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This Kam i* filmed at th« raduction ratio checlced below / Ca document est film4 au taux de rMuetion lnd>qu« cl-dessous. lOx 14x 18x 22x 26x 30x y 12x 16x 20x 24x 28x 32x Th« copv filmed h«r« has b««n raproducad thanks to tha ganaroaity of: National Library of Canada Tha imagaa appaarma hara ara tha ba.t qualitv poMibia conaidaring tha condition and la8'«»'lt«V of iha original copy and m kaaping with tha filming contract apacificationa. Onginai cop.aa m pnniad papar covari ara fiimad baainning w.lh tha front covar and anding on ttxm last paga with 4 pnn.ad or .llu.traiad ""P'«- sion. or tha bach covar whan appropriata. All othar original cop.a. ara fiimad baginning on tha firat paga with a printad or illuairatad impraa- ..on and anding on fh. !••( paga with a pr.ntad or illuatratad impraaaion. Tha laat racord-d frama on aaeh "»'C'o*'.f*J« ^ shall contain tha .ymbol — •'"••"•"9 ^Sn-i' Tir«U6D"». or tha symbol V tmaaning ENO I. whichavar appliaa. Maoa Plata*, charti. ate. may ba fiimad at diffarant raduct.on ratio.. Tho.a too larga to ba antiraly includad in ona aj.po.ura ara filrnad baginning in tha upp.r laft hand cornar. laft to right and top to bottom, a. many .[■•"••" raquirad. Tha following diagram. illu.trata tha mathed: L'axamplair* film* f ut raproduit graca * la g*n*rositi da: Bibliothequa nationals du Canada La* imagaa >uivanta» ent ata rsproduitas avac la plus grand »oin. compta tanu da la condition at da la nanata da I'axamplaira tilma, at 9n conformita avac laa conditions du contrat da filmaga. Las oxamplairas originaux dont la couvanura an papiar ast imprimaa sont filmas an commancant par !• pramiar plat at an tarminant soit par 14 darniara paga qui comporta una ampramta d'imprassion ou d'illustration. soit par la tacond plat, salon la caa. Tous las autras axampiairas originaux sont filmas •n commandant par la pramiara paga qui comporta una amprsmta d'imprassion ou d'illustration at tn tsrminant par la darniara paga qui comporta una taiia amprainta. Un do* symbolas kuivants apparaitra sur la darniira imaga da chaqua microficha. salon la caa: la aymbola ^^ signifia "A SUIVR6". la symboia V •ignifia "FIN". La* canaa. plancha*. tablaaux, ate. pauvant atra filmd* * da* taux da reduction diffarantt. Lorsqua la documant ast trop grand pour atra raproduit nn un saul clich*. il a*t film* a partir da I'angla supariaur gaucha, da gaucna a flroita, •t da haut an bas. an pranant la nombra d'imagaa nacassaira. Las diagrammas suivant* illuatront la rndtttoda. MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) 1^ |5t 2.8 1 40 2.5 2.2 1 2.0 1.8 ^ ^j PPLIED IM/^GE_ Sr. 1653 East Moin Street rv= ?°'=^*^'!,^' Ne» York 14609 USA '.^S (716) 482 -0300 -Phone ^^ (716) 288-5984 - Fa« I LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION / 1904. PULP WOOD OF CANADA f GEORGE JOHNSON, D.C.L., E.S.S. (Hon.) Statistician DKPARTMHNT 01 ACRICULTURK, OTTAWA PRINTKD BY PIRKt-TION OF THK MiNISTKR OF AC.RKl I/n RK 1904. Pulp Wood and Wood Pulp in Canada HY l.KOKllE JOHNSON, F.S.S. (lion.) i ST 1 1 Egypt and Canada— The first was the land of the early paper plant; the second is the country uf the latest paper tree. Egypt was the land of the papyrus, from which the ancient dwellers on the banks of the Nile ob- tained the material on which to write those well nigh imperishable records which, three thousand years after they were stored away, have b«cn produced from their hiding places looking as fresh with their cuttle-fish ink as though indited but yesterday. The Papyrus, "the paper-reed of the brook." gave us the name "paper." The word "library" in English, and the French word "libraire," preserve for us the record of the fact that books were once formed of the bark (liber) of trees. The French word "livre" traces its origin to the same, source. The English word "book" comes from the Anglo- .: )n word "hoc," the beech tree; and was so de- I .d because the early Anglo-Saxons, like the other Teutonic tribes, used the bark and wood of that tree for writing material. In modern times we have reverted to the ways of our ancestors and have gone back to the arboreal growth for the supply of paper to meet the world's marv( ous demands. The banks of the Nile were the early store-house of the paper supply. The beech groves of Germany and of England succeeded Egypt. Then towards the close of the iQth century came the opening up of the Canadian spruce forests. \ * PUM* \V«M)r» AND Wooil P|TI,p. Tlif sliipcs of the St. Lawrence, the St. Maurice, the Ottawa, the St. John, the Ste. Marie, Mie Fraser and the Qu'Appelle rivers arc substituted for the Nile and the rivers of l';urf>|)e. The eyes of commerce turn to the New World with confidence that there need not be a famine f»f paper while the spruce flourishes in Canada. The centuries of the Pyramid builders and the 2oth century—the latest born— salute each other within the sh.uhs of Canadian forests. TlirouKh the experiments of a student, working in the ((uiet of a German laboratory, untold millions have I>cen added to the \.ealth of Canada. The Cinderella of the forest trees of Canada takes rank with the best of her s'sters and becomes the idol of popular interest, scattering largess among thousands of toilers.* At what time in the world's -iistory paper began to be used is a question surrounded with obscurity. The Chinese appear to have employed the wood of the cotton plant reduced to a pulp in the manu- facture of their paper. The first rude eflforts in other parts of Asia to secure a material suitable for the I)urpnsc > of man, as a record of his thoughts and transactions, can be traced beyond the Christian era back to the .second century, B.C. When the Arabs captured Samarcand, 704 A.D., they found the people skilled in the manufacture of paper from cotton and, learning the art, rapidly dis- seminated the knowledge throughout their empire. T''e product of their skill thus acquired from the E.- ecame known as Charta— a specially fine qual- ity being called Charta Damasccna, from the fact of the best equipped factories being in operation in Damascus. * The ShawlniKan Water and Power Company is but a few years oIJ, but It Uas l.uilt'up a prosperous villaffe of 5.000 people where no one ever dreamed of living six years ago. ril.l' W'OOII AM» W(H»H IMl.l'. Ill r.Kypt thin- liail hci-n f«>r many yrar^ a priptT tnanufaitiircd from jtapyni a iminlur nf tin- mk^- tnWf world which, liki- tlu i)aliir. was itnployctl for a urcat .aricty of p\ir|)osis. Fruin tlic stiMi of tho papyrus were made boats, sails, mats, cloth, cords and laptr. The pith was used for food. Sanilals were made out of a mate- 1 |)rovided hy the papy- rus. The seams of ships were caulked with a tow made from it. But the Asiatic plan of njakinp; i)apcr from cot- ton seems to have spread all alon^' the northern shores of I'.urope. to (ireece. to Italy and to have been carried by the Moors to Spain. As t' industry wei\t further and further afiehl frouj the :.ome of the cotton plant, the inficnuity of man sought out either material from which to make the pafcT. In some cases a fair pap"r was proean industry. At first Italy became the centre of the |)aper- making industry. Then Germany be n t^ bu d fac- tories after 1390, A.D. France se* d her know- ledge of paper-making from Spain .».; in the 13th century; the early paper beii"> iii.idc of cotton. By the 14th century pai)c vv;^s i.ot uncommon in England. At first paper was made entirely by hand. Then, as in the history of most manufactures, machinery w?.s invented for the more rapid preparation; then came the division into writing paper, printing paper and wrapping paper, cotton rags being .still the chief source of the material from which paper was made. The demand becoming greater than the supply, the wit of man ixcame actively engaged in finding material from other plants possessed of the necessary fibre. The cotton plant, th papyrus and the palm, 6 Pulp Wood anij Wood Pulp. tlax and some other members of the vegetable king- dom had been employed. But still the demands for paper were inexorable and constantly enlarging. Every zone was searched for suitable material. It was thought that in Esparto grass the requisite material had been discovered, and for years Esparto, treated after a somewhat similar fashion as rags, was extensively used. The tenacity of fibre and flexibility of the leaves have led to their use for centuries for making ropes, sandals, baskets and ships' cables, and because they contain 56 per cent, by weight of fibre, or ten per cent, more than straw, they came into requisition as a substitute for linen rags in the manufacture of paper. About 200,000 tons of the fibre have been imported yearly into Great Britain during the past fifteen years, and its use continues to be maintained at about that rate, without, however, showing any tendency to increase. Straw, de gras from Northern Africa, the leaves of the dwarf palm, sugar cane refuse, the stalks of the hop plant, nettles, the American thistle, peat and other articles have been successively or simultaneously experimented with in the hope of securing an ideal paper. Bamboo cane has also been made the subject of experimentation. Naturally those who were in search of a good material for the manufacture of fibre, reverting to the early employment of the palm tree for the purpose, be^an to experiment on other wood fibres. In the year 1845, Keller took out a patent in Saxony for a process of manufacturing paper from ground wood. Before that date its pre-industrial history is known only to the chemist. After that date many improvements were made in the machinery arj methods used in grinding, the main object being to produce a longer and finer fibre. Business men soon began to realize that the Pui.i' Wooii AND Wood Pui.p. students were on the right track. Tlie chemists, thus encouraged, made a series of experiments to ascer- tain tlie best commercial way of redi'-ing wood to a fibre capable of being made into paper. As a result of their investigations two methods have been se- lected (i) mechanical treatment and (2) chemical treatment. Practically by the mechanical treatment, which consists of grinding up the wood under water, a pulp has been obtained which answers for the inferior kind of paper. But something more was wanted. Mechanical pulp is used chiefly as an adjunct in the manufacture of news and wall papers and printings, but there are several distinct classes of paper made from mechan- ical pulp without any other ingredient. Woodpulp boards are also made from mechanical pulp chiefly for the purpose of making paper boxes. The rapid development of railways and tele- graphs; the spread of education; exciting events on this continent, such as the civil war in the United States of North America, combined to create an enormous demand for news, and led to the establish- ment of many newspapers. The growth af the liter- ary taste led to the development of book-making. In Canada, during the past 16 years, the number of newspapers increased from 644 in 1885, to 1,251 in 1900, and the daily newspapers fr^mi 71 to 121, with a circulation in the aggregate propcjrtionately greatly in advance of the increase in the numbers. The same development, or one nearly equal to the Canadian, taking place in other countries on this continent and in Europe, led to a very enlarged de-. niand for paper, and soon paper-makers found it im- possible to meet the ever-increasing demand. Rags, cotton waste, straw, esparto and all the other ar- -ticles tried and used together were not sufliciont. Nor did the price suit. Out of the necessity of the time came the development of the chemical processes 8 Vvi.v Wood and Wood Pulp, by which a good and cheap paper was evolved. Wood paper suited for most requirements was in fact invented. Chemical pulp is used as an adjunct with esparto, rags or mechanical pulp in the manufacture of news, printing, colours and some kinds of wrapping paper. By combining chemical pulp and mechanical pulp in the proportion of about 30 or 40 per cent, of the former a good paper results such as can be used with success for most of the purposes for which paper is needed. But complete success had not even yet been reached. The practical operations connected with the manufacture of pulp from wood by the caustic soda process— such as barking, sawing, chopping, crushing, boiling or digesting, washing and bleaching and soda recovery— had not, even in combinatijn with pulp partly made of rags, etc., produced the ideal paper. The world was ransacked for the proper wood. All the earlier efforts at wood-pulp making had been confined to pine wood and to poplar wood. Ex- periments were also made with the wood of the wil- low, bass, cedar, hemlock, maple and birch. Ex- periments were further made with trees of various ages, and in this respect it was found that for chemical pulp trees on an average of 20 years old were the best, the younger growth producing fibre of inferior quality. The different kinds of wood suitable for the manufacture of pulp arc white and black spruce, Canada balsam, poplar, aspen and pine; spruce and balsam being the most valuable on account of their colour. These comparatively sol. woods are easily ground. Poplar and aspen have the same quality but they are faulty on account of knots and black veins which spoil the colour of the paper. Pine, which, in the earlier stages nf the development of the wood- Pulp Wood and Wood Pulp. pulp, was used in far the greatest proportion, is now used only in the manufacture of chemical pulp. It gives a good pulp but the process required to bleach is somewhat expensive. Besides the wood is too high-priced to be used profitably in the manufacture of paper. With the low rates that have ruled for paper for some years pulp manufacturers require wood of small value if it can be obtained without the sacrifice of length of fibre. When, therefore, the chemist hit upon spruce and balsam and found them suitable in every respect for the production of the ideal cheap paper, and com- mercial men realized that these woods were compar- atively cheap, quick of growth and well located for the needs of commerce — the world knew that at length, after all the centuries of seeking, the right paper, meeting all requirements, had been invented. It was soon learned that the material could be utilized for the manufacture of many other articles besides paper of various kinds, such as news, print- ing, writing, wrapping, millboard, etc. Among these are pails, dishes and other hollow ware, paper parch- ment, cotton wool for hospital dressings, cotton yarn and cloth, silk yarn and fabrics, cigar boxes, medals, cornices, iranols and other architectural details, picture frames, car wheels, steam pipes, telegraph poles, electric conduits, roofing material, coffins, boats, cigar holders, carpets, mattresses, lead pencils, artificial straw, shoe heels, vases and orna- ments, furniture, horse-shoes, spools and bobbins, tool-handles, buttons, cycle bar handles, ruit cans, hats, pinions for machinery, pulleys, letters for signs,, substitutes for building stones and for boards, piano cases, tiles, paving bricks, fibre chamois, etc. It has also been used for encasing broken arms and legs. It was only necessary to find the land which had the best spruce and the best facilities for ♦;he produc- tion of the most profit.^ble pulp, which at the same time filled the requirements of pulp users. 10 Pulp Wood and Wood Pulp. Tlic land of the spruce tree, as of tlie pine, is Canada. In acordance with a great law of the vepe- table kingdom that plants and trees attain their great- est excellence along the northern limit of their growth, the spruce of Canada was, naturally enough, believed to be the best. Experiments ' proved the belief to be sound. The qualUy has been tested by the severest tests. The United States of North Americp have large spruce forests and a very large demand for wood pulp. The United States paper manufacturers have found it profitable to come to Canada for the wood, and in igoj imported from Canada over $3,354,000 worth of wood pulp and pulp wood. In competition with the Scandinavian stores of woods, Canada in 1903 sent to Great Britain $r.i29,- 000 worth of wood pulp. The latest advices are that an immense trade with Europe in pulp and paper is in sight. Mr. John Macfarlane, of the Canada Paper Co., reports, as the result of his observations in England and Europe recently, that Great Britain and the Con- tinent form a market that will stand at least half a million tons of Canadian pulp per annum. The arrangements made in. Canada indicate the development that practical men foresee to be pro- bable. In the Census of 1871 pulp mills were not men- tioned. In 1881 and 1891 the Census returns showed the following pulp mills: Year No. 1881 5 i8qi 24 1901 25 Capital Invested $ 92,000 2,()00,qiO "'5.S5-5^>o P-mployees No. 68 1,025 .l-'77 Output $ 63,000 1,057,810 4,246,781 Pulp Wood and Wood Pui.r. 11 Since 1901 the increase has been still more rapid, and during the past year or two it has been difficult to keep track of the new enterprises begun and of the old establishments enlarged. The following is a list of pulp and fibre mills in Canada with a total capacity of about 1250 tons per diem. The largest has a capacity of 250 tons in each 24 hours and the second largest a capacity of 170 tons. The others range from 100 to 10 tons capacity. In addition to these there are six large establish- ments not in operation yet, construction not com- pleted ; last year two of the best were not worked. 12 < O CO Q •J . 3 3 rt P^ U Q-M-l ^ '3 _ 3 C rt '^ "CO o i; 3 rt 3 5'^ 2:3 S'S ^ .^-^ O .M Pri.r Wood and Wood Pt'i.p. 13 a < Q < O CQ CQ M Q < •J Pi4 . . . .fl . . C9 c^ cd c^ c^ u o o _< u u rt c c e rt rt rt o C C - rt rt X j: j= S-c^ u u u out; '.U. U &I u u u u „• ^ j3 ^ _;_■—: —• _• _• _• _• „• ^ „• 'c's a a li'S'c'c'cc'c'c'cc'c'S U>,0.C1.0.U oououuuoou ^.OinXi'^ii^ •< ''• ''- ^. ^. ^. ^. <^* ^< <5 •A u Q Q < a b o H o p.. > V. < S o U o .J 1^ 3 3 . aoi' W 3 c •o LO 3 •a c O •a bo c 2 '5 U 4; in O — _ K 5 J •a rt C3 rti I- C C £ O D bo u;iife:?ou ^^Gy^T^E^E "rt c c c ~ i; ^ O O rt rt ' o 5 . . rt ~ "75 c rt c u 3 o E ID 4^ P CA re be rt u CL, j:^ r ) -O 3 OJ « o o E E in i -- o o u 3 r3 "^ 0.5 5£ t in ^4 PiTi.r Woon and Wood Piti.p. The amount of capital invested, or to be invested in the near future, is between fifteen and twenty million dollars. At present about one-fourth of the output is sul- phite, or soda, pulp, and three-fourths mechanical pulp. This development has taken place not only be- cause it has been demonstrated that Canadian spruce is the very best quality for the purpose, hut also be- cause Canada is the possessor of the largest spruce forests in the world, and, in addition to quantity and quality of material, possesses advantages in the wide distribution of water power and in the conditions of the labour market, all of which, combined, give her undoubted pre-eminence for the production of paper. In Canada there is practically an unlimited supply of wood suitable for pulp of the highest character. The area of Canada upon which the spruce grows i.s also conterminous with the geographical boun- daries. Far east, the spruce grows along the shores of Hamilton Inlet and the northern shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Far north, around Ungava Bay, and far north-west in Coronation Gulf, and to the mouth of Mackenzie River, the spruce matures anf' arrives at good size. Far west, along the fiords of British Columbia, spruce abounds, in^.easing in quantity as one goes north, and the Douglas fir, a good pulp wood standing midway between "the spruce and the balsam, is widely distributed towering 230 feet in the air and having a base of from 30 to 50 feet. The extent of the forests of Canada is only be- ginning to be viewed in its true proportion, even by the people of Canada. In 1887 Hon. Sir Henri Joly de Lotbiniere made a report to the Minister of Agficulture, on the forests of Canada. In it he says: 1 1 I'lTM' Wood and Wood Pn r. 15 "l.ct us try and make an inventory of the timber resources of the Dominion, bcRinninR in tlie West. On the Pacific shores of the Dominion, in Hritish Cohnnhia, the bountiful gifts of Provitlence are still stored up for us, and the forests have been scarcely attacked by the lumberman. "The great forest of Canada, fr excellence, is spread over tliat vast territory watered by the Ot- tawa, the St. Maurice, the Saguenay and their tribu- tories, over loo.ooo scjuare miles in extent. Other timber limits are found in the Georgjan Bay country, the Muskoka and Nipissing regions; the Eastern Townships and the south shore of the St. Lawrence to the Gulf; the region on the north shore of the St. Lawrence from the Saguenay to the Betsiamis, and perhaps still lower down as far as Mingan, and the country watered by the St. John, the Miramichi, the Restigouche and their tributaries Thes(! timber limits contain an immense supply of spruce." The Federal Government, and the severai pro- vincial governments, employ agents, principally sur- veyors, well qualified to report on the condition of the land and the forest growth. A great body of these reports l.as accumulated, and. from these, pages by the score could be supplied to show how wide- spread is the spruce in Canada. It must be added that heretofore in Canada pine has been the king, and the search has been rather for pine than for spruce. The acknowledged superiority of the Can- adian spruce for pulp has raised spruce to an equality with pine in the estimation of commerce and trade. But, even when all eyes were centered upon the discovery of pine, it was impossible to avoid refer- ence to the abundance of spruce. In the province of Ontario, north of Lake Ni- pissing, the surveyors, though specially charged to look for pine, were compelled by the great abun- 16 Vvt.v Wood ani> Wood Pti.p. dance of spruce to - make constant mention of it. Wherever other woods were bnt partial in tlie area upon which they grew, and were, therefore, frequently omitted in the enumeration of the trees, spruce is general. Thus, in Blezard township. Nipissinp District, the surveyor reports,— "Well timbered witli spruce, tamarac. birch, balsam, poplar, cedar, maple, in order named." Of 150 reports examined in con- nection with the forest wealth of the northern part of the province of Ontario, the greater number refer to the surprising extent and value of the spruce growth, though the primary object of the reports was to discover the extent and value of pine preserves of the province. Thus Borron, in the narrative of his explorations of Hudson Bay basin (1881), says: — "The timber consists of spruce, aspen, poplar, tamar- ac and white birch chiefly. Of these the spruce is the most valuable The largest trees are about •seven feet in circumference " I.yon, in his report of lands in the Rainy River district, says:— "The whole of the country is covered with timber with the ex- ception of spots where it has been burnt. The timber is chiefly poplar, spruce, oak. elm, basswood, cedar, white pine, red pine, jack pine, tamarac and birch." The Dominion surveyors' reports give evidence of the same desire to discover pine, but these, as those of the provincial land surveyors, describe the abundance of spruce. The reports of the Geological Survey contain much information on this subject. Thus, in the ex- ploration of Rainy River region, 1887-88. the follow- ing is the report: "It cannot be called a pine country though there is some in spots; the prevailing timber is spruce, cedar, tamarac. balsam and hard woods." In the Province of Quebec over ninety reports of, land surveyors — made before the great discovery that spruce was par excellence 'he wood for paper pulp — have been examined. These corroborate the I'l'l.l' Wood am» \\iu>i> l'« i.r. 17 c<.ncliisi()iis of the surveyors of ()i\tario. Tluis <.f Bras dii Nord of River Stc. Aiiik- and tnl)iUariis, the surveyor says:— "The spruce is of greater quantity than other kinds of timber;" of Hay Lake, Ottawa County, tlie surveyor says:— "Abundance of wliite and red pine and '"uce." Other surveyors r.port "mechanical spruce." "white and hhuk spi ce, "chiefly spruce," "good spruce," over a wide extent of country. The officers of the Geological Survey report, for the regions under Federal control, that black and white spruce abound. A. P. Low says of James Bay: —•'The coast and inner islands of James Bay are covered with thick growths of small black spruce and larch, along witli white spruce, balsam, fir, aspen, poplar and white birch." I'.ven in northern regions, though the trees become dwarfed, yet black spruce holds its own with tenacious grip. Along the outer coast, in the vicinity of Richmond Gulf, he says stunted black spruce and larch grow in clumps in the low protected gulliis, but around the margin of the lakes the trees grow thickly everywhere, and on its eastern side they rise nearly to the summit of the hills, showing that the climate is more moderate away from the cold waters of the Hudson Bay." Richmond Gulf, or 'Gulf Lake." as it is some- times called, is on the east side of Hudson Bay, slightly south of the bottom of Un.tr.iva Bay. Mr. Low's statement that spruce grows abundantly in the neighbourhood of this lake is conclusive as to the growth all over the great peninsula between the At- lantic Ocean and Hudson and James Bay. The conditions have not changed since 1610. when Henry Hudson, trying to bring the natives to friendly terms, fiiund his efforts frustrated by the Indians setting fire to the woods and pl.-u-ing bftwcen hi'.n and thetn a zone of fire. In the course of a le-^-'re recently delivered, Mr. IH Pulp VV»m>|) ano Wood I'vlv. A. P. Low. of fho GooIoKical Si y. ,K-scril.nl Labrador as a sictio>. of Ca.iada a thousand milo^ loiw and about the same in width-thus comprisinR an area larpror tlian Great Britain, France and Ger- many combined. f)f this region enormous tracts of pine and spruce covered the cotmtry. Dr. Robert Bell, Acting Director of the Geolo- Rica! Survey, says:-S,,ruco timber begins to be met with, accordintr fo all accounts, about ^o miles to the westward of the Hudson Bay Con.pany'.s post at Nachvak. To the westward of Nachvak. the north- ern hmit of .spruce, nccordinp to Capt. William K.-n- nedy. reaches the shore of ir„pav:i Bay. n.^rth of the George River. On the western side of this b.iy. ,he Eskimo mformcd me. it begins to be found in the Bay of Hope's Advance, or f.e lays iouM.-v ,..„th- eastward of Cape Prince of VVal.s or "..c .so„t.., Mdc of Hudson Strait, and that in ihls nei-hbourlHod .t was found further north in the interinr than en the coast. Dr Bell further says:-"On the cast main const of the Hudson Bay the northern limit of the spruce was found to be a few miles north of Richmon.l Gulf but ,t was reported to extend much further. north at a distance inland from this ci.t. ( .., the west side of the bay it was seen in considerable „unn- titics all alonp the coast from Cape Churchill to Buttons Bay: and Mr. George McTavish. v ho h.-.s made several coastinp voyages to the north and who at my request has kindly made observations and collected mformation from the natives in regard to the distribution of timber, informs me that it fsnruccl „ ' the shore about 20 miles beyond Seal Island He WPS V.ld oy the Eskimo of these parts, who travel a great deal in the interior, that spruce timber begins to be n,e* with at C.vo days. s..y 35 miles west of the mouth of Big River, .nd that it is consider- able furth.^r inland opposite to -Eskimo Point I'ri.p Wool) AM» Wool) I'll 1'. 10 wliich is a1...iit in latitu.U- 6i' 4«>' North. I'r.Mi, this neighbourhood it runs west, north wc^twar.l anro a miinber of persons interested in forestr\, Dr. Bell, .<\ssistant Direitor of the deoloffical Survey, estimates the area of the northern forest of CinaJa at i. 6,^7, (ioo.ooo acres. This, he calculates. wonM yield i6.5cx>.oco,oco cords t>f spruce. Tlie estimate in the text is therefore a very conservative one. (See Appendix .\.) 0<) VviA' Wood and Wood Pulp. Experts, ,n order to indicate the great area in Canada occupied by the spruce as its habitat, have declared that in Canada an area equal to tliat of t-ngland could be cut over every year and still the reproductive powers of the spruce would maintain the e(|u.hbnuni of demand and supply. There may be exaggeration in this statement but it fairly enough gnes expression to the immensity of the area fitted tor the growth of spruce. In the Province af Quebec it is estimated that Here are 200,000,000 acres of timber limits mostly t.mbered with black spruce, the most valuable of all woods for pulp and paper purposes. There is still another consideration of great im- portance in estimating the value of the • -od-pulp in- dustry. The black spruce is considere .0 be bettor t Iian white for pulp. As the black spruce grows on I'e hi s and rocky ground, while the white spruce oves the valleys of the streams and other situations uhc e there is more soil, it follows that we have a .m>ch larger extent of black than of white spruce in ,S?' ^'"'""'^'" ""^ '•'' P'""'"" ''''"'^y stated that m 1892 spruce limits were sold for about $8 per mile while in the year 1899 the Government sold simila; mits for $150 per mile, the price thus rising, under c pressure of demand, nearly 19 times what it was seven years before. It has risen still higher in later ■ the ?^, ""'■'^71" '^ '"'■^'^"'■^ ^"^ ^^ ^he officers of tl^e Geological Survey has been adduced to show the area of spruce in Canada. A few quotations from practical manufacturers .II emphasize the statement already made respect^ ing the quality. ^ The "Manufacturer." of Canada. says:-"It is a generally expressed opinion now among the paper makers that Canadian pulp is distinctly'superior to Pi'M" Wood and Wood I'um'. tliat made in Norway, and still more so compared with Swedish pulp. Much of that superiority is to be attributed to the nature of the wood itself; the fibre seems to mill better and is certainly of a tougher and finer texture." During a recent visit to Canada one of the prin- cipal of the London publishers said: — "During the past ten years I have paid several visits to Canada. I have always held, as the outcome of my observa- tions, that Canada must, through her enormous natural resources in regard to the paper trade, be- come in time one of the most important factors in paper manufacturing for the .vhole world. Our (English) paper makers have already begun to rea- lize something in regard to what Canada can do for them; and the leading manufacturers in this parti- cular line have demonstrated to their satisfaction that Canadian spruce makes a stronger sheet of news- paper than the Scandinavian varieties. It is certainly ls have contracted for the use of over 30,000 horse power, which in that capa- c' •' brings this district next lo Niagara Falls. The establishment at Grand Mere, River St. Maurice, is on a large scale. The Laurentide Pulp Co. has invested over $3,000,000 in this establishment. The company employ in the rivers, woods and works over three thousand men. They have built in the very heart of the forest a town containing 5.000 souls; a modern village up to date in every respect, .vith -.vater .system, electric light, and well laid out streets. Their timber limits cover an extent of 1800 square miles. The water power developed and used is about 16,000 horse power. The full water power at driest season of the year is 70,000 horse power. The plant this company employs consists of the saw mill, the daily capacity of which is 160,000 feet, board measure; and a wood-preparing room in which the wood for the manufacture of ground wood pulp and sulphur pulp is stripped of its bark and prepared. In this room the company prepare daily 3,000 logs of an average leng;!i of thirteen or fourteen feet, and diameter of twelve inches. The digester plant consists of a tower 160 fpet high in which are tubes filled with limestone. I'f M" Wool) AND Wood Pui.p. 25 pliur is burned in iron and brick retorts at the base of tile tower. The fumes pass through long cooling tubes and then stream up through the limestone. The water, which is contained in tanks at the top of the tower, percolates through the limestone and meeting the sulphur fumes forms sulphurous acid which passes through pipes into large stone tanks and from there into digesters, these latter being filled with chips. The acid comes into contact with the chips— live steam is turned on and the mass is cooked. When sufticiently digested the cooked pulp is blown into a tank where it is washed with water to remove unnecessary acid. Other processes follow til! the article is finished ready for shipment or for use in the various manufactures in which the com- pany is engaged. In addition to this chemical pulp the company, of which Sir William Van Home, K.C.M.G., is pre. dent, have a good plant for the manufacture of mechanical pulp. The company estimate that their shipments for this year will exceed 40,000 tons. In addition to the possession of such abundance of the right kinds of wood as will justify expenditure of the large fixed capital necessafy for buildings and plants, water powers are needed. These have to be extensive, widefy distributed and within easy distance of transportation facilities. Brcbeuf, one of the early Jesuit missionaries, leaving Three Rivers for Lake Huron by way of the Ottawa River, relates that during his journey he had to carry his canoe over thirty-five portages because of the rapids and cataracts encountered. The hydrograp' ic condition of the rivers the burly Jesuit tra.erscd, in his bare feet, nearly three liii ulred years ago, remains the same to-day as then, and in each of these rapids and cataracts, which were a source of annoyance to tlu- zealous pioneer, there is to-day a reserve of horse power calculated to delight 2(5 Pulp Wood and Wood Pui.p. to an even greater degree the souls of those who se"k locations for pulp niiil-^ and water power to drive the machinery, than these same rushing, roaring water falls disturbed Jirebeuf's equanimity and put to severe test his philosophy and his religion. The water falls, over which energy has been nmn.ng to waste for centuries, at the command of science have had given them a value and a use that most vividly suggest the transformating p,,wer of cliemic science. I.aSalle passed up the St. Lawrence River from I-achine and made his way by its great lakes to tiie Mississippi River. As his light canoe bore him on Its broad bosom past wide prairies, over which count- less herds of buffaloes grazed and nature, in her animal and vegetable life everywhere seen, proclaim- ed her vast prodigality, the adventurf)us Frenchman of the seventeenth century rejoiced because he be- I.cve.l h.s mission to be to call mto light the hidden ncbes of the western land and to add to his own and the world s wealth. Long after LaSalle's ti„,e the student, macerating in his tubes different woods by vanous processes to meet the loud-voiced demand for the cheap newspaper, performed for civilization a ser- vice scarcely less meritorious when he discovered that .n the spruce wood of Canadian forests there was the needed combination of strength, abundance and cheap- ness the world for years had been seeking. To run a mill capable of producing 25 to 35 tons , of ground pulp per diem requires a motive power of from 2.500 to 3.000 horse power. The generation of such motive power by means of steam is a costly matter, and experience has demonstrated that pulp can be manufactured profitably only in those places where power can be supplied by water. A glance at the map will show that Canada is one of the best watered countries on the globe. Everywhere there is water, and from the geological character of the country water falls are al)un(lant. I'll,!' Wood ami Wood Vvi.v. 27 Thos. C. Kccfer, C. E., C.M.G., in the course of a presidential address before the Royal Society of Canada, says: — "An examination of any gottd map of our broad Dominion, reveals, as its most striking feature, an extrao dinarily wealthy and remarkably un- interrupted succ.ssion of lakes and rivers, suggestive of ample rainfall, the first great retiuisite in the oc- cupation of any country. Over a length of several thousand miles, between Labrador and Alaska, and (•ver a width of several hundred miles, there is an almost continuous distribution of lakes, lakelets and rivers; the lakes of varied outlines, dimensions and elevations above sea level, and many possessing facilities for the storage of their Hood waters. In many places the outlet from the lake or the connec- tion between a chain of lakes is a narrow cleft in rock where an inexpensive dam will hold back the water supplied by the winter's accumulation of snow." With the exception of our prairie region, the riveis of Canada difYer from those draining the west- ern and central States of the United States of North America, in that they are not naturally navigable from their mouths or above tidal influence to any considerable extent, except in detached sections. The great rivers of the Mississippi, the Missouri and the Ohio, are navigable for thousands of miles and arc, therefore, without water power. They flow upon a nearly uniform grade of a few inches per mile, while the St. Lawrence and its tributaries, and in fact all the great rivers of Canada, cast and west, are inter- rupted by rapids, chutes and cataracts, affording a great variety, quantity and quality of water power. From the Straits of Belle Isle to Montreal, and thence ascending the St. Lawrence, the tributaries of the St. Lawrence and of the Ottawa descend, through the Laurentian region, from elevations of i,ooo to 1.800 feet above tide. In many cases they bring their principal cataracts very near their outfall, notably in the case of the famous falls of Montmorency, which. M 28 ^vip Wood and Wood Pulp. leaping directly into the St. Lawrence from a height of 250 feet, arc utilized to supply power to a cotton mill not far fn.m their base, and to light the streets and drive the tram cars of Quebec city ten miles distant. A short time ago an examination was made by the Ottawa Board of Trade into the resources of the region tributary to Ottawa. Estimates were obtained from surveyors, engineers, mill owners and others possessing full knowledge. It was found that within a radius of f^fty miles there was an available power of water equal to nearly 900,000 horse power, the Ot- tawa supplying 664,000 horse power, and its tribu- taries 226,22s horse power; those on the Ontario side contributing 40.000 horse power, and those on the Quebec side 186,225. This estimate is based upon a low average of water obtainable throughout the year. At the sources of the twelve or fourteen rivers, which together aggregate the 900,000 available horse power mentioned, are great lakes that can be con- verted, by the construction of retaining dams, into immense reservoirs, by means of which the power can be increased. Estimating the cost of electrical energy generated by steam on a basis of $25 per horse power, per annum, the employment of a force of 900,- 000 horses would involve an expenditure of $22,500.- 000. Estimating the cost of the same power evolved by water at $10 yearly the saving effected by the em- ployment of the falls and rapids around Ottawa would be $14,500,000. This power is all within such easy distance of the federal capital that it can be centred in Ottawa over a comparatively small number of miles of wire with a loss of only 8 to 10 per cent, in efficiency. Mr. Surtees. C.E., who has investigated this question for the Ottawa River, gives the following Vvi.v Wood a.nd Wood IMir. OJJ information of the capacity of this river an.l its tri- butaries to supply power: — ABOVE THE CITY OF OTTAWA. Horse Power Great Chaudierc, Ottawa City (not in use) 35,000 Little Chaudicrc 25,000 Deschcnes and Britannia 15,000 Chats Falls '. 141,010 Portape du Fort 49,000 Mountain Chute 62,000 Grand Calumet 186,000 CdulonRC River _.. ,. .. 24,120 Black River 21,000 MISSISSIPPI RIVER. Horse Power ^^al'^tta 1.800 Pakenham goo Blackeney ,080 Rf)samond's Rapids 720 •Minonte 3,000 .Applcton 540 Carlefon Place 1,000 Iiiiiisviile 540 MADAW.ASKA RIVER. Horse Powef Ariiprior Rapids 1.400 Rurnstown 1,400 Springton Rapids i uo Calabogne Lake 3,640 Madawaska High Falls 10.360 BONNECHERE RIVER. Horse Power Castleford Rapids 1 120 Renfrew and Douglas 2,000 Quyon River 80 30 Pulp Wood and Wood Pulp. TRIBUTARIF.S BELOW THE ClTY. GATINKAU KIVER. Horse Power Farmer's Rapids 24500 Chelsea Mills 47790 •Eaton's Chute -M-SoS Cascades 14.(000 Wakefield '-'•«» Paugan Falls 7J.Soo Peche 375 Petite Nation River ''^^ Blanche River I-600 Priests Creek 240 Little Blanche River 250 Clay Creek ^^c RIVIKRE DU LIEVRE. Horse Powei Buckingham 9,00c Rhcaunie Falls 4.ooc Dufferin Falls 12,50c Upper Falls J2.50( Little Rapids 50C Cascades 2,oof High Falls 3f>.oo( These figures give a total of 589..?20 horse powci above the city of Ottavva and 269,683 horse powei below the city, all of which is at present uinised- the total in use being 58.400, giving a grand tota of 917,403 horse power. This estimate, as has been stated, is for wate power within a radius of 50 miles of the city. Beyond that no detailed estimate has been pro vided. Mr. Andrew Bell has estimated the aggre gate water power available between Ottawa and Mat tawa (200 miles) at 1,476,000 horse power 24500 47.790 34.508 I4VOO I2.000 7J.50O 375 i,6oo , 1,600 340 250 120 Power 9,000 4,000 12,500 12,500 500 2,000 36.000 PvhV Wood AM) Wood Vn.i: m The cnRitucrs of the projnti.l Montreal ai.d Ottawa and GcorRian Hay Canal estimate the water po-.ver developed alon^ the route of tlie canal at 7oo,oome the Grand Clit.tes I'nr five or si.k miles the water of the Perilmnka rush thro,,^.h these chutes by a series of water falls capable of ^^upplyinjr .,00,000 horse power, which can all be harnessed to do the wr>rkrs w-rk at an expen.liture of a comi-aratively .small sum of money-com,,ar-iti- vely. that is to the cost required to secure the force t't.hzed at Niagara Falls of but one-sixth of the horse power capable of beinpr emi.lovcd in th^ Vil^ of Per-" bonka River. The Mistassini River is another of the feeders of Lake St. John. On it. within 24 miles from the lake, :»'. IMll' NVlMUl ANI» \V«M)U I'lJI.P. thirc ari' two falls nut far from cacli otlicr. Tluse taken toKvthcr can supply a force of 4S.(kk) horse power. One of the aflluents of the Mistassiiii River is the Mistassibi. Its waters pass into the parent river by a succession of cascades whose collective force is estimated at 75.ooo horse power. Another of the tributaries of the Mistassini River is the River of Rats. The waters of this river mingle with those of the Mistassini by means of two cascades of 30 feet and a water fall of 60 feet; estimated to be able to supply a force of 22,000 horse power. Perhaps the largest tributary ul the Mistassini River is the Assiemska. whose rapids and cascades arc of such a character as to warrant the statement that several thousands of horse power are there wait- ing to be set to work. It is safe to say that there arc, north and east of Lake St. John, within a sweep of 20 miles, not less than 150,000 he . powor The River Chamouchouan, which is considered to be the upper part of the Saguenay River, falls into Lake St. John, south of the Mistassini. It can con- tribute as its share of the water power of the favoured region, not less than 100,000 horse power, supplied by several cascades, and especially by the falls of the Chaudierc, which have a height of 120 feet. The River Ouiatchouan has a length of 6a miles and in reaching the Lake St. John widens into several lakes, of which the most important is the Lac des Commissaires, which is a lacustrine expansion of 21 miles in length. At a couple of miles from its mouth 4hc river has a fall of 230 feet high, capable of pro- viding a force of 33000 horse power. The Metabetchouan. in a distance of 80 miles has a descent of 225 feet -the greater portion of which is accomplished by means of cascades and rapids— within a distance of 4 miles. Pui.p Wood ano Wood Pri.r. 33 I lire. 'hen. in tlic siiiK'^' rcKion of which llu' tiasin t»f Lake St, John i* tlic n^'at water ri'-tTvuir. an rivers ami streams having over 7(X),(xk) hi'r«,c power, capable of beinn utilized lor manufactiiniin purposes. This, it is stated, i-, a p >\ver much m ixcess of that which could he supplied 1)\ the rivers of Norway and Sweden. This territory of Lake St. John h.is an area of lO.ooo.OfW) acres, of which less than half a million lia\e lieen stripped of their wood; the remainder arc in forest. Three (jnarters of these forests are white, black .'iiiil red spruce. The other (piartcr contains spruce, liirch, cypress and pine. The (|nantity of wood for paper pulp is, therefore, very larf^e. Taking' the very low estimate of five cords t Wood Pui.i>. 35 known for some time that there was pulp wood in t'' ■ !■•■;■. and tiic reports of the surveyors have i-.owr. thit iK, spruce extends in a dense mass all -ic -vay to Ji,.;ies' Bay. The discovery is heralded as ;!■ ivu-'i .)f f.iture great paper and pulp industries in the northlahvi. and as establishing still further our claim to possessing the greatest amount of raw material for paper of any country in the world. The minister of Crown Lands for Ontario estim- ated in February last that in the Province there were ,^00.000,000 cords of pulp wood on Crown lands not yet sold by the Crown. .\PPHNDIX A. (Page 18.) In our Canadian forests, east of the Rockies, there are ninety species of trees, but the greater number are confined to a comparatively small area. In our northern forests the principal trees are cedar, balsam (tir and poplar), aspen, white birch, tamarac or larch, banksian pine and white and black spruce. The dimensions of our great northern forests arc so vast that they seem almost incredible. The ' central line of the forest belt may be described as starting from the vicinity of the Straits of Belle Isle, and following a west south-westerly course till it pas- ses to the south of James Bay. then turning north- west it follows this course all the way to the border of Alaska, opposite the mouth of Mackenzie River. the total distance being 3,700 miles. The breadth of the spruce belt taken at ten almost eciiial intervals in the above distance is as follows:— „ TT > ■ MILK.S. i'rom Hahtax to Ungava Bay 1,000 In the Labrador Peninsula 950 Prom the north shc^re of Lake Huron to Richmond Gulf, on the east main coast.. 800 iTom the international boundary on the north- west side of Lake Superior to Cape Hen- rietta Maria, on Hudson Bav 600 From the international boundry on Lake of the Woods to Cape Fatnam, on Hudson Bay 600 iJ M \ V !«n .•>(» Pri.i' Wood and Wood Pulp. From ^^)^kton, I'.ast Assinil)(>ia. to Fort Cluircliill 600 From P>att!t.'ford to tlic liiiii of forest north- cast of Raindcer Lake 600 From the summit of the Rocky Mountains on a north-easterly line passing through the Athabasca Lake 800 From the water shed of the Pacitic slope on a north-easterly line passing through Great Slave Lake 700 From the water shed of the Pacific slope on a north-easterly line crossing the Mac- kenzie River on the Arctic circle 350 This gives an average breadth of 700 miles. If we multiply the total by this breadth the result is an area of 2,590,000 square miles as the approximate area of our northern forests, in which the black and white spruces are the prevailing trees.— Dr. Robert Bei.i., Acting Director Geological Survey. APPENDIX B. CANADA Pulp Mill Statistics, Feby. 1st, 1004. BY GEORGE JOHNSON, F.S.S. (hON.) The wood pulp business of Canada for the calendar year 1903 was carried on by 30 mills, which had an output of 275.619 tons of wood pulp. Of this quantity 187.871 tons were mechanical pulp; 84,808 sulphite and 2.940 soda. The corresponding quanities for 1902 were: me- chanical, 155.210 tons; sulphute 76.735 tons and soda 9.044 tons. The total value of the output of 1903 was $5,220,000. Nine of the 39 mills manufactured sul- phite pulp and three soda pulp. Twenty seven manu- factured mechanical pulp and five both mechanical and chemical pulp. Taking the returns of 32 mills, the average time the mills ran during the year was about nine months. 6oo 600 800 700 350 Th 37 ve the mills was equal to 110.630 Pulp Wood and Wood Pulp. c pi>\vcr to riv horse power, of whicli 102,060 was water power. Of the product of Cauailian mills the customs returns show that during the calendar year ii;o3 the export amounted to $.?.oi.3.44i. leaving $2,206,451 for home use. In a genera! way we ex^xirl about 57 per cent. Of this ex])ort tireat Britain took a total of $865,826. Tiic United States took $1,899,448 and other countries $248,167. The Customs returns of Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States do not call for a di- vision of wood pulp into the three sorts known to the trade — soda, sulphite and mechanical, and those of Canada do not call for (luantitier,. It is, therefore. impossiI)le to separate the several branches so as to ascertain the quantities of each .)f the three kinds we exi)ort — a point of considerable importance on account of the great ditTercnce in their value. •».^ /Tif*-*.^ h;'--: i rmmm THE FOREST WEALTH or CANADA 1?V JAMES M. MACOUN, Assisfant Xahinilist, Geological Survey of Canada. PRINTKD BY DIRECTION OF S Hon. Sydnky Fisher, Minister of AoRKiri.TrRE, Ottawa. The Forests of Canada. Since the flate of its first settlement, tlio products of the forest have been among Canada's chief exports ;m markets, while many new factories have been i>uilt of which the entire product goes abroad. Dur- ing the season of 1899 the whole output of many of the large factories was required for home consump- 11011. These, and those manufacturing for exi)ort, were run at their fullest capacity during the whole season, nearly all of them running at night as well as in the day time. This increase in production has been far slower than the natural resources of the country warranted, but capital has not always been available, and competition in foreign markets was so keen that Canadian manufacturers were slow in enter- nig a field in which success seemed doubtful. The result has been that while excessive production went on in the United States and other countries, and their forests were depleted, those of Canada have not been drawn upon to relatively so great an extent, and "as regards raw material the future is with us." 44 The Forests ok Canada. No (.llicr country nlTonls so n,u,t\ a fu-ld for the pr^ (ital)Io invi-stimtil ,,i capital in tin- maiiiifai-tun- < wood products; almiHlant raw mattrial, cliiap powi .•m provinci' o; Ontario tltf i-xport of pin sprtUH' and oilur soft woods in tin- Ior, wliin dcrivi from laids leased from tlie province, is prohibiten and in the province of Quebec $1.50 per cord o stimipage dues is allowed on wood from which pul is manufactured in the province, and similar leRishi tion is ])roi)()sed in other provinces. The immediat result of this legislation will of course be a dccrcas in the (piantity of raw material exported, but it t equally certain that there will be increased produc tion by existinj,' factories and that many new one will be established. Klsewhcrc in this pamphlet a table is given, whicl shows the value of tlie chief products of the forcsi exported during tlie past ten years. These do nol include farming implements, pianos and organs and other articles, in the manufacture of which large quantities of wood are required. The figures exi)Iain themselves, except for the years •"'^t and 1S98. In 1897 the export of lumber was abn* ily large, and the decrease in 1898 was due chiefly to the fact that in anticipation of the import tax proposed by the United States, an immense quantity of lumber was sent into that country in 1897. which under normal conditions would have remained in Canada until the following year. As the figures given for each year include six months of that ye;.r and six months of; the preceding year, the eflfect of this disorganization of the lumber business is also seen in the figures for 1899. These do not show the increase in the second halt of 1899, which in the six months ending Dec. 31st. amounted to $-'1,246,871, as compared with $iy,- 191,907 during the same period in 1898. Wise laws have been made by the provincial and federal governments, having for their object the pre- Till. I'ol:K Ts OK (.'anaua. 45 sirvatinii (if i.ur forists, ami tlu- owm-rs ami lessees (if timber limits n(»w exercie greater care tlian for merly in tlic iire\eiitin .So., so that wh.le the total exports of the Dom- m.on are g.ven elsewhere for rSyg and u^. for the pro";; cs'rr '" '"" '"^^ ^"^^ '^^ "-^ f- -" a to lot, ■ r'"" "" ^'-^'-''"-"K^ the publi- cat. n of these figures was that as shipments were .-.u-ny n.,n, provinces other than thos^ in which the articles were produced they were misleading TiiK FoHiMs OK Canada. NOVA SCOTIA. n lIiouKh N'ova Scotia coiitiiuies to ixport a large anioiim of IiuiiImt am! otlu-r i)ro of tlic forest, tlic best of tlie tiinhcr lands m tltat prnvmco have already f)fi-ii Kraiiti-il hy tlir frowti to individuals or corporations, and from tlicsi' lands most .,f tlu- lumbi-r for i'X|)ort will continue to hv taken. The ^'reater part of tlie timber Kr^wiiii nn land^ still held l»y the Crown, is eitlier at prexnt inaecc^sihlc ur ih of ton small >i/e to he cut into lutnbt ; . i >f the million .md adi;df acres .,f nnnrante.I Crown latuK ahont one half is covered with forest, mostiv small spruce and other wo,,ds suitalde for Hie manulacinre of pulp. I.ittle pine has heeii left in N'ova .Scotia, spruce heiiiK the chief coiiiferotH W"..d exported. On imich oi the lar.d frfptii which the hci ■ i the liunher lias .ilre.^dy been t.ken there i-, a larLie .pi.tntity of pulp wood and every year add- to this -upply. as in botii .\,,va Scotia and New Hrntiswick the climatic crmdition, arc such that when reforesting is left to nature coni- ferous trees as a rule replace the hard woods on cleared lands. With care, there should, in the future. be no fallinp ofT in the annual output of either lumber or pulp, indeed new pulp mills are bcin^ built every year and the output will consequently in- crease rapidly for some years to come. Until uS<^; tindxT lands were granted ontright to piivchasers, but the Provincial Government in that year adopted a policy of leasii'g such lands instead "• sellincr them. Leases are issued for twenty years. the chief conditions being that the lessee shall pay to tile ( rfiwn in advance a rental of forty cents per acre and shall not trai'-ier the lease to any person or cr- p' -ration without the consent of the .\ttorney Gen- . -a;. 1 iie iessi-f I-, umier tiie iea-e cntitleorted. from tliis i)ro- \iiice, Init very little of niercliantahle si/e remains. In New Hnmswick, as in Nova Scotia, tlie demand for I)till)-wood lias made vahiaMe lar^e areas from which the best timber has already been taken and other^ on which the averape size of the trees was too small to make it profitable to cut them into lumber. The right to cut tindjer on ungranted Crown lands, or on lands for which the licenses already granted have expired, is in New Brunswick acciuired by public .-luction. subject to stum])age regulations and res- trictions, so framed as to admirably sal'eguard the interests of the Crown and prevent waste of any kind, 'idle stumi)age dues for the more important Iiroducts of the forest are: For Spruce, Pine, Tamarac, Fir or hardwood saw logs, per l.ooo superficial fed .. .,$1.25 Hardwood timber up to an average of 14 inciies s(iuare, jier ton i.io riardwood timl)er above i.j inches, addi- tif)nal, per inch ])er ton 10 '■ Pine timber, additional per inch, jier ton .J5 Pine timber, additional per i; oh, per ton ,_'3 Tamarac timber, per ton 6^ Spruce timber, jicr ton o". Cedar logs, per 1000 suiierficial feet . . . . 1.J5 Henilock. per 1000 superficial feet 40 White IJirch logs, for siiooi-wood, per i,noo superficial feet 80 The stunipage dues on railway-ties and on boom poles arc 2 1-2 cents each; on brackets and spurs one cent each. No statistics of the amount of timber cut on land owned by private individuals are available, but it is almost as great as that cut on Crown lands, of which details are published by the Crown Lands Depart- ment of the province. These show the relative quantities of the dififcrent kinds of wood cut, and the proportion of each taken from private lands doubt- 60 The Forests of Canada. less very much the same. Omitting the less ii portant products, the following are the figures for tl year ending Oct. 31, 1898: sq. i Hardwood logs j g^ Spool-wood, White Birch .. .. ' " aVL' F"- Jogs ■ ■ •^,^' In 1897 New Brunswick exported t ,d pro ducts of the forest valued at $6,599,697, practically al ot which was produced in the province. 734 000 ARTICLE. Bark for tanning • Firewood ] ^ Logs, all kinds .!...... Lumber: — oilier Pine deals . . Deals, spruce and Deal ends Planks and boards .. Laths, palings, pickets, joists and scantlings Staves and headings . . '.'. '.[ Not elsewhere specified .. Shingles Sleepers and railway ties .. .. .. ]] Timber, square:— White pine All other . Wood, manufactures of:— Household furniture . . Doors, sashes and blinds Matches and match splints vVood-puip Not elsewhere specified . . VALUE. 48,40< 3304: 86( 23.2.31 4.016.700 124.461 817,190 502,613 3.4.30 68.926 604.66.3 17,664 2.569 79,846 2.650 88=; 1,186 145.405 95.050 $6,599,697 TlIK FoKKSTS OF CaNAPA. QUEBEC. 51 48,409 33042 860 Tlu' territory recently acquired by the province of Qml)ec to the north, northwest and nortlieast of its (rfd l)otni(hiries. has a(Uled so nuich to the forest- .Qpvercd area in that province that it now ra"'-« first §1 that respect. Of the 344,450 square miles coni- grisid within its boundaries much is yet unsurvcyed -^>( iiie of it unexjjlored. ^n i8i>S there was about ^y.GOO s(|uare miles under license for the cutting? of timber, but vast tracts remain unlicensed. These are diietly north of the Ottawa and St. Lawrence rivers 411(1 are for the most part covered with spruce, fir, Poii by the Superintendent of Forest Rangers. The |ri a of the Lake St. John basin is about 30,000 scpiarc 111 lies or 19.200.000 acres, of which only about 500.000 fcics have been cleared; the remainder is covered f^ith trees of which about 75 per cent, are spruce. A large proportion of these trees are of sufficient size io manufacture into lumber, but the spruce can be tiscd with greater profit for making pulp. At the Ibxtremely low estimate of five cords of pulp-wood per Jacre there is growing at present on this area 100.000,- |ooo cords of pulp-wood. 500.000 tons of pulp could jbo made there annually for an indefinite period. If Itlie whole province were included in this estimate land an average nearer the true one used, the result •''^ The Forests of Canada. would be In-yond belief, yet it is hardly possible t- make an exaj^gerated estimate. The forests of Anticosti and the Gaspe peiiinsiil.i are of the same general character as those describe.! above, but elsewhere, on the south side of the Si Lawrence and on the north side from the Saguenav River westward, and so up the Ottawa, there is for many miles back from these rivers a large proportion of hard woods. Except in the case of white birch which has been extensively cut for spool-wood, th. hard woods of this province are not used to anythin- like so great an extent for manufacturing [i-Tposi- as they are in Ontario, but there is abundant inaph. birch and beech, and industries in which they will hr used must soon be established. The timber lands of Quebec are worked under h- ccnses from the Crown, at a yearly rental of three dollars per square mile, and an annual fire tax, the amount of which is fixed from time to time by the Commissioner. Licentiates are forbidden to cut on Crown lands pine trees measuring less than 12 inches in diameter, spruce trees measuring less than 11 inches in dia meter and trees of other descriptions measuring Ies> than 9 inches in diameter, at the stump; but they arr permitted to cut black spruce, for the manufacture of paper pulp at a diameter of 7 inches at the stump, i.c at 3 feet above the ground. All wood goods cut in virtue of a licen.se are subject to the following charges: Square and waney timber per cubic foot: nS """i '"'^-""^ 4 cents Dther descriptions 2 " Saw-logs, boom and dimension timber, per 1000 feet B.M. of: ^PfV^^ .^'^'"'"-'^■' balsam, cypress, cedar, White birch and roplar 6- " Red pine / ' " ] ^ go • White pine and other varieties . . . . . .$1.30 " The Furests ok Canada. 53 Cordwood (fin-wood), per cord of 128 cubic feet: Hardwood 20 Soft wood 10 " I'ulj) wo(j(l ])cr cf)rd of ijH cubic feet . . 65 with a reduction of -'5 cents per cord on tinil)er manufactured into paper pulp in the Dominion of Canada .. .. I\ails not exceeding 12 feet in length per lOO pieces: Cedar rails .. . 3° '' Rails of other varieties of timber .. ..15 Pickets, per 100 pieces: Cedar pickets 15 Pickets of oilier varieties of timber .... 10 Ce^ -r pine shingles per thousand: She 10 " Long 15 I'liles of all kinds of timber for carrying elec- tric wires, per lineal foot: Poles 10 ins. diameter or less at the butt V4 Over 10 ins. diameter at the butt .... % " Railway ties of all kinds of timber, jjcr piece 2 " Hemlock lathwood. per cord of 128 cubic feet 20 " Hemlock bark, per cord of 128 cubic feet 20 " Futtocks, knees, floors of birch and other ship-building material, and all wood goods not enumerated in foregoing list. an ad valorem duty on the invoice . . 10 p. c. Tlie cord of 128 cubic feet is considered, for the Iiuri)oses of this tariff, to be equal to 600 feet B.M. Perhaps the most careful estimate of the average :ri5irii)er of trees suitable f(jr lumber or pulp-wood, growing on the heavily-wooded areas of Quebec, is that made by the surveyors and engineers in the em- 54 The Forests ok Canada. ploy of M. Utnri ^rc•nicT, the ownvr of the island <>i Anticosli. It has been estimated that there arc on that island ahont 1.800,000 acres of forest land and from the reports ma. the average number of trees over the whole area .. ■■ibout goo ,,er acre. The forests of Anticosti differ in no essential particular from those of northern Que bee and northern Ontario, and M. Mcnier's fiRures. which are the result of an actual count on man> imasured acres, afford a K..od basis for estimati.,. the number of trees on other areas. The following is a summary of the forest product^ exported from Quebec in 1897, with their value: ' AKTICLE. VALUE. Hark for fanning .... f)_',.ir)4, of vvliicli $I2.IJ4, was foreign produce. Tiie following arc the details: AkTICl.K. VALUE. I'.ark for tanning $ 2.752 I'irewood • •• 7i.50r' l..,Ks of all kinds i,9^7,4»" Lumber:— rianks and boards 6.254,737 l.atlis. palings and pickets, joists and scantlings 169.910 Staves and headings 651,509 Not elsewhere specified 90'5.3i Shingles 303.674 Sleepers and railway ties 7i.9o8 Stave bolts 37.iio Shocks, box and others I.9I4 Timber, s(iuare: — Oak 1200 Pine, white 1.205 All other 24.029 Woi>d, for wood pulp 173.730 Wood and manufactures of: Ilrtusehold furniture 79.^^73 Doors, sashes and blinds 217.813 Matches and match splints 35.172 Wood pulp 132.565 Not elsewhere specified 353.66o $io.''Kij,3fi4 MANITOBA AND THE NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES. As is well known, the greater part of the settled portions of Manitoba and tho North-West Terri- tories is n^ade up of prairie lands, but even in western Manitoba, Assiniboia and suiUhern Albettu trees grow in damn situations and in river valleys, so that the .■■ittler is nowhere very widely separated from wfxd r.8 TiiK Forests of Canada. suitable for housc-loRs. firewood and fencing, and in these districts the timber re.^ulations arc especially favourable to settlers. North.-rn Manitoba, Alberta and Saskatchewan and practically the whole nf Kee- watin. Athabasca and Mackenzie are cov'c-ed by the snb-arctic forest, and these districts. althnUKh at pre- sent but spariiely settled, will eventually become almost, if n^ . quite, as valuable as the prairie rcKi,,,,. In much of this vast area the soil and climate are Kood and though many years mu-t elapse before the timber prowinR on it will be rcpiired for home consumption, there will very soon be such a demand for wood-pulp in Minnesota and Dakota that the wood growing i,, M-nitoba and Kccwatin will be drawn upon, indeed the consumption of paper made from wood-pulp is already so great in the northern United States and m Manitoba that were advantage to be taken of the raw material which is to be had in such abundance near the chief points of consumption, the manufac- ture of wood-pulp would at once become one of the chief industries of southern Kccwatin and eastern and northern Manitoba, and the time is not far distant when the bulk of the wood-pulp used in the United States north and th-westerly from Chicago will come from Manit .. and North-West Canada. Railways and ..tural waterways, afford at the I)resent time a,'s; from 12'/^ to 25 cents per cord for firewood, ^ cents a piece for railway ties and 20 cents per locx) shingles. Homesteaders who may have no timber of their own are entitled to a permit free of dues for 3000 lineal feet of building logs, 400 roof poles, 300 fence posts, and 2000 fence rail-. In the Yukon territory a license to cut timber on an area of not more than five stinare miles may be granted to the fir^-t applicant, upon payment of a bonus of not le^s than $230 per s(iuare mile, and the licensee must also pay a stumpap.' of $2 per 1000 s(iuare feet B. M.On the timber cut. Peiniits to cut firewood and railway ties are granted upon easy terms. t W TiiK FoKKSTs uv Canada. iJiirin« the year in.liiiK Jimc .juth. i8ij«. tlic f-l- !"vvinK .|iiamitifs ,.i l.uil.li.iK material were taken lrt)in Domini. Ill lands: ^;'^"' '"'"''^•'" ^<).o>A4u7 feet.' Kar^r... ''^^r :: ^N'carly all ,.f th.it ., t ,„ .Xiamtuba ..i„| the XnrtF, V est Territorie. was f..r hu, • cunsumptiui,, the I export. (1 Ix'iiiK: very small. Il'ere is under license from the Domini .n. the i"llo\Mn>r areas ut timber la, ids: Manitoba . . ^r,. u. -i All,,.;. o5y»4^«i'>are miles. ■ , '^, I.I.M74 ■■ ^askalche\van . . . . ,-(, r , British Columbia 304.63 • BRITISH COLUMBIA. The character of the forests of British Ct.lumbia .s very .lifTerent from that of the other provinces I he trees arc much larger, and all the more valuable ••species are peculiar to tlie Pacific coast. These are the douKlas tir, the Riant arbor vitae. MenHe>' or S.tka spruce, yellow cypr.-.s and the western hem ock- all ot which at.ain a K'reat size on Vanc.nver Island and the mainlan.l m the vicinity of the cast and. with the exception of the y.llow cypress, in the nver valleys of the interior. The abundance of stand- ins timber near the sea. and the fact that most of the '"•"ber cut at the mill, was to f^H lar^e orders for particular sixes, led to very wa^ieful methods of n^akuiK^ lumber, immense .|uantities of the smaller trees (small for liritish Columbia) beiuR left in the uoods to be des,n,cd by fire, while at the mills HMuselves huge slabs of ^r.at length were cut from the loKs. sawn into easily-handled lenRths and burnt. Better methork r""v '■--■■.i' ' ■ ,■ - '• -^ i-^-.ah. :;;:; nothing like tllC ecotnomy which characterizes lumbering operations in Eastern Canada, is yet practised in British Columbia. TiiK KoBKSTS ov Canada. (11 I In- nature of the country maki-s it iiiipi>>Nil)lf t.( I'^tiuiatr Willi aiviirac-y tlic ana of tiiilici'ii'ir.li Coliiinlna, ImU it l^ proliaM" that more than oiu- tliini luts hitti taki ii iii« 'llu acrca^tc of tini')i'r uiidrr Kasc in !0<1.^ was abmit 1173 sqn.irc miles. In i'kii, 24I..1'i "'>» t\'».'t of liiinl)or of all kinds was cut. ami in l'**!-', -'Hi,')«3,H for a period not to e\jeet to the payni> lit of a royalty of t'lity cents per one tliwusand feet on the scale ineasurenient of the lo>/s ct:t on the leased premises and to the payment in advance fif t wen I y five cents per acre. Special licences arc also !ssue" portance of the wood economically, the most valuable species being those which are the best known, and of those little more than their distribution is Riven. BASSWOOD —Ti/io Americana, Linn. The Basswood grows sparingly in New Bruns- wick, more abundantly in Quebec and attains its greatest size and is most abundant in the province of Ontario. It is also found in eastern Manitoba. For commercial purposes, the greatest quantity is cut in that part of Ontario which lies between lakes Ontario and Erie on the south and the main line of the Can- adian Pacific Railway on the north, where it is often more than three feet in diameter and too feet in height. Basswood is used for a great variety of pur- poses, but the consumption of raw material is com- parati' 'y small when the vast number of articles into which it is manufactured is considered, as many of these are made from > cry thin veneers. The wood is white in colour, very light and soft and easily worked, but, though tough, it is not strong. It warps very little, not at all if well seasoned, and is on that ac count much used for sounding boards in pianos, and for organ stock. It enters largely into the manufac- ture of cheap furniture, the light parts of farming implements, carriage panels and bodies, boxes and coiV.ns, where a light easily-worked wood is needed. Cut as veneer, it is used for fruit baskets and boxes, cloth-boards, band-boxes, cheese-boxes, and for a variety of similar purposes, and as "three-ply" for boxes and chair seats. It is the principal wood used in the manufacture of "wooden ware," and, turning easily, it is made into bowls, toys, et>:. For building purposes it is not much used, except as clapboards and for light interior work. When drawn directly from the stump to the saw, the wood is very white, and, if well seasoned after being cut, it takes a very high polish. 04 The Forests of Canada. EX HIP, ITS:— Sections of logs, deals, box- sliooKs, fruit boxes ami baskets, cloth-boards, veneers, jjolislied panels. BROAD-LEAVED MAPLE— Irn- mncrnphyUiim, Pursh. The Broad-leaved Maple is common on Van- couver Island and along the coast in the southern part of British Columbia. It ic the most valuable of the deciduous trees of the west coast. Though not as hard or as strong as the hard maple of the east, the wood is much better than that of the eastern soft maple. Much of it is '-curly," which adds greatly to Its value as cabinet-making material. It is used in the manufacture of furniture, mantels and handles and for interior finishing. EXHIBITS:— Section of tree, boards, and polished panels. HARD MAPLE— SUGAR MAPLE— trrr sacchfiriniim, Wang. The Hard Maple is a common tree from Xova Scotia westward to Lake Supcrioi, always on good soil. It reaches its greatest size in southwestern On- tario. Throughout its range it has always been es- teemed the best material for firewood, and vast quantities of valuable timber are every year consumed in this way. In recent years small mills have been built in the settled portions of Canada in which It . grows, and much of what was formerly used as fire- wood is now being cut into lumber for home con- sumption and for export. Where it is most abun- dant large factories have been established, and an annually increasing quantity of this and other hard woods being made into furniture and other manu- factured articles. The wood is very ],ard. c]o=e- grained, tough and strong, and as it exhibits a great variety of colour and fibre arrangement, it is one of our best woods for veneering, panelling and high- class furniture. The Forests of Canada. (!5 The "Bird's Eye" and "Curly" forms are found in infinite variety, and are greatly valued by the cabinet-maker. Hard maple is used in Canada in the making of furniture and in cabinet work of all kinds, as flooring and for interior finishing, and in the manufacture of domestic utensils, handles, butchers' skewers, dumb-bells and Indian clubs, shoe-lasts and pegs, saddle-trees, mangle-rollers, and in many in- dustries in which a hard, tough wood is desirable. It is also used for the keels of boats and ships, and is made into charcoal for smelting purposes. By the lumbermen it is used for handspikes and other implements used in river driving, and by the mill- wright for boxes and bearings, and for the teeth of gearing wheels. It is exported in the log, as square timber, deals and boards, and in the form of blocks and squares, as chair parts and in other semi-manu- factured forms. It is from this tree that maple sugar is generally made. EXHIBITS:— Sections of log, square timber, boards and polished panelling, blocks and squares, chair parts, kitchen utensils, butchers' skewers and other specialities. SOFT MAPLE — RED MAPLE — Acer rubrum, Linn, The Red Maple is common from the Atlantic to Lake Superior ranging a little farther north than the hard maple. The silver maple, Acer dasycarpum Ehrh. is not in this paper separated from Acer rubrum as these woods are commercially classed together as soft maple. The wood of the soft maple is soft and brittle, not comparable with that of hard maple. nor is it used for anything like so great a variety of purposes. Being soft and turning easily, many ar- ticles of domestic use, such as butter-making utensils, kitchen ware, etc . are made of this wood. It is also used for cabinet work and flooring. EXHIBITS:— Section of tree, deals, boards and polished panels, butter-making and kitchen utensils. ^*^ The Forests of Canada. BLACK CHERRY— Prunus serotina, Ehxh. Not very abundant nor of large size in the Mari- time Provinces nor Quebec but many fine trees are still standing in Ontario, in the southern part of which province it attains its greatest size in Canada. The quantity cut there is, however, not sufficient for home consumption and a good deal is imported for use in furniture factories and for interior finishing, for which purpose it is largely employed. EXHIBITS:— Section of tree, square and dimen- sion tiuUnr and polished panels. WHITE ASH— Fraxinus Americana, Linn. The White Ash ranges from Nova Scotia to Avestern Ontario, increasing in abundance and size until its western limit is reached. This is the finest and most useful of the ashes, being frequently found loo feet in height and over three feet in diameter. Its wood is both strong and elastic, bending easily, which fits it for a great variety of uses. It enters largely into the manufacture oi agricultural imple- ments of all kinds as well as wagons, carriages, and sleighs. Though not as good as some other woods for that purpose, very fine handles of all kinds, whif- fle-trev-s, neck-yokes, etc., are made from white ash, second growth wood being generally used. It is the principal wood used for oars. Like all other hard woods it is employed for flooring, furniture, and cabinet work. It is one of the most valuable Can- adian woods, but is )!o longer abundant. EXHIBIT .—Sections of trees, square timber, deals, boards and polished panels, chair parts, handles and specialities. BLACK ASK— Fraxinus sambucifolia, Lam. The Black Ash is more widely distributed than the white ash and is more abundant than the latter throu£Th.,ut its range. It is found from Anticosti Tme Forests of Canada. 67 west to eastern Manitoba in swamps and river bot- toms. The wood is not so hard as that of the white ash, but it is tough and elastic and is, on that ac- count, well suited for cooperage work and basket making. It is darker in color than the white ash and though used for the same purposes is not so highly valued. The red ash and the green ash are not seperated commercially from the two preceding species; the wood of the latter resembles that of the white ash while that of the former is more like the black ash. Both range further west than the other species, grow- ing along the Assiniboine River and tributaries of lakes Manitoba and Winnipegosis. EXHIBITS:— Section of tree, boards, polished panels and cooperage stock. RED ELM— SLIPPERY ELsA—Ulniiis fiilva, Michx. The American or White Elm is of wide distri- bution in Canada, being found from the Maritime Provinces westward to rivers falling into Lake Win- nipegosis in Manitoba. It increases in size and abun- dance until western Ontario is reached, where it is often found six feet in diameter and over lOO feet in height. It also grows to a large size in the valleys of the Winnipeg and the Red rivers. The woo' of the white elm is very tough and difificult to split, nd on this account it is much used for wagon hubs, blocks for ail kinds of tackle and for gunwales, as the driving of bolts is less likely to split it than any of our other woods. It is heavy and strong but not durable. It is much employed in barrel, chair and wheel making and for a great variety of purposes when vtneer-cut. As lumber it is rather coarse but is very largely used in the manufacture of furniture, coffins and flooring. Varying greatly in color and grain, it is employed to imitate other woods, nearly all the cigar bo.xes used in Canada '/eing made of elm, while practically all coffins are made of either 68 The Forests of Canada. elm or basswood stained and polished to imitate other woods. EXHIBITS: — Sections of logs, square timber, deals, boards, and polished panels, cooperage and chair stock, hubs, butter-dishes, lathes, strips and cigar boxes. WHITE ELTA—Ulmus Americana, Linn. The Red Elm is not of much importance com- mercially in Canada and is not found anywhere in great (luantity. It is more durable than the other elms, and is better suited than them for use as rail- way ties, fence-posts and rails. It is employed for much the same purposes as the other elms. The in- ner bark possesses valuable medicinal qualities and is frequently prescribed in bad dyssentry and diarrhoea cases; it is also used in the form of poultices. EXHIBITS:— Section of tree. ROCK ELM— CORK ELM— Whims ruccmosa, Thomas. The Rock Elm grows in southern Quebec and west to Lake Superior, being best developed in southern Ontario, to which, part of Canada it is, as a commercial wood, now confined. It is much super- ior to the other elms, and for many purposes is une- qualled by any other wood. It is tough, strong, elastic and very heavy. Its chief use is in the manu- facture of agricultural implements, bicycle rims ai.d wheel stock, and it is well suited for any purpose for which a wood that does not split easily is .-equisite. It is largely used in bridge and ship-building, and for heavy furniture. When highly polished the wood is very beautiful, and repays a greater expenditure of time in polishing than is usually given to chn. EXHIBITS:-Section of tree, deals and wagon hubs. square timber, TiiK Forests ok Canada. <;<» SYCAMORE-BUTTONWOOD— WafaHMS occidentalia, Linn. Confined in Canada to southwestern Ontario, where trees three and four feet in diameter and 80 feet in height are still numerous. The wood is heavy and hard, but not very strong. It is not a good wood for out-door work, but is extensively used in the manufacture of various specialities, such as bowls, l)utter trays, etc., as well as cigar boxes and barrel headings. Like other woods of inferior quality, it is also employed for a variety of purposes for which better material is not available. EXHIBITS:— Sections of trees, deals, and pol- ished panels. HICKORY— Cari/o alba, Nutt. The Hickory is, for commercial purposes, con- fined to Ontario, and it is only in the southwestern part of that province that it is found in any consider- able quantity. The wood is very heavy, hard, tough, strong and elastic, though it is not durable when ex- posed to the weather, or when in contact with the soil. As fuel, it excels even hard maple. "Second- growth" hickory possesses in even greater degree than the ordinary wood the qualities that make it so valuable for fishing-rods, handles of all kinds, axles for light but strong vehicles, and for farming imple- ments. The nuts of the hickory are the best grown in Canada. Carya tomentosa, Nutt., the white-heart hickory is included with the above species commer- cially, and possesses the same qualities. The Bitter- nut, Carya amara, Nutt, is not quite so valuable as hickory, but is used for the same purposes. EXHIBITS:— Section of tree, square timber, deals, axe and other handles. RED BIRCH— CHERRY BIRCH— Betula lenta, Linn. The Red Birch is an abundant tree from Nova Scotia westward to Lake Superior, the finest trees 70 The Forests of Canada. growing in the province of Quebec north of the Ot- tawa and St. Lawrence rivers, and in ceptral Ontario in the counties of Huron, Grey and Bruce, and in the districts of Nipissing, Algoma and Parry Sound, where it is often more than four feet in diameter It IS the best of birches for cabinet work and furniture and is exported in great quantity for that purpose in the log. as square timber, deals, blocks and squares and as chnr and other furniture stock. The wood is very hard, heavy and strong. The yellow birch. Betula lutca, Michx. is seldom separated, commer- cially, from the red birch, and is employed for the same purposes. The wood of the red birch is. how- ever, rose-colored, often as dark as that of the cherry in imitation of which it is frequently used, ^^tood hubs arc made from birch, and in the Maritime Pro- vinces, where other suitable woods are not abundant It IS employed in the construction of wagon and cart frames. Turned boxes and similar articles are also made of this wood, as well as button-moulds. Red birch ,s very durable under water, and is used for p. es and sluice work, and being little liable to the attacks of insects is valuable wood for ship-building purposes. ^ ••"■■us EXHIBITSr-Sections of trees, square timber, boards, deals, polished panels, chair parts and turned " Or K. WHITE BIRCH-CANOE ^mQR-Betula papyrlfera. Marsh. The White Birch ranges from the Atlantic to the Pacific and in the north almost to the Barren Grounds. The finest t-es are found in the valley of the St. Lawrence Rh and its western tributaries. The white birch is not large as either the red or yellow birch nor is the wood so heavy. It is white, very hard and close-grained, and is the principal wood used for spools, bobbins, turned boxes, bowls and other wooden-ware, shoe lasts and pegs. It is The Forests of Canada. 71 also employed in the manufacture of furniture and for interior finishing. In the more settled parts of Can- ada wli«*rt good transport facilities are available the best white birch has already been utilized, but vast areas remote from railways yet remain to be ex- ploited. EXHIBITS:— Sections of trees, deals, boards and polished panels, spools, bobbins, turned boxes and specialities. WHITE OAK— Qiiercua alha, Linn. Though the true White Oak is Qucrcus alba, sev- eral other species are so classified commercially. The most imiportant among these is the bur oak. Querctis macrocarfia Mich. The true white oak is foiurl in western Quebec and in Ontario as far west as Lake Huron. The bur oak has the same range as Quercus alba, but is also found in the Maritime Provinces and in the west throughout the wooded portions of Mani- toba. The wood of both species is very heavy, hard, tough and durable, that of the bur oak being the most durable of any American oak when in contact with the soil, which makes it very valuable for use as fence posts, railway ties and piles. The wood of the white oak is also largely employed in ship-building, car- riage and wagon-making and cooperage, the manu- facture of agricultural implements and for cabinet and furniture work, flooring and interior finishing. Quarter-cut it exhibits a great variety of grain and coloritng. EXHIBITS:— Sections of trees, square timber, railway tics, deals, boards, polished panels and floor- ing. WESTERN WHITE OAK— QwercM* Ganyana, Douglas. Though a few trees of this species grow on the mainland of British Columbia, it is practically con- 7a The Forests of Canada. fined to the southern part of Vancouver Island, the finest trees growing in the vicinity of the city of Victoria, where trees three or four feet in diameter from which logs fr and l)anks of tlie Tease and Athabasca rivers it giows to a greater size than elsewhere in Canada, and large trees are found down the Mackenzit- River as Uu north a the Arctic Circle. The wood i>, soil aud not strong. but. with the cottonwood (Hofulits moiiilifcr'. Aiton,) it is being used in increasing ((uantities .nstead of VVhitewood, Liriodendron TuUfifera, Linn. It is cm- ployed in the manufacture uf ^ulp, and for the same purpose as the other poplars. Po(\. "5 BVTTEBVVT-Jufflana cinerea, Lina. The Butternut grows in southern New Bruns- wick and westward to the Georgian Bay. Tin- wood is much lighter in color than tlic walnut and is not so heavy, hard or strong, but is very durable It is easily worked and is chiefly used for cabinet work and interior finishing. The grain is somewhat like that of walnut, so that when stained a very ^jood imitation oi walnut may be mjde from buttermr It 's a tree of rapid growth. , EX H I BirS:— Section of tree, boards and pol- ished paijels. ARBOR '/ITAE— WHITE CEDAR Thuya occUlvntaUs, Liuii. Very rnrt in Nova Scotia, but abundant through- out New Bruii'uck, Qui bee and Ontario. It grows to a considerable height, but .seldom exceeds two feet in diameter. The wo(id is soft and not strong and has never been much used as lumber, but is i.ri(\- celled for shingles. The white cedar is c'r iiy u-.'.' for fence-rails and posts, railway ties and i'.; ,: . ,>; and telephone "poles. No other wood is i--c.; r.^ ari . (luantity for telephone poles in Ontario ;, . 1 ',!■,.' <■<.■-. It is very durable in contact with the •> ■ • v'.'j: exposed to the weather. EXHIBITS: — Section of tree, smi.-ir.' !• i, polished panels s(iuarc GIANT ARBOR VITAE, RED CEDAR, Thuya yiyantra, Nutt. The Giant Arbor Vitae in next to the Douglas Fir in importance in British Columbia, where it at- tains its greatest size on Vancouver Island, along the coast . "'" in the lower parts of the rivers of the Coast Range. It is rarely found in the dry interior of Brit- i.sh Columbia, but is abundant in the river valleys on the slopes of the Selkirk and Coast ranges. Though The Forests of Canada. seldom found more than 150 feet in height, in cir- cumference it rivals the Douglas fir, trees of from eight to ten feet in diameter not being rare, and they arc occasionally found much larger. It is chiefly used in the nianufacture of shingles, for which purpose it is unequalled by any other wood. 'Formerly the shingles were made by hand, the wood splitting easily, but improved machinery has so low- ered the cost of production, that comparatively few hand-made shingles are now used, though they are still in demand when a shingle of superior quality is desired. The wood of this tree takes a very brilliant polish and is well adapted for interior finishing of all kinds. So great is the variety of shading in th u^ed annually for piles. The bark of the hemlock is that chiefly used in Canada and the eastern I7nited States for tanning purposes. EXHIBITS:— Section of tree, railway ties and tan bark. WESTERN HEMLOCK-T.sw.^a Mertrnsiana, Carr. The hemlock is abundant along the whole coast ot British Columbia and in the interior of the oro- vrnce. wherever there is sufficient rainfall, .-\long the line of the Canadian Pacific Railwav. in the Sf! kirk Mountains, it is very abundant, but seldom over ■ T50 feet in height and three in diameter. On the coast it is much larger, averaging from 4 to 6 feet iti diameter. The abundance of other wood of better qualify has prevented th^ hemlock from coming into general use. and the same preindire exists in British Columbia agaii^n the western tre^. that prevailed until verv recently Hgainst hemlock in eastei-n Pnr ada Though its grain is coarse, weetfrn hf>m'nrl- ;<; for manv purposes, just as serviceable as other *.iod- which -osi more. Its bark is rich m tannin, but it i- The Forests of Canada. 8:t too thin to be extensively used while there is such an abundance of Douglas Fir in the same region. EXHIBITS:— Sections of trees, deals and boards, boards.. DOUGLAS FIR, "OREGON PINE," RED PINE, YELLOW FIR— I'teudutsuga Douyluaii, Can. This is the most abundant, as it is the most valuable tree in British Columbia. Its range on the mainland is from the International Boundary north to the Skcena River, in Latitude 54° on the coast, and in the Rocky Mountains from the International Boundary north to Latitude 55°. though its northern anil northeastern limits are not well defined. It is not found in the Queen Charlotte Islands. It attains its greatest si^e on Vancouver Island or along the bh'jrcs and in river valleys near the coast on the mainland. There, trees 300 feet in height are not rare, the average height of those felled for lumber being over 150 teet. Trees ol a greater diameter than seven teet are rarely cut. *hjugh those of eight, ten or eleven feet in diasscter are not rare. The fact that the largest trees are found near the coast greatly facilitates the transport of the logs from the woods to the mill, and, as the majority oi the mills are so situated that the largest ships may load within a lew yards ot the saws, the cost per i.ooo feet of handling Douglas fir and other west- ccaFt lumber is small. Th« average cut of Douglas fir in British Colum- bia is o cr 50.000 feet per acre, though in ^ome in- stances more than 500,000 feet have been cut on a <;ing!e acre, no trees of less than two feet or more •han live in diameter, being used. Douglas fir is chiefly vabiable for structural purpo-^i ?. being large !v rmp!o>ed in ship-building, bridge-work and the con- struction u\ wharves. It is exported as dimension 84 The Forests of Canada. timber, lumber, spars, masts and piles. Locally it is used for construction work of all kinds; fencing and railway ties, and in the manufacture of furniture. Its durability, when excluded from the air, adds greatly to its value for pile-work in the construction of bridges and wharves. The bark of the Douglas fir is largely employed in tanning, EXHIBITS:— Sections of logs, square timber, railway ties, deals, boards, box-shooks, and dressed and polished material for interior finishing. BALSAM— Abies baltamea^UiUtT. The Balsam is a common tree in the Eastern Provinces, Ontario and Quebec, and is found in the sub-arctic forest northwesterly to the Athabasca River. The wood is very light and soft and is not durable in contact with the soil. It is to some extent used as common lumber and on account of its lightness is frequently made into box-shooks. Though not one of the best pulp-woods, it is and will continue to be cut with other trees and used for that purpose. EXHIBITS: — Sections of trees, deals and pulp- wood. WESTERN WHITE FiR^^Abies grandU, Loud. The Western White Fir is confined to the vicin- ity of the Pacific Coast and though it grows to great size the wood is very soft and not suited for any purpose for which strength is requisite. It is now used to some extent for boxes and light barrels and will ,n the future he utilized in the manufacture of pulp. EXHIBIT:-Section of tree The Forests of Canada. 85 TAMARAC— BLACK LARCH— Laritt Americana, Michz. The Larch, ranges from Nova Scotia northwest- erly to the Peace River. The wood is hard, heavy and very strong. It is not much used as lumber, but is largely employed as railway ties, fence posts, telegraph poles and as knees for ships, and in fact for '^hip-building purposes generally. It is well adapted for use as joists, scaffold poles and rafters as com- paratively small timber is capable of supporting a great weight. The Western Larch, Larix occidentalis, and the Mountain Larch, Aarijr Lyallii, replace L, Americana in the Rocky Mountains and Biltish Columbia, where they are used for lumber, telegraph poles, railway ties and mine props. 8(( Thk Forests of Canada. LIST Of CANADIAN FOREST TREES WITH THEIR DISTRIBUTION IN THE VARIOUS PROVINCES AND DISTRICTS. Few other countries produce so great a variety of ti < -.5 as Canada. Of the 12 indigenous species, a few are of small economic value, while others are so r'stiicted in their distribution that commercially they cannot be taken into account. The various use? of the n r,; important trees, with their distribution, havo been xiven in another part of this paper, but the foi- lowinwr list r,f the fifty most valuable trees, with their range, will serve for convenience of reference. The proviIlce^ or districts in which they are found are in- dicned by an asterisk. NAMl". iM' TKKK a: ! Z : z 0» Tilia Aim-ruaii.T. I-. (Hasuw.vJ) . ., \ccr tn.»rroph\ l!nin, I'urHli. (HriiaJ ' k'iiveii M.iplrl .1 Acer sacihariiuiiii. W'.inij^. dlitrJ i Maple) 4 i Acer daN\>.irpiiin. Ihrli- (SiUor ! Maple) . . , . , 5 Acer riihruni I,. Solt Maple) •> |Nekfiindi'aceroiile>. Mii'iiiti (Mjinitoha I .Maple) 7 I'rimu-. serotina Mlirli. (Hl.uk Clirrrj ) 8 l''r..xiiius Aiiuriiana. 1.. (White \nIiI. M! " piiheHkfiis, I. am. (Keil.\sh) ■ <> i " viridis, Mx. (llreeii Avlil Hi " '..iinhuk itoli.i, l,.iin. (lilack I Ash) '■» IL'limis tiilva. Mx. (Reii Klmi i.i i " Amvricana. I.. iWhiii- Kliiii .. 14 j " raieim>sa. fhoinas (Koik Kim) • 5 IPlatanus ociiJeiitalis. L. (Kiiiion j woo. I) »6 C'arva alb.i. Null. (Slull-l)ark lliikory) '7 Betiila linta, I-. 'Chtrrv IfirJi. I'lack t-, < Hirih) ' 1^ ,Hetula lulea, Mv. f. (YelKm liirclii 19 i ■' p.ipvrifer.i, M.irsli. (White Hirihi ■ , . i'< iVtry.i X'irninici, Willd. (Iron Woodi ." yiier.us .illp.i. I,. (\\ liilc- l^.ik) ^■i " iiarr\ana, Uoiit^l 1 We-.Urii i White Oak) i,i Qiieriii'.. m.iirivarpa, .Mx. (l^iereup 0.,\.' 24 Qiiervi.s. . iiiira. L. iKi-ilOaki { a.S j •• paliisiris. "•■ Uoi. (l'inl>ak|! Is i i '^. O 5! /. a6 Casl.ttiea dentntp Kaj^iis ferru[ Heech) aS Popiilus tremuloide^, -Six Poplar; irsli. (Chestnut)! .\il. i.Viiierii.iiii CQ (As pel 1 I AL The Forests of Canada. «7 i NAMK OV TKKK. I'opirlin haltamiffra, L. (HaNani l'..|'liirl • Piipiilcis in.inillfit Ail Cotton- JuK'liiii'' liiii'i''''*. I.. (Hiitti'rniil) . ..I nik-i.!, I. (UlaiU Waliuit) . ..j ■|j Thuya ivii>lfiii;ili«. I. ( Arlio- \itirl..l • M " ^;it;arilr.i. Niitt 111 aiit Arlvr I Vlia-I. I ^, TliiiNa r\nl'»a,( Hnui; (Yellow' l.'>prcs>il ^ ll'Imu Strolms. I,. Whiti- I'iin-* ; • Vj I moiitii.i'Ui, hiHit;! [W White j rinel ! ;8 jPimiH resiiu'sa. Ail ( Kid I'liu-l ..'• Hj j " Baiikiiana, I. am iSiTub l'iiif> ' • 401 " K1iirra>aiia, Halfxiir. iKIack I PiiU-l. 41 Pii«-a nikfra. I.inU (Ulaik Spriiri'l . . . • 4^ I " alha. Link (While Spnurl * 4j ■' Kinri'lmaiini, Kn^ilin. (Knijcl- I itiaiiti Spriur) 44 jPiiva Sitilu-nsiN I'arr. iSitk.i Spruce) 4.< Tsiitfa I anaileiKiti, l.irr. (Mfitiloiki * 46 " Mt•rtell^ialla. I'arr. (Wi-slcrii I llcmU»<"kl 1 47 jPscuilnt-iiiia IK>iiKla>li, Carr. (IVnin-. las Fin , . AbiV* baWaiiifa. Milli-r. (BaK.im I'ir) « " i^randis, f.iiiill. (W. KaUaiii Fir) _ ^o I.arix .Xincrii-ana. Mx. (Tamnraf). . . . j * 48 44 1 i » • « p. E. I. -Prince KJwara Mand. N S. -Nova Scot i.i N. H — New Brunswick. Ouc- Oiicliec. Ont. — Ontario. Man. — Manitoba. N. W. T.-North-West Territories. K. M.— Kockv Mountains. B. C. 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