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UNITED STATES BUREAU OF EDUCATION. 
 iiArii.i; I i;i>.M i in. KKroKi oi i in. (■hmmi.-.^iunki; i.i iMti.uiu.s 
 
 Chapter IV. 
 
 EI)r(\\Tl()N IN CANADA. 
 
 4 4» w 
 
 WASlllNfrroX: 
 
 (J ( > V K i: N .M K N T I' K I N 11 N < i (> K K I ( ' tl. 
 
 1 8 «.» II . 
 
 
z?*^^ 
 
 C^^") 
 
 ■H 
 
OTIAPT!;i{ 1\. 
 
 EDUCATION IN CANADA.' 
 
 1 
 
 I'«>r ]>revioiia urticli^w on Kdurution in Canada Hf.r t!ie fnllowiiijij: 
 
 I'Mu'jatiou in Oiitaiio, Kojioit; lS92-!);5, \'()1. I, (;h,i|>lcr \1. Nott'M on K.liioatinii at 
 
 the (*<)luinl>iiin Kxiio.sitiun, iliid, ('hapl.-r X, pu^os \2VA'12V>. .Miuiitoltii hi liool 
 
 question, Report l8!U-',r>, \ Ol, I. CliapuT \ II. 
 
 TiiciCAi. uiTi.iNK.. — Current siati-^iicM and >;tneriil snrv»'y of <diio;nion in tlm < aniv- 
 diiiii |)rovi'i(:us. IJriif oiiiiine of lli>> .systcnif* of individual i)rov!ni:«s. bIihw- 
 iug for cacli tho cliariicttr ol llio o'litriil and fclie lot ;il lontrol. rei(uirfini'nl.s for 
 toa* iioi>, aiu! sonrce.s of ncliool in(-oini', and additional hi.slori. a! or .statistu'il 
 jiai'ticiilars in rHspici to the s\ suniiH of Otiiario, ij>ut'lM>c, unu .Manitolm. Talniiar 
 prosontation of iimtiiutions for hii^licr odncation in Canaila. 
 
 T>y rlit" British N'ortli AiiHTicaii acr of 1(S(»7. tiie iij,'lit fo Icf^islate oiv 
 iniitters r<i.<]K'('tiiiK e(iu<'al:i<)ii was left fu tlic ;iov<'nimoiils of tlu- tour 
 proviiicfh;, wliii'li were tliou iiiiittMl uiulcr tlie ocuci-al iiaiiH uf DoiiiiiiiDii 
 of (Jaiiadu. Tht^ fsaiuc privilege exteiuls also tn the i)r»iviii<'«'s tiiat have 
 since entered the eonlederatiuii. 
 
 I'he principal statisties of tlu* pulilie or elenieutary s ;h()ols in the 
 several pr(«vinceH, as ]>rescnti'(l in tlie latest reports, are as follows; 
 
 ]''(ivim'i'. 
 
 ■niitisli l^oliini'ila 
 
 • M.iiiit.aui 
 
 >.'(.« l;nni8\\io.k 
 
 Nirva Srotla 
 
 Ouiiirio 
 
 INiiii'r f'dwiiiii IsUiiid. 
 Noilliwuttt 'I'fi-ritorii'S. 
 (jiiuljeu 
 
 Date. 
 
 Kiiroll 
 iiieul. 
 
 .i_ 
 
 I'lT <'uni A\irii'.;r INr ii 111 
 111 IHUm- (Htcnil- iiT i!iir<ill- I tmi iHr-" 
 laliuu. ' uuie. tuoiil. 
 
 1806 ' 1 4, 480 
 
 l8Ui) .'n/js; 
 
 lM»ti dun. 132 
 
 i«U'i 441, m;: 
 
 1 806 fT2. \::>* 
 
 urn 12. rsMi 
 
 1+72 
 
 ta.3 
 
 2U. 8f) 
 211 28 
 
 9,254 
 
 2.t, 247 
 .17. 17(; 
 54, (Uft 
 216, 7'J4 
 lo, U2 
 
 64 
 
 01. 11 
 CK). Ol 
 53.4 
 
 5S. y;i 
 
 00. 5 
 
 ;t,=io 
 
 1,0!(3 
 
 i,>-ia 
 
 13. "« il.S'J, 876 
 
 70.6 
 
 v. 2.M 
 
 ,fi»i;i 
 
 433 
 ; 5, 628 
 
 KxjM'llrll- 
 
 tiiro. 
 
 (I +201. (130 
 
 /Wll, ii4;( 
 
 401.733 
 
 fl3. 33,') 
 
 *'3, 8H'«, 000 
 
 ./I.".!. 310 
 274, 048 
 
 1 . 52:i, ^07 
 
 (I \1m)$2».40') f'i)rronrtini(!lior.. ri'pair. nncl rnrniMliiiitr H.'lionlluiHsi^H. ft Also *!)H.86.'; Icir scIkkiI 
 
 biiildiiiurt anil hi|-iiiturn c Koy», 32,31;"(i gills, 20. lio:;. r* IliiyH. ,'>2,31l): ;:ii Is, 48, 716. f .A U.> 
 
 $;i80.1l3 lor bjIto and hiIhmiI lllli!(liu^r^^. / BdVK. l'_'.U.'>; itirlH. S).!I93. i^.Alio ♦">,577 lor Hrliiiol 
 
 lmililin(f.M. A.VlrtoKI 907 in (iioilel silu.dls anil iicmlinniis. i Al.-m 76 230 mi inoili'l rirlu*(iln iinil 
 
 acadeiiiii't*. / laiy to:Mtnis. 'I'lii'n- arf iilso )n Catliulir hi'Ii.ioU many t<'iulH'i> IwlonKiinr to icli- 
 
 gi<'us ordor^. 
 
 The jmhlie instiditions for the deaf and dumb and the blind were 
 rejiorteu in 18tio as follows: 
 
 I'roviii<;«. 
 
 NiiniliBr 1 
 
 Hrliools 
 
 Fiitulliin ii)> 
 
 NovaSt'dtia. 
 
 Oiit«rlo 
 
 (juebfc 
 
 a2 nn 
 
 2 ' 300 
 
 > :>i>4 
 
 oNow Hrun«wl('li mipportw'. 16 pii|iilH in the scbuol I'lr lOr lilind ;it HHlifu\, .Nova .S, utia. ,ir an 
 ev|>onHc of $948, 
 
 K\<!ept British Ctdunibia all the prosiiiics <»i tlie Dominion have 
 one or more universities, and seveial colleges whieh prepaie for univor- 
 Bity degrees. 
 
 ' PrBiiaroil by Miss Anna Tobnan Smith. 
 
 160 
 
170 
 
 EDrrvTION KKPOHT, 1S07-0M. 
 
 'riic ciirollnictit in piiUIir Iiijili sclinols iurliiticd in tlic roriiici' table 
 ami in iiniinal -<'ii(>i.!s \int llu'iciii iiicliiiU't] was as (ollovvs: 
 
 I'nu ill 
 
 Ypht. 
 
 Hrtiiti ('"liimhid ' iHSir, 
 
 Miiiiit'ilin ]^ii5 
 
 Ni 'v liniiMwirli ' IWKI 
 
 Nii\ a Si'iitiii IMlfi 
 
 (•iilJiiiii , iMj(| 
 
 tjunlief , I IH'M\ 
 
 Eiimllmcnf. 
 
 High Nonniil 
 
 hi'IumiIh, ^rliiiftls. 
 
 4l>0 
 
 
 l.'.U 
 
 1, 1 5-. 
 
 L'JO 
 
 I,:t71 
 
 lU 
 
 •J4. r.67 
 
 II <45 
 
 Mil,(K»7 
 
 ;t77 
 
 i; \Uii I.(i:i7 lcailici> in IrHiniiic in finuin n o«lc 1 Niinml,-, 
 I) 111 iiiiiili' Hcli'iiiU :ui(l iiciidi'iiii' -. 
 
 TfiWlifTs' instifntos an' maintainc*! in the sfvoial i)r()\ luces, the 
 exixMisr hein.ij: borne in j.aii by juiblic ai)pro|)riatiiMis. \n Ontario, 7.'. 
 institutes wore lieM iu ISU.'), cmnjirisln^ 7, .'is.') nienibers, on a ttttal 
 leai-liiii-j; foiei- ol S.iM.'J. The receipts aniiMinfrd to -iSlM.O:.'.;, oi whieii 
 the <4Mvernment ((intriltnted fi'-2,VJ'>, and municipalities .'«'2,:K)2. 
 
 In Ontario, kin<lei<^arfcns liave lieen math' an integral part of the 
 ])ril»bc school system. Tiicy nmnbertd !>"") in isii.', with I'Ol teacliers, 
 an .Mirclhiienr of ',).')i)l ehildrcn, and an axda;;*' at tfiidance of .'{,(ii(j. 
 
 In Nova S('«»tia, ."iS? [»npih are also repuricil in pubiic kindci ;4arlens. 
 
 In all tlie i)i-ovinc(.s (liere is a steady increase of scliool ])r(tvi ■i.in and 
 coniiaual iniprovenient in tiie schools and in the nienns for seenriuj: 
 sehool uttendance. The pai tienlars presented in the following- tabh\s 
 ser\f asan iiub.vof the <4(Mi(Mal ti lulcncic.s: 
 
 I'riiviiii t 
 
 Ontiirio 
 
 Oiii'l)..' 
 
 Nova Srotia 
 
 XfW BniiMwic k 
 
 Manitoba ... 
 
 Biitisli f 'iiliuiiliia 
 
 I'riiiif Kilwnnl iHlaiiil 
 
 NiirlhWial 1 1 iiiiorirs 
 
 Knrdlliii'iif 
 
 IhUl. 
 
 Av.<raceatteii<liin<;ft 
 18&U. 18Q1. I imi. 
 
 ' 401, 711 
 
 lit. 102 
 
 257, CM 
 
 24r.. 724 
 
 u\i<:',, '.'Ki 
 
 • 1 Iii7. ',1'f) 
 
 .!]:)i. i>7'> 
 
 a lliit. .S70 
 
 .■«.'i. 7trj 
 
 Ml. i:ij 
 
 so. M.'0 
 
 .'■>4, (11.1 
 
 f.», rxi»< 
 
 <>I,'.MU i 
 
 .H4. ;iit4 
 
 a7, )7« 
 
 : '-'.i, 871 
 
 :t7. US7 
 
 rj.-t.i.) 
 
 2 .217 
 
 1 », iiO-« 
 
 11. Kill 
 
 4, !*8I) 
 
 it. 2M 
 
 ! 2->. liiti; 
 
 •.'2. i;ts 
 
 K', MiM 
 
 ]:t,4i^ 
 
 5. (•m2 
 
 i:; IM 
 
 
 
 K^>lln■nllll•y .scliiiols milv. 
 
 The jiroportional parts <.f ilu' school income from the 
 grant and local sources at dincicnt dates was as follows. 
 
 government 
 
 I'loviiii'fi. 
 
 Ont ill-ill 
 
 ^liihui' .. . 
 
 Novii .Sioiiii 
 
 Xi'« liriiimwick 
 
 Prime I'Mwanl islimd . . . 
 Manitoba 
 
 HyCtovi'iiiiiii'iii. 
 
 xm». iii»si. 18WI. 
 
 Ily )ii'ii]il(». 
 1888. i 1893. I 1886. 
 
 /''/• I'Ol?. 
 7. M 
 1). 2;i 
 K1.24 
 3;i. 50 
 7,1. H2 
 21, PS , 
 
 r. 
 
 r C'lit , 
 7 II 
 
 r.'. KI 
 
 2:t 4B 
 
 40. 48 
 
 77, ;u 
 
 17. 18 
 
 I] ;i 
 III 2". 
 29. 7!l 
 'Ml. 42 
 ~t<. (Ill 
 
 l7.ua 
 
 yV) I'CKf, 
 !i2. 8;l 
 Ho. "j 
 ♦iM. 7li 
 ««. 14 
 2ii. U 
 78.42 
 
 Pff nti\t. 
 l>2. Hfl 
 87. 10 
 H 70.54 
 611. .V2 
 22 (ifi 
 S2. 82 
 
 ' I'Clli. 
 
 »:i 7 
 8'.». 75 
 7(1.21 
 6(J, ."is 
 21. Bl 
 h2. ;(7 
 
 a 1S92. 
 
KDlCATrOX IS CANADA, 
 
 171 
 
 The avor:if';<' o\i»ontlifnrc for sclnx.ls per r;i]iita i.f tlic population at 
 the same dares is iiere presented: 
 
 J'rm iiKv, 
 
 1880. 
 
 ••ntnrio U^7 
 
 l^llfl"'!- ^1 
 
 >oMi S<'iitin ] -,1 
 
 New li'iiiisvi ick ] .......'.'."...'.'.. 1 L>ii 
 
 PriiMf Kilwanl Isliwiil ^....[....W. .'.' . I] [...]..[....[....... .. i.'m 
 
 Maiiiliili;i ...'...............'....... LV 74 
 
 Hriliuli (JoliimUiii .\. .[....'.[..[.[.. . I! In 
 
 I'l'iiiiiiiiiii fi 1 SO 
 
 isnri. 
 
 1«W1. 
 
 ♦ I.«7 
 
 .♦t.flO 
 
 fi" 
 
 l.dii 
 
 I 4-. 
 
 1.78 
 
 l.iti 
 
 1.4:1 
 
 1 41) 
 
 I.4« 
 
 4, Kl 
 
 •4. 15 
 
 I H7 
 
 l.Ofl 
 
 :.m 
 
 l.Uti 
 
 <( Viirtliwest Tfrrilorii'H iiicliKk'il. 
 
 It will he noticed that in Manitoba and lliitisli ( 'MJiiniliia the ]ier 
 capita expenditure was less in l.s!>(> tlian in ISIK?. Tliis is due to tin- 
 I'act tiiat tile school luovisioii in tlu'se' mwer Provinces has beiii 
 brought up to the demand an<l oidy the norma! increase in jiopnlation 
 has now to l)e provided toi'. This view is conhrii;ed also by the I'act 
 that of the reiiniining rrovince.s the Hm.dh-st ]»er capita increase is in 
 Ontario, where I he scht)ol i)ro\lsion has l<'eii piactically .(pial to the 
 demand Ibr tlie entire period t'onsidered. 
 
 The systems of publii- (.'diication in the several rrovinees jjeriietnate, 
 in a measure, the national. reli}iious. and political t«.-ndene.ies cliarac- 
 teristie of each, Ontario and tlie maritime Provinces, Nova Scotia, 
 iS'ew I'.rnnswiek. and I'lince IMwai'd Island, sa\s (iohhiin Smith, ''arc 
 in the main identical in all social and i>olitical respects," The diiter- 
 ence in crude resources and in eoiumercial politi<'.s ai-counls for the 
 ditVereiit industrial conditions. In Ontario, iarndnjn' is the j^reat indus- 
 try; this is the ease also in IM ime ICdward Islaiul, in Nova 8eotia and 
 New IJrunswick mining, shi|;ping, and bunberiuii are of eipial impor 
 tance. The manner of life in<lnced by tlie i)revailing ir.(lnstr\-, the abil- 
 ities which it fosters, and the skill it reipiires, all in time alVcet the 
 character and proi;i-ess ol schools, but not necessarily the principles 
 ami general cliara<-1ei oi the system of e<lu('ation. 
 
 in their main le.iluies t lu> systems established in these four I'l'ovinces 
 dilVeras little as those of different StatCK in our own country, I'demen- 
 taiy schools are free and secular. e.\cept in Ontario, where provision is 
 made f(»isepar;it(> IM-otestant schools and K'onmn Catholic schools, I'.du- 
 cation is comiuilsory in this I'rovince, although, for reasons sinular to 
 thos<' that prevail in the Inited States, it is ditlicnlt to enforee the law 
 in this respect, (^)in'bcc. rellects clearly in its school wyt^tem the widely 
 <lilVerent social, religious, and political inlluences under which it has 
 dcvelo|)ed. The sehool.s are sectarian, supported in part by lees, and 
 there is no <-ompuIsory measure. British V'olumbia and Manitoba 
 exhibit the well known characteri.itics of pioneei' <'ommnnities, absence 
 «d' traditional opinions and customs, and the spirit of enterprise i'.nd 
 high .i.pirations. They have made educatiou compulsory and have 
 
172 
 
 KDI CATION IMIl'ORT, lf<l7-!t«. 
 
 (^Kt:il)li8lHtl sociilar t'r<'«» s('li(><)ls. {iiiil supitf.rt t\m saiiui with oiHM'}r\' ;iii(l 
 lilxTiilily. I'jM'Ii in tin: iiiioi yiiiiizcil Nni tli\v('>t 'i'oiritories l(';;;il pto 
 vision is made lor tin- iiiaiiitciiauct' of mIiooI--. I'lic i«'li^iou.N |>iol»l«'iii 
 lias hvi'U mot luM«>, ;is in <>iitai!o ami (,>iu'l)t'<'. Ity tii«' pi-ov ision of 
 soimnite scIiooIh. 
 
 'Plu' intorest tlint thos»' l'roviii»;»'.-« r\rit«* '•> their pioximitx to tlu' 
 liiitod Slaten may jtistify a furtlnT int'^ciitiition oi' rli<ir the(»r\ of 
 pojiiiiar fdncaiioii a.>> i1iusliat«'tl in tlioii s<'hool syst«Mii>. I'>iirf f(»ii- 
 siH'cruse.H ot tilt' scM-ral systems are hoiv jriviii, siiowint.', i he f.'<'ii<^ral 
 chaiiU'tor of the ctMirral iind hx-al conin)! of mIiooIs, the lefjdinMiiriits 
 tor teacher^, aiul tlic soiikch t>t' sdiool iin'omo. 
 
 SYSTEM 'il' l.urt .VI I<iN IN 0.\TAIM<» — Ills K iK r« A I SflMKY. 
 
 The liistory of the orjj;iiiii/.e<l system of piiltlic t'lliieation in Ontario 
 (lay he, said to date from the |iassa{reof the siho<(l law of IH-I.J. The 
 pnu'tical estaltlishmeiit of the system was tlie woi k of ))i. Ilnrr^di 
 liyersoii, who was appoiiid'd superintondent of education soon after 
 the i)assage of the law. Tlie services rhat he lendMed, his eafiioiie 
 spirit, iiis adiiduistrative force. Iiis uniirinj;- devotion to tiie eansc lia\e 
 louji" since eommaiided universal acknowledgment. 
 
 The Province has been eipuilly fortunate in tiie historian of tin' sys- 
 tem, l>r. tlolm (ieoijxe llodj4,ins, who was associated with Mr. K'yerson 
 in tiie edneation oltice t'rom l.sll,atul has maintained oHicial relations 
 with it to the ])roseut moment. 
 
 i>r. Ilod^iiis at lirst belt! the positioiii of clerk to the edncatimi olTice. 
 His present oliicial desifjnation is librarian and historiogiapher. lie 
 lias enjoyed am|»le facilities lor the work with which he now eiowns tlie 
 service of n;ore flian half a century, namely, the Docnmentaiy History 
 of 'Education in Tjiper ('anadu, Irom the passing of lli<' c(niHtitntional 
 act of ITiM to a very recent ilat« . This work, of whicli live vojames are 
 eomi)leted. Urinjiing the history to I<SK;, is invahiable to all studentH of 
 (Jaiiadian liistory for the li;;ht it thr(»ws on the various pluses of its 
 social ami political devehnnm'iit. ami eiimilly valuabh' to all students 
 of i'dncati(jiial histoiy. 
 
 Ilei'e are ltron{.;!i1 to view tln.^ j.rivate efforts m which the system 
 oii.uinated. the discussions, c(»llisiohs, au<l lej^'islative action by means 
 of which it was gradually orgaid/.ed and perfected. 
 
 It is particularly interesting to American r(>a(leis to trace in this 
 record the intlnence .)f settlers frtmi our <»wn «'oionies and States upon 
 the edncain)nal policies i<\' the; I'roviiice. 
 
 In the preface to the first volume l)r. Ilodgins says: 
 
 The Muoslioii tuUiiinlly arises. What, lirHt .iwiilNcncil tli"' (l«.sirt' to ostaiilish schools 
 ami prdiiiolo education in thi> I'vovincff In his iwldrpsh :it iiit> (i|)oiiin{i nl' King's 
 Collt'sr-' uiow the 1 niv(^rMI1y of Toronto) in ISlll, tim i»'iif|ii i.'t^N . Dr. Straclian, 
 hiniH<'If a uromun'nt ami noted cdacationiHt in Upper Ciiinida, answers tlio iiiiest ion. 
 He Ha,\ H : 
 
 " Whi-n tilt) indt'|Mii<leufi; ol tin; I'nilod Stati r< df Aincrieii was recogni/cd liy 
 
EDrCATION IN' f'AXADA. 
 
 173 
 
 fJioat Uritiiiii in tli<' iw-.i.c ..f 17h:1 tliis I'nu iiire Ixtjuk' th.- :in> lum .ii thosr faithful 
 hiiliji-. (s of till' Clown ttlio hii.l, (liiriiij; tlio li.'Miliitii.nar.v w.ir, lulliend t" liicir 
 KiM>,f iiiiilUt.i • unity of tlif Htnfiiii'." Ami it is jil<'u-<iii;,' taieniiiik thtit in I7H!', a 
 little more than li\.) xeiiiM after tinir fii-Ht HftflcnuMit, they inimpntcd a uirtnorial to 
 HIh KvccllrrKiy (.Old DcinhcMltT (Sir ''•\\\ ('aiii-Km . ihcu :i >ro\ iriir>r.;jriii'r:il of 
 Hritiftli Norili Anicriiii. 'Hi ihi- siili.i»'i'i of iMiiiciitiuii, in winch, at'lii iaincntinj,' tlio 
 Htalo iif their cliil-iriMi urdwiiit; uji w itiioiii iiiiy iMttrii'tii>ii. rcli^inns or scx-iiliir. Ihi-y 
 roi|iit'st«i| his livrilship lo rHtalill-h a rcspe-'tiiM.- Hi;inin,iry at, Iviniiston, which waH 
 at that carlv luTiod the |)riu(i]ial town ia tiiis <li ■. f<i<iii of th<' loloiiy. To tliii* 
 rt'iiiiiHontiirion l.oni lionhoHtcr |iai<l iinmi'iiiati' attfiitiuii, and -avc ilirections to 
 thd Niirvcyor "general to s.t apait .'liirilile |.ortliin> of land (or tiir fiitiii.' sii|.|>o!t of 
 8<hool.s in all tiic rii'vv Hortlcrnt'iit-i." 
 
 Aniiniittvl by the Hainc Hpirit .'is j)Of<nii»M»'(l tlu-se early coloni»t>, tlif I iiilt-d lliiipirf 
 l(iyali«ts <!sti«bliHlio<l Mchools of a HupiTidr i-lasM caily in the (t'l.tiuy iii tin' chu'f 
 uentiTH of thi'ir Hotthini'iitH, fluch hh Kinj?-<toM, Coniwall. Haih. York, Nt. CiuhnrinPH, 
 and altorwar.lH Nowlmr^. Soon a f^ramiiiar Hchool wuh tistjildixiicd iti BV»«ry diNtriit. 
 and ultimately tho conifiion i<(]io()!, fanliionid liy tlio loyllli^ts on the Now Kn^laiid 
 pattern, was put into oiKMUtion in every Hettled townHhi)> of the l'r4>\ incf. 
 
 It i.s .uratifyinj; toknow ihat the I'liiti'd Knijiirf colonists from New r.nj{laiid to 
 Canaila in ITKi-lVHS wi're true to tln'ir early Urili.sh colonial conviction.s and inHtiuctn 
 aH to the nt'ceBsity of «(ho(ds for tln'ir childron. I'licy earri^'d with theni that 
 Hni^lish love for learning tin its own sake which characici i/cd tin- fomideis of 
 Massachusc'tts. 
 
 Tlio etl'orts ul tin; Nt'W iMi^'lamt Ooiiipiiiiy I'nr the t'diiciitioii of tlm 
 Iiidinns who were traiistcrrcd frotn New Voik id t'aiiiKla upoii the 
 (;l<ise oi' tlio Kevoliitioiuii'v \\;ir mo al.so iiott'il. Tlnidioh their agency 
 aii.l that of settlers fnmi our Eastern Statf>, tlir spiiit iiiitl luirpost's 
 thill workf'tl .so |io\verrnll,\ withitt (»iir uw ii bDrdiTs woro icinmiuctMl in 
 the Hrirish rrovinco. 
 
 When, in LS;j(), the subject of a university college was before the house 
 of assembly the exaiujde of King's (.'oUege, New York, was espeeially 
 lU'^etl in support of the niea.sure. The srlect I'oinmitler m Iht'ir report 
 say : 
 
 The I'liivorsity of Kiiii.','B CoHegt', in New York, now Colninhia Collcf^c, was cstal»- 
 Ii.hImhI in 175lj mIumi tlx- pcM|dc of the then 'olony of Now ^ ork ilid not niudi exceed 
 70.(HK), or ono-lilth of Ihat ol I'pper Canada: and yet, aay.i .\lr. ISnlier, the )>reseuli 
 A ttorntiy-ticneral of the I'nited .SlalcH, the inMueiice of the iiistituiion on the 
 literar> character of the c(d<uiy was truly wonderful, for. thoUf,'h the whole uumher 
 of Htudenis (iducated in ihe college previous to 1 7i'».") wis hut I'H, nnn,\ of tlii'Ui 
 iittained to tireav distiiictioiiH in their re.s))ective profes.siouH, and in piitdic life 
 distinguished alike hy their eeniufi and erudition, and ilhisiiions iu the annals of 
 their country for their talt^itM as writers ami their rierviee.s as statesmen. 
 
 The school law of 184^ embodied features drawn from the school sys 
 terns of New England and New York, audit was especially the example 
 of the I'liited States that .stimulatetl etforts in respect to teclinical 
 edtication fn the early seventies. 
 
 liut if Ontario owes mueh to the e.\ainple of rhe Ihiited States, it 
 offers also to us most instructive lessons with resi)ect to many <|"«'*- 
 tions of educational policy ami organization, 
 
 In paiiiciilar may be cited the lesson of the .separate schoui [lolicy, 
 
171 
 
 KUUCATION KKl'OKT, l«!t7-l'H. 
 
 wlioM' iiisfory is <'tnlMMli(»<l i?i tJu^i^o volumes jiimI forms :il>iu tlic suhi«M't 
 of a NiMM'iul woik by t lu' saiiK' aiitlior. 
 
 (iiiicfdl /'t((hif(H tniil nntriil mithoiifii. -I'Ui- Ont.irio system id |tiililif 
 t'diu'iilion, wliii'h was dcsftriluHl in tletiil in liic ('i)miiiiHsion('r'> i;i'|M»it 
 for lS!>2-'.>.'t (Vol. 1, rii;i|»tcr VI i, is .iiistly cflehrattMl fur i,., t li<>iiii|;_'li 
 oririini/iitioii, t Im ikIiiiumIiI*' liiiliiire of ccntnil :iii(i lix'.il coiit rol. the 
 eonclal ion ut' ;ill :ir:i«li'< frotn the kin(lei;jfarteii lotlie university, and 
 till' |iiovisioii for in>-irint,' oven in the, niral tlistricis llie sei\ ices of 
 trained teaelnsrs. ICitMneuiary <Mlii(aii(»n is eompulsory and free in the 
 ]>ul>lii- sel:(M»ls. SmI lei t to the ii|)])io\al of the pioviiieial uovernment. 
 all rejiolalioiis for )>nl>lit' selntols are ina<le by the inituster of edio ai ion. 
 
 I. oral rniilrnl. — The miinici|)al system of Ontario alVords a full meaa- 
 ui'c of local scdf j;ovenniieiii. Tile rroviin*- is divitied inti> eoiiniics, 
 which art' subdivided into minor muni(.'i|ialities, iiousistin^ ot (own 
 shi{»>. incorporaled xillaj^es, to\vn>!, and eili»>s. Tlie.-e cor|h)rat ions iir«* 
 jjiven certain inrvi rs and have *"ertain responsihiiitieN with 'o'-pret jo 
 education. Thron^di theii' uuitiicipal coun«'ils counties are under oi)li 
 jjalions to make .grants of money to hitrh selioojs, and b->tii o>iintie8 
 and townsliips must coiiti iltiite ci-rtain sums in aid »f pMblic schools. 
 Kacii township is divided into school sei tioiis, and ea<'h of lhes«i sec- 
 tioUM is provided \\ith a ptihlic schook Then' is a boar»l of trustees for 
 eacli school section. viUac. town, and city. Tlie r.itei>aycrs (iiirn and 
 women) elect the trustees. These, witiiin the provisions ot the. pro\in 
 «Mal statutes or rcjrnlatioiis of the ediicatioi depait inent. appoint the 
 teachers, who tunst have a (lovernnient diploma, aiMl di'termine the 
 ainountti ti» be expended for buildings, eipiipmeiits, an<l salmies. 
 
 Siiurccs of hmnnr. — The provincial firaiit tor education <'oinpiiscs 
 (1) frrants t(> elementary schools; ("J) }j:rauts to secondary s(diools: fA) 
 grants for the irainin<j ol' teachers; (i) >^rants for technical education. 
 By stamte the amount ai»]uopriaU'd for public and separate scliools is 
 «livided on t!ie basis of averajje attendance in e.ach. respectively. 
 
 In l.S'.tt; the jjraut for eleinent;vry sc1i(m>1s was ••r.ll(),S,"»l. The jjreater 
 l»art of the school incoiiu^ is provide<i by the s<',hool section, xilla^'c, 
 town, or city. I'rom tlie.>c local sources the total re<'eived in IS'.Xi was 
 
 li,r)7r>,L'»;i. 
 
 //(,(;/* «(;//0()/.v.— -Liberal St. i)port is ^ivcn to liifrh scjiools. and stit-nu- 
 ous efforts are made to prevetit pupils from droppiiii;- out of tlie schools 
 until the advanced course is oom])lcted. 
 
 It is ideally reco^'nized tliai the best, means of stimiii.itinjr tlu' hiwer 
 ji'rades is U) encourage i)U{)ils to tiualify themselves for entrance upon 
 tin- hi^^her. The success of these etforts is shown in a c unparisoii of 
 the current statistics with those of earlier «late. 
 
 The muubcr of hii,'li schools in ISSii was KM. lu I.s'.m; they had 
 iiureased to lot). The attendances at the satne dates wi'ie, respec- 
 tively, L»3,;U8 and 2t..-.<17; the number of teachers, ;«2 and 57t. The 
 uiuouut paid for teachers' salaries, wljicli in 1882 was J^LloJkStH. had 
 
KDIi ATlo.V IN CANADA. 175 
 
 more than doubled in imi, midiin^^ a toi il oi ♦.'.;{L',7rM. The rost i.er 
 inil>il n.s,. iicrii AL'7.:,»; in iss- to M:U).r>;i l., istx;. Tlie total ^'viMMidiriiro 
 fnil.j;;!, s,li.,ol,s at Ih.' hitt.Td.it" was.*71!»,!>7(). It nhoiihl !.<• ol.snv»'<l 
 tliat Iho lii^'h scliools of (hitano ai«' not (n-t-, as in tlic I'nitcd Staft'H. 
 VVhii«' the puhhr schools wore made, lice in IHTi.', tht- priviloue mms still 
 <'«»ntinut'(l to the IrnstiM^s of liinrli st liools to ini|>os<^ lees. In tU*' 
 niiijority of cases Ix.aids of trustees have availed themselves of iliis 
 jniMle^'e, s,i that .»nt ul the 130 liijfli scIhh.Is in the I'lovince there are 
 only II 111 which no fees are char,i;ed. The total aniotint of fees eol- 
 lect«'d iVoin hijili-whool pnpils in issj was *J<J.L»70 and in IMtH) 
 |<11."»,78;>, The fees from pnpils and the let;islative ;,u-ant anionnted to 
 nearly* e.-lliirdof the w jiole cost of maintaining; tlie idj^li schools, the 
 reniaiiiinj,' t •■vo-tliirds hein}; ,|istribiih.d between the ratepay<is of the 
 hi^hschool district ami <'onnty inniiicipalitios. 
 
 I'roin the study of die chtssifi* n/iou of hitrh S( lionls and .■ollejriate 
 instituteN two or three strikinjr eli;innes in the tendency of hi};li' i edu- 
 cation are disclosed. In l<r' o\\\y J,L'S;{ pni.ils, or 'j;i por cent of the 
 whole utiniber, tudied < oin , rcial snbifv .s, siwh as b.»(.kkc<'pin-;-. In 
 1890 tins subject wiks taken by l.i.OiiS pupils, or r>3 por c<.nt of the'^wliole 
 attendance. lu 18«;7, r>,171 pu^ ds or !>o ptM' cent of tlie Ahole attend- 
 ance studied Latin. In IS'.Mi th< ,ininber of pupils iti Latin was lo.."»L'n, 
 about «;.i per cent of the iuiiul»er i.i attendance. In l.^J7. l."» per 4-ent 
 Btu<lied (Ireek; in IS'.MJ oidy ]»er cent. In l>Ui7, .*'S per <'ent of the 
 ])Upils studied I'rench and nrnie >tudied ileiinan. In IS!Mi theHe 'lum- 
 b»n>> had inci-cased to ."ir, per cent and 18 per cent, i-esi)e<'tively. There 
 also has been a lai;,fe increase iu the number stjidyinc; drawing. ta»5 
 total in 18117 beiii}; <)7<>, and iu isoo, i;i, ;t»->. 
 
 The nr<-atest pri»^n'8s, howevei', has been made in tjie study of 
 En^^lisii literature, composition, and liistory. These subjects, includ'ng 
 ]>oetieal litxuatme, introduced in 1SS7, are now taken substantially by 
 all tiie [Uipils. 
 
 The iuHuenrH'. <ti' the liimh schools is ure.wly extended throufjh the 
 elementary lesu hers that receive in them their nonprofessional training. 
 They constituted in l.siMI nearly L't per cent of the entire teaching force 
 of the province. 
 
 Tiie widesjiread iuHueare (»f tiie hi;.;h schools is indicated also by the 
 vani <| elasse.s from which their pu|)ils are <lrawn. The occupations of 
 parents of hi fj;h-8<dimd pnpil.s as rep<»rted in I-SUG were as follows: 
 
 Ag. i<nllnriil <)_ ]2ii 
 
 C'(»iuiiH»r<:ial , C -lyj 
 
 I'<iilianical (, t(;2 
 
 Proi'ossioiial 2, 187 
 
 SY8TKM OF <,)UKnEC. 
 
 Jlistorical surrey, — The sch(X>l system of Quebec is much more com- 
 plicateil than that of the <ither i)rovinces, and bears much less resein- 
 blaiu-e to those of our own .State.s. The salient feature of the Kvsteni is 
 
17() 
 
 EDUCATION Kl',r(JUT, lMy7-9><. 
 
 the provision lor tlioseiKiraU'i'oiitvol of CiiMiolic and TioloHtant scliools. 
 Thisiliialcliaractfi' illustrates hotli the reli;iious and national inlhumceH 
 under wiiich tlie system lias ^nadiuill.y ileveloped. Dir hij,' tin? French 
 n'j;inie' (l()15-17(iO) education wan left, to the religitais orders that had 
 come out fo^Sew l-'ranee for the purpose of carrying- on ndssionary work 
 anionj; llie Indians. Of the tive principal ()r(U'r>, that «stal)li.she<i theni- 
 scKeH in the pfovau*^ three were di'voted to tlie. education of boys; tiie 
 other two were coiieerneu .solely with the *'ducatiou of yirls. The sepa- 
 ration of tlie sexes in cleineritary grades, which is still characteristic of 
 the Houiau Catholic schools, is thus seen to be a natural result of their 
 orijirin. Tin* reli^nous orders were suj>portcd in Hieirwork by fijrautvS 
 of land fi*)in the French kin;,^s, by jirivate bcnefaction.s, and by the 
 contributions of tiie eiiurtdi. 
 
 Alter the capture of «i>uebee (1«)15S)) the relijiious orders experienced 
 some dilliculty in eontinuiuj,'' their work. Two of the ordeis. the Uec(d- 
 lects and the .Jesuits, weie indeed teuiporaiily obliged to withdraw. 
 Q'lie Kt'collects did iu>[ return until JtJTO, but the Jesuits retiirin-d in 
 1CM2, iniinediately after the restoration of the country to the, I'rench. 
 They resinned their educatiomd work with great viyoi', and established 
 schools which rapidly developed, and which ha\e had i»owerfnl influ- 
 ence in shaping: the history of the pio\ nice. 
 
 Ariioni;' e\'islin^• institutions which are traceable to the eltbrts of these 
 religions orders are Laval I'idversity, the outgr<iwth of the '* i'etit 
 Wi'uunaire de Quebec," founded by Bishop Laval in lG(iS, and the 
 Ursidiiie t'oiivcnt. lV)unded in lti39. the first girls' s^diool in Canada. 
 
 The conquest by tlie JOuglish in L7(»t> [irepared tlie way for many new 
 agencies, and between that date and the date of tlie ujiion of Upper 
 and Lower (."anada ( USIl) the number of schools was greatly multiplied. 
 
 'J'h<» t'hristian Brothers began their efforts in 1837 as teachers of 
 elementary schools. Here, as els(>whei(>, tliinr work took deep hold of 
 the coiiinmnity, and it foi'ins today one of thi'. most impiu'tant features 
 of llonian Catholic elementary education in the I'rovince. The Protes- 
 tant churches and I'rotestant societies were also very active in estab- 
 lishing schools; and the ;^eriiis of a puVdiesehoid system were implanted 
 by settlers from the New F.iigland States, wiio e.-tablished thenistdves 
 in townships. •• During the liist year of their life in (!anada the cliil- 
 drenof near neighbors were gathered in one of the dwellijg bouses, and 
 taught by one of the older and better instructed of their sons and 
 daughters. N'ery soon log sclioolhous(>s were erected in many of the 
 toNMisliijis by the volunlary I'tVorth of the sett lei s, and in these the 
 children were regularly t;iught. The cost of erecting schot»lhonses 
 
 ' XI\L' ritnijin' <>l tlic larli history of (■diKjiitioti in Quelit'i' i-) cunipilcd inmi (In iuUiuhK lioii lo tliti 
 Sliiiiiml ol' Sdidul I.iiw mill l!i'«iiliilioii.-<. |irni>iiitd liy lies . KIhiui !. licxl'mil, II. A., t'nriiicrly BiM'rvlnry of 
 the doiuiilmi'iif ol jiiihlir iiiHtiiutiou. An inipoi taut hoiiii'c ot' infoniiatlDii in tho UiHturyof I'iiIiHo 
 luBtructum in CuuiuU, hy M. OliHiiveuii, fornicdy nilninfiT of imhlir inMtnictiuii for tho i'rovinco of 
 Qiiobec. rii(> fiillowinc Mimrri-s arc riled iu Ciinuda unit lln' ;'anailiiin t^iieMti.in, liy (ioldwiu Sniilii ■ 
 Tlio itelutionH d»'« Ji'-f .litos, and I.e Ch'icti'n i'l'liJiMls.-cfiicnl d* la Koi Mr rMiUuiunn .Nainitiv < h, and 
 tho liihtoties of (iunioiiii, (.'hristli', Mili'o, MaiMulltn. and Kiuii«fi>i'il. 
 
EDUCATIOX IN CANAT>A. 
 
 177 
 
 and inaiiitaiMiii<> sclKtoLs li.ul t.) be (It'l'iiiycd l.y tljc settlcrH tliciiisolvos. 
 N(»t siitisiicd witli i)invi(lin>;' eleiiu'iitiiry scliools for llicif <rliil.lieii, tlie 
 msidciitsoftlH' more thickly settled centeisortlio l<)uiislii|MMHU'a\(»ml, 
 sit ail early date, to provide more iidvaiieed iiKstra(;tioii by esiahlish- 
 iiiji' 'aeadeinics," or superior sehools. The persons iiiteresie'd eontiibii- 
 i^*\ to the erection of a suitable biiildinf;' and elected a board of 
 trustees, to which was intrusted the mana^ycM.ent of the school, la 
 the e rlier years the, teacher had to depend inainly u;i<)ii tiie tniliou 
 fees for his salary. Tliis was sometimes supplemenled by subserijttion.n 
 and other si)e(ial provisions, and when {grants were ^'iven by tlie legis- 
 lature and by the lloyallnstitution, these institutions were lecoi^iiized." 
 Thes<' (iitrereiit agencies, with their di\(-ise and often op|.osite aims 
 }ind methods, have Ikh'Ii continued to the present tinu\ with such modi- 
 tications as were in<'vitable from the elfort to iiu-Iude them in a State- 
 aided system. 
 
 The first public elementary school act for the lMr»vin( e was passed 
 in l.SiU The snbse<iaent law of 1.S40, amended in l.S41>. is substantially 
 the same as the laws i)assed in l.sdO, lS7(i, aud IMSS. 
 
 (ciiiral '■i)iitrnl..-'{'\\v law of bSll pro\ i(b«d for a superintendent of 
 j)nblic mstiuctioii. The council of ])ublic instruction was instituted iu 
 18;>(i, and in bSO!) the c<uincil \\a> organized in two coiiiiniitees, one for 
 the charge of lioman Catholic, the other of Protestant schools. The 
 religious distinction was tluis inctu'poi'ated into the legal system aud 
 pervades its entire organization. I'or »'\ani]de. the schcnil inspectors 
 a])pointed by the lieutenant governor are chosen from persons recom- 
 mended iiy the committees. A mcng the re(jniremeuts for tiie inspect(u-- 
 bhip is experient e as a teacher, the possession of a di]iloma. and success 
 in ail e.xamiuatioii liefore one or t!ie other of the council committees. 
 
 Mach c«uiimittee mak«'S regidalions tor the insjieitors of the schools 
 under its own charge, and has absolute control over the inspectorate, 
 siuee it is also within tlie pioviiK'c of the committees to reccnnniend the 
 dismissal id' temdieis for causes specified. 
 
 <Jertaiii piililic olficials are also recognized as "school visitors, wlio 
 may visit tlie public schools as often as they think desirable, but 
 visitors are entitle<l to \ isit only the schools id' their own laith." It is 
 further pn>vided that the following are visitors only for the muiiici 
 ])ality in whicii they reside: 
 
 1. l.'oman <'atholi<' and I'rotestant clcigymen. 
 
 L'. Members of the couiu-il of arts and manufacturos. 
 
 3. TJje mayor and the Justice of the peace. 
 
 I. The c(doneIs, lieutenant colonels, majors, and senior captains of 
 the militia. 
 
 Rf'ipm-cun uts for feocliers. — The jeligioiis distineti(»n is mainlained 
 also iu the ai>poiiitm<'nt id' tea<'hers. (Candidates are examined l»y 
 boards appointed by the lienienant-governor upon the recomiiieiKhitiou 
 ol" one <»r other of the eommiltcvs. All persons desiring to act as 
 
178 
 
 EDUCATION REPORT, 1897-98. 
 
 teacliers must tiiHlcj-^o exiuniiiatioii unless ]irovi(1«'d wifli a (lii)Ioma 
 lidiii Olio of the iioniial schools. Xevertlu-less, ''every i>rie8t, minister, 
 and ecclesiastic, and every person tbrndng i>art of a relii^nous order 
 instituted for edu(r!itional jnirposes. or being a member of a religious 
 community of women, is ex<Mnpt from undergoing an <>xamiiuiti()n before 
 any of the s;iid boards." 
 
 Loiol rontrol of schooln. — Tlie local unit of school administratiiui is a 
 '•S(!h(iol municipabty" — i. e., any teriitory erected into a numieipality 
 for the support of schools under the control of school comndssioneris or 
 of trustees elected by the ratepayers. 
 
 The commissioners aic em|)o\vered to divide a municipality' into 
 school districts and to maintain one or two scliools in each district. 
 
 "If in any municipality the regulations and arrangements made by 
 the school commissioners for the management of any 8<',hool are not 
 agn-eable to any number whatever of the ])i"oprictors, occujjants, 
 tenants, or ratepayeis luofessing a religious faith different from that of 
 the majority of the inhabitants of siich municipality, such i>roprietm'S, 
 occupants, tenants, and ratepayers may signify such dissent in writing 
 to the chairman of the coniniissioners. 
 
 "The notice having been duly served, the dissentients may i)roceed, 
 after till! lapse of two months, to elect ihree school trustees, who will 
 have the same power with respect to dissentient or s<'parate schools as 
 the comnussioners have with re.S])ect to the schools of the ujajority. 
 The trustees alone have the right of imposing and collecting the taxes 
 upon the dissentient inhabitants." So c(unplete is the provision for 
 jniiiorlties tliat tnisiet's have the same powers and duties as school 
 commissioners for the management of the schools under their control. 
 
 The division of school authority out of regard to sectarian jiredilec- 
 tioiis and the conse(|uent preservation of original forms has resulted in 
 a diversity of schools, whose scojjc it is not always easy to express in 
 terms apidicable to other systems. 
 
 \ certain degree of unilbrnnty is imposed upon the schools by the 
 conditions for obtaining a share in the public funds. 
 
 Sottrrtx of' siliool iiKdmc. — Schools are siii)ported by l(>cal taxes, fees, 
 and ]»rovincial appropriations. The rate of fees is fixed by scIkkiI 
 couunissioners and trustees, but may not be more than 40 cents nor 
 less than 5 cents a month. 
 
 I'.VVMKNT AND JJISTRIBUTION OK HIE COMMON-SCHOOL lUND. 
 
 The sums constituting the common-school fand of the province are 
 paid to the superintendent in semiannual payments, and the superiu- 
 teiideut i»ays their respective shares to the several boards of school 
 commissioners and trustees in two semiannual i)ayments. 
 
 To entitle any school lo its share of the general or l(,cal school fund 
 it is requisite and sufficient — 
 
 1. Thiit it biiH t)ooii imili'i- tlie uianagoiiioiit ni scliool (•oiuuiiBMioiuiis or trustees in 
 the niannci (lirrctcd hy tlii^ liiw. 
 
EDLTAI'ION IN CANADA. 
 
 179 
 
 2. That it has liecn in actual oi)oriiti*)ii iliiriiii; at li asi i'i;i>lit iiiDiitlis. 
 
 3. Tliat it liaH liocii afttindc-il liy :it li'ast 15 < iiiitlifn .imtkmI- nl' cjiiilrmlc or i ini- 
 taj^jiuiiH (liHoasi'S c\ci'[)tf(l ). 
 
 •1. riint i-«i>()rts have heon niMile to liio 8ch<Kil coiniiiissioin'is m trii,sti'<H iiy tho 
 toaclicr and by at least two of tlir t:oriimissionprs or trustees. 
 
 •'). That a i)iil)lic exuiuiiiatioii of tho st^hool has takfii ]iliico. 
 
 ti. 11, at a report, wiy;iie(l liy the majority of tho Nchofd coiiuuissioneiB or triit-tees 
 ami liy the Hecittary-tioasiirer, has heeu tiaiisniittcil to the siiperinteiKh nl ivery 
 si\ iiiontliR, tho (irst heforr tho loth day of January ami tlio second beloie the 15tli 
 day of July in eaeli year. 
 
 7. 'I'hat a snni equal to tlie ;.;r:nit niadu hy I lie le;^islature f(»r 1h'> iMnni(i])aiit\ has 
 heen raisc.'d, aa herein i)i(i\ iih^d. 
 
 8. That ti'Mchers with diplomas have heen eni[)l(>yiil therein. 
 !l. That the teaiherH have been ]»ai<l every six months. 
 
 10. That only those hooks anthoii/ed hy the conunittees of the ccininil of puhlio 
 instriiiti(in ha\e heen ust d. 
 
 11. That the ref;fnlati<iiis of tl;e eoniniittees and the in.sti'uci ions of the sii]ierin- 
 tendent have hern ohserveil. 
 
 All snuis ari.'-injj; fioin seluxd fjriints, school taxe.^, and fioni any sourc" other than 
 monthly fois form the sciniol land in each mnnieipality, and arc distributed and 
 eniidoycd by them : 
 
 1. Kirlier in pronortion to the nninlu^- of chiblriMi frim; 7 to II yeans of age in «aph 
 Bchoid distriit lesiding therein anil capaMe of attiMidinj; school; or, 
 
 L'. Hy makinj; a conimoii I'lind, out of which tlie S' hool <'oiinniisioners or trnsrees 
 ])ay the exi>enses occasii>ned by the ])aynu'nt of teachers' salaries, the inainten:inco 
 of s( hoolhouso.'s, the purchase of books, =ichool furnilure, and other contingent 
 expenses. 
 
 The school connnissioners or trustees after having adopted oin' of the two methods 
 mentioned in tiui preceding artiide can not change it within two years, unless liy 
 tht) authority of the .siiperintendent. 
 
 In all ciises the school commissioners or trustees are reifuired to decluct from tln-ir 
 share of the school fniul the anni of ^XO for th(> flnjiporl of a model school, if (here is 
 one in the mnnici])ality , in addition to the sh.are which such n>odi-! siliool isentitleo 
 to receive from such fund. 
 
 »> » *■ 1 » » 
 
 ■fhe suni annnall> voted by the legislature in aid of poor nuinicipalitics is distrib- 
 nt<'d liy tlie strjierintcudent according to the division made by him, and wlii< 1- li.'.s 
 been ai)proved by the cominit t^es of the eonncil of public instnol ion, 
 
 I'uhlic apprtiiiiiatioii.s urc iil.-io mat It- tor .sii])ei'itif iii.si itn lions — i. I'.Jnr 
 universities, clus8ic;ik'ollogt's,iic'a(lemies,ett'. — and tlii' moiioysooi anted 
 i.s divided l)et\vceu tlie total of tlio IJoiuaii (.'atliolic ttiid I'l'Dtcstaiit 
 iu.stittiIion.s, rt'.spcctiv«'ly, in tlio relative iiropDition of ihe re.s|>ecti\e 
 Ivoinaii <.!atli()lic and I't'otestant [»oim]atiou8 of the I'loviuce arccu'iliiiy 
 to the tlien last census. 
 
 8iich giants are for the year only, ami are not permanent. 
 
 Teaeher.s Intve the benelit of tv pen.sion fund Jiuiintained by withhold- 
 ing L' per ci'iitof the annual salaries. I'lic fund i.s available for tcaeliers 
 who have ser\ ed ten years an*l ha\ e rt'aehed the age of ."if! years. 
 
 KFl'OKTS FOU TlIF, ItKtIRtiANIZATIoN oF THE SC'IIOOL .SVSTF.^r. 
 
 The dual syst-t^nt liere outlined has not worke<l without fiidiou and it 
 is in uiiiny re8[>eets tine(|uul to the <leinands of the [iresent tinn'. 
 
ISO 
 
 EDUCATION KKfOHT, lS!)7-ilK. 
 
 A now ediicatioii bill was sulHiiiHcMi to the iiHsouibly in the session 
 of 1S<)7. but af't<M' pas^ii'U' that boily by ;i hiri;.' iiuijority was rojec tt-d 
 by tlie c<imi(il. 
 
 Tho aju'itatioii of tlie siibjeot has, liowcvoi, awakened piiblit; interest 
 ill the seliools, and the press devotes nmch sjat"- to their <liseussioii. 
 Ainoiif;' e\ ideiit'es of iin]»i'oveiiH'iit noted by tlie supeiiiiti'tidt-nt in his 
 report Ibr l^'.tC.-OT are tlie abolition of loeal rxaiidniiii;' boiii'ds. 
 
 The iH'w iM'otcstaiit tia<'liers must have a normal school diploma, 
 and the l.'oiiiaii Catholic. tea<'ht'r,s will have to j^-et theirs from a central 
 board of examiners. 
 
 There are teadiiMt:- in tlic Honuiii ('atludic elementary schools ."'..Sfib 
 female teaehei's with di[»loiiias, and their a\era<;e yearly salai'y is 
 .'?!tH, 
 
 The boiiian (.'atholie coiiiniittei\ with tlie appro\al <.f the executive, 
 has now lived the mihimntu salary to l»e ]iaid schoolmasters and school- 
 mistresses at lino, and vwAy municipality that does luti c(>niply with 
 rc«4ulatioii will forfeit its school yrant. 
 
 In ISOG the sum of !*."»(). (»()(» was added t(> the usual ^raiit, ami, as a 
 consenuence, the ^raiit to poor nmuicipalities has been raised tVoni 
 * 1 0.0(10 to $l'U,00O, 
 
 JMom present nulieations it is i»ro!iable that a removed effort will l)e 
 made in the next session of the legislature to secure the jiassaye ot' a 
 new school law. 
 
 s^■sTEM or yvAx t{RT'nswick. 
 
 Ill New Brunswick, tlui governor, the n)em})ers of the executive 
 council, the chancellor of the univcisity. and the chief superintendent 
 of education constitute a board of education lor the general control of 
 pulilie schools. The 8<-liool district is the local unit of school u<iminis- 
 tration. and tlie elementary .schools are numufjed directly by trustees 
 elected as in I lie other provinces. Appiic}int>> lor tea:'licrs' [daces 
 
 must show professional cjassilication at the m)rmal school, a license 
 from the board of education, or hold a dei^iee in arts from a chart<M'ed 
 collcfjfe or university, and comply with other re(|uirements accordiiiii,' 
 to the ])osition soiis-ht. Hveu juradiiates of arts without training at 
 noruml schools or two years' experience in tcachiuf^ must give prac- 
 tical illustrations of methods of reaching before the i)rincipal of the 
 normal school and a ])rotessor of th<' university. 
 
 There arc three sources from which imuieys are drawn f,.r tiie pay- 
 
 • lueiit of teachers' salaries: The provincial treasury, tho county scliool 
 fund, and <lisfriit assessment. Imoui the lirst-named sourct; aii aHow- 
 ance is annually made iii respect of .>very legally <pmlified teacher in 
 the service. Male teachers receive ^bir', *IO.S, or |8I. according to 
 giadc; female teachers, !*loo, $81, ^iMi, according to grade. 
 ,^ Assistant teacluu-s receive not im iC than one half the above amounts. 
 The county assessment in aid of schools uiust yield "an amount eciual 
 to thirty cents for every inhabitant of the county according to the last 
 
 . 
 
EDUCATION I\ OANAI'A. 
 
 181 
 
 
 inecediiif; census, together wit li ;iii iuiiouiit not oxccedin}? .10 j.»'r cent 
 for piobablf': loss and expi-nses of dislmrsinf;."' This j>-rosa sum is 
 nitportioiicd unmniL;' the several ]>arislies, cities, and towns Iti tlie same 
 propoition as other eouiity taxes. 
 
 The district assessnieut consists of a i»olI tax levied ,tt tiie j.er capita 
 rate of$I on evry male i)ersoii (except clerj^yiaen ) between tbeajLics of 
 i'l and <!(> yeais. 
 
 The balanc<'()f tlui sum ti>beiai-;ed by the disMict is assessed on real 
 and personal lu'ojMMty. 
 
 The law in()\i<les for tlie establisliment of su])crn)r or liij;li schools 
 and for county {irammar schools. I'liesi' reeei\ e aid from rbe ]iro\ in<'!al 
 treasury if they rcaeli a certain standard of enieienciy. 'I'lie ;4rant in 
 each case is juopoitioned to the amount of local support which the 
 8v.'ho(d receives. 
 
 8YSTE:\r (•]•' NOVA SCJOTIA. 
 
 Nova kScotia maintains a syste-m of free nonscctarian public schools, 
 under the, ;;eneral charge of the executive council. Avhich forms for this 
 special interest a council of jmblic instruction. The <'hief ofhcer of the 
 s\ stem is a sui)erintcndent, whet is apitointed by the <;*)vernor in council. 
 The (Council has power (1) to direct (in all cases not sjMicincally pro- 
 vided for by statute) the expenditure of such sums of money as are 
 ui»propriated by the le,i,nslatnro for educational purposes, such expendi- 
 ture to be made on the requisition or certilicate of the superintendent 
 of education. 
 
 (2) To api>oint a princii)al of the normal and model schools, and also 
 such assistant teachers as may i>e Ibund necessary, and to lix the sala- 
 ries of the same. 
 
 (3; To make re.uulatious for the conduct of th<> normal school and to 
 presci'ibe (he conditions of admission and gradimtion oi students. 
 
 (4) To di\ ide the province into inspectoiates ami to ai)point an 
 inspector for each upon the reconinjendation of the superintendent of 
 education, and to reyulate all th<' conditimis as to teachers' licenses, 
 length of si'hool session, form of s(d>ool ri',iiisters. text books, and courses 
 of study as may be necessary to securing unilbrm standards of elliciency 
 in tlu! schools of the proxince. 
 
 The conn* il also has ])Ower''to make regulations for constructing, 
 locating, and cotitrolling county academies, and to authorize the ])ay- 
 nu'iit of i»roviii(!ial grants to the same." It may aid in the esta])lish- 
 inent and sup])ort of 8<dn)ol libraries and i)rovi<le for the training of 
 tesichers in agricultural sciences and fostei- the teaching of these sub- 
 jects in the elementary schools, 
 
 Loc((l control, — Tii(> [U'ovince is divided into school comnii,--sioners" 
 districts, in charge each of a board ol' commissioners a])pointed by the 
 council, subject to the provisions of the town's iucorporaticm act of 
 18!K">. Each school section shall have a board of three trustees elected. 
 by (he njajority of the qualitied voters of the section. 
 
IH'J 
 
 KDITCATION KEPORT, lS!i7-9«. 
 
 'riic. ])n\ver.s and duties iiiiiio-^cd upon (lie triistt'cs arc discliarj^ed by 
 tlic appoiiifcd comiiiissioiiias in inrorporalt'd touns. 
 
 'riH> <ify of llalil'a.v Ibi'iiis f)iio school section in cliarge of IwcUc com- 
 niissidtiers, of witom six aieap])()intcd hy tlie governor. 'riics(> trustees 
 or conunissioners have iaiinediate cliarge of the schools in tlieii' respec 
 tive sections;. They employ teaehers, wiio nnist. however, be licensed, 
 exccpr that where in cessaiy an unlicensed candidate maybe appointed 
 n.s assistant teaelier. 
 
 Mixlr of Hitpporl. — The li\ed sum nf ><1Sl?,;'5()0 t\»r eiieh sclnxtl \»!ar is 
 jiaid semiannually, or as the council oi" luiblic instruction may pre 
 8er;he, to legally qualifieil tea(;lnMs emph>yed in (he common srhoels in 
 jvcordance with law. (o bo divided between sucli teachers in eonjouied 
 inoixn tion (o tin- number of days the respec(ive schools ai'e taught and 
 the scale ol' tin? respective grades. 
 
 This distribution is made seniiannuall,\' through the iiispectors. or 
 otlierwise as the e')uncil may direct. In every c<niuty except that in 
 which tin.' city of Halifax is situate; the clerk of the municipality is 
 reiiniicd to aild t«) tlie, sum annually \oted for general miiiiicij)al pur 
 l)oses at the regular meeting of the council U; sum sullicient, after 
 (b'diuiting costs of col](M-tion and probable loss, ti) yiel<l an amount 
 eo.ual to 30 ceir ; : ■■ .'vci-y inhabitant of the municii»ality. aiid the 
 .sum so addc<1 shall Ibiai. or be a ]»ortion of, the municipal rates. ,\iiy 
 sum fnrthei needed is determined by tliosi' who pay a projK'rty tax 
 (ratepayers;. Ordained ministers, widows, and nnmairied women are 
 exempt tiom se/tiom:! asses-iueid on projterty to tiie ainoiint ol" •r'oiit*. 
 
 ni'. sciiooi svs'n:^! of ^ivMion.v. 
 
 Histarifiil sinri ii.- — W-un- to (he passage of (he law of ]■<)(> Manitoiia 
 maintained sejiarate schools for lloman Calholu' and foi Trotestant 
 children. 
 
 Commissioner's Keport for 181)4-115 (\'ol. 1, C'hai>. \'lli. 
 
 The an.swer of the provincial legislature to the Dominion government 
 refusing to enact a remedial law was approved December 2(>, 1S0.*>, and 
 Uie legislature at <uice dissolved, that an appeal might be made directly 
 to the in'Ojde. The election held on January lo lesulted in an »>ver- 
 whelming' (rimnph for the i)remier, .Mi. <ireen\vay. and his jiolicy of 
 noiisectarian schools. 
 
 The Dominion parlhiment assemhled dannaiy 1*. on which day Lord 
 AberdeiaKas guvernor-general. ]»resented his address to the lawmakers 
 and stnuigly urged the necessity ot comiielling Manitoba to .submit. 
 
 ► 
 
EDUCA'lION IN CANADA. 
 
 183 
 
 Ir tuiiH'd oui flint tlic Doiiiiiiiiiu (Ml)iii('l wn-^ sfriously dividrd on tlie 
 Hiibjcct, and oil .I;iiin:iry 1 li.ilf ..I' rli.- niinistfrs rt'sijvi,,'d tlicir port- 
 folios, S!ilisc«iu('iitly the, n'tirii),n inini.stcivs were induced to witlidniw 
 thi'ir resi^-natioiis. It wns now clear tliiit the only liopcofthc sc|»;irafc- 
 .scliool i);irty lay in the iMo:ni.scd intci Icrence oi the Fedci;i! I'arlia- 
 iiK nr. No detiiiito action was taken in the matter nntil March L', ISihi, 
 wli.'ii a remedial bill was inliodnced. Tiic conservative ii-oVenMnent 
 then in power had less than two months left to them before (lie neces- 
 sary <lissoIu(ion of i:arliament, anil it was evident that tlic bill had no 
 chance of beinpf (rarried, or even fully considt^red. in the lime remain- 
 ing-. Su<-h discussion as took i)lacc was bitter, and the, dissolution of 
 paTliament. OH the I'llh of Ai)ril, carried the whole onestion ba<d< to 
 the peoiile of t!ie Dominion. The (piestion involved and tiie results of 
 the elertioii are thus set foith by an lin^'lish authority: 
 
 It limy Ix' l»iicil\ Httilfil tliat iii till' oloctioii slni;jr^'li) tlin (.'ailiolii' .m liool syKlfin 
 was tlic Miiiiii i|M.'-iiii)ii, ;nMl tliat tin Ciiilmlic bisljups iiiitl clorjiy threw thi'iiisolvi's 
 viuoi-oiiNlv into tiic f.iitest and esfitcd tlifir iittiinHt ntiTn,£;tli to si'cnre the rctinii of 
 iih'Iu'mt.s i.lcdufil ( iilpT to establish .soiiaralc s( hixds. or else, in va;,'iH'r ttTiiis. to sto 
 Jiislii', diiiM- to lliK (';ilhol|i: luiiiority in Maiiiiolia. lint tho;inii the iMimriiial key 
 to (h.' xirldiy ill Ihc Poiiiiiiioii pai-liiiiiicllt, was artnully in tli.' haiidr; of ll.f most 
 Caihoii.' pro\ iiiro, <Viiidie.i'. the I ilicral ojipoeition Jisadei was i ct miii-d to power hy 
 ii rousidii-aldc majority ; and tlic Lil)ei'al jiarty thns took th<' l.-.id in I'anadiaii poli- 
 tirs I'or tiio lir-'t tiinr in tdj^lili-cn ycar.s. It is tnio that several eonvid.tiations, 
 ratliei i)oIitical and et;ononii<', and even pcrliapH ethnoloe:ii'al, htdjied Id lirinj; about 
 Mr. I.anrii r\s tiinmph; hrd tlio latterV sideinn undertakin;,' l<i nettle within six 
 months tlio .Manitol)a sehoid ditiiriilt.v, wliicdi ha<l raclied Canadian jmlitics lor over 
 six yeivs, was iin.lon!iled!\ a Htro;!;; element in tiio .situation, 8iu<e it was lelt that 
 it on llie one hand a delinitel\ eoeicive measure could mn er he put into oj.er.iti vo 
 etTeel ill Manitoba, nor tlie ( :it!iolies, on t la; other hand, indiieed Id aeeept the Maui- 
 toliu imldie sehoids the only lio]>o of a .settlement- aceoplahli^ to Ixdh -iiles lav in 
 Home 1 lop isai emanatinix t'l'om a leader who ^voiild he at once a iKJiieotTi iDuist hy 
 jtidilieal and .i Cuiholic l>y relij^jioiis eonvietion. 
 
 The next .<t;v^o in the 8ti ii^';;ii) i.s therefore the eompromi-ie at oiiee pat forward hy 
 Mr. Laiirier, on the i)art of the l>ouiinioii, and aiib^eiiiii ntiy aeeei)ted liy Mr (ircii- 
 way, the premier of MiUiitolja. It was very mncli on the linoa sng^e>ted hy S;r 
 I)onald Smith's earlier commis.sion. hut was on fin' wliole less f.ivorulde lo tlio Cath- 
 olics. The main jioint.s were these : ( in a petition siirneil hy the parents nr i;n;ii(li.'ns 
 of IC ehiidreu attendin^r a .s(d.iool in a rural di.striet, or of 2.") ehildren in a town or 
 village, any eleriryman or anthori/ed religioms te.ieher is to he peiniilted acce.s.s to 
 (lie sehool to gi\e r(die;i(Mi.s instinelion at stated times. .\nrl in any town selioui 
 ■where the avera;.;e attendance of l.'onian Catholic (diildron in 10 i r upward -: in i 'lal 
 distritt.s 25 i>r npward) they may he entitled to tlie serviceH of one ('ailn)lic t in lor, 
 ■who must, however, la^ tiilly Dualilied aeeordiiij^ to proviiu ial oi- natiiuial school 
 i-itand.ards. In disiiiets wlnre the chiidreu speak French wholly they are to ha\n a 
 tea(hei speaking lndh French and I'^nglish, so that the toaidiing nuiy he on the l>ilin- 
 itjiial system. lint ail .-chords are to l.e national, under ]irovineia! contnd, and snb- 
 ji'ct to the same r(!,i>iilatious an<l iiis))eeti(Mis. The same tPXt-hooKs are lo he used, 
 and all teachers must he jn-operly ((nalitied by i>assing the provincial e i.iniinations 
 antl takiiie- t)),. presc rihed normal aehool co.irse. 
 
 The acttleinent was not satisfactory to the Catholic authorities, and 
 the Papal intervention wa.s eveutually son,i;h!. The encyclical of Ili.s 
 
184 
 
 EDUCATION KKI'ORT. |K!t7-1t8. 
 
 Holiness wii.s conciliati'iy in tone, but foiitlt'iiuifil tlio HfttltMiuMit as 
 nnHiitis(iit!t(»ry trom tiio lioiiiaii Oatliolic sfainlpoinl. 
 
 I'mrisiotis of ihr Uiiv of JS'iti. — My tin' law of IS'iUtlic ;j;ciUMal ('.>iiln»I 
 of sclio<>|> was vestcil in a (leparlinenf of cdncalion. wliicii is to consist, 
 of tlir cMMiitivc <!onncil, or a coiiunithM' tiiiMcol', appinntcil l»y tlir litMi- 
 tenant >;i'V<'i'noi' in conncil, iuid also an adv i-^oiy boanl coinpoHed of 
 seven nu'niltecs, four of whom are to l>ea]»point»'d l>y the depailnu-nt of 
 edmation, two by tin- teadiers of the provitnc, and one by tlie univer 
 Kity lomu'il. Amon^; the duties of the ad\i^o^\ board is the |M)\vfr "to 
 examine and anthoii/e text books and Ixtoiis of rt'lcn-inM' tbi' tlie n->i' of 
 the piijals aiid sciiixd libraries; to determine tin- (|iuditicati(nis of 
 ttachers and inspeetins for hij^h and pnl>lii- st-hools; to appoint «'\am 
 iners for tlie pnrjtose c f pit'i>arin;; examination papers: to prcxTibe 
 the Ibrm of religions exercises to lie nse<l in schools." 
 
 The law provides -'for the fornnition. alteration, and union of sehool 
 distriets in rural mtini('i|>alities, and in cities, towns, md \iilaj;es;" f«n- 
 theeleetion of trustees in each district; for the niainteua .<•(' and control 
 of th«^ schools. 
 
 All i)iii)lic, ,s('lu»i)ls Hhiill '.M' iVi-t; rtiliiiolti, ami i very piTsoij in iiiral iiiiuiiii|i;>!it,io.s 
 betwoon tht- aye of.") and !•> years, juiil in (Mtics. towns, and villagt;s IjetwciMi tlio ayo 
 ol'O !Oid 10, slinll li:t\ (• tlif liiflit to iittiMid houm- si'liool. 
 
 Si;c. (). K<'li>;inns o\cr<'iM!.s in ]mt)lic mcIiooIh sliall l)t' funduclod a""cmdinj; l,<t tlii' 
 ro^n'atiiiHs (iT thi' ad* isury Iniard. I'hi' time l<ir Harli iclii^i'iiis cxerristw shall l>o 
 just lict'iii'c the cUisiiij^ hi)nv in tin- urt<rn<)i n. In ca^f llitj parent or i;iiai'ilian Dl'aii.y 
 jinpll niitil.t's t.liK toacliiT that liti dot's not \^■i^h Hindi pii|)ii to ittciid .•^iiidi iHli.^iuiiH 
 exeri'isew, then Hindi i'iii»il sliall ln' diMiiissod lut'oif Hindi loliiijioii'* (Aficisf'B laUo 
 place. 
 
 Se<'. 7. litdij^ioiis (Avend^i-.^ shall 111' Inld m a ]inl'li(' sclinul I'liiii clx at t hf ii|.ti('!i 
 of the .school tnisteo lor ttic distri<t, ajnl upon rccrivui); writti'n aiiihuiiiy I'mni tin', 
 triistocH It Hhall bo the iluty of the tiNnhcr to hold such n'liuioii.s i v,iirri«< s. 
 
 SRC. 8. TliB piildii' si'hools shall lie ciitircly nonsfctanan, and uo religions oNcr- 
 cdses shall In' .illowi'il tlii'ifiii .xct'id as ahiuc inovidfd. 
 
 The schools ate to be sitpixiried by public iiTant and district assess- 
 ments, but schools — 
 
 not idinlnclt'd .nrorilinu t<> all the provisions of this or iiny ivid in fortji' Cor the 
 tiling Ixdnu', or rho rc^nlntioiis of the departiiiciit of I'din atioii, or thi' advisiiry 
 board, shall not he deem, it a i)iiblit school within lln' nu-aniiii; of the laAV, and sluill 
 not piirticipati' in tbi' lt'!;i.slative f,'!!!!)!. 
 
 TIIK SYSTKAl OF KKITISH <'()!, rMIUA. 
 
 In accordance with the school law of 1S91. liritish Columbia main- 
 tains a system of free secular schools wliich tire under the charj^o of a 
 •iuperintendent a]>pointed by the lieutenant uovei nor in council. The 
 Buperintendent is assisted by the council of piii)lic instnntion. The 
 local unit of school administration is the district. School trustees. 
 elected by vote of persons who pay a property tax. a:e empowered to 
 provide sntliciont accomino<lation for all children of the district between 
 t) and It) years of a;.ie. in(!liisive. The trustet s must visit the schools 
 
 
EIU^CATION IN CANAI'A. 
 
 IH'i 
 
 
 and t<»'(' tlijir tlic.art'coiKliicicd h, acconlMiM-c witli tlic n-^rnliitioiis aiul 
 report aniiiially t.. tli.- su|.oriiit.'ii(l<iit, .ScIkm.I att.'ii.laiM-*' is roiiipiil 
 sory ((.!• ill cliildiTi! lu'fAVoeii tlit' a;,M's of ♦; and I;.' yrars fur six inonthH 
 in cacli year. iinl«'s.>* rlu'y aiv nnd.-i piivatr iiistni.H,,i,. IVarlici.s must 
 1)0 provid.-d wiMi a (lovi-iiinu-iit citilicatt', of which then- aiv six- 
 grades. 'I'll.' lowest is valid lor one year, the next hi-her for two. and 
 80on (<. the fitth; this and the sixth i^v.uW eertilieates are vali.l f..r 
 life or diiriii;^ frood behavior. 
 
 Oradnares of arts oi' reeo-;nized l$ritiKli or Canadian niiiversi..es ;iie 
 exempt from examinations on the art of teaehin-, srho,,] diseiplinr and 
 inaiiaj;enient, and (he school law. 
 
 The strietly nonseetarian eharaeter of the schools is imlicaled by the 
 followiiif^ pr((\isioiKS (»f the law: 
 
 No i.4i-i(.u8.i'.,((| irtallovv...! to b,. tail Jill I : th<- Iah^Vh \'riu>'v ,u<y \h- us,;\ „t tl... 
 opvmufS, a. 1.1 .^l.,HiMfr ..r tli.> s,h...,lH. .NO .•lerjf.viiiiu, i. .•lioii.i, ;is'mi|)>.| int.i'.l.i,!,, 
 iii>]M(ti)i , (ir iiiii«ii'r. 
 
 The .schools are snj.portcd entirely l.y ap])ropriatio!is inuii the public 
 treasnry, 
 
 THE NOKTIIWKST TlOKIt ITi -KIKS. 
 
 'Mie repoit of the .-iipei iniendenr of education in ilie northwest ter- 
 ritories of Canada ju'esents an interesting view of the elforts fm popu- 
 lar enlighlenment in rlie northern part of ..nr coiiiinent. 
 
 The territory under supervision covers an area of .-(ii'.OOl) s.|iuire miles, 
 with a j)opiilation in IMM of (i(!,7lH>. 
 
 While the people are chietly of I'.ritish origin, oilu-r nationalities are 
 reiiresented in suilieient numbers to incieasc ihe s(;li.>ol diHicnlties. 
 The occupations are farming, ranching. lnnil»ering. and mining, ami 
 tlie i)opulation widely scattered as a conse»|nenee. -Nevertheless I he 
 report gives e\ ideme >>i advamed ideas with reference to the condi- 
 ti(nis for efrectiv<'. schools. The system of piililic schools is under tiio 
 control of a council of puldic inslriiction, comprising four members of 
 the executive <'omiiiittee and lour appointed members, of whom two 
 must be Protestants and two IJoman Catholics. The ai)pointed imbi- 
 bers iuive no vote, rheir duties being [uirely advisory. A sc1,(m»1 dis- 
 trict must notexcecil in area LT) sipiare miles, and must contain not less 
 than four resident taxpayers property taxi and at least twelve chil- 
 dren of school age, t'-ai'h district elects school trustees, who manage 
 the local school atfaii s, 
 
 I'rovision is made for separate sdiooK for religious minorities (Prot- 
 estant or lloman ('atholio, the rate|)ayers establishing these separate 
 schools being relieved of taxes Ibr the public schools. The decade 
 l.S8(» to IISIK) witnessed a reniarkai)le growth in the schools. The num- 
 ber rose from 70 to 3<J(;, aii im'rease of :',S] per cent, and the enrollment 
 from JM:', to 12,7«)(), an increase of 400 ])er cent. 
 
 At the latter date l.'io teaihers were employed. IMlbrts were early 
 made to secure professional training Ibr teachers, and by a regulation 
 
isr; 
 
 KDrcvriON KI'.l'oKT, lN!t7-H)S. 
 
 (latnl April 1, t>*!'!. it is <I« .larni tliiit, to inukc it possible for rt'iiioto 
 <lisiiicts to ixi'«'|) 'lu'ir scliools iijicii, •' i»invi.sioii:il (•('iti(i('at<'.s arc i■.^ll('(l 
 to ).<'isoiis w lin i»rts«'iit ><ii( ii fvidfiu'c of s ■li(»lai>ilii|) lliat tlit'ic is i\ 
 iciisoiiiihio prolial)ility of tinir bciiij; iildi* to pass tim lu-xt tt'acliers' 
 i'\aiiiiiiatioii.'' 1 lic^o ct rlilicutrs arc not issued till tlic tiusttM's do- 
 fliiic Hint they liiivc iulvMtiscd for u qiialiru'd teacher iiid liaveused 
 all rcasoiialilc clloit to sectire one, but without mu ce.ss. Tlieii, upon 
 th" appliiatioii of the tniHtci's — noi of the would be teacher — a piovi- 
 siotial c.ertilicati' is issued, v:iiid for iliat scIkh)! only, and tcriDinatiii^ 
 at tiie opoiiini,' of tlu' iii'xt O.vniiiiiiiilioii tor Icaidiers. 
 
 Schools aie niiiilitaiiicd by legislative ;,qiuits and by local t;i\alion. 
 J'"roiii the foriiier source was deri\ed in IS'.Mi the sum of !!«lL;fl,'-'IS, or 10 
 jier cent of the total exi»cudiliire, if'27 l,'il>S. 
 
 The eleiiieiilaiy course of study includes the tlnee U"s, hisi<iry, 
 <;eojiiapliy, t;rainmar. natnic ^tudy. and ayriciiltnie. '.reniperance is a 
 ciiiiipiilsoiy sulijcct lor ail ^i!ule>. 
 
 'riiei'c are no se[)arate secom'ary scll(>ol^. but I lie ^,i\th, scveiitii. and 
 ei>jlitii standards, the eiirollineiif for which in is'.x; was IL.'!), AW, an<l 5, 
 respectively, iiie termed ••hi;jli school standards," and have an entirely 
 separate i»ro;iraniiiie, based u|)on the mat i icnlatioii «v\atniiiat ions of the 
 universities of Toronto atul Manitoba, 
 
 Preparation for tiie '■acad<'inic eertiticate" for teacln^.s is ;,Mveii in 
 thrse '• iii^h school standards."' The (examination I'ompiises the follow- 
 in;; snbjeets: Spelliu.^ ami wririn,;, the i;n;.;lisli lan,i,Mia;;'e, rhetoric and 
 coiniiosition, poetical literature, history, ,i;eo;,'raphv, aiiilime:i<'. alfifebra, 
 jreometry. trijiroimmetry, t'liemistry, botany, ami phy.-^ics. 
 
 I'rcparation for tlie first aiul second class professional certilieates is 
 ;iivi-ii in the ncriual school at l!e<.';ina durin*;' the la.>t foni monlhsof 
 every year. Hessioiis for tliirdclass candidates are condncted at con- 
 voniont loi.'al centers by tin inspcntors under the supervision of the 
 suiiei'intembMit. who delivers a course of lectures at each, Of the \M\ 
 teachers in the schools 0(i {(V2 imii) held first, das certificates. L'07 
 ('.IS men) secondclass. and l.')(> S)l men) thiid class. 
 
 Amon^' Hie text bool;s recommended for the iiorinal <M>iU'.se are to be 
 tbnnd White's School .Mainij^feinent, (^nick's l''.ducational licforiiicrs, 
 liosenlaan/.'s IMiilosophy of I'-ducation, De (iarmo's Ksseutials of 
 ]\letliods. 
 
 The liiijher vditcatiuiKil ivHlilntiorn of Caiiniht — JS'D'i, 
 
 Niiiiii- 
 
 I'NlVF.ItsniU.S. 
 
 tlou. I """"• 
 
 Vitliio (il 
 )iii)1>itU 
 iiwui'd. 
 
 I'liivtMsity (if Kill;;'.-!' iilU't'i Wiiiil«(ii-, Nnvii Siotia i 1789 .-fKV), mw Kfii), (MiO 
 riiivir..ijtv of Krw lii'misv\ it k. Frcderii^tun, .New I 
 
 Hiuiiiwiik ; I8110 iiS.HU 
 
 MCOill I'liivi'isity. Mcintrciil, (^m-b«-c i lSi;t 1 mo. (KK) l,!KiO,lK)0 
 
 Diillicm.sio (^ollc^e ami t'lih ithiIv, Malit'itx. Nova i 
 
 Si'ot itt ■ I 1821 
 
 llicDin 
 
 •1111. 000 
 12,000 
 
 u,\ooo 
 
 Xiiiiilini 
 
 ot'Mtil 
 
 ilcillH 
 
 (iiIh) It). 
 
 2« 
 
 60 
 1,250 
 
 109 
 
 (( ( liiviTiuiirnt ixrai.t. 
 

 F.nrCATION IS' CVNADA. IH { 
 
 The hiijhtr tiluxti'tonitl inBtitiitiont of Oi»((j<<rt~/\.'*,;_Cni.tiniii'il 
 
 Niiiiic. 
 
 IllllCMt 
 
 ValiiH "f 
 
 'u::'"! ^"-" '"T7 
 
 Ilir>i(li 
 
 v\\\ i.imiTiit.i 
 
 I'filM'ixitv i)t' riuiiiiio, Tntonlii, (Milar.i) ! 
 
 rni\(i>ill,v (if Aiiiilid (.'.(lli'gK, NVuHvilli., Novh | 
 
 , f<<"i'" I \XMi 
 
 I iilM THifv (pf </(ic(>irN('(illru( , Kiii»:»»(iii, Ontario.! 1M4I 
 rilivcrHitynf Bl»ll(>|"« <'ull<'l.'»' l.ililciwlllr, *}\\^^. 
 
 \wv. I 
 
 Ijiiiviriity iif OlIiuMi Otinv », OutHiin. .....,!!,' 
 
 I'lilv I r»tii\ (if 'I'liiiitv I iiilcjj", 'I'linmlw 
 
 Litvtt' I iiivorniu , (^iiidni' 
 
 I'niMc.iitN ipC .MiMnit .Allmm Cdllct,''- Nfvv Uniii'ii 
 
 » Ti k ............. 
 
 ITiiiM rsiiy III' MunildUn, \\ iniiiix-i.' '....'... 
 
 Vii till ill riilvcrnit.v, 'J 1)1 (into, i»iit;iilo 
 
 Vnivii^itv 111' St. 'l-'r:iiii IN XnvliT ('(>lli';j<' Aliti 
 
 KHuir^lH', Nuvii .Sciitin 
 
 Ml .\la.-,iir I uivrr.sit.v. 'ritniiitd, Uutiirin 
 
 HTi ♦t,(i4'j, iiiiii M.-'"i, '"111 *•■.■., iHiii 
 
 1(JT7 
 
 HH7 
 
 ('OI.t.K.ilKH. 
 
 St. Alii li.lrr» t'l.llrirr'. riifniilii. Olitaiin Wfi 
 
 Kiiiix ('iil!i-t,'n, 'Ilium I II. I III In nil , isn 
 
 AuMimiiiiiipii I i.llii;i Saiuhiiili, diiiiiiiii ■ i.s.'i 
 
 I'll"»l,\ IcllllM ( ..|lin;r, MiPIltllul, (^llitlfl- 1H».7 
 
 rii'Hli\ ti riau '>i]'u«c, \ViiiiFJi.('i». Vl.mitdlia iBTo 
 
 I'ri'»liyleriaii (.'iillri,'!', Ilahl.ix. Nina S>iilia | 
 
 "W'i'k1i<viiii ( iilli X'l •'^'""'ici'l 1H7;I 
 
 Mt)tiioili>l ( ivIliMj", \Viiiiii)iri,', M.iiiiliilia J«H8 
 
 St. ,lolin « ( '(illi';rr. Whliiiin'i;. .Miniitnlrl . . . .' 
 
 St. Itnliirai K Cnlli't;!, Wiiiiniii',', MiHiiiolia I IH'.'I) 
 
 \Vi.ii.Utri< 1; Ciillign, \\iiiiiUiiii K, (Inlariii. | IxCH 
 
 AVyklllfi! I'lillc:;!'. I'liCKiitii. I liilariii t. . . . . 
 
 AHiiTl Culli'Hi'.' I'.i'lli-v illi' UrUariii ' l(<57 
 
 Haimliail U i'sli\viiii ('iiH,^-|.. .■^laiiHtn.iil, (,)iii'li«i.. .| If'T'J 
 St. J'lilllrU CnUfgO, Jiil llllKItu!, tjucln,'.' ISriJ 
 
 n.Asvii .M 1 iii,r.|-i.i - 7iKiiK1.1i 
 
 Clilciiiitiii i I 1(<7;| 
 
 iliilntli; Iji^tl 
 
 l.'AsHOiiiption I 18:1'^ 
 
 I'l' \ in ' 1 85:1 
 
 Nicoli't I IXO;t 
 
 Klcaiid (ViiiiilreiiiU [ laiil 
 
 )villlilllHl\i j j.i.'ii 
 
 SIhtIiiooKc li<75 
 
 Sto. .\niii* (KaiDniiriitikii) W>' 
 
 St. tlv ariiitlii' I |«|i! 
 
 Si. l.iiiiiiMil (.laiiiiii'H Cact'cr). ' 1847 
 
 illc) iM.-.;) 
 
 l«4« 
 IXL>7 
 
 Sti. Main- ilii Miiiuiiiir iKoiiv 
 Str. Marie i .Miintia-ali 
 
 StO. TlirfKMC ( iBrillDIUll?) . . . . 
 
 Tlirei- lUvers ' ;.^(i(l 
 
 CullcKi' of .Miiiitii-aUi i 1707 
 
 Semi nary ul i^'iielit'i li 1 lijtci 
 
 I 
 
 1..\1>1H> CiiLLtiiKs. 
 
 llaniilt'iii. Ontario. 
 I.iiiiiluii Oiilariii .. 
 MraiiltViMl. Oiilariii. 
 
 ^ri>.-',.ynn T.ailiHn' t'olUnif 
 lii'lliiiMli I.adii^s' l'iilli'}{i 
 Jiraiil I'oril I.^nlifn' (.'iilii'i;r 
 Olitariii l.ailii'S' ( 'i)11i';;b. V\ liiiUn. Onia 
 
 I'i'inill (.Hilii'*' ('(illcj;c, Osliavui, (liilaviii 
 
 Alma l.iilie.s' C'olU-ifi', St I'linhias, imtario 
 
 .\iniIl'tI,Tflt.\l. COI.l.KCK.S KTC. 
 
 Oiitaiiii .Agricultural ('i)lli>iti>. Ouclpli. Ontario 
 
 J'riivinrial Srhoul nl A.t;ririiltiiri', Tiurn, Kovii 
 
 Scotia ... 
 
 Srhoiil lit' I'l'aitii-al S.u'tu'i'. ■ri'iiiiiio. OiUario 
 
 Si'liiiiil 111' AgricMiililii-. I,'.\.'<.''(iiii|itiiiii. (^liitlicr 
 
 titiiool lit Sto. Anno ile la I'oiatii'io, (Jui'liec; 
 
 1H80 
 1H(19 
 M74 
 187 » 
 1H7G 
 ls^81 
 
 1(»(), (UtO 
 |iHI. outJ 
 
 11:;, ltl,-i 
 
 too. Olio 
 
 ll.'.l, UOM 
 
 I'ji;, Bou 
 
 181.1 
 1848 
 
 IBr.3 I 7f.<l.()0(> ' 
 
 18.V.> 1 IKIO, (Xiii 
 
 :■-> <io<) 
 
 4li, UUd 
 
 Ul. lUO 
 46. OtKI 
 
 at), om) 
 
 11 U, 00(1 
 
 r.'iv 1111(1 
 1.'.", (1(1(1 
 a;:."!, (too *so, wjii 
 
 i'4, (KK) 
 
 Nnmlier 
 
 111 Kill 
 lIllltH 
 
 (ulHmt>. 
 
 l,'J(ii> 
 
 lliO 
 
 4u:i 
 
 .•t.v, 
 
 'XV< 
 :ijii 
 rn 
 
 VH 
 
 111 
 
 24(1. (Mil) 
 
 •iLTi. OIK) 
 
 Ifl, (Mill 
 
 120. 000 
 
 50, (ICO 
 
 47ii. W)ll 
 lUVi'ljtJ 
 I HO. OUO 
 RO, (H)0 
 
 1 *. 000 i 
 1.'5, INHI 
 
 i.'iO, 00(1 : 
 
 15, ()(KI I 
 
 flfi, lifKl 
 
 0, 000 
 
 IOC, (100 
 
 B:i, 200 
 
 7.'). OMi 
 15,000 
 
 Oil, oco 
 .'lO, oou 
 
 2'I0, (HH) 
 
 O.'), IK 10 
 
 7'i. 00(1 
 
 'JO. (100 
 
 ■-' 900 
 
 12,000 
 
 i.'i, (i(Mi 
 
 10, (JtXl 
 
 10, 000 
 
 .'I. 000 
 
 sil. Olio ' 
 
 17,000 
 
 8a, 000 i 
 
 ;to, 000 
 
 (!o, 1 100 
 
 JO. 000 
 
 VV< (!l)() 
 
 L'2 000 
 
 fO, 0(M) 
 
 1 1, 01 
 
 911.000 i 
 
 2"), cdO 
 
 l.-i"4 ' 310, itOO . (!l8,,M14 
 
 im-i ' ! cl,9fi7 
 
 1877 I fS. 800 I I 
 
 I ' I 4,5(HI 
 
 1859 \ 1 i 4.0110 
 
 120 
 tlU 
 17.'. 
 
 K| 
 
 87 
 
 ;io 
 
 71 
 
 10.5 
 120 
 40 
 2.-.0 
 14!) 
 
 i;o 
 
 8.'., 000 
 
 ;.. i;i5 1 
 
 128 
 
 ':^. 404 
 
 11.201 i 
 
 ;to:j 
 
 »'l, (IIKI ' 
 
 12. iiliO 1 
 
 ;ti5 
 
 1 7!), 817 
 
 11,:!.1K 
 
 3.11 
 
 y.'.."!, 000 
 
 10,724 ; 
 
 207 
 
 70. oon 
 
 l!">, OnO j 
 
 27'* 
 
 ,VJ, tioo 
 
 .-., 4:15 
 
 128 
 
 loo. OlK) 
 
 1, 287 
 
 2M7 
 
 17.'>, 000 
 
 10,8^7 
 
 228 
 
 200, 000 
 
 2'., .fiOO 1 
 
 rt3.> 
 
 12!1,000 
 
 2t. .SOO ! 
 
 4I)« 
 
 ti.'. (Kill ; 
 
 ;, 7'.i 1 
 
 190 
 
 ."lO'l. (HKI , 
 
 3.-|. 000 
 
 501 
 
 i;io, OCO j 
 
 fi.lKil i 
 
 2&7 
 
 07.500 
 
 10. ;ioo 1 
 
 2:15 
 
 I4t 
 
 100 
 
 70 140 
 
 ir,o 
 i:i8 
 
 170 
 
 i;!,-; 
 
 25 
 71 
 24 
 
 « Till- I'la.ssiciil cfilloircH in (JiuOipr an- a coniliiiMtioii of si Imol anil colli'iro atti'nii«*il l)\ hntli hovs 
 ami yiiiiiif.' mini. Tliny lontei curtain ili.;rri-s anil arc iiinstly nlliliatoil Mitli J.aiul I'liiv ."isiiy. 
 h Nil rclm lis. ^ 
 
 c (iovi'riiiiiiMit. rxiiruililiiri'.