up in a semi-peak. TJie draught STOPPED BY ICE-FIELDS. 241 of the wind has blown constantly down the strait. Such are my rough notes made during the day, as the " Pioneer" and " Intrepid" worked to the w^estward; but as evening drew on, the increasing smoothness of the water, and a hard icy blink to the west, prepared us for a report which came from the Crow's Nest about midnight, that there was very much ice to windward of us. Next day, 17 th, after a fog wliich caused some delay had cleared off, the disagreeable truth revealed itself: from a little beyond a conical-shaped island on the north shore, the Sound was still barred with floes, although at this point it increased at least twelve miles more in breadth. Going up to the floe edge, the steamers crossed to the S.W., following the ice carefully along until it impinged ipon the south- ern shore. The night was beautifully '^' ''^ne and clear ; and, as if to add to own regret, foui. [,iiints and a half of the compass, or 54° of bearing to the west- ward, showed no symptom of land. The northern side of the Sound trended away to the v/est, preserv- ing its lofty and marked character; whilst on the south the land ended abruptly some fifteen miles far- ther on, and then, beyond a small br -• ^ne of those wedge-shaped hills peculiar to the limestone lands of Bar ow's Straits showed itself at a great distance ; and the natural suggestion to my own mind was, T. •■' \1 ^ ^$ I( J h I ! 242 ARCTIC JOURNAL. that the opening between the said wedge-shajind hill and the land on our southern hand would have been r 'u: ! +0 connect itself with the deep fiords running to the .' ..rthward from Croker Bay, in Lancaster Sound; and for an opinion as to the direction of Jones's Sound, whose frozen surface forbad us to advance with our vessels. I was, from what I saw, fully wil- ling to believe in the report of my ice quarter-master, Robert Moore, a clever, observant seaman, as the annexed report will show : — (( Sir, "It was in 1848 that I was with Captain Lcv> in the * Prince of Wales,' when we ran up Jones's Sound. The wind was from the S. S. E. compass {JE. N. E. true), thick weather, with a strong reeze. "We steered up Jones's Sound, N. E. by coi pass {westwardly /^ .e), for fourteen hours, when, seeiiig some ice aground, we hauled to. " The next day, being fine weather, we proceeded f::rther i' . and seeing no ice or fish (whales), a boat was sent on shore. She, returning, reported not having seen any th'ng but veiy high land and deep loater close to rocks on the "outb shore. *• We tu ked ship, and stoou to the N. E. compass (N, • trve) ; saw some ice aground on a sand-bank, with july six feet water on it at low water, but rt d hill '. been ingto ound; ones's Ivance y wil- aaster, as the Lcv^ in Jones's ompass breeze. Oi pass soei.aAL. taking this, together with the description of the land seen by Captain Stewart and Dr. Sutherland, during their late journey up the eastern side of Wel- lington Channel, I believe that a very narrow inter- vening belt of low land divides Jones's Sound from Baring Bay, in "Wellington Channel, and that, turn- ing to the northward, this sound eventually opens into the same great Polar Sea which washes the northern shores of the Parry group. Unable to advance, we returned, upon our wake, to the conical island on the north side of the sound ; and a boat, with two officers in it, was sent to erect a cairn. They returned next morning, having found, what interested me very much, numerous Esquimaux traces, though of very ancient date, and shot several birds — a seasonable increase to our stock for table-consumption. One of the sportsmen assured me that, in spite of the increased number of glaciers around us, and other appearances of a more severe climate than we had been in the habit of seeing in Barrow's Straits, he was of opinion that there was much more vegetation in our neighbourhood than in the more southern latitude of Cornwallis Island. The specimens of plants brought off in the boat, such as poppies, saxifrage, and moss, were all finer than we had seen elsewhere; and rein-deer horns, near the Esquimaux ruins, showed that these animals were to be found. NO LAND SEEN TO THE N.W. 245 The Island was a mass of grey-coloured granite, with some dark masses of ferruginous-coloured rock intermixed, the whole much broken and rent by the agency of frost and water. Monday, the 18th of August, we proceeded along the northern shore, towards another entrance, which had shown itself on the north side of Leopold Island, — the Jones's Sound of the old charts, — which we now proved not to have been blocked up by either land or glaciers. The land about Cape Hardwicke was little else, in my opinion, than a group of islands, — an impression in which I became the more confirmed when the ice obliged us to strike oiF directly to the eastward ; and Cape Clarence stood out bold and clear, with a mid- night sun behind it ; and the light streamed through the different ice-choaked channels between Capes Hardwicke and Clarence, throwing up the land, i«' there was land, in strong and dark relief. Beyond Cape Clarence I saw no syr • •' " *' land, nor did any one else either. It i^ sr'«i :. recede ; very possibly it may : but as neither we nor the " Resolute " and " Assistance " (who all reached a higher latitude than any discovery- ships have been since Baffin's memorable voyage) ever saw land north of Cape Clarence, I trust, for the sake of geography, that the beautifully indented B 3 ^ 246 ARCTIC JOURNAL. line which now joins the land about Smith's Sound to that of Clarence Head, in our charts, may be altered into 1 dotted one, as denoting that the said coast ex- ists rather in the imagination of channel-closing voyagers than actually in the north-west corner of Baffin's Bay. A multitude of grounded icebergs showed a shoal, which appears to bar the northern entrance to Jones's Sound ; and, during the night, a sudden gale from the north, together with high water in the tides, set them all floating and dancing around us in a very exciting style. Edging constantly along large floe-pieces, we were eventually carried next day into the packed ice, through which our way had to be found under double-reefed sails, the two pretty screw-schooners thrashing away in gallant style, until a dead calm again left us to steam ouj. best: indeed, all night of the 19th was a constant heavy tussle with a pack, in which the old floe-pie^es were being glued together by young ice, varying from two to five inches in thickness : patches of water, perhaps each an acre in extent, were to be seen from the Crow's Nest, and from one to the other of these we had to work our way. By-and-by the Cary Isles showed themselves to the northward, and then the flat-topped land between Cape York and Dudley Digges. EASTERN SIDE OF BAFFIN'S BAY. 247 Our last hope of doing any service this season lay- in the expectation that open water would be found along the north-east side of Baffin's Bay ; but this expectation was damped by the disagreeable know- ledge that our provisions on board the steamers were too scanty to allow us to follow up any opening we should have found. On the afternoon of the 28th of August a strong water-sky and heavy bank showed the sea to be close at hand to the south, as well as a strong breeze be- hind it. We rattk«l on for Wolstenholme Island, reached under its lee by the evening, and edged away to the north, quickly opening out Cape Stair, and finding it to be an island, as the Cape York Esquimaux, on board the " Assistance," had led us to believe. Pa^oing some striking-looking land, which, although, like that of the more southern parts of Greenland, was bold and precipitous, intersected with deep valleys, yet comparatively free from gla- ciers, we saw the Booth Sound of Sir John Ross, and shortly afterwards sighted what proved afterwards to be the southern bluff of Whale Sound. We could not approach it, however, and, choosing an ice- berg, we anchored cur steamers, to await an opening. On Thursday, the 21st of August, I started in a boat with Mr. MacDougal, to see if we could get as far as Whale Sound. The bay-ice, in whioh we & 4 248 ARCTIC JOURNAL. could neither pull nor sail, whilst It was too thin to stand upon, or track the boat through, materially checked our progress. By the afternoon we reached a close pack-edge, which defied farther progress ; but, on landing, we found ourselves to be at the entrance of 1 magnificent inlet, still filled with ice, which ex- tended to the eastward for some fifteen miles, having iu its centre a peculiarly-shaped rock, ivhich the seamen immediately christened " Prince Albert's Hat," from its resemblance to a marine's shako. The numerous traces here of Esquimaux were perfectly startling; their tent-places, winter abodes, caches, and graves, covered every prominent point about us. Of what date they were, it was impossible, as I have elsewhere said, to form a correct idea. The enamel was still perfect on the bones of the senls, which strewed the rocks, the flesh of which had been used for food. On opening one of the graves, I found the skeleton of an old man, with a good deal of the cartilage adhering to the bones, and in the skull there was still symptoms of decaying flesh ; nothing, however, was seen to denote a recent visit of these interesting denizens of the north. Each cache, or, rather, circle of stones, had a flat slab for a cover, with a cairn near it, or else an upright mass of stone, to denote its p( /ition, and some of the graves were constructed with a def]cree of care and 76° 52' N. LATITUDE. 249 labour worthy of a more civilised people : several had huge slabs of stone on the top, which it must have required a great many men to lift, and some inge- nuity to secure. Scurvy-grass in great abundance, as well as another antiscorbutic plant, bearing a small white flower, was found wherever we landed ; and I like- wise observed London-pride, poppies, sorrel, dwarf willow, crow-feet grass, saxifrage, and tripe-de- roche, besides plenty of turf, which, with very little trouble, would have served for fuel, — and this in latitude 76° 52' N. Laro-e flocks of now- ledge of the fact — may be effected in the ^ariouo In- surance offices in London with a lip-htev pcnium than is demanded for the Bights of 7!er'n or Bengal. This is a pretty good test, and a sound practi'ial one too, of the much-talked-of dangers of Polar naviga- tion. Ships are often lost ; but the very floe which by its pressure sinks the vessel saves the crew. In short, we have everything to stimulate Arctic exploration. No loss of life (for Franklin it will bo time enough to mourn when we know he is not of the living) ; the wonderful proofs lately acquired of a Polar sea ; the undoubted existence of animal life in regions which were previously supposed to be incapable of supporting animal life ; the result of the deeply philosophical inquiries of the talented geo- grapher Mr. Peterman, which seem to establish the fact of an open Polai r,t;. »1 aring th'^ s.^vercsi season of the year; and 1. '-v, 'm~ existence of Esquimaux in a high northern latitude in Baffin's Bay, who appear to be so isolated, and so unconnected with i CHAXCES OF FUTURE SUCCESS. 283 their brethren of South Greenland, as to justify us in connecting them rutlier with the numerous ruined habitations found Avestward as far as Melville Island, and J' ad the mind to speculate upon some more northern region, — some terra incognita^ yt i to be visited by us, encourages ris, aye, urges us uv. to halt in our exploration. Humanity and science are united in the cause : where one falters, let a I vo for the other encourage us to persevere. Franklin, and his matchless follower , neeu no eulogy from me; the sufferings they must have ur- dergone, the mystery tli t hangs over them, are every tongue in every civilised land. The blooming child lisp.- Franklin's name, as witt glistening eye and greedy e;.r it hears of the wondere of the North, and the brave deeds there done. Youth's bosom glows with generous eiuotion to emulate the fame of him who has gone where none as yet have followed. And who amongst us does not feel his heart throb faster, in r<. calling to recollection the calm heroism of the veteran leader, who, when about to enter the unknown rei^ions of which Wel- lington Channel is the portal, ac. Jressed his crews in those solemn and emphatic words of Holy Writ, his motto, doubtless, " Choose ye this day whom you will serve ; " and found in that blissful choice his strength and his endurance. 284 ARCTIC JOURNAL. To rescue even one life were surely well worthy our best endeavours : but if it so please an all-mer- ciful Providence that pid should reach Franklin's ships too late to save even that one, yet would we have fulfilled a high and imperative duty : and would it be no holy satisfaction to trace the last resting- place of those gallant spirits ? to recover the records there assuredly to be found, of their manly struggle, under hardships and difficulties, in achieving that North-west Passage, in the execution of which they had laid down their lives ; and to bring back to their SLrviving relatives and friends those last kind mes- sages of love, which show that sincere affection, and stern sense of duty, sprang from one source in their gallant and generous hearts ? Yes, of course it would. Then, and not till then — taking this, the gloomiest view of the subject — shall we have done our duty towards the captains, officers, and crews of Her Majesty's ships " Erebus" and " Terror ; " and then, and not until then, of their honoured leader we may safely say : — " His soul to Him who gave it rose ; God led its long repose, Its glorious rest ! And though the warrior's sun has set, Its light shall linger round us yet, Bright, radiant, blest ! " ■ "fH « > M Wl*».i » ^" ^ l APPENDIX. 'CS" and their The close of September, 1852, saw nearly all the vessels return to England that had been equipped by the Go- vernment in 1850 for the relief of Sir John Franklin ; and by the middle of October we learnt of the arrival of the American expedition at New York. The report of the commander of the latter I have annexed, marking in italics the paragraphs most important in that able docu- ment. The several reports made by the different leaders, as well as the evidence of the officers before the Arctic Committee, go to prove the following facts : That in the line of search pursued by Captain Austin's officers and men there is no reason to believe that Franklin's expedition had preceded them, either towards Melville Island or Cape Walker ; that in the route taken up by Captain Penny, there was so early a disruption of the ice, full seventy days before the channels to the southward broke open, as to pre- vent more than such a search by his foot-parties as gave no reason to despond ; and every cause for hope, a rough and tumbling sea, a broken and seawashed pack of ice, a sea teeming with animal life, and nunierous birds, all en- courage us to hope that the " Erebus" and "Terror" have sailed into the channel termed by its discoverer Victoria Channel. The objection to tlii;? idea raised by the de- spondent, that Wellington Channel was always blocked, 286 ARCTIC JOURNAL. has been in a great measure subverted by the Americans having drifted up and down Wellington Channel in 1850; and at this moment the heartfelt anxiety of the civilised world is directed to the unknown regions north-west of Wellington Channel. The winter, now almost past by, has, nevertheless, seen a portion of the relieving squadrons of 1850 employed in their humane vocation within the Artie Circle. From the direction of Baffin's Bay, " the Prince Albert," with her tiny but gallant crew, under Mr. Kennedy, is, it is to be hoped, in a position to search, by means of travelling par- ties, the much-neglected neighbourhood of the Great Fish River, a neighbourhood which Franklin might have reached by rounding Cape Bunny, and proceeding south- ward in the Strait, which appears to run down to the coast of America, and thence from the Great P'ish River to Barrow's Straits — the only north-west route at present known to us. Mr. Kennedy failed in crossing the middle ice of Baf- fin's Bay in 1851, as the Americans report, would un- doubtedly bear up and make for Repulse Bay or Wager River, two points closely proximate to the scene of his labours. Whilst Kennedy and Hempden are labouring on the eastern side, the indefatigable Rae is, and has been, push- ing from the south towards WoUaston and Bank's Land. Year after year, season after season, that untiring tra- veller, since 184-8, has been incessantly endeavouring to discover his lost countryman, exhibiting a degree of zeal and energy which places him in the foremost rank of Arctic travellers. In the spring of 1851, Mr. Rae, fol- lowing the example set him by Sir James Ross, succeeded in crossing on foot the frozen strait between America and Woilaston's Land, and examined it for a considerable , \i ' ' ' a »r' n» 'e ) ■'•—-'>» *■•-•* APPENDIX. 299 under the lee of the island, she had the misfortune to spring her rudder, so that on joining us it was with much difficulty she could steer. To ensure her safety and more rapid progress, she was taken in tow by the " Advance," when she bore up with a fine breeze from the westward. OflP Cape Martyr we left the English squadron under Captain Austin. About ten miles further to the east, the two vessels under Captain Penny, and that under Sir John Ross, were seen secured near the land. At 8 p. m. we had advanced as far as Cape Hotham. Thence, as far as the increasing darkness of the night enabled us to see, there was nothing to obstruct our progress, except the ** bay ice." This, with a good breeze, would not have impeded us much ; but unfortunately the wind when it was most required failed us. The snow with which the surface of the water was covered rapidly cemented, and formed a tenacious coat, through w hich it was impossible with all our appliances to force the vessels. At 8 p.m. they came to a dead stand some ten miles to the east of Barlow's Inlet. The following day the wind hauled to the southward, from which quarter it lasted till the 19th. During this period the young ice was broken, its edges squeezed up into hummocks, and one fluo overrun by another until it all assumed the appearance of heavy ice. The vessels received some heavy nips from it, but they withstood them without injury. Whenever a pool of water made its appearance, every effort was made to reach it, in hopes it would lead us into Beechey Island, or some other place where the vessel might be placed in security, for the winter set in unusually early, and the severity with which it commenced forbade all hopes of our being able to return this season. I now became anxious to attain a point in the neighbourhood from whence, by 300 AUG TIC JOURNAL. means of land parties, in the spring, a goodly extent of Wellington Channel might be examined. In the meantime, under the influence of the south ivind, we were being set up the channel. On the 18//i we were above Cape Boivden, the most northern point seen on this shore hy Parry. TJie land on both shores was seen much further, and trended considerably to the ivest of north. To account for this drift, the fixed ice of Wellington Channel, which we had observed in passing to the tocstward, must have been brohen up, and driven to the southward by the heavy gale of the ]2th. On the 19th the wind veered to the north, which gave us a southerly set, forcing us at the same time with the western shore. This did not last long, for the next day the wind liauled again to the south, and blew fresh, bringing the ice in upon us with much pressure. At midnight it broke up all around so that we had work to maintain the " Ad- vance" in a safe position, and keep her from being sepa- rated from her consort, which was immoveably fixed in the centre of a large floe. We continued to d ''ft slowly to the N.N. W. until the 22rf, when our progress appeared to be arrested by a small low island which was discovered in that direction, about seven miles distant. A channel of three or four miles in width separated it from Cornwallis Island. This latter island, trending N.W. from our position, terminated abruptly in an elevated cape, to which I have given the name of Manning, after a warm personal friend and ar- dent supporter of the expedition. Between Cornwallis Island and some distant high land visible in the north ap- peared a wide channel leading to the westward. A dark misty-looking cloud which hung over it {technically termed frost smoke) tvas indicative of much open water in that direction. ,-., i >■' . l.,Vj»j»*—U'V-r* / fcj» *-»-«-*• »* APPENDIX. 301 This was the direct'on to which my instructions, re- ferring to the invef;cigations at the National Observatory concerning the winds and currents of the ocean, directed me to look for open water. Nor was the open water the only indication that pre- sented itself in coiifirmation of this iheoretical conjecture as to a milder climate in that direction. As we entered Wellington Channel, the signs of animal life became more abundant, and Captain Penny, commander of one of the English expeditions, who afterwards penetrated on sledges much towards the region of the " frost smoke," much further than it was possible for us to do in our vessels, reported that he actually arrived on the borders of this open sea. Thus these admirably drawn instructions, deriving ar- guments from the enlarged and comprehensive system of physical research, not only pointed with emphasis to an unknown open sea into which Franklin had probably found his way, but directed me fo search for traces of his expedition in the very channel at the entrance of which it is now ascertained he had passed his first winter. The direction in which search ivith most chances oj success is now to be made for the missing expedition, or for traces of it, is no doubt in t/ie direction which is so clearly pointed out in my instructions. To the channel which appeared to lead into the open sea, over ivhich the cloud of ^^ frost smohe" hung as a sign, I have given the name of " Maury," after the distinguished gentleman at the head of our National Observatory, whose theory with regard to an open sea to the north is likely to be realised through this^ chaimel. To the large mass of land visible between N.W. to N. N. E. I gave the name of " Grinnell," in honour of the head and heart of the man in whose philanthropic mind originated the idea of this expedition, and to whose munificence it owes its existence. >* |i II ;1 302 ARCTIC JOURNAL. To a remarkable peak bearing N.N.E. from us, distant about forty miles, was given the name of " Mount Franklin." An inlet or harbour immediately to the north of Cape Bowden was discovered by Mr. Griffin, in his land excursion from Point Innes on the 27th of August, and has received the name of " Griffin Inlet." The small island mentioned before was called *' Mur- daugh's" Island, after the acting master of the *' Advance." The eastern shore of Wellington Channel appeared to run parallel with the western, but it became quite low, and, being covered with snow, could not be distinguished with certainty, so that its continuity with the high land to the north was not ascertained. Some small pools of open water appearing near us, an attempt was made about fifty yards, but our combined efforts were of no avail in extricating the " Rescue" from her icy cradle. A change of wind not only closed the ice up again, but threatened to give us a severe nip. We unshipped her rudder, and placed it out of harm's May. September 23rd was an uncomfortable day. The wind was from N. E., with snow. From an early hour in the morning the floes began to be pressed together with so much force, that their edges were thrown up in immense ridges of rugged hummocks. The " Advance " Avas heavily nipped between two floes, and the ice was piled up so high above the rail on the starboard side as to threaten to come on board and sfnk us with its weight. All hands were occupied in keeping it out. The pressure and commotion did not cease till near midnight, when we were very glad to have a respite from our labours and fears. The next day we were threatened with a similar scene, but it fortunately ceased in a short time. For the remainder of September, and until the ^th of October, the vessels drifted but little. The winds were APPENDIX. 303 , distant ' Mount tie north I, in his August, " Mur- dvance." eared to lite low, iguished Igh land ir us, an ombined le" from T closed ere nip, ■ harm's he wind r in the with so mmense " was as piled e as to weight, pressure hen we urs and similar e ^th of s were very light, the thermometer fell to minus 12, and ice formed over the pools in sight, sufficiently strong to travel upon. We were now strongly impressed with the belief that the ice had become fixed for the winter, and that we should be able to send out travelling parties from the ad- vanced position, for the examination of the lands to the northward. Stimulated by this fair prospect, another attempt was made to reach the shore, in order to esta- blish a depot of provisions at or near Cape Manning, which would materially facilitate the progress of our parties in the spring; but the ice was still found to be de- tached from the shore, and a narrow lane of water cut us from it. During the interval of comparative quiet, preliminary measures were taken for heating the '* Advance," and in- creasing her quarters, so as to accommodate the officers and crews of both vessels. No stoves had as yet been used in either vessel; indeed they could not well be put up without placing a large quantity of stores and fuel upon the ice. The attempt was made to do this, but a sudden crack in the floe where it appeared strongest, causing the loss of several tons of coal, convinced us that it was not yet safe to do so. It was not until the twentieth of October we got fires below. Ten days later the housing cloth was put over, and the officers and crew of the *' Rescue" ordered on board the " Advance " for the winter. Room was found on the deck of the " Rescue " for many of the pro- visions removed from the hold of this vessel. Still a large quantity had to be placed on the ice. The absence of fires below had caused much discomfort to all hands ever since the beginning of September, not so much from the low temperature, as from the accumulation of moisture by condensation, which congealed as the tem- perature decreased, and covered the wood-work of our Igj '! i 304 ipartments with ARCTIC JOURNAL. tments with ice. This state of things soon began to work its effect upon the health of the crews. Several cases of scurvy appeared among them ; and, notwith- standing the indefatigable attention and active treatment resorted to by the medical officers, it could not be eradi- cated ; its progress, however, was checked. All through October and November we were drifted to and fro by the changing wind, but never passing out of Wellington Channel. On the \st of November the new ice had attained the thickness of 37 inches. Still frequent breaks would occur in it, often in fearful proximity to the vessels. Hummocks consisting of massive granite-like blocks would be thrown up to the height of twenty, and even thirty feet. This action in the ice was accompanied with a variety of sounds impossible to be described, but when heard never failed to carry a feeling of awe into the stoutest hearts. In the stillness of an Arctic night they could be heard several miles, and often was the rest of all hands disturbed by them. To guard against the worst that could happen to us — the destruction of the vessels — the boats were prepared, and sledges built. Thirty days' provisions were placed in for all hands, together with tents and blanket bags for sleeping in. Besides this, each man and officer had his knapsack containing an extra suit of clothes. These were all kept in readiness for use at a moment's notice. For the sake of wholesome exercise, as well as to inure the people to ice travelling, frequent excursions were made with our laden sledges. The officers usually took the lead at the drag ropes, and they, as well as the men, underwent the labour of surmounting the rugged hum- mocks with great cheerfulness and zeal. Notwithstandiig the low temperature, all hands usually returned in a pro- fuse perspiration. We had also other sources of exercise and amusement, such as foot-ball, skating, sliding, racing. IP II APPENDIX. 305 egan to Several lotwith- eatment e eradi- rifted to g out of ! new ice frequent ty to the ,nite-like !nty, and impanied ibed, but ! into the ight they pest of all to us — prepared, placed in bags for had his ese were to inure Ions were lally took the men, jed hum- kistandi ig I in a pro- exercise Ig, racing. with theatrical representations on holidays and national anniversaries. These amusements were continued through- out the winter, and contributed very materially to the cheerfulness and general good health of all hands. The drift had set us gradually to the S. E., until we were about^ye miles to the S. W. of Beechcy Island. In this position we remained comparatively stationary about a week. We once more began to entertain a hope that we had become fixed for the winter; but it proved a vain one, for on the last day of November a strong wind from the westward set in with thick snoioy weather. This wind created an immediate movement in the ice. Several frac- tures took place near us, and many heavy hummocks were thrown up. The floe in which our vessels were imbedded was being rapidly encroached upon, so that we were in momentary fear of the ice breaking from around them, and that they would be once more broken out, and left to the tender mercies of the crashing floes. On the following day (the 1st of December) the weather cleared off", and the few hours of twilight which we had about noon enabled us to get a glimpse of the land. As loell as we could make it oict, we appearsd to be off Gas- coigne Inlet, We were now clear of Wellington Channel, and in the fair way of Lancaster Sound, to be set either up or down, at the mercy of the prevailing ivinds and currents. We were not long left in doubt as to the direction ice had to pursue. The ivinds prevailed from the westioard, and our drift was steady and rapid toivards the mouth of the sound. The prospect before us was now anything but cheering. We were deprived of our last fond hope, that of becoming fixed in some position whence operations could be carried on by means of travelling parties in the spring. The ves- sels were fast being set out of the region of search. S06 ARCTIC JOURNAL. Nor was this our only source of uneasiness. The line of our drift was from two lo five mile- from the north shore, and whenever the moving ice met M'ith any of the tapes or projecting points of land the obstruction would cuuse fractures in it, extending off to and far beyond us. Cape Hurd was the first and most prominent point. We were but two miles from it on the 3rd of December. Nearly all day the ice was both seen and heard to be in constant motion at no great distance from us. In the evening a crack in our floe took place not more than twenty-five yards ahead of the " Advance." It opened in the course of the evening to the width of a hundred yards. No further disturbance took place until noon of the 5th, when we were somewhat startled by the familiar and un- niistakeable sound of the ice grinding against the side of the ship. Going on deck, I perceived that another crack had taken place, passing along the length of the vessel. It did not open more than a foot ; this, however, was sufficient to liberate the vessel, and she rose several inches boldly, having become more buoyant since she froze in. The following day, in the evening, the crack opened several yards, leaving the sides of the " Advance" entirely free, and she was once more supported by and rode in her own element. We were not, though, by any means in a pleasant situation. The floes were considerably broken in all directions around us, and one crack had taken place between the two vessels. The " Rescue " was not dis- turbed in her bed of ice. December 7th. At 8 A. M. the crack in which we were had opened and formed a lane of water fifty-six feet wide, communicating ahead at the distance of sixty feet M'ith ice of about one foot in thickness, which had formed since the 3rd. The vessel was secured to the largest floe near us (that on v.'hich cur spare stores were daposited). At noon The line be north ly of the m would ond us. 3int. We '. Nearly constant ivening a enty-five lie course .f the 5th, r and un- he side of lier crack vessel, (•ever, was [ral inches 3 froze in. opened " entirely ode in her cans in a ly broken ken place 5 not dis- we were feet wide, >t with ice since the e near us At noon APPENDIX. 307 the ice was again in motion, and began to close, affording us the pleasant prospect of an inevitable " nip " between iwo floes of the heaviest kind. In a short time the pro- minent points took our side on the starboard, just about the main rigging, and on the port under the counter, and at the fore-rigging ; thus bringing three points of pressure in such a position that it must have proved fatal to a larger or less strengthened vessel. The " Advance," however, stood it bravely. After trembling and groaning in every jointj the ice passed under and raised her about two feet and a half. She was let down again for a moment, and then her stern was raised about five feet. Her bows being unsupported were depressed almost as much. In this uncomfortable position we remained. The wind blew a gale from the eastward, and the ice all around was in a dreadful commotion, ex- cepting, fortunately, that in immediate contact with us. The commotion in the ice continued all through the night, and we were in momentary expectation of witnessing the destruction of both vessels. The easterly gale had set us some two or three miles to the west. As soon as it was light enough to see on the 9th it was discovered that the heaw ice in which the "Rescue" had been imbedded for so long a time was entirely broken up, and piled up around her in massive hummocks. On her pumps being sounded I was gratified to loarn that she re- mained tight, notwithstanding the immense straining and pressure she must have endured. During this pciod of trial, as well as in all former and subsequent ones, I could not avoid being struck with the calmness and decision of the officers, as well as the subor- dination and good conduct of the men, without an excep- tion. Each one knew the imminence of the peril that surrounded us, and was prepared to abide it with a stout X 2 wtgaaf'^g'i— ^wif'^wPH^i'Ww— 308 ARCTIC JOURNAL. lieart. There was no noise, no confusion. I did not de- tect, even in the moment when the destruction of the vessels seemed inevitable, a single desponding look among the whole crew; on the contrary, each one seenjed resolved to do his whole duty, and everything went on cheerily and bravely. For my own part, I had become quite an invalid, so much so as to prevent my taking an active part in the duties of the vessel, as I always had done, or even from incurring the exposure necessary to proper exercise. However, I felt no apprehension that the vessel would not be properly taken care of, *'or I had perfect confidence in one and all by whom I was surrounded. I knew them to be equal to any emergency ; but I felt under special ob- ligations to the gallant commander of the " Rescue" for the efficient aid he rendered me. With the kindest con- sideration and most cheerful alacrity, he volunteered to perform the executive duties during the winter, and relieve me from every thing that might tend in the least to retard my recovery. During the remainder of December the ice remained quiet immediately around us, and breaks were all strongly cemented by neiv ice. In our neighbourhood, hoivever, cracks ivere daily visible. Our drift to the eastward aver- aged nearly six miles per day, so that on the last of the month tve were at the entrance of the sound, Cape Osborn bearing north from us. Jan nary 1 85 1 . On passing out of the sound, and ojtening Baffin's Bay, to the north was seen a dark horizon, indi- cating much open water In that direction. On the 11th a crack took place between us and the " Rescue," passing close under our stern. It opened, and formed a lane of water eighty feet loide. In the afternoon the floes began to move, the lane was closed up, and the APPENDIX. 309 not de- of the : among •esolved rily and valid, so t in the en from exercise, ould not flence in them to Bcial ob- cue" for lest con- eered to d relieve to retard "emained strongly hotvever, ird aver' ist of the Osborn ojyening ;ow, indi- and the ined, and ifternoon and the edges of the ice coming in contact with so much pressure, threatened the demolition of the narrow space which se- parated us from the line of fracture. Fortunately, the floes again separated, and assumed a motion by which the "Rescue" passed from our stern to the port bow, and increased her distance from us 700 yards, where she came to a stand. Our stores that were on the ice, were on the same side of the cracks as the " Rescue," and of course were carried with her. The following day the ice remained quiet; but soon after midnight, on the 13th, a gale having sprung up from the westward, it once more got into violent motion. The young ice in the crack, near our stern, was soon broken up, the edges of the thick ice came in contact, and fearful pressure took place, forcing up a line of hummocks which approached within ten feet of our stern. The vessel trembled and complained a great deal. At last the floe broke up around us into many pieces, and became detached from the sides of the vessel. The scene of frightful commotion lasted until 4 a. m. Every moment I expected the vessel would be crushed or over- whelmed, by the massive ice forced up far above our bul- warks. The " Rescue," being further removed on the other side of the crack from the line of crushing, and being firmly imbedded in heavy ice, I was in hopes would remain undisturbed. This was not the case ; for, on sending to her as soon as it was light enough to see, the floe was found to be broken away entirely up to her bows, and the»'o itvmed into such high hummocks that her bowsprit was broken off", together with her head, and all the light wood-work about it. Had the action of the ice continued much longer, she must have been destroyed. We had the misfortune to find sad havoc had been made among the stores and provisions left on the ice ; and X 3 310 AKCTIC JOURNAL. few barrels were recovered, but a large portion Mere crushed and had disappeared. On the morning of the 14-th, there was again some mo- tion in the floes. That on the port side moved off from the vessel two or three feet, and there became stationary. This left the vessel entirely detached from the ice round the water line, and it was expected she would once more resume an upright position. In this, however, we were disappointed, for she remained with her stern elevated, and a considerable list to starboard, being held in this uncomfortable position by the heavy masses which had been forced under her bottom. She retained this po- sition until she finally broke out in the spring. fVe were 7iow fully launched into Baffin's Bay, and our line of drift began to he more southerly, asswning a direc- tion nearly parallel with the ivestern shore of the bay, at a distance of from 40 to 70 miles from it. After an absence of eighty-seven days, the sun, on the 29th of January, rose his whole diameter above the southern horizon, and remained visible more than an hour. All hands gave vent to delight on seeing an old friend again, in three hearty cheers. The length of the days now went on increasing rapidly, but no warmth was yet experienced from the sun's rays ; on the contrary, the cold became more intense. Mercury became congealed in February, also in March, which did not occur at any other period during the winter. A very low temperature was invariably accompanied with clear and calm weather, so that our coldest days were, perhaps, the most pleasant. In the absence of wind we could take exercise in the open air without feeling any inconvenience from the cold. But with a strong vind blowing, it was dangerous to be exposed to its chilling blasts for any length of time, even when the U on were ome mo- off from ationary. ;e round ice more we were elevated, I in this lich had tliis po- and our a dfrec- hay, at a 1, on the jove the than an g an old rapidly, u's rays ; VIcrcury hich did mpariied est days of wind feeling strong d to its hen the APPENDIX. 311 thermometer indicated a comparatively moderate degree of temperature. The ice around the vessel soon became again cemented and fixed, and no other rupture was expeii.nced until it finally broke up in the spring, and allowed us to escape. Still we kept driving to the southward along with the whole mass. Open lanes of water were visible at all times from aloft; sometimes they would be formed within a mile or two of us. Narwhales, seals, and dovekeys were seen in them. Our sportsmen were not expert enough to procure any, except a few of tiie latter, although they were indefatigable in their exertions to do so. Bears would frequently be seen prowling about ; only two were killed during the winter ; others were wounded, but made their escape. A few of us thought their flesh very palatable and wholesome, but the majority utterly rejected it. The flesh of the seal, when it could be obtained, was received with more favour. As the season advanced the cases of scurvy became more numerous, yet they were all kept under control by the unwearied attention and skilful treatment of the me- dical officers. My thanks are due to them, especially to Passed Assistant Surg'^on Kune, the senior medical officer of the expedition. I often had occasion to consult him concerning the health of the crew, and it is in a great measure owing to the advice which he gave, and thn ex- pedients which he recommended, that the expedition was enabled to return without the loss of one man. By the latter end of lebruary the ice had become sufficiently thick to enable us to build a trench round the stern of the " Rescue," sufficiently deep to ascertain the extent of the injury she had received in the gale at Griffith's Island. It was not fuund to be material ; the upper gudgeon alone had been wrenched from the sternpost. It was X 4 ■^; 312 AUCTIC JOURNAL. f adjusted, and the rudder repaired in readiness for ship- ping, when it should be required. A new bowsprit was also made for her out of the few spars we had left, and everything made seaworthy, in both vessels, before the breaking up of the ice. On the 1st of April a hole was cut in some ice that had been forming since our first besetment in September. It was found to have attained the thickness of 7 feet 2 Indies, In this month (April) the amelioration of the tem- perature became quite sensible. All hands were kept at work, cutting and sawing the ice around the vessels, in order to allow them to float once more. With the '* Res- cue " they succeeded, after much labour, in attaining this object; but around the stern of the "Advance" 'e ice was so thick that our 13- feet saw was too short .o pass through it. Her bows and sides, as far aft as the gangway, were liberated. After making some alteration in the "Rescue," for the better accommodation of her crew, and fires being lighted on board of her several days previous, to remove the ice and dampness which had accumulated during the winter, both officers and crew were transferred to her on the 24'th of April. The stores of this vessel which had been taken out were restored, the housing cloth taken off", and the vessel made in every respect ready for sea. There was little prospect, however, of our being able to reach the desired element very so6n. The nearest water was a narrow lane more than two miles distant. To cut tlirough the ice which intervened would have been next to im- possible. Beyond this lane, from the masthead, nothing but interminable floes could be seen. It was thought best to wait, in patience, and allow nature to work for us. In May, the noon-day sun began to take effect upon the // APPENDIX. 313 snow which covered the ice ; the surface of the floes became watery, and difficult to walk over. Still the dissolution was so slow, in comparison with the mass to be dissolved, that it must have taken us a long period to become libe- rated from this cause alone. More was expected from our southerly drift, which still continued, and must soon carry us into a milder climate and open sea. On the \dth of May the land about Cape Searle vms made out, the first that we had seen since jxissing Cape Walter Bathurst, about the 20th of January. A fetv days later we ivere off Cape Walsingham, and on the 21th passed out of the Arctic zone. June 6th, a moderate breeze from the S.E., with pleasant weather, thermometer up to 40° at noon, and altogether quite a warm and melting day. During the morning a peculiar crackling sound was heard on the floe. I was in- clined to impute it to the settling of the snow drifts as they were acted upon by the sun ; but in the afternoon, about five o'clock, the puzzle was solved very lucidly, and to the exceeding satisfaction of all hands. A crack in the floe took place between us and the " Rescue," and in a few minutes thereafter the whole immense field in which we had been imbedded so many months was rent in all direc- tions, leaving not a piece exceeding 100 yards in diameter. This rupture was not accompanied with any noise. The " Rescue " was entirely liberated, the " Advance " only partially. The ice in which her afterpart wa^ imbedded, still adhered to her from the main chains aft, keeping her stern elevated in an unsightly position. The " pack " (as it may now be called) became quite loose, a:.d but for our pertinacious friend acting as an immense drag upon us, we might have made some headway in any desired direc- tion. All our efforts were now turned to getting rid of it. With saws, axes, and crowbars, the people went to work ■Vfi!. ^ \y -^xr 314 ARCTIC JOURNAL. with a right good will, and, after hard labour for forty" eight hours, succeeded. The vessel was again afloat, and she righted. The joy of all hands vented itself spon- taneously in three hearty cheers. The after part of the false keel was gone, being carried away by the ice. The loss of it, however, I was glad to perceive, did not ma- terially afi'ect the sailing or working qualities of the vessel. The rudders were shipped, and Mere once more ready to move, as efficient as on the day we left New York. Steering to the S. E., and working slowly through the loose but heavy pack, on the 9th we parted from the *' Rescue " in a dense fog, she taking a different lead from the one the " Advance " was pursuing. On the morning of the lOth, with a fresh breeze from north, under a press of sail, we forced a way into an open and clear sea, in latitude 65^ 30', about thirty-five miles from the spot in which we were liberated. The wind, which in the ice was merely fresh, p > to be in clear water a gale, with a heavy sea running. Through this we laboured till the next morning. When it moderated, the coast of Greenland was in sight. Our course was now directed for the Whale Fis'i Inlands (the place of rendezvous appointed for our con- sort), which we reached on the 16th, not, however, with- out having some difficulty in getting through the unusual number of bergs which lined the coast. In an encounter with one we lost a studding sail boom. I had two objects in visiting these islands, that of verify- ing our chronometers, and to recruit our somewhat debili- tated crews. The latter object I learned, on arriving, could be much better obtained, and the former quite as well, at Lievely, on Disco Island, for which place I bore up, leaving orders for the " Rescue " to follow us. Wo arrived on the 1 7th, and the " Rescue" joined us the day after. APPENDIX. 315 to FisU The crews were indulged with a I'un on shore every day that we remained, which they enjoyed exceedingly, after their tedious winter confinement. This recreation, toge- ther with a few vegetables of an antiscorbutic character which were obtained, was of much benefit to them. There were no fresh provisions to be had here at this season of the year. Fortunately, one of the Danish company's vessels arrived from Copenhagen whilst we remained, and from her we obtained a few articles that we stood much in net ' ^. The company's store was nearly exhausted, but what remained was kindly placed at our disposal. On the 22d, our crews being much invigorated by their exercise on terra Jirma, and the few still affected with the scurvy being in a state of convalescence, we got under weigh, with the intentioyi of prosecuting the object of the expedition for one season snore, at least. From the statement made to us at Lievely, the last winter had been an extraordinary one. The winds had prevailed to an unusual degree from the N.W., and the ice was not at any time fixed. The whaling fleet had passed to the northward previous to our arrival. On the 24th we met with some obstruction from the ice off Hare Island, and on the following day our progress was completely arrested by it at Stovoe Island. In seeking for a passage we got beset in a pack near the lee shore, near to which we were carried by the drifting ice, and narrowly escaped being driven on the rocks. After getting out of this difficulty, we availed ourselves of every opening in the ice, and worked slowly to the northward, near the shore. On the 1st of July we were off the Danish port and settlement of Proven, and as the condition of the ice ren- dered further progre^„ at present impossible, we went in and anchored to wait for a change. Here again some scurvy grass was collected, and the men allowed to run on shore. ?;?y^»;^lf*r^' y 316 ARCTIC JOURNAL. On the 3rd we got under weigh, and run out +o look at the ice ; but finding it still closely packed, returned to our anchorage. On the 6th the accounts from our look out on the hill near us were more favourable. Again we got under way, and finding the pack somewhat loose, succeeded in making some headway through it. The following day we got into clear water, and fell in with two English whaling vessels, the " Pacific " and " Jane." To their gentlemanly and considerate commanders we are much indebted for the supplies furnished us, consisting of potatoes, turnips, and other articles, most acceptable to people in our condition. Much interesting news was also gained from them, re- specting important events which had occurred since we left home. Their statements as to the condition of the ice to the northward was anything but flattering to our prospects. They had considered it so very unfavourable as to aban- don the attempt to push through Melville Bay, and were now on their way to the southward On the 8th we communicated with the settlement of Uppernavik. The next day two more English whaling vessels passed, on their way to the southward. At the same time the " M'Lellan," of New London, the only American whaler in Baffin's Bay, was descried, also standing south. On communicating with her, we were rejoiced to find letters and papers from home, transmitted by the kindness of Mr. Grinnell. We remained by the " M'Lellan " several hours, in order to close our letters, and despatch them by her. Several articles that we stood much in need of were pur- chased from her. On the lOth, the Bafl^in's Islands being in sight to the north we met the remainder of the whaling fleet returning. look at 1 to our the hill ler way, making got into vessels, inly and for the ips, and ndition. em, re- iince we !e to the rospects. to aban- ,nd were ment of whaling he same merican y south, to find indness ours, in jv her. ere pur- t to the turning. APPENDIX. 317 They confirmed the accounts given us by tlie "Pacific " and "Jane," in regard to the unfavourable condition of the ice for an early passage through Melville Bay. The following are the names of vessels c(»niniunicated with : viz., " Joseph Green " of Peterhead, " Alexander " of Dundee, " Advice" of Dundee, " Princess Charlotte " of Dundee, "Horn" of Dundee, "Ann" of Hull, "Re- galia " of Kirkaldy, " Chieftain " of Kirkaldy, and " Lord Gambier" of Hull. My notes are unfortunately at fault as to the names of their enterprising and warm-hearted commanders, each of whom vied with the other in shower- ing upon uo such articles as they knew we must be in want of, consisting of potatoes, turnips, fresh beef, &C' My proposition to compensate them they would not enter- tain for a moment ; and I take this occasion of making public acknowledgment of the valuable aid rendered us, to which, no doubt, much of our subsequent good health is owing. On the 11th, in attempting to run between the Baffin's Islands, the " Advance " grounded on a rocky shoal. The " Rescue " barely escaped the same fate by hauling by the wind on discovering our raishap. Fortunately there was a large grounded berg near, to which our hawsers could be taken for hauling olf, which we succeeded in doing after twenty-four hours' hard work. The vessel had not apparently received any injury ; but a few days later an- other piece of her false keel came off, supposed to have been loosened on this occasion. The ice to the north of the islands was too closely packed to be penetrated, and the prevalence of southerly winds afforded but little prospect of a speedy opening. On the 16th, the searching yacht " Prince Albert" succeeded in reaching near to our position, after iiaving been in sight for several days. Mr. Kennedy, her com- mander, came on board, and brought us letters. II i*ki 318 ARCTIC JOURNAL. ■^he berth in which our vessels were macle fast in this place was alongside of a low tongue of an immense berg, which, by accurate measurement, towered up to the height of 245 feet above the water level. It was aground in ninetj'-six fathoms water, thus making the whole distance, from top to bottom, 821 feet. We saw many bergs equally as large as this, and some much larger ; but this was the only one we had so good an opportunity of mea- suring with accuracy. On the 17th the ice opened a little, and we got under weigh. Hence till the 27th, with almost incessant work, by watching every opening, we continued to make a few miles each day, the *' Prince Albert" keeping company with us. On this day, while running through a narrow lead, the ice closed suddenly. The " Advance" was caught in a tight place, and pretty severely nipped. We managed to unship the rudder, but before it could be secured the crashing ice carried it under. We had lines fast to it, however, and after the action of the ice ceased it was extricated without injury. The " Rescue" and " Prince Albert," although near us, were in better berths, and escaped the severe nip the "Advance" received. We were closely beset in this position, and utterly un- able to move, until the 4th of August, when the ice slacking a little, we succeeded in getting hold of the land ice one mile further to the north. The " Prince Albert" was still in the pack, a mile or two to the southward of us. Mr. Kennedy informed me that it was his intention to abandon this route, and return to the southward, as sooti as his vessel could be extricated from her present position, in hopes of finding the ice more practicable in that direction. Some letters and papers that he had brought out for the other English searching vessels he placed on board of us. Unfortunately, we were unable to deliver them. I APPENDIX. 319 in this se berg, e height ound in listance, y bergs but this of mea- )t under it work, ke a few company i narrow was We ce" ed. could be [lad Hues e ceased ue" and r berths, ved. erly un- the ice the land Albert" ward of ention to s soon as utio7i, in lirection. for the rd of us. We lost sight of the "Prince Albert" on the 13th. For our own part, there was no possibility of moving in any direction. The berth we had taken up, under the impression that it was a good and safe one, proved a regular trap, for the drift pack not only set in upon us, but innumerable bergs came drifting along from the southward, and stopped near our position, forming a per- fect wall around us, at not more than from 200 to 400 yards distance. Many unsuccessful attempts were made to get out. The winds were light, and all motion in the ice had apparently ceased. The young ice, too, began to form rapidly, and was only p. evented from cementing permanently together the broken masses around us by the frequent undulations occasioned by the overturning or falling to pieces of the neighbouring bergs. My anxiety daily increased at the prospect of b«'ing obliged to spend another winter in a similar, if not worse situation, than was that of the last. On the 18th the ice was somewhat looser. We imme- diately took advantage of it, and managed to find an opening between the large bergs, sufficiently wide to admit the passage of the vessels. Outside the bergs we had open water enough to work in. We etood to the N. W., but the lead closing at the dis- tance of a few miles, and the ice appearing as unfavour- able as ever, I did not deem it prudent to run the risk of their besetment again at this late period of the season ; and considering that, even if successful in crossing the pack, it would be too late to hope to attain a point on the route of search as far as we had been last year, there- fore, in obedience to that clause in my instructions which says, '• You are especially i ijoined not to spend, if it can be avoided, more than one winter in the Arctic rcgiojis;" accordingly, with sad hearts that our labours had served 'i mmn It I 320 ARCTIC JOURNAL. to throw so little light upon the object of our search, it was resolved to give it up, and return to the United States. We therefore retraced our steps to the southward. The ice that had so much impeded our progress had entirely disappeared. We touched for refreshment by the way at some of the settlements on the coast of Greenland, where we were most kindly and hospitably received by the Danish authorities. Leaving Holsteinberg on the 6th September for New York, the two vessels were separated in a gale to the southward of Cape Farewell. The " Advance" arrived on the 30th ultimo, and the " Rescue" on the 7th instant, with grateful hearts from all on board to a kind super- intending Providence for our safe deliverance from dan- ger, shipwreck, and disaster, during so perilous a voyage. I have, &c. (Signed) Edwin J. De Haven, Lieutenant commanding Arctic Expedition. To the Hon. Wm. A. Graham, Secretary of the Navy, Washington. THE END. London : Si'OTTiswoonEs and Shaw, New-street-Square. t ',> it of our search, it urn to the United e southward. The ogress had entirely iient by the way at f Greenland, where y received by the September for New d in a gale to the « Advance" arrived ' on the 7th instant, d to a kind super- liverance from dan- o perilous a voyage. Haven, Lieutenant ding Arctic Expedition. V, AN ALPHABETICAL CATALOGUE OF NEW WOEKS In general and MISCELLANEOUS LITERATURE, PUBLISHED BV Messrs. LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, and LONGMANS, PATERN08TEK KOW, LONDON. CLASSIFIED INDEX. Agrlcttlture and Rural Affairs. Pajfes Barldoii on ValiiIn};Rciits,etc. - - 6 Cairil's Letter on Aijriculturc - - - 7 Cecil'H Stuil I'Hrm ----- 8 Loudon's ICiicyclnpiediaof Agriculture • 17 ,, Self-liistrUL'tion for Farmers, etc. IS ,, (Mrs.)Lndy'sCountryC'omiiaiiioii IG Low's Elements of Agriculture • - 17 ,, On Landed Property - - -17 jAfts, IVSannfactures, and Arobitecture. Addison's Knichts Templars ... 5 Bourne's Oatechism of the Steam Enj^ine 6 Brniide's Dictionary of Science, etc. • 6 Cresy'sEncyel. of Civil Eiigineerinj{ - 8 Eastlalie on Oil Painting - - . !) (Jwilt'sEiicvclopirdia of Architecture - 11 Jameson's Sacred and Legendary Art 13, 14 London's Rural Arcliitecture - - - 17 Moselev's Engineering and Architecture 21 Steam P^ngine (The) ,by the Artisan Clul) 5 Tate on Strength of Materials - - - 28 Ure's Dictionary of Arts, etc. - - 31 Biogi'upby. Haines's Life of Haines ... Bunsen's Hippolytus - - - Koss's iludgcs ot England Holcroft's Memoirs . . - . Holland's (Lord) Memoirs Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopiedia Maundcr'sBlographlculTreasury - Southey's Life of Wesley . - . ., Life and Correspondence Stephen's Ivclesiastical biography Taylor's Liiyola . - - . ,, Wesley .... Townsend's Twelve eminent Judges Waterton's Autobiography and Essays Pages •■;o / 10 2'J 12 15 20 28 30 30 ol 31 Books of C^encral Utility. Acton's (Eli/a) Cooiicry Book - • 5 Black's Treatise on Brewing - - - f> Cabinet L.iwyer (The) - - . . 7 Hints 1)11 Etiquette - - - - • 22 Hudson's Kxecutor'sdulile - . • 13 ,, (In Making Wills • . - 13 Larduer's Cabinet Cyclopicdia - • IS Loudon's Self Instruction - . - in ,, (Mrs.) Amateur Gardener - 16 Maundcr'i Treasury of Knowledge >, ScientificandLiteraryTreasury 19 ,, Treasury of History - - 19 ,, BiograpniealTreasurT . - 20 ,, Natural History - - - lU Pocket and the Stud - - - -11 Pycroft's Course of English Reading •• 23 Recce's Medical Guide - - - - 23 Rich's Companion to the Lailn DIctionarv 23 Riddle's Latin Dictionaries and Lexicon ' 24 ,, and Kreund's I^atin Lexicon • 24 Rogers's Vegetable Cnltirntor - - 24 Roget's English Thesaurus • - - 25 Uowton's Debater • . - - . Sfi Short Whist 26 Stud (The) for Practical Purposes - 11 Thomson'slnterestTables - • -30 Traveller's Library ----- 29 Webster'sEucycl. of DomesticEconomy 32 Botany and Gardening'. Conversations on Botany - - - S Hooker's British Flora • - - - 12 ,, Guide to Kew Gardens - - 12 Lindley's Introduction to Botany - • 16 Loudon's HortusBritannieus - - -17 ,, EncyclopuediaofTrces& Shrubs 17 ,, ,, Gardening - 17 ,, Encyclopiedia of Plants . • 17 ,, Self-Instruction for Gardeners 16 ,, (Mrs.) Amateur Gardener - 16 Rivers's Rose Amateur's Guide - - 24 Rogers's Vegetable Cultivator • - 24 Chronology. Blair's Chronological Tables - - 6 Bimsen's Ancient Ei;ypt - - - 7 Hindu's Book of DiL'iiities - - - 11 Nieolas's Chronology of History - - lo Commerce and rvXcrc£^ntlle Affairs. Francis's Bank of England ,, Kiiglish Railway ,, Stock Kxchange LiiiiUay's Navigation Laws Lorimcr's Li'ttiTs to a Master Mariner M'Culloch's Dictionary ot Coiiiuieice Steel's Shipmaster's Assistant Synions' Merfhaiit Seaiuen's !jaw - Thomson's Tables of Interest - 10 10 1(1 10 11; 18 2S •jS 30 1; ll Si' ^'= London: I'rlnted by M. BIason, Ivy Lane, I'atcinosttr liow. =.^' •""•"''^•^msmsam .li' I i r Criticism, History, and Memoirs, Page! Addljon'sKiiiRhts Templars - - -_ 5 B«lfour'HSk«tche» of Literature - - t> Blair'. Chron.aud Historical Tablci - 6 Bunaen'ii Ancient Efj'pt ' ' ' L ,, Hippolytua „* i " " i Conybeare and Howson'a St. Paul - - « Dennistonn'iDukMofUrbino • - » Kastlalie'a Hlitory of Oil I'ainting - 9 FusH'a Judaea of England - • - 10 Francis's bink of Kngland - • - 10 „ Knglibh UaUway . - • 10 „ Stock Exchange - • - 10 Gumey's Historical Sketches - - -11 Harrison On the English Language - 11 Holland's (Lord) foreign Keminls- cences • - - • • 12 „ „ Whig Party - - lij Jeffrey's (Lord) Contributions - - 14 Keinble's Anglo-Saxons in England - 14 Lard ner's Cabinet Cyclopaedia - - 15 Macaulay's Essays - - - • • 18 „ History of England - - 17 Mackintosh's Miscellaneous Works - 18 M'Culloch's Dictionary, Historical, Geo- graphical^nd Statistical • - -18 M^uncior's Treasury of History - - 13 Merivale's History of Rome - - - 20 Mosheini's Ecclesiastical History - - 21 Mure's Ancient Greece - - - 21 Rich's Companion to tlic Latin Dictionary 23 Riddle's Latin Dictionaries - - - 24 „ and Freuud's Latin Lexicon - 24 Rogers's Essays from the Edinburgli IteT. 24 Roget's English Thesaurus - - - 25 Schniiti's History of Greccfl - • - 30 Schombcrg's Theocratic Philosophy - 25 Shepherd's Church of Rome - - - 26 Sinclair's Popish Legends - - - 26 Smith's (S.) Lectureson Moral Philosophy 26 Southey's The Doctor etc. - - - 27 Stephen's Essays . in EccleiiiaBtical Bio> graphy ----- 29 „ Lectures on the History of France ...... 28 Sydney Smith's Works - - . - 26 'laylor's Loyola ..... 30 „ Wesley 30 Thirlwall's History of Greece - . .30 Tooke's Histories of Prices • - - 31 Townsend's Sute Trials .... 31 Turner's Anglo.Saxons • - - . 31 „ Sacred History of the World • 31 Zumpt's Latin Grammar - • - - 32 Geoepraptay and Atlases. Butler's Ancient and Modern Geography ,, Atlas of General Geography Carpenter's Varieties of Mankind - Erman's Travels through Siberia - Hall's Large Library Atlas . - . Johnston's General Gazetteer M'CuUoch's Geographical Dictionary Murray's Encyclopicdla of Geography Sharp's British Gazetteer JK' Howitt's Boy's CnuiitrT Book - „ Children's Ye'ar Laiieton Parsonage - - . Mrs. Marcet's Conversations • Margaret Pcrcival ... Miirryat'sMasterman Ready - ,, Privateer's-Mau ,, Settlers Id Canada ,, Mission; or. Scenes in A Pycroft's Course of English lleauiug 7 7 7 10 11 14 IS 21 26 Juvenile 8ooks< Amy Herbert -.-.-. 25 Corner's Children's Sunday Book . - 8 Earl's Daughter (The) .... 26 Gertrude -•-•-••So lea Medicine. Bull's Hints to Mothers ,, Management of Children Carpenter's Varieties of Mankind Copland's Dictionary of Medicine Holland's Medical Ptiysinlogv Latham On Diseases of the Heart Moore On Health, Disease, and Remedy I'ercira On Food and Diet • • Ueece's Medical Guide • I'J 25 19 25 19 lU 19 19 23 7 7 7 8 12 16 20 23 23 Miscellaneous and General Xiiterature. Bailey's Discourses . . - - . 5 ,, 'f heory of Reasoning . - . 5 Carpenter's Varieties of Matikind - - 7 Graham's English ... - . 10 Haydn's Bcatson's Index - - • U Holland's Medical Physiology . - 13 Hooker's Kew Guide .... 12 Howitt's Rural Life of England . - 13 ,, Visits to Remarkable Places . 13 Jeffrey's (Lord) Contributions - .14 Lardncr's Cabinet Cyclopicdia ■ .16 Loudon's(Mrs.) J.sdy'sCountrj|Companlon 16 Macaulay's Critical and Historical Essays IS Mackintosh's (Sir J.) Mlscelloueuus Works 1ft Maitlnnd's Church In the Catacombs • 18 Pascal's Works, by Pearce - - . 22 Pycroft's Course of English Reading • 23 Rich's Companion to the Latin Dictionary 23 Riddle's Latin Dictionaries and Lexicon 24 „ and Freund's Latin Lexicon . 24 Rowton's Debater ----- 26 Scaward'c Narrativeof his Shipwreck . 25 Sir Roger De Coverley . - - 28 Southey's Common-Place Books - - 27 „ The Doctor etc. - - - 27 Stow's Training System - - - . 28 Sydney Smith's Works .... 26 Townsend's State Trials .... 31 Willoughby's (Lady) Diary . - -32 Zincke's Srhool of the Future- ■ .32 Zumpt's Latin Grammu ... .32 XTatural Bistory in General. Catlow's Popular Conchology . Ephemera ami Young on the Salmon Gusse's Natural History of Jamaica Kirby and Speuce's Entomology ■. ■■ Lee's Elements of Natural Historj' Maunder's Trcasurr of Natural History Tarton'sShellsoftheBrltiahlslands Waterton'sP'ssays on Natural History Youati'sThe Dog .... ,, The Horse ... 7 10 10 14 16 19 31 32 33 32 "^■uhM . , : s- =« 11 Africa kuiut; Pngei . 12 • 12 - 25 - 19 . 25 . 19 - 19 . 19 19 23 11(1 - iue - ;»rt - dllemedy 7 7 7 8 12 16 20 - 23 BOB erature* kind le Plftcei 5 5 7 10 n 12 12 13 13 14 ;ry Companion 16 orical Esaajs 18 oueuus Worlii 18 tacoiuba • 18 • 22 .cadir.g • 23 II Dictionary 23 Lexicon 24 exicon Itipwreck jolis kory in ! Salmon I Jamaica llogy ■» ■• lislorr liral History Islands lal History 24 25 25 26 27 27 28 26 31 32 32 32 7 10 10 14 16 19 31 32 32 32 n TO Messrs. LONGMAN and Co.'s CATALOGUE. XVovels and 'WorltM of Fiction. Pages Lady Willouijhbv's Diary - - - 33 Macdonalrt's Viliii Veroiciiio • - - 18 Harryat's Masterinaii Heady - • - 19 ,, Priviitccr'a-Maii - • - 19 ,, Settlers 111 Canwla - - • 19 ,, Mission; ori Scenes in Africa^ • 19 Sir lioifer l)e Coverlcy - - - - 26 Soutliey's Tlie Doctor etc. - - -27 One Vol. Bnoydopeedias and Dictionaries. Blaine's, of Rural Sports • . . . Brande's, of Science, Lileralnre, and Art Copland's, of Medicine - - • - Cresy's, of Civil Knf^iieeriuf . . • Gwilt'siOfArchitecture . • - • Jolinstun's Geographical DIctlonarr Loudon's, ofTreesand Shrubs ,, of Gardening . - • • ,, of Axriculture ' 6 6 9 8 11 16 17 17 17 ofl'FanU ..... 17 ,, of Rural Architecture - - 17 H'Calloch's Geoi;raphical Dictionary • 18 ,, Dirtibiiary of Commerce . 18 MurrRy'sEncycloponliaor Geography • 21 Sharp's British Oa):etteer- . . . 26 Ure's Arts, Manufactures, and Hinci • 31 Webster's domestic Economy • -33 Poetry and tbe Drama* Ailtin's (Dr.) British Poets ... 5 Baiilie's (J. ' 's Sentiments and Similes ■ 13 Southey'sPoetical Works ... 27 ,, British Poets - - - - 28 Swain's English Melodies - - - 28 Tasso, by Smith ..... 27 Thomson's Seasons, illustrated . .30 Watts's Lyrics of the Heart - - .32 Winged Thoughts ..... 22 Political Sconomy and Statistics. Caird's Enijiish Agriculture - - - 7 Francis's Bank of tCnKland - - - 10 ,, English Railway • ■ - 10 „ Stock Exchange - - - 10 Laing's Denmark and the Duchies . .14 „ Notes of a Traveller - . - 14 Lindsay's Navigation Laws ... 16 M*Culloch'sGeographical, Statistical, and Historical Dictionary • . . 18 Pages M'Culluch's Dictionary of Comaerce • 18 „ Lnndon . - - . . 29 „ Un Taxation and Funding . 18 ,, Statistics of the British ifmpire 18 Marcet's Conversations on P*lit. Economy 19 Pashler on Pauperism .... 33 Tuokc's History of Prlcei . . . ai Sellg^ous and Moral lirorksi etc. Amy Herbert ....-• Bloomfield'sGreek Testament ,, Annotations on ditto . „ CollegeandScboul ditto . Clissold on the Apocalypse Conybcare and Howson's Ht. Paul . Corner's Sunday Book . . - ■ Cox's Protestantiim and Roaantsia Dale's Domestic Liturgy Discipline .... . . Earl's Daughter (The) .... Eugliahmau's Hebrew Concordance ,, Greek Concordance Gertrude ..... Hook's (Dr.) Lectures on Passion Week Home 's 1 ntroduction to the Scriptures „ Compendium of ditto Jameson's Sacred and Legendary An „ Monastic Legends - ,, Legends of tbe Madonna Jeremy Taylor's Works ... Laneton Parsonage . - - « Letters to my Unknown Friends ,, on Happiness ... Maitiand's Church in the Catacombs Margaret Percival .... Moore on the Power of the Soul . ,, on tbe Use of the Body „ on Man and his Motives . •; Musheim's Ecclesiastical History - Neale's Closing Scene . . • ,, Resting Places of the Just . „ Riches that bring no Sorrow Newman's (J. H.) Discourses Pascal's Works, by Pearce Readings for Lent .... Robinson's Lexicon of the Greek Testa' ment ...... Schomberg'a Theocratic Philosophy Shepherd's Church of Rome . Sinclair's Journey of Life ,, Popish Legends Smith's (J.) St. Paul's Shipwreck . ,, (S.) Lectures on Moral PhilOBoph Southey's Life of Wesley . . . Stephen's (Sir J.) Essays in Ecclesiastical Biography ..... Tayler's (Rev. C. B.) Margaret ,, ,, Lady Mary Taylor's (J.) Thumb Bible ,, (Isaac) Loyola ,, Wesley ■ . . - Tomllne's Introduction to tbe Bible Turner's Sacred History Willoughby's (Lady) Diary Hural Sportsj Blalne'sJHetionaryof Sports Cecil's Stud Farm . . . . The Cricket Field . . . . Ephemera on Angling ,, 's Book of the Salman ■ 35 • 6 8 8 8 8 9 9 26 19 19 35 12 12 13 13 13 14 14 25 16 16 18 26 20 20 20 21 22 21 31 22 22 14 24 26 26 'J7 2S 30 30 :jo 30 30 31 31 32 6 S '.) 1(1 10 Vi ill' .1 1! ■I i i! ! '■ H«wker'«In»tructIonito9portiinet» The Hunting Field - - - Loudon's LaUy'« Country Companion Poel(ct »ncl the Stud . - - Practical Hor»eni»n»hlp - PulniRn'»Fiv-Ki«hin({ . - - Honnldn'i Kly-Hiher Stable Talk and Tabic Ti»ll« The Stud, foi Practical Men • Wheatlej't Bod and Line Pagei 1) II 16 II 11 •::\ II II ■i-2 Tbe Sciences in General , and nsathematicsa Bourne's Catechlam of the Steam Engine Brande'i Oictionary of Science, etc. - UelaBecheontheOeoloityof Cornwall, etc ,, '« GeoliiiricBl Obierrer - nela nWe'uKlcctrlLity . - • - Herachel'ii Outlinea of Aitronomy - Uaml>oldt'> Aspects of Nature „ Coamos . . • • Holland'a Medical Physlolosry Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopiedia ,, Great Kxhibitlou - . - Marcet'«Coiner«atton« ... Mo»eley'» Practical Mechanlca . ,. Kngineerlni; and Architecture Owen's Comparative Anatomy - - - Peschel's Pbvsics . - - - - PhiliipH'* Pal ieozoicFossinof Cornwall, etc Portlock'aOeoloify of Londonderry Sniee'a Klectro-MetallurKy . - - Steam Enijine (Urc), by the Artisan Club Tate on Strength of Materials „ Eierdiea on Mechanics Thomson's School Chemistry- Veterinary Medicine. Cecil's Stud Farm . - - The Hunting Field • - The Pocket and the Stud i Practical Horsemauship - Stable Talk and Table Talk - The Stud for Practical Purposi's Youatt's The Dour - . - „ The Horse Paxes - H . II - 11 . II - 11 . II . 32 . S2 Voyages and Travels^ Chesney's Euphrates and Tigris Davin's China . . . • - Efithen ..-•-- Erman's Travels through Siberia - Forbes's IJaliomey . . - - Forester and Biddulph's Noiwny Huc'sTiirtarv, Thibet, and China - Humboldt's Aspc ts ol Nature Jameson's Cauitda . - - - Laing's Dciimiirk - . . - ,, Norway . . . • „ Notes of a Traveller - Lardncr's London . - - - Mnekay's English Lukes . - - Osborn's Arctic. I ourual - Pfeiffer's Vojai;e round the Wurlil ■ Power's New Zealand Sketches Richsrdsou'fi Overland Journey Rovings in the Pacific Seaward's Narrative of his Shipwr Snow's Arctic Voyage Traveller's Library Wernc's African VVauderings cck 8 9 29 lU 10 10 '29 13 39 14 29 14 14 18 22 29 ;3 24 25 25 ■ 27 •^9 . 29 i 'f 1 lidne. . H . II - n . II - n . II . 32 'ravels. is . 8 - 9 ^ - 29 cria - . 10 . 10 itny . 10 [Ihiua - • 29 re " . 13 . 29 . 14 . 29 ^ . 14 . 14 . 18 O.J lVorl.1 - . 29 . .3 iicy . 24 . 25 Shipwreck . 25 - 27 - « - 29 fS - - 29 JK- Ak ALniABETICAL CATALOGUE OP NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS rCDLISIIED BY Messus. LONGMAX, brow X, GREEX, and LOXGMAXS. MISS ACTOX, :^[ODERX COOKL!i\-BOOK. Modern Cookery ill ill in Brmiche- '■ciliiceH to aSjmtem of Kf," Pmctice. For the u«r of Private I'll i lien. In n Scries of (' . il Ueicipln, all of wlii .. have been striitly tested, niid are);ivLii with the most minuti ■..:!, lss. ByKliza/Xcton. 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