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The general argu- ment, however, is applicable to other Colleges in Ontario. It is conceived that on such grounds as the following the_ people may justly and firmly urge the continuance of legislative aid. I. THE NEED AND ADVANTAGE OF A NUMBER OF COLLEGES. From its vast extent of populated territory the Province re- quires sectional Colleges. Wherever superior education has become a national benefit, the result is traceable to a diversity of such Institutions. The advantage of this arrangement is enjoyed by all the advanced nations of Europe. There is pro- bably no country which would suffer more from the inconve- nience of having but one College than this part of Canada. To confine the means of Collegiate education to one place is, to a large extent, to impair their efficiency and defeat their end. It limits to a few what should be accessible to all. It cen- tralizes in a locality what should be diffused throughout the land. It creates a monopoly where distribution should prevail. In lucatioB , far more than in commerce, a generous c^it^tition is of paramount importance. By the analogy of public policy in other departments, it is clearly the duty of the Government to provide every facility for a wholesome rivalry. If, then, one College at Toronto is to be the sole object of Governmental concern and support, the result must be a most impolitic and hurtful monopoly. 3 II. EQUAL RIGHTS. This is an important element in the basis of nationality. The ])opulation is divided into a variety of sertions, aistmgmshed from one another by denominational peculiarities. A wise legislation will respect the claims of all alike. By its whole history and constitution this country is pledged to rehgious liberty. " No individual or institution is to be proscribed on account of religion: all are to be held as (jualified to serve the State." No aid can be expected for the teaching of ecclesias- tical politics. If any College has a Tlieological Faculty it must be supported entirely by denominational liberality. " But if the Colleges can give all that is repaired in the way of secular education, why should they be proscribed for their ^^Notwithstanding the variety of denominational differences referred to, the population divides itself, on the question ot superior education, into two sections. One consists of those who believe that a College endowed or aided by the State should have no denoninational connection. The other includes all who are satiBfied either th.it such connection is not an evil in itself and should form no barrier to legislative assistance, or that it is both proper and advantageous, chiefly because it be- comes an active instrumentality in extending the benefits ot a liberal education. The views of both sections accord with the fundamental principle of religious liberty. They are therefore entitled to equal respect. But this principle will be violated and grievous injustice will be done, if the interests of the tormer section only be studied and provided for. This would be the case, even supposing the latter section to consist of a small minority of the people; but, so far from this, it is composed of Episcopalians, Eoman Catholics, Wesleyans, Church of Scotland Presbyterians, and Episcopal Methodists— that is, according to last census, more than two to one of the whole population. The same would be the case on another supposition, namely, that the Denominational Colleges were to receive less than their share of public support. But what is the fact? The annual grants to the whole of them have always been much below one-half the amount of public money expended by the University of Toronto and University College— restricted as the latter is by law to the single Faculty of Arts. m. PUBLIC ECONOMY. In the maintenance of educational and charitable institutions the principle acted upon in this country is to aid the com- munities which help themselves. The Government merely 3 Bupplements sectional liberality. The people cannot have a Common School, a Grammar School, or a Hospital assisted from the public treasury on any other principle. The soundness of this policy no one disputes. The only exceptions to it, in the educational department, are the endowed Institutions in Toronto. That wealthy city is not required to contribute according to its means and importance. The outlying Colleges are to a largo extent dependent upon voluntary" etibrt. This arrangement secures economy and stimulates energy without impairing efficiency. iietween June, 1840, and the close of 1844, the amount collected for Queen's College was $54,851. From 1845, when the lirst grant — $2,000 — was received, to 1867 — a period of 22 years — the receipts, exclusive of grants, amounted to $209,670 ; the expenditure in the non -theological Faculties, exclusive of the Principal's salary, to $150,437, or $0,838 per annum ; and the value of property acquired for actual use to $60,000. During the same period the grants from Government amounted to $76,500, including $8,000 to the medical department ; that is, not much more than one-third of the provision from other sources. It is proposed, in some quarters, to let this Institution here- after depend entirely upon the denomination which has made this liberal contribution to the most important of public objects. The work done by it lias been of general benefit. A la»*ge section of the community is interested in its continuance. Many who oppose its partic}])ating in IState aid any they would regret the closing of its doors, 77ie Globe believes the denomination which founded it will not allow it to go down. Will this unpractical sympathy, however kindly the expression of it, relieve the sense of injustice caused to its supporters by the M'ithdrawment of substantial assistance ? The adherents of the Church of Scotland, acting upon views and preferences which form no disability, but ratlier a qualification, for the enjoyment of equal rights, nnist forego all direct advantage trom the splendid Ujiiversity Endowment, which is, or at least once was, the property of the country, and in addition tax themselves in order to provide the entire support necessary to maintain this College at Kingston. Is this just ? Does it consist with the law of equal rigiits or agree with the principle of supple- mentary aid 'i IV. STATUS AND CHARACTER OF THE INSTITUTIONS. The Colleges hitherto aided by Government have a legal etauding. They are act merely incorporated by Koyal V, Charter or by Act of the Canadian Parliament, but tliey are also expressly recognized in the statute law of the country. The UniverBity Act of 1853 gives them a prominent position and confers upon them certain rights, along with the Institu- tions for which that Act specially provides ; the amendment to the Grammar School Act passed in 1865 makes their graduates eligible for election to the office of Headmaster in our Grammar Schools ; and the Medical Act for Upper Canada passed in 1865 secures professional pi Wileges to their graduates. The country, therefore, does by its legislation, as well as by a general acknowledgment, accept the work performed by these Institutions; and, in accepting their work, endorses their character as efficient, active, and serviceable in the dissemina- tion of the knowledge of literature, science, and art. Why should the Government place a number of educational establisliments in the same category as respects character, and on the same footing as repects work, and withhold pecuniary assistance from all of them save one ? Why should that one, situated in the great centre of wealth and population, be allowed, without control or restraint, until financial difficulties begin to beset it,* to consume a magnificent endowment the benefit of which is by law intended to be shared in by the others ? V. WORK DONE. In the time during which these Institutions have been in existence, thr^ is, for the oldest of them, upwards of a quarter of a century, many hundreds of young men have received, in connection with them, the advantages of a liberal, superior education and Collegiate training, and a large proportion have graduated in the various non-theological Faculties. These alumni belong to every part, class, creed, and nationality, and many of them occupy positions of honour and usefulness, throughout the Province. But for the facilitiea afforded by sectional Colleges, it is probable that the majority of them would never have become students. At these Institutions they acquired the advanced education by which they have been fitted for professional life. It is undeniable that by their going forth, year by year, from the Academic class-room to the varied avocations of which they have made choice, the country has gained incalculably in respect of intelligence, ' euterprize, and general progress. • See returns of receipts and expenditure of Toronto University and University College to an address of the Legislfttive Assembly, of date Utb February last, At QueoTi's College alone the number of registered aln-nni is 706, of whom 44« declared themselves to be adherents of other denominations than tiie Church of Scotland ; the number of these denominations being ten. If the slightest attempt had ever been made by the College authorities to interfere with the denominational ])redilection8 of the students or to propagate particular ecclesiastical views, these results would have been impossible. The church connection of so large a majority is proof enough that the Institution is so unrestricted, open, and liberal, as to give no offence to religious convictions. VI. POLICY AND DUTY OP TIIE STATE. The State is committed to a system of national education, that is, a system such in character "that all may support it, and such in the extent to which it is provided that all may obtain it with something like equal lacilit^ . Conflicting views have to be reconciled, mutual forbearance has to be exercised, and the wants of the population at large have to be supplied. These statements are illustrated by the provision made for our Common and Grammar Schools. They are established wherever they are needed and can be maintained throughout the land. But the lower class Institutions are of two kinds. One suite the views of the Protestant majority, for the present disposed to accept only a secular instruction at the public expense — leaving to parents what in the circumstances it is possible for them to overtake, namely, to supply religious culture under their own supervision. The other harmonizes with the convictions of the Koman Catholic minority, immov- able in^ their determination to combine, at all stages of instruction, the religious and secular elements, and protected now in their determination by the Imperial Act of Confedera- tion. They could not take what the State offered, and the State resolved to accede to their demand. The Legislature had either to yield or allow its system of education to lose its nationality, because of its unlitness for universal acceptance. Now with reference to Collegiate Seminaries — the highest class of educational establishments — from their nature, a much smaller number of them than of either of the others will suffice to meet the wants of the country, just as Grammar Schools need not be, and are not, so numerous as Common Schools. Yet the number of them must be eutlicient. To determine the sufficiency a variety of circumstances demands consideration — such as, the extent of the country ; the number of its inhabi- tants and the rate of increase ; the means of the people, their interest in particular localities, and their freedom to act on 6 intolUgent ])reference8 ; tlio mlvunta^es of distribution as com- pared vyitli centralization; tlie beneficial etlbcts of a generous competition ; and the duty of tiie LegiBlature to foster whatever tends to a real and rapid progress, towards the highest attain- able condition of educated society. The majority of studentB in this, as in all countries, being persons of limited means, tho choice of a College frequently resolves itself into a question of expense. A College situated in a i>articular locality or specially related, like every ienominational Institution, to a large sectior of tlie community, besides sunj^lying an actual want, has an effect in attracting students which an Institution at a distance cannot have; while, on the other hand, a remote Institution may have other attractions not less eftective. There can bo no doubt, for example, that because of the Colleges at Toronto and tho Colleges at Kingston, the list of Canadian alumni is much greater than it would have been if either of these cities had been without its Colleges, and it is not an infrequent occurrence that young men living east of Kingston attend College at Toronto, and that from tlie west of Toronto young men come to Kingston. The reason is that there is an oppor- tunity for making a choice, and a variety of causes operates in determining the choice. Nov is the desire which students sometimes numifest to take part of their course at one College and part of it at another to be altogether discouraged, for each Institution may offer certain advantages peculiarly its own. But let tlie nieans of imparting a Collegiate education bo con- tincd to a single Institution in Toronto, and then »• ' '>'■ . will there bo no room for clioice, however strong ma. ^sire or however great may be the need of it ; but also, ft i-'te atlarge,there will be none of the convenience and i a national_ system implies. Tho people will liavv to complain that they can obtain iio benefit from tn^ ment, the terms of acceptance being such as to place it beyond their reach ; and the Legislature, so far from encouraging the love of learning, will be chargeable with the sin cf obstructing that which constitutes the glory of a nation — so far from inciting a generous and useful competition, will become the patron of monopoly and centralization. If tliere be any force in tiiese considerations, it is clearly the duty of the Legislature to provide a number of Colleges. If the Ontario Parliament, in the wisdom of its first years, finds irreversibly respecting certain Colleges engaged in disseminat- ing a knowledge of literature, science, and art, that they are ineligible for employment in this service because diey are connected with pu'ticular churches (although this is the case I as com- ^enerous vhatever it ftttain- Htudents mns, tho estlon of specially 3 sectior , has an distance ititution m be no Toronto unini is so cities frequent I attend ) young 1 oppor- jrutoB in students College fur each its own. be con- f'' f will ^siro i-'^e beyond ing the ructing inciting itron of irly tlie ^es. If •s, finds eminat- ley are ley are tie case with tho best servants the conntrv haaS H,n« ,•♦ • u consisroncv with thiK Ponnil: 7 T^^)' "lori it is b-nind, in voted to tl c ot! or Co lu.L T ?'" *''™"''-''" »"'°'"" '"■'>'»rto ^,;.„ .".<""""-"' lias not announcod any juch rm'iov r- u wise, IS It consistent with ai.riident and di'L fi„ S : ^ , . ' to proscribe one flass of Ini,;f ,,■ ""y/'pinod statesaiansliip may be said to V™! "'/"^'''"''""s, wbichin a collective sens^ better be?" uiciate, i.et well alone until ^ccitTst: wm'x'ret^iMirt'-" ^'^''^r'^ "■* principle tl,at "■;;;: atl™':- littw7aF;e*"„nlf /""'^-;"''" tti;^?e^;^:'Tge^^^^^^ =- /Tliat S— n»inr t^H 4 -' denominational Institution close bv instead nfT i ^ ""*"■ tional College at a distance b^j/ «« ! , "" ^ clenomma- scruples wo5d carry TeZ;\utyoTolti iZ^^^^^ all considerations of convenience. ^^'^'''^* Lookinf,^ then, at this f^rr t snUjoct from a trulv nationn. point ot vievy tlio (iiu'stkn is simply th in :-By what system van tho Le^.islaturo mont easily ^r.Ve a Oolle^riate education aece,>tal)l(» to the Ipr^'est number of tho peoi.lo? Is it bv oroctnifr una endowirir several Colleires, or by cn-raginir at i roasonublo rate those Oollof-es which have been already erected and which have secured a lar^ro amount of public favour? lae latter plan claims adoption on the following' grounds:—- 1. It has been in successful operativ)n for mai.y vcars The country ban piined an immense advantage l>y it": and what individual or interest has sutfered 'i « -^ ' 2. It will preserve in historical reality the most valued connections ot Iiundreds of alumni and graduates, whose position M )uld bo seriously aftocted by the impoverishing of the Institu- tions at which they have been educated. 3. It is comprehensive in the respect which itpays to important ditteronces ot opinion University College, Toronto, will continue to suit the vi - . of tliose who believe that a College snoiild have no denomii.ational connection, and many who are inditterent on the subject. Denominational Colleges will accord with the Bentiments of such as prefer them, and as liitherto their doors will be open to many others whose ecclesi- asti. -.1 predilections will sufler no oflbnce. 4. It agrees with the principle of religious liberty. It neither rejects nor employs the Ger -ice of Institutions because they are denominational, but witliout respect to their denominationalism SFt " ^^ ^^^''^"^' ^'""^ *^^^ ditiusion of literary and ecientific 5. It honours the right wliich all men have to share, as equally as possible, the convenience and facility with which a iegislat.vo provision may be enjoyed. _ 6. It harmonizes with the practice of the Government in giving only a supplementary aid to local or sectional Listitutions 7. It will certainly cxteiif' the benelits of Collegiate education to all classes of society, ana to a much larger number of persons tlian can be reached by any other arrangement 8. On the score of economy it especially commends itself Ihe annual expenditure on account of it, even supposing it to be acted upon more extensively thpn it l:^s yet been, will be mnchless than the annual charge created by the erection and maintenance ot one non-denominational Colle^G in any