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I ll If jf ■ f'A t ] A rUL Tl •nil VUMKR e:x£c PL^iLTSl AND AT TlIK IIDIAN RACES OF NORTH i\D SOl'TII AMERICA ® COMPRISI'^a AN ACCOUNT or TlIK FRINCIPAL ABORKJINAL RACKS; A DKHCMPTION OP THEIR NATIONAL CUerOMS, MYTHOLOlJY, ANO RELKirol'S CKRI'.MONIES ; THE IIIHTORY OF TIIKIR MOST POWKR- rUL rRUlES, AND OF THEIR MOST CKLKBRATKD C1I1KF8 AND WARIUOR8 ; •niKIR l.NTKRCOURSK AND WARS WITH THE EUROPEAN BI:TTLERS ; AND A ORliAT VARIETY OF A.VECDOTK AND DKSCRIPTION, II.LfB- THATIVK OF PERSONAL AND NATIONAL CIIARAUTEB. BY CHARLES DE VVOLF BROWNELL. WITH VUMKROrS AND P I V KK?I l- I E D fOLORED ILLUSTRATIONS KNTIRILT NKW, MANY l)F WHICH »RK FROM ORIOISAI, DKSIODS, KXECLTtD IN THE BEST STYI.K OF TlIK AUT, IIY THE FIRST ARTISTS IN AMEUICA. PUBUSUEl) BY SUnsCRIPTlON ONLY. NEW YORK: rLlUJSIIED AT THE AMERICAN SUBSCRIPTION HOUSE, AND AT THE BRANCHES '.N PIIILADRLPIIIA, BALTIMORE. NEW ORLEANS, AND CHICAGO. L. StebHns, ffnrlford, Conn. 1,^ s i' .h :^*^ ^ y fl a ((> i-it f ; n T) 2 4 KN rUiKD ACCOKUING TO ACT O*" CONGRLSS. IN TUK YE-'Ji le^O, BY LUCIUS STKHIMNS, JN THE CLERK'S OFFICE OF TIIE DISTRICT COLin OF CONNECTICUT rOL'NDHV or S ANHUfS ANII SON, HABTroHD. PKKM Or wai.ti:k s. wim.iams, HAKTFOMD. PREFACE. From the size of tlila volume, as compared with the variety and extent of the subjects under exumiimtion, it will be readily perceived tliiit mituiteiH'ss of detail has been impossible. Ill describing' the adventures and proeeedinjfs of the pioneers in the settlement and eivili/ation of the VWstern Continent, tiiii interest- iiiy nature of the narrative may have led the author, in some instances, away from the immediate ol)ject of his attention, viz: the manners, pi^ciiliarities, and history of the aboriginal iiiiiabitants. He trusts, how- ever, that where this may a{)pear to be the case, it will generally bo found to have resulted from the inseparalile manner in which the his- tory of the natives and those who have supplanted them is interwoven. So far as has proved convenient or practicable, localities will be four d to be in such a manner pointed out or referred to, that the reader who is ordinarily well acquainted with the geography of the country will seldom be at fault. Upon this point, the opening of the fifth book of "The True Travels, Adventures, and Observations of Ca|)- taine lohn Smith,' is worthy the attention of all historical writers. It runs thus: "Before we present you the matters of fact, it is fit to oflur to your view the Stage whereon they were acted; for, as Geography with- out History seemeth a carkasso without motion, so. History without Geography wandereth as a Vagrant, without a certaine habitation." The works whieh have been carefully examined by the author in the prosecution of his design, and from which most of the facts em. bodied in this outline of history and description iiave been obtjuned, are the following; Aiucriciin Antiquities and Resenrches into The Natural Flistory of Man; l)y Juinet the OriKin htkI !li«t(iry of the Red Race; ; Cowles Prichard; by Alfxander W. (liadt'oid ; / Letlerx and Notes on the Manners, Customs, Tlie Bti>i?nii>liy and History of the Indians and Condition of tlie North American In- of North America; by !?amuel (i. Drake ; dians; by George Catliii ; ill 111 f- ■ K s^#^ 1 rUl'IKACl Tlio Ill«l(iry, (Iiiiiilillon, iiml I'm-) in of llif hicli.'iii Tnlii'i III' till' l/'iiili'il Sliilt'N ; by lli'Miy li. ScliuiiUnilt, l.li. U; Till' I'liili'il Siiih'^' i:x|iliiri[ii< Kx|i(!jltl(iii ; liy (/'iiiiiiiiiuMli'r (.'liuili'H W'ilki'x; liiiliiiii illiii;rn|iliy ; liy 11. II. Tliiiclit'r ; Mi; IiiIiihIi'h IlimU of tlii> liiiliiiiis; Tiiivc'ln 1)1' (;m|i|. Jntiiilliiiii (,'arvir lliriim,'li llir liili^iiiir III' Nmlli Aiin'iii'ii. in l77('>-7-H ; liitliiin VVim 111' llii! Uiilli'd Hliiti'«; by Wil- lliirii V. Mdnri;; Till' lliwiiiiy (if ttin C.>ii(|iii'st (if Mi'XKMi; I'l'oiii till! .-<|l;llli^ll III' Dull Aiitiiiiio Do S ills; Thi^ ('iiiii|ii('^l (if .Mi'xicii; by Itcrniil Dlii/. (Ii'l C'uvtillii, Ui'iiiiliir (if till! rily tif (Jiuili!- iii.'ila, vMiltrii III l.'ilW ; Prusciitl'i* Ciiii(|\ii Ml nf Mi'Xico; Cuii(|iii!!n CiiAPi Kn I. Oii«iti (ii iiiii Niiilli Aiiicnciiii liitliniiK— iSiniii! ol lliflr (•ciiurnl CMiituiiia lllltl Pi CUlilllillcH,. , ,"( CiiAiTKK II. Uclini.iii of tliM liidiiiiiM -Their Wciipniw and PyHlcin of Wiirfiiru— Tlicir I'IkIkiii),'". Drt'HH, OriiiiiiiL-iibi, &c '£> AMKi;iCAM ANTIQUITIES. CiupTKR I. (Tnili'il SliitfH' Tnriti>rj', tci 30 CiiAi'TKH II. Aiilii|iiiii('s of .Mexioi, tc 44 CUAPTKK III. Aiitl>|iutii'H (if Siiiilli Ainc'i'icii, 49 THK AliORIOINES OF MEXICO. Ciui'TKR I. (Iciicriii KciniirkH — l''.X|ir(lllioii of (irljiilvn — ll('riwu\(lo Cortcz, . . 54 I'liAi'TEK II. HiilllfM Willi the NiitiviH—UiiiH'iliiiloiy liiUTCoiiri"!' — llniiiiii .Miiriiiii, . 01- • iiAi'iKK III. CiiiMiiiiiiilcatidriii with llii^ N'i'xiciiii Kin|i<'roi' — The /eiiipoullitim iiikI (^iu:ivir*llaMH, GH CiiAprKii IV'. The Miirch to TIii."ChIii — (>ccu|iiti()ii of the (Jily — (ireut Miussiicre nl Cliolulu— Kiitriiiioo into the City of Mexico, iiiid Interview with Montezuniii — Dcsrriptioti of the Temple, 4.C 77 CiiAPTKR V. Hei/.uro and IinpriBonnient of .Miiiite/.iiniii— Kxecutiori (jf Qniilpoporu iiiid his (JoinpiiiiiDiiH — Oiniiioiiw TrohpecLs— IvxpiMlitioii of I'iiinpliilo de Niirviiez — Siicct'sa of Corlez iifjiiinst him — Return to Mexico — <)iitrmaty of Payne's l.andin;,'— Osceola— Destruction of Dade's Command — Battle of the Ouithlucoochie— Conference with Inilian Ch efs by General Caines, . . . 126 CiiAi'TKR V. Condition of Eiust I'lorida— (Jen. .Scott's Ciiniijainn— (iarrisoi. besieged on the ()nilbl!ieor on thu lliitclioo l.iiic l)'•■■ tint purl of lliu liiilinii* lii ci>iii|ily Willi itn I'iiiVIniuiin -(^ujc lure, Siirri'iiilrr, iiiiil Tri'iichtiroiia Hitlsiirn or varloiia Cliliif* — Uculli of Onct'nU— Coliiiii'l Tiiyliir'H ('iun|mlKii, , , 140 CiiAi'TiR VII. Viirloiiii Mitiiir Kti|{HK<''>><'»t>i— Hiirrttiidcr u( I.iirKu NiiiiilMtrn t>r lii- tliuiDi— C'liiilliiiiitiicw of I)ii|iriMliiliiiiiii IIIimmI-IiimiiiiIh riiiiii <.'ul>n — ,>ttitck ii|iiiii a ()oiii|iniiy of ArUini — Hniiiliiiile (/'liicl'it lirmiKhl liiii:k rroin tliit VVoit In ri'|Miit tlii-lr (.'iiiiilitiiiii to llii-ir <,'iiiiiilryiiii'ii— (/'iiliiiii'l lliiriiry'.i Kx|irilitii>ii to tliu KvitkIuiIi'S— Kiiil uf lliu Wur — liiUiiuiii iilii|i|if(l VVt^Hl — Niiiiilii'r!i null rciiiuiiiiiig iu Kluridii, . 1-15 THK INDIANS OF VIKOINIA CiiArTtR I. Kxpnilltliiii (if Aiiililim iiiiil lliirlnw — Of Sir Itlrhnrd (troiivilln — Of lliirtliiiltiniitw (lOSiioll, Willi Ciipliilii .'^iiiitli 'HtiUiitiiU'iit at Jitim-Ktowii— Vinil lu I'liwliittitii - liiipniviili'iicx mill Diniciiltii'g uf llii- Ciiliiiii.tiH— Kxpioruliuii t>r llio ('liirkiiliiiniiiiy— Hinilh liikcii rnmiiittr— IIIh rritiitiiiciil by llm IikIiiiiik, . . .131 ('iiAi>TicR II. t'liiirt ol i'liwliiitiiii -SiiiiIIi'h I'ii'mtviiIiiiii liy l'n< .iliiiiitil.t— Siipplii-i liy lilt' liiilmiiH— Newport's Arrival- Siiijlli's Kxpi'dilioiiH up llic (,'ln'wipriikf, . I'JII Ciui'TiK III. (.'iiroiialion of I'owlialKii— Siiiilli'H Vmit to Wiirownconiocti for !:lii|>- plii'K — Tri'iiclii-ry of Powlintiiii— Siiiilli a m-coiiil liiiiu IVrNrrvtsI by Pooaliontnii — ViMit 111 I'aiMiiiiky — FIkIiI Willi Ihi- Kiiii,' of Piispiilic«li--.'\^<('i'iidaiiry of llio Kinjlixli, 171 CiiAl'TKK IV. DislrnHK of till! lloioiiic!!— Marliii and Wful's ^'^•lll^'Mlt•Ill>^— Arrival of I.oid I)i' la VVarrii— Ui'laliulioiis upon iliii Nalivi'i — Sfi/.iin- of F'ntiilioiiias: llur Marriai{i' -I'l'iio! wllli lliti liidinim— riKMilioiiluH vitiit» Kiit{l»iid: llcr Dualh— Death of I'owliutaii— Pory'« .Stittlenimil, 181 CiiAPTKR V. Tlio VirKJiilu Masaauru of 10'J2 and of 1041 (or 1044)— Dealli of Opo- rhaiirarioiiKh, 101 CiiAPTKR VI. Hinitli'ii Accuuntof the Niiiiibuni, Aiipearuncouiid lIubilHof lliu Indians, 1U4 NKW KNOT, AND INDIANS, CuAPTKR I. Conduct of tliij Kurly Voyiixeis— Arrival of llio May-Klower— Siunosnt — TiMiiiiiuiliini— MiiMHiimiit— Wesloii'HC'oioiiy — Caiinbitaiit'sConNplrHoy — Trade in KIre Arms— TlioH. Morton— Death of MassiiHoit niiil .Alexander, and Aecesxjon ol Philip, 199 CiiArTKK II. The NiirriuiaiiHelt.s— The Pe(iiiol«— Murder of mono i.nd (ildhuin— Kiidicoll''* Kxpedition— Till! Peipiol War— Deslruution of the IVquol Fort— The Tribe Dinperned and Subdued, 21'!) Chaptck III. Quarrel between tho NarniKimm'ttH and .MohoKans -IJnciia and Mian- toninio — The .Mohegan Land ControverMy — Subsequent Condition of thu PeijUols mid Moheunns, 2)0 CiiAPTKR IV. The Indians furniHhed with Fire-Arms— Situation of tho Colonisds — Philip's Accession — His Trealiim wilh the Whiles— His True Plans — Kinissiiries sent to SoKkoiiato— Captain Benjamin Church— Ills Interview with Awoshonks— Murder of John Sassanion, 228 CiiAHTKR V. Attack on Swansey— Collection of Troops — Fight at Miles' Bridge — Philip driven from the Neck— (Umrch at Ptinkalose — Destruction of Bronktleld, . 23T CuAfTEH VI. Philip moves Westward— A Itackc, on Hiidley and Deerlleld— (Joffe the Regicide— Destruction of I-athrop'sConimand— AsaauUsonSiiriiigfleld and Hatfield — Kxpedition against the Nurragansells: tlutrageous Cruelties in their Kediiclion— Philip oil the Hudson— Destruct'n of Lancaster, Medlleld, Seekonk,Uroton,Warwick, Marlborough, 4.c.— Canonchel taken, and put to Death— Further Indian Ravages, 216 CuAfTitK VII. Philip's Return to Pokanoket— Major Talcott's Successes- Church CiiiiiiiiissioTied by the Court at Plymouth — His Interview with Awoshonks: wilh the SogkoiialPs at Sandwich— His Campaign against the Indians— Philip sei^ii : his Wife and Sou taken— Death of Weelauiore, Queen of Pucasset— Death uf Philip, . 2.')0 I i J 1 CONTKNTS. 7 CiiAPTtR VIII. PnrHiill nf Anniiwiin mid 111'* Piiiiy — Diirlin PMiTiliin- of rii|iliilii ClMircli — f;ii(l of iliH Wiir, tiiiij Kiiml I)ii'|iomil iH'Prlwmcru -Huniniiiry of itn'C'oloiiliil I .,,«.. 267 Cii'tiTrii IX. Tin- I'.ii^ltTii liiillnim — Tlx'lr FrlciKlly Ditjiimilion -.^'iziirn of tlioso inipliriili'il in PIiiIi|)'h rorixiiiriioy — Kifiic'li iiinl liiiliiiii War in IIWll -NUiick on ('<>- cticrn -MiinliT of Mnjor VViililron— Wiir of 170**— Cliurcli'i LmI OiimpnlKii— VV'Hr of IT'.^'J— i'ii|iliilii John l.ovi>Wfll, S7'>* THK IROQnOIH, OR KIX NATIONS rM«i'rrB I. rJiMHTril Oiillint'n of OhiirnctiT, kc— linprcMloiin of ihn Inhnbllnnt* of .Ni'W r,iiul#n* War, mid History of I.oKiin, 203 I iiAi-'iKK IV. History of llrmit conliniixd: Connexion of tho Six Nations witli llio Wiir of tliH Ainitrionn IlfVi^iitlon, 30>J ('iiAi-TKR V. t'ontimintioii of Hovi'liiliciimry Incident^ nill t'liAiTKR VI. (Icncriil Siillivmi's CitnipiiiKii n(?iiiii»l Itiu Iroqiioid— SuliiwqiieiR VViir- |jl, 344 THE DELAWARES, SHAWANEES, AVn OTHER TKDlKa OF TH K MIDnLR AND WISTKkN STATIS CiiAPTrR I. The Dohiwarcs- William Pcnn— St. Tammany- Tho MorBvians— The SliawaiuH's— Kienrh and Indian War— Ilradduck's Defeat— Mitssacro of tho Cmies- lou'H Indians — Daniel Hoone. 348 CnAPTKR II. DiviMion of the Delawnres— White-Eyes, and Pipe — Indian Confederacy of 1781 — Altaek on Brymit's Sti'lion, mid Hitllln near the llluu Licks— (ieiieral Clarke's F,xpe2— Harrison's Invasion of Canada — Battle of the Thames, nnd Death of Tecumseh, . HO CiiAHTER IV. Acquisition and Sale, hy the 'tailed Slates, of Indian (.and in llllnais — Black-Hawk— The Sacs removed westof ihe Missigsippi-Returii of Biack-llawk nnd his Followers— Defeat of Major Slillmnn— The lloslile Indians pursued by At- kinson nnd Dodge— Their Defeat on the bank of the Mississippi— Black-llawk'a Surrender— He is taken to Washington— His Subsequent Career, .... 370 INDI/NS OF THE .SOUTHERN STATES, Chaptbr I. Early Location, Numbers, Character, &c., of theCatawbas; of thel^ppf>r and Lower Cherokees; of the Miiscoi,'ees or Creeks; of the Choclawn; of the Chickosaws— French War with the Natchez and Cbickasaws, . ... 333 f the Houtlicrii Tribi'8 — VVeiitlifrford— Suck of Fort .Miiiirns— War of lHi:i— (Imicral Juckson's Campaii^ii — Battles on the TalliiHaliatcliee ; at Talladcxa, AiilosHee, &c. — The IlallibLcs— Defeat of tho Indians at IIorHe-Shoe Hend— Knd of l\w War, . . 4(>,> Chapter IV. The Uemovnl of tlie Cherckeen west of the iMississippi — I'rescnt Loca- tion and Condition of the other Tribo.s of the Southern States, . • . .411 NORTHERN RACKS. Chapter I. The Egqnimnux: their Manners and I'erMonal Appearance— Acpnunts of I'.arly VoyaRera— Ksciuimaux Ilabilatioiis, Food, fcc. — The Kaiak or Canoe — Sealing — The Rein-deer — Uses of the Dog — Putriurchul (Joverntneiit— Kffects of Foreljin Intercourse, 4I() CuAi-TKR 11. Tho Efl(iuiniaiiyof Melville Peninsula— Their Stature and Costume — Snow Huts and their Furniture— Implements for Hunting and Sealing— Mental Traits, 40f Chapter III. The Knistcnuaux, Chippewa.*), &.c 4111 ] VARIOUS NATIONS AND TRIBES BKTWEKN THK MISSISSIPPI AND THE PAririO OCEAN. C^haptkr I. Tho Sioux or Dahcotas, and other Tribes of the same Race: Classifica- tion— Tho Mandans: Their Number, Situation, Villages, tc— Their Cemeteries — 1 ' AfTectionato Remembrance of the Dead, • . 4-;;? I • Chapter II. Personal Appearance and Peculiarities of the Mandans — Their Hospi- ! tality and Urbanity— Their Cleanliness of Person- Their Dress— Portraits of Man- I dan Chiefs — Contrast between tho Wild Tribes and those of the Frontier — Mnnilan Domestic Usages— Games and Dances— Training of the Youth— The Great Annual ■ j Religious Ceremony— The Mandans supposed to bo of Welsh Descent— Annihila- I ! tion of tho Tribe by the Small-pox, 4 K> Chapter III. The Sioux, continued— Their Mo('o of Life — Maternal Afrection— Ex- posure of the Aged— The famous Quarry of Red Pipe-alone— Nature of this Material — Indian Superstitir)n8 respecting it— The liison or liuffalo— Horses of the Indians — Various Modes of Hunting the Buffalo— Wastefid Destruction of the Herds, . 45,"i Chapter IV. Indians of the Great Western Prairies— Their Summer and Winter I,odg(>s — Tho Medicine-Rag— The Crows and Ulackfeet— Races Hostile to the liilter Tribe— Fortitude of a lilackfoot Warrior— The Crow Chi^f Arapooish and hisCiuest — Indian Conceptions of u Perfect Country— Story of Loretto and his Indian Wife — Adventures of Kosato, a Hlaekfoot Warrior, 4ri:i Chap-ikr V. Tribes on the CoUmbia and it.s Tributarii -The Nez-Perc^'s— Their R(!ligiou9 Charucte' — The Walla-wallas— The Chinooks— Mode of Flatteniiii,' the Head— Tho Botoque — Canoeo of tho Tribes on the Lower Waters of the Columbia —Fishing — Houses of ino Flat-heads, 473 Ciiaptkr VI. The Shoshonees, or Snake Indians — The Shoshokora, or Root-i iitli of Toimrta, and .Murder of I'liallcucliiina— Manco tapac— Kiilry into the ( .vpilnl — Hooly oh- laiiicd— Kw-apo of Maiu'o, and (icncral InMiirrcclion— Sicnti of (.'uzco — Kt'V(!rH('S of till' Spaniards— Civd Wars— I'lirtlifr lloKlilili.'M of Manco Capac— Crurl Trcaliiu'til of lilt' XativcH— Dcalli of Maiico Capac— llcfonns vindcr Pt'dro do la (■■a^.:a — Tiijjac Amaru — InHiirrcctioii of 1781 — Prusi^nt Condiliou of llie IVruviaii Indianw, . . 503 THE AllAUCANIAK RACK CuAPTKR I. Tlit'ir Location, Appcaraiic*!, 4.C.— Purclias' Description of Chili — Divi- sion of the Tribes — IVriiviuii Conciuesis — Agricidtnre, Arts, tc, among the Natives — AIniaKrti'.-i Invasion — Kxpeililion of Pedro de VaMivia— Fonndini; of ft. .laijo^ HutlleH with tliM Mapocliiniaiis— Destruction of t^panish Miners — Poace with the ProinaiK i.tns, 574 CiiAPi'KR II. The Araucanians Proiier— CliaracliT and Habits of the Tribe — Houses and Dress— l^eclional Divisions and Covernmenl — System of Wurl'nre — Courage and Military Skill — Kelii;ious Helief and Sujierstitions— Patriotism and Public Spirit of the Natives — Molina's Kiilouiuni, . 579 CiiAiTKii III. Army sent to Oppose thu Progress of the Spaniards— Kalllt! on the Adalien — l.inci>yan's Campaign — Valdivia's Miircli Southward — Foundation of Val- divia, and Kstablishmenl of Korts in the .\raucanian Territory — The Natives roused by Colocolo — Caupolicaii nuide Tcupii — His Successes — (!real Victory over the S|)iiniards— Death of Valdiviu — Invasion of .Vrauco by Villagran — His Defeat — Di'- THE PAMPAS INDIANS Their Horsemanship — Their Mode of Life— Sir Francis Head's Description of tht Race — Female Captives among tho Indians— Trading Visits to European SetU»^ ments Europi Early Ev of the liihahil Scanliiii ried Ic Island Expedi Of the t.'n or Intaresl CONTENTS. 11 P4'l k ni('iil«—CliisfM.lii, till- Ci'l.bnitcil Floridn Cliicf, '-"J PoriniiUol Cii|itiiiii John Sinilli. Iho Pio'ictT of Virf^iniii, '•'- Pocilioiilns liilcipimim; for the l.ilo of Cii|itiiiii John Siiiilh, l''l Interview of SiimoHct with the Pili^riina, '-''"J Tisiiniintum, or f^iHiiuito, the (;uide mid liitiTprcler of tin) t'oIoiii!'lN 2111 Tiic Colonists iroiiiK to Cliiiic'h iirined, dnriiii? tliu Emly Indiiui Waif, •■ '•' Kinir Philip, tlio Aborininiil ii'i'o of Mount Mope, '->'■' Portrait of (Japtiiin Iltiijaiiiiii Church, '-'"■' SiMiccH Lake, ->^f> Jiwcpli Uraiit, (TuAYENDANKOKA,) of VVyoinin(? Notoriety, -'J^ Ued Jackcl, llie Miisttrly Orator and Chief of the Suiiecas, 3:H HallPlayintr, as practiced hy the U'e.iterii Tribes, '1-1^ I'ortrait of William Penii, the Founder of Peiiusjlvania, 'M\) Colonel (o'orm^ Washington, as Aid-de-Cainp to Cenerul Itraddock, '■^■<~ Uorder Hiicoiinler, a Scene from Early Western Life, HCiO Trapping the Hear, Il'i I (Jetieral llarriaon, sunounded with appropriate National Eiublcins, :i'W Ti cnmsch, the lenowned Chief of the Western Tribes, 'M'<^ The Eagle, a Type of Swiftness, Strength, and Superiority, 'M- Indiaii Sellleinent, representing their Costumes. Tents, &.C., 'M'-^ Ceiieial Jackson on his favorite White Charger, 411!) Indians Watching for Salmon 'i:i;t Indians making their OITerings to the Dead 441 Indian Wai-Dance, as practised among the Maiidans, 448 Indian r.ncaiiiiuneiil West of the Mississippi, 4(i.> The Hisoii, generally called the Hiiflalo 47i2 The (Jrizzly Hear, abounding in the Norlh-weU Territory 4H0 RiifTalo Chase, peculiar to the Western Indians, 4,>'0 ■ Portrait of ( hrislopher Columbus, 4."9 Maqiiarri Umice, in the Lower District of Pomerooii, ^i\~ All Indian Sorcerer perforining his Ceremonies over the Sick, ."ii:) Portrait of Francisco Pi/.arro, •'>-0 The Inca Atahualpa before Pizarro, .">(il Till' Passage of the Cordilleras, S77 ,;| OUIGI.N It \vc tion of ex})]aiii national Even the argu able sou heiiii.'^pli a vol urn I to tlie di reader tc liiin, by the disci The w of Amer used bv the v/ild us little INDIAN RACES OF A I\I E R I C A . GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. CHAPTER I. OUKilN OF THR NOKTII AMKKICAN IMJIANS SO.MR OF TliElR GENERAL CUSTOMS AND I'ECULI A KITIES. Ol'r) rrsp ipuXXuv /svs^, rorr^os xai civdpwv. "Like leaves on trees the race of man is found, Now green in youth, now withering on the ground; Anotlier race tlie folhnviiig spring supplies.'" — fjiaj. It were far easier to foretell the period when the extinc- tion of the Indian races must be eonsinnniated, and to explain the causes that must sooner or later terminate their national existence, than to trace back their early history. Even a succinct account of the various theories, with the arguments upon which they are based, as to the prob- able sources whence the early inhabitants of the AVesteru hemisphere derived their origin, wouhl furnish inatter for a volume: we shall therefore do little more than allude to the dilferent hypotheses upon the subject, leaving the reader to follow up the inquiry, if his inclination so move him, by the examination of works especially devoted to the discussion of this vexed question. The want of a written language among the aborigines riniaiy roots of the dillcrent Indian dialects, it is said that thei(! are four more prominent than the rest, and which can l)e ti'aced over nearly the whole continent, "^^rhese ai-e the Karalit or Es(|uimaux, the Iroquois, tiie ]jcuni J>en;i}>(^, and that of the Cherokecs, Choctaws, and other tribes (jf the South. '^^riie great body of the American aborigines, notwith- standing the country over which they an; distributed, have many features of ])hysical conformation in common. The exceptions to this general truth, exhibited principally in the persons of the Esquimaux, and in certain white tribes at the West, deserve a separate consideration: at ])resent, our remarks will be confined to the red men, and particu- larly to those of the present United States and teri-itoi'ies. The ajypellation universally bestowed upon this })eoi)le is in itself a strange misnomer, and would hardly have obtain- ed so generally, had not the (UTor in which it originated been one which early voyagers were slow to acknowledge. The Americans have, indeed, usurped the name of those for whom lhi>y wei-e so long mistaken, and whom we are now reduced to distuinguish by the title of East Indians. The ! can bi' of illlVr rrli'i'rc( d' cillii li;iS bee U'.rr licii by pivii and slcii 'I'hcir lii than str( of I'Jiroj The n the ri'ddi of tlie cli ^I'liis is n has not i — less fro manner i dark. 'l'| and a gre; of tliein I and jiftiac It was radians w fVom the a of eradicat uiade of \\ liaii's as so( the whites the same u; ^'in^ men, t( bare the w or ri(]n-(.' lilo cu{)ine qui] (IKNKIt.M, (MIAIIACTI'.HISTP'S. 1 Tht"' ;.''■' II >'r,'il ;ippra!';ni('(' of ;i Xoilli AiiiiM'i(';iii Imliaii cat! h>' i.'.i\<'ii ill few word.-; IIm' n'scnilplaiu'c ln'twccii lliusc of ililli'i'i'iit trilx's willi til'' cxccptidiis ti) \\lii''li \\t' lias'O rfr.'ii'cil lii'iii"' dill as close iis lictwrcii (JilVd-riit iiaticiis of ciiliiT (if ill'' ;;;r('at ('aiiiilics into wiiii'li tlic liuiiiaii r:ir(5 has Ix'cii ailiil rarily divided. 'I'liey ai'e aliout nf tlir avef- a'.re liri-jlit wliieli iiiaii jiltiiiiis when his form is not ei-aniiinl 1)V lU'rniatiife or excessive lalnir, hut their ei'ci'l |Histiire ami slender liLoire <^\\'v. th- ni the ajipearanee of a tall race. I'lieir Iiinl)sar(Mvell formed, hut e!dculaf<'d rather for ability than slrenL-'th, in which t.liey rarely diual the more viL'^oi-oiis of I'lnropeiin nations. They generally have small H^el. The most distinguishiriL:^ pcculiaritit^s of the race are, the rc'ldi-h or (;o[>[ier colour of the skiu; the |ii'()iiiini'iiee of the eheek-lione; and the color and ([Ualitv of the hair. This is not absolutely strai;.dit, Imt somewhat wa\'\-, and lias Jiot ina])tly hccn comp;ired to the mane df the hors(! — l(^ss from its coarseness than from its ;„'lossv hue and tla; manner in whicli it lian,L!S. Their eyes ai'(^ univia-^ally dark. The women arc rather shoif, with hroader faees, and a ^u'reater tendency to obesity than the men, hut many of them ])ossess a svmm''trical lli.mre, with an a_i!'reeal)K; and atti active countenance. It was form(M-]y quit(! a g(moral impression tliat tli;'' Indians wen; destitute of Lcards. ^i'his error resulted from the almost universal custom ])rcvalent amoii'j ihem of (M'atlicatiiiy amal- gamation, the distinctive charaetei'isties of the cai'lier ])eo- ph;? Above all, can W(^ account for the woiKh-iful I'emaius of anti({uity described in another cha])ter, ]>y referring th(nn to the same races as were found inhabiting these wihls wduMi the white man first ventured to explore them? Tiie diniculty of the subject is sulficiently manifest frotn the contradictory concbiftions drawn bv hiborious 1)ut dog- matic anti(piaries; and still more by the doubt and uncer- tainty in which mon3 candid but cpially diligent laborers in the same field have confessed their researches to have resulted. There have not been wanting those who liavo main- tained tlie theoi'V that the Jndians were indigenous to America. Scjme v. ho have adopted this idea consider that it involves the doctrine of a separate creation, while others, that they might not discard the ordinarily received o])in- ion that all mankind have s])rungfrom a single j)air, j^lace the seat of })aradise somewhere upon the Western Con- tinent, anil consider the Eastern nations as descendants of omi'irants from America. A k IndiatiH the j)er quaint ( events a and bef( directnc; Sucji upon tin gcncralit historiea' which W( Jn this speak of ag(^, whic A\'estern distinctio submitted chronisnis ^Ve no iimate di" OKXKHAL CirAKACTKltlSTICS. 10 TTowovfT intorosti!i<^ tlicHc speculations may prove to tli(' aiitiiiuiiry, tlicy must a[)p('ar siMi]ily wcarisojuc; to the ri'adcf who is not williu;^' to j.mv(' tlic sulijcct u lull invcs- lii,Mtiou. 'I'Ik' two li(.Miiis[tlu'ivs rctnaiiu'd sundoivd f history of their fonnor connoetion hy intercourse of their respective iiihaMtants is now reduced to httli' more than speculation; and we will j)ass to mat- ters of which we can speak with ceiluinty, and which a])poal more closely to our sympathies, jind uttnict our attention with more lively interest than such groping amid the dim relics of antitpiity. A knowledge of the ha])its and peculiarities of the Indians can he acquired in the most pleasing manner by the perusal of their history, interspersed as it is witii the quaint descriptions of old chroniclers, who wrote wlum the events and scenes were vividly iin))resscd upon their minds, and heforc modern refinemcuits liad done away with that directness of cx})ression which marks their narratives. Such details make, moreover, a far stronger impression upon tiic m(unory than can l)c eflL-eted by a series of dry generalities. We shall therefore refer the reader to the historical portion of this work for most of the information which we shall altiimpt to convey. In this, atid in the ensuing chapter, we may frequently speak of usages and characjtcristics, as belonging to a j)ast age, which are still to be observed among the more remote AVestern tribes. The dilTiculty of always drawing the distinction in a series of such general remarks as are hero submitted, must form our excuse for such seeming ana- chronisms. We notice in the Indian a remarkable gravity and innate dignity whicli loads him to avoid, wit!i the most it i f ilt* :li A\\ ^^^ 20 INDIAN HACKS OF AMKIUCA. scrupulous (';i,n>, nil iiiv'>liint!iry .)r impulslvo ox|in'ssion of his foelin^rt. 'i'liis in not coiiliut'il to lln* (xxusioiis uj)))!! which h(! culls forth his jxnvcrs of ciiduniiicc in suf- fering tlu! most cruel tornuuits with apparent insonsil/ilily or oven with exultiition, but enters into all the; acts of his daily life. Ho betrays no unsin-inly curiosity or impa- tience under circumstances that would naturally exciti; both in the highest degree. Has ho been long absent iVorn homo on a w'ar-j)ath, or on a visit to cities of the whites; has ho learned some grt-at and threatening dan- ger, or h;us tho intelligenco reached him of the death of those whom ho most values; his conduct and method of communicating his adventures or his information, an; gcwerncil by tho same deliberation and immobility. l{(!turning half famished from an unsuccessful hunt, he enters his wigwam, and sits down uiupiestioncd, shinving no symjttom of imi)atiencc for food. His wift; j)repares his refreshment, and alter smoking his pipe, and satisfying his hunger, ho volunteers an account ol' his experience. Catlin gives a striking description of tho meeting between a chief named Wi-jun-jon, who had JiLst returned from an embassy to Washington, and his family. He landed from tho steamer at his home in the far West, "with a com- plete suit C7i mililaire, a colonel's uniform of bhu-, pre- sented to him by the president (;f the United States, with a beaver hat and feath(>r, with ej)auletti'S of gold — with sash and belt, and broadsword; with high-heeled boots — with a keg of wdiiskey under his arm, and a blue und)rella in his hand. In this i)light and metanuM-jjliose, he took his position on the bank amongst his friends — his wife and other relations; not one of whom exhibited, for an half hour or more, the least symptoms of recognition, although they knew well who wius beA)ro them." 'Y\\q conduct of the chief was of the same character, but, half an hour afterwards, "a gradual, but cold and exceedingly fori wen dem /;t( any th.- 'i'h " X( \T\ (lENKltAL i.lIAUAt'lKHISTlCS. lil formul roc'u^^'iiltioii bc^^Mii to tiiki; placi'," uftcr wliidi, all "vviMit oil as if lie li:i(l iM'Vt'r hrcn nltsetit. - 'I'liis strangt! (loiiK'aiior (lues not, by any iiicaiis, ivsult from i-cal inilil- lI'nMK'c, Itiit from tin; siipposcil propriety of .suj)pi'i's.siii<,' any oulltrcak of oiaotion. No doiiht all the parties to the }>v('\ic aliovc! (Kscriliefl, wvvr in a state of tlu; ;^realest curiosity and exeitemeiil, and the latnily doiihtloss lelt the most cxiihorant joy at tlm ivitnion; but custom, or their ideiis of i^ood taste, prohiliited the exhibition of a "scene." Those who are best ae([Uainted with the ehar- aetci" of the Indians a.i^reo that with them the ties of fam- ily iitleetioii are exceedingly strong and enduring. The most touching descriptions arc givt'n of tin; manner in whieli they mourn f >r the dead, and of the tender ami fiilhful i'emend)i-ance of lost relative's that no icmith i^i' time seems to ol)literate. CarviT says, "I can assert thiit, notwithstanding the apparent indilTerenec with which an Indian meets his wili' and children after a long absence, an indinerence proceeding rather from custom than irisen- sittility, 1h.' is not inimindfid of the claims either of con- nubial or parental ttMiderness." The s;nn(3 authoi" who had witnessed tlic most bloody and SMvage scenes of Indian warfare, and who was familiar with the cruelties and unrelenting spirit of revenge j)eculiar to tlie race, candidly bears witness to their good fpialities: "Xo ])eople," he says, "can be more hospitable, kind, and free. "•'■ * The honor of their tribe and the welfare of their nation is tlu^ first and most predominant emotion of their hearts; ;ind fi'oiu hence proceed in a great measure all their viilues ;ind their vices. ■••■ * ^ No selfish views ever influence th(^ir advice or obstruct their consultations. * * Thev are at onc^e guided by p>assions and a])petites, which they hold in common with the fiercest beasts that inhabit their woods, and aro possessed \)f virtues wdiich do honor to human nature." {'■■ in ;i il* I i I pi If : 3. ,1 jia 22 INDIAN HACKS OF AMKItK'A. Tlif". IiKViniis 111'!' naturally tMi'iliii'ii, liiit Hiinl of sot P}KMM'hcs. Tlii'lr ofafiii'V is of no mean (U'llcr, ami is s()e('imens of some of tlieir orations, upon threat ocoasions, wliicli aro models of stii'rin^; eloi[ueiiee, adoruoil ■\vitli metaphors and similos vvliirli breatlie llie tiau' spii'it of pootrv. Tlio most pleasiiifT traits in tlio oliai-aetor of tli(>se sti-an-jo ])eopl(> aro tluur i-evoronc(> for a^'o, their all'eetion foi' th(Mr childron, their hi,L;h notions ol' honor, and their keen sensi> of justioo. The ,<:Toat stie;ma ui)()n the whole race is their deliberate and systemalie eruelty in tla^ treatment of cap- tives. It is liard to aeeount lor this, hut it i-eally ap])ears, upon investieation, to 1)0 rather a nation;d eustxtni, , is 1 pri(>ty State ( nceidei abs(Mit enme f from tl not, an niiTe(>il ^I'he Cc pn>sidii th(> vie were hi and iiii bv \]\o and evf 1 ■I nEXEHAL CIlAItACTKRISTICS. 23 wliile to l(';i>v Ci'Din natural aiU'antages, sliowod liiinself wortln' <>r till' position. All nia1t(M's of nalional intorost woro discussed at n sol- emn eou':ril, consislinLT of llie prim-ipal nie;~ of tl) ^ ti'ilte, and at \vlii''!i uT(\it deeornni and formality wer(^ e')serve(l. As tlie dcliale proeecMlcd, tlic wl.oli; conclave, wluniever n remai'lc fi'oni tlie orator s|>eal crime of murder should l)e punished In' tlu^ hand of flic decease(l ])erson's nearest relative. An interestinfr incident, conn(H't(Nl Avitli tliis custom^ is told in a notic(^ of the jiuhlic lin> of th(> TTou. Pierre A Host, of TiOnisiana, veil in the I'nitcd States T-aw ^fa'^azine, for ^rarch, 1-^02. 1T( IS here sai< 1 to liav(^ Leen the first to s u'jfirc ■St th le pro- pri(>ty of intei'ference in these matters on the part o? the State Courts. Tn a druidcen frav, an Indian had heen nccidentallv hilled. The relatives of th(> d ei'cascii wen 1 ihsent at the time; hut thev soon h(\ird of his (h>atl I, aiu came from tli(^ Indian territorA' to exact lihnxl for l)loo(l from the 1 lomici d(\ Tie was advist^il to flee, 1 noi lid no t. and. in hlind suh mission to tlu^ law of tl \C ''C 1 to deliv(U* himself on a cert, im ( lav t( ^Oi-
  • s]i(>ct(Ml hv the relatives of tli(^ dec(^ased, and iiiiiu't\'^sin'j' n])on tlu^ latt(M' tln^ necessitv of ;d)idinq hv th(^ vnlict. whatever it mi'jlit he."' '^Khis was done, and everv tliiniz' was conducted with dm^ ftrm and solemn- %lii»oi \ " _J < 2-1 INDIAN llACES OF AMERICA. ity. The Indian witnesses gave tlie most satisfactory answers wlien questioned as to their ideas of tlic obliga- tion of an oath, and, after a full liearing, the defendant was acquitted. Tlie decision was translated to the com- plainants, and they were told that to kill the prisoner would now he murder, and would subject them to the penalti(^s of that crime. "^^r. Ivost then rose, and stated to the Couit that the prosecutors had left their hunting-ground to come and avenge the death of their relative, as it was their (hUv to do; that justice had been done to the accused, but that was not sufficient. Justice must also be done to the other side; they must be indenmified f(.)r the inconvenience they had been put to, and the loss they had sustained; and, a.s the coffers of the treasury would not unlock at the bidtbng of his honor, he moved that the bar, jury, and bv-stand- crs, contribute a sufTicient amount to satisfy them. This was done as soon as proposed, and the prosecutors declai'ed themselves satisfied." The institution of marriage among the American Indians is by no means so restrictive a system as that adopted by enlightened nations. It is for the most ])art dissoluble at the pleasure of the ]\arties, and polygamy is extensively ))ractised. As with other barbarous nations, the womau is compelled to undergo the drudgery of daily labor, while her lord and master lounges indolently about the village, except at times when his energies are called forth for hunting or war. "When once engaged in these ])ui'- suits. his fixedness of ])urpose, and the readiness with wdiich he will undergo the extremes of tuil, exposure, Imnger, and privation, is marvellous. IJfD IjtM" \"^^ H!il''1 ifU ^ K >t*' I iW m ij. h i f I ^/t^Jk^ lyUIAK TOMAHJI(*'K, K t: T T I. E , SPUOJV, P/PK5, «-«. GENKRAIi CI[ArvA(TKK!.'-i'lC3. 25 CIIArTKIl II. RKI-IOION OF Tlir, INDIANS — TIIKIR WKAl'ON'S, AND SYSTEM OF WAKFAIiE — TIIKIR r,OI)(;iN(.S, DliCSS, Oli NAM KNTS, ETC. "Yet simple nature to liis li(i|i" Iwis ;:ivi'ti, Behind tlie eliiii(l-t(>|)|)'il iiill ;in linnilil'T luMvon; Some sMf'er uurM, in deptlis of woods eiiiliriiccd, Some li:ippior isl.uid in the w;,tery waste." — Pofe. Tiiiv Indians, helbrc receiving instruction from Euro- peans, ij^onerally believed in the existence of a Supreme Deity, (nnbodying a ])rinciple of universal benevolencH), and that to him their gratitude was due for all natural bene tits. On the other hand, they stood in fear of a spirit of evil, whoso influence upon human affairs they considered aa being more direct and familiar, ^io this being, known among many tribes as llobamocko, much more assiduous devotion was paid than to the Great Spirit, it being I'ar more essential in their view to de})rii was as far r(Mii()\'('(l from tlit> sensual para clis(! of ihc Malioiiictaiis, as Iroiii the jturc abstractions of asc, comCort, and a sullicifnc an (>nliglit(MK'(l n'lij^non. for llu' natural wants, sct-nifd all-siinicicnt to t child 7 iicsn simple rcn of natiiiv to render an elernitv di'li'ditCnl. 'J'lio description handed sc powwows, says Gookin, "are }>artly wizards and witches, holding familiarity with Satan, that evil one; and partly are physicians, and make use, at lea.'t in show, of herbs and roots for curing the sick and diseased. 'J'hese arc .sent for by the sick and wouided; and by their dia- bolical spells, nuittcrings, exorcisms, they seem to do won- ders. They use extraonhnary strange motions of their bodies, insomuch that they sweat until they foam; and thus they continue for some hours together, stroking and hovering over the sick.— These ])owwows are reputed, and I cone(>ive Justly, to hold familiarity with the devil." Wherever the Indians have enjoyed free intercoui'se w ith th' thai 1 ni weapon] or defeil whole (1 s oi bit by the ] Tl lese al which II a nidi' p I'ial, coll thickly inhabite to light have bci cration, at the V York') V, hands of which \\'( ductions abl<^ mat TFow t with an_; incompr( glue whi shank oi some of impossit by such prescntii the torn material higlily I "tomdic GEN'KUAL CirAUACTKItlSTICS. 27 with tho wliitos, tliov li;iv(> 1)(M'n no less caj^or to* adopt than rii)t to acquire the use ol' their inoi-e ollicacious AvcapDiis. It is of the ])riiiiitiv(> iiistruincnts (or oHl'iico or (IcH'iico that we shall now spi^ak. Sciittcn-il over the wlioh^ country, oven at tho [jrcscnt day, suiail ti-ian^rular bits of wrout^ht flint, fpiait/:, or other stone are tuiMied up bv the plou'-'h, or seen IviuLr on tlu^ sui'Caee of the , which nii'jht liave serveil f )r a lance, a stone loniahawk, a rude pestle, or the fra.Lni.ent of a bowl ol' the same uiate- ii;d, constitute almost tho oidy marks now visible, in the thickly settled Ivisteru states, of the iac(^ that formerly inliabit(!d tluMn. The openin;^ of a tond) sometimes brinifs 1o light other relics, and various speeiinens of native art liav(! been preservdl amr -ig us from gen{!ratioii to gen- eration, as curious relies of antiquity; but until wo arrive at the Western tumuli, (cornmencnng at the state of New York) we find but slight impressions upon scies of glue which assisted in accomplishing this objeet, but the shank or portion of the stone that entei'cd the wooil is in some of the specimens so short and ill defined, that it seems im])ossible that it should have been held firm in its place by such means. Tho arrow-heads were c]iip{)ed into shape, presenting something the same suriace as a gun-flint, while tho tomahawks and pestles, being of a loss intractable material, were gr'ound smooth, and some of them were highly polishc(L A handle was commonly affixed to the "tom-hog" or tomahawk by inserting it in a split saj)ling, ^ \k ;^ ^'^)-4 ,A-J 111(1 \v;iit,iiur IMHAN HACKS ()K AMKiilt'A. for tl 11' \VO()( 1 tl) u'l'ow liniilv ;n'«Miiii| it; after wliicli, it was cut olV at tlic r(><|iiisiti' lt'ii^;ili. TIu' Imliiin how was slioi'tcr tliaii that foniH-iIv used in I'iii.Ljlaiiil, aiiil was so still" as to rciiuirc i'iv;it sf i'(Mi,i;11i or (• wi'aiioii skill to hciul it. It l>i"raiiu' a liuirji iiior(> cH'crtiv al'ttM- tlu' iuti'otluctioii of stcrl of iron aiiow-licads, wliicll quickly sii|)ci'S(m1c(1 tliosi> of stoiic. (Miihs, soiiiclimcs aniicil with lliiits, with the liow ami tomahawk, coiistiluto 1); Hi !»• I'Viiicipal weapon of tlic I'acc. Pair^'i'S of Unit or lioiic, ami shit>l(ls of ImlValo-hidc, wcvc in use among st)mo of the \V(\st(M-n tribes. Divided into innumenihlc! jx^ttv nations, lu^arly the whole Indian populati(Ui lived in a state of ins(>eurity, from the constant hostility which prevailed between dillei-ent tril)os. So stroni:; a clannish s]iii'it as they all exhihited h;;s seldom beiui iiotieeil in any (•ounti'v, and the bittei-est: haifed wius inhei-iftHl by every individual towanls the iiK'inb(M's of an unfi'iendly tribi>. ^Va^, as in most nallons, whetluM- bar- barous ov enliglitenod, was ever estecMued the most honor- able (Muploymont. The manner in which hostilities were condui'ted will appear by a detail of some of the more noted Imlian wars, as given in the ensuin,^; cliaj)t(U"s of this work. '1 he whole was a system of stratagem and sur}>ri.se; a jMtelunl battle in an op(Mi tield was almost nidoiown, and greatc-r honor was ascribed to the chief wlio, by a night attat'k, dostroycd his eiuMnies at a (bsadvaiitage, and brought away their scalps in ti'iumph, without loss to his own i)eoplo, than to dct'ds involving the greati\st jiersonal ex]iosure. The remorseless cruelty with which women and children were destroyed in the heat of conllict, luu furnished a tlieme for man_y a talc of horror. Previous to a declaration of war against another tribe, the chief men and councillors of the nation were in the habit of holding solemn consultations, accompanied by numerous fantastic ceremonies. When fully resolved ujion |io-;tiliti< man\' oj lurpo.^c 1' luni. liii ted what wa ' omiiiou.- of till i.-e their I'm out waiti ing tlu' li body, an had Just When, minate Ik ive inline a llag of the. ]>erso celcbi'alC'i carved ai style of » was know ceremoni( ratilicatioi of a peac( and belts nieniorate Were pre.s The tr( trenies of the race, women w indiLniitv. respect w; (IKNKHAI- C'lIAllACVKlUSTU'S. 2'.) |io-;tiliti<'s llic lii'st st<'|» was lo si-cniv llic iissislaiifc of as m.'uiv til' till- iu'i;j,lilH)i'iii^ary witii tlie war, eithei- l>arly desircij to ter- minate hostilities, the messaj^'e was sent under the protect- ive inllnene(> of the i-alumet, or |)ipe of peace, which, liko ii llaii; of truce among other nations, e\'ery whei'<> secui'cd th(! jierson of lliosc wlio bore it. Tiiis pipe, so wiijely cclebi'atc 1, and (jl'siich universal use, was most olal)oi';(lely carved and bedeckc(L Mach nation had its own peculiar style of oiMiamcnt for this all-imj)ortant synd)ol, wdiich was known to all tlic neighboring trilies. A solenni and ceremonious smoking of the calumet, Ibrmed the token of ratification lo every treaty. When used at the conclusion of a peace, the j)ainted hatchet "was buried in tin; ground, and belts of wam])nm, so figured and arranged as to com- iiiemoi'atc the essential articles of the ])acillc agret'inent, Wei'c i»iescnted, U) 1)0 kc])t tis u perpetual mciiujriak 'flie ti'catment of ca})tives exhibited the opposite ex- tremes of cruelty and kindness. Greatly to the credit of the race, it was ob.servcd that, in m(wt instances, wliite women who fell into their hands met with no outrage' or indignity. They were generally kindly treated, and e\-cry respect was paid lo their feelings. The men taken prison- Pii m ^'* i^>^ ll'iH lt« ^ I j . 30 INDIAN RACKS OF AMKIUCA. ITS ()(' \v;if \\ pro (Mtlicr a'l<»pt('(l to supply tlu^ ])lnoe of tlioae wlio IiikI fiillcii ill l);ittli', -in which casn thcv wore to uiidcrtiikc ;il! the rcsiJonsihiUticfl, and were cntitkMl to :ill the privik'g'S < C the one in wliosc ))la('c they stood, — oi they wcro solemnly dcjvotcd to dciith, l>y the most n'lincd and cruel torments that diabolical ing(Miuitj could devise. On such occasions, all his native ])owers of stoical (Midu- ranee were called f'oith on the part of tlu* doomed warrioi-. When told what was the fate belbn; hini, he would liridly express his satisfaction; and wIumi led t(t th(> stake, and sub- jected to every torture, by lire an sujterior manner in which he and his friends liad tortured their relatives. Not unfre- queutly the rag(! of the surrounding company would be so excited by these expressions of contempt, and by their inability to break the warrior's si)irit, that some of thern would rush upon him, and dispatch him at once by a blow of the tomahawk. The habitations and clothin;. '■>f the Indians varied greatly with the temperature of the climate. In the warm H'gions of the South, a slight covering ]iroved sunieient, ■while to resist the severity of a New Kngland winter very eflicieiit precautions were taken. The usual manner of building their wigwams, was by fixing a row of poles firmly in the ground, in the form of a circle, and then bending and confining the tops together in the center. A hole was left for the smoke of the fire to escape, at the top of the cabin; every other part being warmly and chjsely covered wdth matting. A tight screen hung over i t!u> d<>| then a, A .1. frnni til J tress 11 II rushes, :us to el| Soiml iiCly to of diiiK consist" • walls, (»i I'lirnishi' househi I eartheni illgeiiioil for e(){ik making. In ma set in or( centre; \ sade, lut\ iled desc of the ex works of ])crciive( The cl dressctl w hand's bi seam, ai embroide a garnien the loins plcted th YcTj r ft I I GKNKKAI. iMIAltAiTKKl.SlU'ri. 81 lite .l.H.rwjiy, wliicli \v:is raisnl wlicii any <»iu* i.'ntriTil, \uu\ lliiMi all'iwi 'I ti) fall into its |ilact'. A ."^jMrics i>[' iiiattin^f was juvpaivd ]>\ pcclin;.; lli'' liark from tivfs, ami siilijcciin,^ it, parked in layors, to a lu'avy iji't'ssniv. With this material, or with mats woven IVoni rushes, «.^e., till' walls uftln' Inits wer<' so elosely thateheil, ;us to etVeetually resist w iml ami weather. Some of these \\i.^wams were of ;^reat size, liein^' from ilfty t(» a hniMlreil li'et in len.^th, l)Ut the ^'eneraiity were; of dimensions snitaltle to a single family. Their l)eildi.i<^ consiste(l o[' mattresses disj)osed in l>uidro set in oiderly rows, with an open spaee or court neai- the centre; while iIm' whole was surroumled by a strong j^ali- sad(>, having but one or two narrow eiiti'anees. I'or spir- ited descrij)tions and sketches of tiu^ modeiMi Indiai: towns of tlie extreme West, the reader is referred to the valuable works of Mr. (leorge Catlin. In many res]>erts it will be j)i'rceived that old t'ustoms are still observed. The clolhiiig of the Indians consisted mostly of skins, dressed with no little skill. J.i'ggiiis of deer skins, v.itli a hand's breadth of the material hanging loose at the side seam, and often highly ornamented with friiig(! and embn/idery; moccasins of buck, elk, or bulValo skin; a'ld a garment of various fashion, from a sim}>le cincture about the loins, to a warm and oruaniental mantle or coat, com- pleted the equipment of the men. Yery rarely, even iu our own times, do we find Indians ir t t h ('i til !>v ! ^i!" M ^*^ I I '! 1 I v: : 00 iNbiAX j:aci:,s ok a.mkuica. wlio nre willhi^if t<> submit to tlic i-c.-triciiiiiii: and iiicori- viMiieiit (Irrss of tin; wliitcs. 'i'licy \in\v always Ik.'cu accustomed to Icav'c the tlii^Lili bare, and about the ncclc tlK-y call endure none of the ehunsy and disagreeal)lc l)an(hi,Ln'S in sucli universal use amoni;' eivilized nations. ''Tiiose who wear shirts," says Carver, "never make them fast, either at the wrist or ei)llar; this would bo a most insullerablc confinement t(» them." I'ho women wore a shoil (Voek, reaching to the knees; their covering for the legs and i'e(>t wei'c similar to that worn by the men. Tn some? ])ortions of the ccjuiti'y, very Ix'autiful s{)eeimens ol' ornamental mantles, covei'cd with neatly-ai'ranged I'eatht rs, were se-en ami desi;ribe(l liy early writers. Colored |)oi'eu[»ine (luills were in general use, b(jth for stitcliing and ornamenting the clothing and other e(]uipments of the Indian. A fondness for gay colors and gaudy oi'naments has ever been conspicuous in the whole race, I'rom f)ocone and other roots, a brilliant red ))aint or dye was jire])ared, with which and with otlu r pignuMits —as charcoal, eaitlis, and extracts from the l)arks of eeitain trees — tlay painhd their bodies, in difllient styles, eithei' to mala- a tei-i'ilile impression on their enemies, or sini|)i3' to bedeck themselves in a V)ccoming manner in the (n'(\s of their friends. 'J'he usual savage custom of wearing {)endants at the ears w;is common. The cartilage was frequently stretched and enlarged by weights, and by winding it with brass wire, until it nearly reached the shoulder. 'ratl')oing was pr.ic- lised by some nations, but noi so systematically, or to so great an extent as h.is been observed among the savages of wanner climates, wdiere little clothing is worn. One of the most noted s]»ccies of ornament, which answered all the ])urpose of a circulating medium among the Kastern Indians, was wampum, This consisted of small circular bits of sea-shell, smoothly ground and })ul- isiieu whic belt clam varie; most b(jrin.< von^ credit wampi it rctai or whii olfcnce '"J'h pally I U])on t .shells I tribute, wrongs, occasior them, as in havii; guns, n( ries whi their pe worn pea The F the presi fish, bea maize oi land in t and casil of the te were a v who dwc h Ml GENERAL ClIAKACTKIUSTICS. 33 isliftl, with a liole drilled througli the centre of each, hy vvliich it iiiia^ i i I' ii ill !!r» .11 i •' « ■ \i 1 i 111 34 INDIAN KACK,^ OF AMEUICA. species of wild ix)ots, ;uul certain nutritious bark supplied the failure of the cultivated croj), and furnished the means to eke out a subsistence when the hunt was unsuccessful or the last year's stores had been consumed before the sea- son (>f harvest. To ell'ect a clearing, and to secure a crop with such rude implemenis of stone as they possessed, ajipcars to us almost an impracticable undertaking; but we are assured, by early writers, that they obtained as large a yield from a given spob of ground as can be produced by the assistance of all modern conveniences and contrivances. '^J'wo dishes, greatly in vogue among the Indians, have maintained their j)opularity among their Euroj)ean successors. Green corn, the ripening of which was celebrated by a national dance, is sought as eagerly as when it su})plied a grateful refresh- ment to the red men, emaciated, as Smith describes them, by the Spring diet of fish and roots. A preparation, denominated "Succotash," consisting of maize, boiled with beans, and flavored with fat bear's meat, or lish, still remains (with the substitution of pork for wild meats) a favorite dish in New England. Carver says that, as pre- pared by the natives, it was "be3'ond comparison delicious." It is singular that the use of milk should have been entirely unknown before the advent of the whit^-s, although there were various animals in the country from which it might have been procured. This fact has been adduced as a strong argument against the hypothesis, that immi- grants from the nomadic tribes of Tartary have mingled with tlie red race in comparatively modern times. If the ferocity or wildness of the buffalo, deer, or elk, had at first seemed to render their domestication impracticable, yet it is not probable that so important an article of sul)- sistence would have been not only disused, but entirely forgotten, until many generations had passed away. With the foregoing brief sketch of some of the more [)roce sornc^ with omiss tic'.Iai beloiu ^ GKNKUAL CHARACTERISTICS. 35 murked [iidiau traits and peculiarities, we will dismiss tliis portion of our subject; and, dealing no more in generalities, I)roceed to take up the history of various tribes and nations, somewhat in the order of the dates of their first intercourse with Europeans. AVe need make no apology for the omission of many minor clans, or for avoiding that par ticv.larity, in the delineation of private character, which belongs rather to biography than to general history. -,.i: • ^ , Si -1 '4\ i ^ji*^*^ '■%, ii;' I H! I 'II AMERICAN ANTIQUITIES. CHAPTER I. UNITED STATKS TKKKITORY, ETC. •Tat wliiitrre Tlifs.;, still stiiiicliii^r i„ the iiiulst? Tlio E:, .ii lius rocked bcnciitli ; tlie TliuiHhT-.stone PuHsod tlirouj^ii and through, ;ind loft its tnices there, Yet still they stand as hy some Unknown Charter! Oh, they arc Natur/s own! and, as allied To the vast iM'iintaitiH and tin; eternal Sea, They want no written history; theirs a voice For ever speaking to the heart of Man!"' — Rogers. Ix the absence of any written record of tliose niirneroiis races which formerly peopled this hemisj)here, information must be songht in their monim-ients, and in the disinterred relics of their ancient manner of life. Tliese, considerin oration of the dead. Such relics, though, for the most pan, not immediately pertaining to the history of the Indian tribes, have sup])orted the conjectures advanced by Iliun- boldt and other eminent cosmographers, that these races arc but the dwindled and degraded remains of once flourishing and populous nations. The retrograde process to which certain forms of incomplete civilization appear doomed, hits perliap to be (I of the miiniti( 'J'he sligjitly and sin conunoi TJie flii stone to tory and diifer bi their sue Kxcej stone, ai in the co architect occnj)yin Indian ti and of si ally suj)j) art and ( character: rude ])arr dwindled raced ju'j nuis to tt Mexican < The ori; remains, it and perph unknown i/^ation ; yi to furnish their long- ..*J AMKliTCAN ANTIQUITIKS. 87 perhaps been most strikingly cxcrnjjlified in the difTcronce to be (liscovcrod between the fe(>ble and scattennl ti'ibcs of the red race, and those jiowerfid and popuk)U3 com- munities who occujiiod the soil before them. 'J'ho reli(.s (if the ibnner people, usually diseovcred on or slightly beneath the surfaee of the ground, an> of a i-udc find simple character, diilering little from the sj)eciincns cotnrnon among their descendants of the presoit day. ^riie flint arrowdiead, ehip})ed painfully into shaj)e — tlu^ stone tomahawk, knife, and chisel — the pipe, the rude pot- tery and savage ornaments, are their oidy relics; and llicso dill'cr but little from the siimc articles still fabricated by their successors. Ivxcept among the Ksquimanx, who occasionally use stone, and who avail thcnnselvcs of the arch and dome in the construction of th(Mr snow huts, nothing like regular architecture can be assigned to the late or modern tribcH occuiiviii" this continent northward of ^^(!.\ico. The Indian tunudi, or mounds of burial, are generally small and of simple constrr"tion. It has, however, been ration- ally sujiposcd tluit the A)rce of religious custom, surviving art and civilization, has j^rescrved to the red tribes this charactei'istic method ol' their forefathers; and that the rude barrows, which they still erect, arc but the ]>uny anil dwindled descendants of those mighty mounds and ter- raced pyramids which still rear their heads from the isth- mus to the lakes, and from the shores of Floriiidity of structure, is .0(1111(1 ti of firti or.il niil At Ci pive r;ii a CDfl'cc points () In most tliongh with tlie are (eatni west, the edit ices 8truct('(l ( su])erior In Mis of stone one instai and squai some of tl one of the truncated, cum fere nc These jj and thickl of them ai connected the graiidc altars of i mounds in by their g of their co described. * The usi occasionally ^ — . AMKKK'AN ANTIQITI'IKS. 41 found 1 1) exist. In Licking oounty, a most extensive range of foriitieations, eml>raeing or protecting an extent of sev- eral miles, has been traced. At ('i'";lcville, in the same state, were found two exten- pjve earthen enclosures, one an exact circle, and the other :i ('(jirect square, corrcs])onding j)n'cisely to the cu'dinal points of the compass; and a mound ninety feet in height. In most of these and other similar ruins, stone was us(>d. though t(; a limited extent. J^u'allel walls, communicating with the water, sometimes at a distance of several miles, ai'c features common to many of th(>se structiu'cs. ,l''arther W(\st, the extensive use of brick in constructing similar cdiilces has been a.scertained; and an ai'ched sewer, c<>n- structed of stone, indic;ites a kno\vled'j(M)f architet;ture far superior to that possessed by most semi-civili/cd nations. In Mi.ssouri, and otlier regi(;ns of the west, the remains of .stone building.s have been frecpiently discovered - in one instanc(>, those of a town, regularly laid out in streets and srpuires. Upon the Mi-ssoui'l and Arkans^us rivers, some of the most extensive fortified woiks are found. In one of these, on the latter river, are two immense mounds, truncated, each eighty feet high, and one thousand in cii'- cnmterence at the ba.sc. These gii^antic mounds are amoncr the mo.st interestin;.' and thickly scattered relics of the vanished races, ^fany of them are tumuli, or .scj)ulehres of the dead, others were connected with the defensive fortilications, and other.s, of the grandest and most imjiosing aspect, were probably Inure altars of idolatrous worship.''* In general, these ancient mounds may be distinguished from those of the Indian.-i by their greater she, and still more certainly by the nature of their contents. Some of these latter have already biH-n described. Besides utensils of lead, silver, and copper, the * Till' usu m1 rn;iteri;il einployi'd in tlieir coiistruction is cartli, though ocvaaioiuiUy tliuy liave hvcn built of stone. i t M M %M^^ i in • ii: n ' ' •! 42 INDIAN lUCKri OF AMERICA. oxydi/ed rcinaiiis of iron liiivo been found. Micii inirrorw ol" various si/cs, with a variety of niariiio .shells, are among the deposits. 'I'ho praetiec of hurning the dead ai)|)oars to liave l)e(>n conunon. Masses of ashes and eharcoid are often foun >} II 'I t>. 1 civili/ati( ill extens ■1. "Tl such as 1 art of uo o. "Th that mate 0. That stej)s; of formed wi chemical c 7. "Thi that substi 8. "Th; the in finer 0. "^Jli: and a my its sister priesthood 10. "Tl n. '"JM United Sti Lastly, gathered \ point tovvti AMKIUCA.V ANTKjL'ITlKS. 43 fiicts have l)Oon (Iniwn,) iidopts witli safety tlio following comilnsioiis in re<.^'\''il to the juicii'iit occiipiints of oui- soil. I. "That tli(>y were Jill of the satiie origin, braJiehcs of the same raee, and possessed of similar customs and insti- tutions. '2. "That they were po])ulous, and oerujtied a great extent of territory. ;'. "That they had arrived at a considerahle degree of civilization, were associated in large communities, and lived in extensive cities. •1. "That they })Osscsscd the use of many of the rnetal>», sucli as lead, eo))per, gold, and silver, and probably the ai't of working in them. ;j. "'i'hat they sculj)tured, in stone, and sometimes used that mat(M'ial in the construction of their edilices. (!. 'J'hat they had the knowledge of tlu; an^h of I'eccding stej)s; of the art of ])otteiT, — i)roducing urns and utensils formed with taste, and constructetl u])on the princi])h\s of chemical composition; and of the ait of biii/k-making. 7. " 'I'hat they worked the salt s])rings, and manufactured that sid)stanee. 8. "That they were an agricidtural people, living under the influence and j)rotection of regidar i'orms of government. II. "'J'hat they })ossessed a decided system of religion, and a mythoh^gy connected with astronomy, which, with its sister science, geometry, was in the liauds of the priesthood. 10. "That they were skilled in tlie art of fortification. 11. "'J'liat the epoch of their original settlement, in the United States, is of great antiquity; - iid, ImMUj, "That the oidy indications of their origin, to be gathered from the locality of their ruined monumeiiT-s, point toward Mexico." =i| ■ i,.^#^*i '^>^ !l i'l I 44 IN III A \ HACKS OF AMKlllCA. CnAI'TKIl 11. ANTIliL'ITir.S or MrA-lfO, KTO. "TIk V stand iM-twctTi tin- riKtiintaiin aiui tlio non; Awful iiicmitiiils, IhiI of wlmiii we know not I — 'I'iint! was tlit'V stuiid alonj,' llin crowded Hlreot, Tc'inplo of (lodsl" — Uu(;i:uM. The Soutli-wpstrrii icgion.s of N'oith America present a rnost extensive luid interesting Held for iinti(iuarian researeli. 'JMic lon;^-eontinuc(l existence of powerful, civilized, and populous races is fidlv proved by the occurrence of almost innumerable ruins and national rt>lies. Kveti in the six- teenth ecnturv, the Sjtanish invaders ftiund these re;.^ioiis in tlu^ j.ossession of a higldy-prosperous and partially- civilized i)eopU>. ( lovfrnrncnt and social institutions wrvo upon that firm and well-delined basis which bctohent-d long continuance nnd strong national sentiment. In nuniy of the rrts and sciences, the subjugated races were eipiai, and in others sajx-rior, to tluur Christian conqiierors. Their jmblic edifices and internal iin{)rovements were on as high a scale, and of as scientihc a character, as those of most European nations of the day. The fanatical zeal of Cortez and his successor.^? destroyed invaluable records of their history and nationality; and many of their most splendid edifices fell before the ravages of war and bigotry; yet numerous structures still exist, though in ruins, attesting the art and industry of their founders. Pyramids, in great numbers, still rear their terraced and truncated surfaces through the land. In tlio first fury of tiie eon([uest, the great Teocalli, or Temple of the city of Mexico, was levelled to the ground, and we can only lc;iru by the descrijition of its destroyers, with what ]H)i.ip and ceremcmy the ^[exicans celebrated on ita I 4 Auininit t .sal figun gold, the of tlic iir liundrc cumference. Kight lea, b rated pyra dition, to tl base nearly dred and ei<: and coverci structures n western j)ro' The mini extremely n existence of Tezcuco anc cent bu'ldin AMi:iaCAN ANTIQUITIKS. ■io Ruininit tlio rites of their s;ui;;uiiiary worriliij). The colos- sal figures of the sun and iiiooii, covcri'il with phitcs of goM, the hideous stone of sa('iilie(>, and the terribU; sound of thi! gn^at war-drum, ai'o mingled with strange f'usei na- tion (jf tlcseription in tiie pages of the early ehroniclers. In the ei'y of Tezeueo, wliieh is said to have contained an hundred and Ujrty thousand liouses, are the remains of a great j)yraniiil, huilt of largt,; masses of basalt, fiin.ly p.)lished and euriously sculptured in hieroglyphics. Other similar (^lifiees in the neighliorhood are composed of hi'iek. 'I'ho enoruKJUS structure of Cholula, covering a suil'aee twice larger than the great Egyptian pyramid, i)ut truncated at half its altitude, still, in its ruins, excites the admiration of travellers. A still more i!.\traordinary elfort of scmi-civili/.ed indus- try is to be found in the celebrated Xochicalco, or "House of Mowers," situated on tli' plain of Cuernavaca, more than a mile above the lev^'l of the sea. It ap})ears to be a natui'al hill, shaped in a ])yramithii f(;rtu by human labor, and divided into four terraces. Jt is between three ami loiii- hundred feet in height, and nearly three miles in cir- cumference. Might h'agucs from the city of Mexico arc the two cele- brated pyramids of Teotiliuacan, sacred, according to tra- dition, to the (leided sun and moon. 'V\\o larger h;us a base nearly seven hundred fecf in length, and is an hun- dred and eighty feet in height. Tlu^y are fliced with stone, and covered with a durable cement These pyramidal structures mav be estimated by thoiusands in the South- wesiern ])rovinces of this continent. The ruins of ancient cities, in the same region, are extremely numerous, and every thing evinces the former existence of a swartning and industrious population. In Te/xjuco and its vicinity arc the remains of very nxagnifi- ccnt bu'ldings and aqueducts. At Mitlan, in the district lil i !i: Hi M .1 i 1 ii ■■, h,. ■ ' ■ 1 i'l f rM 1 \\ 1 !fi 14' \\\ ^ '■ ^ -ir> INKIAN K VfKS t'K AMKKh'A. of Z:i|ii)(i\':(, 'X'ciir spcriiiUMis ol" ;i|-cliilccl ili'c nl" tlic iiidst iuiposiii;'; fli;ir;u't('r. Six jxirpl! vi'v foluimis, r.i<-li niiit*- ItVMi ll'cl ill lici;',lit, Mihl >^l' ;i single stoii(>, dci-oi-Mlcd llic inliM'ior o{' the |iniiri|>:il luiildiii;':. I'".l;ilutr:i(i< Mosiiic work and illiistrali \ I' p;iiiili!i";s alioiiiul, stroiiidv rcscmMiii}^ somi> ol' tlii> riassii'al a li(;uiti(>s. Tlu' nuns ol' I'altMuiiu', in Cliiapa, an> ainoni;- the most rxtiMisivc and rcmai-kal'lt'. lliTc loi'iiu'riv stood a j-.ft'at I'ity, tlu' I'lMuains oi' whit'h can lu- traced, it. is said, over a spact' six or S(>v»M) lea":'.es in eii'cnnit'erenct\ Much elab- orate seulptiir(\ exliiliit.ni,: envious liisttM-ical i-tdiels, is dis- covered in the lorsaki-n apartments ot" the aneiiMit pahiecs and temple-;. These represent linman saerillees, dane(\s. devtMion. and otlier national customs. 'I'h(> riehlv-car\'ed ti^ure ot" a cross excites surprise and sj)eetdation the saint' emhlem havin;'; bciMi discovered (dseuduM'c, as well as in Northern America. Many surprising- rem .in^-, IhmIi of erei-tion and excava- tion, are to be lound near \'illa Nueva, in tlu' jU'ovine(> ol' Zaeatecas. A rocky mountain has been cut into terraces, and extensive ruins of j\vramids, caus(>\va\s, (piadrani;ii- lar enclosures, and massive walls an> still standin^j. At Oopan, in lloiubiras, amonu' manv other riMnarkable works, are I'onnd numerous st(>ne obelisks, o[' littl(> liciuiit, covered witli hierouivjiliieal representations. The rcHcs of a fantastie idolatry are fre(]nent. "Monstrous (i<:un\s are I'ound amouLrst the ruins; c:ie repn>sents the ('(^lossal liead o[' an alliLrator, ]iavinos- ture, with liuman arms and tiger's claws." At the time of the Spanish eoiiquest. Coj-^an wa.^ still a large and popu- lous city. It is now utterly deserted. The extensive ruins oi^ Uxmal or Itzlan, in Yucatan, have been, ever since the memory of man, overgrown with i nn nrieicii enlirely \ ill reliel Ibrl \-tlii'i'( cut. upon are si ill s it is snpp niatlie!ii;il 1 disliiii'iiis Many ol works of I Spaniards, I'lxteiisi ve eiieiiiies; j able ro.'ids eiili<,dileiim attained. Sciilpliin tions of iht the races w Saei-iliee, tli . lol Teoyaii ness and el iiiiaiie, as di solid blo(;k < idea of a. d(> rible in the supplied wit posed of wr ing manner, vulture. It: lies the IhnuI ing from the larL'-o neckki skulls, and AMKUICAN ANlli^l n U.S. 47 rmtiif. forrst,. At, llii,! phirc i.-i .i lar,"f coiiit,, tcivnl nn nri •iiiii'i'ly w.'tli lli<^ li"iii( IkII.oISC ;iil!llilllv "•;ii\r( III I'i'lli' Ins ciirioii.-i |);iv»'!iii'iil. ciiiisist:-! 1)1 iiiMic tli;iJi f.iil \ -tlili'c l.li()i|,s;iii(| (>r IIk'Sc |(|i|ilr.;| iimu'Ii Uoiii, llii)ii"li rill ii|iiiii v<'rv li.'iril sldiic, A l;ii;'c |p\ i;iiiii'l ;unl li'iii|i,() \ I; ifi' still staiiuiii' ci iiitaiiiiiur sitiiic (■li'"aiit aliii-:;, aiHl it, is sii|)|)i)S('il, tlic rc|)i'('Sfiitalii 111 of ilic rl('|)' am. (ircaL luatliciiiatii'al ari'iii'ar.v aiireeedc(| them. 'I'Ih; Cainous Stone ni' Saci'itice, i\\r Calendar of Moiite/uma, and th(; hideoii.s i lol 'reoyanii(iiie, all slill jircscrved, attest, the irro1,es(|iH!- ness and elai)oral(; iaiu-y ol" their ilesi;/ns. The lattt'r iin;i!je, as desciil)c.| l»y a traveller, "is he.wn out of" oin; solid hlock of basalt-, iiiiK! f"ect ITiLdi. It,s on;lin(^s Lnve wi idea of" [[ deformed human IIliiii-c, \initiii^^ all thai is ter- rihlc in the ti^(M' ami ratth^-snake. Inst,<'ad of arms, it, is t)j)lied with two lar;^!^ ser])c[its, and its drapery is e()iri- su jM).scd of wreathed snakes, intci'wovcn m the most di.s;/ust- iiiir nKUUUT, and th(; sides termimitir''' in the wii lil!^ oi iX vulture. Jts feet fire tliosc of a ti.^c^r, and Ix.'twecMi them lies tlic iiead of another rattlc-snak(>, wdiich seems desc(;tid- ing from the body of the idol. l'"or decorations, it has a larLH? ne(;klaeo composed ol" human hearts, h;tnd.s and bkuUs, and it has evidently Ix-eii painted originally in I ' % jA "iy>^ ,111 i \'i '! ■'I i ' \'u I (ii 1,1' ' . 48 INDIAN 11 ACES OF AMERICA. iiatunil colors." Otlicr figures of tlic dcilieJ rattle-snake Lave b'^^u discovered. Great skill existed in the art of jiottcry, and many ves- sels of e.\t|uisite design and finish have been disinterred. The hieroglyphieal ])aintings and manuscripts of the Mexicans \v(n'c, with few exce])tions, desti'oyed by their fanatical conquerors. Some clioice specimens, however, still exist; principally exhibiting the migrations of the A/tccs, their wars their religious ceremonies, and the genealogy of their sovereigns. Almanacs and other cal- endars of an astronomical nature have been preserved. 'I'he material of the manuscrij^t consists of the skins of animals, or of a kind of vegetable j^aper, formed in a man- ner similar to the P]gyptian ])a])yrus. Oi the numerous cities and temples, who.sc rcmainsiare so abundant, many were, doubtless, erected by the Aztec people, whom Cortcz found so numerous and flourishing, or by their immediate ancestors. Others were, probably, constructed at a remote age, and by a people who had at an early period migrated to these regions. A certain resem- blance, however, appears to pervade theni all. The j)re- sence of enormous [lyramids a: d quadrangles, the peculiar constriiction of causeways and aqueducts, and the great similarity in mythological rcj^rcsentation, aj)pear to indi- cate tliat their founders were originally of a common stock, and all of certain national prepossessions. At the Noi'thern c half-sav^ag(^ country. 8 however, V( Peruvian li powerful .so trict, Ivinii: j miles. Otlic we are igno power and ii ^J'he antiq the Northeri origin in thei some of then relics of the ( bodies intcrr Kinbalming 1 in many inst? precaution, hr tants. Caver as cemeteries were found, I C'ts. Stone t( also boon disi In these m( of ancient inij site carvings hW, AMERICAN ANTIQUITIES. 49 CIIAPTEU III. ANTIQCITIES UK SOUTH AMEUICA. 41* * * \v,. are b;it wliero. \vp were, Slill wandering in a City of tho Dead!'' ROGI-RS. At tlic Spanish discovery, South America, like the Northern continent, was, in a grreat portion, peopled hy half-sava.tro tribes, rescrnblinf^ the Indians of our own countrv. Some powerful and partially-civilized kingdoms, h(nvever, vet survivcMl, and of these, the empire of the Peruvian Incas was the first. Under the sway of llu.'se jiowei'ful sovereigns was comprehended an extensive dis- trict, lying along the Painfic co;ist for many hund'-eds of miles. Other nations, in their vicinity, of whoso history we are ignorant, also possessed a considerable share of power and independent government. The antiquities of these regions, so similar to those of the Northern continent, aj)pear to j)rove a similarity of origin in their founders. Very numerous mounds occur, .':()!iie of them two hundred feet in height, and containing relics of the dead. Urns of fine construction, and human bodies interred in a sitting posture have been excavated. Embalming has evidently been extensively practised, and in many instances the arid nature of the soil, without this precaution, has preserved the bodies of its ancient inhabit- tatits. Caverns appear to have been frequently adoj)tcd as cemeteries. In one of these, six hundred skeletons were found, bent double, and regularly arranged in bask- ets. Stone tombs, of a very massive construction, have also b('(^n disinhumed. In tlu^se mounds and graves are found a great variety of ancient im{)lements, of gold, copper, and stone. Kxqui- \ stone, and jewels evincing great skill in 4 " J ■II i !! 50 INDIAN RACES OF AMERICA. the laj)i(lary, luivc been discovered. The idols of gold aiiean struc- tures at Baalbec and A[ycena2. Immense porclies and doonvays, each formed of a single stone, and supported on masses of similar magnitude, struck the early travel- lers with astonishment. In Cuzco, the city of the Incas, are many remains of a singular character. The walls are built of stones of great dimensions, and, though of many angles, fitted so accurately that the interstices can scarcely be seen. On a round mountain near Caxamarea, are the extensive ruins of a city, built in terraces, and constructed of such enormous stones, that a single slab often forms the entire side of an apartment. Above these circular terraces, seven in number, appear the remains of a great fortress or j)alace. ^[any cities of a similar construction have been discovered. In some instances, pointed or bell-shaped roofs, composed of stones laid in cement, have been remarked. * Bradford's Origi:i aiul lILstory of tiic Red Race. !ii U'j^ i^/i/*^ !•■ 1 'i ! 52 IN'IHAN RACES OF AMERICA. Some of the ruins are constructed of uubunit brick, exceed' ingly hardened by tlie sun. Many scvilnture,'^, evincing great skill and dehcacy, still exist. These are the more remarkable wlien it is consid- ered that the chief instruments of the ancient inhabitants were, probably, for the most part, composed only of hard ened coj)per. Of this material, their weapons, often of exquisite manufacture, were composed. Far to the north- ward, beyond the dominion of the Ineas, inscriptions and figures may be found sculptured on the rocks. "On the banks of the Orinoco and in various parts of Guiana, there are rude figures traced upon granite and other hard stones, some of them, like those in the United States, cut at an immense height upon the face of perpendicular rocks. They represent the sun and moon, tigers, crocodiles and snakes, and occasionally they appear to be hieroglyphical figures and regular characters." The surprising number of these ruins and relies, and the great space over which they extend, indicate the exist- ence, for many ages, of a people possessing all the power which regular government, settled institutions, and national character can give. "In examining," says Mr. Bradford, "the line of civilization, as indicated at present by these ancient remains, which is found to commence on the plains of Varinas, and to extend thence to the ruins of the stone edifices, which were observed about the middle of the last century, oa the road ovc. the Andes, in the province of Cujo, in Chili, or to the road described by the Jci^uit Imonsff, or to the ancient aqueducts upon the banks of the river Maypocho, in south latitude thirty-three degrees, sixteen minutes; we are surprised to discover a continuous, unbroken chain of these relics of aboriginal civilization. Reverting to the epoch of their construction, we are pre- sented with the astonishing spectacle of a great race cul- tivating the earth, and possessing many of the arts diCfased (r at an ea: thousand discovery ulous tril subsistcnc systems o crnment. ereignties still, whet' ish invad( the ancicii their man: the genera monument ':ly of the ; III.; AMERICAN ANTIQUITIES. 53 at iin early jicriod through an immense territory, three thousand miles in extent. Even up to the time of the discovery, most of this viust region was occupied by pop- ulous tribes, who were dependent upon agriculture for subsistence, were clothed, and in the enjoyment of regular Bystems of religion, and their own peculiar forms of gov- ernment. From conquest, and various causes, some sov- ereignties 'lad increased more rapidly than others; but still, whether we are guided by the testimony of the Span- ish invaders, or by the internal evidence yet existent in the ancient ruins, it is impossible not to trace, alike in their manners, customs, and physical appearance, and in the general similitude observable in the character of their moiminents, that they were all members of the same fam- ily of the human race, and probably of identical origin." '^1l I) '-' t • 1 ■ :t ;' i 1 ■ . 1 J« >J,t.^ 'ill !<■ i'! », ti l;> I. •ii r TIIK ABOUIlilNES OF MEXICO. ClIAPTKIl I. GENERAL REMAUKS — EXPKDITK>\ OF GUIJALVA IIEllNANUO COItTEZ. "♦ * • The Race of Yore; How are tlic-y blotted from the tilings tli.it hel" SlX)TT. TiiR kingdoms of New Spain, as Central America and tlie adjoining country were first called, presented a i'ar dif- ferent aspect, when first discovered by Europeans, from that of the vast and inhosj)itable wilderness at the North and East.' Instead of an unbroken forest, thinly inhabited by roving savages, here were seen large and well-built cities, a people of gentler mood and more refined manners, and an advancement in the useful arts which removed the inhabitants as far from their rude neighljors, in the scale of civilization, as they themselves were excelled by the nations of Eurojw. When first discovered and explored by Europeans, Mex- ico was a kingdom of great extent and power. Monte- zuma, chronicled as the eleventh, in regular succession, of the Aztec monarchs, held supreme authority. His domin- ions extended from near the isthmus of Daricn, to the undefined country of the Ottomies and Chichiinecas, rudo nations living in a barbarous state among the mountains of the North. His name signified "the surly (or grave) Prince," a title justified by the solemn and cercmouioua homage which he constantly exacted. HKh > f^ // y j; .V I .V i> (I H r /■: / . ,\ .ir.lUlNAI. rilKlRAIT HY TiriA.1. .^''•i' ..^J^^ Wl.on iiatunil t( iriliiiitcly tllC Illilgit \\';ifiiiii(; iii:i^ i H • i INDIAN HACKS OF AMKIUCA. t'lMii' ol:ij)se(l since any diroct coiiiinmiii'iitioii could luive oxistrd l)C'l\vccii tlie two, must have Ixvn very grciit. 'I'lio obvious aiilifiuity of the aiTliitcctural rcuiaius carrii's u.s hack to a Miust ii'uiith! era: s>)iiio luaiut.iiii that, poitiuns of ihf.-i' must have Ik'cu staudiu;^ lor as many (•fiiturirs as iIh" _L;ri'at jiyraniids of Mj^ypt, wliiKj otlici's v>'[\-v them to a nuK'h hitcr ori^nn. 'I'hc j)crnifious liahit of llrsl adopllu'^ a theory, and then soarchin<^^ lor such facts only as tend to su[t]ioit it, was never inon' ft^nubly exeniplified than in iIk; variant hyjiothescs as to the oriciu of Mexican civilization. 'i'lu! valley and (Vjuntry ol' Auahua(!, or Mexico, was successively j)coj)led, ace.ordin.ti; to tradition and the e\i- deuce of ancient hiero;i;ly|)hies, hy the Toltecs, the Chi- chimccas, and the Nahuatlacas, ol whidi hist-inentioneil ]>eoj)le, the A/tecs, "who finally ohtaiiieil the ascendaiiey, ibrine(] the jjrincipal tribe. 'J'hese inimi,L:rations were from som(! indeterminate re.i^ion at the north, and ap]iear to have been the result of a frradnal lu-o^u^'cssion southward, as traces of the pccidiar architectural structures of the; Mexican nations are to be found stretchin'^r throusdiout the countiy between the Rocky Mountains and the sea, as far north as the Gila and Colorado. The ]iei'iods of these sevi'ral arrivals in Anahuac are set down as follows. ^Fhat of the Toltecs. about the mid- dle of tlic seventh century, and of the rude Chichim(-c;is_ thi^ yc;ir 1070. Tht! Nahuatlacas cotnmcnced their mi.iiTa- tions about 1170, and the A/.tecs, separatin;r themselves from tilt? rest of the nation, f(junded the ancient city of Mexico in the year 1325. Th(> tale of cruelties, opprcssior.ssion of the real condition of these primitive nations, and the more marked oiitlines of their historv. I \ T ^ m i j 1 I 1 .i i m MOJVTEZ VMA. %M^^ jl - li- Wi: •■ i« '■!, ;.'! li ! I'i* ; ' III tlio filioni of i by S| Kill is liy tlic ()!•( and .silver to tlll^ '^VOl dilioii and l»y llicsc ca ity reslruii: <>i" liiiiiUicih as iiK'liiiod tlic iiativos sli« iwcd hii wliicli lie /■( conti'ihntio j Tlio mill i and inflaiiu great coiiiil; were Jaid t( tliMse regiol j and pettjat Dieiro Vii I)ieL;o Colon an exj)cditi( Vueatan and After rcvcn^ of Vueatan, riv(>r of 7\)1) was carrie(| < with wond(!r tlio Mvn and willioiit ^foti tlie Aston is] 1 tli-ni." '''!io usual 7kM k1 AlJOKIfilNKS OF MKXICO. 57 In tlio cai'ly part of the si.\t(M'iitli ('ciitiirv, tlic eastern shore el" Mexico and Central America had been (•\j»h)red bv Sjianish navi;^at()rs; and Vascv; Nu;j;n('/ (h; r>aIlM)a, h'd by the ordinary attraction —talcs of a country rich in ^^)ld and silver— had, in Sc|)tcnd)cr, lol;!, crossed the istlnnu.s to the L^rcat and unknown occ m ol' the West. The con- diiiou ami v'haractt!!' ()(' the natives was but little noliccil b\' tlii'se early e.\jiloi'''rs, and no nioti\cs of |)oli<'y or human- ity restrained them IVoni treatinu' those thev met as caprice; or fanaticism nii;4'ht dictate. JKilboa is indeed spoken of as inclined to more humane courses in his interc(;ursc with the natives than many of his contemporaries, but even he showed himself by no means scrupulous in the means by whieh he forcetl his way throuj^ii the countiy, and levied contributions u])ou the native; i;hiefs. The mind of tin; Spanish nation was at last aroused auil inflamed by accounts of the wealth and power of the ^M'cat comitry opeui to adventure; in New Spain, and plan.s W(M\; laid to nn(l(;rtakc some more notable possession in those regions than had yet resulted from the unsuccessful and l>etty attempts at colonization upon the coast. Dieiro Valas({uez, fi^overnor of Cuba, as licMitcinant to Diei^o Colon, son and successor of the; j^Tcat admiral, sent ari cx]>i;dition, under command of Juan do Grijalva, to Yucatan and the adjoininir coast, in A))ril of the year lolS. After rcivcng'ing former injuries received from tli<; natives of Yucatan, the l>;irty sailed westward, and entered the river of Tobusco, where some intercourse; and ])e'tty trallic was carrieel on with the luelians. The; natives were tilled with we)nde;r at the "Afake of thcShi})s, anel din'enme'e of the Men anel Habits," or. their first appearance, anel "stejoel without Me)tie)n, as elejirived of the use e)f their Hands by the' Aste)nishmcnt under Avliich their Eyes had brought llrm." The usual propositions were made by the Spanish com- n f i ' li' "I- :i^>^ I I if 1 ■ 'I liit |(< ' i *: 1 =;l!i 5' b :|i: !!i 58 INDIAN RACES OF AMERICA. mamler, of submission to tlie great and mighty Prince of the I'^ast, who? subject he professed to be; but "they hearo his })roj)()sitiou vith the marks of a disagreeable attention," and, not unnaturally, made answer that the proposal tc* form a peace which slunild entail servitude upon them was strange indeed, adding that it would be well to inquire whether their })resciit king was a ruler whom they loved before projiosing a new one. Still ])ursuing a westerly course along the coast, Gi'i- jalva gained the first intelligence received by the Span- iards of the Emperor Montezuma. At a small island were found the first bloody tokens of the barbarous reli- gious rites of the natives. In a "House of Lime and Stone" were "several Llols of a horrible Figure, and a more horrible worship paid to them; for, near the Steps where they were placeil, were the carkasses of six or seven men, newly sacrificed, cut to pieces, and their Entrails laid open." lleaching a low sandy isle, still farther to the westward, on the day of St. John the Baptist, the Spaniards named the place San Juan, and from their coupling with this title a word cauirht from an Indian seen there, resulted the name of San Juan do Ulloa, bestowed ujion the site of the present great f )rtress. No settlement was attempted, and Grijalva returned to Cuba, carrying with him many samples of native ingonuity, and of the wealth of the countiy, in the shape of rude figures of lizards, birds, and other trifles, wrought in gold imperfectly refined. I^he Cuban governor, Velasquez, determined to pursue discoveries and conquest at the west, and a|){iointed Her- nando Cortez, a Spanish cavalier, resident upon the island, to command the new exjiedition. That the reach^r may judge what strange contradictions may exist in the char- actor of the same individual ; how generosity and cujud- ity; mildness and fei'ocity; cruelty and kindness, may bo I combined, brated her "Cortez nance; aiK he was of for he ahvi and discre such that h suilerM by In the w A< E. T' Ci Ai Hidalgos i the fortunes was to be se^ ing lands to mail, making From St. . em coast, wl number of Havana. Fi weigh on th brigantine an are thus enu sixteen Hors( an hundred Licentiate Jn a Regular of missile weajK falconets, ;ind AilOUIGINES OF MEXICO. 59 combined, lot liiin compare the after coiuliict of tliis cele- brated hero with his character as sketched by the historian. "Cortcz was well made, and of an agreeable counte- nance; and, besides those common natural Endowments, be was of a temper "which rendered him very amiable; for he always spoke well of the absent, and was pleasant and discreet in his Conversation, llis Generosity was such that his Friends partook of all he had, without being suHcr'd by him to publish their Obligations." In the words of the poet, he "* * * Was one in whom Adventure, and endurance, and emprisu Exalted the mind's faculties, and strung Tiie body's sinews. Brave he was in fight, Courteous in hatniuet, scornful of repose, And bountiful, and cruel, and devout." Hidalgos of family and wealth crowded eagerly to join the fortunes of the bold and po[)ular leader. "Nothing was to be seen or s})oken of," says Bernal Diaz, "but sell- ing lands to purchase arms and horses, quilting coats of mail, making bread, and salting j^ork for sea store." From St. Jago the fleet sailed to Trinidad on the south- ern coast, where the force was increased by a considerable number of men, and thence round Cape Antonio to Havana. From the latter port the flotilla ,^"ot under weigh on the 10th of February, lol9. It con.usled of a brigantine and ten other small vessels, whose motley crews are thus enumerated: "five hundred and eight Soldiers, sixteen Horse; and of Mechanics, Pilots, and Marriners, an hundred and nine more, besides two Chaplains, the Licentiate Juan Diaz, and Father Bartholomew De Olmoilo, a Regular of the Order of our Lady de la Merced." The missile weapons of the jxirty were muskets, cross-bows, falconets, and ten small held pieces of brass. The color, >^>ia 'I [ ■'I \ri S m m \i\ ,^!| (i;, iM 'J « ; ' t'l: Si? .'-i! • «J ^f i|^^ i; n I' I'' ^i w% 60 INDIAN liACES OF AMElliCA. quality, and condition of each of the horses is described with great particuhirity. The iirst hind made was the ishaid of Cozuinel, off the coast of Yucatan. One of the vessels reached the island two (lays before the rest; and finding the habitations of the natives abandoned, the Spaniards ranged the country, and plundered their huts and temple, carrying olf divers small gold images, together with clothes and provisions. Cortez, on his arrival, strongly reprehended these pro- ceedings, .and, liberating three Indians who liad been taken prisoners, sent them to seek out their friends, and explain to them his friendly intentions. Their confidence was perfectly restored by this act, and by the restoration of the stolen property; so t'nat the next day, the chief came with his people to the camp, and mingled with the Spaniards on the most friendly terms. No farther violence was olfered to them or their prop- ert}' during the stay of the Spaniards, except that these zealous reformers seized the idols in the tem})le, and roll- ing them down the steps, bailt an altar, and placed an image of the Virgin upon it, erecting a wooden crucifix herd by. The holy father, Juan Diaz, then said Mass, to the great edification of the wondering natives. This temple was a well-built edifice of stone, and con- tained a hideous idol in somewhat of the human form. "All the Idols," says de Solis, "worsliipped by these mis- cralile iVH)})le, were formed in the same Manr ^; for tho' they dilfered in the Make and Representation, they were all alike most abominably ugly; whether it was that these Barbarians had no Notion of any other Model, or that the Devil really ajipeared to them in some such Shape; so that he who struck out the most hideous figure, Wiis accounted the best work man." Seeing that no prodigy succeeded the destruction of their gods, the savages were the more ready to pay attcr tiou "Zl to the teac tbom by tl of their \ before thei Cortez to j)ronoui attracted until he as( the Indian lie imn restore thei then, name ant place i other, one J the Indians lie said to ried, and ha the wars; g my cars boi if I went ai De Solis i but a preten able Convei! Honour or Spaniard, ii mitted the 1 wortliy to 1 found in the and his Kx Nature, and fall, when G Poor Agu nearly nakei guishable frc tilian W3rds ^ AIJORIGINKS OF MPZXICO. ai to the teachings wliich wore so earnestly impressed upon them by tlie strangers, and a])pearc(l to hohl the- symbols of their worship in some veneration, oll'ering ineense before them, as erstwhile to the idols Cortez heard one of the Indians malce many attempts to j)ronounec the word Castilla, and, his attention being attracted by the circumstance, he pursued his inquiries until he ascertained that two S])aniards were living among the Indians on the main. He immediately usetl great diligence to ransom and restore them to liberty, and succeeded in the case of one of thcvn, named Jeronimo de Aguilar, who occupies an imj)(>rt- ant place in the subse(|uent details of adventure. '^JMie other, one Alonzo Guerrero, having married a wife among the Indians, preferred to remain in his present condition, lie said to his companion: "Brother Aguilar, I am mar- ried, and have three sons, and am a Cacique and ca])tain in the wars; go you in (lod's name; my face is marked, and my ears bored; what would those Spaniards think of nie if I went among them?" De Solis says of this nuin that his natural afiection wjis but a pretence "why he would not abandon those deplor- able Conveniences, which, with him weighed more than Honour or lleligion. We do not find that any other Sjianiard, in the wdiole Course of these Conquests, com- mitted the like Crime; nor was the name of this Wretch wortliv to be remembered in this History: But, bcin:'' found in the writings of otliers, it could not be concealed; and his Example serves to show us the Weakness oC Nature, and into what an Abyss of ^lisery a man may fall, when God has abandon'd him." Poor Aguilar had been eight years a captive: tatooed, nearly naked, and browned by sun, he was scarce distin- guishable from his Indian companions, and the only Cas- tilian words which he was at first able to recall were " Dios, !■, t i i ,^m '-^^^.t^d hi I •1 1! lit' It 'lii iij il ill: '•U II! r J ' • ' ' ' 62 INDIAN RACKS OF AMKUKA. Santa ^^aria," and "Sovilla." Still iniiidfnl of liis old associations and rcii;i;ion, he l)oro at his shoulder the tat- tei'jd iVagnients of a prayer-book. He bclonj^ud lo c- ship's crew who had been wrecked on the coast, and was the only survivor of the number, cxcej)t (luerrero. 'J"he rest had died fi'oni disease and overwork, or had been sacrificed to the idols of the coun- try. Aguilar had been "reserved i\)r a future occasion by reason of his Leanness," and succeeded in escaping to another ti'ibe and another master. Corte/. sailed with his fleet, from Co/umel, for the river Tabasco, which was reached on the loth of March, 1519. Urging their way against the current, in the boats and snudler craft — for the principal vessels were left at anchor near the mouth — the whole armament entered the stre;"n. As they advanced, the Spaniards })erceived great bodies of Indians, in canoes, and on bcjth banks, whose outcries were interpreted by Aguilar to be ex{)ressions of hostility and defiance. Nitiht came on before anv attack was made on either side. Next morning, the arin-'imcnt recom- menced its progress, in the form of a crescent: the men, protected as well as possible by their shiehls and quilled mail, were ordered to keep silence, and offer no violence until ordered. Aguilar, who understood the language of these In(bans, was commissioned to exj)lain the friendly purposes of his companions, and to warn the natives of the consequences that would result from their oj)position. The Indians, with signs of great fury r- 1 violence, refusi;d to listen to him, or to grant permission to the Spaniards to sujijdy themselves with wood and water. The engagement commenced by a shower of arrows from the canoes on the river, and an immense multitude opposed the landing of the troops. Numbers and bravery could not, however, avail against the European skill and im])lements of warfare. '^I'hose in the canoes were easily driven ofl ftud mars! cealed to made thei (liaiis into T;d)aseo \\ strong pal heiiig left. Cortez through tl lueu who w jijete ])osse: The towi iards had ( hind a seco whistling a tail).'" Th woods. GRKAT IIiTiiEirrc powers were and spirit of choivjo, whc sorted from Tabasco, aiu He explainer whose flash n abused the si i of the invuli AUO RIG INKS OF MKXICO. G3 driven oil', luid, notwitlistaiuliiig tlie dink'ukies of a wet jiiid marshy shore, wliorc thousands of the enemy hiy eou- cealetl to s])rin<^f u})Oii them unawares, the Spanish lureea made their way to the town of 'J abaseo, driving tlie lu- (hans into tlie fortress, or disjterring thcMu in the ion-st. Tabasco was protected in the ordinai'v Jndian style, by sti'oiig palisades of trees, a narrow and erooked eutrunco heing left, Cortez immediately attacked the town, and, In' tiring tlirough the })alisades, his troops soon drove in the bow- men who were defending tlicrn, and after a time, got com- plete possession. 'i'he town was obstinately defended, even after the .Sj)an- iards had eflected an entrance. The enemy retreated be- hind a second barricade, "fronting" llu^ troo])s, "valiantly whistling and shouting 'al calaehioni,' or 'kill the eap- taiii.'" They were finally overpowered, and lied to the woods. CHAPTKR II. GRKAT r.ATTl.r.S WITH THK NATIVES — Cn.NClLIATOKY 1 N T )•; ! ; c o i: K s !■: — do .\ n a maim n a . IIiTiiEiiTO a blind superstition, by which supi^rnatural powers were ascribed to the wdiites, h;id quelled the vigoi and spirit of the Indians, but an interpreter named Mel- chorejo, whom Cortt;/. had bi'onght over from Cuba, de- serted from the Spanianls during the first night spent in Tabasco, and urged the natives to another engagement, lie explained the real nattirc of the mysterious wea]>ons whose flash and thunder had creattid such terror, anun- try was abandoiu 1 b;; its inhabitants, but a party of one humb'ed ; ik a sout, was suddenly surrounded and attacked ' . ■••'!; '-ordes of the enemy, that they might have been c. •. "i luv sheer fatigue, but for another com- ])any which came Uj i,.nr assistance. As the Sj)aniards endeavored to retre;;t to the camp, the Indians would rush upon them in full force, "who, immediately upon tlieir i'ai'ing about, got out of their reach, retiring with the stiine swiftness that they vrero attacked; the motions of this great multitude of barbarians from one side to another, resembling the rolling of the sea, whose waves are driven back by the wind." Two of the Spaniards were killed and eleven wounded in the fray: of the Tnchans, eighteen were .seen lying dead on the field, and several prisoners were t ken. From these Cortez learned that tribes from all sides were gathered to assist those of Tabasco in a general cntraGrement T)lann(^d for the next (Lay, and he accordingly made the most dili- gent {)reparation to receive them. The horses were brought on shore, and care was taken to restore their animation, subdued by confinement on board ship. As soon as day broke, Mass was said, and the little army was put in motion to advance upon the enemy. ^I'hey were discovered marshalled on the vast plain of Cintia, in such nund)ers that it was impossible to compute them. They extended so far, says Solis, "that the sight could not reach to see the end of them." The Indian warriors were painted and plumed, their arms were bows and arrows, I ^ ^ clings, dar wooden s\v by (piilted toise-shell T.J the s and large Sj)aiiiards, weapons, o stones and them down iiig clouds (1 of "ala— la viz: a con> tlieir grouiK Tiic little })ers<)n, had the Indians through the ania/ed ther :is the horse took the mo horse and hi On the fiel lay more thai But two of of their nun barbarians. Tlie victor.' Lady, his ble wounds, and of dead Indis and sleep. Lopez dc G under the for field during t] 5 AHOlilfJINKS OF MEXICO. r.f) clings, darts, clul)S armod witli sliarj) flints, and lioavy wooden sword.-^. '^Dic bodies of the lenders \v<^re j)rotecte(l hv (iuiUt'(l eoiits of cotton, and they bore shields of tor- tois(>-sludl or wood, nioiuitcd, in some instancies, with pild. To the smiiid of rude drums, and the blast of se;i-siirll.s and lar;^(! (lutes, the vast crowd fell furiously niton the Spaniards, an*! although checked by their more eH'u'ient weapons, only retired to a convenient distance for hurling stones and discharging arrows. 'J'he rield-})ieces mowed them down by hundreds, but concealing the havoc by rais- ing clouds of dust, and closing up their ranks with shouts of "ala — lala" (the precise sound of the 'I'urkish war-cry, viz: a constant repetition of the word AllaJi), they held their sxround with the most determined courage. Tiie little handful of cavalry, which, led by Cortez in jjcrson, had made a detour to avoid a marsli, now fell \i\mv' the Indians from a new quarter, and, riding through ai through the crowded mass of savages, so bewildered and uniaxcd them, that they fled in dismay. Xo such animal as the horse had ever Iteforc been seen by them: they took the monsters, says Diaz, for centaurs, supposing the horse and his rider to be one. On the field of battle, as the conquerors passed over it, lay more than eiglit hundred dead or desperately wounded. But two of the Spaniards were killed, although seventy of their number were wounded at the first rush of the barbarians. The victors having rendered thanks "to God and to our Lady, his blessed Mother," for their success, dressed their wounds, and those of the invaluable horses, with the fat of dead Indians, and retired to refresh themselves by fo(xl and sleep. Lopez de Gomara affirms that one of the holy ajtostles, under the form of Francisco de Morla, appeared upon the field during this bloody engagement, and turned tlie scale \ ii% H t ! r-'' r|4- V' » WHI^ ij. ^t ill liii I 6(j INDIAN RACES OF AMKUICA. of viany with (^orttv. and tlio rest, upon a chesnut liorsu — Jiut altlionuli I, unwortliy sin- n(^r that I atn, was unfit to In-hold either of those holy apostles, upwards of four hundred of us were present; Id their testimony be taken." Ho adds, that he never heard of the ineident until he read of it in (Joinara's history. Several prisoners were taken in this battle, ainon<^ them two who ap[)eared to be of superior rank. Tliese were dismissed with presents and favors, to earry proptxsals of ])eaec to their friends. The result was highly satisfaetory : lilleen slaves, with blaekencd faees and raggeil attire "in token of eontrition," eanie bringing'' (^^'erin,L^s. JVrmission was given to buiy and burn the bodies of those who IMI in the teri'ible slaughter, that they might not be devoured by wild beasts ("Lyons and Tygers" according to Diaz). Tliis duty accomplished, ten of the caciqut^s and ])rineipal Mien made their appearance, clad in robes of state, and expressed desire for peace, excusing their hostility, as the result of bad advice from their neighbors and tlie jiersua- sion of the renegade whom they liad saeriliccd. Cortez took pains to impress them with ideas of his power and the gi-eatness of the monarch lie served ; he ordered the artillery to be discharged, and one of the most spirited of the horses to be brought into the recejition-room : " it being .so contrived that he should show himself to the greatest advantage, his apj)arent fierceness, and his action, struck the natives witli awe." Man-* more chiefs came in on the following day, bring- ing the usual presents of little gold figures, the material of which came, they said, from "Culehua," and from "Mex- ico," words not yet familiar to the cars of the S{)aniards. ^^wenty women were, moreover, olfored as presents, and gladly received by Cortez, who bestowed one upon each '■'w of Ills ofTu tlie pleasui of his fliitli 15artlioloin( iiig nothin; interpreter, hut tliese women of Among beauty aiK Marina. SI j'arental eru slavery at a a Ah^xican f tlic liands of Mexican lar Tabasco, so Aguilar, to interior, thro mastered the throughout h ly him, who iu considerat Before this c( iiiander upon ure for Castil AHOUir.INK.S OV MKXICO. 67 of his ofTicors. Tlioy wore all duly l)!ii)tizotl, and liad the plca.suro of li.sU'niii;; to a discoursi^ upon the luystcrics of his f;iith, doliverod for their esjRHMal bcnelit by l-'athcr IJartlioloincw, tlio spiritual guide of the invaders. Know- ing nothing of the language, and liaving no competent interpreter, it j)robably made no very vivid inij)ressi()n, hut these captives were set down as the first Christian w'oiaen of the countrv. Among them was one young woman of remarkable beauty and intelligence, whom the Sj)aniar(ls christened >ranna. She was said to be of royal })arentage, but, from ))arental cruelty, or the fortunes of war, had been held in slavery at a settlement on the borders of Y'ucatan, where a ^^exiean fort was established, and afterwards fell into the hands of the Tabascan cacique. She spoke both the Mexican language, and that common to Yucatan and Tabasco, so that Corte;i was able, by means of her and Aguilar, to communi(!ate with the inhabitants of the interior, through a doul)le interj)retation, until A[arina ha,Ht piirpo from riirlli its horriblo And old idolatries; — t'roii, their proud tiitiPB Eiich to his ^Tave their priests jro out, till none Ih lutX to tcMch their vvurKhip! ' Ukyant's Ilijmn to Dmlh. Bkfouk his (It'piirturo from Tiiljiisco, Cortc/ Jiiul liis priest ina(K) strenuous ellorts to cxj)l:iin the jjriuoiples of his religion to the ehiefs and their people. This, indeed, seems really to have been a purpose uppermost in his heart throughout the whole of his bloody cum})aign ; but, as may well be supposed, the subject was too abstract, too novel, and too little capable of })roofs which apj)eal to tlu; senses and inclinations, to meet with much favor. "They only complied," says Solis, "as men that were subdued, being more inclined to receive another God than to j)art with any of their own. They hearkened with pleasure, and seemed desirous to comprehend what they heard: but reason was no sooner admitted by the will than it was rejected by the understanding." 1'hey acknowledged that "this must, indeed, be a great God, to whom such valiant men show so much respect." From the river Tabasco the fleet sailed direct for San Juan de Ulua, where they were no sooner moored than two large })iraguas with a number of Indians on board came boldly alongside. By the interpretation of Marina, Cortez learned that these came in behalf of Pitalpitoquc and Tendile, Governor and Captain of the district, under Montezuma, to inquire as to his purposes, ard to make I'hc mcssciigers were offers of friendship and assistance. If lum.'l.-sonts of plumcvl cotton mantles, gold, &('., which they had brought to oiler him, and depart in poaco. Diaz says that the Indian commander expressed haughty astonishment at the Spaniard's presumption. Cortez told them that lie was fully resolved not to leave the country without obtaining an audience from the em- peror; but, to quiet the apjirehension and disturbance of the Indians, he agreed to wait until a message could bo sent U) the court and an answer returned, before com- mencing further operations. Painters, whose skill Din: enlarges upon, now set to work to depict upon rolls of cloth, the jjortraits of Cortcz and his officers, t^ ' aspect of the army, the arms, and other furniture, the .-jmoke poured forth from the cannon, and, above all, the horses, whose "obedient fierccnCvSs" struck them with astonishment. These represcmtations were for the benefit of luontczuma, that he might learn more clearly than he could by verbal report, the nature r"i ''UP iH '.. (1 ) I f 1 1 1 Mr^ ','■^'0 ,j*J H 1 \ i i .,|i 1' ' I'll r iiir i 'il I I B' f I. 70 INDIAN IJACES OF AMEUTCA. of Ills novel visitants. }\y tlie inessoiifrors, Cortoz sent, as a royal present, a crimson velvet cap, witli a lcoM medal upon it, some ornaments of cut glass, and a chair of tajiestry. Pitalpitfxpic now settled himself, with a great company of his people, in a temponiiy collection of huts, huilt in t\\v, immediate vicinity of the Spanish camp, while Ten- dile attended to the delivery of the message to his mon- arch. Diaz sa3's that lie went to the royal couit, at the city of .Nfexico, in person, heing renowned for his swift- ness of loot; bnt the more ])robal)le account is that he availed himself of a regular system of couriers, established over the more important routes throughout the emjiire. However this may be, an answer was returned in seven days' time, the distance, between ^^exico and San Juan being sixty leagues, by the shortest road. With the messenger returr.ed a great olFicer of the court, named Quintalbor, who bore a most striking resem- blance to Cortez, and one hundred other Indiaris, loaded with gifts for the Sjfaniards. Escorted by Tendile, the embassy arrived at the camp, and, after performing iJic usual ceremony of solemn salutations, by burning incen.se, &c., the !Mexic.'ui lords caused mats to be s})read, and dis- played the gorgeous jiresents they had brought. These consisted of beautifully woven C(jtton cloths; ornamental woi'k in feathers, so skilfully executed that the figures represented had all the elfect of a j)ainting; a quantity of gold in its rough state; images wn^ight or cast in gold of various animals; and, above all, two huge plates, one of gold, the other of silver, fancifully chased and embossed to re})resent the sun and moon. Diaz says that the golden sun was of the si/e of a carriage wheel, and that the silver })late was still larger. Prollering these rich tokens of good will, together with numerous minor articles, the chiefs delivered their mou 1 ^ area s mi good will, to visit li allcireil to liiiiteil tha existed wl Coi-tez, iiiinatioii, gilts; exp iiii'ssage Ir without (li i 1 having pei- He, mea with two lieulthy ]»la sand where .Montezui tlie Spania liis determii erto mainta ceased. Te and Pitalpit jiorary dom The soldi 1 i vision, and store lor th home. Coi same policy SI'S, under s( 1 at large in t He seeme of the male 1 of making tli(! most tn , , ■among the t 1 ABOUIGINES OF MEXICO. 71 arch's mission. Accoiiipani(Ml Its- qvctv expression of (food will, his rdnsal was declared to allow tlie stranfr(M-s to visit his court. Bail roads and hostile tribes were iiIh\L,'ed to constitute insuperable dilliculties, but it was hinteil that more important, thou^di un(!Xj)lainable reasons existed why the interview could not take ]ilace. (\)i'tez, courteously, but tinnly, persisted in his deter- niination, and dismissed the ambassadors with rcnewi'd liil'ts; expressing himself eonleiit to await yet another iiii'ssau;e from ^fontezuma. He said that he could not, without dishonoring tlu; hing his master, return before having jiersonal communication with the eitij)eror. He, meantime, sent a detachment further up the coast, • with two vessels, to seek for a more conv(Miient and healthy })laee of encampment than the burning plain of s:nid where the army was now quartered. Mt)ntezuma persisted in objections to the advance of the Spaniards, and C\)rtez; bring eipnilly immovable in his determination to })roeeed, the iVimdly inttu'courst* hith- erto maintained between the natives and their guests now r«'ased. Tendilc took his leave with some ominous threat.s, and I'italpitoipie with his ])eople departed from their tem- pui'nry domiciles. The soldiers, cut off from their f )rmer supjtlies of pro- vision, and seeing nothing but dangtu* and privation in store f )r them, bi'gan to rebel, and to talk of returning home. Cortez checked this movement by precisely the same policy timt was resorted to by Agamemnon and I'lys- ses, under somewhat similar circumstances, as will be found at large in the second book of the J/r.i'/, line 110 i- tioii on the part of the inhabitants. 'J'hese, however, had mostly fled from their homes on the ap})roacli of the Span- iiirils. In the principal s<[uare, Cortcz was met, and saluted with the usual fumigations of incense, by fifteen of the chief men of the town. They excused the timidity of their peoi)le, and promised that th(\y should immediately return, as no injuries were intended by the strangers. They came accordingly; the chiefs, together with the corpulent caciipie of Zcinjxjalla, being borne upon litters. All unitt'd in lamentations over the cruel state of degra- dation and servitude to which they were stdijected by the tyrant Montezuma. I le plundcn.'d them of their treasures, sci/ed an.d carried away their wives and daughters, and saciiriectl no small nundji'r of tliem to his gods. While they were yet consulting ami beseeching assist- ance iVom the Sj)aniards, the whole conclave was stricken with terror by the intelligence of the arrival of five roval emissaries in' tax-gatherers. 'J'liese stately p(,'rs;)nages, to whom the Quiavistlans hastened to minister with criiiging Hcrvility, did not even condescend to bestow a look upon the Spanish ofliccrs. '''I'hey were dressed,'' says iJiaz, "ill mantlco elegantly wnjught, and drawers of the sanu,\ their hair si lining, and, as it were, tied at the top of the head, and eav.h of them had in his hand a bunch of roses, wliich he oeciusiomdly smelt to. They were attended by scivaiits, who fanned th>'m, and each of whom curried a 'did aiid a hooked stick." Calling the caciques before them, these dignitaries re- linked them for entertaining foreigneis, who disregarded the expressed will of the emperor, and, as a j)unishment tor the contempt, demanded twenty victim.- i<)r sacrifice. Cortez, being informed of this, advised the seizure and impri.sonmenc of the.se emks.saries until repor; ol' iheircru- fr ij 4\ ' I il ' m ^iiih^iil \ ■? 1^;.; 1 1 '"<'} Z> 74 INDIAX RACKS OF AMEIUCA. elties and insolence conld ho made to their master, Tlio oaei(|ues, accustomed to suhmission, were at first liorror- stricken at tlu; i)r()i)<)sal, hut Cort(^z p('rsistin the other three fi'om dcsti'uction, he took th'^n on 1k',!i,j miic of his vessel.s, (the fleet having come rou' d hy s( a") u 'er pretence of safe kee])ing. lie, none ihe less ]>r. hnme' to the caciques, his allies, that they should, thereafter be free from all oppn^ssiou"^ ;Mid exactions on the part of the Mexican autlu^rities. 'J'he army was runv set to vrv.-: the foundatior cA' a permanent fortification ami •■!" n. By the willing assist- ance of the natives, the walls of Vera Cruz rose rapidlv. 'J'o excite a spirit of iiahistry and enudation, Cortcz com- menced the work of digging and carrying materials with his own hands. Thirty caciques, froiu the mountainous districts of the 'I'otonaques, led by reports of Spanish valor and virtues, came in to ofTer their servicer and alliance. Their followers are inimber(>d by Ilerrera (an author who speaks too confiileiitly of particulars) at one hundred thou- Rand nu ti; wild mounlaiiiecrs, Init bold and ellicient. I .. "While a 80 11 gers one greatly exc olliccr.s, h;i( who liad be his own ni sj)lon(lid re ciiibiissy for two tax-gat vcheiuentlv (Irr, by the i/.c'it of th( was adjurc( towards the (hingers of t tluy enlarge the princi])al Cortcz rej give /est to fear, and onl taiiied tiie i with ju'c.sent 'i'lie Zemj) between thei vantage of 1 neighboring cinga. 'I'hej a trouhlesou" a.>^sist tliiMii i (Ireil Sj)aniar SiKuiish lead enemy was t town, eight friars, came i aries present* .r'^r::^?*^-' AHOUKilNKS OF MEXICO. 75 Wliilc all hands were at work upon the new town, nies- Bcngers once again apiJeaivd from Montezuma. His anger, greatly excited by the first reports of the seizure of liis odieers, had been mitigated by the favorable rcj)ort of those wlio had been allowed to eseaiie; and he now sent two of his own nei)hews, accompanied by four old lords, and a splendiil retinue. Acknowledgments were made by the einb:'.s.sy for the service rendered by Cortcz in setting the two tax-gatherers at libiirty ; but he was, at the same time, vehemently requested to leave the country, and not hin- der, by the respect due to his presence, the just ])unish- i.ient of the rebels with whom he was cohal/iting. lie was aaiiish leader entered the mountain district wiiere th' enemy was to be sought. As the army apj)roached th( town, eight old priests, in black and hoode(l robes, like friars, eame out to ilepreente his angarii(\'ring the bloody marks of pagan worship with lir.'^ and phuster, erected an altar, and celebrated the rites of Catholicism. As no j)r()- digv or signal vengeance from Heaven followed the auda- cious act, the i)liabl(3 natives seemed readily to fall in with the ])rop()sed chang<\ and, burning the fragments of their idols, they '\jted the posture antl formula of the devout Hjuinianls. An old and ])artially disabled soldir(M;i'ATION OK TIIK (ITV — (iKF.AT MASSACKE AT CHOI.lfl.A — KNTKAMK INTO TIIK CITY OF MKXICO, AM) INTKKVIKW Willi MONTEZt'MA — OKSCKU'TION OK TIIK TKM I'l.i;, KTC. "Whiit (l':vii)'- inonstciH, Oh yt' " ; I '■ t! ||*''Ml''t:'! 'ill' m fi I rJ:'b-' '^ 78 INDIAN UACES OF AMEllICA. Cortcz «li'tcrmiii('(l to pass tlirou^fli tlu^ couiitrv of Tlaa- calii, wliiiSi; iiiluibitiiiitH were iiiiiiiiciil to Montczuiau. Four Zi'in{)()iiluii Indians, Jccki'd out in the style dt'eined suitable for ambassadors, and bearing arrows, fcatlu^red with white, and carried point downwards, in token of a peac(>ful mission, were sent to wait on the 'ria>calaii authorities. They were received with respect by the sen- ate or chief council, whose; members were ranged in order, in a great liall, seated ujion low chairs, each nuule from a single block of some remarkable W(jo(I. (Jn.'at dcl»ate ensued lus to whether the strangers should l)c jx.'rmitted to pass through the country. ()u the one hand, ancient prophecies were cited of an invincible race that should come from the Ka.st. The remarkable fulfil- mcnt in the landing of these white men, of many attend- ant circumstances foretohl, touching the ships, arms, and valor of the invaders, wius enlarged U])on, and it was pro- nounced madness to cope with them. On the .other hand, it was suggested that the Spaniards inight be nothing bet- ter than "monsters Hung up by the sea uj)on the eoa.sts." and, if not, that their saeriK'ge and cruelties forbade tin; idea that they could be other than evil and avaricious barbarians, who should be crushed as noxious reptiles. it was concluded to try the strength of the whites, and, if they eould not be resisted, tlie assault should be attri- buted to the intraetibility of the Ott(jmies, a nation of rude and warlike mountaineers. Tlu! lesult might ri'adily be foreseen: no force, liow- ever overwhelming in numbers, could resist the lire-arms, the discipline, and more esj)eeially the horses of the Sj^an- iards. 'JMiese animals "(supernatural or monstrous in their imagination)" so t(U'ri(ied the Indians, that they trod one another under foot in ellbrts to escape from the rush of the little corps of cavalry. In several engagenienta, although under advantageous ciicumstances, as in ambus- . CI cades ant th( allies, as they agreed that t he (piartered the suburbs. and higher at )>lace before v t'uriiished pro tinallv diseont '!! AHOUIGINKS OF MKXICO. 79 cados ami iii^lit attacks, tho Tlascalaiis were roiittMl, ami viust nuiubers oC their warriors were .slauirlitcrf .1. Corte/,, to strike further terror, cut olT the hands (»r thiiiid)S of fourteen or fifteen captives, and sent tht-ni to their own jK'ople to report what manner i>f nu'ii he and his followers were. Montezuma, hearin,!^ of tliesc successes, sent more mea- senjicrs to endeavor to ])ersuade Cortez not to make fur- ther advance, and at tlie same time to oltstruct tiu' con- clusion of a ])eavje between liim and the 'riascalans. These etforts failed signally: Xicotencal, the general of the opposing forces, in behalf of the town aud nation, made an aniieable settlement (jf dinieulti''s witli the Sjianiards. With great pomp ;uh1 ceremony. Cortex marched iiis ;iniiy into thy town of Tlascala, on the 2-)d of September, (b')l!*). 'i'he situation of the place was rugged and moun- tainous, giving the streets great irregularity ; but the build- ings were substantial, and the fortiliealious massive. Ibu'e the uriny tarrie(l twentv davs, and then ir.ar-jhed for Clio- lula, a great city, entirely subject to the" em)ieror. Jielbre they set out, Monte/.uma hail again sent heralds to an- ii(Hinc(! his final consent to a meeting, and that (piarters tor the Sj)anisli troops sliould be maile reailv at Cholula. Sev<'ral thousand 'riascalans, armed and e(pii])j)e(l, volun- tarily olfered their services, and the wh«;le armv ri'ac]ie(l Cliolula without molestation. lien.* the magnates of tin? town met tluMU, obj(>cting to the entrance of the Indian allies, as they had birn enemies of the nation; and it w;us agreed that the Sj)aniar(ls and Zemjioalans alom; should be (piartered in tl.'c city, while tlie n st sliould encamp in the sul)urbs. Ilen^ were seen evidences of greater wealth, and higher attainments in areliitectural skill, than at any place before visited. The caciques appeared friendly, and I'liniishcd provisions for the troojis for several davs; but liiially discontinued both tlieir visits and sup{)lies. Thia n i I 1 f'Tl '' I' 'in '' 'i ' U \ I'lj^if' fi I' ■'In I 80 INDIAN HACKS OK AMKKICA. uroiiscd the suspicions of Cortc/, jiiid lie (li'tcrinincd to iniiiiitain tlio ntrii('>t vi^'ihiiu'c. At tliis JMiictiirc an old woman of" rank came to Marina, f'T wliMMi she liad contracted i^rcat friendship, and bcjr^^fcil lici- to (orsaki! the. Spaniards, and come to Hvc with her anarticulai's of a formidable ])lot for the destruction of the Spaniaids. Monte/Jima had sent twenty thousand m(>n into the vicin- itv, part of whom were alivady scc^retly brought within the walls; pit-IJdls with sharj) stakes at the InHtom had been jirepared in the principal highways for the destruction of the horses; and stones were piled on tlu; roofs of the liouses to luii'I ilowii upon the de\(/t('d army, Diaz says: "'J'he recompense which they inUuided for our liolvand friendly siu'vices was to kill us and eat uh, for which ])urpose th«; pots were already boiling, and prepared with salt, ])ej)per and tomatas." Severn human victims had been sacriliceil to j)ropitiate the favor of th(! j^'ods, and it was j)ui-j)oscd to devot(! twenty of the S])aniards to the same fate, as soon lUM they could be secured. All these thini^'S were confirmed by asearchiuf^ examin- ation of some of the caciques, who, surprised at the super- natural |)enetratit>n of the Spaniards, confes.sed the whole, but attributed it entirely to Montezuma. With liis usual duplicity, Cortez sjioke of this consj)iraey in confidence to the amba.ssadors from the court, pretendinf? that tie liad no suspicion of the part Montezuma had taken. lie then ^ave j)id)lic orders for marchin,<^ on the ensuinj:^ day, in order to ]irecij)itatc the hostile movement, but, at tlu^ same time, had all his))lans arran^^^ed for battle, and intelli^'CTico conveyed to his Tlascalaii troops to be ready to assist him at tlie dawniiif^ of day. "With the fii'st li'dit all was in motion; tlie Cholulans appointed t on pretenr ui> ^'ortez to V stantly (gained ^vllit<> men n iiLTainst whom Fourteen dr ^v;is airain pui fiiissed at their hy 'I'lasealans, d.in.rer and j)n tli(! rou^di moi pnlh, strong Ik 6 AnoKKMN'KS OF MKXH'O. Rl appointo'l to carry tlic hagf^age, aful tluisf win* cniuf" :inin>d oil jM'ctoiuv nl' actiiiju' as a ^'uanl, hut, in n'tility, Id I'all upon tlif ft'ai' "(' tlif army, poiirc*! into the ^'n-at st|iiar«'. ;\t a ;.'ivcii siirnal Iroiii C'ortc/, a liorril)!*' nia.-safrc was (•(iniiiu'iK'i'il, which contiiMifd for two (hiys. The 'I'la.-ca- laiis dl" tlic party, ri'iii forced hv truiltitinh's (Voin tlnir own town, who catni^ at tlio first news of the attack, ravaiicil aii'l phiinli'rc(l the city with unrestrained })arharity. Cor- tr/ at last ciiei'kcd these ontra^'cs, and conij>cinn,L,' snch "f the phinder and prisoners as he could discover to he deliv- ered up, proclaiinc(l peace and general amnesty. lie set free the unfortunate prisoners, who wen; confined in ca^cs to he fattened fi)r sacrifice, and vainly endeavored to con- viiH'i' the priests and people (*f the enormity of their reli- f'ious rites and the truth of his own doctrines. n riiolula was one of the most noted cities c^f Mexico, hoth for its heauty of Kituation and structure, and its posi- tion as tlu! head-(iuarters of the relin-ion of tlie eountr\'. The itnniense hill or tcniple of sacrifice lias ever hceu the Fuhjeet of .adiniration and asfonishtncnt to all heholders, Moiite/.urn:i dared no lon;^fer oj>enly oppose tli<' advance ef tlie Spaniards. The ter?'«)r of their arms anil the ;.dooniv pro,Lrnostic.'itions of tlx* jiriest.s cowed and stihdueil his spirit, and he sent me.^^sen^ers with ^\(\h and iii\ itations to Cortez to visit his court, 'i'he geiuTal imj)re. the damper and profit of the exj>edition. On the mnri'h over the rou'^h mountainous district through which lay their path, strong bodies of Mexicans had been ]>laccd in am- i' w Ft i\] \\ii »; I; if. I i ■* '\C^ ^a^ .%. %^^^ \^%^'" o /^.V^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 '-IIIIM IIM ■- IM IIIII2 2 ™ HI A Hill ; Mi. 124 1.8 U i 1.6 V] <^ /r "c-l (f: /a 7 -i!^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 82 INDIAX RACES OF AMKUICA. mM iM'!|'; dl I: 1! ;'i h'tS' 4W m '• y t\-A'i ■■!!■ I f. I' busli by tlic order of the king, but their hearts faileu them on the approach of the invaders. Cortez reached Chulco, near the imperial city, not only without serious opposition, but with his forces increased by as many natives of the provinces tlirough which he passed, as lie chose to enlist under his banners. Enchantments and conjurations, to Avhich Montezuma applied himself, with his whole corps of magicians, proved as ineffectual as his armies to arrest the enemy. It was still his purpose and hope, as the in- vaders well knew, to overwhelm and destroy them at a disadvantage, when they should enter his city. The Spaniards reached Iztapalapa, on the great lake in which the city of Mexico was built, without further blood- shed, except the destruction of a few poor Indians wlio approached "too near " the encampment at Amemeca, prob- ably from motives of curiosity. The lord of Tezcuco, upon the north-eastern border of the lake, a neph-^w of the em- peror, visited them on their route with solemn ceremony. Izttipalapa was built partly in the lake, although the receding waters have left the site mostly dry. The appear- ance of the place was truly Venetian. Over the broad expanse of water were seen the towers and buildings of numerous towns, at beholding which, together with the great causey which led to the island city, the Europeans, in the words of Diaz, "could compare it to nothing Init the enchanted scenes read of in Amadis of Gaul, from the great towers and temples and other edifices of lime and stone which seemed to rise out of the water." "Never yet," he adds, "did man see, hear, or dream of anything equal to the spectacle which appeared to our eyes on this day." The lords of the city a.ssigned splendid buildings of stone for the troops to quarter in; and such was their astonishment at the perfection of the architectural skill dis- played in the palac&s ; the beauty of the gardens ; the alleys ')^H 'V '\f, ABOKKilXES OF MEXICO. 83 of fruit and aromatic trees; tlic fountains, aqueducts, and artificial pools; and the vast concourse of curious natives, crowding the street and cause j to gaze on the novel sight, or skimming the water in their light canoes, that "to many it appeared doubtful whether they were asleep or awake." On the morning of the 8th of November, 1519, Cor- tez led his followers over the main causey into the impe- rial city. A great deputation of nobles and officers came out to meet him, and escorted the army into the city. The streets were empty, that the ceremony of the royal audience ii\ight not be impeded; but windows and balconies were t'nronged with eager spectators. Montezuma now appeared, borne in a glittering palan- quin, and accompanied by his chief oflicers, magnihccntly adorned, and disj)laying in their downcast looks and silent ol)sequiousness the reverence in which they lield their monarch. As he dismounted and walked to meet Cortez. leaning on his relatives, the lords of Tczcuco and Iztapa- Inpa, attendants spread carpets before him. With unheard-of condescension and expression of respect, the king saluted the Spanish commander in Mexican style, stooping and touching the ground with his hand, and then raising it to his lips. He wore a robe of fine cotton, adorned with gems, golden sandals, and a light crown of gold supporting the ornamental circle of plumes, esteemed the most graceful head-dress. lie was about forty years of age, of light complexion, and of majestic aspect and demeanor. Cortez advanced, and placing a showy necklace round the monarch's neck, would have embraced him, but was gently restrained by the attendant lords — such familiarity being deemed unsuitable to their sovereign's greatness. After mutual friendly speeches, the whole throng pro- ceeded to the palaces set apart for the Spaniards' use, and ^ I I' |. ,y ^ fpi % 1.^ iM 4 m II! i !.. !i 'i :W : - ! m *, ' I 51 1;!:: ' si if !:.|i:;!F 86 LNJ>!AN UACEri OF AMERICA. relif^io'is oUscrvaiiccs. "Jt should seem that the Devil," iis 1)0 S(;lis has it, "the Jnvcntor of these Hiles, was ambitions to imitate l>aj)tism and Cireumcisioii, with the same j)ri<.le with wliieh Ik; endeavored to eounterfeit the othei- Ceremonies, and even the Sat-raments of the ('athoiie Chureh ; sinee he inti'ochieed among tliese J^)arbar- ians the (,'onl'ession of Sins, f^iving them to understand that thei'eby they obtained the Favor of tlieir Gods. He instituted likewise a ridiculous sort of Communion, which the J*riests administei'cd u])OU certain iJays in the Year, dividing into small Bits an Idol made of Flower, mix'd up into a L'ast with honey, which they called t/ir. (Sod of Penitence.''^ — "Nay, they even gave their chief Priests the title of Papas in their Language; by which we find that this Imitation cost Satan a very particular study and application." Marriages wei-e performed by the priest's tying the veil of the woman to a portion of the man's dress, after certain prescribed preliminaries. In this guise the pair walked home together, and concluded the ceremony In' pacing seven times round the domestic hearth, Divorces were at the discretion of the parties, and when they tool: [)lace, the sons belonged to the man, the daughters to the woman. Hasty separations w^ere guarded against by a provision that, should they again cohabit after having once broken the bond of union, both should be put to death. In some instances, on the death of the husband, his wife would immolate herself, according to the custom, until re(;ently, so prevalent in India. ABOliUJIXKS OF MKXICO. 87 CHAriHU V. srJZV'HE AND IMIMUSONMKNT OF MONTKZT.'MA — EXRCIJTION OF QT'AI.I'OI'OCA ANU HIS CO.MrAMDNS OMINOUS I'KOSPKCTS KXl'KMniON OF" I'AMl'HILO UK NAIIVAKZ SLTCKSS OK COKTKZ AGAINST HIM liKTt'liN To MKXICO OUTKACK BV AI.VAIiADO, AND CONSKiiCKNT TROUHI.KS DKATH OF MONTEZUMA — TlIK "Nm UK TIMSTK " — HATTI,K OK OKTUMliA, AND AIMllVAr, AT TI.ASCAI.A. "And soiiiuIh tliat miiifflcd l.'iun to submit, but looking on the fierce Spaniards arountl him, .'md hearing an interpretation of their threats to dispatch liju immediately if he (bd not comply, he sulfered himself to be conducted to the palace occu])ied by his false fricnils. To hide his disgrace from his subjects, the unhapj)y monarch assured the astonished concourse in the streets that he went of his own free will. Cortez, while he kejit his prisoner secure by a constant and vigilant guard, allowed him to preserve all the outward tokens of royaltv. Meanwhile, (.iualpopoca, the governor of the district where Jnan do Kscalente lost his life, was sent for, to- gcthcr with his associate olficers. AVhen they arrived, Cortez was allowed by Montezuma to punish them at hi.s own discretion, and the inhuman monster cansed them to be burned alive in the sight of the populace. I'hc fuel used for this pur|)Ose consisted of the royal stores of arrows, darts, and other warlike implements. Still further to quell the spirit of the king, fetters were placed upon his ankles during the execution of this cruel sentence. The i)eople of Mexico could not be blinded to the true position of their sovereign, and it was not long before ominous signs appeared of a general determination to avenge his wrongs, and vindicate the insulted honor of the nation. The young lord of the ancient and powerful city of Tezcuco was foremost in arousing this spirit of resist- ance, but by artifice and treachery he fell into the hands of the Spaniards, and his brother was proclaimed gov- ernor in his stead. The king wa; himself a sul)i en'd up tv> Cort ' accoi'ding to ( dollars, as a p j)ortion of this tlie rest was di ollicei's approp The next mc mollies of wor as the palace of sitioii, a {)ortioi temjile was set iiitics of their the stone of sac At these sac became more an his opjiressors o! ilcclaring that i: ])oop]e would ri: the hated white have been distr; most conflicting he had contractc while he must h; placed upon his was now but a tc his dominions, excited sympath exact(>d the utmc ti\'e from all aroi The prudent g tion against an against liis retre had two vessels 1 ABOltlGlNES OF MKXICO. 8U The king was hrought so low as to consent to ac^knowKid^^o himself a subject of tlic Spanish cinpcn^r; and he Jellv- eivd up toCorte/ treasures of j^old and sihcr tothe amount, iK.'cording to conn)utati()ii, of tnoi'c than six millions of (l(jllars, as a present to his new sovereij^Mi. l)Ut a small porti(;n of this wealth was ivsd-vrd to he sent to Spain; the rest was divided among the conipierors, the chicls and ollieei's a[)pro})riating the lion's share The next movement was to cstahlish the Christian cere- monies of worship upon the vi-iy site so long venerated a.s the palace of the great god of war, MXi'v strong oppo- sition, a {)ortion of the area on the sunnnit of the chirf temjile was set apart for the S})aniarils' use in the solem- nities of their religion, while the blood-stained idol and the sto!ie of sacrifice nuuntaiiu;d their old })osition. At these sacrilegious innovations the whole ])opulace becanu.' more and more exasperated. Montezuma warned his oppressors of the storm that would break upon them, declaring that if he should but give the sign, his whole people woul'i rise as one man to release him and destroy the hated \vhites. The unfortunate monarch seems to have been distracted and overcome by emotions of the most conflicting nature. For some of the Spanish oflicers he had contracted no small degree of personal attachment, while he must have felt continuallv galled bv the restraint placed upon his person, and by the consciousness that Ik; was now but a tool in the hands of the proud invaders of his dominions. The mildness and dignitv of his demeanor excited sympathy and respect from his jailors, and Corn^z exacted the utmost deference and respect towards his cap- tive from all around him. The prudent general saw the necessity for every precau- tion against an attack from the natives, and, to guard against his retreat being cut ofl", on such a contingency, had two vessels built and furnished from the stores saved i|i I fll I i|; ■'.i; f i:if' r- W: ■'hi 'f|1":'i 90 IN 1)1 AX RACKS OF AMHIUCA. from tln> (lisiniuiU(;(l flcM;t. Tiiviii;^ upon an island, it \v:w in the power of tiio natives at any tiino to drstioy tlio bridges and causovM, ])y wliii^h alono there was eotninuiii- cation with the main. At this ei'isis, when all liis ener^i(\s \v(>re rctpiin'd to resist the fnry ol' an outraged mullitnde of harhariaiis ai'oiiml him, ('orte/ hcartl of danirer fi'om another soni'cc, whit'h moved liim more; de(^])ly than any hostilities ori tin; part of the Mexicans. ^rhe jealous Cuban ;^ovcrnor, Yelasrpiez;, enraged at lii.s presum])tion in throwing o(F the authority under which Ik: had sailed, lltte(l (jiit u formiihible armamcMit to overthrow till! newly-a('ipiii-(,'(l power of Ccji'te/,. The fleet under the connnand of Pamphilo de Xarvae/ reached the Mexicim coiust, and news of its arrival were conveyed to Cortez in the month ol' May, 1")20. With his usual decision and ])romptness, the gentn'ril divided his forces, and leaving the largc^r portion under Alvarado to maintain possession of the ea])ital, he marched to check the advance of Narvacz. By the b(^ldness of a night attack, followed u)) by the most consummate policy in winning (;ver the good wishes, and exciting the cupidity of the newly-arrived army, lie converted his enemies to friends, and, placing the leader in confinement, liastencd back to the city with Ids powerful auxiliaries. Ilis return was timely indeed. Alvarado had been guilty of an act of barbarity, (whether caused by avarice, by a supposed nec(\ssit.y, or by a desire to ape the valiant achievement,- of his master, cannot now be ascertained,) wliich had brought down upon him and his garrison the fury and indignation (jf the wdiolc Aztec nation. Uj)on an occasion of great public ceremonials at the Teocalli, or temple, at which were gathered a great con- course of the nobility and chiefs, the Spaniards, jilacing a guard at the gates of the outer w^all, mingled with tho -'j r unanuetl eomp;! and murdered e\ A gemiral rus liiwcd this event Moiitf/.uma him uvj:, who, knowin he j)res(M'ved in licar. 'I'hey tlnu iIr- garrison, an some water. It was on St. Cortrz h'-entercMl ili'Serted, and wit tu tlie Spanish ]);i wvcrjoyeil at the lirctliren with ope rado's ctMiduct, ai petulance, at the imliilged in eontci The state of on lint continue loii^ destroying the bri under De Ordas, \ ji driven back, with .Siieli ennvds of n concealment, that mass, while from 1 oiis and missiles beads of the Span Surrounding th every endeavor to ings, the wild hor assault, with desp( Cortez attem])te lowing day, but h I ...i''il=!,. if \HOiafjINKH OF MKXICO. 91 unariin-'il CKtiipunv, and, at an •ippiniitcd h1jj;ii, fell U])ori and murdered every ^f(;xiean {jfeseiit. A <^t'iii;ral rush upon the Sjianish rpiarters, whieh fol- jdwcil this event, was only checked by the appearance; of Moiilc/.iuna himself upon on(! ol" tlie towers ol' tlu; huild' iug, who, knowing doubtless that liis own life could seai'ccly be J) reserved in such a nielet', reipiested his subjects to Ibr- bcjir. Thoy therefore contoiteil themselves with brsie;j,in;^' llio j,'arrison, and cutting off su])plies of food and whole- soiru! water. It was on St, John's day in the month of .IntK*, that CnvU-A reentered the city. The streets were silent and (It'sorted, and with doubt and apprehension he j)roceeded tu till! Spanish j)alae(!. The soldiers of th(3 garrison were uvcrjoyed at the siyht of the recruits, and rceeiveil tlnjir brethren with open arms. Cortez saw i,he folly of Alva- rado's conduct, and in his first mood of indi^niation and pftulanec, at the probable frustration of his jilans, he iiitlulg(!d in contemptU(Mis treatment of liis royal captivi;. The state of ominous silence (observed in the city did not continue long. News came in that the Indians were destroying the bridges; and a body of four hundred men, under De Ordas, wluj were sent out to reconnoitre, were driven back, with a loss of twenty-three of their number. Such crowds of natives ])oured forth from their jilaces of concealment, that the streets were choked with th(! li\ing mass, while from balcony and roof-tops, a storm of weaj)- oiis and missiles of every description raint,'d upon the beads (;f the Spanisli trocjps. Surrounding the quarters of the S})aniards, and using every endeavor to burn the wooden ])ortion of the build- ings, the wild horde of enraged Mexicans continued the assault, with desperate fury, till nightfall. Cortez attem])ted a sally with the first dawn of the fol- lowing day, but ho soon found that he had an enemy to L !'•. m .^: 'I 1' * (1) ,M,. Wi ... ,J . lili ■ .f" : "■ ■!-' (It i .;fe f'l Ill'' 1 I'.i J' U 1^ 1 i ii ' ■ i m 92 INDIAN K.vrKS (tK AMKIUi'A. ciiCDimU'r of Hir (liUcriMit s[)ii'It fioin tliosc who liinl licrO' tolitn- ()j>j)os<'(l liiiii. Diii/ Siiys, "If w(i lnul bocii ten tlioiisaiid Ili'clors of 'I'roy, ami as iiiatiy UoMaiis, wo couM not liavo })oat(Mi tlicm ofV. - Soiiu; of our soldiers who liad Ikhmi in Italy, swore that iicitlu'r aiiKHi;^ (Miiis- tiaiis nor Tui-ks liad they over hccu such d('sporatit)ii as was niaiiiR'stiMl in Ih*' attacks of those Indians." ^I'lic ;irtillcry in vain swcj)t th(Mn down, for thousands w(!re rc.'i'ly to rush over the; fallen bodies of their coniradcs, and contiiuK! the hattU; with augnicnted fi(M"ceness. The Sj)aniards were finally forced to retn^at. A'arious exin.'- dients were ti-itid by the inch'fatigabli! Spanish general tu ([11 n the insurrection, and to dislodge the assailants, who shot their weapons from every high building in the vicin- ity of the garrison. Moving towers of wood were con- structed, to be (b'awn through the street by companies of 'riascaliins, whih^ S[)anish warriors from the interior (lis- cliarged volleys of musquetry upon the Indians. Many lumdred houses were (h\stroyed by fire, but, being jirinci- pally of stone, no general conflagration ensued. As a last resort, the great king himself, (hacked in liis robes of state, was taken to the tower from which he had before succeeded in quieting the angry populace. ^I'he multitude listened with (hjferential awe, but wlien they heard again the paljialde falseliood tliat he staid among the Spaniards by his own free will, reverence gave Avay to contempt and in(b'gnation. Kevilings and reproaches wiM'c followed by a shower of stones and arrows, '^^flic attendant soldiers in vain interposed their shields to i)ro- tect the emperor: he fell, severely wounded upon the head by a stone. The crowd now retired, ai'ipalled at the sacri- lege that they had committed. ]>ut the work was done: the miserable ^[ontezuma, overcome with rage, mortifica- tion, and despair, would accept of no assistance, either surgical or spiritual from the Spaniards. In three days, jtiiys lie Sol is, ' nal Possession ( of his Hreath ii iiiii'-i to his j'"ui' l'i>r the p;irti fi;:liting; and, a (>!' the hi ly teni sive treatises tli, tinnal fatigue, a sanits of tin; (mi cvacMiate the city a necromancer, Eoiiie," annoum the army could forte/, whethi infliieneo with tli in-jf a hold on t made jM-eparation proceedings by j) l^jsing to evacua while, at the sani an instantaneous pared to alVord 1 cansev made by t On the night brnii'dit out the i chatnber, and, ha\ crown, told the cautioned them a< It was near mi troops were put ii ing the first brea alarm was g^iven cry of "^raltelulc resounded over t' I' .;;;# fT OUIfirNKS OF MKX'ICO. 03 Mvs ilo Solis, "lio aiimMxlcnMl up to tlic I^<'vil tlio rtcr- iKil l'oss(^ssi()ii ol' his Soul, (MiiplDvin;;^ the latest inouiciif.s of Ills Drcatli in iiiipiDUs 'rii()ii;4lit.s of .sacrilRMti,!;^ his Miic- iiiic'! to Ills l*'iirv ami licvciifjfe." I'oi' tlic j)Mrti('MJars of tlie various sorties; tlie ceaseless fi;.'litiii,L'; and, above all, the terrilde secMio at the stonuin;^' ef tli<' li< ly temple, the rejider must refer to more extiii- give treiitises than this; suHiec; it thiit, weakened by eoii- tiiiiiiil fiiti;jjue, and day by day less able to resist tlu; as- siuilts of the enemy, the Sjtanianls finally concluded to evacuate tiic city. One HotcOlo, ji soldier who was rrputeil a necromancer, as he "spoke Ijatin, and hari(;n('.(;(l. An innurn(!r!il)l(', lionli; of (Insky li;_nir(;s Iti'sd tli(! ciinscy, and uttackcMl tlif fN^fitivcs in front, flank, aiifl rear. I'y a coiniiliciition of misfortune, the liri, ainl from the strnj.'';.din;^f mass of men atnl horses, th*; few wlio could f)l)tain footinif on th<^ causey wen' mostly kille(], or their cries for lielj) were heard hy their companions ;i-' they w(^r(; liorni! off in the canoes of tin; enemy, dooinfil vi(;tims for sacrifice. 'I'he c:i,valry, vvlio w(!re in advance, hast.ened lorward, liopeless of relieviuL!; thos* whoso P'- tr(!!it had Ihm-ii cut off, and who wen; hiindly contendiii;,' in iIki (hirkness with the, ficirco atnl e.nra,L';ed A/to(;s. Alvarado, dismountc^d and woundeil, came u[) with the advance, on foot, ;i,ecomj>anied hy threi; soldiers and (Mirlit Tlascalans. II(! reported the dest ruction of the r(!ar-;.ni;ipl, to^cthcT with their leader, Vclas'iue/de Leon. Accordiii;.' to some ac(;ounls, Alvariulo iiad madi^ his (iscapc ])y an extraordinary leaf) over tl'c ;jap, Imt Diaz dcuiies the jxis- sihility of tiie act. TIk! wearie(I and (]isal)lod rcmnnnt of the proud artiiv of ('orlez pursued their roiiti; towards the friendly district of 'I'laseida, followed }»y deta(;lie(l companies of Vrcxicrtn,'), will) ;itt;iek(!d the fuLntives in the rc;ir, ;inil, with insultit;;.; shouts, bade tlunn li;istfri to llic doom that awaitec] them. Near a ][)lae(; callcMl Obturnba, th(! Indians were fouml nrrayci] upon a plain in countless hosts, to obstruct tin; march, and finish th(>, work so suc.c(>ssfully commenced on the ni;^dit of the retreat. 'IMuue was no wiiv to avoid a general (>nj!;af^em(>nt, and every Sf)ani;ii'(l nerved liitnsclf for the desperate Htrn<^gle. \V(; cpiot", fi'om Hernal l)ia>5 — "Oh Avliat it was to K(!0 tliis tremendous IjattUd liow wo cloS(;d foot to foot, and with what furv the do;.^s fouirlit us! su(di wourxling as then; was amon^^st us witli their lances and c!i airy, favoured will. Then, t. 'A'jyd us, cryin toiy; j)Ut you j I reserves us fo The royal st tlie whole mu hy hundreds ii to TIascala, ik tlicy shouhl u\( f'Tiiig conditio iVicndly 'I'lascsa over tJHur loss; treacherous Me; During' the " (■;i!a, (>iirht hund liav! f)erished it eiiers, to a fir itk inoro than a thoi fhrty of the Sj); ^vero many of t .sii|)plled with a.r nan army, at Ob iii'Mi, and that tw ijiciit or were sla IL r.-l AIJOUKilXKS OK MKXICO. 95 liincos iind c1u1)H, :ui(1 two-liandcd swonls, wliilo our criv- !ilry, f;ivoun!il l)y llic jilaiii .in'oiiiid, rode llir()ii;di lliciii jit will. 'I'licii, 1') liciu' tlic v.'iliiiiit Siiudov.'d how If; ciM'ijiir- a','cd us, cryiu;^' out, 'Now, irciif.lctiicn, is the d;iy of vii-- toi'v; ]iut your li'ust iti (hmI, wc sliiill survive, ("or lie ]irrsi'rv<'S us for sotin; 'jooil jjurposc'" Till! rnyiil st,;iu.rished in battle, or to ha.ve lieori dootiHMl, as pris- oners, to a far mor[)ort Narvacz, arrived from Cuba, and the adventurers, learning the true position of aflUirs, readily joined the popular leader. Another expedition, sent by the governor of Jamaica to form a settlement farther up the eoast, only contributed to swell tlie resources of Cor- te?>; those engaged in the undertaking dceminix it more prolltable to unite with the followers of so renowned a general, than to undergo the dangers and hardshi]) of estab- lishing themselves unassisted among hostile savages, Cortez determined to make every preparation for a rcru.'wed attack upon the city of Mexico. Returning to Tlascala, he set himself to equip and furnish his troojis, and to train the Indian allies in the art of war. Gunjiow- (It was manufactured; the sulphur being procured from the neighboring volcano of Popocatapetl. The most im- portant part of his schemes, however, was the building a number of small vessels, or brigantines, by means of which his troops could be made independent of the narrow and dangerous causeys. '^I'hese vessels he ordered to lie made in separate })ieces, of such a size that they could be trans- {M)rted over the mountains by the Indian carriers: the stoH'S ami rigging were brought from the coast by the same means of conveyance. On the 28th of Decend)er Cortez led his army forth fi'oui 'J'lascala. The Spanish force was less than that with which the first invasion was undertaken, but was superior ill martial equipments. The whole army consisted of about six hundred whites, and ten thousand, or upwards, of Tlasealans. 'i'liey marched direct for Tezcuco, on the great lake of Mexico. No opposition was made during chc march, and the city was yielded to them without a 7 I " 'i :v:4l.. ■H 98 INDIAN HACKS OF AMKltlCA. strugglo, nearly ull Liu; inluibituiits (li^scrt'nii^ it in tlieir boalH. JI(M'o it w;iH (k;U:riniiiiMl to ;i\v;iit tlu; c')iii])lc1i(Mi ;uh1 arrivul of the bri^f;uitiii(!S. Wliilo ull these {'oniiidable })n'j)aratii)iis wen; is,o\\\'^ on, important ehan^es had taken plaee in the A /tee nionareliy. ('uithihua, or Quetlavaea, had pei'ishcd \)y that Uirrihli; seour^o the Hmall-pox, whieh was introduecd iVoin thr old eonntry Ly one of Nurviiez's ships, and whieh spread over all Mexieo, carrying oil' thonsands of tlu; natives. 'V\\r, new emperor Ouatimezin, a brave; and noble; youth, was nephew and successor to Mont(;/-uma. TIk; beauly and gallant bearing of this ])rince exeiteil the admiration of all beholders; whiU; his int(;lligen(;(; ami valor, combini'd with the hatred whieh he Ijore towards the wdiiirs, made him an enemy to be dreaded. He had dc^voted his whole attention, since iiis accession, to Ibrtifying and delendii),!.^ liis caj)ital. The unserviceable inhabitants wen; sent into the country, while warriors i'n^ni all sides were called to rally round the Aztec banner within the city. 'i'he remainder of the winter and the early months of spring were occupied by the S])aiiiards in sallies against neighboring towns and districts; the nidnction oi' the dis- aile(!ted; the conciliation of those in(.'lined to ciioperatc with the besiegers; and, above all, the(;ompletion and trans- })oi-tation of the ves.sels. We nmst ])ass ov(;r th(; skir- mishes and battles whicii occurred during this j)ei'iod. It would be little more than a repetition of scenes of cruelty, horror, and bloodshed. The s})iiit of tin; A/tees was unsubdued, and their new emperor haughtily refused to listen to any terms of treaty, although Cortc/ eommissioncid sundry prisoners of rank to endeavor to move him. Suc- cess in occupying many strong and j)0])ulous towns, tog(;ther with the arrival of fresh recruits, s(;rved to encourage the S])aniards in tlio ho[)es of final triuini)h. Thousands of natives were employed in digging a canal by whieh the J little fleet shf tlie vessels n uf nautical oi (■oursc of Tl; as a guanl o (■i;_'lit thousan while two thoi the last of A service, were The additi(j !uid oars, conk of the nativ(> size of the v s] »(■(■(!, and th( c('t .should be l;inncho(L Tlw. bcurns nrul [jliink.s of the. vcsscIh u';i(\y to be joined, witli all the ))iini[)h(!rriulia <){' ri;iuti(;;il outfit, were curried in state ])y an inunenHe e()n- (imrsc of 'I'laseahiriH, charged with tlie liurlhcMi, or aetin;^ as a ^uard of protection. Diaz says that no less than ( i'jlit thousand men served in each of thc^so capacities, \v!iil(! t\v(; tlionsaiid inf)re (bllowcnl with [)r()visions. About the last of Aj)ril (bj21) the thirte(;n brij^^antines, fitted f(jr service, were hiunched into the canah The addition of an armed flotilla, which, urf^cdby wind and oars, could Ijcardown uj»on and scatter the frail canoes of tlie natives, j)roved of incalculable advanta^^c. 'JMk; size of th(! vessels, the thuii'lcr of their cannons, their .s]i(;C(l, and the skill with which they wen; rnana,Lf(;d arnl controlled, must have filled the M(!xicans with ama/.(!rn(;nt. Near the end of May a n^^ndar system of siejjfo was en- tcnnl upon, by the occupation of the three {^reat ap[)roache.s to the city, ^riie iidiabitants were unwearied in tlnur attacks, and a deforce of vi^dlance and courage on the part of the Spaniards, scarce cfpuillcd in any ag(; or country, only preserved them fnjm utter destruction. " I^'or ninety- three (lays to;;,'ether," says Diaz, " we were emj)loyed in the .siege of this great and strong city, and every day and every night we were engaged with tlu; enemy. — -Were I to extend my narrative to evory at^tion which took place, it would be almost endless, and my history would re.sem- \>h that of Amadis and the other })ooks of chivalry." I'^very expedient, of driving sunken palisades to entan- gle the vessels ; of pit-falls for the cavalry; and of cutting gajjs in the causeys, was resorted to by the besieged, and persevered in with a determination and obstinacy only rivalled by the stern temper of the obdurate invadens. There was necessarily great suffering on both sides, exclusive of the liorrors of actual warfare, from the sear- city of [)rovi. lake, and divers were emi)loycd in the search for it, but with little ed'cct. 'I'he unfortunate Guatimo/in, and the loi'd of the city of Taeuba were put to tin; torture, with the assiMit of Coitcz, to extort from them infbnnation as to the pla<'es where they had concealed their ti'casui-es. dtvUv/. objected In this jiicce of barbarity, but ])ermitted it that the susj)i- cion might not rest upon him of having, by connivance, a|)j)r()priated the phuuh-r to his own use. The young nujiiarch, in this extremity, preserved liia (hgniiy and c()ni))osure, en(biring the eruidties of his tor- iiieiitors with Indian fortitude. When the Ir.irbarous in- nicii(jnsof the Sj)aniards drew forth groans or cotriplaints hum his companion iii sullering, Guatimozin .silenced him ,»i. •; i H i # f; 'i I I 'i h ' I .lit M m, ' :\rf IHte 100 INDIAN HACKS OK AMKUlC'A. with llir tulii of ii place in tlu; luKc wIktu ^/old lia\n — m', ;is tliy Kcttiiij,' lilii/.e Gofs (Idwn till' West, uhili' iii;fht is ]if{'>isin<,' on, And with tliciii tlu' old tiili; of licttiT ti:iys, And ti(>i)hit'S of ri'ini'iiilicri'd power arc j,'ont'."' Ukyant. Within a few years after the scenes we liavc just de* 8cri})ed, the royal city of the A/Aeu nionarehs rose from its ruins with renewed splendor; but under wliat dill'erent cireiunslanees from those whicli attended its first establish- ment! I'lie })rou(bsi>irited nation, reduced to dcremaey proved worse than vain. The .stake or the halter was the ready in.strunient by whieh the muw. ol' n^bellion was punished. in October of lo2-i, Cortez, witli a small force of Span- iards, and a large l)ody of natives, undertook a long and (lillieult march to Ilondura.'^. I lis j)urpose was to eliastise the rebclliou.s de Olid, who had thrown oil' his general's uulhority. Although the details of Oie dangers, hard- ships, and adventures in this expedition are minute and intiTcsting, we only refer to it as giving occasion for the tlestruetit)!! of the last A/tec nuHuirch. Continually ap- prehensive of a new rev(jlt, Coilcz had, ever since the coiKjucst, kept his royal prisoner a close atten(huit on his person. Together with his faithful vassal, the loi'd of Taeuba, (iuatimozin was taken to accompany the party ti) lIondura.s. At Gueyacala, or Aculan, a conspiracy of the Mexicans in the train to fall upon and massacre the Sixuiiards, was re{)orted to the general, and attributed to the inllucnce of these two nobles. All j)articipation in tills j)lot ^vas denied by the captives, but slight suspicion was sullicient to furnish an excuse to tho un.scrupulous Spaiiiai'd lijr ridding himself ofa i:onstant stjurce of anxiety. Gualimozin and the Tacuban governor were both hanged W'i'il |i #■ • i » '- ! ! i ' ' i 1 i ,WI' I; il il I. fi :.jii|!;:Ur ^'^ «,! ]■ : If:' # i;=l 108 INDIAN KACES OF AMEIUCA. by liirf orders. Dkv/. afTirins tJiat tlicrc was but one opin- ion among tlie company, tliat this was "a most unjust and srucl sentence." lie proceeds to say that Cortez sufiered much in his conscience for this ac^ — "He was so distracted by these thoughts that he could not rest in liis hod at niglit, and, getting up in tlie dark to walk about, as a re- lief from his anxieties, he went into a large ajiartment where some of the idols were worshipped. Here he missed his way, and fell from the height of twelve feet, to the ground, receiving a desperate wound and contusions in his head. This circumstance he tried to conceal, keeping his sufferings to himself, and getting his hurts cured as well as he could." An interesting incident occurred on this march relative to the history of the faithful inter})retcr Donna Marina. The course taken led the army through her native prov- ince, and it so chanced that, at a great conclave of chiefs and principal inhabitants to hold conference with the Span- iards, her mother and brother were })resent. The unna- tural parent, who had so long before sold her daughter as a slave, thought the hour of retribution was at hand, but Marina encouraged and caressed her, making her offerings of jcvvels and other attractive trifles. She avowed her attachment to the Spaniards and their religion, expressing gn^at ])ride and satisfaction in the son and the husband, for both of whom she stood indebted to her noble master and friend. We must noAV take leave of the historical detail of Mex- ican chronicles, with a few remarks upon the condition of the T)ulians subsequent to the conquest, the changes since wrougtit by lapse of time, the introduction of a foreign population, and the mixture of races. For a long period the mass of the natives were compel- led to waste their lives in hopeless toil on the plantations, in the mines, or at the lising cities of their oppressors. AIJOUIGINKS OF MEXICO. 109 Cortcz felt and expressed some cornpunetious visitings of couseicnee at the adoption of this general s} .stem of shivery, but fell ill with it as being essential to the maintainanee of Spanish power and the s})eedy growtli of the; colonies. Ho saw that the mental ca})aeity of the pcojile was fur su|)(>rior to that of the other North American aborigines, ciiiil felt some natural regret that their national pride should bo entirely humbled, ami their opportunities for civilization :iinl improvement be so entirely eat ofl". A better state of things was gradually brought about, and the inhabit- aats oi^ pure native descent are now spoken of as a cheer- ful, courteous race, busying themselves in the sim])ler arts of luaiuifacturc, cultivating their iields, and enjoying the equable freedom from anxiety, so congenial to the mild aud delicious clinnite of their country. Pulque, die intoxicating drink of the Mexicans, is pro- ductive of the evil ell'ects that such beverages always pro- duce among the Indians of America; and, in the huge cities, a disgusting horde of lazaroni disfigui-es the ])ublic squares. In the city of Mexico, these beggars are es])e- cially numerous. The half-breeds, who form at the present day so exten- sive a portion of the ])Oi)ulation, present every variety of social ])osition. Some of Monte/.uma's descendants mar- ried into noble families of Sj)aiii, and their j)osterity ar- rived at great wealth and dignity. The wife of GuariniDzin ai'tiM- his execution, married successively no less than tii. ._, C;ustilians of honorable family. • She is every where spok. of as a w^oman of charming ap/pciiranco and attract! ^ manners. A descendant of the Ibnner emperor of the Aztecs held the olfice of S))anish viceroy in Mexico iis late a.s the close of the seventeenth century. ,:•: Ht.!!l:| 'n U'i \Mm' \m^\ 1! 4 1 THE FLORIDA INDIANS. CIIAl'TEK I. EAKLY KxpnnrnoNs of Spanish adventuhers — ponce de leoh— L. VAI,AS(ii;i:/, DE AVI.LON I'AMPIIILO DE NAKVAEZ FEIl- NANDO DE SOTO HIS LANDING AND ESTAIil.ISHMENT AT TAMl'A STORY OF JOHN ORTIZ, A SPANISH CAPTIVE AMONG THE INDIANS. Ykw portions of the Western Continent have witncspcf] such scenes of barbarous warfare between the natives ami ]*iUropean adventurers, or between su])jects of contending nations at the East, as the long low ])eninsulu which lies at the southern extremity of the Atlantic sea-coast of the United States, Its whole history is stntngely romantio, and might well tempt us away from our subject, were there room to chronicle all the interesting details of it.s discov- ery, conquest and settlement. The first picture presented to our minds, when we turn back to these early times, is of Juan J\)nce de Leon, gov- ernor of Porto Kico, led l)y Indian fables in 1512 to search amid the low islands of the coast for a fountain that should bestow perpetual youth; landing upon the green and flow- ery shores, and bestowing upon the country its pleasing and musical a])pellation. All of North America, to the northward and eastward of Arexico, went by the name of Klorida, bef(;re English settlements were made upon the coast. Eailing in his first search, Leon undertook a second expecbtion into the unknown world, in hopes of fniding miiu\s of the precious metals, liut was killed in a fight Avitb the natives. li I'. : f — FLORIDA INDIANS. Ill The pcrfulious Luke Yalasquc/ do Av11m!i, in IT; IS. vif- itcd the coiustto tlie northward of I'lorida, to procure gohl and slaves. 'Vim kindly natives, whom he t(.'rnpt(Hl on board, were shut under hatches, atid conveyed to Cnlia. Koturning again to the country, he and his i>arty were justly i)unished f(;r their treacdiery, nearly all of thiMu being slain l)y the Inhabitants, who, mindful of former injuries, rose uj)on them unawan^s, ;ifler j)utting them olf their guard by demonstrations (;f fri(Midshi}). Those wh > had h^en carried into servitude mostly ])erished, some liy voluntary starvation, and others from gricd' aiul desjKiir. The Indians of Florida arc represented by all early his- torians as a high-s])irited and couiaire'ous race, showing considerable skill in agriculture, and exhibiting marks of far greater civilization than those of the North. It seems not i:ii])robable, judging from their traditions, a])pearaiiee and customs, that thcv, as well as the Natchez, had emi- irratcd fi'om ^[cxico, ]KU'ha})3 at no very remote pfuiod. Tluy Resided in towns and villages of considerable extfuit, and showed a degree of resoluticui and desperate valor, in defending their homes against the murderous S]>aii';mls, which has seldn into execution, with a rope in his liand: ho toKl them ilwy must not imagine that any of tht-ir designs were hid from him, and that he was come to hang himself with them, that he might torment tlicm in the other world an huiulred times moi-c; than he had done in this." His exjJcdicMit liad the (U'sirrd vWivA upon their su[)erstiti(»iis and credulous minds, and, giving up tlieir purpose, they rcturnetl subnussively to their tasks. ramphih)de N'arvae/, in Aj)ril, 1528, with acommissiou from (-ha \\s the fifth to coiupier and take j)ossessioii, hauled four hundred men and foity or Jifty horses at East Florithi. IV'netrating the wildi'i'iiess, they crossed the country to A}>});ilaehe, sometimes ex])eriencing kind treat- ment from the Indians, at other times in danger from their attacks. Finding no gold, and but little ])rovision at this town, from which tliey di'ovc out tlic inhabitants on their lirst arrival, the Spaniards shaped their course to the south towards Autc. 'rormented by hunger; beset by hidden f(;)cs; disheartened by the terrible dilliculties which beset their jiath, from the almost impassable natural confornui- tion of the country; and worn out by incessant exertion, ISarvaez and his men reached Autc only to find it burned and deserted by its inhabitants. Many of the party having already perished, the rest, hopeless of making further j)rogres3 by land, set to work to construct boats in which they might reach a port of safety. With singular ingenuity they prepared tools A'orn the iron of their aeeoutrenicnts; and, with no fui iher mate- rials than were furnished by the productions of the forest. and the manes, tails, and skins of tlieir horses, five small boats were built. They embarked and set sail, but nearly -'■V' FL(>I;II)A INDIANS. 113 nil pcrisliod, oitlior Ly farnliu* or by tlio (l;in;:,^crs of llu^ st-'i.. Onlv ;i liiindf'ul of iIh; mirnbcr wci'c ever liciiid rimii, aiiu)ii;f wlioiii w.is Alv;ir Nunez Cabe/ii dt; Varu. Willi only foi"* ci'iiipaiiious lu; k(>j)t, on liis cours(> to the \\'c.-l, ;iiiil, iirtcf yi'urs of peril, hardship, and .servitude, reached th(^ Spanish setUernents of Mexico. The next Sj)anish e.\p(!dition to 1^'loridawas of far more; iiii])Mrtanec and interest, tlian either that had preceded it. The (celebrated l'\'rnando de Soto, afler ae(piirin^ an iiiitnensc; fortune as a coiujianion of Pizarro, at Peru, wa.s moved by the restless spirit of adv(!nture to undertah'e ii iiioi'c, eomplctc examination of the New World opened to .Spanish cupidity and curiosity. \\'ilh .seven shij)s of his own providin^^, and aecompa- iiicil hy from six hundnnl to one thou.sand warlike and energetic adventurer.s, many of whom were of noble rank'. Do Soto set sail, in tlu? month of v\[)ril, \i')'A^. rpwards nCayear was s))ent, mostly ii{)OU tlic island of Cuba, befoi-e the (l(H't set .sail for the T'lorida coa.st. In the latter pai't oC Nhiy, ir>;!!), the ves.sels came to anchor ofV the hiiy of Iv-pii'itu Santo, now Tampa Pay, on the Avcstern sead>oard, and a lar.Li'c division of .soldier.s, both horse and foot, wei'e landed. The riidians had taken the alarm, ami, althou;.di the smoke of their ilres had been seen from sliipdjoard in various directions, all had fled from the district, or lay con- cealed in the thickets. De Soto appears to have been desirous to ))rocced upon peaceable terms with the natives, hut hostilities .soon followed. Some skirmishes took j)laee near the point of landinj^, and the Sparuards .s[)eedily j)os- .so.s.sod them.sclves of the nearest village, where were the !iead-'piart(.'r^: of the cacfque Ueita or Iliriga. lleic l>e Soto cst;d)lished him.self in "the lord's house," which was huilt upon a mound by the sea-.sliore; while the .soldiers used the materials of the other buildings in con.structing barracks. 8 II- ^ I' f 1 1:1 't . ' 114 INDIAN' HACKS OK AMEUICA. At the iuliuid extnjriiity of tli(3 lowu sti^od tlic t(Jiii])le devoted bj the Indiuiis to relifjjious obsc'rvanecs. Over iIk; ciitruneo ol'this buildin*^ was the wooden li<^ure of a f(jul, having the eyes gilded — j)laeed tiiere i'or tlie ])ur{)(is(' of ornament, or as syrnljolic of the tutehiry deity i I'l t t( 4v i lU INDIAN RACES OF AMEUICA. than nine years. Moscoso, hearing of the arrival of De Soto, generously furnished his eaptive with an escort, and gave him free permission to return to his eountrymcn, in accordance with a promise made when Ortiz first came to his territory. The long-lost Spaniard was joyfully received, with his companions, at De Soto's camp ; his services fus guide being considered invaluable. In answer to the first inquiry, however, where gold was to be sought, he could give no satisfactory information. The cacique Moscoso being sent for, soon presented him- self at the Spanish encampment, and after spending some days in familiar intercourse with the wonderful strangers, departed, exulting in the possession of a shirt and other tokens of royal munificence. CHAPTER II. PROGRESS NORTHWARD — CONTESTS WITH THE NATIVES VITACHCCO EXPEDITION TO CUTIFACHIQUI — DEPARTURE FOR THE WEST. ** ♦ • • The long bare arms Are heaved aloft, bowa twiing and arrows stream; Each makes a tree his shield, and every tree Sends forth its arrow. Fieree the fight and short As is the wiiirlwind." — Bryant. Be Soto now concluded to send his vessels back to Cuba, and leaving a strong guard in Iliriga's country, to proceed northward. Favorable accounts were brought by his emis- saries from the adjoining district of Paracoxi, and delud- ing hopes of procuring gold invited to still more distant exploration in Cale. Viisco Porcalho, wearied and dis- gusted with hopeless and desultory skirmishing among the \ \ Kr.OKIDA INDIANS. 117 swuinps and morasses, resigned liis conunissi(jn, and left witli the scpiadron. The Spanisli force, proceeding up the country, ])asscd with groat difTiculty tlie extensive morass now known as the Walioo Swamp, and came to Calc in the southern portion of Alachua. The inhabitants of the town, wliich was large, and gave tokens of thrift and abundance, had (led into the woods, except a few stragglers who were taken prisoners. The troops fell upon the stored provisions, ami ravaged the fields of maize with the eagerness of fam- ished men. Leaving Gale on the 11th of August, De Soto pressed forward to the populous town of Ochile. Here, without pretence of coming as friends, the soldiers fell upon the itiliabitants, and overpowered .hem by the suddenness of their attack. Hie country Avas under the rule of three brothers, one of whom was |aken prisoner in the town. The second brother came in afterwards upon the receipt of friendly messages from the Spanish, general, but the elder, Vitachuco, gave the sternest and most haughty responses to all eml)assies proposing conciliatory measures. Appearing, at last, to be convinced by tlic persuasion of his two brothers, who were sent to him, he consented to a meeting. "With a large com])any 6f chosen warriors, he proceeded to De Soto's encampment, and, with due formal- ity, entered into a league of friendship. Both armies betook themselves to the principal village of Vitachuco, and royal entertainment was prepared. The treacherous cacique, notwithstanding these demon- strations, gathered an immense force of his subjects around the town, with a view of surprising and annihilating the Spaniards; bat the vigilance of John Ortiz averted the catastrophe. Preparations were at once made to anticipate the attack; and so successful were they carried out, that the principal h I P' i m^^ .4t •: ■ m .li' iiiif f>.ji (I ,:!:il' JiJ ■.!l'<:iJt' 118 iNin.vx UAi.'K.s OF ami; I ;k' A. eiinifjuf! was scctiiv.l, ami liis army routed. ^^aIlV of tlio fugitives wert) diiveu into u lake, wIutc tliey eoneealeil theiiisolves by covering tliuir luiuds Avitli tln' Iea\cs of water-lilies. 'j'iie lake was suiTounded by I'ne Spanish troops, but such was tli(! ix'solution of the Indians, that they remained the whole night iinnierse(l in water, and, ou th(! following (hiy, when the nsst had delivered them- selves up, ''being constrained by the sharpness of the ewM that they endured in the water," twelve still held out, resolving to die rather than surrender. (Miilled ami stii- j)elied by the exposure, these were dragged ashore bv souk; Indians of Paracoxi, belonging to De Soto's party, who swam after them, and seized them by the hair. Although a ])risoner, with his chief warriors reduced to the eon(btion of servants, Vitachueo did not lay aside hid daring {)ur]K>\'s of revenge. He managed to circulate! the order among his men, that on a day appointed, while the Spaniards were at dinner, every Indian should attack the one nearest him with whatever weapon came to hand. When the time arrived, Vitachueo, who was seated at the general's table, rallying himself for a desperate effort, sprang upon his host, and endeavored to strangle him. "This blade," says the Tortuguese nari'ator, "fell iij)on the general ; but before he«could get his two hands to his throat, he gave him such a furious blow with his fist uj)on the face that he put him all in a gore of blood." Le Soto had doubtless perished by the unarmed hands of the mus- cular and determined chief, had not his attendants rushed to his rescue, and dispatched the assailant. All the other prisoners followed their cacique's example. Catching at the Spaniards' arms, or the "pounder where- with they pounded the macs," each "set u])on his master therewith, or on the first that fell into his hands. 'J'hey in; de use of the lances or swords they met with, as skil- fully as if they had been bred to it from their childhood ; so 'V >u FLOUID.V INDIANS. 119 tbat oTio of tliorn, witli swonl in hand, ina open placM*, until lie was killed l»y fill' fut to death. Tlicir executioners were the Indians of Paracoxi, who shot thcin with arrows. Najietaca, the scene of tliis event, was left by tlie Sj)an- ianls in tla^ latter part of Se[)tember. Forcinj^ their way tbroutih the vast swamps and over the deej) and miry Ptrciuns that intereepteil their path, and exposed to the attacks of the reven^^'ful proprietors of the soil, they came to the town of U/achil, somewhere near the present Oscilla river, midway b(!tween the Suwannc and Appalacliie(^Ia. Kncumbei'cd with horse.s, bag^^age, and armor as they were, tlieii' progress is surprising. Uzachil was deserted by the Indians, and the troops revelled in store of })rovisi()n left hy the unfortunate iidiabitants, Marauding parties of trie Spaniards succeeded in seizing many prisoner's, both meti and women, who were chained hy the neck, and loaded witli baggage, when the army rC'Commenced tlieir march. 'J'iie poor creatures resorted to every metliod to effect their escape; some filing their chains in two with flints, and others running awav, when an op])ortunity offered, with the badge of slavery still attached to their necks. Those who failed in the attem})t wore cruelly punished. The natives of this north-western portion of Florida evinced no little skill and good management in the con- struction of their dwellings and in their method of agricul- ture. The houses were pronounced "almost like the farm- houses of Spain," and some of tlie towns were rpute populous. 4*" U f* U.I t (..| :1 1 "1 if 1! f i; ! t hK\ L ■•;. ::^ 120 INlilAN UA»;i:S OK AMKUICA. M;ikirij( n liult at y\nliayca, tlnj c;ai>ital town of tlio dis- trict of I'ulachc, Di3 Soto Hont u j)arty to \\c\y the scii-C()a.st. Tlu; mc!M c;oiiuiiisioii(!il Cor this service discovorcd toki'iis ('(' liic ill-fated c.xpcilition of Narvacz at Auto, where the live boats wore built. These were a manger hewn from I he hunk of u tree, and the bones of the horses who h.i'l li'Cii killed to suj)|)Iy the means (;f outfit. he Soto, about the last of Nov(!niber, sent a detach- nii'ut back to the bay of Kspiritu Santo, with dir(;elioii.s lor two caravels to r(^j)air to Cuba, and the other vessels, which had not already been order(!d home, to come round by si'a and join him at J'alaclu!. Twenty Indian woiii'ii were sent as a j)resent to the general's wife. Donna Isabella, 111 one of the scouting c.\j)editionH, during the stay at Palachc, a remarkabU; instance of self-devotion was seen in two Indians, whom the troops came upon as they were gallii>ring beans, with a woman, the wife of one of them, in their conij)any. "Though they might have saved themselves, yet they chose rather to die than to abandon the woman." "They wounded three horses; whereof one died," before the Spaniards succeeded in destroying them. Early in ^larcli, 1510, the Sj)anish forces were put in motion for an expedition to ^\lpaha, far to the )U)rth-east. (lold was still the object of ^•'^ircli. A young Indian, who was made prisoncsr at Najjctaca, alleged that he had come from that country, and that it was of great extent and richness. He said that it was subject to a female cac'ique, and that the neighboring tribes jiaid her tribute in gold, "whereupon he described the manner liow that gold was dug, how it was melted and refined, as if he had seen it done a Inindred times, or as if the Devil had taught liim; inasmuch that all who understood the manner of working in the mines, averred that it was impossible for him to speak so exactly of it, without having seen the same." It would be foreign to our present subject io follow Do lifH' ' ■': >ii i II < m >'ll M rrrrlifi; I ffr ,j joiiriu'viiigs, ] :! jirtiirc. Jt II '.': t!ii> accounts ; tribes tlirou! \ return to the i j As lie inov ' cciveJ in thd I huts wliich SCI j jiciiinsula, the I canes placed I Sunic had the I woven, that th j They could be was there pi were roomy an cuous by a ba ■diown by these Lirass or hbrous iiKuh; leii'irins dressed and dy- The most re Xurlhcrn cxplo ''(■■■n situated 1 crneel by a femj Jignity and ref Do Soto rcrnin Anthony, as de ^)i'ought down te ill the stern of ; •1 pavilion ovci and skins to th pearls about his FLORIDA INDIANS. 121 Soto in i\\\A tijur; aiiJ, iiidcctl, the })Osition of many of tlic localities ^vllich arc dosci'ibcd by hi>s historians, and the distances and chroctions of liis wearisome and j)erih)us jouniryings, must, at tlie present day, be mattei's of eon- jtrture. It may not, liowever, be amiss to mention brieily the accounts preserved of the appearance of some of the tiihcs through whose dominimis he j)assed before his return to tlie nc^rth-wcstern (hslriets of modern I""lorida. iVs he nioved noi'thward, a marked change was ))er- ccived in tlie builchngs. Instead (jf tlie grass-eoveivd huts which served well enough in the genial climate of the jiouinsLila, the people of 'J'oalli had "for their rcxjf little eiuies placed together like 'rile; they were veiy neat. .Some had the walls made of poles, so artificially inter- woven, that they seemed to be built of Stone and lime." They could be thoroughly warmed in the winter, which was there pretty severe. I'he dwellings of the eaei([ues were roomy and commodi(jus, and were rendered eons})!- (iious by a balcony over the entrance. Great skill was .diown by these people in the maimfaeture of cloth fi'om liTass or fibrous bark, and the deer skins, of which they made leggins and other articles, were admirably well ilivssod and dyed. The most remarkable of the countries visited, on this Xurthern exploration, was Culifachiqui, su])j)osed U) have l)cvn situated far up the Cliaiahdochee, which was gov- erned l)y a female. The Spaniai'ds were astonished at the dignity and refinement of the queen. Iler rccei>tion of l)t! Soto reminds one of Cleopatra's first meeting with Anthony, as described by the great dramatist. She was brought down to the water in a palanquin, and t^iere seated in the stern of a canoe, upon cushions and carpets, with a })avilion overhead. She brought presents of mantli's ami skins to the general, and hung a neck-lace of large l)earls about his neck. ^1 ■*'■ iW'- i ^'1 I'. . I . <■■ w 122 INDIAN llACES OF AMEIUCA. The Indians r)f the conntry were represented as "tawnv. wcll-sha])ed, and more ])()]ite than any befoiv seen in Flur- 'da." Their nmnhers had been greatly reduced, two years l^revious, by a [.estilenee, and many deserted dweilin,i:s were to l)e seen around the town, Tlio accounts given of the quantity of pearls obtained here, by searching the places of sepulture, are inerechble. Departing from Cutifachifpii, Dc Soto had the ingrati- tude to carry the queen along with him, compelling Iht even to go on foot. "In the mean time, that she might deserve a little consideration to be had for her still," she induced the Indians by whose houses the cavalcade passed, to join the party, and lend their aid in carrying the baggage. She succee(hHl, finally, in making her escap(\ AVe must now dismiss l)e Soto and his band upon their long journey throngli the western wilderness, lie diei] upon the Eed IJiver, and those of his companions who escaped death from exposure, disease, or savage weapons, years after the events above described, made their way down the ^Iississij)pi to the gulf, and thence reached the Spanish provinces of Afexico. CHAPTER III. FROM THE CONQUEST BY DE SOTO TO THE YEAR 1818— MISSIONARY OPERATIONS BY THE SPANIARDS — MOOKe's INVASION OF FLORIDA — BOWLES— WARS OF 1812— DEFEAT OF THE SEMINOLES BY GENERAL JACKSON. We can but briefly touch upon the incidents of Flor- ida history for nearly two centuries after De Soto's inva- sion. The French Huguenot refugees, who settled upon St. John's river in VA'd, found the natives placable Jiial m'\ ^■^^■^ FLORIDA INDIANS. 123 generous. AUhongli tlieir kindness was but ill recipro- cated liv tlic colony, no verv serious difliculties (cyjui-red between the two races, I'ho power and self-confidenec of the Indians had been broken, and tlieir numbers greatly rcdiieed by the desoUUing ravages committed by the Spaniards. In tiie brutal and murderous wars between the Frencli ami Spanish colonics, which succeeded the new attempts at settlement; the Indians, although they took no conspi- cuous ])art, were occasionally involved in hostilities. ^Die most iinj)(jrtant era in the native history of tliis period, is that of the establishment of a regular missionary system of instruction. The central ])oint of these operations was the convent of St. Helena, situated at St. Augustine. Don Pedi'o Men- cndez de Avilla, the Spanish governor who founded this town, anes, or innabitants of East Florida, upon an aci^UKytlon of li;i\u;u- (dven aid and comfovt to the Fn<;lish 4! ' i i , r' 1 1 i t 1.1 ,:r' k ii ■' |:i:ij44r < ii iiili 124 INDIAN UACES OF AMEUICA. gftllers on th(3 St. .Julin's, tluMi called May river. The con sequence of this act was a lon^ and troublesome war. The unfortunate Indians were i.\)V many years after this event made the to(;ls of the hostile Euro})eau colonics: (ii'st in the Fj-ench and Spanish wars, and afterwai'ds, in 1702 and 1701, when governor Mcjore, of South Carolina, invaded I'lorida. In the north-western districts of the peninsula dw'clt the A])palachees; the rest of the countiy was inhabited by the N'emasccs. These two nations had formerly been u])ou tei'i' s of the bitterest enmity, but had been reconciled by the niedi. ion of the Spaniards, Moore, followed by a cou- sithi'uble bod}^ of Knglish, and a large force of Creek Indians, ravaged nearly the whole country, beginning at Aj)palaehee, and proceeding south-easterly to the Atlantic sea-board, lie carried away many Indians of the cou- quei'cd tribes to the English plantations as slaves. After a long pei'iod of hopeless and j)rohtless warfare, in which they had nothing to gain by success, and by means of wdueli they were disabled from agi'icultuie and deprived of a settled abode, the scattered rennianls of the Indian tribes gradually took up their quarters in the heart of the country, and further towards the South. In the latter part of the eighteenth century they acquired the name of Seminoles, said to signify "wanderers." In the year 17*J2, an unprincipled adventurer from Eng- land, named Bowles, made strenuous attempts to excite the hostility of the Indians against the Spanish settlers. Tailing in a direei attempt to plunder an Indian trading- house on the St. John's, and finding himself abandoned by his associates, he betook himself to the Creeks, married a ■woman of that tribe, and persuaded the Indians that the store of goods which he had attacked belonged rightfully to them, lie met with considerable success in deceiving the simple-minded natives, and, assisted by several chieid P^'V: 1\ FLORIDA INDIANS. 12rj of tlic Creek nation, he got possession of tlie rv ike Spaiiisli troops to retake the lort. Jlowles was ailowi'il to es(.';i])e, but was afterwards delivered up by his Indian allies, an(l taken to Cul)a a prisoner. The Seniinoles were partially involved in the wars of 1812 and the two sueeeed- uvj: years, when the Ainerieans invaded I'dorida. Their chief leaders were King Payne and his brother, the' nolvA Boleek or Bowdegs. Having done no little damage by hariiing buildings and plundering the })huitations in their vicimty, they jnirposed to mareh northwai'd, but wei'e en- gaired ami routed neai'er home, by (leneral Xewman, with a hoilv of troops fi'(;m (}eorgia. This foree having tirossed the St. .lohn's, marehed into Alaehua, and eneountered Payne within afewniilesof his head-qnartiM's. '^J'he Indians feULflit bravely, but could not resist the .superior skill of the whiles. Payne was killed, and his inen weie diivi-n oil" in the first engagcin(>nt, but they rallied, and retui'ued to the atttiek with redoubled encrg^y. They po.s.sessed them- selves of the body of tlu:ir chief; and aftei'wai'ds suri-ound- iiig the American forces, kept th(Mii in a state of siege for u number of days, imperfectly ])rotected by a structure of h )gs. After this j)eriod, and previous to the cession of the k'lor- idas to the United States, the ail'airs of the Seininohs and their American neighbors were unsettled, and some bloody scenes were enacted. Fugitive .slaves from the adjoining f.tates ibuud a secure asvlum among the immense wild.s oi' the iiiarsiiy and uniidiabited tei'ritory of the Floi'itlas, and coiillit'ting claims of Indians and whites respecting nt'grors long 'after formed a fertile source of quarrel and complaint. Some of the Seminoles became pos.sessed of large immbeis o!' .shive.s, holding tliem by undisputed title. In the month of March, 1818, Geiu^ral Jacks'^n, -".vith more than three thous;ind men, over one half of whom were i»?' S ri I w mm Mt'i'^i iij *K'':j|l| h im ('' i .|i Mi ! 1' io« INDIAN RACES OF AMERICA. Creek warriors, marclicd into AVest Florida to punisli an^l check tlic rava^cii of the Scniinoles. With litth" ()pi)()siti"ii fi'oin the inhabitants, the towns surrounding the hike of Miccosukie wei'c destroyed, and much booty, in corn juid cattle, was secured. 'J'he Indian villages upon the Oseilla and St, Mark's rivers, known "S the Fowcl towns, met with a similar fate. St. Mai'ks was soon after occupied by llic invaders, and, in the ensuing month, the great body of the Scininoles, aided by large iiumbers of negroes, was defeated on the borders of the Suwanee, and several hundred were trdvcn prisoners. The rest fled into East Florida. CHAPTER IV. COMMENCEMENT OF THE LATE FLORIDA WAR — TREATY OF MOUL- TRIE CREEK — TREATY OF PAlNi'.'s LANDING — OSCEOLA DE- STRUCIION OF DADE's COMMAND — RATTLE OF THE OUITKLACOOCIIIE — CONFERENCE WITH INDIAN CHIEFS. BY GENERAL GAINES. "* * * ILirk, that quick, fierce cry, That rends the utter silence; 'tis the whoop Of battle, luul a throng of savagi; men, With naked arms, and faces stained like blood, Fill the green wilderness. * * * * * * * Soon the conquerors And conquered vanish, and the dead remain, Gashed iiorribly with tomahawks." — Bryant. AFT]i:R the whole country had passed into the hands of the American govermnent, it was thought necessary to take steps to secure the frontiers of the white settlements from the incursions of the Indians, and to confine the lat- ter to certain specified districts. In the year 1823, there- fore, on the ISth of September, a treaty was concKided FLORIDA INDIANS. 12: at tlie e;iinp on ^[(Miltric Ci'oek, betwct'ii commissioners from the I'liited States anil a niinilu'r of Seniinolo eliiefs, wlicR'liy it was sti|Hil;itc(I: that all territory not reservcil livtlic articles slionlil ))ass to the American ^/overnnuMit ; that the Indians shonld confine themselves to a hiru'i dis- trict described by conrses ami bounds in the hearc of the peninsula; that fugitive slaves should be delivered up, the reasonable expenses of securing them being provided for; and that certain sums should be paid by the gov- ernment to compensate for the expenses and losses of re- iiKtval, and to establish tlie Indians comfortably in their new quarters. Various m.inor ])articulars were ernbodied in the treaty, which was sigm^d with mark and seal, on the ]>art of the Seminoles, by the princi[)al chief Micanopy; ly Tuske Ilajo, Emathlochee, Kconchatinnco, Tokose- niatlila (known as Hicks), Charley Amatlda, Tustenugiie, Jelm Blunt, Mulatto King, Phili]>, Nea Mathla, and twenty- one others, jiossessed of or claiming the imthoi'ity of chiefs. An exception was made, by an additional article, in f;ivor of six of the signers; wiio were aUowed, in eonsicl- eration of former services, to rcnuiin upon the lands then occuj)iedby them. Micanopy is described by Williams as a "large fat man, rather obtuse in mtellect, but kind to his people and slaves." The Indians were removed in accordance with the provisions of the a.greemcnt, and, until 183."), no serious hostilities took place between them and the whites. Com- plaints were, indeed, made on both sides of unredressed wrongs and outrages. The Alachuan settlers lost their cattle, and attributed the thefts to the Indians: on tlie other hand, the Indians complained, with justice, of num- berless mipositions and deceptions to which they were exposed in their intercourse with unprincipled traders aud speculators. To quiet all disturbance it was at last deemed expedient '■'i^$' m •i > •11'! I ':!.!'';•■ i'lA ■'■■ 1*1 ii :: ;■: t'', I A ■ H ' m ~1, 12S INDIAN UACES OF AMKKICA. by tlio American govcrninciit, to efTcct an entire removal of the Scmiiiolcs to the west of tlie Mississijipi. Aecorrl- iii^ly, u meeting w;vs apjjointeil ])y Mieanopy and the gov- ernment emissai'ius, to be hehl at Pavne's Laiubng, on t lie Oekhiwaha rivei", on the eighth <">r Nhiy, 18.'j'J. l-'iflccii cliicifs were j^vescnt, and, after nuich ui'gnmcnt, signed an agreement, in b hall' of themselves and their people, to aeeede to the proposals of govennnent; provided tin- new- lands assigned them should prove acceptable to a dejiiita- tion frojii their nnmber who shonld first go to make exam- ination, 'riie Tnited States were to })ay the tribe lihecn thousand fonr hnndi'ed di)l];u's, and the removal was lo tak(! place within three years. Th(> authority of the sign- ers of this treaty to bind the whole of the Seminole trilies has bcMMi fVerpiently, and with no little rcast)n, called in cpiestion. Certain it is, that to a majority of the nation the pi'oj>osition was highly distasteful. Several chiefs, with Mieanopy's prime counsellor Abra- ham, an astute negro, uiulertook the survey of tlu* west- ern reserve, and signed a writing expressive of their satis- faction with its aj)pcarance. It was claimed bv th<> In- dians, and their ]>artisans, that some deeej)li(;ii was usid both in the wording of this eei'tificate, and genei-allv as to the conclusiveness of the arrangements entered intu at Pavne's Landiiifif. As the end of the term prescribed, within which tliev must leav(! their homes, drew near, ojiposition to remmal, and determination to resist it, continued to gain firc!' among the Indians. They complained of the aec(jun*s brought them of the belligerent character of the sa\ aiiis who would bc! their near neighbors, and strenuous!\- i^!'- jeeted to a jdan, set on A)ot at Washington, for miiling their tribe with that of thei^ old enemies the Creeks. Serious disturbances co. i ' !iced in ISoo. Some moatiis previously, Avhites had been, U2)on one or two oeeasiuns. #■ I I 1 '^lA ^f a If: ' ^ 'i' ■ i 1 s /, ■ / (■ 1 f • ill 1 I ir ii ii>^ ■ i« t : fircfl iijiori 1)' I juhI iiiiiirics, ] j two nations. j (Till Indians U( ]'()ii(l, not far R'veii wliitcs, lu'fitintr tlunn \ .«(n-('ral were w (liaiis were kil '"' tlio coinnie: slii'il, bnt was s ri'Icr, upon ]iij to Fort Kinff. i u-as found haclv It now appea: tain tlieir gron and iKjardini' firnl ujKHi l)y \]\o Tiidians, .'ind nmtu.'il wrongs, nisu]fs, iiiid iiiiiirics, luid excited genend ill-feeling between the two iKitions. In tin; month of Oetcdter, of this yeur, sev- eral Indians were detected in kil'ing a cow near Kenapaha junid, not far fi'oni Mieeosnkie. 'I'hey were set n|)()n hy seven whites, who seized tlieir arms, and eominciiciil heating tliem with whips. An afTray suceeeded, in wiii'h several were wounded on both sides, and two of the in- iliaiis were killed outright. This may be considered to lie the commencement of the war: it was the first blood slied, but was soon followed by other outrages. 'V\\c mail rider, upon liis route from Fort l^rooke, on Tampa r>ay, to Fort King, fell a victim to Indian revenge; his body was found hacked and mutilated. It now appeared that the Seminolea, determined to main- tain their ground, had been, for some time, purchasing and luxirding great stores of arms and ammunition. I'heir nniiilxn's were considerable; they had among them lead- ers known to be bold, determined, and sagacious; they considered themselves wnjuged and oppressed; and all these circumstances, combined with their intimate knowl- edge of the impassable wilderness to which they could at any moment retire, convinced the discerning that a war with them must be fraught with danger and difiieulty, and might be indefinitely protracted. The young chief, Osceola, whose name is more inti- mately associated than any other with the bloody events that succeeded, now began to attract attention for liis acuteness, energy, and determined hostility to the whites. lie was a quadroon of the lied Stick (a. glicized from tlu; French "Baton Eouge") tribe, of Micoosukie; his mother being a half-breed, and his father supposed to be an I'hig- lishnian named Powel — a name ordinarily borne by the chief. Osceola had opposed the plan of removal at pre- vious councils, with great vigor, aud on. one occasion 9 :|., i li P ii' '■ ' iif 'i! I I t:;Jf'i '^ t ,j III 1 1 r 1 1 1 < ft 1.1 ;■. '^■ I" i J fl '^ !i: !|i' 'ni *:i *i ■I,. ii i;'.o JMMAN UACK.S OF AMKUICA. (IcincMtKMl liiinscir witli sudi violence tliut lio was scizoil ])\' (icncral 'riioiniisoii, the ;^f<)vi'rimi<'iit n^^'cnt, luid kept f >r a (lay or two coiitiiu'd in Irtfcrs. I)issi'iiil»liii,!^ his ra;.^', Ill', for a tiiiic, tiiana^^'d to disaiiii susiiicioii; hriii^riri'j in u gri'at nuinbcr of his followers, and solemnly ratifying the treaty. His true purpos(>s and feeliiif^'s were first known by tli(; )>art he took in tli(! iniirdci' of .John Hicks and Chailiy Ainathla, two chiefs who had been j)roniinent in forward- in,!^ the treaty of ninoval, lie obtaineil ^reat Jiscendamy f'oi' himself and followers amonj^ the whole nation of the Scminoles; and mainly through his inllnence, instead n\' collecting their cattle and stock for apjtraisal, at tlu' tiinf when they were notified that tlu^y must leave tlu; eounttv, the warriors of tlu; tribe secreted their women and chil- dren in swamps remote fi'om white settlements, and scoured the country in hostile attitude. Troops were ordered to Floriihi from various ([u;ir- t(M-s. ^^ajor Dade, arriving at Tampa Bay, with a com- jia'iy of United States' infantry, being Wdnforced, with two other companies, started, on the 24th of December, to the relief of General Clinch, at Fort King, IHs i'oivo consisted of over one hundred regular tr(x)])S, supjili-'d with ten days' provision: they took with them a sniall li(dd-pieee. Some delay occurred upon the march, owin^r to the diniculty of transporting the cannon, and on tho 2Sth they had advanced no farther than a few miles to the northward of the forks of the Ouithlacoochec. Mov they were attacked by an unknown multitude of Indians, under the connnand of Micano])y, and his brother-in-law, the celebrated Jumper, who had avoided signing the treaty of Afoultrie Creek. ''Jdio savages were crouching among the long wire-grass, and protected by the trunks of the j)ine-trccs, wlien they commenced their fn-e. Tin; effect was deadly; Major Dade and a great number of his men were c'ontinue(l fo a.-* possible i poured in the the fi(dd, I'iv sli,ulit protect i j.itics. Tin j t!irce, and, sui I iicarly every j j)()ssession of Indians retina i to jiave come knocking out t csi'iiped, being tiny lay woum One of these w deavoring to n three, cautiously iioss, arrived sa On the same nuuid, Osceola i iral Wiley ^J'jio as before menti 'iencral Thomp Hogers, within ^vas beset by Ii company, Tho rest escaped to t Tn the con. o dcstroycid in d on the Indian re Oil the last day heen stationed t Fort King, bein quartcv with a FLOUIDA INDIANS. 181 his men woro killed at tlic first disdiarf^o. Tho soldiers continued ti) (itrlit hnivcly, sliolt(>rin<^ tliciiisolvcs us well n? |i<)ssil»k! behind trees; and, jus tho Indians rost* up, [loiuvd in their firo so briskly as to drive the (Miemy from the lii'ld. Kvery instant was now oeeuj)icd in fbiinin,t; sliifht ])roteetion })y cutting and l>iling up the truid 132 INDIAN RACES OF AMERICA. and about two Imndrcd rcgulur trooj)s, encountered the enemy upon the left bank of the Ouithlacooehee. The Indians, numbering, as was supposed, about six hundred, headed by Osceohi, fell upon the first division of the American army that had effected the passage of the river. Tlic stream, contrary to expectation, was in no place fordable, and the only means of crossing was by a single canoe; the horses passed the river by swimming. The Indian commander evinced great bravery and con- summate marksminship, and his men, firing from tlie cover of a thick growth of underwood, and from behind trees, proved difficult o])ponents to dislodge. The troops, with one or two slight exceptioiis, stood firm, and after repeated charges, drove the Indians from the field. In this 'gage- meut more than fifty Americans Avere wounded, and sev- eral killed; the loss of the enemy was reported to have been over one InmdrfAl. Additional troojis from Louisiana, and forces connected with the marine service, were collected at Tampa Bay; and a large detachment, under General Gaines, marched to Foit King, where they arrived on the 22d of February. Pio- visions being scarce, and the state of the roads being sueh that supplies could not be easily procured, Gaines and liis force commenced their return to Tampa, by the route for- merly taken by Clinch, across the Ouithlacooehee. Ou the bank of the river, no great distance from the scene of the hust battle, the army was, in a manner, surrounded and besieged, for more than a week, by Indians, apparently to the number of from one to two thousand. A galling fire was kept up at every exposed point. Word was sent to Fort Drane, where General Clinch was stationed, for relief, as the provisions of the army were nearly expentled. On the 6th of March, a conference was held between the American officers and three of the principal Indian chiefs — Osceola, Jumper, and Alligator. The camp had hM' FLORIDA INDIANS. -I . I . . xoo been liailcd during tlie previous niglit, and a wish for a parley expressed on the pai't of the savages. The chiefs professed a desire for j)cace; said they were weary of war, and tliat, if they could be allowed to retire quietly beyond the Ouithlaeoochee, and could remain there unmolested, they would create no further disturbance. They were informed that the general had no authority to conclude any agreement with them, and that their only course was to comply with the requisitions of the government, as forces, which it would be impossible for them to resist, w(>re on their way to enforce submission. The Indian chiefs wished for an opportunity to take counsel with their pvat King Micanopy, before returning an answer; but (icncral Clinch appearing, with the desired relief, and cii'j-.i'jing with a detachment of the Indians, the mectinfr was l)i'oken up. 'J'liey agreed, however, before retiring. tn (haw off their warriors to the south bank of the river, mill to hold themselves ready to attend further council wiit'ii iiotifieil. Xnthiiig further was cftrcted, and the combined Amer- ican forces returned to Fort Drane. I'' n i. a -: t ' ^ ,.:| 1 : , 5 ill ( K '% ." i^ 1 f ■ ! ' 1 ji m 'i\'' >•) •( -.ii-' :i> f ;* . I '■ 13-i INDIAN HACKS OF AMERICA* CHAPTER V. COMiITIO.N OK HAST FI-OHIDA (iKNKHAL SCOTT's CAMPAIP.N GAR. RISON l!KSIK(;i:i)0.\ THH OU ITH LACOOCIIKK OCCIIRKKNCKS DUIN INi; TIIK .Sr.MMKR Ol- I'^'M') AKllU'AI. OK CHKKK AI.LIICS COLONKI, LA.NKS' KXlMvDlTION KKOM TAMI'A BATTLES OF THI-: WAIIOO SWAMP GHNKKAL JICSSCP AP- POINTKD TO THK COM.HAND I.\ FLOKIUA. "* * And tlicro iiro tail's of sad reality In tlio dark k-yiMids of tliy border war." IIalleck. By this time grievous injury hud Ixv n done bv the Indians to tlic settlements in East FL-il:*. Philip wiia the principal leader in the devastations that took place in that region. New Smyrna, at ^losquito Inlet, was destroyed, and the plantations upon Halifax river, to the northward of the town, were ravaged and the settlers driven off. The white inhabitants of the interior were every where obliged either to abandon their homes, or to erect defences and to establish s regular watch. General Scott having been appointed to the command of the army in Florida during the spring of this year (1836), formed a plan to penetrate the heart of the country, with a large force, from three different quarters simultii- ueou.sly, and thus surround the Indians, and cut off their retreat. Generals Clinch and Eiistice, and Colonel Lindsey were appointed to lead the three divisions. General Clinch's ])arty was attended by General Scott in person. The arniv was put in motion in the latter part of the month of March. The service was accomplished, but with little good effect. The Indians, possessing perfect knowledge of the country, instead of apposing the advancing columns in force, hung about the flanks and rear of the army, and kept up a vexatic took jilacc, al days at Tani})J iiioiits were o| attack the en( ravage the c( and another tl Little bene! |iai,i:n: a carej laid down, at i (if Xew Kngli : -iiiia, Cajitain ! far more de(:i( : A small del ] middle of Mai in a rude bui ; Xnt having b ' wore su[)pose( ! no utteinpt wa latter part of '. to escape the -^ intelligence of jiai'ty had bee tliau two mont lionse had bee that they were and their prov was sent to the down to it in i. As the seaso climate produ( fevers of the c mated, and th arduous camp; ceased; the vc FLORIDA INDIANS. 135 up a vexatious skirmi.sliing. Xo important engngcmcnt took place, and tlie tliroc divisions, after lying for a few davs at Tampa, were again put in motion. Separate detaeli- laents were ordered to proceed, one to Fort Drane, one to attack the enemy at Pease Creek, to the southward, one to ravage the country in the vicinity of the Ouithlaeoochee, aial another to march to Volusia. Little benefit appears to have resulted from the cam- jiaiirn: a careful attention to the })lans of Indian warfare laiil down, at an earlier age, by Captain Benjamin Church, i(f Xew England, or by the redoubtable pioneer of Yir- uiiiia, Cajitain John Smith, might have produced effects l;ir more decided. A small detachment of troops had been left, about the iiijildlc of ]\[arcli, to guard a quantity of provision, stored ill a rude building fifteen miles up the Ouithlaeoochee. Xnt having been heard from for many Aveeks after, they were supposed to have been cut off by the Indians, and IK) attempt was made to relieve them until towards the latter part of iNfay, wlien three of the garrison managed to escape the vigilance of their Ijcsiegers, and to convey iiitellimmce of their condition to Tallahassee. ^I'lie small pally had been defending their post gallantly for more than two months against hosts of the enemy; their block liniiso had been partially destroyed over their heads, so that they were exposed to the inclemencies of the weather, and their provision consisted entirely of corn. A steamer was sent to the river's mouth, and the company was brought down to it in a barge. As the season advanced, the enervating influence v">f the climate produced its natural effect upon the troops. The fevers of the country attacked those wdio were not accli- mated, and the rest were but poorly conditioned for an arduous campaign. Active operations for the most part ceased; tlu volunteers were discharged, and the regular 1. - lli! ' 1 f| '■■! ] '., i l!h|.lj|j^;r6 I ■. J Itl'f : \i • i Q it , '■ 1 8;. i r! J-' I If t! :l i'v =1 '4. mi ■■ 'M'f| J ! ■1i ii '^1 ^^:H,; r^ -J i 1 \f: 138 INDlAxNT RAC^S OF AMEWICA. in the beginning of October, to the deserted Fort Drano bat f(Miiul tliat tha Tiidians had recently left their (juartcrs in that neiglil:)(>r]ioo(L The trail of the fugitives was f;!- 1o".\ai +o\vards the Ouithlacoochee, but the ]nirsuit of suv- iiges, in their own country, esj)ecially in such a eountiy as Florida, by regular troops, cneumbeied with baggage, aiiil igjiorant of the fastness(>s of the enemy, proved as futile in that instance as upon former and suljseciuent occasions. Little was accomplished against the enemy, who were ena- bled, at any time, to retreat beyond the reach of their ])nrsuers, and only showed themselves where they eouM attack the whites at a (bsadvantage. Under existing cir- cumstances, the main force was obliged to return to Fort Drane, not without the loss of a great number of their horses from hard service upon indilTerent food. Colonel Lane, with a strong force of Creek Indians ami regular troops, made an excursion into the enemy's couiitrv from Tampa Bay, during the eai'ly ])art of this month. Near tlie Ocklikany Lake, called the Spotted Lake, from the great number of small wooded islands which cover it,'^ surface, about sixty miles from "^J^unpa, an Indian trail was struck. The party followed this track to the south- ward, and came successively upon several consideral»le Indian villages deserted by the inhabitants. Large corn (ields were seen in the vicinity of these settlements, ami some hundreds of cattle were secured by the Creek Indians of the company. At one advantageous post, where tin' thick underwood on the borders of a small lake offered protection to an ambush, the Seminoles attempted, unsuc- (•essfully, to resist the invaders. They were driven out into the open country and dis{)ersed. Lane and his detacii- ment joined General Call at Fort Drane on the 19th. lie survived this service but a few days, being found in his tent, nearly dead, with the point of his sword thrust into the brain over his eve: there was little doubt among thoso (J c \r eonvcrsant wit it occurred ace The combiiK m;irclied to the which had been out the war, wa wiTe di.scoverec That the nifin direction, was ahandoned villa ;t jiortion of thd liad a .sharp en of the swamp the fugitives to : to follow them, i Another batt Seminoles di.spla nf the regular tr 1)1 Tore been obse: sive inora.ss to v inoinitable than 1 savages thernseh Provisions bei sihlo to procure jiroceeded to ^'ol Lake. There it In'on appointed four hundred mo 1 '! FLORIDA INDIANS. 139 toiiversant with the circumstances of Lis death, but that it occurrctl accidentally. The combined army, of more than two thousand men, miirclied to the Ouithlacoochee in November. ^J'his region, whic'li li:id been a favorite resort of the Seminoles through- out the war, was now f(nuul entirely al)and()ned, and trails were discovered trending towards the great Wahoo Swamp. That the main body of the enemy iiad moved in tliat (liredion, was also afTirmed by an old negro, found at an ahaiidoned village on the river. Taking up the pursuit, ;i ]Mirti(jM of the American forces followed the trail, and liad a sharp engagement with the Indians on the border iif the swamp. There was, however, abundant space for the fugitives to retreat into, where the whites were unable to follow them, and no heavy loss occurred on either side. Another battle took place on the 21st, in which the Seiiiiuoles displayed more resolution, and stood the charge of the regular troops with greater firmness, than had ever Ixfore been observed in them. The dangers of the exten- sive morass to which they retreated proved more insur- iiUMuitable than those attendant upon the contest with the savages themselves. Provisions being nearly exhausted, and it being impos- sihle to procure supplies in such a wilderness, the army proceeded to A'olusia, between Lake George and Dexter's Lake. There it was joined by General Jessup, who had Ih'Ou appointed to the chief command in Florida, with four hundred mounted volunteers fi'ora Alabama. ll ! V ^\ li!-.l|i :' $1 ;;l„' ' 7 ' nil i» t [ i It ifP '1 iA I i t w H tlil: i: ■;'! :y f m 140 INDIAN RACES OF AMERICA. ClIArTKU VI. I'misrJIT OF TIIK SEMINONKS SOTfTFrWAKI) — R.NroUNTER ON TUB IIAnilKK LCSTKK CONFKKKNrK ANDTItUCK WITH TIIK l.N'DIA.NS — HK.NEWAr- OF TIIK TUKATV OF ?AV.\e\s LANDING — m:(;lkct on the i'aut of the Indians to comply \\ rril ITS PROVISIONS — capiukk, suurenuer, AND TKEA(lli:U(H;^' SKIZl-'KE OF VARIOL'S CHIEFS — KKATH OF OSt'EOLA COLO- NEL TAVLOr's CA.Ml'AKJN. AVk luive alrcfidv given more space to the details of the Florida eani})aigii, than such ill-advised, ill-conducted, uiui trivial operations deserve, We would be the last to en- deavor to detract from the deserved laurels of many of the brave men who were engaged in them, while we can but lament that their lives should have been sacrificcil; less by the weapons of the savages than by the disea.so.s of the country; that the public money should have bci'ii squandered; and the whole peninsula so long kept in a state of agitation and suspense, Avhen pacific measuivs might hove ke|)t matters comparatively at rest. Before the first of January, General Jessup, marcliiii;.' with his troops from Volusia, with the cdo])eration of Col()iu'l Foster, dispatched from Tampa, ranged the whole couiitrv on the Ouithlacoochee and other haunts of the Seminolc>, and examined the deep recesses of the Wahoo morass, without finding an enemy. The Indian trails which were observed, all led to the unexjilorcd wilderness of the south. Thither he started in pursuit of the fugitive Seminolcs, on the 22d of January (ISoT). On the succeeding day, a detachment, under Colomd Cawfield, surprised Osuchee or Cooper, a Seminole chief, then encamped at Ahapopka Lake, from which flows the Oeklawaha. The chief ai:(l FLORIDA INDIANS. Ill several (^f liis warriors were killed, and a nuiiiber of i)ri.s- oners were taken. The main ariMj, still following the course of the Indian track, now came to the high ridge of sandy hills lying directly s(juth of Lake Ahapopka. The second day after passing these hills, cattle of the Indians were seen, and shortly after a scouting J'arty, under Colonel Henderson, discovered the enemy U]ion the borders of the stream of llatchei; Lustee. The troojts instantly charged, and drove tlicia into the swamp, taking twenty or thirty j)risonei's, mostly women and children. On the same day another large body of Indians was discovered a little farther to the westward, who lied ])re- i'i]iitately U[)on the ajiproaeh of troops. One of the Semi- mtlcs was found watching by his siek wife, who had been !i'ft as unable to travel. '^^I'his Indian was sent the next morning (January 28th) to invite the Seminole chiefs to a conference. The army was marched to the border of Toliop(>kaliga Lake, (into which empties the Ilatchee Lns- tco Creek,) and encamjied between its waters and the ])ig Cypres.^ swamp, to await the return of the messenger. He made his appearance on the following day, bringing intel- ligence from the hostile chiefs, who agreed to have a i)ar- Icy. The first who present(>d himself, on the part of the Seminoles, was Abraham, Mieanopy's negro counsellor. Having held a consultation with General Jessup, he re- turned to his people; but three days after, February 3d, escorted Jumper, Alligator, and two other chiefs to the cainp. It was concluded that a grand talk should be held, ami a new treaty entered into on the ISth of the month, at Fort Dade, on the Big Ouithlacoochee. To that estab- lishment the army immeihately repaired, as it was agreed that hostilities should be suspended until after the council. On the 8th of the month, several hundred Indians, led by Philip, the chief who had long been the terror of the '-' .; J ' j ' i. M.I ! If ( ?'li I, l"i I'': I M ;}i: Ml. iil I'i V \t 1 f I ji. '. ti i: • — "^ 142 INDIAN UACES OF AMEUICA. eastern portion oftlic; pcninsul:!, uttackcMl Colonel Faiininn^ then ill the ()et'ii)i;iti(;ii of a station on Lukv, Monroe, with a iiiixfd n-'irrison of regulars, v(jlunteers and Creeks, 'i'lie Creek eliief I'addy Carr was of the company. 'I'ho ass;iil- ants were driven off with loss, and, in their retreat, iint :i messenger sent by Micano])y to convey intelligence nf the truce. Some delays occurred in bringing about the conference assigned for the 18th, but at last most of tlu jirincipal Seminole eliiefs signed a treaty similar to that of Payin'.^ Jianding, whereby tliey agreed to remove west of tlir; Mississippi. The United St.ttes' government was to make remuneration for the stock which must necessarily be left behind, and to pay stipulated annuities as before agreed. 'J'liere can be but little doubt that, even on this occasion, the Indians had no real intention of com])lying Avith the re(piisitions o^ government. Few came in on the dav.s apj)ointed, and rumors were circulated among them — whether actually believed, or only used as an excuse for absenting themselves, does not appear — that the Avliitcs intended to destroy tiie whole tribe as soon as they should be secured on board the government vessels. Osceola and Coe Ilajo, still pretending that their endeavor was to collect their ])eoplc for transportation, held a great festival or game at ball near Fort Ardlon, upon Lake ^h;n• roe, at the eastern part of the peninsula. Iliey doubtless chose this place for gathering their followers, as being at a safe distance from the point of embarkation on Tampa Ba3^ On the 2d of June, Osceola took two hundred of his warriors to Tampa Bay, and, either by force or persaia- sion, induced the old king Micano])y, and all the other Indians who had rendezvoused there in ])ursuance of the treaty, to move off again to the wilderness. Hearing of this, the commandant at Fort Mellon, Colonel Harney, made up his mhid to entrap such of r FLORIDA INDIANS. 143 llio cliiof;^ as were in liis \iciiiity, under pn'toiico ;»f a coiilVivnce ; mid retaliate iiikui tlu; Semiiio'es tnr tlieir lnvneli of laitli at Tampa, liy sei/in,<^ those wlio sliouM ;i]i|ieur. Osceola j^ot wind of the desi^ni, and it conse- ([urutly proved futile. I'ort Mellon and \^)lusia wer(> abandoned during this iiioiith; the sickness attendant uj)oii the season having coiiui enced its ravages among the troops; and the liulians \\\']v. left free to roam over that whole portion of the conn- trv, while the settlei's -whose dwellings were exj)()sed to tlioir assaults, were forced to (ly to places of protection. The last of the month, Cai)tain Walton, Iccejier of the floating light on Carysford reef, was killed, together with diie of his assistants, at Key J.argos, the n\ost '^•onsidei-- aiile of till! Florichi Keys. lie liad a garden at this island, and had just landed, coming from the light, when lie and his J^arty wei'c tired u])()n. 'i'he whole south- eastern sea-coast was then in undisturbed ])ossessiou of tli(> hostile Indians, 111 Septemljcr, (Jeneral I Fernaiidez, stationed at l^'ort Pey- t(»ii, a lew miles from St. Augustine, nia: 'M ;l»; ■■III 1 ij ;||Pir ■ ^' i:-! 11 INDIAN UACE3 OF AMKKH'A. and luisatisfactory," the comm.'indcr-iii-cliief tllspatdicd a Unrx) to ('ii|itun; tlic whole hody; tlicso chiefs iieconhn^flv, with ()V(T sixty followers, fell into the liatids of their eiio- lilies. The exeiise given for this act was that the treaeherv of till! Indians upon former oeiiasions had depi'ived them of all elaiiiis to good liiith on the part of the whites. Oseeola was removed to Charleston, and died in confine- iiieiit on tlie 130th of January, l!S38. If he had survived, he was to have been taken, with other Seminoles, to tho west of the Mississij)j)i. Ill the same month various other captures were tnade, until tli(! Indians in bondage at St. Augustine numbered nearly one hundred and lifty. The United States foi'ces, consisting of ri'gulars, volunteers, seamen, and Indian allies, distributed among the various ])osts in Florichi at this time, arc set down at little short of nine thousand men! Sam Jones, or Abiaea, was, after the capture of Osccula, one of the most forward of the Seminole chiefs. He aj)- ) tears to have been spokesman at a conference ludd, not i'ar fi'om this time, between liis tribe and deputies fntiii the (.'reek nation, bearing proposals and advice from their celebrated chief John Itoss. We must next ])rocecd to the campaign of Colonel .'vaoli- ary Taylor, the hero of many battles, and afterwards the distinguished President of the United States. He left Vovt (lardner, a station sixty miles due east from Fort lirooke, on Tam})a Bay, with some six hundred troops, to follow the enemy into their hithh'U retreats at the south. J*ursuing the course (>f the Kissimee, the army had ud- %";uieed within fifteen niles of the great lake Okeechobee, on the northern borders ot ^he unexplored evci'glades, when intelligence was obtained from a prisoner, that the Seminohis were encamped in force on the eastern shore of the Kissimee lake. With a jiortion of his army, C-yionel Taylor crossed the river, and hastened to attack the In* .^•;l , ^)^ From DA IXDIAXH. 115 (liaiis ill the liatiiiuock wliun! tlicy were posted. Xovcr before had tlie Tmlian rifles doiio more deadly execution, unci never had their warriors ovineed more detenniiied Couni.Lje. They were, with ^'reut dilliculty, dislod,L''eil and disi)crsc(l: the miinher of killed and wounded on tin- pari of the whites eoiisiderably exceeded that of the Indians, no less than one Inindred and eleven of Col. Taylor's men boiiig wounded, and twenty-eight killed. CIIAl'TKU VII. VARlnCS MINOR KN(i AfiKM KNTS — SI'nUENDKR OF LARGE NT'MItEWS OF INDIANS — CONTINUANCK OF DKI'liKDATIONS — UI-OOD-HCUNDS F«OM CUBA ATTACK UPON A COMPANY OF ACTORS — SK.MINOLE CHIKFS BROUr.HT HACK l-ltOM THE WF.ST TO REPORT THEIR CONDITION TO THEIR COUNTRYMEN — COL. HARNEY's EXPEDITION TO THE EVERGLADES — END OF THE WAR INDIANS SHIPPED WEST — NUMBERS STILL REMAINING IN FLORIDA. DrRixCr December (1837), several encounters of minor iiuportancc took place in dillereiit j)arts of the country. Many prisoners were taken in the district between Fort Mellon and Lake Poinsett, near the head waters (^f the St. John's, and a small skirmish occurred as far north ;us the Suwanne. There was a more severely-contested action near Fort Fanning, on this river, early in January (18;j.S), ill which the whites met with some loss, but succeeded in taking a number of prisoners. On the eastern sea-coast, not far from Jupiter Inlet, a company under Lieutenant Powell was worsted in an en- gagement, and retreated with loss. The Indians had b(!en driven into a swamp on Lochahatchee Creek, where they 10 n.t. • < /n m 'i'i 9 $: I m hi: I, 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 ; ■V' ^^ , 1 'ii ■^i'i i'l! ili:«)|^| Iff i.^! If!" ,i^ ll # • I I I — .?( 146 INDIAN IIAC'ES OF AMEK'ICA. made a s])irit('(l resistance until their pursuers fuiUid it necessary to retreat. (Jeneral Jessuj) attacked and broke uj) this eneanipiiniit of the Jn(hans, towards tlie end of January, lie was iiim- self wounded in the action. 'I'oskegee was the chief wlm commanded the Seminoles in Loth tl^oC battles. 'Die (ieneral was now anxious tociMielude a treaty wiih the Indians, by which they should be allowed to lemam in their own country, connning themselves to s})ccili«>l districts, but the government refused assent to a)iy s'.uli ])i-()[)Osition. JIc! nevertueless ])roeeeded to bring abmit parleys with his savage oi)ponents, as it was evident that desultory hostilities might be indefinitely protracted, ^Jlie Seminoles, miserably reduced by the troubled lile they had led so long, and weaiy of proiitless warfare, hard- ship and (>.\])<)sui'e, were induced U) surrender in larp,> nund)crs. '\'\icy apparently expected to be allowed to remain in the country, as thev were assured bv the ollicrrs with whom then* treated, that ever}' endeavor would be made to procure that permission from the government. When Lleneral Jessup left Florida, in April, IboS, leav- ing (jcncral Taylor in conunaud, more than tw(; thousand of the dangerous tribe were in the i)0wer of the wliitt>s, Part of thesis had been ea[)tured, but the larger portion had delivei'"d themselves up upon fair promises. rhili[) and .Ium[)er both died on their route to the W'cst, the liirmer (ju board the vessel in which he was embarked, and the latter at Xew Orleans. 'idle ho})es . ntcrtaincd, after these events, that the war was substantially at an end, })roved f'lllacicnis. ^iurdcw were conunitted dining the siimmer and fall, by prowling parties of li;dlans iu widely-distant jtarts of the eountrv. On the (>eklik()ui and Oscilla rivers iu West l-doi'ida, small esiablishments sullercd fi'om the dej^redations of the savages; and their hostile feeling was manifest whenever rr.OUFDA INDTAXS. 147 a vessel was in distress upon tlic dangerous eastern and soullicrn coast. 'I'liis desultory warfare, marked by many painful and hori'llilc details of ])rivate suflerlng and disaster, conlinut'il until the sj)ringof lfnpitt_ u. M£K 1 Wll K mwi iijijiin ?n { • , . 1 . ,1^ ' t ■'^ ],■' : J ■'' '^^ i ,1 ! \i'm'\ ■'i( 1 ^[ ^ 1: ■ hi ...^'^ i ill '■ ■■ . , ) 1 t i.ii f.; ! " ! •11 '''' t 118 INDIAN' 14ACES OF AMP:i:iCA. Before the 1st of June, many more families were ma.^- ?aored, id several bloody engagements occurred betvveea compaiutively small companies of whites and Indians. Near the close of May, !i ludicrous though tragical inci- di-nt took place on the road between Ticolata and St. Augustine. A company of play-actors, en route, for the latter town, were set upon by the noted chief Wild Cat, Avith a large body of Indians. Four were killed, and the "property" of tlie establishment fell into the hands of the savages. Nothing could have delighted them more than an acquisi- tion so congenial to their tastes. The tawdry red velvet, spangles, and sa.shcs, which everywhere obtain as the ap- }tropriate costume of tlie stage, were now put to a new- use, and served as royal apj)endages to tlie dusky forms oi' the Seminole warriors. Decked in this finery, they rnadf their exultant appearance before Fort Searle, challengini; the little garrison to an engagement. 'Tha month of Augcftt wa.s marked by scenes of terrible interest. On the Suwanne, eleven families were driven from their homes, and many of their members murdered: the settlement on Indian Key was almost totally destroyeal Scminoles who had cx})erienced the realities of a western life, among whom were old Micanopy and Alligator, were brought back to Florida, for the purpose of pointing out to their brethren the advantages of their new homes, and inducing peaceable com})liancG with the intended removal. A meeting was obtained at Fort King, early in November, with ^i'igertail arid other Seminole chiefs, but after a few- days of ])roritk\ss parley, the whole of the hostile party FLORIDA INDIAN'S. li.) disa}>pc;irctl, and witli llicin all prospect of an aniioablo settlement of dinieultics. The Indians eontinued tlieir depn^'dations, murdering and jiliindei'ing with greater Ix^ldness than ever. In Hc- oeiuber, Colonel Ilarney attacked the enemy in (piarters, which tli'-y had till then occupied in undisturbed security, vi/.: the islands and dry sjxjts of tliat waste of "grass- water," as the natives term it, the I'iVeiglades. lie had ol)tained a negro guide, who knew of the haunts of the cliief Chaikika and his people, and, takuig a eonsideraljle company in boats, he jM'oceeded to beat u]) his quailers. The pi^rty came upon the Indians most unex})eeted]y : Cluiikika was shot by a private after he had thnnvn d(n\ n his arms, and his men, with their families, were surrounded and taken before they had time to escape. Nine of the iiicii wei'e hanged! on the ground that the}' were concerned ia tlie Indian Fey massacre; some of the property jjlun- Jered on that occasion being found in the eamj). The only other important event of the nionth was tin,* surrender of a son and a brother of the old and imj)laea- hle cliieftain Tigertail. They delivered themselves uj) at Fort King. In ^liddle Fhu'ida, ti'avelling continued as unsafe as ever, unless in well-armed companies, of force sulTicient to keep the lurking savages in awe. We have now ehronieled the {)rineipal events of this tedious, harassing, and most expensive wir. Hostilities did not, indeed, cease at the period under our })rese'nt consideration, but a knowledge of the true jH/iicy to be pursued towards these ignorant and truly unfortunate savages began to be generally dilfused, and more concili- atory measures were adopted. John C. Spencer, Secretary of War, in November, ls-p_>, reported that, during the current year, four hundred and fifty Indians had been sent west of the Mississippi from ITerida, rnd that two hundred more were supposed to have .11 I) ilMl^ ii " iiJiif fir III \i 150 INDIAN liACKri 01' AMKUICA. Kui'iciiderLMl. This n-jxtrt ])rooe('(ls: ''The immlicr of troops hits Ix'i.'ii ^^railiially (liiniuishcd, leuviii^^aii ;ule({Uato number to })i'ol('c;t the inhabitants from the niist'i'ahltj renniaiits ol' tribes, still nuiiainiug. We luive advices that arrant ol' the Mississippi, or to the disti'iet in the southern part ol'the peninsula ussigneil them Ibr tln-ir habitation; and it is believed that, by this tinu', all the bands noilh of that district, liavc agreeil to cease luxstilities and remove there. Two or three in.^laii- ces of outi'ages have occurred since the ordeivs were i.-s'.Kil lor the termination of hostilities, but they are ascertained to have been committed by bands who were ignoi'ant of the measures ado})ted, or of tlic terms olfered." Some dilliculty arose from the exti'eme dislike which the Seminoles who wei'c moved westward entertained of being located upon the same district, with the Creeks, and a deputation from their body of a number of warriois including Alligator and Wild Cat, repaired to the seat (A government for redress. Mcasui'es were taken to satisly them. The Indians who still keep possession of a district in Southern Florida, consisting of Seminoles, Mieasaukies, Creeks, L'chces and Choetaws, are variously estimated as numbering from three hundred and lifty to live hundre*!, including women and children. Seventy-six were shi})ped to the west in iboO. An a tribe, they have long been at peace with their white neighbors, although some individuals of these peo])lc have, and at no distant date, given proof that the spirit of the savage is not yet totally extinct. ZiLi t\\i THE INDIANS OF viuciNlA, CHAl'TKU I. EXl'lilJlTION Of AMIDAS AM) HAIU,()\V oK Sill KUHAHI) GKK.NVU.LH — OK HAKTIIOI.OMKW GOSNOIJ,, WITH CArTAl.N .SMITH S|;TTI,J:- JIKNT AT JA.AIKSTOWN VISIT TO I'oWHAi A.N l.MrKOViUK.MK A.NO l)llT'!LT-I/iTi;.S 01-' TllK COl.O.MSTS KXl'l.OKATIO.N OF THK CTIUKAIIO.MI.W S.MITH TAKK.V rillSONER jllS TKEAT.ME.NT liV THK LNUIANS. "He lived, the imiKTsonatioii nf ;m age Tliat iu"\T sli.ill return. His .soul of tire \\';is kiii.;led by tlie breatli of llic; rude times lie lived in." — BliYANT. The most complete nnd vcraciofi.s account of the man- ner.-^, a})peuniiicc, and hi.stoiy of tlie altoriginal inlui])itanta of A'irginia, particularly those who dwelt in the eastern portion of that district, u})(jn the rivers and the shores of Chesapeake I'ay, is contained in tiie narrative of the re- doubted Captain John Smitiu This bold and energetic pioneer, aftermany "strange ad venture;;, happ'd by land or sea;" still a young man, though a veteran in military ser- vice; and inured to danger and hardship, in Ijattle and captivity among the Turk.<, joined his fortunes to those of l);iitho]()me\v Gosnoll and his I'arty, who sailed from Kng- laiid on the I'Jth of December, KKH), (0. S.) to form a a'ttleiiieiit on the Western Continent. Torinor atti'mpts to establish colonics in A'irginia had terminated disiistrously, fi'om tlie gross ineom})eteuee, ex- i; w liil 1 ' jjv-j IIJ (Vj J 1 h 1^1 :lft ' (ll ' t 1 m': M^ ii ■■ '' Us ^^'i^' ? »■ i 1' :|1 1 ■ ■! 1 II ri ) '.ii< «i I il e t '^ i I: kll IT'') IM)[A.V HACKS OF A.Ml.UUJA. n t,r;ivnp^;iTit expectations tiiprovidciiee, uii ■1 vill; mous con- lis associates, under •liict of those en ;_','! L'Cfl in tlicii III loSI, Sir Wnlt.T Kah'idi an-l ] a, [latcnL iroiu (^uccii I-ili/nltclli, Imd sent out two Hni;i'l vessels, coninianded 1,\- Atnidas and P>ar](MV. Wy the eir- enitous lonte tlieii usually adojited, tin; exploring' jiaiiv ])assed the West Indies, coasted alonL^ tlu; f'ra^^rant slioi, , of i'lnrifla, and entcreil Oi^rakoke Inlet in tl dul h; niontl; n V, < nraptinvil willi the rich and fiaiitful . \n luxurious a bundi mce Their intercourse with IIk^ natives was friendiy a!:'! )caci •ful: as iiM tl: ■y reported, "a nion; kind, loving' j H'nli:.' coidd not he." They carriecl on tnahj and huru-r v. i (iraiiLCtninieo, hrother to \\'in,Lrinia, kin<^f ol' the eounti 1 wer(; royally entertained by his wile at the island a:i< lu)anok'e (.1 w tl in'-'andacoa was the Indian name of tl \ii eountrv. uw on tne rcMui'ii oi tin r th it was (;a Sir 1! 11-d V expedition, in tla; ,isiiin///•/// l/ir 7 ijii'it th II I r earn . so returned to our fleet at Tocol th<- 1 (ind spoil' •con. Tl MS a'' is hut a fair specimen of the manner in wliieh redivss lia.s been soii,!_dit for injuries sn.-tained at the hands of the- nativr-', not only in eai'ly limes, but too (^fleii at the present day. lit I c.-* /• /•./ i.y ■!<> //.V > .W I I II- ' ii ^ If \ i !< 1'// \ i i i 1. ■!■ ^ ■ 'fV 1 i '(■ j 1 i ■ ' i ': , I i if i!i m If I It is not sii I liave .'issumcd and WiiigiiiKi I pall, fdi'mcd a ; his (loininioiis iiiisliiiig; and, ' (IS Dnike ;ipj (■Imlcd tf) ri'tu Ml'. Tlioina; S''itloiiiciit is j) stitioiis, custoi ;iiii experin again failed: o: females, who h went in seareli H 4 I IXDIAXS OF VlU<;iNIA. 1» II OO It is not siirjii-isiii;^ tliat tlKTcafU'r tlio Tiidians slioiiltl liave assumed a hostile attitude, (irangauiinctj was dead, and Wiuginia, who had now taken tlie name ol' Piimssa- |iaii, liii-nied u plan to eut oil" these disorderly invadcis <>[' his (liiniinions. ^riiis resulted oiilv in some desnltoi'v skii'- iiiishing; and, a i^cw days afterwai'tls, the fleet of Sir I'Vaii- (•!S Drake ai)j)earin<5 in the oiling, the whole eolony (.'on- (.•jii(l(>(l to return to Knghmd. Mr. Thomas Ileriot, whose journal of this voyage ami srttlenient is preserved, gives a brief aceount of the super- stitions, enstonis, and manner of living whieh he obserxed aiiKiiig the savages. Jn ciuimcrating the animals whit ' were used for food by the Tnrlians, he mentions that "t'n; savages sometimes killed a lion and eat him" lie c Mi eludes his nari'ative by very justly remarking, that .. n '1 (if tlu^ eompany "showed themselves too furious in slaving s support and I'elief of those ulioiii he had left on the jireeeding voyage, h'indirig the jilaee abandoned, he left llfty settlers to reot'eupy it, and returned home. On the next ai'i'ival from Knghuitl the village was again found deserted, the fort dismantled, and the plantations overgrown with weeds. The bones of one man were seen, but no other traee appeiired to tell the fiite ef the eolony. It afterwai-ds ap[>eared, fi'on^i the luirni- tions of the savages, that three hundred men from A(juas- eeLroc and other Indian towns had made a descent upon the whites, and massacred the \vhf)lc number. The e'xperiment of colonization was again tried, and again failed: of over one hundred persons, including some females, who landed, none were to be found by tho.sc v ho went in search of them in 1580, nor was their fae e\er i';f I' .§. m ,' '*i?H .1 '-^^l^ iiii i i ,;J 'A' IHHH^HhIIii 1 ( 1 1 irA INDIAN HACKS OF AMKUK.'A. asccrt;iiiic<]. Tt is recorded tliat, before the departure of tlie slii|is that brought over tliis eolony, on the Isth (,f Au.^iist ((). S.), llie iroveriiors (hm^liter, Mllinor Dare, conntry in 100(1. 'I'hey saileil fn,),! I'ln.uland with sealed orders, which were not to be opem,} nntil their arri\;d in America. Landin^M)n Cai)e Ilenrv, at the entrance of the Chesapeake, the liosti](! feelings uf the Indians were soon made manifest; "thirty of tlio company recreatim: tlu-mselves on shore were assaultc(l by five Sava.Lfes, who hnrt two of the Kn<,dish verv d;iii- voyage, and he was thciTlbiv refused all share in the direction of the public aH'airs. IV'fore the return of the ships, however, wdiich took j.lace in June, the weak and ill-assorted colony were glad to avail themselves of the services and counsel of the bo],! and ])crseveri!ig ca])tain. His enemies were disgraced, and his authority was formally acknowledged. ]\reantiiiie, the settlement was commenced at Jamestown, fortv niili-- u]) the Powhatan, now James' river. The Indians aj)peanil lVi(Midly, and all hands fell to work at the innumemhl.j oecu])ations which their situation required. A few luiiis. and the ])ietures(pie remains of the old brick church-tower still standing, utterly deserted amid the gi'owth of shrnli. and willows, are all that remains of the intended citv. Newport and Smith, with a com])any of twentv men, were sent to e.xploi'e the upper portion of the river, and !.;; |M'-; town of Powhatan, situated ujk.ii a hliiU'just l)cK>w tliu I'alls, and ut tlie head of navigation — ■ the same spot afterwards elioscn li)r the site of the eapitol ut' the state. 'Die natives wv.w peaecahU; and kind to the ailvriiturers, receiving them with cNery demonstration cf iiiti'i'est and ])leaHnre, and rejoiced at the o|)|K/i'tunity I'ur trallic in beads and oi'iiaments. .\s they a|)pri»aein'il JaiuestoNvn, on tlieir return, they perceived some hostile (It.'iaonstrations; and ari'iving there, lound that seventeen men iiad been wounded, and that one boy hud been killed liv the Imlians (bii'ing their absence. W'iiiL'lield, the president of the colony, had injudiciously iicglcetod to make any secure fortilications, and the pci^ple, Itiiviiig their aims stored apart, set to work without a -Hard; thus giving to the lurking foe couveuient opjior- tmiity for an assault. Alter Captain Newport luid sailed for Kngland, the colonists, left to their own resources, were reduced to great .-ii'aits and privation, ^^ost of them were men ntterlv untitled for the situation they had chosen, and unable to endure labor and hai'dship. Feeding upon damaged wheat, with such lish and crabs as they could catch; wt^rn ijtit by unaecustonicd toil; unused to the climate, and igiKnaiit of its diseases; ii is matter of btlle wonder that lilty of the eoiajiany died before the month of October. Smith, to whom all now looked for advice, and wlio was virtually at the head of all'airs, undeitook an e\{)edi- lioii down the river for pur])oses of trade. finding that the natives "scorned him as a famisheil man," deri- si\ely ollering a nu>rsel of food as the })rice of his arms, hi,' adopted a very common exj)edient of the time, using ioive where courtesy availed not. After a harmless ilis- eliarge oi' muskets, he landed and marched up to a village where nuirli corn was store(l. lie would not allow his nicii to plunder, but awaited the expected attack of tlie IMi 1 ■ 1 , 1 Ti 1 't¥ W .' I'i It I ■ .'I loO INDIAN HACKS OF AMKHICA. iwitivi'S. A |>iiity of sixty or seventy prcst'iitly rippiMrn] "'witli II iimst liitleoii.s iioiso soiiu; hhurk, somk; I'cd, snin,. white, SdiiK! ])iirli-e(»l()fe(l, lliey ciiliio in ii s<|U:ire oilier^ siii;'in;' ;uul daiieiiej out of tlio woods, with tlidr ( ilj ,. iWliU'h was iiii I.I. Iii:i.|<> o f sk ins stiill(Ml with I \\'i< ImrilC ill! [tainted and hiin^' with ehiiitis and eii|iji('r,) helure them." A dis.'li; I'gi; of pistol-shot IVoni the ^nm.s scattered tlicin, ami thev lied, 1 ('avmjL!; their Ok ee< >eili< Kill '•;i. (low reiidy to treat, their iniaf^e was icstored, luid hea.ls, copiter and iiatehets weiv given \)y Smith to thcii' lull satisfaittion, in return lor provisions. 'J'he imjtrovident colonists, by waste and inactivity, counteracted the ('llorts of Smith: and ^Ving^leld, the former president, with a nund)er (;!' others, forme. 1 a | to seize tlie ])innaee and return to Mnghind. 'i'liis i spiraey was not ehe.-ked without some violence and hl.i.iil. slied. As tli(^ wi'ather grew colder with the change of season, game became liit and plenty, and the Indians .ni (Miiekahamania river were found eagiu' to trade their emu for English articles of use or ornament; so that all'aii.s began to looic rnoi'e prosjterons. During the ensuing winter, Smith, with a barire ai.l boat s crew, un( lert( )ok an exp ilorat ion o f tl c le sources e the ( Miiekahamania, (CUiickahominy,) which cm[)ties int.) aiiii'S I'lvei', a tew mi les ab Dve.lamestown. Aft- er maknr,' his way f. «r about til'ty miles up the stream, his jirogr.'s.-^ was s.) imjx'dfd by fallen trees and the narrowness ()f tli..' channel, that he left the boat and crew in a soi't of bay, ami ju'occeded in a canoe, accompanied only by two V.wg- lishmen, and two Indian guides. '^J'he men left in cliari.' of the boat, disregarding his orders to stay on board till ids return, were set ujion by a great body of the natives. and one of their munber, George Cassen, wfis taken ]>ris- OTior. Having ompelled their caj)tive to disclose the intentions and position of the captain, these savages pro- nil. I, hecoming .::( f INDIANS (»r VIK<;iMA. \0i cccilril to put liini to (Iratli in ;i iiioHt burhnrous niuniier, tioviiiiji; liiH lin>l)S ut tliu joints with sliclls, and l)iii iiin^i^ thciii Ik'I'oii' lii.s liice. As tlicy dari'il not attack the ainird eoiiipanv ill the boat, all hands tluMi sot out in hot puisuit ul' Siiiitli, It'd hy < )[KH'hanc'anough, king of J'aniauukco. Coming upon the little J'arty among the marshes, far up tlio liver, till'}' shot the two Knglishnu.'n as they wei'e sleeping hy ^'"^ eaiioe; and, to the number of over two humlred, surroundetl the gallant captain, wiio, aetrompa- liied hy one of his guides, was out with his gun in search of yaiue. Binding the Indian fast to his arm, with a gar- tii-, as a ]>roteetion from the shafts of the enemy, Smith laaile such go(xl use of his gun that he killed three of his asriaihuits and wounded several others. ^J'he wlu^le body .xtiiod at some distance, sti'ieken with terror at the unwonted oxt'culioii of his weapon, while he slowly retired towards the eaiioe. Unfortunately, attem})ting to cross a creek wilii a miry bottom, he stuck fast, together with b.is guide, iiinl, heeoming benumbed with c(jld, Ibr the season was unusually severe, he threw away his arms, and surren- (Lied himself prisoner. Delighted with their acipiisition, the savages took him to the lire, and restored aninuition to Ids limbs by warmth and friction. lie immediatelv set himself to conciliate the king, and j)rcseuting him with an ivory pocket c(jni})ass, pnnx'i'ded to explain lis use, together with many other •scieiititit! matters, greatly beyond the comju'chension of tlie wild t-reaturcs who gati'ered around him in eager and astonished admiration. i'erha})S with a view of trying his C(junige, they presently bound him to a tree, and all mmle ready to let fly heir arrows at him, but were stayed by a siijii tiom the chief. They then carried him to (Jrapaks, where he was well fed, and treated with kindness. When they reached the town, a strange savage dance was {iei'formcd around Ojiechancanough and his captive, i I :' IP \'\Wi' '. • 1 i f i^.^ .^4 if ]^m ' f } hI IH 1 1 Ui fl .. ,3 .iii «< i\ .Valif;iiiulitacii liiiiuiikn.', a s vii'W to asci'i'l; tlir IarL''t'r cal' ywji ill a L;ri liiiii.uled with stulli"! with III lllCV IlH't oil th aliout thi' tasst iiiLT roiiinl alnc iiiaiiiii'r covt-rc' ill his Iiaiid.'' lin\ ami ciiiniiii 'ii'vils," lllCll "Miitohafos"' 1 iKtviiiL'' (laiict'd a w iM soiiLT to The chief (•< >i aihl |iroci'('cIi'(I V|iili'||c(> ol" p'.-t ration .xtartril I all i'M\ 1' a s!i< ii't IIKUV." 'I'hl- !i| ciiciivlctl thf I liiSlt'inl ol' ri (III. .-liriiiliratiop, \vl I lire*' (hiNs V I'ai'h i|av lifiiiL: ii 'jMJarly ushcn '■Ml I'taiiinl \\ ill I'.'iii, hrotlu'i- to "I the men woi t'ast were ^nvoii ;iik1 (jhiklivii. tl INDIANS OF VIlMilMA. IT/.) N'aiitailijlit.H'iiiiils, ;iiiil < )ii;iwiii;nii('ii1s. Krtuniili;.;' to l';i- liiauiikco, ;i s )Ic!iiii iiicMiitulioii \v;is pfi'lonnfd, willi ;i view to ;i>ci'i1;iiii liis mil li'cliii'js ti'Wiii'ds tlii'i;i. Ilaviiiif siMtcil liiiii iijxiii ;i mat lic|i>ic a liif, in our of till' laiyri' caliiiis, all rctin.l, *'aiiil pivsinth" caiin' j-kip- ywj: ill ;i ,L;r<'at ;ji'i!ii |illi>\v, all paintid ovcrwitli cmhI iiiiii,L;loil with oil; iiml iiiaii\ Snakes and Wcik-cls skins stulli'd with moss, and .dl tlnir tails tied toLictlicr, so as they tiM't on the Clown i>t' his head iiiatasscl; and loimd ahniit tilt' tassel was a euioMi't of leather.-, the skins lian.r- \ni round ahoiit his la'ad. ! i.-ieiv ami shoulders, ami iii a iiiaimci' covert'i his i: tee; uitli a liellish Voice and a, rattle in his hand.'' lie sprinkli'd a eiicle of meal ahoiit tin lin\ ami comniem-ecl hi.- coii jni-atioii. Six more "sneh li i'\ils,"' tlicn cntereil, Ian1astieall\' liedanlu'd with ii'd Mutehatos'' (^.Mustaches) marked upon their I'aci'S, and avinir (lanced ahout him for a time, sat ill iwn aiHi sal!'' ■A wiM soliu" to the aeeompaiiilneiit of their rattles. The cliiei' conini'or next laid down live kernels oC eo in, Itlh proeecded to make an extra \';ejant oration with >-\\r]i viiileliec of "jesture that his vein> swelled and tliC tier>!ii- •atmn startecl rroin hi> dv. ".\t ti ic ci ineln>i< 'M ti'.ev all L'ave a siiort 'jioan, and then laid down thi-i e 'jr ii!;S liiuri he ojH-ratloii wa< col! I 111 lied " till the V had t \\ |i cin'irelcd the life, and w as then \ariei| (i\- iisiiil' sticks ilislcad ol' corn. All these piiioi inaiiees had soliie m\s{ic .^I'-niilicatiop, which was in part cxplaimil to the captain. Tlii'cc daws were spent in these weari-oiiie 1 lai 1 laritic-', iMi'li day l>cim.i- passed in liotine', and the niLdits liei::-- as iv-juiarly ushered in with leasts. Smilh was, al'ler this, '■iiti rtaincd w ith the he-t of cheer at t he house df ( >j liteh;;- iiii. I'lothcr to the kiliL'. lie still olKer\ei| ihat iMit on the men would eat with him, luit the ri ■mams ol tl I'.ist were given him to he distrihutod ainon^Lf the women and chilthiMl. I .§: I i^ 1% 'lr•^ ' 100 ]NI)1.\N 1:A('KS of amkimca. lie was lioro slunvii ii \kv^ o'' ^■llllJ)()\V(^t'^, (.•anf' ];)iv.^<'rvc(l as acvA ayaiiij^t the next {ilaiiting season. ClIAPTKU II. C()i;i;t hk i'ouhatan — s.mii h"s i'ukski; s'.\ tiun my rfXAin-N r.\.- Sri'i'IJ KS l-i;i{ MSIIKD MY TM K I.N 1)1 A NS N KUI'OHT's A K I; ' v A i, - SMI 111 s i;xri:i)rri().Ns i r riuo cincsAi-iCAKK. '1"HK ^reat monarch of the country, INnvhaian, at t pei'iod, was holding his court at Wennvocoi led bank of Voi'k rivi'r, and thither Sinitl I) IS noco, on il 1 was convc\i to await the royal pleasure. The reeei»tion of so inipnit- ant a captive was conducted with snitahlc soleinnitv ;i;i.l pai-ade. J'owhatan sat upon u j';.ised seat bjfore ;i liic, i , a hirge house, cloihed with ;i I'ohe of racocni skin.-, t'i- tails hanging in ornanieiilal array. He was an oM m,':. about sixty years of age, of noble ligurt-, and that <;.i.;,. nianding j)resence natural in one born to rule with uii'li- puted authority over all around him. A young girl >-a on each side of the king, .-ml marshalled around tl U' ri"i!;i I liCII'l.- wero rtAvs of warriors and women, bedecked witl feathers ami paint. Smith's entrance was haileil by a slu.iit: the i the ol( I hist orian. -t I )C. 1 n iveii in tlx- siiiij' ivniLT <'nile(i Ins ren.i,'. a liin'j consultation was ])iit tl It! coiielusioii Was, two L'feat stone.s Were bnoiulit beliire I'owhataii: then as many a> eouM, laid hand- "U him, di'agged him to them, and there. •n laid his head, aii'i m mm 1 I if' 1. I ' i ' i ill/' n ■ ■ , \J '1 1 SBAii- . M ( 1 •H \ '' it! ^ i §' ^y 4 W It* [ , 'ill,..i voc.uio.vr.'is irrF.Rrosfjvo fuk cjiptai^t smith. li' ji boing rcfuU' n-i ji Ci'lioiitas, the 1, could ])ivvail, own ujinii liis P':'roiir was (•(»iir ami her hells. 1 wrll (if all occii The worthy c ance and state o "Thoy .s:iy lie boi Fur who cm pk now held lonir ( j accounts of the , Smith responded j age nionareh, of I After two days o tliaf ho should ] I prelude to the ee Powhatan A\-as at that should imjir a large eabin, Si frightful noises i\ nently, Powliatai like hiniself, in ] He appointed twi iiieiit, reipiesting !-Iiould be sent b favours received { Ca])tain Smith, of his eaj)tors, fe safely restored to His absence lia^ 8<'usion were rife i 11 nj INDIANS OF VIlUilNIA. lOl boing ready wiOi tlicir cliihs to l)Oiit out iiis Lraiiif, Po- CiVnonttis, the kiii;4's (Iciircst (lau,u,iitc'r, when no eiitrcaty could j)i"c'Vad, }ji>t Ids licad in Iht arms, and laid licr own upon liis to suvc him from death: whereat the i'!m- |vrour was contented lie should live to uiake him hatchets, and her bells, beads and copper; for they tluMight him as woll of all oeen])at!ons ;us themselves." The worthy eaptiun's lAvn rhymes describe his a])pear- ance and state of mind at this crisis: "Thov H:iy lit" '•ore a plt'iis.iiit sliow, but sure his lic.nrt was saH ; For wlio t;;m i)K'a.s;iiit be ami rest, that lives in tear and dread?" Entertaining his captive as a privileged guest, Powliatiin now held long considtations with him, giving wondeiful accounts of the vast western country and its inhabi'ants. Smith responded with details, ccpudly amazing to the .sav- age nioiuireh, of the power aiu] magniticeneo of tlu^ Mast. After two days of fricMidly intercourse, Smith was infornicil that he should return in safety to Jamestown; but as a prelude to the eonveyanee of this satisfactory intelligenee, Powhatan was at nnich j)ains to get up a theatrical scene that should impress or ten-ify his pri.-^oner. Left alone in a large cabin. Smith's cars were saluted by sti-ange and frightful noises from behind a mat partition, and, inconti- nently, Powhatan, with some hundreds of atteiuhints, all like himself, in hideous di.sgui.ses, made his aj)i)(>aranee. He appointed, twelve Indians to guide him to the .settle luont, rei [nesting that u grindstone and two great gui. .diould be sent back, by them, in return for liberty an favours received at his hands. Captain Smith, well knowing the capricious disposi of his captors, felt little security or cjise, until he w;ui safely restored to his com{)anions at Jamestown. Ills absence had been severely felt: confusion ami dis- sension were rife utnong the inhabitants of the colony, and 11 i" iff? •f:tv ^. n i charge of stones aniniifr the hranches oCan i<'e-co\-ered ti'cc, the jioor savages wi to greatly terrilieil, and thanklnlly aeccjitfd divers toys in j)laco of so weighty and dangerous u present. So reduced were the settU'rs at this time, that all nnisl liavc j)erished with starvation hut lor the interc(.ui>v established ])y Smith between them and the jteoplc; i.l' ]\)what-an. Mvery lour or live days, his noble and gi'in r- ous little pi'otw arrived from I'iii'.'- land, with two ships, laden with necessaries and articji'-' of trallic. Ivcjoiccil at the arrival of i'riends and jM^vi- sious, ihe colonists allowtnl tlu; sailors to hold what intn- eou >c they pli'as^'il with tlie nalix'cs, and the constMpi.'inv was that the mii'kct was soon s])oi!ed iiy tin; irrogulariiy of prices oll'cred by the Mnglish for the Indian comnniii;- tit.'i. Smith had ])osscssed Powhatan and his j>eoplc widi e\ti-a\'agaiil idc.-is of the ]>ower and majesty of Ncwpur", w hoyc sjx'cdy arrisal he picdicted, and prejnirations wei" })o\v made to give u still moic li^fciltle imj>ression. M<.- sengers wer(> sent to infoi-m tin; Indian moiiaivJi that the great captain of tlie seas had I'l'aclad .bnnestown, and would mak'c a visit of ir\;\ie to his royal frii'iid ai.'l ^'liy. The pinnace was made ready for liii.'- jrurpose, and "a great ccyle there w ;irri\cd at W\ I tious, fearing ! Siaitli tliereib ' coinjiany, and cTci'ks wldeh l.rid^a'S were f : posed of ])ole.'- were entertain Smith therefoi acted as guides. ;i,i:aiiist attack. All their .--u- crived theolFKM" ' tlioin liospitabl ;i:iil dances. vet d ise recti v (i liis natural gil n'([Ui'sted Xewp tliat he hud bro t'» give full retn I'lii't wisliing to ' i.iuiiificenee; Imi ti")i, for the cui liis corn at sue •^p;iiu." A few 1 '•aught the eye of ;i\arice. The \vi \'itii them, as bei "f the skies, and i;i the World. TI of such strange I'^iid an inunensc tlie gainer. Tjio royal monopolv. INDIANS OF VIRGINIA. 103 cdvlo there was to set liitn forwanl." Wlion tlioy liud arrived at Werowocoinoco, Newport was wary and eaii- tious, feariii;^ treachery vOn the part of the savaL-rs, ami Siaith therefore volunteered to go forward, with a small company, and see that the coast was clear. Over the c'rn'if ))olcs bound with hark, that some suspicions v.'irc cntertainc(l that thev nn'Ldit he intended as traps. Smith therefore kept some (^f the chief Indians, who acted as guiih's, in the midst of his com])any, for security airainst atiaek. All their c;us]iicion proved groundless: Powhatan re- ci'ived the otrifcrs with the great(>st distinction, entertainc(I them hosplta)»ly, and celehrated thiMr coiiiing with feasts , a:id dances, 'i'he great king "carried himself so proudly \ot discreetly (in his savage manner) ;is made all '^.Imire his natural gifts." lli deeline tien, for the cunning savag<', says the narrat '!| •H.Mi. ■I 16t INDIAN llACK.-^ OF AMKUICA. Tlic party rotnrnod to Jamestown; Imt oiil} to ox{)ori' cncc grcjitcr privation ami hardship than over. The town took fin^ and much of their provisions, cloth- in,L', and othor moans of comfort was (h\strovcil. Tlio winter was 1)ittcrlv cold, and nearlv the whole cdIohv, together with tlie erews of the ships, were possessed with an insane desire to search for gold, to tin; neglect ol" tho labors necessary to secure li(\ilth and prosperity. From these causes more than half their number perished. The Indians, seeing their weakness, became insolent nml exacting, and, but for Smith, whose promjjt and energetic action, without actual bloodshed, subdued and brouL'lit them to terms, i]\oy might have comj)letely overaweil. and perhaps have extirpated the colony. Those wlmni tlie Knglish took prisoners insisted tliat the hostililjis were in accordance with the orders of Powhatan: hut he, on the other hand, averred that it was the work nf some of liis unruly subordinates, '^I'he conciliatory mes- sage was brought by "liis dearest daughter l^ocahontas," wliosc a[)])earance ever had the most potent influence with the brave man for whom slie felt such filial attaclunenf. and who was bound to lier by every tie of gratitude and affection. Upon the 2d of Jtme, 1608, Captain Smith, with foiir- teen comf)anioihs — one lialf "gentlemen," the rest "sol diers" — undertook liis celebrated exploration of Chesa- peake Bay. IMieir conveyance was a large open barge. They first shaped their course for the isles lying ufl' Cape Charles, still known as Smith's Isles, and theiioo reentered the bay. Pa.ssing Cape Charles, they saw "two grim and stout savages," armed with bonedieaded laneis, who fearlessly questioned tliem as to whence they came and whitl)er they were bound. They were subjects of the Werowance of Accomack, on the eastern shore of the bay; and, being kindly entreated, responded with lit! INDIANS OF VIKGIMA. hio t>'|iuil civility, and directed the Kiiglisli to their kind's lie;id-4U:irt('rrf. TIk'V found tlio cliiof to he tlu; "eoineliest, jirdfter, civil savii'^e" that they had ever held eornmiuiioii with. He gave a most singular a Indians spoke tlie Powhatan dialect, and entcr- taiiii'd Smith with glowing desc^riptions of the beauties ami ailvantages of the bay, to the northward. iVoeecd- iiig on their voyage, the navigators entered the river of Wiiilicoconioco, on the eastern shore, wliere the iidiabit- aiits exhibited great rage and hostility, but perceiving that no harm was intended them, with true savage caprii'c, fell t) ilaneing and singing, in wonder aiul merriment at the imvel spectacle. Xo good water was to be obtained here, and Smith with his crew nuide short tarrying. Still coiust- iiig -along the etustern j^ortion f»f the bay, they reached the? (-'i.skarawaok, where great troops of .savages followed them along the bank, climbing into the trees, and discharging tlieir arrows with "the greatest passion they couhl ex- press of their anger." As the party eoidd not by signs give them to understand that they came )>eace(nlly, a dis- charge of })istol-shot was directed, which j)roduced the usual effect, scattering the Indians in everv dire(!tion. On landing, not a native eould Ih': found: the P^nglish there- fore left a few beads, bells, looking-glas.se.s, and bits of copper in tin; huts and returned on board tiieir barge. r U'll |8 ''" ! ■; 1 yiHi'' :| If I'i ^im ': Tf ( >; ■ H ■I 1 166 INDIAN HACKS OK AMKUU'A. Next lonnii'/ tilt' poor simiilc Siiv;i;4«'S, ilisiiiissin^ a li ill Irur, ;^;itliri('il rniiinl tliciii to llic lillliiltcr, JiS il|'|U'iirc(l, {,{' twu or lliit't! tliou>;iiiii>\v lor '"ii little hciiil" or otlirr tiivKil tuv. These jicDpIr were tin' Sar;i|iilKigli, Niiusc, Arscck, aii(l MaiiliKjUak, and llicy slunvcil such reaililii'ss to trade, thai Smith pmiujuiiced them the "Lest liiorchaiits of all (illnr Huva^^os." 'I'li'\y ^avc woiuhMiul aeeoiiiils of" thu power- I'ul and warlike M;u-^.sa\voniekt.'s, who lived to tlu' north- ward, aiiil were identi«.'al with the Iroijiiois orSix Nations, Some of the erew I'allin,^' sick, and the rest heeoming wearv and disi-ontented with their miaecu.'it.omed ratiL'uc and expo.^nre, Smith, mueli a,u:ainst his inclination, tni-nnj towards home, ''leavinj^ the hay some nine miles hroail. at nine and ten fathom wattjr." J']ntering the I'otomae, on the Kith (tf .Inne, it was determined to explore it, as tlnj sick men had re<-overed. No Indians were seen until tlic eompany had jiassed thirty miles up the river; Lut, ar- rivint: at a ereek in the neiirhborhood of Oiiawmanieiit, ■tl le woods wc M'e laid with amhuseades. to the numhir of three or four thousand siivages, so strangely paintcil. grimed and disguised, shouting, yelling iiiul crying as .-o many spirits fiom hell could n(^t have showed more teiii- ble. Manv bravados thev made," but a diseluirge of 1 lets, over the surfaee of th water, (piic ■klv el ianresentation was true, lie was stimulated to such u course by suinby of Smitirs enemies at .bimestown. The boat's erew made their way as far uj) as the river was navigable, eiicounterin<' various other tribes, some of whom were IViendlv. ani d otl lers hos tih thunder the English wea])ons iie\'er failed to awe and subdue them P.'vcr hanker were attracted Btrcaiiis; and, ' were Icil bv si oinckc, to a no it Was on a loe ting out with si The Indians w tlic;i, putting it to jiaini their |.M,kc Hke r.lac I"irt asserted th; assayed in Mngk hut all that Sm " )ii tilt; Way slieal Water, the which were exei .'■wiiril foi- this pi |"iidilion,) beinf I'tit a long tail . IS a nio>t poi.S( > hcanled like a sa wri.-^t of his arm :uid pain eonseri l'r::vc captain, d 'JTavc to be dug; heiing island. 1 I'liysieian ui' the iniicli that, that sujiper." As they retur judged from tliei ill notable wars; ;>/'■. averring tlia U'nn the reiloubtj n i INDIANS (iK VIliCINIA. in] Kv('rlKiiik('riii,L,'urLi'r tlif prrcious nictjils, tln'iulvrntnrcrs were ;ittnirtc(l liy ,L,flitU'riii^' |"!ift*. 'li-s in tin; 1)(><1 of viirioiis Btrriiiiis; ami, iiialv'iit<,' it a constant olijtrt ol' iii([Miry, tlicy \\\'\v K'll by SDiuo Imliaiis, siilijcct to tlio kh\is, of Pataw- oiiK'kc, to a noted iiiiii(>, on the little stfoatn of Qtiiou^'li. It was on a rocky nioiint, and tin- niitcrinj sought, when (lii.1I it all over the country, t'l jiaint their bodies, faees or idols; which made them I'Kiki' lik(' lUaekamoors dusted ovei" with silvt-r." New- jMPit assei'ted that the contents of some()f those ha^s, wlu'ii assaycil in Mnj^land, jiroved tobeexecedini^ly rich in silver; hut all that Smith and his men eolleett'd was woithl(>ss. Ha the Way t(j\\ards .lamesttiwn, as the bar^e lay in sliual walci', the eri'W aniuseil themsehcs by sjiearini^' lish, which were e.\c(!edin;^ly plenty, ("attain Smith, usinu" his sword for this purpose, drew up a lish, [^' not knowing her ruiulitioii,) being mu(-h of the llishion of a Tliornbaek. Iiiit a long tail like a riding rod, whereon the middle is a most poisoned sting, of two or three inches long, hcai'ded like a saw (jii each side, which she strui'k into the wii.^l of his arm near an inch and a iialf." ^Fhe swelling ;iiid jiain conseiiuent upon this, were so gri'at taat th(i iir;!ve ca))tain, despairing of I'ccoverv, ori °m /A Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSBO (716) 873-4S03 ) .<;/ 4 * M-. ^ (/. ^ i: , \ ' ' ft i f 'i : 1 ^' mf^n Ft ■ t ■ ' il ||fi. .!! 1 1 ;' ; I \A'^- ;s '^i 1 . 1G8 INDIAN HACKS OF AMEUICA. At Jamestown all was found in disorder and misery, as was generally the case when the master-spirit was absent. | ''i'hus ended the first exploration of the unknoAvn waters | of the Chesapeake, leaving the English still in doubt a.s ' to its extent, and still ho})eful of eventually finding a pa.-'.s- ' age thereby to tlic South Seas! ! On the '24th of July, a second expedition was undertaken ! u[) the ba}', by Smith, with a boat's crew of twelve iiicii. | The Indians of Kecoughtan, with whom they spent sevrial days, exulted greatly in the su])})osition that the Kng!l.-li i were out on a war expedition against their dreaded eiio- mies, the Massawomekes. Ti-oeeeding up the bay, more than half the party were jtrostrated by the diseases of the clinuite, and in this crip- ])l('d condition they came upon seven or eight canoes, filled with Indians of the warlike tinbe they were sup])o.-iil to be in search of. Seeing that the Emrlish showed i!') fi;ar, but ])repared briskly for an engagement, these ^las- sawomekes concluded that discretion was the better j)ait of valor, and fled to the shore. Being tempted by the oiler of some trifling toys, they at last came out to llic barge unarmed, bringing presents of provisions, target-;, skins, and rude implements of warfare. They had been engaged in war with the Indians of the Tockwogh ot Sas.safras river, as their fresh wounds bore witness. They disappeared during the following night, and tlie exploi'crs made their way into the river of Tockwoiiii. Seeing the Massawomeke Aveapons, the Toekwoghs wcie in ecstasy, supposing that their enenues had been defcateil: and led Snnth up to their fortified town; "Men, wonun, and children, with dances, song.s, fruit, furs, and wlial Uiey had, stretching their best abilities to express tlieir loves." Here Snuth made some stay, sending messengers \<> invite a deputation from the renowned Sasipiesahanocks their hands t laamicr: thou I !§>$% INDIANS OF VIlUilNIA. Iij9 to visit liiiii. Sixty of "those giant-like people," accord- ingly came down from tlicir countiy, bringing presents, and holding bold and familiar intercourse with the stran- gers. The daily devotional exercises of pi'ayers and jisalms, which our pi(jus Caj)tain regularly observed, were re- .-[•(ludcd to, on the part of the wondering savages, by strange ceremonies of their own. "They began in a most i)assionate manner, to hold u{) their hands to the Sun, with a most fearful song, then emliraeing our captain, the}' began to adore him in like laauner: though he rebuked them, yet they proceeded till tJR'ir song was finished: which done, with a most strange riuious action, and a hellish voice, began an oration of their loves." They then clothed him with rich skins and mantles, and lirolleriug beads and toys, declared that they, and all tluy' huil, were at his service, if he would but lend his assistance against the terrible Massawomekes. Returning to examine the river itajiahanock. Smith fell in with a former ac(]uaintanee, one Mosco, of Wighcoco- moeo. lie was doubtless a half-breed, and was su})posed to be some Frenchman's son, as he rc-Joieed in the distin- guishing mark of a "thick, black, bush beard, and the Savages seldom have any at all." The l^higlish fortified their boat b}^ making a brcast- Wdik around the gun-wale, of the Massawomekc shields, which were so thickly })lated as to resist the arrows of the savages. 'J'his stood them in good stead in divers skir- niishes with the llapahanoeks. On one occasion, thirty or ioriy of that tribe so disguised themselves with bushes anil bi'anches, that, as they stood discharging their aiTows upon the edge of the river, the Knglish supposed their array to be a natural growth of shrubs. Mosco accompanied Smith in his visits to many nations on the Chesapeake, and proved of no little service, whether ,l;f"; 4.i- |l» ^ *' i 1 ■ ii ^ f ii 'ii ^1 :<•' \ ■ 1 '< 1^- : ' •it ' ' »il / ^ > ! IH 1' 3 1 ;-ii>«^^ ,^^'. 170 INDIAN IIACES OJ' AMKlilCA. the rocoptinn at tlu-ir liands ^vas frioiidly or hostile. Thr good will of a party of Maiiahocks was ^raiiiiMl by lucans oC I'avoi' shown U) a wouiidcd ])i"isoii(T, whom Mosco wmilil hiiii have; dispati']i(' witness to the skill and perseverance of the brave erjin- mandcr. Curious sketches of iiative chiefs, and of en- counters between them and the English, accompany tlio maps which illu.strate the quaint and interesting narrative from wdiich this portion of our histoiy is druAvn. liefore returning to Jamestown, the part}^ sailed for the southern shores, and passed up the l^lizabeth yixcv into the "Chisapeack" country. They saw but fcAv dwellings, surrounded by garden plots, but were struck with ttic magnificent growth of pines which lined the banks. Tlicnef; coasting along the shore, they came to the mouth of the Nandsamuiul, where a few Indians were engaged in fish- ing. These tied in affright, but the Engli.sh landing, ainJ leaving some attractive ti'ifles where they would find them. their (Icmeanoi tliey invited tl came on boan Smith went up sivecurn fields ny, he would tiie open wate proved to be w u-.'i'c poured in h'lndreds of Ji v.ith armed me iiig upon these, k'ts, soon drove The Indians, laics' ])ou'er, tt; ■lown their arms 10 deliver U]) th lltur hundred l| wngeaucc of th CDl.O.XATION OK 1>( FOR SUPPLIES — -] TIME PKES^IV FIGHT WITH Ix the ensuin presid('nt of the [promptly to con the iiiijitary exe: uiid so es.sential i i^ .;, . i it'' I !.«' INDIANS OF VIRGINIA. 171 tiicir (leiiicanor was soon clianged. Singing and (lancing, t'licy invited the party to enter the river, and one of them camo on board the harge. Conn)lying with tlie request, Siiiilh went up the stream seven or eight miles, when exten- sive cum fiehls were seen. Pereeiving some signs of treaeli- irv, he wouhl not proceed farther, but endeavored to regain t'lie open water with all possible expedition. His fears jU'Dved to be well grounded; for on the way down, arrows w.re })Oured into the boat from either side of the river by iiuiiilreds of Indians, while seven or eight canoes lilled with armed men followed "to see the conclusion." Turn- :;,-■ upon these, the I'higlish, by a volley from their mus- k jis, soon drove the savages on shore and seized the canoes. Tiic Indians, seeing their invaluable canoes in the ene- mies' ])o\ve]\ to save them from destruction readily laid ■I'lwn their arms; and, upon further communication, agreed 10 deliver up their king's bow and arrows, and to furnish !our hundred baskets of corn to avert the threatened vengeance of the terrible strangers. CIIArXEU III. COKONATION OF POWHATAN SMITH's VISIT TO WKROWOCOMOCO FOR SUPPLIES — THEACHKHY OF POWIIATAiV — SMITH A SliCOND TIME PKEStniVED BY POCAHONTAS VISIT TO PAMIJNKY FIGHT WITH THE KING OF PASPAHEGH ASCENDANCY OF THE ENGLISH. Tx the ensuing September, Smith was formally made president of the colony at JamCvStown, and set himself promptly to correct abuses and perfect the company in the military exercises so suited to his own inclinations, uiiil so essential in their isolated and dangerous position. iiUH 'if I1 \ ■' ■ i Wm-i P^ i 'iiOW^' i' l--^-. ■: Mm II 1 ' i 1 -^t i '' [) i ( i 'P ■ II (■■' III' i ii i L 1 > i i i i !• ' 11 ■ 11 !:' 172 ^ INlJlAN liATKS (jF AMKKK'A. 'I'Ik! wiiiidcrin^ savn'/i-s woiiM collect In aslonislirnont tc sec 1.li(;s(; ji(!rl(>i'iiiiiii(;rs, staiidiii;.' " in !Uiiu,z«;rn('iit to belujld how a file would battel- a trci', w licfc he \v(jiil(l iiiako tl a inark' to sluK^t at." K.'in X (•\v|M>rt, .sooii aCUT, inauc his ii|»)ii'ai'ani'f, ljfin;_Mii^r di^ 'I'Miii r.ii'jlaiid iiiaiiy au\-riitiiiTrs ill-.-^iiitiu to tl II' llll' Ijc tlictii in the new conntrv: "thirty cai'pcntci's, hu-hai nirn, r tl lelil. t)!ael;sniitlis, masons, anu niith, wouM ha\(; i'.y tl avs ^ hern le same ariival, e;ii I If a lar,!ie boat, broui^ht out in live jiieecSj tobonsi'd in futl (.'Xploriitioiis in s<'areli of the South Sea, and a crow 1 hiT rilliaiit traj»j>iii;iS and reLraJia of Powhatan. Smith speaks transa<'.tion : the "costlv novelties had been niueji l)(,.|trr n, ui!.h for the soletnli eoron;ttiii;i with La'cat contemjjt of tiii-i wc 11 s]iare(] than so ill-sjieiit," for they had the k HI'. 'fa- vour niueh Ijctter only lor a plain piece ( f ( opper 1-1 lis statelv kiiH I of soliciting made 1 ;te(l urn so mueli o\'erv;ii';c iimsell that Ik; r'esj)ecte(l us as niucli as nrithiiiL'' .it The ca])taiii, with four (•(>rn[)anioiis, voluntecivfl toi:'it<) Werowocomoco, and invitf; I'owhatan to come to .1; town and reecive his presents. Arrivin;^ at the vi they found that th(; chief was thirly mil ilni;, !ia-<-'. es awav lio home; l)iit a rnessed ami I'urni- liirc set up, his scarlet cloak and aj)pai'cl with much ado put on him, beinj^ pei'suaded by Namontack, they would not liurt him: l>ut a. foul trouble tln-i'*! was to mak(! him kneel to re(;eivc his ('rown, he neither knowin;:; the; in.'ijcsty nor meaning oi' a, ei'own, nor bending (;f' the knee, endured so many persuiisions, examples and instruetions as tired the.m all; at last, by leaning hard on his should- ers, li(! a litth; stooj)ed, and three having the crown in their hands, j)ut it on his lu^ad, when, by the warning of a j)i.st')l the IJoats wore propanjd with such a volley of shot, tiiat the King start up with a horrible f(.'ar till he saw all was well." After this, Newport, with one hundred and twenty men, made some unimj)ortant explorations, above the falls, among the ^fonaeans. '^j'heir continual greedy search for mines of the ])recious metals interfered with useful oj)era- tions and discoveries. The Indians now became unwilling to trade, and I'ow- liatan seemed to have adopted the policy of starving out the colony. We can hardly justify the course of Smith in enforcing supplies, on any other plea than that of no- m^^ 1' i ' . 11 • (■: ■ 'f!i. ■% > iv .t. t " \"^ ":■ * I* )■ 5' . \ it *, .\l t , t "■ I if* j ; ^ M \ .'■, !' ,::l k i h. ! (1 1 1 7 \ 1:1 ! ,i 11 ■it! '1 A • 1 !, ■t -■■^ 171 XDIAN' HACKS OF AMKIUCA. cc.-sily; ]iiit (•(■rfiiiii if. is, tliiit, In- ;il(;nc sfcmod to li;ivn tliiit jHiwcr iiikI iiifliiciicc over tlii' sitii|tl() suv.'i;/f'S wiiich fouM .si'i'llir ill once tlicir 'lA'C iUl'l l<';i.r. i)\V li;it;iri liaviii,;/ ;it last a;/!'*'"''! to fiiiiiisli a siii[) of corn, if \\\t'. lOriirlisli wftuld l)ui|(l liim a lionsf, and fiir- rush liini with a "rrindstonc, a <• [\ti[ iii'ii, sonii' aril ro|)t)cr anu In-aM men \vci'(! sent to W'ci'owf M'( inio''!' to cotiiMKMicc opi'iations. ^I'lin'c of llic-c wcic. I )iitciini 'i o carry out tins contract, and piocniM; the ]ii( i)nn> f'li corn, Smith Htartx^l for the camp of l*owhataii towards t! hist fjf l)cccniljcr, (lf)08,) aci-oni[iani> Ily from all, rwets, ;ind sue lirithcr re.-t, c watch. ;iii(i il c' lines Captain Thus the timi [i,Tc.'ivil|;_r that iilijiertnnit v to ; i'c hroii;_dit to si on ho.vrd. l*ow .'•e.Mt 1 v'.'irrior v.-jiilc the body (. Allied only by r')rlh, ''with hi.- SMcli a p;issaL''e ii .-li"i)t, they next tlialSniith hail r tiiiit he had sent stolen, and rene TIk; boats bei; obliged to spend ceived himself f l»*'oi»l.', with the of the iiiLfht. God di;d preycnt I.NhlANS OF VIltCIMA. ( •) After iinicli bar;.;;;!!!)!!!!/ ainl lia;j"'/li;i;_'-, a si!!all <[iia!itity (if col!! was ]»n)('iii'('(l, and I'owliata!! iiiadi: a most, plausi- '^j' uii'l cliarai'tci'istic s|((;rc|i to [ici'siiaMc Siiiith that iiotli- i;i:'cMiil(l 1)(! fiii'tl!!'!' (Vol!! liis ii!t<'!itioii ihaii hostility, ('an lioiiM '. mU su]i|ios(;, said ln', that I, a ii!ai! of a;/'' ai!fl ex per iiaviliL' o!itIiv('(l thf('f' L''\\- <■■■* .w<# ;ffi 170 IM'I.W HACKS OF AMKIMCA. lioiilus, liis (It'iiiTstjrwcl and dau^^litri', in tliat daik iii-zti caiiH! lliroiiifli tlif iiksoiiio woods, and told our (Jai.tain great, vlu'cv should 1)(' sent us Ity and liy; but I'o\vli;itaii n\\i\ all the power lie could make, would al\er eonu.' aii4 kill us all, if they that hi'ou^hl it could not kill us with our own weapons when wo were at su|)j)er. Therclinv if we would live, she wished us j)resently to Ix; l">ii(\ Such thiii,u,s us she delighted in he would have given Inr; but with the tears running down her eheoks, she said she durst not bo seen to havo any; for if rowhatiin shon!.! kiu)W it she were but dead, and so slie run away bv Ikt- self as she catno." One can readily iinagi>ie tlic distress of the poor cliiiii at feeling thus compelled, by her affection for her Knglisli friend, to become unfaithful to her father and her own j)eople. 'J'he feast was sent in sliortly after, by a mmibcr o{ strong warriors, who were very earnest in tlieir invitation to the l)arty to lay down their arms and fall to. The matches which the Knglish kej)t burning met Avith their decided disapproval, the smoke, as they averred, inakini: them sick. Smith, l)eing forewarned, did not fail to spend the night in vigilance, and sent word to Powhatan that he Mi well convinced of In's villanous intentions, and should be ])repared for him. 'I'hc Dutchmen, who were with tin: king, were all along supposed to be implicated in his treaeli- ery, being inimical to Smith, and glad of an op])ortunitv to d(\stroy him. After his departure from Werowoeornoco, two of them hastened to Jamestown, and, by various jiro tences, obtained a quantity of arms, which, with the assi.-Jt- ance of some Indian companions, they carried of!" to Pow- hatan. In return for this assistaiice, he promised them immunity from the liavoc that sliould overtake the colonv, and high office and power in his own service. Continuing liis search for i)rovision, Smith arrived at INDIANS OK VIIir.INrA. 177 I'amunky, ulu^rc Opccliaiiciiiiou.u;!! rocirivi'd liim nitli ;ij)- larciit kiiKliics-!, ]»ut sliowcil no nvuliiicss to trailc Smith ivi.'iiinli'd liiiii "f fonncr jn-otnises ;iiiil iiijiii'ics, ;uh1 rx- Mv.»-i'il luK'tt'i'tiiiiwitioii to ol)tain sii|ij 'lies; jjfoUt riii;.' just ]i,'ivni<'iit. 'I'lii' cliii r lllaIla,^■(■(l to tlin-oy tin; cai'taiii and \[\< "i>\i\ liriccii" into liis house, cxliibiting some baskets of curii, which lie alieL'^ed were jirocure(l witli ,L-re, t (hlTi- cultv, hut in the Tnoaiitiinc some seven hnndp''! iirnieil warriors, hy his orders, surrounded the buihling. Our hrav(! eaptaiu, first exhortiif.tf his men to sliow no sijiis ol' fear, now sternly addressed the kini^, ehalh'iiL;iii^f liiiii to single combat, with equal arms, upon an island in the river. Ojicc'lianoauough still pretended good will and l'ru'iid>iiip, and att(niij)ted to entice Smith out at the door, Iv iironiises of numifieent pi'esenfs: "the bait was g'uardcil v.iih at least two hundred men, and thirty lying under a LTcat tive (that lay thwart, as a burricad(j) each his arrow iiockod ready to shoot." Sinitli, perceiving that prompt action was now necessary, ftirang ujjon the king, and, holditig him by the fore-lock with Olio luind, while, witli tho oth(>r, he held a cocked jiistol to his breast, lie UmI him forth among his })eoplc. ('[icchaneanough, coinpl(!tely cowed, delivered u}) his arms, iiml all his warriors, ama/.cd at the Knglishman's audacity, laid theirs upon tlie ground. Still keeping hold of the chiefs hair. Smith made a brief oration, threatiMiim;!: terrible vemreance if a droi) of Mug- lisli hlood should be spilt, and declaring that if they would not sell him corn he would freight his ship with their car- casses. He promised, moreover, continued friendship if no further cause for complaint were given. All now made friendly j^rotestations, and brought in abundance of i)ro- vision; but, as Smith lay down to recruit himself with a little sleep, a great number of the savages rushed in to ovcij tower him. This attack wius rej)elled as succcsst''ully 12 t !*• ' A t'; ■ \ .■f '. =;• ^ >•■ i- ;i|'^i I J r ~-l\ 178 INDIAN' HACKS OF AMKUICA. and promptly ;is tlio lirst. 'l\\o. kin;; in u lt'n;it]iy speech cxcusdd ami cxpIaiiKMJ the niovctnent, und tlu; day cinkii in pi'iU!cl'iii triKli! and IjarUr. At this time arrived one Hieliard Wyflin, who IkhI \iii. tiiroii.sly rnad(! liis way alone thrmii^h ihi; wildcrncs,., to iiiinouneo to Smith a ^reat loss which tiie colony haij iint with in the death of Oosnoll and ci'^ht cdmpaiiions. Tl.-r iiad started iti a skill' for the Isle <;!' llo^s, and were iip^t hy a ^alo "(that extn^iiic IVo/cn lime)" and drdwiici], Wyflin had stopped at Powhatan's head-([uai'ters, and only escaped destruelion hy tin; kindness ol' the Mn;;lishmai:'.s |;iht friend Pocahontas. She " hid him i'or a time, and sent tlicin who pursned hiiri the (tleun (iontrary way to seek him,'' Conc(!alin<; this dististrous intelligence fi'oin his follow ers, Captain Smith si-t Opechancanough at liberty, ;ii,il again end)arked, intending, ere his return to .Jamestnuii. to secure the person of Powhatan. That chief hail issutij general orders for tla^ di'slructi()n of Smith, ami cvciv where, as the boat passed along the river bank, crowds nl Indians would appear, bringing com in baskets, and otl'ti- ing it to the company if they would come for it unariimi. Their intention Avas evidently to draw the English into an and)useade. The ca})tain succeeded in surprising one uf thc^se parties, and obtaining their provision. Some of them, Vv-ho consented to trade, suji]ilic(l the English with poiscMied food, which was eaten l)y Smith and others, but the jioison did not prove sudiciently poti'Ht to destroy their lives. Suspicion fell upon a vigmnus young warrior named Wccuttanow, as the author of this treachery; but he, having forty or fifty companions with him, "so proudly braved it as though he ex])ected to in- counter a revenge. — AVhicli the President (Smith) perceiv- ing in the midst of his company, did not only beat, but spurned him like a dog, as scorning to do him any worse mischief." i 4 ir' II >\ : ttl^i ' ^ ill IN'DIANHOI' VIIUJI.MA. 179 At olli(>r i)laccs wliorc provision was souglit, it was plain lliiit the; Indians were tlicinselvcs in want, and "itnpai' d iluit liltlo tlioy had with snch coniphiints and tears from tho eyes of women and ehiUlren as he had been too eruel \n have been a Christian that wonld not have been satis- fii'il and laovcil v.ith eom[)jussion." rowhatan, (;uitii)iie(l by "those damned iJutebrnen," iiail left Werewocomoeo, with all his elleets, before Smith arrived there, and the plan of making him prisoner was llioroforo abandoned. I hire Smith breaks out into a spirited jiistilieation of hiscon^luet and j)urposes, eomplaining that fault had been found with liim, by some, for eruelty and liai'shiiess, and by others for want of energy and determin- aiiuii. lie draws a strong eonti'ast between the proeeed- iiii^.s of the I'.nglish eolony and the manner in whieh tiie ,^|i!iiiiards usually followed nj) their discoveries. It was nut {)loasiiig, be says, to some, that be bad temporized with siuli a treacherous people, and "that he washed not the ;:n;vuid with their bloods, nor showed such strange inven- !ii»ns in mangling, murdering, ransacking, and destroying, (ii.s (lid the Spaniards,) the simple bodies of such ignorant i^dUls." The renegade Dutchmen had a place of rendezvous rear Jamestown, known Jis the "glass house," whither they ivsortcd, with their Indian associates, to carry on ihcir sys- tem of pilfering arms and other articles from the colony. Captain Smith making a visit to this spot, with the inten- tion of arresting one of them, named Francis, whom ho had heard to be there, was set upon, as he returned alone, I'V tlie king of Paspahegh, "a most strong stout savage," and a terrible personal encounter ensued. The Indian closed upon him, so that he f.'ould make no use of his fal- chion, and, by sheer strength, d'ugged him into the river. After a desperate struggle. Smith succeeded in grasping the Bavage by the throat, and in drawing his weapon. " Seeing M :i m 't ■.!• I't ,;nilj ;■ ■■■^ 1 . , i -)!■' IT t 1 ' '}'■ .' ■' ;.l I :': :} .. i i 'I- f I ! Li III; -il^ J: IS ! 'i 180 INDIAN RACKS OF AMEUICA. how pitifully lie begged for Lis life, lie led him })ris()iif'i to .fames '^Fow II, and put him in chains," ]Iis W(nn(!i and children came every day to visit him, bringing ])r(.'s- cuts to j»ropitiate the English. Being carelessly guarded, the king finally made his escape. In attempts to recover him, some lighting and bloodshed ensued, and two In- dians, named Kemj) and Tussore, "the two most exact vil- lains in all the Country," were taken prisoners. Sinitli, with a corps of soldiery, proceeding to punish the IndiuiiH on the Chickahorniny, passed by ras])ahegh, and there con- ed ud(!d a j)eace with the natives. They at first ventured to attack him, but unable to resist the Englisli weaj)oiis tln^y threw down tlndr arms, and sent forward a youn;^' warrior, called Okaning, to make an oration. He re})rcsented that his chief, in effecting an escape, had but followed the instincts of nature; that fowls, bca.^ts, and fishes strove to avoid captivity and snares, and why should not man be allowed so universal a privilege? He added that, if the English would not live at peace witli lliem, the tribe must abandon the country, and the sup- plies which the colony had heretofore obtained from them be thereby cut off. T\\o power and influence of Smith among the savages was infinitely increased by a circumstance which occurred inimediately after his return to Jamestown. A pistol liiid been stolen by a Chickahominy Indian, and his two broth- ers, suj)posed to be y)rivy to the theft, had been seized, to sectirc its return. One of them was sent in search of tlic missing article, assured that his brother should be hanged if it was not forthcoming within twelve hours. Smith, "pitying the poor naked Savage in the dungeon, sent liiin victuals and some Char-coal for a fire: ere midnight, his brother returned with the Pistol, but the poor Savage in the dungeon was so smothered with the smoke he had made, and so pilcously burnt," that he appeared to be INDIANS OF VIUdlNIA. 181 ilad. Ilis ])rotlK3r, ovcrwliclrncd with grief, uttered such tdiicliiiig l.'iinentations over the body, that Captain Smith, iillhough feeling Httle hope of sue(;ess, lussured him that lie would bring the dead Indian to life, j)rovided he and his fellows would give over their thieving. Energetic treatment restored the po(;r fellow to eonseiousncss, and, his burns being dressed, the simple })air were sent on ihcir way, each with a small present, to spread the report, I'lir and near, tint Cai)tain Smith had [)0wer to restore the ih'ail to life;. Not ltolen property, and begging for favour and peace: "and all tlie country," says the narrator, "became absolutely as n'oc for ns, as for themselves." C II AFTER IV. DISTUKSS OV THK eOLONIES MAIITIN A N' IJ WKST's SKTTLF.MENTS AKKIVAI- OF I,()KD UK I,A WAKRK TALI ATIONS UPON THE NATIVKS SKIZUIfK OF POCAHONTAS : HKR MARRIAGE PKACE WITH THK INDIANS POCAHONTAS VISITS ENGLAND: HER DEATH — IJEATIt O!' POW- HATAN — POKy's SETTLEMENT. "While Captain Smith remained in America, and con- tinued in power, he maintained his authority over the natives In a grievous famine tliat succeeded the events we have just detailed, they proved of infinite service in providing the wild products of the forest for the starving , I # !■' 1 I '•(■ •• \ :'i;' lit' ' I i 182 INDIAN 11A(;K.S of AMKllICA. colonists. Many of the Kngli.sh wci'e sent out to live with the savages, and learn their arts of gathering and prejjar- ing the roots and other edibles that must take ihu jmicc of eorn, 'J'heso were treated with every kindness hy the Indians, "of whom," says Smith, "there was more li(i|i(,' to make better Christians and good subjcets than tlie one- half of those that eounterfeited themselves b»jth." Kciiip and Tussin'e, who had been set at libertv, I'emained liiciv,- alter stauneh adherents to the Kns^lish interests. Suinlrv malcontents belonging to the i-olony had fled inio tin; woods, thinking to live in ease among the natives, wiioin they promised revenge upon their old conqueidr, th^ president. Kemj), however, instead of giving ear to tlu'St; j)ersuasions, fed them "with this law, who would lujt work, must not eat, till they were near starved indeed, eon- tinually threatening to beat them to death;" and llually carried them forcibly back to Captain Smith. In the early part of the sunnuer of l(iUi), large supplies came over from England, and a givat number of l'aeli(;u.s and disorderly adventurers were brought into the new settlement. Unwilling to submit to the authority of the president, insatiate after mines of gold and silver, cow- ardly in battle, and cruel and treacherous in })eaco; their distress proved commensurate with their unthi'ift. At Nansemund, a company, under one Captain Martin, after wantonly provoking th» ill-will of the natives, was unable to resist their attacks; and another division, under Wi^i, which attempted a settlement at the falls of James' rivri, proved equally inellicient and impolitic. "The pof)r sa- vages that daily brought in their contributions to tiie President, that disorderly company so tormented thnsc })Oor souls, by stealing their corn, robbing their gar- dens, beating them, breaking their houses and keej)iiig some prisoners, that they daily complained to Captain Smith, he bad brought them for protectors worse enemies ti ;■ I' INDIANS OF VI Ur: INI A. 183 than tli(' Monacans tlicinsclvcs: tli ¥'\ 1 .r ■ 1 1 iillP<' ! ' HI' I- i Iff r ■' I t d I I '* I Ij 184 INDIAN RACES OF AMEIlICA. cx[)(!(lition, wus set upon by l^owliutan aiul hi.s warric^rs, .'iiid all except two were slain. Oua oi' these, a Ijoy, naincl Jleiiry Spilrnan, was pres(!rv(;'l by the intei'vention n| Toeahontas, j nil sent t(j hve anion;^ tlu; l'atawoiii(k. ,. Keibieed t(j tin; '/■re'atest extn^nitv, the J'iiiL^lisl h \Vr i)\) liua'd U) bart(;r their very arms ibr provisions, tliii .1 aeii in;^ t') tlu; power (^1 the (Mieiny m tlie same ratio that, t weakened their own i'es(;iirees. I'aniiiu!, pcistiienc Mir aii'i savaL'^e invasion reilnecd th eolony, win ;h bel oi(; nniubered live hundrcil inhabitants, to aljont sixty i I IKS' !■ at)l(; and ni I h j)less vvi'etehes. Within the short space oC months from the tiiia; that Smith se-t sail. 'J'he erudr pi.,- dnets of the forest ibriiHjd their })i'ineij)al food; "nay, ,m> great was (jiir laniine," jjroeeeds the nari'ative, "that a Si- va^"e we slew and bui'ied, the poorer si^il Look hiin lii, a;iain and eat him, and so (bd (bvers (me another, 1 and stewetl with I'c^ots and heibs: i\nd JOlli u one amon!/,->t ll rest (bd kill his wife, f)ovvdered h(;r and had eat(;n part her bclbrc it was known, ibr whi(;h ho was exeeuled le vv( :11 de serve( l'])on the arrival of a ship, with Sir 'i'h(;nias (jaf ,es ai:il comj)any, all the unfortiniate settlers, abandoning' th* ir town, t(jok ])assage with him f(jr l'hi<.dand. ^\t ihe v>i\i\- meneeiiKMit (jf the voyage, they fell in with l.ovd l.u Warre, wIhj was on his way to Jamestown, bibigin him large supj)lies of men and iie(;essai'ies; and all ret Willi uriii ll toi''(;ther to JaiiKJstf )wn. J'ortnnately tin; Indians had mA, as yet, destroyed (In; foil, and t u; iMinih(,'rs an(l ( :liiei eiiev o A t le whites wcit BO f; r increased, that tiiey w(;re "able to tani the 1 iirv and treaeheiy of the Savngcs." On the loth of .Jnne (10 10) (.'aptain Argall, being en- gaged in a tiadiiig exjieibuon among the I'atawotm.'ki s, found lluire tin; young pris(jner, Jleniy Sj)ilniaii, who \r.\<\ met with kind tieatment-, and by wIkx-i; iiiLei'veiiliiiU ahiuiilanee made of Sp history. 1 while on a ti (Ml shore wit ;iiid, afte'r a s ii ;/rcat brute head tln'own a.'ichi^r and >!aiii is unci Tliat the e< ii(;\\dy-a(;'juiri .-iillii'ieiitly aj vi'iiged some Net satislied j'lit t') death iiit') tiieir hail III the ibi ,«'i!iie (jjlenccs, (■'irii was seize Sava-cs." 'j Was at last est jiistified u[)on iil'Dii the l']n;j t" soiiif; chroii ojiii, heard fr^ vdio had not h urc, was resid iiiined not to hijstag(!, and 1 ooyed her (;n 1 treaeherous J' '"the old Jew i :'- I'ocahontas ■^h'lii that the i INDIANS OF VliU^IMA, ~)0 abiunlaiico of corn \v;i.s j)rS(Miii('iit ]ioit.ioiis (>f \'ir, while on a trading (;.\jM(lition ii])tlic, ri\fr. Ilaviii.i^ ^oik; oil slion; with smihi; of liis <'oiii|»anv, smiH' dilTKMilly aro>i', iiiid, after a short skirtiii.-h, lhos(; on hoard the hoat, "heard ;i ;:i(,'at hrnto ainoiiL,^ the .SiiViif.M.'S a .-hore, and saw a mans licad thrown (h)wn the Inink, w her'eiip(;n they vveighed .'tiicher and relnrned honic hut how lie was Knrurise ■r?-t m- ;^T i t i I'.! f I: (1 - i"i n U ■ i : 'i 180 INDIAN UACES OF AMKliK'A. as sofHi !is I'owliataii would muk"! restitution of tlie "•oui!-. he liad jxirloiiicd and pluiidc^red from tin; colony. When tin; cnipi'ror li-arncd of tliis transaction, tlio "iniwclconic news mucli ti'onl)I(;d liim, l)ecausc he luvcl both his duu;^hter and the English eoinniodities well;" and he left J'oeahontas in the eneniies' hands for smciiil months b(dbre lie deig-ned to ])ay the least attenti(ju |(; theii' d Miiands. It has been sup])(-sed, and with ^ivat show ol' J'cascjn, that the kinddiearted girl had lost fiivni witli her hither \>y her sympathy with the Knglish, and h^; cndeavoi'ing U) save them at the time of the mjissaercs which i)reeeded the last arrival; and that this was tlio cause (jf her retirement to Potomac. When I'owhataii at last consented to treat, his ofilr.s were entirely unsatisj'actoiy to the Knglish, and an(jtln.'r long interval elapsed without any communication from him. Ah'antime, an ai'di'Ut attachment had sprung iiji between Tcxiahonlas and a young Englishman oi' the col- ony named -hjhn Kolfe, "an honest gentleman and of g i behaviour." When it was at last concluded to use; o]mh force to I'educe Powhatan to compliance with the l']ngli.>li requisitions, u large iorce ]>roceeded to the chief's iu'iul- quarters, by water, taking the princess with them. Tho In- dians exhibited an insolent and warlike demeanor, but wne easily })ut to flight, and their town was burned. I'ursuiim their advantage, tlie inyading party proceeded up the river t(j Miitchot, wliei-e, a truce being agreed upon, two of Tow- hatan's sons came to yisit their sister, and, oycrj(ned M finding her well and kindly cared for, promised their hfst endeavors to bring matters to a peaceful issue. Jiolfe, wiili one companion, had an interview with Opcchancanoiigli, who also declared that he would strive to })ersuadc the king to compliance with tlic English proposals. Wiieu iVnvhatan heai'd of the proposed marriage ofliia daughter, his anger and resentment towards the whiter ilM INDIAN'S OF VIUniNLA 1^7 soi'Mieo\vci'ful a conl'edei'acy ; and, having made ii'lvaiiees, a treaty of fi'ienliicli so long as she lives shall bo sufficient, when she liios he shall have another: 1 hold it not a brt)th(M-ly part to desire to bereave nio of my two children at onc<'." Pocahontas was carefully educated in the Chrit. ian rt'liyitjn, wjiich she appeared sincerely to embrace. She flourished the wai'inest alfeetion for her husband, — upon lii.s pai'l fiiihfully i-eturned; and what with these new ties, II. s llu \4\ n ] 'W* I : I: ■if y{M I'r; . n ' i fl'l * ? 1 1 y ! P i ■i i ■ iir. 1, 11 ■| •■ '* I i,|i5i:f 188 INDIAN UACES OF AMKUICA. aiitl tlio ctilurjt^od i!' ass(j(-ialiii;^ witii li(!r own [)('0])1(', U OIK! a III I 1 lis wilt! sal k'(l ior Kn'daiid iu 10 HI, anil rcac.licd IMyriiouUi on thi3 I'itli of .luiic. Great intcrot w as excited by their iii'i'ival, hoth at court ai Ml aiiKjii'' o iiiiiiiv |teo|ile of distinction. ('a])tain Smith prcjia rcil ill! a Picbeeca, sinee her l)aptism and eonvei'sion,) was about III li'visil her native country, but was taken siidh(! l.'l't one child, Tliomas itolfi', who allei'wards resided in ViiLMiiiii, and from whom manv lamilies in that state still tnicc their origin. 'J'la; celebrated John Kandolpli, ol' lioaiioke, was one of his descendants. At Jamestown, Argall found matters in a bad state. Litik' w!is attended to but the raising of tobacco, which Was seen growing in tlu; streets and market place. 'J'iie savagt.'S had becona; b(.>ld and familiar, "as iVeiiucnt in the Colonists" houses as themselves, whereby they were uci'ome expert in the English arms." ^i'hey broke out, in some ihstaiici'S, into open murder and robber}^, but the old chief Opccliancanough, \vhen redress was demanded, disclaimed all knowledge of or ])articipation in the outrages. The venerable I'owhatan died in April, of the year h'lSj and was succeeded by his see(Mid brother Itcjpatin. The new king, as well as the formidable O])eehaneanon;/h, K'cnied desirous of continuing at peace with the wliil.es. I'l'Sjuto his protestations of lriendshi[), and renewid (.)f Solemn leagues and covenants, the old king of Pamaunlcy was still held in sore su:-picion, and it is })lain that Indian power, if roused against the colony, was growing formida- ble. The hkstorian expresses liis aina/ement " to understand ^•V I 1 i 1 ■; ._ 1 ?l t: u ! r'\ ■m ■'j*'"^ 1 i f I ' 'r i 'mi !«■ '!" , \ i it ' j ?'■ I ' ■)■■ lUli^ ■t' ri 100 INDIAN' KACKS Of AMKUICA. ( Ji: i ' how .straii^fcly tlu; Sava^^cs had been tau^dit thr use of ai'iiis, ami iiiiploycd in hmiliii;^; and Cuwliiig witli (dir low!- iii,L( piccL'S, and (nil* men ruotinj^ in ihr ^.ironnil aliout Tohacco like Swirio." -lohn I'oiy, secretary of the colony, nndi'i'touk a settle nicnt (^n tlie eastern shore in 1(521. Ts'ainenacus, kin;L,'(i I'.T.Ntnxent, visited him, and expressed his good-will iii style eharactoristic of Indi;in melaiilior. Dai'in-r his lui ,l^!, says I'ory, he aske(l "iC we saw an}- delorinily njion ii, wi! told him, No; No more, said he, is the; insiik', hut as sincere and ])ure; thereH^ro (-onie I'reely to my Coutitry and welcome." The Knglish were accompanied hy 'riiotnus Savau^c as interpreter; a youth wdio, sixteen y(>ai'.s before, had been left with I'owdiatan for the jiurp(jse of aenuiiiii" the In(bau huiguage, and wlu) afterwards ])roved of great service to the ccjlony. When the ])arty readied the dwelling of Namenae.ns and his brother Warnatiuto, they were most hosjiitahly received and entertained. l>oiled oj-sters were set before them in a "brass Kettle as bright without as witliiii," and the alliance was cemented by exchange of j)resonts Wamanato promised to keej) wdiat he had received "wdiilst he lived, and bury them with him being dead, He uuich wondered at our liible," ])roceeds Pory, "l.Hit much more to hear it was the law of our God, and tiie first Chapter of Oenesia cxj)ounded of Adam and Kve, and simple marriage; to wliich he re])lied he was liko Adam in one thing, for he never had but one wife at once; but he, as all the rest, seemed more willing of other discourses they better understood." THE VIIKUN'IA • ■ ( / ^ J 1 "i I vl ■ INDIANS UF VlU'ilMA. CIIAI'TKK V. I'Jl THE VIKOINIA MASSAt-MlKS OF Hi'J'J. AM) or Kill (oK Ki'll) — DKA'III Ol' nl'KcllAMAMil i;ll. TilK Spring of lii'J2 w;is iiH'inoiiiliK' (i)i- !i deep-laid and jiartiallj-successlul plot, attiilnitcd in no small nifayiiie to tilt! contrivance of Opi'cluiiK-aiion'jli, for thf extiTiiiina- tionoftlio I'-n^dish (,'f>lf»nv. 'riicscttlcrs had cniiic to lonjc ii|ii)n tli(! Indians with a mixluK? of condcsct'iision and ■ildiiitt; ihcy adniithMl them I'lvrlv into thcii' houses; >iilii red thrill to a('i[uire tiu; use iA' l'!n;^li.sli weapons; and t'lok h'tle or no jU'ecaiUions a;^;ainst an outhreiik-. 'J'iie lihintations and villa.ncs of the whites wei'e widdv sepa- ratfd and iil-})rotL'et.ed, oll'erin;,;- an easy op[)oi'tunitj for a smMcn and cucerted attack. Xo suspicions wliatcver wci'c cnti'rtained of ariv liostih; iiiti'iit ii])on the })art of the savaires until just In f u-e tlu; massacre ccnnmcnced, ami then thei'e was neither tinie nor "j'l"irtunit\' to convey the intelligence to tlu" distant si't- ilfinciitrf. 'i'hc ])]ot was so arrans^cd that n])on a day :'plinintcd, the '2'2d of March, the Indians spread theiu- M'lvcs throughout tlu; settlements, and, going into the liDUscs, or Joining the laborers in the lii'lil, on pi-etence of trailc, took the iirst lan of llic next dav's iittai-k. I'act; canii'd ih" intcllii^oncc; to .lanit'st«iwu with the uliiiost (.'.\|icdiii,,ii, and the (Mnlidii was sju'cad as Car as |)ossil»lr. W hdiviT thf Imlians saw the Mn'jlish upon their ^oianl, no altcmpi was made iijton them, even where tlii're was ji ^^ro,-, ijis- parity in numhei's. One of Smith's old i:;uard, Natlianicl Caiisie, alter reeei\iiin' a severe wound, sei/ed an axe, imhI put tliosi' to tli'j^ht who had set upon liim. in ainillur instance, two men repclle*! the a.tlack ol' sixty sava.ues, and a Mr. Haldwin, at W'aira.'^kovaek', tk-fended his lieusr and its inmates siu'^le handeil, the I ndians bein^L"" unwilling' to staml his liic. Women, ehildrcu, and unarmc(l nn'ii; ill who coidd be taken unawai'es, were murdereij, and their Itodii's haeked and mutilated. Xo tie of friendship dP n>rmer favor [Moved strong enou,i;h to stay the hand of the remoi'selessloe. A Mr. Thoi'p, wdio had shcnvn eveiy kinil- n(>ss to tlu' Indians, and es])eeially to the kin,!/, was one of the. victims, his "dead corps bein,^' ubuscd with such sj)ij,dit and scorn as is nnlit tube heard witii civil oars."' lie had lorni(>rly built a conveni(Mit liousc for the sacliciii, "aftei'thc l''n;jlisli fashion, in which he took such ])leasm't', esp(HMally in the lock a)id kty, which he so admiio(l:us loi'kinjr and unloekinji; his door a huiidre(l times a day, he thou'rht no devii-e in tlu; world com))arable to it." It was sn])p*ose(l that the motive wdiieh operated most forcibly ii]>on OjKH'haneanini^h, in urj.dng him to these enormities, was the death of Nemattanow, one of his favor- ites, styled "Jack of the Feather, because he comnioiilv wa.s most strangely adorned with them." This Indian Wii-! sliot, about a fortnight before the massacre, for the iniu- ni I'cvenKC INIHANS OF VIUCIMA. ii)a (Icrof II mall iiiuucil Mor;^!in, whom lu; enticed froir. li<»iiio (,ii jirctoiK'C of trade. Liltlo uetl\e ell'orts wen^ made to revenue tho U|>ii>ing ,it' tlu; Indians. Al'h'P llio bloody day in Maicli, \i<' ':>' • (Mil I'lij^'ai/eliient look Jilaec btiwrv'U the I'!n;.:Ii.-h and iho sivai/es until thi; ensuing' autanui, when an ai'niy oi'lhiec liuiuhed e(ih)nifit.s iniirclicd to iwinilsanuind, and hiid wasi m t!i" country. The bitterest animosity j)rcviiilcd for many ycar.s bi'- twi'cii tlie riyal chiimaiits to the country — the Intlians and the pale faces, who wcro supitlanting them, insidiously, ( »r by uj'Cii warfare. 'I'lie old cliicf Opcchancanoui^h remained lung a thorn in the sides of the colonists; and, a.s late as liiU, nine years after the conclusion of a settled |ieace, ho urguni/cdacons])iracy, which n'snlt<'d in the destruction c^f rvcii a larger number of the whites than fell in the nuis- .siciv v( 1()22. 'i'he time of the second u]»rising is li\cd, Iiyhuinc, thrco years later than tlic date abosc meniioned. After that event, the war was |iursucd with the enert^y iliut the dangerous circumst'inces of the colcjny jciiuired; and the aged chief, falling into the liands of the i'^nglish, wii.s curried captive to Jamestown, iiegiird to his inlirnd- tics and age restrained the authorities from showing him indignity or unkindness, but he was shoi by a private sol- dier, in I'cvenge, as is sup{)osed, for some former injury. Allliough so enfeebled by the weight of years as to be utterly helpless, and unable even to raise his eyelids with- out lussistance, the venerable chief still maintained his dig- nity and hrmness; and, just before his death, rebuked herkley, the governor, for suffering his people to crowd around and gaze upon hira. It is said, by some historians, that he was not a native of Virginia, but that he was reputed among his subjects and the neighboring tribes, to have been formerly a king over a nation far to the south-west. ._J r i * r" I'Jl JXIH.W IIACi'.-; OF MKIUCA. CIIAI'TKR W. KMiTit's ,\(;'.or;,\T fX' thk .-.cMiiKiis. Ani;Ai!AN';E, anii HAiiirs at 'I UK INIHA.NS. « * * ♦ To tlic. (ii.r.r Ttm rcfi rriMii slowly dr.ij^'s tlir- cnorrnoiiH licar, Si.'iin in llic clicstnut, tlii('ki't, or IliiiLfH doun 'I'JK! fleer IVorii his Hlronc slionlderM." — I'lsVAST. ViiifWNiA, Y'A'.c, (!Vf;ry otlicr divi.-ior) of the ojistcr i co.'i.-i of Noilli A rrictic.'i, wjis Ij'it tli'iily iiili;i.lMt.ci| w(i<'ii t wliil.c H(:t.f,l(;rn<'iits first, f;ornrri(;nci''J. Ah linntin;.'; tlic (:hi<;f rri'';iris of sultsistcncf; to lli*; iiiitivcs ilur IliC lOVUif 111' (',orisi'U-r;it)M' noi'tion o til'; yf:;ir, it, w;ih ini))r;i''tic;il;l'' t-.r tJi'Tri t,o liv; (•I'X-J.rly (:oii;/rc;/;it.<'il. '\']\<:yi: wn; <'.i)]i\\)\di'i\ h, ]>(', wittiin rixty miles of t.lic scltlcincnt, of ,I;iin(>1,o\vn, S'liin- livo t.lionsaii'l liiili;i,ns, (>{' whom not, (|nit<; onc.-t,hiii| v.'r.; I men ,s':rvi(',c;ii)|(; in vvur, ik; i< nvi'\ Ik; '/ri'id \<\ur kiw'. 'i'hc st.;itnr(; ;ui'l j/ener;il ii.j)|)eiirarK;c of (lilfcrcnt, .•;nion;r them |ireseiitc(| consiflcrahlc, (lis(;n;j>urK;y. Of S.'i.HfjUcs;ih;irioeks, Smith s.'iys: "Such f.'rf^at and w'e|l-| mc )0 rtionefl men ;ir(; seMhun seen, for t,: icy sccme'l ii lire {.dants to the, I'liiLdi.-h. - I'or tlie,ir L'ino;iii heseem llK;ir [iro[)()rt,io:is, soiindino; from 1,li in ii. van It." Oik; of tl leir cJiK :f W erowaric , V w>-\ f>i' 1. , .uri'i three-'jii;irte|- H oi ;i. 1 the rest, ol Ins III yiird .'ilioiit, t.jie, c;ilf of his ■.■ /, '' nhs so answerahlc to- t.li;it propnrt \'lU, thilt, he sectiK;d the, f'()odlicSt, ni.'iri we ever h<'he h;iir, the, one SKJe 1- loriL' the, fjtfier shore close, v.'itli a riMffc like a cock s comu. These Jieop jiave 0';iss;ic, Iiian'.'-' he;Kl ;_' of the liear |,ai);.dii'_' dow hind him, ;in' ii;id the head hi- tohaceo p carved with a f/reat en h(;ho J'e||f|;|t|ts of Cf "SoiiK' ol' thei aiid yellfAV col wliif;h, f-rawlii oftf'iitirncs won I'iieir \v\'/\v',i. h'lt sniol; V, am rz^ INOIANH OF VII'JWMA. lOo Tli'',M'' |ico|)l'; wcH'. 'IrcHscfl in bear ;iMfl wolf-Hkins: "sorrio liiivc r!iss!ic,k.s iii!i(|<; of licjir's Im'.'kIh jind sl%iriH, that, a man'.'-' )i''ii'l ^/o'-s tliron^^li tlio HkiriH neck, ;in'i \\\(; cuts f/f till' lifiir liisti'iici] to hi., shou!(h'|-.-, th<; no.-': nii'l tfrth \,:\]f/\\\^J down his hri';i.-.t, anotliiT l^'ur's fii'-f split, hc- |,';:i'| him, an'l at, thf rn'! pl<', of small stature. Till' Monaeaiis, .Mannahoeks, Sas'|U''sahanocks, and other tnh*-', which cnvironc(l the, I'owhatan country, were so (!i.-,siiiiilar in their Uiu,Jii r i'i. 1 .'I: ij I ■.' ^:! :i i '' 1 J ) .m' '1 t i i M ii r '1 Hi: .f^ ' *,i 1 - ■•' ♦ , ■ ; -i y'i:i II'M' I iff;,. ^iv ^^ 196 n^ INDIAN' RACES OF AMERICA. whcro they raised their beans, corn, and ponipions. Aljoiit tl-'c dwellings of some, mulberry-trees were planted, ainl fine groves of the same grew naturally in various jiarls of the eountry. I'he Knglisli made an attempt to raisi' silk liere, "and surely the worms prospered exeellent well till the master-vvoikman fell sick. During which time tlicv were eaten with rats." To efleet a clearing, the custum of the natives was to girdle the trees by bruising and burn- ing the bark near the root; and, in the ensuing year, lljc soil was rudely loosened for the reception of tl o sect". During a great part of the year they ware obliged In resort to the natural [)roductions of the forest, sea, and rivers for their support; and, as their diet varied with the season, "even as the deer and wild beasts, they seemed lilt and lean, strong and weak." In the S])ring they re- lied chiefly upon fish and small game; in summer, before the green corn was ready for use, they were obliged to eke out a subsistence with roots, acorns, and shell-fish. Some species of acorns, besides being useful as food, furnished an oil with which the natives anointed their heads and joints. Smith enumerates many of the wild fiuits and game which were sought by the Indians, describing them in quaint and forcible language. It is singular to observe how the original Indian names of plants and animals have been altered and corrupted on their adoption by the Eng- lish. All will recognize the "putchamin," whose "fruit is like a medlar; it is first green, then yellow, then red, wdien it is ripe; if it be not ripe, it will draw a mans mouth awry, with much torment." Broth or bread made from the "Chechinquamin," (Chincopin), was considered a great dainty. With a slight change of orthography, the " Aroughcun, a beast much like a badger, but which useth to live on trees as squirrels do," becomes familiar, as do also the *Opassum" and "Mussascus." a})pcaring to 1 INDIANS OF ViaOINIA. 19^ Among the fish, a kind of ray attracted the worthy cap- tain's special admiration, being "so like the picture of St. George liis dragon as ])ossiblo can be, except liis legs and wii^L's." The Indians fished with nets, woven with no little skill ; with hooks of bone; with the spear; and with arrows attached to lines. For other game, the principal weapon was the bow and arrow. The arrows were generallv headed with bone or fiint, but sometimes with the spur of a turkey or a bird's bill. It is astonishing how the stone aii'DW-heads, which are, to this day, found scattered over onr whole country, could have been shaped, or attached to the reed with any degree of firmness. Smith says that a small bone was worn constantly at the "bracert" for the purpose of manufacturing them — probably to hold the flint while it was chipped into shape by another stone— and that a strong glue, obtained by boiling deer's horns and sinews, served to fasten them securely. Very soon after intercourse with Eurojieans commenced, tliese rude implements were superseded b}^ those of iron. Doer were hunted with most effect, by driving in large companies, dispersed through the woods. When a single hunter undertook the pursuit, it was usual for him to dis- guise himself in the skin of a deer, thrusting his arni through the neck into the head, which was so stufl'ed ixs to rescmljle that of the living animal. ^Fhus accoutred he would gradually approach his prey, imitating the motions of a deer as nearly as possible, stopping occasionally, and appearing to be occupied in licking his body, until near enough for a shot. In war these Indians pursued much the same course as the other eastern nations. On one occasion, at Mattapa- nicnt, they entertained Smith and his comp)anions with a ?liam fight, one division taking the part of Monaeans, and the other of Pc/hatans, After the first discharge of I'i 1.*^' 1 1* ' ' ' Hvf'U lift 1' 198 INDIAN llACES OF AMERICA. arrows, ho says, "they gave sucli liorrihlo sliouts aii.- screeches us so uiuiiy iiifenuil liell-hounds eonld not liave made them more terrible." During the wliole iirrlnnu- aiice, " their aetioTis, voices, and gestures, were so strained to the height of their (quality and nature, tliat the strani:c- ness thereof made it seein very deliglitfid." Their martial music consisted of the discordant sounds produced by rude drums and rattles. NEW ENGLAND INDIANS. CIIAPTEIl I. fONDUCT OF EAUI.Y VOYAGKHS AKRIVAF. OF THE MAY-FLOWEIK — SAMOSET TISqUANTUM MASSASOIT — WKSTOn's COLONY CAUNUITANt's COASIMKACY — TltAUK IN FIHE-AU.MS — THOMAS MORTON — DEATH OF MASSASOIT AND ALEXANDER, AND ACCESSION OF I'HILIP. Erewliilo, where yon g;iv spires their brightness rear, Trees waved, and tlie brown iiuiiter's shouts were loud Amid the forest; and the bouiidiiig deer Fled at the glancing plume, and the gaunt wulf yelled near." Bryant. It is lamentable to reflect tbat in the primitive dealings between the venturous P^uropoans and aborigines of Amer- ica, the kindly welcome and the hospitable reception \vere the part of the savage, and treachery, kidnapping and murder too frequently that of the civilized and nominally Christian visitor. It appears to have been matter of common custom miiong these unscrupulous adventurers to seize by force or fi'aud on the persons of their simple entertainers, and to carry them oJf as curiosities to the distant shores of Kuru|)e. Colmnbus, with kindly motives, brought several of the West Indian natives to the Spanish court ; — others, whom Ills follower Pinzon had kidnajipcd, he restored to their friends. Cabot, in his meiiu)ral)le ex})cdition, tbllowcd the same example, and the early l*'i'eiieh diseov :f 4 tm Uii mm. ;ll ! 'I' !: ? ' um' i'fcl'-', )ili;!! -ir >::<'■ I'll' » 't ., 1^"0 INDIAN KACJvS OK AMKKiCA. crcrs were pC',.uliarly cnlpuLle in this respect. Most atro i;i()ii.s of all wa.s tin; eonduct of Thoinas JFinit, wliu, Id lijil, at M()iilii,^iiii, eiiliced twenty-lour of these unfortu- nate jjeo^ile on boai'd his vessel, and eai'ried tliciu to Mala,L,fa, us slaves — an inhuman picee of treaehei'v, tn which the English were probably indebted Ibr nuicii i.f tlui subsequent hostilities evinced l^y the Indians ul' New I'hiiiland. On the (Jth of Septeml)cr, 1G20, the ]\ray-Flower, frei;^lii, 1 wiiii foi'ty-one adventurous enthusiasts, the germ i>\' a western empire, sailed fi'orn riymouth in England; ami on the i»th of the folhnving Novendjer arrived on the barren and inclement shores of Cape Cod. A few uav.s afterwards a rcconnoitering Jiarty caught sight of a small numl)er oi' the rat'ves, who, however, fled at their a]i- ])i'oach. On the bth of Decembci', a slight and desultcjiv action occuri't'd, the Indians attiMiipting to surj)risc the Pilgrims b}' night. They were, however, discomlited and comi)cllcd to retreat, leaving, among other tro])liies, eight- een arnjws, "headed with l>rass, some with harts-horn.-;, and others with eagles' claws." On the 11th of December (0. S.), memorable in tlie annals of Amei'ica, the little band of ]nlgrims landed, ami fixed their first settl(>ment at Plvmouth. The Indians, it would appear, looked wiili evil eyes upon the pious colo- nists; for, says an old mn'rator, "they got all the powaws hi the country, who, for three days together, in a lici'id iind devilish manner, did curse and execrate them witli their conjurations, which assembly and service they lu'lil in a dark and dismal swamp. Behold how Satan labored to hinder the siospel from coming into New England." ''J'lic ai-tpearanee of the friendly chief Samoset, at the settlement; his welcome in broken English; his manner.-;, and discourse; are quaintly detailed by the historians "f the colony. Jle had acquired some knowlcdg.> of the I.VTERyjK I.KTERVIEfV OF S-^.UOSKT WITH THE PILOItrMS. ''^^i\fM.^ I- ■ H 'M^-M J (' ■ ■' 1 ,1 ■ 1 i ; ' ', ilfhn 1' 'i : f-:.- ■; 11 tci's (A' vessels re;i;lily ctMuiii jc'iniivd eoiic iiilialtituiits. tliedistriet win only four yea ciivimistiuice t n\V('(l its j)resei Before the b' tlic only eomi (jiigiiial inliabi iiatuml fears ui tioiis lujrror c] ;ii]iiii^f iijioii tlic coast, and reinlily communicated such inl'orination as the settlers roinircd concerninj^ the nature; of tlu; countiy and its iiiiKihitants. He mlbrnied tlicni of the manner in which tlic district where they were located had been dcjiopulated only four years j)ri:vious, by some incurable dist'ase; a ciroiiMistance to which the leeble colony not improbaijly u'.vcil its preservation. bt'fore the bold and friendly advances made by Samoset, tlie (inly conununicatiou between tlu; colonists and the Dii'nnal inhabitants had been of a hostile character. The natiu'ul fears and Jealousy of the savages, and the su{)crsti- tieiis luji'ror of the English at the heatlumish powwaws ui'l incantations which thev witnessed, toirether with the waiilof acomnion language, had kept the little company of liilvchtiu'ci's in a state of complete is(jlation dni'ing the whole 111' tlic cold and dreary winter that succeeded their arrival. It was in the month of March that a [)caceful comnmni- latieii was established with the natives, through the inter- v.'iitiou of Samoset. lie introduced, among o\\\vy of his (■(juipanions, the noted '^J'isquantiun, or Squanto, who was dill! of the twenty-four kidnap[)ed by Hunt, at a former ['(■riod. By his knowledge of the country and coast, and iiis acquaintance with their language, Squanto became of great service to the colonists, and continued their fi-icnd until his death, which took place in 1622, while he was m his passage down the coast, in the capacity of pilot to an expedition fitted out for the })urposc of ])urchasing t^npplies of corn and other necessaries, Much of romantic intiTcst attaches to the history and adventures of this ser- viceable Indian, both during his captivity and after his restoration to his own country. Escaping by the as- sistance of certain kindly-disposed monks, from Spain, wIktc ho, with his companions, had been sold in slavery, v. •;■ i' r i* .')' 1'!' 4 ii ■' m ■m £■ 1 iL 1 ; _^ f y|P l|' ^^ J iSi H ^^ -i~>--.-=^=.-'--^-_ '^^WFTtfi - I :^^' 4'f^ •mi; •""^e ,'*'■ ■4*? ■■-' '-'" ,^- TISHUAM-TUM^ OR SQUAJVTO, THE GflDE A.VD INTERmETER OF THE COLONISTS. !.;nl eiidcavorc tin'ir liaviiiu; I'c Sent for assist;! lou' and Join li;ivc been tlie liistiny for his Jliibaniak as ir 111 order to c >t:UKlisli, with set, and attack toll's men, ovci ; ntiiong the re: Til is chief had liio arrival of (Ici'larcd that li niiin's intcntioi In' is come to ^ot long after, i^!lives before anion irst the re.' icnife that on tl I have one that tiiat hnth a rna must marry; b and bv eat but NEW ENGLAN]) INDIANS. 20: of Cajicwack, or ^FartlKi's Yiii<'y;inl, for the purpose of destroying Weston's (.-olonv, and p('rliaj)s that at Plymonth ,il.-;o. ('aunbitant, or Corhitant, oiu- of M;iss;i.-(>it's most (listiiiguishofl subordinate clnefs, was a i)rinic mover in this i)Ii)t. lie had always entertained hostile feclinixs towards the l"]iiLrlish, and regarded their inercasc and prot^perity as (if fatal tendeiiey to the welf'ai'e of his own })eople. 'I'lio design was made known to some of the ehicf men of Ply- iiiuuth, by Massasoit, (whom the leadei's of the eonspiraej ]:;i(l endeavored to draw into tJH'ir plans,) in gratitude fjr their liavinti" restored hitn from adanwrous fit of siekuess. Having been, as he supposed, at tl e point of death, he Sent for assistance to the colony, and Mr. Ivlward Wins- low and John Ilamden, (sn])posed by some writers to have been the same afterwards so celebrated in Knglish liistury for his resistance to royal cnci'oacliments) with llobaniak as interj.ireter, wei'c dispatchi>d to his assistance. Ill order to check the purposed uprising, Ca])tain Miles ."^tandish, with only eight me!i, pi'oceeiled t(* Wcsaguscpia- set, and attacking the Indians, in conjunction with Wes- tnu's men, overpowered them, killing six of their number; among the rest, the noted and dangerous Wittuwamat. This chief had displayed great boldness and sjurit. Ou the arrival of Standish, he, with others of his company, declared that lie was in no wise iu^norant of the l^urlish- man's intentions. "'Tell Standish,' said he, 'we knov; ho is come to kill ns, but let him begin when he dare.' Not long after, many would come to the fort, and wlu.'t theii- i\iiives before him, with many braving speeches. One atiioii'jfstthe rest was by Wittuwamat's braua-imr he had a icnifo that on tlie handle had a woman's face, but at home' 1 have one that hath killed both French and Knglish, and that hath a man's face upon it, and by and by these two must marry; but this here l)y and by shall see, and by and by eat but not spcakc." Of the manner of this Tn- it ■l I I?, ( |,im^WM«.-{ jj 1' s i 2o(; INDIAN RACES OF AMERICA. (liiLii's death, and tliat of Pcksiiot, one of liis |iriiic;ii:,l 0uiii}iaiii()ns, kiHed by Standisli liiinsclf iu a d('S}ici;itf iiaiul to hand struggle, AVinslow says: "But it is incivdi- \)\it how niany wounds these two jKiniescs reeeived hii'oro Ihcy died, not making any fearCid noise, hut ealehliii: at tlicir weapons and striving to tlie last." \Vittuwani;it ha^l often exj)rcssed great contempt of the Knglisli fur thi.-ir want of fortitude, declaring that "they died crying, makini,' sour faees, more like children than men." A bi'otlur ut tliis chief, onl}' eighteen years of age, they hanged. The AVeston plantation Avas, however, broken up, tlic survivors, much reduced in numbers b}' sickness and want, setting sail in their vessel for the eastward, to join tlie fishing scpuidron on the coast: as the old historian has it, "here see the effects of pride and vain-glory." Tliniiia.s Weston himself, aftei a singular series of misfoilunes, only arrived at Plymouth to learn the disastrous fate (if his colony. I'hc system of working the land in common was t]ii>' year abandoned by the Plymouth colonists, and a jiortion of laud set apart to each man; a change which produerd the most favorable results. In the course of a few years from the formation of the Plymouth colony, the Indians, in s})ite of a royal proda- niation forbidding the traffic, began to supply themselves witli lii-e-ai'ms and ammunition, the use of -which they ;ic- cpiired with singular facility. The trade for these danger- ous articles first commenced upon the eastern coast, where they were brought b}^ English, French and Dutch fishing vessels, and was further extended into the interior in 1<.)-^, by one Thomas Morton, a notable contemner of godliness, and long a thorn in the side of the sober colonists. Besides his capital ofrencc of teaching the Indians the use of fire- arms, and driving a ])rofitable trade with them in these deadly weapons, he l)ccame, as M(M'ton has it, "a lord ul duct of this cii ^'E\\' ENGLAND INDIANS. 201 misnilp," AvilU a set of disorderly conipaiiions avIh) li:id Urn brought out iu the same sliij) with him. They spent vliattliev ro})hesied sirkncss from tiiis sign. No very sei'ious hostilities occui-rcd between the Ply- mouth colonists and the luitivcs, from the period of which '.ve have been speaking, until the year l(jo7, nu'moi'ai»lo lor the extir{)ation of the Pei[U(jts. Tlie causes ami con- iliict of this cam})aign, mai'ked as it was by the most sav- age ferocit}' on the part of both Indians and I'higlish, will be detailed in a succeeding chapter. I In the year l()o9, ^[assasoit, or, as he is generally styled at this period, Woosamequcn, brought his eldest son ^[ooa- , nam, otherwise called Wamsutta, to the court at Plymouth, i and solemnly renewed the former league of peace and amity with the colony. fi 8 "i 1. •'•■J"' ill''' ■!« 203 IXDI VX HACKS OK AMKRICA. After flio (Icatli of tlic frioiidly and ])0\verriil saclicin, liis sons Wamsutta and Mctacc^inct conliiiiicd their jiiuics .sioii of LfDod-will towards llic Kurdish. Al)out l()w(i, tluv presented tlieniselves to the court at I'lynioulli, ami, hv tlieir own I'e'juest, received I'ln^lisli names. AVamsiiHn was dcnoniinated Alexander, and Mctacomct, Pliilip, loni? after a name of terror to tlio colonics. In 1()02, Alexander, having been suspected of heiiiL' engaged with the Narragans.'tts in plans hostile to tin; J'lnglish settlers, was taken by snrprise, and foreiliI\' car- ried to ]''lvniouth. 'Idiis indignity is said so to liave eliafid liis ])r()ud s])irit, that it threw him into a fever, of ^vlli(■ll lie died shortly after. Contradictory reports have h.rn lianded do^vn to us concerning the manner of his treat- ment during this brief captivity, and the circumstances attending his death. Shortly after this (>vent, Philip, nowsachem of Pocanokct, came to the court at I'lymonth, with renewed acknowlcil;.'- ments of subjection to the king of England, and promisis to fuKil all engagements theretofore entered into bv liiiii- self, his father and brother. lie covenanted, moreovrr, not to sell any of his lands to strangers without l!ie knowledg'c and consent of the authorities at Plymouth. .1 ; i? ,•'» i I IF i • ! ■ Mi^ il* -■ '' Wmm'y 11 w 1 ; 1 1 ' s t'*. lit:. ^1, !; ''k '' if : i. Ii ; I t !'j 1 I 1 ; 1 w ) , r li ) ^ li f • •l^'' '1 1 i. m- -J 1 1 Hi (H,''||i^l 7//K COr.O.VtSTS GOr.VO TO CHUItin .iKMKIJ DuniM"; 'I'liE PEKion or the kaf.i.v indian wars. THK NAi;i!A(;.V, OLDHAM — I >'KU' KNQLAXl) INDIANS. 209 CIIAPTKU 11. THK NAi; ; Ai; A Nsr.TTS — rii i; vi-.qudts — M l-i:iji:i OF STuNE AMD OLDHAM — KNDICDTT S KXI-KDITIDN TIIK I'lAiUOT WAK ui;sTi;r( Tio.N oi- thk i'i:cit;oT fout — thk tkii!K KKSPEU.SKU AND SUBDUED. "Dark iis llio frost-nipped loaves that strew the ground, 'J'lie Indian hunter here his shelter found; Here eut his bow, and siiapod his arrows true, Here hnill his wi^watn and his hark canoe, Speared tlie qiiiek salmon luapini,' up the fall, And slew the deer without the rille ball; Here his younif squaw her cradTin^'-tree would choose, Sin^'inf,' her chant to hush her swart papoose; Here stain her (piills, and strintf her trinkets rude, And weave her warrior's waiui)um in the wood." IJllAINARD. TiiH islaiuls and western shofcs of the beautiful bay ^vhicli still bears tlicir name were, at the time of tlie fin-^t liiiropean settlement, in the possession of the great iv.id powerful tribe of the Narragansetts. Their Joiiiinic^ns extended thirty or forty miles to the westward, as far as the country of the l^cquots, from whom they were st;pa- rated by tlie Pawcatuck river. Their ehief sachem was the venerable Canonieus, who governed the tribe, with the assistance and support of his nephew ^fiantonimo. The celebrated Roger Williams, the founder of the Rhode Island and Providence plantations, .'ihva_ys noted for his kindness, justice and impartiality towards the natives, was high in favor with the old chief, and exercised an influence over him, without which hi» power might have been fatally turned against tl. English. Canonieus, he informs us, loved him as a son to the day of his death. Mr. AVilliams had been obliged to leave the colony at li *1 ;! I ^1 \ 1 r ; W [ lip t '1 '( ■ ! \- 1 ' ■ i '•:S f %■ I " 210 IMiIAN KACES OF AMEUICA. the cjastwiinl, in c'onsof(nonco of liis reli^'ion.s Djiimonf; wliieli did wot (■oiiicic^; witli those so strictly intcrwovci Avith tho {^()\eiiiiuc'iit uiid policy of the purittiiis. He \v;i,s a man of whose enterprise and wisdom the state whidi he lirst settled is Justly ])roud, and whose liberal and mai^iiniii. mous dis])ositi(Mi stands out in sti'ikin<;,' relief when com. ])ared with th(3 intolerant and narrow-miiuled prejudiics of his contemporaries. \ Aliantonimo is described as a warrior of a tall nipl commandinj^ appearance; proud and magnanimous; "sub- til ':i:id cunning in Lis contrivcments;" and of undauiital courage. The Tequots and ^dolu'gans, who formed but one triln', and were governed during the early period of Kiiglisli colonization by one sacnem, appear to have cmigratril from the west not very long before the first landing uf Europeans on these shores. Tliey were entirely disfou- nected with the surrounding tribes, with whom tlicy wore engaged in continual hostilities, and were said 1o have reached tlic country they then inhabited from the norili. 'riicy ])robably formed a portion of the Mohican or MmIic- gan nation on the Hudson, and arrived at tbe sea-coast ly a circuitous route, moving onward in search of better liunt- ing grounds, or desirous of the facilities for procuviuL' su])])ort offered by the productions of the sea. In various warlike incursions they had gained a partial possession of extensive districts upon the Connecticut river, and from them the early Dutch settlers purchased the title to the lands they occupied in that region. In the 3'car IGo-l, one Captain Stone, a trader from Vir- ginia, of whom the early narrators give rather an evil report, having put into the Connecticut river in a small vessel, was killed, together with his whole crew, by a party of In- djans wdiom he had suffered to remain on board his vessel. Two years later, a Mr. John Oldham was mui'dereJ at NKW KNCLANI) INDIANS. 211 Dloek Island, (called Manissos in the riidian ton^nio,) by a lii)ily of natives, 'i^iey were discovered in possession of the vessel, and, endeavoring to make their escape, were most of them drowned. The Narragansetts and IVquots hotli denied havin,!^' participated in this last outrage, and, a.s respects Stone and his companions, ulthongli the Pequots afterwards acknowl- tdgod that some of their people were the guilty j)arties, vet tlicy averred that it Avas done in rtjtaliation for the niunlcr of one of their own sachems by t le Dutch, deny- ing that they knew any distinction between the Dutch and Knglirih. To revenge the death of Oldham, an expedition was fitted out from Massachusetts, with the avowed determina- tion of destroying all tlic male irdiabitants of Block L^land, aiul of enforcing heavy tribute from the Pecpiots. Those eiigfigcd in the undertaking, under tlie command of Kndi- (.'iitt, landed on the island, ravaged the corn-fields, and I'Unied the wigwams of the inhabitants; but the islanders Hiececded in concealing themselves in the thickets, so that !i'w were killed. Endicott thence proceeded to the Pecjuot country, notwithstanding the remonstrances of Gardiner, cuniinander of the garrison at Saybrook, who told him that the consequence would only be to "raise a hornet's nest about their ears." Disembarking near the mouth of the Thames, the adventurers were surrounded by a large body of savages, mostly unarmed, who questioned them of their j)urposes with much sur])risc and curiosity. The P]nglish demanded the murderers, whom they alledged to be harbored there, or their heads. The Indians replied that their chief sa- chem, Sassacus, was absent, and sent or pretended to send I'arties in search of the persons demanded. P^ndicott, impatient of delay, and suspecting deceit, drove them off, after a slight skirmish, and proceeded to lay waste their I V i? ' * f stroying tlicir canoes and doi'iv tlunii incalculable ini.schicf. j Tlic satiic opciratioiis wore carried on the next day, upon the {)j)[)o.sit(; iiaiik of the river, after which the party set sail lor hotnc. , Tlie ell'ect of procedures like these, was such as might have been cx])ccted. The hostility of the Pcquots towurd.s the whites was from this period implacable. [ For several years the tribe liad been engaged in a desul- tory war with the Narragansetts, arising from a (juarroi, in 1002, respecting the boundary of their respective do- mains. Sassacus at once ])erccived the necessity or policy (jf iiealing this breach, and jirocuring the assistance of lii.s powerful neighbors in the antici{)ated struggle. He tlieiv- fore sent ambassadors to Canon icus, charged with j)ro]M)- sals of treaty, and of union against the usur])ing English. A grand council of the Narrjjgansett sachems was culled, , and the messengers, according to Mort(m, "usimI niany pernicious arguments to move thCiU thereunto, as tluit the English were strangers, and began to overspread their : country, and would deprive them thereof in time, if thcv : were suffered to grow and increase;" that they need not , "come to open battle with them, but fire thei" houses, kill their cattle, and lie in ambush for them," all with little danger to theinselvcs. The Narragansetts hesitated, and would not improbably have acceded to the proposals but for the intervention and ; persuasion of their friend Roger Williams. Jlis influence, , combined with the hope, so dear to an Indian heart, of being revenged upon their old advei'saries, linally ])i'e- vailed. Miantonimo, with u rmmber of other chiefs and ; warriors, proceeded to Boston; was received with much i parade; and concluded a treaty of firm alliance with the Knglish, stipulating not to make peace with the Pequots, without their assent. NKW KN(JF-A.\I) INDIANS. 213 Mcantitno, during this suiiu: yvav (UJ-h), the I'cquots hail coinmoiiccd liostilitics by attack iiig the wettlcrs on tlic, ('((iiru'clicut. 'I'hoy lay concculod ubout the Ibrt at Say- lirook, ivady to seize any of the httle garrison who .should be fuiind without the walls. Til several instances they succeeded in making captives, wlioin they tortured to death with their usual savage eru- olty. Among the rest, a "godly young man of the name of Ihilterheld," was taken, and nxisted alive. The boldness, and even temerity of the few occupants of the fort, with these horrors staring them in the fiico, is surprising. Gardiner, their governor, on one occasion, exasperated a body of Indians who had come forward for a species of parley, by mocking, daring, and taunting them in their own style of irony and vituperation. The colonists appear to have been even more horror- Ftriekon and enraged at tlig blasphemous language of their wild opponents, than at their imj)laeable cruelty. When thov tortured a prisoner, tliey would bid him call upon his God, and mock and deride him if he did so, in a manner not unlike that recorded in thecase of a more illust rious sufferer. TluT told Gardiner that they had "killed iMiLdishnuMi. and could kill them like musrpiitoes;" and that there was one among them who, "if lie could kill one more Eng- lishman, would be equal with God." Joseph Tilly, commander of a trading vessel, a man described as "brave and hardy, but passionate and Avilful," going on shore, incautiously, and against the advice of (•ardiiicr, was taken by the savages, and tortured to ileatli in the most lingering and cruel manner, being ])artiallv dismembered, and slowly burned to death bv lighti'd Planters thrust into his flesh. Ilia conduct in this ex- tremity excited the lasting admin^tion of his tormentors; for, like one of their own braves, he endured all with silent fortitude. , ^ ! .|,!J I m 1 ' !ilV'' iUl M-^ l'!".l , 1 J llnJ m ji I* • L^^to; !; ■ ( 1: '! h. ' 1 I fl ~r 2M INItlAN IJAt'KS OF AMKIMCA. The rii'liiiiiM were iiccustfJiiUMl to imit'it(! niid dcriil.' ilio cries iukI t.i)kciis of jmiii wliicli tlicy usually clicitiMl frmi, tiM! wliilt'.-, as Ix'iii^f uMWorlhy ol' men, and toK'ralilc oulv ill woiiii'ii or c'liildi'cii. Ill A)iiil i»I' this year (KI.'IT), an attack was niaili- ujinn tlir villa,L:(3 of Wi'tlKTslleld, by u body of lN'<|Uots, a-si.-t'il ()!• Ifd by other Indians of the vicinity, whose cninity IumI been excited by some unjust treatment on the pari of tin' wliit(! inhal/itaiits. Three women ami six men ^l' tht; colonists, were killc(l, and cattle and other propeitv Ar- Ktroycd or carried olf to a consiih-rabli! extc^nt. T\vi» \ uiiir_f girls, dan.Lihters of one Abraham Swain, were taken uimI carried into captivity. Their release was afterwards oli- tained by some Dutch traders, who inveigled a number ef lV'([Uots on Ijoard their vessel, and threatened to tlnow them into the sea if the girls wt-re not delivered Uj). dur- ing the time that these prisoners were in the power nftlio uubans, they received no injury, but were treated with uniform kiiubiess, a circumstance wliicli, with many etlicr.s of tlie same nature, marks the cliaracter of the barbariain as being by no means destitute of the Ihier feeliii.i:s ot' humanity. The settlers on the Connecticut now resolved upeii active operations against the Pequot tribe. Although tiio whole number of whites upon the river, capable of doiiii military service, did not exceed three hundred, a force of ninety men was raised and equipped. Captain fJohn .M;i- .son, a soldier by profession, and a bold, energetic man, was appointc*! to the command of the expedition, and tlu; Uc/erend Mr. Stone, one of tlie first preachers at Ifaitfenl, who had accomjianied liis })coj)le acro.ss the wilderness, at tin; time of the lli'st settlement of that town, vmdertoek the ofl'icc of chajdain — a ])osition of far greater importain.'o and responsibility, in the eyes of our forefathers, than is accorded to it at the present day. NKW KNr.I.ANI) IVI»IANS. 2Vi LottiM's were written fo tlic aMtlioritios of Nfiissachtisi'tts, re jiK 'Still;,' nssistiiiicc, iii;isiiiiicli as the war was i)\viii;.r, in no small iiioastirc, to tin- ill-advisccj uiid worsc-coiMliicicd r\]ir(litii>ii scut fortli, as uc liave licf'on' (jcsi'rilicd, liv lliat I lidMV. 'I'lio n'([uinMl aid was readily riiniislie(l, ;iih! ,\ (diisideral)lc l)ody of men, iiiidiM' tla; eoinniaiiil of haniel Tatrick', was sent to tin; iNari'agansett saelieni, to laocui-c his (MojHM'ation, and afterwards to Join the lon-es of '\la..-on. Tlic little army was I'lirther increased by tlu^ addition (if a party of Indians, led by a chief afterwards so celc- lpratc(l in the annals of the colony, as to deserve more iIkiii a casual nuMition upon the occasion of this, his llrst jiitroiluetion to the rea(h!r. I'licas, a sachem of the ^rohecrans, whotn w(^ have be- ['nw mentioned as forming a portion of the l'c(piot tribe, had, some time jirevious to the events which we are now ri'conling, rebelled against the arithority of Sassacus, his superior sachem, to wIh^ii lie was con?i(X't(Ml by tits of alliiiity and relationship. He is (h>sci'ibed as having been a man of great strength and coui'age, ])ut grasping, cunning, atnl treacherous, and pessesscd of little of that magnanimity which, though counterbalanced by faults pecidiar to liis race, distinguished his iinjtlacable f >fohegans, and the rest, as is supposed, Iixlians from the districts on the Connecticut, who had joined themselves to his fortunes, I'licas now inade common cause with the whites a;rainst his own nation. Gardiner, the commandant at Saybrook, to test his fidelity, dispatclied hitn in pursuit of a small pany of hostile Indians, \vliose position he had ascertained. I ncas aeeo'nplished his mission, killing a portion of them, aiid returning with one prisoner, 'idiis ea}>tive the In- dian.i' were allowed by the English to torture to death, antl iliey proceeded to pidl him asunder, fastening one leg to I ! m H iH \'t I • ) i t } ( 1 M I I ' II i-l i I i . m^'tm Ml 'i 21G IXDIAX HACKS OF AMERICA. a post, and tying a ro])0 to the otlicr, of which they laid hold. LTndoi'hill, clscwhero characterized as a "bold, bad, TiKiu," had, on tliis occasion, the humanity to shorten the torment of the victim by a })istol-shot. The plan of campaign adc^pted by Mason, aRcr iuikjIi debate, was to sail Ibr the country of the Narragansetts, and there disembarking, to come upon the enemy by land from an unex])ected direction. Canonicus and ^Vfiantonimo received the party in ;i fritnidly manner, ap}ji'oving the design, but prolVeriiig uu aijsistance. Intelligence was here received of the aj)proaeh of Cap- tain Patjnek and his men from Massachusetts, but ^[asnn determined to lose no time by waiting for their arriyal. lest information of the movement should in the meantime reach the camp of the Pcquots. The next (hiy, therelbn', which was the dlli of June, the vessels, in Avliich the com- I)any had arrived from Saybrook, set sail for Pequot riyer, manned by a icw whites and Indians, while the niaiii body ])rocceded on their march across the country. About sixty Indians, led hy Uncas, were of the party. A large bcxly of Narragansetts and Nehanties attended thein on their march, at one time to the number, as was suppcjsed, of nearly live liundred. In Indian style, tliey made great demonstration of valor and determinati';:! : I'lit as they a})pioached the head-quarters of the terrible trilu! that had held them so long in awe, their hearts began to fail. Many slunk awav, and of those who still hunu' in the rear, none but Uncas and Wcquash, a Nehantic saelie n, were ready to share in the danger of the first attack. The Pequ(jt camp was upon the summit of a liii;li rounded hill, still known as Tequot hill, in the ])resent town of Ciroton, and was considered by the Indians as impreg'.iable. The ])eople of Sassaeus had seen the l-ing- H V.:"'' I ■ff>i '■■' 11 1 NEW ENGLAND INDIANS. 217 lisli vessels pass by, and supposed that danger was for the pret^cnt averted. After a great feast and danee of exulta- tion at their safety and success, the camp was sunk in sleep and silence, ^fason and his men, who had encamped among some rocks near the head of ^^ystic river, aj> proaelied the Pequot fortification a little before day, on the otli of June. The alarm was first given l)y the barking of a dog, followed by a eiy from some one within, of "Owanux, O'.vanu.x." — the Iiuhan term for Knglislmien — upon which the besiegers rushed foi'ward to the attack. The fort was, as usual, inclosed with thick ])alisades, a narrow entrance being left, which Avas barred by a pile of lir'ishwood. breaking through this, Mason and his com- [laiiions fell upon the startled Pequots, and maintained for H)iiie time an uncertain hand to hand conflict, until, all (irdcr being lost, he came to the savage detci'inination to live the wigwams. I'liis was done, and the dry matoriiils of which these rude dwellings were com])oscd blazed with tearful rapidity. The warriors fought desperately, but their bow-strings snapped fi'om the heat, and the Naj'i'agansctts, now coniimr u]), killed all who attempted to escape. The scene within was horrible beyond description, ^i'he whole number destroyed (mostly by the flames) was suj)posed to be over loin- hundred, no small portion of which consisted of women and chikb'en. The spirit of the times cannot be better portrayed tl;;.n hy citing the description of this tragedy given by ^forton: "At this time it was a fearful siirht to see them thus frv- iiig in the fire, and the streams of blood quenching the same; and horrible was the stiidc and scent thereof; Init the victorv seemed a sweet sacrifice, and thev ti:avc the praise thereof to God, who had wrought so wonderfully lur them, thus to enclose their enemies in their hands, and ' t\ m ■!!!■■ I ^ ■'! M.:t \i 'h HI. ■ ' I l^t' 218 INDIAN RACES OF AMEIilCA. give them so spccdj a victory over so proud, insulting aii(1 l)las})licmous an enemy." Dr. Increase Mather^ in much the same vein, says: "This day we brought six hundred Indian souls to hell." In looking hack upon this massacre, although niucii allowance must be made for the rudeness of the ago, nm! the circumstances of terror and anxiety which surrouiidid the early settlers, yet we must confess that here, as on other occasions, they exhibited the utmost unscrupulmis- ness as to the means by which a desired end should !ie accom{)lished. ''J'he loss of the altacking party in this engagement Avas trifling in the extreme, only two of their number bein;: killed, and about twenty wounded. Captain Pati'ick with his soldiers from Massachusetts, did not reach the scene of action in time to take part in it — Underbill, howevei'. with twenty men, Avas of the i)arty. The result of this conflict was fatal to the Pequots as a nation, vVftcr a few unavailing attempts to revenge their wrongs, they burned their remaining camp, and com- menced their flight to the haunts of their forefathers at the westwaixb They were closely pursued by the whites and their Indian allies, and hunted and destroyed like wild beasts. 'J'he last importtint engagement was in a swamp at Fairlichl. where they were completely overcome. Most of the war- riors were slain, fighting bravely to the last, and the women and children were distributed as servants among tlio colonists or shipped as slaves to the West Indies; "We send the male children," says Winthrop, "to Burmuda, hv ^Nfr. William Pierce, and the women and maid children are dispersed about in the towns." It ^"s satisfactory to reflect that these wild domestics proved rather a source of annoyance than service to their enslavers. Sassacus, Mononotto, and a few other Pequot warriors, he so assiduo zU NEW ENGLAND INDIANS. 219 Buccceded in efTecting their escape to the ^foliawks, who, however, put the sachem and most of his companions to (l-ath, cither to obHgc the English or the Xarragansctts. ; The mcmhers of the tribe who still remained in Con- necticut, were fnally brought into complete subjection. Many of them joined the forces of the now powerful Uncus; others were distributed between the Xarragansctts j and Mohegans; and no small number were taken and ' deliberately massacred. , Tlie colonial authorities demu^^ded that all Pequots who had been in any way concerned in shedding English blood should be slain, and Uncas had no small diHicultv I . . . . . . " ! in retaining his useful allies, and at the same time satisiy- I ing tlie powerful strangers whose patronage and 2)r:jtection he so assiduously courted. I CHAPTER III. QUARRELS BETWKKN THE NAURAGANSETTS AND MOHF.GANS UNCAS AND MIANTO.NIMO — THE MOHECiAN LAND CON- { TROVERSY — SUBSEQUENT CONDITION OF THE I PEQUOTS AND MOHEGANS. A SMALL body of .le Pequots made one more futile I attempt to settle in their old country; but a company was sent against them, and they were driven off; their provi- ! sions were plundered, and their wigwams destroyed. The destruction of this powerful tribe left a large extent of country unoccupied; to no small portion of which Uncas laid claim by virtue of his relationship to Sassacus. j The j)o\ver and influence of this subtle and warlike chief had l)ccoine, by this time, vastly extended, not otdy by tivaty and alliiuice with the EuH/peans, but by continual addition to the number of his warriors; as many strag- i ' m 1 m 1 .. i 3 ■ I ! !.^=. 220 INDIAN llACES OF AMERICA. gliiig J^cquots, and waiulcrcrs from other triljcs, were eager to join his rising fortiines. Between him and Miantonimo, old feelings of jealousy, rivalry, and national antipathy were now aroused iuicw In' various aets of ])etty hostihty and mutual ticacluMv, I'neas and his followers suececded in exeitivig in the niimU of the English a deep and abiding mistrust of tlit; Nana- gansetts, whieh Miantonimo, upon repeated eitalions hJuic the Court at Plymouth, was unable wholly to reni()v.\ His wisdom, eautiousness, and sagaeity, exeited the ail- miration of all who heard him, but, with all his Im t, lie failed to convince the authorities of his good faith aiul innocent intentions. Tiie animosity of the t/wo chiefs at last broke out iutu open hostilities. Miantonimo, accompanied, as was com- puted, by over nine hundred warri(jrs, eame suddenly upon Uncas, M'ho was supported by only about half lliat number of effective followers. I^efore joining battle, the Mohegan sachem challenged his opponent to single cuinhat, jiroposing that the vanquished party should, with hisnua, submit to the victor. Miantonimo refusing to accede to this proposal, Uncas, according to a preconcerted signal, prostrated himself; and his warriors, d'scharginga flight of arrows, rushed forward with such imj)etuosity that, despite the disparity of num- bers, they CO' nj)letely routed the Narragansetts, and drove them from the field. The chief of the invaders was taken prisoner in his flight by Uncas himself, assisted by two other warriors. lie had been impeded in his motions by an old corslet, a piece of defensive armor which had been presented to him by an English friend, but which proved fatal to him. Seeing that resistance w\as hojieless, he seated himself ujton the ground, with true Indian stoicism and silence. Uncas took his prisrner to Ilartlbrd, and requested tho NEW ENfJLAND INDIANS. 221 g.' aiU'ice of iho authorities as to Avliat course lie should ])ur- 6UC respect iii^^^ hiin. ^I'hey referreil the question to the iH'ial court of eomnussioucrs for New Knglaml, wliieii at at iioslon, in Septt.'inher (l(>4."5). The court, unwilling ti) urKlcrtake the ivsponsibility of ordering the death of the illustrious eajitive, submitted the matter to the decision oitiie clergy, then in higji council at the same city. Tlie.se W(ji'iliies, less S('ru{)ulous than the laity, came to the con- clusion that his life must pay the forfeit of his attacks ujioii I'liciis, and his general turlmlence, not to iiKMition the fict that he had, in one instance, beaten a followci- of asaclicin wlu) was alli('(l to the Knglish! l!ic unfortunate saehern was therefcre rcdelivei'cd into the liaiids of the ^^ohegans for execution, and two of the Kiiulish were appointed to attend the ])roeeeding, and see that li(! was put to death without torture. 'J'here is some (li-i'n'paticy in the accounts as to the place where Minnto- niiiio met his fate, but it a])])ears to have been in tlie tnwiisliij) of Norwich, where a ])ile of stones was long after pointed out as marking his grave. Tlie nianiu;r of \\\< (l(\ith was this: Uncas, with his brother, \Vawe(iua, and a party of other Indians, accom})anied by the two whites, Was le.'iiling his prisoner along a j)ath, when, at a silent siiiiial iidin the chief, Wawequa buried his tomahnwk in tlieskiill of the ea])tive from behind. It is said that Tncas cut a jiortion of flesh from the shoulder of his fallen ru- oiuy, avid eat it, declaring that it was the "sweetest meat lie ever eat; it made his heart strontr." Tlie Xarraransetts lamented bitterlv over the untimelv cnfl of their famous and beloved sachem, and eomplainod of thf treachery of Uncas, averring that large quant iti(\^ ol' waiiipmn had been sent as ransom to the Mohegans, ami fippiopriuted by them, regardless of the conditions attciid- iiig its mission. Pessacus, a brother of Miantonimo, continued to make i -^ ■' I {■• . ll. Iri.- ! :--\ a \ .^it. il If I t ■ '( ( ill i lt 111 1 .ldifll ii H m ! '''.: )llll||l(l||b V ! w '1 r 1 . < t- d '1 !'■'' ■: l. 2'>2 *^ aid M INDIAN liACES OF AMEKICA. trouhlosonie inroads upon tlic Moliegun domains, Imt tlie iMiglish still iield L'uc;is in fuvor, and warnt-d the Xarra- !j,'ansctts that they would HU])iJort him should ho iV(|iiirc their aid. in 1(1-14, tlic com])laints and mutual recriminations of tlic rival tribes were heard and examined by the comniissiDncrs of the colonies, who decided that Pcssacus had not jh-ovimI hischarges, and enlbrced a temporary treaty. This was soon violated by the Narragansetts, who continued their dfjuv. dations as heretofore; and in the ensuing sj)ring, Pessacn.-. having done grcitt danuigc to his opponent by })red;tti)rv excursions, finally besieged him in a fort on the TliaiiifH, whci'e he would j)robably have reduced him b}' faniiue, li;ul not supplies been secretly furnished by certain of the Knglisli. 'J'he tvrauny and exactions of Uncas over the Pcouots who had become subject to him, aroused their indignation; while his treachery towards his own jieople, and allianco with the whites, secured him the hostility of every nei^;]i- boring tribe, lie was engaged in })erpetual cpiarrcis with Ninigret, a celebrated Nehantic sachem; with Scquasscn, whose authority at an earlier date extended over tlie ^funxis tribe, at the westward of the Connecticut; and with the grieved and revengeful Narragansetts. AVhenever these interminable disputes Avere broii,L^lit before the court of the New England commissioners, the decisions of that body appear to have favored the Mo- hegan. Assisted b>y the counsel of a crafty and subtle Indian, named h'oxun or Poxen, who served him in the capacity of chief advocate and adviser, and whose wisdom and sagacity were widely noted, he generally managed to exjdain away his iniquities; at least so far as to satisfy ati audience already prejudiced in liis favor. When his crimes were not to be concealed, a reprimand and caution were generally the extent of his punishment. On the other hand, when suspicions arose against>the Xar- Binameiit. a P ' ;;t IMJlANS OF M;\V KN(il.ANI). 223 raLiaiiHCtts, the most prompt juid violent proceedings were ivsoiteil to: the payment ol'aii inimeiise amount of wampum was exacted; the delivery o[' hosla^Lio; IVom among the [iiiiicipal people of the trihe was demanded; and tlireats of war and extermination were used to humble and huuiil- iate them. In Se])tend)er, lOoo, u few of the scattered I'd plots who had not joined the forces of Uncus, were allowed a resting- place by the commissioners, uj)on a {)ortion (jf the south- eastern sea-coast of Connecticut, and their existence as a separate tribe was formally acknowledged. This little remnant of the crushed anil overthrown na- tion, had been, for some time, under the guidance of two gelf-constitutcd sachems, one connaotd}' called Robin Cas- sinament. a Tecpiot, and the other Cushawashet, u nej>hew of Xiuigret, known among the Knglish as llermon Garret. They hail formed small settlements u}K)n the tract now allotted to them, which they were allowed to retain npon payment of tribute, in wampum, to the colonies, and the adoption of a prescribed code of laws. 'J'hcir governors were to be chosen by the hhiglish; and Cushawashet and ; Cas.sinament received the lirst a])j)ointinent. It will rca, di^irnity, ami sclC-resjH'ct wliicii tlisiju. guished them when iiifci'cc^ursc with li)i'eigiiers lirst cdiii- mcnced. Their munbers, which a])i)ear tohavcbecMi qrosslv exaggerated, even in their most flourishing days, were rapidly diminishing; their game was becoming scarce: and the refinements and comfbi'ts of civilization, riidr in- deed as comi)ared to what now exists, presented to th.ir eyes at the white settlements, ojdy aggravated the con. Ficiousness of their own jjoverty and distress. The 'i'unx's and Podunk Indians, who inhabited ritlier side of the (,^onn(M't ieiit, in the vicinity of the Knglisli set- tlements; the C^uinnipiaes on the sound, where New Ihivrn nowstands; the Xehaiitics, tothecastward of the river; imd the feeble Pequot settlement, were sul)jcct to, or in ellrct, under the control of the colonists: Uncas was their "frjiinl and fast ally;" and the Narragansetts, thougli under snsjij- cioii of various treacherous plans, were nominally at jx'aco with the whites, and quelled l.)y the terror of their arms. This condition of affairs continued, with the cxcoptien of the great and final struggle between the colonists nii^l the natives, known as Philip's war — to be detailed in a sm.'- ceeding article — until the tleath of Uncas, about the yrar 1(W2. lie left the title to his extensive domains iiivo'Ut'i] in inextricable confusion. In consequence of deeds ami grants from himself and his sons Owenoco and Attawan- hood, to various indivi(hials among the white settlers, aii'l for various purposes, the effect of which conveyances wcii; ])robably unknown to the grantors, numerous contradicleiy claims arose. The same tracts were made over to dililivnt persons; o!ic grant would extend over a hu'ge j)ortieii ef another; and, to crown all, Uncas, in the year KS.V,', Iiad aliened his whole possessions by deed, regularly Avitncssoil, NKW ENGLAND IN'DIAXS. 225 t,i .Tuliii ^fasoii, of Noru'icli. This coiivoyancc was cvi- (k'Utlv inti'iidcd hy tlio siiclicin incrcly to ('(.nrcr a ^i^ciicral [lOWcr as o\ci'si'i'r or ti'iistco upon a laan whom he cuii- siilci'f'l as lVioiioi'tio',is illegally ohtained from them, a royal commission was obtained from Knirland, bv some fri(Mids of the ^tohc'ans, to examine and settle the disputed questions. The colony protested against the jirocceding, denying tlie authority of tlie crown to determine upon the matter, and refused to appear before the commissioners. The conduct of the case beini; ex pi(r('\ a decision was r 1,1^ death, a lieljile.s.s meiidieant, and subsisting, in e()iii[iaiiv witli lii.-J i-'(iiuiw, upon the liospitaiity of the iieiglilioiii,;^ settleiu His so!i Cu'sar was his suceessor as saehrni. r)on, tho youngest son of I'neas, oC illegitirniite hirtii, succeeded C;esar, to the exclusion oC the rightlUl ln'jr young Maniohct, a grandson of Owenoeo. Mason now renewed his elaiins, and, aecotnjiauicd i.v his two sons, carricnl ^faintjhet to Kngland, that he mi-lit ])re.'jent a new petition to the reigning inonareh. A iicw coiriinission was awarded, but both the a})plieants (lit(l bel'oro it was made out. When the trial finally came on in UoS, distinguished counsel were employed on hotli sides, ill antieij)ation of an arduous and protracted content; but by a singular course of collusion and artifice, whieli it wci'C too tedious to detail, the decision of 17(*.3, on the iu'st roinmission, was repealed, and the Connecticut claiiiiH supported. 'J'his was a])]joalcd from by the Masons, ami good cause aj)pcaring, a new trial was decreed. Kivc commissioners, men of note from New York ami Xcw Jersey, met at Norwich in the summer of 174o, and the great case brought in auditors and parties in interest IVom far and near. The claims, and tho facts ofleRMl in suj)port of them, were strangely intricate and complex: counsel appeared in behalf of four sets of parties, vi/.: the Connecticut colony; the two claimants of the title d' Sachem of the Mohegans, Ikm and John, a descendant o^ the elder branch; and those in possession of the lamls in fjucstion. The decree was in favor of the colony, which was sits- ta'ucd on the concluding examination of the case in Mngland. 'J\vo of tho commissioners dissented. The !Nrohegans still retained a reservation of about four thou- Band acres. Their number reduced to a few hundred; distracted bv 7 » NEU' EXCIAN'l) INDIANS. 227 tlio uncertain tenure of their ]M*opcrty, ami llic claims of tlic rival saclicMns; minf^led with the whites in contentions, I'lH' merits of which thev were lifth) capahlo of eonipre- Ir'inliii.'i; with ilninkcnncss ami vit-e pnn'aleiit anion,:,' •hi'in; liie tribe was fast dwindling into insignilieanet'. i;, -ti'jrtive laws, forbidding the sale of ard(!nt spirits to the Lilians, were then, as now, but of little cflect. of the celebrated and warlike tribes of the Mohegans ;i;iil J'e()rtcd by the rents of the lands still reserved ;i!iil a[)pro[)riatcd to their use. A nund)er of the Mohe- -HIS removed to the Oneida district, in New York, some vcars since, but a few still remain near the former head- ' .[uarters of th(;ir tribe, and individuals among them retain the names of sachems and warriors noted in the early aires of the colonies. Much interest attaches to the eilbrts which have been iiaile for tlic instruction and improvement of this remnant h1' the Mohcgan nation; especially as connected with the l'iiii:Ta{)hy of Samuel Occuni, their native preacher; one I'C the few Indians who have been brought under the iiilhience of civilization, and have acquired a liberal "■'Ineation. in reviewing the character and history of these, as of most of the native tribes, and rcdecting upon their steady ;iiid hojudess decline before the European immigrants, we cannot but feel influenced by contradictory sympathies, Tlujir (n'uelties strike us with horror; their treacherv and vices disgust us; but, with all this, we still may trace the ti'kons of a great and noble spirit. It is painful to reflect thattiiis has more and more declined as their communion with tiie whites has become the more intimate. They W' r V' iMI^- i ,' ; ^ J f. j VI , _ 228 INDIAN HACKS OF AMKUIOA. linv(5 lost their nationality, and ■with it tlicir jtriilr uni] Hclf-rpspnct; llio s(iuali(l and p(>vcrty-.«tric;iaMi ligimjs liaiiL'- iiifjj ul)()iit tli(! miscrahlo hutH tliey inliabit, convey but i\ faint id(M of the pictnro tliat the nation ]>r('sc'nt(Ml wiicii in a purely .sava;,'e state; w\\va\ the vices of foreigners had imt. as yet, contaminated them, nor their snperior power ami knowledge disheartened them by the contrast. CIIAI'TEK IV, K I IV G PHILIP'S WAR. THE INDIANS FUIINISIIKD WITH FIUK-AUMS SITUATION OF THE COLONISTS — riiii-ir's accession — ins treaties with THE whites — His TIUJE PI-ANS — EMMISSARIES SENT TOSOGKONATE — CAI'TAIN IlENJAMIN CHUIiCII HIS INTERVIEW WITH AWOSIIONKS — MUR- DER OK JOHN SASSAMON. The events of which we shall now proceed to give n brief synopsis, were of more momentous interest, anil franght with more deadly ])eril to the New England colo- nics, than aught that had preceded them. The wild inhabitants of the forest had now become far more danffi^r- ous o])poncnts than when they relied upon their rude flint- headed arrows, or heavy stone tomahawks, as the only efhcicnt weai)ons of offence. Governor Bradf)rd, manv years before the breaking out of the hostilities which we ii)'' about to detail, had given a graphic description of the cflort j)roduced upon their deportment and self-eonlidencchy thf introduction of l^uropcan weapons. We quote from Brad- ford's verse, as rendered in prose in the appendix to Davis' edition of the New England Memorial. "These fierce natives," says he, "are now so furnished NKW 1:N(JI-ANI) INDIANS. 220 with gtwiH ami iiiiis<(U(!tM, and arc so skillrd in then'., tliat tlu'V ljilied tlirni with arms. His forebodings were truly jjrophetie: •'\hiiiy," says he, "abhor this j)raetiee," (the trade in aims and aiiiinunilion,) "whose innocence will not save them if, which God Ibrbid, they should come to see, by this means, some sad trageily, when these heathen, in tiieir fiiiy, sli.all cruelly shed our innocent blood." Tiic Knglish settlements were small, ill di'iendcd, and widely scattered. Whoever is acciuainted with ihe i-ough iiatufc of the New I'higland soil, must at once j)erceivo low necessary it became for the lirst settlers to select the [•liots most favorable f(jr cultivation, and what an iidios- pitable wilderness must have se])aratcd their small and ill-protected villages. The whole nundter of the European inhabitants of New Kngland, in 1075, when the memorabh; Indian war broke out, has been comj)Uted at about fifty thousand, which would give an eficctive force of not far from eight thousand men. It were but wild conjecture to attem])t a comjaitation of the number and force of the native tribes who took part in the war. Old historians frequently speak j)ositively, and in round numbers, when enumerating the aborigines; t. M 1 J^^' ii' S'S^ !i ? i' ''. ^ » -f*' 230 INDIAN IJACES OF AMERICA. but, in many iiistiiiifcs, \vc c-aii jH-ivcivt", with tolemblo certainty, that tliej have been j^uUty ol'^n'oss exagu-eialion sueh as the whole eireunistaners of their intereuui'sr with the savages would naturally lead to. All eiieiuy whose ap})earanee was sudiltMi and uiicx- [loeted; who, in secret ambuseado or niidni-_;ht a.-s;iii!t, used eve _>' device to increase the teri'or and bewildciiiiri.t of their victims, might well be over estimated b\- tin^su whose all was at stake, and who were waiting in li.nrul uncertainty as to where the danger lay, or whtu ilicv should next be called to resist it. In 1(!(;2, i'liilij), ^retacomet or Pomctaconi, as we liavc already seen, succeeeled his brother Alexander, witliin ;i lew months of the death oi' their father, Massasoit. \'\>nu the occasion of liis assuming the dignity of saeheiu mvi r the \Vam})anoags, there was a great collection of sacln'iii.s and wai-riors from all parts of the country, to unite in a feast of rejoicing at Mount Hope, where he held his ntint. Although the new chief renewed his treaty with tl..' Knglish, and for nine years after his accession mad' 1,0 open demonstrations (^f hostility, yet his mind ajipiars from the first to have been aliened from the intniil.'is. Whether from anger at the i)roeeedings attendant 011 tho death of his brother, or from sympathy with his injuivil allies, the Narragansetts, or that his natural saga<'itv sim- gested to him the ruin wdiich must lidl upon his jieople 1 v the spread of the whites; certain it is that his feelings of enmity were nourished and brooded over, long belniv their fmal exhibition. Tiike his father before him, he never inclined an ear to the teachings of the Christian religion. Mather mentions a signal instance of his eontem])t for this sjiecii's of in- struction. The celebrated preacher, Kliot, had ex))ounili'iI the doctrines of Christianity, and urged their accejitaiic upon riiilip, with his usual zeal and sincerity; but ihu NK'.V EXGLANI) TNDTAXS. 281 sn('lu'ni,i.ip]iroacliii\i^ liitn, aiul laying liold of :i lnitt()u on his ivat, lolil liiiii that he cared no more lor liia Clospel tli;in for that hutton. ill tlic year ItiTi, Philip made; grievous comjilaiiits of tivspassos upon ihe jtjant ing-lands ol'his people: aecordiiig \.) llul>l>ariiUT himself subjeet to the king vi' JMigiand ; to eonsult t'i;c ' governor of J My mouth in the disi)osal of his lands, as a'.M) in the making of war; to render, if })raeticable. five wc^Ivrs' heads yearly; and to I'efer all dilfei'enees and causes (f qiiai'rel to the deeision of the governor. The arms put in [)ossessiou of the English at the time of tlic mceiinu' in April, were deelared forfeit, and eonfiseated by the V\\- mouth government. There ean be but little doubt as to Philip's nujtivf {'<>: signing these artieles. Feelings of enmity and revciiLt; towards the whites had obtained eomj)lete jiossession (,f him, and he evidently wished mei-ely lo ([uiet sus]iii:liiii and avert inquiry. It is almost univei-sally allowed that he had long formed a deep and settled j)lan to externiii.itt' j the white settlers, and, in pursuanee of it, had nuuK' li.e \ of all his powers of artful })ersuasion in his interedursc with the surrounding tribes. The time for a gcnrral lin- - rising was said to have been fi.xetl a year later tliau tlio ])eriod when hostilities aetually eommeneed, who is ever unwilling to allow tii:it the Indians were })osscssed of any good or desirable (jual:- tics, anil wlu) can see no wrong in a.uv of the ouirii^s^t s i.t' , the whites, suggests that Philip's heart "would lia\c l';iil>d him, had he not been pressed on to the Uiideit;ikiii,u' ly foree of eireumstanees. lie tells us that, when the ,i:rt;,t saeheni sueeumbcd to the; English demaiuls, in the sjiiinu' previous, "one of his captains, of far better courage ii'i'l resolution than himself, when he saw his cowar'^ix of his pateliod to S eastern .shores tlie sea coast, the tribe, cone appointed a o])eration of the Narragans;'tts. a iiatiea always more favorably disposed towards the Knglish than most others of the Indiaii tribes; hi^ (Wtended his league far to the westward, among the tiibes on the Con- iieetieiit and elsewdiere; and sent dijilomatie embassies in every direction. Six of his warriors, in the sjiring of lOTo, were; dis- patched to Sogkonate, now Little C(-unpton, upon the eastern shores of Narragausett bay, and extending along the sea coast, to tivat with Awoshoidarations in progress among his people; and silenced tin; six ^b)unt lIo{)e ambnssadors 1)V rceoinmendiiig that thev should be knocked ow ihe head. A stormv discussion ensued amomz the Indians, and one Little Kyes, a man of importance, endeav(.)rcd to ilniw ^hurch aside to (lisj>atch him cpiietly ; but tlieeapt;dn was unmoved, and u])l)raided the Mount Hopes for their hioody intention, assuring them that, if they wouhl h;ive War, he would jU'ove a thorn in tluur sides. Awoshonks inelined to liis advice, and, having a])i)ointed two men to truard his house during his absence, desired him to go to Plymouth, and make known her good faith to the colonies. (-'iuireh started on his mission, and, un the way, gained furtlier infoi'mation concerning Philip's movements from IVtei Nunnuit, the husband of ^Veetamore, (pieen of l*o- cas?et, now Tiverton. Philij), it seems, had Ijceii holding a protracted dance for a number of wet'ks, rousing a Hiai'- . i. ^ : \i I' iii" r»|* i* I' i» ' a f. I U I t 'fl !>' I ^t m $■ 1 :. ,^i 1- 1, , / 1 'M EU i ^-*^ 'W \h\ ^» i! $\Mii ! 230 INDIAN RACES OF AMIOUICA. tiiil spirit in tlu' iniinls of tin; youiif^ ■warriors who wort' gatluTcd ali'iiit, liiia I'loiii l;ir and near. JIc had finallv |iruiiiisrd tlii'iii that, on tlu; siiccci'dinj^ Sabltalli, liujy niiulil jdiiudcr the I'liiglish .scttlciueiits, wliilc tho jn'ople \Vi I'c cn'jatrcd in reIi''"ioii.s services. W e iiKiv iicrt! nieiitioii a eireiuiistancc whieli \va .> CO sideivd, l>v IIiii»l);ird and othiM's, as liavin^ an ini|n)iiaat bearing npon the prenialnre eonmieneenient of hostilities on the jiart of IMiilip: this was tlu; nmrder ol' .hjlm Sa.s- samon, :jid the sid)se<[iu'nt exeention of" the guilty jiartirs. Sassanioii was one of the few huiians who, at that l Hue. had received the rndinients of an Mnglisli edui ■ 'ion. lie was a i)rofessor of Christianity, and had bee. en. n\vi\ anieers, as it was composed of whites and iiubians. The culprits were convicted and execiiicl two of them uj)on what would aj)])ear to us as very 'nsut- lieient evidence. Matluu- sj)eaks of the blood oozing i'rom the murdered body on the apjiroach of the accused; but whether this circumstance made a j)art of the evidoiieo before the court does not a})pear. ATTACK ON SI BRIUGK- vv eiscs, "in a\ r" M:\\' KNfJLANl) INDIAN^. 237 Philip liiinsi'lfdifl not coino forwunl to attempt to clear liiin-"'ir of iIk' (•liar;^e of bein^ eoiu-ei'iH^il in this ninrdiT, liU ' [it liis wai'riors in juvparatioii i'nv battle, I'lTciving ar 1 I iUrrfaiiiin^' all the roviii,<^^ ami unsettled Indians who \vi u. 1 resort to him, and "marching up and down'' con- tinually dui'ing the pendancy of the trial. ■ C II APT Ell V. ATTACK ON SWANSKV — COI.LKCTION OK TUOOl's — FluIIT AT MILES* BRIUGK — PHILIP UKIVKN FUO.M TIIIC NKCK CIIUUCH AT j PUNKATESE DKSTKUCTION OK IUIOOaKIELD. It was on the 24tli of June, lOT."), that the first open attack was made u))on the cohMiies. ^I'he small village! of '' Swausey lay within a few miles of >rount lIo])e, and here the first blood was shed. Some days j)revious, a ]>arty (jf ' the natives had committed a few slight depredati<^ns at this plaoe, and conducted themselves with insolence, evidently desirous of provoking a quaiTel. The squaws and ehihb'cn of Philip's active force were FCiit, for safety, to the country of the Narragansetts, before : any open demonstration of hostilities. Some little discrepancy occurs in the early accounts of ; the lirst fatal attack, but it is certain that, on the day above , iiu'iitioned, eight or nine men were killed in dilTereiit ]i;irts I of Swansey. A com])any returning from religious e.\ei-- . cises, "in a way of humiliation," were fired upon with fntal ; efl'ei.'t, one being killed and several wounded. 'Pwo more, I wlio had started in quest of a surgeon, were slain, scalpeil , ai)d mangled; and six men were killed at a dwcllingdiousc , l^itllated in another part of the settlement, i Prom this period all was terror and confusion. Swan- f f :j -71 238 IM'IA.V HACKS OF AMEUICA. 8cy was (Icsertod liy its inliabitiuits, and mostly reduced to uslics by tlio Indians. l)('|mfati<)ns were sent to Boston. to lay the ease before the Massaehusctt.-i siuthorities, and to solieit some |)rom})t and edieient ])roteetioii in tliis tor- riljle emergency. A l)arty of horse and foot were at once dispatch. mI ui the direction of Mount ilope, under tlic eomnianil of ('hi,. tains Henchman and Prentice. SanincI Mosely, a hold ;ii„l martial character, wh(j had jiursiied the calling ol'a ],rlv,i- tcer, raised a volunteer comjiany of on(> hundi'(>il and tea soldiers, and jcjined the expedition. Jle was, it is said, {[>■. conipanicd by several bucaneers of his own class, with ;i jHimber of dogs; and the feats jterlbrmcd by them, upoii divers occasions, savor rather of the marvellous. '\'\\o, heud-(inarters of the nnitcd forces were at the lioiiso of a minister of Swanscy, named Miles, and iiard by was a bridge, allbrding convenient access to the domains of I'liilij.. Captain Church, with the riymouth troops under Mij"!' Cutworth, were now acting in concert with the men Uvm Massachusetts. 'J'he Indians lay concealed or sknlkii;: about the garrison, and succeeded in killing a number hv shots from covert, but showeh eiicainpnieiit, havin,L,M)een eDnnuissioned to treat with and •rain over the Narra,Lransetts. In pursuance of tliis jmi-- jiosc, Hutchinson, with Mosely and the Massachusetts ti'(M»ps, proceeded in arms to the Xarra.uansclt coimtrv, where, in eoneert with commissioners (Vom Connecticut, they concluded a futile and inoperati\e treaty n[' amity with certain Indians claimin,Lr to be chief counsellors of the prominent sachems. The Narragansetts were b<_)und, liy the stipulations of this alliance, to render uj) all of Philip's subjects who should be found in their country— rrivivin<^ two coats for every prisoner, and one coat for every head — and to carry on active war a<^ainst the enemies of the whites. IIostalay was enacting, Fuller ami Church, with their little band of thirty -six men, had penetrated ',: f I' : I • " 1 ,1 'iiiii# *n 210 IM»1AN HACKS OK AMKKICA. into the country nl'ilic INxMsscts. ACu-r somo UdsiRrosful attempts to fiitrjiji tlu'ciiciriy l>y iiiciuis of iiiiildisciuli', (tl|,< t'oiicuiilcil (•(iiii|»;iiiy luiii^f lirtiiiyed hy iiu'uutioiislv ;jr;ifi. fyiii;^ their " i']iiih'iiii(.';il I'lii".!!!', lii.»t niter tohiiccd,") Chiireh ;iiiil lilh'eii oi- tu ciity eoiiij)anioiiH, with the eoiiscnt ol' Caiitaiii I'liller, h'l't the rest al Pocassct, and nuuvlicd KOUth\\:ir(h Thev struck an Indian ti'ail leadiu'^ towards an (^xtei ISlVi' jtinu .swaiuj), hut, the edinjiaiiy hecoiiihig ulariued hy tin' iiundjei's ol I'atlKsnakes which alnnincU'd there, left tlic track, and went(h)wn into I'uid^atese neck. At this jiliuv, which is situated on the south-western paitof th(^ modern town of 'I'ivei'ton, they encountered a hir;^e hcjdy nf tli.> natives in and around a pcase-fiehl of Captain Almv. They nunihered, as Church was afterwards tohl hysoinenf theii-(jwii pai'ty, ahout three hundred; but, as they pursui'il tlie usual course of savage wurl'are, firing from heliiml trei\s and thickets, the Miighsh eouhl form no estiinutt' ef the force with whicli ihcy were to eontend. In this extremity the eoura<^e, coolness, and self-[H)sso(i- 8i(jn of the gallant captain were eminen tly con St)lCllOUS. As foreiblv expressetl in Church's nari'ative. "the h d {teemed to move, being covereil over with Indian their bright guns glitterinir in the sun. s, with A detachment had been sent down the river in boats ti sujt)K)rt the trooj'.s on land, and eon M )lanilv seen IV'.T. :iro ii;ii landed upon tlu; Khode hsland shore, across the i' Church bade his men strip to their shirt-sleeves, and signal gtuis to attract altenti(^n, and show theii- allie.s t the party engaged was English. This eounsc suc'ceedid, ail a boat j»ut out, and a})j)i'oached the eond)atants; hut, on ap|>roaehing tlie shoi'c, the crew received such a volley from the guns of the Indians, that they jtullcd off again. Church, enraged at their pusillanimity, Inudly ordered tiit; boat oil", and thrcateia^d to lire into her himself. TIjc.-i; annv, as Chi NEW KN(JLANI) INDIANS. 211 few men, tliM«i Ifft to sliiPt, Htr tlicinsclvi's, now s/'cmod lo \r ill a (It'Sj)onitc condition. 'I'licy wcrr liiiiit ("or want of food, !is tlicy liad iic^'lcctcd to briiifj any provisions, otluT than a li'w .>inting out to them how providentially the balls secincil to be directed. Tliey were finally relieved from their perilous situation ly the arrival of a sloop of Captain Cudding, an acpiaint- unce of Church. Mooring the vessel at a short distance, he east oil' a eanoe, ami suffered it to drive ashore. In this slight vehicle, which wordd carry but two at a time, ♦hi! whole of the party got off to the sloop, by a rc'pctiliou of the same operation. Church, who had left his hat at a sj'iiiig, declared that the enemy shotdd not have it as a trcjiliy; and, loading his gun with his last charge of pow- (hr, lie went up alone, in the face of the Indians, and rei.'overed it. When going on board in the canoe, a ball struck a small stake just before his breast, and another passed throu'ih his hair. -Joining company next day with Fuller's party, who had also been engaged with the Indians at Pocas.set, they all returned to the cncatnpment at Mount llojte, where tin; army, as Church averred, "lay still to cover the people from nobody, while they were building a fort for iiotliing." Shortly after this, being upon Khode Island, in puisiiit ofsuppli(\-, for the garrison, Church fell in with Aldeiiiian, a deserter from the forces* of W'eetariiore, (jiieeii of I'ocas- i t I If, Jr., i,|*i* ilirii. h 212 INDIAN' KACES OF AMKHICA. set. V>y conversation with this Indian, ht; Icarncil i;,.> ])iV(;ise s])ot at which the s(^ua\v sachoni w;us tMiraiii|>. ij, and, in ])ursnanc.c of liis suggestion, an cx})eihti(iii u;i.s iinniediatelvset on loot against her. 'riit> attempt tiiiiiin. at('(l in an unimportant skirmish; the chief ollicer ol' t'tir rivmoutli jncn being timid, and the Indians retiiiiig tn ;i swam}) of dilhcult access. On the 18th of July, the united forces of the colonists drove Phihp, with a hirgc body of his warriors, into an extensive swamp in Pocassct. After an imperfect tx:i;u- illation of the Indians' phice of retreat, the forces \vrn> (hawn o(l', having sustained considerable loss l)y the lire <'i' tlie lurking enemy. It was averred, indeed, bv si>i:;i', tli.it lialf an hour more of energetic pursuit would jia\v seciireil Phiiij), and perhaps have ended the war. ()i;o liundred newlj'-erectcd wigwams were found desertc'l i:i the vicinity of the swanif); and an old man, who had lnvn left, behind in the ])recipitate retreat, conlirmed thesiqj"'- sition that Philip had but lately fled from the eniiip. Not far from this time, the town of Dartmouth liavin:: been, in great measui'c, destroyed by the enemv, a ii'ji' imniber of Indians, no less than one hundred and m\!v, ^\•ho had dwelt in the country thereabout, and wen' i:"t active ])artakers in the destruction of tlie town, ddixriv,! tiieiiiselves up to oiu' ('a[)tain Eels, upon jtroniises el' un,,,! treatment. They were, nevertheless, taken to Plynidnt.i: sold by the colonial authorities iis slaves; and transpi-it. .1 to I'oivign j)arts. Captains Church and Kcls made, \\\">n this occasion, the most vehcnuMit remonstrances, cxpi'i'ssril by Chureh with his charactci'istie energy and s]Mril; !''it all to no purpose, as it only stH-ureil him the ill-will nf liio goveniiiieiit. The act Was grossly inipolitie, as wrjl ;us perddious ami t'ruel. TIh* Mnglisli (Mitertained ho))es of being able to ( MnHiie Philip within th(> limits of the swiimp to which he \\:A yVAV KNTjr.AN'I) INDIANS. I) I •> rctirc'l. :niil ]>r(K!(H'(l(!(l to erect aiiothor fort at Pocas.-ct; ail ('xiMilit'iit wliirli seems to have l)eeii as ill-adviseil and futile as the j^'arrisoiiiii^L^ of Mount I1o|m'. The sachem hail ahim(huit leisure to prepare canoes, an (Opportunity ot' wliii'h lie (lili.^tMitly availed himself, and aeci't'tly passed till' river with all his wari'iors. They wen; seen by the boojile of Kelioboth, crossinir the open country, which e\- toiidi'il for some distance, and olVered lU) means of protec- tion or concealment to the fui^itives. A pai' ■ was speedily sent in ]>nrsuit, under Caj)tain llcncliii;:. ., aeef)tnpanied hy Owi-noco, tlu^ son of I'lieas till- Mdhciran, and a considerahle band of warriors. In- (•as had sent this detaeliment to Hoston, n]>()n the summons (if the ^^assaehusett.s authoiMties, to renew his assurances (if L^ood faith, and jiroller assistance in the campaign against Philip. Henchman's company {)roce(>iled u{) the river to Provi- ilcnce, nnd being there somewhat n-inforced, lia.stoned at eiii'i' (111 the trail of the WampanoaLT. Coming up with a ]'"rti(in of the enemy, a sharp engagement ensued, and iili'iut thirty of i'hilij)'s warriors were kilhMJ, l)ut the ^b^• lifgans stojiping for plunder, the principal Ibreo escaped. ami fioiii that time were no more seen by tlu; pursuers, lleiichman returiu'd with his men to the eastern colonics, while the Moli(>gans took tiieir n'ly southward to their nun country, leaving Philip to pursue his course towards till' lliKL-^on, and to rouse up the war among the westt'in .'Settlements of Nrassaehusett.s. 'l"ie Nipmucks, a larg*^ tribe inhaldting the north-ca.st- irn portion of the ]»resent statt; of Connecticut, and tlu! ailioiniiiL' Ala.s'^achu.setts district.s, appear, en* this jicriod, tn have become involvut fonnd them I'cserved and "suilv." A HKHHini; was, liowcvcr, ajipointcd between thmi ainl an endtassy from the; Massachusetts ^'overnment. Captains AVht.'eler and Ilutehinson, with n eonsiderable bodv (if mounted men, repaired to the j)hiee of mectin^jj at tlirtiini' (h'si;^nated, viz: the 2il of Au;,nist; but, instead of eoniin,' forward in friendly conference, tiie Indians, to tli<^ nuniht'r>>l two or thrc(5 liundred, foiincMl an ambuscade, and, niiiiu's'ii- (h'uly from tlieir CDver, killc*! ci^dit of th(! whites at the lir-! ♦liscliarge. Ilutehinson was kiUed and \Vhei'](>r woimilc.!. The company, avoidinj^ tlu^ other sjx^ts where they sii>- pected tlie enemy to be lyin.uf in ambush, maih; the K- -• of their way to HrookOeld, a sohtary vilhi,L:e near the jtrincipal Iieud-quarters of the Nipmneks. The Indian^, in f^reat numbers, pursued them into the town. TIhv found the tcrritied inhabitants eoHected in a single lidHv, wlii<;li stood on a rising ground, whi're they had loitilir.i themselves as well as j)ossible, upon such an I'lmT- gency, by Jfiling logs and hanging feather jycds a^Min>t the walls. Wheeler and his companions also entered tin' house, ami the savages, after burning all the bni!(liii;:s in the town, with the e.\eej)tion of a few innnediately adjoin- ing that where the whitiis had retniated, laid close sieue to the frail fortification. Seventy people, incdnding wi;iiii!i and children, were here crowded together, with sueli .s!il;1iI defences as we have mentioned; while an enraged and n ■ morscde.ss enemy W!u< j)uuring showers jf bullets ihrouuli th(! walls, and usm,.; rvn-y endeavor to liie t!ie liousi'. The Indians shot burnin./ arrows upon tlie i-oof, and. attaching rags dij)ped in brimstone to long poles, tin v .si I fire to tlicin, and thrust tli' -ii against the walls. I'roni thu NEW ENGLAND INDIANS. 24; ' iiftcriiooii of Monday the '2'l(,' that it could bo moved from a safo (lislaiiee, wheeled it bla/iiig against the building. This was ia the evening, an r.'. I ill n 246 IM)IAN ItACKS OF AMKUICA. ClIArTKK VI. "iiiijp ;movi;.s wkstwakd — atiacks on iiadi.ky and i)i;i:i!Kn;i,i) GOKKK TliK l; K(i 1(1 DK — DKS riilMTION i)F r. ATI! It( ll'"s CO.M.MA.Mi — A.s.sAii.Ts ON .sri;iN(.iii;i.i) and iiati-iki.h — kxi'kdi hon A(iAINsr IIIK NARIiAliANSKTTS ; Ol TK A<. Ki MS Cli;'!'.!,. TiK.s IN ■iiii;n; hkium tion — riiii.ir on thk iniisuN DKSTlil.i TloN OK I.ANCASl Kit. M !;|pFI KI.D SKli- KONK, (iliOToN, WAKWICK, M A It I.IIOKonill, KTC. (.'ANONCHKT TAKKN AND I'lT TO DKATII KL-KTlli:i! INDIAN UAVAl.K.S. "All (lii'd — till' wailiiijf habi — tlic slir.rkiiiir maid — And in tlii' tlnod of lire tliat scathed tin- j^ia ".v, The roofs went down." — Huyant. Wk can do little inoi't^, in coiiliiiiiin;'' cliis accdiuit of Indian ravages, than eimmcrati! tin' towns and .settli'iiicnt.s destroyctl, and tiie little coinninnities massacred or diivcn from their homes in utter destitution. The terrible uncertainty wiiich attended these ealaiiiitii'S rendered them the more distressin,uf. No one could tell, for many months from this tinu>, where I'hilij) was to ho found, or at what ])oint he meditatt^l the next attack. Ih; continued Ids westward j)i'ogi-e.^.><, as is supposed, ne;.,lvt<) the Hudson, through the Mohegan country. IJe wa.-; thought to he i)i-esent at many of the successful and mur- derous assaults that were made U])on the white s ieineiits; but, if so, he was enabled so to disguise liim.-' as not to be di.stinctly recognized. Mo.sely and others in vain scoured the cor ,:ry in ])nr- suit of the Indians. The enemy, m-glectiiij rtgricultiuv, and (U'serting their usual haunts, concealci iiemselves in swamjw and thickets, retiring unj)erceivcd at the a])))roae'li of regular troops, and evi-r ready to take atlvautagc uf any weak and unp'-otccted quarter. NKW EXr.LAND INDIANS. 247 Tlio Indians in tlu* vicinity of Ilailli^y iiml Sin-inij-ricM. [ on till' ComuM'ticnt, were n'licil upon l^y tin* wliitcs as I'rieinllv ami wcll-ilispostMl; Ixit ci-c lon^' il was sulliciently iihiiii thai tlii'V Ii'kI made coinnion cause ",itli I'liilip. On the 1st of Scptciiilicr, llai'cy ami l>ccilicM were hcth lionrly assaulted, and the 1 ittei- town in iii'cat ineas- : IIP' destroyed. At lladley the Imlians were ilriven olV ' after inneh liard fi;_dltin,L^ TIh* inhabitants wei'e en,L^•l,^■ed in n'li.LMous exercisers at the inectin,!_'dii)ns(>, with ai'ins, as ii>iial. liv their sides, when the Indians came upon them. Sn sudden and desperate was the attack', that the\- lieeairie Ceiifnsed, and niieht have lieeii totally discMiiiliteil, but t'op a sMMii'.'e and unl(M)ke(l-l()r cliampion. 'I'his was an oM j v.vaw, willi white ami llowini;' locks, and unusual costume, Hiie appeared iVom some unknown ([Uaiter, and at oucj ;i.-s'iii:ed thi^ commaiul of the ]»anie-stricken con-.Tcuation. Wit:, ni;i''ai-y skill and cooku'ss he diivetecj everv nia- iin'iui'c, a'.i'- so reestal)lisii -d iheir (.•(>';li.(enee and sjiirit, ti;;u die et.emv was s[)eedily pe.t t< ■ IliLdit. 1 ie i;i'd mhaliitants wen- persuaileci ihat an au' -el from ln'aveu liinl Iv.Mi miraculously sent n»r ll'cir dc!!\e!'ai!ce. Tlici'ld warrior was no other than ^hliol■-•J•(•nc^al (iofle, w\'\ with his comjviiiion, Whalley, lay I'oi- a lou'jtime con- cv;ilcil at the house of Nfr. Kiissi'll, the ministe?- i^\' Ilaillev. Tcii nicTi were killed at Xorthlield ak'oiit tiiis nme, and ;ii.:rtv()f thirtv-six, under a Captain I'eers. who !iad heeii so; t to relieve the town, wei-e nearly all cit <.>ll' \>v an iiinhush. The hodies were mutilat(>d. and tie heads set on )ioles. "One, (if not more.'') sa\'s I Iid'l.a!-' ;, "was (ound uitii a chain hooked inro his ui.dei' ja'r and so huiiLr up on the houiih of a tree, (it is fcarcil h .lUnLT up alive.'') S(>verai thousand hushels of core ...hI lieeii sto?-eil at Oi'd-iield, audi a eompaiiy of nearly one hundred \-ouniT i:n n. "the fhjwer of tlie counti'v," under the eommand uf *f * = ♦,!*;!■ f ,» ;' I III :hi 218 INDIAN HACKS OF AMKUICA. a youtlifal am! ;^allaiit ofliccr, (^iptaiii Lallimp, marclicd to Hrcuii; it. ')ii ilicir way, an iniiiifiisc Ixxly of ludiiins Icll ii|'\, the liiMve cDniinanfl'T ; only hcmmi or (;i;jjii sur- vl\''ii. 'I'liis ilct'cal is altrihiitt'il to tlu; circunistaiicr iIkiI l,at!iri>|t, awaie ot" tht> disiulviuitages wliieli a conii.aii iH..ly 111 lni«)|i.s must la!)or umlrr, when contemlin;,' witii 1 f I an t'ii'.ni\ wlio aiwaws linMi ii'(^ni cover, onlcrcd Ins i llirli to s('|iiiratt', and takf to tlio trees, like their ojijiomii! This i»ein;^f don ■, the dis|iroj)ortioi: of niunlters jiro\ed ■ '^rtat, that th." Indians were enahh'd to sun'ouiid ll Kn'_flisli, and eiil them oil" si'|)arately, The Siirin.iitield Indians had I iretendi'il unbroken I riei. ship iiir the whites, ani 1 iiad i\en hosla^'es as j ue(||j"cs (I ^'ood Caitli; hut the hostap's snei'eeded in eseajiin'j", ai.'l lh(> wli(»le iiody joined the hostile eonledei'aev, with I'in.-v of Iladhy, " han,L,dn^ to;jetlier like serpent's (jjys." Tin- town ol' Spl-in;^rield received ereat ii'Mil'V IVom tlii;r altaek, inoi'e than ihirtv housi-s liein;^ 'i!..!ievil, fidl of all sn!itiit\ and. malice," as the\- had heci fri(Midl\' terms with the \vhites for nuwe than foit eiali.Mi le eniiiiren < i I Ki-ll \' \r ;.]■-. On the llMh of ()ctol)er, seven or eijht hnndidl nf l^hilip's loadijntois m;i le an atl'inpt upon llatfuld; hi.t, thc^ place I'ciiiL; well defended, liv Moselv and otliei.-, tlio eneinv were >o we!! en teilained on all hands, thai t! found it loo hot lor tl lein. This was the last in'Oortaiit <'ii'j-aLT'tnent at the westwai'l part of llie colony. Most of I' to have lietakeii thcmse] vi s, 1 'ansett eounti'v; and whether the ^"I'eat ;achem him-^'-'if iihjis men ai'e supjHi- u )e|i )i'e w inter, tl > the Nall.l- \^ reiUiiMiecl eoncealeu amon"- tiieiii durnej' that season of NKW KNiiLAND INDIANS. 2-19 waiulcrcd to tl»c west, liatfliinu; in'w jildl.- in the vicinity oftlio Hudson, is not cortaiiilv known. Tlio condition oftlio lio.-tiK- Indians, iiotwitlistandinL; tlicir si'^ial successes, must liv lliis tiim' have l)cconic ^ullificnllv niiscra hlc. I ivni;j; alnicl .xchisiNcly niinn iiiiiiiial lood ; ill ju'otcctcd from the iucl 'niencics ol' llic wt'iitlicr; and continually shilling' their tjuartiM's, it is siiri'iisin;^' that they should so long liaNO I'elaincd their ciR'rL'V and li.\cdnr,-s oC jiur|ios('. In Sc|itcinhci' of this ycai', 1 C?."!, the coniniissioneis of tlh' uiiile(l colonies ol' IM\nioMth, ( "nnn< ci'cut, and Massa- (iiu.M 'tts,h( in''- in scs.-iou at ini^tt ded oil, (1 iiiciiKieii arrant'ejiieiiis hv which the war shoiiM l.c j,.iiit!v and systiiiiatii-all \' [inisi'cuted. One thousaml vm n '"eri" to he le\icd and (■'|ili]ij»ed ; the proporti- Ui which eaeli colon y should furnisli liciiij,' settled aeeordiii,^ to their eoiiiparativo J)' ipiilat ion ilnl resources. line On the I'd of Xovenilier it was a'_rrecd, li\- the .s; "Iv, lli;;t an additional lofcc ,-honld he r;M ;ed, and aeti\ - ineii.-nrcs he taken a.:ainst t he Narrn'Mnset!-. The i eas< iii.s i'I''(hjc(l I'll r aitackiiiL' this trihc were, that tlie siipnlati on iii.i'lc liy those saidieins, ^vho had treat''d v Ilh iheeoldiiics t.i (Icjivei- lip all of Philip's pari \' who shoiihi take ret'ii^ue :it Xarraiiaiiselt, had not hccii I'ulUlled; hut that women, fliil'lreii, ami wounded men had heen succored ami reei'i\T(l l'\ tlieml in luhlilioii to this, some of the trihe had ex- I'l'i'ss'il satisfaetioM irpou hearing ol' the Indian .-ui'cesscs lit Iladie^, and it was 'credihly n^|ioi'ti'd" that the\- had killi'd ;iiidi taken awas' many cattle from the neijihl.oiim.j' Kii'-''!'.sh. 'ri.es(^, with a detiMition of a Mr. Smith and his l.iNiily, lor ii short tune, - 'i<> other harm Inun-j; done tiiem, Were ;il] the (.stensihle L'^rouiids upon which a I'lrmiilahle army wa< sent to extei'ininale the Narragan- ^'tts with Tire and swoid I No doiiht tlii'ir sympat'iies were with th iso of their own 1 ■ ' ,1- :d il ;4 IP ^1 250 INDIAX HACKS OF AMKKICA. raco, 011(1, liiul they fully JoIikmI the (•()iis])ir.'i('y, tlieaddltior; of so iiuiiicious a ti'ilu" to the ciiciiiy iiiiuiit have; tii tlic scale, aii'l rcsiiltcil in the aiiiiihilatioii of the \vliit( .losias W iiisiow, uovci'iiDi' of 1*1 viiioiitli cdliiiiv riicU W;n IllllVil, clioscii (•oiiiiiiaiMlci'-iii-cliicf of the MuLilish (orcc. ( at the i'('i|ii('st ol' W'iiislow, joiiiril llic rxjicdition, ajtlinimli lie Would not acccjit of a eiunuiission. A cousidci'ablo ])ody of Moju'^aus, sulijrcts of I'licas, aeconijiaiiicil the (lrfa<'liiiHMit Iroiu < 'oniiccticiit. iVftcr dcstroviu,tr iiiaiiv dcscrtod wiijfu'arns, and tal Inibans in the real', ami wli" till' army, » (.■oiiid reach .•ilaiiccs to t niit;iiiiiii,u' p uiici'c tlu' ' W'c will hop mrnrtuiiale \ rruwded, Ibri The Li'cnei clli'vi's, fcai'i ''a< 111 in forcL' '111' ni,L;lit, ve| .-'nii'tJoll pi'or ;;t the f(U't ol ".viiiiii'ii and cl wiiiiis, or na iluhhard, the "f this ''lii'ii s)!i(>aky ceil.Sj j'ariiii,^ thcii- ;!>.Miilt j)ut t i'"e!ii too hot iiiitchiu fried tlifir snjipers I'lMvisioiKs, as \.:\ i-- NEW ENGLAND INDIANS. 251 afti'r (loin^ j^'ood service^, was .severely wcMindcd in the tliii;!). stviii;^^ some seltin^i,' tire to tlir wigwams, iii;iile .stivii iioi IS ellorts to j)reveiittlu'ir destruction. Tlic wr.itlirr was iiitt'iisclv eold; night, was coming on; many of tlie tiMdjis were de.stitute of provisions; a heavy snow stmiu was hrooding; and sixteen miU's must \)v. travcrsc(l liy tho aruiv, «.'neunil)crcil hy tlicir woun(h'(l, hcl'oi-c the}' coiiM reach .shcltci". Ife ri'})resented all tlicsp(,' that some feelings of humanity towai'ils the iiiifnrtunate women ami childi-cii, with which the huts were crowded, formed a part of his motives for this advice. The gcnei'al incline(l to Cdiureh's counsel, hut other elliui'is, A-aring that the Indians would I'ally and at1;iek tli'ia in force, sln^uld tlu> army take u]) their (piarters l()r •ill' night, vehemently o]ij)()sed him, ami the work of de- s'liu'tjoii pi-oceeileil. Now was h'enaeted the terriMe scene at the full of the i*e(piots. (ireat imnd>ers < if old men, ■.viuiii'U and children wci'c hui'Ucd alive in the hhi/.ing wig- wams, or mercilessly slain in their attempts to escape, iluhiiard, the reverend historian of the Indian wai's, spcak'.s I't this "lli'ing of at least live or six hundre(l oi' their siiioakv cells,'' as follows: Tlu! Indians wei'e ahout ])re- I'ariiig their dinner when "our sudden and uiie.\|iccteil assault put them hesiiU; that work, making their cook- rnuiii too hot for them at that time, when they and their iiiiti'liin fried tv)getlier; and pi'ohahly .^ome of them cat t'liir suppt'rs in a colder jilacc that night: Most of their I'mvisions, as well as huts, being then I'onsiimed with lire, aail tlio.se that were lelt alive I'oivcd to hide themselves in lu'i'dar swamp, not I'ar oil", where they had nothing to '^e- i'^itl them from the coM hut houghs of s]ii'uce and pine tivcs." The whoh; town was reduced to ashes; anil, leav* ' Iti 1 1 \ 1 1 1 n 1 1: li r^ ■■ ;?! ( i « 1 . 1 lil fl' ■ i: i) f r~.Tzr: ^^ 252 INDIAN IJACKS OF AMKUK v. wn iriL,' the iin'li>sur(' a Hiii(»l;iii;^' niiti, every wlifrostrc l»iinir(l and maii^dcd i'i»r|)S('s, the jirmy ooiniiiciicnl j trral, wdi'm y iIk' way, and many niori- innst ha\«' di«d I sturvaf i(»n, Imt I'nf the loiliuiatt! arrival at tlii'ir rend- /v ol" a vr>,-. 1 I'i'ini Iidslon willi [H'ovisions. J'ii;ilify »»r their nnnilfr urrc killed, an<] one Inn.i and lilty wonndcd in I he en^Mgenient. Jle.sides an uu nuinlxi' of the hcljijess oeeupants of tlio wi^^wain.s perisiird in tln' flames, it. was .supposed that not I'ai- I three liundrtMl Indian warriui'.s W('re slain outri,L'lit, seven hundred woumled, of whom many dii'tl IVuni c: sure tliiiin,L,^ tlie storm and e«ild ol' that teri'iltl.- ni-hl. Most ol" lh(^ survivors t>r the trilie Ih'il lothf .\i|piiiii nrt''r somi' incon.du^ive ncjotiati'Mi Tor pracc wiili | in' | lish. The old sadifni Nini;irrt si ruis to lia\'' 1m-cii in to make terms, t)Ut ( 'anouieus, or ('anonelnt, a son of M toninio, and a brave and ener^fetie eliief, noiii'i.-lu'd the i unyieldiii'^ hostility towards the dcsti'oyrr uf his |>ii)| ()n the l iri iiijil I III nj hrdd irltli a rnfil^ wherefore lie was presently jud.^ed ti as a WampanoaLT." One Tilt, an MiiLilish reni''^;ade, wlio liail jcjincil lli (1 (Hans, marriiMi one o )f their women, and a>si.-ted t ifi th<'ir liattlcs witii the whites, was taken ami jMit to dt Winslow, in the hitter |>art of .lanuai'v, puisucd Nan'a,L,'ansettH into the Xipimu;k country, whillur had llt'd, eominitting divers deprechitions on the refute, killi'fl altout soventv of those whom he could eoiiit with. I he larif'T poi'tion, iKnvever. succ(>eded in j the foi'C'S of the Nipmuek.s, while the I'liifilish we pelled to retu'-n to t!ie settleiiient fur want of ])rov I-e I l.-li H I'liiiip 1' H «Tst as the I (MiiJiawkM H el' liis nieiij H tlinr<. iiotwi H cut at varioi (jiiriii;.' the t"M ' ■ .\\»<\\\ th who ■ (I'st roved h H imieks, N;i H Sa;.'amore S 1 tcr, wliiih w H was set on 1 ^H livt's. .Moi'< 1 till' hands iii>'(l H well treated ' ■ III) Wl'oii;^ t H Ilet lielji, he I laiidson, wil ■ and her aeei H in.:s>rd diirii I CC'odiiiLdy in H <'liuivli s; m1:i', ^I at the falls ( I rertions con ' III- ■ in l''e!>ruary II H Oil the '_' 1 ahout twent , H i The Iinlians H oils iii'jlit. i ■ dawn, lircd ; ■ dred and si H ; 80 sudden a ^H ' impossihle U H fire. Nearl 1 ^^1 fit NKW KNf'.I.AM) IMMANS. j.»o l'lii!i;i i-: sMiipuscil to liiivc i]r>\ ultout this linn' as far west ; IS till' IIii'ls'>ii river, uliriv, it is said, '"llir Molniu^ (Mi)lia\viain. Theh loiise of Mr. I[o\vhin ^ 6" - ► V] <^ /^ /.^ 'c-1 ■c^ VI /^ ''? '^ o / Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 4^% 1 1 it u..h 2:.t INDIAN KACES OF AMERICA. WMiiiiilcd. Being compelled, fit last, to I'^trcat ncross <'l.aiK'S river, the Jiidiaiis burned the bridge behind tliom. and left u paper, written by some of ihcnr number who liad rcrcived education from the JMiglish, to tin; (ollowinif (■(I'ect: " Know, by this paper, that the Indians whom tln.u iiast })i'()\-oked to wrath and anger, will war this '^ I \c;ir< if \'<)U will. There are many Indians yet. AVe ennie ."Inii at this time, ^'ou must consider the Indians lose notliiiii,' but their life: You must lose your fair houses and caltlo.'' One account states that Philip himself was seen at this action, "riding upon a black horse, leaping over lenccs, and exultin'j; in the havoc he was making." Through the months of IMu'uary and Nrarch, the sav- ages met with signal success, '■^eckonk, Gi'oton ami War- wick were destroyed; Northampton was assaulte(l; one house was burned in the very town of Plymotifh, and a number of buildings at Weymouth, only cloven miles l'\ov.\ Boston, shared a similar fate. Thii-ty houses were bnninl at Providence. Ca{)tain i?ierce, of Scituate, whohadhciii sent with a J)arty of lifty whites and a number of friendly Indians on an excursion against the enemy, v.-as slaii), with the entire company of English, Only a lew of the Indian allies escaped. On the same dav, ^[arlborough was destroved, with the excc[)tion of the houses which had b"en garrisoned. This attack was probably made by Philip himself, with the Nipmuck and Narragansett Indians. Continuing their march, they did much damage at Sudbury, and "met and swallowcil up valiant Captain Wadsworth and his com- pany," consisting of fifty men, with whom he was hastening to the relief ol the town. Oiu; of the first severe reverses experienced by Philip, was the capture and execution of the younger Canonicus or Canonchct, the noblest and most influential of the Nar- ragansett sachems. This was accomplished by a l^arty :\E\V ENGLAND INDIANS. 255 1,.',1 1)V Capt.'iiii DLMinison, fi-om Connecticut, consisting of lliiLilish, Nebantic Indians, sulijcct to Xinign-t, and Mohe- j-;iiis, under the coniinand of Owcnoco, son ol' I'ncas. ('aiioncliet, -vvitli a small liaiid of warriors, canie to Nai'ia- "aiisett early in Aju'il, I'or the piirpose (jC |)i-(;curing sct'd- corii lor his p('o])le in the \V(>stern sctthMui'iils. Ocnnisdii, liaviiig heard, from a captive sipiaw, of the sachem's proximity, pursued and took him. The proud chief, upuii his eaj)ture, heing addr(\-;sed hy a young man of the party, according to lluhbard, '"look- ing with a little n(>glec.t upon his youthCul face, roplii'd in l^lymonth; 'raiuiton and Scjtiiate were attacked, and 15ridgewater sustained no small injury from an assault hy three hundred Indians, under the saclieui Tisg;uon:cn. (ireat nund)ers of hostile Indians having congregated at the falls of the Connecticut, during the month of Mav, for the purpose of fishing, a strong force of soldiers and inhah- itants of the towns on the river, under the conmiand of (-a{)tains Ilolyoke and Turner, made a descent upon tluMn. The Indians were encamped in careless security, and, the 1 ■luk.i^!: f *' . ,.!■ J •Ml . \% i 250 INDIAN' HACKS OF AMERICA. attack being made in tlic niglit, some two luiiulnMl wi.to killed, or dfowned in attcnijtting to cscajjc across the river. ]n tlie midst oClliis success it was reported to the lui'i-lish l>y an Indian, that JMiilij) in person, with an iinnieiise force, was coining upon them. Commencing a n^reat upon this news, the Indians recovered from their iiaiiic, and jmrsning the ])art_v from which they had .so reeentlv lied in confusion, killed from thirty to foi'ty of their mniilnT. On the oOlli of May, six linndred Indians attaekcd Ilatlielil, and hiiru'd many Luildings, but tlie ))lace was bravely defended, and the enemy was driven off. A still hii'ger nnnd)er, about a fnrtinght later, assaulted Iladlev, but, by the assistance of ti'ooj)s from Connecticut, the iu habitants successfully repelled them. CIIATTER YII. rini.!p's Rrri'uN to poKA^oKirr — major tai.cott's succksses— ciiiTKcir eoMM.'ssinMCF) i!v Tin: coiiPtT at Plymouth — his in- TKIiVIKW WITH AWOSIIONKS: WITH THE SOGKONATES AT SANDWICH HIS CA.MPAICN AC A INST THK INDIANS — riiM.ip si;i;n : his wii-k and son taken — DEATH OK WKI:TAM0KE, QUEEN OF POCAS- SET DEATH OF PHILIP. Piirur's power was now upon the decline: his forces •were (bscontented, and in s('j)arate bodies wandered al'OiU tlie countiy, undergoing much liardsliip and ]>rivatiuii. Losing induencc with the river Indians, and unable to concentrate the various tril)es, with cffeet, he rcturneil to Ins old quarters in the vicinitv of Narragansett bav, ac- companied by the trusty warriors wlio still adliered to liim. Major Talcott, from Connecticut, with a body of mounted men, accompanied by many Mohegans and Pequots, sig- ill ".rJi, \ !'i i NEW ENGLAND INDIANS. 257 nalizcd himself during the month of June, l\v several incursions into Narrngansctt. On a, siUL-'le oet-asion, he killcfl a irrrat numl»er of the enemv, anil look from one to two luiiitlrril ]M'isoiK>rs. 'I'o the ovei'lastiii.L'' ilis,ij,"raee nf tlir' wliiti's of this eompany, they allowcil their Molif-'an allios, upon one occasion, to torture to death a y campaign. Keaching I'lli/alx'th's Islaml, lu' could find no conveyance homeward other than a canoe, manned 1)V two Indians. Their eourst! took them n^'ar Sogkonate (coinnionly called Seaconnet) })oint, the wild mass of rocks which juts into the ocean, at the southern extremity of Awoshonk's domains. ( 'hurch saw some of the Indians tisliiiigupon the rocks, and hethonght him that here miglit be lurtlHn- opportunity of communicating with hi.s old friend, the S([uaw sacheni. Notwithstanding her early counsel with Church, she, or her people, against her incli- nations, had been drawn into IMiilip's }>lans, and the Segkonates had taken a(!tive part in the ho.stilities. The canoe was soon hailed from shore, hut the surf beat so heavily against the rocks that the re{)ly C(ju]d not be heard. Two Indian.s, one of whom was George, the inter- preter, therefore came out upon a long point of sand, where Church could land without danger of being surprised, and, on liis ajiproach, they informed him that Awoshonks had left Philip, and would be glad to have a conference with him. An a})pointment was therefore made lor u meeting, on the next day that the weather would permit, at a welhknown rock, upon the Richmond farm. None were to be pi'esent except the (jucen, her son Peter, and Numpash, an Indian known to Church. Arriving at Newport, and detailing his plans to the authorities, they pronounced him demented to think of risking himself unprotected among such a body of the enemy. He replied that he had always wished for an opportunity to confer with the Sogkonates, not doubting but that he could secure their friendship, and that he was determined to prosecute the adventure. lie accordingly crossed over the next day, to the place appointed, accompanied only by "his own man," and the Indian ^\ho had paddled him from Elizabeth's. lie was 'L_ M,„;:i f ,i ir^ :L4^' 'i'^ 1, i' iW --^ 260 INDIAN RACES OF AMERICA. fnct by tlio queen and tlie otlier two, who had been dcsitr. Tiated; but, upon retiring" a short distance, to a (.'onveuitMit sp(;t for (bscusriion, a crowd of armed and })aintod war riors .sprang up from amid the long grass around tlicm. Church betrayed no signs of surprise or fear, but, Imviii;' first obtained directions from Awoshonks tliat the ludiuiis sliould lay down their guns, he })ulled out a bottle of nim, and opened the conference by proifering her a dram, ask- ing, "if she had been so long at Weetuset as to forgut to drink Occaj)eches." Having first swallowed some him- self, from the hollow of his hand, to quiet any suspicions of treachery that she might entertain, he disti'ibutcd tlic rest, together with some tobacco that he had bron,L''lit, among those standing by. lie then answered her iuquii- ies as to the reasons why he had absented himself so Ion i:, using all his powers of persuasion to revive her old Irieii'l- ship for the English; promising favor and protection Irom the government, if slie would enlist her forces against Philip; and by his bold and frank demeanor, disarming the suspicions and softening the surliness of the warriors. At one time, as related by Church, "there arose a rni.irlity murmur, confused noise and talk among the fiercedotjkiiig creatures; and, all rising up in a hubbub, a great surly- looking fellow took up his tomhog, or wooden cuthiss, to kill Mr. Church, but some others prevented him." This man had lost a brother in the fight at I'unkatcse, but Church explained how, with only a handful of men, he had been suddenly set upon, and how his intentions were, even then, friendly to the Sogkonatcs. Ilis counsels finally prevailed, and it was agreed that an offer of services should be made at Plymouth, in be- half of the tribe; five men being chosen to accompany Church on the embassy. Having returned to Rhode Island, and, with much dif- ficulty, procured a vessel, Captain Church set sail for Sog- NKW KXGLANl) INDIANS. 261 kouiUC, wlu'iicx' tlio (rulians espied liitn, and stood waiting upon the nx'k.s with an old canoe, ready to cotne on board. The sea nm so lii;^di tiiat no one but i\'ter Awosh(Md, liaving been notified to attend, came to this jilace, iiiitl proU'ered their services; but, to their great grief and (lisjtppointment, were ordered to repair to Sandwich, on the coast to the eastward, and await further directions frora tho government at Plvmouth. Church advised them to comply quietly, and promised to join them, himself within a week, with a commission to employ them, if he could obtain it. During tlic ensuing week, according to the opinion of potnc, an opportunity was lost of surprising and destroy- iri2 nearly the whole of Philip's remaining force, who had gone to Wepoiset, in search of clams; provisions being verv scarce with them. Captain Church, with only one companion, rode from liohoboth to Plymouth, starting at sunset, and reaching the town early in the morning. lie there saw the gov ernor, who had received the messengers from Sogkonate with favor, and who readily promised him the desin.'d cuimnission, and ratified his agreement with Awoshonks. i:.i< If -4 I :JM m ''-:h iJSH iS H ^'^' ^' • ft W 1 ' iii the fugitives, killed scvenij and made tliiitccii jirisoiici'S. As I lie lli^i^dit was eoiitiiiiu'd, flu; women and cliildivn licciinic wearied, and, luiing unable to keep pace with iht.. eonipany, fMI into the hands of the j)ursuers. 'I'hcv wciv ordei'ed to follow tlu; trail, and were assured that, if submissive! and olHHlicnt, they should he the more lii\ di- al) ly treated. I'liili]), and his bund, being suddenly surjuiscil, wliil ■ liiey were busily engaged in j)reparing breakliist, (led intn aswamp, leaving "their kettles boiling, and meat imistinu' upon their wooden spits." llei(! they wei'c; henmieij in, and, after some hard lighting, no less than oik; huinhvil and seventy-three, including those who had followed tin; })arty, as directed, were taken prisoners or kiile(l. A large division of these were .so surprised and j)aine-.-«tnHk by the number and determination of the pursuers, that they ".stood still and let the Knglish come and take tli.' gun.s out of their hands, when they were both eluiiged and cocked." Philij), and .some of his {jrincipal chiefs, eseap 'J'he j)rist)iiers, having been well supplied witii were eonlined in the pound, at l>ridgewater, and passrd tli(! night in meriiment, expressing little de.s})ondeiiev or aj)prehension. They rej)orted Philip's condition and liaiin' of nund as being nuserable in the extreme. His wif' and son made pri.soners; his allies overj)owered, or tieaeht r- ous; reverses coming thick upon him; and his H^ruc dwindling to a handful of warrior.s, nothing but destruetieu seemed to await him. On the Uth of August, "Wcetarnorc, queen of Poeas.set, and widow of Alexander, Philip's eldest brother, who throughout the war had been a most valuable and faitlilul coadjutor to her brotherdndaw, perished in attempting to ICil NKW KN(iLAM> INDIANS. 2C5 ericajio over tlu; IV'hticut river, iiiti) Ikt own (••>uiitiT, upon a rati. She IkkI Iktii surjiriscil, with twenty six ct' lier sulijeets, who W'Te all taken jiiisonns. The (lead liody ut' the poor ([Uei'ii was IihukI .s/'//7.: 'inhul^ mm' t/f- riri r liniil.) where she had pri)bal)ly eroui'hed half drowin'd, and (lied I'l'oiii e.\p(jsiiro and (amine. Her head was iMiioll'liy ilio.-e who disc(jvcrcd her, and lixcd upon a poK- at 'rami- tmi, where it wu.s reeogui/ed liy S(»nu! of hri' lo\ini; Mihjec'ts kept there in cajitivity. 'I'luii' ]>\\\>i of unre- straiaahle gi'iel' at tlu! sight, is (diaraeteri/rd hy Matln;r, as "a iiii'st lajrrid anil diaholieal lamenlalion."' ( iiuivh I'etnrufd to J'lynioiith, whei'e he rcccivi'd the tiiaiik.- and gratulations of tlu; authoiitirs, hut was allowed little rest, as some ol' the eniMny, under the great saehein Ttitosoh, were lurking around iJartnioutli, and his aid was rci[iiired to dislodge them, 'i'lie expedition was siU'ecssCul, hut Toloson, with an old .^quaw and his little son, escaped. The S(puiw afterwards eame to Sandwich, and repoited the rhid's death, saying that, "relleeting uj)on the miserahle cKiKlition he had brought himself' into, his heart heeauie a .■>t<^uo within him, and he died." She said that she liad eeveied his hody with a lew leaves and brush. Worn out by hard serviee, hard fare, and exjiosure, Captain Church now .sought to recruit his strength by rest; but, being urged by the government to pursue IMiilip to the death, and receiviiig ijronii.-^csof satislaction Ibr ibrmer neglect, he marched to l*oeas.sct with a company of volun- teers, and thence ero.ssed over to iihode Island. lie there visited his wife, whom he had left at a Mrs. Saiidford's, and who fainted witl. suri)rise and joy at iiieeliiig him alive; but hardly had the ilrst greetings been exchanged, when tidings came po.st that J'hilip was to be found at his old quarters in Mount Hope neck. 'J'he horses upon wdiicli Church and his companions had just arrived otood at the door; and, telling Mi-s. Chui-ch that t " !'■ « :'i I 1 p % i ! >: ' I ?:!1 'i if 4 I' !"■• IK? i 266 INDIAN RACES OF AMKKICA. "slio must content licrsclf witli .1 short visit wlien siici, gaiiu; was iiIkm*!," tlicy nil iiiouiitcd and s])iirr('il (ill" 'J'ljey learned fVoin tlio deserter who liad hroii-jht tlie intelligence, that riiilip was encani|HMl upon a spot olMrv hind in a swamp hard by the mount; and tJliunh licupr well aeipiainted witli the locality, lost no time in takii:' advanta-j;e ol' his information, lie crossed the ferrv witli his men, and a]iproaelied tlio sjtot during the ni'jlit. Having distributed a ])oi'ti(jn ol'the force in sueli a ni.iiincr as to command all the places where the enemv would l,i; likely to attempt escape, another detachment, under Cqitiiiii Golding, ])roceeded to "beat up PliiHp's he; d-(ju;ntr;s;" with directions to mal:e all the m^ise ])ossil)]e, while pur- siiing the fugitives, tliat they might be known bv thosr who lay in aml)ush. ^J'he Indians, stai'th.'d l)y the first fire, rushed into tl.c swamp, witli I'hilii) at their head. Half clothed, ainl flinging his "petunk" and powderdioni behind him, thr doomed chief eanie^ at full speed, fully within range of tin' guns of an Knglishman ;:nd an Indian, who lay coiiecakd atone of the points of ambuscade. The white man's gun snjijiped, but the fire of his cnm- panion was fatal. IMiilip fell ujion his face in the mire, shot through the h(>art. This event took ])laee earlv in in the morning of Saturday, the 12tli of August, 1(17(5. Thus the main objectof the campaign was accomjilishnl; but most of the hostile party managed to esca})e. AiimiiH them was the old chief, Annawon, a great captain mul.i Philip, and Massasoit, liis father. IIo "seemed to he ;i great surly old fellow," hallooing, with a loud voice, "lootash—Iootash!" Peter, Church's man, said that lie was calling on his men to fight bravely, and hold their ground. Several of Church's Indians dragged the body of poor Philip out of the mire, "and a doleful, great, naked beust rd NEW ENGLAND INDIANS. 267 he looked." By the direciioii of the captain, who avernHl that, hiiving "eau.sod iiumy nn Knghsliinaii's Ixidy to be uiibiiried and to rot ahovc ground, not one of liis l)oncs -hould he buried," one of the Indians Ijcheaded and (|uar- UTcd the l)ody of the faHcii sachem, as was the custom towards traitors. Ilu; (dd I'xecutioiici', who was ajiiiointcil to tliis office, iu'st made a sliort sjicech, which, but tliat it w;is rather more coarsely expressed, might remind one of tlic exultation of the heroes of Homer over acomjucrcd Ibe. ][(j\vever iar removed from that absurd and morbid seiisihility which perceives greater tokens of depi'avity in ;iii indignity ollei'cd to a senseless carcass than in acts of criieitv ;md injustice towards the living, we do not caie to iltil'iid this act of Church. One of Philip's hands, whicdi liad been formt'rly marred by the bursting of a })istol, was uivi'U to Aldfi'man, the Indian who shot him. 'Vim cx- iiiitition of it proved a soun;c of no small ])rolit. I'hc' head was long exposed at J'lymouth, and the devout thither r.xults in having, with his own hand, disjilaccd the jaw from the scull of "that blasphemous leviathan." CIlAPTKll VIII. PURSUIT OF AN'NAWOM AM) HIS PAKTY DAItlN(; PROCEDURE OP CAl'TAIN CHURCH K.\I) OF TIIK WAR, A.Nl) FINAL DISPOSAL OF PRISONERS SUMMARY OF THE COLONIAL LOSSES. Aftkr the death of Phili]), the company returned to Plymouth, and received, as jiremiam for their services, thirty shillings for each Indian killed or taken. Toward the end of August, Church was again called from riyniouth to go in })ursuit of Annawon, who, with die feeble remains of his force, was scouring the countrv 1 : ,'t ,i. 1 ; '1 I ill" f ' ^'i ■ i-' ; 'fa".!"-' ifll ill t 4',r' % II ,r U 51! :. If Wi .it^l^'-l lili^ if U ii ^^1 268 INDIAN RACES OF AMP^RICA. around Hcliobotli and Swaiisej. lie acC' rdingly took a few faitliful soldiers, witli his brave and tried licutonant Jabcz J lowland, and liastened throii,.;h tlic woods io I'o casset. He intended ])assing the Sabbath on I'hode Ishm.]. but lieariii,i!,' that Jn uhvIt take tlic capture of sudi a warrior, witli so siiiiill a force; inr, liuviiig been obliged to send some liack' with the iiii,--(iiiers, only half a dozen Indians now aecompanii il hiiu. lie was not a man to let slij) an oppurtimitv, and starti'd at once for the camj), having much ado to kee}) ;i;i(>' with the hardy old Indian who led the way. Ainiawon's ''camp or kennelling ])lace," was pitched in a recess in a lerlge of })reci|)itous rocks, whi(jli stood i.iiKjn a rising ground in the swamj), and the only way to api'roach it unpcrccived was l)y elandjering down the ehlf. It was night when Church ai'rived there; stopping the guiil(3 with his hand, he crawled to the edge of the rock, ami looked down upon the se(Mic below. Annawon's hut (■(insisted of a tree felled against the wall of I'oek, with 1 iich bushes piled against it. h'ires were lit without, over whicli meat was roasting and kettles were boiliim- and the \vA\i revealed several companies of the enemy. Their arms were stacked together, and covered with a mat, and in close })roximity to them lay old Annawon and his son. All old squaw Avas pounding corn in a moi'tar, and, as the iinjso of her blows contimied, Church, preceded bv the pui'le and his daughter, and 1'o11ow(.mI by his Indian allies, jet liiniself down by the bushes and twigs which grew in tlie crevices of the rock. AVith his hatchet in his hand, lie stop{)cd over the younger ^vnnawon, wIkj drew himself inti) a heaj) with his blaidcet over his head, and reached the gims. The old chief sat up, crying out " llowoh !" l)ut, seeing that he was taken, lay down again in silence. The rest of the company made no resistance, supposing that tlie Knglish were upon them in force. Church's Indians, going among them, enlarged upon his benevolence and ; kindnes'^, and advised them to submit quietly, which they (lid, delivering up all tlieir arms. Annawon ordered hia women to get supper for Captain 'L.. - ii.;; mm ;|l«, •:]» ' =1 I- m ^''' '' '■ ,'^ :S >: III ! r (- ' Hi' ' -I I hi 270 INDIAN RACES OF AMERICA. Clini'cli and Lis men, and they all supped toc^etlicr in har- inoiiy. Tlic Captain, wearied out by lony watcliin"- umi labor, now tried to get a little sleep, but was unablr tu eompose liiuiself. Looking round he saw the whuh |);iiiv, friends and foes, sleeping sound!}', with the exception cf Annawon; and there lay the two rival leadci's, liKikiii^a! eaeh otlier for near an hour. Annawon then got up and retired a short distance, hum, as he did not inuiiediately return, Cbureh suspet'ted tliMt lie might have seeured a gnu, with intent todisjiateli hi::!. and therefore erept elose to young Annawon, as soeuritv. The old man soon reappeared, bringin^ with him Diiliji's regalia, and, kneeling down before Chureh, to liis lmv;;1 surprise, addressed him in English: "Great eaplaiu, vdi havekilleil IMiilip and eonquered his country; fir I Inhevr that I and my eompany are the last that war against.the i-iim- lisli, so suppose the war is ended by 3'our means, and thit- fore these things belong to you." He then lianded him two broad belts elaborately worked in wampum, one ef whieh reached from the shoulders nearly to the ground, "edged with red hair, from the Maliog's country ;'' tw(j lutrus of })owder, and a red cloth blanket. lie said that Philip used to ornament himself with these upon great oecasioi,s, All night long the two captains continued their con- verse, and Annawon detailed his adventures, and ",:2avo an account of what mighty success he had formerly, in wars against many nations of Indians, Avhen he served Asumequin (Massasoit), Philip's father." 'idle next day the party proceeded to Taunton, and Church, with Annawon in his company, went to Khode Island, and so on to Plymouth. There, to Iiis great sor- row, the authorities refused to spare the old chief, but ]iut him to deatli. At the same time they executed Tispaquiii, the last of Philip's great sachems, who had surrendered himself upon jiromise of mercy. NEW ENGLAND INDIANS. 271 The war was now at an end, with tlic exception of a few '• linniiiig excursions," afler some stragglers of Philip's men who yet hirked in the woods. Such of the })risoiiei\s, ni»\v in the hands of the Knglisli, as had been active in : hostihties, were put to death : the rest Averc sold in slaverv ill the colonies, or sent to toil in the \\'est Indies. It was iiiucli discussed whether the poor hoy "who was so cnlpa- l»le as to he the son of Philip, should die. The clergymen ' seemed inclined to the belief tliat such should be his iate; I Increase Mather cited the case of Iladad, saying that, "liad not others fled away with him, I am aj)t to think ! that David would have taken a course that Iladad shouhl never have proved a scourge to the next generation." He I was filially sent a slave to l^ermuda. Baylies thus sums up the disasters of the eventful })eric)d of Philip's hostilities: "In this war, which lasted but lii- tle more th.an a year and a half, six hundred Kiighshiuen were killed. Thirteen towns in ]\[assaehusetts, Plymouth, andlihode Island, were destroyed, and many others greatly injured. Almost every family had lost a relative. Si.x hundred dwellingdiouses had been burned. A vast amount, in goods and cattle, had been destroyed, and a vast debt created. But the result of the contest was deK 17()">J — ClIURCIl's LAST CAMPAK;n — WAR OK 17"Jv! — CAPTAIN JOHN LOVEWELL. The services of Captain Benjamin Chureli, in llic enrlv Indian e;irnpaign.s, did lujt end with tlic dc^atli <■(' Pliilij and the redueticni of the liostile triLcs united l)y th;it diii f in enmity against tlie eolunists. In the war wliicli aCti-i- wards broke out with the Indians of New Jiaiii] and ^Faine, tlie old s(;ldier was again called u[)on to t; tlic field. Our aeeounls of the early history of these Eastern trilns are not very voluminous or eoiuieeted. Some dosciijiiin;, is given, in Ca})tain John Smith's narrative, of the g^v eminent and division of the nations and tribes on \.\\v cnu.^t: and, in subsequent times, tales of noted sagamores and wai'- riors, with detached incidents of adventure, are not want- ing in interest. 'J'he first English settlers in Maine and New Ilanipsliiro 1k> \ little to complain of in the treatment they rciTivctl from the aboriginal inhabitants: according to llubhai'il, '•Ever since the first settling of any English j^lanlalin'i in those j)arts about Kennebeck, for the s])a(;e of al'"iit fifty years, the Indians always carried it fair, and ln'M good correspondence with the English, until the news caiai' of ]'hili[)'s rebellion and rising against the inhabitants of riimouth colony in the end of June, 1G75; after wliiiii time it was aj)prehended by such as had the cxaniinatio!! of the Indians about Kennebeck, that there was a ucnor;;! surmise amongst them that they should be required to '•■v^. lAlTAlN IJENJAill.N tlilucU. : i n.. • w H f* I* f .1 assi.st tlic J thcv wen.' ; \VllCl. of them ; , seiziii'o (»1 1 [ feelings wii conti'iviiucc the first so Ilaiiipsliirc, \Vfl(J (IccOJ the J>l-Ct(MlC( oxaiiiiiicil, ; nt.'L'tcd with wcro snit t ^riuiy scc'i l»y Iiistoriun caiiipui'nis ( I J'l'ciicli ;iii(l ; with Philip'f tlie buniiiiL'-, , Saco. UikL j the conflictii Baron of Si about a war involved. \ the eastern T depredations At Cochcc ity, with a c( pying five fo party of Indi to strike a si; toreven.ffe tli (iron. ThcE 18 Mi NEW K.VGLANI) INDIANS. 1>73 assist tlic said Philip, uUliou;^1i tli(;y would not own that tli(>v were at .•ill on^o'igcd in the (iu;ii re'l." When IMilIip's forces were destroyed or disjiersed, iii:my of tlieni took )'efu;^M' at the i'^ast, and the search for and sei'/iire of ihi'-e served to arouse and keep aliv(! li"Mi!e fL'elin.tiS whicli ndi.dit otherwise have slumbered. V>\ thi; eoiitrivauee of Major Waldn^n, a noted eluiractcr anioii;^ tjic first settlers iit Coeheeo (afterwards Dovei-), in N'fW Ilarnpsliire, S(jnie four hundred Indians, oC vari(;\is tiihes, were deeoycd into the power of the eolonial troops hy the pret(Mieo of a sharn-fiLdit exhibition. They wei'c tlieii oxaiiiiMcil, and all who were adjudgeil to have b(,'en coti- nected with the war, to the number of over two hundred, were scut to Ikjston, where ei^•ht or ten of them were liaii;,'e(l, and the rest were sold as slaves. ^^;l.ny seenes of dej^redation and bloodshed are desei'ibi d ly historians of those early times ])revious to the reji;ular cainpai;,Mis of l()8i>, and the 3'ears ensuin.L'", a,i,^ainst the Fri'iieh and Indians. Durim^ the war lA' i075-0, eonneeie(l with Philip's eonsj)iraey, the most ini])ortant aflhiis were t!iL! hurnin,!:, by the Indians, (^f the towns of Casro and Sac). Under the administration of Sir Mdnnnid Andioss, the eonflieting claims to territor}^ in Maine, between the Baron of St. Castinc and Emrlish propi'ietoi's, bioui^ht about a war in which the neighboring Indian tribes were involved. With their usual success, the French excited the eastern Indians to espouse their cause, and a series of depredations upon the English colonists ensued. At Coeheeo (Dover), Major Waldron was still in author- ity, with a considerable force under his command, occu- pying five fortified buildings. In the summer of liJSO, a party of Indians planned an attack upon this j)Ost, as well to strike a signal blow in behalf of their wdiite allies, a.s to revenge the former wrong done to their friends by Wal- dron. The English considered themselves perfectly secure, 18 \iM ■i 'h k W'-t^ ^^■^l !i)t no watcli — a cirtiiuristaiicc wliicli liad brtii i,l). siTvcd \)y the enemy. On the 27lh o( .June, two squaws ohtaiiuid leave to sU;e{) in oaeh of the gaii'isoncMl hMUs.'s, ])urin,s^ thi; ni^^ht they rose (luietly, unbarml ilw. doors, and, hy appointcid signals, announeeil to tht; wari'iors luik- in<^' without that the time was })ropitioiis l<)i' un attack. The Knj^dish were eomplefely ovei'powered, lil'ly-two were killed or carried away eai)tive; among the I'oniicr was Major Waldron. The old Avarrior (he was (1^:111 v years of age) delended himself with astonishing stn'iii;tli and courage, but was linally struck down from lifhiml. IJruised and mangled, he was j)laced in a chair ujinn a table, and the savages, gatliering round, glutted their Idtr^- cherished vengeance by cutting and torturing the h(l|ili>., ca})tivc. He v-'as in bad odor with the Indians foi' lia\ Ihl', as they alledgcd, dt^frauded them in foi'mcr trading tiaii- actions. It was reported among them that he iisiij \n "count hi.s fist iis weighing a jjoniid, also that his accouhts were Lot crossed out accortling to agreement." Placed ;;> above mentioned, upon a table, some of them "in tiU':;S gashed his naked breast, saying, 'I cross out in}' ac'iiiiii'.' Then cutting a joint from his finger, would say, '\\;!i your fist weigh a pound now?'" — {Dri ike's (diltnu ij Cliurcli^s Indian Wars.) They continued these criicltirs until he fainted from loss of blood, when they dispat(jli(d him. It is said, by the above author, that one of tlic .=;rpiaws, to whom was assigned the duty of betraying Wal- (Iron's garrison, felt some compunction at the act of trcacli- cry, and endeavored, inefTectually, to warn the comniand- ant by crooning the following verse: "Oil, Mi.jor Waldo, Von (rri;at .siiguiiiore, () wliut will you do, Iiidliins at your door!" lu September of this year (1089) Captain (now styled NKW HNdLANT) INDIAN'S. 27.") )>[!ij()r) Cliiircli WHS commissioned by the autlioritios of tlio riiitctl Colonics to prosecute tlie war in Maine, and he sailcil accordingly with his forces for Casco IJav. II«' liml uit'ii liiin two hundred and fifty vohmteers, Kn;,dish ami friciiiUy Indians, and two compatiies from Massat'husi'tts. His arrival was seasonable, as a lar<,fe {'arty of Indians ami French was ascertained to bo in the vicinity, inteml- iiig to destroy the place. Some smart skirmishing took )iliice uj)on the succeeding day, but the em.'my finally drew oil". When afterwards ordered liomc with liis troops, Cliureh liostirred himself to bring about some action on the j)art of the government for the more eiTectual pnMection of tin; unfortunate inhabitants of Casco (the country in the vicin- ity of the present town of Portland), but in vain; and in the ensuing spring the whole district was ravaged by the oneniy. The I'lnglish settlers at the East, after the event, no longer dared to remain exposed to attacks of the sav- ages, and, deserting their homes, collected at the fortified post at Wells, in the south of ^[aine. Church's second eastern expedition, in September, IGOi), was against tlie Indian forts on the Androscoggin. With little resistance he drove off the occupants, released several English captives, and took prisoners several members of the families of the noted Sachems Warombo and Kanka- inagus. A number of Indian pri.soners were brutally mur- dered by the successful party; but two old S(|uaws were left to deliver a message to their own people that Captain Church had been there, and with him many Indians for- merly adherents of King Philip; and to report further, as a warning, what great success he had met with in the war against the great sachem. Word was also left that if the fugitives "had a mind to see their wives and children, they phould come to Wells' garrison." With respect to the mas- sacre of prisoners on this occasion, we are left to infer that %i 1 ^ if te ' I ' \ )h ft' ««" ir fit tr 'I 270 INDIAN RACKS OF AMKUICA. a portion of tlK^rn, .*t loaat, consist(^"l of u'omfn an/l rhihirrn Tin; old narnitivo liorc .im olstnvhorc is ratlicr Mind, iind deficient in detail, but if the facts wero as above si|n-i.f(.st(,|, the whole history of these Indian wars does not jircsfiit a more rcvoltinj^ instance of c(^l(M)loodod barbarity. Tli;it the act was done by Churcli's orders, or that it was cniiii- tenancnd by hiui, S(!Cins utterly incredible when coiniiiin i] with his usual course towanls prisoners. Of oik; man, who was captuHMl in the takinj^ of Warorid)o's fiirt, it i- said: "TIk; soldiers being very rude, woulil hardly spaiv the Indian's life while in cxatnination;" and it is poysilili' that they might have committed the wanton buteliorv above mentioned without their commander's concurreniv, We would not, however, endeavor to screen the guilt v; and if Church is to be held responsible for the inunLr. it certainly must leave a black and indelible stain vijiuu his character. From the })lundcrcd fort Church proceeded to Casc<\ wh( 3 he engaged the enemy, and beat them off, but in-t without the los.s of about thirty of his own men in killfil and wounded. In August, 1092, Church was figain commissioned ly Sir William Phipps to undertake an exj)cdition ngaiii-^t the Indians at Penobscot; and, although he failed to sur- prise the enemy, who escaped in their canoes, ho dostroyo'l a quantity of their provision, and brought away a consiLl- erable amount of plunder. A force, sent into Maine, in 1693, under Major Con vcr.-i, was oj)posed by none of the natives, and, within a slioit time aflcr, these miserable ])eople were glad to concludt; a treaty of peace with the English at Pemmaquid, where a stroncr fort had been erected in 1690. At this negotiation the hostile tribes delivered hostages as a security that they would cease depredations and renounce their allegiance to the French. Many of them were, notwithstanding, in- NICVV KNOI.ANI) INDIANS. 277 ducc'J to join the inviision under M. do VillkTc, in tho following year. Ill this canipiiign, tlic first object wjih the deslriiefioii oC tlio .settlement on Oyster river, near Dover, New ll;iiii]i- Miire, where twelve lioust.'S hiul liccn giirrisoned ami |»uL ill a state of (h-fene*;. Five of these were forecil, ;iinl iioarly one hinnlreiiers; the other strongholds luiide ii sueeessfiil (h-fenee, hut lil'teen iiiiproti'eted houses were burnech Nothing of sjiei-ial interest oee'urred in connection with the I'lastern Imliaiis lioiii this time until lO'.K). During the suninier i>l' that year, some blood was shed by the .savages at I'oi'tsiiiniith ;i!iil Dover; but the most important oeeurreiiei; uf tlu; Musoii was the recbiction of the strong fort at l\'iumaaigii in the months of August and Seiitember, liut owing to orilers received I'rom the ecjlonial authorities, In' was impc'ded in tlie pro.secutioii of his plans, and iioth- iiiir ol' special moment wius eirected. In January, D)UO, the war with the French being at an cimI, the Jmhaiis of Afaine and New Hampshire entered into a treaty of peace with the English colonies — aeknowl- rtl;iing, by their })rincipal .sachems, allegiance to the King of JMigland. When war was agaiu dechared, in May, 1702, the old (liiru'ulties with the Tn(bans wci'e s})eedily renewed, (jlov- erner Dudley, of Massachusetts, endeavored to [nxserve ]H'ac(! with these tribes, and concluded a iicgoliatiiju with many (A' their chiefs, at Casco, in June of the following year. This appears to have been a mere blind on the j)art of the savages, then, a.s ever, favorable to the French; for only a few weeks subsequent to the treaty, a simultaneous attack was made upon the eastern English setth-ments. Every thing fell belbre the enemy; houses wei'c burned, l»roperty of every kind was destroyed or plundered, and "H. .!li i r. *k ■:JK' I t'«' • t t> • .' .ill*'' ■ ;■ Ni il: 278 INDIAN 1;Ai'KS (>K AMKllICA. one linii(];'((l ;iii(l fhii'ty of Un; iiiii;il/it:iiits woi't; slain or (•apliirc'l. 'I'lic iicws of tlic tci'riblc Ciiliiiiiitii'S ;itt(Mi(l;iiit, on t'lc (Ic-ti'iH'l ion of Dccrluild, in the ^vint('l• of I 7<),'M, coiuhliMNl With w 1 1 ; lie had hiiiiscir \vitii(;ssr(l ol' In lian • •rni'ltics, incilcd Major ('hnrcli to volunteer his fnilhi'i- S'lvi'^- a,L'"ainst, the ciieniv. "Ilisblood boilcil within him. ai'il;- in;^' sneli iinimlses on liis mind that he I'nv^ui all luriiirp treatments, wliieh were eiioM,L;li to hinder anv nijn. r.^y. eially tlie saiil -Nfajor Ciiureli, (Vom doini^ aiiv Ciiil'i;'!' s^t- vice." Ilis ofTers wei'c .udadly yeee[)ted, and a \ii v cnn- sidei'alile ['n\-v(\ was ])nt tinder liis command, with ;; l"""] snpjily of \vhah,'d)()ats, the iiceessity for whieh he, had s^'^n in Idrmer eain])aiLfns alon^i,^ tlic irrcj^idar and iinlciitnl Coast of .Maiiu\ This was the last military diitv und(.'rtakeii 1)V tip' cM soldier, and it was })crfornied with his usual skill aipl cncrijy. The Tndian towns of Miuas and Chignecto wnv taken, and the encniy was successfully cn^L^awd at otlirp points, ^riu! most note(l event of the (^xjtedition was i!;.' ni, until 1722, then; was little to ,li.-,tu'-l. tiK'i';i.-teni iVontiei", fu'-ther than some eontentions l)etw<'eii tiKM'olonists ami Iii'lhuis aiMsiii'^ out of ilispnteil titles to l.iinh A l''reneliman iiamc'l Ralle, of the <)r(hT of .Jesuits, iv:rs of the ciiciiiv, vi/, : at the Indian eastU; some distanc-o up the I'ciioliscot, an(l at the village of Norridgewoek. At the taking of the latter place, ]iall(\ with from (Ifty t'l a hundred of his Indian comrades, ))erislicd. One (if th(^ most noted among tho Knglish campa' iluring this war, was the famous Captain John Lovev li, ■ 1 iMuistahle. His adventures, and particularly the (ii? n at Vigwacket, on the Saco, in which he lost his life, ,, r widely celebrated in the rude verse of tho times. This engagement was the last important event of the War; the Indians were greatly reduced in nund)crs, and, wlicii no longt-r stimulated and supportecl hv tin; French, \v. re ineapahle of any sy.stcmatic warlike operations. "•^ -i^ '•■',i r i >i . *.*i :« ;'■: S til 'ii ' yiM; THE IROQUOIS, OR SIX NATIONS. CHAPTER I. GKNERAL OUTLINES OF CIIAI! ACTKIl, ETC. — IM IM! KSSIONS OK THE INHABITANTS OF NEW ENGLAND RESi'ECTING THE II!0(i(()|S — GARANGULA : HIS SPEECH TO M. I)E LA HAHKE. Non'p: of the Indian nations of Jic United States liave oeciipied a more important j)lac(! in onr national liistuiv, than tlic renowned confederacy \vliich forms the subject of our pn\'^ent consideration. VariovLS New England tribes were reduced to a disirracefnl trilint(! to the imperious Moliags, Mawhawks, ^^()lKnvks or Maquas; the great nation of J\)\vhatan stood in aweof'tln' warlike Afassawomekcs; and those associated in this power- ful league had become a terror to all against whom they IkhI lifted up their arms. 'J'hey were called Iroquois hy tlie Fren(;h, who found their head-quarters on the St. J^au-- renec, where Montreal now stands, at the beu'inninij; of the sev(^nte(Mith century. Their native appellation was A^ua- nuschioui (variously spelt and traiuslated), and they wiie dividei] ori;_':iiKilly into five tribes. These were the Mn- h.'i.wks, the Oneidas, the (^ayugas, the Onoiulagas and tlio Seneeas. The Tusearoras, from the south, were afterwards unit(>d with tluun, and formed the sixth nnti(Ui. Kacli trib(^ w;is sub-divided into classes, distingiiished by tlic "toleuL^," or symbols of the tortoise, the bear, the wolf, the beaver, the deer, the falcon, the plover, and tlic crano. ;M, (I I*,' r- ■A lie lU'- :a- ■I'O In- llO nls t'lie lu;. 'I'M! 'J^: 4 W: YilOi^lUlU CHIEF. ^'f'- \ i i: : :iil lit !'«' I'T e ■ ! '14 lift! N m> / •'« Some vciy ifioatioii. IxHwiicii in whicli o])ci' iicctioii. ]' manlier, ain ]i!ivilegcs a liiijiie. The first the except 1 tiic Ailii'dii known l)v lieiii,L:" of a 1 the Ad iron' to the sout 1110,4 nuinei lliM'eest and tlie estiniati New I'higla 'iookin, in 1 lirst of llic t iiitereounsc. "These ^ fiir sevei'al ^ •liaiis, as tilt tnilh, they • the Indians iiuiaber tliai ill the w 00(1 find eornfieli in forts." [ hawk's or ^f; annei], that iH'idge, in 1 fivjin a swan f\ THE IROQL'OIS, OU rfJX N.-. I'loNS. 2b[ Some very singular usngcs wore conn' 'Mril witl tliis elnss- illeutioii. Among other things, niarringe was prohibited betwrru individuals bearing the sa;ne totem, a rrstrit.-tion \vliich operated strongly to extend the ties of family eon- inrtiou. ]']aeh of the nations was divided in tlie same muniier, and the distinctive badge gave its beai'er })eeuliar privileges among those of his own elass, when away from linine. The first military exploits recorded of the Tnxpiois, with tlie exception oi' native ti'adilion, ai'c their battles with t'iie Adiroiidaeks in which they were cnf?-au;cd when (ii's; known bv the French. Becoming .-killed in wai', and liL'iug of a bold, adventurous sjiirit, a{t(T finally di'l'eating tlR' Adirondaeks, the five nations extended their concpiests to the south and west. The ^fohawks, although not tlio ino.^t mmierous })ortion of the united tribes, furnished the luM'ccst and most redoubted warriors. 1\) u'ivean id^a of the estimation in which they were held by the Indians of Xow l^iigland, we cite the following account, given bv (ii^iikiii, in his histoi'ical collections, wi'itten in I'lTI, of the lirst of tlie tiibo with whom the eastern colonists held an\- i!it('rcours(.\ "These Maquas arc given to rapine and sjioil; and had fur several v(.'ars been in hostilitv with our nei^iTbour In- •Ijaus, as the Massachusetts, Pautuekets, kc, kc. And, in truth, tliey were, in time of war, so great a terrour to all the Indians before m^med, tliough oui-s were fir wuiiv in nmiiber than they, tlie a))]icarancc of f )ur or five Ma(pias 111 the woods, would frighten them fi-om their habitations and cornfields, and reduce mauy of them to fret tou'ctluT in foi'ts." In September, of 1005, "t^'cre were five Maw- hawks or Maquas, all stout and lusty young men, and well armed, that came into one John Taylor's house, in Cam- bridge, in the afternoon. 1'hey Avcre scr'u to come out from a swamp not far from the house." Each had a gun, i O' ;l ! ,11 . i'^ .G.T r'H, ilr'' m:'i^ I ■«' 2S2 INDIAN' RACES OF AMKUKJA. pistol, liiilclitit, and lon^ kiiifi.', ainl"llu' ]'C()))1(> of t'.i- house jJcn.vivcMl that tlifir speech was diU'ririil IVom uiir iieiglilii^iir Indians; for these Maquas Sj)eak linllnw ;ii.il throu.iiii the throat, more than our IiKhans; and ih.ir lan- guage is un(h,-r.'^tood but hy very few of our )ieighh(.>iir Indians." It seems these Moliawks came witli the intrnlinn (,f being apprehended, that tliey might see tiie ways of tiir English, and disjjlay, at the same time, their own cdui;,:;!.' und (hii'ing. They made no resistance when a }»ai'iy eamu to seize them, but, "at their being imprisoned, and tlnjr being hja(h'n with ii'ons, they did not appeal' daunted or dejected; Imt as the manner of those Indians is, thev san^' night and thiy, wlieu they were awake." On being bi-oUL;ht l)(.;foi'e the court at Boston, tlit-v disa- vowed any evil intent towai'ds the Enghsh, saying that they Avere ecjme to avenge themselves upon tlieir JniJiaii enemies, ''ddiey wei'(! tc^ld tliat it Avas inlnmianily. hihI inore like wtdves than men to travel and wandiM- sn liir from home merely to kill and destroy men, women, aihl children, — for they could get no riches of oiu' Indians, who were ver}'' poor, — and to do this in a secret skuIl^iiiLr inannei', lying in ambushment, thickets, aiul swamj'S, ly the way side, and so killing people in a base and ignulilo manner," i.^e.- — " To these things they made answer shortly : 'It was their trade of life: they were b'-ed up ly their ancestors to act in this way towards their enenues.'" All the Indians, in the viciiuty of Boston, were eager that these captives should be put to death, but the eoint adopted the wiser policy of sending them home in safety, with presents and a letter to their sachem, cautioning iiiin against allowing any of his people to make war against the peaceable Indians under the protection of the J'lnglisli. About the midille of the sevinteenth century, tli" Iro- quois, having annihilated the powerful nation of the J'^iie.-, Til • IROQUOIS, OU SIX NATIONS. 283 ocruploil no small portion of that vast extent of coiiii trv, Iviii,^" lu'lweeu the St. Lawrence and the great lakes, uii.l tin' ( tliio ami Mississip[)i rivers. Tlicy even exlcinlc'l tiii'ir iidstile iiieiirsioiis I'ar south and west ol' tlicsf ,vrt at boniiilaries. The ])ivsent state ol' New Vork ci'iilaincil tlicir iniiieipal estalilishiiients, an<>werful colonies of eontemliiig l-'.uiMpciui ii;iti(;!is; their liivor courted upon terms of e<[ualily hy emissaries from either p>arty; the authority of tlicir chicis acknowledged, and the solemnity of their councils rcspi'ctrd by the whites; and conscious of proud superiority uvvv all surrounding rmtivc tribes, it might well he expected that they would entertain the highest sense of tin ir jui- tieiuil iiuportan(.:e. !No American tribe ever produced such an array of renowned warri(;rs and orators as those immoiiali/.cd in the history of the Six Nations. Such a regiilar systnn of federal government, where the chief-men of "aeh mcmbiu' iif the league met in one grand council, to sustain the interests of their tribe, or enforce the views of their con- stituents upon subjects of state policy, in matters of \ital importance to the whole nation, elicited all the jxiwrrs of rude native elcnpienee. Never in the history of the world lias the stirring effect of accomj>lish.ed oratory been moiv strikingly display 'd than in the councils of these unfnught sages. The speeches of Logan, licd-Jacket, and others, foitiuiately ])rescrve:overnor, M. de la Barrc, has been often tr;in- I I hJ ■^i■ m P •:;,! frS' I FT <|!!P ' (f> ^ i |LJyHHVH< 1 i 1 1 ; ' i ' 1 )|i ! 1' 1 "^ 281 INDIAN RACKS OF AMEUICA. scribed, hut is so strikingly cluinictcristic of linli;in style tiiat \V(! must fiiul })liiec for ut least a jtortiou of it. Aboui tlu! year l(isl, the l'"rcncli, Leiug at [x'aco willi the Iro (|uois, tool; till' oppoi'tuuity to strcugtlicu ami mlaiL:'' llicir (loniiiiioiis hy foililying luid adLliug to their j)(i,-.1s iijiou ilie •wcstcru water's. In carrying out this |iu!'jn)se, iiii'\- sent large' sujiplics of ammunition to their Indian allies; trihes hostile to the coidedei'acy. 'riie IrocjUois took proiimt measures t(^ check this transfer of means for llieir doU'we- tion, and the Frcnc;h governor, angry at tlu;ii- iiileilrrtMire, determined to hund)le thein by a decisive canipaigii. Ho collected a stnjng f)rce at Cadara(jui fort; but, a .-ickiicss breaking out among his troops, he was obliged to give over, or delay the ])ro.secuti()n of his purpose. He there- fore i)rot;ured a meeting with the old Onondaga saehem, and other Indian deputies at Kaihoagc, on Lake Ontario, for a conference. He conunonced by recaj)itulatiiig liie injui'ies received from the l^'ivc Nations, by the jiluudir ef French tradei'S, and, after demanding ample satislluiidn, thi'catened the destruction of the nation, if his claims were disrcgai'ded. lie also f dsely asserted that the govcMiior of New York had received ordei's from the Fam-lish court to assist the French army in the ])ro]x)sed invasion. 'fhe (jld chief, undisturbed by these menaces, having taken two or thive turns about the apartment, stood heiore tlu! governor, and, after a courteous and formal picile^mie, a(hb'essed him as follows: (we cite from Drake's Dmik of the North Amei'ican Indians) " Yonondio; ycju nnisl have believed, when you lelt Qiicbcck, that the sun had burnt up all the forests which render our country inaccessible to the French, or that the lakes had so far overflown the hanks, that they had surrounded our castles, and that it wns iia- possible for us to get out of them. Yes, surely you niu.-^t have dreamt so, and the curiosity of seeing so great ;i wonder has brought you so far. Now you are undeeeivol TllH lUOQUOIS, Oli SIX NATION >. 28') iuncc lliat T, fin coino to assiin voii lli;it 1.1)(3 Scuecas, (\'i\Migns, Oii()iHla_L:!i>, OiM'iilas ;uiil Miilia\vk-s arc yet alive. I tliaiik you in llnir name, f(ir liriii,L;in,ii; baek into tlieir country tlii> calinnct uiiidi yonv pi'cilcce.-^sor received from tlieir hands, ll was happy fur VI lU that you left under ground that niurderin,f; hatchet tJKit has In'cn so often dyed in the blood of the l''rench. "Ihai', ^'onondicr, 1 do not slccji; 1 have niy eyes jpen; and the sun whifh enlightens nu^, disci »\'(M's to nie a great captain, at the head of a c()ni})any of soMifis, who sjx'uks as il' he were dreaming, lie says that he only came to the lake to smoke on the great calumet with the ( 'nuii- dagas. I>ut Grangula says, that lie sees the contrary; that it was to knock them on the head if sickness had not weakened the arras of the French. I sec Yonondio raving in a canij) of sick men, whose lives the Great Spii'it has saved by inflicting this sickness u];)on them. '•Hear, Yonondio; our women had taken their clubs, our children and old men had carried their Ixiws and arrows int(j the heart of your camj), if our wai'rioi-s had not (iisarined them, and kept thcrn back when your messenger, Akouessan, came to our castles. It is done, and I have said it. "Hear, Yonondio; we plundered none of the l''reneh, but those that carried arms, powder and ball to the Twightwies and Chictaghicks, because those arms miglit have cost us our lives. Herein we follow the example i)i' the Jesuits, who break all the kegs of rum brought to our castles, lest the drunken Indians should knock them (-u the head. Our warriors have not beaver enough to jiav fur all those arms that they have taken, and our old men are not afraid of the war. This belt preserves my woids."' The orator continued in the same strain, asserting the indc])endence and freedt)m of Ids nation, and giving sub- stantial reasons for knocking the Twightwics and Chie- '■ *'. * >^ ■:r' llff' i ■' if f. llP .^ :•• '■ J iW PIS .•,,;^*' Ir ~7i 280 INDIAN HACKS OF AMKIUr.V. tiij^liicks oil lli(j lica'l. He (.'(MujlutU'd ]>y iiiii^LjiKiiiiiiiou.^lv ' oll'ci'iii^^f u iircsciit of beuvor U) the govcnior, and \,\- in. L viliii;i'iill lliei'oiiijiaiiy ji resent to an entcrlaiimiciit. Ai ihc ! ciid of each iin|ii)itaut section of a sjicrcli, it was usual Inp j' tlic speaker to jii'oiVcr a Ix'lt of \vani[iiiiii, to lie kept ii, iht- ij |u'tiial nuMnoiy of that portion of his oration, a eircinii^taiico ij explanatory of tlieeoncliuUng words of the jihove tpiotatiua. CHAPTER II. inOQtroiS TRADITIONS RKLATIVK TO THKIK KORMKi: IIISTOKV — .\ liltlKF ACCOUNT OF THK DIF I' KUKNT TKIIiK.S r.i:i,()X(,IN(; TO TIIIC CONFF.11KKACY, AND THK MAN.N'HK OF THKIII UNION liSClDKNTS OFJiAKLY WAKFAI.'E. Some fanciful tales of a sn))ernatural oiiuin fnuii the heart of a mountain; of a niiuration to thi', casiri'ii sea- board; and of a snl)se AFoh.awks were esti'cmcd the oldc-^t of the trihes, aii'l, as they were always the most noted in w'D'Iike trans- actiens, one of their sachems usmillv occn|Heil ih,' position (4' cunnnamlci'-in-chief of the active forces of the united people. The setthMnont of this trilx^ was in ea-tern .\e\v "i elk, iipon the Mohawlc I'iver, a'ld alone" the shores of tiie Hudson. j-Vom tln-ir villages, in these districts, thcii' war- pailics ravaged or snl>duetl the feehlcr nations at tin; eai-t uial south and their favor wasoidv obtained hv ti'ilmte and suhmission. Next in order, proceeding westward, dwelt the Oneidas, whose central locality, snp])lying the })laec of a state capital for the national council, wa.s the celebrated r)ncid;i fitone. This mass of rock, crowning the summit of a hill which commands a, beautiful view of the valhy, is still ifr li'- r %:P ■t I' t t t 1 'i' I . 1 ' ifl^ r ■^ r \ i ' ' 283 l.VhlAV I{A<'F,S OF AMKUIi'A. pointed (>m1 ill the l.iwn <.|' Slnckl-iJil^i', alxnit Ill'U'cn nr twf'iify mill's .'^ontIi-(';ist «'!' \\iv Oneida lake. This triln: is siljipo^iMl til liaM' I'll n till' la-tor till' l''ivt' N'atimis In liavi; .idi)|it(d a -I jiai'iili' iiaiin' and ;.';ii\('i'niiiriit, in early ii'^c-i, \iv\i)V Id iIic i^l'iind nninii. It pn nlnccd lioM and (iiirr. jiri/in;.'; waiiinrs, wlio extended tlieir exiMirsions llir tu tiir sonlli, and hy sinne dI" whom tlio sixtii tribe — the Tu'im- roras was lli'st (■oinliieted noi-thwaid. The < >i,{)nda^!i:-! (leeii)pied tlie eomitry betwei'ii tin: Oneida, and ('ayn^a lalt to tlic west, and thriicc south-easterly, they had 11 milly .ti- tled upon tlic Xeii.-e ai'il Tai' rivcu-s, in North (';ire]iii;i. Surrounded by hostile In''"ns, who proved nnable t()ri>iio with tlu' interlopei's, thes • warlike jieoplc maintained tlu'ir position until early in the ei^litixuith century. They tluMi endeavored to exteniunate the Knglish colonists of tlnir vicinity. On an ajipoiuted day, (Se))tend)er 12-, 1711,1 divided in small parties, they entered the villap's of tln^ wdiit(>s, in a manner intended to ward off susjiieien, uihI attempted a ,trenei'a] massacre. Other coast Indians were involved in the conspiracy. One hundred and thirty wdiitcs are said to have ]>crislioil on that day; but so far from being a successl'ul How ' Ml m ■f;;:; lit' il t m 3 ' - * . I. ■1i 1-' ■■ ,^1 m f 1 :.#•"• N I Ai»^ e I I against the a s]iint of the tribe, lina and V in M^arcli f Tar rivor, Coiond ^r Boinfj n( remained i reiriilations to New Yo They were the Oneida ^fany str I quois and preserved. can be relic and di.stort( famous of ■ Delawarcs, 1 our princip always claii a conquercc riors in all i ho.stilities tc pean settlen The die displays of i cisive exhib traversed w any lar<2;e I make their ^ country, ant frequently s 19 THE IIIOQUOIS, oil SIX NATIONS, 2S0 a'^ainst the advance of the colonics, tli(> ])lot on]y amnsod a spirit of retaliation, wliicli resulted in the expulsion of tlie trihc. With the assistance of forces from South Caro- lina ami Viririnia, the war was cari'ied on vigorously ; and in ^h\rcll of 17 IH, the main fort of the Tuscaroras, uj'ou Tar river, to which they had retreated, was stor!ue(l hy Colonel Moore, and ciglit hundred prisoners wen^ taken. Reinor now reduced to submission, such of the trihc as remained in Carolina yielded to the requinuniMits and reirulations of their conquerors. The major portion nio\'('d t(i Xe\v' York, and formed the sixth natiou of the Iroipiois. They were establi.shcd in the immediate neighborhood of the Oneidas. Many strange legends of early warfire between the Iro- quois and distant tribes at the south aiul west havi> bc(ni preserved. The particulars of some of these u.ai'ratives can he relied upon, while others are cvi(l(>nt]y cxa'j'.'v;-;itcd and distorted in the tradition. At the south, the most famous of tlicir opponents were the gn\at nation of tln^ Delawares, the Cherokces, and the ancient ti'ibc fVoin whom our principal chain of mountains dtu-ive a name. I'hcy always claimed that the Lenni Lcnape, or Ikdawarcs, were a conquered people, and assumed the haughtiness (^f suj>e- riurs in all their conferences and dealings with them. No hostilities took place between the two nations after l^uro- pean settlements were establi.shcd in the country. The Cherokee war gave rather an op]^ortunity fir displays of individual energy and daring, than for any de- cisive exhibition of national ])Ower. 1'hc distance to be traversed was so great, that it Avas never undertaken by any large body of warriors. Small parties, who ould make their way unperccived into the heart of the enemi(\s' country, and retire as stealthily with their trophies of scal)is, frequently souglit such opportunity of jiroving their hardi- 19 mi yH IM \MP \ I' .4\i' f'\ im .i; ' I utm -':Ai ^ij Ill 290 INDIAN RACES OF AMERICA. 1 hood. Ono of tlio stories told of these early exploit^, i^ that of the Seiicca ^varri()r, Iliadeoni. lie is said to iiave started alone on a war-j)ath, and to have penetratL'd the eountry of the Cherukees, su])ported hy sueh ])rovisi(tii.s as ho eoiild proeure on the route, and a little pai'ehed com which he carried with hini when he set out. Prowling about the enemies' villages, he managed to dispatch two men and to secure their scalps. ]]c llicii started on his return, and, late in the evening, killed ami scalped a young man whom he sow coming out of a retired wigwam. The hut appeared to be em})ty, and he could not resist the tem])tation to enter it in search of ])1uii(1i.t; especially that he might satisfy his craving for tobacco. While there, the young man's mother entered the \v;l^- wam, and, mistaking Iliadeoni, who had thrown hiiiisclf u,)on the bed, for lier son, told him that she was cointj: awav for tlie night. The weary Seneca, seduced by the ease of a long-unaccustomed couch, fell into a sound slumber, from which he was only ;twakened by the old woman's return in the morinng. Taking advantage of a moment when shelunl left the hut, to slip out, he made the best of his way north- ward, but the alarm had been given, and it was only by his great swiftness that he escaped. He carried the throe scalps in triumph to his own people. Many similar legends are preserved among the Tndinns, (>? the bravery and determined spirit of revenge in which their forefathers trloried. One of those which has heeu given with the greatest particularity, is the noted expedi- tion of the Adirondack chief Piskaret and his four ai^.-o- ciates. In the long and bloody war between that tribe and the Five Nations, the latter had attained the asceiulaiKy by a series of victories, and the five warriors alluded to undertook to wipe away the disgrace of defeat. Proceed- ing up the Sorel, in a single canoe, they fell in witli five boatdoads of the enemy, and immediately commenced tlieir THE IIJOQUOIS, OR SIX NATIONS. 291 dcoth-song, ns if escape were impossible and r'^sistanee useless. As the Iroquois approaclicd, a sudden discharge from the Adirondack muskets, wliich were loaded with small chaiu-shot, destroyed the frail birch-bark canoes of tlieir oj>poiients. At such a disadvantage, the Iroquois were easily knocked on the head as they lloundered in the water: as many as could be safely secured were taken alive, ;!ii(l tortured to death at their captors' leisure. None of Piskaret's comT)ariions would accompany him upon a sec- ond war-path which he ])roj)osed. Tliey had acquired ^lory enough, and were content to remain in the enjoy- laeiit of a Avell-earned reputation, without undergoing further hardships and danger. The bold chief therefore t^tarted alone for the heart of the enemies' countr3\ Using every precaution for concealnent and decej)tion known to savages; reversing his snow-shoes to mislead a pursuing ]iarty as to the directioix he had taken; and carefully choosing a route where it would be difficult to track him, lie reached one of the Iroquois towns. Lying closely con- cealed during the day, he stole into the wigwams of his enemies on two successive uights, and murdered and scalped the sleeping occupants. The third night a guard was stationed at every lodge, but Piskarct, stealthily wait- ing an opportunity, knocked one of the watchmen on the liead, and fled, hotly pursued by a party from the village. His speed was superior to that of any Indian of his time, and, through the whole day, he kept just sufliciently in advance of his pursuers to excite them to their utmost ex- ertions. At night, they lay down to rest, and, wearied with the day's toil, the whole party fell asleep. Piskaret, j)er- ceiving this, silently killed and scalped every man of them, and carried home his trophies in safety. The Iroquois were generally at enmity with the French, and, within a few years after the futile attempt on the part of De la ]>arre, which we have mentioned in a preceding '1 ' '^' ' L, ' ; \ l|: - ':.' I . ^ c I- i All. i 202 INDIAN RACES OF AMERICA. clifiptcr, scones of frightful crueUj and Woodslicil \.'ere enacted on both sides. The confcth^racy "was then, as lone afterwards, in tlic English interest, and the conquered llurons, or Wyandots, whom they had driven fu' west- ward, naturally espoused the cause of the French. Having, however, no cause for ill-will against the English, except as being allies of their foes, the llurons were not uinviliing to hold intercourse with them for purposes of profiUiMi! traffic. A strange piece of duplicity, conducted with true In- dian cunning by Adario, or the Rat, sachem of the Dinonf^-^ lies, a Wyandot tribe, was the immediate cause of hostilities. lie left his head-quarters, at Michilimnck- inac, with one liundred warriors, whether with intent to make an incursion u{)on the Iroquois, or merely v^im a sort of scout, to keep liimself informed of the movonicnls of the contending ])arties, docs not appear. lie stopped at the French fort of Cadaraqui, and learned from the ollieer in command that a peace was about to be concluded between the French and Iroquois; deputies for which purpose were even then on their way from the Six Nations to Montreal. Nothing could be more distasteful to the Hat than a treaty of this character, and he promptly determined to create a breach between the negotiating parties. He therefore lay in wait for the ambassadors; fell upon them; and took all who were not slain in the conflict prisoners. lie pretended, in discourse Avith these captives, that he was acting under the direction of the French authorities, and when the astonished deputies made answer that tluw Avere bound upon ])caccful embassy, in accordance with tlic invitation of the French, he assumed all the appearance of astonishment and indignation at being made an instrument for so treacherous an act. Uc immediately set his })rison ers at liberty, gave them arms, and advised then?, to rouso up their people to avenge such foul injustice. i! THE IROQUOIS, OU SIX NATIONS. 203 1)'/ tliis, and other equally artful managcnionl, Adario stirred n[) the most uucoutrollablc rage in the minds of the Iroquois against the French, and a long and disastrous war followed. It was in vain that the Canadian governor attciiii»ted to explain the true state of affairs. The Iroqui >is ever held the French in su.spicion, and would not be dis- iibuscd. Thev invaded Canada with an irresistible force. \Vc have no record of any period in the history of Amer- ica iti which the arms of the natives were so successful. Twelve hundred warriors j)assed over to the island upon which Montreal is situated, and laid waste the countr}'. Nearly a thousand of the French are said to have been slain or reserved for death by fire and torture. Neither age nor sex proved any protection, and the scenes described purjtass in horror any thing before or since experienced by the whites at the hands of the Indians. The war continued for years, and the name of Black Kattlc, the most noted war-chief of the leagued nations, heeainc a word of tej-ror. lie fought successfully against superior numbers f the French; and it is astonishing to road of the trifling loss which his bands sustained in many of their most desperate engagements. The great orator of the nation, at this period, was named Dccanisora; he appeared more preeminently than any(;lher in all the public negotiations of the tribe, and was one of the deputies who were duped by the subtle contrivance of Adario. • We have already mentioned that the Six Nations gen- erally favored the English, and that between them and the French, feelings of the bitterest animosity prevailed. The recollection of the scenes which attended the sack of Mon- treal must constantly have strengthened this hatred on the part of the Canadians, while, on the other > and, the In- dians could point to acts of equal atrocity and cold-blooded cruelty exercised towards some of their own nund)ef p\^ I ■I m m $0f yii , I I, i^i I.'' m 291 l.M'IAX ItACKS OF A.MKKIL'A. en r'apti\n'. >rL'iiii\vliili>, llic I'inglisli ;i;_;viits wfrc when tril-; assiduous in eultivatiiig tlie iVicmlslii]) of ilu- iiowti'iiI coiifbderacy whose sagacity ami good I'aitli in (.•ouiiri!. aijj whose strength in l)attl(>, liad Ijcm.mi sc; t!'or(.)ngliIv tcsti'il. In the vt'ai' 17KI three Iixxpiois and two Molicgaii sadu'iiis were invited to visit tlie JMiglisli eoui-t, and thcv sailed for Kiighmd aeeonlingly. 'J'he g?-eatest interest w;is (ilt by higli and hnv in their appearanee and demeanor. Thry wer(! i-oyally aecoutered, and })resented to (.^uren Aaue with courtly ceremony. The authenticity of i!ie set speeches recorded as having been delivei'ed b^- tliem on this occasion, has been shi-e'vdly called in (piesiion. Th" Spectator, of April 2Tth, 1711, in a letter wi'itten to shew- how the absurdities of EngH.sh society might strike a for- eigner, gives a sort of diary as having been written liv one of these sachems. The article opens thus: '"Wiieii the four Indian Kings were in this country, about a twelve- month ago, I often mixed with the rabble, and followeil them a whole day together, being wonderfully struck widi the sight of every thing that is new or uncommon." 'fhe wi'iter jxirtieularizes "our good brother J\ Tow 0. Koaiu, king of the Eivers," and speaks of "the kings of Granajah (Canajoharie) and of the Six Nation.s." This latter aj)}).!- lation, as observed by Mr. Drake, seems to call in question le correctness of the date usually assigned to the event of the annexation of the Tuscaroras. connnand TIIK IltOyL'OlS, OK SIX NATIONS. 295 ! CHAPTKR III. IMPOKTANT CHARACTKIiS AND EVKNTS OK TMK KUillTKKMII CV.:^- I TUUV — BKA.NT — CUKSAp's WAR, AND HISTORY OF I.OfiAN. I During the lou*,^ and hlootly wurs hctwoiMi llic I'-ii^lisli aiiJ Fi'ciicli, tlic Six Nations were coiitimially iiiNolvrd in lidstilities, occupying, iis they did, a ])ositio!i hclwccn tlu^ I cmitcndinir ))ailii.'S. To describe all the jiait tin y 1oi)I>: in thi'se ti'unsacticMis, would bo to give a history of the war. ■ This is far fnjin our pui'})ose to nnderlaia', and, in l)ring- , iul: down events to the period of the American ri;v(^lution, wo shall bestow but a passing notice upi^n some of the iiioi'i; jirominent incidents in wliich the li'oi[nois, as a na- tjwii, or distinguished individuals of their tribe, b(jre a j (.'uuspicuous [)art. -loscph Drant, — Thayendamigeo, (as he usually signed liiiiiscH',) was born in the year i7d-!. .]thasi*een ;i ni;i1ter I iiiiich disputed whether he was a half-breed, or of pure j Indian descent, and also whether he was entitled to th(> dig- I iiity of a chief by birth, or rose to it by his own (>.\ei"ti(Mis, j llis l)iographer. Stone, pronounces him t(^ have been the I siiji of "Tehowaghwengaraghkwin, a full-bloodcMl Mo- 1 iiawk, of the Wolf tribe." llis j)arents resided in the i Valley of the ^[ohawk, but were ui)on an exjHMlition to the Ohio river when Joseph was born, "^'oung Ib'ant was '. <'ai'ly taken under the patronage of Sir William Johnson, j the l^nglish colonial agent for Indian allairs, under wh(»se j (.•(iinniand he gained his lirst knowledge and experience of i military affairs. I\iany have ex[)ressed the o{)inion that I brant was a son of Sir William; but we can account lor their nnitual interest in each other's welfare upon otin'r irrounds than those of natural affection. Sir William j Johnson was idolized by the whole Mohawk tiib(> for the I favor and respect wliich he had shown them, and I'or hi^ i _i ;' -■•^'* i K^ jl.« '1 i, J'' T r t 111! ' 1 ,! 'il IB. » iM -I ','€ '^i 0'^ :*''y** li,***.;! iiiilf i, 'I u 200 INDIAN HACKS OF AMEUICA. [)riiic('ly hosj)it;ilily. Willi the family uf l>i';uit lie was more closely coiUK.'cted by a iinicjii with Molly, a sister of Joseph's, who lived with him a-, a mistress i.mtil his (Iraili. Til th(^ year 17")'), Brant, thcMi but thii'teeu years oficc took part with his tribe in the bailie at Lake (iroruc, where the French, uiuh'r Baron Dieskaru, were ilefrahil by Sir William Johnson an'l his forces. Old kiiiL^^ JKn. di'ick oi- Soi-en-ga-rah-ta, the noted sachem of the M.,- hawks, perished on this oenl(;iilion of dreams occurred, tliat has been so often narrated. With the Iroquois a dreain W!'.s held to imjiort verily, insomuch that it must be rnlil;- led if practicable. Sir William (then general) Je)lnis()ii lia^l dis[)layed some splendid and costly uniforms belore tlic eyes of his admiring guests, at one of his muniliecht en- tei'tainments. Old Ilendriek came to him one mninjii.f, shortly afterwai'ds, and gravely anirmed that he had dreaiii''. 1 of receiving one of these gorgeous suits as a present. The general instantly presented it to him, but took the (ijii»ir- tuiiity to retaliate by dreaming of the cession eif tliree thousand acres of valuable land. The sachem was imt backward in carrying out his own ])rinciples, but at t!ic same time avowed his intention of dreaming no mor^; with one whose dreams were so hard. To return to young Brant: after accompanying his palioii in further campaigns of the bloody French war, he was placed by him, together with several other young Iiulians, at an institution in Lebau' Connecticut, called the Mo^r School, after its founder, l eceive an English eduealieii. This was about the year 17G0. After attaining some ];io- 1|^ 1 was '•"!' I, alli. , ",-•') I' :i!r,l '! lui- |i Mu. ! ar!v ' his ;; •('I'll ; tli;a i: raiii lllii- li;i4 the (•11- 1 i ■h. I, ur- j 1 rce j, lint I I iC I , I nil j, I ■(111 ; ,"a.-'. i lis, .11. |; 10- I i ti • 'I h' H "rii. t ii''»1.S ;i!(' isr I' I ^r""'^* 'J;! m il:***- . ^i|l f I ii iS » ■ i « ' J ' JO* r. I' H n i( .1 .y ■/'— ■/ // -1 y /•'■ 'V li -1 .V F. o k a TlIK IKOQI'OIS, Oil SIX NATIONS. 2'.) 7 (icicticy in iIh* first rudiments of literatim'. \\iii''li he after- wapis turiK'il (i) u;(n)(l iiecoiuit, Rraiit left tlieseminai'v. uinl again eii;rii'^e(l in a life of active wjirfan;. lie was em- jiloyed ill the war with I'oiitiae aii'l the Ottawas, Lul th.; particulars (jf his s rx ices arc not handeil «lown to us. In 17'I'», We, fuid liim marricil ami sctilc(l in his own house at the ^folulW■k valley. Here he s})ent a 'iMiet aii'l {xMce- lul life f )r .some years, actini^ as interprctei' in ne,i.';otiations hc'twccn his people and the whites, and h ndin,!;; his aid to tlic elforts of tli(> missionaries who wrw i'i]f^\\;^vt\ in the w.iik of teaehingand (;onv(Ttiii,i,' the Indians. 'r!ios(! who visited his hou.so, .spoke in high terms of his kindness and hospitality. Oil the death of Sir AVilliam Johnson, in Jnne, 1771, his NUi-iudaw, (.'olomd Ciuy J(jhnson, held his olliee as Indian ;iptit; while hi.s son and heir, Sirdohn -hjhnson, snei-eedi'd to the patermd estate's. Colonel Guy continued the favlio\vn l)y his father to Drant, and ap})ointed him his .Mvrctaiy. In the sprino- of this same year a war eonunenccd, the causes of which have been variously ]-epi-cs"nted, hut ulidse eonsequenecs were truly disastrous. We allude to the scenes in v;eslern Virginia and Pennsylvania, so inti- mately connected with the names of Logan and Cresap. Colonel Michael Cresap has been, for many years, In-ld up to public odium by nearly every historian, as tin; eiMud and wanton murderer, wdiosc un.scruj)ulous conduct was the sole or ])rincipal cause of the bloody Indian wai- of which we are now to .speak, and wdueli is still .spoken of as Cresap's war. On the other hand, .some recent investiga- tions, made public by Mr. Brantz ^dayer, of Ballimore, in an address delivered before the Maryland Historical So- ciety, seems to remove no little portion of this responsi- bility froni the shoulders of Cresap, or at least prove that the acts with which liis name has been so lonir associated i ! 1 i ijie'i if'-'' K* to .'; [;■;:*«' ^ H S,.lf,l !(! iK i 208 INDIAN' UACEH OF AMHIMCA. Wen; not ilii-fctly atti'il)iit;il)l(5 to him. He U sliowii tr Imvo lici'ii ;i piuilnit iiiid cautious iiiiui, who (wcifiMl lii.^ liiliiKMicc to restrain the reckless adventurers uiidrr 1,;. cornnianil IVom wanton ontra.ires upon the Inihans. \\',. shall not atteiiijit to deeidc upon the (picstioii as to Ikhv liir he was Manieahle, hut <^ive, in lew words, tlie eirciai,. stances wliieh lM'ou;^lit ahout hostilities. JiO^-'an was the son of Shikelliinus, a Ca\-ui.M diirf, \vlio had removed to the l)aidr, are said to have committed the first direct a't^nf hostility, in retaliation for a supposed theft of some ortlM!-- horses. We are told that they iell upon and treaelH'niibI\ murdered s(>veral of a party of Indians whom thev li'II in with, on the hank of the Ohio, below the spot when. Wheeling now stands, and that among the .slain weresniii' relativt>s of I/ogan, With the next rupture, Cresap lia.i certainly no connection, it occurred at a white scttleimnt, thirty or forty mih^s further np the river. Two men. named Greathousc and Tomlinson, were tlu^ ])riiicip:il leaders in the affair. They liad ascertained that the In- dians, tlien encamped on the other side of the river, inti'iidi'l an attack upon the place, in retaliation for the nnn-diT.'' committed by CresajAs men. Finding, on exaniinalinn. that the Indians were too numerous to be safely assaultnl in their camp, Greathousc opened a communication wit'i them, and invited them to come and drink and feast at his house. A party of armed whites lay concealed in a separate apartment, and when the Indians became intoxi- cated, slaughtered the whole number, of both sexes, spar- (M ' \ 'I ^S:^ TlIK IU<)(i[:<)lS, oil SIX NATloNrt. 201) in'oiilv oil.' cliild. A hrotlicr i\\u\ sisfcr of T.n'^'aii were uiiiDii;,' the slain. Mr. ^^ilye^'s iict'cMint (in which ihcs si-cno i.s laid at tln' house of " Hiikcr," instead «>(' (ireafiiousc,) is ;,.- follows: "Tlie evenin;^' helore tin; tra;^^edy, a sipiaw came ovei' lo DukirV, and aroused the attention of the inniatr-s hy her tears and manifest distress. l*'or a lon^ time she ivfused ti) (lisi'lose the cuuso of her sorrow, but at last, uIkmi iri't aliiiK! with l>aker'.s wife, confessed tliat tlu; Indians had r .-iilvrd to kill the white W(jman and her family the next il„\ ; hut as she loved her, and did not wish to src her flaiii, .she had cro.sscd the river to divulge the phjt, .so a-S i.Miiable her friend to escape." Next day four unarmed Imliaiis, with three scpiaws and a child, came over to lea- ker's house, where twenty-one men were concealnl, in uiiticiiiation of attack, as above mentioned. 'I'he pai1y became intoxicated, and I. -gun's brother was insulting ami aliusive: at the .same time canoes filled with iiaintcd anil aniu'il wari'iors were seen starting from the opj)(xsite shore; _iili(iii which the massacre commenced as aboV(! stated. All. r this savage murder of women and unarmed luen, tho whites left the liou.se, and, firing upon the canoes, pre- vented their landing. '< These occurrences, with the death of the old Delaware ] cliief, l)ald Kagle, wlio was cau.selessly inurdiu-ed, scalped, I find .set adrift down the river in his canoe, and the iuui-iUt of the Shawanecs sachem. Silver Heels, brought down the I vengeance of the aggrieved parties upon the devoted j settlements. The ensuing summer witnessed terrible scenes of surjirisc I and massacre, the chief mover in wdiich was the injured i Logan. Stirred as he was by revenge, the natural kind- t ness of his heart was shown in his disposition towa-ds captives, whom, in various instances, he favorod and saved i fro-n Indian cruelties. ' i ifl ' li Ilii' if . • t i ¥'' 300 INlJTVN KACKS OF AMKIUCA. The, liosUK; tiihcs wvvv. those of (ho Iioqiujls wIid dwfli in the western eomitrv, the Shawiuiees, the Dclawans t'lo lowus, and o'hei' nations of th(; west, I iiileci.MNc skir- mishes ()C(Mij)iest. The Indians numbered probably over a thousaiKl, uml were led by Logan and the great wari'ior ('oin^link. Ne'^er had tlie natives fought more desperatciv, or iii.ido a stand against i'liii'opean troops with moix", dctiTiiiimd firmness. They had i)repared a sort of breast-woii:, Ih'. hind whieh they maintaininl their position, in spite n|' tlic rc[)eated charges of the whites, until night. Thcv wiv at last drivcMi from their works by a ec^mpany drtai'lii'il to fall upon their n^ar, and, crossing the Ohio, the siuvivois retreated westward. 7\t Chilicothe, on the Seiota, the chiefs lu^ld a graii'l consultation; and tlieir prineijial warrior, (^ji'iistwck, si'c- ing that the rest W(M'e determined ujjon no e(M'taiii plan nf pnx'CH'ding, cxpresse(l his own intcuition of eonchidiiii;' ;i peace, lie ac(;ordin_;ly sought Lord Dunmoi'e, who was a)>proaclrug the camp on the Seiota, and brought aliout a series of conferences, whereby hostihties were for llic time stayed. Logan would take no part in these negotiations; lie is reported to have said that "he was yet like a niad dn'j; his bristles were \ip, and were not yet quite fall'Mi ; but l!i'; good talk 1-Ihmi going forward might allay tlwMn." A iius sengiT was sent by TiOrd Dunmore to strive to iijipiaH^ i|||.'r '^-Mlflil 'i' \ ! int 7IIK IltOQUOIS, OR SIX NATIONS. ,';oi Iii:!i mill it wn.s iijion that occasion lliat llic Tinliim cliicf delivcit'il liiiiisi'lfof tlioso eloquent cx))i(\-^si()iis tlmt liavo a;t;iiiii'il ^^'icli a world-wide cclc^bi'ity. He walked inlotlio WDdil- with Gibson, who had been sent to visit him, and, R'alin,'-'' himself upon a 1*% "burst into t(>ars," and i^avc lUti'raiice to his I'eelin^fs in tlies(! words, as they were; writ- tt'ii ilowii and rej>ort(Ml at the tinu^: ''lapi»i'al to any whit(^ man to say if ever he entered Loiraii's cabin hungry, and he. gave him not meat; if ever lit.'camc cold and naked, and he clothed him not? l)tuing llic coui'sc of the last long and bloody war, i,ogan n;- iiiai!i('d idle In his camp, an advocate for jieace. Snch was mv love for the whites, that my co)uitrymen pointed as 1 p;issii|, and said: ' fiOgan is the fj'iend of the whit(> man!* I had even thought to have live(l with yon, but for the injuries of one man. Colonel Crcsaj), the last s]>ring, in coM hlood and uiij)rovoked, murderccl ;dl the rchitions of l-eLiaii, not even S])aring my \v<)meii and chiiili'<'n. TIhti' iuiis not a dro[) of my blood in tlie veins of any liviiiL,^ ereatnn\ This ealle(l on me for reveng(\ 1 have m\vs\\i it. 1 have killed many. 1 iiave fully ulutl(;d niv voi!L''caiie(>. lA)r my country, I rej(;icc at the; beams of pcaee; but do not harbor a thought that mine is the joy of (I'ar. Logan never felt fear. Jle will not turn on his linci to save his life. AVho is there to mourn for I.ouan? Not one!" Tlic sulisequent history of this renowned warrioi' is soon told. lie led a wandering, intemj)erate liH; for several yciu's, and took })art in the wars at the west in 1770 and le^^n. ![(! is described as having become melap.choly and \vr('t''lied ill the extreme, ai;d as being d(>prived of the full iiw of his reason by the pernicious habit of indulging in Btrong drink. lie came to his death in the latter year under singular circumstances. Tie had, as Ixi supposed, killed his wife during a fit of intoxication, and fled from 'I t \' ' m i 'il |''1{ < •*'t,,'\Hj i'l V \ %\ i iJ %^l e .1 ff„i m tilMP u ;; flM --D 302 INDIAN RACES OF AMERICA. Detroit, where lie had l)ocn present at an Indian coniicil, to evade the punishment awarded hy tlie native coih. On his way towards Sandusky, Ik; fell in with a larii-e party of Indians, among whom Avas a relative of lijs, named Toddcah-dohs, and whom he took to be the oiu; ai)pointed to avenge the murder. Aecording to Mi'. Muv- cr's account, " rashly bursting forth into frantic ]Kissi(iii, he exclaimed, ^Phat the whole party should fall hciiciit! his weapons. Toddsah-dohs, seeing their danger, and u]>- scrvinu' tliat Loiraii was well armed, told his conniaiiiniis that their only safety was in getting the advantage of tlic desperate man by prompt action. Whilst l(\i]>inLr fnim his horse, to execute liis dreadful threat, I'odd^ali-dulis levelled a shot-gun within a few fev..: of the savag', ami killed him on the spot." It may well be supposed the whole of the Iror|uois tribe should have been roused to indignation by tlie ee- currence which we have described, and in which some of their own brethn^n had V)ornc so conspieuous a part. We are told that this was the case with all of them except the Oneidas, and that disaffection towards the eoh^nies liad become general amor g the western tribes. 1 I CHAPTER IV. HISTORY OF TiUANT CONTINUKD : CONNECTION OF TIIK SIX NATIONS WITH TIIK WAR OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. In the year ITTo, Avhen difhculties between the American colonies and the old country were rif(^, and the ])rospoet of a long and desperate contention kept the minds of all in fear and anxiety, it was felt to be necessary on the part of the A merit ms, and jxditie on the }>art of the English, to use everv endeavor to i^ecure the services of the .'^ix THE IROQUOIS, OR SIX NATIONS. X;itii)iis. Tlic remembrance of tlieir noble jtatron, Sir ■Williiuii Johnson, caused the ^lohawks and many others of the c(-)nle(lL'raey to adhere firmly to his son-iu-law and suoccssur, Guy Johnson, and when he (led 'svestwaifl 1o the lakes, to avoid the danger (jf ea})tnre by tlie Ai:i(T- icaiis, Ih'aiit and the principal waii'iors of the tribe ficcompanied him. A great meeting was held by them, to discuss the policy which they should pursue; after which, Johnson and his chiefs proceeded to ^^ontreal, f')ll(>\ved Iv a strong body of Indian warriors. Sir Guy Carlclon encouraged the lro(piois sachems to accept commissions under the king, and, what with his ])romiscs, their attach- ment to the Johns(;n family, and the remend)ran.ce of old j'k'd.Lres, they were thoroughly confirmed in their })urpose (jf taking a decided stand in favor of the royal cause. Tiic cllbrts of the Americans proved less sue x\'^sful. ]\y tlie aid of a Mr. Kirkland, missionary to the Oneidas, the lavor of that tribe was gi'catly conciliated. lbs elVoils were assisted by the influence of the Indians of Stoclc- LridLic, a town in westei'n Massachusetts. Theso were the reuiains of varioiis celebrated triV)es which liad lung coa.-ed to maintain a sejiarate national existence, 'fhe jirineipal portion of them were descendants of the ancient Mdlieakannuk, ^[ohic;'ns, or lliver Indians, who dwelt on tlie hanks of the Hudson in the early times of Aniei'ican oiloni/.ation; but with tliem were associated miiny ol' the Xarragansetts and Pequots, fi-om Khode Island and Con- necticut, 'J'hev were entirely under the influence of the Americans, and favorable to their cause. A very touching incident of private history, connected with this collection of dismend)ered tribes af\er tlieir I'e- moval westward, has been immortalized in the beautiful poetical Icgeiul by Bryant, entitled "^ronument ^^ountain." The mountain stancLs in Great Barrington, (western }*hus- sadms'-'ts,) overlooking tbc rich and pictures(iue valley of . ill « ir^'i I !!' -I ii-i (1 V. ■A )A I :■ h ' Iff li I 301 INDIAN RACES OF AMEIUCA. tlie ITousatonic. The following note is ap];)cndc(l to tlie poem. "Until witliin a few years ])ast, small parlies of that ti'ibe used to arrive, froiri their settlement, in ilic western ])art of the state of New York, on visits U) Stock- bridge, tlie plaee of their nativit}^ and former residence. A young woman, belonging to one of these parties, rel>it' il to a fi'iend of thi^ author the story on which the jiociu of Monument Arountain is founded. An Indian giil liad formed an attaehment for her cousin, which, according to the customs of the tribe, was unlawful. She was, in con- sequence, seized with a deep melancholy, and resolveil to destroy herself, in company with a female fj'iend, slic repaired to the mountain, decked out for the occasion in all her ornaments, and after ])assing the day on the sum- mit, in singing, with her companion, the traditional songs of her nation, she threw herself headlong from the rock, and was killed." * * * "Here the friends s.it tliem down, And 8;ing ;ill d:iy old sonjfs of love and dcatli, And docki'd llio poor wan victim's hair willi flowers, And prayed that safe and swift might be lier way To the calm world of sunshine, whore no grief Midces the heart heavy, and the eyelids red." A conical pile of stones marks the spot where she was buried, on the southern slope of the mountain. The regular successor to old king llendric, among the Afohawdcs, was Little Abraham, a chief well disposed towards the Americans, and who remained in the Molia-A'k valley when Johnson and his followers fled to Caiiiula. lie appears to have possessed but little authority dmhi,::; the subsequent diflicultics, and Brant, by a sort of univer- sal conseiit among those in the English interest, obtained the position of principal chief. lie was commissioned as a captain in the British army, and, in the fall of 1775, TIIK IKocjlUlS, on SIX NATIONS. 305 sflileil to Pingland, to hold personal coufercnce with the officers of govci-nmont. lie was au ()l)j('ct of inucli curiosity Jit Loiidon, and at- tnu'tod the attc^iilion of persons the best of his way to Canada. The journey was frauirlit with danger to such a traveler, through a disturbed and cxciti.'d eommunity, but the native sagacity and watch- fulness of the Indian enal)led our chief to avoid them. Ih'ant was gladly received, and the services of his Avar- likc Mohawks were promptly called into rerpiisitiou. He I'd his people at the a flair of "the Cedars," which termi- nated so disastrously for the American interests. Wt- can- ii'it niinutely follow his movements, nor those of the several ho'piois tribes, for a consideral)le period subse(pient to thi'se events. Those were stirring times, and in flu- mo- lufutoiis detail of the birth of American independenee, it is not always easy to follow out anv private history. Colonel Stone, in liis life of Rrant, gives us the follow- ing speech, as coming, at the beginning of the ensuing year, fiom the chiefs of the Oneidas to Colonel Elmore, coiiiniandant at fIAN' HACKS OF AMERICA. at tlio ppot nnanncil. Tlic Indian cliicf took witli liim a guard of about fort}'' warriors, and was accorn])anir(l l)v one Captain I'ull, of the Englisli part}', and by his ncjilion-, William Ji)hnson, a son of Molly Brant by Sir Willijun. ricncnil II(Mkiinor had long been on terms of friendshi]) with Brant, before the troubles arose between England aiid the America!! eolonies, and he vainly hoped to be able to influenee and jjersuade him into eomplaisance towards iLi' new government. Tiayendanegea was suspleious, and looked wiih an evil eye upon the liostile array of trooj,.'*, shrewdly questioning the necessity for such preparations for a mer;' meeting of conference. He fully confinned tin' supposition that he was determined to sujiport the kin^'. and evinced a jiroud dependence upon the power and couraue of his own tribe. The jiarley terminated most unsatisfactorily, and anotlior appointment was made. We are sorry to record an in- stance of such im])ardonable treachery as Herkimer is said to have planned at this juncture. One of his men, Joscpli Waggoner, aflirmed that the general privately exhorted him to arrange matters so that l^rant and his three princi- pal associates might be assassinated when they should present themselves at the place of meeting. '^I'he Indian chief, when he came to the co'incil, kept a large body of his warriors within call, so that the design, even if it had been seriously entertained by Waggoner, could not W safely carried out. lirant counselled the general to go quietly liome, as Iw could not but perceive how much he was out-numbered if his intent Wiis hostile. He disavowed any present inimi- cal design. Herkimer accordingly took his departun'. and Brant, not long after, marched his warriors to tin' British place of rendezvous, at Oswego. Here a great council was held with the Indian tribes by P]nglish emissa- ries, who enlarged upon the ingratitude and rebellious rii THE lUOyL'OIS, OH .ciii,.iit of such jic!s. A \artritt.s more iiuiiied.iately e.\j>osed, were (hivfii IVnin tlicir dwell- iii;js !)}• the Tear of Iiidian cniellies, l)iiriii,ij; I>ui';jii\in.',s advanee, an incident oi-eiirred which excited the stiviijot emotions of horror and indignation throughout the r(tuiiirv. We allude to the wclhknown talc of the nMirdcr of Miss Jane Mi'/'rea. Few incidents have attraetv'd moii- iiDticu in the whole course of Indian w.",rfare than this, and li'w have Ik'l'U rej)orted in so variant and distorted a st\lc, Miss McCrea was the daughter of a gentleman of Nrw Jersey, and was residing, at tlie jeritnl of our jui'siiit narrative, with her hrotlier John, near Fort I'Mward, iipnii the Hudson, within a few miles of Saratoga. Her fimilv was of tlio royal parly, and she was herself engagcil to marry a young (^fheer by the name of Jones, then on duty in Burgo3'ne's army. The promised husband commissioned a few Tiidinus to go to the young lady's dwelling, and escort her thence to the British camp. Against the urgent entreaties of Ikt friends, she put herself under the protecti(jn (jf these un- certain messengers, and started for the encampment, iler lover, anxious that his errand should be faithfully per- formed, dispatched a second paity to join the convoy. Tlio two companies met a short distance from Fort Kdwanl, and were })rocecding together when they were attacktd by a party of iVmericans. " At the close of the skirniisli,"' says Stone, "the body of Miss McCrea was found among the slain — tomahawdeeive tlio reward (a barrel of rum) ju-ounsed by .Jones, one ol' tlicni, to end the dis})ute, bui'ied his tomahawk in the head of their eharij^e. l)urin,tr this month, (duly,) CKMicral Barry St, T.eiier marelicd IVom ()sw(>;j^o, with neaily two thousand wliites and bidians — the latter led by 'rhayeiidaneg(>a — to the investiture of Fort Stanwix. This stron^^hold of the pro- vincial jiarty oeeupied the spot wdiere Kome now stands, in Oneida county, near the head-waters of the >[oliawk. The post was afterwards called l*'ort Schuyler. ^Idie forces • if'St. L(\ucr bes(,'t the fort on the od of Auufust. The most interesting event connected with the part taken by the Indians in this siege, is tin; l>loody batth; of Oriskany. ^riu! brave old soldier, (uuieral llerk'inier, with Iniui ciLilit humb'cd to a thousand militia and \()lunteers, hastened to relieve the garrison as sio;ht. Unfortunatidv, the Mu'jlish eomninmler obtained information of the apju-oaeh of rein- furccnients in suHleient season to ])repaiv an andtuseade at a spot the m^'tst disadvantageous jx)ssibk! for the advancing troops. Where a marshy ravine, over -which the })at1i of the American army was carried by a caustnvay, ]>artially inclosed a dry and level tract, lirant and his warrioi-s, with a body of English troops, lay concealed. Before IlerkimcT and his men were aware of danger, the main portion of their nundwr was completely surrounded, and cut off from the baL^cra'j'C and rear--,i!Iv from the fort, in which lie British were driven from tlirir encampment, and a great quantity of valuable booty \v;is obtained. One wbo passed tbo sjiot wliere the battle of Orisl^imv was fought, a few (biys afterwards, wi'itcs: *'I bclicld tim most shocking sight I had ever witiicsse(b '^fhe ludiaiis and white men were mingled with one another, just [\? they bad been left wdien death had lirst complcU'd liin "work. Many boibcs had also been toi'ii to pieces by \\u<\ beasts." The veteraJi commander of the proviiiei;ils die,! in consequence of tbe wound he had rceei\-ed. 'i'lie Inss experienced by the Mohawks and otheis of tlu^ Six Nations wbo took {)art in tin; engagemeiit, was loii^::' iv- membercd and lamented by their ti'ibes. "Notwitlistandingtlie reverses \]\:\\ Collowed ; tbo discum- fiture of tbe Phiglisb; tbe growing ])ower and eoiitidnice of tbe Americans; and the long and clo([ucnt appe;il ^f minu'lcd warning mid conciliation connnunicatcd to tliom by Congress, all of tbe Six Nations excc})t the Oiuiilad and tbe Tuscaroras rcn).ained, at the close of the ycai", f;i.st friends of tbe king. The poverty of the colonies prol'i'.i- ited that display of rewards whicb the loyalists ceiiid proffer, aud constant intimacy enabled the jiobtic oilic rs TUK IROQl'OIS, on SIX NATIONS. ;u3 of tlio crown to s^viiy tli(^ i;j;iioi-;iiit luiiids of tin; Tiul'uiiis, atui to tc.'ieh tlicMii to look upon tlifir white comitryrncn as an vminincipU'd people, cngaj^'cd in a hopeless; as well lis causeless rebellion. ClIAPTKll V. CONTINirATION dl" IH'.VOl.trTIONARY INrlDKNTS. TllK year 1778 opened unfavorahly for Anieriean in- fluciu'O over the border sava.^es. .lohuson and JiutliT, aided by .Josei»h ]>rant, in In-half of ilu! , it il 11 I il'l • f li'i 4 ^Vp : ■ i . ■."If i ill ;i ( :riiii S14 INDIAN KACES OF AMKKh'A. is truo, a finrcc partisan -warrior, and, in one of Ills ]rttr:>, uvowcmI Ills intent to "fight the cruel rebels," as well as lir; could; but lie seldom, if ever, evinced that savaj^c enicliv towards a eoii(|U(,'i'ed foe which dis^-raced his Indian ami white assoeiales. While Ihe war lasted, there was no rest or safctv for tin.' inhabitants of that extensive disti'ict bordcrinu^ on the enemies' country — fr(jm Saratoga, south-westward to tin; Sus(jU(hanna. Bi'ant commenced ojuTatioiis in piM'soii, liv an attack (^n Sj)ringfield, a small place at the head of Ot- sego lake, lie drove (jfl' or took prisonei'S all the iiii'ii, ami a'^send)ling the women and children for safety, burncil all the tcjwn exc(^i)t the house whci'c they were collected, lie then nMiicfl, ollering them no injury. Tu the latter ])art of June, a descent was plamied u]ioii the settlements in the valley of Wyoming, ni)ou the Sus- (piehaiiiia, 'u the north-(>astern part of reniisytvaiiia. Some three hundred ])ritish regidars and torv vnhmtirrs, accompanie(I by about five hundred ofthcii- Indian ailii'S, marched from Niagara, 'fliey were led by Colonel John ]>utler. It has been a conimoidy received opinion that l>rant was tlu; chief under whom the iuilian portion of the army was nuistei'cd, but it is now believed that he had as lit- tle share in this campaign as in many other scenes of l)h)()(l ]ongcou])led with his name. 'J'here is no])roof that he was present at any of the scenes that we ai'c ab(nit to relate. No portion of the whole histoiw of the revolution has L)cen ^•o distortec^ in the narration as that connected with the laving wasti; of the valli'y of Wvoming. No two a*'- counts seem to agree, and historians ha\'e striven to out-do each other in the violence of tlu'ir ex])re.ssions of indigna- tion, at cruelties and horrors which existed oidy in their own imaginations, oi- which came to them cmbcllisliPil with all (he exaggi'ration incident to reports arising aiuid scenes of excitcjuent a,nd blood.shed. TlIK IKOQUOIS, OR SIX NATIONS. 315 Wyrjiiiiiig had, for many years, been tlie soono (jf tlio Ijittcrost hostility between the; setth'i's under the Connecti- cut grant and those innn Pennsylvania. Although these Witrlike operations were; upon a small rrale, tliey were eon- ducted with givat vindietiveness and treachery. lUood was Irciiuently shed; ami, as either party obtained the as- a'Uilaney, small I'avor was shown h) iheii- opponents, who woro generally driven I'rom their homes in hopi.'lcss desti- tution. AVc cannot go into a histoiy of these early trans- aotions, and only mention them as explanatory of the lahiigs ol' savage animosity wliieh were exhii)ited between iioi'^libors, and oven mendjers of the same families, w lio h;ulcs])oused ()])posite int(!rests in the I'cvohilionai'y contest.. As John Buthu' and his foi'ees enteivd tluj north-west- oru portion of the valley, having descended the Siisi[ue- liaima upon rafts, the iidiabitaiits (jf the sevi'ral towns made the best preparations in their })ower to ivsist the in- vasion. Coliiucd Zebulon IJutUu" was in eommand ol' a company of regidar continental trooj)S, and with alxjut three Inuab'ed of the militia, collected in the \a!ley, lie marched on the od of duly, to cheek and, if imssibli}, disperse the invaders. It was intended to take tlu; enemy by snr[)riso at their encampimMit, (at l*'ort Wintcrmoot,) iiul the vigilance of tlu; Indian sentinels bcti'aycd the ad- vancing forces. ^I'hey R)und tin; i' ■iurrounded. This coiiuiiaiid was riiistakeu for an onlor T retreat, and the result was a complete rout and a disor- dei'ly fli;^dit. The Indians, now eomjdetely in their elo- nient, fell upon the helpless stragglers with tomahawk and knife. About fifty of the Americans are said to havi' escajied by swimming the river, or by clambering the mountains, and concealing themselves in the forest: the rest all })erished n})on the field. !Most of the inhabitants of the valley sought safety fi-orn the victorious army in Hiiiht. Those who remained lie- took themselves to Fort Wyoming. On the next day, -liiiy 4th, the British colonel approached the fort, and demaiidiil an unconditional surrender. A ca})itulation was liiKiIly agreed uj)on, by the terms of which the occupiers of lands in the valley were to be protected in the peaceable eniDV- ment of their property. Colonel Zebulon Butler and the remnant of his regulars had made their escape, and it u;i.< agreed, by the officer remaining in command, tliat llie fort should be demolished. The result, however, was tlie almost entire destruction of the settlement. I'he rapacitv of the undiscii)lined Indian forces, tempted by the djipMr- tunity for })lunder, could not be restrained; and the Viwj- cherished rancour of partisan enmity between fellow-coun- trymen had full ojiportunity to satiate itself. The ri(di and hiuddv-cultivated farms were laints have been cojiied into modern histories, which we know to be false or grossly exagger- ated. War is cverv way an enormous evil, ami whi'ii carried on by an ignorant and barbarous people, toVih'Ui THE IROQUOIS, OR SIX XATIONS. 317 the rcfinoinciits of so-culled civili/eil wiu'fare aro unknown, must necessarily involve scenes of terror and (lt>solation ; but at the time of wliieli we arc now sjH'akinir, tlie ^LM-eat- cst atrocities appear to liavc been committed bv whites. AVe will give a single int'ident as illustrative of the spii'it of the times. Several of the loyalists liad pursued some fugitives of the provincial militia to an island in the river. One of these being ferreted out from his j)lacc of conccal- iiiont, recognized his own brother amr)ng the enemy, an]icr waters of the ^foliawk. The inhabitants had sufllcient notice of the attack to be able to secure tliemselves in lhc ueiiiliboriuL!; forts, but tliev could do nothiu"' to ])rcs('i'vo *;lu'ir homes, or to save the fi'uits of a summer's toil IVom plunder or dcstructi(jn. This injury was retaliated by the invasion of the noted establishmentsof the Indian chief at Oglikwaga and Unadilla. A })arty of friendly Oneidas lent themselves to this service, and succeeded in briicrinLr 7 III off some booty and prisoners. A moie important ininad was made by Colonel William Butler, with a Pennsylvania regitnent. He entered the towns of irnadilla ami Oghk- waga, and, finding them deserted by the Indians, buru'il and destroyed the buildings, together with large stores (;!' provision intended for winter use. The Indians were greatly exasjwrated at this heavy lo^^s, am) it was not difiicult for the English to excite them to prompt exertions for revenge. The Senecas were- discov- ortshad been eirculated among the Indians of this unu other tribes that the Americans were planning an invasion of their country. Early in November, (1778,) the younger Butler, Walter, led a force of seven hundred men from Niagara to attack the settlement at Cherry-Valley. The majority of tlio l)arty consisted of Indians under the command of Tliayen- danegea. The place of their destinaticui, - beautiful aiul ])rosperous village, not far from Otsego lake, was defended by a fortification garrisoned by troops under Colonel leh- abod Alden. The commander received intimation, fiem an Oneida messenger, of the dangerous jiosition ;'f the })lace, but, being incredulous, or sui)posing that there was abundance of time for preparation, he was in no condition for resistance when the blow fell. The inhabitants, inst.'ad of seeking the protection of the fort, were scattered amonr their several habitations. The Indian savages made the first onslaught, and, throw- ing aside all restraint, massacred men, women and children indiscriminately. Many of the tories belonging to the I)arty are said to have shown a t;pir of ferocity equal to that (jf the worst of barbarians. The officer in connnand. AValter N. Butler, repeatedly asserted, in after coniniuni- cations, that he used his best endeavors to stay the dcstri'..-- non of the heloless clnldren and females, and there is no doubt but that Brant's inclinatiotis turned in the same direction. Siieeillc instances arc reported in which tliC Mohawk chief interfered, and successfully, to arrest the murderous tomahawk. According to their account, the THE IKOQUOIS, OR SIX NATIONS. 010 Iiulimis were ex;is})erate(I at their losses at Oghkwaga and Uiuulilla, and, becoming heated with the excitement of the attack, were in com})lete disorder, and in no dejjrec amenable to discipline. Wlunvver the blame lav, tlie rrsiilt was terrible: about fifty soldiers and inhabitants loll by the tomahawk, among the latter of whom the lai-gc'r jiortion consisted of women and children. 'I'he whoU- village was burned to the ground, and the rich stoi'i's of provisions were destroyed. ^J'hirty or forty prisoners were taken, but of these, the women and ehiklren, with a lev,' excejitions, were shortly after set at liberty, as unable to endure the march. Mrs. Campbell, one of those who was retained as a hostage, because of the prominent part taken by her hns- haud in the American cause, has u'iven vei'v interesting descriptions of Indian ceremonies and manner of life. Tlie Onondagas, throughout these camjiaigns, Mhile, as a tribe, they did not oj)enly ])rofess themselves inimieal to the Americans, were individually coneei-iied in no small iiundter of tlie forays and scalping expeditions whereby the boi'der country was harassed. In Ajtril, of 177'.', it was determined to dt'str(»y their settk'meiits, and Colonel A'aii Sehaick, with a sunicient f»ree, was despatched ior the purpose, lie was ordered utterly to lay waste the whole of their towns; to destroy all their cattle and pio- )ierty; and to take as many ])risoners as jiossible. lie did not succeed in sur|)rising the Indians, as he had juir- }H)sed: their scouts carried intelligt'iice of his advaiK'c in sca-^on for most of them to esea})e to the woods; but thrir iinprovcments and dwellings were left undefended, at the laercyof the assailants, ^.fhe eolomd obeyed his oi'ders to the letter, and left nothing but blacd^ened ruins l.iehind him in his progress through the Indian villages. The dwellings, the horses, cattle, and stored ])rovisions of the unfortunate tribe were all destro\ed, and the Americans '51 i i W- ^i* :i H k V, : l}imm?j m\T fj' i'Ti! . '■ sir.' ' •I'l' V f 320 INDIAN HACKS OF AMKKU'A. I'ctnnicd to their ({nartcrs, \vitliout iIk; Ljss of a man, taking witli tliem tliirtv-tlirei! pi-isoiiofs. About twelve of the Onoiidagas were kilk'(l diii'lii^ the oxpcilitioii. i Tlio fru. M(ll_y Oiu-iikis wei'c ck)scly coinu'ctod witli this trilti', and IIh'V felt and r.xpi'i's.scd a natural synipatliv witli llicii' misroi'tunes. The; On'.)ii(hi,|ifi'- alt'd, and tlieir war-]>artics continncMl to hover around tlio border settlements, ever ivady to take advantage of aiiv unwarincss on the jjart of the whites. ! In the mouths of duly and August, of this year, (177!'.') ]>raiit signalized hinisell'by various sueeessful ex])editi(ins, Jle ])lundered and destroy(>d the little town of Mini>iiik, near the Delaware river, in Orange county, Xew "^ ork, iukI defeated a body of the militia who undertook to folk^w liis : trail, iu hoju's of reeovering the booty he had seeuivil, ! and of avenging the ruin he had eaused. Some interestiiii; ' incidents are ree(;rded as eonnected with this battle. So skillfully did the Mohawk chief antieipatc and o]i))o.se the movements of his i)ui'suei's, that he secured an advaiit;iL;'e i . . . ' 1 in j)ositioii which gave him a, signal victory. A laijjio \ ])roportion of the whites were slain. We are told tlmt, | after the battle, Brant saw a wounded olVicer ]\\u'j: uiioii the field, in a ho{)elcss I'ondition, but retaining suHicicnt strength to converse. Unwilling to leave the unfortunate , man to be torn in piee(>s by wolves, wdio would be sure In collect as night canu; on, he deternnned, from motives ol humanity, to dis))atch him. He therefore commenreil a conversation with hin"., and, watching his o])])ortuiiity, ]Hit an end to his sufferings unawares, by a blow of the tomahawdc. On this, as on most other occasions in which the Mo- liawdc chief was engaged in active hostilities, the luoi^t contradictory re})orts have been recorded concerning liis coTuluct and demeanor. The leader is generally conipelloil to bear the blame of all the exc«'sses committed bv liis TI!K llIOQroI?, OK SIX XATIONS. followers, and it is no oasy task, at this distanoo of time, to decide npori the truth of many tales reported under circuinstarces oT confusion and excitement. CHAPTER VI. GENERAL SULLIVAn's CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE IROQUOIS — SU15SKQIJENT WARMKE OPERATIONS OF THE NATION. While the events which we have just described were transpiring, preparations were going on for a more formid- able invasion of the Indian territorv than had before been attern])tod by the Americans. '^I'hc annoyance of an un- certain border warfare had become so intolerable that it was deemed necessary to put a stop to it by the entire ilcstniction of the Iroquois towns and settlements. In pursuance of a resolution of Congi'(\'Js, the commandor-in- cliief, General Washington, made; arrangements, in the spring of 1779, to send a large force into the heait of tlic enemies' country, with directions to burn and desli-oy all their towns; lo lay waste their fields and orchards, to take :is many prisoners as practicable; and, in a word, to do the enemy all the injury ])ossible. '^I'he command of the expedition was bestowed upon General Sullivan, who was directed to ascend the Sus(]uehaiina, with troops ^h^n IVnnsylvania, and to form a junction with the noi'tluM-n fnrces at Tioga, near the mouth of the Chemung. '^I'Ik! detachment from the north, under General Clinton, (•on- sisting of fifteen hundred men, marched from Caiiajoharie, <^n the Mohawk, for Otsego Lake, (from which flows tin; Siis([uehanna) about the michlle of dune, 'i'hey carried with them, over-land, two hundred batteaux, in which to descend the river to Tioga. 21 I ; li .^1 ' r*- 322 1"] INDIAN' ICACES OF AMKUICA. It was intended tluit Clinton should take \v\i\i lijin g body of Oneida warriors, but tliis ])urj)0.so-was frustrated by the clforts of Genci-al ilaldimand, on bdialf of the king of Great Britain, This oHieer sent a letter, written in their own tongue, to tlie Oncidas, U|)braiding tiieni with the breaeli of aneient treaties, and '.hreatening, if tliey juv sumed to engage in open warfare against tlie royalists, to let lo >se njjon them siieh a horde cjf his Indian allies ;i.s ■])' J utterly destroy them. The ell'eet of this e])isllc ,! , ^'eep the Oneida warriors, with very few exeeplions, .'( m. that they might be in readiness to guard their families m.-^ homesteads from the threatened inviusion. Owirig to dehiys at the south, Clinton did not reeeivc orders to remove from Otsego until August, lie had, in the mean time, dammed the outlet of the lake, so that a great body of water had aceumulated. When his troojis were embarked, the obstruction was removed, and, aided hy the unusual flow, the flotilla swept rapidly and snioothl)' down the stream. On the 22d of August the meeting; at Tioga wiis efieeted. Five thousand men, well armed aii'l provisioned, were now eoneeutrated, and ready to {miir upon the devoted towns of tiie hostile Iroquois. The attempt to keep the expedition a seei'et from tlie enemy would have been utterly- useless, from the leii-jili of time required for the })reparatory movements. The eam})aign was antieipated, but no adecpiate force was \'Yo- vid(!d to resist the American army. The only battle whieli took place was at Newtown on the bank of the CheniuiiL'-, near the present town of Elmira. Here a force, variuusiy estimated at from eight to fifteen hundred, and eoiisistiii!.' of Indians under Thaycndanegea, and whites comniaii(le'l by the two Butlers, and by Sir John and Guy Johnson, was advantageously intrencheil. A brave and obstinate resistance Avas made to the ad- vance of the Americans, but superior numbers previiiled, TIIK IIJOQUOIS, on SIX NATIONS. 323 und the oiiemy \v;us driven iicross the river, after ^ufTering considerable loss. This was tiie otdy attempt of any im- portance that was made to defend the country from ravage and destruction. Pursuing his course westward, General Sullivan obeyed his orders to the letter. Every where tliiMvell-built towns and flourishing corn-fields of the con- foileratc nations were reduced to utter ruin. Those Indian tribes had n^.adc nc little advance in the arts of civili/a- tion. The ^[chawks had mostly fled to Canada in the early times of the revolution, but others of the Iroquois, ]iar- ticularly the Cayugas and Senecas, had continued to culti- vate their fields and maintain possession of the ho" -^ ^ tlicir forefathers. Immense orchards of apple ant oi]r fruit-trees were growing luxuriantl}^ around thci' . bii.;- tioiis, but all fell beneath the axe of the destro} . a ho movement of so large a body of troops was neccL.arily slow, and as no precautions were taken to c( . m^ their tperations, the Indians were every where enabled to cscaj)e to the woods. It must ha ve been with feelings of the bitter- est rage and despair that thev saw the labor of so man v vears rendered useless, and thought of the coming winter, Avhich must overtake them, a wandering and destitute peo{)lc', who must perish, or rely for aid upon their Canadian allies. The whole month of September was spent in the Avork of destruction, '^i'hc course of the march, after the battle I'f Xewtown, was first to Catharine's Town, near the head of Seneca lake; thence to Kanaihiscagoa, the principal town of the Senecas; to Canandagua; and to (jcncsec, whieh was the farthest point reached at the westward. I'loin Sullivan's account: "The town of Genesee con- tained one hundred and twent}- . ight houses, mostly large ar.d very elegant. It was beautifully situated, almost en- circled with a clear flatt extending a number of miles; over which, extensive fields of corn Avcrc waving, together will) every kind of vegetable that could be conceived." i 1 ! 41- I i Ki U ■ I 1' \,^:ili ■1) I 1 ) •Ji'J ■ P%1 82A INDIAN RACES OF AMKllICA. "Tho entire army," says Stone, "was immediutcivcn- gagrd in destroying it, and tlie axo and the torch soon transformed the whole of tliat beautiful region from (lie ehai'aet(^r of a garden to a scene of drear atid siekcninc desohition. l''orty In] of eorn, nor inhabitant, remained in the whole country."' In a suffering and destitute condition, the scattered tribes of the Iroquois were driven to seek p^jtcetion and sup- port during the bard winter that succeeded tludr overthrow from the English at their posts in the vicinity of Niagar.i. Nothing could now be exjiectefl at their hands, by tlir Americans, but acts of vindictive retaliation, lirant Itil his warriors, in 2)ursuanee of llaldimand's ominous predic- tion, against the settlements of the Oneidas, and rcduccii them to a condition as desidatc as that of the habitations of his allies. 'J'he whole tribe was comp(dled to fly to tlu' eastward, and seek shelter and support from th(» j^rovimials. ^rhayendanegea wa,s ever ready and watchful for oppor- tunity to harass and weaken the American posts, or tn plunder their nnprotectml villages. Passing over his minor ex])loits and adventures, of which nu\ny strikingly characteristic anecdotes arc pnnservcd, we come to liis irru])tion into the Mohawk valley, in August of 17^0. He numaged, at this time, to circulate a rej)ort among tin' setth'rs in the valley, that he was meditating an att;ifk u})on P'orts Plain and Schuyler, for the pur})ose of gcttiu.u' possession of the stores collected at those posts. The mil- itia of the valley hastened to defend the threatened points, leaving their villages a J^rey to the cunning ^^ohawk. He carefully avoided the reinforcements ou their way to the forts, and fell upon Canajoharie. THE lUOyCOlS, OK .SIX natioxh. 826 nis C()ni*sc was iriarkod by the t'liliro dcstiuction of liouscH, jtrovisions, und crops; of every thing indeed that could not be {irofitably carried away. No barbarities were pcniiittcd upon the persons of the (U'fenceless women and chiKhen, but a hirgi; nunilier of tliem were borne away into captivity. lirant etl'ecti'd liis retreat unmolested; his men laden with plunder, and driving before them the valuable herds of the white settlers. Accounts, ])ublislie(l .shortly after the transaction, represent that the whole num- i)cr of houses and barns burnt in this invasion, at Cana- jdharie, Schoharie, and Norman's Kill, was one liundrcd aiul forty; and that tv/enty-four persons were killed, and sovetity-thiee made caj)tives. I'he mind is little impri'ss- ('(1 hv such bare eimmcration, unless the ima^LM nation be excited to fill up the outline. No language could express the amount of misery and toi'ribl(> anxiety which such an iiirond must have caused. To the distracting uncertainty respecting the fate of their wives and children, prisoners ill the hands c)f a barbarous and exasperated enemy, was athlcd the mortification of a consciousness, on the part of the provincial militia, that they had been duj)ed. 'I'hcy had left their defenceless homes to be ravaged ]»y the eiiemv, while thev were busvintr thcm.selves in th(> defence (if a fv)rtilied }iost, against which no attack had been meditated. The invasion of the ^fohawk valley by Sir John John- son, in October of this year (178()\ was productive of results still more cxtcnsivtdy disasti-ous. 'i'he Indians connected with the expedition were led by Ibaiit, and bv the great Seneca warrior, CorndMaiiter. ^IMiis (diief was a halfd)r(»ed, being a son of a white trader, named O'Hail, and a Seneca squaw. During this campaign, he took old O'Bail pri.soner. ^faking himself known to his father, Corn-Planter enlarged upon liis own position and conse- quence, offering the old man his choice, whether he would i^ il; ''i mm 4 M h It ' i! rt J ■ ' .-I 820 INDIAN n^cl•:^ ok amkimiia. live in cnso iiiid plenty among his son's followors, or return to the sfUlcinrnts of tlio wliitcs. ()'Hail |irii, itmI iIkj latter couix', and was cscitrfiMl accordingly to a iilarcof Hality. \Vc .sliall s|)i>ak further ol' this nottnl warrior in descriliing his.siicccssl'nl rival, the givat orator licd-J.-icki't. The usual horrors attendant upon Indian wartiire niurkiij this eaiiiii;iign of .I'>hnson'.s; hut wi; an; not without ,-\\. dence that the principal linider ot" tho savages was iucliucil to no cruelty liirthcr than that necessarily ineidmt to tho Jndian mode of eoJiducting hostilities. On one oeiMsion In; sent one of his runners to return a young infant t!iat had been carj'icd oil' with other captives and phnidir. Hie niess(Miger delivered u letter from Hrant, direete(l "to the ccainnanding oll'icer of the rebel army," in which tin' -Nrohawk chief avers that "whatever others might do." hu madt! no war upon women and ciiildren. lie nientioiicil the two Butlers, and othci- tory j)artisans, as being ''nioro savage than the savage's themselves." The Indians of the Six Nations, engaged in the roval cause, made Niagara their winter head-rpiarters. Thmco their scouts and war-j)arties continued to molest tho lor- der country through tlu.i ensuing spring ami sununei', hut no very important engagement took })lace until (X'tohcr (ITbl). On the 24th of that month, the inhabitants of the country scnith of the Mohawk, near the mouth of Scho- harie creek, were astonished by the unexpected inroad of an overwhelming force of the enemy. The army, uikI'T the command of Major Koss, amounted to nearly a thou- sand men, including Indiana. They had made their way from Buck's Island, in the St. Lawrence, to Oswego, ami thence, by Oneida lake, to the Mohawk valley, so sud- denly and secretly, that no news of their aj)j)roach had preceded them. The invaders commenced the usual course of ravairo and destruction, but their success was but of short duni- ^-'4 '"1! Tin: lUOyi'OIsi OH six N'ATIONrt. lion. Tlif'V wcrn dii^astrously rontcl iunl put to fliiflit by tin- 'jToviiicials, under Colonel Willct, aidod by a body '^f Oneida warriors. Tlio notorious Walter N. Hutlcr jx-r- islu'd durin;^ tho last etiiraffenKuit with the Americans, lie was shot and scalped by an Oneida T'ldiau. Tliis was the last important procedure connected with the war of the revolution, in which the Troquois l)ore a part. They proved, throughout tlu; contest, most dan^'er- oua and eflicient allies, renderinu^ an immense extent of tho richest and most beautifid portion of tiic state of New York unsafe for the Americans. CIIAPTKU VII. CONDITION OK THK SIX NATIONS SIJHSEQUKNT TO THE RKVOLUTIO.V CONCLUSION OK UIUNT's HISTORV — HKD-JACKKT AND COKN-I'I.AN riiK. After the conclusion of jteace and th(.^ recoi^Miitioii of the independence of the United States, arrangements were made between the British frovcrnmcnt and those of the Six Nations who still wIsIumI to reside under the jurisdic- tion of the ])arent country, to secure them an a.sylum in Canada. . Thayendanegca was the princi]>al negotiator on the part of the Tndirinr?, and, at his instance, ihe comitry hordering on Grand Kiver, which emj^ties into Lake Krie, all! lilt thirtv miles westward from Hullalo, was granted In' tiic crown to "th.a Mohawks, and others of the Six Na- tions, who had cither lost their })ossessions in the war, or \vish(>d o retire from them to the British." They were to he secured in the possession of a tract extending six miles in breadth, on each side of the river, from its mouth to its source. The course to be taken by the United States respecting i'll-,"N ,!■' ^.I'i y\^i '!' pm 'M 328 INDIAN UACES OF AMERICA. tlic Troquois resident within their limits, was a suujcct which led to nmch diseiissiou and dissension. A eonf'crcnce was liiially held at Fort Stanwix, between d(;j)Ulies fioni all th(! six tribes and Tnited States eoinmissioners; and, after miieh \i()lcnt dfbate, in whieh the eelebrated Kt'd-dackit took a ])ronuiient oa't, ii was settled that the Indians shmiM eedc to the government all jurisdiction over lands in ca.-t- ern New York, and eoniine thenistdvcs to a district siuviiicil at the west. AH prisoners wt're to be delivered u]i, wvA sever, .1 hostages wt^re given to S(>enre jjerfornianeo ol' lluir stijuilatioiis on the ])art of the Six Nations. ^^anJ of the Indians were greatly dissatisfied with tliis treaty. lied-.Jaeket (in opjxjsitioii to Coi'n-I'lantei) stiru- iionsly advocated a continnance ol' iioslilities. His sin'^rh at Fort 'Stanwix upon tlu> sul>ject gained him a wide ii pa- tation for oi'atory. i'raiit, who was then about, stai'lin" for Fngland to pus'' the claims of his trib(> J'or ivmuneia- tion for their losses in the wai-, post])oned his cmbarkali'iii and wi'ote a lelt<'r of remonstrance to ( 'olonel Monroe. ii.;.i. ])laining especially of the rrteiilion of one of iiis ivlativos a Captain Aaron Hill, as one ol' the hostages. 'J'he Nbihawk- clii(>('did not lay aside his jmrjtose of visit ing the royal court in his j)eoj)le's behalf, lie ari-ivd in England in the month of December, 17^o, and never was ambassador received with nioic llatt<'ring attention. His intelligence and dignity, togrther with the ivmemb)'a;;ee ,,[' his long and f^iilhfid s shrewdness eviiKcd in liis speech(\s and remarks drew fortii universal applau.-^e. His atteni[)t to awaken an interest at court, in favor iA' tlio -ilaims of his nation, was snceessful ; and a royal order was obtained for the indemnity of those whose losses had Ixeii spceilied, and f)r an examination of further demanils. J TIIK IROQUOIS, Oil SIX NAllONS o29 III tlic UuiU'd States, Tndiaii aHaii-.s continui'd unsettled, and ominous j)n)sj)eets()r Cuture disturbanec on the western fi'iMitier called for wise ami eautious action. A m'eat council was held in Pcceiidier, 17^1), by many ti-ihes of Indians, annni^^ whom the Six Xalions wei'c the most [ininiincnt, at Huron villa^uc, not far tVom the mouth of iH'troit river. The ohj''ft was to eimcert some <^n'nei'al plan of resistance to encniaehmeiits njion their lands hv the inliahitants of the I'liited States. It is .ii on the part of tlii' red men was indeed extensive, rpen the occasion of St. flair's disa.-trous def at b\- ilie Miainis and their associates, under the renowned ehief, Little TiM'tle, it is asserteil liy tlie liioui'apner of Jh'ant that the elil Mohawk warrior and the warlike tribe to which ho lK'i<)nL''ed bort; a conspicuous jiart. No man, born of a sava;.:e slock, has ev(U" a.^^sociated wit'a the enlightened and intt'llip-nt u]iou terms of greater ('4Uality tli;u) did 'riiayendancLiva. While he retaiiicd all his partiality for his own people, and never lost siuht of their interests, h(> fidly appreciati'd the advantaL;'es of edu- cation an(l civili/ation. A lon;j- lile, spent for the mo.-;t part amid sciuies of strife aii.. K , I, ■,l M ¥S\ INDIAN RACES OP^ AMElilC \. ])()siti()ii of liis tril)0, and dovotcil no little time and attcn tion to tlio translation of st-riptural and other works into the ^fohawk ton<^Ma', for their lirncfit. His earlii r ^pcci. mens of eom})osition, whirh ]\nvv Ixmmi ])resei'ved, air. as might be cx[)eeted, rudely and iinjieifeetly expressed, ])iit they evinee great shi-ewdness and intelligiMiee. The inu- due^ions of his latter yeai's are strikingly foreible ana elegant. We eannot go into a detail of the tedioir- and seine- wliat obseure nt\u-oti;iti()ns with the Ainerie,;i, governmeiit in whieh the ehief of the; Six Nations too'c jtart in licjiulf of his ])e()i)le, nor clironiele the events of private inlrnst and domestie troubles whieh disturbed his deelining vears. The old warrior died in Novend)er, 1.^07, at the a-e of sixty -four. In the war of 18l!2, the ^[oha\vks, under Jolm Hrant, son and suecessor of Thayendanegea, took the jiart oftlnir old friends and allies, tla; I'inglish, and did good service in various engagements upon th(> noithern frontier. In the early part of the nineteenth eeiiturv, Irw n;niiis stand more ])ronnnent in Indian annals than that of tht' Seneea ehief and oratoi-, Saguoaha, or Hed-.Iaekef. W'r hear of him, indeed, in much (>arlier times, as oppo-cd h, Jirant, at the time of Sullivan's eanipaign. The .\hili;[\\k chief always regarded him with contempt and di.-likr. speaking of him as an ai-rant eowai-d, and a man ofuoid.- nierely, Saguoaha lield tlu,^ whites gtmerallv in snspiriuii, and \\\A great elfort aj)pears ever to hav. been (br the j>n- servation of his nation's inde])endenee and mdiviihialitv. We have already mentioneil thi> j^art which he todk at the treaty of Fort Stanwix, and his oj»position to tia cession by his nation of their (Cistern lands. C'ornd'lan'er. or O'liail, wlio favored the }ii'oposal, was high in authority at that time amonnr the Senecas: but I>e(l-.Iaekct, more hv his eloquence ami sagacity in council than by anv warliko ,r: >r-< THE IROQUOIS, OU SIX NATIONS. oo I n(;liiev3inonts, ^vas gradually sujiplautiiig him. Corii- PlaiittT was a /ctcrau wari'ior, ami lian a translation. At a Seneca council in May, Isll, held at Ihilfalo Creek, he' answei'ed a missionary IVnm New ^'oik, sub- stantially as follows: "lip.ther! we listene(l to the talk you delivered us from the Couiie' ol' Jilaek-Co.its in New \{)vk. We hav'' I'ully (■onsidereu youi- talk, and the oilers jou have made ns. We now r'inrn vuv answer, whicli II t}y. If'. ■
  • l.iii are indillerent to the Tireal ^-'pirit. I; i, he homage ef sincere hearts that pleases him, ;)ne ,vc ■vsu:;hij' hiui in that manner." After are-' lug the nuitter a little more at length, and expressing a d'cid ! jireferenee for the "talk" .if Mr. Granger, aii Iiube.-! a"<- <;, uud for that 'A tlie enns.saies of tlu! ^^oeiety oi' ''.'in.,-, the orator eoiududed: "Brother!^ — l-'or these reasons we cannot rcelNc vi,iir ofl'ers. ^Vehave other things to do, and beg \oa to iiiak> your luind easy, a ithout troubling us, li.'st our heads should be too nnieh loaded, and by and by bui'st."' Jved-daeiut remained, through life, ceuisistcnt with the ground liist tidcen by h'm upon I'eligious and political questions. To the elergy he was ever courteous and civil, and apj^ears to have been I'cady to hold argument with them u|'nn dicir creed, lu eonvei'sation with one of the cloth, he is -J 1 ,-<'iir mid ZH'Z^ THE lUOQUOIS, OK SIX NATK'NS. f> O 1} L'oO Krt ll .r, Great Sj)irit calls me away,- wiio among my j)eoj)le ean take my place? Many years have I guided the nation." L'; ■ 1*^ ^^1 ■ P A -! ■k '-t^l !"!'■ "r, I' I Hr '■'■W PI ii ^•" IP If ':W Jiii*' ■'' if- M #''v '''i -■^ 334 INDIAN RACES OF AMKKICA. Tlic cl()ith allection; and an infant, which one of the fcmans held in her arms, received his caresses wilii smiles. It was a striking scene — a chief! Yet some of his infeii irs. who cultivate the soil in other parts of the Seneca lauds. had abundant fields and well-lill(!d store-houses, while he was poor, but boi'c his privations with apparpeared to regard himself as the only one of his nation who retained the feelings and opiu ions of his ancestors, and to ])rid(! hims<'lf in ]irescrviii:z them." nalleck's address to "lied-Jackct, on looking at ^•-;.''v TIIK UiUQUUlS, UK SIX NATMNS '> o r. his portrait, ])}' "Wicr," altliouLfli not in all rcspoots strictly Rccoi'tlaiit with facts, contains a licanlil'ul suininary of In* (linn «]Kiracteristics, '.riic })()LMn coiicludcs as follows: "TIio nioimrcli iiiiml, llu- mystery of cniiiiiiamlinp, Tli;- liirtli-lionr j,fii't. the art \;i|ii.lcciii, or \iinniiiLf, t'cttcrini:, niitiililiiiy, wirldini.', liaiuling 'i'lui lu'iirts (4' inillidiis, till tlicy mnvc as onts TIkiu Ii:i-( it. At thy liiddinir me;! have crowded The roj.d to di-ath as to a fVstisal : And miiistnls, at llu'ir sc|inli'!ircs. liavc sliroiided Witii baiiiu'r-folds of ^'lory tin- dark pall. Who will lit'lii'Vi'? Not I — fur in d''i'civiiii; Lii's tlie di'ar charm of lif.-'s ddiiilitfid dream; I cannot spare the Inxnry of bdicvinij That all thinLTs lieantifnl arc what ihcy seem. Who will believe t!i:it, with a smilf whose Idessing Would, like the patriareh's, sooth a dviiiLT hour, With voice as low, as ir,.|itie and caressie As cVr won m liden's lip in modnlit Ix^wer, With lodk like pntieiif Jol.'s. eschew int,' evil ; With motions pract >"id as a bird's in air; Tiioii art, in sober tr';lli, the veiiest devil That e'er elenehei! fm^rers in a t:ipti\e"s hairl That in thy breast tliere sprite/s a pnismi fonnfain. Deadlier than that where bathes the r|)ii!*-trc'e; And in thy wrath, a niir.sini,' cat-o'-moiintain Is calm as a balie's sleep, compared uitli thee! And underneath th;it face. like Summer Ocean's, Its lip as moveless, and its cheek as clear, Slumbers a uhirlwind of the iieartV emoticms— Love, hatred, pride, hope, sorrow, — all save fear. liOVc — for tliv land, as if she were thv daiifrhter. Her pipe in peace, her tomahawk in wars; Hatred — of missionaries and cold water: Pride — in thy rille-trophies, and thy scars; 4fi II if:' I I m ' ft 'I =li^ -P: ' f M s.'ii; IM'IAN HACKS CK A.MKIUCA. Hnpf— tlint l!iy wmriL's m;iy l>f ]>y flit- nrc'it Spliit UrniciMlicrcd iiiid n'Vrt;i.'((| when tlinii iirt (u>iw .Sorrow — lli.it iioiic ;irr I, I't ll to inli.'rit Thy name, tliy r;.iiic, thy [Mssions. jind tliy tliroiie!' ClIAI'TKU VIII. PUKSKNT COMJIMON (i|.- iin.; MX .NATIONS. TiiK information ('(Mitaincd in lliis cluiptcr isclnnvii from Mr. ScliooKM-aft's abstracts and statistics, prcsontal in hi.s "Notes on the Ir(»|iiois." In takin.L,^ ihe (vnsns, ordered hy the New York Icgis- latnre in hSio, and j)r(.enriri,Lr statistie.s oftlie a^nieult.ural c.|)erations()f the Iro(|nois, tiic antlior inf.'rnis ns tliat^nvat ol.jcction was made l.v the Indians to what ihey eonsi.K ••(■(! an oflieiuus ii:tenne(hllin^' in their all'airs. Tlie'ir sii>i.i..i,,iis were oxeited by th(! novelty of the re(ini.siti()n, and tin- matter was disenssed at <.'iv;,t h-n.^rth in their eomirils. They eonid not i)ersiiade themselves that the govrnniiciit should take sneh a st.-j) IVcni any of the motives nrged hv thos.' to whom the business was intrusted. Jt ajipeared to them uu)A iirol.ahle that llic; measure was l)ut a ].reliiii. iii;ii-v strp to the layini,^ a tax uj)on their pro})erty, aii.l they eonse.piently opposed e(-ntinual obstacles to a satislhc- toiy completion of the (liify assini,,.,]. 'rhe entire |.op.i]a- tioii of the Six Nations, about the middle of the einhtceiitli centiiiv, was eoinpntvd at six or ei^ht thou.-^and. liv ether calculations, made a few years later, at the pen.Mh)f the American revolution, it was suj)posed to exceed nine thousand. Conscious as wc arc of the many cau.scs con.stantly ope- ^atin,^r to reduce the numbers of the Indian poi)u]ati()n, it id a matter of no less surjiriso than satisfactioij to ie;irn in IS. IlCllt Ito im- ;m(l llic- iiilii- •nth \\y Hluf nine H F. P J .1 f K Jk r H^ H ' i ,l: H ml 1^ «|f: 1(1 p that tlirr , quois iKi ;iii(.'i''iit !• '' ti'ill of ' M posrti'ssi'ii to si low I iiialciii.Lr, '■ Til.' tr i| t.T.a. T '■ a ivscrvii ' smaller V 'j near \\ 111 was stiitc Tho Soiu at al'iiiit |i mi'iitit)ii('< incut ill 1 Till' M. Canada, ]i Cuiih; to tl sus, given ( ( ^ s He cstiiiia States at wouM si'cr tlie last eei below thoi some year; ' clothed, a I '! 22 :i TIIK Il;o(^l(iIS, <)I5 SIX NATIONS. .'537 that tlnTi' Ikis Imtii ii(» vcrv tiintt'i'ial dcfrrjisc in llic Iro- niiois nation since tin* oxtrnsion <>|" rivili/atiun nvi'i- llit'ir aiirii'iit ci'untry. It is i-l.-asiiiLMo ivllfcf that .v.>m(« j)()r- t\()\\ of tlio stran;i'o i'a<'i' tliat I'onncrly Ih-M nii'listurlu'd nossi'ssion of tlic wilils of America, slioiild l)c prrsci'vcil to show wliat ailvanco they arc, as a people, capal'l-- of iiiaiviiiL', when uitlccnnsiii: smaller villages of the trihe are situated further southward, near \Vinnc])ago Lake, 'V\u) nund)cr of these etni'jfant.s was stated in I'^M^ to lie seven hundi'cd anL_ $ k I 'In < I*' r ,f 1 h T 4 1 1 1 T' .1 i ,. . ,f V ., ^ ( t •f' ■ ' r i < ^'1 t •if IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 25 22 12.0 1.8 1-25 1.4 1,6 M 6" ► V] <^ /a m d". c^ ^;. > ? v # % Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 l^.. H -— ^^o 338 INDIAN l!A(i;S OF AMKIUCA. emptcd from the diseases and casualties incident to suvn-re life, and the cni{)ire of liie forest, tlieir populati(;ii U^ recovered, and /••j noio on the incrcafieJ'' Man}^ satisfactory evidences of tlirift and good rnuiiau'e- ment, in the sha})e of saw-mills, school-houses, |)iililic buildings, and well-kept farms, a}i})ear in the huliaii »,t- tlcments of New York. Nothing seems so eoiKJiicivc lo the welfare of this species of our population as a (Icjiriiil- cuce upon their own resources, whcj'c the means (jl'a'lwni- tagcous labor are suj)plied them. 'J'he (!vils of tlie anun; v system, and of the custoiri of farming out their lamls tu the whites by the Indians, have been fully and elofpii'iiilv set forth. The first of these ])i'actices lias the cllii^t to l)ring a horde of unj)rincipled sluirpei's about the plin'i.! where the yearl}' })ayment is made, who, b}' tlie li'injita tions of useless finery, and, far woi'se, by the oil'ci- of the red-man's greatest bane, intoxicating licpiors, rendrr tiio assistance of the government oft-times rather a cuiso tima a blessing. The latter usage is productive of evil ly its encouragement of idleness, and by strengthening that sfii.^c of pride and self-importance which distinguishes the wvv. AVhere the change in the face of the country, and the in- troduction of domestic animals have remlered tlie < ]ia>e no longer necessarj^ or j^rofitablc, the Indian still pivf in ranging the woods with his dog and gun, to the endurance of what he esteems servile labor. Striking exceptions to the above remarks ai'C to be seen in the conduct and employments of many inhabitants (-f Indian villages in New York. Good husbandry is evi- dent in the management of their farms, and artisans oi no mean skill are fretpiently met with. Some of these Indians, who have turned tlijir attention to the ai't of work- ing in silver, are said to produce very beautiful speeiinena of ornamental work, esjiecially in the in-laying of gun- etocks, handles to tomahawks, etc. THK lUoyUOIS, OK SIX NATIONS. 339 A portion of the Scnecus, settled upon the Alleghany, oc cuj>v tlieinselvcs in rafting and boating u|)on tiic river, and others are engaged in the lake navigation, There seems, indeed, to be no want of bodily or mental capacity in the North American Indian, fur the successlul pursuit of nearly every trade, profession, and occupation, foHowed bv the whites. One most beneficial reformation has taken place among some of the Iroquois, in a movement which, if universally encouraged, would do more to regenerate the red-men, than all other influences combined. We allude to the introduction and formation of temperance societies. The returns of agricultural products given, at the time of taking the census before-mentioned, in 184;"), are ex- tremely gratifying, and may well convince us of the steady and hopcfid advance made by the New York Lidians in self-reliance and honest industry. Communications from the missionaries, engaged in the instruction and religious guidance of the Indians dwelling on. the diftercnt reservations, bear witness to the docility and aptness of their pupils. The llev. Asher Bliss, in a letter, published in the a})pendix to Afr. Schoolcraft's notes, observes: "As to the capacity of Indian children for im- ju'ovement, my own impression is, that there is no essen- tial difference between them and white children." Of the inlluence of the Christian religion upon the worldly pros- perity of the people among whom he Avas stationed, (the Scneeas of the Catara\igus reservation,) Mr. Bliss speaks enthusiastically. He contrasts "the framed houses and liarns, the horses, cattle, sheep and hogs, the acres of im- I'l'Dvcd land; the wagons, buggies and sleighs; the clocks, watches, ai.d various productions of agriculture," with the destitution and poverty of former times, and exclaims, naturally enough, " What an astonisiiing change I" r, ■ |:£!f P H 1^ ^.i;^t|HT.. i» ^ 1 1 1 i PONTIAC'S WAR. CJIAPTKK I. PUENCH INFLUENCE OVKIl THK INDIANS — IIIUTISII OCCUPATION OK THE WESTERN I'OSTS roNTlAC ANIJ IllS i'LANS FOR EXTEKMINATING THE ENOMSH. FiAiiLY in tlie eiglitccntli century tlic French had corn- mcnced extending their influence umong tlio tribes who inhabited tlie country bonlering on tlie great western lakes. Always more succcHsful than the other Jvuroj)ean settlers in conciliating the afrections of the savages anujiig wIk^hi they lived, they had obtained the hearty good-will oi' na- tions little known to the English. 'J'he cordial faniiliurily of the race, and the terms of eiusy equality uj)on which they were content to share the rude lints of the Indians, in- gratiated them more readily witii their hosts, than ae<;urse of Knglish reserve and formality could have done. Tin; most marked instances of the contrast between the two great parties of colonists may be seen in the dill'eront measure of success met with in their res])ective religions oj)erations. While the steri! doctrines of New J^lnglund divines, lus a general rule, were neglected or contennit;(l by their rude hearers, the Jesuits met with signal sueirss in acquiring a s})iritual influence over the aborigines. Whether it w;us owing to the more attractive form in which they promulgated their creed and worshi]), or whether it was due to their personal readiness to adapt themselves to the habits, and to sympathize with the feelings dJ ^ r(JNTIACS WAIi. JJU of their proselytes, ccrt.'iiii it is that tliey rriaiiitaiiUMl a strong hoM u[)()ii th(j aflections, and a jxnverful influence over tliritish .suhjeet, without any distinction. Our people will soon discover the had f)oliey of the late Quebec act, and it is to lie lio[icd that Great- 1 Britain will, in due time, setid those hlaek ri'oaking clerical frogs of Canada home to theii- iidallilih; Mulfi of Kome." 'J'hc Ottawas, Chij)p(nvas, and Potta- watoiiiies, who dwelt on tlie ( ireat ■ Lakes, pro\'ed as stainich adherents to the i''rcnch interests as wei-e the Six Nations to those of the Jviglish, and the bitterest hostility jirevailed l)etwe(;ii these two gn,'at divisions of the abo- riginal ))opidatiori. Wlam Mnglish trof)ps, in accordance vvith the treatv of IT'in^ were jtut in j)ossession of the l''rench statiotis ou the lakes, tlay^ found, tlu; Indians litth; disj)0scd to assent to the change. TIh! great sachem who stood at the head of tli(! coiifcderat(i western tribes was the celebrtited Ottowa cliif'f i'(;ntiac. The first detachment, nnd<)\\\ I'm- Jiis kingly spirit and lor the similarity oi' their plans t'^ ou.di th(; (;ncroachmeiits ol' the luiglish. I'ontiac; had an im- mense Idree und*;]' his control, and could well all'oid to distribute it in as many dillenMit detachments as thoo were strongholds oi' the (Mieiny to 1h; overthrfuvn. It \v;is in the year IT'i.'i that his arrangements were c(^nij)l(;1id, and the month (^i'.Iiuie was lixtMl u|)(jn idr a simultam- (;us (onslaught n\n>\\ {ivvjy British j)Ost. 'i'he (;l(jquent and sagacious Ottowa chief had drawn into his c(;ns|iirac\-, not (jidy the people (;(' his own nation, wdth tlu^ (diippcua.s and Pottawatomi(!s, but large niimb"rs from other w ■.-tciii tribes, as the Miamies, the Sacs and I^'oxes, the Jlurons and the Shawanees. lie ev(3n secured tluj alliance oi' a poi'tiriiit^iii;^' tlu; skin b;i(;l<," tli:it the Miijor c.xaiii- iiud lnT closely, ami siiccucdcil in oljtaiiiiii^f lull jiaitK'U- liii's of tin,' iinpondiii;.^ diiii^'cr. TIk- poor woiunii, all('ctr(l bvliis kindness, lind liccii unwilliii,^' tosrulicf pation mui- (lored, Ijut four ol' tlio vcii;i;('an(;c ol' her own iM(»|)|f, oi' a natural fcclin;^ ol' inlcrcst in their success, had rcstiained her Ironi sooner betrayin;^' their deadly pui'po.-e. Thi'ou.uh the night, and ])revious to the morning's eon- fort'iice, the Indians wei'e distinctly heard pciforniing tliiir wur-songs and dances; but no intimation was givi'U ihcm of iuiy susj)ici(ni, iuid the party dcputrd for the grand talk was admitted within the pickets. J'ontiac saw that tin.- garrison waH under arms, and he at once asked the reason fur such precautions. ^J'ho major representetl that it was merely to discipline his soldiers. The Ottowa chief opened the council with a haughty and threatening speech, and was about to gi\<; the signal f )r attack — by some jjccidiar nujde of delivd'ing a uam- jiuiu belt to the commandant — wdien a sudden chang.: in the demeanor (;f the iMiglish (pi<*Iled and discomposed him. lie heard the drums beat, and saw v.vvvy soldici's nuisLct levelled, and the swords of the oflicei's (b'awn ami rrady (' >v use. Major Gkidwyn, ste[)i)ing to the warrior ncaicsl^ liini, lifted his blanket, and disclosc(l the shoi-tened rillt.'. lie then np])raided the sachem for his intended villany, and, taking iio advantage of the (jppoilunity ii)r se-curing him, gave {)roof of liis own high-minded sens(; <>[' honor by dismissing the whole paily unhai'med. The pi'i'nieditated treacher}' of Pontiac would have fully justilled the com- mandant in taking his life, had he deemed it neccssarj- for the protection of himself and j)eoplo. Immediately suUsequent to the failure of this umlortak'- iiig, the Indians began o])enly to attack the town. 'J'hcy baibarously rnurdei'cd a Mrs. Turidjcll and her two s-ius, ii; ii* IH 'i» I m y.W m* u U-" id mm W ij '''', LlimM 1 t tilBilSl M ^'^tk if?i*i'^ m T 111 310 INDIAN UACKrf oK AM KKH'A. who liv'il u sliMi't t;iii(j(; IVdih tlic (ui't; iiml killed or took j)i'i.si Miens tli(? ocfujtaiifs of mi cstiililisliiiicnt Ifcloii'Mri" to ;i Mr. .l;iiii('S I-'ishrc, still 'iiitlirr ii|) the rivrr. l''roiii livi' liiiii(|iv(l to a t|i(,iisaii(| Iii(liaiis ui'iv ih,',./ seen foUcrtrd to lay sic^e to tlir town. 'I'Ik- coniliiioii ,,]' tlio gurri.soii apiicart'd |M'iiloii,s in tli(: cNtrciiirj not, (MiIv from tli(! insiilHricnt supply of provisions, Imt (loni tip- lu'ces.sity for k('cj)in,!^' f(>nstant watch lliroii.^hoiit tlir whnli; extent of tli(! stoekade. Tlie soMiers wei'e wearinl |,v buiiig eontiiiually on duly, hy tin; loss of tlicir iiatui;il rest; but their eoura,i:(! and spirit appeare(l to he unsul). dued, anistcd upon the surremlcr of the town, and of all the vahiahlo goo(hs stored ther(^, as th(3 only eoiiilitioii upon which lie wouhl (liscoiitinne hostilities. The major was eipiallv determine(l in his intention of maintainiiiL^ his j)ositi(jii. The siege coininen(_:cd early in May, ami no siu'cor er snjij)lie.s reacliiMl the garrison for more than a month. About tlit liad l>eeii made to limd forces and provisions by boats sent from Niagara, but tlio vigilanc(! of tlit; Indians icmh'red it abortive. Maiiv nf the Knghsli weix; slain, and many more wen; rcst'rved to glut the vengeance of the savages, at the .stake. lu the month of June, a vessel, also from Niagara, made lier way up the river, in spite of tlie uttaeks of the Indian;^, wlu) exposed their lives wdth the utmost temeritv in at- tempts to board her. Fifty soldi(>rs we o landed at the fort, and u timely supply of ])rovisioii gave Jiew couraw to the weary garrison. Mr. Thatehcr, in his "Indian Biography," gives extraets from various letters, written from the fort during the siege, which quaintly enou-h portray the condition of its inmates. AVe quote the fcdlow ing from a letter of July Olh (ITGii): I'ONTIAC .S WAU. 347 •• V"M li;ivi* liMi;^ ft^o liciiiil «»r (tiir pleasant Sitiiatioti, Liit the .-liiriii is 1)I()\VM over. Was if imt \crv a.LM'ci-aiilc to l,rar fvrrv I>ay of llu-ir cuttiiiL'', carviii.LJ', liuilin;^ jiikI cat- iiij- (iiir c'Diiipaiiioiis? 'i\) set- every l)ay di-ail iSodirs llnatiii;^' (hnvii tlio JJiver, mangled and disli;_niii'd? I'.ut I'liitoiis, you know, nevei- sliiink; \vc always apiiraicd .';;v b> spite the Haseals. 'I'ln'}' boiled and eat Sir llolirit jii'vci's; and wo arc informed, by Mr. I'auly, w lio «■< -iped, 'hi' other Day, froi.i one of tin; Stations siirpii-rd at thi- hreakiii;^ outof tho War, ami eoniuinndi'd by hiniself, that !ii' liad seen an Indian have the Skin of Cajitain llMbci't- -nil's arm for a 'i'obaceo-l'oneh!" A re'lnforeement of some three hundred men, nridcp Captain Dalyell, reaehed iK'troit tin; last of July. Th'ts stivii \ i i I i-l I mi THE DELAWARES, SIIAWANEES, AND OTHER TRIBES OP THE MIDDLE AND WESTERN STATES. CIIAPTEU I. THE DELAWARES — WII.MAM I'ENN — ST. TAMMANY — THE MORAVIANS TIFE S'tAWNEKS FRKNCIl AM) INDIAN WAR UKADDOCK's DEFEAT MASSACRE OF THE CANESTOliA INDIANS DANIEE liOONE. "A noble r.u'L'! l)iit tlu-y nrc gone Witli tlii'ii- old t'uiTsts wide uiul deep, And we liavc, built our Ikudcs upon Fields where tlieir generations sleep." Bkyant. Associated with the early history of the Delawarcs are thoughts of William Penn, and of his peaceful intcrcuiirse with, and powerful influence over, the wild natives with whom he treated. At the first settlement of the country itv Europeans, the tribes of this nation occupied no siiuill portii^n of the present state of Pennsylvania, but tlioir pi'iiK-i})al settlements lay between the Potomac and t'lC llmlson. Situated between the a-reat northern and .'^onth- oni confederacies, they were in turn at enmity and engaged \ ill wars with either ])arty; but, at an early day, tliey wore in a measure subdued and reduced to a state of inferiority by tlie Six Nations. 'V\\(2 conduct of ]\mn towards the Indians has ever been S]iok(m of with high admiration; and we are assured tlint his care f »r tlieir interests, and anxietv to secure tlinr 'iW Ill lit'' p f !' ll'i'1- ! 1 w 1 ' . J 1" ) 1 '* ■Iv' i . ^1 t 1" •■ < I ' i ' If)' ^ 1 it ' i ' . ■ ^ .' 1 S', v/ :^% ^■i ! in^xi iU«- 1 ti»'-* ' ft' i'^ • ' .if-''* !* 'Ii34i UIII.IAM ri'NN'. p ■f u k' 11,1 *l w I 1. ■I; I- ^'" r 'V.l (' i^' 4 m: »'l r I fiM THE DKLAWAUKS, SHAWANKKS, K'l'C. 349 n/uts, ami to pi'otoct tlieiii fi'om wrcnigs and aggression, r;;use(l liis naino to Le icLjlizcd among tliu IX'lawaivs. rjiOiH'l)taiiiing tlie iniinensc grant lro;ntlie crown, nanicil Priiiisylvania at tlio time 350 INIJIAN JiACKS OF AMKl'JCA. ii-li''.-. ■1'* ■■' ■(■tc(l coiri[),'iris(iii, ;iiiil tlx'Sd witlioiit :iiiy we;if)on — so llmt dis. rii.'iy iui'l tc'iTor hud coinc upon thcin, luid they iiot coi;. fi occupied by the town of Kensington, u few miles iili()\(; ]*hiliidelj)hiti, and eaUed, Ijy the Indians, Sha(;kcrrii;i.\()ii. "^fherc; was, at Shackertnaxon, an ehn-tree , sii.wvankks, kt( sni (;ltrii P;ii<'iits were iijit, \i> wliiji lln'ir cliilfli'cii ioo scN'fi-cly, aii'l l)rntlii,'i's f^i iiiictiiiics woiiM dillrr: iicitlirr woiiM \n> cm! II] Ki IV flu: !• riciiilslii|) between him iiinl llieiii to ii ( 'liiiiii, liir t!i'' I'liiii might sometiiiK^s rust it, or ;i tree iiii,L''lit hill ;i!i(l hreak it; Ijut In; .-hnuM consider thi'iii ;is the sniii'' ;|i'.~li Hud hloinl with the T'lii'lst ians, ami the same ;is if one mail's ]»oi]y W'TO to he diviileil into l\V(; jiarts/' Ilandinir tin; ]i.'irchment to the e]ii(,'f sachem, I'tMiii then desired him and his fissociutes "to j)rcscrv(; it carcndly i'or thi'ec i/'mi- cratioiis, that tliejr children mi.iiht iaiow what liad j)assed hctwcc'ii tli(;m, just as if he had remaine(l himself with tiifiii to repeat it, '''' '" 'This,' says Voltaire, 'was tip' oiilv trcatv hetwe(;n thos(! j)e()j)h; and the Christians that was not ratified ])V an oath, and that never wa.s hrok-en." ACier-aecounts of the Indians, as ,Lriveii l>v i'enn and li;s assfjciate'S, in whi'di the estimahle jioints (jf nati\-e eh;irie- V-r arc jijeasinijly jioi-trayed, contrast sti'aiiLiely with the iMaie(hctions and liitter cxjir'e-sions of hatreij wliieh too iiiany of tlic eai'lv chronii'ler's heap upon their Indian ene- inics. Neve I" was a truer sayin;j' than the Spanish pio\-ei-l', '"lie wlio has injui'cd you will ne\-er foi\Ld\'e you." The name h\- \\dii<'h these Indians have e\-er Ij'ch d'siL''- iiati'd, was licstowed ujion them hv the Mn'jiish, frotn ]/»i'd I)e la Wai' : in their own tonirue they were called the, I Lciiiii Lciiape, (( Iri'j-inal People,) as the chief and principal I HtiK'k from which mankind in 'jcnei'al had sonimj-. j C')ns[»icuous amoi,^'' the traditions f<{' tin- I'clawai'es 'j ajipeai'S the nann; of their old chief Tanianend. or 'I'ani- Ttianv. Wc haA'c no vci-v specific, aecounts of the jiistorv of this renowned sachem, hut the veneration with whieh the Indians recountci] his wisdom and \urtues ser\-e(l to raise his charactci- so hi-jh with the colonists that he was, in a iiianner, canoni/ed. The "Home .loui'nal." of .Iiinc 12tli, 18o'J, makes the following mention of the singidar respect [laid to his memoi-y: ;p! ■■)!: ■kW<'' ' \ ili i fr I! *,■ t m a.- ihII »i<.r'*,"!*^ (11 I" » m or, 9 INlJlAN HACKS OK AMKItKJA. "St. 'I';iiiiin;itij is, wo Ix-lievf, our only Anidic'iti Saint. ITo wtis l.lic cliii'l' ()(' ill! Imliiiii tiilx; wliidi iiilialiii.'il I*. m,. syl\aiii:i, uiiilc that, .slate was .still ji colony, ami cxcitivl so imifli ry the army as we]] as hy the ])eo|)]e. Jt was m^t till Mr. dellerson's administration, wdien (jencral l)eaiheiii was Seeretary of War, that the (d)servanco of it hv the army was disjiensed with, and the change; was made thi-n only with the view of caiayingout the .system (;f rc^ti'ench- rrient which tla; president s(;ught to introduci; in tli'; administi'ation of the- goveiwiment. d"hc lii'st fort luiilt at St. .Mai'y's, (,'am vicinity of Savannah, in Georgia, and a portion of AVest I'lorida. r)eiiicr en* . . :' .f I i.1 il ii ' i,' l .. I"'. ■(. I ^■^' i(:f piiii — .::-- .r> or. i IMilAX KACMS OF AMKlilCA. selves ^n'aduully fiirtlitT west, find minglin;,' witli (.ilur Tici,Lrlilj(>riii;f iKitions. Their lie;ul-(iu;irters were, in i^rlv times, not I'ar from I'ittshui';^!!. In their new homes tjicy ])r()S{)cre(l and incnuised, and long remained owv. of th" most f(^rmidal)Ie nations (jf the west. 'Ihc^y unitrd wjiji the Delawures in hostihtie.s against the soutlu^rn trihcs. In afler-tinu!S, thrilling legends of war and massaerr in "the \\'\\i>'.\\ they were brought in jiro.ximity. Their nearest and um'-I dangerous aj)proach to the English establishments, was iu the erection of the- military stronghold called l-ort I'u- qiu;sne at the confluence of the Alh^ghany and Aroiion;_'-a- liela. In the attempt to dishjdge them from this ])<)st the military talents of George Washington were first exhil)ite(l. After distinguishing liimself by his bravery and ju-ndene; in contests with the Indians and I'Vench, which, owini:' to an insufrieiency of force, resulted in nothing decisive or materially advantageous, he was attached to the powerful army under General Braddock, in the cajmeity of aid-dc camp to the commanding oflicer. THK m;i,A\VAi:i;s, sifawankks, inr. •) r r With a force! of niorc; than two tlKnisainl iiicii, Ix'sidcs fioiiic IiKliaii allies, the liritish ^'cncral set .systeiniitically ahout the rcluctioii of tho l''r(Mich fort. Lcaviii;^ a l.ir^^: body of troop.s under Colonel Dunlcir, at (ii-e;if Meadows, lie marched in cotiipact military array to iIm! attack. No (Hie doul.'ts the coura.L'c! of General Braddock, or his ciip;!- C'ity to have conducted a cam J »ai;/n in an open and inhabited country, hut his (lo;^tnati(; obstinacy and adherence to es- tablished tactics jiro\-ed, ujxjii this occasion, tlu; des. net ion of liinis(!lf and his army. When \Vashiiiuck- skiu teaches a I)i'itish general how to tight." It was on the Dth of July, IToo, that tiie engagement took place. Captain Contracceur, who had onnnand of t!ie i'ovt, had (obtained information of the advance upon the })rcvious day, aiul dis])atched ^[. de Beaujeu, with all the troo})s he could muster, to meet the enemy. His whoh^ available force consisted of from five liundred to one tli(jn-» sand men, of wnom the majority were Indians, but a knowledge of the gnmnd, and the gross error of the Eng- lisli conunander, more than compensated fur the disparity in nimibers and discipline. An ambush was formed when; a ravine led from a plain into a high wooded piece of grmuid. The advancing column had no sooner penetrated into this dcfdc than the attack commenced. A most appalling carnage ensued: the Indians, tiring from covert upon the closely marshalled ranks of tlie regulars, soon threw them into utter confusion. M. Beau- jeu, was, indeed, killed at the first onset, but his lieuten- I :? II t! ■\^f ; r im '^->0 00( INDIAN UACKH OF AMKUK'A. ara, Duiriius, coiititUKMl to iiisj)ir(! liis troops, and dnM-r tlicrn on to lli<;ir now cusy victory. A coiiiftkitcj rout t'lisucil, atnl tli(! Iiifliaiis, nisliiii;,' from their places of coiiccalMH-nt, fell upon tlic ]);iiiic-Htrickcn fu^fitivcH with their dcuillv tomahawk's. 'I'hi^ Vir^'inians ulont; proved in any dcn-i,.,. efVective in n;sistin;^ the (MK^iny and covering tli(^ disor- derly retn.'at. The loss, on the j)art of the British, in killed, wounded and prisoin^rs, wa.s not far from ej^'hi hundreeke(l up, for safety, in the jail. Hither the; "Paxton boys," as they were tor of the jirison, lay an ohl Indian and his sipiaw, (wife,) [)articularlv well known an to the English, at Detroit, whither he was coi'.veyed with his eoiiipaiiiotis. Leaving tlic rest of their prisoners at that post, they took liiiu haek to Chilicotlie, refusing tlic governor's ofler of one hundred pounds if they woidd part with their favorite. The king of the tribe treated I'oone with great eourtesy and resjx'et, and he had no reasoTi to complain of his ac- commodations, as he enjoyed wdiatcver comforts were within the reach of his masters. Ihi was adopted into a fnnily, according to the usual Tiu^ian custom; in which position he says; "T became a soi., and ha the auto-biography of this re(h)ubted pioneer. 1 * en. .ny, after a siege of twelve daj's, in which every e:. - it of force and treach- ery failed to dislodge the garrison, were forced lo n^tire without effecting their purpose. Oik; of their stratagems was as follows: A treaty was })ro|)os(;d by the assailants, and after the articles were drawn up, in front of the foit, a!id formally signed, in the words of the narrative: "tlic k -■ { < ' :i: f i mm lir ^? li 1 , ij I i m 360 INDIAN RACES OF AMERICA. Indians told us it was customary with tlicm on such occa- sions for two Indians to shake hands with every white man on tlic treaty, as an evidence of entire fi'ieiid.sliip. We agreed to this, hut were soon convinced tlieir policv was to take us prisoners. They immediately gra])]jlcd us; but, though surrounded by hundreds of savages, we extri- cated ourselves from them, and escaped all safe into tlic garrison, except 0!ic that was wounded, through a heavv fire from their army." Boone took a prominent part in many of the contests which preceded the quiet occup)ation of the land of his choice, and underwent toils, dangers, and ])rivatioiis srl- dom awarded to any one man; but he lived to enjoy the fruits of his labors. An old Indian, upon the occasicjii of one of the moi'c important treaties of cession, after signini; the articles, took Boone by the hand, saying: "Brother, we have given you a fine land, but I believe you will h;i\o much trouble in settling it." The old settler adds, sjieiil:- ing of the former appellation bestowed on this "dcbateahlo ground": "^fy footsteps have often been marked with blood, and therefore I can truly subscribe to its ori^iniil name. Two darling sons and a brother have I lost by savage hands. * " J^Iany dark and slee])less nights have I been a companion for owls, separated from the cheerful society of men, scorched by the summer's sun, and pinched by the winter's cold — an instrument orchmied to settle the wilderness. But now the scene is changed: peace crowns the sylvan shade." H <> li D KR KJVCU V X T 1- « . r. tt. *;,;. I''' .1; S' '' idt m m 111 iq 4 .' \ 11 ll P Ij li' lii -i ijj -. ;-l'-*'' m-.. .;,■ ,,v .1 ■ ■; ■ Ms' ■ . :1i ^; :■ ' M^ ' t' : ; f ■ IJ ji| )J. \ 'I i4 y, \ ll -^^ 1' 1 1 I I Itaf m •];:; !'.■ ■ % THArriKO THf. BKJIR, TUE DELAWAUES, SllAWANKES, ETC. yoi CIIAPTKU II. IIIVISION OF THE DF.LAWAKKS — WIIITK-KVF.S, AM) riPK — INPIAN CONFrCOERACY OF 17^1 — ATTACK ON 1!1,VA.NT's STATION', AND BATTLE NEAH THE BLUE LICKS GENKI! AL TLA KKe's EX- I'EDITION — DISASTROUS rAMPAIfJNS OF HAKMAU AND ST. CLAIR MILITARY OPERATIONS OF GENERAL WAYNE DECISIVE RATTLE NEAR THE MAUMEE RAPIDS, AND SURSEQUENT TREATY OF PEACE. "Tliey waste us — :iy — like April snow III the warm ikxjii, wc .shrink away; And fast tJicy t'dllow as wo go Towards tlie setting day — Till they shall till the land, and we Are driven int(t the western sea." Bryant. As the settlements of the Europeans continued to in- crease, the Dehiwarcs gradually removed from their old quarters, on the river and bay -whieh bear their name, to tlic Avildcrness of the west. Ko small portion of the tribe was, at the breaking out of the revolutionary war, setth^l in Ohio, on the banks of the Muskingum, and in the adja- cent countr3^ Every influence was brought to bear, by the English emissaries among the Delawares, to induce them to take up the liatehet against the rebellious Americans. The effort was, in part, successful : a large party, headed by th(3 celebrated Captain Pipe, a chief of the Wolf tribe, declared for the king, while those inclined to })eace and neutrality, or whose sympathies were on the side of the colonies, rc- mained under the guidance of Koguethagechton^AngUce, Captain Y7hite-Eyes. The disasters and perplexities in which the nation was involved by such a division might ' "} $ $: t 'f-'V <> . , f f i^ ■f 111" '■ ' " ' ■ '* ^H -: : ^ . 1 ^4i&''.l ii ' Mmt H ^gmm ill' ill m ■^ H ■I' r ' '*! '♦'j.ii b'V m-AlM': Ui. 362 INDIAN RACES OF AMFHICA. readily be foreseen. Botli the opposing loaders were men of tiile)it, energy, and boldness, and each "was licart and soul enlisted in the cause to which lie had united himself. It is recorded of White-Kyes that, early in the -war, he met with a dej)Utation of the Senecas, (then, as we li;ive seen, in the English interest,) and boldly avowed his own opinion. ]n re])ly to the old taunt, thrown out by one of the Iroquois, of former subjection and humiliation, the chief broke forth indignantly: "I know well that you consider us a conquered nation — as women — as your infe- riors. You have, say you, shortened our legs, and ])nt petticoats on us! You say you have given us a hoc and a corn-pounder, and told us to plant and ])ound for you — you vien, jon rcarriors ! But look at 7/ie. Am I not full- grown, and have I not a warrior's dress? Ay, I am a man, and these arc the arms of a man, — and all that country (pointing towards the Alleghany) on the other side of the water, is mhieP^ AVhite-P^yes was signally successful in his efforts to undeceive the Indians within his influence, who had been tampered with and imposed uj)on by English agents, or excited hy sympathy witli the war-j)arty. His death, which took place at Tuscarawas, in the winter of 1779-80, was a very unfortunate event for the Americans, lie died of that great scourge of the In- dian races, the small-pox. The spring of 1781 was a terrible season for the white settlements in Kentucky and the Avhole border countiy. The savages who surrounded them had never shown so constant and systematic a determination for murder and mischief Early in the summer, a great meeting of In- dian deputies from the ShaAvances, Delawares, Chcrok(X^^, Wyandots, Tawas, PottaAvatomies, and divers other tribes from the north-western lakes, met in grand council of war at Old Chilicothe. The persuasions and influence of two infamous whites, one McKee, and the notorious Simon -lilli^M TIIK DELAWAIIKS, SIIAWANf:KS, ETC. 363 Gifty, "inflamed their savage minds to niiscliicf, and led them to execute every diubolieal selieme." IJiyant's station, a post five miles from Lexington, was fixed upon, by the advice of Girty, as a favorable j)oint fi)r tiic lirst attack. About five hundred Indians and whites encompassed the place accordingly, on the loth of August. Stratagem and assault alike failed to efi'eet an entrance: a small reinforcement froui Lexington managed to jiAn the irari'ison, and the besiegers were compelled to retire on the third day, having lost thirty of their number. A\'hen Girty came forward, on one occasion during the si(\ge, bearing a flag of truce, and proposing a surrender, he was received with every expression of disgust and eon tern] »t. His oflers were spurned, and he retired, "cursing and cursed," to his followers. The enemy were pursued, on their return, by Colonels Todd an'l Trigg, Daniel Boone, and ^lajor Harland, with one hundred and seventy-six men. The rashness of some individuals of this party, Avho were unwilling to listen to the prudent advice of I'oonc, that an engagement should be avoided until a large expected reinforeement should arrive, led to their utter discomfiture. They came up widi the Indians at a bend in Licking river, beyorul the blue Licks, and had hardly forded the stream when they were attacked by an overpowering force. The enemy had cut off all escape, except by reerossing the river, in the attempt to accomplish which, multitudes were destroyed. Sixty -seven of the Americans were killed; among the number, the three principal oUicers and a son of P)()one. The outrages of the savages were, soon after this, sig- nally punished. General Clarke, at the head of a thousand men, rendezvousing at Fort Washington, where Cincinnati now stands, invaded the Indian territory. The inhabitants flei], in terror, at the approach of so formidable an army f*.i ■ I .' ' , ' P II i « /' it ' I •I .i- ' H ! I lil^ I 304 INDIAN UACKri OF AMKIUCA. l(!iivin;^ t,li(;ir towns to Lo (l(3str()yc(l. " Wc coiitinnnl our pursuit," suys lioouc, who was with the, anny, "thnjuch (iv(; towns oil tho Miami river— Ohl Chilicothc, I'ouwav N(!W (Jhili(3otho, Willis' Towns, and (.-hilicdtlic hiniit them all to ash(^s, entirely destroyed their eorii, and otliir (Vuiis, and every where s[)read a scene of desolation in tli'' country." After liostilitics between Knj^dand and America \\\\\ (•cased, Llieso western tribes of Indians still eontinucil to molest th(! border irdialntants of the eoloiues, Attnujits (o brin^' about eonf(!renees failed signally in jirodmin/ any iiuirked or permanent benefit, and it was dctcrminrfl by th(! government to humbU; tluMu by force of arms. In the autumn of 17!>1, (leneral Ilarmar mai'c.licd into tin; Indian territories, at the head of nearly fifteen iiundivil men. The campaign was sigmdly unsuccessful. The anny rclurned to Fort Washington, disj)ii'ited and broken (Idwh, having su.stained a heavy loss in men and officers, aii'l with lh(! mortifying consciousness of an utter failure in the aceomplisluncmt of the end in view. ^^■'ljor-^I(!neral Artliur St. Clair was njipoiiitef] to llic command of the next expedition. ^Vith a force of moiv than two thousand men, he inareh(Ml towards the Tii'liim settlements, and on the od of November, (1701,) (■!ic;iiii|ic.l within (iftcen miles of the Miami villages. On his way fi'DUi r'ort Washington to this ]ioint, he had built am] gari'isoiied Forts Hamilton and Jefferson. P>y this rei;i,AWAKKS, HIIAWANKKS, KTC. C05 cijial liMilrr of tli(! uiiitcil nations, was the ccli'ltnituil Miami cliii'f", Mil liikiiKKiUii, or liitllo 'I'lirtlc. llo wasoiio of tliu i^ft'ati'st wjirrions and most sa^^'at'ious rulers cvci kivnvii among tlio ivd nirn, ami Ik; had now an ojipor- tuiiity lor tilt' full display of his abilities. An imnu'nso lionli' of lirrcc Huvagcs, impationt for war, was nndrr his ooiitiol, and his movoincnts were scjcondcd by ablo sidjor- ilimitc's. Among these, the most noted were IJuekonga- li'-Ias, now war chief of the Delawares, and lUue-.Iacket, tho Shawiinee. Aeeording to Colonel Stone, the great .Mohawk ohif'f, Josejjh Brant, 'riiaycndanegea, was also 1 resent, lending tho lussistancc of his counsel and ai'ms. lliiroiis or W'yandots, Iroquois, Ottawas, Pottawatomii!S, Cliipj)ewas, Miamics, Delawares, and Shawanees, with u ■t of minor tribes, were (lolleeted to repel the <;ommon tin criomy. The number of their warriors assembletl on tli(^ present 0(.'casion is estimated to liavc been about liftecn liuii(lr(;(l, although some; have set it(h)wn at twice that fore*'. Before the I'ising of the sun, on the following day, (Xo- vernher 4th,) the savages fell upon vhe camp of tlu; whites. Never was a more decisive victory obtair'cch In vain ilid the American general and his olficers exert themselves to maintain order, and to rally tin; bewildered troo))S. '{'he lii'lians, firing from covert, thinned the ranks ami jiicked off the onicurs by a continuous and murderous discharge. A disorderly retreat was the result: Artillery, baggage, and no small portion of the small arms of the militia, fell into the hands of the exultant pursuers. l''ort .lelTci'son was nearly thirty miles distant, and thither the defeateil army directed its flight. The Indians followed close u]>oii the fugitives, cutting down and destroying at will, until, as is reported, one of their chiefs called out to them to "stop, as they had killed enough!" The temptation offered by the plunder to be obtained at tho camp induced the Indians to return, and the remnant t r ; '■■\f ii! .1 mf ' I ! ^1-; , r r -• r fit '■ Ht.; U >■ ^'i I*' '' ■■' 11. ft- sr.c INDIAN KACP:S of AMElilCA. of the inviidin.q- army readied Fort Jefferson about sunset The loss, in this battle, on the part of the whites, was i.o less than eight hundred and ninety-four! in killed, woundt'd Dr missing. Thirty-eight oilieers, and five hundred and ninety-three non-commissioned oflicers and privates were slain or missing. The Indians lost but few of their men, judging from a comparison of the dill'erent accounts, not much over fifty. At the deserted camp the victorious tribes took up their quarters, and delivered themselves up to riot and exulta- tion. General Scott, with a regiment of mounted Kentuekv volunteers, drove them from the spot a few weeks later, with the loss of their plunder and of some two hundred of their warriors. No further important movement was made to overthrow the power of the Indians for nearly three years from thi.s period. Negotiation proved utterly fruitless with a I'aco of savages inflated by their recent brilliant successes, and consequently exhorbitant in their demands. When it was finally evident tliat nothing but force could check the continuance of border murders and robbery, an army \vas collected, and put under the command of General Wayiu', sometimes called "^lad Anthony," in a rude style of com- pliment to his energy and courage, not uncommon in those times. The Indians denominated him the "i^ lack-Snake." The winter of IvDo-l was spent in fortifying a niilitarv ]iost at Greenville, on the Miami, and another, namcil I'oit I^ecovery, upon ^)ie field of St. Clair's defeat. The last- mentioned station was furiously attacked by the Indians, assisted by certain Canadians and English, on the oOthof the following June, but without success. It was not until August, (1794,) that General Wayne felt himself sufficiently n'inforced, and his military posts sufficiently strengthened and supplied, to justify active operations in the enemy's country. . iii THE DELAWAllES, SIIAWANEKS, ETC. 3r,7 "When tlic army wasoiicc put in motion, important and decisive events rapidly suececded. Th(3 march was di- rected into tlic lieait of the Indian settlements on the Miami, now called Maumee, a river emptying into the western extremity of Lahc Erie. Where the beautiful stream An Glaise empties into this rivei', a f )rt was imme- diately erected, and named Fort Delianee. From this post General Wayne sent emissaries to invite the hostile na- tions to negotiation, but the ])ridc and rancor of the In- dians prevented any favorable results. Little Turtle, iiKleed, seemed to forebode the impending storm, and ad- vised the acceptance of the terms oll'ered. "The Ameri- cans," said he, "are now led by a chief who never sleejis: the night and the day are alike to him. ■" '^ Thiidc wel; (if it. There is something whispers me it would be pru- dent to listen to his offers of peace.'' The British, at this time, in defiance of their treaties with the United States, still maintained possession of va- rious military posts at the west. A strong f irt and gai-ri- soii was established by them near the Miami ni})ids, aiul in that vicinity the main body of the Indian wai'riors was encantped. Above, and below the i\merieau eamp, thi" Miami, and .\u (ilaisc, according to Wayne's dispatches, presented, f )r miles, the ap})earance of a single vilhig'^ and rich corn-fields S})i'ead on either side. "[ have in'ver i^een," says the writer, "such innnense fields (jf corn in any part of America, from Canada to Florida." Negotiations proved futile: the Indians were cvidentlv bent on Avar, and only favored delay for the purpose of collecting their full force. General Wayne therefji'o marched upon them, and, on the 20111 of the mon^^^h, a ter- rible battle was fought, in wdiich the allied tribes were totally defeated and dispersed. The Indians greatly out- numbered their opponents, and had taken their usual pre- cautions in selecting a favorable spot for defence. They 'II' I' . f f » tii-ft 308 INDI.VN RACES OF AMERICA. ,' f.H il^f ■ . could not, liowover, resist tlio attack of brave and dist'i- pliiu'd tr(jo[js, directed by so experienced and skillful a icadei' as Wayne. 'J'lie fight terminated — in the words of the oflicial dispatch — "under the guns of tlie JJi'itish car. rison. * '^' 'Jdie woods were strewed, for a consideraljle dis- tance, Avith the dead bodies of Indians and their white auxiliaries; the latter armed with British muskets '.ad bayonets." Some days "were now spent in laying waste the fields and villages of the miserable savages, whose spirit seemed to be com])letely broken by this reverse. By the first of January following, the influence of Little Turtle and Buek- ongahelas, both of whom saw the folly of further cpiarrels with the United States, and the hopelessness of reliance upon England, negotiations for peace were commenced, and, in August, (171)5,) a grand treaty w^^'. concluded at Greenville. WM'!'; CHAPTER III. CONDITION OF THE INDIANS SUBSEQUENT TO THE PEACK — THE PROPHET ELSKWATAWA — TECUMSKH : HIS PLANS AND INTKIOUKS GENEKAL IIAHRIS'iN's EXI'EDITION AGAINST THE IUOPHIvT's TOWN DKI'EAT OF THE INDIANS AT TIPPECANOE WAK OF 18r2 IIAKHISON's invasion of CANADA — BATTLE OF THE THAMES, AND DEATH OF TECUMSEH. Kearly ten years of peace succeeded the treaty of Greenville, an interval which proved little less destructive to the tribes of the north-west than the desolations of their last calamitous war. ^Fhc devastating influence of intem- perance was never more fearfully felt than in the experi- ence of these Indian nations at the period wdiosc history ■ -r 1 J 1 1 1 t' ' I \ ,>\ t ^ piW'i 1 1 n I'll vrt- '■' ■ 1 i'jfJ'i'El 1 ■■ 1 ' i i : 1 I;- i 1 1 1 1, ]■ . 1 hr :. 1 ;, • k. Sl'Hi ■^ I t I: m W\ ii r'' I Hi 1; I '■ 1 TECVMSRH THK DEr.AW'AIlKS, SUAWANEE:^, ETC. .'300 we are now rooortliii^i^. Geiicnil TFjirrison, thon c(»nrni.s- sionor for Indian afl'airs, reported tlieir condition in tlio following t'Tiiis: "So destructive lias Lecn the j)n>gresH of iiitcnipcraneo among them, that whole villagi's have been sw'f'pt away. A miserable remnant is all that i-eiiiains to mark the names and situation of many nunierous and warlike tribes. In tlic energetic language of one of th' ir orators, it is a dreadful conflagration, which spreads misery and desolation through their country, and threatens the annihilation of the whole race." While this deadly evil was constantly increasing, in the year 180-1, a distinguished Indian orator began to exeile a wide-spread discontent among the nations of the former north-western confederacy, ^riiis was tlic self-sty k'd pn )jih- ct, Klskwatawa, Olliwayshila, or Olliwachaca. Abtjut the ye;ir 1770, a woman of one of the southern tribes, domes- tic;itod with the Shawanees, according to report, beeanu! mother to three children at a single birth, who rceived the names of Tecumseif, Klskwatawa, and Kumshaka — • the last being unknown to fame. Their father, u Shawa- ncc warrior, jierished in the great battle at Point Pleasant. IJy the time that 'I'ecumseh had attained the age of man- li, Indian f)ower by (Jcneral Wayne, he had been foremost in the incursions which spread desolation throughout the western settlements; and when the peace, concluded at (ire(mvill(\ deprived him of a field for warlike enterprise, he only retired to brood over new mischief, and, in eonjuneti(.)u with his brother, the Prophet, to excite a more extensive C()!ispiracy than had ever before been perfected. AVith consummate art, Elskwatawa exposed the evils attendant on the white man's encroachments, exhorting to sobi'iety and a universal union for resistance. If*^, pro- claimed himself especially commissioned by the Gix^at 24 r i i ,' f ti I.: Mn' :: l\ fi'* m^ li€: ji • . . 'f^ i-«l :!<<1 '! . I'i ' I ■ t 4' 370 INDIAN UACES OF AMElilCA. Sjurit to foretell, and to hasten, by liis own ellorts, tho destruction of the intruders, and by various ajtpcals to tho vanity, tho superstition, and the spirit of revenge, of lii.s ai^ditors, ho ae(piired a strong and enduring inllu(Miee, "^^I'lie cliiefs who opposed or ridiculed his ])reten.si(jns were denounced as wizards or sorcerers, and })roofs, satisl'actory to the minds of the Indians, being adduced in snj)p(^it of the accusation, numbers perished at the stake, leaving a clear field for the operations of the impostor. 'J'ecumseh, meanwhile, was not idle. Jt is said that the noted Seneca chief, Ked-Jacket, lirst counselled him to .^et about the work to which he devoted his life, holdinu out to him the tempting j)rospect of a recovery of the rich and extensive valley of the ^lississippi from th(! jxjssi's- sion of the whites. Whatever originated the idea in his mind, he lent all the powerful energy of his eharactiT to its accom})lishment. The tribes concerned in the pi(>j)usiMl out-break were mostlv the same that had in earlirr tinu'S been aroused b}^ Pontiac, and had again united, umliT Michikinaqua, as we have seen in the preceding eh,i]itiT. Tho undertaking of IVeumseh and his brother was iiui of easy or speedy accom])lishmcnt, but their unwcai'ied cllbrts and high natural endowments gradually gave them both an unprecedented ascendancy over the minds of the Indi;ins. In 1807, the new movement among the AYestei'u Indiaii-s called for attention on tho part of the United States, ami General, then Governor, Harrison dispatched a message of warning and re})roach to the leading men of tli . reaeh- iiig to the Indians was to persuade them to relinquish their vices, and lead sober and peaceable lives; and to this effect be often exhorted his people in the presence of the United States' government oflicials. In Se]itcmber, of 1809, Avhile Tccumseh was pushing his intrigues among various distant tribes. Governor Har- rison obtained a cession, for certain stipulate(l annuities, of a large tract of land on the lower j^ortion of the Wuhash, from the tribes of the Miamis, iJelawares, Potta- watomies, and Kickapoos. On Tccumseh's return in the following year, lie, with his brother, maile vehement re- monstrances against this proceeding, and a somewhat stormy interview took place between the great chief and Governor Harrison, each party being attended by a })ow- crful armed force. Upon this occasion, Tccumseh first openly avowed his design of ft)rming an universal coali- tion of the Indian nations, by which the progress of the whites westward should be arrested, but he still insisted that it was not his intention to make war. One great principle which he endeavored to enforce was that no In- dian lands should be sold, except by con?-cnt of all the confederate tribes. Two days after this conferetice he started for the south, with a few' attendant warriors, to spread disaffection among the Creeks, Cherokecs, and other tribes of the southern states. In the following year, (1811,) during the prolonged, absence of Tccumseh, and contrary, as is supjtosed, to his express instructions; bold and audacious depredations and imuders were committed by the horde of savages gathered at the Prophet's town. Pepresentations w^erc forwarded ,1 Ih I; ■./■ ill ., ^i 1 ij'i \ I ■r-^t m r! I, ■■% 372 INDIAN" HACKS OV AMKIMCA. to Wasliiii;^ton of tlio necessity for active moa.suros in re* straiiit of these outrages, and a regiment, under Colonel I'oyd, was j)romptly marched from Pittsburg to \'ir,''enii('s and phieed under the command of Harrison. With tlii.s force, and a body of militia and volunteers, the whole amounting to about nine liundred iucmi, the governor marched from Fort Harrison, on the Wabash, for the I'roplict's town, on the 28th of October. He had jirevi- ously made various attempts, through the intervention of some friendly Delaware and Miami chiefs, to bring about a negotiation, a restoration of the stolen projK'rty, and u delivery up of the murderers; but his emissaries were treated with contempt and his proposals spurned. The march was eonduct/cd with the greatest militarv skill. A feint was made of taking up the line of ni:uv|i on the south bank of the river; after which, the wlmli'. army crossed the stream, and hastened towards tlic hostile settlement through the extensive prairies, stretching far- ther than the eye could reach toward the west. On the 5th of November, having met with no opj)osition on the route, Harrison encamped within nine miles of the Propii- et's town. Approaching the town on the ensuing day, various futile attempts were made to open a conferenet!. Menaces and insults were the only reply to these overtures. Before the troops reached the town, however, messengers from Elskwatav/a came forward, proposing a truce, and the arrangement for a conference upon the following day. The chief averred that he had sent a pacific embassy to the governor, but that those charged with the mission had gone down the river on the opposite bank, and thus iidsscd him. Harrison assented to a cessation of hostilities until the next day, but took wise precautions for security against a treacherous night attack. The suspicions of the prudent general proved to be avoII- founded. The darkness of the night favored the designs m TIIK DKLAWAUKS, HUAWANKKS, KTC. oi < nf till' Iiidiiiiis, and, Ix'lorc day-break, about four o'clock, the aluriii of an attack was <,mvcii. Im the words of (jiio of Harrison's bio^^raphers: "'I'lio trouclicroua Indians had stealthily crept up n(!ar (»ur sentries, with tiie intention of rusiiiiii,' uiKiii tlicin and killing them bi^fore they could give the alarm, iiut fortunately one of the sentries dis- covohmI an Indian creeping towards him throu^di the grass, mid Ih-ed at him. 'J'his was imrnediatelv followed by the Indian y(dl, and a furious charge upon tlie left flaidv." The onset of the Indians, stimulated as thev were bv the assurances of their jir()j)liet, that certain success awaited them, was un])recedented for fury and determination. They numbered from five liun(b'i'd to a thousand, and were led by White Loon, Stonc-Katcr, and a treacherous I'dttawatomic cliief named Winnernac. Tiie Proj»het took, personally, no share in tlu; engagement. 1'he struggle coii- tiiuted tmtil daydight, when the a.'^sailants were driven olf and disj)er.<(>d. (Ireat praise has been deservedly awanhnl to the commanding oHiccr of the wdiites for his steady courage and generalship during the trying .«!cenes of this niglit's encounter. The troojis, althougli no small num- ber of them were now, for the first ti;ne, in [ictive scrvi(!e, disj)layed great lirmness and bravery. The imlians im- nie(hately abandoned their town, which the army i>roceeded to destroy, tearing down the fortifications and burning the buildings. T\\e obj(H-t of the expedition being thus I'ully accomphshed, the troo|)s were marched back to Vincennes. In the battle at Tippecanoe, the h)ss of the victors was probably greater than tliat of the savages, ^riiirty-eight of the hitter ■^vere left dead upon tlie field: of the wdiitcs, fifty were kibed, and nearly one hundred wounded. It is not to be suppo.sed that the Prophet's infiuence maintained its former hohl upon liis followers after this defeat. He takes indeed, from this time forward, a place in history entirely subordinate to his w\arlike and powerful brother. ''i iilk 1 M r 1' 1 7 w ' ,;ir ■ ,1: ' ■\ ': rr T 871 INDIAN RACKS oF AMKKK'A. m: All iiit.'i'\;il dl" ciiinicil'atiN f i[iii*'l silcct'cilcil tliis i.vor- throw III" tlir I'ldplict's CMiiriMiti'alt'd loi'iics, a (|iiii't dcrt* tiiuMl to lie Immucii Ky ii llir iiion; oxtciisive ami disastruus war. W'lii'ii ii|M'ii liostililies ('oiiimfii('('(l licturcn l'ji.;l;iii(l and till- I'liilcd States, in ISl'J, it, was at once cviilcut iliat tlic lurnicr ('i)mitry liad piirsiifil her oM |M»liry of loii-iir^r np tlir sa\ a;j('S to ravage our dcfiMicolt'SS Irontjcr, wiili unprcredL'iik'd siu:ct'8S. 'Icounseli proved a inoiv \;i|ii. able coadjiitoi", if pos.sii)le, than l>i'ant had l»e<'ii during' the ivvolution, in uniting the dill'erent nations aL:aiii,>t till! American interests. 'I'o ])ai'ticulari/o the j)art taken Ly this great wariinr and statesman in the war,- would involve too jirolnnnvd a deseription oC the various ineiilents of the western cim- paigns. By eoun.sel and persuasion ; by courage in laitlc; and by the energy of a j)owerful mind devoted to the caii.>^o lie luxd esj)oused, lie continued until hi.s death to aiil his Mnglish allies, A sti'ong lii'itish fortress at Maiden, on iIk; eastern or Canada shore of Detroit river, jH'cjved a reiidc/.- vous f(jr the hostile Indians, of the utmost danger In the inlial)itants of the noi'th-wesfern frontiiT. The placi' \\;i.s under the conmiand of tin; British General Proctor; the oflieer whose infamous neglect or countenance le(l to tin! massacre of a body of wounded pri.sonors at l''reiicliti'\vii, on the river llaisin, in January, iSlu. This post was abandoned by the Bi'itish and Indians, about the time of the invasion of Canada, in September, of the above year, by the American troops under ITai'ri.son. The invadiiiL,' army cncam])ed at the (h'.serted and dismantled ]()itn'ss, "from which had issued, for years past, those ruthless bands of savages, which had swe])t so fiercely over our extended frontier, leaving death and destruction only in their path." General Harrison hastened in pur.niit of the enemy up the Thames river, and, on the 4th of October, ei'cani'ijda 'II IK DKl.AWAKKS, SHAWANKKS, KTC. 875 fi^w mill's ii1)()V0 tlio fork"! of the rivor, and orortod a sliu'lit fortilicatioii. On the: Hfli, tlic nicrnorablc battle of tin; Tliaiiif'S was fon^lit. (iciifi-al Proctor awaited the ap- Iii'Diicli of ttic American forces at a place chosen by hinisclf, iu;ir Moravian town, as jjresentini; a favorable; position for a st;iiid. His forces, in rcL^ihirs ami Indians, ratlicr out- !iniiib('re(l those of his opponents, being set down at two thousand eiglitlnindred; the Aincricans iuiin])ered twenfy- fivc hniKb'cd, tnostl}' militia and voluntt>ers. ^Plie Hriti.-li ;iriiiy "was (lanked, on the left, by the river Thames, and supported by ai'tillery, and on th(> ri,<,dit by two (>xtensiv(> s\v:uii]>s, runnim^ ncai'ly ])arallel to the river, and occnpied ly a stronu; body of Indians, * * I'lie Indians were Cdimnanded by '^reeuinseli in person." The l)ritish lino was broken by tlu^ first charL''e of Colonel .T.iluison's mounted regiment, and being thrown info iri'c- tii' vable dis(jrdcr, the troops were unable to rally, or oppose any furtluM' (^ileetive resistance. Nearly the wlioh? army snrnmdered at discretion. Pi'octor, with a few c(.m- j'anions, cIVecteNl liis escape. The Indians, ])n)t"ctcd by the covert where they were ])osted, wen^ not so (\isilv dis- loilifcd. They maintained their })osition nntil after tlu; defeat of their Knglish associates and the denth of their hravc leader. By whose haml '^i'ecnniseh fell, does not appear to be decisively settled; l)ut, acr-ording to the (or- dinarily received account, he was rushing upon Colonel Johnson, with liis tomahawk, wlu'u the latter shot him dead with a pistol. This battle was, in effect, tlic conclusion of the nr)rtli- western Indian war. Deputations from various tribes aplK'ared suing for jieace; and during this and the ensuing year, when Generals Harrison and (Jass, with (K)vernor Shelby, were appointed commissioners to treat with the North-western tribes, important treaties were effected. Tecumsch was buried near the tield of battl(>, .and a I iT » , 4 i,^mJ ' i • INDIAN RACES OF A.MKIllCA. moMiid still iiuirks his jL^nivc. The lirilish govcMiineiit^ not unrniiKlful of his services, gnuitcd ;i p(Misi()ii to his widow iuid faiuily, as well as to the Prophet I'^lskwatawa. ClIAPTEU IV. ACQUISITION AND SALE, I!Y THK UMTICI) STATKS, OF INDIAN I,ANI)S Ii\ IIJ-INOIS lil.ACK'-HAWK THE SACS 1! lOK IVK I) WKST OF TIIK MISSISSIIM'I ilKTUHN OF lil.ACK-Il A WK AND HIS FOLLOW- Kits DKFKAT OF MAJOIt STHJ.MAN — Till-: IIOSTILK INDIANS ITHSKKD HY ATKINSON AND DOIKiK TnF;iR di:fi;aton tiif hank of tmk .-missis- sippi — ulack-hawk's sukufndkk — HI-: ISTAKKN to . VSIIlNtiTOiN — ■ ins sui5sf:quknt cakkkk. With the ra})id inercjiseof a white ]H)pulatioii hetwivn the Lakes and the Mississippi, which followed the ron- elusion of hostilities with England and her Indian allirs, new dilficulties began to arise between the natives and the settlers. Illinois and Wisconsin were inhal.Mtcil hv A'urious tribes of Indians, upon terms of bitter liostiliiv among themselves, but united in their suspicions aii'l a[)prehensions at the UDprecedented inroads of emiLii'aiits from the east. The Winiiebagos, dwelling in Wisccuisin; the rottawat- omirs, situated arcjund the southern cvtremity of Lake Michigan; and the Sacs, (afterwards mingled with tlic Foxes, and usually couj)led with that tribe,) of Illinois, ],rincipally located u})on Hock river, were the most con- siderable of these uorth-western tribes. By various ces- sions, the United States acquired, in the early l^Jirt ol' the present century, a title to extensive tracts of country, lyiiii; east of the Mississip})i, and included in the present stale uf las (■('>;■ I of the I : , iviim' 1 late of 1 J 1 Till!: DELAWAUES, SirA\V.\:NEES, KTC. ;;77 Illinois, The tribes wlio soUl llie laiul \wvc divided in oj)iiiion; jireat numbers of the oeeupants of the spi, some hundreds of men, women, and chihlren, plunged into the river, and hoped, by diving, kc. to esca})e the bullets of our guns; very few, however, escaped our sliar])-shooters." Historians generally speak of an action in wliiidi the Indians prove successful as a "mas.'^acre," but the above- described proceeding is dignified by the name of a battle! Rlack-Hawk, who, with a few followers, managed to tdfcct his escape, afterwards declared that, upon the appvoa(di of the American army, he and his warriors made no attem])t at resistance, offering to surrender themselves uu- couditionally, and that they oidy u.sed their arms when it was apparent that the successful pursuers had no intention of showing quarter. It is hard to decide upon the true state of the ease. His cause now being palpably hopeless, and most of his :M k 1 1; U' i.'y i« ■i^. II 1 882 INDIAN KACES OF AMERICA. rein.'iiniiig warriors liaviii<^ yielded tliemsclves prisoiicrs, or been tiikeu by the various bands of Incbans friendly to the whites, Blaek-llawk surrendered himself at I'lairie du Chien, on the 27th of August. With several other cliiclH ho \\as taken to Washington, and after holding eon Cfri'iii'o with President Jackson, was confined, for a period, at i'dit Monroe, on an island near Old Point Comfort, on the Chesa- peake. Here the captive warriors were well and kindly treated, and in June, of the ensuing year (1833), there be- ing i.o longer any necessity for detaining them as hostages, they were set at liberty. Before returning to the west, these chiefs visited seviTal of the principal eastern cities, and were every where ix-- ceivcd with the greatest enthusiasm and interest. They w^M-e shown the fortifications, navy-yards, &c., and every effort was made to impress them with the irresistible jiower of the government. They were afterwards escorted hack to their homes at the west, and dismissed with valuahlo presents and tokens of good-will. Black-IIawk lived thenceforth in peace with the whites. lie settled npon the Des Moines river, where he died in 1838. ^riie body of the old warrior, in accordance with his own wishes, expressed shortly before his death, was dis])osed in Indian style. According to Drake: "No grave was made; hut his body was placed in a sitting position, Avith his cane between his knees and grasped in his hands; slabs or rails were then piled up al)ont him. Such was the end of Black-IIawk. Here, however, his bones did not long rest in peace, but the}' were stolen from their pkice of deposit some time in the following winter; but about a year after, it was discovered that they were in possession of a surgeon, of Quincy, Illinois, to whom some person hai'e eciri- puted l)y old tradcu's to number six thousand fighting v.wn. They had sixty-four populous towns. In 1788, nearly half of them pc^rished by the small-pox. Like all the other mitaught nations of America, tlie\ were driven to ])crfect desjieration by the ravages of this disease. The cause to -whicli the^^ ascribed it, and tlic strange remedies and enchantments used to stay its ju'ogress, are alike remarkable. One course was to plunge the m\ INDIANS OF TITK SOL-THKliX Kr.STKS. mticnts into cold running water -(^it is fliwwlioro nicri- ijdiicd tliut thdso iidlictod will rr^'ijiK'tiily leap into tin! rivi'i' tlu'insolvcs to alhi)' the (i'Vcr and t(irnioiit) — the I'c- piilt of whicli operation w^m speedily I'atai. " A groat ni;iny killed tlieiii<"lvi's; lor, hjing naturally proud, tli^'v aiv always i«ee])iiig into their looking-glasses. — I'y wliidi means, seeing then^selves disdgured, without hojio of re- gaining their fortner beauty, some shot themselves, othei'S cut their throats, some stabbtMl themselves with knives, and dtlicrs with sharj)-j)ointed canes; many threw themselves with sullen madness into trie fire, and there slowly ex- pireil, as if they had been utterly divested of the native iifiwer of feeling pain." One of them, when his friends bad restrained these frantic eflbrts, and deprived him of his weapons, went out, and taking "a thick and round lioe-heh'e, fixed one end of it in the ground, and ivpeat- (vlly tlirew himself on it till he forced it down his thi'oatl when he immediately expinvl," These tribes were form(!rly continually at war with the Six Nations, at the north, and wdth the ^fuscogec^s at the ?outli; but previous to their war with the Phiglish eolonit's tluy had been for some time comparatively at peace, and ^vore in a thriving and prosperous condition. 'J'hey wen; excellently well suj)plied with horses, and were "skillt'ul jockies, and nice in their choice." Tli(! lower settlement of tlie Muscogees or Creeks, was in tliC country watered by the Chatahoochee and 1^'lint; the U])per Creeks dwelt about the head waters of the Mobile and Alabama rivers. Their neighbors, on the west, were the Choctaws and Chickasaws. The Creeks were a nation formed by the union of a number of minortribes with the Muscogees, who constituted the nucleus of the combination. About the middh; of the eighteenth century, they were computed to nuntber no less than three thousand five hundred men capabU; of 25 '''K.'- ^■'; A , 1 f:\ , 'It ■I ..i ■ ,v „ ri"' ^ I:' r-; .4.:iiit-iiii ..; : - — ~ — --i"^ •> V l' INDIAN HACKS OF AMKKU'A. neurinj^ iirms. They liml Irtinicl tlic necessity (jI'sccUuI. iii^ those iiili'cteil with the sinall-pox, so as to jivoiil the sjireud oi' the ec)iit;i;,M()ii, jiiul th(;ir general huhits aiKl usages were such thai they were fast iiiercasiiig, iiistfiid of (limiiiishitig, like all the surrt)uinliiig triln'S. While the Kloridas were in the ijossessimi ol'Sjiain, tlio Creeks were surrounded by helligerent powers, both imtivc and Kuropean, and they aj)pi'jir to have adopted a \'iv shrewd and artful policy in their intercourse with cadi, 'J'lierc was u l*'reneli garrison in their country ; tlic iMiL^li.-h settlements lay to th(! north and east, and those of tin: Sj)aniards to the south; and the old sages of the tril"' "being long informed by the opposite j)arties of the dil- ferent views and intrigues of those foreign powers, wlm paid them annual ti'ibutc under the vague appellation of })rescnts, were become surprisingly crafty in every turn of low polities." ^i'h(> I'Veneh were very successful in tin ir efforts to conciliate the good-will of the Museogees, and in alienating them from the iMiglish. The country of the Choctaws extended from that oftlie Museogees to the Mississippi, rea(;hing northward to the boundaries of the Chiekasaws: their lower towns on tin; I'iver were about two hundred miles north of New Or- leans. Adair gives these ])eoplc a very bad character, as being treacherous, dishonest, ungrateful, and unscrupulous; but he bears witness to their adtnirable readiness of speech. They were "ready-witted, and endued with a suri)i'isiiiL.' flcnv of smooth, artful language on every subject within the reach of their ideas." The strange custom of flattening the head, prevalent among .some other American tribes, obtained with tin' Choctaws. The operation was pi.'i'formed by the Avei,ulit of a bag of sand kept upon the foivheads of tlie infants bo- fore the skull had hardened. 'J'his process not imi)i'obaMy affected the powers of the mind: at all events, Adair savs: INDIANS OF TlIK POLTHKHX HTATKS. 887 "flic'ir features (md Tiiiiid oxnt'lly rorro.«potHl tof^othor; for, cxoojtt llio iiitciiso lovo tliey boar to tlit-ir nativo coini trv, and their iittor contcinjit of any kind of dan;^'(>r in dolbncc of it, T know no other virtue they are possessed (if: the f^encral ol>s(>rvation of the traders among them is just, who alfirm tliem to be divested of every projx'rty of a liuinan being, except shape and hmguag(\" Tlic French luvd acquired great infbiencc over the Choc taws, as, indeed, over nearly every tribe in North America with wliom they had maintained frien their councils on thingsofgrcat importance, though equally close and intrnt." It was in the month of NovembcT, (1720,) that tin' In- dians fell upon the I'Vench settlement. Tlu; c(jrrnnaiHlaiit had received some intimation of the intended attack from a woman of the tribe, but did not j)lace sufficient (lej)ciiil- enco u{)on it to take any elTicicnt steps for the protection of his charge. The whole colony wa.s massacred: int^a, women and children, to the number of over seven hun- dred — Adair says fifttien hundred — perished by th(; wa'ap- ons of the savages. The triumph of the Natchez was, however, but of short duration. The French came uj)on them in the following summer witli a large army, consistiii;,' of two thousand of their own soldiers and a great array of their Choctaw allies, "^rho Natchc/C were j)osted at a strong fort near a lake communicating with the Bayou D'Argcnt, and received the assailants with great resolution and ('our- age. "^riiey made a vigorous sally, ius the enemy aj'proarh- ed, but were driven within their defences, and " bonibanlcd with three mortars, which forced them to fly oft' different ways." The Choctaws took many prisoners, some of whom were tortured to death, and the rest shipped to the West Indies as slaves. *M e INDIANS OF THE SfHTMKUX STATKS. ;)M) TIm; rcrniiiint c^ftlic Nutclicz flcjd fcjr suf'ty to tlu; (Jhickii- saws. Tliis l)n)ii;^rlit aliout ji \v;ir between tlu; l*Veiicli aiul the last-mentioned tribe, in whieh, if w(! inuy bdii^vcj Adair, the Indians had de(;ij)ose what th(y thought must bo "wizards, or old French-men carry- ing tli(i ark of war against them." As the enemy ap- proached, and began to throw hand-grenades into the n)rt P p.: r li I, ^ vfl: #^- !'^ W if' .*: I" V t f. r^#fr;' ■■"•'" I'll ;!)0 INDIA X HACKS OF AMKIllCA. tlicy were quiekly undreeived, and set in earnest about the work of defence. They pulled the niateln's out oftlie fi^renades, or throw them back among the French; and. sal- lying forth, directed an L'Tectivc lii-e at the legs of the enemy, who were speedily driven olK "I have two (jf these shells," says Adair, "which I keep with veneratiuii as speaking trophies over the boasting Monsicurs and their bloody schemes." CIIAPTEll II. colonization of gkoligia — karly intekcourse with till-: natives — tomochichi — intrigues of thk uevkrenu thomas liosom- worth — cherokee war of 1759 — attakullakulla a\d occonostota — murder of indian hostages — colonel Montgomery's expedition — destruction of the east- ern cherokee towns — rattle inear etchoe — ca- pitulation at fort loudon — indian treachery campaign of colonel grant, and complete reduction of the cherokees. When the little colony of one hundred and fourteen souls, under the guidance of James Edward Oglethorpe, commenced the settlement of Georgia, in the winter of 1733, the upper and lower Creeks laid claim to the whole territory south-west of the Savannah. The only natives residing in the vicinity — at Yamacraw — were })eaeeably disposed towards the settlers, but the governor of the in- fant colony thought it advisable to put himself upon safe grounds as respected the Indian claims. lie therefore secured the services of a half-breed woman, named Marv Musgrove, who could speak English, and, by her media- tion, brought about a conference with the chiefs of tho tribe at Savannah, the seat of the new settlement. ziiJJ IXDIAXS OF THE SOUTIIEHN STATES. r.oi ^^arv liad formerly married a white trader fi-om Caro- lina. J5csides her u.selulues.s as an iiiterpret(M-, she hail sucli influence (jvei her tril)e, that Oglethorjie th()ii,L:lit it worth his while to purchase her services at the rate of one hundred pounds a year. She heeame afterwards, as we shall see, a source of no little dan the ^'amacraw bluif, where Savannah now stands. X'arious other stii)ulations, respecting terms of trade, the punishment of ollences, &c., were entered into, to the satisfaction of both jiarties. In April, 1734, Oglethorpe took Tomoehiehi, his t lils love for his first English patron, and urging uj)0ii Li.s people the ])oliey of maintaiiung their ]>lacc in his g(Hd- will. The chief was nearly ninety -sn Bosomworth tl-.en procured from Malatche a conveyaa' e, for certain considerations — among other things, a larjo \u , I "1 i a>l 1. (K.'lllC!ll )011 Ili.S s l;'( II " I- iv. to It'.'- ( 'I'ccks, tlie con- ion over I to win L to Au- [uul that I Viil, the 1 sii'k (.11 SllSjXvt liil the )lirU'l;li 4 ;tn;iii^th- grcat as- i i , at tho •ica, a)id Dresouis, not with li'cafv I'f ;iiioiit, tiTjir-'- a (•o:a- visit to l-tirlr^, ahitrhe lIMtit'U eyaiii o, INDIANS OF TUE SOUTlIEliX STATES. ooa Hiiaiitity of anniiunition and clotliin;^-, - of the islands liii-incrly reserved by the Indians, to liiniself'and liis wiie Miiiv, their heirs and assigns, "as hjng as thu siui shall shine, or the waters run in the ri\xrs, foroNor." This dvvd was regularly witnessed, j)r(n'ed lAl'ore a justice (>!' tlu; ])i.'are, and recorded in due form. Uosoinwoiih made sonic cdorts to stock and iinjTove these islands, but, his iiiiihition becoming aroused In* suei/oss in his lii-st intrigue, lie entered uj)ou one luueh moiv extensive, l^y h's ))er- snasions, his wife now made the extraordinary ehiiin that she vv'as Malatche's elder sister, and entitled to regal au- thority over I he whole Creek territory. A great meeting of the tril)e was [iroeured, and, what- ever of truth Mary's claims might be foutuled uj)on, she n]ipears to have succeeded in })ei-suading large numb(;rs (if th(^ Ci'ceks to espouse her cause, and aeknowledgo her iis an independent queen. Accomjianied by a strong force ofhor adherents, she proceeded incontinently to Savannah, seiidinii; emissaries before her tij demand a suri-erider of all lands south of +he Savannah i-ivei', and to make known her intention of enforcinix her claim bv tlio entire destruc- tion of the ccdonv, should her demands be resisted. The militia were called out by the president and council, ami the Indians were kept quiet by a displa}' of conlidence and ilnnness, that matters mi'i'ht be fullv discussed l)V their leaders and the colonial authorities. " Hosomworth,"' ?ays McCall, "in his canonical robes, with his queen l)y his side, followed by the kings and chiefs, according to rank, marched into the town on the 20th of July, nniking a most formidable a])pearanee. — The inhabitants were struck with terror at the sight of this ferocious tribe of savages." Lengthy discussions ensued, between Bosomworth and Mary on the one hand, and the president and council on the other. 'Jdic fickle and impressible savages leaned W 'H' .4 I. i'ii' kh-i h i\ 'il ii Ira'i ■ ilil l 111' It lA. ^9W^\ "• m. m V 394 INIHAN RACES OF AMEUICA. alternately to either opinion accorclin_<^ as tlicy "wore Ikh- ungucd by tlieir new loaders, or listened to the explanatidii.s of the other })arty. 1'hey were t(jld that Mary's elainis to royal descent were entirely false; that she was the daughter of a white man by a squaw of no note, and that the mad aiuuition of her reprobate husband had led to the wholo movement. They exj)ressed themselves eonvineed, hut no sooner hail Mary obtained another opportunity to coin- munieate with then\ than she succeeded in inflaming and bewildering their minds. It was found necessary to con- fine her and her husband before the savages could he quietly dis})ersed. Before this was aceomplislied, the town was in a situation of the most innninent danger, as the Indians vastly out- numbered the whites; and a very slight matter might have so roused their fury that the whole colony woukl have been annihilated. The intriguing chaplain had a brother, Adam Bosomworth, agent for Indian alTair.s in Carolina, who afterwards csj)oused his interests, so far as the claim to the ish^nds of St. Catharine, OssabaAV, and Sapcio was concerned. This coadjutor visited the Creek nation, jjrocured a new conveyance, and prosecuted the claim befoi'c the courts of Great Britain. The case })roved almost as tedious and com})lcx as that of the celebrated Mohegan land question in Connecticut. Bosomworth and his wife obtained, a decision in their favor, in 1759, by virtm^ (»f which they took possession of St. Catharine's island, and resided upon it the remainder of their lives. Ossabaw and Sapelo were decreed to be sold for the benefit of the suc- cessful parties, but further litigation arose from the claim? of one Isaac Levy, to whom they had sold, as was asserted, a moiety of that portion of the grant. The breaking out of the Cherokee war, in the winter ot this year, (1759,) is the next e\ont of special interest, con- tiected with the affairs of the Southern Indians. Tliov INDIANS OF THE SOUTIIKIIN' STaTES. 305 g,vr. gonorfilly to liavc been peaceably di.iposcd, and hou ist i.i the fullillincnt of their national on,;agcinents, and probably would have continued so, had they met with fair treatment at the hands of the iMiglish colonists. Pailic^ dfCherokees, under British commanders, had lu'cn engagt'd with the English in cami)aigns against tlie Fi-eneh fortifi- cations at the west. Upon the evacuation of Fort Du- quesne, nund)ers of these Indian warriors, whoso services wore no longer required, set cut U])on their return home. Having been ill-sup])lied with provisions, and having lost their horses, some of them caught and availed themselves of such of those animals as they found loose in the woods. Ill revenge for this theft, the German settlers of Virginia ;M1 upon them, and murdered and scal})ed a considerable iiu!iil)er. They even imitated, in several instances, the liorrihle cruelties of the savages in the manner of butch- (.■ry — at least, so says Adair, who further re})orts, that ■'those murderers were so audacious as to im])ose the scalps on the government for those of French Indians; and that they actually obtained the premium allowed at that time by law in such a case." The Cherokecs did not, for a long time, attem{)t any retaliation for this act, but made peaceable a})plieations to the authorities of Virginia and the Carolinas; but all was ill vain, and fresh insults and injuries, received from cer- tain officers at Fort St. George, finally excited the nation to fury. Adair says truly: "When the Indians find no redress of grievances, they never fail to redress themselves, cither sooner or later. But when they begin, they do not know where to end. Their thirst for the blood of their rci)uted enemies is not to be cpienclied with a few drops. The more they drink, the more it inflames their thirst. When they dip their finger in human blood, they are rest- ess till they plunge themselves in it." The French, and, at their instance, the Muscogces, were ■ It'", , it- 1 11 ; :"1- 1 n y "y \ .)'': ;>>• i^' ) ^^\ I'l!. 111'! ,|K J'i ^ m III rt'if'nt" ' '' \ \' ' I'l t ^1 I ;ii 'i' %. ■■» .306 INDIAN RACES OF AMKUU'A. not slow in availing tliornsclvos of the above cireurnstati cos to stir up a war against the Mnglish. The Cherokee? deterniined upon direct retaliation for tin; inassaen-.s l)y the (ierrnans. A ])art\', bound on this eri'and, fii-st killcij two soldiers near Fort Loud()n, on the south bank of'Tcn- nessee river, and afterwards s})read themselves aniong the w('sf(>rn settlements of North Carolina, killing such dt'tlie wliites as fell in their power. It was their lirst intciitii)ii fo take scalps ordy equal in number to that of their mur- dered kinsmen, but, once having their hand in, they ciuld not resist the temptation of going much farther. "Snon after they returned home, they killed a re])robate dM trader." ^JMic young warriors, now thoroughly I'oused and excited, would listen to no proposals of restraint: "Nothing l>Mt war-songs and war-dances eould please them, during this flattering period of becoming great warriors, 'by killiiig swarms of white dung-hill fowls, in the corn-fields, and asleep,' according to their war-phrase." William II. Lyttleton, governor of South Carolin;i, s>t himself strenuously both to prepare for the defence of the colonics, and to bring about an adjustment of diflicidt- ies. At Fort St. George, on the Savannah, he held a ceu- ference with six Cherokee chiefs, on the 26th of DeeemV»or (IToO), and formed a treaty of peace, secured by the de- livery of thirty-two Indian hostages, '^riiese were jdaeed in (dose confinement in a small and miserable hut, and the governor returned to Charleston. According to the usual course of events, the Cherokecs denied the authority of the chiefs who had concluded the above treaty, and hostilities broke out afresh. TJie two most celebrated chiefs and leaders anion tz: them, at this time, were old Attakullakulla, a promoter of peace, and long the fast friend of the Fhiglish, and Occonostota, a noted war-chief. Captain Coytmore, commandant at lurt IL'V cniilii i INDIANS OF TlIK SOUTIIEUN STATKS. G'J7 George, v/as an oLjcct of tlic bitterest hatred on the part of tlie Iiulians, and a lar^e body of them, led by Occoh <• • tt)ta, besieged the fort in I'V-l^rnary of 17»>0. The place was too strong to be taken by assault, but . ') Indian chief managed to entice Coytmore out of tin- dc- fciioes into an and)nsh, Nvhci'c he was shot dead, and lieu- tenants Bell and Foster, who accompanied him, were \V(nnided. The hostages who were confined within tlu^ WDrks, shouted to encourage their friends without, and when an attempt was made to j)ut them in injiis, resistijd manfully, stabbing one soldier, and wounding two others. rpon this, a hole was cut in *' - a ^f over their heads, and the cowardly gari'ison b' tcUc them by shooting down from above. This war now commenced ..: tar, est, and Indian ravages extended far and wide n])ou th.; fiontier. IVoops were ordered from New York by "i al Andierst, commander- in-chief of the British forces in iVmerica; and the neigh- horiiig colonies approjn'iated liberal sums for the pui'posc of buying the aid of the Creeks, Chickasaws, and Catawbas. Colonel Montgomery reached Carolina in April, (ITOO.) and In'stencd, in command of the regulars and provincials, to make an eft'ective inroad uj)on the hostile Indians. His ])r()gress through the lower Cherokee country was marked by the entire destruction of the Indian towns, 'J'hc first place attacked, called Keowee, was surrounded, and the men of the town were put to the sword. Estatoe, con- taining two hundred houses, with great quantities ol' {)ro- visitjns, was entirely destroyed; but the iidiabitantri were saved by a timely flight. " Kvery other settlement east of the Blue Ridge," says McCall, "afterwards shared the same fate." The army made some stay at Fort Prince George, and useless endeavors were put forth to bring about a })acinea- tion with the upper portion of thu Chcrokees. In the 'f:,; I w 1' ■ 1! , '!.] i' ' 111; I f '1^^ I f i I ' 1 I - i f ; 898 INIHAX HACKS OF AMEUICA. moTitli of Juno the troops were again on llicir mlvance into the wiMerness of tliu interior. Xi-ar the Indian town of EtL'lioe, tlie native warriors prepared a most skillful ata huscado to cheek tlie advaneinjjj fi^rees. It was in u di'cn valley, throun' soundly then tlian at any otlu-r hour,) a Iavl'*' 1>o(1v of armed savages, in war-paint, wen! srcn \>y a sciitinc!, crci'ping through tin; bushes, and g:ith('riiig about the (.■ainp. Hardly was the ahirm given when the attack w;n made: twenty-six of the f(,V'ble and half starved soldiei-s were killed outright, and the rest were jiinioned and marched back to the fbi't. Captain Steuart was among the prisoin^s, but his evil furtutie was alleviated by the staunch friendship of tlii> liciievolent AtakuUakulla. 'J'his chief, as soon as he heard «jf Stcuart's situation, hastener the rclicfof .siich of lliu gari'i.soii iil I'ort JiOiidon as iiii^lit have; tn'cfiril their cscii|K'. Pifiii^' iiDW ill salt'tv, Cajttaiii Sl"iiart dismi-si'd Itirt lii.liaii ('liriids wilh liaii'lsoiiio rt'wanls, to return uml jittetul to the welfare of his foniuT feUow-prisoiiei's. Sudi of theia as hail siirviv<'lined I in British .service in America, commenced active oi)eratioii.s I against the belligerent iiatio!i. What with the aid of tlio provincials and friendly Indians, he was at the head of j about twenty-six hundred men. The Chiekasaws ami I Catawbas lent some assistance to the English; but tlio Creeks are said to have alternately inclined to the French or Knglish, according as they received or hoped for favors and presents. 1 Till. INDIANH OF THE SOUTHERN STATKri. 101 The armv reached Fort Prince CM^orire on tlie 27th of May, (17<)1,) iuid th(>reoM Attakulhikulla iiuidc! his a])- pciiraiice, deprecating tlie proposed vengeance of the whitcM uj^uii hiri peojtle. lie was told that the English still fi-It the strongest regard for liini individually, but that tin' ill- will and misconduct of the majority of the nation wnc t^o jKiIpahle and gross to be suffered to go longer unpunisln <1. Colonel Grant inarched from the fort in tlic month olMunc, and advanced nearly to the spot where Montgomery's progress had been arrested, before coming to an engage- iiu'iit. Here tlic Cherokees, on the 10th, made adi>sperato but unavailing stand; they were routed and dispersed, It av- inj; their towns and villages of the interior to be destroved by the invaders. P^tehoe was burned on the day following the battle; and, according to McCull, "all the other towns in the middle settlement, fourteen in number, shared the same fate: the corn, cattle, and other stores of the enemy, were likewise destroyed, and those miserable savage:-:, with their families, were driven to seek shelter and subsistence among the barren mountains." Upon the return of the army to Fort Prince George, after this campaign, Attakullakulla again visited the camp, briniring with him a number of other Cherokee chiefs. a O Broken down by their disastrous losses, and disgusted with the deceitful promises of the French, they gladly acceded to such terms as Colonel Grant thought fit to impose, and a treaty of peace was formally concluded. 20 i^ m ■i IfjV [ 1 i. )• • r « 1. ■ (, t. ii m ^ tli ^i 1 J ' ' ^1; .% '^m*' -lUi; I! I! •102 INDIAN KACES OF AMEIIICA. ClIArTER III. CAPTAiy STETTARt's AOENCY — DISTURBANrF. IN 1707 — VIS.T np TKCUMSKH TO THE SOUTHKKN TFtlliKS WEATMEUFOUD — SACK OK FOKT MIMM.S WAR OF HIIJ — GKNERAI, JACKSOn's CAMPAIGN RATTLES ON THE TAI-LUSAHATCHEE ; AT TALLADEGA, AUTOSSEE, ETC. — THE HALI.IBEES — DEFEAT OF THE INDIANS AT HORSE-SHOK BEND — END OF THE WAR. In the year 1702, it was thought advisable hy the Eng- lish government to ap])oiut a general agent and superin- tendent of Indian afi'airs at the south. Partly through the earnest intervention of Attakullakulla, but cspeeially be- eause of his known sagaeity and influence over the native tribes, this office was conferred u})on Captain John Slou- art. I'pon entering on the duties of his appointment, he called a great council of dej)uties, from all the southern tribes, tit Mobile. Addressing the assembletl chiefs in their own style of oratory, he explained to them the rela- tions then existing between France and J^higland, imjiress- ing u})oii them the idea that all residing cast of the Mississijipi, must now look to the English for suj)plics and protection. He directed his harangue to the several niitions in sejtaratc succession, })romising entire aiunesly to all who had taken up the hatchet in behalf of the [•'rcnch; commending those who had remained faithful to the Mnglish; and excusing tho.se who had sided with the enemy, as the victims of di'ee})tion. It was propoi'ed to adopt, at this time, a more just and equable policy towards the Indians than had heroloforo been usvd, and to take the necessary steps to secure them against the deception of unprinci})led speculators. Atl'airs. accordingly, looked ])eaeeful and prosperous for somo years, 'i'hc nati\es ma'ie over a large additional tract of zh INDIANS OF THK SOUTIIKUN STATES. 403 land to tlic growing colon j of Georgia, to be sold, and tli<) avails aj>plied to the discharge of the heavy debts they had incurred for supplies of ammunition, clothing, &r. The following circumstance sudiciently evinces the policy (ifiiiild measures t(nvai'ds tilt; Indians: In 17<)7, the white- iiiiviiig made enci'oachments upon the Indian lands, some (if the Creek warriors bei^aii t(j retaliate by stealing hoi'ses wliii'h they found n]n)n their own territory. A l)arty of tlu.'iu also attacked a store at Trader's Hill, on the St. Maiy'.s, belonging to one Lcmmons, and after ])lunderin^ it of its contents, burned the buildings. Some of the whites pursued these marauders; recovered the stolen lioFrios; laid hands upon what valuable good.-- they could (li.scover, and destroyed the villages of the olf'Miders. l''ar less important alfairs have often led to long and bloody wans with the natives; but, in this instance, Governor Wright, at Savannah, restored [jcrfect quiet by decreeing mutual restorations and compen.sation. No events of very striking interest connected with the Indians of the Southern States, call for our attention frota this period to that of the wars with the western tribes in the early part of the present century. Until they became, to a certain extent, involved in those hostilities, they i-e- maincd in comj)arative peace with the American wdiitcs. After the termination of the revolutionary war, and the ostahlishment of the independence of the United States, the intrigues of opposing j)arties no h^iger ojiera.ted to fuaicnt disturbance, or to tempt the unfortunate .savage.s to engage in quarrels where they had nt/tliing to guin, and whichever resulted in their final discomfiture. IJy a .steady increase of number.^, and the adventurous .'spirit of pioneers, th(! white settlers every where made advances \\\\o\\ the Indian territory. Sometimes large ae- quisitions would be made by a goveri rnent purehii.sc; but, to no small extent, the opinion .: « the occupation of a I ■ :i I >. Ay n f iff !-. 9^ u IF !: m ;i 1,1 :S 40t INDIAN RACES OF AMEKICA. few roving savages could give no natural title to lands, ns opposed to the claims of those who had reclaimed, iiicluseil, and improved the wilderness, sutisfied the consciences of the cncroachers, '^Fhe argument in favor of this eonchi- sion is hy no means without force; but who can take ujioii liiiuself to draw the line of demarkation which shall decide, upon any principle of universal apj)lication, the bounds of so artificial a right as the ownership of land? In the autumn of 1811, the great Shawanee chief Te- cumseh, in pursuance of ^is bold and extensive })laii.s for a universal association jf the Indians against tin.' wliitcs, made a tour among tac southern tribes. His eloquent aj)pcals, and the overpowering energy which distinguisheil this truly great man, proved successful in the winniiii: over to his views of no small number of the Indian \v;ii'- riors, even among those who had long ))iaiiitaine(l a friendly intercourse with the Americans and the govern- ment of the United States. At the time of the declaration of war with Knulaiid. (June 18th, 1812,) the whole western border of the United States was in a position of the greatest danger and inse- curity. The machinations of Tecumseh and the Projjliet had roused an extensive flame of vindictive fei'oeity throughout the Indian nations, while British agenl>^, il is said, were widely dis])ersed, an.d, by munificent j)r jinises and artful persuasions, had still farther widened the breaeli between the savages and their white countrymen. Fri,<^fiit- ful scenes of depredation and murder called for a pronij)t and decisive check. Many miiior forays are recorded, hut the destruction of Fort Mimms in the Tensau settlement of Mississippi, in the summer of the year following, may be considered the first important part taken by the soutli- ern tribes in the wars of this period. We shall not under- take, in our brief account of the Indian campaign of ISlo, to keep up a distinction between the different tribes of .J INDIANS OF Tilt SOUTHERN STATES. 405 Creeks, Cbickasaws, Choctaws, Chcrokees, &c., wlio were drawn into hostilities. Prominent among the chiefs and leaders of the soutliern confederacy, was the celebrated Weatherford. His mothei' was said to have been a Seminole, l.>ut he was born among the Creeks. He was, beyond ({uestion, possessed of many noble and commanding qualities, but these were combined with cruelty, avarice, and degrading vices. A party o( about one thousaiul warriors, led by this popular chief, fell uj)on the devoted Fort Mimms, on the oOth (jf Au- gu.-;t, 1813. The post was garrisoned by one hundred and sixty efficient soldiers; the rest of its occupants, to the nunilier of one hundred and fifteen, consisted of old men. Women and children. The forces were under the ecjm- iiiand of Major Beasly. No regular i)reparations had been made for the rece})tion of so powerful an enemy, and al- though the soldiers did their duty manfully, they were overpowered, an(l all slain e\ee})t seventeen. ^Fhe women and childnMi having enseoneed themselves in sevei'al block houses, met with a more tiTi'ible fate. The savages set fire to the buildings, and consamed them, together with their inmates. The settlers inhabiting exposed districts were now ohhged to fly for safety to {)laces of protection, and tin! hostile hordes of Indians wei'c collecting their warriors for farther inroads upon the frontier. To resist them, a largo force was called into rcrpiisition in Tennessee, and the commajid bestowed U})on Genei'al Andrew Jackson. C(j1- onel Colfee, at the head of a considerable body of trooj'S, and such volunteers as could be immediately collected, hastened forward to de^'.md the country in the vicinity of Iluntsville. General Jackson, although disabled at this time, by a broken arm, determined to take the field in jier- son, and pushed on the necessary prejjarations with all that Wd\ and e!i.<-rg;\ which marked his character through life. •fl|, I'l !'.' A it lllf r l^ -»■ f • i 1! 'i i \ i 1 ■ir 'V ^ } h i . M '' i' ' ':'^ $ " ^M ■ i* 'V . fl ;'!'I|»|J T'o M ii?| 400 INDIAN RACES OF AMKliICA News was brought by some runiKirs from tlic (;sta])li:;h- iiioiit of the Iriciully old Creuk tjliicf Chiniiaby, thai llh; enemy was aj)j)roacliiiig" lluiitsville, or Foi't liamiitnii, iu full iorce. The re])ort was erroneous, but, as other rumors seemed, at the thiie, lu eoiilli'in it, the general huriied IiIh army on to ivlieve the [lost. 'I'his was on ihc loth ol'Oc. tober (ISl;;). j-'rom Iluntsville, .Jactkson, with his fwrci s, erosse(l the Tennessee, and joined C\>lonel Cotl'.'e, who w;i.s j)osted upon u high blulV on tlu; south baidc of the livi i'. J''rom this ])luee, Colonel Colfeo was disjiatehcd, uiih seven huncbvd men, to beat up the enemies' (juari'Ms oii the Blaek Warrior I'iver, .vhile the eonunandcr of tlic army turne(l all his attention to seeuring s- tile Creeks. He -.).i-i n; t a considerable force of tin,' enemy was now ;u the v.einity of the Ten. Islands, mi the Coosa. 'I'he news was eonfirmed by twit)ist,an(bng the straits to v/bieli his men were redueeil Irom want of ])rovisions. ^J'he troops reachni the Islands without eneountering an enemy. On the routi', Colonel Dyer was detached, with two hundred mountol men to fall upon Littafutchee, at the head of Canoe Creek, a western tributary oi the Coosa. He aeeomplished the ser- vice, destroyed the town, and brought back to the camj) twenty-nine prisoners. While encamjied at the Ten Islands, the general ascer- tained the real rende/.vous of the enemy to be upon the INDIANS OF THE SOTTTHEBN STATES. 407 Tallu.^saliatclicc Creole, emptying into the Coosa about thir- teen miles below the encanipmont. Colonel CoiVoe, with nine hvuidrcd men, was promptly ordered njion t\\o duty of engaging them. lie forded the Coosa at the Fish- Dams, and, approacliing the Indian eamj), so disjiosed his forces as to partially suri'ound it, while si'veral companies, und(!r (.'aptuin Hammond and Lieutenant I'atterson, were niarehed in to heat up the enemies' quarters, The savages fouglit boldly and des])eratcly, but were overjiowered and driven into their buildings, where one. hundred and eigh'y- six of th(.'ir nund)er perished, flighting hand to hand. Eighty-four women and child; en were taken ])risoners, and a munl)er were killed, 'us is said. In- accident, durifig the melee. This l)attle was fjught on the 3d ■ >i Novem- ber (1813). A species of fortification was now ])repared at the islands, and named Fort Strother. On the 7th of the monlh, in- formation was received that the enemy was coT.eeling in force to attack Talladega, — a post about thirty mile- be- low, occupied by fri(MKlIy Indians,- and (Jencral .iack>- )n, with ncai'ly his whole army, consisting of twel "e hu'Hbv'd infuitry and eight hundred jnounted men, hasN, ried to its rehef. The baggage, the sick, aiuA the wound i , each carry- ing on" of the infantry behind him, a yirocc^s which was continued till thi> whole ar' was safely landed o\ the opposite shore. It was abo miilnight when the iiarch commeni;ed, and on the evcnmgof the ensuing day, a spot only six miles fi-om Tall icga was readied. J5y four o'clock, on the following ' orning. the troo[)S were again in motion; and, acting \ wu intelligence obtained by rc- connoitcring during the night, General Jack..oii war> ena- hlcil so to dispose his troops as partially to suvouinl the c;nn[) before the action commenced. It is unnccess.iry to !' ij ^1 '^^is i \ ' ' :i:' i:;'i' !♦! ■!!i =n1 408 INDIAN RACES OF AMElilCA. give the details of tins battle. The Indians displayed both courage and firnincss', and by the iinj)etuo«ity of tla.ir attack, broke through the line of the advancing forces at a jtoint oeeujtied by Cieneral Itoberts' brigade. 'I'hcy were driven in again by a body of reserved ti'oojis, bni. j;iic. ceeded in making their e.seaj)e to the iiujunlains, tlir.v miles di.stant, through an o[)ening left by some misculcn- lation in iIh; direction of the Americans' advance. ''In this battle," according to Cobbctt, "the force; of the cuc.uv \vas one thousand and eighty, of whom two hundred ;iini ninety-nine were left dead on tho ground; and it is \ ecin- pellcd to undergo, now began to arouse a spirit of disenn. tent and mutiny. Few men have ever })o.s.ses.sed th:it sell- devotion and noble s})irit of en(hiranee, cond)ined wiiii an inflexibility of purpose never surpassed, which cnahleil Jacks(^n to (juell the disturbances which arose, n\u\ to preserve; the forces under hie charge in a condition Ibr activ(> and useful service. After the battle at Talladega, the Ilallibee Indians, who were largely concerned in that transaction, sued for jieaei'. ^riiey were told by the American general that this slioiiM be accorded, upon condition of the restoration of j)hmdeieil property, and the delivering up of those who had taken part in the massacre at Vort Mimms. Unfortunately, while these negotiations wciu ponding. General Whit*', acting under orders independent of General Jackson, at- Jj '•1m eiK ■;i;v f.l . is 1,,.. .,-,. ■llMt ill tl,i,s ^s t !:;u. I Wi 1 ••1 „ ,,, ,. 1 ^ w . t^l if i i m ii ^ Su,. AN'i)i{i-:\v .ia;ks.>n on his i"a\. )i;i'n'. ( iimh.ki; rz: INDIANS OF THE SOUTIIKKN STATES. 401) tackt'd tlic towns of th"so Iiiai;.Mi was the eiitiri> n^- (lurtioii of the hostile nations. W'v ucimI not I'eoiunt the vai'ioiis battles in which llu'V wen- dclrated and desti'oycd. The most nott'd of these w«i'i.' at. Auto.-M'c, where sunn; two liundi'ed wi.'i'e niassaei'('(l, on the 'i'.'th nf NovemlKi', and that of the ureal bend in tiie 'rallajionsii', knuwn as lldi'se-Shoe IJenil. At this latter point, the Imllans Ibiti- lied tliemselves fm' a last and desi»e'i'ate stand. Tliev were suj>[)Osed to be about om^ thousand in nuni- her, and ha • J .1 I- ' i'M 410 IXDIAX llACES OF AMIMIICA. forrotod out from tlic "caves nnd roeds," wliore tliey har! S(MJ<^lit(!oiiceiilnii'iit, und remorselessly put to death. Sev- end liiuidred women and children were made caiitivcs. 'I'hc loss of the attaekiii;^ iiriny, in this battle, was firty-livc kilh.'d, and duc hundred and ft)rtysix wounded. In the ensiiin;^ month, (April,) GeneralJaekson liaviii;: effected a junction with the troo])s from Georgia, umlor Colonel Milton, received a deputation from tlu; jirincjp.il hostile tribes, expressing a wii>h for j)eace. 'J'he gencml dcnumded, as one condition ujion which he wonld treat and as a test of the sincerity of the j)roposal, that the great but notorious Weatherford should be delivered up tur j)unishment. 'i'his chief, hearing of tli(> retpiisitioii, ami lio])eless of fuilher success in resistance, came voluntarily to the American camp, and presenting himself before tin,- commander, wiUi characteristic dignity and composinv, requested peace for his people, and announced his own submission to his fate, wdiatcver it might be. His speech on this occasion is given as follows: "T am in your })ower — do with mo as you j)lcasc — I am a soldier. J have done the whites all the harm I could. T have fought them, and fought them bravely. If 1 had an aiiuy, 1 would yet fight — I would contend to the last: but 1 have none. My people are all gone. I can only weep over the misfortunes of my nation." On being told that he was still at liberty to depart, and that no favor would be shown to him or his nation uidess tluy should submit to whatever terms the wdiites should see lit to impose, he replied: "You can safely address in.' in such terms now. Th.cre was a time when I could have answered you — there was a time when I had a choice— 1 have none now. I have not even a hope. I could once animate my warriors to battle; but I cannot animate tlio dead, ^fy warriors can no longer hear my voice. Tluir bones are at Talladega, Tallusshatchee, iMuuckfaw, andTc- :ij INDIANS OF THE oOUTHEUN STATKS. 411 liopelv'iv. ■•**•'** You arc a brave man ; I rely upon your genercsity. Vou will oxuct no terms of a eoniiucred IM'ojilo I'Ut siicli as they should aocode to." This was the hist imi)ortant incident of the canipuign. The Indians submitted to the (betation of tlic whites, and retired to the districts assigned them, eastward of the Coosa. CIIAPTKR IV. TIIF, REMOVAL OF TIIK CUKKOKKES WKST 01' TIIF, MISSISSIPPI PKi:SE.NT LOCATION AM) CONDITION OF TIIK OTlIKll TIUUKS OF THK SOUTHEKN STATES. "Bearing a people with nil its liouscliold (ioiIh into exile, Exile without an end, und without an example in story. — " IjONgff.llo\v. But a few years have passed since the Cherokces were in the peaceful occu})ati(»n of an immense and fei'tih' ter- ritory in the northern part of Georgia, They nunilifioil not far from eighteen thousand, and were increasing in a rati(; which attested their power of self-suj)j)(jrt ami im- provement. Thev had made advances far beyond ino.-t of their red brethren in the arts of agriculture and manu- flictures. A system of legislation adaj)ted to their e;i]iaei- ticsand wants had been established, and, generally speaking, the nation exhibited a ])raiseworthy sj)eetacle of sobriety, iiulu.stry, and good order. They were in possession o( about eight millions of acres of land, and their ability and inclination to cultivate it, may appear from the statistics of their stock and agricultural im})lements. In 1820, they were the owners of seven thousand six hundred horsc.>^, twenty-two thousand cattle, forty-six thousand swine, and two thou.sand five hundred sheep. ''There were in u.<(.' I N*' I'M :i W y-i s ':!! Ji>; ■It. •('; '?!'!« % tmim IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V /. .// ^^J^ S ^ #/ Q, ^- V <^ 7i o e/y. ^W oV 1.0 I.I 1.25 ■so "^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 2.5 M 1.8 U 111.6 23 WEST MAiN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 412 INDIAN RACES OF AMERICA. lunori!;; tlicm t.\vo tliousaiul nine liundrcd and firtv-ilirce plou;jflis, and one Imndrod and scvtMity-two wajnns. Tlicy occupied tlicir territory under the treaties enti'ivil i;;,, and within the hounds assiLHied at the ncL'^otiations In'tuirii ' the eoiiCederate states and the Indian ti'ihes of the s^/nh ' at thr close of the I'cvolutionary war. In tlic year 1802, when the lon^u'-vexeil (|ncsti<>ii df il,.' lioundarics oi" the state of Cieoriiia was (Inidly scttlid. t!i.' I'niti'd Stat(!.s stipidatcd to extiiiLiuish th(,' titii- of ;'.,■ Ciicrokees lo tlie lands tlu'U in their poss(>ssiou, "as c:\:]\- as the same eould be peaceably obtained, upon I'easonaiM' terms." As the states of (-eorgia, Alabama, and Mi>siss;j.i,i ; increased in power and population, tlii'y became more ai.il more impatient of the existence of self-govei'iiiiiLr ainl independent tribes within their bcnindaries, and bciiaii to exert a eonti'ol over them in some instances exeeeiliii'jiv unjust and oj>pressi\^e. Strong efforts were made t(» iiidiic.' an emigration of these Indians to the west, which were in some measure successful, and, jirior to 1^29, a cessidii dp ' sale of a vcrv large district had been ol)tained finm il.e ■ Cherokees. Tlie nienibers of this tribe, naturally attaclnij to the beautiful country in which they had passed tlii.ir hves, finally determined to retain ])ossession of what le- '. niained of their hinds, and to allow of no further salv.s to whites. In Decendjcr, of the above year, tlic state of rioer-ia pass(Ml a series of acts which justly aroused the fears ai.il indignation of the Indians, and excited a feeling of syia- palhy in their behalf, as powerful as extensive. Tho L/.vh of the state were declared to be in full force over all tiie Aborigines within its limits; the regulations and jirnvi- sions of the Cherokee council were declared invalid and void; heavy penalties (amounting to years of imprisMH- ment at hard labor) were awarded against any Chcruk.' roasii'.Kiii.i.: INDIANS OF THE SOUTHERN .STAI'i:S. -113 wlio sliould "endeavour" to oppose eini^^'raliou; ;uitl it \v;us eviMi oiia(tt(>(], liy the fifu'ciith section, ''tlial. no In- dian, or (IcsciMidunt of an Jmliun, within llic ( 'licroi^fe nation of Jmlians, .^liall be a eoinpetent witnc-s in any court of (Jeor;^ia, in a suit in wliieh a wliit(! man is ;i party, iiiiloss sneli white man I'esidcjs within said nation." Notwitlistanding the advi-rsc opinions of nianv of tlie ablest jui'ists in tlie (^onntry, as to tlu^ eonstitutionalitv or valiihty of these and oihci" provisions ol" the (,Jeoi-;jia h'L(is- latmv, and even a de<;ision a,ii;ainst them in tlir Siipivine Ci^iu't of tlie United States, they were, to a cfi'tain cxtiMit, cuforeed. 'Fhe situation of the Indians bccanK', in consc;- (|'i('ncf>, so preearious and uncomfortable, that a eou.-idcr- a!i!e }»ai-ty was formed among them of those fivorablc to niiifnition. At the head of this faction was Major Ikidii'e, wliilc the celebrated John Koss was tlu' l(;adcr of tho.-.(; opposed to tlio movement — a very large n-ajo-i-ity of the nation. blatters continued in a disturbed and nn'inirt stato, until ls;)o. At this time the Rev. J. T. Schci'nirrlioi'ii was deputed by the United States executive to bring about a treaty whereby the Cherokees should remove peaceably, rii-cciving a reasonable compensation for the improvcnu'iits which they should leave behind them. The negotiation appears to have been conducteil as nunt Indian treaties have been, wherever a specific object was to he gained. Notice was given of a council to be. hrld, •tnd a collection of those favorable to the proposed emi- gration ratified a treaty, by wdiich the whole ti-il)e was bound to remove within two years. Notwithstanding the obvious want of authori^y on the part of those indi\idual.s to hind the nation, and a remonstrance signed by the thou- sands \\ho opposed the treaty, it w^as ratified by Congress. An appropriation was made f)r the indemnification of those who should suffer loss by being torn fr<^m their fill- :=f' f^;:i • \' , Ii; ,1'.' » /■ 'f' ■ t : <^ ii t.\ M i is * ^ I iiSP 1 1 ii rJ [,{> 1 'I .1 1 -ft ■ .;■ ;.-, V .vi^^'^ifii I .Vtii' tftfl 4ii INDIAN RACES OF AMERICA. lioini.'.s, and for the otlier cxj)cn.scs attending iLo ininiiitoug transaction, and nothing Wiis left to tlic unlia|)py Chcro- ivL'Cs but submission. No resistance was made, as, inde('(l, an}- ojijKisiiidn would have been utterly fruitless. The United States' forces, sent to overawe the Indians and enforce conu'liaiicc with the cruel edict, found no call for their services. With a commendable spirit of energy and pcrsever;inc(^, ilit' Cherokees, with their brethren of the neighborin-j; tiiliiial aspect. lie tells us that there are none of the American r;ces who approach so nearly to the idea usu- ally entcilained in Europe of "savages" as do the Esqui- maux, In striking contrast to the thin beard (for the most part artificially eradicated) of other American abo- rigines, these ])CO]>le have that excrescence "^Z vpiv'sse jusq \uix j/ciLi, (ju''un a 2)"->i<-' o decuuvrir \judqiics traiti r:= N()l;TlIEliN RACES. 417 de kur vi'sagc.^^ Ti n)vcrs tlicir faces nearly to tlic oyos; so that one can scai'ccly (lisrni;j;uisli .^onic features of their couDtenance. They have, tnoreover, lie says, soniethin;^ hideous in i1m ii- gciieral aspect ami ilenieanor- small, wiM- l(H)kin'4 eves, larL:e ami very foul teeth, the hair ueiuM'altv bhick, hut sometimes fair, and always in extreme disurilei", and their whole e.Nterior rouifh and brutish. Tiieir man- ners and character do not falsify this unprcixtssessin'^j I'livsio^u'uomy. TlKy are savaiii.', rude, suspicious, unipnet, aiul always evil-disposed towards strangers. He considers tlieir (air li^ir and skin, with the slight general resomhlanco tlicv hear towards, and the limite(l intercourse they carry on with, the iieighl.'oi'ing natives, as imlisputalde evidence of a st'parate oi igin. Pi'ichard says, that "the description given Ly Crantzof the Greenlandcr-, ma}' well a})ply to the whole race. They are. loi- the most i>arr, under five feet in stature. Thev have wcil-shajied and }irMportioned lind)S. Their face is com- inenlv hroail and flat, with hiiili cheek-bones, but round and plump cheeks; their eyes are little and black, but de- veid of sparkling fire; their nose is not flat, but small, and projecting but little; their mouth is little an— scl(l(jm iiioro tlian I'uur feel four incinH ill liei^^dit; suspicious and hostile towards straii.ircrs; suli sistiug uj)oii the ])rodurts of the sea; clothed in tlic samo style, and usiii,L^ the same wea{)Oiis, boats and iniplrnicnts, as those still iidiabiting the eountry. 'Die iiilios])i;;ililo natur<3 of their climate, their slender resources, and the deterioration of the race consequent upon such a mode of life as theirs, seem to preclude the probability ol" iiiiuh imj)rovcment ever taking ])laee in their condition. The Ksipiimaux received little better treatment, at the hands of the early Kurojiean discoverers, tlipn diy no iiicaii^ wnntinL' in nrhanity and kindliness. I low readily their gnspicions are allayed, will appear from the account of Captain I'aek's first meeting with a small party of Kscpii- maux. They were seen at a short distanci', gathering iu exciteil groups, (^r running ahout at their wit's-end with .'(.■Jtonish merit at the ai>pearaiicc of these "KaViloonds"' or Iviropeans, Ix'ing the lirst they had (>ver seen. When the I'iiiglish began to advance towards them, they wei'c at first npellcd l)y wild outcries, and g(.'sticulations, and by hos- tile demonstrations with the spears, which formed tin; weapons of the Indians. 'J'he uneouth grouj) stood in a semi-circle, "yelling out some unintt'lligiblc word," as tluj captain l)oldly and composedly walked up to them, and made signs of peace, throwing up his liands, as he observed tlioni to do, and calling out "Tima" — (peace). "In an instant their spears were flung to the ground; and, putting their hands on their breasts, tlu^y also called out Tima, with much more, doubtless greatly to the purpose." Any attempt to give a connected history of the Esqui- maux, from the time of their first intercourse with P]u- rojieans would necessarily resolve itself into a narrative of the various polar expeditions. The progress of the Christian missions upon the coast, could we afibrd space to enter upon it, might throw some light upon the natural i endowments of the race; but we nuist content ourselves I with a few general descriptions, cited indiscriminately from j dillercnt authors. I The dwellings of the Esquimaux consist either of move- ' able tents, constructed of poles and skins, in the style of an ordinary Indian wigwam, or of regularly arched domes of snow and ice. The precision, rapidity, and geometrical \ accuracy which they disj)lay in shaping the blocks of which ( ■ 41 , ^:i ■A ; .j'3 I • T * is * ,1 I t \v, + ^jff-'l j'l I i 420 INDIAN' i:a(.'k.s of amkhica. thcao snow lints are oomposod, exeilo tlie admiration of tlic 1)L'li()l(lcr. An art wliich the arcliitects of the ancient nations of EnrojK! never aecjuired — ^the fi^rmation of the arch liMS from time inmiemorial LeeTi in nsc amoni^' lliis uiitiitoreil race. 'I'he snow honses prin'e as ti;4lit, warm, and coinfoi'tablc as eonld ])e desired; l)nt tin; habits (jf tlic oecnpants ren(h>r tliem insnfl'erably oflensivt; to llio wliites. Crowded witli do^s, defiled witli oil, blubber, ainl olTal; and blackened by smoke and filth, they arc said to nauseate even those whose lives are passed amid the im- ]iurities of a whale-ship. A j)erson entci'ing one of tlicsc huts is obli^^ed to creep throu, danger of the most ter- rible gashes; and it would make an Knglish rnotlicr shudder to see the manner in which children five or six years old, are at all times freely trusted with a knife to be used in this way." Most of the birds and quadrupeds upon -which they rely are migratory, and onl}' to be taken between the months ( y e "*M ' m^ 'I 1 ■ 1 f>\ ' 1 ^m.l ;■ «« sm 422 INI»IAN IIA<'KS OF AMKIilTA. of May :iinl Octi.Iifr. In Murrli, Apiil uiid Miiy, the dif. fii'iilt iiml perlt;{;tly wat(!r-tight. A circular hole ia then cut in the deck, win-rein sits the solitary navig.itor, urging tin; kaiak forward by means of a ])addle having a blade at each end. lb; cannot founder so long as he can maintain an upright j)osition. An upset would be inev- itable destruction to one unaeipiainted with tlic nature of the craft, Ijutthe l']s(piimaux readily rights the kaiak under sucli circuinstanctiH, by a dexten^u.s use of his paddle. A lloat is attached to tin; harj)oon, used in striking the soul, which prevents him from (■scaj)e by diving. As he rt'ap- pears, after a momentary submersion, his pursuers press upon and speedily dispatch him. When the prey is brought to land, the duty of flaying, separating, and preparing it i'or preservation, devolves upon the women. NrAhing is allowed to be wasted, but every ])orti(^n of tin; carcase is a})plied to some useful pur- pose ; the fastidiousne.'^sof the whites, touching the })ortioii3 suitable for food, being utterly unknown. The lean meat of the seal and otlicr animals is j)reserved in various wavs Much of it is cut iu thin slices, and dried in the warm and -I ■ NoinilKIlN I!A''i;S. ■\'l.i ••')' Hiii'ikv iittiiosjilirn' of tlir liuts, ;iii(l ii ('(Hi('tMitrat(Ml iirticli) of tliud, ciillcd " I'riiiiiiii'Hil," is |»r('{)an'il by j)()iin event of a \v<'iitiile(l ur dcail wliale l)eiiit; driven on sln,>re, l)rin;.^s ddwn the w hole nt'if^hltorinj,' j)()j)- iihitioii lo share in the spoih Nnthine eonld lie more \;iliial'l'' to these jieoplo than the \arioiis sulistanees oh- lained from the enoriiious earease. The Mnhbi-r is sepa- rated ami ]>reser\e(l for oil; the coarse mnsenlai' tissue loriiis to ihiMu a ]iahitaltle ai'tiele of fooil; th'' sinews serve fnr lines and eMrd;iL''e; and the \vIiaIed»one is made avail- aMi' liv tralfK! with Mui'ojieans. (){' the rein-deer, two species furnisli food and elotliin^' til 1 lie iiihaliitaiits of the cold reL'"ions of noi'thei-n America, altlion,:.di, sinirularly oiionLdi, none of them have succieedcil ill doniestieatiiif^ the iininial. 'I'hey an; acciistomecl to (li.-carroved of more sif,nial aiil and eotnfort to any race than that of tlio dog to tlu3 Ksqnimanx. 'I'he ]iiiiieipal nse to whie'li he isap]>lied is that of di'awin<_' tli(; pK'(l;rc, l)Ut, upon hunting excursions, in tlu' summer, he is lna(l length— to which a lash, long enough to reach the leadiii*' J(jg, is attaclu.'d, aiul allowed to trail beside the sledge. This lash is rendered pliable by a prtjcess resorted to Ibr ])re[)aring leather Ibr vari(jus pur])Oses, viz : that of rln 'c,',,'/. The o])eriition is perfoiuned l)y the women, and to its ei in- stant exercise, sonic travellers attribute the bad eoiidition of their teetli, befoi'c noticed, 'i'he sledge is (;oinpo.~(il of two I'uiniers, (jf w(j(jd (jr bone, — sometimes oi' liie juw- bones of a whale — connected by crcxss-picees and hisliiiijs. Moss is packed closely between these, ; nd s];iiis ni'e l.tiil u))on the top. 'Idle runners urt; jireserviMl from wcai', himI made to slide easily over the surface of the snow by dial- ing them with smooth ice. Tlie Ks(piimaux perfoi-m journeys (jf sixty miles a dav, with a single pack of dogs, and stcjries, at first glance al- most incredii>le, are toM of the distances accomplished, and the weights trans})orted by })arlicularly line specimens u!" the breed. ]5esides serving as a beast elf a (•(iiitrol over tlios(^ a1)oiit liini l>ryoii(l the eirele oi' his own family. Dexterity and sueeess in llsuinu; and hnntini;; form a'liiiist th(.' oidy claim foi' admiration oi' di.-linction in the rvi'S of this nnsophisliiMtc'tl people. So pcaceCid anil eon- ttiit('(l ;i lil'c, amid the eternal snows ol' the noilli, wilii sni'li fhw means of comfort and enjovnient, stands (lu'th in .<; liking'' contrast witli the private disc(.)iit(Mit and jmlilic animosity ofmori' ]>i-i vi!< •,!:;( 'd nations. Where the natives of (Ji'eenland and other countries at thi' iioi'th have lield fi'ce interconi'se with I'hii-opeans, in- .-taiices have been found, amouLT them, of much liiLflicr iiiK'HiLfenee than is usually attributeil to the I'ace. Cap- taiu Pari's', in his seeonil \'oya,ire, ])artieidarly de.serihes a finale nana.Hl IHgliuk. Her correct ear foi' music, and ajiprcciation of its heauties, were \cvy remarkahle; and I'.ie iiitei'cst ami attention which all the novcd meeliaiiieal arts exercised cjii ho.u'd the ship excited in her mind, ga\c I'viileiice of no little capacity for improvement. We cannot give a l)etter idea of the edect whii'h inter- ciiurse with foreignei's lias ])roduced uj)oii some of the l'!s'[uiniaux, in (ihanging their ori^iinal (piiet and unohtru- sivc dcuK'anor, than by the following quotation fi-om Captain Lvon: "I could not l)iit compare the boisterous, noisy ^at fel- l"\vs, who wci'c along-side, in excelI(Mit canoes, with well- furnished, iron-lieaded weapons, and handsome clothing, v.'itli the poor people we had seen at Soutliamj)t(^n Island; tin.' latter with their s})ear-heads, arrows, and even knives of cliip[,ed Hint, without canoes, wood, or iron, and with their tents and clothes full of holes, yet of mild rnannei's, (['liet in s[)eech, and as grateful for kimlness as they were anxious to return it, while those now along-side had, per- !?'! ./li .its; M m ! "11 ! I ?& '•^1 ■i'^M iiiii if^^: 1 ,^' ..<* 426 INJJIAN KACES OF AMKIUCA. haps, scarcely a virtue left, owing to the roguery t]i(>v huu learned from tliuir aninuil visit lo the IluiLscjii's llavj^liips An air of saucy independence, a most clamorous dcuKHKl for i)resent.s, and several attempts at theft, some of wliich were successful, were their leading characteristics. Yet I saw not why I should constitute myself the censor of tlieso poor savages; and our barter was accordingly conducted ill such a manner as to enrich them very considerably." CIIAriEU II. THE Kstii;iMAi:x or .MKiA'ir.LK rK.\i.\snr,A — thkir statl'Kk and COSTUMK S.NOW HUTS AM) Tinail FlJUMTrKK I.Ml'iaC.MKMS I'OR HUNTING AND SKALI.\(; .MK.NTAL Tr.ArrS. The most complete i)icture ever yet given of Esquimaux life and j)eculiarities, is to be found iti "Parry's Sccoiul Voyage in search of a Xorth-west Passage;" particularly ill that })ortion of the work, at the end of the narrative, devoted to an "account of the Esquimaux of Mehille Pe- ninsula and the adjoining Islands." It is our purpose, in this chapter, to give a brief outline of the statistics and details there collected. Hesjiecting their general appearance, Parry's descrip- tion of the natives does not varv materially from that which we have already given. He re])rescnts their stature as follows: the "average height of the men, five feet, five and one-third inches; of the women, five feet and one-half iucli." The women a])pear shorter than this standanl. from a stoop acquired by carrying their infants in a "hood,'' and from the great bulk of their clothinccoii(; I NORTH KKX RACES. 42; dirt, iniglit liiivc l)ecn considered pleasing-lookii.g, if not liamlsniiic pe()})le, in any town in iMiropc." 'riic\' wear their liair ticnerallv lon'^-; the men allow- ing it to flow earclcs-sl}', while the women dispose it in two plaits or fpies, which hang down on each side of the face. Their dress bears marks of no little skill and nicety of liiiisli, and is admirahly calculated to defend them from the terrible scverit}' c)f the winter-season. A double outlit of jackets, breeches, and bcjots, made of deer and scrd- skiiis; the inner suit having thehaii ttirneil inwar ill' t'l; 428 IM>IAN HACKS OF AMKUiCA. a needle and tlirrad tlirouyli tlic outer skin, the thread being .saturated ^vitli oil and lamp-Llaek. 1'lic internal arrangements of the eireular snow-liuts in Avliieli the winter is passed, are as follows: Around each room, next the wall, a bank of snow is built to the hi'l^Lt of two oi" thn.'e I'eet, upon whieh are plaeed, hrst a euutii.c of j)ebl)lcs, then a row (jf tent-[)oles, paddles, and uhalc- bone, and above all a layer of bireh twigs, [.'[ion tliusc are spr^'ad the skins and furs whieh eonstitute the biMhlin" of the inmates. Jt is evident that (juite a low tempt.i'aime mu- 1 be maintained in order to preserve both house aial furiuture. 'I'he ou]y means of warming the huts is hy a sort of lamp, eonsisting of a shallow dish wrought of sluiie {laiii-i olluris)^ "its f )rm being the lesser segment (jf a eir- ele. The wiek, eonsisting of drv moss rubbed between the haiuls till it is quite inllammable, is disposed alei;:: the cdi!:ii of the lanii) on the straight side, and a 'Mvatrr or smaller (puuitity lighted aeeording to the heat leipiircd or the fuel that ean be afforded. " The llame is fed hy the drip})ings of a sliee of fat or blubber, suspended wilh- in reaeh of the blaze. The stone ])Ots for eookimj,' are hung over this lamj), and, above all, is a net, sti-elclied U})on a hoop, wdiereou wet boots and other garments are plaeed to dry. 'i'he general atmosjdiere of the apartment is ke})t a lit- tle below the freezing point. Parry obser\ed the tlior- niometer, at a time when it fell to twent3'-iive de,i:ret.s below zero in the open air, to stand at thij'ty-two de-iees within a few feet of the fire; and this when the hut was filled with Indians and do^i's. To inerease the wariiitii. oceasions a ti-oublesome drij)ping from the roof, an iiieun- vcnience to whieh the inhabitants are obliged to suhii-it lookiii'j,' ure inuciits art' NOKTIIEIIN RACES. 429 (luring some of tlic spring monllis, Lefi^rc the season liiid become iiiiM enougli for (Uvelliiig in tents. '['\\c. principal liousehoM utensils are the lanij)s;uul pots ahove mentioned, eei'tain cups of the horn of the musk- nx, vessels of whalebone, and the ivory or in)n knife. Tli^' latter, or at least the material of which it iseom])osed, i,- i)litaine blade. To a limited extent ■idine of the l']s«|uim;mx obtain and maniiflictuiv iron IVoni tlie iron pyrites found in certain localities, and wdiieh serves them for flint and steel in lii'htinjf fires. The imjdements f^r hunting, in use among these Esqui- ituiux, are simple but efleetive. The "siatko," wdiieh serves the purpose of a harpoon in taking seals, walruses, and even whales, is a particularly ingenious contrivatiee. It eoiisists of a short piece of bone, pi^inted with iron, and "cttMched by the centre to the "allek," or long thong of leather. The blunt end of the siatko is titted to the' end of the diirt, and is attached by a line, that it can be dis- engaged the instant tin; dart strikes the prey, h'l'om the iriainier in wdiieh it is slung, it instantly turns at right angles to the direction of its entrance, and will endun; a very severe strain before it can be drawn out. At the other end of the "allek" is tied an inflated seal-skin, which serves to bring the animal (quickly to the surface of the water. For their bows, they arc obliged to use the wof)d of th(^ -^.r-tree, and, in order to give them the requisite strength ar.d elasticity, they arc very artfully and neatly ser\-efl with lines constructed of sinews. At each end of the bow, is a knob of bone, and to these the 'Strengthening lints are attached and drawn tight, wdiih; the bow is b'ent backwary liitclios round the wood, i im anove dcsc tinii applies to the best weapons of tlic sort. — "A bow in one piece," says tlie narrative, "is very rare: they ;.rcii- erally consist of from two to live pieces of ])(>ne, of mic- rpial leiigtlis, secured toj^etlier ]>y rivets and tic(>-iiails.'" Tlie arrows are of wood and bone united, and liave licu'ls of iron or slate. Tboy will inflict, a mortal wound at a distance of forty or lilty yards. In the construction of all these implements, a knife and a drill arc the principal tools used. The latter operates with a bow, like that in common use among us. It is evident that intellectual advancement is entirelv incompatible with such a life as we have described. Tin.' ideas of the Supernatural entcrtaii;ed by the Kscpiiinanx are vague in the extreme. " They do not appear,'' savs the description in Parr^', "to have any idea of the exist- ence of One Supreme Being, nor, indeed, can they be said to entertain any notions on this subject which may bo diir- nified with the name of Keliu;ion." Of certain games, consisting mostly in fantastic distor- tions of the body, and comical ejaculations, they are never weary; and a straii.LiC monotonous song, of which the words and music are given by Parry, furnishes amusenieiu until the performers desist from sheer weariness. Their moral character is i)robably upon a par with that of most savages. They do not possess the high, indomita- ble spirit, the scorn of suffering, the clannish fury of j'u- triotism, nor the fondness for war, so commonly considered the nobler traits of the American aborigines; but, on tin.' other hand, they arc more kindly domestic in their feel- ings, and less cruel and revengeful than their brethren at the South. They exhibit little gratitude for favors, and when ex- posed to the strong temptation presented them by the pres- ence of such a magazine of treasure as a foreign ship, tliev NOKTUEKX RACKS. 431 ftill generally indiiliro in iiilforinjj^. Those travt'llcrs who haveheen most familiar with tho strange rat'c, accord to them many ]>leasiiig qualities; whik' their vices are such as must naturally result I'rom their destitute and hopeless condition. Their whole history miglit jirove unspeakably valuable to uri did we wisely gather from it a lesson of content. ClIArTHU III. iuE KNISTKM'.AUX, CHU'l'lCWAS, ETC. TiiH KnisteiKMUx, or Crees, arc a nation materially I dlfl'erent from the lv<(piiiiianx. ^rh(>y have a much nearer rcsomblatice than that jjcopk"" to the other Nortli Amei'i- , can tribes, and, tVom cl(>s(! analoLi'ies in language, are con- sidered as a bi'aiich of tlie gr(>at Algoiupiin stock, wlueli, centering in tlie Canadas, spi'cad over sueli an extent of the North American continent. The country former! v oecupiecl In* the Kinstcneaux — for the ravatres of the small-oox have in late vears miserablv : rediK'cd their nund)ers — is of vast extent; lying between ; the Ignited States and the Esrpiimaux region, and extend- ing westward to the Rocky Mountains. ^I'he line of their ofxaipation is thus given b\' !Nracken/ie: Conmiencing widi 1 the coast of Labradcjr, it extends along the north bank of ■ the St. Lawrence, to ^rontreal. "The line then foUows tlic Utawas river to its source; and continues from thence I .... nearlv west along the hifrh lands which divide the waters that iall into Lake Superii:)r and Hudson's Bay. It then proceeds till it strikes the middle part of the river AVini- pic, following that water through the Lake ^Vini])ic, to the discharge of the Saskatchawan into it; from thence it accompanies the latter to Fort George, when the line strik- i in 1' i, ■ i ■■" ' ■■! 4 ":h ■« .v: 'I ■A '* . iV ,fi INIMAX HACKS OF AMKIIICA. ing hy till' Ih'.'kI of lli(< l^o;iv(M- Jiivcr, lo llir I'llk IJIvcr runs aloiiL,f its Imiiks to its diseliarge in tlic Lake of \]at Hills; IVoni wliirli it may \n> carried back cast to the k>io n la Ci'ossc, and so on to ("liurcliill liy tlu; Mississiphi. Tli(i wlioli' of the ti'act between tins line and IIikI.-mu's V>:\y and Sliaits, (cxecjit tliat of the Ksqniiuaiix in tin- latter,) niav be saitl to be cxcltisivoly tlie country of tlic Knisteiieaux." 'I'hey were also to \)e found n[ton Unl ];i\'er, (whicli, after iinitin,!]r with tlic Apsinid)oin, emiitics into bake WinipeL;.) and upon the south branch of the Saskatcliiiwan. These people ]K>ssess all the ordinary characteristics ef the Aniei'iean Indian; the copper coni])lexion, l)lack finw- in,!.'' hair, well-pro]M)rtioned limbs, and keen black eves. Travellers H})eak of the women as bein<^ far more attr:ii'iiv(> in personal appearance thati the, generality of srpiaws. [']kcn of as of a friendly and hospitable disposition, and no more dis- honest in their dealings than other savages, although some hav(5 given them the r(>i)utation of being arrant thieves. Tiittle of distinctive character attaches to the vai'ious minor tribes of the north, until we reach the Esquimaux, with whom little or no commerce is held by these nations, and with whom, from time immemorial, they have wagtail u desultory warflire, ^baekcnzie describes individuals and vil- lages of the Red-Knives, Beavers Indians, Dog-l!ibs, llanos, Slaves, Duguthee Dines (quarrcllers), and many otlil 11, ('iii|itii',s K'li ol' the i"( torisfi(.'s of )lnrk flow- ilack eves. ; attnirtivc \VS. rpnil , \vliili' the •• Ol' war. t 'SO far as C a(lect''il rirs, eci'e- , and the ;i'ii nl' us more ihs- ULlil SDUIC tliievcs. vaiious ininiaux, c nations, c wawd ;i Ills and vil- bs. Hares, ny otliers; jiiliaritics. conijdex- :!'WII| ll .i!Jl< li \t l.V/>l.1.YS ir.1TCHl.VG FOR S.1f.MO.V I' li NOHTHKKN RACKS. 4.*;.3 ion tliaii llu' inhaliitaiits of iwow ti'inporato cliinos, iuiil ex- liiliit the (Ictorioratiiig •ulliu'iicc oC a lift! in a coM ami (lc!(l their rpiarters bcfire the arrival of the troupe, and the place of rendezvous be far fi'om home, the return is accompanied with the greatest danger and dis- tress. Many of the aged and infirm are frerpn^ntly left to perish under such circumstances. Of several families of this nation, with wdiom ^^acken■ zio held .some intercourse, he says: "They are a meagre, u,i:ly, ill-made people, particularly about the legs, which are very clumsy, and covered with scabs. The latter cir- cumstance proceeds, probably, from their habituidly roast- ing them before the fire. !N[any of them aj^jieared to be in a very unhealthy state, whichvis owing, as I imagine, to tlieir natural filthiness." 28 1' 'il 1 i' j ! if .(^ \i V I nd )■•■ m il # ,4^ 434 INDIAN HACHS OF AMEUICA. Tlio riiippcwiiM urr sprcail over a vast n^'-ion at I'no lioi'tli, the limits of wliii'li it woillil, {((.'rliajM, Itc iinpos.^i' 1)1(' ai'iMirat-ly to il''liiii'. Mactkcu/io, writiii;,' alioiit tlii; year I7'.»i», hiys (lnwii tla; tract oocupicd by tiilu's who i spi'ak siiKstaiitially tli<; .same laii^iUa^^f, as follows: "It l)(';^^iiis at Cliurchill, ami runs aloii;^ the liiios of scparatiuu I between llieiii ;iii(l the Kliist(MieaU.\, Up tho Mississippi, to ' the IsU; a la ('rosse, passiii^^ on thr(;u^h the null'ilo l„ik.', River Lake, ainl Porta;/!! hi FiOchc: from theiue it piu- Cecils by the MIL' River, to the I/ike (jf the Hills, ami ';in,s ' (breetly we^t to the l'eae(! Jliver; and uj) that river to its source ami tributary \vat,ers; from when(;e it ])roeee(ls to the watei's of the River ('olumbia; and follows that ii\iT i to latitude fifty-two de;,q-ees twenty-four minutes, nnith, and loni/itude f)n(! hundred and twenty-two degrees \\i\\- four minutes west, where the (Jhepewyans have the Atn.ih j or Chin nation for their neighbours, Jt then takes a duo [ line west to the Hoa-(!oaMt." Tlie coast Indians, (Jti tin; I'acifie, dilfer from tlmsi' of i whom we are now ti'cating. In the vieinitv of lihei'in-'.s I Straits, they are l"]s(|uimaux, but as wc proceed soutlnvai'i, we find distinet and separate races. 'Phe ('hippewas, aeeordiiig to tho writer above-quuti'il, are a (piiet peneeabhj race, of a timorous dis})ositi(in jiinl wauderin.L'" habits. 'I'hey take great ])ains to prepai'e tln'ir dress so ;is to resist the (.'Xtreme cold, and so well ivv tiny protected in this respcxft, that when arrayed in the wan.'i furs and skins which form the winter attire, one of tl-.e tribe "will hiy himscdf down on tht^ ice in the miihlle ofa lake, mid repose in comfoit; though he will sometimes find a difneulty in the morning to disencumber himself of the si mw drifted on him during tin; night." The women are not hail- looking, but the hard service of drawing loaded sledges, ;nid the continued necessity of wearing the bulky and ))on(leroa3 snow-slux', give tln'in a shullllng and awkward gait. 14 NOriTIIKUN RACES. •i;;r> Great inpMiuitv iiiid skill iirc (li.-Jiihiycd hy tlir CiiiitiM'- j wa.<, particularly by those dwelling' tipoii tiio licad-watt is of tlif Mississippi, in the (loiistnictioii of tlicir liirch-liark caii'M'S. l*rol)al)ly in no oilier part of tho world are lioals to Ih' Ciiiiiid so li^lit and j)ortal)le, and yet capable <>{' car- rviii^i; an ('((ual burden. They arc eonirnonly made of a ; siii;/It' n»Il of the bark, neatly and stronj^dy sewed, and so Hhiipcd, by the a is so trilling as to aid very little in the pre- j scrvation of e(piilibriurn. Sketches of Chij)pew!i canoes I iuv given by Mr. Catlin, and contrasted with tno awkward tulis of the NfatKhms. / ' Mackenzie says that these people are not like the Knis- tiiK'NUx ami most other North American Indians, reserved iiinl distant in their communications with strangers or with each other after along separation; and that tlu^y do not exhibit those extremes of alternate energy and indolence so noticeable in other races. In su(di a country an they inhabit their food must, of cour.se, be almost entirely animal. They arc more skilled in fishing, and in snaring deer, beaver, &c., than in the more active methods of securing game. Lik(! tlie Esqui- rnuux, although they prefer their meat cooked, thev can well make a shift to eat it without any preparation, when unable to procure fuel. On their journies, they are sup- ported by the nutritious and portable j^reparation called ponunican, which we have l)eforc mentioiKid as in use j among the Esquimaux. It is made in the followiu"- man- ner: Thin slices of lean meat are dried over a fire, or In- alternate exposure to sun and frost, and then ])ounded between stones. A quantity of boiling fat, e aniiet(^d relatives ]iuts to .«!ifuiii' the cold-heartedness of too many among the eulti- v;ited and enlightened. When, alter the lapse of years, the scailolds had fallen, ;ind nothing was left but blcaeheil and mouldering bones, the I'cniains were; buried, with the exception of the sk'ulls. These were jilaeed in circles upcju the plain, with the faces turncil inward, each ri-sting upon a bunch of wild sag(>; and in the centre, up' mi two slight mounds, "medicine-})olcs" were erected, at the foot of which were the heads and horns of a male and a J'einal(> buffalo. To these new places of deposit, each ol' which contained ncjt far from one hundred skulls, "do thcs>' jH'ople," says Catlin, "again resort, to evince their further all'ection for the dead — nc^t in groans and lamentations, however, for several years have cured the anguish; but fond alTections and endearments are here renewed, and conversations are here held, and cherished, with thdlead." The wife or mother would sit for hours by the side of the white relic of the loved and lost, addressing tin' skull with the most affectionate and loving tones, or, perchance lying down and falling asleep with her arms around it. 1 t i ^r 1 '■' ,l ; I , ' - 1 (' / .1 1 .t ) #'■ ^t. ^!j ilk 1 r V i'' , J pip'*l iii: f if t' 'n U-2 IMHAN RACKS OK A M i;i;i( A. Fo(j(l would Ijc nightly S(.'t hcforc many of tlioso skul^ and, with tlio most tender cure, the aromatic hvd upon wliieli tiny re])osed would be renewed as it wiiucred jinii decayed. CHAPTER II. I'KKSONAI, ArPKATiANCR AND PKCHMA lilTIF.S OF THE MANDAXS — Tiir.iii n'isi'iTAi.rrv and uunAMTV — tiikir ckkanmnkss OF I'KIISON — TIIRIK DliF.SS — I'DltTIi AITS OF MANDAN rillKK.S roNTKAST I'.KTWKKN THK WH.I) TIUHES A NO TIIOSK OF TIIK KllD.N'TlKK — MANDAN DoMKSTlC I'SAfiKS (JAMKS AND DANCES TU A INING OF TIIK YOUTH THE GREAT ANNUAL RELIGIOUS CEREMONY THE MANDANS SUPPOSED TO BE OF WELSH DESCENT ANNIHILATION OF THE TRIBE BY THE SMALL-POX. Unlike the other Indian tribes of the west, the ^faa- dans, instead of presenting a perfect uniformity in coin- ])le-\ion, and in the color of the eyes and hair, exhibited aa great diversity in these respects as will be noti(;ed in ii mixed population of Europeans. Their hair was, for the iiKjst part, very fine and soft, but in a number of instance's a strange anomaly was observable, both in old and young. and in either sex, viz. : a profusion of coarse locks (>f '"a bright silveiy gray," approaching sometimes to wdiite. Some of the women were quite fiiir, witli blue eyes, and the most symmetrical features, combined with a \cvy at- tractive and agreeable ex])ression. It does not a})pe;ir probable that sullicient intermixture with European races had ever taken place to account for these peculiarities, and bome authors appear quite convinced that these Mandans are the remains of a great jieople, entirely distinct from the TlUnivS WEST OF TllK MISSISSII'IM. 413 ii.itloiis around tlicm. Of ^^r. Catlin's n\S(\'ircli('s and oon- {illusions n'siicctiii,!,^ tlieir origin, we shall take occasion to gjieak licreafttT. Ill tli(.'ir disposition, the Mandans wore hosj)ital)li' and IVJi'tidly; afTt'ctionato and kind in their treatment of rach (^tliei'; anf these clumsy water-craft, were strikingly similar to that ')f the coracles used in Wales and upon other portions of the coast of Great Britain. As an additional means of luxury, and as an efficient remedy in case of sickness, a hut was devoted to the ])iir- poso of a steam-bath. This was cfl'eeted by pouring water w M If, ;•■"' t t ^ i; <1 :1f IfHipi ip fl m- "' ^ ,; \f ^ff . N ';''' : ji 1 ■1 r 444 INDIAN KACLri OF AMKIUCA. ui)on lic'itcil stoups, over wliicli tlio p:itiont was j.l;>cfM] wrapped in ImHiilo-robcs, in a wicker-biiskt't. 'riic opcr.i* tion was always followed up by a i^nn^'o into tho river, und a snl)se od'ects, in after tiiiu s. when llie srnall-})ox spread through tho tril)e. ^J'he diT'ss oC the ^[andau warriors, although in its {.'cii- cral fashion similar to that of tho neighboring tribes, \v;is singularl}' I'ieh and elaborate. It was formed entirely el skins: a coat or hunting-shirt of buck-skin; leggins aiid moccasins of the same material, beautifully fringed, ainl embroidered with porcupine rpiills; and an outer inuii!!i' ol' the fur of a young buHalo, formed the jjrincipal cquiii- nient. The covering for the head was more elaborate, mimI was constructed, by all who could obtain the materials, of ermine skins, and feathers of the war-eagle. So hii/h ;i value was .set upon these head-dresses, that ^fr. Catlin, alter having bargained for the entire suit of a chief, Mdioso jmr- trait lie had just jiaintcd, was obliged to give two horses, of the value of twenty-five dollars each, for the crowning' ornament. Some few chiefs luid attained a height of an- thority and renown which entitled them to add to their head-dress a pair of bufialo-horns, reduced in size aii(l weight, and arranged as they grew upon the animal. The custom was not confined to the Mandans, but a simihir ornament is widely considered as symbolic of power and warlike achievements among the western Indians. Nothing could exceed the pride and delight of the chiefs of the tribe, after their first apprehensions at the novelty of the proceeding were allayed, at the sight of their own portraits, for which they were induced to sit by our author. lie was constituted and proclaimed from the moment of the first exhibition, a "great medicine-man," and old and young thronged to see and to toucli the worker of such a miracle. All declared that the pictures were, at least par- 11 m 'yf, i^ > 1 i I i f MANDAN CHIEF. 4 n. > I: lilii 'IB It' 1 mi Ill II ti:il Mill (J IT. I IllUl a;M III'" tiuli h'l of' 1 f il'l anst>([ueiitly hi.s ttini tif existenee must bt; shortened. It was moreover feared Irsf, by tlie j»ietuR''H bving after the death of the oriu'iiial, \\n\ (piiet rest of the ;^n'ave sliould be troulih'd. Hv a most injfenious and jmbeious poliey in adoptin;^' a i;it)il(.' of exphmation, suited to tlio eaj)aeity of his hfiii'rrs, aiiil by wisely in;^n-atiatini^ himself with th(! ehiels and iiinheine-men, Mr. (Jatlin sueeccded in stilHng the eommo- tiuii exeiled by sneh suggestions and suspieions. He was lii'M in liigh estimation, and feasted by the principal men (if the trib(!, whose [jortraits he obtained for his invabiablo L'niI(!(,'tion. It is oidy among sueh remote tribes as tlio one whieh firms the snbjeet of our present consideration, th;it any ailcfjuate idea can bo formed of tlic true Indian (character. The gluttony, druidvcnness, surliness, and "shiftks.-;ness" of tliij degraded race, that has caught the vices of the \vliite men, without aiming at hiscivili/catio.i, are str(jng]y Contrasted with the abstemiousness, self-respect, and mitivo dignity of the uncontaininated. "Amongst the wild In- diuiis in this country," says Catlin, "there ;iro no beggars — 110 drunkards — and every man, from a beautiful natural precept, studies to keep his Ixjdy and mind in such a ln.'althy shape and condition as will at all times enable liim to use his weapons in self-defence, or struggle for the prize in their manly games." The usual custom of i)olygatny was universally j)ractieed among the ^fandans, by all "whose rank, position nnd means enabled them to make the necessary arrangements, and pay the stipulated price for their wives. The girls were generally sold by their parents at a very early age^ ■il )■ ' ' *i'»« '«' ; * ;>i ■;,» mv'^ |:|| .^*llil:-^ MO INDIAN HACKS OF AMF^UICA. and, as ai'i()ii<_^ most L;u'l);ii'ons nations, tliuir fate \v;ls a lifc of t(jil and (li'udgcry. 'I'licir time must be almost en '■ ataiitly employed in getting fuel, eultivating eoiu and ; ?nuasli('S, j»i\'|i;iriiig pemmiean and oIIkm' di'ied stoirs fur winti'i', and in dressing and embroidering the buUalo-ioli,., : which liicir l(jrd and master aeeumulated for traiK.' with tlio ' I Avhitcs. . I Notwithstanding this apparently degraded j'ositioii. wo ■ .'ire informed that the wonu-n were seemingly <'(nit(iitiil i with their lot, that they were modest in their dcportiiic.it, jdid that "amongst tlie respcetable families, virtue" was "as highl\- cherished, and as inapproachable as ir. any . society wdiatever." I White traders among the extreme westei'n tribes are ' said to bt; almost universally in th^ custom, fi-om motives of poliev, and pei'haps from inclination, of allying them- selves to one, at least, of the principal ciiiefs, by a teinpu- rar}' espousal of his daughter. In many instanc(\s they ^ indulge in a plurality. 'J'his is a position greatly soii'.;!it ' after by the young w^omen, as the}^ are enabled by it to ! indulge their native fondness for display, and are herd ! from the toil usmdlv incident to their existence. ! The men and boys, leading a life of ease, cxcej)t when ■ engaged upon a hunt, practiced a great variety of gaiii'S | and athletic s})orts, some of them very curious and on- : ginal. I lorse-raeing, ball-playing, archery, &c., never failed ' to excite and delight them. An endless variety of danei's, i with vocal and instrumental accompaniments, served f'r j recreation and religious ceremonials. Every word and ; step had some particular and occult signification, for the most part knowai only to those initiated in the mysteries j of "medicine." i In times of scarcity, Avlien the buffalo herds had wan- , dered away from the vicinity, so far that the hunters dared ; not pursue them, for fear of enemies, the "buflalo danee'' 711 ic invsterii'S •ii;i;!KS WEST OF tue mississhti. 4-i7 i\:i> pcrforincd in the central court of tlie village. Every mail of the tilbe possessed a mask made from the skiij ufa hullalo'shead, iueludiiigthc horns, and drii d as nearly a.s possible in the natural shajn', to he worn on these occa- sions. When the wi.sc men of the nation determined upon tlu'ir invocations to attract the bud'alo herds, -watclieis \vcii\ stationed upon the eminences surrounding the village, and tlie dance commenced. Witli extravagant action, and strange ejaculations, the crowd jierformed the jux-sci-ihcd iiiaiireuvres: as fast as those enii'aged became weary, thcv would sii^-nilV it bv croiichhig d(jwn, when those without till' circle wouM go through the })antomime of severally shouting, llaN'in,::, and divssing them, while new perdirm- crs took their place. Niuht and dav the mad scene was kept up, sometimes for weeks together! until the signal was given of the a}H)roach of bulValo, when all prepai'ed with jov and hilarity fu" a "Tand hunt, fully convinced that their own exertions had secured the prize. Xo less singular was the ceremonial resorted to when the cro})S were sullering for want of rain. A knot of the v»-is('st medicine-men would collect in a hut, where tln'V held their session with closed (hjoivs, burninLr aromatic heibs and LToing throuuh with an uidcnown series of incanta- tions. Some tyro was then sent up to take his stand on the roof, in sight of the jteople, and spend the day in invo- cations for a shower. If the sky continued clear, he re- tireil in disgrace, as one who need not h()|)e ever to arri\e at the dignity of a medicine-man. Ihiy after day the per- formance continued, until a cloud overspi'cad the skies, when the 3'oung Indian on the lodge discharged an ai'ro\y towards it, to let out the rain. From their earliest youth, the boys were trained to the mimic exercises of war and the chase. It was a beautiful siu'ht to witness the snirit widi which they would enact a sham light upon the oj)en prairie. A tuft of grass supplied the })lace of the scalp- f: ,s i ■> I Is*, 'i 4\ 'li- I :ii'v I Sliati'llili;,' liis vivtiia's Ills \V(HiiliU Tlieyuutli ligiiiiy ;iial ri gariiiciit.s le Ma'alaa cd li'ats oi wliich •■ ill liatlcuiii in lliij lii.-t'iry ;, aiiil laiw traii.Liv ivli- i-(.'turiiiii'j' as, ill 111'' Ln>i'i;_uii'S, I alidU aii'l lit,'. Till' itliii, thn'i; llie csrapi,' I ie\' lui'l a ' seri|>tiii-al 10 Imll'al'j he yuiiii:-' cr (>r war- i been fully \ of LMiilur- id Icadoi's 1 i i-\' |! ill *■: ' lit J: 'f^'* w ,» m f: * * 1 ! "u I 'f i# ■■ f '1 ii^fc ^-* ^_ i'l !l til I.V/il.lX ir.lfiDI.YcF.. TIUBES WKST dl" THE MlSSISSiri'I. 449 Tlio jMn'ind for the ceremony was tliat in wliieli the IiT-vcs of" the ■willow on the river hank wrrt^ lirst fully ojione*!; "for, aeeordint^ to th(.'ir ti'adition," says (/atliii, '"thetwi/^ that the bird hronrjiil Iioiw was a willow hoii'^li, find had fnll grown leaves upon it,' and the Itird to ^vliieh they alhule is the mourning or turtle-dt througli his arms, until, at the end of several days! lie drojipcd into the water, and swam ashore. Throu^^lKjut the whole ordeal, the chiefs and sages of the tribe critically observed the comj)arative fortitude and endurance of tin; candidates, and formed their conclusions thereupon as to which would be the worthiest to command in after time. With all these frightful and hideous sights before his eyes, or fresh in his recollection, our author still maintaiii.s, and ap])arently upon good grounds, and in honest sin- cerity, his former eulogium upon the virtues and nat- ural, noble endowments of these singular people. AVo have given, above, bu.t a brief outline of the mysterious conjurations attendant upon the great annual festival: many of these lack interest from our ignorance of their signification. A favorite theme for theorists, ever since the early ages of American colonization, has been found in the endeav- or to trace a descent from the followers of the Welsh voyager. Prince Madoc, to sundry Indian tribes of the west. Vague accounts of Indians of light complexion, who could speak and understand the Welsh language, are given by various early writers. They were generally lo- cated by the narrator in some indeterminate region west of the Mississippi, at a considerable distance above New Orleans, but no whc^e near the Missouri. It is to be regretted that these ancient accounts are so loose and uncertain, as there can be no doubt but that they are founded upon striking and important facts. A list of Mandan words, compared with Welsh of the same signi- fication, has been , '.''3 public by Mr. Catlin, in which the resemblance is so v jar, that almost any theory wou^d be more credible than that such affinity was accidental. Tlii.s author traced remains of the peculiar villages of the Man- TUIHKri WEST OF THE MISSLSSIPI'I. 45:3 dans nearly to the mouth (>[ the Missouri, and Jesei'bes others of siniiUir character t(j the northward of Cineinnai'. lie supposes that the adventurers, who sailed from Wales in the year 1170, and were never tiienceforth heard from, after landing at Florida, or near the mouth i)f the Missis- sippi, made their way to Ohio; that they there became involved in hostilities with the natives, and were eventually all cut olf, with the exception of the half-breeds who had sprung up from connection with the women of the coun- try; that these half-breeds had at one time formed a pow- erful ti'ibc, but had gradually been reduced to those whom we have described, and had removed or been driven far- ther and flarther up the Misscniri, The arguments upon wliieh this hypothesis is based arc drawn from a careful examination of ancient western fortifications; from phys- ical j)eculiaritie8 and the analogies in language above re- ferred to; from certain arts of working in j)ottery, kc] and from the remarkable and isolated position occupied by the tribe in question among hostile nations of indubitable aboriginal characteristics. The theory is, to say the least, plausible, and ably supported. In the summer of 1888, the small-pox was communi- cated to the Mandans from some infected persons on board one of the steamers belonging to a company of fur-traders. So virulent was the disease, that in a few weeks it sw''})t off the whole tribe, except a few who fell into the hands of their enemies, the liiearees. One principal reason for the excessive mortality is said to have been, that hostile hands of Indians had beset the village, and the iidiabit- auts were consequently unable to separate, or to place the infected in an isolated position. The scene of death, lamenta^^'^m, and terror is said by those who witnessed it to have been frightful in the ex- treme. Gi'cat numbers perished by leaping into the river, in the parox3'sm of fever, being too weak to swim out. A \M' 454 INDIAN i;aci:s of amkimca. 17 Tliosc wlio died in tiicvilla^ju lay in heaps upon llic flooi-s of the huts. Of tlio few secured by the Kiearecs who took possession of tlie depopulated village, nearly all wen' sai, and their proximity t*^ the white settlements has changed, and too often degraded their native character. The more dis- tant tribes, subsisting almost entirely upon the flesh of the biiHUlo, clothed with skins, and using the native weapons of their race, still remain in a state of rude freedom and independence. Graphic descriptions of their wild life, their skill and dexterity in the chase, and innumerable amusing and striking incidents of travel, and portraitures of private and natural character, are to be found scattered through the pages of Catlin's interesting narrative. One of the most remark ;djle and touching traits of char- acter described by this author, as observable among the Sioux, is the strength of maternal affection. Infant chil- dren, according to the common custom of v/estern Indians, are carried, for the first six or seven months of their ex istcnce, strapped immoveably to a board, the hands and anus being generally left at liberty. A hoop protects the *,.. t :i f I mv 450 INDIAN |{A<|,s OF A.MKUICA. « I' c'liiM's Hicc (VoiM injury in am' (/f :i fall, jmd tlic wl.ulo iipiiaratus is oCtcii lii;:lil}' (jriiiitiiciitiMl witii fViii.^c ari'l tm. l)nii(lcry. 'I'liis j»a''k or craillt; is jtrovidcd with ii l>i.i;;,l baml, \vlii(;li is jiassnl iciind the i'oi'clii'ad of the iimtln i-^ Kiistaiiiiii;,' tin: Wfi^dit of tlu; cliiM jjeiulaiit at her l>;ir!,. 'I'liosi! wlio lijivo hccii most faiiiiliar with tliis hkkIc , ;' fi'catiiinit, generally approve (A' it jus best suited to the ]]['■■ li' oriir 111 ti.c TlllUK.S WKST <>[■- llil. \I1S.-I.- -ll';'l I'M would — inoro liumitucl v, it Is ti''ic — at nine put ;i;i rti'l to tlif lives of such uiiroitmi;itr,>. Tlii- nIil Mill'.-ivr imi only ii.-.M'iits to tlic pruccrdiiig, l>iit -iiiifally >ii;^';4<'sts it, wlicii oiiisciouri that ho is too urak t<» traxcl, or to !)>• of any ,:ii'tlii'r sorvicif !Uiioii,i; liis |u'm|i!c. With sonic sli'/ht \>y<>- t ■'•liuji over liim, and a htt!c Un><\ \,y his .>idi', hi- is icll to i!ii'. and he dcvouivd hy the woKts. Ccitaiii tiihcs o|' lliis nation, far tip the Missouri, are in till' iiahit i»r |ii'rl'(PiMiiin,ij; xaridus ci'irinonii'.^ of scH'li>rtnn; i I tlirir rehgious cxcrcisi'S, somrw hat anaI'iL,0)iis to those (.(f lilt' Mamhms, hut si'l(h)ni, ircN-er, are th^'V eal'lieil to .-iich ;iii cxti'nt as we have (h'scrihcd in ticatini'' ni' tliat tnhc. In tlie Sioux eoiiiitrv, at the southern cxti'eniity ol' the iii;.'li rid.L;!', raHeai's tlu! Sioux have alVeeteil a monopoly in tlie jiii)iliiet> of this (juarry, and it was not witli(;ut the mo.-t \clie!iient opposition that Mr. ('allin and his eompanions, lid hy curiosity to visit the remote and (.'t'lehrati'tl place. Were ci, allied to malce tlieii- way through the Indian set- llciiicnts fallen in with on the i-oiUe\ Throngs of (hisk}' warrioi's, at these stojiping-plaecs, "Aoiild asseuible to discuss, with gi'cat heat and exeitemcni, the true motives of the strangers. The genei'al imj ires sioii seemed to he that the ti'avellers were government ugeiits, sent to survey the locality for the pui'jiose ui' ap}iio- J' ■I f "1^1 4' i( ri . '4^M\ Illl r' If ' * i 458 IXDIAX ILVCES OF AMKIMCA. priation, and one and all expressed a determination to perish rather than n'linijuish their rights to this, their nifi>t valued })hu;e of resort. The stone is obtained hy digging to a depth of scvcra! f(.'et in the i)rairie, at tlie foot of a preeipitous wall (■!' quart/, roeks. 'i'hc ^vhole geologieal formation of tlmt distriet is deserihed as exeeedingly singular, and the \<\\f tlie choicest gifts of the Great Spirit. I'he following extracts from the speeches of some Sioux chiefs, through whose village Mr, Catlin passed on his way to the (piarry, may serve to exemplify the veneration with which the stone was regarded. " Vou see," said one, (holding a red ])ipe to the side of his naked arm,) "that this pij)e is a part of our llc^h. The red meii are a i)art of the red stone. ('How, howl'/ an expression of strong apj)robation from the auditors. "If the white men take away a piece of the red jiiiie- stonc, it is a liole made in our flesh, and the blood will always run. Wo cannot stop the blood from running. ('Uow, how^f) The Great Spirit has told us that the red J' TFJIJES WEST OF THE IILSSISSIPPI. 459 Stone id only to be used for ]>i}H'S, and tlirougli tlicm we are to sindko to him. (' Howl')'' The iKxt speaker jironouneed the stc^ne to be jiriceless, as it was iiirdiriitt'. Another, after a preliniinaiy vaunt (f Lis (V.vn prowess, arid worthiness to be listened to, pr(j- cocJed : "We hjve to go to tlie IMpe-Stonc, and gx't a [licee H'r our pipes; but we ask the Great Spirit tir.-t. 11' tin; white men go to it, they will take it out, and not lill up the holes again, and the Great Spirit will be oil'eiuU'd. (•lluw, how, how!')" AiKjlher — "My friends, listen to me! what I am to say will bo truth. (' llow !') I bought a large pieee of the ]>ipi'- stDiie, and gave it to a white man to make a l)ipe; he was iiur tra h It; i. :i' ^- II '" !i r it ^i^' d 1^5 r tfrr- . ^A: V 4i • 1' •m 4G0 INDIAN i:acks of A]\Ij:iaCA. unt occupation oftlie tiumi, we will devote soino little spnce lo a (le.seriptioii of the liahitsof the aniiual, and the ii;itive modes of pursuing and destroying it. 'i'he hiul-lo or bison of America, is found at the ])resent day tlnou-iiout no small portion of the vast unsettled country between (uu western frontier and the liock}'- Mountains, from the suii;L- crn ])arts of 'J'exas to the cold and desolate regions df thu north, even to latitude fifty-five degrees. No where aie ihrs.' a limals more abundant, or in a situation more c<)rigciii;il to their increase, and tlu; development of their puwc'is. than in the western country of the Sioux. During certain seasons of the year, they congregate in immense herds, hut are generally distributed over the country in small cm- l)anies, wandering about in .^ar'-li of the best pasturai^v. They have no certain i-outine of migration, ahli(jii-h those whusc occu].'ation leads to a study of their nieve- ments can in some localities jioint out the general ei)Ui>e of their trail; and this uncertainty renders the niude ef subsistence depended upon by extensive western tribes ut' Indians exceedingly precarious. The most vrluable possessions of tb',\sc races, and the most essential in the pursuit of the buffalo, are their herses. These useful auxiliaries are of the wild prairie brei^l, ex- tensively spread over the western territory, the deseendanis of those originally brought over by the Spaniards in tlie sixteenth century. They are small, but strong and lianly. and superior in speed to any other of the wild animals el' the prairie. Numbers of them are kejit about the eueaiii]!- ment of the Indians, hobbled so as to prevent their strayin-- away. Upon the open ])rairie the bison is generally jnu- sucd upon h(M-seback, with the lance and bow and arrow. The short stiif bow is little calculated for accurate niark- manship, jt for a distant shot: riding at full speed, the Indian generally waits till he has overtaken his prey, and discharges his arrow from the distance of a few feet. Tzrzi TllIlJE.S WEST OF THE MlS,irri. -1(U The ndinirablc training of the liOrsc, to wliorn tlio riilcr is obliged to give loDse ivin as lie approaclics liis olijcet and jireparcs to inflict the deadly woluuI, is no less h-jUcc- able than the spirit and energy of the riilei'. Siieli is the force with A\hieh the arrow is tbrtnvn, that re])eated instances are related of its complete jiassage through tlie huge body of the bulfalo, and its exit upon the opposite side. This near a})proach to the powerfid and iiifni'iated animal is by no means without danger. .M- iHoU'ih tl'c hor.se, fi'om instinctive fear of the bulTalo's liiii'ii-', sheei's off immediately ii})oii })assing him, it is not always done with sullicient quickness to avoid his sti'oke. The hunter is .said to be so carried away by the excitement and exhilaration of })ursuit, as to bo a})j);irently ]»ei'i'eetly reckless of his own .safety ; trusting ctirely to the .sagacity and quickness of his lu)i'se to take him out of the (hinger \u\ij which ho is rushing. The noose, or lasso, used in catching wild hoi'ses, is (ifleu left trailing upon the ground during the chase, to allbrd the hunter an easy means of securing and remount- ing his horse in ca.se he sIkjuKI be dismounted, by the attack of the buffalo or otlierwise. In the winter season it is common for the Iii(hans of the northern hititudes to di'ivc the buffalo herds from the bare ridges, where they collect to feed upon the ex])osfil herbage, into the snow-covered valleys. 'J'he nnwirldy beasLs, as they flounder through the (b'ifts, ai'c easily ovei'- taken by the hunter.s, sujtported by their snow-shoes, and killed with the lance or bow. Another method, adojiicl bvtlie Incban.s, is to put o\i thedi.sgui.seofawliit<> \voi('-.-hni, and steal unsuspected among tiie herd, where they can select their prey at leisui'e. J'acks of wolves frequently follow the herds, to feed uj)on the earea.sses of those that peri.sh, or the remains left by the hunters, '^riu.y dai'c not attack them in a body, and are consequently no objects of r:i^:iijf':.. ill Ell Of in V fi;^ - !» n w r-^: ■J' 1 ; ' , 1! :/•. .'*'*i u . . . '■ t i ! 1 '? .' ['■'' m^T HiiiPii 4G2 INDIAN RACES OF AMERICA. terror to the Lufililoes; Init, sliouM un old or woumli'l ,i;, itnal be se]>firute(l from the company, they collect ai'iniiui him, a:'d gradually weary him out and devour hiin, AVheu bufl'alo are rletity, atid the Indians have I'nir (,p. |)ortunitv, the most astonishing and wasteful slauuhtor ensues. Ijcsides the ordinary methoils oi" destruelidii, the custom of driving immense herds over some ])i'cei})ito\is ledge, where those behind tram]>le down and thrust over the foremost, until hundreds and thousands arc destroyed, has been often described. Kven at seasons in which the fur is valueless, and little besides a present supply of food can be obtainea(di of which skins the Indian has received but a pint of whiskey! Such is the fact, and that nund)er, or near it, arc annu- ally destroyed, in addition to the innnber that is neccssai'ily killed for the subsistence ot three hundred thousand lu- dians, who live entirely upon them.'' ('• m TKIJ5KS WEST (JK TIIK .Ml;-.-'l,-.-l IM'l. hi;; AVlien this extcriiiiiuitio!! i^linll have taken }ila:'i', if, i/i- deed, it should take ]daco btd'ore other eauses shall liavo aniiihihitcd the Indian nations of the west, it is didleult to cuiiccivc to Avhat these will resort for subsistenee. Will tlicy gradually perish i\\nn sheer destitution, or, as has been predicted, will they be driven to violence and plunder upon our western fi'ontier? CHAPTER IV. INDIANS ()]• TMF, (iKTAT WRSTF.HN PK.AntlKS — THEIR SI'MMER AM) WINTKU r.ODGKS TIIK iM KUICINK-1!AG — TIIK CIU) WS AND lil-ACK- KKKT HACKS IIOSTII.H TO TIIK LATTKR TRIliK VORTITUDK OF A lil-ACKFOOT WARKIOR THK CKOW CHIEF ARAI'OOISH AND HIS GUEST INDIAN CONCEPTIONS OF A PKHFKCT COUNTRY STORY OF LORETTO AND HIS IMUAN WIFE ADVKN- TURES OF KOSATO, A IW.Ai KFOOT WARKIOR. Upox the Yellowstone, and about the head-waters of the Missouri, the most noted tiibus are the (.'rows and hhickfeet. Bordering u})ou them at the iioflI', and north- cast, jirc their enemies, the Ojibbeways, Knistcnc-aux, and Assinaboins, of some of whom brief mention has Ikm n made in former cha})ters. In i<>\: the lUackCect were t'fjinputed to number over thirty thousand, but when the f^iaall-pox swc})t over the western country, in bS.'is^ tlicv Were frightfully reduced. Wy the returns ol" l^^oO, tiirv Were represented as amounthig to about thirteen thousand. As these Indians ai'c among the farthest removed from the contaminating influence of the whites, and as the prairie abounds in all that is re(pisit(» fortiieir subsist«Mice, viz- horses p.nd butfalo, they })resent line s[ieciniens of the aboriginal race. They are of manly i)ro})ortions, active, ■n I ■%t . fei ^1 f 1 ' iL- .■ri i ■M,. ■= »•*" ■ ■ '! ;; \ ■ : '* i ' ' 'if 1 ik ';^' \ ' fl _ifm^vif *l I <:!' fW,' f ,#! nr i'lt ■m ? »- i fe* 'If 464 INDIAN HArilS OF AAIKllK'A. and c;i|.;il)lc of grciit oniluraiice: tlicir dress is inifticnlaflv cntii(i)rt;il)!c an distant mountains. '\'Vx<^\ skins ai'c neatly and substantially stitclied together. Mini often highly |)ainte(l and orna.mented. The tent is trans- })0i1.ed by tying tlie poles in two l)und]es, the small ends of whieh, bound together, are liung over tlie shoulders nt' a horse, while the butts trail upon the ground, loaded with the weight of the skins ami oth(>r ]>ara])hcrnalia of the lodge. The dogs ai'O also })ressed into the same service, and loaded, in much the same manner, with as laige a load as they can carry. The cold winter is jiassed in some spot protected hv liiuh blulfs or heavv tind)er, either in these skin loduvs, or in rude wia;wams of Iolts. It is among these remote races that we may still sco many of the ancient superstitious observances (formei'ly, with slight variation, common to nearlv the whole popu- lation of the west,) retained with all their original solem- nity. One of the most singular avid universal is tin' ])reparation of a "niedi(;ine-liag," which every man eai'i'ies with him upon all occasions, as being intricately involved with his own safety and success in war, hunting, or auvof the occupations of life. At about tlie age of pnl)erty the Indian boy bethinks himself of taking the necessary stej s for the preparation of this rnysterions amulet or eharin. lie retires to some solitary spot, where he spends several ill iiiaiiy IV- . wciirisi.Miii? spcakiii.L; of f \' -iy I as lai'ge a .1. If hW L 1 B^i H 1 ■, only to be wiped out by the seizure of a similar charm from a slaughtered enemy-. "These curious appendages," RiysCatlin, "to the ])ersons or wardrobe of an Indian, arc sometimes made of the skin of an otter, a beaver, a musk- rat, a wcazel, a racoon, a pole-cat, a snake, a frog, a toad, a hat, a mouse, a mole, a hawk, an eagle, a magjiii', oi' a sparrow; — sometimes of the skin of an animal so large as a wolf; and at others, of the skins of the lesser animals,