,vV!a. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) y^^ m A €<'< :/. fA 1.0 I.I 11.25 I^|2j8 |2.5 |50 ■^" ■■■ Hi fttt " lis i 20 LA. mil 1.6 -> V] -y %^^c#.^>^' o 7 )tDg!HpniC Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) S72-4S03 S ^ i\ N> "% V ^^" ^- ^^J^ <^ '^' r o ,*■ TITUTION.S ; • AND ITS FKE8ENT POLITICAL mmim AND RELATlOiNS; rooETniuU wn II TIIK ADVANTAGES IT AFFORDS AS A DESIHKABLE FIEhD or E M i G K A 1 1 ^ . N /'V/^ -v-^ '■^r WY THE REV. WILLIAM HAW. ■^v-^ '"sJ^/^rx '^jT^ r^.-\ r" -•v^^^ ^-sy **i^ EDINBURGH. PUBLISHED BY CHARLES ZIEGLEIl, 17, SOf/TH BRIDGE AND CARTRIDGE AND OAKEY, LONDON. ' " 1850. Price Is. 3d. Ci CI c< Ca Gc CONTENTS. LETTER I. Canada— Its Early History and Settlement— Boundaries— Divisions — Cities — Towns— Population— Property— General Routes and Distances. LETTER IL Climate— Natural Productions, Trees, Fruit, Flowers— Wild Beasts, Birds, Fish— Mineral Wealth— Mineral Springs— Mining. LETTER III. Commerce — Exports — Imports— Shipping — Revenue— Public Debt— Manu- factures — Railroads— Banks. LETTER IV. Canada— Compared with the United States in Agricultural Progress and Wealth— Agricultural Societies. LETTER V. Religious and Educational Institutions. LETTER VI. Present Political Condition of Canada. LETTER VIL Who ought to Emigrate, and what class of Persons are most likely to succeed in Canada. LETTER VIIL Gcnoral Advice — Preparation for the Voyage — Selection of a Port and Sln'p— Time of Departure — Course to be pursued on Arrival. 1 N T R O D U c; T I O xV . In presenting the following Letters to the Public, the Author is fully aware that a nutural curiosity, combined with the acknowledged impor- tance of the subject of Emigration, will prompt many to inquire who the Author is — what the nature of the opportunities and facilities he has had of forming a correct opinion, and qualifying him to impart correct information ; and not a few may be equally anxious to discover the end he is seeking to obtain, and analyze the motives by which he is actuated. As such curiosity may be regarded natural, and not at all unreasonable, we shall proceed, without hesitation, at once to gratify our readers upon these points, by simply remarking, that having resided fifteen years in Canada West, and travelled during that time more than 10,000 miles in the discharge of our professional duties, and over 2000 on business and otherwise, mingling constantly with all classes of society, and visiting many of the remotest settlements, and having had constant access to the most reliable and authentic sources of information, we think it will be most readily conceded, that we possess at least, qu.ilifications for our undertaking, not enjoyed by the mere transient visitor, or occasional tourist, several of whom, in writing on the subjecv, are manifestly inac- curate as to statistic information, and some gros» v {;;;norant of the con- dition and resources of the country. As regards tne object we have in view, and the considerations by which we are influenced, we may be per- mitted to remark, that we have no personal ends to serve — no vast estates to dispose of — that we are not the hired agent of Government, or for any company — nor are we particularly anxious to propagate any purely speculative opinions upon the question of Emigration, or to se- cure fame as an Author ; our object being simply to contribute to the temporal and social happiness and elevation of our fellow-countrymen, believing, as we do, that in whatever aspect the subject of Emigration may be contemplated, it is eminently adapted to accomplish this impor- tant end. We have satisfied ourselves, that, however questionable it may be as a panacea for the social eviKs of a particular nation, or as a speculative remedial measure applicable to the commercial and political evils of our own country, there can be no question at all, that it is a remedy for the VI individuHl. In vain do thu mass uf the people of (ireut Britain look to a reform of the political abuses of tlie country, ur a release from the op • pressive taxation imder which they groan. I'he proj^ress of reform is confessedly too slow. Vears must elapse hefore any {jreat and essen- tially beneficial chan;.^e takes place, and thousands, and millions of our starvinfj;- population must sink by hunfrer and despair into a premature grave, and their cliildren, as outcasts and beggars, must go mourning about our streets. The advocates of financial and other reforms, may persevere willi unabated zeal, undaunted by the obstacles uhich lie in their way, until they have secured a cheap and economical administration of (Jovern- ment, and the removal of the odious imposts and insupportable taxation which now par.alyze the energies of the country, and render hopeless the condition of thousands ; yet when ail these desiral)le ends shall be at- tained, we venture to predict that all will fail to give emjiloyment to the unemployed, or remove the misery which nevertheless will continue to afHict a redundant populatiim. ^^e gave utterance to these sentiments fifteen years ago, and then put them to a practical test, nor have we mot with any thing as a Colonist, in the course of our experience and ob- servation, or in the progressive develnpement of opinion in Kngland or elsewhere, tending in any the sliglitest degree, to alter or modify our views, but, on the contrary, every thing calculated to strengthen our con- victions and confirm our opinions. We cannot, therefore, but regard those as wise in their generation, who are looking to the Western Hemisphere as a refuge from distress, disappointment, and poverty, and as a home, where tens of thousands of the broad acres of a virgin soil is courting the industry of man, and amply rewarding him for his toil ; nor can we forbear to express it as our firm conviction, that were half the attention given to this question by the Government, which is directed to measures much more question- able as to their ultimate results, and were half the energy of voluntary associations now expended in seeking to remove the palpable evils of our country, comhined with the Government, in a well-defined and well- regulated system of Emigration, we think the evils deplored would be brought to a more speedy termination, than by any of the great and or- ganic chan:;es now so ardently sought for, however desirable they may be in themselves. It is utterly impossible for those who are opposed to systematic emi- gration, to form anything like a correct estimate of the advantages it is adapted to secure, both to the Parent State and her Colonies, from any data which isolated or spontaneous examples furnish. They are too li- mited in their character and influence, and not unfrequently attended with partial evils and disastrous consequences. To be beneficial to the full extent contemplated by its most enlightened advocates, there must be some com))rehensive systematic organized plan of operations, by which S II the litiiasHin^ fii'ld no\> .>n'ering in uur (.'(ilonii'ti thruugliuiit t}iu world, may receive \Tith a(Ivanta},'e to hutli coiintrieH, tlie HurjiluH |)0|mlalion of (Jreat ISritain, tlius extending? not only the hlessiiif^s of temporal com- fort, but of eivil and reli|;io»j8 freedom, hy multiplying families in all regioHH, and ultimately forming nationu and founding empires, whose laws, language, and institutions shall be one, and their future hopes and deatinies identical. It is not, in our opinion, at all creditable to the so called benevolent age in which we live, or in harmony with tlie pro- fessed philanthropy, whose pulsation beats fr(»m the heart to the extre- mities of society ; nor is it consistent with that c-nlightened and liberal policy, by which our rulers profess to be guided, that iho question of the fiettlenient of our Colonies, pregnant as it is with such lasting and in- calculable advantages to millions of our race, sliould be left to be prac- tically carried out in so hap-ha/ardous and unsatisfactory a manner, as that which has marked its progress up to the present period. If reformers and philanthopists, rulers and legislators, are not pre- pared to concede, that systematic emigration is ^' the" remedy for the evils which a/llict the masses of a poverty-stricken and redundant popu- lation, they are doubtless prepared to admit, that it is a remedy the most practical in its character, ;ind beneficial in its results, and should, therefore, receive at their hands, that share of attention which its grow- ing importance demands. It is not necessary, however, for us to extend our remarks, or multiply arguments upon this subject, it has been fre- quently presented to the public, and pressed upon the attention of the Colonial and Imperial (Jovernments, by writers much more competent than ourselves. Indeed, we may assign this as one of the reasons for our present undertaking, having noticed tliat several of the books pub- lished upon the subject of Emigration to Canada, and professedly in- tended as guides to those who designed to make that country their fu~ ture home, while they are not liable to the charge of inaccuracy, and are not out of date, are nevertheless so general in their character, that they are to be regarded as plans and schemes submitted to the consideration of Government, rather than as guides to the Emigrant — being obviously designed to advocate some systematic measures for the developcment of the resources of the country. Our object in writing, is to supply this desideratum, by placing before our readers, authentic information relative to those subjects which more immediately concern that class of persons who are desirous of improving their circumstances, by removing to a new country, and by presenting Canada as it really is, enable them to determine whether she has not equal, if not superior claims to any of the numerous fields now inviting the attention of the Emigrant. We shall endeavour, therefore, to sup- ply the intending settler with more recent, comprehensive, and precise statistic details than has ever been presented in so condensed a ^orm ; and though we have not written as much upon the subject as some of our readers might desire, or the materials at our command would have en- • t f Vllt nbled un to do, yet if our liiimble eiTorta Hhnll tinve teniled in nny de^^ree to roniove the prejiidicen^ or corroct any of the erroneous conceptions which Home entertain, and tiliall aid any in coming to a decision upon a qucHtion which has long agitated their minds, the end will be gained, and we shall he satisfied. As to the mode we have adopted in communi- cating the information we have supplied, we have simply to state, that it appeared to na the most familiar, and best suited to our purpose in enabling us to give a definite answer to the various questions put to us by our friends in our daily intercourse with them ; and in doing so, we are exceedingly anxious to be correct and faithful, so that we may not be churged with the responsibility of unduly persuading or dissuading any one with respect to so important a step as that of Kmigration. If, there- fore, any error should find its way into our Letters, it must be attributed to an imperfection of judgment in the arrangement of our materials, and to no other cause. Sunderlanil, I'tliruaiy l»r»0. . s* • I'll; \ De/ ) feati geth dcnl I th earli ver> circ thei byf cffei und an 1 ren( and Ro] call my (I(>f(ree unceptioris ion upon a be gained, communi- itate, that |)urpose in I put to us ing 80, wu luy not be tiding any If, there- nttributed materials, Kll'TKMN VKAllS IN lANADA, kv ljJ;p,jS«**l «i - -.«il- -■,..^.<%Ar•/-,|tft I.ETTEU I. Ciinadu— Its Early History and Settlonicnt—IJoundarios— Divisions— Citios — Towns — ropulation— rroporty, and General Uoiitcs and Distances. Dear Tuiend, In answering your inquiries relative to ilic general features and geographical boundaries of Canada, it may not be alto- gether out of place to advert briefly to some of the principal inci- dents connected with its eariy settlement and history. It will not, I tliink, be disputed by any who are familiar with the history of the earliest discoveries of the ** New World," that the English took a - very prominent part in the discovery of North America. Various J circumstances, however, combined to prevent them following up their early efforts ; and it is a singular fact, that the settlement of by far tlie greater part of what is now called British America, was effected by France. The first settlement of any importance made under the auspices of that power, was in 1535, by Jacques Cartier, an able navigator of St Malo, who penetrated as far up the St Law- rence as the foot of the Ottawa, where those rivers form a junction, and landed on one of the principal islands, which he called " Mont Royal," (now Montreal.) Here he found a settlement of Indians called Hochelago — took possession of the territory, which he called New France — built a fort, and wintered in the country. On his r R 10 rclurn to Europe lie took with him Dormaconna, a native chief, who was converted to the Roman Cathoh'c faith; and after a residence of four years, died in France. In 1540 Caitier again visited Ca- nada, having command of an expedition, consisting of five ships, fitted out by command of Francois de la Roque, Lord of Robervall, who had been appointed Viceroy of Canada by the king of France, and who himself intended to follow with two additional ships. His departure, however, was postponed till the year 1542. In 1549, the same nobleman, accompanied by his brother, and a numerous train of adventurers, again embarked for Canada ; but they were never afterwards heard of. This disastrous event appears to have put an end to all further communication wiJi the country for a number of years. The trade was renewed, however, after a lapse of more than thirty years, and was continued, with varying success, until tiiey had obfiined a permanent establishment in the country- Passing by the various fortunes of the French in their efforts to extend themselves through the country, and their frequent wars with the Iroquois, and other Indian tribes, we come to a period most memorable in the history of Canada. In 1757» when that cele- brated statesman, William Pitt, was invested with the reins of power, and called to controul the desinies of our country, it is sup- posed that one of the main objects of his policy was to obtain pos- session of the French territories in America, and to form them, together with the British Colonies, into one vast dominion. In the accomplishment of this grand project he selected General Wolfe, who left England in the spring of 1759, with twenty sail of the line, and 8000 troops, and arrived off the Isle of Orleans on the 26th of June. On the night of the 12th September, the ** Heights of Abraham'' were reached, Quebec was taken, and Wolfe fell to rise no more. Niagara was also taken by Sir William Johnston ; and on the 8th of September, 1760, Montreal, Detroit, Michilimackinac, and all other places within the government of Canada, were surrendered to Great Britain ; and the destruction of a French fleet, sent out in aid of Canada, completed the annihilation of the French power on the continent of North America. In 1791, by an act of the Imperial Parliament, Canada was divided into separate provinces, designated Upper and Lower Ca- nada. The first parliament of the Upper Province, consisting of fifty members, met at Niagara on the 17th September, 1792. In 1797 the second parliament met at Little York, (now Toronto,) which place continued to be the capital of the Upper Province, till \ * ) 11 after the re-unio«i of the two provinces in ISil, when Lortl Syden- ham removed the scat of government to Kingston, where it remained till 1844., when it was removed to Montreal; and on the 22nd of October last, an official communication was addressed by the Pro- vincial Secretary to the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, ap- prising that gentleman that His Excellency will meet the Provincial Parliament, in the City of Toronto, at its next session. The seat of government is therefore brought back again to the former capital of the Upper Province. The following is a list of the Governors, Presidents, and Administrators of Upper Canada, embraced within the above period : — s » Names. Titles. Col. Jolm Graves Simcoe, Lieut. Governor, Hon. Peter Russell, President, Lieut. Gen. Peter Hunter, Lieut. Governor, Hon. Alexander Grant, President, His Excellency Francis Gore, Lieut. Governor, Maj. Gen. Sir Isaac Brock, President, Maj. Gen. Sir 11. Uale Sheafo, Bt. President, Maj. Gen. F. Baron de Rotten- burgh, President, Lieut. Geu. Sir Gordon Drum- mond, G.C.B., Pro, Lieut. Governor, Lieut. Gen. Sir George Murray, Bt., Ditto, ditto, Maj. Gen. Sir Frederick Philipse Robinson, K.C.B., Ditto, ditto. His Excellency Francis Gore, Lieut. Governor, Hon. Samuel Smith, Admi.iistrator, Maj. Gen. Sir Peregrine Mait- land, K.C.B., Lieut. Governor, Hon. Samuel Smith, Administrator, Maj. Gen. Sir Peregrine Mait- land, K.C.B. Lieut. Governor, Maj. Gen. Sir Jolm Colborne, K.C.B., Ditto, Maj. Sir Francis Bond Head, K.C.H. Ditto, Maj. Gen. Sir John Colborne, K.C. B. , Administrator, Maj. Gen. Sir George Ai'thur, Knight, Commander of the Royal Hanoverian Guelphic Order, &c., Lieut. Governor, Baron Sydenham and Toronto, Lower Canada, Governor General, Accession. July H, 1702. July 21, 1790-. August 17, 179». Sept. 11, 1 «()'). August 25, IHOG. Sept. :^0, 180H. October 20, 1«12. June 1!), 1813. Dec. 13, 1813. April 25, 1815. July 1, 1815. Sept. 25, 1815. June 11, 1817. August 13, 1818. IMarch 8, 1820. June 30, 1820. Nov. 5, 1828. Jan. 25, 183{<. Feb. 27, 1838. IMaich 23, 1838. October, 1839, 12 Names. TitU's. United Canada, (Jovcruor General, Maj. Gt>ii. Sir Richard Jackson, K.C.B., Administrator, Ri^'lit lion. Sir Charles Dnffot, G.C.B., Governor General, Baron Metcalfe, Ditto, lit, Hon. Jamep, Earl of Elgin and Kincardine, K.C.D., Ditto, Accession. Feb. 10, 1«40. Sept. 24, 1041. .Tan. 7, 1«42. I\IarcU 30, 1«43. Jan. 31, 1847. As the events connected with the Revolutionary War, as well as that of 1812, are, doubtless, familiar to you, I have omitted any reference to them, especially as extended historical details would be foreign to tlie object I have in view, which is simply to enable you to comprehend at once the cause of the vast difference between the two Provinces, and to find a solution to many of the difficulties and dissensions which have agitated them, — their settlement having been effected by a race dissimilar in laws, language, and religion. When the two Provinces were re-united, their designation was changed from Upper and Lower Canada, to Canada East and Canada West. With the exception of Quebec and Montreal, which are the princi- pal shipping ports and commercial depots of the Lower Province, and have amongst their population many English, Irish, and Scottish merchants, and other persons connected with the trade and ship- ping interests of the Province and Great Britain, and the eastern townships, which the Ijritish American Land Company have been for some time engaged in settling with British emigrants, Canada East is inhabited principally by descendants of the old French set- tlers. Hence many of the laws and institutions of France are still in existence, the French language is generally spoken, and the Roman Catholic faith is predominant. The gross population in 1848 was 780,000. Canada West, to which your inquiries more particularly refer, is settled principally by emigrants, and the descendants of emigrants, from England, Scotland, and Ireland. There are also many Ame- rican families scattered over the country. The English language is uniformly spoken; and all the various denominations of Protestants are exerting their appropriate influence without let or hinder- ance. The laws of England are established ; and life and property are as secure as in any part of Great Britain. The real settlement of Canada West cannot be considered as taking place earlier than the close of the revolutionary war in 178^i. At that time not only a large body of troops were disbanded, but many of the inhabitants * » 13 4' ► of the United States, who had adhered to Britain during this unfor- tunate contest, sought refuge witliin her colonies. Many of this last class were in a state of great destitution, having abandoned all they possessed. The government, however, treated them with the greatest liberality, as a compensation for their losses and sutferings. These settlers were termed the United Empire Loyalists ; and not only received an ample supply of land, but farming utensils, build- ing materials, and provisions for two years. Their families also, on attaining the age of twenty-one, were entitled to a donation of 200 acres of wild or uncleared land, which they generally obtained when applied for, according to the prescribed regulations. Those United Empire Loyalists and their descendants constitute a large portion of the inhabitants of Canada West, though probably not half-a dozen of the original settlers are now living. I have enjoj'cd much satisfaction from personal acquaintance and friendship with many of them ; and I have often been deeply interested while sharing the hospitality of several of those early veterans, settled along the shores of Ontario, and around the Bay of Quinte, in listening to a narrative of their early privations, sufferings, and toils. The population at this period was under 10,000. According to the returns of 1848, it is 7^22,292, being nearly equal to Canada East. You will at once perceive how much more rapidly Canada West lias improved than Canada East, the latter having been settled more than 300 years, and the former not more than seventy. The eastern boundary of Canada West commences about twenty miles above Montreal, extending in a line from the St Lawrence due north to the Ottawa, and then along that river to Lake Temis- caming, stretching nonh to the mountainous border of the Hudson's Bay territory, which forms the northern limit. On the gouth, it is bounded by the River St Lawrence. Lake Ontario, the Niagara River, and Lake Erie. Immodint-ly opposite is the State of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Michigan. The western boundary is much more vague, but may be considered as extending to the head of Lake Superior, and thence to the Pacific Ocean. The present settled portion extends towards the west and south-west, as far as Lake Huron, the River St Clair, Lake St Clair, and the De- troit River. This vast tract of country, extending from its eastern to its western boundary, a distance of more than 500 miles, and stretching from south to north a distance varying from fifty to eighty miles, is composed of a soil, which, for productive richness, variety, and applicability to the highest purposes of agriculture, 14 may challenge competition with the clioicest tracts of land on the continent of America. Canada is generally described as a flat country ; but it can only be considered such by those who have travelled over a small portion of it. Most persons who have writ- ten descriptions of the country, have only travelled along the regu- lar stage-roads, (which are always carried over as much level ground as possible,) and have seen very little of the interior of the country. The surface of the greater portion of the districts and townships through which I have travelled, is beautifully undulating or rolling ; and there are many portions of the country very hilly. A range of hills, that may almost be termed mountains, runs through the town- ships of Albion and Caledon, and on to Lake Huron, terminating in the Blue Mountains on the Georgian Bay ; one of these moun- tains is said to be about 2000 feet above the level of the lake. There are also other ridges extending through several townships, many of them forming fine slopes and fertile valleys. By looking at the map of the country, and noticing the sources and the courses of the rivers, you will be able to form a tolerably correct judgment of the relative height of the land ; you will also perceive that there is a series of large lakes communicating with each other : these are unequalled by any inland sheets of water in the world, and are entitled to the appellation of fresh-water seas, for they are not only of great extent, but are liable to be affected by storms like the ocean itself. The uppermost, called Lake Superior, is 381 miles long, and 161 broad ; Huron, 218 miles long, and from sixty to 180 broad: Erie, 231 miles long, and about seventy in breadth; Ontario, is 171 miles in length, and about sixty in breadth. The waters of Lake Erie, on issuing from its lower extremity, form a river about half a mile wide, which in ils course is precipitated over a precipice of 165 feet depth, thus forming the far famed Falls of Niagara. The following is a condensed statement of the quantity of land surveyed in the United Province, and the manner in which it has been disposed of, together with the estimated quantity still remaining unsurveyed, carefully selected from the Appendix to the First Report of the Board of Registration and Statistics, consisting of the Hon. Messrs Hincks, Viger, and Leslie, and their Secretary, Mr W. C. Crofton, and presented to the Provincial Parliament at its last session. The total number of surveyed acres in Lower Canada, according to Bouchette's last survey, was 18,817,040, but the return of lands dis- posed of, is made with reference to a previous survey, of 17,685,942 acres, and is dated 1845. Of this quantity of land, 2,377,733 acres r I* 15 < t (k >* liave been set apart for Clergy R'^serves. The Jenilts' Estates, now emploj'ed in promoting education in tlie United Provinces, and other lands disposed of for charitable purposes, amounts to 3,4.21,2 [3 acres ; and the grants en seignoure, and fee and common socage, to 11,543,629 acres. The surveyed lands, therefore, four years ago, stood thus :-— The Survey was Disposed of for pul»lic purposes, Grants to imUviiluals, &c., 3,424,21 :< ii,:{4:»,029 So that there remaiucd, - - - From Canada West, the return is as follows for 184{{ : — The whole survey was, Clergy Reserves, - 2,142,14."i Grants, - - 12,242,0fi» Sot apart by the Provincial Parliament, for Common Schools, - 100,000 Acres. 17,005,942 14,7«7,»4P. 3,'J2«,100 15,982,00(; M,4«4,08:? Leaving in the hands of Government, - 1,407,123 The unsurveyod lands in Canada West, are estimated at, 13,.')02,32i) Of this 9,119,260 acres arc supposed to be of a sufficiently good quality for cultivation, and 4,i72,960 acres bad land, unfit for cul- tivation. The soil of Canada West is of a very superior character, its fertility however, is not so uniform as some have supposed; yet there is probably no tract of land of equal extent in the world, wit!i which it may not be advantageously compared. It is not mountainous, nor, with very few exceptions, is it rocky. Considerable tracts are light and sandy, but tew so much so as to be absolutely barren ; that which predominates consists of brown clay and loam, with different propor- tions of marl intermixed ; in some sections it is more clayey, and extremely productive. The quality of the soil may almost invariably be ascertained by the quality of the timber or trees which grow upon it. As this has been denied by one writer on Canada, I may further remark, that the statement now made is in harmony with the experience of the oldest residents, and best judges in the province, and is gene- rally relied on by them as a test of the quality of land ; nor have I ever found reason to dissent from the general opinion, although I have travelled through most of the districts, and several of the town- ships, comprising thousands of cleared, and tens of thousands of un- cleared acres of land, and often tested its accuracy by personal ex- amination and experiment during the fifteen years I have been in the IG province. The best indication is afTorded where tlie land is covered with hard wood, such as the maple, black walnut, hickory, beech, iron wood, birch and ash, with butternut, basswood and clnn. Wherever there is found a large quantity of the sugar maple, with a slight mixture of beech and butternut, you invariably find land of the very first quality for all the various purposes of agriculture. Oak is uncertain, being often found on a good bottom, as well as that of a sandy de- scription, and yet, within the last few years, large portions of what arc called oak plains have been settled upon, and, by proper treat- ment, they have yielded as much wheat, per acre, as some of the very best fiirms in the country. When the land has on it a large portion of pine and hemlock, it is a sure indication of a very light or sandy soil. Should you determine to visit Canada West, with a view to purchase land, you must not, under any circumstances, be induced to enter into any definite engagement until you have in person examin- ed the land, not only with regard to its quality, but to its local ad- vantages and disadvantages, as these very materially affect its relative value. Without extending these general descriptive observations, it may better enable you to form a correct idea of this interesting country by presenting a brief description, in the order in which they lie from east to west. The province is divided into twenty districts, which arc again subdivided into counties, ridings, and townships. The districts vary in size, as do also the townships ; the western district containing twenty-nine townships, and the Prince Edward district only six. Some townships contain as many as 90,000 acres, and others not more than 20,000. Most of them are laid out in square blocks, and are divided into concessions which are generally supposed to run north and south, or east and west, but these vary very much according to circumstances. When a river runs through, or bounds a township, the front lots are generally laid out to face the river, no matter in what direction the river may lie. The concessions are again subdivided into lots of 200 acres each, and half lots of 100 acres. Most writers in describing Canada, have followed the example of Bouchette, in dividing it into three great portions, the Eastern, the Central, and the Western. While these general divisions may still be adhered to, yet it is obvious in a country like Canada, where population and improvement increases with a rapidity altogether un- known in older countries, most of the statistics given by earlier writers in reference to these divisions are now out of date. Several new townships have been settled, and new districts formed since Bou- ? 17 cliettc, (lourley, Martin, Ferguson, Murray, and others wrote. 'I'lie eastern division, comprehends thefollovving districts, — the Eastern and Johnstown on the St Lawrence, the Ottawa, Dalhousie, and Bathurst, extending north and east to the Ottawa river, and west to the Mid- land district. This section comprises, according to the census of 1848, a population of 14-8, ii25, and 44'>, 51 1 acres of cultivated land, and the assessed property amounted to £1,568,209. It is well watered, not only by the two great rivers, but by several important tributaries, remarkable for the multitudeof their branches, and minor ramifications. There arc a few good public roads, both along the great rivers which bound it, and in the interior ; and its centre is traversed diagonally by the Rideau canal, upon which the traffic for several years lias been very great, but is now materially diminished in consequence of the completion of the St Lawrence canals, which furnish a cheaper and shorter route. The country through which it passes, bears in general a picturesque and romantic aspect, a very T small portion of the land however is under cultivation, much of it bordering on the canal is poor and rocky; and of that fit for cultiva- tion, thousands of acres have been flooded by the damming of the rivers to form the canal, and immense quantities of timber have been consequently destroyed. Great numbers of trees are still standing dead, and surrounded by water, and give to those portions of the banks of the canal, a decayed, deserted, and gloomy appearance. This canal is 120 miles in length, and in some parts very circuitous. The difference of level between its extremities is 445. There are 47 locks, each 142 feet long, by 33 feet in breadth; many of the^e are very handsome, and their machinery of the most perfect descrip- tion. You will readily perceive, that this canal, together with the Ottawa river and its branches, affords a ready and easy communica- tion with the whole of the northern and central portion of this section of the province, either from Kingston or Montreal. A daily line has been completed this fall, by which passengers will be conveyed through from this latter city to Bytown in daylight, during the season of the navigation. A new and splendid boat called the Lady Simp- son, 145 feet keel, and 25 feet beam, with commodious state-rooms and saloons on deck, having been placed on the route l)ing between Carrillion and Lachien. Should you visit this part of the country you will find easy access by the above route, not only to L'Orignal, the district town of the Ottawa district, Bytown of the Dalhousie, and Perth of the Bathurst districts, but to several of the villages along the canal, the largest c 18 of wliicli is Mcrricksvlllc and Smith's Falls. Tlic soil of tliosc three districts on the uholc is much inferior to the more western districts, and not as good as the two front districts which compose this section. Considerable tracts are either shallower gandy ; some are marshy, and others are broken and rocky. The eastern and Johnstown dis- tricts are more pleasantly situated, extending along the St Lawrence for a distance of I'iO miles. The natural scenery along the banks of this majestic river is not surpassed in picturesque beauty by any portion of the province, especially that portion of it, embraced within the two district towns, Cornwall and Ilrotkville. This latter is considered one of the most pleasantly situated towns in Canada. The navigation of the river along the front of these districts, is now entirely imobstructed by the completion of the chairi of canals which now connect Kingston and Montreal by a cnntinucnis communication, thus securing to this section, an easy and rapid inter- course with both these important commercial cities. There is a greater proportion of population, and of cultivated land, and a larger amount of assessed property in these districts, than in the other three ; and the relative value of improved farms and wild land is much greater. In the Ottawa, Dalhousie, and Hathurst districts, improved ftirms may be obtained from 10s, to £3, per acre ; and wild land from ten to twenty shillings per acre ; but in the Eastern and Johnstown districts, improved farms bring from £2, lOs, to £5, per acre, and wild land from JL'1, 10s, to £3, per acre. The Canada Company have a large quantity of land in this Bection of the province, varying in price, from two to fifteen shillings per acre, and the Crown lands, amounting to 677) 744 acres, are to be obtained at eight shillings, currency, per acre. The lumber trade has been carried on very extensively in this eastern section, for a number of years. It is not necessary, and it would be altogether aside from the object I have in view, to enter upon any lengthened observations, in reference to theadavntages or disadvantages arising out of its commercial relations to this province, or the parent state, or to discuss its bearings upon the moral condition of those more immediately engaged in the trade. One thing however, I may remark, is certain, that, in proportion as this business has commanded the attention, and enlisted the energies and capital of the settlers of any portion of the province, agricultural progress and improvement has been retarded or totally neglected. The following statement of the quantify of timber brought down the >» Ottawa during the year IStt, with its estimated value, will ulFord you some idea of the extent of this trade : White Vhxo, .'52,804 pieces, bcinpf :{,7O(),400 feet, at ill, Uod I'iuo, 9-',»04 piocos, Ijciiip a,.')2!>,21-i foet, at lOd., Oak and l-Miii, 1(;0 j)ieces, bciiijj 5,410 feet, at 7d., Saw Logs, T->,ii>f''^, eacli, 4s. 2d., f 1(2,512 1 i7,or.(> 10 15f! i:t I li\f,'M 10 ■» 2j(v{5(J 15 Tho free timber, or tliat cut oil private landh', may bo csti- iiiafcd at about one third of the above, or - JJ5,:$!)U 7 - Mukiiif? togt'thor £ .^41,75G 2 By a glance at the map, in connexion with what I have said, you will readily perceive, that although this section labours under disadvantages from the comparative inferiority of its soil, and severity of its climate, yet it possesses the advantages of an easy and ready access to the best markets in the Province, where much of the farm and dairy that is comparatively valueless in the western section, can be readily turned into money. Sliould you visit either of these front districts, any of the townships can bo readily reached by taking steam- boat at Montreal, and landing at Cornwall, Dickinson's landing, Tres- cott, or Brockviile. The following tabular view of the population, property, quantity of land, &c., of this eastern division of Canada West, will close our remarks thereon : I'opula- AssL'Ssi'd Mills Cultivated Crown Districts, tion in Property grist s.iw Land Landa for Crown Land Uciidoncc. 1847. 1847. 1844. 1848. salo. Agents. Eastern •.m,6o.i 410,417 17 50 111,(J(»2 2,150 T. Hart Cornwall. John8town4:3,a2G 4fi4,l};!J 25 C2 l.'J»/J48 1:5,355 W. J. Scott Prescott. Ottawa 10,3(;4 100,000 10 25 20',207 121,355 II. VV.M'CannVancleeckhill. Dalhousie 25,474 255,000 5 1(> 59,G32 0"0,G«4 John Dowie NewEdinburgli. Bathurst 30,400 31«,(j03 21 43 107,(105 480,200 A, Leslie Perth. The central portion embraces the Midland, Prince Edward, Vic- toria, Newcastle, ColbornC; and Home districts, extending from the township line between Leeds and Pittsburgh, to the township of Trafalgar, a distance of 195 miles from east to west. It is bounded on the south by Lake Ontario and the Day of Quinte, aad stretches north to Lake Simcoe, Lake Gougichin, and the upper portion of the Ottawa. In 1835 it contained a population of 121',47.'3, and its cultivated land amounted to 461,275 acres. Its present population is 265,034, its cultivated land 982,1 ;35 acres, and its i'Ssesgcd pio- L'O pcrty amounts to t2,f>87,/J71. Tliis section contains a large portion of the very best land, and till within the Inst ten years, it had the greatest proportion of wealth and population, and the largest number of cultivated acres of land, but the tide of emigration has been Howing so rapidly to the west during the above named period, that this central section is now left somewhat in the rear. Having frequently travelled through almost every township cinbiaced witliin its boundaries, and having among its poj)ulation a large circle of ac- quaintances and intimate friends, I find it difficult to resist the temp- tation of an extended description of this important part of Canada West. It is not possible for me, however, to do justice to this or any other section of the Province, without extending these letters vastly beyond the limits I have prescribed to my&eif. This is one of tlie best, if not the best wheat growing portions of Canada, and many of its townships are celebrated for the production of this staple article of Canadian commerce. And having not less than l!)0 grist, and 5 II' saw mills, together with several factories and flourishing villages, studding its numerous rivers and streams, you will perceive that it lias within itself all the elements of wealth. In addition to its nume- rous local advantages, it possesses many others arrsirg from its geo- graphical and commercial position. The city of Kingston, with its rj.OOO inhabitants, and its large and commodious store-houses and wharfs, and its scores of steam-boats and schooners, varying from 50 to 330 tons burden, is situated at its eastern extremity. Toronto, the present capital of United Canada, with her population, amounting to 23,500, and her numerous facilities for extensive commercial en- terprise, is situated at the western extremity of this central division. Both of these cities furnish the best market in Canada for agricultural produce. Th=rc are also several flourishing towns scattered in va- rious directions througli this section, among which is Picton, the district town of the Prince Edward District, Belleville, the district town of the Victoria District, Cobourg and Port-Hope, in the New- castle District, and Peterboco in the Colborne District. The whole of these, excepting the last, are beautifully situated on the shores of the Bay of Quinte and Lake Ontario, and are accessible by steam-boats and schooners, consequently you can land at any of them. The price of improved farms and wild land, is far from being uniform. In the Midland, Prince Edward, and Victoria Districts, improved farms, with excellent buildings, may be obtained from Jt'S, 10s, to £5^ per acre, and wild land from ten to thirty shillings, per acre. In the Newcastle District, and front townships k >k 21 of the Home Dislrict, improved farms arc to be had from I'l, to ctlO, per «crc, and wild land is valued ut X'.'i, per acre. In the back or northern townships, however, land is much chi-aper, as it is also in the Colborne district. The Canada Company have several thousand acres of wild land in this section, which they are ottering to sell from eight shillings and nine-pence, to fifteen shil- lings, per acre; there is also 1,15 t,,V-'l acres of Crown land, which may be obtained of any of the agents, for eight shillings, currency, per acre. The Midland, Prince Edward, and Victoria districts, were originally settled by the United Empire Loyalists, and their descendants now form the largest portion of their population. The Newcastle and Col- borne districts, are settled chiefly with emigrants from Ireland. Tho population of the Home district is of a more mixed character. The public roads are somewhat better in this section than those in the eastern. An excellent Macadamized road extends from Kingston to Napancc, a distance of 21 miles. A good i.ew gravel road has re- cently been construcied from Cobourg to Port- 1 lope and to Grafton. There is also a good road extending north from Cobourg to Kice Lake, and, with the exception of a plank road recently laid down from Belleville to Cannifs Mills, there is not another deserving the name of a good leading road, until you come to the Kouge River, over which an excellent bridge has at last been constructed. From this place to Toronto, a distance of sixteen miles, you have a good road, there are also other two good roads extending sixteen miles from the city, the one leading north to Richmond Hill, and the other west to Cooksville. Good leading roads into the interior of the ndWiern or back townships are still however very much needed. If there is any one thing which indicates the absence of a spirit of entcrprize among the Canadians, it is the general palpable indiflerence to the necessity of good roads. The great majority of the roads throughout the Pro- vince, are next to impassable during the spring and fall of the year. The following is a list of the population, property, «Iv:c., in each district embraced within this section : — Populii- Assessed -Mills Cultivat- Crowti Crown Land, tion. I'roperty. grist saw. ed Land. Land. Agent;-. Kesideuc*-. Midland 41].!) 18 45;{,a0» l!» Gi> Ur>,:!.j4 ;j()'J,5!iO A. M'Piierson Kingston. I'riiieeEd. l)J,0(ll 2!)M,'_"21 lt> 4a U)4,u42 None J. P. Kohliu I'ietoii. Victoria 2^^,\'^'^ 2f;0,(00 2l 39 li-2,\(iU r.r),Jj;!0 F. M'Aiinany Belleville. Newcastle 47,l«a .'•47,241 34 i:!l 20;?,!)0r) 400,550 E. P. Smithc. Port-Hope. Colborne 21,379 400,000 15 20 J(1,'IC(> 2(;4,92ii F. Fercuson Peterboro. Home 10()j354 10;J(VJ01 70-'^7 30'4,;J11 _> 1,4 10 T. Bains Toronto, ')>> The western section includes the nine futlowing districts, vi^, : — (Jore, Niagara, Tulbot, London, and Western, consiituting ilic front range, and the ^inlcoc, Wellington, lirock, and Huron, constituting the north range. This section of Canada West has been improving more rapidly during the last ten years than any other. In ItiliT), its t)0|)uhilion amounted to 121,028, and its cultivated acres of land to 0'JO,O2i2. It has at present 1,122.177 acres of cultivated land. Its assessed property amounts to £ .3.32.9, lf)2, and its population to ]0'iiy675. This section is undoubtedly destined to be the most im- portant iiiid densely sctiled portion of the Province. And as regards its situation, soil, and climate, it may be justly entitled to the designation frequently accorded to it, " The (iarden of Canada." This extensive tract of country is almost enclosed by a successive chain of lakes and rivers. Its eastern boundary, conunencing at the head of Lake Ontario, is comiiuied by the Niagara River. On the south it is bounded by Lake Eric ; on the west by Detroit Kiver, Lake, and Ilivur St Clair, and the south-cast shores of Lake Huron, and stretches north to the Georgian I'ay, and the Kiver Severn. In whatever district, therefore, you might locate yourself, you would not be far from this grand and almost continuous line of water communication. Several line rivers traverse the interior. The most considerable IS the rija!!jcs, the principal branch taking its rise in the great swamp, norili oi the iJuron district, passes through several tovvn- •ships, till it reaches Nisouri, where it is joined by a branch called the *' /#on." At the town of London it is joined by the east branclj. The united stream then continues its course through a line country, until it reaches the town of Chatham, when it is joined by M'Gregor's Creek, and finally discharges itself into Lake St Clair. Near the handsome little village of Delaware, tliere is fine trout fishing ; and further down the river, large quantities of white fish, pike, pickerel, maskelonge, and sometimes sturgeon, are taken during the spring. Several hundred barrels of fish are annually cured in the neighbourhood of Chatham. This river is navigable for steam-boats and schooners to Louisville, a village nearly thirty miles liom its mouth. Its average depth for this distance is sixteen feet, and its breadth from 200 to 300 feet. It passes through some o|' the finest country in Canada V\ est ; and many portions of its hanks present specimens of beautiful and picturesque scenery, un- t«urpassed in America. The banks on the upper portion are high :uk1 rolling, while below, for a distance of about ihiitv-iive miles, . » i> 2t\ k »» the land is moslly livel and rich, (brrning sniuo oC tho most ftTliii land in the wcjiteiit district. Many of tlic i'aruis on this part of tin- river have been settled Tim- fifty years, and are in n high state ol cultivation, with fine nrcluird-f. There arc larj,;;c (juantities of white oak and black walnut on the banks bi the river ; and a considerable trade has for some /ears betn (nrried on in staves and walnut lum- ber, being floated down ihe river, and shipped at Chatham, and sent to various ports. Handsome bridges have been erected within tlu last few years at Delaware, Londun, and Chiilham. Next to the Thames in magnitude is il, ' rirr.'i.l 11 Ivor, or Ousc, which takes its rise in the townsl)ip of Amaranth, in the Wellington district, and runs in a south-east course to the border of the town- ship of Woolwich, where it is joined by the Canastoga, a branch from the west. It then runs south through Waterloo, in the south- cast of which it is joined by the River Speed, when it enter.. Brantford, and runs south to Lake Erie. Its course is very serpen- tine, scmctim'js making sudden bends to the east or west, and as suddenly curving back again in the opposite direction. It is navi- gable for large vessels as far as Dunnvillc, (five miles.) where the feeder of the Welland Canal enters it ; and for smaller boats to within a short distance of the town of Brantford, sixty miles above Dunnville, where a canal, three niih s in length, and with three locks, to overcome an ascent in the river of thirty-right feet, has been constructed, to enable vessels to reach the town. A large portion of the land on the banks of the river is well settled, and in a high state of cultivation. Splendid white oak is found in great quantities within a convenient distance from the river; and a con- tiderable busine.=s is carried on in square timber, aawed lumber, and staves. There arc several grist and saw-mills, and other machinery, on the river; and several flourishing towns and villages adorn its banks. Gypsum, of excellent quality, has been found in large beds in the neighbourhood of the town of Paris, and other places adjacent to the river ; and is much used in agriculture, and is sent to various parts of the Province. The next in importance is tho River Sydenha-ui; or Bear Creek, which is divided into two branches, The east, or principal branch, takes its rise in the township of Lobo. or London, — runs through the south-cast of Adelaide, the north-west of Mosa, and through Zone ; after which it runs nearly due west through the townships of Dawn and Sombra, till it reaches the Chenail Ecarte, or '• Suy Carte," as it is commonly called, a branch of the River Sr Clair. The north branch takes its rise in the town- 24 ship of Warwick in the western district, and runs south-west across the townships of Enniskillen and Sombra, where it makes a bend, and runs due south, till it reaches the east branch, the two forming what is called the " Forks" of Bear Creek, which is about nine miles from the River St Ciair. Some of the very best land in Ca- nada is situated in the townships bordering on this river. A few miles above the Forks, the land is rolling and heavily timbered, and the banks are higher ; but below the Forks there is a considerable extent of marsh and prairie : the locality is consequently subject to the prevalence of ague. Both branches are navigable for large ves- sels, — the east branch about nine miles, and the north about five miles above the Forks, the water ranging in depth from ten to twenty feet. There are several other rivers and streams scattered through the whole of this section, and although not navigable, are nevertheless important in affording numerous water privileges for machinery. The most magnificent and important water communication in this, or any other section of the Province, is the Welland Canal, con- structed to overcome the obstructions in the navigation between Lakes Erie and Ontario, caused by the Falls of Niagara. Its entrance from Lake Ontario is at Port Dalhousic, passing from thence through the centre of the townships of Grantham and Thor- ald, in the south of which it strikes the Welland River ; after leaving which, it divides, and one branch runs straight on to Lake Erie, while the other is carried to the Grand River. New and substantial locks of cut stone have been constructed, the work of which is equal to that of any public work in the world. The canal has been straightened in several places ; and from the increased size and capacity of the new locks, it is rendered navigable throughout for vessels of 4'50 tons burden. The original construction, repairs, and recent enlargement, has cost about ct 1,450,000. This may appear to you a large and extravagant outlay for a canal ; but when its important commercial advantages are properly estimated, it will generally be allowed that the money could not liave been expended more profitably to the Province generally. You will be enabled to form some idea of its importance from the fact, that the tolls col- lected on the property which passed through it in 1841, (the last returns I am in possession of,) amounted to £25,573. 3s. lOd. It is scarcely necessary to say more in reference to tliis interesting section of Canada. I have been particular in describing these three great channels of water coanmunicatioii, because they pass through .1 '» the most luxuriant and fertile portions of the country ; and though minute surveys have discovered light and sandy tracts of consider- able extent, yet there is scarcely a spot on the globe which it may not rival. Its climate is more salubrious — its winters much shorter — its spring earlier, and its fruit more abundant than any other part of Canada. In addition to the 64!9,355 acres of Crown land to be dis- posed of, in this section, at eight shillings currency, the Canada Company have several thousand acres, to lease or sell, from eight shillings and ninepence to thirty shillings, per acre. The annexed table will furnish you the amount of property and cultivated land^ the number of the population, &c., for each district included in the western section. ,\ . Ciiiti- Districts Popula- Assessc-fl Miih vatud Crown Crown Land. tion. Tropcrty. grist, saw. Land. Land. Agents. Uoiidoncp. Core 57,377 892,013 58 130 229,255 2,400 Peter Carrol Hamilton. Niagara 47,604 58,?,7G0 4G 83 162,104 None J. S. Cummings Chippawa. Talbot 15,716 27'».598 10 5'J 92,843 None D. Campbell Simcoe. London 46,536 5i/',788 35 93 178,509 600 J. B. Aslcin London. Western 26,476 3f^2,282 15 22 83,010 57,805 r. M'JIiillen Sandwich. Simcoe 20,000 211,160 12 19 75,809 200,872 J. Alexander Burrie. Wellington 41,177 402/273 1!) 4? 1.31,345 300,178 A. Geddes Elora. Brock 29,219 322,000 15 53 106,382 None John Carrol Zorra. Huron 20,450 182,718 8 21 61,894 86,500 John Clark Goderich. The following is a list of the districts, counties, and townships, placed in the order in which they have been presented in describing the respective sections of the Province : — EASTERN SECTION. Erstern District, 12 Townships— County of Stormount.— Cornwall, Finch, Osnabrnck, Roxborough. County of Dundas. — .Mountain, INIatilda, Wiu- cheiter, AVilliamsburgh. County of Glengarry.— Charlottenburgh, Ken- yori, Lochiel, Lancaster. Johnstown District, 10 Townships— County of Leeds — Bastard, Burgess, North Crosby, South Crosby, Elmsley, Kitley, Elizabethtown, Laudsdown, Leeds, Young, Escott. County of Grenville Augusta, Edwardsburgli , South Gower, Oxford, Wolford. Ottawa District, 10 Townships— County of Prescott — East Ilawksbury, Caledonia, West Hawksbury, Alfred, Longueuil, Plantagenet. Couuty of Bussell.— Clarence, Cumberland, Cambridge, Russell. Bathurst District, 24 Townships— County of Lanark.- -Bathurst, Beck- with, Drummo .d, Dalhousie, Darling, North Elmsley, North Burgess, Le- vant, Lanark, Montague, North Sherbrooke, Ramsey, South Sherbrooke. D 2$ County of Renfrew.— Adaniston, Bapot, iJroomly, Stafford, Wostmeatli, BlithfieUl, Ilorton, Packenham, IM'Nab, Pembroke, Ross. Dalliousio District, 10 Townships— County of Carlton.— Fitzroy, Gol- bourn, North Cjowor, Gloucester, Iluntly, March, ^Marlborough, Nepean, Osgoodc, Torbolton. CENTRAL SECTION. Midland District, 25 Townships — County of Frontenac. — Bedford, Barrie, Clarendon, Klj>;in, llinchinbrooke, Kennebec, Kinjjjston, Loui^hborougli, Oso, Clden, Portland, Pittsburgh, IJowe Island, Storrington, Palmerston, Wolfe Island. County of Lennox and Addington. — Adolphustown, Frederics- burgh, Fredericsburgh Additional, Richmond, Amherst Island, Camden, Earncstown, Sheffield, Kaladar, Anglesea. Victoria District, 12 Townships— County of Hastings. — Elzevior, Grin?s- thorp, Lake Ilungerford, .'Madoc, Marmora, Huntingdon, Rawden, Sydney, Tudor, Thurlow, Tyendinaga. Prince Edward Dii^trict, (i Townships — County of Prince Edward. — Athol, Auieliasbrrgh, Ililliar, Ilallowell, Marysburgh, Sophiasburgh. Colborne District, 1!) Townships— County of Peterboro. — Asphodel, Bel- mont, Burleigh, 13exley, Dummer, Douro, Ennismore, l^^uiily, Eldon, Fen- Ion, Harvey, Methuen, Ops, Mariposa, Otonabee, SonrM-ville, Smith, Yeru- 1am, Monaghan. Newcastle District, 14 Townships — County of Norlhumbei'land.'- Aln- wick, Cramahe, IJaniilton, Ilaldiniand, South Monaghan, ^Muiray, Percy, Seymour. County of Durham.— Clark, Cavan, Cartwi'ight, Darlington, Hope, Mauvers. Home District, 24 Townships — County of York— 4 Ridings. — Norlh Hid- ing — Brock, North Gwillimbury, Georgina, East Gwillimbury, Mara, Reach, Eama, Scott, Thora, Uxbridge, Whitchurch. — South Riding — Etobicoke, King, V^aughan, \''ork. — East Riding — INIarkham, Pickering, Scarborough, \^\\\ihy.— Weal Riding— KWAon^ Caledon, Climguacousy, Toronto, Toronto Gore. WESTERN SECTION. Gore District, 21 Townships — Coimty of Wentworth. — Ancastor, Brant- ford, Binbrooke, Barton, Glanford, Oneida, Onondago, Seneca, liainham, Saltfleet, Tuscarora, Walpole. County of Ilalton. — Beverly, Ksquesing, East Flamborough, West Flamborough, Nassagawega, Nelson, Trafalgar, DumfrieSi Erin. Talbot District, Townships — County of Norfolk. — Charlottoville, Hough- ton, I\Iiddleton, Townsend, AVoodhouse, Walsinghani, Windliam, Long Point, Ryerson's Island. Brock District, 12 Townships— County of Oxford.— Blanford, Blenheim, Burford, Dereham, Nissouri, North Oxford, East (Jxford, West Oxford, Oakland, Norwich, East Zorra, West Zoira. Niagara District, 20 Townships — County of Lincoln — Caistor, Clinton, Gainsborough, Grantham, Grimsby, Louth, Niagara. County of Welland. — ^» 27 llertio, Crowluiul, Iliimberstone, Polham, Stamford, Thorald, ^\'aiIli^oot, Willoughby. rouiity of Ilaldimand.—Canboroiigh, Cayuga, Dunn, Moul- ton, bherbrooke. Western District, 20 Townsliips — County of Essex. — Andcrdon, Col- chester, Gosfield, 3Iaidstono, Mcrsca, IMaldon, llocbester. Sandwich. County of Kent.— ■Bosanquot, Drooke, Camden, Chatham, Dawn, l:]ast Dover, West Dover, Enniskillen, Howard, Harwich, Moore, Orford, Plympton, lialeigh, Ronincy, Sarnia, Sombra, East Tilbury, West Tilbury, Warwick, Zone. Huron District, 21 Townships — County of Huron, — Ashfield, Bidulph, Blanchard, Colborne, Downie, I'llico, South Easthope, Nortli Eastho])o, Fularton, Godcrich, Hibbert, Hay, llullet. Logon, IM'Killop, !M'(j!ilvaiy, Stephen, Stanley, Tuckorsmith, Usborne, ^Fawanosh. Simcoe District, 24 Townships — County of Sinicoe. — Adjala, Artemesia, CoUingwood, Essa, Flo'^, West Gwillanibury, Imiisfil, Modontc, Matche- dasli, Mnlincr, Mono, xNottawasaga, Ospry, Oro, North Orrila, South Or- rila, St V'"incent, Sunnidale, Tay, Tocumscth, Tosorontio, Tiny, Uphrasia, Vespra. Wellington District, 2(> Townships— County of Waterloo. — Arthur, Ama- rantli, Bentick, Derby, 1,'ramosa, Egrcmont, Garrafraxa, Glonelg, Guolj)!!, Holland, Luther, Morrington, .Minto, ^Liryborough, Molancthon, Norman- by, Nichol, Peel, Proton, Puslinch, Sydenham, Sullivan, Waterloo, Wil- mot, Woolwich, Wellesley. London District— County of Middlesex. — Adelaide, Aldborougli, Bayham, Carradoe, Delaware, Dorchester, Diinwich, Ekfrid, Lobo, London, ^let- calfe, Moso, IMalahide, Southwold, ^Vestnlinster, Williams, \''armouth. The following is a List of the principal Cities and Towns, (nnost of which are corporate.) with the number of population, distance, &c., by the aid of which you will be enabled, together with the list of townships, to find any place in Canada in which you may have friends, or in which you may desire to settle. They are arranged in the order in which you will approach them shoidd you land at Quebec. City of Quebec— Population ."iO.OOO. Steam-boats leave daily for ^lontrcal, calling at Throe Rivers and Sorel. Distance to Montreal 100 miles. — Emigrant Agent, A. C. Buchanan. City of 3Iontreal— Population 50,000. Steam-boats leave daily for Laprairie. There is now a rail-road to La- chine. Cars leave all hours of ilie day. Distance nine miles ; and from Lachine steam-boats depart dr.iiy for Kingston, and by the Ottawa to By- town, calling at Carillon. — Emigrant Agent, T. Weatherly. Town of Cornwall — Population 1,454. The district toAvn of the eastern district, pleasantly situated on the banks 28 of the St Lawrence, eifi[hty-two miles west from Montreal. Steam-boats call here on their way to Kingston. Town of Bytown— Population 6,284. The district town of the Dalhousie district, situated on the Ottawa Riveri at the entrance of the llideau Canal, 120 miles east of Kingston. Town of Prcscott — Population 2,300. The county town of the county of Grenville, situated on a beautiful rising ground on the banks of ihe St Lawrence, sixty-eight miles east from Kings- ton, and immediately opposite the town of Ogdensburgh, in the State of New York. A steam-ferry crosses every hiilf-liour. The river is about a mile and quarter wide. Steam-boats call daily. Town oi Brockville — Population 2j449. The district town of the Johnstown district. This is the most beautiful town on the banks of the St Lawrence, fifty-six miles east of Kingston. Most of the houses and public buildings are constructed of stone, with cut stone fronts. Steam-boats call every day on their way to and from Montreal. City of Kingston — Population, 12,118. Is advantageously situated on the north bank of an excellent bay, forming a junction of the St LaAvrence with Lake Ontai'io, 199 miles west from Montreal, and 177 east from Toronto. It has the most splendid market building in America, and, next to Quebec, the strongest fort. Splendid steam-boats leave daily for all the various ports on river, bay, and lake. — A. B. Ilawke, Emigrant Agent. Town of Belleville— Population 2,985. The district town of the Victoria district, situated on the north bank of the Bay of Quinte, fifty miles west from Kingston. This is a bustling thriv- ing little town. Steam-boats call daily. i> Town of Picton— Population 1,599. The district town of the Prince Edward district, pleasantly situated at the south-west extremity of the Bay of Quinte. It is a flourishing little town. Steam-boats call daily on their way from Kingston to the Trent. Town of Cobourg — Population 3,513. The disti'ict town of the Newcastle district. This is one of the most clean, healthy, and pleasantly situated towns in Canada. It is built on a beautiful slope on the bank of Lake Ontario, 105 miles from Kingston, and seventy-two miles from Toronto. Victoria College, belonging to the Wes- loyan Methodists, is located here ; and the beautiful building can be dis- tinctly seen from the lake. Steam-boats to and from Toronto to Kingston, and Rochester, in the State of New York, call daily. 29 oats call a River, Town of Port Hope — Population 1,812. Situated on a high bank on the north shore of Lake Ontario, seven miles west from Cobourg. It has a fine commaniling view of the lake ; and the scenery is on the whole very picturesque. A large stream flows through its centre to the lake, at the mouth of which is a large basin, forming the best natural harbour on the shores of the lake. Steam-boats call daily. Sixty- three miles east from Toronto. ful rising n Kings- State of about a beautiful Kingston, with cut ^lontreal. , forming I' est from id market Splendid id lake. — i» h bank of ling thriv- City of Toronto— Population 23,505. The present capital of Canada is pleasantly situated on a bay of Lake Ontario. The churches ; the new city-hall ; the banks ; the lunatic asylum ; the post-office, Osgood Hall, and other public buildings, arc equal to any in England. Its progress has been most rapid. In 1030, its population amounted to 2,8(J0. Steam-boats leave almost every hour of the day fur Niagara, Hamilton, Ilochester, and Kingstou. Stages leave daily for the interior. Here every kind of information you can possibly need is to be obtained. — D. R. Bradley is Emigrant Agent. Town of Niagara — Population 3, 100. This is an old town, pleasantly situated at the entrance of the Niagara River, seven miles below Quecnston, and fourteen below the " Falls." There is considerable ship-building carried on here by the Harbour and Dock Company, who usually employ about 150 hands, and have built several splendid steam- boats. There is a railroad from Queenston to the Falls ; and cars run daily. Steam-boats leave Toronto for Queenston daily. City of Hamilton— Population 9,81)9. Is situated at the western extremity of Burlington Bay, forty-five miles west from Toronto. Besides the daily steam- boats, stages leave every duy for London, Port-Stanley, Detroit, Port-Dover, Gait, Gueljdi, Niagara, St Catharines, and three times a-week for Goderich. So rapidly is this city rivaling her sister city, to the east, in commerce and wealth, as justly to entitle her to the designation she often receives, " Queen of the "West." iituated at hing little Trent. the most built on a gston, and the Wes- an be dis- Kingston, Town of Dundas— Population 2,240. A flourishing manufacturing town, five miles from Hamilton, with which it is connected by means of the Desjardins Canal, and good stage roads. Town of St Catharines — Population 3,500. A handsome stirring town, beautifully situated on the Welland Canal, thirty-six miles south from Hamilton, and twelve miles north from Niagara. Stages pass through the town daily, during winter, from Hamilton to Queenston, Niagara, and Fort Erie, opposite Buffalo. In summer to Chip- pewa and Niagara, meeting the boats. Town of London — Population 4,573. The district town of the London district. It is finely situated, in the heart of a beautiful country, at the junction of the two branches of the 30 Itivcr Thames. It is eighty-five miles west from Hamilton, sixty miles east from Port-Sarniii, sixty miles south from Gcderich, ami twcuty-six norili from Port Stanley, from which there is a good i)hiiik road. Excellent roads stretch away in every direction. Stages leave daily for Hamilton, Chatham, and Detroit; three times a-week for Purt-Stauley and Sarnia, and twice a-week for (jioderich. Town of Brantford — Population .3,000. A pleasant town, situated on the Grand River, twenty-three miles from Jlaniilton. The western road runs through this town ; and it is accessible by water commimicatiou from Dunnville. Town of "Woodstock— Population 1,200. The district town of the Brock district ; is pleasantly situated in the midst of a fine rolling country, forty-six miles from Hamilton, and thirty- two miles from London. Town of Chatham — Population 1,500. The county town of the county of Kent, j)leasantly and advantageously situated on the banks of the Thames, at its junction with M'Gregor's Creek. Good f^tages leave daily for the east and west. Steamers leave every other day for Detroit and Amherstburgh. Town of Amherstburgh — Population 1,000. A garrison town, beautifully situated at the south-west extremity of the Province, on the banks of the Detroit Uivci-. Port-!Mal(lcn is about half-a- mile above the town. The Canadian and American boats call here to and from the various ports along the river and lakes. Town of Sandwich— Population 50O. The district tOAvn of the "Wcsteiii district, beautifully situated on the banks of the Detroit Eiver, about two miles south-east of Detroit, and nine miles south from Lake St Clair. This is an old settlement ; and with its orchards and well kept flower gardens, it has the appearance of an English country town. Steamers call regularly. Town of Goderich—Population 700. Tiie district town of the Huron district, handsomely situated on the banks of Lake Huron, about 100 feet above the level of the lake. It is 105 miles from Hamilton, by way of Preston and Stratford, through the Huron district, and 145 by way of London, and through tl" London district. Stages leave Preston three times a-week, and London iwice a-week, for Goderich. Town of Peterborough — Population 2,000. Is the district town of the Colborne district, beautifully situated on the banks of the Otonabee River, thirty miles north from Port-IIope, and thirty- four from Cobouig. Stages every day from these places. Dining the sum- » 31 iiier, tlie steamor " Forester" loaves the town every day for Jlicc liuko, wliere it is met by the stages from Port-Hope ami Cobourg, Town of Perth— Population 2,000. Is the district town of the Batliiirst district, seven miles from the llideaii Canal, forty from Brockvillc, and seventy from Kini^ston. The llivcr Tay runs throufjh the town, and is made navigable from the town to the Ridean. It can therefore bo easily reached from Kingston, by way of the canal, or from Brockville, by the main road, leading from thence to Perth. In brinjjin|j; this Letter to a close, it may be as appropriate to give you, in this, as in any future letter, a brief outline of tbe va- rious routes tbrough tins magnificent portion of British North Ame- ricii. Should you come by way of Quebec, you will find a con- tinuous line of steamers from that city to Montreal, and interme- diate places, ISO miles; and between Montreal and Kingston, and intermediate places, lf)S miles ; between Kingston, Bytown, and intermediate places, 120 miles on the llideau Canal, on which steamers ply four times a-week ; and between Montreal and By- town, and intermediate places, 120 miles, on the Ottawa Hiver, there is a daily communication by steam-boat — the distance of nine miles, from Montreal to Lachine, being performed by railroad. There is also daily communication, by stages and steam-boats, be- tween Bytown and Portage du Fort, on tlie Ottawa, about sixty miles. These routes are thoroughfares for travellers; and it will be observed, that they are all so arranged, that parties can not only travel through to Lake Ontario — the Hiver St Lawrence — the Rideau Canal, and the Ottawa, at a moderate expense, but also pass, from one to the other of these, with the greatest comfort and expedition, viewing the whole of the country and scenery traversed by them. As the result of the recent construction of the St Lawrence Canal, and enlargement of the Welland Canal, steam propellers now load at Quebec, and proceed to Chicago direct, or to any port on Lake Ontario, Erie, Huron, and Michigan, with far greater ease, and less risk, than is usually encountered between Leith and Lon- don, or Glasgow and Liverpool ; thus afibrding increased facilities for the transmission of merchandize, and the cheapest and most direct route for emigrants destined for the western parts of America. From Kingston you will find a daily line to Toronto, calling at Co- bourg, Port-Hope, and other intermediate places — 177 miles; also from Kingston to Oswego, about 61' miles ; and by way of the Bay of Quinte to Belleville, Picton, and intermediate ports, 50 miles. 32 On tlie United States side of Lake Ontario, there ia a daily line from Oj^densburgh to Lewiston, calling at Ilochester, ')3wego, (Kingston, Canada,) and Sacket's Harbour — 228 miles; from Lewis- ton to Toronto — 43 miles. Sliould you come: by way of Boston, or New York, you will find, at the former, a railroad to Albany, the cars leaving daily — distance 200 miles. From the latter, you will find a daily line of splendid steamers for Albany — distance 145 miles. As there arc three routes from Albany to Canada, you can take your choice. The first is by railroad from Albany to Syracuse — 147 miles ; from Sy- racuse to Oswego — 35 miles ; from Oswego to Kingston, by steam- boat, 64 miles; or to Toronto— 140 miles. Total distance from Albany to Toronto, 322 miles; from New York 46'}). The second is by railroad to Lewiston, passin;j through Utica, Syracuse, Aburn, Ilochester, and Buffalo. From Albany to Lewiston, the distance is 356 miles ; and from Lewiston to Toronto, by steam-boat, 43 miles, making a total of .3()9 miles ; from New York, 546. The third is by railroad, direct from Albany to Rochester — 251 miles; and from Rochester to Toronto, by steam-boat, ninety-five miles; mak- ing the whole distance, from Albany to Toronto, by this route, 346 miles ; and from New York, 493 miles. These figures will show you, that the Oswego route is seventy-seven miles less than that by Lewiston, and twenty-four miles shorter than that by Rochester direct ; and the Rochester route to be fifty-three miles shorter than that by Lewiston. If Cobourg should be the place at which you wish to land, the following will be the distances : — from New York to Albany, 147; from Albany to Rochester, 251 ; from Rochester to Cobourg, sixty-nine miles ; making the total distance 467 miles. The journey occupies two days ; and at the cheapest rate you can travel, will cost i.'2, 10s. From Toronto you will find convey- ance to all parts of the Province. On what is called the northern route, travellers proceed in coaches, along the Macadamized road, to Lake Simcoe, which they cross by steam-boat ; and having passed the portage of fourteen miles, from Lake Simcoe to Sturgeon Bay, on Lake Huron, (which is done in coaches,) they again take steam-boat, which brings them through Lake Huron to the Sault St Marie, at the foot of Lake Superior, the distance from Toronto to the Sault, by this route, being only 469 miles. On Lake Erie there are daily steam-boat communica- tions to all points. From Chippawa, in Canada, to Buffalo, in the State of New York, eighteen miles ; from Buffalo to Cieaveland, • >>> 1J)1 niiles ; Clenvelnnd to Detroit, l.'J() milos ; from Detroit to Port Sarniii, in Canada, seventy-two miles; Crnm Suriiin to Milwaukie, .'521. niilc^ ; from Mil\vavil.7er the MivHand, Newcastle, and Colborne districts, are seldom or never frozen over haril enough to bear a man with any heavy burden before Christmas, and they are generally open again before the middle of April. In- stances, indeed, are not rare of persons being drowned by venturing on the ice before it is strong enough. The earth is seldom frozen to a greater depth than from twelve to eighteen inches, and ti:e snow, on an average, does not lie deeper than from eighteen inches to two feet. The length of the winter and the depth of the snow difier very much according to the latitude of the locality. Hence, in the ceni'al section of Canada West, there is at least one month less winter than in Que- bec ; and in the western section there is a fortnight or three weeks less wifllcr than in Toronto. There is also a siuiilar diflerence between .^(i tli« Houtli or front rnnf,'e of towtisliipN, and llie iiortli or hack rniipfp ; and this fact may nccourit, for tlic np|)nrf'nt contlictini? NtatiMiients niadn l)y |)erH(»ris vvritiii}^ to tlicir friends in drpat Hritain. 1 lier(! nrp Nonin HinirularltifH with resjx'ft to the ciimato of Canadn, ono iH, that tho wcatlicr gpncrnlly chnnu;es nfior three «lays of NHvere int('ii8(» cohl, and is succci'dt'd hy Hoveral ; my tc^iiN'ncc; in tlit> cdutitiy i 1 have to toiiiark, tliHl ultliuii^'h it in in my humhiK opinion doulitful, wlictliiT a i'liaii|{i> ot the fliriiatw to nny ^rcat j'XK-nt would he of advnntat^e to the country, or evi't* iW«ir(!(l by its inhahitantu, yet it in not merely n matter of opi- nion, but nn eHtahli'^hed fact, that (.'nnaihi ha^', during; the hist Btteen years, rplaxe»l much of itH former rigour, and is in a state of continut'd mitigaltoi!. Sinee thous.nnds of acres of its forests have heen rlenred, its Bvvanips drained, its setth-mentH formed, and its towns and viUau'^'^ spruiii,' n[>, the snow has faUen in smaller quantities, and dissolved sooner, — the severe frosts have liecti less fre([uent, the iiilajul navij^'aiion continued lonu;er in the fall, and commenced earlier in the f"prii fr. and iIh! entire winter much shorter. I'he followini,' extract taken fiom the '' Ijiitish VVhij;," edited by Ur Barker, and puhlislied in the Ci liM.'i, t«!» ;>.4 Heat. Cold. 1)144, fflO.)! 7.2 1C45, t!)5 4.2 1)14 n, t{»4.6 i(;.7 1)347. +87 2.!) These are the extreme ranges of cold and heat, indicated at the Ob- 39 arms, or liopping lie only jor ope- e snow. uppose ; jisagree- appears, ugh the ! end of country. do great B farmer is much ■ periods. r than in it is not ireat and and are r a rapid hich the ellVtt of liy thun- vvhole is Hid as a nd ague, lome un- nder the Canada, ses exist, made at esting to Cold. ■ 4.J l«.7 2.9 the Ob / I ■■I servatory on one day during the season, hut which do not last beyond a few hours ; the mean temperature of the four ir.onths of summer and three of winter, for those last eight years, liave been respectively, — 62°5, winter 20*^7 Tarenlieit. The same ofiicial records show, that in the last eight years, 1840 to 1847, th;Me was 770 days on which there was rain, 400 days on which there was snow, and 1752 perfectly dry days; showing an yearly average of 96^ rainy days, of fifty snowy days, and 219 perfi'ctly dry days, wherein there was neither snow nor rain. It is necessary further to remark, that if a particle of snow or rain falls during the twenty -four hours, the day is respectively considered at the Observatory as a rainy or snowy day. In closing my remarks upon the climate, it may be satisfactory to you to have some itiformatic/ti upon the natural productions of the country. Amongst the monarchs of the forest may be found, white and red pine, white and black oak ; large quantities of the white oak are split up into staves for the manufactun^ of puncheons, hogsheads, and barrels, for the supply of llie English and West Indian markets. There are several kinds of ash ; white ash, swamp ash, black or piickly ash, some of which is very handsome, and is used for making furniture ; hlack and white birch, with the bark of tiie latter, of which the Indians make thtir light and beautiful canoes; beacli, elm, hickory; sugar maple, from the sap of which immense quantities of excellent sugar is made every year. Some families making during the season from their sugar bush (as it is called), consisting of 190 to 200 trees, from 100 to 1000 pounds of sugar. The beautiful bird's-eye or curled maple, butternut, and black walnut are abundant, and are much used in cabinet work, the latter especially furnishes the most beautiful wood for that j)urpose grown on the C!*ntinent of America; it is much used for the best kind of furniture, and, from its rich vein and colour, is far more beautiful in appearance than the finest specimens of rosewood. The basswood or lime tree ; on rich and moist ground, the white sycamore and buttonwood tree; in the marshes, spotted alder, willow, and va- rieties of iliiirn ; and in the swamps, black ash, tamarak, hemlock, and red and white cedar, the latter being j)rincipally used for rails, for fences, as it is considered the most durable. The cherry laurel is also very abundant, and is much used for furniture. Of shrubs there are many varieties; amongst which are the sumach and the leatherwood tree. The wild fruits of the country are very abundant, among which may be mentioned tlie wild cherry, grapes, black and red currents ; several kinds of gooseberries, most of which are covered with prickles, and are only fit for use when young ; black and red rasp-berries ; crj^n- berries and straw-berries, which grow in great abundance in certain loca- 40 lilies, and are equal to tiie English wild straw-herry. Besides tliese, lliere are black- berries, hazel nuts, buttpi-nuts, wild plumsjandmaiiyotlier kinds ot wild fruit. iTom the warmth ot the seasons, many fruits that can only be raised under glass in Enjj'land, are grown in the greatest perfection in tiie open ground. In the south-west jioitions of the l^rovince, fruit grows in such abundance, that peaches have been sold in the western district, on the shores of Lake Erie, at one shilling and threepence per bushel, and apples are frequently sold on the Thames, for sevenpence half-penny per bushel. Pears, plums, cherries, and all the various de- scriptions of cultivated fruits, grow in rich abundance. Pumpkins, squashes, and all the varieties of the melon, grow in the open fields and gardens to an enormous size. All the vegetable productions of Eng- land flourish, under proper cultivation. Canada is probably as favour- able a climate for the cultivation of fruit and vegetables as any in the world. The great chain of lakes and rivers is most beneficial in ame- liorating the climate, and there is probably no part of the country, even the most inhospitable, where apples would not be found to grow, if not other fruits ; and the banks of the St Lawrence and lakes, from Quebec to the northern extremities of Lake Huron, are well adapted for raising nearly all kinds of hardy fruits, and in many localities, any kind can be grown to perfection. Tlie flowers are almost innumerable, early in the summer the woods are literally clothed with them ; amongst which will be found many beautiful varieties which are cultivated in the English gardens, such as the scarlet lobelia, blue lupin, purple gentian, columbine, vio- lets (without scent), fleur-de-lis, the beautiful wiiite water lily, scarlet and other honey suckles, wild rose (rosa canina), dogwood, diosma crenata, sweet-briar, campanula, golden rod, hydrastis canadensis, mirau- lus pyrola (or winter green), phlox, Solomon's seal, calceolaria, and many others, to give a detailed account of which would fill a volume. The living breathing denizens of the forest are various ; but their numbers are fast diminishing before the progress of civilization. When they shared the sovereignty of the land with the red man, they were comparatively but little disturbed ; but as the country has become set- tled, they have either been gradually destroyed, or obliged to retreat before the advancing footsteps of their common foe. On this subject there has been much misrepresentation in most of the works published on Canada. Game of all kinds has generally been represented as so plentiful, that no person would ho much as dream of starting for Canada without at least one gun ; and emigrants on their first entering the country, generally keep glancing about from side to side of the road, expecting every moment to see a bear or a wolf dart out from every 41 ise, there ner kinda can only eifcclion ice, fruit western )ence per venpence irious de- unjpkins, fields and I of Eng- 19 favour- ny in the \\ in ame- iitry, even » grow, if ikes, from 1 adapted lities, any fidmer the be found gardens, ibine, vio- ly, scarlet )d, diostna S19, mirau- )laria, and \ volume. but their 11. When they were ecome set- to retreat ^his subject } pulilibhed ented as so for Canada [itering tlie if the road, from every little thicket ot woods they may pass. In the present day, however, bears and wolves are only to be found in the more remote and unset- tled portions of the country, and it is very seldom that they are seen, unless regularly hunted after ; and even then, hunters will be out several days before they fitid a bear; and wolves are still more difticult to come at. Both these occasionally commit depredations in the farm yards bordering on the woods, and sometimes they venture out when very hungry into the more settled neighbourhood. Yet you may do as I have done, travel the forest night and day, and penetrate the wilderness to the utmost verge of settlement and civilization, and you may be days together without even starting a poor partridge or hare. I have been engaged more or less during my residence in the country in thus traversing the woods of Canada, and visiting its remotest set- tlements, and during the whole of that time I have met but once with a bear, once with a pack of wolves, and once surprised a couple of deer; these latter having gradually been destroyed, but few compari- tively now remains. In the western district they were numerous till the winter of 1842 and 1843, when a numerous band of Pottawattamie Indians came to the Province from the United States. These were noted huntere, and the winter being favourable for the pursuit, immense numbers of the deer were slaughtered. Amongst the smaller animcis, may be noticed the racoon, musk rat, and a species of hare, which turns white in the winter, and four varieties of the squirrel, — the black squirrel is the !a- est and most numerous; the grey squirrel, which is seldom met with ; the red squirrel, and the ground squirrel or chipmonk, with several others. Among the feathered tribe may be mentioned, the wild turkey, which has almost become extinct. In particular localities, and at certain seasons of the year, grouse is tolerably plenti- ful in the woods. Woodcocks and snipes are not numerous, but may occasionally be met with. Pigeons are very numerous in the spiing and autumn, and are killed by hundreds. Of ducks there are many varieties, some of them are very beautiful, and are often found in great numbers about the marshy parts of the lakes and the rivers. Wild swans and geese are occasionally seen. Besides these, there is the bald headed eagle, a noble bird ; the large fishing hawk ; the sparrow hawk ; the large horned owl, and two or three smaller varieties ; the heron, the bittern, and the crow. Among the smaller class, tliere are many beautiful birds two numerous to mention by name, many of them only spend the summer in the country, coming only in the spring, and migrating in the autumn. In the lakes and rivers, the principal fish are the sturgeon, which is frequently taken from ninety to 100 pounds weight ; the lake or salmon trout, in size from ten to forty F 42 pounds; the while fish, thousands of barrels of which are annually taken and salted, and a large portion of them exported to the United States. There are also pike of large size ; pickerel, three varieties of hass, muskalonge, a magnificent fish, cat-fish, suckers, perch, and oc- casionally eels and speckled trout. In the St Lawrence and rivers running into Lake Ontario, large quantities of fine salmon have been taken during the migration of the fish in the spring and autumn. For the last few years the fish have almost deserted those streams, the reason of which is supposed to be, the great number of dams erected across them, for the purpose of securing a supply of water for the grist and saw-mills, which have much increased in number within a few years, and the immense quantity of saw-dust which is constantly floating down them. Two varieties of turtle are plentiful in the rivers and ponds — the common and the snapping turtle. The North American porcupine is to be found in certain localities, it is much smaller, however, than the South American porcupine, and the quills are both shorter and more slender; they are naturally of an opaque white ; and the Indians die them of many beautiful colours, and use them extensively in ornamental work. Snakes, especially of tlie venomous kinds, are not numerous. Minerals, of the most valuable kind, are very abundant in various parts of the Province. Iron ore of the richest descrij)tion exists in the townships of Madoc and Marmora, in the Victoria district, and in the township of Bathurst in the Bath- hurgt district. Bog-iron ore is also found in many places, and is used extensively in making stoves and other castings. Silver, tin, and lead, are known to exist in some localities, and beautiful specimens have been seen in the possession of the Indians, who are not willing to dis- cover tlie mines to others. Copper has lately been discovered on the shores of Lake Superior, and gold is also said to have been found. Marble of many beautiful varieties, pure white, green, and yellow spotted ; black and white, grey and black, exists in abundance in the Eastern Bathurst, Johnstown, Midland, and Victoria districts, and also on Lake Huron. There have been found some good specimens of litho- graphic stone in the townships of Marmora and Rama ; freestone, limestone and granite are also abundant. Gypsum (or plaster of Paris) is also found in great quantities on the Grand River, and other places ; and in some sections of the Province, salt has been made from springs ; the water, however, has not generally been found sufficiently impreg- nated with salt, to make the business profitable. Mineral springs; there are several of these springs already disco- vered in different parts of Canada. The most resorted to at the pre- sent time, are those in the township of Caledonia, and that in tlie I 4;i lovnsliip of Kingston, both in Canada West, and those near tlie village of Varenr.es in Canada East. 1. Caledonia springs; tliose springs are in the townshij) of Caledonia, and in the midst of a large tamarac swamp, hut have been cleared out and encased. A large hotel has been built for the reception of visitors, and a bath-house; and a circu- lar railroad has been laid down round the ground for the amusement of invalids. They have been much resorted to for several years. There are four springs in the place, called the saline, sulphur, gas, and one more lately discovered, called the intermittent. 2. Kingston springs ; this mineral spring is situated near the City of Kingston, and was only discovered a few years ago. It is now much visited by invalids and others ; and the efficacy of the water for removing some diseases is said to be established. The depth of the bore to the primitive rock, is 145 feet. The water is sparkling; its taste sharply and not un- pleasantly saline; its specific gravity is 1.010; and its saline consti- tuents in an imperial pint, amount to 117.52 grs. The water is of the same class and of the same component parts as those of Cheltenham and Leamington. 3. Varennes springs ; these springs are s'tuated one mile east of the village of Varennes, which is fifteen miles east of Mon- treal, and on the south side of the river St Lawrence. They came into repute in the summer of 1844, when they were attended with many visitors. The following remarks on the subject of mining in Canada, taken from the " Montreal Transcript," may perhaps not be irrelevant, as they will convey to you a definite idea of the mineral wealth of the country. The first allusion to the important minerals of Canada, may be traced back to the voyages of Father Albuez, on Lake Superior, in 1G65, and other early Jesuit missionaries, whose statements were confirmed by La Hontan in 1G89, Charlevoix in 1721, Carver in 1765, Henry in 1771, and Mackenzie in 1789. The latter, after speaking of the mines on the south shore, says : " It might be worthy the attention of British subjects to work the mines on the north coast, though they are not supposed to be as rich as those in the south." The printed statements of Carver induced the formation of an Englisli Company, in 1771, to work the mines on the Outanagon River, on the American side, which resulted in a failure. In this company, Cap- tain Henry, the first British subject who penetrated the wilderness round Lake Superior, in search of furs, was interested, and he mentions it in the history of his voyages and travels. We do not hear of any further endeavours to develope the mineral indications in this region, until 1841. At this time public attention having been drawn to the American side of the lake, by more recent discoveries of surface indi- cations of copper, the authorities of the State of Michigan took steps )pper 44 to ascertain tlie correctness of previous reports, and tlirougli tlie exer- tions of the late lamented Douglas Iloughtf/n, State Geologist, the ex- istence of copper bearing veins and native silver and copper was fully proved. The report of that eminent man (the correctness of which is singularly established by the fact, that in 1848, 1000 tons of native copper were raised at the Cliff" Mine alone) induced the formation of a joint stock company; and, in 1845, mining operations commenced. In tlie fall of that year, the first location was taken up on the Bri- tish side. The reports of the discoveries of copper and silver, both on the north and south coasts, created an excitement little inferior to that now existing respecting California. Numerous companies were formed to realize the richest of the supposed El Dorado. All was haste and eagerness, and every one seemed fearful of being too late to participate in the copper harvest. A few thousand shares assumed in a new min- ing company, were believed sufficient to insure for their holder a rapid fortune The possession of a piece of ground containing a copper mine, and money to work it, were matters of apparently very secondary consideration. The mining fever continued throughout 1846, and reached its height in the spring of 1847 ; at which time upwards of eighty American and seven or eight British companies had been formed, some with and many without locations. By the spring of 1848, the mania had, however, greatly subsided ; many of the parties had begun to think and calculate, and they only then made a discovery of more value than many a rich copper lode, viz : that they had, without previous thought and considera- tion, rushed into a hazardous, intricate, and expensive business, of tlie management of which they were totally ignorant ; that digging a hole in the ground on a mineral vein was not mining, and not the only thing necessary to make money by mining ; that to accomplish the latter ob- ject, knowledge, scientific and practical knowledge, were as necessary as the copper itself, and in this essential requisite, many were most lamentably deficient. This valuable discovery was made at costs varying according to the depth of the '■^diggings" but it was cheap even at the greatest cost. Some few, it is feared, have not yet made it; but if they persevere, they are sure to succeed ultimately. The losses which have been sus- tained ought not to create surprise, nor discourage future attempts. Mining is a combination of al)struse sciences with long practical experience. In the United States it is almost a novelty ; in Canada entirely so. Mining operations commenced in utter ignorance of the intricacies of the business, under the influence of blind excitement ; and insatiable covetousness can hardly be expected to succeed under the 45 most favourable circumstances ; and to these, together with the decep- tions practised by share-traders, must be attributed the failures which have occurred. On the other hand, when conducted by Joint Stock Companies, wiili that care and caution which prudent men observe in their private affairs, on mineralized ground, and on legitimate princi- ples, mining on Lake Superior can hardly fail to succeed under »,r(li- nary circumstances; and, if these are favourable, no mercantile ad- venture offers so fair a prospect of yielding a large return, coupled with a safe investment of capital. Of the correctness of the former assertion as to failures, if it were n^fcessary to adduce proof. Chili, Mexico, and the south shore of Lake Superior, afford too many instances. The latter proposition, with re- gard to success, is equally demonstrated by the Cornwall mines for centuries back, and the operations at Poinle-anx- Mines on the east coast of Lake Superior. Since IBiT, this mine has been conducted according to those rules which obtain in Cornwall, and which long observance has consecrated into laws ; the infringement of which can- not fail to produce losses to the shareholders even of a rich mine, wliile strict attention to them may enrich those of a poor one. The combi- nation of the patient endurance of the French Canadian labourer, with the practical skill of Cornish miners, directed by the scientiBc know- ledge of a superintendent from Cornwall, has produced at Pointe-aux- Mines, a result only attainable by the same means, full and complete success.* And these operations, together with the knowledge whicli has been acquired of the mineralized character, not only of that dis- trict, but of the whole British side of Lake Superior, have clearly proved that the former alone contains within itself elements of wealth not even contemplated in 184.6, — that the British side of the lake is destined to become the Cornwall of Canada, and that its mineial re- sources yet untouched, will, with skill and prudence, turn the scales of fortune in her favour, and make Canada the creditor, instead of the debtor of Europe. Other companies may follow in the track of those which have suc- ceeded, and will attain the same results. The advantages possessed by the company at Pointe-aux- Mines, in securing the services of an efficient superintendent to prevent unnecessary outlay in the purchase of lands not mineralized, and to work profitably, those which are, can easily be obtained by others. Indeed, the beacons which the faults of previous companies afford, the assurance that true mineral does exist on the British side, and the example of a successful company in the mode of realizing the profits, render the field now opened to new companies peculiarly advantageous. Prudence and caution will soon place them 40 ill tlie same position as their predecessors ; the course pursued at Pointe- aux-Mines cannot fail to produce the same results elsewhere. It vvouhl not only he unreasonahle to suppose that no other minera- lized ground is to be found on Lake Superior, than at I'ointe-aux-Mines; but recent discoveries have placed the fact beyond a doubt. It is now knoion that other locations equally profitable, are to be found. And beyond a iew places on the immediate coast, the shores of Lake Supe- perior are yet unknown; the "exploring expeditions" of 1816, com- paratively speaking, disclosed nothing. They passed over Pointe-aux- Mines, which was accidentally discovered by a half-breed woman in 1847. Similar discoveries are very common in mineral districts; in Cornwall, where mining has been carried on for upwards of a 1000 years, new veins are frequently brought to light al the present day. The great " Wheal Maria" mine, for instance, the shares of which were selling in London in January last at £230, with £i paid in, was unknown five years ago. It was very reasonable to expect, that on the shores of Lake Superior, new discoveries are yet to be made as valua- ble as the first, and that many veins exist, both on the coast and in the interior, which may be profitably worked. A comparison between the mining ground of Cornwall and that of Lake Superior, will present a result that Canadians can hardly conceive. The whole extent of the actual mining ground of Cornwall, at present, is not more than about 100 superficial miles ; the largest mine in that county is not one, and some are only a few acres. On reference to the " London Mining Journal^' it will be found that the averagj produce of the ore of all Cornwall, in the dressed state in which it is sold to the sinelter, prepared for the furnace, is only seven and one-half per cent ; and to bring it up to this low produce, it has to undergo the tedious and troublesome process of picking, crushing, washing, and re-washing ; hence the usual estimate may be safely received, that its average pro- duce in vein stuff, as it comes from the mine, is not one per cent, and that the average of the great bulk is not half per cent. And yet it is a fact, that for ten years, the dividends from these poor mines have exceeded the dividends from railroads in England on the capital invested. The annual returns from the Cornwall mines exceed £1,000,000 sterling. Canada possesses 500 miles of coast on Lake Superior, portions of which are known to be mineralized, to say no- thing of the interior. The change that would be produced in the com- mercial position of our country, by this vast tract of land, yielding ap- propriate return to that of Connval!, is liable, by its very magnitude, to excite incredulity. A century's advancement at our present rate would be attained in less than a quarter of that time, and the baneful I 47 elVects on Canada of ilie commercial policy of England for tlie last five years, would be neutralized. Such prospect seems Utopian, solely fr(»ni tlie general prevailitig ignorance of tlie matter, its novelty, and the little attention which is paid to it. Not a single argument can be adduced to prove its improbability ; whereas sound geological reasons ep(!ak loudly in its favour. While on this part of the suiyect, it may be useful to refer to an oflicial document, whicjj possesses the rare property of communicating valuable information to individuals, combined with a geological report to the government. The document alluded to is the report of Mr Logan, the provincial geologist, presented to the Legislature in 1847. The information it contains, establishes for it a high character, in a commercial point of view, on a subject of infinite importance to the country. In speaking of the American side of Lake Superior, Mr Logan says, " the metalliferous lodes, which characterize the rocks of the country, are so numerous, and spread over so wide an area, as na- turally to excite strong hopes of many valuable discoveries, while they afford a reasonable foundation to expect, that a period will at some time arrive, which circumstances may hasten or retard, when mining will be established as a permanent branch of industry in this region, and the extraction and reduction of its metalliferous ores will form a source of wealth to its future inhabitants. The same ultimate result may be anticipated on the Canadian shores of the lake, which are characterized by rock formation, and mineral v^^ins of a similar de- scription. These mineral veins are very numerous, and are marked, to a greater or less degree, by metalliferous indications, along several sections of the coast, from Pigeon River to Sault St Marie. It is, however, in general, a mere narrow strip along the water line, which has been inspected, and it is still doubtful how many of the veins, which were observed to contain these indications, will yield a present profitable result." The truly doubtful character of the veins, on the British side of the lake, correctly given to them by Mr Logan, in 1847, has, however, changed, as respects some of them, since that period. Two years mining at Pointe-aux-Mines, on legitimate Corn- ish principles, has removed the doubts as to the true character of the veins at that place. This fact, with others, warrants the assertion, that true veins can be found elsewhere, and easily. There is now room on the shores of Lake Superior for hundreds of new companies : the more that are established, the more advanta- geous will it be for each. As it is in Cornwall, so it would be on Lake Superior — the concentration of scientific and practical skill into one district— the frequent intercourse and meetings of managers, and 48 «uperiritt»n(Jent8 of various mineH — tlio iiilcrcliange of opinions and views — the rinw discoveries, and tlio continual compariHon of expenses, would tend materially to the advanta|^e of each separate company. Ciimpetition, in its usual acceptation, is not to he feared in copper mining. A laudable emulation in economy, and in producing the largest returns, could he the only rivalry. And it must not he forgotten, the market for copper can hardly he glutted. If fifty or a hundred times the present supply was produced, the article would still find a ready sale, hy its superseding oih^r ma- terials, which are used now, oidy until a more durable can be obtained. Wood and iron would give place to copper in numerous instances. The increase of railroads alone, in America, would, as it has done in England, greatly augment the consumption of copper. The disadvantage of the portage of Sault St. Marie, for the trans- port of a bulky article, is considerable ; hut not n serious obstacle to mining on I^ake Superior. In 1818, 1000 tons of Cliff" Mine, native copper, were carlinl across in blocks, some of which weighed upwards of a ton. A railroad of lialfa-mile, on the British side, which would cost about £2500, will render the transport comparatively easy, and would he suflScient for tlie trade for five or ten years to come. Copper ore can^ however, be smelted into copper on Lake Superior, in a Hiverberatory furnace, with wood fuel, as it is now practised in Chili and at Boston, in a blast furnace, with charcoal. In Cornwall, the ore was smelted into copper until all the wood was consumed. It is cheaper to carry the smaller to the greater bulk ; and ore is con- sequently carried from Cornwall to Swansea, where coal abounds, rather than coal to Cornwall, where the ore is raised. The art of smelting, which some people, encouraged by Welsh smelters, have supposed to be a mystery, has been proved, in Chili and the United States, to be no mystery at all. Chili Cake Copper is now imported into New York, as an ordinary article of merchandize, and sold at 17^ cents, or 10 l-5d. currency, per lb., equal to £95, 3s, 4d., currency, per ton ; proving that it must approach very nearly to fine copper, the quarterly average standard of which was, at Swansea, on Slst December last, £89, 10s. sterling The capital required to open and carry on a copper mine on Lake Superior, is much less than might be conjectured, from the enormous sums expended by some companies, which have not yet made a shil- ling of returns. An outlay of £6000 to £8000, spread over a pe- riod of two years, will, under ordinary circumstances, open a mine ; and when circumstances are favourable, e;en less will suffice. When a mine is once fairly opened, forty or fifty tons fair quality ore, per I stanc the lar{ be T to£ meet alwa; every comp; other There Indet Canac under nershi the gr of mi 49 I niul I'lJSCS, pany. upper g the illy 1)6 Juced, r ma- tainetl. taiicea. one in ) tratis- acle to , native ipwards I would tsy, and uperior, tised in oinwall, nsumed. 18 con- founds, art of rs, have United mported d at 174 utrency, copper, on 3l8t on Lake jnormous a shil- rer a pe- a mine ; . When r ore, per nionlli, will pay all the monthly labour cost, not only of sloping, (ex- tracting,) ;5U0 to 400 tons per month, but aliso of the himultancMtuH extension of the oj)ening, by diiviiii,' and leiiglheuiiig levels, t-inkinj;; shafts to disclose more ore— a work which must always be kept in advance, to meet the frequent changes in the quality of the ore. This assumption, of course, is contingertt on the situation of the mine with reference to drainage, and bringing the ore to the surface. If ma- chinery be required for these purposes, the above result will be afli'ected to the extent of its cost. In less than aiiother two years, the shareholders, in a mine such a» described above, may receive back all their previous outlay in one dividend, which, indeed, may triple it. The mine, on the American hide of the lake, after three years working, under many disadvantages, has paid a dividend of ten dollars, per share, retaining sixty thousand dollars in hand, to continue the operations, possessing copper raised, but not realiiJed, buildings, Sec, of the value of ninety-three thousand dollars. The 13urra-13urra Mining Company in Australia, within eighteen months of its commencement, paid off a previous expenditure of £77,000, and divided JB 70,000 among the shareholders. This company had to transport their ore ninety miles by land, and GOOO by water, to reach a market ! The shares in the *' Wheel Maria" mine, (great Devon consols,) which commenced in ISIG, were selling in London, as has been observed already, in January last, at £'-^30, with c£l paid in. It must he recollected, that, under ordinary circum- stances, the great bulk of the expenses of a mining company is, in the first two years, in opening a mine. The labour cost of even a large mine, when once fairly opened, is comparatively small, and can be swept oil' by a few tons of ore, as already stated. The sum required, for the first two years, to open a mine of £0000 to £8000, backed by a further liability of £10,000 to £15,000, (to meet a reverse, which the most prosperous mining company should always prepare for, without being discouraged,) is within the means of every city of Canada. Montreal, indeed, could establish eight or ten companies to this extent ; Quebec, Kingston, Toronto, Hamilton, and other places, could each furnish three, four, five, or more companies. There might be thirty or forty companies worked by Canadian capital. Indeed, the sum required is within the means of many individuals in Canada ; and there is more hope of success from a mine directed, and under the controul of a single individual, than of a company. Part- nerships, at best, are necessary evils, and the greater the partn»isliip, the greater the evil. There is, at all events, no reason why the stock of mining companicH, in Canada, should he divided into more than G 50 1000, or 2000 shares, of 1 10 or £l5 cacli. In Cornwall, very few amount to more than that number, anil many have not more than 12H shares. Enough has been said, it is hoped, to prove that mining in this region is worth a tliought, both by the (iovernment to encourage it, and individuals to make a |)rorit by it. The former can do its part by reducing tlie price of the land, constructing a railroad at Sault St Marie, and pro{)osing to the legislature a remission of tlu» duties on supplies for the use of the mines, as is done (or the Gaspt' fisher- men. Four shillings per acre, 4 10 1 V.'MrA 15 do c;j,i27 r. «; .e4G4,5!>l 5 10 w! If we add fifteen per cent, to this, to represent the difference in values, caused by lower prices in 1848, we shall have a total increase a few e, and ve itn- end to in the •e they with a om the on and ivcr sea , owing ectively g off in orts nor ar since given in less by onion of kinds of in round n prices ers' An- ifference. s greatly 1) 3 r> k; I i 15 r. «; 5 10 erence in il increase 63 of southern trade equal to £462,301, currency. Let us see, then, what may fairly be set down as the whole decrease, in quantity, of our exports last year. The apparent decrease by sea, reckoning in value, was £831,215; — less, for decreased prices at, say eleven per cent, on the whole export of 1847, £294,841 =for actual decrease, as representing quantity, JL'536,284 ; increased export to United States, £462,301 ; will leave, for the actual diminution of the trade of the whole Province, as representing quantity, only £7'>,983. For the exports of Canadian goods to the United States, w<; have taken the American Customs returns of goods entered there. It is certain, however, that this must be very far below the true value. The returns from our own Custom- House is as follows, for 1848 : — Produce of the Forest £15f),'»ol (i it Agricultural Production 4^}^,l^^)(} '.) Live Stock .04,243 7 (J Other Articles 1(»4,2»7 10 V, £772,432 T) 4 We have yet to add the fisheries. We shall then have the follow- ing account of our exports for 1848 ; — By Sea i:i,749.1«;7 Fisheries 1)1,2.j2 To United States 772,432 £2,(;i2.8r)l The average prices of Flour, in each year, from 1843 to 1848, both inclusive, was 253. 7d., 25s. 2d., 27s. Id., 263. 2dc^d., 30s. 5d., and 263. 3d., currency. The freights for the same period were, to Liverpool, 3s. 3d., 4s. 6d., 4s. 8i}d., 5s. 2d., 5s. 4d., and 4s. 2d., sterling. The total imports of Canada, either by sea or inland trade, on wliich duty was paid, in 1848, amounted to £2,950,798, while in the year 1847, they were £3,795,847. To this may be added, a statement of the quantities of several articles of general consump- tion imported into Canada. It fully bears out the remark of Mr Crofton, that *' in no country do the agricultural classes enjoy a greater degree of comfort, or are liable to fewer privations." Of sugar and molasses there were imported, in 1847, 20,673,389 lbs. ; add maple sugar, 6,463,845 lbs. ;=27)137,234 lbs., or nearly 18] 54 lbs. to each person, besides the large quantity which is believed to be smuggled. Of coffee, 1,101,621 lbs. paid duty in 1847, and 1,018,803 lbs. in 1848, = 11 oz. per head. Of tea, the average quantity which pays duty annually, is estimated at 2,81 7, -liO lbs,, and the smuggled at 432,560 lbs.= 3,750,009 lbs =to 2 lbs. 4 oz., per head. The importation of foreign coffee and tea, in the United States, as quoted in the Appendix, from the Report of the Secretary of the Treasury to the United States, was, in 1848, respectively — coffee, 8,200,000 lb3.=nearly Gl lbs. per head ; and tea, 6,217,111 — nearly 5oz. per head. The quantit}^ of wine and spirits, which paid duty in Canada in 1347, was 553,849 gallons, with 2,134,721 gal- lons of whisky, distilled in the country ; and in 1848, 392,580 gal- lons, with 1,905,150 gallons of whisky, distilled in the country. The average of the two years is, therefore, 16-10 gallons per head, men, women, and children. The amount of our exports to the United States has created much gratification ; for it shows, in strong colours, the tendency of trade to find channels for itself; for they now amount to above three quarters of a million sterling, in the face of the high duties charged in the States. If these duties were reasonable, this trade would be trebled or quadrupled before many years, to the manifest advantage of both parties. While the deficiency in the trade of 1848 has in- flicted much sufFering on the country, and materially lowered the value of property, it is impossible to look at these figures, without being satisfied that the Province is clearing its indebtedness ; for the difference between the value of exports and imports, which amounts to about £400,000, must have been more than counterbalanced by the government drafts, and other remittances from the mother country. SHIPPING. On the water, *' the progress of the colony" has been as satisfac- tory as on shore. Thus, in 1838, the shipping of Upper Canada amounted to 4,505 tons; in 1839, to 5,787 tons; and in 1840, to 8,629 tons. The tabljs go no farther than that year; but there is every reason to suppose that the progress has been, at least, as rapid since. On the canals a new class of steamers has been made to supersede the old 500 barrel vessels ; and cargoes of 2,800, or 3,000 barrels of flour, may now be conveyed from Chicago to the ocean, a distance of 1,500 miles, without breaking bulk, so that there is every reason to look for a greatly increased trade in this department. 55 Since the above period, several new and splendid steamers have been placed on the lakes — the St Lawrence, and the Bay of Quinte. In IS^*, not less than twenty steamers, and thirty schooners, be- longed '0 Kingston, whose united tonage amounted to 6,650 tons, exclusive of many barges, and other small craft. Toronto, at the same period, had twelve steamers, whose tonage amounted to '},210 tons, besides several schooners, the number and tonage of which I Iiave not been able to ascertain. The total number of vessels cm- ployed on the lakes and rivers, above Quebec, amounted to eighty- six steam-boats, whose aggregate tonnage amounted to 12,808 tons; and 791 sailing vessels, barges, &c., the tonnage of which was 72,842; and the property insured by the St Lawrence Assurance Company, for the season, amounted to £445,17f)> Os. 5d., the pre- mium on which amounted to £4,857> Us. 2d. — The amount of losses during the year, paid by the Company, £3,29^", 7s. Id — Additional losses not yet estimated, supposed to be f 1,450. REVENUE. Since the Union, the nett revenue of the Province has been as ^.'ows :—For 1842, ±'365,505 ; 1843, ±'320 987; 1844, ±515,783; iS45, ±524,366; 1846, £512,993; 1847, ±506,826. The cus- toms, in the first year of this period, amounted to ±265,386. They reached their highest point in 1844, when they were ±429,722; and declined to ±381,063, in 1847, the last year given in the report. The impost of one per cent, on the circulation of the notes of chartered Banks, rose pretty steadily, except in the year 1843, from £10,277, in 1842, to ±l6,006, in 1847. Another branch of our revenue, which every Canadian must regard with great anxiety, is that derived from our public works. The table of revenue affords us pleasing grounds for believing, that our hopes, from these most important enterprises, will not prove vain. The nett revenue from tolls, in 1842, was £l6,369 ; and it had risen, in 1847, to £42,557. The gross revenue — a better criterion of the amount of traffic on these gigantic highways — presents a still more encouraging state- ment. There was, as will be seen, a slight decrease in 1845 ; but on the whole, the progress of receipts, since 1842, has been large and steady. Here follow the figures for each year, from 1842 to 1847, both inclusive :— ±24,232, £34,604, £44,429, £41,039, £61,486, £83,335. This increase is far more rapid, than in any five years on which a fair comparison can be made with the New York canals, and fully bears out the wisdom of those by whose en- 50 terprise our public works were set on foot. Our canals have just been finished ; and the class of vessels, for which they are intended, could only commence their trips in the last year of this period. Under these circumstances, let us compare the progressive increment of our tolls, with those of New York State, for a period of six years after the Erie Canal, (the rest are too inconsiderable to be of conse- quence in the calculation,) had been seventeen years in operation. In 1837, the New York State Tolls amounted to 1,293,129 dollars; and in 1842, to 1,749,204— thirty-six per cent, increase in six years. Our own tolls, according t'> the figures given above, increased at the rate of 240 per cent, in the same length of time. But this statement affords a very inadequate comparison, for during the period we have taken, the New York State works were in full operation, whereas some of the principal Canadian works only began to yield a revenue at different dates during the period. For example, we have only five years revenue of the Welland Canal, which yielded more than one-third of the whole revenue in 1847 ; only three years of the Beauharnois Canal, which yielded last year f .'>,9-''>9 ; a'ltl only one year's revenue from the Williamsburgh Canal. The returns for 1848 bring them up to i'50,000. PUBLIC DEBT— 1848. The entire public debt of Canada amounts to £5,208,040, 8s, ll^d., of which £4,500,267. 9s has been expended on our public works, and is, consequently, represented by them, while the balance of JL'702,372 19^' H'id. his been borrowed, from time to time, for the general purposes of the Government. The money borrowed, specifically, for the construction of these works, is, however, only Jl3.,922,L>S8, 10s. Gd., or cl'583,928, 18s. Gd. less than the expendi- ture upon them, the last sum having been taken from the annual revenues of the Province, after paying ail the annual expenses. The interest upon the entire public debt is £200,000 ; the Civil List for 1849) £73,884, and the provision for a sinking fund, i.75,000 — together £348,884 — while the Customs revenue alone, for the same year, is estimated at £450,000. But, besides interest upon debt, sinking fund, and civil list, we find " other charges," (including educational grants, about £70;000, agriculture, £l 0,000, charitable institutions, £l5 000,) against the revenue, to the large amount of £21 6,51 9> 2s. 9d., raising the whole annual expenditure to £565,403, 2s. 9d. To meet this expenditure for the current 57 year, Mr Hincks calculates tlie revenue at £574^,64,0, arising from the following sources : — Customs X450,000 Public Works 50,000 Excise 30,000 Territorial op qoo Other Sources 24,640 £574,010 This, it will be seen, leaves a surplus of £9,136, 17s. 3d. of reve- nue, over expenditure, for the current year.* MANUFACTURES. We come now to manufactures, premising, that when we speak of United Canada, we take the imperfect census of Eastern Canada, as representing the statistics of that part of the Province. In the United Province, then, there are 66l fulling and carding mills, 130 breweries, 174 distilleries, 389 tanneries, 1,740 asheries, 10 paper mills, 19 trip hammers, 14 oil-mills, and 9 nail factories, besides many other kinds of manufactories, among the most important of which are iron and iron- wares. There is a large establishment in Canada East, called the St Maurice Iron Works, a short distance from the town of Three Rivers, which not only supplies a large pro- portion of the St ves, and other hollow wares, made use of in the country, but annually exports large quantities to other colonies, be- sides a considerable number of ploughs and axes, which are highly esteemed. There is a similar establishment in the village of Nor- mandale, in the Talbot District, containing a blastfurnace for smelt- ing bog-ore, which yields from twenty to thirty-five per cent, of iron — and a cupola furnace ; and castings of all descriptions are made. The enterprising gentleman, M. Van Norman, who owns the above establishment, lias purchased the extensive works in Mar- mora, in the Victoria district, which have not been worked for seve- ral years ; and having formed a large company, by the sale of shares, there is every prospect that a sufficient amount of capital will' be realized, to keep those important iron works in constant ope- raiion. There is a similar establishment in the adjoining township • Canada, its Financial Position and Resources, by the Hon. Francis Uincks. — Ridgway, London, H 68 of Madoc. Both those townships are noted fur the excellency and ri':b> ness of the iron-ore, which is said to yield seventy five per cent, of iron of the best quality, and so abundant, as to be sufficient for the con- sumption of the whole of British North America. There are also seve- ral foundries and axe factories in raanyof the towns and villages through the country. There are a few pail factories. Considerable quantities of bricks are made; and the demand for them is daily increasing. Soap and candles, starch, blue, linseed-oil, cider, and several other articles* are also made, among which, must not be omitted, the manufacture of maple-sugar, which had, according to the census of 18 LO, for Canada West, amounted to 3,764,243 lbs. ; and as it is generally admitted that the census were defective, it may reasonably be sup- posed, that not less than ten per cent, would be required to make up the omissions. This would bring the crop up to 4,l60,667 lbs., or nearly six pounds to each individual. The following is the produce of some of the factories for 1848, all in Canada West : — Of fulled cloth, 624,971 yards; of linen, 71,715 yards; flannel, 1,295,172 yards. The total increase in the annual production of these articles, in six years, has been 664,141 yards, the increase being very nearly equal to one yard for each individual of the population. The whole of the increment, however., has occurred upon the woollen goods, as there is a considerable falling off in linens, which we have deducted to arrive at the above figures. Manufactures must, however, be regarded as only in a state of infancy in Canada ; and probably no part of the world affords so extensive a field for the profitable investment of capital, in this de- partment of business ; and I unhesitatingly assume the responsi- bility of assuring you, as the result of long and careful observation, that there are fortunes to be made in Canada, by manufactures, as well as comfort and independence by agriculture. RAILROADS. The three great lines of Railway, which at present press them- selves on the public attention, as being of primary importance, and connected with the general prosperity of the Province, are, — 1st. The line extending from Quebec, westward, along the north shores of the River St Lawrence and Lake Ontario, to Toronto — from that city to Hamilton, and from thence along the Great West- ern Railway to Windsor, opposite Detroit, in the State of Michigan. The first line naturally divides itself into five sections. 1. Beginning at Quebec, the first section will terminate at Men- 59 treal, a distance of about 180 miles. No charter has yet been ob- tained for this portion of the line, nor any steps taken to obtain one. The St Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad Company propose to run tlieir road through the eastern townships, for seventy miles, to Mel- bourne, on a course towards Quebec. It remains yet to be settled, whether it would be preferable to extend this road to Quebec, or to construct a separate one on the north bank of the river. No sur- veys having been made of this section, the probable expense cannot be estimated. 2. The second section, from Montreal to Kingston, a distance of about 180 miles, is another necessary link in the great chain of rail- way communication. A charter was obtained for it in 1845 ; but the company has not yet organised itself, nor have any surveys or estimates been made. A railway has been finished from Montreal to Lachine, under a se- parate charter. By their charter, this company are bound to trans- fer their railroad, on certain specified terms, to any other company, who will extend it onwards towards Kingston, and shall bona Jide expend the sum of £100,000 on such extension. This section, connecting, as it does, the great chain of lakes with the chief com- mercial city of Canada, and with the Atlantic navigation, will un- doubtedly command a large and lucrative trade. It will; probablyi in a ^evi years, be intersected by a-railway running from Bytown to Prescott, and connecting the Ottawa and St Lawrence. The Og- dcnsburg railroad, with its terminus opposite Prescott, will also con- tribute to increase its trade. 3. The third section extends from Kingston, l65 miles, along Lake Ontario, to Toronto. A charter has been obtained for this road, and a preliminary survey made, estimating the probable cost of the work at £865,000. The prospects and advantages of this road are stated at length in the Prospectus of their Company, and the Report of their Engineer, published in 1846. It will be con- nected at Kingston with " The Rome, Waterdown, and Cape Vin- cent Railroad," in the State of New York, by means of steam-fer- ries over the St Lawrence, and a short railroad, of seven miles, across Wolfe Island. A complete railway communication will thus be established between Kingston and the Atlantic Cities of Boston and New York. Active exertions are now being made by the Port- Hope and Peterborough Railroad Company, to commence their undertaking, which will intersect the main road at Port-Hope, and pour into it 60 the large and increasing trade of tlie Newcastle and Colborne districts. d<. A clmrter has also been granted for the fourth section, con- necting Toronto with Hamilton. The length of this portion of the line is about forty miles ; but its construction has not been begun, nor have the company as yet made any preparation for that purpose. The 5th and last section has been for some years before the pub- lic, as '* The Great Western Railway." The main trunk extends from Hamilton to Windsor, a distance of nearly ISG miles, and will cost, according to the engineer's estimate, £989,853. A branch from the main line runs from Hamilton, forty-two miles, to the Niagara River, at the estimated expense of £248,767. Another branch extends to Port-Sarnia, at the foot of Lake Huron. This branch is about fifty miles long, and will cost £l 06,410, mak- ing the total estimated expense of the Great Western Railway and branches, £1,404,9.30. This great vmdertaking cannot be better described, than by the following extracts from the able and elaborate Report of Mr C. B. Stuart, the Chief Engineer, of the 1st September last : — " The stockholders of this company control the destiny, and may appropriate the profits, of a line of railway, 228 miles long, under a liberal charter, with a right to exact toll without legal re- striction, to make various important branches, running through a district of country, which is unsurpassed in this country or Europe, commencing in the west, at the head of Lake Erie, where daily steamers connect it with all the shores of the great upper lakes, and the fertile lands of the north-western States ; and a railway, now nearly finished, completes the line through the heart of Michigan, touching, in its route, and by its tributaries, at convenient ports on Lakes St Clair, Huron, and Ontario, and terminating in ihe east, on Niagara River, where two railways, and a noble canal, form its con- tinuation to New York and Boston ; and Lake Ontario, and the St Lawrence, furnish an independent channel to Montreal and Quebec. This work seems destined to absorb the traffic of a wider region than often falls to the share of any single enterprise." It appears, from the Petition of the Company to the Legislative Assembly, presented to this House during the present Session, and referred to the committe, that the capital stock of the company is c£' 1,500,000, divided into 60,000 shares of £25, each. Of those shares, 20,725 are held in England, on £l0,000 of which, five per cent, has been paid in, and on the remaining 10,725, five shillings 61 sterling per sh^irc has been paid — that tlie amount taken by the con- tractors will be about 8,847 shares, making, in the aggregate, ■35,57~ shares. It also appears, by this memorial, that " the right of way, for the most part, has been acquired by the company— that spacious depot grounds have also been secured at Windsor, Chatham, Lobo, London, Ingersoll, Woodstock, Paris, Dundas, Hamilton, Grimsby, St Catherines, and Niagara River—that the portions of the line, from Hamilton to Niagara, and from London to W^indsor, bave been placed under contract, at rates under the estimate of the engineer; and that the contractors take, in payment, one-fourth of their contracts, in the capital stock of the company, at par — that a commencement has been made on both these sections — that the section in the Cicy of Hamilton has also been contracted for, at a price below the engineer's estimate, taking one-fourth in stock as part payment, which work has also been commenced — that a com- pany is now formed, who will take the residue of the line, from Hamil- ton to London, on similar terms, and at the estimate of the engi- neer. ***** ^|^^g placing the entire line under contract to responsible contractors, for a sum not exceeding the estimated expense." The company have already expended about fifteen thousand pounds, and are vigorously prosecuting the work as fast as their limited means will allow. The second great line is that known as '* the St Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad." The whole distance from Montreal to Portland, the two termini of the Railway, is 280 miles, of which 130 lie in Canada, and the remaining 150 in the United States. Two In- corporated Companies, one American, " The Atlantic and St Law- rence," and the other Canadian, — *' The St Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad," have undertaken to complete this line. Though quite unconnected as to stock, liabilities and profits, and in every respect independent, these Companies, having a common object, and similar interests, act in perfect unison with each other. The cost of con- struction of the joint line is estimated at £1,750,000, and that of the Canadian section at £852,000. The advantages of this line are thus described by Mr A.C. Morton, the intelligent Engineer of the Railway : — " With reference to your road as a great thoroughfare, it occupies a remarkable position, con- necting the St Lawrence and the Atlantic, at a point where the New England coast approaches nearest to the western waters, and having a large and populous city at either terminus, with capacious harbours, 62 and a rich intervening country, it cannot fail to be one of the most important and proBtable roads yet commenced. From its peculiar position, it never can be subject to competition. It is the shortest and cheapest channel through which the travel and trade of the Provinces can reach the seaboard. With a long line of natural and artificial communication, connecting Montreal with the western waters, and the far west, it cannot be doubted that the completion of this last link will change entirely the channel of trade, open new resources, and add vastly to the business of the public works of the Province, and to the wealth and enterprise of the country through which it passes. To the city of Montreal, it is of vital importance. Situated, as she will be, at the foot of this long line of communica- tion, on the one hand, and within ten hours' ride of one of the best harbours of the Atlantic coast ; on the other, she must unavoidably receive large accessions to her trade and commerce, and a vast in- crease of wealth." It appears, from the last Annual Report of the Directors, of the 19th January, 1848, that the right of way, for the first thirty miles, has been adjusted with 304 of the landowners. The first division of the work, lying between the St Lawrence and Richelieu Rivers, a distance of sixteen miles, is in progress, and expected to be finished in August next. From the Richelieu to St Hyacinthe, the grading is in a state of much forwardness, and the bridge over the Richelieu nearly completed. The total amount of expenditure by the company, to 1st November last, was q82,511, 13s. 6d. The third and last great line of railway is that connecting Halifax and Quebec, and passing through Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. BANKS. BANK OF MONTREAL. Office, Place D'Armes, Montreal — Capital, £750,000, Sterling. Hon. Peter M'Gill, President. T. B. Anderson, Vice-President. A. Simpson, Cashier. William Gunn, Assistant Cashier. BANK OF UPPER CANADA. Office, Toronto Capital, £500,000. Incorporated 1821.' William Proudfoot, President. Hon. Christopher Widmer, Vice- President. Thomas G. Ridoul, Cashier. 63 COMMERCIAL BANK of the MIDLAND DISTRICT, Kingston. Capital, £500,000. Incorporated 1832. Hon. John Hamihon, President. Hon. J. M'Caulay, Vice-President. Francis A. Harper, Cashier. William F. Harper, Accountant. BANK OF BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. Capital, £1,000,000, Sterling. Incorporated 1840. Toronto Branch, Walter Gibson CasseU, Manager. GORE-BANK, Hamilton. Capital, £100,000. Colin C. Ferrie, President. Andrew Stephen, Cashier. CITY BANK. Office, Place D'Armes, Montreal Capital, £300,000. John Frothingham, President. C. II. Castle, Cashier. LA BANQUE DU PEUPLE. Office, Great St James' Street. Capital, £200,000. Hon. L. M. Viger, President. B. H. Lemoine, Cashier. The united Banking Capital of the country, according to the above, will appear to be i:3,350,000, one-fourth of which is pro- bably invested in Government Securities, and real estate, leaving the remainder engaged in facilitating the barter and commerce of the country. These monetary institutions have been greatly affected by the depressed state of the trade and commerce of the country, for the last three years. In 1846, and for some years previous, the stock of nearly every Canadian bank stood at or above par. That of Montreal was as high as fourteen per cent. The following ex- tract, taken from the '* Broker's Circular," dated Montreal, Novem- ber l6, 1849> may be regarded as an exhibit of the average quota- tions for the last three months. *' Montreal Bank — Sales during the week at 10;^ to 10^, discount. City Bank — has advanced to 38, discount, at which it is asked for. Bank of British North Ame- rica — offering at 20, discount. Banque du Peuple — 35^ discount, is offered, and refused. Commercial Bank — Sales are reported at 1 1^, hut holders demand no discount. Upper Canada Bank — nominal at SQ to 37, discount. Montreal Mining Consols-— a few parcels 04 M)lii (luring the week, at 12a. 6d. to 12ii' 9d« ; ^ut since the instul- inent of Is. .'Jd. per share, paid in yesterday, the stock has con- tinued in demand at 14^. 3d. per share. In other stocks nothing to notice. It is questionable whetiier the hanks of Canada, as loaning institutions, have been really beneficial to the country ; Cur though they may occasionally give a stimulus to legitimate business, by which the country is improved ond enriched, yet, at the same time, they have given, especially in Canada West, an impetus to excessive speculation — to over-trading — over buying, and long and ruinous credits, which has been the cause of two-thirds of the bankruptcies, which, for the last two or three years, has brought so many of the wealthy merchants, and small traders, to utter luin. You will not, I hope, be led into an error, into which some have fallen, in drawing a false inference from the above facts, viz. — that Canada does not afford an encouraging field, for conducting successfully, a fair and legitimate business. 1 can assure you it does ; hut if men will en- gage in doubtful speculations, involving liabilities two or three times the amount of tlii ir real capital — if they will involve their fortune in some scheme, not more certain than the throw of dice, to the figure of some 5, 10, or .£20,000, above their actual capital, why, then, no financing or manoeuvring can ward off the inevitable result. ■syv/> rN/^j-N-'^rx*' LETTER IV. Canada compared with the United States in Agricultural Progress and Wealth— Agricultural Societies, &c. Writers on Canada and the United States, who take a very su- perficial view of the subject, generally institute a very unfair com- parison between the two countries, and always draw a conclusion unfavourable to Canada. Some French gentleman, or English D.D., travels through the United States, and is glorified by everything he feels, and glorifies everything he sees in true keeping with the genu- ine Yankee pedler, who, with ingenious exaggeration, adds two or three stories to the brick houses moved on rollers in New York; or describes the wonderful self-acting pin-making machine of Boston, Cj whict) tliey have to keep cliuincd, lest it should bury the town, and fill up the harbour witli pins. After which he crosses a bridge, which, contrary to all his previous notions, he finds is not over the Niagara Falls, and enterinj^ Canada perfectly intoxicated with all he has seen and felt, stumbles into the society of some old lady, and forthwith exhibits her as the beau ideal of Canadian society and enterprise, and next day sees every thing blue. No man in his senses would venture to question that some of the States are in several respects in advance of Canada, or that annexa- tion would soon place the Province in the condition rhat they are. And yet, the real or imaginary disaJv?,ntages Mnucr wl 'cii Canada ia supposed to labour, cr.nnot arise from her geo^raphi'.ril pv^^iton or physical condition, nor can it be attribuf.u »,o i^ny dft'i r. ucc in the form of government, or any necessary conse(|iJi. nee of the depende'/ce of the Colony upon England, ut)Iesi in that dcj 'j;)d.n«!/; is to bo found a solution of the reason why the parent st'Me was ujvuhea her ^...pital more profusely upon a foreigner, than jnon iier own chi!(% I'or had half the itrmcnse sums borrowed lu V!.ngland Dy the IJp'ied btato:: for the purpose of constructinsr their public works, heen as failiiy granted to aid Canadian enterprise, the Province, ere r.'nis, ^M)uiJ have rivalled the most pro!?').^rous State in the IJnIjn. Ncithev ought it for a moment to be admitted that die dillerence valrOi from alack of the real spirit of enterprise among the iiilelligenl Vusiness vr^rt of Canada, but from an absenrre of that which ia its very liie-blood — Capital. Lil:c Job, Canada is r'?h m flocks and iicids, and patience, and thou<,'h rich, tlicr? is nevertheless wanting the mala: pri ij of enterprise — money. But has Canada really been standing still iov the ' rt quartet of a century, while the States have been making such wonderful progress ? The following facts will answer the que'Jiim i--With'n that period the Rideau Canal, the Wei' ind Canal, r.nd the St Lawrence Canals, some of the most magnificen. and imnortant undertakings in the world, have been commerce.', anu completed ; the City of Hamilton, the towns of London, Bytown, Coburg, and others, scarcely had an existence; noA they are flourishing towns, containing handsome private dwellings, and public buildings, that will not suffer by a com- parison with any towns of equal population, though twice their age, either in the Staters or Old England herself. The progress of popu- lation has been equally great. Fifty years ago Toronto was a swamp, with a fort and twelve log huts, and without a single settlement within 100 miles of it, and the Home District in which it is situated GO conUuned about 220 inhabitants. In 1818 it contained 106,354', and tlie city contained of tbat popnlation '23,r)0:'). Toronto will throiv many of the citios and towns of the United States and Great J'ritain, with twice the population and age, into the shade. In 1811 the whole population of Canada West, was only 77,000, it is now 723,292. ^ The following statistics of agricultural and other property, taken from the Report of the Board of Registration and Statistics, and prepared in their present form by the Editor of the " Montreal Her- ald," will confirm my remarks, and will doubtless be satisfiictory to you. AGIilCULTURAL AND OTHKIl PROPERTY. The information on this subject is principally to be found in the enu- merations prepared for the purpose of local taxation in Canada West. We find in these returns, an account of the culti^rated lands, grist mills, live stock, carriages, and other kinds of property assessed by the District Councils. The steady increase for twenty-three years, without any considerable falling off, is highly instructive. We give the value of assessed properly for every year from 1825 to 1848, both inclusive : — i.'.VH«,712; £5,.^45,372 ; £7,556,514 ; £2,256,i]74 ; i.2,92f),2U!) ; £:},8{]0,9f)4 ; £5,G07,42« ; £7,778,917; £2,409,061 ; £;},ii:m»4; £4,005,103 ; £«),2(59,398; £8,236,077 ; £2,442,847 ; £3,415,822 ; £4,431,098; £0,913,341 ; £8,507,001. £2,579,083 ; £3,790,040 ; £4,282,544 ; £7,155,324 ; In the same time the number of grist mills had increased from 23;2 to 527, and of saw mills from 394?, to 14'89; the number of acrts under cultivation from 535,212, to 2,673,820; of houses from 8,876, to 42,957 ; and of horses, oxen, milch cows, and young cattle to- gether, from 121. 206, to 481,417. The comparison of Canada West witli the State of New York in these particulars, is by no means calculated to encourage the er- roneous impressions — for erroneous we have always considered them — of the superiority of our neighbours on the south of the St Law- rence. From the census of the State of New York, for 1835, the latest land census we have at hand — we learn that, after 221 years of set- tlement, New York had a population of 2,174,517 souls, and 9,655,426 acres of cultivated land = l acre to every 4^ of the popu- lation ; whereas the census of Canada West for 1848, shows that, after only seventy years settlement, we possess the much larger pro- portion of one acre to every 3'l of ihr. population, tlie quantity of d d( 07 i-1 cultivated land being, as we have seen, 2,673,820, to a population of 723,292. Let us now see how our wealth in cattle, &c., compares with that of our neighbours. According to the enumeration already given from the assessment rolls of the District Councils, the Western Cana- dians possess one head of cattle and horses together, to every one and four-tenths of the population; but this census, taken for the [)urpose of taxation, excludes all animals which are not taxed. The census returns of the commissioners, which include the exempted classes, makes the number of neat cattle and horses 717,231, instead of 481,417. As no one has any interest in exaggerating the return to the commissioners, while there is a manifest profit in diminishing the number of animals assessed for taxation, it is probable that the larger return — besides the exempted classes — may include many animals not enumerated by the District Councils, and that it is the most correct. The census by the general Government of the United States, taken, we believe, merely for statistical purposes, gives 2,38.5,787 horses and neat cattle for the State of New York ; — that is, nearly one head to every head of the population. Our own propor- tion, taking the census return as the truth, is a little nearer one head than the New York ratio ; or taking the smaller return for assessment, is equal to one head for every one and three quarters of the popula- tion. But New York has been settled 220 years, and her farmers are the sons of flourishing men, who tilled the same land on which their sons reside; a great proportion of our farmers settled in the wilderness with no other riches than stout arms and resolute hearts. Here is another pleasing statement. The pleasure carriages in Upper Canada — in which none are included that are ever used for agricultural purposes — were 587 in 1825, and 4685 in 1847. The population had increased three-fold ; the pleasure carriages eight-fold — a striking proof of augmented wealth and comfort. We have ouraelves ])rep.ired many of these calculations: INIr Crofton has provided the following to our hands, which strikingly sustains the remarks we have made relative to the supposed supe- riority of the United States. We give only so much of the table as will show the results. It is an account of the crop in Canada W^est for 1847. Wheat, 7,558,773 bushels ; Barley, 515,7^^7 do. ; Oats, 7,055,730 do.; Bye, 446,293 do.; Maize, 1,137,555 do. ; Buckwheat, 432,573 do.; Peas, 1,753,846 do.; Potatoes, 4,751,331 do, G8 The value of this crop is estimated at £2,676,285, currency. Here is the comparison of the crops of Canada West, with those of the United States : — • United States. Canada West. « Quantity per inhabitant. Quantity per inhabitant. 1840 1847 1842 184? Wheat, bushels, 4.96 5.50 6.62 10.46 I3arley, do 0.25 0.28 ?.12 0.71 Oats, do 7.21 8.09 9.85 9-75 Itye, do 1.09 1.42 0.60 0.62 Buckwheat, do 0.43 0.56 0.72 0.60 Maize, 22.12 26.01 1.42 1.57 Potatoes, 6.35 4.(16 16.62 6.57 Peas, no return, 2,45 2.42 The following exhibits a comparison with States celebrated for their wheat crops; the statement is for 1847: — New York State raised five bushels to each person ; Pennsylvania, seven ; Virginia, ten ; Ohio, ten ; Indiana, eight. Canada West, as we have seen, exceeded them all — her produce being nearly lOi bushels to each inhabitant. We have taken these calculations from Upper Canada, because the census of the Eastern pa.i, of the Province is not very reliable, and is doiibtlefis considerably under the truth. We find, however, the whole prouucc ot Canada East in bushels, for the year 1844, set down in the census of that period as Sil,325,596=30 bushels per unit of popul'ition. This is about one-fourth less per head than the produce of Canada West, for 1842. This, we believe, is a much smaller difference between the produce of the two sections of the Province, than is generally supposed to exist. If it be remembered that the Eastern part of Canada comprises a large population who inhabit the bleak shores of the St Lawrence below Quebec, the far greater portion of the lumbering population, and the two largest cities, it will be evident that when opinions are compared with figures, •he inferiority of the really good portions of Lower Ciuiada is by no means borne out. But to at rive at a just appreciation of the truth, we must also remember the calamitous visitation of the wheat fly, which for several years before and after the date of our statement (1844) so cruelly disappointed (he hopes of the Lower Canadian far- mer. Here are the statistics of this article of produce, for three different periods :— for 1831, by Bouchette's estitnate, 3,404,756 .,JI 69 largest bushels of wheat ; for 1831, by census, 3,404,756 bushels; for 1844, by census, 942,835. The introduction of new seed, especially of black sea wheat, however, has, it is hoped, remedied this evil : it is, at any rate, well known that the wheat crops in Canada East, for the last three years, have been very much larger than for several years before. We have little doubt that, with the stimulus which will be afforded to agriculture by the Portland Railway running com- pletely through the great wheat-producing country, on the banks of the Richelieu, the districts of St Francis, Montreal, and Ottawa, will shortly be little behind the most favoured parts of Upper Canada in weight of crop, as they certainly equal them in natural capacity, and excel them in nearness to market. From the above it will be seen, that whatever else has stood still amidst the struggles and agitations of the colony, agriculture has been steadily progressing, and to that, in a great measure, is Canada indebted for a position among commercial countries. For many years the agriculture of the Province generally was at a low standard; but within the last few years it has begun to make great advance- ments, and is beginning to keep pace with the improvements introduc- ed into England and Scotland. The emigration into the country, of scientific agriculturists, with the establishment of agricultural societies, have been mainly instrumental in producing this great change ; stock of a different and better description has been imported, and much land that was previously considered by the old proprietors worn out, has been brought back to its original capabilities, by means of a ju- dicious and improved system of culture. In order to give an impetus to the progress of improvement in agriculture, and for the encou- ragement of agricultural societies in Canada West, an act was passed, which pledges the government to grant treble the amount to each district that shall raise a sum not less than £25, the annual sum granted to each district, not to exceed £250, currency. Every dis- trict now has its agricultural society, and premiums are given for the best articles of live and other stock exhibited at the annual show ; and at some of these annual meetings, stock is occasionally exhibited which would not be despised at the great cattle show of Smithfield. There are also several branch or township societies. The following is the designation of the Provincial Society: — Agricultural Associa- tion of Upper Canada. — H. Ruttan, Sheriff of the Newcastle District, Coburg, President; John Wetenhall, M.P.P., Nelson Gore District, First Vice-President; J. B. Marks, Warden of the Midland District, Kingston, Second Vice-President ; George Buckland, Toronto, Se- cretary ; Bank of Upper Canada, Treasurer. 70 Tho question you have propouridod, — " Does farming, in Canada West, afford a profitable return for capital invested in it ?" may be considered as answered, inferentially and satisfactorily, in the affirma- tive, by what has aheady been presented to your attention. Still I may, without hesitation, assume the more positive mode of answer, by affirming, in the absence of any possible motive or desire to exagge- rate, that there is no part of America, and probably no part of the world, where capital can be invested to greater advantage, in almost any branch of business in which you may choose to engage ; and with a few hundred or thousand pounds, you may not only become *' a small farmer," but an extensive and independent landholder. Nor is the attainment of such a position, without capital, at all hopeless, as hundreds of instances, to be met with in Canada, attest. There are scores of persons, with whom I have become acquainted, in my va- rious travels through the country, who came to it penniless, and have, by dint of economy, sobriety, and undaunted perseverance, placed tliemselves or their families in circumstances of comfort and inde- pendence ; and there is yet room for thousands more to imitate their example. A brief review of the condition of the country, the average produce of the crops, and price of grain, will confirm those statements. Wheat has been sold at 3s. to 7s. 6d., per bushel, and other produce at proportionate prices. These great fluctuations have led to consider- able speculations amongst most classes ; but whilst the result has been ruinous to almost all engaged in them, the farmer holds a positive and steady position — seldom rich, as far as money is concerned— s-never poor ; for from the produce of his own farm, he enjoys every neces- sary, and most of the luxuries of life. His property is constantly in- creasing in value ; and he is yearly adding to his possessions, either by the acquisition of wild lands, for the settlement of his family, or by making extensive clearings, and other improvements on the land he occupies. The constant increase in the comforts around him, shows corresponding progress in prosperity, wliilst the absence of the means or opportunity for speculation, protects him against losses and reverses of fortune. Let the crop be as bad as it may, he is certain of enough to support his family. If the fall wheat fails, he replaces it with : pring wheat ; and our seasons are so peculiar, that some crop is always certain to be productive. The only parties who suffer disap- p< assessments, the whole power being now vested in the several distri* t councils, to impose what taxes they please, up to a certain limitfd sum in the pound, on the valuation of property. Each district elects its own council, and may therefore be said to tax itself. All tfie taxes raised by the council are expended within the district. It is perfuips Useless to ^' 76 Sliould you settle in any of the principal cities or towns, yon will find society and the religious and educational advantages, nearly equal to those you may have left at home. Indeed, it is an indisputable fact, that cliurches and ministers are more numerous in the towns and villages of Canada West, in proportion to their population than they are in any n:>rt of Great Britain. They are too numerous — the remote and destitute settlements of Canada, and the dark and unenlightened portions of the heathen world, would be betier oft" if some of the Ca- nadian towns and villiages were emptied of half their ministers. And Missionary Societies at home, would do well if they would satisfy themselves and their supporters, that in yeilding to calls for an increase of labourers, they are not sending them to divide already existing so- cieties or churches in towns and villages, rather than to the destitute portions of the country. In confirmation of the above statements, I may farther remark, that in several of the towns and villages containing from 600 to 1,200 in- habitants, there are from five to eight resident ministers, or regular ministrations on each Sabbath, in from five to eight churches ; and ac- cording to the last religious census, one-sixth of the population do not profess any religious creed, or belong to any church. With this esti- mate, you have the following as the result :— In the first case, you have a minister for every 100, and in the second, for every 150 of the population. But I have said enough upon this subject. The follow- ing advice of Dr Abeel, an eminent missionary in China, will not be out of place:--*' in selecting their spheres of action, let each denomi- nation pass by the places already occupied, and fix upon those where their services are most needed." Until there is a general and practical recognition of the importance of this advice, vast sums of money and labour must be expended, absolutely to defeat the very end the Christian Church is professedly seeking to attain. Should you de- termine to locate in some of the old settlements, your various iprivi- leges will be somewhat abridged, yet, in those improved portions of the country, you will find good society ; and if you are influenced in your choice by national considerations, you may find neighbourhoods where the majority of the inhabitants are your own countrymen. Some set- tlements are almost exclusively English, some Irish, some Scotch, and others Canadian and American. Should you, however, venture upon the difiiculties and privations of the " Bush," and settle in any of the new and more remote sections of the country, your society will be diflferent, and your privileges less ; and the occsional visits of a W^esleyan Missionary, may be all the re- ligious advantages you will enjoy for a few years. You cannot well / 7ii settle beyond the boundaries of bis miiiistraliono, for, as a class, the Methodist Ministry in Canada, continue to be, as they have been, from the earliest settlement of the country, the pioneers of religion. It is not intended to set up a claim on their behalf to all the moral and religious good effected in the Province, yet, even the enemies of Methodism have conceded the truth of the sentiment contained in the following language of u Presbyterian writer : — " There is no sect to which this Province, in its earlier stages, owed more tlian to the Me- thodists. They were the pioneers of religion, kept the spirit of it alive, and prepared the way for other sects." I trust it will not be re- garded by any, as unseemly on my part, when 1 state, that but for the labours of the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary, many families and neighbourhoods would be altogether destitute of the ordinances of reli- gion, and not only' so, l)ut largo tracts of country have been occupied exclusively by them as messiengers of Christ. There are, at the pre- sent, more than thirty of those missionaries labouring in the remotest portions of the country, extending from L'Orignal on the Ottawa, to Godrich on Lake Huron. There are also twelve Indian missions, eighteen missionaries; thirty-one interpreters and teachers, and 1,124 members in society. Two manual-labour schools are also established, from which gratifying results are anticipated. As it is not possible for me to give you any thing like a satisfactory account of the various religious bodies, and their influence for good or evil in the Province, without extending those Letters beyond the prescribed limits, the foU lowing will, to some extent, supply the ,Tti2 Free Church Presbyterians G2,690 Other Prcshyteriaus l!),7.30 Wosloyan Methodists 87,51(; Episcopal Methodists :{5,731 Other Methodists 14,50r. I:j7,7.'>2 Churcli of Home lin,«l() Baptists „ 28,053 Lutherans 7,18(> ' «i07,323 Deficiency .lir»,3«;f) 723,292 R, R / / •upied 77 riiiH enoimouH ueBciency of nearly a hIxiIi of the whole population, irt partly occounted for in tlio romarkH accompanying the cfMisun— 25,000 not being returned at all in the religious head, and 80,000 being cla«Hed under the head of •* no creed or denomination. " In 1812, the deficiency amounted to 80,000. The following is a list of all the churches, officers, number of mi- nisters, and members in Canada West : — VVESLEYAN METHODIST CHURCH IN CANADA. Mathew Richy, D.D., President of the Conference. Conrad Van- duson, Secretary. Enoch Wood, Superintendent of Missions. — Ministers, 234 Members, 24,263. METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHrRCII. Philander Smith, j^is/io/;— Presiding Elders, six— Ministers, hixty-six. NEW CONNEXION METHODIST. H. O. Crofts, President of the Conference. — J. Huglison, Treasurer.— Ministers, thirty-six, PRIMITIVE METHODIST. John Davidson, General Stijyerintendent. — Ministers, twelve. UNITED CHURCH OF ENGLAND AND HIELAND. Diocese of Toronto. Lord Bishop of Toronto, The Hon. and Right Rev. John Strachan, D.D., LL.D. Archdeacon of Kingston, Venerable George O'Kill Stuart, D.D., LL.D. Archdeacon of York, Venerable A. N. Bethune, D.D. Examining and Domestic Chaplain, and Secretary to the Lord Bishop, The Rev. H. J. Grassett, M.A — Ministers, 128. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH OF CANADA. In Connexion with the Church of Scotland. Rev. John Barclay, A.M., Toronto, 3Ioderator of Synod. Rev. A. Bell Dundas, Synod Clerk — Ministers, fifty-six. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH OF CANADA. Free Church. Rev. Donald M'Kcn/ie, Zona, Moderator. Rev. Professor Rintoul, Knox's College, Clerk to Synod. Miuisler.s, fifty-eight. V I; 78 UNITKD l»KKSBYTl-:iUAN CIUJKCH 01' CANADA. Rev. .John .lenninii^s, Toronto, Moderator. Rev. William Proudfoot, London, iSt/nod Clerk. — Ministers, twenly-six. CONG REG ATIONALISTS. Ministers, forty. BAPTIST CHURCH. Ministers, 110. BIBLE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. Ministers, seventeen. ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH OF CANADA WEST. Diocese of Toronto. Rev. J. J. Hay, Archdeacon of Toronto, and Adminislralor of the Diocese. Diocese of Kingston. Right Rev. R. Gaulin, D.D., Bishop of Kingston. Right Rev. P. Phelan, D.D., Bishop of Caarhn, Coadjutor and Administrator of the Diocese. Very Rev. A. M'Donneil, V. G. Vicar- General, — And fifty-eight Priests. EDUCATION. On this deeply interesting and important suhject, I may remark, that few if any of the colonies of Great Britain to which her popula- tion are emigrating, aflford equal facilities for educating their families, not only in all the branches of an ordinary English education, but in all the higher departments of science and literature. The following extracts from the " Journal of Education," and the " List of Institu- tions," will confirm this remark : — Does public sentiment in favour of popular education increase in Upper Canada ? We answer, with infinite pleasure and satisfaction, it does. 1. If the amount contributed each year in the various municipalities of Upper Canada be an indication of the progress of public sentiment on the subject, thcu we can answer most decidedly, it docs ; and pre- 70 ludfoot, neiit tlie fullowing fnctH in proof: — In 184G, notwitlistanding l!ie ine* vitabit; derangement in schoul atl'airs, occasioned liy the trnnHitiun from one Hcliool law to another, the total amount available tor the Halaries of legally qualified school teachers in upper Canada — exclusive of the. LeffisUilivc School (j'mnt— was, £1.7,079 1 G 7 ] In 1847, exclusive of ditto, 57,093 10 8 In 1848, exclusive of ditto 6G,821 3 11;^ or an increase in the local voluntary contribution of the people at the rate of about JCIO.OOO a-year Hince 184G ! 2. If tlie nominal and average attendance of pupils at the common scIiooIh, as compared with the scliool population, be a test of the pro- gress of popular education in Upper Canada, then we have no reason to be dissatisfied with our progress. The statistics are as follows : — EST. of the Rev. P. 'or of the /.—And remark, • popula- families, n, but in following Institu- crease in icipalities sentiment and pre- In 1H4(;,. In l«47,. In lit4a. School Topulation. Nominal Attendanci- Avonigo Attoiidanrt' iti (.'pper C'litiaila. of I'upils. ot I'upils. •204,500 I01,yi'j No Report. 2:iO,!)7ri l-24,!iJ9 «!»,!»!*1 241,1(L' i:i(>,7;«) 114,H0(> 3. If the number of official visits made by school visitors and others to the common schools, be an indication of the deep and growing in- terest evinced by the most inlluential members of the community in the success of these institutions, then we have reason for congratula- tion on this point. The following are the official returns of school visits : — In 184(», by Superintendents of Com. Schools, &c,. In l}{47f by Superintendents of C. S. and Visitors, In 1«48, by ditto ditto 5,925 11,075 i:i,}fa5 Of these visits, 1823 were made by the clergy of the Province, in their capacity as school visitors, in 1847; and, 2254 in 1848. The remain- ing visits were made by district superintendents, municipal councillors, magistrates, and others. They indicate a very satisfactory progress. 4. If the adoption, in very numerous instances of the free school si/stem^ in various parts of the Province, be a proof of the spread of sounder principles than has heretofore prevailed in regard to a more generous system of universal education, then we Lave cause for rejoic- ing for the future prosperity of Upper Canada. In various parts of the Niagara, Prince Edward, Talbot, Brock, and other districts, this patriotic and popular mode of raising the teacher's salary has been adopted, and the fruits are seen in the much larger at- tendance of pupils, the tranquillity of the school sections, the absence 80 ot all causes ot local jlift'erences between trustees and their neighbours, and the teacher on school matters, and the general prosperity of the schools themselves. We give some ot the statistics of a few districts for the last year, showing the efiects of even the partial adoption of the free school system in a district upon the school attendance of such dis- trict, as compared with other districts and towns in which no move- ment has been made in this direction. Districts and towns in which the free school system has been in partial operation during the year 1848:— School Populiitioii. I'lipils. Niagara District, 11,04» !l,34}i Niagara Town, (adoi)ted fully) CCS 710 Prince Edward District, r>,6;w 4,'J12 Talbot District, {•>,iidi 4,:i6r) Brock District, !),414 5,«11 School Population. Pupils. 20,oliii i:j,784 5,500 I,c7» 7,7«)0 2,!)!>5 5,4 !i2 2,45!» :{,451 524 Districts and towns in which the free school system has not been in operation during the year 1848 : — Home District City of Toronto, Colborne District, Huron District, City of Kingston, 5. We might refer to many other indications of the progress of public sentiment in Upper Canada, in favour of the great work of popular enlightenment which could not fail to create satisfaction and pleasure in the minds of the ardent friends of education ; but having, in connexion with two very comprehensive tables of sciiool statistics directed the attention of our readers to this subject in our last, we simply confine ourselves to an additional remark or two. The years 184G-48 have been signalized by the establishment of a Provincial, Normal, and Model School, and by the very general intro- duction into our common schools of a uniform serie" of excellent text- books. Our schools have increased since 1846, from 2589 to 2800. School celebrations and interesting quarterly examinations have, in a great degree, contributed to our progress ; while the number of su- perior school- houses which have been erected, and are now in course of erection, the more general demand for compete;^ t teachers, the popu- larity of well trained teachers from the Normal School, and the decided increase in the amount of salary given each teacher by the local trus- 81 tees, indicate the existence of a wic'ely extended and more deeply rooted feeling of progress in the minds of the people generally; and a determination to sustain the interests of what, to a vast majority of them, is their only College ; and to elevate to its proper position the highly honourable yet laborious profession of school teaching. DEPARTMENT OF COMMON SCHOOLS- UPPER CANADA. The Rev. Egerton Kyerson, D.D, Chief Superintendent of Schools. r.Ir J. George Hodgins, Office Clerk. Education Office — (Provin- cial Secretary's late Office,) King Sireti, 'i:>ronto. Office Hours — From 10, a.m., to 3, p.m. All communications with the Government, relating to common schools in Upper Canada, should be made through the Education Office, otherwise they are referred back to the chief superintendent, to be brought before his Excellency through the proper department. BOARD OF EDUCATION. * The Rev. Egerton Ryerson, D.D., Chief Superintendent of Schools. The Rev. Henry James Grasett, A.M.: His Worship the Mi^y a- of Toronto. The Hon. Samuel Bealy Harrison, Q.C. Joseph C. Mor- rison, Hugh Scobie, and James Scctt Howard, Esquires'. Mr J. George Hodgins, liecordiiig Clerk. Days of Meeting — Tuesdays, at 10 o'clock, a.m. Three members form a quorum for the transaction of business. All communications intended foi the Board of Education, to be addressed to the Chief Superintendent of Schools. PROVINCIAL NORMAL SCHOOL. (Under the Management qf the Board of Education. ) The Rev. Egerton Ryerson, D.D., Chief Superindendent of Lichools, General Superintendent. Thomas Jaffray Robertson, A.M., T.C.D , Head- Blaster. H. Y. Hind, Lecturer on Agricultural Chemistry., Mathematics, and Natural Philosophy. UNIVERSITY COLLEGES, &c. UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA COLLEGE, COBOURG. College Senate — Ilonourables the President of the Executive Council, the Speaker of the Legislative Council, Speaker of the Le- " A vacancy lias occurred at the Board, by the death of the Right Rev. Michael I'ower, D.D., Roman Catholic Bishop of Torontn, who was the chairman of the Board. 82 glslative Assembly, Attorney General West, Solicitor General West. Revs. M. llicliey, D.D., Egerton Ryerson, D.D., Alexander MacNab, D.D., Enoch Wood, Anson Green, Thomas Bevit*;, John Ryerson, Jonathan Scott, Richard Jones, C. Vandusen, H. Biggar, and John Beatty, M.D. ; John P. Roblin, and Charles Biggar. Faculty — Rev. Alexander MacNab, D.D., President and Profes- sor of Theology and Moral Science. John Wilson, A.B., T.C.D., Pro- fessor of Classical Literature. William M'Kay Paddock, A.B., Pro- fessor of Mathematics. William Ormiston, A.B., Professor of Rhetoric and Mental Philosophy. John Bealty, M.D., Professor of Natural Science. The Summer Session commences on the third Thurday in Jud , and ends on the first Wednesday in October. The Winter Session commenses on the last Thursday in October, and ends on the first Wednesday in May. TERMS AND VACATIONS. The collegiate year is divided into tu^o sessions ; the Summer Ses- sion, consisting of sixteen weeks, commences on the third Thursday in June, and closes on the first Wednesday in October, succeeded by a vacation of three weeks ; the Winter Session, consisting of twenty- seven weeks, con.mences on the last Thursday in October, and ends on the first Wednesday in May, and is followed by a vacation of six weeks. A public annual examination and exhibition is held at the close of the Winter Session. EXPENSES. Board, including room, furniture, washing, fuel, candles, &c., per annum, £22, or, per term of eleven weeks, £5, lOs. Students are charged 5s. per term, during the Winter Session, for sawing wood and carrying it to their Halls. Each student is required to furnish two sheets, two pillow-cases, and two towels. Students will be charged for unnecessary damages done to the fur- niture, rooms, &c. TUITION. Collegiate division, per term of eleven weeks, £2 Junior division, 1 10 Commercial department, 1 15 Preparatory school, 10 Total charge for attendance at College per annum, about £30. N.B — Board and tuition paid in advance; but, in case a Student m ia obliged by sickness to leave the college, his money will be re- funded. All the books necessary can be obtained at the College, and must be paid for at the time. UNIVERSITY OF KING'S COLLEGE, TORONTO. ••^His Excellency, the Right Hon. the Earl of Elgin and Kincardine, K.T., Governor General of British North America, &c., C/iancellor. The lion, the Judges of tiie Queen's Bench, Visitors. The Rev. John M'Call, LL.D., President. Council — The Chancellor; the President. Rev. James Beaven, D.D., Professor of DivinHtj, SfC. Henry II. Croft, Proffssor of Chemistry, Sfc. William C. Gwynne, M.B., Professor of Anatomy, S^c. John King, M.D., Professor of Medicine, William Beaumont, F.R.C.S., England, Professor of Surgery. The Hon. the Speaker of the Legislative Council. The Hon. the Speaker of the House of Assembly. The Attorney-Ge- neneral, Canada West. The Solicitor-General, Canada West. The Principal of Upper Canada College. Henry Boys, M.D., Regis- strar and Bursar. PiiOFESsoRS — Rev. John M'Caul, LL.D., Pro- fessor of Classicaf Literature, Belles Lettres, Rhetoric and Logic .Rev. James Beaven, D.D., Dean, Professor of Divinity, 3htaphysics, and Moral Philosophy. Henry Holmes Croft, Proctor, Professor of Chc' mi&try and Experimental Philosophy . W. C. Gwynne, M.B., Professor of Anatomy and Physiology. John King, M.D., Pro/cssor of the Theory and Practice of Medici?ie, William Beaumont, F.R.C.S., Eng- land, Professor of the Principles and Practice of Surgery. George Herrick, M.D. Professor of 31idioifery and Diseases of Women and Children. W. B. Nicol, Professor of Materia Medica and Phar- macy. Henry Sullivan, M.H.C.S., England, Professor of Practical Anatomy and Curator of Anatomical and Pathological Museum. Rev. Robert Murray, Professor oj 3Iathematics and Natural Philoso- phy. hucin» O'Biho, M.D. professor of MedicalJurisprudence. S. Connor, LL.D. Projessor of Law and Jurisprudejice. J. M. Hirsch- felder, Hebrew Tutor. The Academical Terms ar°, three — Michaelmas, (October 5th to De- cember 20, 1848;) Hilary (January 7th to March 31, 1849;) and Easter (April IGth to July 20th, 1849;) and the Terminal Dues, pay- able by students in the Faculty of Arts, are £4, currency, including all charges for tuition. The Medical Session extends over Michaelmas and Hilary Terms. Those who are desirous of attending particular courses of Lectures, m 84 although not members of the University, may he admitted as occasional students, but such attendance will not be regarded as a qualification for a degree. In October 1846, the College Council established seventy-two Scho- larships ; three for each of the districts into which Upper Canada is divided, six for Upper Canada College, and six for the University. They are tenable for three years; and the advantages to be enjoyed during that period are, by the District and U. C. College scholars, exemption from all dues and fees; and by the University scholars, in addition to the above, the privilege of rooms and commons without charge. The Examination takes place in October. I UPPER CANADA COLLEGE, TORONTO. Incorporated with the University of King's Collkge. F. W. Barron, M.A., Principal. Rev. H. Scadding, M.A., First Classical Master. Rev. G. Maynard, IVI.A., Mathematical Blaster. Rev. H. W. Ripley, B.A., 'Ind do. Rev. W. Stennet, B.A., 3rrf do. Mr De la Haye, French Master. M. Barrett, First English Master. John Gouinlock, 27i.d do. J. G. Howard, Gtometrical Drawing Master. First Quarter — From end of Summer Vacation lo Cluist- mas Vacation, (about 20ili December.) 2nd do. — From end of Christmas Vacation to 20th March. 3id do. — From 20th March to 3rd June. 4th do. — From 3rd June to Midsummer Vacation, about 6th of August. UNIVERSITY OF QUEEN'S COLLEGE, KINGSTON. Professors — Principal and Primarius Professor of Divinity, Rev. John Machar, D.D. Professor of Systematic Theology, Rev. James George. Professor of Church History, Rev. Hugh Urquhart, A.M. Professor of Mathematics, Logic, and Natural Philosophy, Rev. James Williamson, A.M. Professor uj Classical Literature and Moral Philosophy, Rev. George Romaines, A. M. Board of Tkustees — Rev. F. A. Harper, Chairman. Rev. Pro- fessor George, Principal Machar, J. C. Muir, John Cruik;,hank, A.M., Alexander Mathieson, D.D., John Cook, D.D., Robert Ncill, Robert M'Gill, Professor Williamson, Professor Urquhart, Professor Romanes, and John Barclay, A.M. ; George Malloch, John INIowat, John Thom- son, and Joseph Bruce : the Ilonourabhs John Hamilton, James Crooks, William Morris, Mr Justice M'Lean, i'homas M'Kay, and I 86 Peter M'Gill ; E. W. Tliomsoii, Alexander Priiigle, John Cameron, and John Boxton. The Session of College lasts for six months, commencing Ist October. UNIVERSITY OF M'GILL COLLEGE, MONTREAL. Governors — The Governor General ; Bishop of Montreal ; Chief Justice, Montreal ; Chief Justice, U. C E. A. Meredith, LL.B., Principal. Rev. W. T. Leach, A.M., Vice-Fnncipal. Rev. J. Ab- bott, A.M., Bursar. Professor of Divinity. Rev. W. T. Leach, A.M., Professor of Classics. The Principal, Professor of Ma- thematics. A. F. Holmes, M.D., Professor of 3Iedicine. Hon. Wil- liam Badgoley, Lee. Law. Thomas Guerin, Lee. Mathematics. Rev. J. Abbott, Tjee. History. L. De Montier, fjec. French. G. W. Campbell, M. 1)., Lee. Surgery. A. Hal!, M.D., Lee. Chemistry. M. M'Cullock, M.D., Lee. Midwijcry. J. Crawford, M.D., Lee. Chemical Surgery. O. Bruneau, M.D., Lee. Anatomy. S. C. Sewell, M.D., Zee. Blateria Medica. R. L. McDonnell, M.U., Lee. Institute of Medicine. William Fraser, M.D., Lee. MedioalJurispru- dence. L. Papineau, M.D., Lee. Botany. W. E. Scott, Demonstra- tor. There are three terms in each year — Michaelmas, Lent, and Easter. KNOX'S COLLEGE, TORONTO. Professors — Rev. Michael Willis, D.D., Theology. Rev. William Rintoul, A.M , Hebrew and Biblical Criticism. Rev. Henry Esson, A.M., 3Ioral Philosophy and General History. Rev. Alexander Gale, A.M., Classical iMeratiire. TORONTO ACADEMY. Rev. Alexander Gale, A.M., Principal. Rev. T. Wightman, First Master. Thomas Henning, Second Master. J. Jamieson, and George Wardrope, Assistants. M. Deslandes, French Muster. , Draunng Master. Terms — Ist September to 17th November; 19ih November to 10th February ; 12th February to 1st May; 2nd May to 12th July. DIOCESAN THEOLOGICAL COLLEGE, COBOURG. The Venerable the Archdeacon of York, President. Rev, J. B. B. Worrell, Assistant I^ecturer. 86 COLLEGE OF REGIOPOLIS, KINGSTON. ' Under the Direction and Authority of the Roman Catholic Clergy of the Diocese. CONGREGATIONAL THEOLOGICAL INSTI- TUTE, TORONTO. Kev. Adam Liliie, Tutor. Rev. John Roaf, Treasurer. Rev. Edward Ebbs, Secretary. Revs. John Roaf, Adam Liliie, Edward Ebbs, Robert Robinson ; Messrs. Freeland, Marling, and George Wightman, Committee. THEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNITED PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, TORONTO. Rev. William Proudfoot, Superintendent. Period of study, in theology, for licentiates, four years. Two sessions in each year, of five months each. CANADA BAPTIST COLLEGE, MONTREAL. Rev. J. M. Cramp, D.D., President. Rev. P. Bosworth, Classical Tutor. BISHOP'S COLLEGE, LENNOXVILLE. Rev. J. Nicliolls, President. Professors — E. Chapman, A.B., Classics. Rev. J. Hellonuth, Hebrew. R. Mills, M.A., Mathematics. Several of those institutions are the result of the .«>...».■ >.~~»>.,».>~.~~~~»«.^ 1 Landscape, Flower, and Miniature Painting, in Water Colours, 1 Ernette Painting, .-..,...w..>~ ~~.,.w,.~w»...^ Piano Forte, .~~~-~~,, — ,^,,.v.~v«~~- — ~v^r,~- — -~~~< Use of Instrument, ~v~ ~^~>^..^ ~,.. — Guitar, with use of Instrument, «-~ "Vocal Music, with Piano l"'orte accompanimont, French, 2 1 2 10 i 2 1 1 I m i 88 (iorman, Spauislii and Italian — eacli,« Sacrod Vocal Music, W*WW»^»r n f#yK^»>r»'»<»^»'»»*>»»<^»»y»>»'»K''»iw*»»'<'w»»»i»ww»*»i<^iw»ww#WWW<»'^»»»»*'i»^ r m mmti'^'^Mfm .£•> . 1 u I) '2 German Raised AVork, ....».»..«, «».~~w«.rv»»».><^..~»...>..~>.>. All other kinds of Ornamental Needlework,..^ Use of Patterns and Frames, from 23. fid. to~...~ Chemical and Philosophical Lectures, per course ~. 1 6 ... 5 ~. 7 _ 10 6 Board, includinf^ room, furniture, fuel, &washinj>;, 10s. a-week, or 5 10 Five Shillings per term will be charffed during the winter, for the additional expense of preparing wood, &.c. From the foregoing estimate, it will bo seen, that £(), 10a. per term, of eleven weeks, or £26, per annum, will meet all the expenses of board and tuition in the common English branches, and that the highest charge for board and tuition, in English studies, cannot exceed £6, 13s. per term, or £-^'7, per annum. You will at once perceive, by the facts thus presented, that you have nothing to lose as it regards educational advantages, in selecting Canada West as your future home. On the contrary, you have every thing to gain, inasmuch as the very highest class of educational insti- tutions are accessible to the humblest portions of the community, on a scale of expense vastly below similar institutions in Great Britain. Thus, at Victoria College, £30, covers all the expenses of board and tuition ; in the Upper Canada College, £35 ; and at the University of King's College, where the system of education is based on the plan of the English Universities, the whole charge does not exceed £30 ; and the charges of all other institutions are proportionately moderate. The charges at the various female institutions are similar to those of the Burlington Ladies' Academy, though some of them are even be- low that scale. In concluding my remarks upon this subject, I ask, in view of the data thus furnished, what colony of Great Britain, now open as a field of emigration, affords such advantages ? With respect to your inquiries relative to the progress of religion and education among the native tribes, and the dangers to be appre- hended from settling near them, I have to remark, that for three cen- turies the work of christianizing the natives of the continent of Ame- rica, has, with various degrees of activity and success, continued, and is still advancing. With the influx of Europeans to the continent, soon after its dis- covery by Columbus, was introduced the religion of European nations. Spain, Portugal, and France, sent portions of the Roman Catholic priesthood, for the conversion of the aborigines in South and North b'J 6 10 ditional America. (Jreat Biitnin assiated in tlie common cauae, by ininistoiH of the reformed faith and worship ; and several Protestant churches have now their agents actively engaged in this important field of mis- sionary enterprise. The missionaries of the Methodist ICpiscopal Church are, in the Indian territory of the United States, stretching from north to south, 500 miles, and 150 miles from east to west, and containin!? a variety of trihes, including 100,000 persons. In the vast territory of the Hudson Bay Company, lining the northern boundary of Canada, and extending to the ice-covered wate i of the Polar seas, a few VVesleyan Missionaries have taken up post^, and are labouring, amidst many privations, for the spiritual and temporal elevation of the numerous Indian tribes. A devoted band in Canada form some links in the chain of operations, extending from the shoves of the Gulf of Mexico, to the Polar seas of the north. Nor have these devoted men laboured in vain. About 0,000 of the native Indians are, at this time, members of the Christian Church, two- thirds of which belong to the Methodist Episcopal Church of the United States, and the remainder to the VVesleyan Methodist Church in Canada. By far the largest portion of the native tribes prevail in the great territory west of the Mississippi, and in the vast regions north of Canada, and west and north-west of the Canadian seas, to the borders of the Pacific Ocean. The native population of America, at the present time, comprises about 8,000,000 of human beings, descendants of the great and nu- merous tribes, found on the western hemisphere, by Columbus and the early discoverers, speaking the languages of their forefathers, and exhibiting the peculiar mental and physical characteristics of the ori- ginal American races. True Chri.^^ '2. Hurons, 189 J!8 J/T 3. Algonquins and Nipissings, including those about the source of the Ottawa, 1200 91 1291 4. Abenaquis, about oOO oOO o. Tetes do Boulos of the St Maurice, ;iOO nm 6. Micmacs, Ainalacites, &c., of Giispe, about '»00 .lilO 7. Ojebway:^, or Cliippowas, Mississaugas, Ottawas, IV itawatiniics, and Delawaros, ''tJll »<•*' 1110 Hmi i:iC7~ DU s- fii connexion with tlio twelve mission stations, which tlic WcHlcyan Methodist Church has among these tribes, there are several Sabbath and day-schools. In addition to these eft'orts, more systematic and effectual measures have been adopted, by the establishment of two manual labour schools, where ouo section of the Indian youth are taught practical agriculture, and the other trained up to a knowledge and observance of domestic economy. Other churches, too, are labour- ing, not only for the direct spiritual benefit of those scattered tribes, but also to introduce amc.ig them all the arts of civilized life. A large number of thli Indians, in connexion with the Wesleyan Me- thodist and other churches, are cultivating farms, varying in size from twenty-five to 200 acres. I can assure you, that there is not the slightest cause for fear, even were you located in the heart of an In- dian settlement. In some parts of the Province they are mixed with the white settlers, who feel themselves as safe as though the neigh- bourhood consisted entirely of their own countrymen. N/^»^ /v/^/xyi '■x'>''».>A '^/^^-v LETTER VI. Tho Present Political Condition of Canada. In attempting to answer the questions you propose, relative to the character of the civil and political institutions of the country, and the present position and relations of political parties, it is not my intention to give you a history of the various changes the constitution of Ca- nada has undergone, though they have been of the most marked and important character during my residence in the country. Nor is it my purpose to moralize upon the probabilities of the future, but simply to present those facts and opinions which will give you a definite idea of Canada, not as it was — not as it will or should be, but as it is. The unsettled state of the public mind in Canada and Great Britain, with regard to the uncertain continuance of the existing relations of the one country to the other, together with the frequent changes which have taktn place in the condition of the colony, has doubtless tended to weaken the confidence of the British capitalist, and prevent the flow of a more healthful tide of emigration. No apprehensions, however; ought ever to have existed in relation to the security aflforded to capi- tli w jL 01 'sleyan abbatii lie and of two ah are wledgo labour- tribes, ife. A an Me- zo from not ibe an In- ed with ; ncigb- to the and the intention )n of Ca- lked and r is it my simply to te idea of is. The ain, with }f the one jich have tended to the flow however,' It to capi- tal, itivcaicd ('iiiier in the public works oi tlie country, or in the pur- chase of personal property. Nor ought any to exist with regard to the effects of even a dismemberment of the colony, upon the claims of the public creditor, or the security of personal property. And I think I am warranted in assuring you, that any change in the civil and political condition and relations of Canada, which may hereafter take place, will, doubtless, be peacefully tftected, with the consent and concurrence of *!ie Parent State ; and it cannot be doubted, that one of the conditions attached to any acknowledgment, on the part of (irent Britain, to the independence of Canada, or her annexation to the United States, would be the recognition of every farthing of the public debt. If, however, I am not mistaken in the estimate I have formed of Cana- dian character and honour, no such condition would be necessary, as no party in Canada would ever consent to the disgrace of repudiating a debt, which they had ample means of paying. If the altered com- mercial policy of Great Britain had rendered valueless the great pub- lic works, for the construction of which the debt was incurred, vvliicli, it was feared, might be the case, Canada might certainly, with some colour of justice, have asked for indemnity for the loss she was called to sustain ; but this result, it is now more than probable, will never take place. Indeed, whatever effect the free trade policy of Great Britain may have upon the general interests of the colony, there can be no doubt it will have a beneficial effect upon the internal transit trade, and consequently be a source of increased revenue from the canals ; and, therefore, whether the partnership be continued or dis- solved, the Canadians can have no excuse for refusing to fulfil the en- gagements by which they have been enabled to construct those chan- nels of commerce. Under no possible or probable circumstances need the Canadian public creditor have the slightest doubt, either of the will or the ability of the colony, faithfully to meet all her liabilities, or need you have the least fear of the security — the most absolute security, of all the property you may feel disposed to purchase in Canada. 1 have deemed it necessary to say this much, by way of introduction, before presenting you a definite statement of the nature of the present exist- ing government, or the opinions relative to any change the Canadians may desire to effect. The Province of Canada formerly consisted of two Provinces. Although these are now united, there are still, in many respects, dis- tinct divisions, maintained, in a great degree, by the dissimilarity in the laws, customs, and manners, prevailing in the respective sections, which formerly constituted Lower and Upper Canada, and which are f . I i : IMAGE EVALUATrON TEST TARGET (MT-3) /i ^• '-^^ V w Photographic Sciences Corporation ?i>N 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ■^ mj* b^ .<;^ 92 lii i i now commonly called Eastern and Weatern Canada. The form of government is popular, being an imitation of that enjoyed in the United Kingdom. The constitution is embodied in an Act of the Imperial Parliament. The executive power is wielded by the Go- vernor-General, who is appointed by the Crown, and is assisted in his administration of affairs by an Executive Council, the members of which are appointed by the Governor ; and the tenure of their offices depends upon their receiving the support of the Provincial Parliament, in the same manner as the tenure of office, by the Im- perial Cabinet, is dependent upon the support of the Imperial Par- liament. The Governor and Executive Council thus hold a posi- tion, within the Province, similar to that which is held by the Queen and Her Majesty's Cabinet Ministers in England. The members of the Executive Council must hold seats in either branch of the Pro- vincial Parliament. The Provincial House, corresponding with the House of Lords, is called the Legislative Council, the members of which arc summoned by the Queen, and hold their seats for life, unless forfeited by resignation, or absence without permission of the Queen or Governor, for two successive sessions, or by acknowledge- ment of allegiance to any foreign prince or power, or by becoming bankrupt, or taking the benefit of any insolvent law, or becoming a public defaulter, or by being attainted of treason, or convicted of felony, or of any infamous crime. The Provincial House, corres- ponding with the House of Commons, is called the Legislative As- sembly, and consists of 84- members elected by the people, one-half of whom are chosen in the counties, cities, and towns, enjoying elec- toral privileges in Lower Canada, and the other half in the counties, cities, and towns, enjoying electoral privileges in Upper Canada. In counties, a forty shillings, sterling, freehold, confers a vote ; and in cities and towns the payment of a yearly rent of £lO, sterling. The forms of procedure, in the Provincial Parliament, are identical with those of the Imperial Parliament. Bills passed by both Houses of the Provincial Parliament must receive the Queen's as- sent, before they acquire the force of law ; and this the Governor is authorized to grant in Her Majesty's name, or to reserve the bills for the signification of the Queen's pleasure Miereon. The following extracts, taken from an address to the people of Canada, signed by 997 persons, chiefly citizens of Montreal, will give you a correct idea of the views which probably two-thirds of the population entertain. After noticing some of the existing evils, tliry proceed to notice the inducements which are presented, for 93 the adoption of the remedies ordinarily proposed. Tliesc remedies are, 1. " The revival of protection in the markets of the United Kingdom." This, if attainable in a sufficient degree, and guaranteed for a long period of years, would ameliorate the condition of many of our chief interests ; but the policy of the empire forbids the anticipa- tion. Besides, it would be but a partial remedy. The millions of the mother country demand cheap food ; and a second change, from protection to free trade, would complete that ruin which the 6rst has done much to achieve. 2. " The protection of home manufactures." Although this might encourage the growth of manufacturing interests in Canada, yet, without accesj to the United States market, there would not be a sufficient expansion of that interest, from the want of consumers, to work any result that could be admitted as a " remedy" for the numerous evils of wlr'ch we complain. 3. " A federal union of the British American Provinces. The advantages claimed for that arrangement are free trade be- tween the different Provinces, and a diminished governmental ex- penditure. The attainment of the latter object would be proble- matical ; and the benefits anticipated from the former might be secured by legislation under our existing system. The markets of the Sister Provinces would not benefit our trade in timber, for they have a surplus of that article in their own forests; and their demand for agricultural products would be too limited to absorb our means of supply. Nor could Canada expect any encouragement to her manufacturing industry from those quarters. A federal union, there- fore, would be no remedy. 4. •• The independence of the British North American Colonies as a Federal Republic." The consolidation of its new institutions from elements hitherto 80 discordant — the formation of treaties with foreign powers — the acquirement of a name and character among the nations, would, we fear, prove an over-match for the strength of the new republic ; and, having regard to the powerful confederacy of States conter- minous with itself, the needful military defences would be too costly to render independence a boon, whilst it would not, any more than a federal union, remove those obstacles which retard our material prosperity. 94 5. ic *' lleciprocal tree trade with the United States, as rcspccls tl products of the farm, the forest, and the mine." If obtained, this would yield but an instalment of the many advan- tages which might be otherwise secured. The free interchange of such products would not introduce manufactures to our country. It would not give us the North American Continent for our market. It would neither so amend our institutions as to confer stability, nor en- sure confidence in their permanence ; nor would it allay the violence of parties, or, in the slightest degree, remedy many of our prominent evils. 6. Of all the remedies that have been suggested for the acknow- ledged and insufferable ills with which our country is afHictcd, there remains but one to be considered. It propounds a sweeping and important change in our political and social condition, involving con- siderations which demand our most serious examination. This remedy consists in a friendly and 'peaceful separation Jrom British Connexion, and a Union upon equitable terms ivith the great North American Conjederacy of Sox^creign States. We would premise that towards Great Britain we entertain none other than sentiments of kindness and respect. Without her consent, we consider separation as neither practicable nor desirable. But the Colonial policy of the Parent State, the avowals of her leading -states- men, the public sentiments of the Empire, present unmistakeable and significant indications of the appreciation of Colonial connexion. — That it is the resolve of England to invest us with the attributes and compel us to assume the burdens of independence, is no longer pro- blematical. The threatened withdrawal of her troops from other colonies — the continuance of her military protection to ourselves, only on the condition that we shall defray the attendant expenditure, betoken intentions towards our country, against whicii it is weakness in us not to provide. An overruling conviction, then, of its neces- sity, and a high sense of the duty we owe to our country, a duty we can neither disregard nor postpone, impel us to entertain the idea of separation ; and whatever negotiations may eventuate with Great Britain, a grateful liberality on the part of Canada should mark every proceeding. The proposed union would render Canada a field for American capital, into which it would enter as freely for the prosecution of public works and private enterprise, as any of the present Stales. It would cqualiisc the value of real estate upon both sides of the b( vj ti ai ^- 95 Ijoundary, thereby probably iloubb'ng at once tlic entire present value of property in Canada, whilst, by giving stability to our institu- tions, and introducing prosperity, it would raise our public, corporate, and private credit. It would increase our commerce, both with the United States and foreign countries, and would not necessarily di- minish, to any great extent, our intercourse with Great Britain, into which our products would, for the most part, enter on the same terms as at present. It would render our rivers and canals the highway for the cmi{^ration to, and exports from, the West, to the incalculable benefit of our country. It would also introduce manufactures into Canada, as rapidly as they have been introduced into the Northern States ; and to Lower Canada especially, where water privileges and labour are abundant and cheap, it would attract manufacturing capi- tal, enhancing the value of property and agricultural produce, and giving remunerative employment to what is at present a compara- tively non-producing population. Nor would the United States 1 merely furnish the capital for our manufactures. They would also supply for thera the most extensive market in the world, without the intervention of a custom-house officer — Railways would forthwith be constructed by American capital, as feeders for all the great lines now approaching our frontiers ; and railway enterprise in general, would doubtless be as active and prosperous among us as among our .leighbours. The value of our agricultural produce would be raised at once to a par with that of the United States, whilst agricultural implements, and many of the necessaries of life, such as tea, coffee, and sugar, would be greatly reduced in price. The value of our timber would also be greatly enhanced by free access to the American market, where it bears a high price, but is subject to an onerous duty. At the same time, there is every reason to believe that our shipbuilders, as well at Quebec, as on the Great Lakes, would find an unlimited market in all the ports of the Ame- rican continent. It cannot be doubted that the shipping trade of the United States must greatly increase. It is equally manifest that, with them, the principal material in the construction of sliips is rap- idly diminishing, while we possess vast territories, covered with timber of excellent quality, which would be equally available as it is now, since, under the free trade system, our vessels would sell as well in England after annexation as before. The simple and economical State Government, in which direct res- ponsibility to the people is a distinguishing feature, would be substi- tuted for a system, at once cumbrous and expensive. 90 In place of war, and the alarms of war with a neighbour, there would be peace and amity between this country and the United States. Disagreements between the United States and her chief, if not only, rival among nations, would not make the soil of Canada the sangui- nary arena for their disputes, as, under our existing relations, must ne^ cessarily be the case. That such is the unenviable condition of our state of depcndance upon Great Britain, is known to the whole world, and how far it may conduce to keep prudent capitalists from making investments in the country, or wealthy settlers from selecting a fore- doomed battle-field for the home of themselves and their children, it needs no reasoning on our part to elucidate. But other advantages than those, having a bearing on our material interests may be foretold. It would change the ground of political contest between races and parties, allay and obliterate those irritations and conflicts of rancour and recrimination, which have hitherto dis- figured our social fabric. Already, in anticipation, has its harmo- nious influence been felt — the harbinger, may it be hoped, of a lasting oblivion of dissensions among all classes, creeds, and parties in the country. Changing a subordinate for an independent condition, we would take our station among the nations of the earth. VVc have, now, no voice in the affairs of the Empire, nor do we share in its honours or emoluments. England is our Parent State, with whom we have no equality, but towards whom we stand in the simple rela- tion of obedience. But as citizens of the United States, the public service of the nation would be open to us, — a field for high and ho- nourable distinction, on which we and our posterity might enter on terras of perfect equality. Nor would the amicable separation of Canada from Great Britain be fraught with advantages to us alone. The relief to the Parent State from the large expenditure now incurred in the military occu- pation of the country, — the removal of the many causes of collision with the United States, which result from the contiguity of mutual territories so ex^^ensive, — the benefit of the larger market which the increasing prosperity of Canada would create, are considerations which, in the minds of many of her ablest Statesmen, render our incorpora- tion with the United States a desirable consummation. To the United States also, the annexation of Canada presents many important inducements. The withdrawal from their borders of so powerful a nation, by whom, in time of war, the immense and growing commerce of the lakes would be jeopardized — the abi- lity to dispense with the costly but ineflectual revenue establishment ^ 97 •esents lorders imense le abi- liment ()vcr ;i t'romior of many hundred miles — tlu, largo accession lo their income from our customs — the unrestricted use of the St Lawrence, the natural hij^hway from the Western States to the ocean, are objects for the attainment of which, the most substantial equivalents would undoubtedly be conceded. We have thus laid before you our views and convictions on a momentous question — involving a chanj^e, which, though contem- plated by many of us with varied feelings and emotions, we all believe to be inevitable; — one which it is our duty to provide for, and lawi'MJIy to promote. We address you without prejiidice or partiality — in the spirit of sincerity and truth — in the interest solely of our common country, — and our single aim is its safety and welfare. If, to your judgment and reason, our object and aim be at this time deemed laudable and right, we ask an oblivion of past dissensions; and from all, without distinc- tion of origin, party, or creed, that earnest and cordial co-operation, in such lawful, prudent, and judicious means, as may best conduct us to our common destiny. The •' Montreal Witness" employs the following language, on the re ligious view ofthe question. The leadings of providence appear to indicate the very natural and convenient arrangement, that the Christians of Great Britain should devote a large share of their attention and means, to the evangeliza- tion of Europe, and those of the United States, to the evangelization of America. Both enter with great S()irit on their apprt)priate work, and both are, as it were, on the spot to watch over their efforts. Doubtless, American Christians afford help to llurope, and British Christians have done, and continue to do a good deal lor Canada, but the former naturally feel an intense interest for any thing Ameri- can, and it is much easier to enlist the sympathies of the latter in behalf of a Continental object than a Canadian one. This wc say from some experience in connexion with the French Canadian Mis- sionary Society, which, but for the exertions of persona! friends in Britain, would receive little or nothing from thence, whilst religious bodies there, vote large sums for tlie advancement of a precisely si- milar work on the Continent of I'.urope, — an anomaly which we can attribute to nothing but proximity in the one ca>e. and distance in the other. Were annexation consummated, instead of having to send agents at a great expense of time and money to Britain, (whicli, by the by, can rarely be done, just on account of the difficulties attending it.) m i\ A 98 the representatives of our Missionary Societies, Tlieological Institutes, and other causes, claiming tiie support of Christians, would only have to take a run out to the wealthy and liberal cities of the United States, in order to obtain as great, or probably greater means of sup- port than they now do from Britain ; and it would, in like manner, be much easier for the churches and societies of the United States, to send deputations and visitors to Canada. The religious view of this question is so important, and so specially within our scope, that we will be pardoned, we trust, for going a little into detail, in order to see the probable effects of annexttion upon various religious bodies. 1. The Church of Rome in Canada, so far as the priests are con- cerned, could not probably be more closely connected with that of the United States, than it is at present, but the great benefit of an- nexation to its adherents, in Lower Canada at least, would be their emancipation from the legal impost of tithes, which bears unfairly on the farmers, forcing them to support the clergy, whilst all other classes go free. In the event of annexation, all would be left to con- tribute to the support of their priests in proportion to their willingness and ability, which would, unquestionably, be much pleasanter for the people, and in the end much safer and more agreeable for the priests, as there is a storm brewing among the Canadians about tithes, which, if it be allowed to gather and burst, by the continuation of that ob- jectionable impost, may produce greater results than they anticipate. 2. The Episcopal Church in Canada. — Any attentive ob- server will not have failed to learn, from the meetings of the clergy in the Diocese of Toronto, and articles in the " Uerean," and other sources — that deep dissatisfaction pervades the work- ing clergy of this church, at the ignorance in which they are kept of their own affairs, their entire dependance upon the Bishops for temporals as well as spirituals, and the lion's share of the funds which the latter take to themselves. And it consists with our knowledge, that ai least a number of these clergymen look to the constitution of the same church in the United States, as every way superior. There, the presbyters, and even the laity, have a voice in all matters pertaining to the church, and of course feel their dignity and independence guaranteed. There, too, the church has the power, with the consent of bishops, priests, and laity, to modify its services to suit altered times and circumstances ; whilst here, no such power exists, nor even in England, except a convocation of the church were held, — a thing not at all likely, and Parliament were to ratify 'Jd titutes, ly have United of sup- nanner, States, pecially going a lexjtion ire con- that of I of an- be their fairly on ill other t to con- Uingness er for the e priests, I, which, lat ob- iticipate. tive ob- of the 'erean," le work- ley are Bishops le funds ith our to the rary way voice in dignity e power, services h power church o ratify the acts of that convocation. Annexation would, thtrcforL', he no injury to the Episcopal Church in Canada, but rather, in the opinion of many of its adherents, a j^reat advantage. a. i'he Presbyterian Churches of Canada, would, in the event of annexation, doubtless, fraternizewith their kindred churches, of which there are Old and New School, Dutch Reformed, Associate, and several others ; mo*t or all of which are numerous, wealthy, active, and influential associations. 4. The Methodist 15ody would, we think, gain greatly by annexation; for, in the first place, the uuseemely rent which occurcd in it some time ago, with all its consequent bickerings, would doubtless disap- pear, by Wesleyan and Episcopal Methodists joining the American Methodist Church on the same terms; and, in the second place, all the difficult (questions about the relations between the Uritish and Canadian Conferences, would cease. 5. The Baptist Churches would, doubtless, immediately join the numerous and active body of Baptists in the Northern States, co- operating in all their denominational plans with vigour, and being, at the same time, efficiently aided by them in local objects. (). The Congregational Churches of Canada, would at once be associated with the most numerous and wealthy body of Congrega- tional Churches in the world, which, having no overwhelming estab- h'shment to contend with, as in England, would have the more to give in the cause of missions, and for the help of weaker brethren. The very large body of Christians who are inimical to the State endowment, or legal establishment of any religious sect or denomi- nation would have their fears, o. "hat score, entirely set at rest for Canada, by annexation. As it is, the Church of Rome in Lower Canada is an Established Church ; and the endowment of certain denominations from the clergy reserves in Canada West, places them, to a considerable extent, in the same position ; whilst a union of these bodies, for political purposes, with the adherents of Rome, would, at any time, be able to add what is wanting of the Establishment principle. We presume also, that in our present colo- nial state, a Governor, devoted to a particular church, might, at any time, confer an extensive endowment from these same reserves upon that church which it would be exceedingly difficult, if not impossible, to undo. But no such danger would exist were we connected with the United States ; for not only would the Constitution of tlie Union effectually guarantee us against farther endowments, or legislation in favour of particular religious bodieS; but it would sweep away aM 100 padt U>|ri:ilntion of the kind at one swoop. We ilo not say it would take away property wliich has aetually been in the possession of any religious denomination ; wc believe it would not : but all public property, however clear the intention might have been to distribute it among certain religious sects, wou!.! at once, wc believe, iiave its destination changed to general public uses. We have not spoken above of the bearing of annexation on our great domestic Missionary Society, but think it would be emi- nently beneficial. The following remarks by the Kditors of the "Hiehmcnd Hepubli- can," and " National Era," together with the resolutions of the V^ermont Legislature, will give you some idea of the sentiments of the Americans upon this (question. ANNEXATION OK CANADA. There is no doubt that this subject is destined to occupy the public attention, and produce much excitement. We perceive that our Northern contemporaries discuss it with a philosophical calm- ness, in striking contrast with the spasmodic horror to which they are subject when annexation Southward is the order of the day. In the ordinary course of events, and without any new annexation, the North has altogether the predominance in the numbers and the councils of this country. To add Canada, would be to give to that section the most overwhelming weight. We are now witnessing an- other step in the fulfilment of Mr C lay's predictions, in regard to the annexation of Texas. He foretold this sectional annexation ; but even he, with all his sagacity, does not seem to have ibreseen to what an extreme it would have been carried by the Northern section. The South obtained Texas, a very (juestionable acquisition, if Senator Houston be a fair representative of her views, while the North has seized upon Oregon ; has grasped California, with its boundless wealth, and New Mexico, in neither of which countries can Southern institutions ever be introduced; and now, is desirous of adding the immense Provinces of Canada, capable of forming a dozen great States, and already filled by an intelligent and hardy British popula- tion. We do not suppose for a moment that this proposition can recieve favour, except among those who are willing to build up one section, at the expense of the total ruin or loss of another. Tempt- ing as is such a bait to the spirit of territorial aggrandizement, there are faw statements so hasty and short-sight'.d as to raise the baitle- cry of Canadian Annexation, unaccompanied by a compensating 101 nniicxalion In another quarlcr. "Canada and Cubu" will bo tlio motto upon the progressive tlag, as erst was "Texas and Orcyon." One will never be united to this eountry without the other. lopula- ion can up one Tempt- t, there baitle- ?nsating RKMAUKS ON Till: AllOVI' HY THE "NATIONAL TRA." The project of coupling Cuba with Canada, in one scheme of an- nexation, will be scouted. Leaving out of view the vital difference between the two countries, as it regards slavery — tliat element of barbarism, weakness, discord, and peril, in Cuba — look at the differ- ences as it regards race, customs, language, institutions. Already the Canadas are prep.ired for union with us, being one with us in language, origin, institutions, and interests; while Cuba has a black population, fur greater than the white, the majority being slaves, in the most degraded condition, many recently imported from Africa ; and the white population belongs to a race different from our own, speaking an alien languiige, accu.itonied to despotic institutions, w ilh a standard of morals happily unknown in this country. And yet, the *' Republican" is cool enough to speak of the annexation of this island, savage, half-savage, and semi-civilized, with its brutali/ed blacks, and brutal whites, with its volcano of slavery burning and throbbing in its heart, ready at every moment to pour forth its de- vastating fires, as if it were equally desirable and proper with the rich Provinces of Canada, contiguous with our own territoriy, inhabited by a kindred people, industrious, orderly, productive, and trained to free institutions. The annexation of the Canadas to this Republic, we regard as a foregone conclusion. Tlay will not be wrested from England by the interposition of our Government. No design of this kind is en- tertained in any (]uarter; but, it is simply absurd to suppose, that such Provinces can much longer remain in a state of colonial dependence. They will insist upon independence, and the Eng- lish Government will yet gracefully yield to the demand. Then, when the question shall be, between their existence as independent States, and annexation to this Union, we suppose the prompt de- cision wi 11 be in favour of the latter. To resist such a consummation, would be like fighting against God — it would be absurd and im- practicable opposition to that universal aspiration for Uiiitij, which characterizes civilized communities, to that law of providence, under which all inventions and discoveries, all arts and all sciences, seem to be rendered subservient to the great purpose of annihilating time and ]0L» Kpncc, limtkiii^ down pttijudicos nnd (liHrordiUit dittVrcrircH, ilicii'hy preparing tlin way for tho advent of that day. wIiimi nationn nliall lio united in one family, wlione law Nliail he justice, whn^e hfe fthall l)e peace, and the ^rievatices of whone individual memberH NJiaii l>u liajipily settled i)y the collective windom of the whole. The following resolutionH have heeii adopted hy the Vermont Lc- gifllature :— i Whereas, hy the original articles of the confederation adopted hy the States of this Union, it was provided that '* Canada, acceding to this confederation, and joining in the iiieasures of these United States, shall be admitted into and entitled to all th(> advantages of this Union." And, whereas, recent occurrences in the said Province of Canada, in- dicate a strong and growing desire on the part of the people thereof to avail themselves of the advantages of the foregoing ofTer, and to apply for admission among the sovereign States of this Union ; there- fore, resolved hy the Senate and House of Representatives, that, be- lieving the admission of Canada into this Union, to he n measure intimately connected with the permanent prosperity and glory of both countries, the government of the State of Vermont is earnestly desir- ous to see such re-union effected, without a violation on the part of the United States, of the amicable relations existing with the British Go- vernment, or of the law of nations. Resolved, The peaceful annexation of Canada to the United States, with the consent of the British Govcnment and of the people of Ca- nada, and upon just and honourable terms, is an object in the highest degree desirable to the people of the United States. It would open a wide and fertile field to the enterprise and industry of the American people ; it wouhl extend the boundaries and increase the power of our country ; it would enlist a brave, industrious and intelligent people under the flag of our nation ; it would spread wide the liberal principles of republican government, and promote the preponderance of free institutions in this Union. We, therefore, trust that our national go- vernment, in the spirit of peace and of courtesy to both the British Government and the people of Canada, will adopt all proper and honourable means, to secure the annexation of Canada to the United States. The following paragraph taken from an article in the *' London Ex- aminer," edited by Mr Fonblanque, may probably be regarded as an exposition of the views of ihe Russell Administration, as the above named gentleman is an office-holder under it : •' As to England, in our humble opinion, she will be tlie greatest gainer of the three, by annexation. Sfic will be relieved at once from lo;{ 1 e eatest from t)i() lit>avy load of ruAponsibtlity willi wliicli hIim in now liuiiiifiicd in Iwr impoNiiiMu lUteiiiptH, at tlio distatu't; ol lOOII inilcN, to ^ov«>rll windy a free people vvliotn liur HtatcHiiieii iievcM' s(>(>, and of wlioiii tlM>y know mitliin^ beyond what tlit'y find rucordud in hIu'i'Ih of fooU- cap. I'urtlitii', England will bo relieved of tliu whole military, navul, and ordnancu chargeeaceful nettlemont she will be repaid for the great Hums which nIio has lent lor the construction of canals and other worUs. Neither will her commercu in any resnect sulfer, but, on the contrary, gain, as it did under more unfavourable auspices, after the separation of the Old Colonies. One of our contemporaries says, that the agitation of an- nexation by the Canadians would have been looked on ' in the good old times,' as ' high treason ;' but the ' good old times,' if that were 80, were very foolish old times, and, in our opinion, Lord I'ilgin has acted with perfect wisdom in throwing no impediment in the way of a fair discussion of the question." As it regards the sentiments of the Ikltish public in reference to this question, you probably understand them better than myself, but as far as I have had opportunity of forming an opinion, I find that the ge- neral sentiment is in favour of the independence of all the Colonies, as soon as they have attained a condition of maturity to fit them for its advantages and responsibilities, viewing separation only as a ques- tion of time, and as the natural and necessary result of the very growth which the Parent State has fostered. I have also noticed, that a large class of persons suppose that the far-famed Indemnity Hill is the most important, if not the exclusive reason why the Canadians are anxious for an organic change in the constitution of their country. This is unquestionably true with regard to that class of the community with whom loyalty was the mere in- stinctive afl'ections of the heart— an affair of the passions, and not of enlightened conviction and reason. This class who were «.;<'i ready with enthusiastic ardour to defend the claims of the British Crown at all hazards, whether right or wrong, have become effectually weak- ened in their attachment, by the passing of that bill, and are now as en* thusiastically enlisted in favour of annexation. You must, however, perceive from what has already been presented to your notice, that the desire for annexation on the part of the great majority of its advocates, is not based upon the Indemnity Bill, or upon any other isolated act of Lord Elgin, or any previous Governor, or government, but upon the general merits of the question ; and for those reasons which have 104 already been assigned, and others which might he given, were it deem- ed necessary. In conclusion, I may remark, that if it he true that the United States of America is, of all others, the most eligible field to which in- tending emigrants can direct their attention, then, the prospect of the annexation of Canada to that vast republic, furnishes additional reasons in favour of both countries, but especially of Canada. Since 'he above was written, the following estimated expenses of the Canadian Government has come to hand. It is taken from the " Christian Guardian," published in Toronto, and is dated November 28, 1849. Its details will tend to show, that one of the great advan- tage:, of annexation would be a cherp and economical government, without the long previous campaign of six or seven years financial re- form. EXPENSES or GOVEiiNMENT. We find in the " Gazette" of yesterday, a translation from the * Ave- nir,' being a complied statement of the expenses of our civil govern- ment, in the year 1818, which statement undoubtedly proves a vast amount of the extravagance, and the pressing need of immediate and very great reforms. We have not space for any thing beyond the heads of the entire article which shows the expenses of our executive to be as follows : — The Governor General's salary and contingent expenses con- nected with his office, £11,624, lOs. 8d. The Executive Council, £12,567, making altogether the sum of ^24,261 between twenty-nine individuals. Cost for public edifices, £15,240, for rent, taxes, insur- ances, repairs, &c. Provincial Secretary's Department, nineteen per- sons, salarifjs, £3,507. Receiver General's Department, fourteen clerks and two messengers, salaries £.3)692. Cost of the Customs' Department, employing 300 individuals, JE34,000. Cost of Excise Department, about twenty persons, £3430, 19s. Cost of Registrar General's departments, six persons, £1,383, 12s. Id. Militia Depart- ment, £2,020. Emigration Department, £752, 4s. 2d. Pensions, £5.257, lis. 4d. Education Department, six persons, £1,175. Ad- ministration of Justice, 147 persons, with salaries amounting to £54,000. Queen's printers, for the session of 1848, £6,261, 48. lid. Eight Commissioners, for 1848, £662, 14s. 6d. Geological Depart- ment — Salaries of three persons, and contingent expenses, £2,160. Public works — exclusive of the salaries of the two heads of the De- partment, £36,520. Public Lands Department — entire cost £29,121, 2s. 9d. Cost of the Legislature of 1848, with various contingent ex- i >^y> '^ '>/%y^ /^r^ .-x --N.*^ 'N -" 2,160. le De- 9,121, nt ex- <,\ LETTER VII. Who ought to Emigrate, and what class of Persons are most likely to succeed in Canada ? These important questions, though variously answered, have yet to be answered with greater unanimity ot opinion, that most others connected with the subject, and in conveying to you my own views relative to them, I may remark, that the only rational answer that can be given to these questions is, let those who are obliged to emigrate do so. Let no person who is doing well at home, no matter what may be his profession or occu;)ation, emigrate, with the expectation of doing better — let him not leave the comforts and associations of ii"'/ie, and travel over the world in search of advantages which he may not find elsewhere. If, therefore, you are among this class, and have a rational prospect of placing your children in circumstances of comfort, by no means leave your native land in search of unreal enjoyment. But if you are not doing well, if you find it difficult to struggle against increasing competition, and are in constant dread of loss in busi- ness, of what little property you possess, — or if you find it difficult, with an increasing family, to cloth and educate them to the full extent that society expects you to do, and have not a reasonable prospect be- fore you of placing your children in a condition consistent with your position and relations to society, why, then, you may safely and rea- sonably emigrate to Canada, with a fair prospect of improving your condition. I may probably, however, answer your queries more satis- factorily by classifying my observations. In the 1st place, then, I remark, that the man of fortune, in my humble opinion, ought not to ( igrate to Canada, unless he does so with a view to benefit others. If, with the higher and purer motives which an enlightened Christian benevolence supply, the man cf abun- dant wealth is anxious to select a new and more enlarged sphere of usefulness, let him go to Canada ; but he must not expect to find the elegancies of life, the refinements of society, and the fashionable amusements which the higher ranks regard as the necessary elements of their happiness, on a scale at all approximating to a state of society, such as is found in Great Britain, while, at the sametime, the neces- saries and most of the luxuries of life are cheaply and easily procured. 2. To persons of small independent income, Canada certainly offers i lOG great advantages in its principal towns, from the fact above alluded to. The taxes, too, are likewise much lighter than at home, and the means of education, as pointed out in a former Letter, much more easily se- cured ; these, in connexion with other advantages which the country aftbrd, will enable you, to a much greater extent, and at less expense than is possible in England, successfully to provide for the settlement of your children in life. Young men, who combine energy of charac- ter with other natural talents, will find fresh fields annually opening to their enterprise, both in professional and mercantile pursuits, through the rapidly increasing developement of the resources of the Pro- vince, which are opening up channels for the exercise of abilities and perseverance ; and few youths possessed of these qualifications, need be apprehensive of not obtaining a competency. Investments can also be safely and profitably made, either for the purpose of yield- ing a present income, or as a future provision for your children. If, for the former, six per cent, (the legal interest of the Province,) and not unfrequentiy seven to ten per cent, may be obtained. If, for the latter object, your investment is made with judgment in real estate, it is certain of realizing, in the course of ten or twenty years, at least compound interest, and sometimes more, as property has increased ten-fold within the last twenty years; and should annexation take place, it will increase twenty-fold within the next ten years. There is another important consideration intimately connected with this, viz., that as exchange on England generally rules at nine to twelve and a- lialf per cent, premium, by going to Canada, therefore, you at once increase your capital in the same ratio. The exchange being twelve and a-half premium, renders £1, sterling, equal to £1, 5s. currency; so that the moment you reach Quebec with £100, sterling, in your pos- session, you are worth jL'123, sterling. 3. To the agriculturist, either with limited means or abundant capi- tal, Canada holds out peculiar advantages — wild or uncleared land is abundant and cheap — improved farms are easy to be obtained by rent, lease, or purchase, on the most favourable terms, and iu almost any part of the Province you may wish to select. Excellent farms, with all the necessary buildings can be rented or leased from lOs. to 208. per acre, not requiring any thing like the capital necessary to carry on a farm in Great Britain. Instances are not rare in which farming ope- rations may be immediately commenced, without any capital, arising from the mode in which farms are frequently rented. Not only is the tenant permitted to farm it on shares, as it is usually termed, giving one-third of the whole produce as rent; but to have the privilege of all the stock and implements necessary to conduct the operation of the farm, and that for an additional rent, often below the real value of 107 y rent, ust any 9, with to 208. arry on gope- arising is the giving ivilege ition of aiue of the privileges granted. You ask, Do rented farms remunerate ? I have only to answer the question by stating, that there are scores of persons within the limits of my own acquaintance, besides hundreds with whom I am not personally acquainted, who, after having lived seven or ten years upon rented farms, have saved enough to purchase one for themselves. The poorest agricultural labourer, if he has judg- ment and enterprise, may thus put himself in a position at once to ac- quire property. I have, in a former Letter, given you the prices of im- proved land, from which you will have perceived, that with from £'^50 to £500, many good farms, with good buildings, and sometimes good orchards, may readily be obtained, situated within a day's journey to and from market. Frequently, too, valuable farms are to be met with for sale, upon which only one-third, or one-fifth of the purchase money is required, and from three to five years given for the payment of the balance. There is this peculiarity also in Canada, that, in the pur- chase of farms, you have almost unlimited choice. You can scarcely pass any farm in the most improved state which may strike your fancy, but what you might obtain, as nine-tenths of the farmers are ready to sell out when any offer is made to them approaching the real value of their property. This does not arise, as you might be led to suppose, from any general depreciation of the intrinsic or relative value of the property, but from a prevalent desire to obtain more land or larger farms. A great number of farmers, having a large number of boys, find 100 acres of land too small to give them all employment, and the surrounding farms having increased in value, they find it difticult to purchase them for their children ; hence they are prepared, however comfortable, to sell and go into the bush, where they can, with the pro- ceeds, purchase land for all their boys. Another important feature of agricultural pursuits in Canada is, that weavers, mechanics, and la- bourers, who are supposed to be, from the nature of their previous occupations, unfitted for the backwoods, often make good and success- ful farmers. Necessity is to them the mother of invention, and a per- son of ordinary abil'lies and perseverance, soon learns to become in turn, a joiner to-day, and a mason to-morrow — now a shoemaker, and then a tailor, constituting a Jack-of- all-trades. And although such persons may not, for sometime, make first-rate choppers or farmers, yet, after a little insight into the proper mode of managing matters, they soon succeed, and none need despair. It may also be proper here to remark, that by "cleared farms," is generally understood, those which have from thirty to eighty acres out of 100, cleared of all the trees, though in most, if not all of the fields, the stumps or roots yet remain, as it is from five to ten years before they rot down or are en- tirely removed. It is for such farms that the prices given in this and ^^-— r— > 108 a former Letter are calculated, and, of course, the price wUI always vary according to the quantity of land cleared and under cultivation, and the value ()f the buildings. It must, however, be borne in mind, that ill every district there are 8ome farms in particular situations, that are held con.sidcrahly higher, as land in Canada is valued, not generally according to its quality, but according to its locality and other circum- stances. All the wild or uncleared land in the possession of the Crown, with very few exceptions, are sold at 63. 6(1. sterling, per acre, and may be obtained on application to any of the agents, a list of which may be found in my first Letter, with the number of acres to be disposed of in each district. The advantages of emigration to Canada, over those of other colo- nies, where the land is Jt^l, per acre, will at once be seen. Nor will she suffer in this respect, when compared with the United States. For, when the difference in the premium of exchange between the two countries is considered, together with the extra expense incurred in reaching a field so distant as that in which the cheap land in the States is situated, it will be seen that Canada has the advantage. Indeed, there have been frequent instances in which Crown Lands have been sold for 3s. 3d. sterling. It may also be proper to inform you, that the unsatisfactory mode of selling Crown Land in Canada West, by way of periodical auction, has been discontinued for several years past. The whole amount of the purchase-money is now required down, when the sale is effected, and a government deed is immediately granted. In the purchase of Clergy Reserve Lands, however, the mode of dis- posing of them by ten annual instalments is still continued. The Ca- nada Company also have, within the last few years, altered the mode of selling their lands. They are offered by way of lease for ten years ; or, for sale, cash down. The rents payable Isi February each year, are about the interest, at six per cent., upon the cash price of the land. Upon roost of the lots, wiien leased, no money ia required down ; whilst upon the others, according to locality, one, two, or three years' rent must be paid in ad- vance, but these payments will free the settler from further calls, until the second, third, or fourth year of his term of lease. • '■ The settler has secured to him the right of converting his lease into a freehold, and of course, stopping payment of further rents, before the expiration of the term, upon paying the purchase money specified iu the lease. The lessee has thus guaranteed to him the entire benefit of his im- provements and increased value of the land he occupies, should he wish to purchase. But he may, if he pleases, refuse to call for the freehold : the option being completely with the settler. 109 . f A discount, after the rate of two per cent., will be allowed for anti- cipated payment of the puHchase money for every unexpired year of lease, before entering the tenth year. The company have lands in almost erery part of Canada West; they consist of scattered lots of '^00 acres each, and of blocks : the principal block of 1,000,000 acres, is the Huron district, situated on Lake Hu- ron, with a lake frontage of sixty miles, intersected by two grand lead- ing roads, on which more pains and labour have been bestowed than on any other roads of the same extent and magnitude in the Province. The other blocks, of from 3,000 to 9,000 acres, lie in the western district, and are, in most cases, within six to eight miles of navigable water. The roads in the western district, owing to the proximity of navigable waters, have not hitherto been so closely attended to as in matty other parts of the Province; excellent plank-roads, however, are now in actual progress. The scattered lots contain from 80 to 200 acres each, and are to be met with in almost every township in the Pro- vince, and generally surrounded by settlements. 4. As relates to those persons who emigrate with a certain amount of capital, which they wish to invest profitably in business, the country affords abundant opportunities ; and after they have been long enough in it to enable them to estimate the advantages or disadvantages of any particular department of business, they may engage in it with safety and success. 5. Mechanics and artizans of all descriptions, can always find em- ployment and good wages — blacksmiths, mill-wrights, engineers, ship- carpenters, house-joiners, cabinetmakers, millers, tailors, painters, shoe- makers, tanners, and curriers ; building is now carrying on more exten- sively in brick and stone — bricklayers, stonecutters, especially those capable of executing ornamental work, are often much in demand. Potters may be regarded as an exception, as there are no extensive potteries, nor is there any probability of being any, as there is not any suitable clay, for the manufacture of fine earthenware. There are a few potteries scattered through the country, where the coarser articles of earthenware are made. A limited number of good sailors might find employment in the various vesse s navigating the lakes and rivers. It is very difficult to present any thing like a correct tabular view of the wages, per diem, paid to mechanics, artisans, and labourers, &c. \st, Because they vary according to the ability of the work- man. 2Mrf, Because the great majority are hired by the month, with board, lodgings, and washing, if young or unmarried, and board if unmarried. 3rd, Because a large portion of work, of all descriptions, is done by the piece or job, as it is termed. The fol- 110 lowing, however, may be regarded as the general average: — Agri- cultural labourers obtain from £2, to £2, 10s, currency, per month, with board, &c. Choppers, lumbermen, &c., from £2, to £'2, 10s., with provision, and from £2, lOs. to £3, without board. Mechanics and artizans, of every description, readily obtain from £2, 10s. to £3., with board, &c., and from £3, to £6, without board, &c. When they are employed by the day, they generally obtain from 3s. 9d. to 7s. 6d., currency, per day, and day-labourers from 23. 6d. to 5s., currency, per day. Female servants, who are in great de- mand, generally obtain from 10s. to £l, per month. It may be necessary here to remark, that frequently emigrants go about unem- ployed for months after their arrival, by refusing reasonable wages. They should not expect the highest wages until they have become acquainted with the various modes of conducting labour in the country, which differs, perhaps, materially from that to which they have been accustomed. It would, indeed, be to the advantage of the mass of domestic servants, if they were to hire for the first six months for their board alone, as it has been generally found necessary to instruct the majority, who have gone to Canada, in the most ordinary duties of household labour and economy. There is a wide field for thoroughly trained female servants ; and after the qualifications of such have been ascertained, they command the very highest wages. 6. As it regards every-day labourers, the country, in my hiim- ble opinion, is not prepared to receive and give empioyrjent to any large number of this class. While there is a constant demand for good agricultural labourers, yet, I think, it would be unwise to en- courage any extensive spontaneous emigration of the poor labour- ing population of Great Britain, or any systematic plan on the part of the Government, unless accompanied by some definite arrange- ment to place them at once upon land, with the necessary assist- ance, or to devise some means for their immediate employment. , Some limited arrangements were made last year, by opening two great lines of road, the land along each side of which was divided into fifty acre lots ; and every male adult, actually settling on these roads, obtained from the Government a free grant of fifty acres, with the right to purchase fifty acres additional. One of these roads is called the Toronto and Sydenham road, and commences in the township of Melancthon, fifty-eight miles from Toronto, and runs to the township of Holland. There are 600 lots on this road, 137 of which are settled, and several others are selected. The other is called the Durham road, commencing in the township of Ill to en- abour- le part rrange- assist- it. 5 two ivided these acres, these ces in , and road, The lip of Nottawasaga, about seventy miles from Toronto, and is to be cut to Penetanguashine. There are 1100 lots upon this line of road, 224 of which are already taken up ; and many more will doubtless be settled on this winter and spring. The greater part of the lots have been taken up by persons who have been several yeras in the country. The scale of arrangements is too limited. Both the Imperial and Provincial Parliaments ought, in my humble judge- ment, to devise some measure much more comprehensive in its character. It h not my intention to find fault with, and denounce the Go- vernment, for the numerous instances of the expenditure of the revenues of the country, for objects less important or beneficial to her interests, and less humane and benevolent to the thousands of her suffering population. If, however, the Government has been inattentive to its duties and responsibilities — if it has failed to an- swer the grand and paramount end for which governments alone ought to exist — the well-being and happiness of all — yet I may be permitted to ask. Has the question of emigration, as a great and practical mean for the accomplishment of this end, received tljat share of attention from those portions of the community, who have it in their power to aid their fellow-men, which iis importance de- mands ? Have they, who have almost moved earth and heaven to raise their fellow-countrymen in the scale of political privilege, and sought, with untiring energy, to redress their political wrongs, and guard their civil and religious liberiies ? Have the philanthropists, the economists, and reformers of the day, given to this subject that carefulness and thoroughness of investigation, which, as a great practical measure of relief from the pauperism and suffering of our country, entitles it to their consideration ? I fear not. No : the charge of palpable indifference to this question cannot be warded off by many of the avowed benefactors of their race, who have allowed the occasional temporary relief they have afforded, to satisfy the dic- tates of conscience and humanity, and have left thousands sponta- neously to struggle on unaided, until they have succeeded in attain- ing a position effectually to relieve themselves. The various charitable institutions of our country, I humbly con- ceive, are too limited in their character; and instead of providing mere temporary relief, they should contemplate placing their sub- jects in a position to help themselves. I'he benevolent associa- tions — the trade-unions and clubs — the industrial and ragged schools — the orphan asylums and parish charities — the city and town associations of relief — the denominations and churches of this 112 highly favoured country, ouj^ht ad to contribute to this important end, — all should have their emigration pupils and societies ; and they are all practically defective without this great element of hu- man relief, as one of the primary ends of their organization. 7. The voluntary associations and benefit societies, of every de- scription, existing among mechanics and others, could send out, annually, a number of their members, who would volunteer to go ; and how much more effectually would the objects of such societies be promoted by some such a plan as the following : — Take, for exam- ple, any one of the trade-unions numbering 100 members, and let each member contribute but one shilling, per month. This would yield, at the end of the year, f 60. With this limited sum they could send out six young men, giving to each £lO; or three mar- ried men and their families, giving to each family £20. If the number of members, and the scale of fees, were larger, of course a greater number could be sent out, or a larger amount appropriated to those who do go. 8. On a similar principle, but on a much larger scale, city and town emigration societies might be formed, embracing all classes of the community. Funds might be created, by the poorer classes of labourers or tradesmen contributing sixpence, or one shilling, per month, entitling them to all the privileges or members. Annual contributions, and special donations, might be given by the wealthy and charitable classes of society ; and numbers of individuals or families, could be sent out, from year to year, with means to place themselves in circumstances of comfort. Such regularly organized societies might take under their care, and send out annually, a num- ber of the juvenile portions of the community, embraced within the various orphan asylums, industrial and ragged scI;ools of this country. Children from ten to fourteen years of age, of both sexes, could be sent out under the direction of a qualified superintendent ; and it would not be difficult to obtain a sufficient number of gentlemen, to act as a board of commissioners in each of the principal towns of Canada, to whose care they might be assigned, and who would re- ceive applications from farmers, mechanics, and tradesmen, in want of servants or apprentices. Thousands of this interesting class could be most comfortably provided for, from year to year, and the great end sought by the previous care, expense, and instruction be- stowed upon them, would be most effectually secured. Removed from their early associations, there would be less probability of their falling back again into their former vicious habits, or of becoming, in process of lime, a heavier burden upon the charitable institutions 113 of this country. Besides, tlie cost of sending them out when young, would not be more than half what it costs to send out an adult ; and the laws of the Province, the value of their labour, and a well regulated public opinion, will be a sufficient guarantee against any ill treatment to which some might suppose they would be ex- posed. The advantages of such a system, 1 think, are so obvious, as not to require further illustration. 10. As to the part that the denominations or churches of this country ought to take in this important matter, I have to remark, that it would be the most effectual mode of relieving the poor, who occasionally receive assistance from tbe various churches of which they are members. Most churches have their poor, and their funds for their relief. It is a serious fact, however, to which I fear, suffi- cient attention has not been directed, that the relief afforded is so limited in its character, as scarcely to deserve the name. How much better if each church had its emigration society. How many j ) active pious young men, now struggling with difficulties, and unable, after years of toil, to obtain enough to place themselves in more fa 'ourablc circumstances, might be sent out to Canada, where they would not only be placed in a position to benefit themselves, but to benefit others on a wider scale of usefulness. How many pious and devoted families, too, groaning beneath the pressure of poverty, might, through such an agency, be most effectually relieved. Were the churches of Great Britain directing their attention more fully to this question, and aiding, by direction and advice, those members who have means at their command, to enable them to emigrate without the pecuniary aid of their churches, under such a definite system of arrangements as those church s :ieties would afford, a greater number of members would be secured to the churches abroad, as, in the absence of such arrangements, many, who have been consistent members at home, when they arrive in a new country, stand aloof from society, and are eventually lost to the churches of the land of their adoption. With the aid of mission- aries in all parts of the world, the most ample facilities are now en- joyed by the churches of Great Britain, to enable them most suc- cessfully to prosecute this important enterprise ; nor could such so- cieties fail to prove efficient auxiliaries to the various Missionary institutions of the day. Let but a fund be created by collections, subscriptions, and donations, and hundreds or thousands of the poor members of the various churches, sent out to Canada, who now only give their pence, and they will soon be in circumstances to enable them to give their shillings and pounds. 114 Tuking tlie Wesleyan Methodist Church as an example, I ask her ministers and wealthy laymen, if there is a single circuit so poor as not to be able to provide funds to send out, at least, four poor mem- bers, one of whom might be a local preacher. With 496 circuits under the immediate pastoral care of the Conference, there could thus be sent out 4<)() local preachers, and 1488 accredited members. Nor could this annual drain upon the church be regarded as inju- rious to its connoxiunal funds, as such a plan would contemplate the removal of those only who might voluntarily present themselves as unable to effect their own removal, and, consequently, as disqua-i lifted for contributing to the funds of the church. The advantages to the Canadian Church of the annual accession of such a class, will at once be obvious ; and I venture to predict, that if this, or some similar plan, were practically carried out, for six or seven years, by all the churches of Great Britain, the colonial churches generally would give up all claim for direct aid from their funds. I have finally to observe, that, if churches and societies fail to take up this question, and make systematic arrangements to send out those who would willingly go, families can unite together, who purpose going, and by following the example of the German, Swiss, and New England emigrants, who settle in communities in the United States, they would soon have all the elements of comfort around them. Thus, for example, let ten or twenty families, who are intending to emigrate, and can take with them if 100, or f200, unite together, and get some friend, already in the country, or de- pute one of their own, in whose judgment and integrity they can place conBdence, to go out the previous year, and purchase the requisite quantity of land, say 100 acres, for each family, and em- ploy a tew hands to sow five acres with fall wheat, and erect a log- house or shanty on each lot, the total cost of which will stand thus : Purchase of 100 acres of Land, at 10s. per acre, £50 Clearhig and sowing five acres, 20 Building Log-house, 10 Total, £80 It would not be judicious to expend more than this amount in improvement, until the arrival of the parties on whose behalf they are made. By leaving early in the following spring, they could reach their new home time enough to clear one or two acres for potatoes or Indian corn ; and the necessity of purchasing all their provisions, until the next harvest, would thus be obviated. On their arrival, their friend would be at hand to conduct them to their des- ll i 115 II tinalian ; and u great amount oC inconvenience, delay, and expense, would be avoided. A very great amount, also, of the early priva- tions and sufferings necessarily connected with the backwoodsman's life, would have no existence, as old associations would thus be con- tinued. Friends would be at hand in times of difficulty, affliction, or distress ; and the dreary solitariness of an isolated and helpless condition in the wilderness, would not be felt, paralyzing their ener- gies, or leading them often to sigh for their native home. Their numbers would at once secure the occasional services of the mission- ary, and enable them to erect a school-house, in which their reli- gious services would be conducted, and their children educated ; and in a few years their shanties would give place to the substantial house, or elegant cottage ; and their extensive clearings, large barns, and sheds — their blooming orchards, and neat church, afford suffi- cient evidence, that, by emigrating to Canada, they have improved their own condition, and are contributing to the wealth, intelligence, and consequent prosperity of the Province. I knt in they Icould ;s for their their des- LETTER VIII. General Advice — Preparations for the Voyage— Selection of a Port and Ship— Time of Departure — Course to be pursued on Arrival. In bringing your mind to a state of decision upon the subject of emigration to Canada, I cannot too strongly impress upon your attention the necessity of entertaining just and sober views relative to so important a step. Do not expect to find the country an El Dorado, or that any of its reasonable advantages are to be secured without unceasing toil, and unremitting perseverance. When once the step is taken, you will be the subject of a class of emotions which probably you have never experienced before, and brought into contact with a class of difficulties, and perhaps privations, which you did not anticipate or foresee; and unless you are prepared manfully to rise above them all, you had better not emigrate. If, however, you have looked soberly at the question, and are so re- solved, you will not be likely to meet with any thing but what energy of character, and fixedness of purpose, will enable you to overcome. The first question generally proposed, after the point of decision is reached, is. What shall I take with me ? I answer, as little as possible. With the exception of a good stock of warm clothing, boots and shoes, and bedding and blankets, together with IK) a very few cooking utensils, ull arliclcs of household furniture should bu converted into money ; besides a world of ineonve< nicnce, they never will pay costs. Turniture of every kind, and of the best nriateriuls, cun be purchased, in some parts of the Province, nearly as chea[) as in Kngland ; and at some of the auction-sales in Toronto, they can sometimes be purchased cheaper. If your cir- cumstances will enable you to take a cabin passage, and so on througii to the place of your destination, why, then, you can dis- pense with your beds and cooking utensils, as you will not need them. Endeavour to get all that you purpose taking with you, into as iew boxes as possible. Do not let them be too small and nume- rous on the one hand, or too large and unwieldy on the other. If you can pack all your luggage in two or three boxes, from three and a-half to four feet lon^% two feet deep, and one and a-half wide, so much the better, as tin y will not only be handy to manage, but will stow most conveniently in the kind of waggons used in the country for land carriage. See that all your luggage has your name on it, and the name of the place at which you intend finally to disembark, either painted on the side of your boxes, or written on a card, and nailed fast on the end above the handles. You will thus save yourself much trouble and anxiety in hunting for your luggage, should any of it be displaced, and you will the more readily find it, should any of it be lost. As it regards the quality and quantity of provisions necessary for the voyage, you will, doubtless, be guided by the length of your purse, and the peculiarities of your taste. As a general rule, how- ever, I may remark, that those articles which keep best, such as dried and pickled meats and fish, and those which require least cooking, are to be preferred. Flour and oatmeal should be taken in preference to hard biscuit ; and by taking a quantity of german and other prepared yeasts, fresh bread, so very desirable at sea, could be obtained at pleasure. Not less than ten weeks stock of provisions should be laid in. A little wine or spirits for gruel, and a few oranges and lemons, to cheat sea-sickness, will be found very use- ful, and a box or two of pills, and a l^ew ounces of salts, or any other mild opening medicine. If you take seidlitz powders, or soda powders, or any other description of acids and alkalies, let them be put up in phials, well corked, instead of paper, otherwise they will dissolve before half your passage is complete. In selecting the place of departure, you will probably be in- fluenced by considerations of comfort, economy, and convenience. The eastern and western ports, from which vessels usually sail, have ' 117 iry for your how- ich as least ken in m and Id be isions a few f use- )r any r soda m be y will tlicir relative advantages. In sailing from any oC the eastern ports, such ai Newcastle, Shields, Sunderland, Stockton, Hull, or London, the passagi; wilt be a week or fortnight longer; but the charges for cabin paftscngersi are lower, with the exception of London, and the ship^ generally Are not «o crowded with p-issengers. In selecting any ol i. <^ western ports, such as Liverpool, (jlasgow, Greenock, and the pririripal ports oi iruland, the passage is considerably shorter, which h an important consideration ; but the sliip« are generally so densely and »liatneliilly crowded, that the disease and death of one-third of the passengers is often the necessary conse- quence. The charges for steerage passengers, from the variouo ports, are from i'ii, 10s. to .t'3, without provisions, and from 1'20, to £25, for cabin passengers, including provisions. Some vessels carry second cabin passengers : the charges for such are i'5, without pro- visions, and from £10, to Cl5, including provisions. In selecting a ship, be careful not to make any defmite engagements with passen- ( ), ger-brokers or agents, until you have examined the ship, and seen the captain and mate. See that the ship is high and roomy, and well ventilated between decks. You will not have any great dlHi- culty in finding one of that description, as a number of ships are so constructed. Ascertain, if possible, the character of the ship for sea-worthiness and swift sailing. Look at the captain and mate with the eye of a phrenologist, and be satisfied that their manners are kind and obliging. Inquire into their professional skill, remember- ing, that not only your comfort during the voyage, but your health and life, depend, in a great measure, upon such considerations. The best time to sail is in the months of March, April, and May, as the passage is not only shorter, from the general prevalence of easterly winds during those months, and labourers of every de- scription, arrive in time to take advantage of the spring and summer work, and have sufficient opportunities to secure a home for their families, before the severity of the winter sets in. Emigrants, who arrive earliest, are generally too late to rent farms to be entered upon in the spring, and consequently have to wait for one, to be entered upon in the fall, and thereby subject themselves to the ne- cessity of purchasing the whole of their winter's provision. If you cannot leave early, you would do better to remain until the following spring, unless you have friends in the country to whom you can repair. A vast amount of privation and suffering to the persons themselves, and of expense to the Province, would be avoided, if emigrants would go out early. On your arrival at Quebec, if you have plenty of time and money J // 118 to spare, you may remain a few days, and visit the heights of Abra- ham — the fortifications of Cape-Diamond — the cathedral, and the convents, and other places of public interest ; but if you have no money to throw away, proceed without delay to the place you have fixed upon as your final destination, or where your friends reside. If you have no friends in the country, you ought to select some definite portion of the Province, to which all your luggage should be directed, and to which you should at once repair. You can then avail yourself of all the local facilities of information within your reach. If you go out as an agricultural labourer, you will find employ- ment among the wealthy farmers, in the old settlements, in almost any part of the Province. Do not linger, therefore, long about the towns. If it is your intention to purchase land, or engage in business, I cannot too strongly impress upon your attention the necessity of caution, in entering into any engagement with land-speculators, and others ; yet, on the other hand, do not render yourself foolish by suspecting every person as a land-jobber or pick-pocket, who may converse with you about business, or tender you their advice. The most effectual way to guard against all imposition, is not to purchase land until you have been at least one or two years in the country. If you purchase land immediately on your arrival, you are sure to pay at least one-third more for it than you would do after you have been some time in the country. If you have capital, and can afford to remain unemployed for a few months, take up your residence in some village in the part of the Province you would prefer locating yourself. You will there have an opportunity of looking about you, and ascertaining the quality of the land in the neighbourhood, and learning its relative advantages and value. By constant intercourse with farmers, you will get an insight into the mode of farming, as it is carried on in the Province, the cheapest method of clearing land, and the value of labour — all very essential things for you to know. If, however, you have not sufficient means to enable you to pursue the above course, then your next course is to rent a farm for one or two years; after which you will be in a more advantageous position, either to purchase a farm, or to rent or lease one for a term of years. Time and caution is equally necessary to enable you to enter ad- vantageously into business, should that be your object in emigrating to thd country. Should you engage in some business speculation immediately on your arrival in the country, you are likely to invest your money in some concern which the owner has found unprofit- able, and is therefore glad to part with it, and you may in turn have to sell out, after having incurred a heavy loss. You may rest 110 tcatmg It you, and course as it land, know, ursue me or sition, years, r ad- rating lation nvest rofit- have rest X assured, that those who have been in the country a number of years, know much better what speculations are profitable, than those who have only been out a few weeks or months ; and they are not likely to part with any really profitable concern, without receiving full value for it ; and a business, that may afford a very good return to one accustomed to the mode of doing it, may turn out to be a losing concern in the hands of a stranger. Your best and safest course is to invest your capital In good secu- rities, and live upon the interest, and place your sons, if you have any, in some good business estab'ishment ; and when you and they have acquired a knowledge of the commercial affairs of the Pro- vince, you will be able to engage safely in some department of business, and realize handsome profits on the capital you might have lost by an earlier investment. I have now probably said enough for your caution and direction ; and unless you are regardless of all advice, you need not commit the blunders, or be subject to the failures which some have expe- rienced ; and unless you are guilty of the folly of planting yourself beyond the bounds of civilization and of roads, you need never be beyond the reach of medical attendance, churches, and schools. You can obtain as much land as you wish to purchase, at a very moderate rate ; and whatever property you acquire, is as secure as if it were in England, and is gradually increasing in value. Your children, growing up in the country, will acquire a knowledge of its customs, and the various modes of doing business in it ; and, by care and industry, neither you nor them will be troubled with any fearful forebodings as to the future. The question of emigration, in my humble opinion, is one of a very simple nature ; and if these unpretending epistles shall have assisted you, and others of my fel- low-countrymen, in solving it, I shall be satisfied : they will have explained my views as to the sufficiency of the means existing in Canada, of greatly alleviating the distress occasioned by an over- crowded home population. The endeavour thus to point out the resources of this interesting colony, has been made under the fullest strength of conviction, rest- ing on my own mind, that they are among the best available means for relieving the misery of my native country ; and these Letters are sent forth in humble prayer to Him on whom all creatures depend, that the bounties of his providence may be enjoyed by them in this life, ar J the blessings of his grace in the life to come. All emigrants in want of information or employment, should apply to the Government Agents, whose names are given below, V 120 wlio will direct them to places where they will find work, and fur- nish all necessary information as to routes, distances, and rates of conveyance, to those parts of the Province to which settlers may be desirous of proceeding. EMIGRANT AGENTS. Chief Emigrant Agent Jbr Lower Canada, A. C Buchanan, Que- bec. Sub- Agent, A. Coulan, Montreal. Chief Agent Jbr Canada ^^ei^ A. B. Hawke, Toronto. Sub- Agent, A.B.Hawke,jun., Kingston. The following is a table of distances, &c., alluded to in the first Letter : — Dis- Fare. Route. tance. Currency. Time. From Quebec to Montreal, calling at Three Rivers and Sorel 180 £0 5 Froir V2 to 14 hours. From Montreal to Kingston, calling at Cornwall, Dickenson's Land- ing, V'illiamsburg, Matilda, Ed- wavdsburgh, Prescott, Maitland, Brockville, and Gananoque 19« 10 About .34 hours. From Kingston to Toronto, calling at Cobourg, Port -Hope, Bond- Head, Port- Darlington,and Whit- " . by. The Royal Mail Steamers only call at Cobourg and Port- Hope 177 10 About 18 hours. From Toronto to Hamilton 45 2 G 5 hours. Total am £1 7 About 3 days. Children are charged half-price, and infants free. One hundred weight may be regarded as the average amount of luggage allowed for each passenger on his route generally. Emigrants proceeding to the Western States will find the St Lawrence route much shorter and cheaper than by way of New York. They can take their choice of first visiting Canada, by way of Toronto to Niagara, distant forty-two miles; from Niagara to Queenston, seven miles; from Queenston to Chippawa, ten miles; from Chippawa to Buffalo, eighteen miles ; and from Buffalo to Cleaveland, 191 miles, or direct from ChippawatoCleave- land, Toledo, Detroit, Milwankie, and Chicago. Or if they prefer pass- ing on direct to any part of the Western States, they may find vessels at Quebec proceeding direct to all of the above named ports. •' • >,\ '?- ■ FINIS. ■ "-'jif- * ■ . ' H.r. I'lUNTEO BY ANUEKSON A: BRVCE. \\ I and fur* \ d rates of 8 may be an, Que- Canada Kingston. the first e. 14 hours. urs. urs. ■*4., \1 •fiJi lundred dlow^ed needing shorter loice of rty-two ston to !S ; and Uleave- r pass- vessels