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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thode. rrata o lelure, Id □ 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 C K-\<\ ^ 10 DIAEY OF A MAGNETIC SUBVEY C K-\(\ ij.^^ t 6'i LOKDOM 1 PIIINTED BY liPOITISWOODB ANU CO., SBW-STUBItT SQUAKB •*NU I'ARLIAUKirr STREET i£i ^ DIARY OV A MAGNETIC SURVEY OP A PORTION OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA CHIEFLY IN THE NORTH-WESTEEN TEREITORIES EXECUTED IN THE YEARS 1S42-ISU BY LIEUTENANT LEFROY, R.A. NOW GENERAL SIR J. H. LEFROY, C.B., K.C.M.G., F.R.S., &c. WITH MAPS LONDON LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. 1883 All rights irsfrred QC ^3(.( L5 PEEFAOE. 1. The renewed attention dii'ected to the distribution anU periodical changes of the Earth's Magnetism in the North Polar region, suggests an endeavour on my part to present the observations of my Magnetical Survey of 1843-4 with fuller explanation, and in a form more convenient for reference than that in which they were originally published.' It is true that they did not actually enter the Arctic Circle, but they touched the confines of it at Fort Good Hope, on Mackenzie's Eiver, and being still the principal authority for the received position of the focus or pole of greatest magnetic intensity, as well as for the lines of equal magnetic force, equal inclination, and equal variation, over a large part of the continent of North America, it is certain that whenever they come to be repeated, the Observer of the future will inquire for particulars not contained in, and not suitable for, the ' Philosophical Transactions.' I have gone into many details which may seem to some persons unnecessary ; similar information respecting the personal experience of previous observers would, however, have been of much use to me, and I do not think that they will be found superfluous by any future American traveller who may give his attention to the same subject. 2. The following letters and minutes of the Council of the Eoyal Society show in what manner this particular survey originated, and what were the views of its author, the late General Sir Edward Sabine, R.A. ' Sabine's Contributions to Terrestrial Magiietism, No. VII. Philosophical Traiuttdioiis, 1840, p. 237; «V/. No. XIII. Phil Trnns. 1H72, p 35.3. mm wmm VI PREFACE. couuespondence kelatinq to the magnetic suttvev of the Bhitish Poshebbions in Nouth Ameuica. January 7, 1841. — Letters were read from Major Sabine to Sir John IlerBchel, Cbairman of the Committee of Phyaics, on tlie Bubject of a Magnetic Survey of the British possessions in Nortli America, and also letters on the same subject from Sir John Herschel, Dr. Peacock, Sir Hew RoHs, Deputy Adjutant-General of the Royal Artillery, and Lieut. liiddell, R.A., Director of the Magnetic Observatory at Toronto, in Canada. ' Resolved, — That these letters be laid before the Council, with a strong recommendation from this Conuuittec, that the President and Council will take the proper steps to recommend to the Government the exe- cution of the proposed survey.' Letters. ' London, November 25, 1840. (1). ' My deau Siu, — It is quite unnecessary that I should make any preliminary remarks on the importance of a Magnetic Hnivey of the British possessions in North America to you, who have yourself, in the " Quartei'ly Review," placed in so clear a light the value of such surveys in general, and of the one in question in particular ; nor need I dwell on the advan- tages of malting the survey whilst there is a magnetic observatory in Canada, to serve as a primary station for reference and comparison. ' The object of my present letter is to propose a definite plan for its iwi'fornumce, which I address to you, as Chairman of the Committee of Physics of the Royal Society, in which the details might be beneficially discussed, and from whence its recommendation might with propriety emanate. ' 1 . The strength of the Canadian observatory to be increased by one ofiicer and one non-commissioned ofticer for three years ; and an addition to be made to the instruments of One inclination instrument with two dipping and two intensity needles. One transportable magnetometer with imifilar and bifilar suspensions. One sextant and artificial horizon. Two portable stands. ' 2. I have ascertained by personal communication with the Chairman of the Hudson's Bay Company, that for a public undertaking of this nature, the Company is ready to furnish gratuitous canoe conveyance in the territories belonging to them ; and from inquiries that I have made I have reason to believe that two summers thus occupied would supply ample materials for the comitries north of the Canadian provinces, within limits of convenient access. For excursions within the Canadian provinces. V- PREFACE. Vll atui foi other small contingent expenses, I consider that 60/. a year for each of the three years would be suBicicnt, which should bo payable in the same manner as the observatory contingent allowance, on the certifi- cate of ti»e Director of the Observatory. * 3. Lieut. Younghusband, of the Royal Artillery, has been acting for some months, with the permission of the Master-General of the Ordnance, as a gratuitous assistant to Lieut. RiddoU at the Toronto Observatory, with a view of qualifying himself for this undertaking. The zeal he has evidenced, and the very favourable manner in which Lieut. Riddell speaks of him in all respects, show him to be a highly eligible person, and his presence on the spot is an advantage in saving the expense of a passage to Canada. ' 4. The whole expenditure contemplated for this undertaking would be nearly as follows : — For instruments . . £180 One officer's extra pay, annual 188 One non-commissioned 1 officer's extra pay . J Contingent I 188 For 8 years jC549 27 81 50 „ 150 780 Instruments . . 180 Total . £910 Total 910/. in three years, or in round numbers 800/. a year for three years. ' Sir John Herbchel, Bart.' * Believe me, &c. ' Edwabd Sabine. ' CJoUingwood, November 27, 1840. (2). ' Dear Sib, — As regards the proposition in your letter, as you have therein connected my name with my opinions as stated in the " Quarterly Review " (to which I do not in the least object, as it was never my desire or wish to regard that article as anonymous, and as there is now an obvious reason for avowing it), in which I have distinctly advocated the very point in question, and supported it by arguments to which I can add nothing either in the way of novelty or force, but mere reiteration, I could not, in fact, by my personal attendance do more than I have already done. Only I may add, that I have as yet seen no ground to weaken that opinion, but that on the contrary, the more I reflect on the desirableness of pro- curing Magnetic Surveys of the Colonies, the more apparent it seems. • The programme of the operation as regards the personal and material, as stated in your proposal, appears perfectly calculated to meet the requi- sites of the case, and I have no hesitation in conveying through you to VUl PREFACE. the Committee my own ontiro approbation and concurrence in its coming before tlie Council, recomnioiidod by thorn lis a proper object for application to Government. In the recommendation of such objects for public sup- port, the Royal Society is only performing its duty to the country and to science. It is for the Government to decide what portion of the national resources can be aflbrded for scientific purposes. All that we have to look to is that the objects we do recommend be really great and worthy ones, and that the means we propose be well adapted to the end. • Believe me, fee, ' J. F. W. IIemsciiel. 'Major Sahinb,' ' Woolwich, November 20, 1840. (8). ' My deau Sabine, — I do not see the least objection to the em- ployment of Lieut. Younghusband and a non-commissioned officer of the Artillery to assist in carrying out the Magnetic Survey in British North America, should your proposal receive the sanction of the Master- General. Lieut. Younghusband is a very promising otticer, and I shall bo very glad if ho is permitted to continue on the service on which he is now employed. ' Believe me, Ac. ' Hew Boss. 'Majob Sabine, &c.' i ' Toronto, November 25, 1840. (•1). 'I write a few lines to thank you for your proposals as to the survey of this part of the world. They embrace, I think, all that can bo wished for, or required from the Government, i.e. — 1. Lieut. Y'ounghusband and an additional gunner to be attached to the observatory for three years. 2. Instruments to be furnished, value ISOl. 8. 501. a year for three years on contingent account for travelling ex- penses. 4. An arrangement to be made with the Hudson's Bay Company to con- vey an officer and assistant on two summer trips, or three if necessary. ' C. J. B. RiDDELL.' Minute of Couticil. (5). Jan. 7, 1841. — Resolved, — That the recommendation of the Com- mittee of Physics contained in this resolution be adopted, and that the President be requested to confer with the Chancellor of the Ex- chequer and the Master-General of the Ordnance on the subject. PREFACE. iX 3. The Marquis of Northampton, President of the Royal Society, wrote accordingly to the Treasury on January 10, IHU, and their Lordships agreed to meet the estimated expense amounting to 1)10/., with the understanding that, as stated by him, gratuitous canoe conveyance would be provided by the Hudson's Bay Company in the territories belonging to them.' 4. The foregoing plans, however, were not exactly carried out. Lieutenant, now Major-General, C. J. B. Riddell, C.B., was invalided home from Canada in 1841, and became Major Sabine's assistant ; Lieutenant, now Lieutenant-General, C. Younghusband, C.B., then serving in Canada, was placed in temporary charge of the observa- tory at Toronto; and the permanent charge, with the magnetic survey annexed, was offered to me. Leaving St. Helena in February 1842, I returned to England. Part of the following month of June was passed with the late Mr. Robert Wearo Fox at his residence at Penjerricli, near Falmouth, for purposes of instruction in the manipulation of his Dip circle, and I left England for Canada on July 20, in the Prince Regent transport, which took forty-two days to reach Quebec. The Magnetic Variation and the Dip were ob- served daily on the voyage. The latter also on the voyage in the North nmherland, Indiaman, from St. Helena ^o England.* In making the offer, in 1841, of ' gratuitous canoe conveyance ' (ante, p. vi), the Hudson's Bay Company had no idea cf saddling itself with a heavy expense. The understanding come to between the then Governor of the Company and Lieut. -Colonel Sabine, the one knowing little of the requirements of a scientific traveller and the other even less of the peculiar system of the Company's internal communications, proved to involve on both sides a great deal of misunderstanding, as shortly appeared by the subjoined letter of instructions issued by Sir George Simpson, who arrived at Montreal in April, to the Company's officers. In it he directed accounts to be opened and expenses to be charged against the Royal Society. The Council had not anticipated or provided for any such charges, ' See Treasury Letter, November 13, 1847. ' See Subine'e Contributions, No. IX. rhil. Tmus. 1><40, .iikI No. XIII. P/iiL Trans. 187-J. p. X PREFACE. and when about two years later a bill amounting to l,277i. was presented, which did not include any charge for my personal enter- tainment, a difficulty occurred over it. When these instructions were communicated to me, I lost no time in calling Lieut. -Colonel Sabine's attention to the subject, and then dismissed it from my mind. The justice of the claim was ultimately admitted, and a Treasury grant was made which satisfied the Company. 7 : J :- I . 1 5. Letter feom Me. Twevelyan, addressed to the President OP the Royal Society. ' Treasury Chambers, November 13, 1847. ' My Lord, — The Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury having had before them the memorial and documents enclosed in your Lordship's letter of the 80th ultimo, relating to the charges of the Hudson's Bay Company in regard to the Magnetic Survey in North America : ' I am commanded to state to your Lordship that My Lords regret the misunderstanding which has occurred in regard to the expense of this expedition. ' In the paper transmitted with your Lordship's letter of the 10th January, 1841, it was distinctly stated that the whole expenditure con- templated for the undertaking was 9101., and that gratuitous canoe con- veyance would be provided by the Hudson's Bay Company in the territories belonging to them. ' Upon this statement the consent of this Board was given to the proposed expenditure, and My Lords were by no means prepared for the present demand upon the public purse, amounting to a further sum of 1,277Z. 8s. 5ch ' It appears, however, that the greater part of this expense has been occasioned by a departure from the original plan of the expedition, and that the extension of the survey has been of considerable value and im- portance in a national point of view, and it might be reasonably expected that the Government should roimburse to the Hudson's Bay Company the expenses incurred by them beyond the amount originally contemplated. There is some difficulty in ascertaining the exact amount of the extra expense incurred, but it would appear from Capt. Lefroy's statement that it cannot have amounted to the whole sum mentioned, viz. 1,2111. 8s. 5d. ' Upon fully considering the whole of the correspondence. My Lords are of opinion that 850Z. will reimburse to the Company all the expenses on account of which they may have a claim upon the public, and My Lords will in the ensuing Session submit an estimate to Parliament for this amount. ' In addition to this sum of 850/. there is a charge for clothing, &c. PIIEFACE. XI supplied to Ciiptaiu Lefroy, which that gentleman will repay to the Com- pany through his agents, making the whole amount to be replaced to the funds of the Hudson's Bay Company on this accoimt 885/. 6s. ' I have the honour to be, &c. ' C. N. TUEVELYAN.' ' TflE President of the IIoyai, Society, Somerset House.' nes of 6. The proverbial saying Les absents out toujours tort, was exempli- fied on this occasion ; the * departure from the original plan of the ex- pedition ' was supposed to be due to the zeal, meritorious perhaps, but indiscreet, of the executive officer, and the fact that every step was authorised and approved did not receive the prominence which he thought that justice required. The following extract from a letter from Lieut. -Colonel Sabine's assistant traces the misunderstanding to its source. ' Woolwich, March 3, 1845. ' Your early letters, en route outwards, mentioned that Sir George Simpson had directed tlie expenses of the Survey to be charged to a se- parate account to the Royal Society. This Colonel Sabine and I talked over at the time ; but it appeared so impossible after the correspondence that had passed (vide the printed letters of the R. S., in which the word "gratuitous" was most directly and pointedly introduced) that any misuiulorstnnding could exist, more especially as Sabine said he was sure that Sir H. Pelly had not viewed it in that light, that he and T both tbouglit tliat it was with a view merely to the regulation of their accounts, and that they luiglit be kept aware tliemselves, and, if necessary, show to others the expense their liberality in the cause of science had put them to.' 7. CmcuLAR Letteb of Instructions. ' Liicliine, near Montreal, April 20, 1843. To the Gentlemen in charge of Districts and Posts in the service of The Hon. Hudson's Bay Company. ' Gentlemen, — This will be handed to you by J. H. Lefroy, Esq., of the Royal Artillery, who, under the direction of Her Majesty's Govern- ment and of the Royal Society, procc«Mls to the interior for the purpose of nuiking Magnetical Observations ; and I have to beg that every facility and assistance he may require, and which the circumstances of the country and service may admit, be afforded him towards the accomplishment of the important and interesting object of his mission. Xll PREFACE. i I! ' Mr. Lefroy takes hia passage, accompanied by a servant,' by the brigade for the Northern department, to start in the course of a few days hence, and Mr. J. McLean, the gentleman in charge of that brigade, is hereby instructed to afford two hours a day for Magneticai Observations ; four hours at each post, and twenty-four hours commencing from midday on the 26th May and 21st June. ' Should Mr. Lefroy require the assistance of any of the Company's servants for the purpose of conveying him from post to post, or on any other duty connected with his mission, they are to be placed at his dis- posal, with such craft and appointments as may be necessary ; and hia demands in clothing and other supplies may be complied with, for which receipts are to be taken from him at each post, and an account opened with the Royal Society, to which will be charged the wages of such ser- vants and the prices of craft, appointments, clothing, &c., &c. ' It is to be understood that Mr. Lefroy is to be at liberty to proceed to any part of the country he may desire, and to make such stay at the dif- ferent posts as he may determine upon ; and strongly recommending that gentleman to your kindest personal civilities and attention, ' I remain, &c. ' (Signed) Geo. Simpson.' 8. In one particular, at all events, there was no misunderstand- ing. The kindness of the personal civilities and attentions I received during a stay of eighteen months in the interior did the fullest justice to Sir George Simpson's introduction, and left an impression which lapse of time has not effaced. I was so fortunate as to find at Fort Chipewyan the remains of a library formed by officers of the then extinct North-west Company for their Northern department, comprising many sound books of history and general literature. In the genial society of the late Mr. Colin Campbell, and with the company of a young Canadian clerk, Mr. Dyke Bouehier, I passed a winter there in much comfort, fully employed, and greatly interested in the daily novelties of the fur-trader's mode of life. And here I must say a word on the sterling qualities of my assistant. Corporal William Henry, E.A., then a young soldier, who lived to reach the rank of Colonel on retirement from the army, and 'who shared the ftitiguc of daily and nightly observation with a zeal, a cheerfulness, and a strict discharge of duty, which were all that I could wish. Of like quality were the artillex'y soldiers who accom- Niiiiicly, iriv awislaut, Jtombr. W. Jlriiry ; I had no olhor. PREFACE. XUl panied Sir George Back a few years previously, and of like quality, I doubt not, will be found those who at this moment are assisting Captain Dawson, R.A., in very similar duty at Fort Eae. The ranks of the army can at all times furnish men fit for special services of this nature, and their employment is much to be encouraged, as maintaining the diversified experience, the high standard of intelli- gence, and the activity of mind, which now enter more than ever into military efficiency. 9. The winter observations having been fully published, it has not been necessary to incorporate them in the present report. They were, I believe, the first which proved the diurnal periodicity of the aurora borealis. Auroras recorded.^ N... Iliim.iiK-y \o. Drilliiin'-> P.M. 1 1 1 A.M. m 4A 7 „ 8 10-5 •) •21 18 8 „ 14 18-0 .s 18 20 » ., 17 100 4 13 22 10 „ 10 180 5 12 lo 11 ,, 23 240 3 2-5 Midn. ii-2 m-o The second column gives the total number of times at which aurora was visible at each hour of the night, and the third gives the sum of numbers assigned on a comparative scale for their esti- mated brilliancy. Their effect on the magnetic elements is dis- cussed in the work cited below. I have pleasure in inserting the subjoined extract from a letter addressed not long since to Mr. Robert Scott, F.R.S., by one of the observers of the Swedish ' See Mafinetical and Meteorological Observations at Lake Athabasca and Fort SitnpKon, and at Fort C'o7iJidence, 1855, p. 144. Messrs. Lottin and llravais, in tlioir account of the aurora as observed by tbe Cominis.sion Scientifiijue du Nord, in Sweden, 1838-40, atlirni it only of the successive phases of the phL'nonu'nuii. ' Cetto succession non interrompue ' (i.e. the continuity of auroru.si tlirough suc- cessive days) ' n'einppche pns I'auroro bordale de re.'iter soiimise aux lois de .sa pi^riode diurnc, du moins relativenient a quelques-unes de ses manifestations. Aiii.'n,etc., ne soiit point r . Miqueloni , , 4U 4U-0 18725 20 25-5 / 74 37-0 12-05 (loodlVllow . M lO-O 1881-H 1842-8 28 20-8 75 20 77 15-3 12-00 Very (Quebec, i , Canada ' . 40 4H4 14 12-0 1384 lA'fVoV . 71 14-5 J 845-5 — 77 8-8 13-03 YouiiKlnwbmid l85l)-5 10 17 77 17-5 13-00 Schott l87)>-7 17 ia-7 70 45-1 13-54 JJaylor Monfroal, ) . . 45 ;5()-5 18427 8 58 77 13-1 13-72 Lefi-oy " Canada ' . 7ii iii-'J I84;j';{ — 77 8-8 13-70 18455 — 77 8-5 13-53 Ydiiiif.'liiisbiind'' 185D-5 12 21 70 51-4 13-08 Sclmtt 18797 13 40-5 70 25-7 13-00 ISayliir Halifax, i . 4(J .•i!)-5 l8;{8-5 _ 74 45 «->■ I'^steoiu-fc Nova Scotia > . 03 ar> 1847-5 — 75 37 13-07 Ki'ily 1H70-7 20 4;3-;j 74 30-2 13-04 Very 1881 — 74 20 12-03 Hanpor, i Maine > . 44 48 1841 70 11-0 , Gmlmra . 06 47 l8.-,7-7 15 10-0 70 14-7 13-50 Dt-aii lst!;i — 7 . 70 100 1850-5 12 20 74 U\-7 1331 Schott 18(54-8 12 4:i-7 75 0-5 13-40 Kiclmrdson 1805-5 12 42-.i 75 8-3 13-40 tf l8(i0-2 12 42-0 75 7-4 13-47 13-40 » Cambridge, . 4-2 2-2'S 1842 8 __ 74 10-5 LelVoy Alas.s. . 71 7-0 1870-0 11 40-:5 73 48-4 13-20 Baylor Dorelit'ster, [ , . 42 -20 1842-8 _ 74 12-8 13-33 Ijcfroy Mass. 1 . . 71 20 1840-7 31-4 74 12-7 13-|>< ].ee 18550 10 13-7 74 20-5 13-20 Schott Providence, \ . . 41 400 1842-8 74 OU 13-48 Ijefroy lihode lal i . . 71 23!) 1855-0 31-5 74 15-0 13-24 Schott Newhaven, i , . 41 18-0 1842-8 73 27-4 13-45 Lefrov Conn. > , . 72 o5-4 18440 5 45-1 73 24-2 13-51 lleiiwick 1845-7 17-3 — If 1848-0 37-0 73 31-0 ]3-;!2 Rutii 1855-0 7 2-7 73 44-5 13-18 Schott The Latitudes and Longitudes are Mr. Schott's, and correct some of thoso at pp 53 and 100. 4f^ I ' j : XX PREFACE. I.— On the Atlantie Coast (continued). I'lnoo Lat. LniiR, Unto Vor. Dtp Force OlwiTvcr Sandy Hook, i New Jertey i / 4U L'7-7 1844-6 / 6 61 72 37-0 13-00 Ilenwlck 74 0-2 IHC5-6 6 11'2 72 62-0 13-30 Schott 1873-0 7 00 72 200 13-43 Ililgard 1870-6 1H42'8 7 82-0 72 8-3 13-30 liiiylor l»hilndelphia, 31) 58-4 _ 71 500 13-68 Lefroy Girard Coll., ■ 75 10-2 1840-4 3 Cl-1 72 1-0 13-42 Locke Ohio I 1855 7 4 31-7 72 17-7 13'00P Schott 1802-0 5 00 72 6-8 13-42 }) 1872-8 5 27-8 72 15-4 13-05 ti 1877-8 2-2 71 41-3 1340 Ilaylor Washington) . I. CaititoV . 38 531 1842-8 __ 71 13-8 1.3-41 Li'froy 77 0-0 1852 — 71 101 13-20 llil^ard II. Vomer, Second, , 38 53-1 1H07-5 2 48-1 71 0-7 13-347 Schott and C Streett )77 0-2 1872'5 3 00 71 0-6 13300 n III. Corner, First, . 38 53-2 \ 77 0-4 1H77-5 3 30-4 70 40-1 13-292 tt and li Streets 1882-5 3 55-4 70 44-1 13-227 Eimbeck IV. Old Coast 1 38 53-1 ; 77 0-0 18»5'2 -_ 71 33-8 13-40 IjCO Survey Office 185((0 2 21-4 71 21-7 13-48 Schott 1858-5 — 71 220 — . 1859-5 — 71 24-4 if 1800-7 2 2C-7 71 15-0 13-440 M 1801 — 71 18-3 — Walker 1802-6 2 30-4 71 18-5 13-368 Schott 1803-5 2 41-8 71 14-3 13-351 1805 — 71 11-7 — >» Wi II. — Inland Stations. riacc. Lat. Long. Date Var. Dip Force Observer Burlington, Vermont . 44 29-3 1855-0 e / 9 57-1 75 50-8 14-10 Schott . 73 13-4 1873-0 11 19-0 75 24-2 1300 Ililgard Albany, ) Neivl'ork' . 42 39-8 18;50 .^ 74 51-3 Loomia . 73 46-1 1841 — 74 40- 1 Bache 1841 — 74 39-0 Nicollet 1842 — 74 44-0 13-00 Lefroy 1844 — 74 40-2 — Locke 1858-4 8 17-0 74 55-6 13-70 Dean 1870-8 9 61-7 74 18-9 13-48 Baylor Toronto, Cujiada . 43 39 1843 1 24 76 14-7 Ob.servatory . 70 21 1845 1 20-1 75 15-5 13-942 1849 1 36-9 75 18-8 13-952 1859 2 7-2 75 26-0 13-825 1871 1842-9 2 48 75 10-8 13-776 If Cleveland, Ohio 1 . 41 30-5 73 8-8 13-07 Younghusband 81 41-5 1871-0 32-6 73 9-3 13-80 Goodfellow 1880-5 1 38-5 73 2-4 13-70 Baylor II PREFACE. , — Inland Station* (poiitinUtHl). XXI I'looQ Lnt. LnnB. Uatu Viir. ni|i Fiirco ObaiTver Columbus, Ohio o 1 39 67-7 82 60-7 1838 1841 1845 1871-8 / - 1 20-0 / 71 4-0 71 3-7 71 4-3 71 0-8 77 10-5 77 24-0 70 37-0 70 27-0 70 20-5 70 28-8 70 24-7 13-53 13C3 liOcke Loomis Locke Mosmun Snult S. Marie, i Mich. i 40 20-0 84 20-1 18440 1845-5 1880-0 1880-0 1842 1880-5 - 1 M + 537 + 1 4-6 13-82 14-01 Lcfroy Itae VlTV Baylor Mai-kinac,) Mich. ) . 45 61 84 40 20-6 14-10 13-04 13-50 13-55 13-30 Locko Baylor CinciiHiati, 1 0/(10 * . 30 8-0 84 25-4 1841 1840-4 18,S0-0 1840 1841 1880-8 - 2 14-4 Liicke Lcfroy Baylor Viuconnes, ^ Indiunu ' 38 41-7 87 31-0 - 4 22-5 - fi 47-0 - 43 5 - 5 5-1 00 51 00 52-8 00 C3-4 13-50 13-44 Locke Loomis Baylor New Harmony, i Indiana > 38 8 87 50 1840 18480 1801-3 1880-0 1830 1870-8 1877-7 1878-7 1878-0 1870-7 1880-7 00 3-0 00 7-2 00 2-0 13- 10 1350 1331 Locko Fauntkroy Baylor Madison,^ i . Wiscviuin > . 43 4-5 80 24-2 - 50-7 - 44i) - 31-8 - 220 - 210 - 20-0 73 54-8 73 55-5 73 50-5 73 hTA 73 51-0 73 40'5 1400 1404 14-13 1407 14-00 14-03 1400 Locko llilffard Braid Suesa Baylor Mason » Dubuque, t lotva 1 42 205 00 440 1830 1880-8 1830 1877-8 - 45-8 73 5-0 73 7-8 13-70 13-00 Locko Bay' or Davenport, ) Iowa ' 41 20-0 00 38-0 - 7 2-8 71 551 71 50-0 13-70 13-70 Locko Braid III.— 0?i the Vttcijio Coast. Place. Lat. Long. Sitka, ) Alaska ' 59 2-9 135 20-3 Esquimault, I . 48 25-4 li. Colum. I . 123 20-3 Datu 1827-5 1830 1838-6 1842-5 1861 1880-4 1881-7 1859 1881-7 Var. ■ 28 50 -28 10 -28 37 -28 53 -20 -20 -20 14 4-8 11-2 -21 58 -22 55-6 Dip 75 55 75 51 75 51 75 61 70 20 75 11-7 lG-0 75 71 34 71 30-3 I'orco 12-98 12-00 12-77 1205 12-01 13-10 12-87 Ohsorvcr Liitko Lnnan Belcher Observatory CoUinson Dall Nichols Ilaig Nichols ■I 'f- i I ' I' ■■ i' xxii PREFACE. Wo have here twenty-one stations widely distributed, which show a marked decrease of intensity, and only one, St. Pierre Miquelon, where the change is the other way. At seven stations the evidence is inconclusive, from the long intervals without observation. In all probability the force increased in the earlier part of these hitervals, and has been decreasing since. It is not my object, how- ever, to discuss the secular changes, but to establish my conclusion that the lines of equal total intensity in British Columbia in 1844 were, as I have drawn them, to the westward of their position in 1860. The return of Captain H. P. Dawson from Tort Rae, Great Slave Lake, where he has passed twelve months in observations connected with the International Circumpolar expeditions, enables me also to add, with his permission, and that of the Council of the Royal Society, that he found the dip at Fort Chipewyan (CCXXIX) on September 17, 1883, 81° 20''6. If we may assume that this element attained its maximum value at Lake Athabasca at the same epoch as it did at Toronto (1859), it was probably again the same in 1874 as it was in 1844, and we have therefore for the present rate of secular change of dip in that quarter — 1'*7 per annum. Attention should have been more pointedly drawn in the text (pp. 96-99) to the remarkable development of magnetic force on the Eastern side of Lake Winnipeg, between lats. 51° and 52^°, longs. 96°-97° W. It is so great as to make it doubtful whether the physical pole of maximum intensity should not be located here, 4° to the west of its theoretical position ; but the remark on p. 48, that there is a secoi>dary focus in or about lat. 56°, long. 106°, must be qualified. The increase in that neighbourhood appears to be but a local disturbance. 1 had the serious misfortune to lose in 1846 a part of my bag- gage in which were contained three MS. volumes of Journal. Thus a great quantity of descriptive notes and details which would have been of service for the present publication were irretrievably lost, and the trouble I have had in recovering many particulars from other sources has been, to myself at least, an ample proof of the necessity for it. December, 1883. J. H. LEFROY. CONTENTS. PREFACE ...... SIX'UIAn CnANOES. .... MAONKTIC INSTRUMENTS .... nEOnUAPHICAI, DATA, HOW ASSIGNED MAGNETIC OBSERVATIONS — VARIATION. „ DIP . RELATIVE FORCE (LLOYD's NEEDLES) „ „ (fox's needles) „ horizontal force absolute force combining observations by ^teight INDUCTION INCLINOMETER, LLOYD's BRIEF STATEMENT OF RESULTS SECULAR CHANGES. .... OBSERVATIONS IN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES . BASE STATION, TORONTO .... PAOW i-xxii xix 1 2 7 14 17 22 32 O — 38 42 40 xix-40 r,i f>0-lGO, ISO DIARY : montreal to lake superior 8ault st. marie to lake winnipeg fort alexander to york factory norway house to lake athabasca peace river and lesser slave lake upper saskatchewan Mackenzie's river and great slave lake postscript and general recapitulation fin 71 !)'! 118 141 150 158 105 Appendix : I. THEORY OF THE INDUCTION INCLINOMETER , . .171 II. IDENTIFICATION OF STATIONS TN CANADA . . . . 173 III. COMPARISON OF THE MEAN DISTURBANCES AT AMERICAN STATIONS 170 IV. DATA FOR RBSULTS NOT PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED . . .184 jiiiiy,, ^v , I XXIV CONTENTS. LI8T OP aXATIONS ALPHABETICALLY ARBANOBD INDEX ...... PAOB 187 191 KEVI8ED BIAORAM OP TOTAL FORCE MEAN BlURNAL CtTBVES OP DECLINATION to face xviii MAPS. OBSERVATIONS OF HAICt AND MOORE MAP OP THE NORTH-WESTERN REGION , MAP OF THE 80UTH-EA8TBRN BEOION BKELETON MAPS WITH NUMERICAL VAITTES at the end ft Errata and Corrigenda. Page 9, line 6, for date read data. „ 11. The Table should be uumbered II. II 1^- II II ,1 III. „ 19, line 17, delete ' two.' „ 48, „ 23, delete B. 56, 106. „ 49, Secular changes, see the Preface. „ 62, The Dip at Stanstead is 76°19'-2 not 77°19''2. „ 72, „ 7. Delete This is the greatest force (see CXXI.p. 97). Lieut. Very, U.S.N., found the variation at Michipicoton l°20'-5 W., X 2860 in July 1880. 79, „ 10. The weight (0-75) belongs to this line. 80, „ 16. Insert W. (0-85). 81, „ 20, /or 6-48 read 5 4-8. 83. The Portage des Morts is the same as the Pine Portage of some maps. 84, /or 91.23 read 91.28 foot of page. 84. Franklin, whose nomenclature was followed by the author, has Upper Sturgeon Lake, between Lac de Mille Isles and Lake i, la Crosse, and Sturgeon Lake beyond Lake a la Crosse. His Sturgeon Lake is miscalled Lake a la Crosse on Prof. H. Y. Hind's map, and is now called Nameucan Lake. Franklin's Lake a la Crosse is called Pine Lake on Prof. Hind's map, and is now called Nequaqua Lake on maps published by authority. 85. lines 14-15 from bottom, for W. (1) (2) read W. (2-5)— (6-0). 88, line 16, for 94-3 read 94-37. 89. I learn from Professor Dawson that a remarkable geological fault occurs at Bat Portage, and accounts for much disturbance. 92, lines 5-4-3 from bottom, /or W. (1-5) read W. (1-0). 93, line 12, after 14-128 write W. (0-6). 95, „ 15, for 14-056 read 14-050 ; line 31,/or 51° 36' read 51° 3'-6. 99, „ 6, after 14-396 insert W. (0-3). 100, „ 14,/or 14-113 read 14125. 101, „ 7, after 14-162 wiser* W. (0-9). 107, „ 16, after 14-191 insert W. (1-2). 116 „ 7, for 58°3'-50 read 58°43'-8 ; line 8,/or 86°47'-3 read 86°18'-3 ; line 9, ittsert July 18, delete 2. 121, last line, /or 1-8624 or 14-096, read 1-8716 or U-165. 127, „ for 14-064 read 14-116. 128, line 5, for 14-061 read 14-109. 149, „ 23, for Pembine read Pembina. 166. Station 21, p. 53, has been accidentally omitted ; Station 5, Stanstead, Dip /or 77°19'-2 read 76°19'-2. A MAGNETIC SURVEY. iome maps. n Prof. H. Y. PART I. INSTRUMENTS AND MODES OF OBSERVATION. Further Correctiimi . P. 0. On tlio dia<>;rani, PI. II., write +5', +5', —■)' on both sides of the plate, instead of +10', +10', -10', the scale beinj^ •>' to one inch, not 10'. P. 29. Table VI., lino 5 from bottom, make one read 'two'; lino (5 from bottom, before 15 write 6 6, thus: 'May^ 15-24.' P. IIG. Table XVI., 'Fort Confidence.' alter 1819-1850 into 1848-1849. PI. IV. Lines of equal variation, for 50" W. icad 5' W. ; tor Hy W. read lO W. kl fault occurs 5, Stanstead, bar, with stand, 18 lbs. (8) An Azimuth Compass of the Admiralty Committee's con- struction, by Barrow, with stand, 5^ lbs. I received this instrument through Sir George Simpson in Montreal on the eve of my departure. (9) A Repeating-Reflecting Circle by DoUond, with Mercurial Horizon, 25 lbs. (10) A small Portable Transit Instrument, the telescopic power of which proved too small for observing small stars in strong moonlight, but it was very useful for rating the chrono- meter when stationary in the winter. XXIV CONTENTS. >l: I LIST OF SUCTIONS ALPHABEIIOALLY ARBAKOED INDEX ...... BEVI8ED DTAORAM OP TOTAL FORCE MEAN DITTRNAI. CURVES OF DECLINATION PAOB ■ -m . 187 ■f . 101 to face xviii 1 9 ■'■'* MAPS. OBSERVATIONS OF HAIG AND MOORE MAP OP TUB NORTH-WESTERN EEOION . HAP OF THE BOVTH-EASTERN REGION SKELETON MAPS WITH NUMERICAL VALUES at the end jr.yv/yfn rtiv^^ ^- »l 92. 91 93, t« 95, II 99, 100, II 101, II 107, tl 116 tt 121, It 127, II 128, 11 149, II 166. .„ „^ xioieBsor JJawsonthat a remarkable geological fault occurs at Bat Portage, and accounts for much disturbance, lines 5-4-3 from bottom, for W. (1-5) read W. (1-0). line 12, after 14-128 write W. (0-6). „ 15, for 14-056 read 14-050 ; line 31,/or 51° 36' read 51° 3'-6. „ 6, after 14-390 in&ert W. (0-3). „ 14, for 14-113 read 14-125. „ 7, after 14-162 insert W. (0-9). „ 16, after 14-191 imert W. (1-2). „ 7, for 58°3'-50 read 58°43'-8 ; line 8,/or 86°47'-3 read 86°18'-3 ; line 9, insert July 18, delete 2. last line, /or 1-8624 or 14-096, read 1-8716 or 14-165. „ fw 14-054 read 14-116. line 6, for 14061 read 14-109. „ 23, for Fembine read Pembina. Station 21, p. 63, has been accidentally omitted ; Station 5, Stanstcad, Dip /or 77°19'-2 read 76°19'-2. -.4 I'AOB ■ .i)S . 187 ■I' . 101 1 1 oface xviii '« 9 1 at the end 1 tt 1 • i> * A MAGNETIC SURVEY. PART I. INSTRUMENTS AND MODES OF OBSERVATION. fault occurs 3'-G. 8'-3; line 9, Stanstcad, 1. The instrumental equipment provided for the magnetic survey now to be described was composed as follows : — (1) A Dip Circle by George, of Falmouth, of the construction of the late Mr. Robert Weare Fox. It weighed in box com- plete, with stand, 37 lbs. (2) A nine-inch Dip Circle by Gambey, with stand, 27 lbs. (3) A six-inch Transit Theodolite by Jones, with stand, 10^ lbs. (4) A Declination Magnetometer, with stand, 25 lbs. (6) A Transportable Declinometer of Weber's construction, sub- sequently replaced by the much superior instrument made by Jones under the directions of Lieut., now Major-General, C. J. B. Riddell, R.A. (6) A Transportable Bifilar, to which the same remark applies. The two weighed, with necessary stands, 22 lbs. (7) A Lloyd's Induction Inclinometer, made by Jones, for one bar, with stand, 18 lbs. (8) An Azimuth Compass of the Admiralty Committee's con- struction, by Barrow, with stand, 5^ lbs. I received this instrument through Sir George Simpson in Montreal on the eve of my departure. (9) A Repeating-Reflecting Circle by DoUond, with Mercurial Horizon, 25 lbs. (10) A small Portable Transit Instrument, the telescopic power of which proved too small for observing small stars in strong moonlight, but it was very useful for rating the chrono- meter when stationary in the winter. B =^ (1 1 i 1 1 1 \ ^ j ' 1 t i I ! ■ 2 INSTRUMENTAL EQUIPMENT. (11) Two Portable Barometers, each 4^ lbs. — 8^ lbs. (12) Two Pocket Chronometers, \ lb. To the foregoing, which amount in weight to about 180 lbs., must be added a Pocket Compass, some Thermometers, ' Nautical Almanacks ' for 1843 and 1844, Raper's ' Navigation,' blank books and forms, stationery, and numerous minor requisites. My personal equipment comprised a small tent, with bedding, a cassette or clothes chest (100 lbs.), a canteen (64 lbs.), a provision basket (40 lbs.), a gun and rifle, my assistant's valise, about a fort- night's provisions for the crew, and their slender effects, all of which, with the canoe itself, which weighed 4 cwt., had to be carried over the Portages, a work in which Corporal Henry and myself invari- ably took a share when not employed on observation. 2. The instruments suffered severely in their journey by stage from Toronto to Montreal in April ; there was then no railway, and navigation was not open. The two dip circles were almost shaken to pieces. Lloyd's static needles lost force from the effect of the jolting to such a degree as to entirely disconnect the subsequent observations from those intended to be the base series, taken at Toronto. The same remark applies to Fox's needle C, and a new base had to be taken for both, at Fort William (Station LXIX). The instruments were reinstated, as well as could be done, before starting. 8. A few words are necessary with respect to the observations made. I begin with those for assigning geographical position. In observations made at sea, which are usually taken at points on the earth's surface a hundred miles, more or less, apart (being seldom made more than once in twenty-four hours), and when the ship itself may change its position several miles during the progress of a long observation ; where, moreover, the future identification of the locality is impossible, it matters little whether the geographical co-ordinates assigned are rigorously accurate or not. The observer marks them as he marks the ship's track on his chart. It is other- wise on land, where the recovery of the identical spot on which former observations were made is not excluded by any impossibility, and is always of some consequence. Nevertheless there are often no definite or recognisable landmarks, and, in unsurveyed countries, often no name for the locality. Hence it becomes of importance that the geographical co-ordinates assigned for the place of each GEOGRAPHICAL POSITIONS. 9 observation, particularly when the places are not far apart, should be sufficiently accurate to be sensibly correct when plotted on a map. Casting a retrospect over my own preparation and previous instruction, it now aj^pears to me that both the importance and the diflSculty of this degree of precision were somewhat overlooked, and I cannot hope to have always attained it. Sometimes for days to- gether there were no sights to be had. I trusted much Franklin's track-routes ; but his positions are not always consistent, and the best maps of later date, most of the country being still unsurveyed in any strict sense, often differ from him. In the present revision I have availed myself of all sources of information to correct my longitudes, and to place the localities of observation as correctly among themselves as present geographical knowledge permits. The territory of the Hudson's Bay Company has witnessed surprising changes since 1843. New routes have been opened and old ones abandoned ; for example, the circuitous canoe route above Fort William by Dog Lake and the Long Portages to the Lake of the Thousand Islands, is quite deserted, and probably no longer practi- cable. The old race of voyagcurs from Lower Canada is dying out, if not already extinct, and with them will in time disappear the traditionary and often historical names of places, especially of the Portages, to be replaced in a generation or two by vulgar Anglo- American names.' Travelling with French-speaking guides and voyageurs, I naturally called places by the names they gave them, and by these they were formerly published. I now add current English designations as far as known. I learnt at Montreal in 1877 that one of ray Indian guides was still living, and what is more re- markable, that Jean-Baptiste Belanger, a partaker of the sufferings of Franklin, Richardson, and Back in 1821, was also living. But time will rapidly efface the traces of the fur trade over most of the country, as it has already done in the Rocky Mountain States. 4. Latitude. The instrument employed was an eight-inch repeating-reflecting circle, by DoUond (now at Kew). It was my practice, with the sun, invariably to observe altitudes first on, then off the limb, so as to eliminate index error. Stars were generally observed on the limb ' Thus, Qu'appelle, on the river of that name, having been degraded to ' Q. Apple,' has been recently reehristened Regina, R 2 Vi ! ) i| If; ''!! ':i\ (!• i i »,. 4 LATITUDES. only, and the index error was frequently ascertained ; it was never more than 87" or less than 17". Tlif horizon glass was reversed hetween each pair of sights ; the glasses of the roof being of in- different quality, reversal made a difference of about 56". I rarely used the instrument as a rejieating circle except for lunar distances. The latitude was observed every .day at noon when the sun was visible, and when it was possible to put ashore for the purpose, and was worked back or carried forward by courses and estimated distances to the station of a.m. or p.m. observation. Towards the end of the season, when the stars appeared early, it was usually ascer- tained also by altitudes of Polaris at night. The method of reduc- tion by circum-meridional altitudes has been always employed, as it not unfrequently happened that the meridian was passed before the first sight. The barometric correction is always small, and after the breakage of my barometer on June 18 was necessarily omitted. In the present revision I have applied mean corrections based on the height of the region above the sea. In Table IX., ' Phil. Trans.' 1846, latitudes were given to the nearest decimal of a minute ; but as astronomical observations of a high order have recently been extended by the Surveyors of the Dominion of Canada as far as the Saskatchewan, I now give them for comparison to the last second, without, however, supposing that it is possible for a traveller to make sure of his results by sextant observations to that degree of precision, still less to the decimal parts of a second, with which books are often incumbered. Frank- lin's latitude of Cumberland House (Station CLXXXIII) in 1825 is 53" greater than in 1819, and of Fort Chipewyan (CCXXIX) 5" less, being the only stations common to both journeys. I did not observe it at Cumberland House, and differ from him 28" at Fort Chipewyan. 5. Longitwle. I started with two pocket chronometers, lent by Captain, after- wards Sir Francis, Beaufort, E.N., Hydrographer — Arnold No. 138, and Barraud No. -g%^. The stationary rates furnished with them were — 3''7 and — 2'-0 respectively ; but these altered much in travel- ling, and, to judge by their numbers, they were very old watches. I also carried a new half-chronometer of my own, No. 5,242, which proved a most worthless timekeeper, notwithstanding the name of i LONGITUDES. was never I reversed ing of in- I rarely distances, e sun was •pose, and estimated Is the end illy ascer- of reduc- oyed, as it before the and after J omitted, i based on en to the .tions of a )rs of the ;ive them )sing that y sextant decimal Frank- n 1825 is i:XIX) 5" [ did not 28" at in, after- No. 138, lem were Q travel- watches. 2, which name of 1 If repute it bore.' No. y| , was carried by my assistant, Corporal Ilunry, and met with some accident on July 12, which caused it to stop ; on examination in London one of the jewels proved to be fractured. In September 1844 I received at Norway House another chronometer, No. 2,142, in its place. These watches were wound up and compared daily at the halt for breakfast. It would have been better, looking to the irregularity of their travelling rates, to have compared them twice in the twenty-four hours. Their error, on Greenwich mean time, was carefully determined at each station of well-ascertained longitude, and thence their mean rates for short intervals deduced, for placing the intermediate stations. I have long looked for the extension of the electric telegraph to the North-West for better data, but, although it had reached Edmonton in 1876 (118° W.), no such use has yet been made of it. Mr, W. H. King has, however, ascertained astronomically the longitude of three important points on my route,'' which I have used for the correction of others. My practice was to observe the sun's altitude every morning, weather permitting, at the breakfast halt, and often also in the afternoon, I'educing the results with a latitude found at noon and reduced to the station. With the exception of twenty-one stations, between July 1 and August 25, 1844 (about one thousand two- hundred miles in distance), I travelled over very little ground not laid down on the route maps of Franklin's celebrated expeditions of 1819 and 1825. These maps, however, were engraved for the narrative of the first expedition, and not corrected by the second. Bayfield's surveys, recently republished with longitudes corrected, were of the greatest service on the great lakes. Route maps by Messrs. Dawson and Napier from Lake Superior to lied River (Ordnance Survey Department, 1870), of the Lower Saskatchewan by Professor H. Y. Hind (1859), of Lake Winnipeg, Nelson River, and York Rivers by Dr. Robert Bell, of the Geological Survey (1878), have all been of great assistance to me in recovering details after so long an interval of time. I subjoin for the convenience of future travellers a list of the meridians which may be regarded as well determined down to this time, not including the standard meridians of the Territorial Survey now in progress. • The steel parts of this watch had very possibly Ixcome itiflpnetited : the same cause may have contributed to the irregularity of the chronometers. - Annual lleporl of the Department of the Literior, Ottawa, 1880. ^" "^ mmm nnratwBVWMB 'I il s f MERIDIANS. Tabus I. LoDgltudo, W. , station Authority F. = Fr»nklin 1 Aro Time Citadel, Quebec / // 71 12 h m • 4 44 40- Montreal (Vigor Sq.) . 73 32 55 4 54 11-7 Captain Ashe, Il.N. Sault St. Mary . 84 21 33 5 37 26-2 Michigan State Survey. Fort "WiUiaia 80 13 30 5 50 54- From revised chart. Fort Francis . 03 24 86 6 13 384 A mean value. Kat Portage , 06 33 10 6 22 13'3 Boundary Commission 1826. Fort Alexander . 08 22 20 6 25 203 \ mean value. Fort Garry, "Winnipeg . 07 16 36 20 2-4 Boundary Comm., 1872. Norway House York Factory 08 3 54 32 156 A mean value. 02 26 6 44- F., tirst voyage. Grand Rapid, W. . | 00 27 44 I 00 28 3 f 6 87 51-6 1 F., first voyage. 1 F., second voyage. Cumberland House 102 10 13 6 40 16-0 F., first and second voyages. (Jarlton House . 106 82 1 ; 6 12- Dominion Survey. Edmonton House . 113 80 10 7 24 1-3 ft Lesser Slave Lake . 116 7 44 0- Sixsetsof lunardistances, L. Isle & la Crosse . | 107 62 55 1 107 54 36 f 6 31 35-3 F., first and second voyages. Methy Portage, S.E. . 100 62 54 7 10 31-6 F., second voyage. „ „ centre . 100 57 54 7 10 51-6 ft „ N.W. . 100 60 8 7 10 56-5 >» Fort Chipewyan . 111 18 20 1 111 10 10 1 7 25 14-7 F., first and second voyages. Fort Resolution 113 45 7 36 0- F., second voyage. Fort Simpson 121 33 8 6 12- F.'a map corrected. — 121 25 15 8 6 41- T. Simpson, 1837. 6. A traveller who relies on chronometers should not carry a less number than three. Given, however, the daily difference between two chronometers whose mean rate is known, we can ob- tain some clue to their irregularities, for if their going be uniform, the difference between them must increase or diminish daily by the sum of their mean rates. Applying this principle to the daily comparison of Nos. 138 and 7^3 between May 29 and June 80, it was obvious that the rate of one or both was very much larger than the mean for the first ten days, and less than the mean for the next twenty. The former period included all the long Portages which occur about the height of land. It also appeared that the application of the mean rate to No. 188 gave longitudes in fair accordance with Franklin's, the greatest deviation being 18' and the average deviation 7' for stations which can be compared ; whereas the application of the same rule to No. -^'^ gives results as much as 30' too far to the west, whence it may be fairly assumed |:^ \ i lU DECLINATION OR VARIATION. that No. ;< 3 was the one most affected under the circumBtances. Having obtained this chie, I distributed the irregular excess in the arbitrary proportion of one-third to No. 188 and two-thirds to No. jI^, with the result that the two Greenwich times thus ob- tained do not on the average of twenty-two stations differ more than 17'*6, and the extreme difference is under 40* or 10''0 of arc. 7. Magnetic variation. The variations are comprised between 28° W. and 45° E. (the former was observed towards the mouth of the River St. Lawrence). They were principally determined by observations of the Bun's azimuth with a seven-inch compass, of what was then known as the Admiralty Committee's construction, but partly by the employment of a collimator magnet. The chief novelty in the compass was the employment of the directive force of several parallel magnets under the card, instead of one only. They had the desired effect of mak- ing the magnetism more powerful ; but, on the other hand, they made the card much heavier and its freedom of motion more easily checked by the least dirt or a slight imperfection either of the pivot or of the jewel on which the card worked. The compass was fur- nished with several pivots. It should have had also a spare jewel made to screw into the card, but this was not thought of. The collimator magnet was tubular, with a scale at one end, seen by reflected light through a lens at the other end, suspended in an oak box by a silk fibre about nine inches long. The axis of a theo- dolite was brought into coincidence with the axis of the magnet, which coincided with Division 81*5, or as nearly so as its move- ments permitted ; after reading off the limb, it was directed upon the sun, whose hour angle being known, its azimuth was computed in the usual way. The torsion of the silk suspension was approxi- mately got rid of by first suspending a brass bar ; and the magnetic axis was ascertained by occasional reversals of the magnet in its hook supports. This method is in principle far more precise than observation by compass, where there is greater liability to index error,' and less freedom of motion; but the oscillations of the magnet in the open air, particularly if there is a little wind, make it less easy to get a true coincidence of the axis of a detached theodolite with that of the magnet than might appear ,^ and I must ' I have lately found a >iigh-priced portable azimuth compass 2° in error. 1 1 { [I i if i il n i 'li- li 1 t COIJJMATOII MAONETR. acknowlodge that the roBults of variation are Icmh hannouiuuH than I could wish. The eUuncnt itself fiuctuatoH nnich more than any other, and although wo know with Home certainty what its ordinary limitB are m high latitudes in the winter ntontliH,' we do not yet know what tiiey are in the summer months. It is alHo much more affected than any other hy the character of the 8Ui)erftcial strata, and the position of different formations relatively to the magnetic meridian at any given spot. Thus in one place on Lake Superior, Captain Bayfield marked on his chart of 1828 variation 8° 50' West, and the two adjacent values within a few miles on either side are 6° East, T East. This influence is the greater, the less the directive force, or the greater the dip. I am not acquainted with any very extensive series of observations of variation on land taken from day to day at short intervals of distance ; Sir John Franklin, how- ever, has six observations within the same limits (not counting those at which the only datum is the sun's bearing at noon), and these present anomalies of the same nature. For example, June 6, 1825, at Fort Alexander (Station LXXXII); variation 15° 16'"6 E.,on the same day at a station not five miles distant, variation 18° 17' E. The magnetic survey of the British Islands 1856-7 furnishes several examples of declination deviating a degree or more from the normal values,' as does the Australian survey of Dr. George Neumeyer in 1858-64. The greatest distance between the stations of this ob- server being only thirty miles, and many of them being only eighteen or twenty miles apart, they assimilate very much to the conditions of my own. I quote as an extreme instance his station at Moon- mot (No. 73) in Victoria, 1860, lat. 87° 38'-5, long. 148° 28' E. He found variations respectively 5° 54' E., 15° 58' E., and 7° 2' E. within a very small circle, the force ranging at the same time from 4*67 to 5'11. Dr. Neumeyer attributes these irregularities to the great local attraction caused by the volcanic rocks forming this point of irruption,' and the same conditions occur at many points in the present survey, notably about Lake Superior. ! 'i ' See Mngnetical and Meteorological Obtermtiont at Lake Athahatca and Fort Simpton, by Capt. J. H. Lefroy, R. A., and at Fort Confidence, in Great Bear Lake, by Sir John Richardson, O.B., M.D., 1855. « PhU. Trails., 1870. ' Remits of the Magnetic Survey of the Cdoity of Victoria, e.iecuted during the Years 1858-1864, by George Neumeyer, Ph.D., 4«o, Mannheim, 1860, p. 146. See too his Stations, 1 17-121, 132 and 218. 9niuuB than e than any its ordinary do not yet much nioro icial strata, le magnetic Superior, 8° 50' West, lier bide are he directive th any very taken from nklin, how- nting thoBo , and these ne 6, 1826, )E., on the 18° 17' E. ihes several the normal eumeyer in of this ob- ily eighteen conditions 1 at Moon- 23' E. He id 7° 2' E. same time ularities to »rming this lany points taca and Fort tt Bear Lake, ed durinff the 860, p.' 146. MIDN DIAGRAM SHOWING THE IVIEAN MAY TO SEPTEMBER INCLUSIVE, TO THE MEAN LINES. 2 3 4 5 6 7 D1URN#\L CURVES OF MAGN ON /the AMERICAN CONTINE SHOW» THE MEAN IRREGULAR 8 # 9 10 II NOON I +/0 +/0 OF MAGNETIC DECLINATION FOR CAN CONTINENT. SCALE lO' — I INCH N IRREGULAR FLUCTUATION AT THE I NOON I 2 3 4 5 6 FIVE SUMMER MONTHS , THE SHADED MARGIN SAME HOURS. PlII.p.9: 7 8 9 10 II MIDN + /0' 0' 0' ^10' '10 STAIiFORO'S aaOC- £SMB' wndon. i . H i 1^; t ; i MION. DIAGRAM SHOWING THE MEAN DIURN' MAY TO SEPTEMBER INCLUSIVE, ON TO THE MEAN LINES SHOWS I 2 3 + 6678 DIURNAL MOVEMENTS. ^ — ( The greater part of my observations of variation were made in the forenoon, with the sun from three to five hours distant from the meridian : a great many, however, were made in the afternoon, and it is obviously necessary for very acciurate determination that a cor- rection for the diurnal movement between these periods of the day should be applied ,* but I am not aware of any date upon which the amount of such correction can be even approximately assigned. As I have already remarked, we do not know at present the mean diurnal movements of the horizontal needle in the summer months for any station in the northern regions of the American continent, except Sitka, in Alaska, on the Pacific coast,' where they are sub- ject to the same irregular influences as were found to prevail at Lake Athabasca, and where the most easterly movements occur as early as 4 to 6 a.m. Still less do we know of the irregular fluctua- tions, beyond the fact that they are of frequent occurrence and of large amount. We will, however, examine the facts as far as known. First, with regard to the mean diurnal movements. I take the hours of 8 A.M. and 8.80 p.m. for comparison, being good represen- tative hours of observation for travellers. The first is at Toronto and in middle latitudes generally, about the time of the most easterly deviation of the north end of the needle. That is to say, easterly variations are then at their maximum, and westerly varia- tions at their minimum. The second is beyond the turning-point of most westerly deviation (which occurs about 1 p.m.), and the needle is about half-way back to its mean position, which it repasses about 7 P.M. The annexed Plate shows the mean diurnal movements of a horizontal needle at each of three American stations dm-ing the summer months, or for the ordinary season of travelling, namely, from May to September inclusive, and I have added the range of the mean disturbance of the declination for each hour, indicated by the shaded margin to the mean curves.' The stations were : — * See Annmire Magnftiqiu et Mitiorologique, etc. Par A. T. KupfTer. St. Petersburg, 1845. ' Extracted from a paper by the writer, On the Irregular Fluctuations of the Maynetical Element!, printed in the lYoceedinfft of the Amei-ican Association for the Adcancement of Science for 1851. The numerical values will Ije found in the Appendix. i i; ill i> 10 !< ' u m 76" 10' 44" 79" 23' 16' ISS'lT'lZ" DIURNAL MOVEMENTS. Philadelphia.— L&i. 89° 58'-8, long. 5»> 0" 42*-9 ; distant from the magnetic pole,' 1,917 miles. The times of observation being regulated by Gottingen mean time, 89"" 46" E. of Greenwich, fell 19° 80» after the civil hours named. Toronto.— L&t. 48° 89'-4, long. 5^ IT" 83» ; distant from the magnetic pole, 1,669 miles. Times of observation 2" 21" after the hours named. Sitka. — Lat. 57° 2'-9, long. 9'" 1" 8'-8 ; distant from the magnetic pole, 1,855 miles ; from Fort Chipewyan, 780 miles, and from Fort Simpson, 460 miles. Times of observation, 19"* 5" after the hours named. Taking then 8 a.m. and 8.80 p.m. as hours fairly representing the usual times of observation, the deviation of the compass needle from its mean position in the several months of the year is as follows. Each quantity for Philadelphia, Toronto, and Sitka is the mean for the years 1848 and 1844, which were years of minimum Bun spots, and in which the movements were of less than an average amoimt. Tablb. Comparison of Diurnal Movementa for tlie several Montlia of the years 1843-1844. 8 a.m. Deviation, Easterly 3.30 PM 1. Deviation, Westerly Month, Ph. 2-0 To. Ska. Aa. Ph. 1-2 To. Ska. Aa. 4-4 January .... 2-1 o4 40 2-2 07 February 19 26 -0-1 66 1-2 19 0-8 51 March . 27 4-3 0-9 — 25 3-5 30 — April . 34 40 11 11-8 31 3-9 36 11-9 May . 40 51 3-2 9-4 30 41 3-5 94 June . 4-4 5-4 3-6 — 3-4 3-7 37 — July . 46 60 2-3 8-8 4-3 3-6 — August 4-9 61 0-4 — 2-8 3-3 2-5 — September 32 40 -1-1 1-5 2-7 1-7 — October 2-6 26 -01 3-8 07 17 0-9 60 November 16 21 -1-2 3-8 11 16 0-7 3-3 December |l-4 14 -10| 1-9 1 1-8 0-2 3-8 Thus it appears that in comparatively low latitudes, such as that of Toronto, an a.m. and p.m. observation in the summer months will differ about 10', and in high latitudes, such as that of Fort Chipe- wyan, on Lake Athabasca, or Fort Simpson, by a considerably larger quantity. ' In latitude 70°, lonfrit"«le 96" W. (James Row, 1831). mREGULAR MOVEMENTS. 11 tant from bion being iwich, fell from the ' after the magnetic Tom Fort the hours resenting i/SS needle ear is as tika is the minimum a average e years n, Westerly la. Ah. 7 4-4 8 61 — 5 11-9 > 9-4 r — J — » — ^_ 60 3-3 8-8 that of ;hs will Chipe- r larger The easterly extremes at Sitka, on the Pacific, fall nearly two hours earlier than they do in the interior of the continent, and although not less in amount, but rather greater, they do not influ- ence the usual hours of observation so much. The late afternoon is preferable to the early morning for a traveller's observations of variation, not only because the element itself differs less from the mean, but also because the disturbing influences arc less active. I observed the movements of the declinometer en route upon many occasions for longer or shorter periods, and also, as my instructions required, observed the Gottingen term days whenever it was practicable, and these have all been plotted down. Taking the stations in the order of remoteness from Toronto, the following notes give the results as to correspondence of movement : — Sault St. Marie. — November 4 and 5, 1844. From Toronto 282 miles. A well-marked movement of declination and horizontal force, the former measures 9'*3 at Toronto and 44'*4 at the Saiilt, but the epochs correspond : min. about 6*" 88", max. 13^ Gott. White River, Lake Superior. — October 21 to 26, 1844, during detentions, including the term day of October 28-24. Distance from Toronto 402 miles. A well-marked easterly movement occurred between 21'' S** and 21* 21'', Gott. The first westerly extreme was, at Toronto, at 21* 4'', but not until 21* T*" on Lake Superior. The easterly ex- tremes coincide at 21* IS**. The second westerly extreme was at 20'' at Toronto and 20'' 30"* on Lake Superior. Range at Toronto, 18'-4 ; at White River, 31'-9. Also an easterly extreme at 14'' 80" to IS**, Gott., and a westerly extreme at 20'' at both places. Range at Toronto, 18'-8 ; at White River, 80'-8. A well-marked easterly movement prevailed at both places between 12'' and 18'' of Gott. mean time on the 28rd. A well- marked westerly movement between IS*" and lO"* : range between the limits, at Toronto, 18''9 ; on Lake Superior, 27''2. The epochs are nearly coincident. Fort William, Lake Superior. — October 11 and 12, 1844. Dis- tant from Toronto, 503 miles. Half-hourly readings were taken from 11* 4" to 12* 6'', Gott. An easterly extreme occurred from 12' 2'' to 12* 4'', Gott., and I ' ; » fi '. /I (?1 12 IRKEGULAR MOVEMENTS. a westerly extreme about 12' 6'' marked at both stations. Bange at Toronto, IC-Q ; at Fort William, 40'. Winnipeg River. — Distant from Toronto 751 miles. Term day of June 21-22, 1843. A certain degree of correspondence is observ- able in the movements between 21'* 14'' and 21'* IT*", which are not very marked at either station ; but there is no trace at Toronto of a bold westerly movement of 80' between 22^ 4'' SO" and 22* 5^t or of several other well-marked movements of less magnitude at the northern station. The magnitude of shock, as is well known, is no ! ; . A. to its geographical range. Jack River. — The Long Portage. Distant from Toronto, 904 miles. Term day of July 19-20, 1843. A continuous westerly movement, broken by minor oscillations, lasted from 20*' l** to 20"* 8*' lO", Gott. ; about the same time a westerly movement set iu i'l X Diiito, but reached its limit somewhat earlier, at 7"' 20""; the n a.ji ^ >ead'.iy moved east. Range at Toronto, ll'*8; at the Poxtage, i 5o'. The difference of turning point is well marked. York Factoi},\ vn Hudson's Bay. — Distant from Toronto, 940 miles, Juiy 26, ib )3 A etate of disturbance prevailed nearly all day. The observed ruix^t of declination was 2° 13' ; no disturbance was observed at Toronto, and the recorded readings only show a range of 16*8. Fort Chipewyan, Lake Athabasca. — Distant from Toronto, 1,478 miles; from the magnetic pole, 780 miles. Term day of October 18-19, 1843. A bold easterly movement commenced at 18* IS**, turned at 15'' 40"", and reached its westerly limit about IQh 4Qm^ ffijig movement is conspicuous both at Greenwich and at Toronto, and a secondary westerly oscillation at 1&^ is as well marked at Toronto as at the Fort; it is even perceptible at Greenwich. Here, then, we have a shock traceable over a third of the northern hemisphere. The range was at Lake Athabasca 1° 2'"4, at Toronto 17'*5, at Greenwich 10'*3. There was another movement from 19*' 5'' to 19'' 6'', Gott., in which correspondence may be traced ; while, on the other hand, Greenwich had a move- ment of 5', from 19'' 8'* to 19'' 9"', which is sufficiently well marked, and is absent in the American traces. I may add that on this occasion the same degree of corre- spondence occurs in the changes of horizontal force, but with a remarkable difference of epoch. The shock, accompanied by rapid inREOULAR MOVEMENTS. Id increase of force, is shown at Toronto at 15'' 5", at Greenwich at IS** 30™, at Lake Athabasca at 1&^ SS™, and the maxima are : at Toronto at 15*" 35™, at Greenwich at 16'' 80", at Athabasca at 17" 10™. On the other hand, a large movement, between lO** 5" and lO"* 8'', which is also common to all three stations, is nearly coincident as to the turning points. At the same station. — Term day of November 24-25, 1848. A well-marked movement at 24** 13"', Gott., shown at Greenwich and at Toronto, is wanting at Athabasca ; a second movement at Toronto at 14'' 15™ is wanting at both the other stations. A bold, easterly movement at Athabasca from 18'' to 19'' occurs in the contrary sense at Toronto, but is wholly wanting at Greenwich; another from 22" 20™ to 23" 40™ is wholly wanting at both Toronto and Greenwich. The same station. — Term day of December 20-21, 1843. A small but well-marked movement at Greenwich at 12" 25" is wholly wanting at Toronto and Athabasca. Well-marked movements at Athabasca between 16" 20™ and 18" can be barely identified at Toronto, and produce only a small undulation at Greenwich, which, however, I am disposed to identify with the same shock. The same station. — Term day of January 24-25, 1844. A high degree of disturbance prevailed. The principal movement of declination occurred between 16" 30™ and 18", and is to be identified at Toronto and at Brussels ; it is remarkably prominent at Sitka, but a little later. On the other hand, enormous movements between 24* 21" and 25* 4", common to Athabasca and Sitka, are entirely absent from the European traces, and have but a moderate degree of answering movement at Toronto — enough, however, to show that the disturbance embraced that station. The same station.— Term day of February 23-24, 1844. A moderate disturbance lasting from 24* 4" to 24* 8" at Athabasca is perceptible at Toronto, but with no correspondency in the movements. Fort Simpson, on Mackenzie River.— Distant from Toronto, 1,827 miles ; from the magnetic pole, 781 miles. Disturbance in April 1844, from 16* 19" to 17* 12", Gott. This disturbance apparently set in about the same time at both stations, and the most violent movements occurred between 16* 20" and 17* 8" at both, but there is no resemblance of detail ; and a shock which threw the magnet 14 IRREGULAR MOVEMENTS. no lesB than 6° 40' to the oaHtward at Fort Simpson, at IT** l** 24"*, is not apparent at Toronto at all. This magnetic disturbance was one of the most remarkable on record. It embraced both hemi- spheres. The force began to return to its normal value about 2^ or 2'' SO" earlier at Toronto in Gott. time than it did at Fort Simpson. The difference of longitude being about 2'' S", this appears to connect the movement with that of the sun. At the same station. — Term day of April 24-25, 1844. A very bold easterly shock at Fort Simpson, from 25'' !»• 30" to 25<> 4»' 20™, Gott., coincides exactly in epoch with a westerly movement at Toronto, but the range was in one case about 2° 54', in the other only 10'* 1. The trace at Sitka closely resembles that at Fort Simpson. There is a similar agreement of epoch in great changes of the horizontal force, but without close agreement of actual time. Toronto is again about 1" the earlier in two maxima, but later in two others. At the same station. — Term day of May- 24-25, 1844. A con- spicuous movement to the eastward at 24** 12*' 15" at Toronto pre- cedes by about 10" only, one which appears to correspond with it at Fort Simpson. On the other hand, large movements at Fort Simpson, especially one about 25"' 2", Gott., have no answering shock at Toronto. This comparison might be extended much further; but the examples adduced are sufficient to prove that the regular observa- tions at a fixed observatory like that of Toronto can be of no service to a traveller for the correction of his absolute variations, beyond a very moderate range of distance. Even when shocks coincide in time, they bear no definite relation in magnitude. 8. Magnetic dip. The dips observed are comprised between 69° and 83°. The instrument was a nine-inch cu'cle, by Gambey, of Paris, the pro- perty of the late Admiral Fitzroy, B.N., the same which had been employed a few years previously in the magnetical survey of the British Islands ; besides which I carried a seven-inch Fox's dip circle, which was commonly used only for determining the relative force, and its results of inclination were not made use of. Since, however, it is of great importance to corroborate certain irregular values by those of a second instrument and a second observer, so as to have good grounds for attributing them to local disturbing force, I have now added in some cases the approximate dips by COMPARISON OF NEEDLES. 16 Fox. The poles of Gambey's needles being reversed each time (with only four early exceptions), the results are obviously more to be relied on than those obtained with needles which cannot be reversed. It will be seen, however, in the next section that the Fox instrument gave generally results which are within moderate limits of error. The observation was usually limited to one complete determina* tion with needle No. 1, consisting of four or five readings of both ends of the needle in each of the usual four positions, before re- versing the poles, and as many afterwards. The degree of reliance to be placed upon the dip thus ascertained will be seen on compar- ing the results by needle No. 2 when observed at the same time and place, as subjoined. Table II. Comparuon of the Dips given independently by two needlea,at certain stations. No. Date 1843-4 station nip Half differ- ence G. 1 a a 34 Apr. 20 . Williamsburg 7?J 3i'2 78 2ii'o / 11 LXIX. May 20 . Fort William . 78 9-7 78 1()4 03 CIIII. July 3 . Fort Garry . 78 19-4 78 16-3 1-5 CXXXI. July 10 . Lake Winnipeg . 80 37 80 7-2 1-8 CXXXVI. July 12 . Norway House, . 81 110 — — — July 13 . n • — 81 0-2 2-4 CLXIl. July 24 . York Factory 83 50-5 83 440 3-2 CLXXXIII. Aug. 24 . Cumberland House . 80 28-8 80 81-8 1-5 CCXI. Sept. . Isle k la Grosse . 80 91 80 105 0-7 CCXXIX. Sept. 30 . Fort Chipewyan . 81 37-7 81 37-5 01 ccxcv. May 10 . Fort Simpson Fort Good Hope . 81 41-5 81 50-7 4-6 CCXCIII. May 29 . 82 55-8 82 561 01 CCCVII. June 22 . Fort Resolution . 82 43-6 82 45-4 10 CCXLII. July 11 . Fort Vermillion . 80 48-4 80 47-6 0-4 CCLX. July 22 . Dunvegan . 78 4f)-7 78 46-8 05 CCLXIV. Aug. 3 . Lesser Slave Lake 78 36-2 78 41-9 2-8 CCLXXVII. Aug. 11 . Fort Assiniboine 78 lG-9 78 13-5 1-7 CCLXXX. Aug. 17 . Edmonton . 77 53 4 77 551 0-8 CCLXXXVI. Aug. 22 . Fort Pitt . 78 430 78 30- 1 20 CCLXXXIX. Aug. 26 . Carlton House 78 30-2 78 31-2 0-5 CLXxxni. Aug. 29 . (Cumberland House 80 205 80 100 07 OXXXVI. Sept. 7 . Norway House . 81 111 81 11-4 01 OIX. Sept. 19 . Fort Alexander . 79 3-4 79 25 0-4 xc Sept. 30 . Fort Francis 77 41-4 77 44-5 1-6 LXIX. Oct. 11 . Fort WiUiam (1) 78 7-5 — — V • (2) 77 555 77 55-5 00 LXI. Oct. 17 . Pic Fort . 78 32-8 78 301 1-3 LX. Oct. 21 . White River 7S 33-7 78 32-5 0-6 LIII. Oct. 30 . Michipicoton 78 8-1 78 8-5 0-2 XLIX. Nov. 4 . Sault St. Marie . 77 46-2 77 466 0-3 XL. Nov. 8 . Fort La Cloche . 76 50-7 76 49-7 0-5 XXXIT. Nov. 14 . Penetanguishene 76 19-2 76 21 0-9 16 COMPARISON OF NEEDLES. I4 |i !i • > The half difference between the two values of the dip, being the difference of each from the mean of both, is by the foregoing table : Under 1' Over 1' „ 2' 2' „ iV 3' „ 4' 4' . 7 timefi. 8 11 a II 1 II 1 II The last difference is probably attributable to disturbance. The result is to show that much reliance may be placed upon a single determination of dip, which enters into so many deduc- tions of the force from angles of deflection with Lloyd's static needles, and from the times of horizontal vibration of magnets. I observed a series of dips at the Royal Military Repository, Woolwich, with needle No. 2 before leaving England in 1842 and again after my return in 1846. The results are as follows : — 1842. Needle Gambey, No.. 2. 1842, May 27, a.h. 68 69-2 „ 27, P.M. . 6« 1-5 „ 28, A.M. . 69 1-9 „ 31, A.M. 69 69 „ 81,P.M. . 69 2-5 June 1, A.M. 69 6-2 „ 1,P.M. 68 69-2 „ 1,P.M. 69 0-4 Mean . 69 20 The probable error of a single observation of this set is 2''87 and the probable error of the mean is 0'*59. After return to England : — 1846. Needle Qamhey, No. 1 1646, June 8, a.m 9, a.m. 11, A.M. 12, A.M. Mean No. 1 Needle Oambey, No. 2. 1846, June 8, a.m. 10, A.M. 11, P.M. 12, P.M. Mean No. 2 »» >i >» 68 68-6 69 10 68 66-8 69 3-2 68 60-9 68 620 68 66-7 68 66-3 69 1-3 68 56-4 The probable error of a single observation of this set is 4'*87, and the probable error of the mean is 0'-74, being rather greater than before. RELATIVE FORCE. m I was favoured by Sir G. Airy with the dips observed at Greenwich during the month of June 1846, the Observatory being only two and a half miles cast of the R. M. Repository. The mean is 68° 68"'l, showing that the foregoing results, although less uniform than could be wished, and although the instrument doubtless by this time wanted readjustment, are correct ; with the greater dip of high magnetic latitudes, the error of individual results diminishes. 9, Relative Magnetic Force. Unlike the variation and the dip, which are matters of direct observation, the relative amount of the magnetic force at any given spot, as compared with its value at some other place, can only be inferred from the observations, after careful estimation of changes of condition capable of affecting the result. First of those is a variation in the magnetic state of the needle employed. Needles commonly lose their magnetism, not always regularly or uniformly, and their magnetism depends upon their temperature. The early observations of Humboldt, those of Franklin, and of Sabine down to 1823, were made by counting the vibrations of a dipping needle brought to rest by the earth's magnetic force, a method attended in practice with so many difficulties that it has long been com- pletely abandoned. In the method I was instructed to employ, the variable force of the earth's magnetic attraction was weighed, so to speak, against the force, assumed to be invariable, of its attraction of gravitation, in one of two ways. TAoifiVs method. — The needle was an ordinary dipping needle adapted to Gambey's circle, but perforated with three small holes in the southern limb, intended for the insertion of a minute coun- terpoise of copper (three of these were supplied, weighing resi}ec- tively 0"5, 0*6, and 1*0 gi'ain), by which it is brought to a position nearly at right angles to the line of dip, that being the position in which the resulting value of the force will be least affected by the friction of the axle on its supports. I find in the Irish survey that the readings ranged from —5° to —17°, giving angles of deflection ranging from 77° to 86°.' In some preliminary observations at the Repository, Woolwich, July 6, 1842, dip 69° l'-9, therm. 59°, a ' See LloytTi Miaeellaneous Popert, 1B77, p. 104, and Fifth Report of the British Astociation, IBfiG. vSfc- il > i ,ll t m'/I if !! : I nil ,' \v Hi ••I ' ill 18 LLOYDS NEEDLES. wciplit of 0*00 grain in ncodlu A gave an angle of ckllcction from the lino of dip. In the first hole of 63° 0' „ Hccontl „ 88° 27' „ third „ 101° 85' As each needle liiirf its personal history, I will compK te that of needle A heforo referring to the other. 10. Necdlr A, or 1. Covffivivnt for temjtcratitri', 7 = 0'0000io.' At Quebec, on September 1, 1812, where the dip was 77° 15''3, thermometer 70°, and the relative total force as 1*829 to 1'872, or as 1'844 to unity at Woolwich, the weight of 0*()0 grain, as used above, proved to be insuflicient. Tried in the third hole it only gavo a deflection of 54° 55' ; two half-grain weights were then tried, namely, one in the first and one in the second hole, which gave too largo an angle (127° 47')i and lastly, 1*0 grain in the first hole, which gave too small an angle (44° 25'''). None of these weights being suitable for the American hitensities, I subseqiiently obtained weights of 0-7 and 0"8 grain from the mint at Philadeli)hia In point of fact, the absolute amount of the weight used is lo consequence, and I ought to have got a piece of copper w: >1 filed it until it brought the needle to the required reading of — 12° or -13°. This method of determining relative intensity, which was first employed by the late Professor Humphrey Lloyd in his magnetic survey of Ireland in 1835, was then new and unfamiliar to me, and I did not, while in England, appreciate sufficiently perhaps the importance of profiting by his ever-ready instruction. Needle A was used with a weight of 0-8 grain in the middle hole at twenty-four stations, ending May 29 at Fort William, which had to be taken as a base for that series, in consequence of the loss of force since leaving Toronto {mite, p. 2). The total angle of de- flection having diminished from 92° at Montreal to 87° at Fort William, bringing the south end of the needle close to the lifting frame, I thought it expedient, looking to a further increase of ' Full particulars rsspeetiiig these coefficients will be found in Tfiil. Trans,, 1846, " T find a siibsoqiinnt query iigainsf this vuUie, which appeiirs too little. Il does not enter into any resuU, LLOYIVri NKKDI.ES. 10 force, to shift the Wfi^lit to tlio last hole, l»y which tho nnpjle was augmented to !)6°. ThJH fonuod tho hiiHis of a hocoiuI Hcrios. It was used witli O'B grain in tho hist )ioh\ at fifteen Htations, ending at tho Rat Portage, Lake of the Woodn, where tho iiiHtrnment vmih thrown down, and one of the arms of the axis of the needle sHghtly hent ; hnt this was partially Hot right at Fort Garry, and a third series of ohservations made at twelve HtationH, extending to York Factory. On trying it, however, on AuguHt 15 at tho Grand Rapid of tho Saskatchewan, I found it impoHsihle to got any satisfactory results, although nothing had appeared amiss on tho previous day, and the needle A was henceforth laid aside. It was used in all at forty-nine stations, referred to Fort William and Norway IIouso as bases. 11. Lloyd's Needle B, or 2. Coefficient of temperature, rj" = •000050. A weight of 0*6 grain in the first hole gave at tho Repository, Woolwich, on July 5, 1842, therm. 68°, dip 09° l'-9, a deflection of 92° 21'; with two tho same weight it Quebec, on September 1, therm. 70°, the angle of deflection was, owing to tho increase of force, only 42° 82'-l. On shifting tho counterpoise to tho third hole, therm. 78°, it became 103° 22' -7. It was used with this weight at six stations in Canada, whi < are included as to dip in Table XLIX-L, but were omitted by Sahine from his abstract of inten- sities, Table XXVII, probably from tho loss of magnetism of the needle, and I omit them for the same reason. Tho counterpoise (0-6 grain) was shifted at Montreal on April 25, 1843, to the centre hole, and was so used until my arrival at Fort William, the angle of deflection having decreased from 88° 6' to 81' 36', and the S end of the needle being now behind the frame for lift- ing it off its agates, the counterpoise was here shifted, on May 29, to the third hole, and the angle of deflection became 112° 13''5, being increased no less than 30° 37''8. This was too much, and I should have done better to have filed the countoi'poise down a little ; but I was not free from a notion that the weights must remain untouched. The weiglit remained the same until my arrival at York Factory on July 24, when the largo increase of the angle of de- flection, now more than 184° (90° + 44°) made mo substitute a new counterpoise, the value of which was not ascertained, by which it was reduced to 64° 48' (90°-25° 12'). This was u.ed in returning •c 2 iM I' 20 LLOYDS NEEDLES. over the same ground to Norway House, which is the hase of two series, the one extending from Fort William to Norway House, and tlience to York Factory, the other extending from York Factory to Norway House on my return. After completing the ohservations at Norway House on this second occasion, the mean angle of deflec- tion being found to be only 67° 48' at this station, I reverted to the arrangement in use from Fort William to York Factory ; that is to say, the counterpoise used from Montreal to York Factory was restored to its place (viz. 0-6 grain in the third hole), giving an angle of 10G° 54' at therm, 63°, which became the base of a fourth series with this needle, extending to Lake Athabasca. Sabine showed much patience and skill in getting available results out of these broken scries, but I candidly admit and regret their imperfection, which was partly caused by the unsuitability of the method for determining so great a range of intensity, with the high dip that prevailed. The values range from 1-800 to 1-878, or as unity 1-043. In Dr. Lloyd's obsei-vations in Ireland the range of force is fi-om 0-9953 to 1-0166, or as unity to 1-023, and of the angle of deflection from 76° 56' to 84° 55'.' Two new Lloyd's needles were forwarded to me in 1844 and re- ceived at Norway House. They proved to be about 0*2 inch too long for the dip circle, and were never used. A third pair distinguished by Sabine as L.C and L.D were received in 1845 and employed by Lieutenant Younghusband at five stations, and by myself at seven stations. The temperature corrections were duly ascertained and applied. On any repetition of these observations it will, I think, bo found possil)le, by taking La Cloche or Sault St. Marie as the barsc station, with weights adjusted to give readings of— 13° or there- abouts, to cover the whole gi'ound with one series, provided the needles rrtain their magnetism unaltered. The following example illustrates the use of these needles : ' Extract from the maf^u'tic su^^•cy of Ireland : — At Carljiigford, Dip . 71" 28'-2 At Goroy, Dip 70° 53'-8 Angle . . . . - 6° 27 '-5 - 14° Vl Total deflection . . 70'' C5'7 84" 54' l» Intensity to Dublin as unity TOIOO o-man See Fifth Rrport, of the British AMomitton, and Lhtyrr* Minrellaneom Papers CQunevtvd with Vhysical Scimre. 1877, |>. 20;i, LLOYD'S NEEDLES. 21 '•8 ■1 12. Example of reduction with Lloyd's needles. Let 8 = the dip at tbe station = angle of inclination of the necclle to the horizon when loaded. Then the force (oUG5 . 9-994110 = -16° O'-l — • 8 - 77° 5'-3 (d-6) = 9J° 11 '-4 = At St Helena. , AtFortWUliam . , Ilelative Force ,4^ TTolens Fort William But the force at Fort William is 1-8C01 {see Station LXIX) .... Therefore at St. Helens .... This is to bo corrected for a difference of temp, of + 7° l-(<-^,) q =• 0-999888 Finally force at St. Helens . To convert this into Absolute Scale 1.1H90 Multiply by the ratio On the Absolute Scale 1-830 9-990939 - 0-9793 0-209r).S0 0-200475 =- l'S217 as observed. 9-990951 0-200420 =-- l-82G*j' as n-dueed. 0-879017 1-139453 = 13-786. ' Sabine by inadvertence included in his Table XXII two stations, Williiunsbiirg and St. Helens, that are out of place. Williamsburg, April 20, belongs to an earlier series, St. Helens appears in Tables XXI and XXII, with two different results for the same date, viz. Table XXI, April 25, intensity 1-812, which also belongs to the earlier series, Table XXII, April 25, intensity 1-831, the mean of which appears to be given as 1-821 in Table XXVII. The later date should be April 28, wlien the counterpoise was shifted from the last hole to thecentre hole, to diminish the angle, mid both stations should be taken out of Tabls XXII, i 22 LLOYD'S NEEDLES. , f (■ ■■ J I' it .( i\ V. The expectation entertained that Lloyd's method would give better results than Fox's was not borne out by my experience. Each has its advantages and its disadvantages ; but the simplicity of the former, and its less liability to instrumental derangement, would probably give it a preference, if a greater number of needles than two were supplied. Sir E. Sabine's opinion was expressed as follows : — ' I expect that you will find Lloyd's mtensity needles give you in very high latitudes more exact results than Fox's. You will require great exactness in the intensity in your journeys. Guided by Ross's observations in the S. Hemisphere, I am led to suppose that your most important ground for the intensity observations will be the sti'ip of territory comprised between tlie 80th and 100th of W. longitude, and N. from the 40th parallel of latitude — that in 47° or there- abouts of latitude you will have 1*9 or thereabouts of intensity, and that in the great space from thence to 70° the changes will not go beyond 2-0 or 2*05. But it would be very desirable to ascertain where this maximum is situated ; it wUl be found, as I have already said, between longitude 80° and 100°, and between 47° and 70° latitude. The line of the variation and the culminating points of the cm'ves of dip and intensity will be found between these longitudes.' * We shall be very glad to receive your first essay in observing disturbances with the Transportable. * {Signed) Edwabd Sabine.' October 14, 1844. 13. Fox'8 Dip Circle. The dip cu'cle of Mr. Eobert Weare Fox was devised in 1884,' and used for the fust time in any remote region by the late Captain Owen Stanley, R.N., in Back's Arctic voyage of 1836. Being especially for use at sea, it was much employed in the Antarctic voyages of Sir James Ross. I had myself observed with it daily in my voyage home from St. Helena, and enjoyed the great advantage of further practice and instruction from Mr. Fox' himself, at his residence of Penjerrick, near Falmouth, in the same year. The instrument, as then turned out by George, of Falmouth, was very ' It was actually found in lat. 52 19', long. 91° 59' W. The writer had assigned, in his Experiments to determine tfte Figure of the Earth (1825, p. 489), lat. 60' N. and long. 80° W,, as tlie approximate position. The present conjecture, although not strictly accurate, is a remarkable evidence of advance in knowledge. ' See Sturgeons AnnaU of Electricity, iii. 1830, p. 288. }'■- FOX'S CIRCLE. 23 perfect, but easily put out of order. The bearing points of the axles were minute cylinders of steel, resting in jewels like those of a watch. Each jewel consisted of two parts, a ring of ruby and a plane of ruby facing it. The rings were very apt to get broken, and their edge to be chipped in the operation of putting in the needle. In this way two sets were rendered unserviceable, the axles themselves were renewed three or four times before Mr. Fox was satisfied. This operation was performed by drilling out the old axle and inserting a piece of steel wire, which was afterwards turned true ; I also carried a spare axle. Mr. Fox did not allow his needles to oscillate. The axle was made very nearly the gauge of the ring, and he considered that the friction should be sufficient to bring the needle to rest almost immediately. An ivory rubber was furnished, to be applied to the axle-carrier, by which a gentle vibration was set up, to assist the needle in finding its true magnetic direction. The needles were balanced with gi'eat precision, but as Mr. Fox himself pointed out, they were liable to small variations in the direction of their magnetic axis.' I subjoin on the pages following a memorandum of results obtained with my instrument before and after its employment in the North-West. The several results are collected below. I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. At Falmouth, Dip ascertained by deflection, Needle „ „ from angles with weights „ „ „ Needle A by weights by deflectors At Woolwich, by weights Needle C G8 587 G8 50-7 08 47-4 68 58-8 69 10-4 69 10 68 58-5 69 1-0 68 59-8 69 40 These results^ show that with a new instrument the mean dip may be inferred from the angles of deflection, given when weights of 2 to 4 grains are applied, without serious error. The greatest difference is — ll'T, and if we take the dip at Woolwich as G9° l'-9 (as given by observations with Gambey's circle) the mean by Fox only differs from it by 4''5. ' * I liave continually observed that tlie magnetic axis of a given needle is liable to frequent variations, even without its having' been retouched.' — Sturgcmt't Aniiala of Eledricitij, iii. p. ^97. I'S 1) U: I H u FOX'S CIRCLE. :ii s 1 s e 1 O M p t. ' « 8 S Ig 8 8 8 8 si ■ ) 1 ■ N i iH eo 8 8 • 1 68 69 69 11 } 69 15 } 68 67 [ 69 65 } 68 43-5 } 69 6-0 } 68 45-5 [ 68 19-2 } 69 15-0 } 68 16-2 } 69 32-5 • • 1 1 .1 1 o / 109 9 28 54 109 14 28 40 103 23 34 50 103 34 27 124 15 13 57 12.S 54 13 37 101 24 35 14-5 102 190 36 11 123 15 13 17-5 124 18 14 47 • • • If 1 h ll fi^fA ^ » ^ » ^ W ^ w ^ 1 II \ ^ " 1 ^ 1 1 1 1 - 1 . . 1 |m o8 8 & 8 ^ 52 ^ "i • Falmontb, Mr. Fox's Garden . Needle C . , . . ^ i-i g FOXS CIRCLE. rf. •^ lO 5 (N H CO g s -- -— ID H O hi Ph < O _? !^ to 00 9 64 4^ ^ o O IO o d» rH ^• « »0 Tji S 8 S iS S S i>-ao>OaoMMeo>OMr-c*o r-H ■^ r-( IO M r-l •^0^1-4 e0'-!0,-icoeo3?2«'fs<»»o i-( rH i-H rH .a tic fA ^ f^ ^ f^ ^ ^ o IO o I s s 4 iz; S U3 00 s OOeO >0 rH eo rH •^ (-1 vS sO CO OS CO tp C4 s s t^ior- »>. «0 b» »p 05 «p >— I d\ •«> «>. f-i 6 A( ■^ ■<• »» N 1— I S^ rH ©1 rH b, QC I I rH (N WIM I 'cOr-i«,-i.»tteooje)eo'fle'i>0 I IS IO o 04 03 I I S I ^1 rHIN -3 •a pqf^PJ p: » p£ » ^ k ^ C3 s .-a s p< < -I 03 CO 03 do r«t« rH CO 03C-1 (b o rH rH iO S 8S ig 8 us t>. t>. >o 2J (i) ooo t^t»b.t;»00t^'0'0t^t>.»0 b-»0OC0>0k09^>0 1 -S?g3S;S (NeCfMtMrHMMeCKriSeO rH CO O t !N X O OS rH (M rl »0 (M ■^ l-t ■* o>C. (M >ra (N SSSg53gS^?{:2g3!2 SO'«*|eO-^ 1. ^ e g « ■<5 > J 2 2 .a o o 5 1 lO (M lO 1-1 «D N (N i-H (Ni-I «0 •b 00 to to U3 eo o 00 OS b- § 8 g § g S 0»>©0©b»0 OWOSC—iiNi-iM H p: p4 ^ o »o QO 3 O H 00 s 3) s a g .a o OS 3 -a s g s *>5 X 28 FOX'S CIRCLE. 14. I now turn to the observations with the same iuBtrumcut after travelling to Lake Athabasca and back. Table V. B. Results with Fox's Circle on return. 1844 Dec. 14 I .1 B. s Toronto Observatory circle, standard Dip Needle A (1) 45-6 2-5 E. 406 — W. 407 y-o E. 40-8 — W. 400 36 E. 408 — \V. 406 40 E. 410 — W. P 4-5 E. P — W. Needle A, witli weights Needle C (1) Dec. 17 Dec. 10 Needle C, with Weights Needle A repeated Needle C repeated 102 45-2 , 40 6-0 f 102 n-5, 4.3 100) 100 27-6, 42 45-6I 108 102 , 41 44-61 115 1.38, .30 58-5 1 114 14-2) 35 22-8) 122 5-0, 28 40-1 ) 121 23- , 28 8-7) 130 320 , 21 481/ 130 2-0, 21 4-5 ) a 1 75 551 1 75 11-2J 76 6-5 1 76 0-4 1 70 0-7 1 74 48-5) 7o 25-5 1 74 43-31 70 10-0 75 33-2 1 75 331 75 8-4 76 270 75 4-4 75 51-6 40-2 1-6 E. 40-4 — W. 40-4 2-0 E. 40-4 — W. 40-4 2-6 E. 40-4 — W. 40-4 3-0 E. 40-0 — W. 40-6 3-6 E. 40-6 — W. 94 45-0 1 65 22-0 f 06 34-2, 56 2-81 103 2-5, 48 17-71 103 5-6, 48 18-7 \ 109 47-2 , 40 14-9; 110 22-2, 40 50-2} 118 52-2, 31 43-7; 119 13-7, 31 32-2 f 129 14-2, 21 260} 129 16-2, 21 15-6) 75 3-5 1 75 43-5 J 75 40-1 1 75 42-1 ) 75 10 75 41-2) 75 18-0 1 75 22-9) 76 20-1] 75 15-9 1 75 26-0 75 41-1 75 211 75 20-4 r5 18-0 75 190 75 240 75 25-3 75 22-8 75 16-5 Needle A gives a dip 4'*8 too great. Needle C gives one 0'*9 too COMPARISON GA^mEY AND FOX, 29 gi'cat, but it may bo safely inforreil from the above that there is Hufiiciont coincidence between the mean position of the needle of Fox's instrument when deflected by weights, as it is in the observa- tion for intensity, and the true angle of dip, to warrant the employ- ment of these angles in checking the dip when otherwise determined, and especially to make the results available as corroborative evi- dence, when the dip by Gambey's circle indicates, by its excep- tional amount, a local disturbing eflfect. 15. As fui'ther evidence I subjoin the results by both instru- ments at every station between Montreal and Fort William, except those at which, for want of time, the observation with Gambey's circle was not complete. Table VI. Comparison of Dip bt/ Gnmbey aiid Fox. station 1843 XTI. May XV. » y XVI. »> 8 XVII. » XVIII. }y 10 XXII. ^j 11 XXIV. n 12 XXVI. ft l.T XXXIII. )? 15 XXXV. >» 10 xxxvin. 17 xr.Ti. » 18 XLVI. f) 19 t. » 20 M. yy 21 I.lll. f> 23 lAIII. ff 24 LXI. >} 25 LXIV. » 27 lAVlII. 1) 28 LXIX. » 2U Chat Falls .... Grand Calumet . Fort Ooulonffe . Pointe Bnptenie . Portage des Deux Juacliims Trou I'ortnge Little Hiver Lac Grand Vase . Recollet Falls . Pointe aux Uroix Lake Huron Snake Island Tessalon Point . Pointe aux Pins . Pointe au Crepe . jMic'hipicoton Otter Island Pie Fort .... Terre Platte Pointe Tonnerre . Fort William Mean dirt'erence Gamljey 75 70 76 44-4 77 20-7 77 77 77 77 77 101 3-8 24-4 28-5 21-7 70 45-4 70 31-3 5'0 5-5 593 13-4 11-5 0-3 79 43-6 78 45-8 78 5.3-6 78 23-2 78 10-0 77 77 70 77 77 78 Fox 75 0-3 70 53-2 (a77 14-8 ic77 77 70 77 77 77 18-0 232 57-8 112 39-0 31 l 70 48-9 not ohsened. 77 10-4 70 57-0 77 4-8 77 121 77 47-7 78 4-4 79 78 78 78 77 32-8 40-8 473 300 500 Difference / — 0-7 + 8-8 — 140 — 111 + 4-2 — 00 — 13-2 + III + 9-4 + 35 + 4-8 — 8-5 + 5-5 — 1-3 - 23-8 — 1-9 — 10-8 — 5-0 — 0-3 + 0-8 — 10-4 + 7-5 The anomalous dips given by Gambey on May 15 and 24, one in defect, the other in excess, are both supported by Fox, proving at once the fact of local disturbance, and the value of a check. The same will be found in many other cases. 16. Complete observations of dip with Fox's circle were made at nineteen stations in Canada and the United States by mc, and at i t^K^-^r il 1^ ' II :• 1! I 30 FOX'S CIRCLE. five stations by Lieutenant Younghusband : ' but the instrument was rarely so used in the North-West. The time available was gene- rally only enough to obtain an observation for intensity. I relied for the dip on Gambey's circle. The instrument was also furnished with a needle (B) expressly for reversal, for the same reason that use was not made of it, but I employed it at five stations for intensity. The following notes from my observation book show some of the perplexities of a magnetic observer out of reach of skilled mechanical assistance. ' Norway House, August 0, 1843. ' Needle A worked with very tolerable freedom, not as a posi- tively good one, but not as a positively bad one. The irregularity with the weight of 4*0 grains is what has been noticed at all recent observations, and seems due to a bruise on the axle.' ' The centering of the jewels appears to have got out of position. The levels were brought to good adjustment previous to the last observation. Needle B, supplied as a reversing needle, and not hitherto used, was suspended, and the following observation ma^e, for the base of an additional scries, commencing from this place.' Table VII. Therm. 87 8-7 87 8-8 8-8 88 8-8 8-8 Weight Face 20 2-5 30 4-0 E. W. E. W. E. W. E. W. RcacUngs 106 m 105 23-2 57 12-8 30-5 ) 15 f 111 48 112 14-4 .■»3r) .38-0 40 44-8 110 15 41 407 120 47-3 43 8-5 130 22 138 0-0 37-3 12-5 24 44-3 ' Mean Dip by Weights . The Mean Dip by Gambcy was Partial Means o 81 / 18-0 \ 81 20-5 ) 80 18-0 1 81 11-7 ) 81 57-8 ] 80 25-0 J 70 18-0 1 81 28-4 1 81 10-2 80 45-3 81 11-7 80 23-5 Dip 80 54-9 81 8-8 'Needle B did not work freely. It ceased to vibrate almost instantly, and although the readings with the jewelled arm in ' Table XLIX in Phil. Trans., 1846. POX'S cmcLK. 31 various positions did not diflfcr much, in one or two of them, for example, with 4*0 Rrain weight, face W., the friction of the jewelled arm appeared to command the position of the needle.' ' Needle C was again tried. It was very u'rcgular, and moved with the arm, settling in positions 2" or 8° apart. I, therefore, con- demned the axle, and substituted a spare axle for it.' With this axle the needle performed pretty well, and I used it at twenty-six stations. The results with needles B and C, which have not before been published, are here included. Sabine made use of the latter only so far as to check the value given for Norway House by needle A . Wo are concerned, however, to ascertain the relative force of the earth's magnetism at points widely apart. The difference is in quantity minute. Its determination is a matter of delicacy, and the more evidence producible the more satisfactory must be the conclusion. Individual results may be more or less affected by instrumental imperfection ; nevertheless if the method is imoxcep- tionable, the relative force ought to come out the more clearly from multiplied measurements ; and so in fact it does, with the further advantage, already alluded to, that results of local irregularity are confirmed. Of this, Stations CXCIV, Little Rock Portage, and CCXXV, Pierre au Calumet, are remarkable examples. 17. Needle A preserved its magnetism unchanged throughout the survey, the angles of deflection by given weights being very nearly the same at Toronto in December 1844 as they were in January 1843. Thus : — Weight Jnnuary, 1843 Tenii)crtttiirc December, 1N44 Tempernturo X. 11. pra. / o o / o 20 21 1.10 40 — — 30-5 y-o 27 2-.1 20 40 7 ao .■JS 87 ■ — 33 10 4 3-5 30 270 — 30 ir)-2 , 40 40 45'9 — 40 4()r, ' . ., 4-5 — — — 54 20-3 — The Series I. were adopted as base angles. For reasons to bo explained hereafter, I do not make use of Series II. for direct comparison of other stations with Toronto. • Not 40" 45'-5, a.o formerly printed. Table XVI, 1840. 32 FOX'S omcLE. Needle C lost mucli magnotism between February 7 and May 8, 1813, but appearH to have preserved it unchanged from that date to about September 7. The axles of this needle, however, contracted rust, and it was at no time as Rood an A. I was twice obliged to change them. Still the observations with needle C afford an inde- pendi'ut series of determinations of force over a large part of the route, and are hero brought forward to corroborate the others. 18. Example of Iteduction with Fox's Needle A. At the Isle d'Urval, Lachine, Station II, observed on April 30 the following angles of deflection : — With 2C gr. 27-' )i7'-2 Temp. 47°0 30 Kr. 'M° .•»7''0 3 5gr. 40° .'K)'-0 40 RT. 47° C5'-0 TlitMi lof^. sill, liftso aii«lo » 27° 2'-n = nn.-)7nirt lof,'. sin, olworvi'd anjrlo - 27° 27'*2 Relative forco, ThIo d'Hrvnl Standard forco at Toronto, 1-8.10 1>00;J7(»2 l»lM»;{S,->4 0'2n;w72 OUHoO » Value by 2-5 jir. 02&7720 = 1-8108 In like manner by S'O prr 1'81.')2 .IGfi-r 171)57 40 gr 1-802;} 0-2C0607 = r805G 1 _ (i 27 » 20 station No. Fort Vermilion . Dunvegan . liesser Slave Lake EdiiKinton . On Saskfticliewan On Saskatcliewau Fort Pitt . On Saskatchewan On Saskatflu'wau Carlton Ilonso . On Saskatcliewau Cumberland ccxui. cct.x. CCI.XIV. cci.xxx. CCLXXXI. CCLXXXIIl. CCI,XXXIV. CCLXXXV. CCLXXXVII. CCLXXXIX. ccxc. CLxxxin. Obdorvcil time cif 1 vllinitioii Krror ± 0-00 Effect of Error Dip onX s. O / 4n2.'5r) 77 (W2 •00 13 002 80 480 4-4r)(X) 48 180 •(H)23 012 78 4(V2 4-4r)0H (10 03) •(H)()3 003 78 30^0 4-2047 47 051 •(KK)7 -003 77 54 ^2 4-;{774 f)5 034 -0005 -002 78 5^2 4-4;i25 45 020 •(M)03 -001 78 33^5 4-4174 m 033 -0005 •002 78 41() 4-Ho98 P 047 •000(? -003 78 28^0 4-;{f)23 50 157 -0021 •010 78 1('W5 4-4045 70 010 -0002 -(R>l 78 30^ 7 4-5<(41 (?5 094 -0011 -(HX5 70 11-2 4-78:38 01 003 •0004 •002 80 20-U 21. It would have been scarcely necessary to go into so much j deduced from the observations of relative force with Fox's or Lloyd's needle, which value is in every respect independent of the other. (4). The standard value of

'illiam, to compare with the 38 AOllEEMENT OF RESULTS. 23. The mean difference between the total force resulting from vibrations only, and the total force resulting from the complete observation of vibration and deflection, that is to say, the square root of the mean of the squares of 21 observed differences, is in value 0'030 nearly, (0'0298) representing about one five-hundredth part of the quantity itself. But the mean difference between the value deduced from the complete observation of horizontal force, and the independent values given by the relative observations, that is to say, by the use of Fox's and Lloyd's needles, is, as must be expected, somewhat larger ; it amounts in value to 0*084, and is about -^ J^nd part of the quantity itself. If the latter instruments were always in perfect order, they would deserve almost entu-e confidence, and the results would derive little or no additional weight by combining the less perfect determination ; but that was not the case, and probably never can be the case in practice, imder the circumstances of a long land journey. The best value for each station of observa- tion under such circumstances is to be obtained by giving propor- tionate weight to the different results, as described in the next section. I may observe also that the exclusion of the result at Fort "William in 1844 would reduce the difference to ^J ^^^^ i^taxi. 24. Combining the Observations of Force. The magnetic force having been observed, in no less than four different ways, of unequal value, and the number of observations taken at different stations having also varied considerably, it is necessary to determme some consistent way of u-eightinrf the results, (1) so as to obtain the most probable mean value for each station, and (2) to assign to this station value its proper weight when com- bined with others. The general principles applicable to both cases were investigated by the late Professor Humphrey Lloyd in the Report on the Magnetic Survey of Great Britain in 1836.' He shows that if x^, x^, x„ x„, be n values of the quantity x obtained by separate and independent observations, also if a be their arithmetical mean, 'then the p^ '•able error of this mean, i.e. the limit on either side of which there are equal chances of the actual error lying,' is given by the formula static needles, which were all observed in that year, viz. 13-998, the difTorence is materially less. The force in 1844 was only l.'JOOH ; see Station LXIX. ' Eiijhth Jiejwrt of (he liritish Asmcia/itm, 1838, p. 1)5 ; nee also Aiifj nn t/te Ali/ebrairal aitd Kuinerical Theory of Errors of Observation, p. 47. COMBINING OBSERVATIONS 39 jjj ^ 0^4549 2 (.r-g)' n (n — 1) in which 2 (x— a)' denotes the sum of the squares of the differences of the several partial results and the mean. Also the 'probable error of any single result £ as deduced from comparison with the rest, is given by the formula e= V n E'. The ueight of the single result, and the weight of the mean, are as the inverse squares of the probable errors. 25. There are only two stations in the entire list besides Toronto at which my stay was suflSciently long to have admitted of a multiplication of observations with a view to determining pro- bable errors. These were Lake Athabasca and Fort Simpson.' I regret not having taken more advantage of them, but the great fatigue of continuous observation through the 24'' with only one assistant, often prolonged for many hours at a stretch, at intervals of only 1™, may be pleaded in excuse for the omission.* The con- sequence is that I cannot appeal to my own observations for the probable error of an observation of dip in such high latitudes ; and as the dip enters into the deduction of total force from observations with Lloyd's statical needles, and also with the transportable magnetometers, it is a very important factor in their weight : but allowhig the instrument and the observations to be on an equality, I find two series of dips which throw some light on the question : these are Dr. J. Rae's observations at York Factory in 1845-0, and the same traveller's observations in conjunction with Sir John Richardson, at Fort Confidence, Great Bear Lake, in 1848-9. At York Factory we have the following : — UU-6 Mrnn Dip B ( November December . January . February . March April-Mny There are nine observations in February, eleven between Ai)iil 1 and May 16, eight in each of the other months. We may then con- sider the probable error of a single observation for dip at York Factory ± 2'-26. ' No8. COXXIX nnd CCXCV. ? Besides the monthly term dayg, on Oct. 26, for 6A. ; Decern. 1, 6h,; Jan. 4, lOA. ; Jan./>, lOA. ; April 10, 11/*., and lor many shorter periods on ot her ficcnfiions. 83 4.3-1 0-83 2-.".0 83 45 1 115 3L'7 8.{ 45-1 040 114 8.] 4i'l 005 28.'l 8a 4i>-5 0-72 205 83 .'lO-a 058 102 I 40 PROBABLE ERRORS OF DIP. The observations at Fort Confidence were taken without revers- ing the poles. That is to say, on one day of observation the poles were direct, and on the next succeeding day they were reversed. I have coupled as many consecutive observations of the same needle as occur, which give eight complete dips in two of the months, and find : Mean Dip B « lfM8 October . November 84 49-7 64 61-2 0-39 065 112 1-84 We may therefore take ± l'*48 as the probable error of a single observation for dip at Fort Confidence. I have already shown (p. 16), by the agreement of results by two needles, that it must have been very small at my stations. Turning to the observations at Toronto, and taking only those in which the poles were reversed, I find as follows : 1844 Mean January . . 75 15-4 0-41 1-26 February , . 75 157 0-46 1-30 March . 75 14-5 0-71 1-95 April . 76 13-2 0-42 1-20 May . 75 12-3 0-64 1-82 June . 75 11-6 0-34 103 July . . . 75 101 0-66 1-97 August . . 76 10-1 0-48 1-28 September . 75 17-9 0-68 1-92 October . . 75 17-9 0-71 2-13 November . 75 20-3 MO 31] December Meai . 75 19-0 1 . . . 1-41 8-71 . 189 Whence we may conclude that the probable error of a single obser- vation of dip at Toronto was under 2''0. In deducing the relative total force from an observation with Lloyd's static needles, an error of + 2' in the dip employed is generally quite inappreciable. In the most unfavourable case it amounts to little over unity in the fourth decimal. In deducing the total force in absolute measure from a determi- nation of the horizontal force, the effect of an error in the dip of ± 2'"0 on the resulting force is much more considerable. It is at Fort Confidence in absolute measure ± 0-063 Fort Simpson . . . . ± 0056 York Factory . . . . ± 0071 Toronto ±0-032 \ WEIOHTINO RESULTS. 41 This great disproportion results necessarily from the formuln employed. For If ^ = total force, X= horizontal force, B = the dip, 6 = the angle of deflection produced by a constant weight, cos 6 then with Lloyd's needles = , whereas by horizontal 6m (8-6)' force = X secant S; now (8 — 0) is usually so adjusted as not to differ much from 90°, in which case the sines vary very slowly, and in the widest deviation from 90° which occurs in the whole series, namely, at York Factory, the effect of an error of ± 10' of dip on the numerical value of is only 0"035, whereas, the secants increasing very rapidly, the same error increases the value of X secant 8 more than ten times as much, or 0*885. Such being the case, the general agreement of results deduced by such dissimilar means is a proof that the errors of observation are small. 26. The horizontal force given, is itself of unequal weight, as the observations come under two divisions : (a) Where the result rests on vibrations only, the value of m, the magnetic moment of the magnet, not having been determined by deflection at the same station {see § 19). (b) Where it was so determined (§ 20). In the former case the values of m have been interpolated from the observations preceding and following, and their error, if any, is very small. The probable error of the mean time of one vibration has been shown (§ 20) to be almost insignificant. Reviewing these various conditions, I have adopted the following scale of u-eights for the numerical results of total force : — (1). From horizontal vibration only, for each magnet, 1*0. (2). From the same, combined with deflections, for each magnet, 1*6. (3). By Lloyd's static needle when the angles were unfavourable, 20. (4). The same if the angles were favc -.ruble, 2*5. (6). By Fox's needle A, with which the dip is eliminated ; r r i 42 WEIGIITINO RESULTS. employing four constant weights, and when the needle was in good condition, 6*0. (6). By Fox's needles B and C when employed, these results not having the same direct connection with the base station, 40. The values have been assigned to the stations by thus weighting the partial results, and the stations weighted among themselves by the aggregate of the numbers, divided for convenience by 10. The result is to give a marked preponderance to the values of the force obtained by the use of Fox's instrument, but not greater than its superiority as a means of measurement appears to justify. ■ 27. Attempted Measurements of the Relative Total Force hy means of the Induction Inclinometer. ' When a bar of soft iron is held in any direction not perpen- dicular to that of the earth's magnetic force, it becomes a temporary magnet, by the inducing action of that part of the force which acts hi its direction. The changes of the induced magnetism may be assumed to be proportional to the inducing force ; and as the former may be measured by their effects, the latter become known.' ' This principle was first applied by the late Provost Lloyd in 1842, by the invention of his induction inclinometer,* now well known, and I was provided with the first instrument of that construction which was sent out of England. I believe also that the results of my use of it at Lake Athabasca and Fort Simpson in 1843-4 were the first published; on this account I shall be pardoned for quoting at length the judgment which that amiable and gifted philosopher passed upon those results. Professor Humphrey Lloyd to Lieut.- Cdonel Lefmy. April 30, 1857. I have i-ead very carefully your account ' of the induction inclinometer and its results ; and am much pleased with your conclusions, which are skilfully and legitimately drawn (aic). I find one slight error in the deduc- tion of the co-efficient by the deflection method, which (I believe) was my ' See Obsenationt made at the Magnetical and Meteorological Observatory at Trinity College, Dublin, under direction of the Rev. Humphrey Lloyd, D.D., vol. i. p. C4. Lon^ans, 1806. ' See I*roccediugs of the Royal Irish Academy, vol. ii. p. 210. * Athabasca Observations, 1856, p. 41. INDUCTION INCLINOMETER. 43 own, and arose from the neglect of a small quantity in the approximation, which was of the ftame order of magnitude as those retained ; it occurs on p. 44, where the quantity within the brackets should bo 3 cos ' ^ — 1 instead of cos ' ^ + 1. But as cos is nearly equal to unity, the values of both are nearly the same or equal to 2. There ore some misprints which I have marked with pencil. I am very well satisfied with your result. At the same time I suppose the most complete verification of the instrument would be a comparison of the vertiml force obtained from it with that deduced from the V. F. magnetometer. I return your volume with thanks, and send along with it a little paper of mine, which gives the more correct deduction of the coeflScient. {Si(jneil) H. Lloyd. The question referred to in these remarks does not affect the present discussion. It occurred to me on Mackenzie's River that if the variations in the angle of deflection of the suspended magnet in a i^rmanent instrument, under the fluctuating force of induced magnetism in the iron bar, were a measure of horary changes of the vertical component of the force, those angles themselves, if recorded in different places, must, in some way, measure the rela- tive amount of that component which, when tlie dip is 65° or beyond it, is more than nine-tenths of the whole force, and at 82° is ninety-nine hundredths of it. Acting on this belief, I made it a practice in 1844, when time permitted, to ascertain the mean value of the angle of deflection produced on a suspended magnet by the induced magnetism locally present in a soft iron bar of 12"2 inches in length and 0*75 inch in diameter, supported in a vertical position at 5*03 inches distance from it. The suspended magnet was 2'5 inches long. The deflecting bar was firmly fixed in a brass collar at one end, and passed through a brass socket in the frame of the instrument, in such a way tha when standing above the frame, the lower end, or North I'olo, acted on the suspended magnet, and when hanging by the collar, below the frame, the upper end, or South Pole, acted on it. The centre of the collar, and consequently that part of the temporary magnet corresponding with it, was in the same plane on each reversal. The effective pole of the bar was also at an equal distance from the axis of the magnet, above it or belcw it, in both cases. The soft iron bar possessed a small amount of permanent magnetism, which tended to augment the angle of deflection of the I I I' 44 INDUCTION INCIJNOMETKR. ri'i suspended magnet in one position and to diminish it in the other. The induced magnetism is also influenced by the temperature, but the effect being comparatively small, I have not thought it necessary in a tentative comparison to apply any correction for it. ± 10° Tahr. correspond to h:8''9 in the angles. In the subjoined table Let u = The angle of the deflection when the permanent and the induced magnetism were of the same sign. u' = The angle of deflection when they were of the contrary signs. j^ D — Half the difference between these two angles, being a measure of the permanent magnetism in the iron bar. = The inclination at the station. t = The time of one vibration of the suspended magnet. This not having been observed, I have substituted the time of one vibration of magnet No. 30, corrected for loss of magnetic moment between the date of observa- tion and October 11. Table XI. AtUflca of Deflection by Ituluced Magnetism. order of Dip. The Stations arranged in 1844 station Dcfloction »D 1 # p u tt' i No. 30 Nov. 4 Sault St. Marie . 28 4G-3 26 465 45 1 6- 4-2202 / 77 l.t-6 •1212 Sept. 20 Fort Francis 27 47-5 27 45-4 60 1' 4-2305 77 30-0 -1241 Aujf. 17 Edmonton llo. . 29 40-5 27 240 60 1 8- 4-3122 77 643 •HCO t)ct. 11 Fort William . 30 552 20 10-8 73 51- 4-3471 77 60-6 -1231 Aug. 26 (Carlton . 31 36-3 30 31 70 33- 4-4676 78 31-7 -1374 Oct. 21 White River (1) 31 50-6 20 0-5 1 55- 4-4082 78 310 •1241 Oct. 23 (2) 32 472 30 6-7 66 1 21- — 78 32-0 •1100 July 24 Dunvcfjan 32 448 30 381 7(1 1 3 4-4006 78 46-2 -1220 Sept. 19 July 11 Fort Alexander 32 10-1 31 46-7 55 16 4-4H08 79 3-0 •1211 Fort Vermilion 41 22-8 38 32-2 32 1 26- 4-0483 80 48-0 •1365 S.-pt. 7 July 1 Norway House . 43 10-3 40 530 55 1 8- 5-0121 81 11-2 -130!) Fort Ohipewyan 46 61 43 46-4 60 1 33- 5-1845 81 36-8 -1493 Oct. 14 i» 52 21-7 41 350 6 23- — 81 37-0 •1626 Oct. 31 »> 52 237 41 3«-6 30 6 28- — 9t -1600 Mar. 30 Fort Simpson . 50 67-4 47 55-8 1 31- — 81 62-2 •1666 May 2 II ' 48 20-2 45 674 37 1 11- — 99 -1541 May 25 II 61 680 42 62-8 60 4 33- — ff -1605 June 12 II 40 50-8 44 14-6 56 2 48- 5-3076 19 -15.'}6 June 20 Slave L. (Big Is.) 54 560 48 7-3 75 4 24- — 82 8-7 •1009 Miy 28 Fort Norman . 50 286 62 6-7 4: 3 41 — 82 34-3 •1043 June 2 *» • 62 454 40 65-9 36 6 30- 6-0 17 ff •2041 June 22 Fort Resolution 67 12-8 52 25-4 60 2 24- 6-68i>3 82 44-4 •1822 May 20 Fort Good Hope 61 21-8 55 480 44 2 47- 6-4073 82 60-0 •2023 I INDUCTION INCLINOMETER. 45 By the theory of the induction inclinometer tan u + tan u' =s 2 kr tan 0, where ft = an unknown co-efficient of the vortical force Y, such that the intensity of the induced magnetism is equal to k Y. also r = a constant depending upon the distance : ' and hi p = k r. It appears evident by the sequence of values of ;>, which have been calculated in the last column of the preceding table, that this co-efficient is not a constant, but varies with the dip. On taking the means we have : Tablk XII. Dip Between oiiicrvBtlons Mean Tan p tan» tan 0, 77-f8 4 7? 40'8 4-58()0 0-1 104 01104 78—71) 3 78 81 4-9298 01208 01285 79 80 1 70 30 51(i80 01211 01348 80-81 1 80 48-0 01742 01355 01010 81—82 6 81 43-9 68813 01575 01787 82—83 6 82 36-3 7-7048 01905 0-2000 The irregularity in the values of i D in Table XI, to whatever cause attributable, are enough to obscure any regular law that may obtain as to increase in the value of p ; but if we take, as above, the mean dip of the first group of four stations {6 = 77° 40''8) and the corresponding mean value of p (=0*1194) for a basis of comparison, the last two columns show that p increases very nearly, but appa- rently not quite, in the ratio of the tangent of the dip. The observations require to be repeated with greater attention to every precaution, but they appear to prove — (1). That no degree of accuracy in the determination of j) at a base station will enable $ to be deduced from the angles u and u' at any other station, by the given formula 2ptan = tan u + tan u', we require for that purpose a new value of p, which involves in fact a knowledge of itself. Lloyd himself could only obtain results of absolute inclination which were approximations to the truth.' ' See a note on the theory of the instrument in the Appendix. '■• I*ro(eedinys lioyal Irish Academy, 1842, and Papert on Physical Science, 1877, p. 225. 40 RfiSUMlO OF RESULTS, (2). That for tho same reason wc cannot infer the relative valuea of Y at two Htations, as mif^ht be done if ;> were constant.' My observations appear to l)o not entirely trouble thrown away if thoy establish these conclusions experimenlally. m h( 28. liesulta. Tlio curvature of all tho magnetic linos in tho part of the world we are contsidoring is such that the method of grouping first em- ployed with such great success by Lloyd in discussing tho magnetic survey of Ireland in 1835 is not applicable. As General Sabine remarked, ' Thoy are not straight lines on any projection ; thoy are not parallel ; nor are they equidistant.' ' Ho made tho attempt to combine them by tho method of least squares, and his calculations, which fill many sheets, may be referred to at Kew, but he was ultimately obliged to revert to a graphical method of projection. I have also endeavoured, by taking much smaller districts, to deduce mean values for central points of a higher authority than individual results, but with the same experience : • when the districts are taken sufficiently small to satisfy the required conditions of straightncss, parallelism, and equidistance, irregularities of observation arising from station error and other causes became significant and mate- rially affect the result.' For the purpose of localising the focus of greatest intensity, and of determiumg its amount, a different course was adopted. It * Since Y •• X tan wo may substitute for tan 6 its equivalent ■. Y consequently 2^^; " tan u + tan u' whence if ^ were constant wc should hare YX, tan u + tan it XT, = but ^ X tuuM, + tanu'i (1) (2) t^' h't then Y at the base station be accurately determined, and for Y write A, Then Y .-^( tan u, + tan tan u + tan i where uU the quantities on the ri^ht-hand side may be accurately determined, p, however, not beinp constant, there is another factor, — which cannot, as it seems, be determined, without accurately knowing ff, and if we know 6, we do not require the formula, ■' rhil. Trans IS-lfi, p. 257. Iri nfiSUMl? OF RESULTS. 47 being conceded that the isodynamic curves consisi of a scries of ovals or ellipses surrouudiiif:; tho point of greatest intensity, the late eminent mathematician, Mr. Archibald Smith, investigated the problem, and furnished Oeneral Sabine with tho form of tho equa- tions, by which tho co-ordinates of the common centre of all the ellipses, which is also tho place of greatest intensity, could be deter- mined from tho observations ; also its maximum value, the value of tho semi-axes of the central ellipse, and their angle with the parallels of latitude be computed, all of which very laborious calcu- lations wero carried out under General Sabine's superintendence with the following results : — a. Tho geographical position of tho point of maximum force was found to bo in latitude 62° 19' N., longitude 91° 69' \V. h. The force at this point is 1*878, or in absolute measure 14*214.' This was exceeded at three stations under local influciicea, and over a very limited area, but it appears to be higher than exists any- where else over a large area. c. The value of the semi-axes of the ellipse of 1*875, or 14*191 in absolute measure, was found to bo 223 and 85 geographical miles respectively. d. The angle which the major axis makes with the parallel of latitude was found to bo 66° 55'. The position corresponds geographically to a small lake called Cat Fish Lake, about 200 miles beyond and to the N.W. of the height of land above Lake Nipigou, and is apparently easily accessible. It seems likely that if the calculation were repeated with the slightly different numerical values I have now assigned to the force in many places, and especially with a due regard to the westerly extension of a comparative high force which I have shown to prevail on the Saskatchewan and north of it (Stations CCLX to CCLXXXVII), these elements would undergo some modification : but they rest upon eighty-two equations of condition of the form, Force = z = a x^ + hxy + cy^ + dx + cy +/ and as the resulting final equations run into very large figures, there is good reason to suppose that the substantial result would remain unaffected. This result confirmed in a remarkable manner the conclusion So given also by .Snbiiie, p. 251, but erroneously marked on hi.« nuip 14\S8, 48 r£sum£ of results. to which the illustrious Gauss had been led by his ' General Theory of Terrestrial Magnetism ' in 1888.' On transferring his closed oval of greatest intensity to the map, it is found that the above ellipse occupies nearly the centre of it, in longitude, but is situated in the southern half of it. The oval represents a force of 1750*0, and the maximum towards the centre is 1763'7. These values expressed in British units are 18-245 and 18*849 respectively, being materially lower than the values actually found. The isoclinal line of 80°, which by the theory cuts the meridian of 95° W. in latitude 52°, was found almost exactly in that place. On the otlitr hand, the variations were cop:'derably out, the lines of equal variation falling to the east of tkeir theoretical places by 4° or 5° of longitude ; that even so near an approach to the truth, however, should have been made in the then state of observation is sufficiently surprising. The polarity of the earth, considered as a magnet, appears to be less definitely localised than has been supposed. Probably, from geological causes, the forces producing a maximum of intensity are divided towards the focus, and we have three foci at least, sepa* rated by decidedly lower values : A in or about lat. 62 long. I .i W, B „ „ 66 „ 106 W. C „ „ 63 „ 107 W. but a much more detailed survey is required to map down the intensity hereabouts with precision. 29. The isoclinal lines laid down on the maps annexed to this volume are drawn as they were actually found, for the purpose of calling attcntivon to an apparent relation between their deviation from regular curves, and the course of the adjacent rivers — a circum- stance, so far as I am aware^ not before observed. Ihh has been done by taking the mean distance between the lines from Sabine's map, and layuig down two points from each station for the two adjacent isoclinals. These points being first connected by straight lines, the curves have been drawn by eye to divide the irregularities, and to conform as nearly as oan be judged to tho observations.' ' Seienftjie ^Aemoir», vol. ii. 1838. '' See the Ilev. S. J. PerryV ' Mngnetic Survey of nelgium.' Phil. Trans., 1873. SECULAll CIIAXOES. 49 30. Secular Changes. Toronto is as yet the only spot in British America for which the rate of secular change since 1843 has been ascertained. At that station («). The westerly declination increased between 1843 and 1871 from 1° 24' to 2° 48' W., at a mean rate of + l'-952 per annum. (i). The dip increased in the same period from 75° 15'-5 in 1843 to 75° 25'-0 in 1859, after which it declined, and was again 75° 16'-8 in 1871. (0 85 :.'.{•« July 24, lt^-2o 81 -J&l It is necessary, therefore, to disregard the oljservatioas of tlu' fh-st voyage.' The second voyage furnishes data for comparison at nine stations. 1825 / 1843 4 / Penctanpuisheno . April 18 70 1«0 November 14, 1844 . 70 201 Fort VViliiaiu May 11 78 200 May 20, 1843 . 78 100 Savaimal' Ptut (S.W.LMld F., 1 N.E. end L.) ( * May 20 [»8 30-1 June fi, 1843 . 78 21-8 Fort FraiK'fs May 27 77 18-1 J urn. 14, 1843 . 77 27-5 Fort Alexander June 76 47- i 184.i 4 . . . 78 r>fi-i Cumberlniid Ho June 28 80 211 1843-4 . 80 2.-)-0 Isle k la CroHse July 11 70 oo-O Si'ptembi'r 0, l-'43 . SO 0-8 Fort Chipewyau . July 24 81 201 1843-4 . 81 •MS Fort Simpson Aug. 6 81 631 Mairhto May, 1844 . 81 o2 2 .] ' Those are tlie revised values of 1867, in which slight corrections were applied to the moments of inertia of the rinjrsi ; upc ' Toront'>,' vol. iii., p. cv i. •^ P/,U. Tram., 1872, p. 3r)r,. ■' Sfp .\pj)fiidix to Frnnklin'^ Sn-i,nd Erpcdi/ion, p. rxxw. 60 SECULAR CHANGES. u w The comparison points to a small increase of dip over the whole region, except at Fort William and the next station, where Franklin's dips are not consistent with any regular movement of the isoclinal lines. Stations for comparison of variation are rather more numerous, hut the uncertainty of this observation makes the conclusions indi- vidually less decisive. I do not include any of those of Franklin in which the variation was estimated from the sun's bearings at noon. It appears that about the region of the great lakes, easterly variations were decreasing, or the line of no variation moving west- ward, between 1820 and 1844 ; while, on the contrary, in more northern regions and to the westward they were increasing ; the great loops of equal variation which connect the magnetic pole in latitude 70° N. with the pole of the earth, being under a process of expansion, of which the effect was to crowd nearer together the lines of variation of less than 15° E. in central parts of the continent. {See p. Ill, York Factory.) Table XIII. Comparison of Declinattons. 1819-26 Vur. East 1843-4 Var. East Sault St. Mario May 2 S 32-8 ' Nov. 4, 1844 i 1-1 Fort William Mav 12 7 17-6] 1843^ 6 47-8 Chien Portafre, N.E. May ir „ g.^ IJune3,1843 ^^ ^**) June 4. 1843 6 40-8 o 6 511 « Savannah liiver May 21 9 23-9 JuueU, 1843 8 6-3 i Fort Fiiuicis . May 28 10 42-5 1843-4 9 350 Fort Alexander June 5 15 16-7 1843-4 14 0-4 Lake Winnipeg nearly o|)po.site tlie Dog's Head York Factory June 2 14 4G-0 July 7, 1843 21 38-3 c Sept. 1819 « 03 July 24-6 9 0-6 Lonjif Portage, Jack R. . Sept. 24, 1819 11 10-4 July 19 12 36-4 Norway House Gates . Oct. 7, 1819 14 261 1843-4 15 350 Cumberland Houao Nov. 19 17 17-5 — — »» *} * * May 22, 1825 19 14-3 1843-4 19 32-4 Carlton riouse Jan. ;il, IH-H) 20 44-8 Aug. 25, 1844 22 55-0 Isle k la Crosse . . j Feb. 1811.' 1:2 15-8| — .._ )> 11 . . June 27, 1825 23 19-3 Sept. 9, 1843 24 54-7 Fort Chipewyan . . : March 182t< 22 49-(3' — — »f It ' ' July 11, 1825 25 29- 1843-4 28 45-8 Fort Uesolution . . 1 July 30, 1825 2J> 15-81 June 22, 1844 371 2-5 K. The Ramparts on 1 Mackenzie's RivtTfl? . | Avig. 7, 1826 j 14 5-0 May 30, 1844 42 20-0 a Frunklin's Staticin U hvtwvvn these twn. i Tills was 1(1 iiiilis li. ) for comparison. 1812 oUitioii A' S *, * Sppt. 7 Quebec . .3 040 77 15-.3 1.3-780 1.-J-844 S^pt. 10 St. Helen's 3064 77 10-0 1.-5-705 1.3-751 Sept. 25 New Yo.k 4-008 72 350 1.3-;«M 1.3- .'20 Oct. 1 (!aml)riiljre .3«i).5 74 lei i.-MIO 13-458 Oct. \:i Philtidt'lpliia 417fi 71 500 l:;-.")Oi' 13-577 Nov. \2 ChicRf.") . 4-105 72 ;i0-3 1.3-771 13-820 Oct. 28 Toronto . .3-515 75 150 |.3h;{() 1 Dw. lit „ . . . .3-550 75 16 7 l.{-!'70 r l.i-8i»« March 184;J ,, ■ . • ^■541 75 14-5 13-80rt The observer at ten stations marked )' in the following list was Lieutenant, now Lieut-General C. Yotmghusband, C.B. Sdiiic of the observations have not before been pul)lislied. K 2 -.II.S Jttmmtirt^ ^wfm mrm^ m W: li I \n 52 ^ STATIONS IN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES. .9 a ^ .a a o e o I -^.9 d » ^iN* H^nqH^H^h^H] i!X)Mi-i i>.'»i< officDi— iCr-.cct^a ■^^ I 01 7* lO GC 01 Ol OS » O io Ol 5 lO »■-. IN O »- OS . F- Q I CO qO t-» I «5 » I 1-- I-, t^ »■- us ip 55 ^ T(i W ^ »p tH M** «5 ^2^i8 J s 5 '^' --• oo 3b * 00 x i-<(NOi — ono»>.t*aoco»>.osao XQ0Q0.»^t>.«>.t»t>.»»t^ eoija ©I'M fH A( r^ pin 4h I a fH I f^ rH fH fH rH tH f^ Al i^ rt Al 1^ iH I j '"' •^ eoQO i-H ON. t>. toes ts.»ti0O0»i-HrHt>.i-iC0t>.C0iO0COX«39«pQ0t>.a0»O 4>cbcbQd56M>bifidD»6®':jo©i&05r;b-pM« f-lr-(^^.-( i-( pH ^roW i-l r-H lO ■^ •^ ^ rH •.H I-H l-H I CO o-H i-t (N eo 9000 w 9 90001P 909 01 1-1 eo M 5? ^ 1-4 I-H ■— I U3 CO »>. t>. t^ t^ t>. t>. CO»>.-«lt ^»P9 00 0000 ■^ •^ I £ aT ?3 > a S «Sa 1) iS h c ce .a d d _,eo cox t— 1 ^^ ,-1 _i O] 01 01 x;) ST 3j ST ST 5> 5< 5" s CO CC fK M ■< -1 -1 i-s 05 S-pt. 28 Oct. 1 Oct. 3 Oct. 6 Oct. 8 Oct.' 10 Oct. 14 1842 1846 Ol M "0 =1 (—4 •> ». Bk ^ ^ \ I 01 CO I -^ «0 CO t- X lOSO-HOlCO I ITJIO I r" 1—1 1—1 I— I I I 1—1 1-^ . o 5 \ STATIONS IN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATKS. 03 h4^ J PM>,jj>^^jjj>H^tHp«>>H;>.^H^i4 4 J ^ ,4JJj3;S>^H S?3 2 $ C3 ^ C3 O S S l2 O ■^ « ® S ^ 5 — 1^ M 1^ O t>- 1 1 1 19 I I ~ (M O 35 ~ ■ qc :p M ^ CC '>5 MM ^3 f-< r^ I f^ fU ' is fr '-"5 '5 <**??'««-- W aj C5 --« o ® .^qCqDqp5BSo>?>3s05«iC505 Opqp « (N -M t>. Q «P «>• 1 1-- ■X TO I I I •"• "^ ■"• I I >-• <-• eieOer-Ti-lrH C-I^MOr-lr-lrH eo eo CO 'f us Ki M 05 « ec ic t>. t'. t- i>- »-^ »>•».>• t>« »> t^t- i>. t>. i>. t>. t- 1-. <<• (Mt>. 1-1 (M do OS «b "if . I- »>■ I- «>. t>. l- fri fa d d fe h4 ti fi^ c4 d cr Op P p oo o«o ooo OOO O O P S-" |!§ S ^° 1 1^?, I I I I |S |8 i::? |S |S5q:2§ | |=^2?S?2^:i ; M r-i eo 00 00 I.? so 00 l>. «0 CO 00 05 05 C5 05 06 t-- . «S t--. t» tx t>. «>. l>. po POOO PO p p p c 2 |2 1^ |2 ^ POO M SI -C ^T *T t' ^T ooo p oo £2 ?? -M GO ^ jl ^T ^' ^V ^^ ^^ "T B>4 r"S5 = g "o « « B e 1i 'S § c o a I ■ u u ^ d w sp 2 a W o K I -I K C S r2 -->• = 3 . .^ a.o !»0 0) >i3 i^n 0005©— I CD eOTt . K_f-I 00 O 1—1 »^,H I— I 1-1 1-1 O =^ -^ -S ■< ^ H, 1— ' -f "P •£ ©I 55 — ^ '-t >c (M eo lo 'M la (N o -f eo "o " "00 -00 ~ - - - -qJ) •• •t^j at) x "oo "TO lO 2J5 I 2 -t! 05© 1-1 ffl »1 IN I I I I I I I I 1?^ I?; iJ,^A>AAA>^AA^AAJ.AAAAAAJ^A^ 1 1 1 2 1 1 -t -»" -M "M — — Q O — -< ~' 'M C-l "M Tt "M fM (N O X J5 X t>. N. 3: CS X X X X X X X 35 X X X X X X X X X X 1-^ t^ 1^ i^ !>. t^ I-. t>i a, 5 F.A. 78 42-5 G. 1 76 31-8 G. 2 76 2Jt-8 G. 1 76 16-5 G. 2 76 16-3 G. 1 74 46-8 G. 1 74 37-8 G. 1 73 32 7 G. 2 73 '>7-2 G. 1 74 18-6 G. 2 74 12-9 G. 1 75 4-4 G. 2 75 5-3 G. 1 70 28-8 G. 2 70 28-8 G. 1 69 18-7 G. 2 69 18-3 0. 1 69 56-2 G. 2 69 54-8 1 'Si a ih 3()'0 75 70 74 500 79 90 78 54-0 83 30 82 220 81 41-0 84 27-0 86 110 85 30-0 •S ■A -5 a 44 35-0 44 55 45 2-0 43 40 42 55-0 42 60 42 580 43 450 39 60 37 10-0 38 30 1 > 1 • W • •|' • ^ >i fcp • „ 1 w ^ ^ ^ ^\ % ^ 5 5 « 1.5 -g '-% ^a =2 .g .| 2 . . ::s => s t^ d> y. ^ < m s*3 1 rrsr^: eij r. *. :;, t. -. ». £-:;S rrr*^ t^ r 5 t t| t :; : ; = r . r s s ^ s r t s^ r t t . i :: = 6 V. ??3 1^ !S 1^? 1?? 1=^ 1 1 1^1 1 15! 1 1 \%\%\ a.' a". !•* I| If .i| 1- II "S 1^ is II K .s « :l II a S.:s, c . If W ft S3 ^-a 1^ 8:3 « . (2.2 i C 3 2 a B » •=■3 *2.--|-s!l i'. .5 ■" .Sf ■'■ .* i. "S li o 04 1^ rf a". 3 S >? ^ II 11 11 I' -^ if §1 5S II si u t3 i a I S3 II « . ^« 1-2 11 !> 3; 0) c rt d 5^ * C. Oi-t h .3 i? « * .:5 ANOMALOUS RESULTS AT KINOSTON. 50 82. The dips at Kingston and Belleville, on Lake Ontario (Nos. 23-32), and at Prescott, on the St. La^vrence (No. 33), are among the most irregular recorded on the survey. By the mean direction of the isoclinal lines the dip should be less than 76° at each of these stations. We have, however, an unusual amount of confirmation at Kingston, where it was three times recorded. The station was at the then Artillery barracks, towards the centre of a large open parade, near the flagstaff. 1842. November 11 Gambey 1 . . 77 18-8 Lkfkov It » 2 . 77 101 184;J. April 18, i» 1 . . . 77 18-1 1845. June 10, j» I . . 77 14-2 YOUNOIIUHBANK >f »» •> . 77 14-7 Metin 77 17-0 The anomalous value of the total force at this station rests in like manner on repeated observation. 1842. November 11, Artillery Square, Lloyd A l-Or);i;{ 14782 L. „ „ „ B 10781 loKM) L. 18 in. June 10, V June 11, Stewart's I'oiut Common near Penitentiary l> C 10!>f>l) 15100 Y. )) D I-iH)71 15-115 Y. n 101G4 14471 Y. » D 1-00 « „1. . . 07 ii7-8 07 ino 67 2iV4 )( (J „ 2. . . ((7 102 07 207 07 18-4 If 11 Mean „ 1. . . 07 28-0 or i8-;j 07 2.J-4 67 20- 1 An identical result, C7° 20', was obtained by Lieut. Biomley, U.N. of II. M.S. * Challenger,' upon tiie same pedestal, in June following ; but this oHicer discovered an uncxpefted amount of lociil variatiijo in Bermuda, due doubtles-s to the presence of a deeply underlying volcanic formation, and to the large proportion of o.xide of iron iu the red iyi>}\ in some places. m\'> i A 015IGIN OF THE RKLATIVE SCALE. 57 to that of the magnetic equator, or line of no dip, in Peru, as 1*34H2 to unity. He erroneously supposed at the time that there was no lower intensity than what he took for unity ; it is scarcely necessary to say that a force as low as 0*80 has since been found to prevail over a considerable tract of the South Atlantic, as it does not in any way afiect the comparison. In 1827 the late Sir Edward, then Captain Sabine, R.A., determined the value at the Chiswick Horticultural Garden, near London, to be to that at Paris as 1-0180 to unity,' or to that in Peru as 1*3724 to unity. It has been assumed that the intensity at Woolwich, thirteen miles cast of Chiswick, is sensibly the same ; and no correction has been applied for the secular change, if any, between 1827 and 1843-C. It may be inferred from the mean dii'ection of the isodynamic lines that the force at Woolwich is a minute quantity less than it is at Chiswick, and subsequent observation has made it probable that the force in 1843-6 was a little greater than it was in 1827 ;" but as the same secular change would doubtless embrace Paris, the relation between the two places would not sensibly alter. 1-3720 then has been adopted as the force at Woolwich. Now the force at Toronto was ascertained by the writer's observations in 1842-6, which are very fully given in the ' Phil. Trans.,' 1846, to bo to that at Woolwich as 1-3380 to unity, and therefore to the magnetic equator as 1-8357 to unity; or, as employed by Sabine, 1-8360. But the force was also determined at Toronto in absolute measure, being in British F.S.G. units 13-896 {ih). Hence, to convert relative into absolute terms we have only to multiply by ' ' . , and these again may be converted to German M.S. Gr. l-8ou units by multiplying by 0-46108. The dip has been regularly observed at Toronto, with a circle by Robinson, several times a month from 1841 to tlie present time ; but besides this continuous series, observations were occasionally nuide with the dip cii'cle of the survey. I subjoin the results, with the mean of the Observatory series (li.) for the same month. ' rhil. Trans., 1827, and Brit. Absoc, Vllth Report. ' lb. 1870. Tlie secular change in 17 years, at tlie rate of increase which pro- vailed from 18o7to 1862, would have been + -0021, or about -OOOUJ L The close accordance of these results leaves nothing to be desired. The mean for the mean epoch of this survi-y 184-1'0 is 76° 14'-7. The declination or variation at Toronto for 1844*0 was by reduction 1° 26'*5 W. The independent series of monthly determi- nations began January 1, 1845, but by the declinometer readings we have for 1843 mean 1° 24'-7 W. 1844 .. l''26'-2\V. < I { D I A K Y. SECTION I. MONTREAL TO THE SAULT ST. MARIK. Abtmt 630 gi'ographical mile*. I. Srpteiuhcr 19, 1842. — On the Island of St. Helen, Montreal, near tho then ArtUlery harracks. Lat. 45* 81'-1 ; long. 73° 81' 42" W.' {see Tahle, p. 52). Variation, 8.18 A.M. By Compass, card A. 8 48'1 W. „ 8.44 „ „ „ B. 70 Mean 8 67'6* April 25-29, 1848. —At the same place. Dip, Oanibey 1.4 p.m 77 2-1 » 2 77 8-6 Mean 77 6-3 Total Poroc Rolntivc Abnolutc 11'. Sept. 16, Fox A . . 18128 13720 («0) April 25, „ A . . 1-8231 13-71)0 (00) „ 28, Lloyd A . . 18215 13780 (2-5) „ 20, „ B . . rSlOg 13-701 (2-6) Mean . . . Ism 13-756 (1-7) These values have been explained at p. 56. They signify that, assuming the force at Toronto to be 1'836, the force at St. Helen's by Fox A was 1*818, and assuming the force at Fort William to be 1"860 {see Station LXIX>, the force at St. Helen's was by Lloyd's static needle A 1-8215, and by needle B 1-8102. The mean of the whole is 1-817, equivalent to 13-755 in absolute measure. The column W. signifies weight (see p. 41). These remarks explain all future entries. ' Deduced from the longitude of Viger Square, ascertained by Captain E. D. Ashe, R.N., in 1857, to be 73° 32' 55", or 4" 57™ 12- W. See Geological Survey of Canada, 1867, p. 230. ■ This was a marine compHss used on board the ' Prince Regent ' Transport in my voyage to Quebec. See Phil. Tram., 1840, p. 101. It was exchanged in April for another instrument. ■<%. ■*'" oO-^ <>o^«AiS^ sv IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 fee ill m 140 M 2.2 6" 2.0 11111= 1.4 III 1.6 ^. m ^///// . '^*7f c%:^ .- ^. ''C^*., * ^y."? i-?> O Ta 7 /A Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 4= i ■HHK ^BB^^SSS^BSi OB t i* ' •:;.■• 60 ON THE OTTAWA. II. April 30. — At the Me d'Urval or Dorval, nearly opposite La Chine. Lat. 45° 25' ; long. 73° 44' W. Dip P.M., Qamlwy No. 1 Correction for n Dn-reversal . 77 6-1' . - 3-0 Corrected . 77 3-1 Total Force Fox A . Lloyd A . . . „ B . . . Belative 1-8058 1-8044 1-7040 Absolute n\ 13-667 (00) 13-658 (2-5) 13-578 (2-5) Mean . 1-8028 13-645 (11) There is local disturbance at this station. May 1. — The canoes started from Isle d'Urval this day, under Mr. John Maclean, a chief trader of the Hudson's Bay Company, and no opportunity of observation was presented. III. May 2. — Proceeded up the Ottawa, and observed about three miles below the rivulet called the E. la Graise, on the farm of one La Combe, W. bank. Lat. 45° 83' ; long, from the map 74° 9' W. Variation at 6.30 A.u. . Dip, Gambey No. 1 (not reversed) 8 26-0 W. 76 50-6 Total Force Fox A . Lloyd A Relative 1-8334 1-8249 1-8302 Absolute 13-876 13-812 13-855 ir. (6-0) (2-6) (0-86) IV. Observed again at the camp on an island in the Ottawa, about six miles above R. la Graise. Lat. by Polaris 45' 87' 86". V. May 3. — At Carillon, at the east end, or entrance of the jrenville canal, left bank. Lat. from the map 45° 36' ; long. 74° 30'. Variation, 6.4.5 \.m 8° 41' W. VI. Same day at noon, near C/tai/jaj?j, observed. Lat. 45° 35' 12". VII. Same day at Pointe du Cliene, left bank, about four miles Deyond the upper end of the Grenville canal {Longneisle was about three miles distant S.E. fc E.). Lat. 45° 37' ; long. 74° 50'. Variation, 6.40 p.m. Dip, not reversed 7 28 AV. 76 55-4 ' ; ' Formerly published 77° 2l'-l, and omitted from Lieut.-Colonel Sabine's map aa a station of local disturbance, which indeed it is, but there was a clerical error in the dip given. lite der ny, iree one wa, the (0'. ON THE OTTAWA. Total Force RelaUve Absolute W. FoxA . . . . 1-7074 13-604 (00) Lloyd A. . . . 1-8057 13667 (2-5) 1-7984 13-622 (0-85) These values indicate local disturbance. VIII. May 4. — On Lot 82, Alfred Toionship, right bank. Lat. 45°37'; long. 76° 0'. 01 Variation, 8.0 a.m. 6° 58' W. IX. Same day, at Foze's Point, right bank. Lat. about 45° 32' ; long. 75° 22'. Dip, not reversed 76° 36'-3 Total Force Fox A . Lloyd B . Relative 1-8309 1-8254 1-8335 Absolute 13-903 13-816 13-877 w. (60) (2-5) (0-85) X. May 5. — On the farm of W. Templeton, left bank, about six miles below By town (now Ottawa), probably the place now called Templeton. Lat. 45° 29' ; long. 75° 36'. Ottawa is one of the places the longitude of which has been ascertained by telegraph 75° 42' 4", the place of observation being on Barrack Hill, 120 yards E. of the flagstaff (Captain Ashe). Variation, 7.30 A.M 8° 28' W. XI. Same day at Aylmer, left bank, twelve miles above Bytown ; the spot was about 60 yards S.E. of the only inn in the place. Lat. by Polaris 45° 15'; long. 75° 58'. Dip (poles reversed, as is the case in all the observations that follow) 76" 41' Total Force Lloyd A Reliitive 1-8280 Absolute 13-836 w. (0-25) Sir George Simpson, the Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, here overtook and passed the Brigade on his way to the interior. By his autho- rity Mr. Maclean adoptetl a new arrangement. He placed at my dispo.sal the services of two young voyageurs, named Edouard Genereux and Pierre Roiibillon, to carry the instruments over Portages, pitch my tent, and be otherwise useful, and the canoe in which I had my passage was detached, with a view to give me time to complete observations. It was an im- provement on the previous arrangement, but still very insufficient. It proved in fact impossible to reconcile the necessities of observation with the rapidity of advance indispensable to the Brigade. We were a con- stant soui-ce of anxiety, as any accident to us would have involved much mm 1 :t E ''l ■"f 62 ON THE OTTAWA. inconvenience and dalay to the whole expedition. This arrangem3ut lasted no further than Fort William. XII. May 6. — At the Chat Falls or [Portage des Chats. Lat. adopted 45° 26' ; long. 76° 82'. Dip, Gambey 1, midday . Total Force Fox A Lloyd B Relative 1-8481 1-8337 1-8418 Absolute 13-988 13-879 13-916 75° 7'-0 w. (60) (2-5) (0-85) XIII. May 7.— At the Portage du Fort. Lat. adopted 45° 86' ; long. 76° 58'. Variation, 8 A.K. . . . . 10° 11' W.' This ohservation, taken in connection with the abnormal dip and force at the preceding station, which was about seventeen miles distant, indicates a considerable degree of magnetic disturbance in this part of the Ottawa. XrV. Same day at noon at the Decharge d'Argile. Lat. observed 45° 39' 86". XV. Same day at the south end of the Portage de Grande Calumet, opposite Callumette Island. Lat. 45° 45' ; long. 76° 40'. Dip, Gambey 1, p.m 76° 44'-4 Total Force Relative Absolute W. FoxA . . . 1-8270 13 832 (0-6) XVI. May 8. — Arrived at Fort Coulonge. By observation at noon. Lat. 45° 54' 54" ; long. 76° 45'. Dip Gambey 1 . Fox A gave Total Force Fox A . „ . . Lloyd A . 77 20-7 « 77 16-7 Relative 1-8392 1-8384 1-8424 1-8380 Absolute 13-020 13-914 13051 13-911 w. (6-0) (4-0) (2-5) (1-25) Fox's needle C, here first available, is reduced to Fort William as a base, with value 1'8601 {sec Station LXIX). • Formerly published 5° 1 1' W. ( Phil. Tram., 1 872, p 382). The original sights being lost, 1 cannot verify the calculation, but I give the value as it stands in my MS., and which I believe to be correct as observed. ' This dip may be slightly in excess ; the instrument was noticed at the end to be a little out of the meridian. ON THE OTTAWA. G3 XVII. May 9. — At Pointe Bapteme, about ten miles above Fort Allumette, or Fort William on some modern maps. It is apparently in the township of Esher. Lat. from a map 46° 5' ; long. 77° 26'. Dip, Gambey 1, 3 p.m 77° 19'1« Total Force Fox A Relative 1-8200 AbMlnta 13-775 (0-6) XVIII. May 10. — Upper end of the Portage dea Deux Juachims. By observation at noon. Lat. 46° 12' 4" ; long. 77° 40'. Dip Gambey 1, 11 a.u. Total Force Fox A Lloyd A Relative 1-8266 1-8290 1-8272 Absolute 13-824 13-843 77° 3'-8 w. (6-0) (2-6) 13-830 (0-85) XIX. Same day. — At the Portage du Roche Capitaine. By Polaris. Lat. 46° 16' ; approximate long. 77° 45'. From this date onwards my original sights have been preserved, and, with a few exceptions, where they have become illegible, have been gone over and re-worked. May 11. — Before leaving the last camp observed : Variation, 6.10 a.m. „ 6.16 „ . Mean 6 25-8 W. 4 51-9 5 8-8 XX. Same day. — On halting for breakfast in the township of Aberdeen. Lat. by account, 46° 14' ; long. 77° 50'. Variation at 8.16 A.M 5° 33' W. XXI. Same day. — About three miles above the Portage dea Deux Rivieres, in the township of Aberford. Observed Lat. 46° 15' 26". XXII. Same day. — At the Trou Portage, left bank, in the town- ship of Labouchere. Lat. 46° 15' ; long. 78° 16'. Dip, Gambey 1 p.m 77° 24'-4. Total Force Relative AbMliite w. Fox A , . 1-8422 13-943 (00) Lloyd A 1-8348 13-886 (2-5) 1-8400 13'914 (0-85) ' Previously published 75" 16' by a clerical error, and omitted by Sabine from hi« map. 64 A1'i' f; -^ XXIII. Mtui 12. — At the Hudson's Bay Company's house, at the junction of the Mattawa or ' Little Hirer ' with the Ottawa. Lat. 46° 18' ; long. 78° 42' 29". (Dominion Survey Department.) Variation, 7.20 a.m ti° 'M'-2 W. XXIV. Same day. — At the first j>orta(fe on the Little River, about three miles from the last station. By observation at noon. Lat. 46° 15' 26" ; long. 78° 44'. Dip,Gambeyl 77° 28'-5. Total Force Fox A Lloyd A Relative 1-8474 1835C 1-8439 Absolute 13-984 13-893 w. (G-0) (2-5) lS-956 (0-86) XXV. May 13. — Observed at noon on Lake Temisiqtic. Lat. 46° 19' 4". The name of this station does not occur on the map which accompanies the Report of the Geological Survey for 1856. We have instead, Lake de Talon, sometimes called Lake Walrond ; and a little to the westward of it. Lower Trout Lake. They are in the same latitude ; and the last-named is what I called Lake Temisique, XXVI. Same day. — On the south side of Trout Lake, formerly called Lake de Grande Vase, from the name of the portage at the foot of it. Lat. 46° 18'-5 ; long. 79° 13'. Dip, Gambey 1 r.M 77° 21'-7. Total Force Fox A Lloyd A ndative 1-8425 1-8445 1-8431 Absolute 13-945 13-960 1. •5-949 w. (0-0) (2-5) (0-85) XXVII. Same day. — Encamped at the Portage de Grande Vase, towards the middle of it. Lat. by observation of Polaris, 46° 19' 32" ; long. 79° 20'. Variation, 6.7 r.M 3° 15' W. XXVIII. May 14. — At the west end of the same portage, being the one leading to the small stream by which we reach Lake Nipessing in about three miles. Lat. 46° 18' ; long. 79° 22'. Variation, 7.47 a.m .4° 63'-4 W. We entered Lake Nipessing, the height of which above the sea is 665 feet, at 9*10 a.m. LAKE NIPESSING. 65 . . . 77° 0'-5. Relative Absolute w. i-8ai3 13-861 (0-25) XXIX. Same day. — Observed at noon on the south side of the lake, at a spot marked by a cross, erected to commemorate some fatal accident. Lat. 46° 11' 54". XXX. Same day. — A few miles further westward. Lat. 46° 11' ; long. 79° 48'. Dip, Qambey No, 1 P.M. Total Force Lloyd A . XXXI. May 15. — On French River, about twenty-five miles from the lake. Lat. 46° 5' ; long. 80° 20'. Vftriation, 8.0 A.M. ... 5= 32'-l.' XXXII. Same day. — On French River, about ten miles above the Ricollet's Fall. Lat. 46° 2' 9". XXXIII. Same day. At the Ricollefs Fall. Lat. 45° 57'; long. 80° 30'.2 Dip, Gambey 1, 2 p.m. Total Force Fox A . . . Lloyd A . 70° 46'-4. UclntiTc 1-8710 l-f"0o3 AbBolate UlOo 14118 w. (00) (2-5) l-bfii)7 14-130 (0-8r3) This result indicates a considerable amount of local disturbance. The formation is noted as a syenitic gneiss. XXXIV. This is the place to introduce, out of the order of time, observations at Penetatiguishenr, on Lake Huron, the last of my stations, being the place at which I landed on my return to Canada, November 15, 1844. Lat. 44° 49' ; long. 80° 1'. Variation 7iot observed. Dip (See Table XIV., p. 53, for an obser- vation in Jan. 1843, 76° 4'-2^) Gambey No. 1 76 10-2 " No. 2 76 21-0 70 20-1 See also Table XIV. ' Tbis result beinp apparently about 2° too much, I have reduced tlie si^^hts sepa- rately ; they are consistent, within usual limits. There is evident local disturbance. ' Longitudes between Lakes Nipessing and Huron have been corrected by a map annexed to the Geological Survey of 1845-6. ' The observation on Jan. 20, 1843, was taken ' near Mrs. Wallace's Inn,' n quarter of a mile south of tlie barracks. The observation of November 11,1 844, was taken in front of the * Freemasons' Arms Inn.' AXTiether these were the same, I cannot now say. The difference seems to indicate a different locality, a mean of 76° 12' would best agree with the isoclinal. , f^ i; 'J. 66 ON LAKE HURON. Absolute horizontal force by vibration only : — Corrected T m jr ♦ W. Mapiet No 30 40551 03951 3-3218 14061 (1-0) n »> 31 4-3324 0-3505 8-3218 14-061 (1-0) » It 17 45047 0-0307 3-3235 14-110 (10) 3-3224 14-077 (0-3) In relative terms 1-8600. The same bars being vibrated again at Toronto, Station A, shortly afterwards, serve to connect that station with all the others.' Corrected T m JT ^ W, a January 29, 1845. No. 30 30463 03928 35281 13-896 (1-5) Februarys, „ „ 31 4-2041 0-3495 3-5399 13-911 (1-5) March 8, „ „ 17 4-3856 0-0363 3-5358 13-894 (1-5) 3-5346 13000 (045) The mean value of the horizontal force for 1845 by twelve months' observation with the Observatory instruments was 8-5380 (Sabine, p. 244). That of the total force taken throughout as standard is 1 8*896, differing from the above by less than 0-0001, of the amount, the dip employed being 75** 15'-5, XXXV. May 16, 1848. — We were detained for some hours by wind on one of the small islands in Lake Huron, lying off the mouth of French Eiver, a little to the N. A cross was erected to mark the spot, and hence it is called Pointe ati Croix ; but this mark has doubtless disappeared. The island can probably be identified on the spot by its proximity to the main channel of the river. By observation at noon, lat. 45° 55' 31", long., from the most recent chart, 81° 2' W. ; Lake Huron is 580 feet above the sea. Dip, Gam'bey No.l, • . ■ 76' 31'-.'! Total Force Relative Absolute w. Fox A , 1-8394 « 13-928 (5 0) „ C . , 1-8323 13-868 (4-() Lloyd A . • 1-8477 13-985 (2-5) 1-8369 13-903 (M5) ' Toronto, lat. 43° 39'-4 ; long. C 17'" 33" ; above the sea, 342 ft. See p. 56. * The angle of deflection with 25 groins gives the anomalou.s value 1-888, and I reject it. i ON LAKE HURON. 67 XXXVI. May 17. — Left the last station at 3 a.m., observed on the east shore of the lake at a pohit about eighteeen miles from French River, which agrees in position with George's Island. Lat. by accoimt, 45° 57' ; long. 81° 32' W. Variation 7.30 a.m. . . . T 25'-0 W. XXXVII. Same clay. — Observed at noon, in Frazer Bay, lat. 45° 57' 24". XXXVIII. Same day, about 2 p.m., also within Frazer Bay, lat. 46° 0' ; long. 81° 40'. Dip, by Gambey No. 1. Tiital Force Fox A Lloyd A Relative 1-8376 1-8371 1-8373 Absolute 13-007 13-005 13-006 77° 5'-0 ir. (6-0) (2-5) (0-85) XXXIX. Observed at the camp, in longitude cir 81° 47'. Lat. by Polaris, 46° 4' 57". XL. May 18. — Reached the Hudson's Bay establishment, called Fort la Cloche, at an early hour. It takes its name from the Island of La Cloche, which is some ten miles distant to the S.E., and the latter preserves the memory of some early missionary establishment of the Jesuits. The latitude was observed on my return voyage, on November 7, 1844. By Polaris 46° 7' 0" ; long. 82° 3'. Variation, May 18, 1843, at 8.33 a.m. Dip by Gambey November 8, 1844 Force not observed. 2° 10' W. 70° 50'-2 XLI. Observed the latitude a little beyond the Fort to the \V. (May 18), 46° 8' 37". XLII. Observed again on Snake Island. Lat. by account 46° 10' ; long. 82° 40'. Dip by Gambey No. 1 77° 5'-5. Total Force Fox A Lloyd A . Relative 1-8201 1-8320 Absolute 13-844 13-865 w. (6-0) (2-5) 1-8300 r 2 13-860 (0-8^ 68 ON LAKE ironoN. J . i y ! i I The stations of my return voyage in 18 14 here begin to come in between stations of the outward voyage of 1848, and will be numbered in geographical order, as one series ; but to make a distinction, the dates in 1844 follow the entries. XLTII. Mail 10. — Observed near the mouth of the River Missis- saqid. Lat. by account 40° 10' ; long. 83° 2'. Variation, 7.45 a.m 2° 12'-7 E. XLIV. At Cranberrif Bay. Lat. by Polaris 46° 10' 41"; long. 82° 53'. Observed the azimuth of the star a Aquilse, which was favourably situated in the west, referring the angle by a theodolite to the axis of collimator magnet No. 6. Star from true meridian „ „ magnetic meridian Whence variation at 7.20 p.m. 124 7 12 W. 123 41 50 VV. 26 22 W. November 6, 1844. XLV. Maij 19.— Observed at noon. Lat. 46° 15'. XLVL Observed again at Tessalon Point, a long promontory at the mouth of the small river of that name. Lat. 46° 17' ; long. 83° 33'. o / Variation by compass, 3.26 p.ii . . . 11'4 W. Dip by Gambey No. 1 76 503 Fox A 77 48 Total Force Fox A . Lloyd B Relative 1-8581 1-8390 1-8525 Absolute 14-063 13-919 14-020 IK. (6-0) (2-5) (0-85) XLVn. At a spot in St. Mary's River called Bear Camp (Campe- ment d'Ours), reckoned about eight leagues or twenty-four miles below the Sault and sixteen miles from Tessalon Point. It is on the mainland, facing St. Joseph's Island, E. end. Lat. by Polaris 46° 20' 15" ; long. 83° 60'. By an observation of CapcUa, E. Star from true meridian . „ „ magnetic meridian . Whence variation at 7.59 p.m. 54 7 33 E. 54 5 2 30 E. Nowmfter 5, 1844. ON ST. MAUY'S IMVER. 69 XL VIII. Mttji 20.— At a Hpot on HiKjtir hhtml, in St. Miiry's Kiver, about livo miles below the Sault. Lat. by chart, W 'i'J'T ; long, corrected, 81° 17'. Sun from trim meridian . 4, „ miiprnutie meridinii . Variation ot 7.40 a.m. 05 :{.1 04 L'0-4 1 ;{ E. XLIX. \Vc arrived soon after at the Snnlt de St. Marie, ' St. Mary's ' of modern maps, but made no stay upon this occasion. It was the practice of the outward-bound brigades to proceed on without delay to the next station, to avoid the temptation to desertion, and the facilities for obtaining spirits, afforded by the American frontier settlement on the opposite side of the river. I had abundant evidence of the necessity for this precaution on my return, in the death of Narcisse Arel, one of my crew, from apojjlexy, the result of intoxication. The following observations were, how- ever, then made : latitude 40° 80' 44", being 12" less than the latitude of the Michigan State Survey, which is 40° 80' 50". For the longitude I adopt that of the Michigan Survey of 1807, namcily, 84° 21' 83", or 5'' 87'" 40"-2 W., although it is about 12' to the East of the position on Bayfield's original cliiirt, Slieet 111. It agrees, however, very nearly with Franklin, who gives 84° 28' 7',' and has been adopted in the revised chart of Lake Superior. Variation by collimator No. 0, November 4, 1844 : — At 0.56 A.M. 10.5 A.M. 11.6 A.M. Mean 1 1 1 11 141 K. 51 1 E. Hw> K. i:. The theodolite was carefully examined and readjusted between the second and third observation. Lieutenant Lee, of the United States Topographical Engineers, obtained variation 0° 4' 2r>" W. in July 1878," his station being ' 1 am indebted to the courtesy of Flis Excellency tlii^ Governor of the State of Michigan for a Iteport from Professor O. U. Wheeler, of the jjiike ISuperior .Survey, on the latest determination of longitude as laid down on the United States ( 'hart of Lake Superior, No. 1, 1872, and reduced to my station on the Hritish side. 'I'hese American corrections, as remarked above, have been adopted on the new Chart of T^ake Superior, issued by the Admiralty in 1878, No. .120, of which I have only become aware since these pages were written. ' See Appendix D of Appendix <"C of the Report of the Chief Engineer, Michieran. 1874. i.. ! I I ' ,n V 70 ON ST. MARY'S RIVEIJ. 273 fj!et N.W. of tho fliigrttaff of Fort Bnuly, whence it would appear that the line of No Variation raovi'd W., increasing westerly and dijcreasing easterly variations in this quarter, hetween 1844 and 1872, at the a^iparent rate (disregarding horary corrections) of 2'- i per annum ; and on turning to tho Toronto observations for the interval,' wo find that the change was continuous and unin- terrupted, but with acceleration from 1869. The dip was observed by my assistant, Corporal Henry, on November 4, 1844, but from some cause unexi^lained, probably tho instrument not being in the meridian, the results are unquestion- ably wrong, and must be rejected. He made it By Gam boy No. 1 ft » 2 o 77 77 4(J-2 450 Dr. John Rae observed it in May 1845, and records the true value, 77° 19'-5. Horizontal force in absolute measure, November 4, 1844 : ^ Corri'Otiul T m X Total If. No. ao 4L>5ii7 08))40 .^•028n 1 3-804 (ir*) „ 81 — 0-3517 3031 1=» 18-814' (0-8) „ 17 471Ufl 0-mm 30387 13-849 (1-5) 3-0330 13-824 (0-38) L. May 20 {continued).— 'Yhe canoes leaving the Sault pushed on to the customary camp at Pointe anx Phu, about seven miles W.S.W. from the Fort. Latitude by observation of Polaris 46° 29' 52" ; longitude by the recent chart, 84° 29'. l>ip, Gambey No. 1 The angles by Fox gave . Total Force RcUtive Fox A . . 1-8655 LlovdA . . 1-8516 „ B . . 1-8571 1-8603 . 77 13-4 . 77 12-1 Absoluto w. 14-119 (6-0) 14-014 (2-5) 14-056 (2-5) 14080 (M) ' See abstracts and results of magnetical and meteorological observations at the Magnetical Observatory, Toronto, Canada, from 1841 to 1871. [By Professor G. T. Kingston], Toronto, 1876. ' Sabine includes an observation by Dr. Locke taken on the American side, lie makes the mean dip 77° 24'-9, and the force 13-98. It is wrongly inserted on the map as 77° 5'-3. * From two values of ^ by dedection, the unhappy event above referred to having interrupted the observation. Tho result is given half weight. 71 SECTION n. SAULT STE. MAUIE TO LAKE WINNIPEG. About 025 fjeographical miles. LI. May 21. — Entered Lake Superior and observed at Pointc au Crepe, in n. bay south of the headland called Mamainse, where we were detained by wind. Latitude by chart 46° 58' ; long. 84" 44'. (By Bayfield, 84° 64'.) Variation, 6.8 F.u. . Dip 2 P.M., by Gambey 8 28 E. 77 11-6 The results by Fox's nc die A being very anomalous, although consistent among themselves. I give them for each weight, as observed, and reduced to temperature 46°-0. Total Force 2'6 grains , 3-0 „ . 3-5 „ . 40 „ . By Lloyd A 19115 1-0287 1'8006 1-9128 Ilelntirc 1-9134 1 •844.3 Absolute 14-482 R^ected 13059 I cannot explain the discrepancy and omit this station. We encamped at the mouth of Montreal River. LII. At Cape Gargantua, where I was detained in 1844 by wind. Latitude by observation at noon 47° 86' 53" ; long. 85° 5'. (By Bayfield 85° 15'.) Variation by collimation 2.16 p.m. 380 E. The variation was about 30 scale divisions, or 1** 3' more easterly next morning. The hour is not noted. o / Dip by Gambey No. 1 77 561 1 1 y.-i */' ( M 1 I' I 72 ON LAKE SUrERIOR. Horizontal force in absolute measure:— Bar 30 „ 31 „ 17 Corrected T 4-1408 4-4150 40015 0-3050 0-3507 0-0404 .V 31810 3-1000 3-1024 3-1000 15-223 15-200 15-273 IT. (1-0) (1-0) (1-0) 15-205 (0-3) This is the greatest force anywhere observed. Those observations concur in showing a very large amount of local disturbance, as was experienced at many of the stations on this lake, and is referrible to the volcanic nature and very dis- turbed condition of the formations on the east and north sides of the basin of Lake Suju'rior, Hereabouts an amygdaloid prevails.' Matt 22.— No observation possible. We arrived at a late hour at Miehipicoton. LHI. Mdif 23. — At the Hudson's Bay Post, Michipicoton, to which I also returned on October 29, 1844. By ' Polaris,' October 29, hit. 47° 5(V 2" ; long. 84° 54'. (By Bayfield 85° 4'.) Variation by collimator October 30, at 9-55 A.M 20-3' Dip by Gainbev No. 1 , May 23, 7 a.m. 78 6-3 *» Fox A .... , 78 4-4 It Gauibey No. 1, October 30, 1844 78 8-1 >» „ No. 2 „ „ Mea)i .... • 78 8-5 78 7-2 Totnl Force Relivtivo Absolute »r. Fox A ,1843 . . 1-8512 14-011 (6-0) Lloyd B. . . . 1-8615 14-089 (2-5) 1-8645 14034 (0-85) Horizontal force 1844 : — Correcteil T m X * II'. No. 30 4-3508 0-3957 2-8603 13-057 (1-0) „ 31 4-6507 0-3507 2-8810 14-014 (10) „ 17 4-8606 0-6404 2-8000 13-017 (1-0) 2-8701 13-002 (0-3) Allowing proportionate weight to the two results the mean is 1-8522 or 14-015. ' See Gioloijy of Canada, 1863, p. 702. - This observation was previously published as 3*^ 49' E., 1)ut on re-examination proves to bave been reduced without applying the equation of time, which is 10'" 1 1 \ hence a larpe error. i ON LAKE SUrERIOR. 73 LIV. ^f<^!/ 23 (continued).— We left the Fort a little before noon. The sun had passed the meridian 25"" before an opportunity offered for landing. Latitude reduced to the meridian 47° 54' 54". LV. Landed again about one mile east of the Chienne River. Lat. 47° 58' ; long. 85° 16'. Vftriation, 4.35 p.m. G.3;J „ 2 10 5 E. o , 2 '2(iO 2 21 -0 E. We encamped about five miles further on. LYL M II II ^ o 2 78 78 152 E. 337 32-5 Mean 78 331 I i I I i'i 1 ! Horizontal force in absolute measure by vibrations only, October 21 :— Corrected T m 8. No. 30 4-4104 0-3960 „ 31 4-7096 0-3508 „ 17 4-9150 0-6407 IK. 2-8018 2-8086 2-7967 2-8020 14-116 14150 14-085 14-117 (1-0) (1-0): (1-0) (0-3) LXI. May 25. — At the Hudson's Bay post at the mouth of the Pic. Latitude by observation at noon on October 17, 1844, 48° 35' 20"; long. 86° 15'. Variation by collimator October 18, 10.38 a.m. II II II ^ A.O ,1 5 13-3 E. 5 52-5 „ 5 32-9 „ Dip, May 25, 1843, by Gambey No. 1, a.m. „ „ by Fox . . . Dip, October 17, 1844, by Gambey No. 1, a.m. » )» »» ^ • By Dr. J. Rae in May, 1845 . Mean of the wbole 78 45-8 78 40-8 78 32-8 78 43-3 78 29-9 78 31-3 78 34-0 78 36-6 ' See p. 11 for the movements observed. 75 ON LAKE SUPERIOR. Total Force BelatlTO Absolute »'. May 25, 1843, bv Fox A 1-8373 13-906 (6 0) Lloyd A 1-8511 14010 (25) 1-8413 13-936 Hoi'izontal force in absolute measure, October 17, 1844, by vibrations only : — Dip applied • • . 78° 36'-6. Corrected T m X « IT. No. 30 4-4726 „ 31 4-7741 „ 17 4-9833 0-3961 0-3508 0-6408 2-7237 2-7355 2-7193 13-792 (1-0) 13-852 (1-0) 13-769 (1-0) 2-7202 13-804 (0-3) Allowing proportionate weight to the two results, the mean ia 1-8366 or 13-901. The large difference between the total force as determined in 1844 and the value found in 1843, results from the difference of the dip ; for if the same horizontal force is reduced with the dip recorded in 1843, the resulting value is nearly the same as before, viz. 13*926. As compared, however, with the stations preceding and following (Sabine's, Table XL), the hoi-izontal force itself aijpears too low, the time of vibration of each bar being very sen- sibly prolonged. Beyond Les Pet its Ecrits I'ic White B. Oct. 14. Oct. 17. Oct. 21. Bar 30 8i . 4-1192 . tit . 4-4726 8* . 4-4104 „ 31 . 4-3988 . . 47741 . 4-7096 » 17 . 4-6875 . . 4-9833 . . 4-9150 Dip . . 78° 24' . . 78°31'-3 . . 78°33'-l The vibrations were observed from 8.32 to 10 a.m., the dip about noon. There is no indication of any considerable change of force in the observations at Toronto (S*"' to T** Gott, m.t.), but a state of distm'bance is clearly indicated by the readings recorded. LXII. May 25, 1843. — Left the Pic shortly before noon, and ob- served for latitude on an islet off the mouth of the river. The Fort, bearing E.6 S., did not appear more than two or three miles distant. By reduction to meridian, lat. 48° 38' 46". The main body of the Brigade, which had pushed on while I was thus engaged, was forced by the heavy sea to land on Pic Island, where I rejoined them I !l 76 ON LAKI-: SUrEIlIOR. after a hazardous passage. About 5 o'clock we got off, and camped at UAmc h la Boufeille, the promontory opposite Slate Island, so named in the original, but not in the later chart. May 26. — No observations were made. LXIIL Observed on what must from its situation have been Battle Island of modern charts. It is only noted by me as about six leagues west of Les Petits Ecrits. Lat. by chart 48° 45' ; long. 87° 83'. Dip by Ganibey No. 1 . . , 76°24'-0.> Horizontal force by vibrations only : — Bar 30 „ 31 „ 17 Corrected T 41192 4-3088 4-6875 m 0-3962 0-3509 0-G409 X 3-2104 3-2185 3-2083 3-2124 * 13-050 13C84 13-644 ir. (1-0) (1-0) (1-0) 13-059 (0-3) These observations concur in showing an extraordinary amount of local disturbance, the dip differing more than — 2° from its normal value ; parallel cases will be found in the magnetic survey of Scotland, at Oban, and Loch Scavig. October 14, 1844. LXIV. May 27. — Observed at a station which is only entered under the general designation of ' La Terre Platte,' and which I cannot precisely identify. It appears, however, to have been on what is now called Simj^son's Island, not named in 1843. Lat. 48° 49', long, about 87° 45'. The term Terrc Platte, which properly describes the shores of Black Bay, is applied loosely by the voyageurs to all this part of the lake shore west of 87°, although not at all appropriate, as it is very rugged. Variation at 6.30 a.m. Dip by Gambey No. 1, „ Fox A (fave at 8 A.M. . 5 44-8 78 53-6 78 46-2 E. Total Force nelfttivo Absolute w. By Fox A . „ Llovd A . . 1-8535 . 1-8500 14028 14-003 (60) (2-5) 1-8526 14020 (0-85) forrar 15-8C s^tne mistake, for wbicb I am not responsible, tbe dip at tbis station was isbed as 78° 24', piviujr tlie anomalous and probably impossible force ' le correct value given above is nearly tbe same as on Otter Island (LVlli), another disturbed locality. ON LAKE SUPERIOR. 77 LXV. Observed again at noon, at a place called by the voyageurs IjC ILtnfiur dit Diahle, an island off St. Ignace, which I identify with Armour Island of the chart of 1878. It was a very remarkable basaltic island, jn'esenting ranges of regular columns running in a general direction W.fc N. to E.t S. but not perpendicular ; their inclination to the N. was from 15° to 40°. I have never seen any mention of this spot, which is seldom passed by travellers. Lat. observed, 48° 45' 16" ; long. 87° 52'. LXVI. Mat/ 28. — Observed at the east side of the deep bay (Sheesheep Bay), by Roche du Bout, still entered by me as * The Terre Platte.' Lat. 48° 34'; long. 88° 14'. Variation 7.14 a.m. „ 7.21 „ „ 7.25 „ 31-6 E. 1 37-0 2 110 1 20-7 This anomalous variation shows the powerful local effect of the igneous formations " ,nd ; the discrepancy between the three re- sults is due to tb ^gishness of the compass needle, which only advanced 41'-0 while the sun advanced 2° 20'. LXVII. On the same day observed at noon near Point Porphfnj. Lat. 48° 20' 55". LXVIII. Observed again on the west side of a small bay four or five miles east of Thunder Cape, or Point Tonnerre. The formation a clay slate. Lat. 48° 20' ; long. 88° 52'. Dip, by Gambey No. 1 , „ For A gave P.M. . 78 23-2 . 78 .30 Total Force Relative AbRoliitc W. Ry Fox A . . . „ Lloyd A . 1-8877 1-8570 14-287 (60) 14055 (2-5) 1-8786 14-218 (0-85) The traverse from this point across Thunder Bay is the widest on the lake, being fourteen or fifteen miles. The canoes waited for a calm, and finally reached Fort Wiij.iam about midnight. 78 FORT WILLIAM. LXIX. At Fort William, May 29 to 31, 1843, and October 10 and 11, 1844 :— Lat. by Captain Kendttl, Il.N., 1825 . . 48 2.'{ 40 „ by my observations, 1843 . . . . 48 23 25 Long, by the Boundary Commission, 1826 . 89 22 40 by Franklin, 1825 89 16 8 on Ilnyfield's chart, 1823 . . . 89 27 30 Qn the revised chart, 1878 . . . 80 13 30 The latter = 5'' 56" 54» W., is the longitude here adopted. f.ll m Variation — Bayfield, 1824, as given by Sabine Franklin, 1825 .... By my observations — 1843. May 29, 5.32 p.m. . „ May 30, 4.12 „ . » »> 4.1/ ,, . . „ May 31, 0.11 a.m. . 1844. October 11, by collimator Mean Dip— 1843. May 29, Oanibey No. 1 9 5-0 E. 7 17-5 E. 6 14-3 ' 6 41-9 6 50-6 6 46-1 343 E. 5 1-4 5 47-8 78 9-7 78 10-2 1844. October 11 jj 1 78 7-5 1 a i\j \j )i » » 2 77 55-5 Repeated » 1 77 55-5« 77 69-5 Mean • 78 4-7 Total Force lielatlve Absolute w. Jy Fox A May 29(1) . 1-8705 14157 (60) „ (2) , 1-8653 14-117 (60) „ Lloyd B „ • 1-8664' 14098 (2-0) 1-8676 14-135 (1-4) Fox's needle C was observed at Fort William, and the angles taken as base values from Fort Colonge to Norway House. ' This result is from two sights only. ' On perceiving the discrepancy between needles 1 and 2, the instrument, which had been dismounted, was spt up again, and observation repeated. As the value given in 1843 is confirmed by Fox A, which gave the approximate dip 78° 8'-7, I can only attribute the difference in 1844 to a change of the element. In each of the eight positions of needle 1 the readings on the second observation are less than they were in the firet. ^ This depends on the v.alue l-S?.^ assigned to Norway House, to which it is referred. FOUT WILLIAM. ro Horizontal force by deflection and vibration : — 1843. Magnet 30 Corrected T H 4-9311 ^ ' 5-1537^ 0-4560 0-4190 1844. Mean, 1843 Magnet 30 4-3471 it 31 17 40387 4-8ol7 0-3062 0-3522 0-6405 X 2-8604 2-8718 2-8804 2-8781 2-8618 13-093 14-004 13-998 13-942 13-031 13-852 (1-5) (1-5) (1-5) (15) (15) Mean, 1844 Mean, both years 13-908 (0-76) 13i)45 Combining these values by weight, the mean is 1-8G01 or 14-0785. Sabine (Table XL VIII, 1846) gives two values, the mean of which is 14-015, or, as in his Contribution XIII, 14-01 ; but he also adopted for the relative force 1'8655, disregarding the absolute results entirely (' Phil. Trans.,' 1846, p. 274), and this was the basis of reduction of Lloyd's needles at forty stations. The relative force, which gives a total force of 14-015, is 1*8517, not 1-865, therefore these values were slightly too great. I have adopted in place of either, as best supported, the value corresponding to 14-0785, viz. 1-8601, with weight 1-55. June 1, 1843. — I left Fort William at 4-15 a.m., accompanied, as far as the Falls of Kakabeka, by Captain Stacke, of the 71st Regiment, who had been a fellow-passenger from Montreal. No observations could be made this day in consequence of the rain. Here my connection with the Hudson's Bay Company's canoes was entirely dissevered. The large canoes, called Canots dc maiire, then went on no further than this point ; the number and length of the portages precluding their further employment, a lighter canoe, called the Canot da Nord, came into use, one of which was appropriated to myself by the directions of Sir George Simpson, with a guide and a supply of provisions, and henceforward I com- manded the disposition of my own time, subject only to the necessity of getting on. The following extract from a letter addressed to Lieutenant Younghusband on June 29 explains the matter : — It was Sir George Simpson's instructions that I should leave the Brigade here and take a canoe to myself, in order not to delay their progress. Uy so doing time was urdoubtcdly saved to them, but lost to me, to the amount, I sliould say, of iS' signifii's tlint the bar was vibrated in a stirrup. m 80 ON THE KAMIXISTIQUIA. * IN' #" one diiy iu four or five, because while with the Briji;ade cooking and bo forth was done for us, and it made no nrntter if my canoe did not get into camp till oiglit or nine o'clock, as was usually the case. Now Corporal Henry has to do it all, and I am obliged to give him time enough, not to mention the difrcrenco in the rate at which all the movements of a single canoe are made from those of a number in company, they then vie with one another, and work with much more spirit. LXX. June 2. — At the Portrnjc Ecarte, or Strayed Portage F, on the old Hudson Bay route, ahout twenty-six miles from the mouth of the Kaministiquia. It is next beyond the Mountain Portage, lat. 48° 25' F. ; long. 89° 44'. Dip, Oambey No. 1 .... 77° ]3'-5. This result is nearly 1° too low, but the approximate dip deducible from the angles of deflection with Fox supports it, being 77° 29'*8. It is evidently influenced by local causes. Total Force Fox A Lloyd A Relative 18520 1-8458 1-8502 Absolute 14017 13071 14013 (00) (2-5) (0'85) LXXI. On the same day. — Observed at the Portage de VMe, probably the Friar's Portage of Franklin, about one mile to the north-east of the last station, lat. 48° 26'; long. 89° 42', with the following anomalous results : — At 5.39 P.M., variation „ 5.45 „ „ 39 21)'8 E. .39 6'-7 Each being the mean of five sights. I can detect no appearance of error in this observation, and the amount of local disturbing force indicated is the only thing remarkable ; its presence is clearly shown by each of the elements. Thus comparing the adjacent stations we have : May 20-.'J0 Fort William .lune 2 Portiige F,cart^ „ Portage de I'lsle June 3 Chien Lake Dip o / 78 10 77 13-5 78 26-8 Variation 34 .39 1 8-2 T'oi cc 1-8073 18.510 ( i-8or)0 Subsequent study of the geology of the neighbourhood ' has shown that the Eiver Kaministiquia at, or very near this locality, is crossed by a band of Laurentian rocks about four miles wide, dividing the ' See Prof. Alleine Nicholson, M.D., in the Quaifrrlt/ Journal of the Geolo- gical Soci.'ty, 1873, p. 19. THE CIIIEX, OR nOO rORTAGE. 81 * copper-bearing ' rocks of Lake Superior, which consist of black shales with interstratified traps, from the Huronian district, which includes Chien Lake, and which extends to Lake Shebandowan ; a broad dyke of syenite is thrown up between the Laurontian and Huronian formations a mile or two to the cast of this portage. Several instances will be pointed out in the course of this survey of the occurrence of great magnetic disturbance at the junction of different geological formations ; and as lines of natural drainage are very apt to follow these lines of junction, it follows that the lines of lake or river beds are more likely to present anomaly than an open country. The line of navigation between Norway House and York Factory, and English River, present well-marked examples. Evidence, however, that all the magnetic elements participate, however much that is to be expected, is not always producible, because the observation for variation was as a rule made at a different place from the observations of dip and force. LXXn. Janiiarif 3. — At the Bad or Mauraia Portage. Lat. 48" 29' ; long. 89° 44' F. Variation, 8.28 \.u 5° 48'-0 E. LXXHL The same day at the south-west end of the long Chien, or Doff Portage. The jwles of the dipping needle were not reversed, the magnets having been by mistake carried over the portage, but the mean readings, direct and reversed, were at this time nearly identical. Lat. 48° 39' ; long. 89° 30'. Pip about 4.30 p.m. „ by Fox A 78 26-8 78 25-0 Total Force Relative Fox A . . 1-8670 Ahsolutn IF. 14-137 (0-0) Lloyd A . . 1-8507 14-053 (2-5) 18(546 14-112 (0-8.-) Relative horizontal force, October 9, 1844 :— Corrcctal T m X 4> ir. Maprnet No. 30 4-3888 0-3964 „ „ 31 4-0840 0-3510 „ „ 17 4-8717 0-6411 2-8266 14-113 (10) 2-8377 14-168 (10) 2-8440 14-200 (1-0) 2-8301 14-160 (0-3) The mean according to weight is 14-124. This station was the nearest approach on the south side to the assigned position of T I. / 82 THE PRAIiaE rOIlTAGE. maximum intensity, being just within the closed oval of 14*19, as laid down by combination of all the observations. LXXIV. June 4. — Observed on Chicn or Doff Lake, about 708 feet above Lake Superior and 347 feet above Little Dog Lake (Dawson). Lat. 48° 44' ; long. 89° 40'. Variation, 0.10 A.M 0° Ol'-l E. LXXV. On the same day, observed at noon, being still on Chien Lake. Lat. 48° 51' 10". About twenty miles beyond Chien Lake, and after passing Jourdan's Portage occurs what is called by FrankUn * Viscous Lake,' the water of which is believed by the voyageurs to oppose extraordinary resistance to a canoe. I myself took a paddle, and found the fact very perceptible ; but the cause was no doubt a tacit agreement of the men to relax their own efforts. The water is pure and tasteless, but I had no means of ascertaining its density. LXXVL June 5. — Observed at a small lake on the height of land at the first ' set down ' above the hill, in the Prairie Portage, which is thirty miles from Chien Portage, and marks the height of land, 887 feet above Lake Superior (Dawson). It is 2 miles 5 chains long. Lat. 48° 57'-5 F. ; long. dO° l'-5 F. Dip about noon „ by Fox . o 78 78 Total Force Fox A Lloyd A Relntive 1-8580 1-847 1 1-8508 Al solute 14008 l.'l-(»80 14-041 / 201 28-2 ir. (0-0) (2-5) (0-85) I observed again at this station on my return, October 7, 1844. Horizontal force by vibrations only : — Corrected T m A' f 8 Ily Magnet 30 4-0838 0-3904 2-8327 14130 31 40720 0-3510 2-8387 14-227 17 4-8705 0-0412 2-8314 14-100 IK. » (1-0) (1-0) (1-0) (0-3) 2-8342 14-182 Combining the two results the mean is 14-086. LXXVIL Obtained an observation at noon at the Bitrtit Port- age between the Prairie and Savannah portages. Lat. 48° 57' 18". October 7, 1844. THE SAVANNAH POllTAGE. 83 "•ora- lis". 14. LXXVIII. June 0.— Observed at the upper or sonth-wcst end of the Savannah Portage. Lat. 48" 58'; long. 90° 3' 15" F. This portage is 1 mile 41 chains long. Varifttion, 7.52 a.m 8" 0'-3 E. Also at the same place, October 0, 1814 : — o / Variation, 7.12 p.m. by azimutlis of Jupiter * 23*1 E. .\nd at 7.50 a.m. Octolx'V 7 by nziiuiitli of the sun 7 2B'0 E. Mean 7 fJ8'3 Talliser found 0° 53' E. in this portage in 1857. Dip, 11 A.M 78 2V8 „ Fox gave 78 14'4 Total Force relntlvo Ab«oliit« 11'. Fox A l-8(t47 14113 ((VO) Lloyd A . . . 1-8023 14 095 (25) l-8e48 14-107 June 7. — On the Lake of the Thousand Islands, ol)servation prevented by heavy rain. LXXIX. Encamped on Barrel Lake, about three miles west of the portage, and observed latitude by Polaris, 48° 47' 37" (October 5, 1844). LXXX. June 8. — Observed at the west end of the French Pnrtaffc. Lat. 48° 35' ; long. 91° 8'-4. This portage is 1 mile 60 chains long. Dip, about noon 78 20-4 Fo.\ gave 78 5'5 Tiitnl Force Fox A Lloyd A Relative 1 •H((()0 1 -8544 Atisolnte 14-084 14()M5 ir. (OO) (2-5) (0-85) 1-861)0 1400!) LXXXL June 9.— Observed at the Portaf/e des Morfs, eleven miles from the last. It is 26 chains long. Lat. 48° 36' ; long. 91° 25'-l F. Variation by 3 sights only (0.16 a.m.) . . lO-' 39'-5 E. LXXXII. Same day. — Repeated the observation at the east end of the Portage of the Two Rivers (26 chains), about 2^ miles distant W.S.W. Lat., by an observation at noon, 48° 34' 59"; long. 91° 23'. Variation, 0.50 A.M 10° 57'-G E. 1 I 84 CnoSS LAKE. At the same place : — Dip by Oaiuboy 7f 40-4 „ Fox Knv< 77 68'2 rotal Force nolatlve AlMolute w. Fox A . . 1 -HOfiO 14115 (00) Ll.nd A . 18640 140.W (2-6) 1-8012 At the Bamo place, October 4, 1844. lute measure by vibration only : — 140»»3 (0-8fi) Horizontal force in abso- Corrected T m X 4 i. By Magnet 30 43170 03005 20206 13846 , 31 40034 0-3510 20380 13020 , 17 4-7070 00413 20315 13806 (10) (1-0) (10) (0-3) 2-0300 13-800 Combining these two results by weight, the mean is 14-031. LXXXIII. Jvne 10.— Observed at the cast end of Lake a la Crosse. Lat. 48° 24' ; long. 92° 4'. Variation, 7.< Dip, 10 A.M. 4 A.M. ■ . 7 . . 77 52-5 E. 51-0 Total Force Fox A . Lloyd B . • Rolntlve . 1-8602 . 1-8550 Absolute 14-072 14-040 ir. (6-0) (2-5) 1-8580 14063 (0-85) LXXXIV. The same day. — Observed at noon on the lake. Lat. 48° 21' 38". LXXXV. Jttne 11. — I was detained nearly the whole of this day at the second portage, leading out of Cross Lake, in conse- quence of having to send the canoe back with my assistant to last night's encampment, to recover something left behind. The place of observation was on a rising ground, towards the West end. Lat., by observation, 48° 14' 13" ; long. 92° 25'. Variation, 7.41 a.m 10 40-3 K. „ 8.13 A.M 10 10 DipbyGaml)ey 77 401 RclatWe Abniiliitc Total Force Fox A . Uoyd A . 1-8549 1-8493 1-8532 140.30 13-906 14026 (60) (2-5) (0-85) RAINY LAKK, OR LAC LA PLUIE. 85 bso" a la lake. this ^nse- last klace 3nd. LXXXVI. June 1*2.- ObstTVL'd at noon, on one of the many small islands in Stunjeon Luhc, Lat. 18" 2(5' *2l)". LXXXVII. On tho same day. — Observed on another sma. granite island, towards the west end of the same lake, the first portage out of it being about two miles distant, bearing W.N.W. Lat. 48° 27'-5 ; long. 92° 38'. Dip, 1 p.M 77° Tutitl Force Fox A Lloyd A , ReUtiTe 1'8033 l-ftr)17 l-8o00 Absolut* 14103 I40ir, 14077 44'-8 H'. (0-0) (2'B) (0-85) LXXXVIII. On the same day. — Obtained a couple of azimuths of the sun at the further or north end of the first portage. Lat. 48° 28' ; long. 92° 41'. Variation, 3.65 p.M 10" 25'-2 E. LXXXIX. June 13. — Observed on a granite island on the South side of Lac la Phne, or Rainy Lake, about fifteen miles from the entrance, where I was detained some time by the weather. Lat. by observation at noon, 48° 38' 26" ; long. 92° 50'. Variation, 0.30 a.m. Dip by Oambey „ Fox A gave Total Force Fox A . Lloyd A • . 10 5;j-6 K. . . . . . 77 470 . . 77 28-7 RclAtive Aliaolute H'. . 1-8633 14-130 (2) . 1-8514 14-012 (1) 1-8597 14-0J)5 The same day reached Four Fuances. XC. June 14. — At Fort Frances, the Hudson's Bay House near the outlet of the lake, and immediately above the Rapids. It is now Alberton. Latitude by Franklin, 1825 By my observation, 1843 . Longitude, Franklin . By six sets of lunar distances By modern Dominion maps By the map of the Boundary Commission of 1826 . 48 36 18 . 48 36 51 h. . 93 28 33 = 6 . 93 22 16 . 03 23 13 66-2 93 332 Thftuieau, viz. 03" 2G' 7, is probably very near the truth. n 86 FORT FRANCES. "Variation by Franklin, May 28, 1826 , Variation, June 14, 6.26 p.m. ,, „ 6.62 P.M. . o / >/ 10 42 33 E. 10 333 E. 10 367 10° 34'-4 Again, September 30, 1844, by collimator :- At9.26A.M „ 3.17 p.M Mean adopted Palliser found in 1857 Dip, June 14, 1843, Gambey 1 » „ Fox A gave September 20, 1844, Gambey 1 » i> II 2 o 8 8 30-7 E. 341 8 36-4 E. 9 86 9 31 E. 77 77 77 77 28-0 L. 22-8 41-4 H. 44-5 H. The last two observations were made by Corporal Henry, and I am obliged to conclude that there is something wrong about them, as the vibrations show nothing unusual, and the determination of 1843 is supported by an observation by Dr. Eae in 1845, when he found the dip 77° 32'. I assume the dip in 1844, for deduction of force, as 77° 30'. The most simple supposition is that the instru- ment in 1844 was not in the meridian. Total Force Relative Absolute ir. June 14, 1843. Fox A 1-8632 14-026 (6-0) Lloyd A . 1-8627 14065 (2-5) „ B . 1-8396 13-923 (2-6) 18499 14-009 (1-05) Horizontal force in absolute measure by vibration and deflec- tion : — Corrected T June 14, 1843. Magnet 30 47821 31 6-0102 0-4554 0-4179 3-0478 3-0492 14-035 14042 ir. (16) (1-6) 3-0485 14-037 Sept. 29, 1844. Magnet 30 4-2395 31 4-5242 17 47110 0-3962 0-3506 0-6401 30306 3-0446 3-0459 14-002 14-«G9 14-072 (1-5) (1-6) (1-5) 30-404 14-047 (0-75) Mean of both years according to weight, 1*8528, or 14-023. XCI. June 16. — On Rainy River, North side, in what is now Township XXIH of Kewaydin. Lat. 48° 41' ; long. 94° 31'. Variation, 7.48 a.m. Dip, 0.0 A.M. Fox gave 13 4-5 77 57-4 78 14-9 L.VKE OF THE WOODS. 87 15) 1-5) 75) mow Total Foroe Relative Absolute ir. Fox A . 1-8891 14-2!»8 (6-0) Lloyd A . l-OOOO 14-386 (2-5) „ B . 1-8840 14-200 (2-5) 1-8880 14-;{09 (11) This force is considerably in excess ; the dip is also greater than would be inferred from the adjacent stations : both results point to local disturbance. The station is near the junction of Huronian schists with granitoid gneiss (Dr. Bell's ' Geological Reports,' 1872-3), a condition usually attended with magnetic irregularity (see LXXI). XCII. On the same day observed at noon on the present Indian Eeservein Rainy River, near the Point aux Pins. Lat. 48° 47' 21)".' XCIII. On the same day observed at the encampment for the night, probably on Big Island in the Lake of the Woods. Lat. by Polaris 49" 4' 36" ; long. 94° 43'. My remaining barometer was broken by accident this day. It had been so placed in the canoe that the cistern end projected a little, unobserved, beyond the gunwale, and on approaching the shore it came violently in contact with the overhanging stem of a tree. XCIV. June 17. — Observed on another island in the lake. Lat. by account 49° 19' ; long. 94° 40'. It was probably Falcon Island, or the larger island not named on the map, to the east of it. Variation, 7.58 a.m 13 420 E. Dip by Gambey, 9.20 A.M 78 3-7 „ Fox gave 78 1-7 Total Force Relative Absoliito II'. Fox A . . . 1 8070 14- 131 ((>•()) Lloyd A . . . 1-8570 14059 (2-5) 1-8(U2 14-110 (0-85) ' A chart of Rainy Kiver was filed at the Foreijxn Office October 23, 1820, being part of a survey made under the Vllth Article of the Treaty of Ghent. It is on a very large scale, and inserts »oven small streams falling into this river ou one or either side : — In longitude o / Riskarko, or Kiskurke Sepi . . .94 30 north Rapid River 94 33 south Steep Bank River 94 39 north River Baudette 94 41 '5 south Crooked Pine River . . , .04 44-7 north Winter Road River . . . .94 45-9 south (No name) 94 47-0 north Point aux Pins is placed in lat, 48° 49'; long. 94° 47'-2. Ml i.i 1 if 1^1 r I I i 88 ELECTRIC PHENOMENA. The formation was gi-anite and mica slate, containing garnets in abundance. XCV. June 18. — My Iroquois guide, Laurent Tewakewassin, got completely bewildered this day among the archipelago of small low-wooded islands, all singularly alike, which fills the centre of the Lake of the Woods. There was no persuading him for a long time to follow my compass in the absence of the sun, and to keep a northerly course. We lost two days in paddling vamly backwards and forwards, looking for some landmark that he could recognise. I observed for time and longitude at the breakfast hall 7.33 a.m., but find no observation for variation. Lat. by account, with an estimation of courses to noon, 48° 25' ; long. 94° 21'. XCVL On the same day observed at noon. Lat. 49° 28' 7". XCVIL On the same day observed again on an island lying to the west of the proper channel; estimated lat. 49° 25'; long. 94° 3'. Variation, 3.14 r.M 12 26 E. Dip by Gambey, 1 r.M 78 167 „ Fox gave 78 15 2 Total Force Fox A . Lloyd A Relative 1-8635 1-8418 1-8571 Absolute 14-104 13-008 ifbii (6-0) (2-5) (0-85) A very violent thunderstorm occurred this evening. The sky wore a very threatening aspect about 6.30, and as the guide had lost his way, and was wandering without an object, I decided to encamp. We had hardly done so, when a tremendous storm burst upon us, one which must have sent the canoe to the bottom if we had been cau}rht in the open. It presented an unusual feature, which induces me to copy my note of it. ' The storm commenced about 7 p.m., preceded by lightning. The electric discharges were seen four times undoubtedly striking from the earth upwards, of a strange livid green. Wind sudden, very violent, the rain terrific, a burst apparently following each flash. A few minutes before 8*', just as the sun was setting, appeared a most brilliant rainbow arch, rising to 40°.' The same phenomenon of electric discharge from the earth was observed in the Gulf of St. Lawrence August 28, 1842. * I noticed two or three flashes dart upward from the sea horizon perpendi- culai'ly and decidedly ' (MS. log). XCVin. Jane 19. — Still engaged in searching for the Rat Portage. I observed for time and longitude at 7.46 a.m. Lat. by estimation, 49° 80' ; long. 94° 45'. \-\ feMi RAT PORTAGE, OR KEWAYDIN. 89 flC s XCIX. On the same day observed at noon. L-t. 49° SO* 43". C. June 20. — Reached at hist the Rat Portage (now Ke- waydin), at the outlet of the Lake of Woods, at about 8 a.m. Lat. by Tiarks 49° 45' 56" ; by my observation at noon, 49° 46' 27" ; long. 94° 33' 19".' Variation, 10.11 a.m. Dip by Garnbey „ Fox A gave ti ft ^ tt 380 E. 78 7-5 71 0-5 78 78 Total Force Fox A . Relative 1-8566 1-8519 Absolute 14053 14016 14-0a8 w. (60) (40) (10) 1-8547 Lloyd A (not completed). The Gambey Dip circle was unfortunately thrown down while my attention was engaged in taking the meridian altitude of the sun, and rendered for the time unserviceable by the breakage of the glasses. It was subsequently repaired at the Red River settle- ment ; but Lloyd's needle A, which was on it at the moment, was ruined. At the same station, September 25, 1844, I observed the Hori- zontal force in absolute measure by vibration only. ' We have here a good example of the uncertainty attaching to the longitudes of well-known places to which the telegraph is not yet extended. Franklin did not observe at the Rat Portage, but by mwisurement on his map he places it in 04° 29'. Dr. Tiarks, in determining the longitude of the north-west angle of the Lake of the Woods for the Commissioners under the Treaty of Ghent in 1826, assumed its longitude to be 94° 30', and the longitude long accepted for that im- portant international landmark (95° 14' 38") was entirely based upon this assump- tion ; • he merely determined, with great care, the chronometric difference. I have been unable to find any authority for the longitude 94° 39' ; but Dr. Tiarks refers to a map of the Lake of the Woods by Mr. Thompson ' from his surveys ' — Thompson is, therefore, probably the authority he followed. But the International Boundary Commission of 1872-6 differs nearly six minutes from Tiarks, placing the north- west angle in 95° 8' 66"-7, and applying Tiarks' difference, the Rat Portage is in 04° 33' ]8"-7, aa given above. The large map compiled at the Topographical Depot of the War Office, 1870, from Messrs. Dawson and Napier's maps, places it in 04" 33'. The Dominion map of Kewaydin, dated 1876, in 04° 31'. My chronometer observations, which, however, were not favourable, the sun's hour angle being too small, made it 94° 41' 10". * See his affidavit sworn in New York, November 18, 1825. Amerkan Journal o/" Science, vol. xv. i ^ \ -»; i^ ','1 r i: i •■ I, r ; 90 TEKM DAY OF JUNE, 1843. CorrccUd T m Uy Magnet No. 30 4-;<502 3065 „ „ 31 4-64(30 0-3615 „ „ 17 4-8392 0-6423 Relative 2-8041 2-8795 2-8768 2-8734 * 130] 8 13-093 13-981 13-064 If. (10) (l-O) (10) (0-3) Tbo mean for both years is 1-8449, or 14-023. June 21. — Left the Rat Portage at 2.30 a.m., reached the Grande Decharge (Discharge of Charette's Little Kock F) at 6.25 A.M., and the White Earth Portage at 8 a.m. CI. Observed at noon on the Winnipeg River. Lat. 50° 9' 7". CIL About half an hour afterwards I landed on the east or left bank of the river, at an expansion of the stream amounting almost to a small lake, but without a name, to observe the Gott- ingen Term-day. Latitude by account 50° 10'*2; longitude 95° 12'. The instruments were erected and adjusted in the course of a couple of hours. The Term-day observations were commenced at 3'' 2" 40' of mean time, corresponding to lO** 3*" 6' of Gottingen mean time, and continued to the same hour of the day following. The weather was perfectly calm, the stillness unbroken except by the frequent cry, half wail, half shriek, of a loon in the neigh- bouring water. No decided magnetic disturbance occurred except- ing a marked movement of declination between 9.47 and 10.14 a.m. (22"* 4h 48"! to 22'* 5^ 15" Gottingen), which appears to have been local, for there was no trace of it at Toronto, distant about 900 miles. There was a movement of Horizontal force at the same time {see p. 12). At this station I observed also : — Variation at 6.12 1>.M. . , , 12 28-7 E. Dip with tlie Fox Circle, Needle A . 79 100 » n >» » B . 79 113 Total Foreo Relntive Absolute ir. Fox A . , . 1-8767 14-204 (60) The dip as well as the force at this station would appear to indicate a high degree of local disturbance, on which account it was omitted by Sir E. Sabine from his map. The former rests on two observations by two observers : Needle A by Corporal Henry, needle B by myself, the original entries of which I have re-examined. The exceptional force is confirmed by two sets of ON THE WINNIPEG RIVER. 91 to it in deflections with bar. 30, giving X = 2-9289 ; but with the dip recorded this gives (ft = 15-697. There is, therefore, something wrong with the dip. June 22. — I quitted the station of Term observation at 8.45 p.m., and reached the Island Portage, or Portage de I'lsle (2) at 4.25, where we encamped. June 23. — Left the camp at 3.30 a.m. ; Jacob's Portage 5.0 to 5.40 ; the first Woody Point Portage 7.10 to 8.45 a.m. CIII. Encamped on the Burnt Wood Portage, which comes between the two Woody Point Portages. Observed. Lat. by Polaris 50° 19' 10" ; long. 95° 36'. Septcmher 22, 1844. CIV. June 23, 1843 (;rsHHJC(/).— Ecacliod Slacc Falls and Portage 11 A.m. and remained to 2 p.m. Lat. by observation 50° 14' 41" ; long. 95° 40'. Dip by Fox's needle A . The intensity observations gave Total Force Relative FoxA . . . . 1-8G21 78 67-1 78 5tV0 Absolute 14094 The latitude of this station is nearly 4' more to the S. by Frank- lin's route, but he appears to have obtained no observation on the day he passed this portage (June 4). CV. On the same day reached Barrier Portage. Lat. by account 50° 11'; long. 95° 43'. CVI. June 24. — Left camp at 3.15 a.m., taking the route by the Pinawa liiver, a small channel only navigable when the waters are high, which cuts off the ' Seven Portages ' of the Winnipeg Eiver, and leads into Cap Lake or Lake Bonnet. Observed at a portage in this channel. Lat. by account 50° 10' ; long. 96° 3'. Variation, 7.20 a.m. . . . 12° 48'-6 E. Professor Hind noticed in 1857 an unusual amoimt of local attraction at an island of gneiss in Lake Bonnet, which we entered soon after. ' The needle here refused to act, and on passing close to a high exposure of the schist it vibrated between 50° W. and 50° E. of north as roughly estimated ' (Report, p. 294). The above variation is irregular, in defect, and also indicates local disturbance. CVII. On the same day, observed at noon on Lake Bonnet or Cap Lake. Lat. 50° 20' 56 '. Hir h- v 5 fl' i! (/ 92 FORT ALEXANDEK. This was a day of incessant unloading and reloading the canoe at different short portages, and no other magnetic observations were taken. Encamped at 9.30 p.m. CVIII. June 25. — Left camp at 3.45 a.m. and reached Fort Alexander, about IJ mile from the mouth of the River Winnipeg. o / // Latitude by Franklin, 1825 . . . . 50 30 89 By my observations, 1843 50 37 .3 Longitude by Franklin 96 21 25 W. By uiy observations, referred to Fort Gariy as a standard meridian 96 23 13 W. Variation, Franklin, June 5, 1826 ... 15 157 E. My observations, June 25, 6.37 p.m. ... 13 290 E. „ June 20, 4.49 A.M. ... 14 25-3 Again, September 20, 1844 : — By Collimator Magnet, 7.39 a.m f4 8'4 E. „ „ 8.26 A.M 14 4-2 Mean 14 04 The first reading, on June 25, which I have rejected for its irregularity, gives, taken singly, 15° 31''2, rnd if we include it, the mean of the set becomes 13° 29' ; in either case it is irregular, but I see nothing to justify the rejection of the observation. o / Dip, Franklin, June 5, 1825 78 471 My observation with the Fox circle, needle A, with deflectors with weights, June 25, 1843 . 78 61*8 With the Gambey circle 78 55-8 September 30, 1844, No. 1 79 3-4 „ „ „ 2 70 25 1 adopt the mean 78° 58''4. Total Force Belative Absolute W. June 25. Fox A . . . 1-8559 14047 (60) Horizontal force in absolute measure, September 19, 1844 : — Corrected T m X W. Magnet 30 44898 03962 2-7019 14-229 (1-5) ,, 31 4-7943 0-3515 27044 14-237 (1-5) „ 17 60090 0-6414 2-6888 14156 (15) 2^6984 14-207 (0-45) Mean 14008 (0-9) 36 IS 98 ts he ut SECTION III. FORT ALEXANDER TO YORK FACTORY ON HUDSON'S BAY. About 695 geographical miles, CIX. June 26, 1843. — Left Fort Alexander. noon. Lat. 60° 38' 83". Observed at ex. Observed at the encampment on Lake Winnipeg ( = muddy v^ater) a little way round the point. Lat. by account, 50° 85' ; long. 96° 35' 38". Variation, 0.0 p.m. Dip by the Fox circle, 7 p.m. 13 410 E. 78 34-4 Total Force Relative Absolute Fox A 1-8667 14128 Out of six customary deflections of the Fox needle, one was, on this occasion, omitted, in consequence of the failure of daylight at 8 P.M. CXI. June 27. — On Lake Winnipeg, very near the last station. By observation at noon. Lat. 50° 83' 25" ; long. 96° 36'. Dip by the Fox circle .... 79° 6'1 This was a day of detention. ' The wind blew steadily, and raised a sea which the canoe could not face.' It is to be regretted that the variation and force were not observed, as the dip is anomalous. It would seem that the weather prevented obser- vation. CXII. June 28. — Left camp at 3.45 a.m. Reached the mouth of the Red River about 8 a.m. Observed at noon, about ten miles below the ' Stone Fort.' Lat. 50° 16' 20". Reached Lower Fort Garry, or ' The Stone Fort,' between 4 and 5 p.m., where I had the pleasure of finding the Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, Sir George Simpson. 1 VI ! f it r J ; ' u> il 04 FOUT OARRY, NOW WINNIPEG. CXIII. June 29. — Accompanied Sir George Simpson to Upper FouT CiAiinY, or Fort Assiniboia, now Winnipeg City, a distance of twenty miles by land from tlic Lower Fort, and near the junction of the Assiniboine and Red rivers, sometimes called the Forks. Here I remained until July 4 ; detained by necessary repairs to the dip circle, and other requirements. Upper Fort Garry. Liititude hy Tolans, June 20, 11.10 p.m. . „ „ 11. .'JO P.M. . „ hy circum-nioridian alts, of the sun, Juno JJO The latter is adopted. 49 54 10 40 54 26 49 53 10 Fort Garry is laid down in Arrowsmith's map of British North America, dated April 25, 1844, in longitude 97° 6', as nearly as the small scale of the map admits of measurement. Upon grounds which I cannot at present remember, or trace, I assigned 97° 3'. It api)ears, however, to be 12'"6 more to the westward. I am indebted to Major Sanderson, E.E., of the British American Boundary Commission of 1872-6, for the information that the true longitude of the Fort is 97° 15' 36", or 6" 29™ 24' W., made out as follows. The longitude of Pembina was determined by that Com- mission to be 97° 13' 51"*5, whence that of the 'First Principal Meridian ' of the Dominion Government surveys of Manitoba and the North-West Territory is 97° 27' 9". Fort Garry is, by the sur- veys, 8*75 statute miles east of this 'First Principal Meridian,' equivalent to 11' 33" of longitude. The adoption of this datum has rendered it necessary to correct the longitudes on Lake Winnipeg. Variation by compass, June 20, .'>.! 1 p.m. „ ao, 7.18 p.m. Mean Dip, July 3, Gamhey needle No. 1 . ,« i> >» » ■* • Mean adopted . June 20, Fox circle, needle A gave , July 3 » C „ This result is disregarded ir, 276 E 10 421 10 4-8 o 78 10-4 78 16-3 78 18-8 O 78 170 78 100 78 107 78 12-6 •- ON THE RKD KIVER. 95 Total Force nclatlve Atisoliife ir. Fox A. I'HOIO 14092 (00) ,. (-') . 1-8005 14081 (60) „ t' . 18C20 14 024 (40) )» »> • l-8r,25 14021 (40) Lloyd A . 1 8616 14014 (2-5) „ B . l-8fi84 14068 (2-5) 18572 14050 (2-5) Horizontal force in absolute measure by deflection and vibra- tion : — Correotod T m X ^ W. 8. By Magnet No. 1, Juno 30 4i)748 0-4502 ai 51938 0-4101 2-8488 2-8495 2-8491 14 005 14 008 140()0 (1-5) (15) (0-3) . , . 78° Itelfttive Absolute w. 1-8003 14-080 (0-0) 1-8007 14129 (2-5) 1-8021 14-094 (0-85) Mean allowing to the respective results the weights of 2-5 and 0-3 is 14*050. CXIV. Juh/ 4. — Left the Fort and encamped about six miles from the mouth of Red liivcr. Lat. by Polaris 50° 18' 12" ; long. 96° 52'. Dip, 8 P.M., Oambey No. 1 78° 34' Total Force Fox A. Lloyd B . CXV. July 5.— Left camp 2.30 a.m., reached the mouth of the Red River 4.30. Observed at noon on the west side of the lake from the lake horizon. Lat. 50° 43' 51". CXVL Encamped on the same side, on a sandy beach covered with fragments of limestone, with a swamp in rear. The musquitoes here were almost intolerable. It was necessary to fill the tent with acrid smoke from damp weeds to obtain a moment's respite. Lat. by account 51° 36' ; long. 96° 56'. The south point of Ox bore E.N.E. from this camp. Head Variation, 6.53 p.m., one sight „ 7.5 P.M., two sights „ 7.10 P.M., four ,, Mean Dip, Qanibey No. 1, 8 p.m. . Fox, needle A, gave Total Force Relative FoxA . . . . 1-8596 Lloyd B. . . . 1-8665 1-8617 o 13 13 14 13 79 79 Absolute 14-075 14127 14-090 40-9 E. 10-5 4-2 45-6 11-8 1-2 H'. (6-0) (2-5) (0-85) July 6. — After passing Big Grindstone Point I coasted the cast tf' I ':■:' 'I ' ■>, it* I i it 1« [• 9fi ON LAKE WINNIPEG. Hide of the lake, on which side all my observations were made on the return voyage in 1844. I take the stations in their order from Fort Alexander northwards. CXVII. Landed at a point about eleven miles S.S.E. from the south end of ' Ox Island,' which is probably the same as ' Big Island ' on Dr. Bell's map of 1878. Franklin marks ' Ox Head ' on the mainland, Dr. Bell applies the terra to the point of this island. By observation at noon. Lat. 51° 4' 0" ; long. 96° 26'. Dip,A.M 70° 31' 5 Horizontal force in absolute measure by vibration only : — Corroctcd T By Magnet SO 4-5414 31 4-8576 17 6-0498 M 0-3970 0-3612 0-0418 2-6362 2-6370 2-0462 2-0308 * 14-409 14-505 14-543 14-510 (1-0) (1-0) (1-0) This force is excessive. September 18, 1844. CXVIII. Observed at an island, probably the one cut off by Loon's Straight in Dr. Bell's map. Lat. by Polaris the previous t vening 51° 34' 0" ; long. 96° 43'. Variation by collimator, 0.36 a.m. Dip 15 67 79 6-1 Horizontal force in absolute measure by vibration only TotBl Force Corrected T m By Magnet 30 4-4662 03970 „ 31 4-7866 0-3512 „ 17 4-9768 0-6418 Here, too, the force is excessive. X 2-7254 2-7158 2-7221 2-7211 4> 14-415 14-365 14-398 14-303 jr. (1-0) (1-0) (1-0) (0-3) September 17, 1844. CXIX. July 6, 1843 (resumed).— Ohfierxed at the camp, nearly opposite the Bull's Head. A straight, about three miles wide and twelve miles long, here divides Lake Winnipeg into a northern and a southern basin, and is the point of junction of the limestone of the west side with the eruptive formations, consisting of Syenitic gneiss, granite, and greenstone on the east side. Here, as may be expected, are evidences of considerable local disturbance in the magnetic elements, which also appear at the next two stations. Lat. by Polaris 51° 36' 42" ; long. 96° 63'. ON LAKE WINNIPEG. 97 Vnriufion hy (•oiupono, 7.50 a.m. IHp, Oarubey No. 1, 0.;)0 P.M. . 10 71) Total Foroo Fox A Lloyd B Ui'liitlvn 1 1)085 li)Utl t- II L Atwoliito 14-445 14r)()-_» 14'4U-' 25- 1 E. UHO ir. (00) (2-5) (085) MH)U7 Franklin found the variation in 1825 11° 40' E. witliin a mile or two of this station. There is a puzzHnj; discrepancy between my dip and the dip deducible from the angles of deHection of Fox's needle, which is only 78° 11'. Such discordance between results ob- tained within a few yards of each other is not without precedent, but the case is extreme, and further observations in the same locality are desirable.' CXX. Observed at noon. Lat. 51° 41' 55". September 10, 1844. CXXI. In the forenoon of the same day observed at a spot 8^ miles N.W. from the last, nearly opposite the Tetc du Chicn. Lat. by account, 61° 44'5' ; long. 97° 2'. Formation, gneiss. Variation by collimator, 9.5 a.ji. Dip by Gambey o 15 79 242 E. 390 E. Horizontal force in absolute measure by vibrations only : — Corrected T By Magnet .10 444.37 31 4-7457 17 4-9320 0.3971 0.3512 0-0418 2-7504 2-ro.-3o 2-7710 2-7034 The force indicates great disturbance. H'. (1-0) (1-0) (10) (0-3) September 10, 1884. ' Each observation for dip is full, complete, and consLstent with itself. There are no grounds for preferring one to the oilier. Tlie instruments were generally set up some twenty or thirty yards apart ; there is no record of the actual distance be- tween them, but I can only conclude that the Fox circle, which is the one in doubt, was under some strong influence, exerted close at hand. The details are : — 78 10-2 78 12-9 78 5-5 78 14-5 Dip from deflections with 2-6 grains » )> 3-0 » »> >» 3-5 n n >t 40 ff Mean .... 78 10-8 At the next station agreement is re-established . See, for a similar excess of force, Little Rock Portage on August 31, Station CXCV, and Cape Gargantua, Station LII. H m ^ 08 ON LAKE WINNIPEG. CXXII. Jtili/ 7, 1843.— Opposite the Dog's Head. Lat. by account, 51° 40' ; long. 96" 56'. VariBtion by compass, 7.3fl a.h, 21 371 E. 21 80r> This 18 confirmatory evidence of much local disturhancc in this neighbourhood. Each result is from the moan of six observed azimuths. CXXIII. Quitting the last station at 7.50 a.m. I observed at noon, lat. 51° 45' 8", and was forced by the wind to land about half an hour later upon a small island, without a name, where we were detained until 5 p.m. CXXIV. Nameless Island, E. of Bear Island. Lat. by account, 51° 46' ; long. 97° 0'. Dip by Gftmbey 1, 1 p.m. Fox A „ Total Force By Fox A . „ C . Lloyd B . Relative 1-0020 1-0080 10052 1-0045 Absolute 14-306 14-440 14-420 14-414 79 2H-3 70 28-8 70 a2-2 w. (60) (4-0) (2-5) (1-25) CXXV. July 7 (continued). — On quitting the island there is a wide traverse across a bay (entered by Blood Eiver), which, being made, I encamped near Babbit Point. Lat. by Polaris, 51° 52' 87". CXXVI. July 8. — Left camp 3.15 a.m. Landed for breakfast and observation, 7.30 a.m. Lat. by account, 52° 6'*5 ; long. 97° 8'. Variation, 8.5 a.m . . . 16° 38'-6 E. CXXVII. Same day.— Observed at noon. Lat. 52° 12' 18". CXXVIII. Observed at a station near Berena River, inter- mediate between two stations of July 8. Lat. by observation at noon, 52° 20' 56" ; long. 97° 10'. o / Variation by collimator, 3.48 p.m. . . 16 54-6 E. Dip by Gambey 80 244 i J ON LAKE WINNIPEO. 09 i Horizontal fon-c in abwoluti' nicasuru by vibration only : — Ciirrei'tnl T «y Magnet .10 47(11 a .31 fi'2()4r> 17 'yjm? o;)r»i2 0tt4:>i) .r i':«)74 L»JO.>r, i- im'2 :.'-40io M;J85 iiia4 U.'JflU ir. (1-0) (10) 14;«M» September 14, 1844. CXXIX. JuU) 8, 1843 (ri'siimed). — Observod at the place f)f encampment near the present WcHleyan MiHwion Station at BortiiH Rivor. Lat. by PolariH, 52° 22' 38" ; long. 97° 12'. Variation by conij)a8s, fl 52 p.m. II II 7-4 „ 14 14 i;ia E. 207 I give the first for confirmation, but as it is by one sight only, and the socoiul by seven, I take as the mean 11° 1!)''8, which is so irregular as to indicate local disturbance. Dip by fJambpy, 7 P.M. , , . 80 !i{)-> „ l''(i.x .V ■ . . 80 2.S-0 Totiil Knrce llPktlvo Alinolilto ir. l\v Fox .\ , 1»1!I0 14150 (00) Not ol)s('iVfd for want of dayli,ulit, Moyd . . nil CXXX. J»/// 9.— Observed about fiv(> miles W.N.W. from last night's camp, probably on the southern Mossy Point. Lat. by account, 52° 25' ; long. 97° 18'. Variation, 8.31 a.m. Ut° 22'7 E. I find an allusion to this day in one of ray letters, dated July 24, 1843, which also explains my slow progress at this time : — ' Lake Winnipeg is treacherous ; so shallow that a sea rises in a moment, and full of wide bays, which are so many traps, at which one is constantly detained. The lake is indeed so shallow, that we got aground on Sunday morning, July 9, in the middle of a violent thunderstorm, and were kept all day on a miserable naked sand- bar. My Iroquois Butte Laurent had a character at one time for being an adventurous fellow, but he is now rather old for his work, and was always declaring it blew too hard to go on.' Dr. E. Bell made, at my request, a number of soundings in 1880, finding a general depth of 40 or 50 feet — nowhere more than 16j^ fathoms, or under 100 feet. K 2 100 ON LAKE WINNIPEG. < i\ ■4 : CXXXI. July 10. — Left camp at 4.10 a.m. Observed at the breakfast halt, which must have been near Leaf River. Lat. by observation at noon, 52° 31' 87" ; long. 97° 18'. Variation, 8.3 a.m. • • • • « . 10° 12'-2 Dip by Oambey No. 1 gave . . 80 3-7 » » 2.3 P.M. . , 80 7-2 „ Fox A gave . . . • . 80 8-2 Total Force Relative Absolute w. Fox A (1) . . 1-8050 14-ll>0 (6-0) „ (2) . . . 1-8652 14-117 (0-0) FoxC . . 1-8721 14-170 (4-0) Lloyd A . 1-8584 14 065 (2-6) „ B . . . 1-8694 14-149 14113 (2-6) 1-8040 (21) This was a day of detention. CXXXII. Observed near Poplar Point on the return voyage. Lat. 52° 56 '12". CXXXIII. July 11.— Left at 6 a.m. Observed at noon. Lat. 52° 57' 50". No other observations were made. I am informed by Dr. Bell that the Dominion Lands Depart- ment gives the variation a little south of the outlet of Poplar Eiver in 1877, that is to say, two or three miles north of this station, as 15° 20' E. He observed 15° 15' in 1879 in the same neighbour- hood. Septeniher 13, 1844. July 12. — Left at 3 a.m. Chronometer No. -^^, carried by my assistant. Corporal W. Henry, was reported stopped at 7 a.m. I could obtain no explanation at the time. The watch was left at Norway House for transmission to England, and upon examination the mainspring was found to be broken, evidently the result of some accident not made known to me. The event was the more unfor- tunate, as if it had run but ten hours further, its mean rate from Fort Garry would have been directly ascertained. I arrived this evening at Norway House, but there is another station visited later to be first given. CXXXI V. August 12.— On the site of Old Norway House, on Mossy Point. Position determined by Franklin in 1819. Lat. 53° 41' 38" ; long. 98" 1' 21". ON LAKE WINNIPEG. 101 Dip by Gambey 1, p.m. „ Fox, needle 0, gave Total Force Fo.x C . Lloyd A ,. B Relative 1-8642 1-8775 1-8771 i-87l5 Absolnto 14-110 14-i>10 14-207 14-162 o 80 80 45-4 49-4 w. (4-0) (2-5) (2-5) CXXXV. Dr. Bell observed the variation about one mile north of Warren's Landing, on this Point, in 1878, 16° 45' E. Norway House. CXXXVI. I visited this station twice in 1843, and again in 1844. The observations are here collected. Lat. by observation, Jnly 14, 53° 59' 38" ; August 8, 53° 59' 28". Long, as determined by Mr. Taylor, formerly astronomer to the Hudson's Bay Company, 98° 7', or 6" 32"' 28' west. It is very nearly, if not actually, upon the site of a former Jack House, which is laid down by Franklin about 1' 20" west of Old Norway House, of which he found the long, to be 98° 1' 24" ; therefore his position of the pre- sent Norway House may be taken to be 98° 2' 40". By two sets of Lunar distances, moon for ^ ^ ^, Jupiter west of her, I made it . . . 98 19 34 And by two sets moon from sun east of her . 97 44 22 Mean of these four sets , . 98 1 The mean of the whole is . 98 3 The most recent map places it, by what au- thority I know not, in 97 56 • 58 54 9. I Variation, July 13,1843,6.14 P.M. . 13 45-1 >f >» „ 6.45 „ . 16 21-0 » " „ 7.4 „ . 16 0-0 >» )) „ 7.10 „ . 15 58-0 » n „ 7.30 „ . 15 12-1 E, rejected. 15 53-1 The first two observations were made with the compass card upon the pivot used all the way from Canada, which was tipped with some hard metal termed ' natural alloy,' the nature of which ' See Geological Survey, 1878. Mr. Coles, R.O.S. My lunars have been examined and reduced by 102 NORWAY HOUSE. I do not know. The compass was extremely sluggish, and the card only moved 2° 40' for a motion in azimuth of the sun of 5° 54'. The card was then removed, and a hard steel point substituted, with which the other three sets were taken. The card now moved 6° 3' for the same movement through 5° 15'. There are no signs of disturbance at Toronto at this time (Gott., IS*" to IS*"). Variation by collimator magnet, September 6, 1844, 5.22 p.m. 14 7, 9.12 a.m. 15 51 99 I take for the station, 15° 35'. 15 10 5 Dip, July 12, 1843, p.m. Gambey 1 o 81 110 « 13 „ „ >» 2 81 6-2 Aug. 9 „ A.M. >» 1 81 9-4 Sept. 7, 1844 „ »» 1 81 111 » » (I »i 2 81 11-4 ■81 89 81 11-2 81 100 The mean by a great number of obsorvations with Fox's needles is 81° ll'-l. Total Force. Norway House being a station of critical importance, and the standard of reference for all the more northern stations, I give in full detail the observations upon which its relation to Toronto is established. The total force at Toronto on the relative scale in use is, as already explained, p. 56, 1-8B60. The following were assumed by Sabine to be the mean angles of deflection of Fox's needle A at Toronto in 1843, with the weights specified. And since the sines of the angles of deflection are as the weights, if these angles are truly in accord, their natural sines divided by the weight should be constant. It will be seen by the figures in the last two columns below that the differences are small. The weight 2-0 grains was only used at four stations, for the other four weights the mean difference is 000023, or about 00025 on the actual scale of force. sin* « W. o o / Th. 40. With 20 grains . . 21 130 0-1809 -•00077 »i 2-5 „ . 27 2-3 01818 + -000(K» „ 30 „ . 33 87 0-1822 + •00()5.'{ „ .'{-S „ . .W 27-0 01815 -•(KK)18 „ 4-0 „ . . 46 45-9 01820 ■1- -00037 0-18172 NORWAY HOUSE. 103 Employing then these angles as the standard of comparison, we obtain from the recorded angles given by the same weights at Norway House in 1843 the following results : — on Table XV. (Needie a.) Date Weights employed Menn, as iibserveii Temp. Reilucml to40'^ »'. 2-0 2-5 3-0 3-6 4-0 gr. 1843 July 13 . August 8 . » *»■» 1-8749 1-8543 1-8889 1-8586 1-8576 1-8604 1-8455 1-8817 1-8649 1-8789 1-8458 1-8482 1-8479 1-8471 1-8370 1-8743 1-8610 1-8612 1-8434 1-8657 1-8592 1-8604 1-8523 69-8 79-0 81-8 83-8 1-8728 1-8690 1-8714 1-8635 (60) (6-0) (60) (60) Means . 1-8727 1-8555 1-8653 1-8452 1-8600 1-8594 78-6 1-8692 (2-4) The same needle (A) was observed again at Norway House in September 1844, and subsequently at Toronto. It was by this time somewhat impaired in condition, but the results are in fair accordance with the above. Fox's needle C was also observed on August 8, but the axles were rusty. Only two angles gave true results, mean 1-8737, or 14181. Observations of 1844, reduced to uniform temperature : — Weight Needle A NePfllo |-5 grain — 1-8490 2-0 „ — 1-8719 2-5 „ 1-8615 1-8578 3-0 „ 1-8514 l->^547 3-5 „ 1-8502 1-8785 4-0 „ 1-8418 — 4-5 „ 1-8435 — As observed . . 1-8497 1-S624 As reduced . 1-8554 1 8fl69 The moan of the whole, allowing weight 5 to each result of 1844, is 1-8669 = 14*129 in absolute measure. This value may be compared with the value deduced from observations of the absolute horizontal force at the same stations. At Toronto the values established, and forming the common basis of all the reductions are {ante, p. 56) : Total force in relative measure „ in ahsnlute measure 1-8360 l.i-8n« ^^^'FJfll^^ It , t'i :;.ft 1,1 <« ill ■.f ill 104 BASE VALUES, NORWAY HOUSE. At Norway House we have, by deflection and vibration : — Corrected T m X 4t W. 1843, July 14, No. 80 57000 0-.3rt04 „ „ „ 31 CyV,m 0-4400 1844, Sept. G „ 30 e-00r,8 O-.'iOO? „ „ „ 31 5-.150n 3511 „ 17 6'5510 0G441 2-1780 21737 217.54 2-1000 2-1800 14-128 14126 14-185 14-102 14-228 (1-5) (15) (1-5) (1-5) (1-5) 2-1750 14-1658 (0-75) These absolute values are in the ratio 1-0194 ; the direct com- parison gives the ratio 1*0166, a satisfactory agi*eement. Combining then the mean results by these two independent and dissimilar methods of observation, I obtain for the total force, Norway House, in relative measure, 1*8677, in absolute measure 14*136, being somewhat less than the values formerly assigned, which were respectively 1*87? .md 14*18. The observations reduced to Norway House as a base have been corrected accordingly. I left Norway House on Friday evening, July 14, but made little progress. The guide took a wrong channel, and got among some beaver dams, causing a considerable loss of time. The stations which follow are arranged in geographical order, not in order of date. CXXXVn. Observed at noon, on the day of my return to Norway House, on East River. Lat. 54° 7' 49" {August 7, 1843). CXXXVHI. July 15. — Left my camp on East or Sea Eiver at 3.15 A.M. A portage, 5.85 to 6.15. Halt, 7.5 to 8.10. Black- water River, 8.34. Hau*y Lake, 11.5 to 11.55. Sea River Portage, 4.0 to 4.10. Carpenter's Lake at 5 p.m. Observed on Carpenter's Lake, an expanse beyond Sea River Falls. Lat. by account, 54° 14' ; long. 97° 40'. Variation, 7.20 a.m 21° 26'0 This is a marked case of local disturbance, and the station was omitted by Sabine. It is probably explained by the change of geological formation. By Dr. Bell's map of 1878 we are here close upon the margin of a narrow irregular basin of Huronian schists, which extends from longitude 98° 10' to 94° 10'. The line of water communication this day, the 15th, again on August 5, also from p.m. July 17 to a.m. July 20, and from August 2 to 4, / HFIOIIT OF LAND. 105 lies within this basin. July 17 a.m. and August 4 p.m. it lies a little to the south of it. The boundary is crossed four times between Norway House and York Factory, a circumstance which goes far to explain the apparent anomalies of the observations for variation on this part of the route, which were equally perplexing to Sir John Franklin. CXXXIX. Observed at Blackwater Creek. Lat. by Polaris 54° 18'-8. Auffu^t 0, 1843. CXL. On the same day observed on Jlatrij Lake at the mouth of the River Echiamamis. Lat. by account, 54° 20' ; long. 97° 28'. to ras of 3re an ne 5, 4. Variation, 4 r,M. Dip by Gambcy, 4.30 p.m. Total Torco Fox A . . . Lloyd B , Roliitive l-8o!)0 1-8577 1-8587 Absolute 14-070 14-OGO 14UG7 18 4.'{-7' 81 20-9 ir. (fi-0) (2-0) (0-8) Auguft 0. CXLI. Juhj 15 (resumed). — Observed at the encami^raent on one of the chain of small lakelets west of the Painted Stone Portage. Lat. by account, 54° 23' ; long. 97° 4'. Variation, 8.2 p.m 36" 11 '-2 E. I can only leave this result as I find it, for verification by future travellers, like the corresponding case. Station LXXL There is nothing in the original entry to warrant the rejection of the obser- vation. It was omitted by Sabine. CXLII. July 16. — Observed at another point near the source of the Echiamamis, two or three miles (40 min. in time) from the height of land. Lat. by account, 54° 21' ; long. 97° 2'. Variation, 7.45 A.M 18° 39'-7 E. The day clouded over, but two detached sights were noted, one before and one after the above set. At 7.37 .. 8.10 Mean of the whole 20 30-8 E. 20 1-2 E. 19 5 E. ' Several pages of my notebook in August have been entirely obliterated by the leaves having been wetted. I give the observations as formerly published. 1, il- ^■r- 106 BRILLIANT AURORA. CXLIII. I encamped at the Painted Stone Portiufc. Latitude by altitudes of Polaris 64° 22'-3 ; ' long. 9G° 59 {August 5, 1843). This evening was marked by a magnificent display of aurora, the most brilliant that I ever witnessed, and the more remarkable, as it must have been very near the earth's surface, as it appeared to be. It was not observed at any of the nearest Hudson Bay posts, or by the travellers in the brigade of canoes then on its way north, which was only a few marches off, or at any station in lower latitudes.* 1 transcribe there ro' my account of it given in letters addressed to General Sabine and Lieut. Younghusband a few days afterwards : — ... A magnificent aurora from 9 p.m. to neor midnight, more brilliantly coloured and more rapid in ita movements than anything I have hitherto seen. It began by a small arc, which rapidly extended and became almost fearfully bright as it reached the zenil^i. ^' tb»r: broke up, wheeling and dancing over the sky in a wonderful manne! Pie^cntly appcare'i over the trees another arch of a bright rose colour, and joined it. 1 u . ' ".-> an iippenraiice of depth about it, not as if it were a passing fl'sh, bu* a., if 6 of magnelical disturb- ance at any of the stations, but disturbance was recorded on the 3rd, 4th, 7th, and 8th of that month. The nearness of this aurora to the earth, which may be inferred from its not having been seen at other places, is paralleled by another example on September 9, when a display of the first brilliancy was seen at the Methy Portage. I was at Lac a la Crosse, about 100 miles to the south, engaged in observations until late at night, and can affirm that no aurora was visible there, nor is there wny display recorded else- where for this date. CXLIV. Observed at the White F'all Portage, which appears to be the one called Robinson's Portage by Dr. Bell. Lat. of south end 54° 23' 20" F. ; long. 96° 31' F. Dr. Bell places it about 0' more to the west. Variation, 3.36 p.m. Dip 1 P.M., Gambey 1 Fox A 17 81 81 32 E. 47-9 61-6 ' As formerly published, the original entries are illegible. ' Vide Lovering on the periodicity of the Aurora Borealis, in Metnoirs of tht Amerknn Acadmv/, 1868, p. 1,35. HOLEY, Oil OXFORD LAKE. 107 Total Force Fox A Llovd B neUtivo l-87i)0 18004 Absolute U'22l 14149 ir. (OO) (2-0) l-87«n i4i'0.'i Auffutt 5. CXLV. Observed at the upper portage of Hills Gates, leading from Windy Lake into Holey, or Oxford Lake. Lat. 54° 42' ; long. 96° 10'. Dip by Gambey 1.30 P.M. . . . 81 57-0 „ Fox . . . 81 53-5 Total Force Relative Absolute w. Fox A . . 1-8789 14-221 (0-0) „ C . . . 1-8741 14184 ^2-0) Lloyd A . 1-8762 14- 19.1 (2-0) „ B . 1-8604 14-110 (2-0) I-H7C0 14-191 Augmt 4. CXLVL On the same day observed at noon about half a mile below the ' Crooked Spout,' between the same two lakes. Lat. 54° 40' 51". Auffust 4. CXLVn. July 17. — Left camp at 3.10 a.m. Landed for break- fast 7.15 to 8.2. Entered the first Rapid 9.10 and the Crooked Spout at 9.20. Reached the Lower Portage at 10.50 a.m. and observed there at noon. Lat. 54° 43' 65". CXLVin. Observed near the west end of Holey, or Oxford Lake. Lat. by account, 54° 46'-8 ; long. 96° 9'. Variation, 7.59 A.M 12° S-TO. Aufftitt 4. CXLIX. July 18. — Observed on Holey, or Oxford Lake, near the east end. Lat. by account, 54° 54'-3 ; long. 95° 40'. Variation, 8.3 a.m 16° 45'-5 E, CL. On the same day, reached Oxford House, about 9.45 a.m., and proceeded after a short delay ; but on my return from York Factory, Augmt 3, 1 made observations as follows : — Latitude by Polaris 54 60 Longitude, by two sets of Lunar distances, moon from the sun west of her . . . . .95 2.'{ By chronometer 96 38 By Franklin, 1819 96 28 Mean 96 .30 1 108 KNEE LAKE. The Geological Survey map of 1878 places this Fort 1 1 95' 42', which appears to be too far to the west. Viiriution, fi.lO r.M 10 aVs E. Dip, 5.30 P.M., Giimbey .... 82 38-8 TiitftI F.ircc Fox A . Lloyd A „ B i\. . . . Relatlvo . 1-8820 . 1-8740 . 1-8704 Absolute 14244 14-188 14-202 14-102 ■ IF. (20) (0-0) (2-0) 1-8704 (1-0) All the elements are disturbed at this station. CLI. Observed at noon on a rocky islet near the Knife Portage. Lat. 54° 53' 4". August 3. CLII. Jnly 18 (resumed). — Observed at noon at the liapid on Trout River. Lat. 54° 52' 59". Franklin observed the longitude at Trout Portage, a little to the east, 95° 21' 9". CLIII. Observed on the north side of Knee Lake. Lat. by account, 54° 51'; long. 95° 11'. Viiiiation, 7.54 A.AI. 8.10 ., 13 fi4-8 14 370 14° 10'-2 This station is about three miles south from Franklin's ' Mag- netic Island ' (L p. 36). Observed lat. 54° 59'. Dr. Bell has a ' Magnetite Island ' in lat. 54° 54', which must be a different one. CLIV. August 3 (resumed). — Observed at noon at the 'Second Portage ' (F) in Jack River, at the west end. It is probably one of Dr. Bell's ' Drum Portages.' Lat. 55° 13' 38". August 2. CLV. July 19. — This being one of the Gottingen Term-days, devoted to continuous magnetic observation for 24'', to which much importance was at that time attached, I decided to halt and observe it. The spot selected was the Long Portage on Jack River (450 yards long), between the Drum Portages and the ' Yellow Mud ' Portage of Dr. Bell's map. The latter I identify with Franklin's Lower Portage, Jack River. Lat. by observation, 20th, 55° 14' 1" ; long, by observation, 94° 21' 58" F. Dr. Bell makes it 94° 33'. I i ' JACK RIVER. HILL RIVER. 109 Variation, 20th, 5.42 a.m. . „ August 2, 0.20 A.M. o 12 12 504 E. 135 12 804 Franklin found in 'September 1810, 11° 10'"4, and at the Upper Portago, 10^ 28'-5. Dip, July 10, 4.30 p.m., Gambey No. 1 , 82 13-0 „ „ 20, NeudloA . . . . 82 21-3 „ August 2 „ . • 82 32-2 Total Force Relative Alw'iliitc ir. July 20, Fox A . 1-8749 14100 (00) Aujxust 2 „ . 1-8815 14240 (00) „ Lloyd A 1 8742 14-185 (2-6) July 20, „ n . 1-8821 14-246 (2-0) August 2 „ „ . 1-8725 1-8776 14-172 (2-0) 14-210 (1-85) The Term observations were interrupted by rain from 14'' 40" to 17*^ 10" Gott. (7" 43" to 9" 13" m.t.). A rather bright aurora was visible for a short time at lO** 20" Gott. ; disturbance of moderate amount characterised the whole day, and one very marked movement of declination lasted from 1** to 8*" Gott., of the 20th (G A.M. to 1 P.M., M.T.) ; the easterly declination in that time increased 110 scale divisions, equivalent to 1° 50', a movement which illustrates the difficulty of ascertaining the true mean decli- nation, or variation, in these latitudes, the time of day being that in which a large proportion of my observations fell. I left the Long Portage about 3.45 p.m. on the 20th, and en- camped at 8 P.M. CLVI. Observed at noon at the Creek Portage (F.), a little to the east of the Mossy Portage of Dr. Bell. Lat. 55° 27' 16". August 1. CLVII. On the same day observed at the Devil's Handing Place, the second portage in Hill Eivcr, descending. Lat. by account, 55° 24' ; long. 94°. Variation, 8.24 a.m. Dip, by Gambey No. 1 Total Force Fox A . . . Lloyd B . . . Relative 1-8844 1-8601 1-8703 Absolute 14-202 14-124 11 40-4 E. 82 55 IK. (6-0) (2-0) 14-227 (0-8) August 1. no STEEL RIVER. HAYES RIVER. CLVIII. July 21.— Observed at Morgans Jiocka Portage. Lat. 55° 29' ; long. 9i\° 53'. Variation, 7.17 A.M 11° 11' E. CLIX.— On the same day observed again at the White Mud Portage. Lat. by map, 55° 33' F. ; long. 93^" 44'-G. I passed this spot again on July 81, and made other observa- tions. ariation, .Inly 31, 7.10 A.M. . , , 10 f>i ]-:. ip, July 21, 1 P.M. . . . . , 83 20 „ by Fox A . . , 83 110 >i "^l II • 83 0- Total Force Tlolntivp Abwiliita H". uly 21, Fox A . . lH77rj 14210 (00) ,, ai ,. l-8flo7 14121 (00) „ 21, Lloyd n . L8o7n 14002 (2-0) II yi II 18546 14 0a7 (2 0) 1 •8(578 14134 00) Dr. Bell observed variation in 1878 a little to the eastward of this station (' Hill River, about twenty miles above its junction with Fox Kiver'), 9° 45' E., showing a secular change of about —2' per annum. CLX. Juhf 22. — Left camp at 2.50 a.m. Observed at noon on Steel Hirer. Lat. 56° 11' 14". CLXL On the same day landed at about 3 p.m. at the junction of the Shnmatawa with the Steel, or Hayes, or Hill River (this stream is called by these three different names in the last hundred miles of its course). I landed also at the same spot on my return, July 28. Lat. by account, 56° 21' ; long. 93° 0'. Variation, July 22, 6.15 p.m. II 11 28, 4'3 „ 10 12 OE. 19-6 These observations are both apparently good, and of equal weight. Dip, July 28, 4 p.m. . • . 83 362 „ „ 22, by Fox . . 83 41-6 II II 28 „ . . • 83 302 Total Force Relative Absolute w. July 22, Fox A . . 1-8648 14-114 (60) II 28 „ . 1-8723 14171 (6-0) „ 22, Lloyd B . . 1-8637 1-4106 (26) II 28 „ . 1-8586 18666 14-089 (20) 14130 (1-65) I IIUDSON'.S BAY. Ill ige. lud va- lof ith per on on lis ed n, I CLXII. Jiili/ 23. — I reached York Factoiiy, on Hudson's Bay, on the forenoon of this day, and remained until the 27th. Lat. by observation at noon, July 24, 56° 59' 50". This differs from Franklin's determination by — 7" only, and unless the establishment has since been moved, it is laid down on the map of the Geological Survey about 2' too far north. Long. accei)ted from llaper, 92° 26'. Variation, July 24, fl.7 p.m. ' „ 0.40 „ 1>0, 7.2[ A.M. 7.30 e « t) 8 »7-8 ) 7-8 1 0-8 1 '22-8 E. 38-5 E. 06 Lieut. II. li. IJlakiston, R.A., who was attached to the Assini- boine and Saskatchewan Exploring Expedition under Captain John Palliser in 1857, as magnetical observer, was sent to join the expe- dition by way of York B^ictory, with the object of verifying my observations, more especially those of the force {sec below) to which a particular interest attached. He found the declination in August, 1857, 7° 37' ' E., making it probable that this element attained its easterly extreme at York Factory about the year 1843-4, which was the epoch of a change in another element (the dip) at Toronto. July 25 was a day of magnetic disturbance generally, especially in the southern hemisphere, and it extended into the 20th. Although no special observations were made there, it is plainly traceable in the ordinary readings at Toronto on that day ; and I remarked July 26 as a day of disturbance at the time, from the irregular readings of the declinometer. Sabine appears to have rejected the variations observed on that day. Looking, however, to the importance of balancing observations a.m. by observations P.M., I thhik it better to allow them to stand ; making the mean variation 9° 0'*6 E., instead of 9° 25' E., as previously published. Dip, Julj 24, 1843, Gambey No. 1, 11 a.m. . 83 50-5 „ „ 2, 3p.m. . 83 440 Mean . ... 83 472 Having occasion to alter the weight in Lloyd's Static Needle • Sabine, in Proceedviffs of Royal fiocieti/, vol. ix. 1859. 112 YORK FACTORY, HUDSON'S BAY. No. A at this station, I took the opportunity of ohHcrvinR the dip with it without reversing the poles, giving at I'.m. 83° 4B'*7. Also on July 'ifi the dip deducible from the angles of di.'llection with Fox needle A was 8J)° 55'*9. These results are not of equal valuo with the above, and I make no use of them. Dr. John llae observed the dip at York Factory at intervals of three or four days from November 5, 1815, to May 1(5, 184(5.' Tho mean of these observations, lifty-two in number, is 83° 42'*57, corresponding to February I), 184G. On S('i)teml)er 18, 1847, ho found it 83° 47'-0. The greatest dip observed was 83° 54'-2, on December 3, 1845 ; and tho least, 83° 85'-5, on April 25, 1846. The mean dciviation of any one observation from the mean for that month being ± 2''5. The rate of secular change shown is — l'*8 per annum. Y^ork Factory, as already remarked, was visited by Lieut. R. B. Blakiston, R.A., in August 1857, when the dip was found to be 83° 53', whence it would appear to have decreased from 1843 to 1846, and between the latter date and 1857 to have increased again. This is the converse to the secular change experienced at Toronto, where the dip was increasing from 1843 to 1859, and then began to decrease. Determinations of Total Force. More than usual interest is given to the observations at this station, and tho one last preceding, by the fact that they are the only stations situated to the eastward of the axis of the closed oval of maximum intensity laid down by Sabine ; and are, therefore, the principal witnesses to the physical fact of a diminution of intensity as we proceed to the eastward, after passing the meridian of 94° W. on the parallel of 55° N. Gauss's celebrated memoir on the ' General Theory of Terrestrial Magnetism,' published in 1838,* had already indicated the existence of such a closed feature, and included this region within it ; but its precise geographical place and limits remained to be fixed by observation. The state of disturbance which prevailed at the time of my visit was unfavour- ' Narrative of an Expedition to the Shores of the Arctic Sea. London: 1850. ' Translated by Mrs. Sabine and revised by Sir John Ilerscbel. Taylor's Scientific Memoirs, vol. ii. p. 184. 1841. YOUK FACTORY, HUDSON'S lUV. 11.*) able; but tho obHervatiouH were multiidicd, and tlitir tjc'iural toHtimony confirnuid by thoHo of Liiut. Bliikistoii in 1H57. Tlicro iH an cxcoptioii in the rcHults by Fox's ncodlu C, which I luid it nocossnry to omit. It had undoubtedly coiilractt'd rust on tlu? axles, impeding its free movement, and all the anodes of didccfion are too small. The following is a summary of the other results:— Tntnl r i>rco .Fuly 21. Fox A . 99 » Lloj (1 1(. *1 25. Vox A . ft It r.i()> (lA »» «» 99 It tf t>n. tt It »» i> »f It llHiitlve AllKOllltS w. 1-H(!05 14()H1 (O-O) l'8r,71 14()">(! (i'-O) 1-8020 1401)7 ( U(tH7 (-'■(>) 1-H(t()8 14084 (1''0) 1 -H.-u I 14(M1» {•2-2r» Absolute Ilonztmttd Force. This observation was made on July 2(1, which proved to be a day very unfavourable for the purpose. It w;is a day of considi'r- ablc magnetic disturbance, besides being so Mi.sterous that a tnit put up to shelter the Bililar magnetometer ,mis blown down between 4 and 5 p.m., rendering the instrument for the tiiiu! unserviceable. headings of the Declinometer and ]5ilil;ir were taken at intervals of ten minutes during the progress of the obser- vations, but no use can be made of them. In the reduction of Bar 31 I apply the value of in, determined by the observation preceding and following, to the value of the' ratio -^;, determined by dellection at two distances, vi?;. : — Also July 14 August IG u = 28 K,= 12 m = o-;j!n)(i m =. O'.SJIO!) Aloau 0-a!)07 ft. \'y5 lit r - l-():>.")7 whonco A' = MlM.'i 18-2nt r, = l-32")7 X = 1-5090 The time of vibration of Bar 31 was observed, but is affcctr'd by some error, being 7-2275s, which is too little, aiid 1 think it I 114 RETURN FROM YORK FACTORY. nocossary to reject it. There is a marginal note in the original entry, * Q. A movement of the telescope ? ' Magnet ao Observwl T onci3 0-4342 0-3J)07 1-5086 r5018 1G052 13-942 13-875 13-1K)8 (1-5) (1-0) (0-25) Allowing proportional weight to all the determinations, the moan is 14-051, or 1*8564, and taking 14*203, being the mean at stations CL, CLV, and CLVII, as the force for comparison, wo have a reduction amounting to nearly 1-07 per cent., or -/^rd part of the quantity, in about IGO miles. Lieut. Blakiston found the total force in August 1857 : — By statical instruments By absolute determinations Mean . 14-024 14-017 14020 I left York Factory on July 28 to return by the same route to Norway House. The observations on this return journey have been given already in their geographical order, but it may be convenient to subjoin the stations of each day in order of date. Left York Factory at 2.50 a.m. Breakfast halt 7.25 to 8.15. July 28.— At noon, about five miles below the Shamatawa Station, p.m. Variation at the Shamatawa. Jiilif 29.— Loft 4 A.M. Breakfast halt 7.45 to 8.45. Reached For's Hirer at 4 p.m. Juhf 30.— Ascending Hill liivcr. Jiihi 31. — A.M., at White Earth Portaf;e, on Hill Eiver. AiKjiist 1. — A.M., at the DeviVa ILtndinri Place. Noon, at Creek Portarie. AuciuHt 2. — A.M., at the Long Portage Jack Piter. Noon, at the second Portarie Jack Piver. AiKjiist 3. — A.M., on Knee Lake. Noon, on Knee Lake, near the Knifo Portage, p.m., at Oxford House. Aufiust 4. — A.M., on Holey Lake. Noon, on Holeij Lake. Au(iu,^t !}. — P.M., iit White Fall Portage . Night, at the Painted Slonc Portage. August 6. — P.M., on Hairy Lake. August 7. — Noon, on F(tiif Hirer, p.m., at Xonray House. PREVALENCE OF LOCAL EFFECTS. 115 ted The observations of Sir John Franklin in 1819 on the irregular variations observed on Hayes, Steel, and Hill rivers, between long. 92° 26' and 94° 22' W., are borne out by the last five stations. ' The results,' he observes, ' of the observations obtained in Hayes, Steel, and Hill rivers were so very variable tliat no inference can be drawn from them as to any proportionate increase or decrease of variation in advancing to the westward, and it would be diihcult to assign any cause for these irregularities in the two lower rivers, whose banks are entirely composed of alluvial soil. Tlie rocks in Hill Eiver occasionally contained magnetic iron ore.' (I. p. 033.) The following observation was communicated to me in MS. by Dr. J. Rao, and has not been before published : — (I)) At Fort Churchill. Lat. by observation, 58° 43 long. 94° 14'. 50"; Variation, June 20, 1840, A.M. . 12 4.3-0 1']. „ July 1, 1 .M. Mean 11 2!)() E. 12 00 E. Dip, Juuo 21), Needle 1 D 84 n7-5 » " 2U 84 44-2 » July 1, Needle 1 I) 84 .'J;il) )» )> 2D 84 ms 1) July 4 . • Mean 84 A\--t 84 40-8 The observations of this distinguished Arctic traveller being very nearly related both in time and in geograpliical connection with my own, and only published in the work already referred to, I subjoin them with his permission, together with a few made by Sir John Richardson and himself in a subsequent voyage (.sec p. 116). The mean declination at Fort Confidence was 50° 43'-4 E. The mean inclination 84° 50'*6. The value of the total force deduced l)y Captain Younghusl)and from the observations of absolute horizontal force was 13-407, viz. : —

2 20 84 40-4 Julv 14 Church ill . 58 .'1-50 04 14 84 40-8 „ 8 Kuapit's 15ay (1) . (U 0-42 80 47-3 (2) . fil 60 88 8(5 W5 Near Waster River (!5 100 67 100 »27 Repulse Ray 06 820 — 88 10-7 Augusts amN.W.ofOapel Lady Felly ( — — 88 27-1 November Fort Hope (No. 3) OG 32 80 560 88 3-8 December „ (No. 4) )) » 88 14-0 1847. January „ (No. 1) 1) )» 88 17-5 February „ (No. 2) » » 88 12-2 1849. October Fort Confidence 00 54 118 40 84 40-4 1 -235 i.".-ai() 1.3-40l> November f} a fi 84 51-J Mi»S I3'2;ii 13! MS December )> yj Jf 84 50'0 1177 i2i)oy 14-243 1850. January ft tj It 84 48-8 — — M'025 February f* ff J> 84 53-0 1-2 IS 13;{(!4 13-804 March » tt )» 84 50-4 1-108 13-231 13'801 The quantities are very irregular in both scries. Applying the mean dip, we have by series A a range from 11-G2 to 15*07, and in series B a range from l'2-23 to 14"73. The mean of the whole is 13"G10, and this agrees Ijest with my observatif>ns on Mackenzie's River and Great Slave Lake, viz. — Distnneo l^ . 240 miles . 190 . 270 Fort lusoluliou . . .300 It is to be hoped that some light will be thrown on these exces- sive fluctuations by the observations of the International Circum- polar Expi'ditions of 1882-3. ' Si!o Miiijufiicitl and Me/iorolnj/ical Ohservattons at. Fart Coiifidtnce in Great Hear Lulu; by Sir .lohn Itiehai'dson, V.W. ; Jteduccd and discussed by ('apt, Young- liusbiih.i, U.A. Luiidnti, 1S55, At Fort Oood Iloi^e „ Fort Norman „ Fort Simpson 13-081 1305.3 13-808 13-9o0 W- ,.-.v_i_ DR. U. bell's observations. 11 i t Dr. R. Boll has favoured mc with the subjoined list of varia- tions observed by himself in 1879 at stations intermediate between Dr. Eae's and my own. They refer to an epoch thirty-six years later than the latter, and are therefore adapted to the purpose of giving evidence on the subject of secular change in that interval of time. The latitudes and longitudes not marked b are taken from his map accompanying a geological report for 1878, unless otherwise explained ; but they are very little to be relied on. Table XVIL Variatioiis North of Yoi'k Factory, 1879. 1 station Lat. Loii),'. Vnr. Fort Churchill o / M 4.i 50 o 04 14 / 11 OE. 2 Churcliill U., 27'" from mouth Churchill 11., 22'" X. of the mouth of tlie o8 o.> !)4 10 30 Little Churchill R 57 47 96 12 15 3 At the N. side of the juuction of tliese two rivers 57 31 95 30' 12 30 4 Little Churchill It., 6'" N. of tiio next station 57 12 i)5 10 10 30 5 Little ('hnrchill R., 21'" S. of its junc- tion with the Gru.it ( 'liurchill R. 57 7 95 11 30 Nelson R., (i."5"' from N.l']. extremity of Beacon Point, or Point of Marsh ' , m 31) 94 8 45 1^ 4 Nelson R., lowest Liuiebtouo Rapid, 77"' from Point of ^larsh .... 50 30 l^it 94 15 11 30 8 Nelson R., Broad Rapid, 2.1'" S.W.frcm the Inst ,-)(! ;{5 94 55 11 30 Nelson R., outlet of Split Lake' . Grass R., outlet of \Vilcliiii,or Stinkin},' 60 10 5b 97 10 18 10 Lake 50 13 97 13 10 30 11 Nelson R., N. side of outlet of Sepi- wesk Lake, at S. end of Cross Portafjro 55 13 5b 97 50 10 30 12 Nelson R., Duck Portage, outlet of Duck Lake 51 5,'} 98 20 19 15 13 Nelson R., 2-" below White Mud Falls . 54 45 8 b 98 10 14 .-iO 11 Western Cliannel of Fast R., 5'" 8. of Pipestone Lake 54 38 98 5 10 30 lo Junction 1 ■ , 1 i ) I ' > ■ 120 RIVER SASKATCHEWAN. This station was formerly described as near the ' First Rocky Point ' of Franklin, but the latitude is that of his ' Second Rocky Point,' which agrees better with a run of 4'' or 5'' from Macintosh Island. We were enabled to proceed at 6 p.m., and encamped four or five miles further on, at the mouth of Buffalo River. The spot is identified by the descriptive particulars given in a letter written a few days later. * A narrow channel hardly visible from the lake, opening through a white shingly beach, which led us into a con- siderable lake or bay, totally landlocked, with black water, which contrasted curiously with the chalky tint of Lake Winnipeg.' The -^anoe had to be sent back from here to the place of the morning's detention, which was but three or four miles off. CLXVII. AiKjHst 15. — Left at 2 a.m. Observed at the mouth of the liUer Saskatchewan. Lat. 53° 17' ; long. 99° 25'. Variation, 7.56 a.m. 10° 39'-2 E. ' The N.E. side of the actual mouth of the river was bearing N. 30° E. at half a mile distance.' CLXVIII. Observed at noon, liaving entered the river. Lat. 53° 10' 38". CLXIX. Observed again at the lower (east) end of the Grand liapid, which was also a station of Scptcmhcr 2, 1814, when, how- ever, we ran the rapid in Hood instead of making a portage, one of the most hazardous experiences of my voyage. Lat. by account, 53° 8' ; long. 99° 27'. Franklin observed at the other, or west end. Lat. 53° 8' 25" ; long. 99° 28' 2". o / Variation by compii.-^s, August 15, 184.'], 4.14 i'.m. 19 120 E „ collimator, Soptoiuber 2, 1844, 0.43 A.M. 17 250 Mean . . . .18 10-0 E. Only one limb of the sun could be seen on the last occasion. Dip, 1843. Gambcy No. 1, 0.30 r.M. . „ K"*14, „ „ ;, A.M. . Mean 80 21-6 80 31-6 80 26-5 CROSS LAKE. 121 Total Force 1843. Fox A 1844. Lloyd B Mean Rclntivo 1-8741 1-8008 1-8760 Absolute 14-184 14-084 14-109 . 1-8702 14-165 Ilorizoutal force in absolute measure, 1844 : — (00) (4-0) (2-5, (1-26) * CnrrockMl T m X 8 IJy Magnet No. 30 4-8007 0-3075 2-34G0 14-l;J4 „ 31 5-1558 0-.^514 2-3.305 14089 „ 17 5-3157 0-0700 2-3388 14-085 ft » (1-0) (1-0) (I'O) 5-3157 14-102 (0-3) The mean, allowing weight as above, is 1*8684, or 14'141. I halted at the upper end of the portage, and there found the Saskatchewan brigade of boats, under Mr. Harriot, already en- camped. CLXX. Avrjust 16. — Started before the Brigade, and reached Cross Lake, about half a dozen miles above the Rapid. Two or three hours later the Brigade came up, and here we were all detained by wind on the east side of the lake until late in the after- noon of the following day. Observed at noon. Lat. 53° 10' 7" ; long. 99° 34'. Variation, 9.34 a.m. . , * • • 18 8-7 E Dip, r.M., Oambey No. 1 • . 80 28-2 Total Force nelativo Absolute H'. Fox A . 1-87G1 14197 (G-0) „ C . . . . 1-8552 14041 (40) Lloyd B 1-87G7 1-8G95 14-204 (2-5) Mean . 14-150 (1-25) Horizontal force in absolute measure, by vibration and deflec- tion : — Corrected T m Z <)> W. a Magnet 30 30 6-G034 S) 0-4306 2-3477 14177 (1-5) (» 4-G107 0-4310 2-3495 14-187 (1-5) .11 5'88085' 0-3909 2-3479 14-178 (1-5) J» 4-8516 0-!!931 2-3G14 11'256 (1-5) 14-199 (0-0) The letter ^ indicates that the bar was vibrated in a stirrup. Combining these values by weight, the mean for the station is 1-8624, or 14-096. Ir ; !,l ! m ! ' i i I i I ; - t I ! ; ! '■ ■ '. t 1 1 . " 1 ! 122 RIVER SASKATCHEWAN. August 17. — The wind subsided, and we were enabled to advance towards evening, experiencing considerable difficulty in finding a landing place. *We reached a small lake, or expansion of the river, which was so shallow that we searched a long time for a place where we could approach the shore. At last we succeeded, and after forcing my way through reeds and rushes almost as high as myself, I found a tolerably clear space, where we slept without a tent, as the place did not admit of unloading the canoe ' (Letter). CLXXI. Atigust 18. — Left at 4 a.m. Observed at noon on Hare Island (Isle aux Lievres), Cedar Lake, a narrow limestone island about the middle of the lake. It is not named on my map, but is probably off Rabbit Point, called by Franklin ' Long Point.' Lat. 53° 12' 9" ; long. 100°. Dip, Oamboy No, 1 . . • • 80° 7''1 Totftl Force Relative Absolute w. Fox A . . 1-8581' 14003 (OG) CLXXII. Observed for time at 4 p.m., on another island on the west side of the lake. Lat. 53° ITS ; long. 100° 12'. CLXXIII. August 19. — Observed on the west shore of Muddy Lake, in what is marked on some maps as the delta of the Saskat- chewan. Lat. 53° 19'-3 ; long. 100° 35'. Variation, 7.48 a.m. 18" 32'-9E. CLXXIV. I observed on Isle dcs Festins, or Devil's Drum Island, about a quarter of a mile north-west of the last station. Lat. 53° 19''5 ; long. 100° 86'. Both spots are in the limestone district, and scarcely require to be regarded as separate stations. Variation by collimator, 7.30 a.m. Dip, Oamboy No. 1 17 32-2 E. 80 00 Horizontal force in absolute measure : — m X Correctal T m Magnet 30 4-7485 0-3975 „ 31 5-0968 0-3514 „ 17 5-1934 0-6700 2-4078 2-3940 2-3947 2-3988 13-806 13-786 13-790 IF. (l-O) (1-0) (1-0) (0-3) 13-814 September 1 , 1844. Formwly driven 1-871, which is incorrect. m RIVER SASKATCHEWAN. 123 CLXXV. Encamped on the most westerly of the Pine Islands, and observed lat. by Polaris, 53° 80' 45". Ai'i/ust 31, 1H44. CLXXVI. Augtist 19 (resumed). — Observed at noon. Lat. 53° 80' 51". CLXXVII. August 20. — Left camp at 3.20 a.m. Observed at noon. Lat. 53° 46' 47". In the afternoon I visited the missionary station of Christ- church, otherwise called The Pas, then in its infancy, and in temporary charge of a young half-breed catechist named Budd. CLXXVIIL Encamped about four miles beyond this place, pro- bably at the Round Turn, a well-marked spot, and observed lat. by Polaris, 53° 48' 51" ; long. 101° 23'. Returning to the same spot August 81, 1844, I made other observations. o / Variation by collimator, 10.30 a.m. . . 19 5C-8 E. Dip, Gainbey No. 1 80 2-4-4 Horizontal force in absolute measure : — Corrected T m X i U". Maffiiut No. yo 47705 0-3075 23857 31 5-10!)0 0-3514 17 5-1078 0-G700 2-3835 2-3005 2-3800 11-315 (1-0) 14 200 (1-0) 14-344 14-318 (1-0) (0-3) CLXXIX. August 21.— Left 3.55 a.m. Observed a little to the eastward of the Big Bend. Lat. 53° 52' ; long. 101° 28'. Variation, 8.G a.m 20° 45'-4 E. CLXXX. Observed at noon at the Big Bend. Lat. 53° 58' 22". CLXXXL August 22.— Left 3.40 a.m. Observed to the east- ward of the channel called the Little River, which is one of the arms into which the Saskatchewan divides above Cumberland House, apparently the same as ' Tearing Eivcr ' on recent maps. Lat. 53° 51' ; long. 101° 50'. Variation, 7.32 a.m. 17" 46'-2E. 124 CUMUKRLAMi HOUSE. This result is iirof^ular, aiitl aa the observation was ^ood, socms to iudicatu local diHturbanco. CLXXXII. Observed at noon about ono mile south-east of the small lake formed by an expansion of the Little Hirer. Lat. 53' 52' 12". Cumberland House was reached about p.m. CUMDERLAND IIoUSE. CLXXXIII. The latitude and longitude of this station havin*^ been determined by the officers of Franklin's first exjiedition, who wintered here in 1819, and again in 1825, I adopted their results, and made use of the longitude for rating my chronometer. Lat. 53° 50' 10" ; long. 102° 19' 13", or 0" 19"' 1(5" W. It is so placed in the map of the North-West Territory, dated 1882. I observed here both going and returning. Variation by compass, Au},'ust 2.% IBJJJ, 7.30 a.m. M » It » '-^^ t) 10 52-4 E. 1!) 4;j-8 10 481 Variation by collimator, Aunrust 20, 1841, 5'3D v.m. 10 107 E. Meau li)ii-2iE. II: ■fi Dip, 1843, 7 A.M , Gambey No 1 . 80 28-2 >i » »i » » 2 . 80 31-8 300 „ 1841, I'.M. ti )» 1 . 80 20-5 )» V » 91 »> 2 . 80 19-5 20-0 80 25-0 Total Force Uuliitivo <(> w. August 23, 1813. Hy Fo.\ A 1-8039 14-107 (0-0) » » B 1-8720 14-173 (40) » » C 1-8510 14-010 (4-0) August 24 » A 1-8718 14-107 (GO) » >» B 1-8723 14-171 (40) >f i> C 1-8080 14-145 (40) » RyLloydB(l) . 1-8080 14-138 (2-5) » )) ( 2^ . 1 •S70;{ 14150 (2-5) 1 -^ijm 14-1420 (.3-3) riND ISLANM) I-AKE By comploto observations of vibration and deflection : — 125 CorrccUil T m X ir 184;{. H Miignot :)() rvC))l)4jf ()'4317 li-.'MW 14'2(K) (IT.) „ „ 4-oi(i;{ 04yi(J a;t»u) 14'207 (ir.) i» „ ;tl nooso^ o:jn2() 2-.'i;{75 14-ina (ir,) »» „ „ 4 •8845 o-aou) 2'3.'{08 I4ir)8 14- 1842 (If,) (0(1) I hero apply the dip observed in 1843. By observation of vibration only, August 29, 1811 :— Correctcil T m X * IK. ogn ft No 30 4777r. 03070 2-3782 14103 (10) 1) i> 31 51080 o;{oir, 2';i828 14101 (1-0) » 1) 17 f,-2.'{55« 0-0700 23fifi2 14-0:t2 (l-O) 14-lJO (0-30) I here apply the dip observed in 1841. We have thus seven independent dcttrininations fi)r Cumberland House ; and allowing weight as here assigned, the mean is, total force in relative value, 1*808() ; in absolute value, 14*143. Aiipust 24, 1843. — Left Cumberland House in the afternoon for Tsle u la Crosse, but was obliged to land soon after on a small island in I'inr Iddnd Lake, about two miles distant from the Fort, and wait until the wind abated. Observations on the Saskatchewan above Cumberland House will be found below. Stations CCLXXX to CCXC. CLXXXIV. — Station in Pine hhind Luhe, about two miles fiom Cumberland House. Lat. by account, 53" 58' ; long. 102" 17'. The planet Jupiter being favourably situated about 12" above the horizon, I took two sets of azimuths for variation. At 8.22 P.M., „ H.29 „ hour angle .' I III 1 3 vnr. . 10 „ . O . 17 . 18 58 E. 14 iT" C9'7 E. CLXXXV. August 25. — Left at 4 a.m., traversed Pine Island Lake of Franklin, * Beaver or Sturgeon ' lake on modc^rn maps. Observed from the lake horizon at noon, lat. 54° 11' 34" ; encamped on the Rirer Malign, a voyageur's name for the shallow, tortuous, ' 'I Hi ' Not as previously j>uMi3lu' „ 81 4-9375 0-3883 2-3086 14010 (I'O) „ 17 C-1820 0-C960 2-3101 14019 (10) 2^003 14014 (0-2) Mean, allowing weight as above, 1-8653, or 14*118. CXCVIII. Observed at noon at the upper end of the same portage. Lat. 55° 40' 26". CXCIX. Observed at the encampment Portacfc des Eenrcs (Stoep-Bank Portage, Richardson). Lat. by Polaris, 55° 42' 23" ; long, (by chron.) 105° 29'-4. CO. September 2. — Observed at Trout Portfigc, English river. Lat. by account, 55° 42'-5 ; long. 105° 29'. (By chron. 105° 30'.) Variation, 8.26 a.m. „ 8.32 „ 21 31-1 E. 21 240 CCL Observed at noon at a spot about one and a quarter mile south-east from Harriet Portage. Lat. 55° 34' 3". CCIL Observed again at the encampment, about half a mile ' The time of vibration of Magnet 30 is anomalous, and tbe observatioii must be rejected. I subjoin the details of it. Ther. 72°-7. No. Cliron.Tiiiic. No. Chron. Time 200 Vibr. 11. 111. s. 1i. in. B. m. s. 33 50 200 6 49 0-8 15 55'8 10 33 530 210 6 49 490 15 50-0 20 6 34 410 220 6 50 36-0 16 550 30 35 28-5 230 6 51 238 15 55-3 40 (! 30 100 240 6 52 11-4 15 65-4 CO 37 3-8 250 6 52 59-5 16 55-7 00 6 37 520 260 6 53 47-0 15 550 70 G 38 3!l-8 272 6 54 44-8 15 55-4 80 6 39 27-5 280 6 55 22-8 15 55-3 90 40 100 290 6 56 10-5 15 54-5 100 41 2-5 300 6 56 58-0 16 559 Ubs. T. of 1 vibr. ilean time of '. JOO vibn itions. 15 55-35 4-77(i8 sees. Tbe interval sbould have been 13-0 sees. /<■»«, to give a result in agreement with No9. 31 and 17. A lo.ss of magnetic moment amounting to 0-0115 would account for tbe diHurence, and tbe bar does evince a loss of magnetism on following days. ENGLISH RIVER. 131 above the Cardinal Rapid, at the west end of Black Bear Island Lake F. Lat. by Polaris, 55° 89' 4". CCIII. September 3. — Left about 5 a.m. Observed about one mile below the * Rapide qui parle ' {royageur ellipsis for ' Rapidc (jui lie parle pas,* in allusion to its swift and silent current). Lat. by account, 55° 43''5 ; long. 105° 50' F. The position by chronometer was 106° 28', which I cannot reconcile with the map or with nest day's sights, and therefore disregard. Variation, 7.50 a.k. 8.4 „ „ 8.31 „ Mean 20 31-9 E. 21 38-3 21 371 21 150 CCIV. Observed 50' before noon at Canoe Portaf/c. Lat. by a single sight reduced, 55° 40' 30" ±1' ; ' long. 105° 58'. CCV. Observed at the Pine or Pin Portage, at the east cud of Sand-fly Lake. Lat. 55° 43' ; long. 106° 0'. Dip, Gambey No. 1, 4.30 r.u. Total Force Fox A . .. C . Corrcctol T a Rlagnet No. 30 479r)3 „ „ 31 5-0187 »» >» Relative 1-8597 1-8510 1-8500 Absolute 14-078 14-017 14-052 * 80° 40'-3 w. (C-0) (4-0) (10) w. 0-3876 0-4213 0-6959 2-2300 2-2401 2-2<»75 17 5-2402 Mean for the station, 1-8524, or 14-023. 13-705 13-s.->o 13-089 (0())t (()(>) (l-O) rejected rejected CCVI. September 4.— Observed at Snake Point. Lat. by account, 55° 51' ; long. 106° 80' 1".' By chron. 100° 38'. Variation, 8.7 a.m. „ 8.35 „ 20 34 E. 20 1-7 E. CCVII. Observed again at Snake Rapid, at noon. Lat. 55° 44' 8" ; long. 106° 35' 2". ' It ia not noted which si(^e of the horizon-^^Iass faced the sun, ' Evident loss of niBprnetiNin. ' Franklin has an ol)xervati >n for longitude in 1820, ' in the narrows between SandHy and Snake Lake,' 100° 44' 30", by which this place seems iuteude 4.5 4 E , Dip, Gambey No. 1, P.M . * . HO 11-2 Total Force HelatlTO Ahsoliito V. Fox A . l-8r)71 ]40.-)0 (60) „ C . . • 1-8073' 13079 (0-0) rej, 'cted ' Needle C had evidently lost niaj,'iit'ti8m by some accident since the 4tb instant, and continued to give values of tlie force materially below those gi^en both by needle A and by the mathod of vibration, until my arrival at Fort Chipewyan. The ditf'erence is about 2 per cent. I have continued, however, to insert the values ftotiuilly found for the sake of the confirmation they nfTord to the exceptional force at Station CCXXV (Pierre au Calumet), as assigned by needle A. See p. 140. LAKE X LA CROSSE. 133 CoiTccte-0) 14-050 or l-8.>03 Scptemhcr 8. — Observation was again prevented by rain. I reached the Hudson's Bay Fort, on Lake a la Crosse, in the evenin}:?. CCXI. September 9. — At the Hudson's Bay House, or Fort, on Isle X la Crosse Lake. Latitude observed at noon, 55° 20' 45" ; by Polaris, 9.11 p.m., 55° 26' 53". The first is identical with Franklin's latitude in 1819. Simpson made it only 55° 25' 25" in 1830, which is evidently too little. I assume the long, as 107° 53' 67" W., or 7" 11" 86", being the moan of the following determinations : — Franklin, 1819 „ 1820 Simpson, 1830 Observed variation, 8.2G a.u. SM „ 5.30 I'.M. »» Mean . T>ip, Gambey No. 1, G.30 a.m. >> ft >» "f 7.30 ,1 o 107 107 52 54 107 54 46 36 30 o 24 24 25 57-6 E. 36-0 E. 11-7 E. 24 64-7 E. 'J'lital Force Fox A (1) »» )i V-i) »> B 0) »» >» (2) » V »» »» Llo ydB t(l) n (2) Rplntive 1-8577 1-8542 1-8494 1-8479 1-7990 1-7902 1-8400 1-8400 o . 80 . 80 Absniuto 14-045 14-0;}4 13-998 13-980 l;j'i23 l:}'595 l;}-972 13-972 91 10-6 Mean . 1-8535 14028 Horizontal force in absolute measure : — m .V W. («()) (00) (4-0) (40) (00) (00) (2-5) (25) (1-9) Corrcotcil T m ft MutrnetNd. 30 5-0134 Jj) 0-4178 2-.'3801 i3-907 „ „ 4-0r)89 0-4198 2-;«i((8 14-0;{0 „ Xo. 31 .VJKtsI^ 0;)HI1 •_'-;;h(58 1.'}071 „ I'HX.-iS 0-3St() 2;!HU0 13-900 „ No. 17 51h!l 0-0!»L") — _ (1-6) (1-5) (I--.) (1-5) J,i li I I I: i^ /» i 1 ( ' 1 ' 184 METIIY RIVER. X * w. Hy vibration and deflection. . 2-3889 13»83 (06) „ only (17) . 2-3801 13084 (01) Ry Fox'8 needles A-B — 14020 (20) „ Lloyd's needle B . — 13072 (0-5) The mean according to weights is 1-8520, or 14*012. September 11. — Left the Fort at 11.40 a.m. Encamped at 7 P.M. No observations. September 12. — Left camp at 4 a.m. Observation was again prevented by wet weather. CCXIL September 13. — Observed towards the northern end of Bufalo Lake. Lat. by accoimt, 5G° 4' ; long. 108° 40'. Dip, by Qai mbey No. 1 , 7 A.M. . 80° 37'-0 Total I'oicu litliitivc Ah8olute w. Fox A . 1-8545 14-030 (60) ,. c • 1-7862 13-520 (0-0) rejected Currcctud T m A * W. Magnet No. 30 47004 0-4165 2-2833 14-033 (1-0) »> ft 31 4-0it80 0-3841 2-2730 14-005 (1-0) » „ 17 5-2358 0-0012 2-2880 13024 13-903 (1-0) (0-3) The mean adopted is 1-8526, or 14-022. CCXIII. Observed at noon on Buffalo Lake. Lat. 56° 7' 14". The place of a.m. observation was in sight, bearing E. 10" S., at about three miles distance. CCXIV. Observed again on the Methif lUrer. Lat. by Polaris, 56" 12' 85" ; long. 109° F. (109° 9'-4 chron.). CCXV. Scjitember 14. — Observed at the north end of the Long Portage, on Methy Eiver (or River de la Lochc), three and a half miles. Lat. by observation, 56° 14' 41"; long. 109° 18' F. (dirou. 109° 22'-5). Variation, 0.35 am. . 28 40-0 E. J>-43 . 28 27-5 Dip, Oambey No. 1, 10.15 a.m. . 80 10-7 Total I'orcc Itilntlvc Absolute H-. FoK \ . . .1 •82.'{0 I3-h;$« (0-0) „ . . . I'^-OL'! 13 040 (0-0) METIIY PORTAGE. 135 Corrected T m X By Magnet No. 30 47106 0-4155 2-3408 „ 31 4-0.145 0-3841 i»-.13L>3 „ 17 61600 0-6010 2-3437 Mean, by weight, 1-8320, or 18'8G5. CCXVI. September 15.— Left at 4.10 a.m. Vine rortage. Lat. 56° 20'; long. 109° 14' F. 13-935 13-883 13-i»r)0 13022 w. (10) (1-0) (1-0) (0-3) Observed at thi; Variation, 8.2 a.m 25 34-9 E. 8.12 „ 25 21-1 Encamped at the Methy Portage. CCXVII. September 16.— At the Portiige do hi Locho, or (heal Methij Portable, no called pre-eminently, bting about twelve niilcH in length. Observed at the south-east end. Lat. by I'ularis, 56° 35' ; long. 109° 37' F. (chron. 109° 45'-5). Variation, 3 sights, 8.3H a.m. . . 20 15 K. „ 7 „ O.oO „ . . . . 2(? 50-7 26 51-4 Dip, Ganibey No. 1, a.m. o . 80 30-4 Total Force Boliitivc Alimiliito 11'. Fox A 1-84C4 l;!070 (00) „ C 1-7964 13-589 (0-0) rcjcvU'il Corri'otcd T m X ♦ w. Magnet No. 30 4-7725 0-4155 2-2805 14005 (1-0) „ „ 31 4-!t!)UH 0-3841 2-2745 13-!)30 (10) „ „ 17 5-2313 0-0908 2-28;)0 14 •025 (1-0) 13-080 (0-3) Mean by weight, 1-8471, or 13-980. CCXVIIL I crossed the Portage in the course of the day, horses being kept here by the Hudson's Bay Company to facilitate the trujet, and observed at night at the upper or north-west end. Lat. l)y Polaris, 56° 43' 41"; long. 109° 52' 15" F. (chron. 109° 57'-9). Franklin found here a variation 25° 2'-5 E. in July 1820. September 17. — Before leaving the station observed. Variation, 7.9 a.m. » 7.30 „ Mean rUp, G-'imlx'v Nil. I, A.M. , 28 30-3 E. 28 250 28 ,-{(» W. Magnet No, 30 4-7822 „ 31 50201 „ 17 5-2529 0-4155 0-3841 0-6900 2-2712 13-911 2-2535 13-802 2-2723 13-921 (1-0) (1-0) (10) 13-876 (0-3) Mean by weight, 1-8443, or 13-959. CCXXrV. Encamped on Pine Island, in the Athabasca, Elk, or Slave River, River La Biche of Franklin. Lat. by Polaris, 57° 0' 5" ; long. 111° 20' F. (by chron. 111° 34'-5"). CCXXV. September 20.— Observed at noon at the mouth of a small stream called River de hi Brai. Lat. 57° 18' 33". ATHABASCA UIVEU. 137 CCXXVI. Reached the Pierre au Calumet by Franklin's map. Lat. 57° '24'; long. 111° 35' F. (by chrou. 111° 40'-7). Vnrintion, 6.3 p.m., by a nnglo sight „ 6.16 „ by si.v 8i(j:ht8 20 351 E. 25 240 Mean 26 430 Dip, Oambcy No. 1, 2.S0 f.m. 8l Total Force Fox A . „ C . Rotative 10311 1-8440 Abmluto 14010 13U57 108 w. (00) (00) rejected Needle C, as compared with the last and following station, supports needle A in showing a great increase of force, although the actual value is not to be relied on. Corrected T m X Magnet No. 30 4-8807 0-4155 2-1761 31 6-1102 0-3841 21001 17 5-3038 00808 21804 n ♦ 14-347 14-308 14-382 TF340 w. (1-0) (10) (1-0) (0-3) Mean by weight, 1-9249, or 14-559. This is one of the stations of manifest local disturbance shown by each of the elements and by three independent determinations of force. It probably points to mineral discoveries still to be made. The observation of X would requii-e a dip of 81° 26'-3 to give the same total force as Fox A. CCXXVII. September 21.— Observed at Point linile, or Burnt Point, on the Athabasca River. Lat. by account, 58° 7'; long. 111° 25'. Dip, Gambey No. 1, 4 p.m. 81 300 Totnl Force RoIntlTe Al'Soluto w Fox A , , . 1-8.-545 13-8,85 (0-0) „ . ■ . 1-8184 13-704 (0-0) rejected Corrected T m X « w. fnet No. 80 5-0054 0-4155 2-0732 14043 (10) 31 5-2482 0-.'3841 2-0-4 Mean . . . .81 30'8 TAKE ATHABASCA. 130 TotlU !•'"«« I'OX .\, Sopt „ Oct. 25(1) (a) . Ui'Intlvo . 1 820.1 . 1-8;mi« . I821i0 AlHioliito i;j-8i>;j i;iiK)H i;j-84;i iy-H58 ir. (f)0) (50) (60) (2-6^ liy Lloyd B, II Si'pt. no Oct. „ 10 . 1-8480 18471 1-8500 l.'l(»80 1.{-1)80 14002 (1-5) (l-P) (1-5) iy-U89 (0-45) Equivalent in relative force 1*8415. Needle C ia rejected for the reasons already given at Station CCX. The values it gave were as follows : — Totivl Force Sept. 25 „ 27 Roliitlvo 1-7769 1-7913 Aliai'lutu Oct, 7 . . . 1-7841 l;vn02 rejected The observations of vibration and deflection for the determina- tion of the horizontal force in absolute measiu'e were multiplit^d at this station, and included three spare magnets, Nos. 20, 20, and 25), which had not heretofore been employed in this way. CorrcctcU T Oct. 13, 1843, Magnet 30 5V)14 0- C-13815) 5-2810 0- G-UU7* » II II 31 Oct."l4 March 1, 1844 II II II July 2 We have then — 17 20 20 30 II 31 II 30 31 17 5-5724 4-.'{373 5-2(i8i) 4-4147 5-0328 G-12;Ujg) 5-:{74() 0-4728^ 5-1507 5-4725 0- 5-(i;{20 0- 4177 4109 3858 38.-.2 ■0882 ■5154 2004 l.')58 4207 4207 .'5703 •.".781 ■3088 .3508 cool -V 20247 2-0200 2-0.301 2-0200 2-0248 2-0107 2-0.381 2-0291 20240 2-0184 2-0()83 2-()201 2-0;!08 2-0105 2-0378 13-021 13-870 13-041 1.3-919 13-!»04 1. 3-8 19 1.3-090 1. '5-9.34 13-845 13-801 13-731 1.3-812 13-947 13-9.'')2 13930 By eight determinations of the ahsolute horizontal force in Oct. 1843 .8 = 81 By four, i!i March 1844 . . .8 = 81 By three, in July 1844 . . . 8 = 81 37-0 35-4 .35-4 > 1.3-917 1.3-780 13-940 13-881 (1-5) (1-5) (1-5) (1-5) (1-0) (10) (1-0) (lO) (1-5) (1-5) (1-.-.) (1-5) (1-5) (1 -.'-,) (1-0) ir. (lOO) (0-0) (40) ' The dip was not observed in July; 1 iui-.-o used thc^ observation of March. Tlii> piTiodieul cliuugo i» ^ Ty small. At Toronto, by thirty-one years" observa- tiouy, -r-2. .,* 1 140 IH I.'JIIHO 13881 (iro (()-45) (200) Tho mean of tho whole is 18-885, equivalent to 1-881C on the roliitivu Hctilc, being a little Iosh than wau formerly asBigned (I'BUH). Although the losa of force in Fox's noodle C, first unniistakahlo at Station CCX, makes the succoodiiig ohHorvatlons with that noodle unsuitable for comparison with the base station (NonwAYlIousK), after Soptomber 4, they are not on that account quite devoid of value. The course follows very nearly the isodynaniic line of 14'00, and in the deviations on cither side of that line we find noodle C, as compared with itself from day to day, giving results which differ in Hiiin at one station only (CCXV) from those by noodle A, and agree with two exceptions with the changes in the total force assigned independently from tho observations of horizontal vibration. Table XVIII. Conijmrison of Total Force by Three Methods of Determination, for the last Eijht Stations before reachiwj Athabasca, station Ki.x a Dlflf. l-iix C Diff. Vilirutiiiiia DilT. OCX. 14050 -012 13070 -•070 14-0;58 -•055 CCXI. 14041 -•008 13-000 --080 13 083 + •010 COXll. 14030 -•200 13-520 + •111 13-003 -071 CCXV. 13-830 + •OSO 13-040 -051 13-! ••22 + •0(57 CCXVII. 13070 -r ^025 13-589 + -029 13-089 -013 CCXXIII. 14001 + -015 13-018 + -330 13-870 + -470 CCXXVl. 14-010 --731 13!t.-.7 -•103 14-340 -•31G CCX XVII. 13-885 - -027 13-704 -•202 14-0.10 -149 OCX \ IX. 13-858 13-502 1.5-881 ""•i i itiir""'-" — '" 141 siccrioN V. PROM LAKR rniPEWYAX, OX !,AKR ATMAIUSrA, BY WAY OV VV.MV. KIVKIl TO DrXVKOA.V. TIIKXCK HY MsSSKK SI,AVK LAKK TO KDMONTO.V, ON Till: SASKATrilKWA.V, AM) I'KOAI TIIKNC'K TO CUMlSKKLANr) IIOL'Si;, US TIIK SA.MK RIVKU. Obsorvations north of Peace llivcr arc reserved for the hiht Section. VreUmmnry Ilcmnrkit. — The Peace River at the time of my viHJt in 1844 was ahnost unknown, except to a few oilicevs of the IIudson'H Bay Company. No scientific traveller had ascended it since Mac- kenzie in 1780, whoflo narrative gves hut little precise Rcopraphii-al information. In extending, therefore, the observations of my maj?netic survey to the westward, I laid myself out particularly to map down the course of the river, taking very detailed notes from hour to hour. These notes were all lost, with my journals, in tra- velling through the United States in 184G, and I can only now reproduce the observations for latitude and longitude, with a few particulars gleaned from letters and other sources. About li>0 miles of the course of the river were, however, laid down from ray Field Sketches. The opportunities for observation, without much loss of time, which are afforded by portages on most of the lines of naviga- tion, are wanting on this stream ; the portage at the Falls (Station CCXXXIX) is the only one in 600 miles, and as the lateness of the season made it of vital importance to press on, my halts W( re not so frequent as heretofore. This accounts for the stations of magnetic observation being fewer in number and furtlu r apart than usual I ' \> I 1 i, , 1 , i I 142 I'EACK lilVKIl. Jiihf 1, 1814.— I left Fort CiiirEWYAN (CCXXIX) in the fore- noon. CCXXX. July 5. — Entered Peace River, and observed at noon. Lat. 58° r>5' 25". CCXXXI. Observed in the afternoon at Point rrotidence. Lat. 58° 58' ; long. 112° 10'. O / Variation by collimator, 3 11 P.M. . . .30 35 E. Dip, by Gambcy No. 1 81 40 1 CCXXXII. Jiihf 6. — I was at mid-day among the Ciifpgum Ishinds. Either from want of a landing-place or from the sun being clouded, an observation for latitude was not taken until 50 minutes past noon, and the result can only be regarded as an approximation; it was 59° 14' 51". It places the course of the stream here about ten miles more to the north than it is laid down in the maps. CCXXXIII. Observed for time p.m. Lat. by account, 59° 16' ; long. 3-4 P.M., 112° 44'-5. CCXXXT7. Julii 7.— Observed in lat. by account, j8° 58' ; long. 112° 5G'l. n f Variation by collimiitor, 7.10 a.m. . . .32 24 E. Dip, by Gaiuboy No. 1 81 3fl-9 CCXXXV. Observed at noon. Lat. 68° 63' 23". CCXXXVL Juhf 8.— Observed. Lat. by account, 68° 44' ; long, at 7.22 A.M., 113° 27'. CCXXXVI h. Observed at noon. Lat. 58° 38'. CCXXXYII. Jiihf 9.— Observed on Pojdar Island. Lat. by account, 'j8° 89' ; lung. 8.4 a.m., 114° 10'-7. Variation by collimator, 0.30 A.M. . . .20 2!»'8 J:. Dip, by Oainbey No. 1 814-8 CCXXXVIII. Obser od at noon. Lat. 58° 35' 84". CCXXXI X. dull/ 10. Reached tho Fulh of Vma- lUrey, the tl FORT VERMILION. 143 only portaf;o on its lower course. Lat. by account, 58" 24'-2 ; lonpr. 8.13 A.M., 114° 51'-1. Variation by collimator, 10.38 a.m. . . . 30 22 K. Dip, by Gambey No. 1 80 508 CCXL. Observed at noon, about five miles wcstwai'd of the Falls. Lat. 58° 22' 11". (Tlio Fall is 8 feet.) CCXLI. Jul If 11. — Observed at noon, nearly opposite Fort Vermilion. Lat. 58° 23' 19", and arrived soon afterwards at tho Fort. CCXLIL Fort Vekmiijon, or Fort Lefroy. Lat. observed July 12, 58° 24' 28" ; long. 115° 58'-G. o / Variation by CoUimatDr, C..*}] P.M. of the 11th . ;J2 40 E. Kip, by Oaiuljey No. I 80 48-4 No. 2 80 47 Total Force Hplntivc Abs'liito Hy Fox A, July 12 . . l-8(»42 14-1(M) „ O „ . . 1-8;M'.5 1.'V9(K) . 1-8502 14-004 Horizontal force in absolute measure : — r.invctoil T m J ^ Mnpnot.nO liMMO 0-1001 2-2443 14-0.17 „ 31 n-isoo o-;!r>o2 2-2r>w) U120 „ 17 5-3771 0-G078 2-2412 14-018 2-2482 14-001 IF. (f,-0) (50) (10) (I 5) or,) (l-.-i) (4-5) Tlie mean of tbc whole is 14'022, equivalent to 1 '852(5.' CCXLin. Jiihi 13.— Loft Fort Vermilion in the forenoon. Oltscrved at nooii about ten miles to tlic wcstwjird. Lat. 58" 21' 58". I encamped this night a little below tiie moutli of a Piimll stream which Hows into Peace River from the west, tho name of which 1 did not ascertain. CCXLIV. Jiiln 14.— Observed. Lat. by account, 58' 14'-2; long. 7.50 a.m., 11()°32'-9. ' Tilt' rolali'. " foret' foniu'rly ns>ijrno(l was I><1 1, ilio nbpervations with Fox .\ bi'injr ri'l'i'rrcd to Toronto as base, wliicii i^ iiiadmissibit', and tliose witli Fox 6° 58' 37". VymtxjmiMfmm^mi'' *JI|>«>I4I«HI"' FORT DUNVEQAN. 145 CCLIV. Jiilii 19. — Observed opposite the River Cudotte. Lat. by accourt, 56° 47' ; long. 8.50 a.m., 117° I'-l. o / Variation by collimator, 9.17 A.M. . . . 27 3 E. Dip by Gambey No. 1 79 207 CCLV. Observed at noon. Lat. 50° 41' 46". I passed the spot known as the Palisades this day ; a vertical cliff of sandstone imperloctly stratified towards the top, but vi'ry compact below, and rent with vortical fissiu'cs ; the base for a lu'ight of sixteen feet is hidden by dcbrlx, but it apparently overlies the shale. CCLYI. Jiihf 20.— Observed lat. by account, 56° 27' ; long. 8.12 A.M., 117° 2'-7. CCLVII. Observed at noon. Lat. 50° 19' 52". My encampment this night must have been near the Forks at the mouth of Smoky lUver, which, however, was passed without observation. CCLVIII. Jidij 21.— Obser\ed at noon. Lat. 55° 57' 32". CCLIX. J///*/ 22.— Observed at noon. Lat. 55° 52' 51", and reached Fort Dunvegan before 4 p.m. CCLX. FoilT DlNVEGAN. I am unable to find the observation upon which the lat., assigned in 1840, is founded, and can only repeat it — viz., lat. 55° 55' 30"; long, by chronometer, 118° 28' 31". By two sets of lunar distances moon from sun west of her, 118^ 10' 45".' The most recent maps pul)liKhed by authority differ much in the position they assign to this fort. In the only map extant in 1811, it was placed by Arrowsmith in 117^30'; in tlie map attiuhcd to the Geological Survey of 1875-0 it is placed in 118" 52'; in the map of the Canada Taciiic Ibiilway, accompanying the Progress lUport of 1870, in 118° 50'; in the map of Manitoba, dat( d >hir(h 1880, again in 117° 30' ; lastly, in a ma[) dated 1kh2, in 118° 20'. My chronometer longitude is dependent upon tla; longitude assigned to the Fort on Lesser Slave Lake, namely, 110°, and Fort Chipe- wyan 111° 18' 42" ; Init the lunars agree pretty well, and confirm it ' Formerly imljlislnd llh" li)'. Tliu observations Imse been ret'ttlciilated lor lue by Mr. Coles, of tbe Koyal (ceiifrrapbieal Society. L ■m 'I "ll* , r I 1 ( 1 1 1'' i I ■ • ( ' [. 1 f i (' ■ 1 ■ 1 14G ON THE PRAmiE. as against tlio more easterly places assigned, and until corrected by better observation I adopt 118° 35'. Variation by collimator, July 2'-'>, 10.6 a.m. „ 25, 5.49 P.M. Dip, July 22, p.m., Gambey No. 1 f» *f ft »i t* -^ • • Total Force Uv Fox A Relative 1-85(55 1-8450 Absolnto 14048 l.'.-ii(i4 1-8507 ]400U Horizontal force in absolute measure : — 27 9E. 27 24 78 45-7 78 40-8 78 4U-2 ir. (5-0) (5-0) (1-0) Corrected T m iMajrnet No. 30 4-4557 0-;5n!)3 „ „ 31 4-7(571 0-3528 ,,17 4-8589 0-0727 X 27224 2-7254 2-7252 13-979 13-9! 14 13-! 193 w. ■7243 l;5-989 (1-5) (1-5) (1-5) (0-45) The mean of the whole is 14*000, in relative measure 1"8108.' I observed the Gottingen Term day of July 23-4 at this fort. It presented no feature of interest. 'Jiihi 2(5. — Accompanied by Mr. Dyke Bonchier, a young clerk of the Hudson's Bay Company with whom I had passed the winter at Lake Athabasca, I left Fort Dunvegan this day for Lesser Slave Lake, by land. The instruments werj carried by pack-horses, and the loads requiring to be carefully made up, they were not un2)ae-ked at ordhiary halts. The weather was most unfavourable for observa- tions, and I am unable in consequence to lay down my track, but a few points are determined. The distance is about 100 miles by tlio ' Kx'istenaux War Path ' of old maps, which passes south of the great morasses round the Stinking Lakes. CCLXL July 27. -Observed for longitude at 8.14 a.m. Having failed of an observation for latitude at noon, the result is only approximative. Lat. assumed 50" 50'; long. 118" 33'-5. CCLXIL Jiiln 28.- 01)served for longitude where the trail passes Burnt Itiver 117" 3<)' 18" ; lat. by account 55" 51'. ' l''i II lu.'i-k jriven a.-* 1-n(K» {.iiv nnto to Slnliun ('("XT, II), LESSER SLAVR LAKE. 147 CC'LXIII. Observed at noon at the River de Prairie, 55° 49' 3". fJiiJjl 29. — Crossed Smoky lliver, or Eiver du IJouoauo. Julfi 30. — Observed tlie temperature of boiling water to obtain tlie elevation of the region about fifteen miles west of it. Crossed the lliviere qui barre (le chemin). ' Jitly SI. — Sent on the baggage and visited 'The Smokes' or sulphur springs on Smoky lliver. Aiifinst 1. — Guided by some Indians and accompanit'd by Mr. Bouchier, I visited the Crow Lakes and the Stinking Lake, the water of which was found so saturated with sulphuretted hydrogen that even when boiled it was unfit for making tea. "We got back to camp at a very late hour. AiujiiHt 2.— Arrived at the Fort on Lesser Slave Lake unex- pectedly, no notification of my visit havhig reached the officer in CCLXIV. August 3. — At the Fort Lksser Slave Lakk. by observation at noon, 2nd, 55° 32' 39" ; 4th, 55° 32' 41'. Longitude by lunar distances. Lat. Kuji;. 3. (1) 115 48 W. D from (1 Aqiiilic W. (2) 11(5 2 30 ]) iVdiu Saturn \V. (••1) 110 9 21 D I'roiii (1 iVquiliu \V. \ug. 4. (4) 115 58 45 )) I'lDin Sun ]•;. (5) 110 (5 ]) from Sun K. ((i) 110 1 or 7" from Sun K. Mtaii . 115~ 5t'|)arl~ nit'ut, lias, howevur, found it to Im' KK!' .'iL'', coii'^i'ijUi'Mtly all longitudoa fbriunrly rfl'orri'fl to llmt sl;iliuii have ri'.(nii('(l ((Hi'tction (.•.((• ( '( 'Ij.\ X \ \'). '■' roruit'ily iiiiljIi.>liuJ J-l^ lU' E. by u ck'rical error .•«iiico 'k'tcciLj. •niR SASKATCHEWAN. K)! Totftl Porcii Fox A . . . ,, C . . . Horizontal force in absolute measure ;- Corrtftfii T m -V lll'tatiTO AbHoliito »\ l-HoM UOIfl (•.•(» 1h;«H i;{!»lo i')(t) vsJu ' iaWi (l-O) Mttfrnet No. :{() 4'i>ni,s 0';i!>7H 2-!Mll no to (1-.) )} )' :U .j-.v.»;ir> o;t.-)()7 21):,i>7 14-0!tr> (I-.) >i >> n •I'dnra 0O70i> unaHa I4()-'7 (I-') 2'1II40 14054 (0-4.'.) The moan of the whole is 14"000, e(niivalent to l'Hl!)8 on the relative scale. I have pointed out on p. 85 that the force formerly assii^neil to Edmonton, viz., 1'80'J, or 13*(;9, was incorrect, the ahsolute deter- minations havinji! been overlooked by General Sabine. This station, beinR {»e()graphically the nearest to the district surveyed magneti- cally by Captain Ilaig in British Columbia, in 1858-(50, and not more than 220 miles distant from the line of 13*50, as laid down by him, is within the range of direct comparison with his in- dependent results. ^Ve fnid that, taking the increase of force to be at the rate of 0-10 for 77*()() miles measured on the normal to that line (Ilaig), the force at Edmonton would have been 13-80 in 1800 ; but it was greater in 1811 than it was in 18()0, as we may infer from the fact of its having decreased in that interval at Toronto, which is on nearly the same isodynamic line. Assuming the rate of secular change to have been alike in both places, it would have been 13-8!)7 at Edmonton in 1811 by Captain Ilaig's observations, and a slightly more rapid rate of secular change would produce a close agreement with the above result of l-l'OOO. I left Edmonton in a boat i)rovided by Mr. Rowand, the chief factor in charge, with the intenticm, by his advice, of dropping down the river by night, and thus escape the observation of the lilackfeet, and other warlike tribes of tlu' plains who were at that time ranging tlie country. We were providiwl with a frw muskets lor defence if necessary. CCLXXXI. Aiifiiint 20. — I landed in a secluded spot on the north or left bank of the river, for breakfast, and observed. The locality must have been near the present Victoria Mission Station. Lat. by account, 51° -1-5; long. 112° l!i'-5. ' ]''iiniu'rly imLlifslieil l'H01)(^ee for explannlioii Siaiinn ("CXI. If). ■B V h 1 1' 152 FORT PITT. Variation by collimntor, 0.20 a.m . •I It ft U.uo ff I Dip by Oainbcy . . . , •21 m 5>4 'S, K' 7H r)'2 irorizoiital forco in absolute measure 1»y vibrntion only: — JMaffiiot No. m i> .1 17 Cciiicctoil T 4;i747 4'(ill(W 4-77i)2 0'.",!I7!» •.■!.'> IT) 0(l7tK) L''HL>7(J '•SJ'.ll i.s-72n i;i(;h7 l.'HMirt l;5'7o;') IP. (lO) (lO) (lO) (0-a) Tlic equivalent in relative force is 1-8107. CCLXXXII. Ol)8ervetl at noon, about six miles lower down. Lat. 54° 3' 80". CCLXXXIII. Aiif/iiHt 21. — Landed again on the north side of the river, a little beyond Moose Ilill Creek. Having failed to get an obsi'rvation of the sun at noon I take the lat. from the latest niai), 53° 50'; long. 110° 5U'. Vnriatioii by collimator, S*" 8" A.M. ]>i|), liy Uauibiy No. 1 . Horizontal force in absolute measure : — i'4 78 Cornt'tcd T III jr Mnpfnet No. i]() 4-».'!48 4'77()(i 4-8472 (Ki!)7!t (Ki.-)!.-) ()(i70() 2-7.-.7n L'7;ii8 2-740.-) L>-74U4 i;5-!i();{ 1^772 lasc.i ia-812 (1-0) (10) (10) (0-.-{) The equivalent in total force is 1-82-19. I reached Fort Pitt the same evening. CCLXXXIV. AiiffKst 22.— At Fonx Pitt. Observed lat. by Polaris, 53° 35' 2" ; long. 109° 17' 10". ^fr. P. W. King has found, for 'a station on the river bank near Fort Pitt,' 53° 31' 5" ; long. 109° 47' 10". Variation by colliumtor, (I.W) a.m. Dip, A.M., GaiJiboy No. 1 2.'} 11 -2 78 4.'3-0 78 ao-i 78 41-0 ' Tiie clilTerence botwcen the fir.st and second observation this day was traced to the theodolite, which was ont of order. The same remark npplie.s to the obser- vations at Edmonton; for want of any indication which result is correct I take I ! ri»wujfj«iu..itja»i TITK SASKATPTIKWAN. 1 5.1 Ilorizontal force in al>H()lutc' mt'iiHiu'c l»y vibrations only CornH't. .1 T in X ♦ ir. »» No. »t M !J0 ftl 17 4-4 KI7 47;!;it 0;i!t7i» (Kir.ir, 0'07UU o 7K10 77ll» 777;» IMOO III.-,; J (lO) (10) (l<>) a- 14154 (U'.'t) Tills value is lar>rf'ly in pxpossof wimt is dun to tlic position, nnd, lild' \\w next two stations, iniliciitt-H ii frri'iit (li.slocation of tlio uiagnt>tic lines in thia rugion. I'lit- cqiiivali'iit ri'lativc lorcu is r.'-700. The lawless state of the native Indian popnlntion of the great plains, even within British territory, at this time, was well exeni]))!- lied by an incident, of whieh I saw the elTrets at Fort Pitt. The Blaekfeet were at war with the Crees, and had recently nianaj^ed to interrupt a small and harmless party of the latter, who were connn<» to the Fort to trade. They attacked them dose to the Fort, and killed two or three, when the peoi)le of the Fort made a sally and drove them off. Among those saved was a squaw, who had been shot through the upper part of the body ; the wounds were nearly healed, but the poor woman thought that so great a medicine-man could do something for her, and could not be contented until I had covered both wounds with diachylon plaster — a safe application. CCLXXXV. Aii(iiist 23.— The place of observaticm this day was in the neighbourhood of what are now marked on the mnps as Willow Hills. It would appear from the disturbance of the magne- tic elements to bo of difl'irent geological formation from the region recently traversed. Lat. by an observation U!)™ late, reduced to the meridian, 53' 0' 7" ; long. 108° 30' 3". given was 53° 7' by mistake. Variation. 2.40 p.m I>ip, Oambov No. ], r.M. Horizontal force in absolute measure : — m X The latitude formerly 78 L'll K. Ma-rni't .'«) „ 31 ,, 17 Corrected T 4-3()4(i 4-r.7il8 4-7C02 0-.']()78 O-.'JolT) 00700 2-8480 2'8;!88 2-8r).-,i 2-8473 14 -240 14-201 14-282 14-243 w. (1-0) (I'O) (1-0) (0-3) till' mean. Tlie instrument was adjusted as far as I could efl'cct it, l)ut ' remaiiied in iiidill'i'ii'iit order, the axle beinf? slifjlitly l)ent, and one, if not two, of the verniers standing otfthe limb.' {Note in Observation 13ook.) IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // <►* M? ^ ///// 1.0 I.I m 1^ {,50 '""== U? Illlitt IM 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ■• 6" ► Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 4' Mi ^ ///// I i A 154 THE SASKATCHEWAN. ; ' ■ ; The equivalent in relative force is 1-8819, indicating, like the last station, considerable local effect. CCLXXXYI. Encamped about seven miles N.W. by W. from Battle Eiver. Lat. by Polaris, 52° 45' 22" ; long. 108° 12' 0". The distance and bearing given would place Battleford, at the mouth of the river, in about lat. 52° 42' 80" ; long. 108° 3' 48". Mr. W. F. King has found for a hill 10" south of Battleford and south of Battle Eiver, lat. 52° 42' 49" ; long. 108° 16' 59", but it is not stated how this spot is related to the mouth of the river. CCLXXXVIL August 24. — Observed at noon about the elbow. Lat. by a late observation, reduced to the meridian, 52° 21' 24" ; long., by account, 107° 23'. Variation by collimator, 2.30 p.m. Dip, Oambey No. 1 . . . . Horizontal force in absolute measure : — 78 21 -4 E. 10-G Magnet 30 31 17 I) Corrected T 4-3520 4-0534 4-7525 0-3078 0-3515 0-G700 2-8037 2-8711 2-8505 2-8048 14-002 14-130 14-073 14-088 w. 0-0) (1-0) (1-0) (0-3) The equivalent in relative force is 1-8G15. This station, like the two preceding ones, is evidently affected by local causes. CCLXXXVIII. Observed for time about six miles lower down, as I imagine near Eagle Creek of modern maps. Lat. by account, 52° 21'-4 ; long. 107° 23' 4". August 25. — Beached Carlton House. CCLXXXIX. Carlton House. — A part of Fr.anklin's party wintered here in 1820, and I adopted the latitude and longitude given by him. Mr. F. W. King has since (1879) fixed a station near, but apparently two miles to the north of the Fort, at the steamboat landing on the river. Lat. Lony. Fraiikliii, 1820. o / // 52 50 47 100 12 41 King, 1879. o / // 52 52 37 100 32 1 The river runs a little east of north here. In the absence of FORT CARLTON. 155 identification of the precise spot I adhere to FrankUn's latitude, but adopt Mr. King's longitude, which is followed on the latest Dominion maps.' Lieutenant Blakiston, E.A., passed the winter of 1857-8 at this Fort, and made hourly observations of the declination, which were discussed at great length by General Sabine in connection with other stations in 18G0 ; ^ but with entire absence of any allusion to the observations of the present writer at Lake Athabasca in 1843-4, by which the same periodical laws were established and previously published. Variation by collimator, August 20, a.m. Dip, Gambey No. 1 . . . . „ „ „ 2 . . . . L'izontal force in absolute measure : — Corrected T m X Magnet 30 4-4542 0-3905 2-7432 „ 31 4-7054 0-3499 2-7499 „ 17 4-8505 0-6700 2-7438 . 22 55 E. . 78 30-2 . 78 31-2 78 30-7 « w. 13-773 (1-5) 13-807 (1-5) 13-749 (0-75) 2-7438 13-782 (0-37) The equivalent in relative force is 1-8209. The observations with Bars 30 and 31 being complete, are allowed double weight. 17. The ratio m was not observed for Bar One of the few adventures that befell me in a journey which was especially laid out for scientific work, and almost excluded sport or excitement of any kind, occurred on the evening of leaving Carlton House, and the country being now peaceably settled and occupied by an industrious agricultural population. I extract from a letter addressed to Lieut. Eiddell the account I gave him of it shortly afterwards : — I had a very pleasant voyage down the Saskatchewan, and met with an adventure which gave me some amusement at the time. The Plain Indians are in a state of Avarfare, and there is a certain degree of danger in a solitary boat or canoe passing through their country. The travelling war parties are no respecters of persons, and would scalp the illustrious Gauss himself as soon as anybody. By way of defence we carried some * Standard Meridians and Parallels, 1878. * See Obscrvatiom made at the Maijnvtical and Meteorologicul Observatory at St. Heleno, vol. ii. p. cv. 'i I ; 156 THE SASKATCHEWAN. old muskets, but wo arrived at Fort Carlton without danger. We saw a few buffalo and deer, and plenty of wolves, but not one Indian, for they were all away in another direction. A few miles below Carlton the thick woods commence, where danger from the Indians of the plain is usually considered to be at an end. We left our muskets, therefore, with the trader, and went on unarmed excepting the guns carried by myself and the guide. That evening, an hour or so after sunset, as we were pulling quietly down stream, which is there very rapid, we were hailed out of the dusk of the opposite bank, in the Assiniboine or Blackfoot language, by some party which had encamped there, without a fire ; this is always a suspicious circumstance with Indians. We made no reply, but kept on, inclining a httle to the other shore. Three or four miles lower down, it being then quite dark, we halted to cook our supper. The spot was a thicket on the top of a high bank, as I supposed, an island. While the supper was cooldng — it was a beautiful kettle of buffalo humps and tongues — I heard a faint singing noise in the distance, and was wondering what it could be, when it seemed to become louder and nearer, and caught the ears of the men, who, being engaged, had not heard it so soon. Instantly there was a cry — ' Les Assiniboines ! ' ' Les Gros Ventres ! ' ' Lea Pieds-noir ! ' ' Embarquez, monsieur, cmbarquez ! ' and, seizing their ket- tles, they tumbled down the bank with incredible expedition. I, of course, had to follow them after securing my own, and we pushed oJBf, All this made some noise, and when we reached the mid He of the stream and lay on our oars to listen, there was a dead silence for a moment, then a loud outcry as of wolves and dogs and owls hooting. This is so common a stra- tagem of the Indians, I felt convinced that they proceeded from a party of them. Singularly enough, not far above, without seeing or hearing any- thing, we had all perceived in the pure night air the smell which proceeds from a large assemblage of horses ; but it was too dark to distinguish any objects on the bank. It is rather unusual for the Indians to range so low, but some Assiniboines arrived at Carlton while I was there, and a war party of fifty Blaclvfcet had left it only a fortnight previously. We never encamped between Edmonton and Cumberland, but after cooking supper re-embarked and drifted all night with the stream, keep- ing one man to look out and steer the boat. It was generally beautiful weatlier, and I enjoyed no part of the voyage more — a boat being far more comfortable than a canoe. CCXC. Au(jmt 27. — Observed about two and a half miles below the Forks. Lat. by account, 53° 13' ; long. 104° 51' 34". This station is near Fort a la Come of the maps, which cannot, I think, have been occupied as a trading post at the time, or I should have halted there. Professor H. Y. Hind inserts variation, 22° 30' E. for this fort in his Route Map of 1859. Variiition by collimator, 4.44 p.m. Dip, Gaiubey No. 1 24 70 45 E. 112 THE SASKATCHEWAN. 157 Horizontal force in absolute measure : — Corrected T m Magnet 30 4-5560 03977 31 4-8791 0-3576 17 4-06G8 0-0700 Mean , . . . n X 2-0147 200r)0 2-0180 2-0128 13-028 13-880 13-055 13024 (1-0) (10) (1-0) (0-3) The equivalent in relative force is 1'8397. August 28. — No observation. August 29, 1844.— I arrived again at Cumberland House, Station CLXXXni, which see. i ;' 158 SECTION VI. !: I ■(• : . v\ FKOM FOllT GOOD HOPE, ON MACKENZIE S UIVEK, TO FORT ClIIPEAVYAX, OX LAKE ATHABASCA. About 900 tiiilrs. PrcUminarji Ohnrrvntions. — My observations in this remote region are few and far between, the conditions of travelling over the greater part of it having been incompatible with field work. Leaving Lake Athabasca on March 4, 1811, I travelled on snow shoes to Fort Resolution, on Great Slave Lake, and thence to Fort Simpson, a distance altogether of ICO miles, the instruments being packed on dog sledges. The whole journey occupied nineteen days. It is needless to say that long observations in the open air are almost a physical impossibility, with the thermometer far below zero. We had mercury frozen at daybreak on March 25. Therm. —41" F. At the same hour, two days previously, it stood at + 33°, a range of 74°. I reached Fort Simpson on March 20, and remained there engaged in hourly observations until Ma}' 25, when the ice on Mackenzie's River broke up, and the boats started almost instantly for Fort Good Hope. The descent of the Mackenzie is made very rapidly, owing to the strength of the current, and the officer in charge, the late Mr. John Maclean, being the same gentleman with whom I had left Montreal the previous year, made only one short halt, which was at Fort Norman. Returning again from Fort Good Hope, we were favoured by a strong northerly wind (accompanied by snow), and again ran the whole distance of 420 miles, with only one halt, which was also at Fort Norman, making both journeys in an un- usually short time. I accompanied the same boats, after a short delay, always pushing on with the utmost expedition, on their way to the Great Portage (Station CCXVII), as far as Fort Resolution. Here I obtained a canoe and left them, and from hence to Lake Athabasca, about 240 miles, observations are more numerous. (1 FORT GOOD HOPE, MACKENZIE'S RIVER. 159 It is convenient to take the stations in tlie order of time. I have been unable to find the original entries for latitude and longi- tude, which arc therefore given without revision, as published in 184G. CCXCI. Maif 27. — Observed latitude on Mackenzie's River, 04° r 40". CCXCII. May 29. — Observed latitude at the Rapidc sans Sault, 65° 48'. CCXCIII. Muif 80, 1844.— Fort Good Hope, Mackenzie's River. Lat. by T. Simpson, 1837, G(5° IG' ; long. 128° 31'. This post was in Franklin's time about 120 miles lower down, in hit. G7° 28'. It was subsequently moved to Upper ^lanitou Island, and behig swept away from that spot by a flood in 183G, was rebuilt on the mainland opposite that island, where Simpson found it. It was at the same place in 1844. The weather was cloudy, and I was unable to make any observation in my brief visit, excepthig one imperfect glimpse of the sun, whence the approximate variation at 8.24 a.m., 42° 2G' E. By the general testimony of all the recorded observations to- wards the mouth of the Mackenzie this value is about 2° too low. Dip, May 20, 10.40 p.m., Gambey No. 1 Horizontal force in absolute measure :- 82 55'8 8-2 50-1 8i» 5.",!) CorrcctPil T HI X ■/> >r. Magnet 30(1) ti-82005» O-IOPO 1-0720 i;5.-.o.-, (O-.-i) - (-') ciioi;} 04101 1 (!7.-)l l;3-014 (1-.-,) „ 31 (1) 7-';!2;55" o-;i(iil l-08().") i;vo50 (I-.-.) » (2) r)-!)ro;j 0-.S(i41 1-0805 i;iO.Vi (I--.) „ 17 „ 0-1109 ^lean 0-0775 i-7io;j 1-01)18 I.-VSIM.) (1-0) 13-061 (0-00 I Equivalent in relative force to 1*8072. This observation was made about midnight, the twilight, although the sky was completely clouded over, being nearly as light as day. There was no appearance of disturbance. The vibration of No. 30 was imperfect, owing to the suspension silk breaking ; the values 'il t^' ; I I' 1< 15 ..' i , ! II- 1 , i^i 11 IGO FORT NORMAN. given the first line are deduced from the angles of deflection, and the result weighted accordingly. About this time it occurred to mo that the moan angle of deflection of the SHsponded magnet in Lloyd's induction magnetometer, when it is acted upon by the magnetism induced in a soft iron bar at a constant distance, must vary as the inducing force, or as some function of the total force at the spot. In reality, as the force which resists dellection, viz. the hori- zontal component, is also a function of the total force at the spot, tlio observation taken alone does not contain the elements of any solution of the question proposed, which was to determine by a comparison of the angles of detlection the relative force at any two places of observation, nor does the vortical component itself diil'er much in amount within the limits of the present survey, although the angles of deflection range from 24° to 58° 85'. Since, however, the observation is one which had never be- fore been made, and the experience may have some useful application, I have collected the results in the introduction. At this station the suspended magnet of the induction inclino- meter was deflected by the induced magnetism of the soft iron bar, 58° 85'. CCXCIV. May 28 and June 2.— Fort Norman. This fort was in 18-1-1 on the west side of the river. It has, I understand, been since moved to the east side. Lat. by Franklin, G4° -10' 88" ; long. 124° 44' 47" W, Table V, hut given in the text (p. 18) as 124° 53' 22". The former is probably his final value. Dip, May 28, Gambey No. 1 . . . . 82 34-3 I lauded at this establishment in descending the river and again on my return, on both occasions for a few hours onlj^ and under circumstances of weather unfavourable to observation. There was only time on the first occasion to observe the angles of detlection with Magnet 80, giving the ratio ^,. The vibration of the same Bar, to give the product hi A', had to bo postponed until my return on June 2 ; the data are, therefore, more imperfect at this station than at the others. I subjoin the independent values of X : — Corrected T in A- 4> w. May 28. Magnet 30 0-4001 1-7525 13-555 (0-75) Juue 2. >» 30 5-4832 0-4091 1-7483 13-522 (0-75) *» II i> 31 5-8403 0-3610 1-7070 13-072 (1-5) » 1) » 17 5-9717 0'G778 1-7902 13-847 l'i-053 (0-75) 1-7052 (0-37) Equivalent in relative force to 18041. FOIJT SIMPSON. KVl ction, and oflection of 1 it is actocl it distance, tal force at !. the hori- ) spot, the solution of son of the vation, nor the limits from 24° never be- lication, I I incliiio- iroii bur, It Las, I 'ranklin, the text aluc. Ill again under ere was lection e same retiu-n station >) 7o) '') ') §7) Taking separately all the data for a compai'ison of this station with Fort Simpson, we have the ratio of the horizontal component as follows : — By deflection angles, Magnet No. 30 . 0-8040 M J» »1 M t! wl . . 00134 By times of vibratii)n. Magnet No. 30 . 08045 '♦ »» »» M J» *'^ • . 0-81 147 tl i» »> »t tt 17 . . 00lL>0 Mean 0-0017 Taking the absolute horizontal force at Fort Simpson as l'{)53;{, this gives for Fort Norman 1-7608, differing little from the absolute value (1*7652) determined above. The suspended magnet of the induction inclinometer was de- flected by the induced magnetism of the soft iron bar, .'55° 4!>'. I had a rare opportunity hi this neif,'libourhood of nscortaininp; tlio depth of the permanently frozen soil ; a largo landslip had very recently occurred near the Gros Cap, in or near lat. (34° 20', where the cliff was 180 feet high. I estimated the area which had fallen at five acres. It left a clear, sharply-cut perpendicular section of alluvial soil, which was still in a frozen state to a depth of forty-five feet, the limit being very well sboA\ni by a change of colour, and by the water trickling out alonjj; the line of junction. The summer thaw does not penetrate beyond one fool in sheltered places, as in the woods, and two feet in cultivated ground, of which there was a little round the iovt, producing barley and potatoes. The contrast tiiis atfords to the depth of at least .S82 feet, said to have been ascertained near Yakutsk, in Siberia, is very remarkable — the latter place being 2° more distant from the pole. Erman, indeed, calculates the total thickness of permanently frozen soil in that locality to be as much as G30' feet.' CCXCV. FoHT SnirsoN. Lat. observed, 61" 51' 42" ; by T. Simpson, 1837, 61° 51' 25" ; long, by Simpson from a number of lunar distances, 121° 25' 15" = Qh 5m 4J9 -^y^^ which is about 8' E. of the position assigned l)y Franklin. Variation by coUinintor, March 30, 7.58 a.m. . 37 5i> E tl i> ,, „ 0.13 „ . 38 43 tt It „ 3.46 P.M. , 37 28 11 tf „ „ 4.66 „ , 38 2 11 It May 8, 9.0 a.m. . 37 57 Mean . 38 04 E ■ Erman's Travds in Siberir, ii. p. .S67, (JonleyV truiifjlntion, 1848. 1G2 MACKENZIE'S RIVER. I ;< I ■ it" Dip, March 28, 4-6 p m. , Gambey No. 1 . . 81 53-8 1. May 10, 11 A.M. > >» »> • . 81 4r5i )» »> 1" » » 2 . . 81 507 Mean . . 81 52-2 Lbsolute horizontal force ; — Corrected T m X 4> W. May 2, No. 30 G31334I 0-4115 1-0305 13-603* (20) )t » ») C- 1.103 0-4165 1-9612 1 3-868 » (2-0) )) ») "^l 00807 4> 0-3070 1-0456 13-758 » (2-0) >» » »» 5-4601 0-3721 1-0664 13-005" (2-0) „ ,, 17 5-6751 06858 1-0502 13-854 (1-0) 1-0532 13-811 (00) June 12, No. 80 5-2323 0-4010 1-0545 13-821 (1-5) » »» 31 5-5003 0-3587 1-0428 13-738 (1-5) „ „ 17 5-7305 0-0738 1-0556 13-822 (10) » » 20 4-0155 0-4655 1-0716 13038 (1-0) )i ») 23 5-5003 0-2003 1-0475 13-771 13-803 (1-0) 1-0534 (0-6) The mean of the whole is 13-808, equivalent to 1*8244. I left Fort Simjison on June 15, 1844. CCXCVI. June 16. — Observed at noon on the river below an old fort. Lat. 61° 29''5. The Mackenzie is here flowing nearly due west. Long, from Franklin's map about 120° 20'. CCXCVII. June 17. — Observed at Burnt Point, an angle in the river west of the Yellow Knife River. Lat. by account, 61° 10' ; long. 119° 9'. o / Variation by collimator, 9.20 a.m. . . . 36 4 E. CCXCVIIL Observed at noon at Yellow Knife River. Lat. 61° 12'-8. CCXCIX. June 18. — Observed at Sandy Point, a promontory of Little Lake, which is merely an expansion of the river. Lat. by account, 61° 20'; long. 118°. Variation, 9.58 a.m. o 38 5E. CCC. Observed at noon on Little Lake. Lat. 61° 25'-7. ' Rejected. A tinned iron inkstand had been left on the stand too near the needle. ' Three distances of deflection employed. .ilii^M£^'^S!ii^a^iM£iiiiii.- w. GRKAT SLAVE LAKE. Ifi.'i CCCI. Jiint II). — Observed a.m., in lat. by account, 61° '25' ; long. 117° 81'. Variation by collimator, 0.17 a.m. CCCII. Observed at noon. Lat. Gl° 19'. o / . 3(5 7 E. CCCIII. June 20. — Observed on the mainland at a Fishinrf Station opposite the north-west end of Big Island, which bore E. 22° N. Lat. 61° ll'-7 ; long. 116° 38'. Variation by collimator, G.2 a.m. Dip (observed March 18) 35 L»8 E. 82 H-7 Horizontal force in absolute measure, l)y angles of deflection only :— u m X ^ W. Maguot30 23° 0'-3 ' 0-4002 1-803}) 13-850 (l-O) „ 31 20 32-4 0-3592 1-8877 13-813 (10) 1-81)08 13-830 (0-2) CCCIV. Observed at noon opposite the eastern extremity of tiio same island, which is the entrance of the river. Lat. 61°7'*7. CCCV. June 21. — Observed at IFay Itivcr, on the south side of Great Slave Lake, the present site of the Roman Catholic Mission of St. Anne. Lat. 60° 48' ; long. 115° 18'. Variation by collimator, 7 a.m. 86 50 E. CCCVL Observed at noon on the lake near Hay River. Lat. 60° 49'. CCCVn. June 22. — At Fort Resolution, Great Slave Lake. Lat. by my observation, 61° 10' 42" ; Franklin, 1825, 61° 10' 26"; long. Franklin, 113° 45' ; T. Simpson, 1836, 113' 48'. Variation by collimator, 10.20 am., 23rd. Dip, A.M., 22nd, Gambey No. 1 . )» )» » » (» ^ • • 37 12-5 E. 82 43-5 82 45-4 These angles may be compared with the following observed before and after : Bar 30 Bar 31 Fort Simpson . „ Resolution o / o 1 23 6-5 20 27-6 24 46-n 22 40 M 2 1 • 104 DUKAT SLAVE lAKE. vU * ir. 131)42 (1-5) liMMM (IT») laooi (ITi) |yU50 (0-4fl) Horizontal force in nbHolute nit'iiHuro : — fiiricileil T m X Juno 2-2. Jlnjifnct 30 f,T,320 0'30»)8 1'7610 „ „ 31 r)H714 0-3585 1-7047 „ „ J7 00471) 00700 1 7043 17030 EquivaUut in rohitivo value to 1'8-139. June 23. — I left Fort Resolution in a canoe proviiled for me by ^Ir. McMurray, and made for the mouth of Buffalo Creek, about twelve milcH 8. by W. of the fort. This creek is a small stream Howing into the lake, and is navigable by canoe for nearly fifty miles, when there comes a long portage into Slave River, called the Portage de Grande Detour. It cuts off about thirty miles of the latter river. I had previously travelled by it on snow shoes, hi March. The transformation produced by the advance of the summer was very striking. CCCVIII. June 24.— Observed lat. at noon, 60° 54'-3. CCCIX. Junti 25. — Observed for time, a.m. Lat. by account, 60° 84' ; long. 113° 12-5. CCCX. Observed at noon. Lat. 60° 29'-7. Reached the Portage de Grande Detour. Lat. 60° 22' ; long. 113°. o / Observed variation by collimator, 5.58 p.m. . 35 15 E. Dip, GambeyNo 1 82 330 In passing this portage the men were attacked by a bear, which the guide, Pierre Blondin, was fortunate enough to shoot. En- camped here. CCCXI. June 26. — Observed at noon at the first small lake in the portage. Lat. 60° 20'-6. CCCXII. June 27. — Reached Salt River a.m., and observed for time. Lat. 60° 6'; long. 112° 15'. CCCXIII. Observed at noon. Lat. 60° 2'-2. CCCXIV. Observed at p.m. Pelican Portage. louK. 111° 51'. Lat. 59° 58'; ^'ariation by collimator, 6.24 p.m. Dip, Gamboy No. 1 . 36 82 15 E. 20-8 This station is about ninety-five miles north of Fort Chipewyan (Station CCXXIX), where I arrived again, without further observa- tion, on June 80, 1844. KND OF THK DIARV. M'. h\h POSTSCRIPT. Since the preceding pagoa were printed it has been noticed that the vahie of the horizontal force at Toronto for the year 1845, assumed by Sir E. Sabine in 181(5, and which enters into the factor— 1;V800 1830 '•fiOSO employed for converting Eolative Force into Absolute Force (ante, p. 57), was subsequently corrected by re-estimation of some of the constants. (See Toronto, Vol. III. p, cvi, 1857.) Hnrlzontttl force Total fniee. As publishod 1840 .... .S-S.'M) 13004 As corrected 1857 .... .'{•5470 13-1)42 The effect is to alter the above ratio to- 13-0080 1'8305 = 7-5734 II. which slightly augments the values of f. The correction in those cases in which the value in the text is solely deduced from observations with Fox's or Lloyd's needle, assuming a medium force of 14-00, is + 0-0058. Where, however, the value of f is partly deduced from those observations and partly from absolute determinations or vibrations, which are not affected, it is less in proportion to their relative weight. If the weights are equal, it is +-0029, generally from +-002 to +-004. Such a correction in the third decimal may be safely disregarded in a general comparison, but may require notice when data exist for determining the rate of secular change of force which has taken place since 1844. The above ratio is obtained as follows : — Total Force at Toronto By tbe Observatory series of X, 1845 By the survey magnets . . 1845 „ . . 1840 Mean by absolute determinations . By Fox needles . . .1842 „ „ ... 1846 Mean relative force 13-90S1 ^ Phil. Trans. 18t6. 13-042 p. 244 corrected. 13-807 Tab. I. 13-887 Tab. II. III. 13-0081 — 1-838 Tab. XII. 1-835 Tab. V. Then 1 -Hmu . 1-8365 — 7-5734 ns abovp. III. IV. wm^^'^'mmf^nm^ 16G GENERAL TABU:. Table XIX. s,: /i'('C(ipifnf, X.Y. . 42 ,5.5 78 .54 ___ 74 37'8 1,-1-694 0-5 6-314 .to SMHiia, C.W. . 42 ,58 82 22 74 15 7 13-812 1-0 6-368 20 Detroit, .Mi.di. . 12 25 8;( 73 28-7 13-820 1-1 6-372 ;)8 AinhcrstbiirK', C.W. . 42 6 83 3 73 30'0 13-760 0-5 6-305 oO Cc.lmrjf, t'.W. . ■13 :,i\ 78 10 75 27 2 — — A FoKDNTO, C.W. 43 39 7!» 21 . 75 14-7 13-896 10-0 6-407 24 Hamiltc.n, C.W, 43 16 79 .50 74 55-4 13-821 0-25 6-374 28 liorhcstcr, N.Y. 43 10 77 460 74 41 i,-w;70 0-6 6-303 27 Niagara Village 43 15 79 8-0 74 45-6 I3-8.V_' 0-6 6-387 36 Niagara Falls . 43 4 79 9 74 46'8 13-757 0-5 6-345 40 < ioderich, C.W. 43 45 81 41 75 4-8 13833 1-0 6-378 34 Williamsburg . 44 55 75 7 __ 76 30-8 13-964 0-5 6-438 33 Prescott . 44 35 75 30 _ 78 42'.5 — 32 Urookville, C.W. . 44 32 75 41 76 18"9 13-711 0-6 6-322 22 Kingsttin, C.W. a 44 13 76 28-6 —^ 77 15'0 1. 5-047 1-6 6-938 M b . 44 12 76 29'0 ? 14-449 0-5 6-662 It „ c . 44 13 76 30-0 ? 15-465 0-5 6-714 31 Belleville, C.W. 44 9 77 25 ._ 77 1-0 ._ — 25 Uarrie, C.W. . 44 21 79 41 _« 75 49-9 _ — 26 Penetanguishcne, C.W. . . . 44 47 79 58 — 76 14-6 14-077 0-45 6-491 4 Kingsey, Q. 45 46 72 12 77 40 1.3-687 0-6 6-762 5 Stansiead, Q. , 45 2 72 7 77 19-2 13-642 0-6 6-290 G St. John's, Q. 45 17 73 15 77 0-1 — 7 Montreal . 45 31 73 33-.t 77 8-5 13-636 0-5 6-241 35 Cornivall . 45 2 74 50 76 16'4 1.3-789 0-5 6-858 1 -.'! 74 G-yo3 G-387 0-345 G-37H G-438 6-322 6-938 6-G62 6-714 0-45 6-491 6-7G2 6-290 6-241 6-358 6-318 6-382 6-339 6-344 (i-291 6-388 6-281 6-384 Station uumber Station Lat. Long. Var. Dip Force, Britisli Units ir. 0-25 Force, ticrinan Units XI Ayliuer . . h Id o 75 58 o _;_ 7t?4i 1.3-S36 6-384 XII Chut I'lills 45 2G 76 32 75 7 13-916 0-85 6-413 XIII I'ort (111 Furt . 15 ;!G 7(> 53 10 11 W. — XV Gr. Ciilitiiiet 45 45 76 40 76 44-4 13-832 0-6 6-378 XVI Fort Coiiloiif^e . 15 51-9 7G 45 77 2!>-7 13-911 1-25 6-414 xvu I'te. IJiiplt-me . K) 5 77 2G 77 19-1 13-775 0-6 G-;i5l XVIII I'tf^c. 2 — .Jiiachinis . 4G 1-^ 77 40 - 77 3-8 13-830 0-85 6-377 XIX Uochc Capitaiue 4G 15 77 45 5 8-8 W. ._ XX Al)ci- 53-6 14-020 0-85 6-464 LXVI Iiiiche du Bout 48 34 88 14 1 26-7 E. — LXVIII Thunder Cape , 48 '20 88 52 78 2:!-2 14-218 0-85 G-.556 I.XIX FouT William Canoe Route. 48 23-5 89 13-5 5 47-8 E. 78 4-7 14-078 •2-15 6-491 LXX i'tge. Ecarfe . 48 25 89 44 77 13 5 14-013 0-85 6-461 LXXI Ptge. de Lisle . 48 26 89 42 39 18-0 E. — . __ Lxxn Muuvais Portage 48 29 89 44 5 40-8 E. __ _ __ LXXIli Dog Portage . 48 39 89 30 78 26-8 14-124 1-15 6-512 LXXIV Dog Lake 48 44 89 40 6 51-1 E. — _^ LXXVI Prairie Portage 48 57-5 00 1-5 78 26-1 14-086 1-1."^. 6-406 LXXVIII Savannah Portage . 48 53 90 3-2 7 38-3 E. 78 21-8 14-107 0-85 6-504 ir,8 flENEKAL TAIU.E. ii! Table XIX. — continned. 'i\ ' i Stnlinll nil c.ltr Statiiin 1 Ijit. Long. Var. Dip I'^orce. British w. I'oree, (lerninn 78^20-4 Units 0-85 Inits C-487 l.XXX French Pi rt;ij,'e o 48 35 91 8-4 o ^ 14-0G9 LXXXl I't.-o. ik's Morts 4H 3(i 91 25 10 39-5 K. — — Lxxxn l'tt;o. Two Uivors . 4H 35 91 •23 10 57(! K. 77 49-4 14-031 1-15 G-4fi9 Lxxxm L. ii l.'i (.'rosse , 48 i\ 92 4 7 52-5 K. 77 51-0 14-0(13 0-85 G-484 LXXXV •-'ml I'di-time IS ll-> 92 25 10 20-5 E. 77 40-1 14-02I1 0-85 0-1 07 LXXXVIt Sturircciii i.iikc 18 ■r,-h 112 38 77 44-8 14-077 0-85 G-491 LXXXVUI 1st l'(irt:i};e 4.S •28 92 41 10 25-2 E. — — I.XXXIX Hiiiiiy l.iiUo 48 3.;-4 92 50 10 53-(i E. 77 47-9 14-095 0-85 0-499 xc l"o!!i' Iit.xscr.s 48 ;U)-G 9;! 2';-7 9 3£0 E. 77 30 14-023 1-80 G-4()fi XCI Itiiiiiv Uivif 48 41 94 31 13 4-5 E. 77 57-4 14-309 1-1 G-597 XlIV L. (it'tho Woods 4!1 19 94 40 13 42'(! E. 78 3-7 141 10 0-85 0-489 xcvri 1* »» • 4!l •25 94 .■>7 12 20 E. 78 l(i'7 11041 0-85 0-475 I.' U.-it l\irtiij;e . 1 4lt 45'1> 94 33-3 9 38 E. 78 7-5 14-0-23 1-3 G-4(iG CM Ill \Viiiiii|n-:; llivcr . 1 •,() l()-2 95 12 12 28-7 E. 79 1 0-0 14-204 0-0 0-549 <1V Sl.'ivc l-:ills .",0 11-7 95 40 — 78 57-1 14-091 0-0 G-198 t VI I'iiminvii l;iv( r i ,")ll Hi 9li 3 12 48-(; — — — CVIII I'uiir .\i.i;.XAMii:i! . ."0 ::i; '.i 9(! 22 13 55 5 E. 7.S 58'4 14-098 9 6-500 ex t.iiUc VN'iiiiiipij; j.-.O 3.5 91) 35-i; 13 41 E. 78 314 14-1-28 0-G G-514 (XI »i • 'oO ;;3-i 9li 3(i 79 5-1 — CXII! I'dHT (i.MiKV . ! I!" 53-2 97 i5(; 1(1 4-8 E. 7.S 18-8 14-0.">o •2-8 G-178 1 XIV Itcd liivor 1 M IS-J 9(J 52 78 34 14-(i91 0-85 G-498 CXVIl l.iikc U iiuiirc^ ■M 1 9(1 2fi 79 31-5 14-510 0-30 G-(;93 (XVIll »t ; .">i 34 9(i 43 15 (;-7 E. 79 (1-1 14-393 0-3(1 6-G;!G (XVI ^» • r>i a-(! 9f) 5(i 13 45-5 l'-.. 79 11-8 14-09(1 0-85 0-497 (XIX >♦ • ol 3t')'7 9(i 53 10 25-1 E, 79 38'0 14-4(12 0-85 G-G(;8 (XXII <» • fii 40 9li 5(! 21 3S-3 E. — — (XXI ol 44 5 97 2 15 24-2 E. 79 39 1.V382 0-3 7-092 CXXIV t» • r.i 4(i 97 79 28-3 14-414 1-25 0-G4(i ( XXVI in G-5 97 8 15 38-(i E. — — — ( WVIII »' • hi ■2(l'!l 97 10 10 54-(! E. 80 24-4 14-39G 0-3 ()-g:'.8 (XXIX i» • hi •22^(i 97 12 14 19-8 E. 80 39'2 1-1-160 0-G 0-524 (XXX »» • 5-2 •25 97 18 19 22-7 E. — — t'XXXI »• • ft-i 3h; 97 18 19 12-2 E. XU 5-5 14-113 -2-1 0-492 rxxxiv (11(1 Norway House . 53 41(i 98 1-4 — 80 45-4 14-102 0-9 0-530 (.XXXVI Niunv.vv I'idisE .")3 5i)-(l 98 3-9 15 35 OE. 81 10-0 14-098 8-15 G-,500 Canoe Route. OXX XVIII Cnrpeiitcr'.s Lnkc 54 14 97 40 21 2r,-o E. — . __ (XI. lliiiiy Lako 04 20 97 28 18 43-7 E. 81 20-9 14-007 0-8 C-486 C.M.I l.iikij'let . .J4 23 97 4 35 11-2 E. — — — CXI.II ICi'liiiininmi.s J4 21 97 2 19 5-3 E. — — — ex I.I v Wliiro Villi Portage . ,54 23-3 9(! 31 17 82 E. 81 47-9 14-203 0-8 G-549 CXLV 11 lU.^i Gates .-)4 42 9(1 10 — 81 67'0 14-194 1-2 G-543 CXI.VIII (Jxt'ord Lake . 54 4(i-8 9G 9 12 53-() E. — (I. „ House . 54 5(i 95 30 10 31-5 E. 82 38-H 14-192 1-0 6-,'.44 CI.III Knee Lake 54 51 95 11 14 l(i^2 E. — — — — ( I.V LoiiLf Portage . 55 141 94 22 12 3(;-4 E. 82 13'9 14-210 1-N5 0-552 CI.VII Kevil's Han(]inK P). 55 24 94 11 49-4 E. 82 55 14-227 0-8 6-5G0 < I.VIII Morjran's Koiks 55 29 93 5.'] 11 1 1-0 E. — — — — CI.IX White Mud Portage. 55 33 93 44-(: 10 51 E. 83 2-9 14-134 1-G 0-517 ( I.XI Sliawatawii 5(i 21 93 11 10 E. 83 3G-2 14-1, -SO i-(;5 G-5 15 CI. XII VdiiK Faitohy ' . 5(! 59-9 92 26 9 0-G E. 83 47-2 14-051 2-50 6-480 CI-XIII Lake Winuipeg 5;t 53 98 89 17 24-2 E. — — — — CI.XV Maeiutosh Island 5y 40 99 5 21 39-4 E. — — — — OI.XVI Lake Winnipeg 53 31 -it 99 12 17 7-3 E. 80 2-2*2 14-098 1-6 G-500 CI.XVII Saskatehewau . .");t 17 99 25 k; 39-2 E. — — — — CI.XIX (Irand Kapid . 53 8-4 9!» 27 18 19-0 E. 80 2G-5 14-141 1-55 C-524 CI.XX Cross Lake 53 10-7 99 34 18 3-7 E. 80 28-2 14-lfi5 1-85 6-531 ri.xxi Ilan? Island 53 I2'9 100 80 7-1 14-003 0-6 6-484 CLXXIIl Muddy Lake , 53 1!>'3 100 35 18 32-9 E. — — — — ' For Dr. .1. Rm 's nhsrrvalions. Me Table XVT. p. 1 10. (".ENERAL TABLE. 169 Table XIX. — contviuetl. CP, its »'. 0-sr, M,j ]•] 0-8,-. I O-fi ()•(; O-G 2-8 0-8.J O'JiO O'jtii 0-8,-) 0-8.-) 0-3 1-2J ("orce, fleriimnl I'nits G-187 (i-(fi!l (i-(8l C-K!? O-llU f.-ltifi G-6!(7 fi-I89 G-irs (■.■•](i6 (l-,'")4!) G-I!18 6-600 G-178 (i-Ji»,s (i-tiii;! G-G.-ifi G-4!I7 6'6(!8 7-0!l2 G-GIG o-;( O-G <>-G;:8 G-.")21 — 2-1 8-ir, tl-l!t2 G-,-i;;(i G-,')00 0-« 6-«6 0-8 J -2 G-549 G-543 I'O j C'544 I •■'<•") I G-o,02 0-8 I 6-5G0 1-G iMi,-. tJ-oO I G-;J17 CvMo G-48() G-SOO G-524 6-5.! 1 G-484 A Ptntion imml t'l- station Lat. Long. Vur. Dip I'orcc, liriti^h II'. Force. German / o , Lnita Units I . O / O 4 CI.XXIV 1 Devil s Drum I.sl:ind. .•i.'f 1!).') mo 3(! 17 3-'-2 K. 80 0-0 1.3-814 0-3 (i-370 :i b\ 101 50 17 4.0-2 K. CI.XXXllI Ci >liir.i:i..\Ni> IIo. , .■);i ,')ti-7 102 l!)-2 19 32-5 K. 80 25-0 14-113 4-2 C-521 < 1. XXXIV I'iiii' Islnml I.nl^e ,'),■( iiH 102 17 17 59-7 K. 11. XXXVI liivcr .M:ilif;ii . :>i 21-4 102 10 21 23-0 E. CLXXXVlll Limestone Point ,04 2(1 102 10 80 34-2 14-0.32 1-3 G-470 txc Ciui) rortiitie . .04 47-2 102 3!t-5 24 8-(! E. 80 39-(l — CX( I I'iiie I'ortiifje . rJ) 4 102 42 80 52-7 14-109 1-3 G-506 N . 68 24-6 116 6M1 32 40 E. 80 48-0 14-022 1-.06 6-l(15 ttxi.vi Haril Piver 67 67 117 4-7 29 6(1 E. 80 (1-7 — C (1-166 < ( I.XIV I'r. Lksskk Si.avkL. 66 i!2Ml IIG 2(1 52-6 E. 78 39-0 13-872 (i-;i G-108 ( ( I.XVI Swan Point 56 2G 115 i!-l 2(1 19-0 E. 78 29-9 (CI. XIX Porks (if the Atha- .05 13 113 63-2 2(1 28-0 E. 78 66-2 basca — — 78 34-1 < rl.xxiii On Atlialiascft River. 54 4.'t 1 14 2 20 -29-1 E. — (■< I.XXVll I'(ll!T Assl>Mn(llXK . 54 21-7 114 28-(l 24 39 E. 78 15-2 — CCI.XXIX Pembina Kiver /{. Sas/inlrlitwaii. .04 3-2 114 0-2 22 23 E. 77 54 C{I,X\-X FonT Kdmoxton .03 3P9 113 30-3 23 47 E. 77 51-2 14-000 1-15 (I- 156 CCI.XXXI On Saskatcliewan 64 4-5 112 l'J-5 24 25 E. 78 5-2 13-706 P-3 (1-319 CCI.XXXUI Moose Mill 53 50 110 .09 24 2G-G E. 78 33-5 13-812 o-;t G-;iG8 CCI.XXXI V KouT Pitt 53 .'J4-1 109 47-2 28 9-2 E. 78 41-0 14-1,04 0-3 fi-62G OCIAXXV Willow Hills . .03 0-1 108 30 28 24-1 E. 78 28-1 14-243 0-3 0-507 CCI, XXXVII Klbow 62 21 -4 107 23 26 21-4 E. 78 1(1-(1 14-088 0-3 0-490 CCLXXXIX Caiii.ton . 52 50-8 10(1 32 22 .05 E. 78 .3(1-7 13-782 (i-;i7 0-366 ccxc Near Port a la Corne. hS L'i 104 51-G 24 45 E. 79 11-2; 13-924 0-3 (1-420 170 GENERAL TABLE. Table XIX. — continued. station number Station Lat. Long. Vnr. Dip Force, llritisii Units ir. Force, QermBt Units Northern Section, CCXCII FoHT Good IIoi-k . & 16 12°8 .SI __ 82 5.V9 13-681 0-6 G-.S09 cc.xciv Four NonMAN . 64 40-6 124 44-8 82 34-3 13-6,53 0-57 6-295 fCXlV Four Simpson . (il 51-7 121 2.v;( 38 0-4 E. 81 .V2-2 13-808 1-5 6-367 CCXIVII Hurnt I'oint 61 10 119 9 ;!() 4-0 E. — CCXCIX Sanely Point . 61 20 118 38 5 E. KCI Kivcr 61 2,'J 117 .SI 3(> 7 E. — CCCIII P'inhinpf Station 61 11-7 116 38 35 28 E. 82 8-7 13-aS6 0-2 6-379 CflV Hay Kiver tii) 48 115 18 3,5 ,S6-0 E. — — rcrvii Four Rksoi.i'tion . 61 10-7 1 1.S 46 37 12-.5 E. 82 44-4 13-956 0-45 6-435 rctx I'tRo. fie Or. I)(,l,.„ ™ "'by the' A fl — ^in 2 VVitlitlje sm2,( "• «■ e„ fu„,W.e., e„ the' C t el? "" "* *"«« »' "» ""e.op™..! U »e,„»., , ,,„„.„„ n>a„, I'^X" rauJ'f '^'""■™ "Set e;:s-:° ~: r-" •-"™ ' -s;:.:;-:--"'--^ ^ 2J^F*ff7Sf lal. Hence the 17a APPENDIX II. IDENTIFICATION OF THE STATIONS INCLUDED IN TABLE XIV. pp. 52-54. 1. Quebec, a, within the ramparts, on a grass plot in front of the then Artillery Barracks. ,, b, near Wolfe and Montcalm's nionmnont. 2. Three Rivers, in the garden of the late Mr. Bell. 3. Sorel, on the bank of the river, a little east of the Roman Catholic Church. 4. Kingsey, Drummond Co. L.C., in the garden of Captain Cox. 5. Stanstead, in the garden of the hotel near the Anglican Church. 6. St. John's, or Dorchester, behind the hotel about a quarter of a mile above the bridge. 7. St. Helen's Island, Montreal, about 100 yards S.S.W. of the barracks. 7a. Montreal, at the foot of the mountain in the garden of the house then rented as the quarter of the commanding Royal Engineer. 8. Manhattanville, N.Y., in a grove behind the Bloomingdale Lunatic Asylum, formation, mica slate. 9. Providence Rhode Island, at the steamboat landing. 10. Dorchester, Mass., near Grove Hall. 11. Cambridge, Mass., in the garden of the Observatory, not less than 80 feet from the magiiotieal instruments. 12. Philadelphia, at Girard's College. 13. Baltimore, a, at Dr. Bache's station in Howard's Wood, between Calvert and Washington Streets, about 400 yards N. 42° E. from the Washington monument. ,, b, about GOO yards N. of the same monument. ,, c, in the Botanical Garden, St. Mary's College, at Dr. Nicolet's station. 14. Washington, D.C., in the grounds of the Capitol, west side of the lowest terrace between the centre and south alleys. 15. Princeton, N.J., in a field 200 yards behind the college, and to the right of it. 16. Newhaven, Conn., on a void space m Grove Street, about 50 yards S. of the entrance to the Cemetery, and 86 yards from the iron fencing. If i ' t ; I ' • I till t u I * . ... 1 '- •'■ ''ill *' via (ij ir 174 IDENTIFICATION OF STATIONS. 17. West Point, N.Y., in Professor Bartlctt's garden. 18. Albany, N.Y., Professor J. Henry's station, on the side of the liill between Orange and Patroon Streets, and E. of Hawk Street, N. 18° E. from the Boys' Academy, N. 40° W. from the Dutch Church. A. TonoNTO, at the Observatory. 19. Cleveland, Ohio, at the foot of a hill about 20 yards from the landing. 20. Detroit, Mich., in a lane leading from the wharf to Jefferson Avenue, about 40 yards doAvn. 21. South Manitou Island, Lake Michigan, about 40 yards from the wharf directly inland, under shelter of a hut. 22. Kingston, Canada, a, in the Artillery Square, near the flagstaff. „ „ b, at Stewart's Point. „ „ c, on Kingston Common, near the Penitentiary. 23. Chicago, 111. (not specified). 24. Hamilton, Lake Ontario, in the courtyard of the Farmer's Inn, 300 yards E. of the market-place, and about a mile W. of the landing. 25. Barrie, Lake Simcoe, about 60 yards from the lake in the garden of the hotel (then Bingham's Hotel). 26. Penetanguishene, Lake Huron, a, near Mrs. Wallace's Inn, about a quarter of a mile from the Barracks, b, in front of the Free- masons' Arms Inn. 27. Niagara Village, Lake Ontario, outside the fort in the garden of the Royal Engineers' quarter. 28. Rochester, N.Y., at the corner of Mill Street, in a garden behind the Mansion House Hotel (Whitbeck's). 29. Springfield, Mass., in a yard W. of the American Hotel, about 60 yards from the railroad. 30. Coburg, Ontario, in a yard adjoining Mr. Parry's House, nearly opposite a church. 31. Belleville, Bay of Quint6, in Dr. Reilly's garden. 32. Brockville Garden, Rockford's Hotel. 38. Prescott, in a field about 500 yards back from the river, and 150 yards from the fort, opposite Ogdensburg. 84. Williamsburg, Garden of Brouefile's Inn. 85. Cornwall, in the orchard behind Chesley's Inn. 86. Niagara Falls, near the Clifton Hotel. 87. Buffalo, behind the High School at the corner of Fourth and Dela- ware Streets. 38. Amherstburg, in Mr. J. Gordon's garden. 89. Sarnia, in a garden near the Ferry. 40. Goderich, in a garden at the foot of the hill. 41. Cincinnati, in Mr. Longworth's garden, between Pike, Butler, and Symms Streets. IDENTIFICATION OF STATIONS. 175 42. Mammoth Cavo, Kentucky, taken at the mouth of the cave, which is situated a httle to the S.W. of a hue joining Glasgow and Litch- field, Ky., at about one-third of the distance measured from the former. The spot was 40 feet S.E. from the House. 43. Louisville, Ky., about a quarter of a mile S.S.W. of the Hospital, a>id half a mile from the river, in Jacob's Wood. \ 'I' II ■. ■ •■/"" I 17(i APPENDIX III.' CoMPAitisoN of the mean Irri'giilar Fluctuations of tlio magnetical ele- ments at stations of observation in North America, reprinted from the ' rroeeedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1851.' Tliese results were arrived at by taking the ditt'erenco between the observed scale reading at each hour of Ciottingon moan time and the arithmetical mean for the same hour for the month. The square root of the mean of the squares of these differences is the quantity entered as the mean disturbance for the hour. It should be borne in mind that the years of observation 184})—! coincided with a minimum of sun-spots. Table XX. Mean cJhtur/iance of the dcclinatum, Ocfober-Fehniari/. Local nieuii time Toronto Bitkii Atlmliascn Loi'iil Tor, nto Sitkn 2',(;7 Lake At!iiibasi'ii Midniglit l',72 4',ati 8',5 Noon i',r)i 4',ti liJ 1 ,8;j 1,18 9 ,9 1 1 ,51 2 ,55 4,3 It l.tlO 3 ,('.2 8,(; 2 1 ,34 2 ,20 4,7 15 1,50 2 ,'.»7 7,1 3 1,71 2,14 4,7 1(5 1 ,52 2 ,!I2 11,0 4 1,81 1 ,95 4,4 17 1 ,<17 2,81 15 ,2 ■' 5 l,8(i 1,81 3,7 18 1 ,75 2 .75 10 ,() () 1,02 1,90 4,3 1(1 1 ,29 2,82 8,5 7 0,84 3 ,09 3,8 20 1,S2 2,88 5,5 8 1 ,53 2,47 4,0 •21 1,8!> 2,80 •1,0 2 ,ltj 2,51 ,3 22 1 ,52 3 ,10 5,1 W 2,72 3 ,43 10 ,2 23 1,08 2 ,79 7,0' 11 2,27 3 ,32 9,7 In the next table, the same two stations are compared with Fort Simpson, on M'Kenzie's river, in hit. 01° 52', long. 8'' 5'" W. The period of observation compared is here the months of April and May 1844 ; embracing, however, only 46 observation days at the most northern station, but the full number at the others. Sundays are included at Sitka in both cases. ' See Note p. 9. " By omitting one observation on January 25'' P Gott., when the extreme point of a great movement happened to coincide with the regular liour of observa- tion, this value is reduced to 10,6'. ' By omitting a .similar extreme observation on February S"* 7" Gott., this value is reduced to fi,7'. HUJKr.UI.VU FLUCTUATION'S. 177 Tami..; XXI. Moan distHvhnnrv (if ih'cliiintim, April May 1814. Ijike Atl.iibasrn •J',(i ■i,;i 4,7 1,7 •1,1 3,7 4,8 3,8 4,0 f. ,;{ 10 ,2 !),7 Locnl Hitkii I'(ir( 1 Local sit'. 11 Fort iiiiaii tiino H|iu|«iiii nil' i.ti tliiii' 2 .O.-) .■■iniiiHiiii MidiiiKlit 2',H',I (V.lft 1 i',r) Nonn 2',.-.8 8'.0 1!J it.ii; (1 ,r.7 11,7 I 1,81 2 ,22 I ,(■> 11 .■» ,H,'J 5 . 12 xr, ,8 •J 1,71 2 ..tl 7.0 ir> t .(12 H,01 22,2 it J ,r.ti 2,81 (1 .;i 1(J !«,77 H ,1(2 17,:i I 1 ,(i8 2 ,:til (1 ,2 17 2 , 12 u ,08 2.-1 .(1 T) 1 .88 2 ,',1(1 7.1 18 2,1,! ;t ,(10 22 ,'.» (1 2,01 1 .(>;{ 8,1 1'.) H ,117 2 ,(10 '.'2 .;i 7 2 ,78 1 ,1(1 8 ,8 •JO 2,;»i 2 .1!) 10 ,7 8 2 ,20 2,'U 12 .:» •Jl 2,1(1 2.10 12,0 2 ,0 1 ;i,-,i l.-.,l 22 2 ,08 2 , K) 12,2 10 1 ,.'.s ;!,'.)o lit.l 2:» 2 ,2 { 2 ,-.7 f declimition, Octulnrr lH4-t to Fvlnuiinj 1H44. Miilii. to S n.in. n toll A,in. Muun lo S p.iii. K |).iii, tu iiililn. Toronto Hitkii . liuko AtiialiaHca . r.57 3.18 1» ,33 r,(l(l 2 ,8(5 (') ,HH 1 ,(11 2 ,22 t ,40 r,7(i 2 .79 (1 , IH Taiilk XXV. Mean (lUtiir/mnci' >/ ila litiufintt, April ami May )Hlt. Miiln. ti) A n.iii. A 10 11 H.ni. Noon to ( |i.m, fl p.m. to nililii. Toronto Sitka . Fort SinipHon 8',45 (1 ,53 17,85 2',(13 2 ,(15 15 ,88 l',79 2,51 5 ,(18 2',89 3 ,(18 11,15 The observations of April and ^^lly at Sitka include nine days which were not days of observation at Toronto, and fourteen which were not days of observation at Fort Simpson, where there were also a few oniissions in the six-hourly period commencing at midnight : this may account for the somewhat lower relative value in tliat quadrant as compared with the one preceding it, at the latter station, than at Sitka. The above comparison exhibits a marked differenco in the state of dis- turbance prevailing after midnight at Sitka, Lake Athabasca, and Fort Simpson, as compared with the lower stations. Of the six hours pro- ceding midnight, however, only O**, 10'', and ll** are distinguished for a high value of this quantity at any of the stations : it will perhaps be bettor therefore to compare these tlirco hours with H**, ■1'', and r>^ a.m. parti- cularly ; hours to which no prominent interest was assigned by any of the authorities quoted above. I have; here taken, in each instance except Dublin, the value of a / ^^-j- — : it is also necessary to substitute at Dublin some of the values of 1843 for the corresponding months of 18J1 ; but this will not afifect the compan.-.on. Taking the same iwriods at all the stations, we have the following results : T.xni.K XXVI. KIVK WINTKri MclNTIIH TWO SI'HIXO MONTItS !l-n p.m. 3-J> n.m. ft- 11 pill \\-(i n.m. Dublin . Philadelphia . Toronto . Sitka . Lake Athabasca Fort Simpson 2',70 1,85 2 ,35 3,10 8,89 l',75 1,47 1,59 2,80 11,(53 5'.27 2,17 3 ,51 3 ,43 12,89 2,71 2 .4(5 4,17 7 ,50 21 ,57 N 2 i i ■•-•Sfi-f ■' 180 IRREOULATl FLUCTUATIONS. Again : for the whole year, \vc have Tai.mj XXVII. Ii-U pin. 3-f) ii.m. Itntio Dublin . l'hila(U^lpliia . Toronto |;;:|-; ; Sitka . 3'.77 2,3H 2 ,:w 3 ,1H 1 ,1!) 2',Ht 2,11 1 ,m 2 ,82 4,28 As 1,(!1 : 1 1.13 : 1 1,21 : 1 1,11 : 1 0,07 : 1 Tlie higlicst vahies would be given at Sitka by the hoiu\s 12'', I'', 2'' a.m. both in the winter period and on the whole year, and by 2'>, S^, 4'* a.m. in the two spring months, which appears to show an earlier epoch for the second reaction than at the other two northern stations ; but probably the reduction of another year's observations, at least, will be necessary to determine this point. It appears then that while at Philadelphia and Toronto, as at Dublin, the mean disturbance of the declination presents but one maximum, which occurs at 9 or 10 p.m., yet there is not, even at these stations, a complete agreement. At Dublin, the value decreases regularly after 11 P.M. ; at Philadelphia and Toronto, it decreases to a materially less degree. Proceeding to Sitka, we find a maximum about the same hour, but it is succeeded by another at 1 a.m., and the average value is some- what greater for the hours succeeding than for those preceding midnight. At Lake Athabasca we have still a maximum about 10 p.m., but it is decidedly inferior to a second maximum at 5 a.m. or thereabouts. Lastly, at Fort Simpson, without losing the first maximum, we find it exceeded in a still higher ratio by the second. Hence we are led to the conclusion that, as regards the declination, there are two classes of irregular in- fluences, or two reactions during the night, succeeding the regular influences which have acted during the day. Of these, the one which produces a maximum value of disturbance at 9 or 10 p.m. appears to bo universal, but it is nowhere important enovigh to modify in any marked degree the character of the moan diurnal curves of this element, wliich is chiefly impressed, at all save the most northern stations, by the direct or regular action of the day. The other class, or that which produces a second maximum of disturbance after midnight (when the direct action of the sun is on the opposite hemisphere), is not universal, but comes into operation, on the American continent, more and more effectively as we approach the magnetic pole ; until at last its energy is such as to mask the effect of the more feeble regular influences, and to determine almost entirely the apparent character of tlie mean diurnal changes. 1 have hitherto referred to the disturbance of the declination alone, that boing the element which has been mo.st generally studied, and which iiloue lias given a marked nKixiininu of disturbance at 9'' or 10'' p.m. The mUKGULAK FLUCTUATIONS. 181 IN 2" A.AI. i 4'' A.M. in 3cli for the t probably iccssary to It Dublin, Qaxinmm, stations, a irly after rially less -me hour, ■ is some- nidnight. but it is Lastly, exceeded nclusion ?ular in- regular le which irs to be marked vhich is irect or luces a ii action los into ' as wo mask almost alone, wJiidi . Tlie horizontal force and the inclination, at Lake Athabasca and Fort Simpson, equally support the conclusion that the causes producing disturbance at these stations come into operation chiefly towards morning, and concur in showing 4'' or 5'' a.m. to be the period of their greatest effect. The result is that the principal inflexion in the mean diurnal curve for each element occurs at that hour also, giving to these curves an apparent character differing most remarkably from those described elsewhere. It can scarcely be necessary to point out the great comparative amount of the mean disturbance shown at the two nost northern stations. The effect of this greater prevalence of disturbance is strikingly shown in the great amount of the mean daily range of the elements. Taking the difference between the highest and lowest scale reading of each day for the daily range, and \/ "^^ — - for the mean daily range, we have the following remarkable series : — Tatile XXVIII. KIVH WINTKIl MO.MIIr* TWO Kl'lUNd MUNTIIS Di^clinntiou Jlori-.diitiil force UCilillUtilJIt Horizoiitiil fori'o At riiiliidclpliia . Toronto Sitka Lake Athabasca . Fort .Simpson 7M 8,5 0,8 30,4 ,(!0i:}2 X ,002 12 X ,oo:!8i)X ,0271)8 X UM 11,0 16,2 (la ,1 ,00157 X ,00;i57 X ,0014 X ,04182 X Bearing in mind that Sitka, which differs so widely from Fort Simpson and agrees so nearly with Toronto, is 4G0 geographical miles distant from the former and 2,250 from the latter,' we have here a striking proof how little magnetical phenomena are governed by geographical relations. There is one other circumstance connected with the disturbance of the declination which I cannot forbear to mention. I mean the remarkable influence of the seasons upon the mean diurnal curve of this quantity ; the great augmentation which the principal maximum receives at the time of the equinoxes, and the much lower values which prevail at both the solstices. In the next table are shown the values of the mean dis- turbance of declination at Philadolpliia, Sitka, and Toronto for one year, according to the astronomical seasons."'* Thus February, March, April, form ' Sitka: Latitudo 57° JV; longitiidu 0" l',2"> W. from Greenwipli. It may be iioressary to mention that tlie iiiiitilar magnets at Philadeliihia and Sitka were of 2 feet in length ; at Toronto, of 14 inches; and at the two northern stations, of 3 inches only. Tiie elleet of the dimensions or tlie inertia of magnets upon the amount of their movements, and upon (he mean diurnal curves deduced from those move- ments, is a subject which requires further investigaticni (as much in 1883 as it did in 1851). ^ This arran or lO"* p.m. is the result of easterly movements. Such is also the case with the maximum at 5 a.m. at the two most northern stations. The westerly means, on the contrary, are the largest dui'ing the day ; and there are indications of a maximum value under this sign at G or 7 a.m., but less regular, and apparently more affected by the seasons than the other. IRREGULAR FLUCTUATIONS. 183 the value of sons so dig. t they diifer rence in the tion to the Bans for the disturbance boreahg is one fact as the latter laws, both a common re are two I eiul of a 3 severally above the the equal m disturb- s happens sturbance. ange then per to the dered as a auses pro- d without res of the ieviaiions our, it is sinium of )vements. 'Wo most le largest Lie under 3 affected CM ■2 o .§ ^ '« M r ^ fc («! c W ^ 1-) •S % ,5 H 1/3 ^3 •{^ 5 12 H o 03 09 l> (N (N IN efl IN * «0 C0_ rt ea (N « SC S^_ fH CO t> CT O CIS U5 l> r^^ e^n5T)rc«5«(NiN5'^w50cct-t-oc»'nt~iNS>)eoco5« >n oc rt o, t-^ C5 1> t> u5 o o t^ i> i>. c-;; so co_ •* o_ o o^ ;a 'O eoaDt-c;©-(iao-i"C5t-o:D cc_ IK >n os_ t^ OS, se cD^ "c o in cD_ 1 o_ in >ra_ CO ^o ■-*, ei "5, "s, "-i ■* o ^"iH rt'iH rt'rt'rt'tH iHfH fH rH t-TtH rt rH iH i-H rt rt rt C^ IM W U I ? ■43 t-COCOOCO-*0-^-HlfliOi-ICO«5-^lOtOOGDOSi-l05>n05 w, aq_ N co^^ oi, tn « o^ t^ ec -aj^ ec i> o_ TtieocownsiNeiieiifficiiconsoiciJcaso'-iiNtHffQoaejcuN 5 ci-ii'MFHOot-cocst-o-^coirax-coesesooioooto W «<1^CC CO C0^in^lN_^35_i-H CC_C~ i« ■'I" -it CO IM C<1 "5 >-*, -i C"!, '1 OT "^ eoci!Oi-^ocoiNOO-*iniNe^xo«or!-^ao-<_ O^ CC_ t-^ 1/5^ ■*_ CC « M CC c<5_ iO_ CO^ >-H !>- CB IM_^ IM_ a I c >* f> c \ 3 5 y i ■( 5 CCiMCTO'lt-OCCt"OOi(5-H«OOt---r:i-l>.0-t<050t^05-^ CO O^ « 1-H O O <>\ ^^ fH X_ >C C-;^ CT -tl_^ rH 1.-^_^ t>; ^ iM_ C-^ C5 t-- in "5 m«OTjt-^Tj<-^CClMe<:iMC(5'NCl(MCJ5^rac:iracoci;i^«FHt^o-i'CiM>rat~05'iiiMiOF-(FM ^^i— tlMCC-rCCaDOL-*rHIM5>10C50riOO»-4f-HpHCC0500CC coeccocococciN'ixneiiMO'liM'HiN'i-iiHiNiMOjTticracons 1 C^r-tcDCC>0t*CS-^C0t*OOpHO»-(5i»CCCt*O>0a0C5»i^ t^ O 05_ X_ IN us lO X_ ■<)<_ ■>«<_ iN_, IM_ "H OC O w5 ff. Ci X^ CJ, i-H C) O O &)C<15?li-(lMrHiHiHi-tiNe<5Cf5C(5»J o >3 < ■< OaSFHt-COCCINClSOCCOlNt-tOOSi.'SOSlNnSt-COioaOO CS^-*__|> ^_ IN rH^ O^O^T|l_4D CO IN "J!_ 05, »^OT.>0 CO t-^-^^O 05 ^ 3 eisu3c-l05iHm50lNOl0i-( CO o C5 o_ -*_ t-^ o; 'c (» «, CO "n o !-<, m_ OS o o t-^ IN rt lis o -^ &J eoofcc COeiS *Jrj((N(NiNC^lNIN(Ni-HlSX>-IOilS05I>l> ■"i. T "H ®, ■*, ^- "^ "^r. ^- ■*- "^^ "'^ 1 ^- "'^ "H ^V '^^ ■'i ^ ® ", '^t "! 5>iinc<5ci; eg ,4 io05c»:ac>i5 0»c5iHioiN-HioosiN-j^ -^^^ t-^ o o 05^ OS. co_. o »_ lo ■* uj o -)<^ cc -* in ClSCl5C<5'1(CISINOHC<5IN«(N'-li-lrHrti-li-(iNiN*l-*CiS^m Ch OOt-t-i(S05C-Xi-liNt-05'-lclS0500C-'N05USS3t»lN IN CC_^ -.O^ C0_ 0. 1-H, -^^ O. IN lO^ CT i-H O, CO_ U5__ CO_ CO, rH X, US_ IN l> ■'T OS. M oTlN CQ NN 9J e«5 ff) (N IN O eQiHr-l>HF^S»FHCiie<5(NC0FH A :2•HC^«•*u^■.o^•«050l-(,5'-^|MM'«•W!C^-«C50'-| l3 fH f— I ^ fH rH ^ 1 ',iwu^ljji«iil|j.il,wu;iini^j|l ^_ hi ! f I I i I 184 APPENDIX IV. JIASK ANGLES EMPLOYED, AM) AXOLES ItECOliDED AT STATIONS OE OIlSEltVATlOX NOT AI,Ii EADl' (ilVEX IN EVLL IN TAIiLEa XIL TO XXV. OE THE ' I'lIlLOSOl'IIIVAL TL'ANHACTIONIS EOIt 1840.' Taiilk XXX. E„.i'8 Needle li, 7 = 0-000 1 13. Th. 20 Bf. ' •>\ 1-2-1 an Rv. 3-0 i-'i'. / 38 12--) ■A J liT. ■ru gr l-'lil-CO Norway IIoiisu 8S-0 31 18i) '.1 1 nil. 0(1 12-7 Mean (i'J-O 78-.-. •>A ty-i 30 58-1 31 8--) 38 3'.l-8 38 11-1 •k; 10 17-0 17-0 30-0 0-8 — 21 2:5-7 1-8(177 Cumberland House 580 21 32-9 30 51-7 38 2l-r> 11) 0-3 ;1'> r,7-2 1-HH78 ,, 51-0 21 21-5 30 r)3-2 37 l'.l-r)i 1(1 (1-2 TiO 120 1-80,S1 1 (iroat Devil's Port. 71-0 21 l.-j-l 30 57-8 38 r>(-r3 -10 101 ,10 30-1 1-8(1,-)1 Siiiiko liiipid ;Vi-0 2.-, 1 -)•(>' 31 l.Vil 38 3;!-2 ■1() •20-1 r,o 57.> l-8.-.(l() l.aku iV la Crosst! . ('.".I'O 21 4.Vi) 31 5-5 3il •J',1-8 10 31-7 r.7 ■1-1 l-sj;ii ■ " (il-O 21 H-2 31 7-7 3!) 2lr8 10 33-0 o7 0-5 1-8 170 Tabli: XXXI. Eo.r's Nvcdii- C, 7 = -0()OI7o. l'\iit'r William Jlcan Fort Coulongo I'ort au Croix l!at Tortage Fort Garry . L. Winnipcfj;, 7tli . loth Norway House York Factory Winily Lake . 0(1-1 01-0 ()1-1 57-4 10-0 73-0 (18-9 (10-0 70-2 71-0 81-0 77-0 00-5 l-.i gr. 19 53-4 10 37() 10 45-5 10 52-4 20 14-0 50-5 57-1 19 53-1 19 11-9 3 1-9 22-9 51-1 19 19 19 19 18 20 30-5 2-11 gr. 0. ') fe'r. S-O gr. 1 3 fi i;r. Force. / , 1 •27 10-2 34 18-8 42 35-9 — — 20 11-8 34 27-8 42 50-3 — 27 0-5 34 •23-3 42 40- 1 ^ . J •8(101 •27 11-1 35 2-1 43 31-2 — 1-8381 27 12-4 34 52-3 43 0-8 — — 1-8323 '20 50(1 34 42-5 43 0-9 -_ — 1-8511 20 57-9 34 13-3 42 50-3 _ — 1-85-29 27 1-4 34 •>8'5 43 0-9 — 1-8525 '20 8-1 .33 37-1 41 380 — — 1-9080 '20 35-1 .34 20-0 42 54-3 — — 1-8721 20 1-2 34 1-0 42 45(i — 1-8737 25 57-3 32 48-1 40 51-3 -_ 1-9392 20 38-0 35 181 42 45-8 - — 1-8711 ' Rejected. These values liiller slightly IVoin those in the text, wliioh were iiiadverteiilly reiliieed with tlie former base value lor Norway House, viz, 1-87,'i, '•* York I'actoiy, TLls value of the force i.-* at varianee with nil the other deter- uiiuations, and juoKalily uue to somo iuipedimeiii to the lite niolion of the needle. TtlU) AT IVES IS Ol'lIK'AL r J'orco i-7 i-!t — I-H 1-Hri77 "•2 l'S(i78 >-t; 1-8(184 )i 1'8(;;-)1 ■ ;; 1 'S-VU) •4 l'Hl!»4 • •i) 1-817'.» DATA FOR H EDUCTIONS. Tadlh XXXI. - (continued). 185 PiCadjiiHtnient. Til. I'.-'Kr. 2-0 sr. •2-5 gr. 3C Br. 3-5 gr. Forou O ' C' / NouwAY House 5(V5 I'J 257 2« 50-4 34 8-1 42 28-0 62 34-1 — ti 57-5 I'J 38-7 20 52-0 34 10-0 42 50-0 52 31-8 — ft — — -- — 42 31-4 - — 1) Mean 57'0 — 2(1 51-5 42 42 58-0 421 — — ID 32-2 34 12-0 52 33-0 1-8077 Old Norway House (i4-2 1!) 47-3 20 41-2 34 40-2 42 30-9 52 34-0 1-8042 L. Winiiipi'K, 14th (>4-"J 1!» 5(1-2 20 53-1 34 110 43 10-0 — 1-8570 Graml Rapid (KJ-O 111 5(1-4 27 3-8 34 3-3 42 39- 1 — - 1-8(108 Crosw liako . (i2-() 19 47-9 26 42-7 35 3-8 42 5-2-5 — 1-8552 Cunibcrlaiul House (;r.-3 20 25-()i 27 7-8 34 47-8 43 33-0 52 49-5 1-8510 t* r)2'4 19 24-4 26 54-0 33 47-5 43 111 52 35-8 1-8089 Beaver Lake ()3'7 19 34-5 27 50-5 34 33-0 44 10-0 52 20-3 1-8398 P. (les Epiuettcs . r.ii-1 19 25-8 27 13-3 34 35-0 43 10-3 — 1-K549 Frog Portage ■')!l-l 19 57-5 27 33-0 34 3-5 43 40-7 — 1-8102 Little Kock V. ()7'l) 18 14-2 25 19-5 31 45-3 39 59-0 48 25-0 1-9H42 Pine Portage (>2-(; 19 54-5 26 30-9 32 44-2' 43 35-5 53 39-8 1-8519 Snake liayid 54() 19 31-3 20 38-1 33 44-9 43 38-3 53 23-9 1-8041 The statioi s fcUowinri arc rejected for loss of magnetism. Port Sonnante 5(V0 19 51-9 27 49-9 35 40-9 45 13-3 55 12-7 1-8070 Isle h, la Crosse . 51-1 20 1-0 28 13-0 35 5-0 45 2-7 54 31-7 1-7999 73-1 — 28 18-1 35 50-5 44 52-4 51 29-0 1-7".I02 BulTalo Lake .->l-3 20 8-8 28 10-0 35 4-4 44 29-0 54 20-5 1-7H01 lUver de la Loclie . (;7-'.t 20 28-1 28 45-4 35 57-7 46 21-7 55 55-0 1-8021 I'ort do la Loclic . 57'0 20 3(1 28 1-0 35 35-5 40 210 55 10-5 l-7',»54 Clearwater IJiver . 427 20 29-7 28 1-3 35 15-5 45 51 54 21-7 1-7992 Pierre au Calumet 04-4 19 52-3 27 32-2 34 12-3 43 18-9 53 25-7 1-8410 Poiiite Ih'uk'e 43-0 20 25-1 27 41-7 34 0-8 43 49-9 53 20-0 1-8184 Fort Chipewyan . 4 4 3 20 40-1 29 0-0 35 350 43 42-5 57 38-9 1-7709 " 4M 20 271 28 1-7 35 35-7 43 34-8 57 20-8 1-7900 Forco. J -8001 l-8;i,si 1-8323 1-8.-, 14 l-85-21» 1-8525 1-90811 1-8721 1-8737 l-9;i92- 1-8741 lifli -woro lier diler- ii'.mIIi.. Table XXXIL Fii.f's Senile A, (IS emphiijed in 1844, and referred to Fcrt Chiinnryan as base. ItMl Th. •!■;, Kt. 3-0 t'r. o'.-.KI-. 4-()gr. 6-0 t'r- O 1 50 56-2 5(1 10-7 50 3-4 55 20-0 54 0-2 Fiirce 1-8310 1-8042 l'K505 1-S5.VS 1-9U35 July 3 „ 12 „ 23 Aug. 19 „ 30 1 Fort Chipcwyan . Fort Vermilion Fort Dun vegan . Edmonton . Cumberland House O 53-0 09-0 54-9 38-1 01-0 O / 27 32-2 27 20-1 27 (.-0 27 19-7 2(1 39-: O ' 34 19-3 33 51-3 33 47->'- 33 47-2 32 50-8 O 1 40 24-0 10 7-1 10 15-5 10 3-0 38 59-0 o / 48 41-7 47 448 47 57-1 17 21-5 10 24-7 * These ancles are rejected. '' This value being- cnn.sidcniblv in oxoe.ss of the truth, as estahli.'shed by the whole body of observations, has been di-'-rcfriirded. On the .--uiiiuixiuon that the free move- ment of iho needle \va.s prevented by rust on the axle, I changed it and tried others, but their performance bein^ very unsatisl'aetorv, the same axle partially repoli.shed was replaeed. I fence the impos.siliility of referriii^r the observations of lf^44 before .\n}j:u8t ;K), to Toronto, or those taken sultsequeutly to Athabasca. The series ends here. n } •' - ■i I 1 ! ■ : 186 DATA FOK REDUCTIONS. Table XXXIII. Fox'a Needle C at employed in 1844 and referred to Fort Chipewyan at base. 1844 Th. l'8gr. J-Ogr. a-Ogr. 3'Ogr. S'6gr. Force 1-8346 Julys Fort Chipewyan . 691 20 48-6 o 28 40-8 o 36 t 21-7 o 46 18-4 o 57 * 1-9 ., 12 Fort Vermilion 48-7 20 44-9 28 65-6 36 14-4 46 2-3 56 39-8 1-8366 „ 23 Fort Dunvegan . 75-5 20 30-5 28 890 36 29-7 46 26-4 57 03 1-8450 Aug. ly Edmonton . 48-4 20 3G-8 28 28-7 36 35-4 46 4-5 56 56-5 1-8391 „ 30 Cumberland House 58-3 20 191 28 191 36 42-8 46 43-4 56 296 1-8646 The unsatisfactory condition both needles, A and C, were in by this time, accounts for a consistent difference between their results in the last two tables, C always giving slightly lower values than A ; but, as pointed out in the text, pp. 85, 86, they concur with the absolute determinations in proving the values of the force in this region, as formerly published, to have been about 0*04 on the relative scale, or 0*80 on the absolute scale, too low. Both needles were observed again at Norway House on September 7, and at Toronto on December 14, 1844, but not at any intermediate points. The result of this comparison was ; — Needle A .. C Force at Norway House. . 1-8554 . 1-8609 Mean 1-8011, or 14-086 which is rather less than the value given in the text, p. 104, viz. 1'8677, or 14*186, but in good general agreement with it. The fitness of either Toronto, Fort William, Norway House, or Fort Chipewyan, to be taken as base stations, each of them being situated on the northern margin of a large fresh-water lake, is a question which did not engage any attention at the dates of these observations. The choice was dictated by convenience alone. There are some reasons for thinking such a geographical position exceptionally liable to abnormal values of one or other element ; this is very observable at Fort Chipewyan. A greater multiplication of observations is necessary to determine the local errors which remain, with other questions, for a more dehberate investi- gation hereafter. ^mmm 187 loyan as base. 3-6 gr. Forc6 i 3 1 5 { / 67 1-9 66 39-8 57 0-3 o6 56-5 55 29-6 1-8346 1-8366 1-8450 1-8391 1-8646 3re in by this ilts in the last >ut, as pointed eterminations rly published, the absolute September 7, ediate points. viz. 1-8677, use, or Fort : situated on 1 which did The choice for thinking il values of )ewyan. A le the local ate investi- STATIONS. A LIST OV STATIONS OF OBSERVATION, AND OF OTHER PLACES NAMED, ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY. The qunlificatmu — Fort, Home, Portage, Lake, River — are generally disregarded. The place xuill be found by its distinguishing appellation. Thus : Portage dea Deux Rivibres under D ; Orand Rapid under O, PAQB PAOB Aberdeen Township . . .03 Brai, River de la . . . .136 Albany, No. 18 . . 53 Brockville, No. 32 . 53 Alexander, Fort . . 02 Brul6 Point . . 137 Alfred Township . . 61 Buflalo, No. 37 . 54 Amherstburp, No. 38 . 54 „ Creek . 164 Assiniboine, Fort . . 140 „ Lake . . 134 Athabasca River . . 136,148 „ River . 120 „ Lake . . 138 Bull's Head . . 00 Aylmer . . 61 Burnt Point . . 102 „ River . . 146 Bad Portaob . . . .81 Baltimore, No. 13 . 52 Cadottb River . . . .145 Bapteme Point . 63 Calumet, Grande Portage . 61 Baril River . . 144 Cambridge, No. 11 . 52 Barrel Lake . . 83 Canoe Portage . 131 Barrie, No. 25 . 53 Cape Lady Pelly . 116 Battle Island . 70 Cardinal liapid . 131 „ River . . 154 Carillou . . 00 Bear Camp . . 88 Carlton, Fort . 140 „ Island . . 08 Carp Portage . 127 Beaver Lake , . 125 Carpnter's Lake . 105 Belleville, No. 31 . 53 Cascade Portage . 130 Beren's River . 08 Cedar Lake . . 122 Biche River, La . 130 Chat Falls . . 62 Big Bend . 123 Chene, Pointe du . 60 „ Island . 86 Chicago, No. 23 . 53 ft n . 163 Chien Lake . . 82 „ Rock Portage . 136 Chienne Rivfr . 73 Bkick Bear Island . 131 Chipewyan, Fort . 130, 164 Blackwater Creek . 105 Christchurch . . 123 Blanche River . 73 Churchill, Fort . 115 Boucane River . 147 „ River . 128 Bout de Roche . 77 (.'uiciuuati, No, 41 . 54 I 188 STATIONS. PAOU TAdB Clearwater River . . . .180 Forks, The . . 150 I'levi'lnnd, No. 10 . . 5M Fort, Portage dii . . 02 Cloche, Fort 111 . 07 Fox's Point . . 01 Cobuif^, No. aO . b',i Frances, Fort . 85 Confidence, Fort , . 115 Frazt-r Ray . . 07 Cornwall, No. 35 . 54 French River . 05 Coulon^^e, Fort . 02 Frog Portage . 128 Cranberry Iky . 08 „ Point . 148 Creek Portnpo . 100 Gargantua, Capb . . 71 Crepe, Pointe au . 71 Garry, Fort . . 04 Cioix, Pointe au . 00 George's Island . 67 Crooked Kiipid . 120 Goderich, No. 40 . . 54 I „ Spout . 107 Good Ilojie, Fort . . 150 Cross Lake . . 84 Grande Ddtour . 104 . 121 Grand Rapid . . 120 ft ft * Crosse, liiiko h la 84, 133 Gypsum Island . 142 Crow Lake . . 147 Cumberland Uouso 124, 157 Hairy Lake . 106 Hamilton, No. 24 . . 53 DficnARaE d'Aroii.b . , .02 Hangar du Diablo . . 77 Dejahi Point . . 148 Hare Island . . 122 De'troit, No. 20 . . 53 Harriet Portage . 130 Deu.\ Juachiins . 03 Hay River . . 127,163 „ llivieres . 03 Hayes River . . 110 Devil's Drum Island 122 St. Helens Station, No. 7 . 52, 50 „ Ilandinj^ Place . 100 Hill River . . 100 „ Portage, Great . 120 Hills Gates . . 107 Dog's Head . . 07 Holey Lake . . 107 Dog Lake and Portage . 81 Hope, Fort Good . . 110 Dorchester, No. 10 . 52 Drum Portages . 108 Dunvegan, Fort . 145 Iroquois River . . 144 D'Urval Island . . 00 Jack House. . 101 Eagi,!; Creek . . . .154 East Uiver . . 104 Ecartd Portage . 80 Kakauhka Falls . 70 Echianianiis River . 105 Kosvaydin . 80 Ecores, Portogedes . 130 Kingsey, No. 41 . . 52 EcritB les Petit s . . 75 Kingston, No. 22 . . 53 Edmonton, Fort . . 140 Knnpp's Bay . . 110 Elbow, Tlie . . 154 Knee Lake . . 108,132 Elk River . . 130,148 Knife Portage . 108 Embarras River . . 130 English River . 128 La Combe . . 60 Leaf River . . 100 Falcon Island . . . .80 I^efroy, Fort . . 143 Fishing Station . . . 103 L'Isle, Fort de . 80 JiS PAflB lf>0 &2 (tl 85 07 06 128 71 04 07 64 160 104 120 142 . 105 . 53 . 77 . 122 . i;jo 127, 103 . IJO 62,50 . 100 . 107 . 107 . liG 144 101 . 79 . 80 . 62 . 53 . 110 108, 132 . 108 00 100 143 80 PAOK lUiXB. » PAOK Little I,ake .... . 102 Pas, The 123 „ River . . .04, 123 Peace River . . 141 „ Rcx'k Piirtago . 120 „ „ Falls of . 143 Locho, 3 Rat Portage . 80 Niagara, No. 27 . . 63 Red River . 08 Falls, No. 30 . 53 Red Willow River 1.30 Nipessing Lake Norman, Fort 04 160 Repulse Bay . Resolution, Fort . 110 103 Norway House 101 Ricollet's Fall 06 „ „ Old . . 10( ,118 Roche Capitnine Portage Rochester, No. 28 . 03 6.3 Otter Island 73 Round Turn 123 „ Portage .... 120 Oxford House .... 107 „ Lake .... Oxhead 107 00 St. Annb'b . St. John's, No. . St. Marie Salt River . l()3 62 00 162 Paddle River .... 140 Sand -fly Lake 1.34 Painted Stone Portage . . 1 06-0 Sandy Point 102 190 STATIONS. I Snrnia, No. .10 SfiHkatchowan Sault St. Mario Savannah Purtago Slianiatawn . Simpson, Fort Simpson'fl Island Slave Falls , Slave Lake, (Ireat „ „ Lesser „ River . „ „ Lesser Smokes, The . Smoky llivor Snake Island „ Point . „ Ilapid , Sonnante Porta^^e Sorol, No. 3 . Springfield, No. 20 Stnnstead, No. 6 Stinking Lake Sturgeon Lake Sugar Island Sulphur Springs Swan Point . Tkarino River . Temisique Lake . Templeton's Farm . Terre lilanche Portage Terre Platte . PAOI . 64 . lao . flO . 83 . 110 . 102 . 78 . 01 '. 147 . 130 . 148 . 147 . 147 . 07 . 131 . 131 . 132 . 52 . r>3 . 52 . 147 85, 125 . 00 . 130 . 148 . 123 . 04 . 01 . 135 . 70 Tesaalon Point Three Rivers, No, Thunder (IJape Toronto, No. A. Trou Portage Trout Laka , „ Portage „ River . Two Rivers Portage PAfll . 08 . 62 . .^ . 77 63, 60, 00, 180 . 03 . 04 . 130 . 108 . 83 Vase, Porte pe Grande . . 04 Vermilion, Fort . . . .143 Viscous Lake . . . .82 Wager River Warren's Landing Washington, No. 14 West Point, No. 17 White Earth Portage „ Fall Portage „ Mud Portage William, Fort Williamsburg, No. 34 Willow Hills Windy Lake Winnipeg Lake . 03, Wolverine Point . Woods, Lake of the Yellow Knife Rh'er York Factory . 110 . 101 , 52 . 53 . 135 . 100 . 110 . 78 . 54 . 153 . 107 05,08, 118,110 . 144 . 80 102 110 rri' pAoa . 08 . 62 63, 60, 60, 180 . 03 . (14 . i;m) . 108 . 83 04 143 82 08, . lie . 101 . 52 . 53 . 135 . 100 . 110 . 78 . 64 . 153 . 107 118,110 . 144 . 80 102 110 INDEX. AFTERNOON pr('f«rftblo for obsorva- tiniiH of variation, 11 Aslio, dipt. K. I)., U.N., 59 Aurora, remarkable one, 100 IUhaltio formations on Lake Su- lM, 32 Franklin^ Sir J., bis route maps, 5, 89, 131 — bis observations of Dip, 40 variation, 50, 115 Frozen soil, depth of, 1(U Oamdet's Dip circle, 14 accident to, 89 Gauss, his memoir, 112 Geological survey, 55, 72, 80 Greenwich observations, 17 IlAin, Capt., 30, 161 Ilerriott, Mr., 121 Hind, Prof. IT. Y., 150 Horizontal force, 32, 34, 41, 120 Humboldt, A. von, 60 iNCLiNOMRTKn induction, 42, 160 Indians, dan^rer from, 151, 153, 165 Instruments, list of, 1 Intensity, force of maximum, 30, 48 Isodynr.mic lines, correction of, 35 JouRNAW, loss of them, xviii. 141 Kewaydtn, 80 King, Mr. W. F., 150, 152, 154 Kingston, Canada W., 55 Kingston, Prof., 70 Lake Winnipeg, depth of, 99 Latitudes, 3 Lee, Lieut., United States Army,C9 Lightning, unusual, 88 ■Z'i lOli INDKX. r; K' Lloyd's statinu moiiIIi'a, 17 — Bcciilcnt til, HO » forninln niid oxnm|ili-, L'l — IndiictiDii iiicliiioiiiotor, 1-, 11, IHO LdorI a>u)mnlic8, vnliio r)f two in« Htriinii'iits, oxaniplcM of, nii tlic St. Lftwri'iir.', !»!), (l()-(t; Oltiiwa, til ; Frt'tii'Ii lliviT, lMI, 05; Liikd Hii- puriov, L'i), 7.'1, 7tl, 77 ; ciiimo route mill NVimiipfjT liivt'V, HO, H(», IM), 01 ; L'lk.' WiimiiH ■(.', 00. 0(1,07, OH, 1 10; raiioo mute to York I'lU'tory, 104, 105, 108 ; .Siiskiitchcwiin, IT).'}; Liltlo Itivov, li'M; Kn-liMh lUvor, 1;.'0; Allmliii.spa Uiv.r, ia7 Jjdcki', Dr., bis dbservatioiis, 70 Loii^'iliiclt', lidw iiHOiTtained, 4-5 — piirrcptioiis oC, \M), lol Loveriii).', I'rof., 100 Maclean, Mr. J., fiO, 1.'8 Mafjriiotonit'tcrs, Wulicr's, I, 51 -■ iiiiiirovcd transjiDrtalilc, 1 Ma-rni'ts, Io.-h of furt'c, 2. li'O, l.'K), \:',2 Maps employed, 5 Maps of Oijolofricnl Siirvpv, 05, 10.^, Ill Moridians, a list of, 8, 50 Miclii^'an State Siiivcy, 00 MirtHou Stations, 00, ii>;i, 151, KJ.'i Namks, tlieir corruption, 3 Needles, Lloyd's Static, 17 — Fox's, 22* Neiimayor, Dr. O., las experiences in Victoria, 8 rATJSADEs on Pence llivor, The, 145 Talliser, ('apt. J., Ill Peace liiver — little known, 141 Falls of, llL' Pole, magnetic, xviii, 47 Prnirie, elevation of, 147 Probable errors, 34, 35, 39 L'AE, Dr. J., 70, 11L>, 115, 116 lkee'])itulation of I'esults, KiO IJelutive force, origin of .scale, 50 ' observations of, li!0 Results, brief review of, 40 Ricliardson, Sir Jobn, 110 Hlddell, laeiit. O. J, n„ 1 Kowand, Mr., 151 Saiiisk, Sir K., cojrnizant of proroed- injfs, Profiiee, xi. — biseoiielusiDns as to tiie Ma^rnetic Foeu.^, 47 — correction of some errors, Mi, 55, n-2, 03, 70, 70, \J2, 1J5, 143, 150, 151 — bis observations, 57 Sandeison, Major, lt.l'!,,04 Secular cbaii^ri's, 40 Sboeks, magnetic, ll', 14 Sini|ison, Sir ( i,, I'rof,, 01, 70, 03 — 'I'bomas, l.')0, 101, 103 Sniitb, Mr. Arcbibald, 47 Snow slioes, journey on, 158 Stations, Sfo List apjU'uded Stinking Lakes, 147 Sulpliur springs, 130 Surveys of tbe Dominion of (Canada, 5, 150, \r,-2, 154 Tayi.ok, Surveyor, U.R Co,, 101 Teiniieraturo extremes experienced, 15H Term days, niagnotical, 13, 73, 00, 1(H, 140 Tlionipson, TI.IJ. Co. Surveyor, 89 Tiaiks, Dr. J. L., 89 'I'inies of \ibration, jirobablo errors of, 35 Toronto, base station, 5({, 100, 180 — vibratioiisof survey magnets at, 00 Treaty ofCilient, 87, 80 Unitkd States, stations in, 51 Unsurveyed countries, dilliculties of. -2 VinuATloNs, exam])les of, .'i3, ]P,0 ^'ietoria, Dr. Neuiuayer's sur\oy of, H Viscous Lake of Frnnlilin, 82 A'oyageurs dying out, 3 \Vi;iuuT of obsiTvations, 41 Winnijieg Lake, form of, 00 Woolwicb, base observations at, 10 YorNGnusBANn, Lieut., 51, 115 iSjiotthmwile iV Co. Printers, uYcir Hrrtt Sqiiarc, JjOiidoii. [To ircccdi' Matjwfiv I'fuiit i-f Xorfh-Wi'ihrn America.] MAGNETIC CIIAltTS. The Bubjoineil Tables contain the data for portions of the linos laid down on the accompanying maps, which arc dependent upon observations subsequent to the writer's magnetic survey, ,'*nd not given in the text; but belong to the same geographical '>!7ion and the same general epoch. I. Observations of the late Captain It. If. Jlaij/, li.A., in T!riti»h Columbia, 18G8- 1801, ' riiil. Tram' 1804. They have been reduced to the date 1844. N... Lnt. Long. Dip Forn' Dooliiiiiti. 111 As Obsirvcil C'orr, + As OljFlM'VOil Corr. As Oliscrvid I'oir 1 18 2li 123 27 7I 34 10' 5 -^ 13' 103 102 21 58 E. 28 2 11) 1 122 12 72 22 110 i3';ti;o i> 21 30 28 H 17 7 122 25 70 .40 l(.4 13- no tt 21 23 30 4 111 2 122 72 4 I0'4 13'2S5 t» 21 37 27 5 19 2 121 23 72 31 !03 13- ISO It — C 15 :tH 122 2^ (!9 17 ll-S 13(l.-.2 t* 20 5 27 7 15 35 120 41> (!9 42 9\S 131.-)1 tt 20 37 27 8 15 lO 120 49 70 5 9-S 13(H)3 tt 18 44 27 ncjirtnl. 9 1!) 10 120 72 37 90 13-220 tt 22 10 27 10 1!) 7 120 — — — 21 50 27 11 I'.r 120 72 27 9-5 13-321 ,j 22 It 27 12 41) 119 24 — — — — 22 14 27 1.1 49 118 28 72 49 91 13-272 ti 20 17 25 11 48 40 118 5 72 42 91 13-31)7 tt 21 40 25 15 48 117 45 72 4 9-0 13-343 tt 21 28 25 Ifi 48 !) no 14 72 35 90 13-370 tt 21 10 25 17 48 22 110 28 72 40 9() 13-31)1 22 51 25 18 48 41 lie 19 73 8 90 13-409 tt 22 11 25 1!) 48 22 115 21 72 48 90 13-435 tt 22 10 25 20 48 40 115 17 73 7 90 13-113 tt 23 24 25 21 48 57 115 8 73 23 90 13-477 tt — — 22 49 114 45 73 31 90 13-497 It 23 52 25 23 49 1 114 4 73 43 90 13-587 tt 23 12 25 '! I B ■hi' II. Obitervations in Iludfum'a Lay hy Captain T, E. L, Moore, H.N., taken in tho course of a ooyage in the Hudson's Bay Comjyany'it ship to Moose Factory in 1840 (Sabine in ' r?iil. Trans.' 1872). Xo correction hat been applied for two and a half years' difference of date. Lat. Long. Dip Force Doclinution O / O 1 O / « o * 63 17 78 55 80 35 1355 58 15 W. At Sea C2 20 81 12 80 7 — — 62 10 80 10 87 1 13-30 — 61 7 82 50 87 1319 — 60 60 83 3 — — 30 35 60 45 82 45 86 41 13-58 60 26 82 8 85 20 13-57 34 60 25 82 42 86 36 13-22 — 60 20 81 12 80 7 — — 60 10 80 10 87 1 13-30 — 59 11 82 45 86 .30 1304 — 58 53 82 52 85 48 — 20 62 57 32 82 37 85 15 13-2S 10 15 57 15 82 53 84 34 13.53 15 57 57 15 82 33 84 30 13-59 15 57 57 9 82 42 84 30 — 17 10 57 4 S2 37 84 31 — — 5(! 40 81 57 84 42 13-55 — 5(i 29 82 32 ..__ — 15 48 56 24 81 .50 84 10 — — 55 29 82 24 83 48 13-20 — 55 25 82 14 84 13-59 1 1 53 54 43 81 32 83 47 13 84 13 30 53 57 81 30 83 2 13-79 — 53 42 81 9 — 13-89 12 48 53 24 81 6 82 20 — — 53 10 80 48 — — 12 30 52 20 80 17 81 49 — — 51 15 80 56 81 30 14-12 12 40 Mdose Factoi-j', 51 32 80 34 SO 59 — 10 41 At Sea 51 17 80 26 — — 12 40 ft 51 8 80 44 81 2 14-07 IC 55 On Shore A few observations by Dr. Rae are also iuscrted, and here note corrections to Table XVI. p. 116: Clmrchill Lat. 68° 43' 50". Knapps Bay Dip 86° 18'-8. Tho next observation, by Rac's Journal, was on .Inly 18, and north of Knapps Ray. I)dc. „ 2. III. \h' About 180 stations are marked in the United States, and a fexo yuimcs inserted to assist their idcntijicatvin ; hut as the observations tccre given in full by Sabine in 1840, it appears unnecessary to repeat them. The intensities rcere chiefly determined by Dr. Locke between the years 1838 and 184C; the Dips observed by Locke, Loomis, Graham, and others in the same years. >•( 7< '5^.A ■€' ill If i 115°- 7"- A°_«-A'.n"' ■I ' * I " 9i^ - « ■ 20 StarJbrob Geog^ £stab*. LEFROY'S MAGNETIC SURVEY 184^1 84-4^. So ^O' Ji^ / \ / \ ir^' ^' 8 Lake- ^0/ Deer NC ilftii iN* s oi i« til <9j' ^O.X i,-^.^' 6 '«/.j o^ PI m. MAGNETIC CHART F NORTH WF: stern AMERICA FROM OBSERVATION 1844-1860 LEFROY 1843-4- HAIG 1869-61 Reduction of Saiffs ohservaUvns to Epoch iSH-0 fapplM) ])eclinMtiorv — ^iZ' JndinatifjTv + 11^ Total Force + OJO o OhservatUrw of IHp ajid Force'. A ObservcULoTV of VcLriatu)rv. 0ATrough of Uuroruxt/h Schists \ 86 .oX.^ .o?L.^ .o.-S-^ \ ^0iff^' 53*V J^^ m =^ ^■^v/« '^'''•r^. *s zolL X.. lao'-s"- 4fO'' '^ t»l t^ \^ i ■^^ \ %J ^> \ ^oi \ \ \ \ \ \ <& \ S^ •^irne ^OLUf ^^icuL 4^ P l\j v^ ^1 .•Son «^/!r ««^ I lEFROYS MAG^T.TIC SUFkVEY 184.4. Pill -t^' ^ ■0- 7^ 9) \ \^ t W^ ■li> 1f«^>* ^t N >5#. Oji *:«: N \ 4^4" ■S' ^5^^ f^^^^^m tac rooli i \ \ \ lanrtou,!., A,,. Barr o p "K^^^^'^ori, ^ \GtHlerijrh> Beim «» ^.r Cord: 'nuiuAt' ) y' .Qcs» 0^'Ji^" C 1> mtabuiO CUntorvo \ JieoM* 1 ~~~~' — ■ — - — ""R J*9 1 n M i ^ rk f y^ u. ^ y ^•« Uz * ? Jo**^. T**"**-"^ ^ 7 ^*' /^ * Wheeling oi »o Spi-i.^fffiMf*'''^^ • . • ^r ^. ^4 rf-G^cT 85*'-5^40' 8O°-5-20?^ iPJofuiA / \a^^o^ W ^ T / Bostxml <9 / '^ 'pA'tAjftaitti*^*^^' ^ tOft ^^ ,-73- 'ry^^ \ 7(f ■ ^ \ i ■. Mi . \ LINES OF EQUAL % Y \ EASTE N \ • DOM. ■; \ I T^ iV.r ' i . . \ FROM \ iroHL Sat ^ __o _li _m 75»5' O' 7Cr-4t-40' .m MAGNETIC CHART I OF THE NES OF EQUAL INCLINATION VARIATION & TOTAL FORCE IN THE EASTERN & CENTRAL PART or THE I DOMINION or CANADA I AND THE UNITED STATES FROM OBSERVATIONS l838Toi845. ^^^ J7te Iifie& ofUqucii Yaria.f ' on- are' iih part ircfjw Sabineh Cantrvb . JIH. 1872. 35r rf-4?^ 65°-4-2Cr fll 'M|| ^^ tL. i fjp ^W^'IKDR' : -%^ '' . """ "" """"^^^ StaiJerWs GtoffyJisUti* IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 ■**IIIIIM IIIIM *" IM III 2.2 2.0 LA. ill 1.6 Va <^ m 3. VJ °?: ^ / •^^ r ^ ^>^ '^ Photographic Sdences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 873-4503 f/j ^■"^HPPWP XEFROY'S MAGISETIC SURVEY 1841 1844^. ^^^ °88I5 13 \'L a: °88I5 n V 130 -8^ 40" 026-8^-20^ 120*'- 8*^0'' Ak s \ \. \. \rB^8j£^-o' y \ \ \ ft 78' IB' ^ /^'' '-r-bA-' I3-700A 78' S' J?v V^ \ \ \ ^ N •s \ \ \ \ X \ \ \ \ X K •i/'-'^-^^J 0C7Z'Q7- |3'43. o Al 7^*4' ^3-23 7J°7' ^•^ > 1406 qA.f (5^"// l80*35^ 50'4^1 I4I3* -i^^ I4-- yt 14 ifeO^''< i4'OioAa?/o 92U 75-//' 13*76 X 78*.3/' ^To, >jp' / / >• NORT Observe Mean C TtvB oh. fbr -yva Interufii ^ ^ hicUntt rz^ 1^ <>82 A-^^-'"''' ^ \9' .5/ r.bl' I92W 75'//' o*ao' '' VJr- »403 .0 50'^^'^^ ^ , .V4-3Z •\o ^ l3-8\o.Sn r ^ / / TT ^* ^ i4.- e ,80' 6 / / \4- Ob Imagt^ettc survey. NORTH WESTERN SECTION. Observed value of Total Torce and lTiclina.tLOii, / Mean Curves of Equal Variation. Ihe ob,9ervatU}rm are ru>t iruiertedy fbr -wanty of apauoa. Intenaiiy, vipriffM fi^urea 140 O iwUnailoru stapinff Hifures. 7/' 0' -/— -11. _m- StxnTordiB G*og}Bstah\ ifii m^am /«•■ --— -r' I I m m. miiita mmim LEFROY'S MAGNETIC SITIWKY 1844. ia44. 17,'f 70' 65' X^ SO y •,/vi' V ^^-^^■i^ 13 ^0, ^^. >f?^-l,^ -^C^^