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PART OF THE P R V I N C E ) 
 
 Scale, 15 Miles to an Inch 
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E^l^Xa-Tl.^'TXaJfT. 
 
 THE 
 
 BRITISH FARMER'S 
 
 AND FARM LABOURER'S 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO, 
 
 THE PREMIER PROVINCE OF THB 
 
 DOMINION OF CANADA. 
 
 i00ttcb bfi authorttB ot the (goDccnmeut of ©ntario. 
 
 HON. AETHUR S. HARDY, 
 
 B((JtM try of the Province and 
 
 Commitsioner of Immigration, 
 Toronto. 
 
 DAVID 8PENCB. 
 
 Immigration Secretary, 
 Toro7ito. 
 
 TORONTO: 
 PRINTED BY C. BLACKETT ROBINSON, 5 JORDAN STREET. 
 
 1880. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 ''Ik 
 
 Why SHOur,n I Emiorate? . 
 
 Whitheu Shall I Emiqkate ? 
 
 What Ontario has to Oppkr 
 
 Free Land 
 
 Free Schools 
 
 No State tMiurch ] [' 
 
 A Land of Self-government 
 
 The Franchise 
 
 AdniiniBtration of JuHtice 
 
 The Medical Profession 
 
 Summary of Advantages I 
 
 The rioviNOK op Ontario 
 
 Accessibility of Markets 
 
 Ontario CouNTiHa— Soil, PRouncrs, iNDuaTiuKa, Communications 13 
 
 Lake Erik Counties— 
 
 Essex 
 
 Kent 
 
 Elgin 
 
 Norfolk . . . . 
 Haldimand . 
 
 Niagara District— 
 
 Monk 
 
 Welland 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 Lake Huron Countiks- 
 
 Lambton 
 
 Huron 
 
 Bruce 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 14 
 IS 
 IS 
 
 18 
 18 
 17 
 
 18 
 18 
 19 
 
 Western (Inland) Counties— 
 
 Middlesex 
 
 Perth 
 
 Oxford 
 
 Waterloo 
 
 Wellington 22 
 
 Duflerin 03 
 
 Cardwell ^ 23 
 
 Brant 24 
 
 30 
 20 
 21 
 21 
 
I 
 
 'f^ 
 
 Contents. 
 
 — I il I» 
 
 GroEGiAN Bay Counties— 
 
 Grey paob 
 
 Simcoe 24 
 
 „ 25 
 
 WORTHKRN COUNTIKS— 
 
 Victoria 
 
 Haliburton 26 
 
 Peterborougli 27 
 
 27 
 
 Lakb Ontahio Counties— 
 
 Wentworth 
 
 Halton 28 
 
 Peel 28 
 
 York 2!) 
 
 Ontario -•• 
 
 Durham " 30 
 
 Northumberland ... •'*! 
 
 .'U 
 
 Bat Quinte Counties— 
 
 Haatiinfs 
 
 Lennox .■!2 
 
 Adilington •>•' 
 
 Prince Edward 'iJi 
 
 .{3 
 
 KiVKR St. Lawkenck Counties— 
 
 Frontenac 
 
 Leeds 'M 
 
 Grenville 35 
 
 Dundas, Storraont and Glengarry '^^ 
 
 River Ottawa Counties— 
 
 llenfrew 
 
 Lanark 37 
 
 Carleton 38 
 
 Russell "" .38 
 
 Prescott 39 
 
 39 
 
 The Great Manitoulin 
 
 ■ 40 
 
 Alooma 
 
 AoRicnwuRAL Industry in Ontario . 
 
 The Ontario Farmer's Customers . *^ 
 
 Grain, Green and Root Crops '^ 
 
 Stock Raising 44 
 
 Dairy Farming 45 
 
 Fruit Growing 48 
 
 Flax Growing 47 
 
 The Seasons , 49 
 
 Disinterested Testimony "'."'" 49 
 
 Comparison with the United States '''<* 
 
 Agricultural College, &o 51 
 
 52 
 
 I 
 
iv. Contents. 
 
 PAQR 
 
 54 
 
 Farm Labourers in Ontario 
 
 Personal Experiences 
 
 Thb Demand fob Farm Labourers and Domestic fc irvants 67 
 
 72 
 The Free Grant Territory 
 
 79 
 
 Game 
 
 80 
 Cost of Farm Implements 
 
 Cost of Clothing 
 
 82 
 Postal Facilities 
 
 82 
 
 Telegraphs 
 
 82 
 Kate of Interest 
 
 Instructions to Emigrants 
 
 Outfit nB 
 
 Luggage g^ 
 
 On Board Ship „„ 
 
 On Arrival at Quebec 
 
 Money Table 
 
 Canadian Emigration Agents in the United Kingdom 88 
 
 89 
 A Practical Letter 
 
 British Testimony to Ontario as an Agricultural Country lOO 
 
 107 
 Meteorological, Temperature, etc 
 
PAQK 
 
 . 54 
 
 . 67 
 
 ,. 67 
 
 ,. 72 
 
 .. 79 
 
 .. 80 
 
 .. 81 
 
 .. 82 
 
 .. 82 
 
 .. 82 
 
 .. 84 
 
 .. 84 
 
 .. 85 
 
 .. 86 
 
 .. 86 
 
 .. 87 
 
 .. 88 
 
 .. 89 
 
 .. 100 
 
 .. 107 
 
TlIK 
 
 BRITISH I'ARMJ'RS 
 
 AND j.-ARM I.AIJOURKR'.S 
 
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 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 WHY SIIOIJIJ) I l^:MIURATr^? 
 
 ^' WHY SHOULD ! KMKJUATI^r' is the vory natuml 
 »/ <|"^'^t")U put l.y (.1,0 lirifcisl, A-ricnltiirist, when tho 
 .sulj<.ct (.f <'.,.i-rati.,n is first nu)<.t(><l in Lis l.-'ari..- Tint 
 qucstmn unswrrcMl, a.ul the proposition to onu-mto onco 
 .seriously cntcrtuinci tl.o noxt .p.estiou is, "To what 
 Country or Coi,onv smaix I rmkjratk with, ox thk who, k 
 MOST ADVANTAciK V' \Vc propose, in tl.is pan., hlet, to answ.r 
 both (p.ost.ons with Tac.ts. plainly an.l trutl.Fully .stato.l IV.o 
 trom exajr^.,ratiou or tho sli,^htest llavour of I'onmnca Wo 
 .shall .l.souss tho sulijoot with tho British fanner first, and tho 
 larni lubouror aftorwanls, in just as practical a fashi-.n as, at his 
 own tirosi.io, the ono n.i,i,rht talk over tho ulvanta.re.s of .shift- 
 lai? ins tenancy, or tho <,thor his labour, from ono county to 
 
 """mm "";•</ V^" '""''"'^ ^''"'"'^1' ^^'"^ ^»"'P ^"^- ^'M'l'u.ations. 
 
 J. he .hlhcultics tho British faruKu- has to conton.l with at hon,o 
 arc suliicently pro.ent to his own n.ind. No doubt they havo 
 beo.i recently enhanced by the failure of crops and the evor- 
 increasn.^. cou.petition the British a;.,iculturist is .suhjected 
 to. trom tho vast increase of production abroad, notably on tho 
 American continent. While production in the Unih.wl ICip..<!onj 
 i« handicapped with many conditions incidental to old country 
 
GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 institutions and other circumstances from which in new lands 
 it is tree, the British farm«r's competitors in the market where 
 he sells his produce are the agriculturists of countries in vhich 
 the cost of production is lowest. The price of land, the impedi- 
 ments to its free transfer, the impossibility in many cases of pur- 
 chasing at any cost, the charges for rent, and for taxes national 
 and local, the maintenance of a State church, as represented by 
 tithes or their equivalent, are obviously important elements in 
 the British farmer's calculations and considerations. The exist- 
 ence, too, of game preserving, under the protection of laws of 
 feudal origin, however ameliorated by friendly arrangements 
 between landlord and tenant, is notoriously a source, in too 
 many instances, of great loss and annoyance, and constitutes a 
 burden the latter would always gladly be rid of. 
 
 Still if the British farmer does not make much money he 
 lives in moderate comfort and contentment. With a conside- 
 rate landlord many difficulties are got over ; at all events in 
 good seasons. But then many seasons are not " good " and 
 the British climate is peculiarlj^ tickle and uncertain. Three 
 or four bad years means that hundreds of tenant farmers 
 go behind irreparably and for ever. 
 
 jSow, what on the other hand is to be said in favour of a 
 change, say to Ontario, the premier province of the Dominion 
 of Canada ; and what does Ontario offer by way of contrast to 
 the difficulties above described ? 
 
 In the first place the farmer in Ontario is a producer, under — 
 taking all things together — the most, instead of the least, favour- 
 able conditions. Canadian wheat, oats, barley, beef, cheese or 
 butter are the very competitors the British farmer has to 
 dread. We shall deal with figures later on. Meanwhile that 
 one fact speaks for itself (2.) He need pay no rental, for if he be 
 only a small capitalist.he can buy land with the money he pays at 
 home for rent, or if he should happen to prefer renting, he can 
 rent a good farm for from eight shillings to sixteen shillings 
 sterling per acre. (3.) His taxes are light. Those he pays 
 indirectly, for Federal purposes, represent the current expendi- 
 
GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 3 
 
 ture of the public service, or interest on a debt contracted for 
 public improvements, railways, canals and other public works 
 for which he consequently gets value. His local taxes are for 
 schools, roads, the protection of the law, and contributions to 
 railways or otlier matters from which he derives direct advan- 
 ages^ (4.) He pays no poor rates for there are few paupers. 
 Gx) He pays no tithes or their equivalent, for there is no 
 State church to maintain. (G.) He suffers no appreciable 
 injury from game, and what little he cares to sh,.ot, or has 
 time tor shooting, he is welcome to. (7.) If he rents a 
 farm the conditions are the simplest, and he can buy one 
 on easy terms at any time. There is always plenty of 
 improved land in the market, plenty of people or com- 
 panies are yillmg to advance money on mortgage at some 7 or 
 8 p.r cent interest, and the whole cost of transferring a tine" 
 farm, setthng title, and all, does not ordinarily amount to the 
 value_ in Canadian currency of a British five pound note. 
 Nowin this general way we have surely said enough to induce 
 the British farmer to believe there may be some go,>d, if not 
 conclusive, reasons why he should emigrate. Others will 
 present themselves as we proceed. 
 
 WHITHER SHALL I EMIGRATE ? 
 
 We have now incidentally opened up the way to a consider- 
 ation of the next question : " To what Countky or Colony 
 SHALL I GO ? In trying to settle this point satisfactorily let 
 us clearly understand whom we are talking with. The farmer 
 we have m our mind is the man with moderate capital sav 
 from £20 to £2000 sterling, and usually nearer the iL rlthl 
 than the larger amount after all his debts are paid, with good 
 health, steady habits, a will to work, and a family growing ud 
 needing to be settled in the world. We leave out ^f view for 
 the moment the large capitalist on the one hand, or the man 
 with no capital, on the other. We shall see what are the reqle. 
 
4 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 ments of such an one ns wo refer to, and how far Ontario will 
 supply them. 
 
 Ontario is the great English speaking, British populated 
 province of the Dominion. There is no colony where 
 all the surroundings and associations are so much like 
 those of " home" as Ontario. The change, then, in tliat respect 
 is less startling and marked than it might be elsewhere. Then 
 it is nearer " home" than either the Western States or the 
 North-Western territories and out of all comparison nearer 
 than any other eligible British colony. Allowing twenty-four 
 hours for the railway journey from Quebec to Toronto the whole 
 trip from Liverpool to the capital of Ontario is ordinarily 
 but one of twelve days, with an ocean passage from land to 
 land of often loss than a week. From sixty to pinety days 
 would be the length of a passage to any one of the Australian 
 colonies or New Zealand. From Canada a trip home is at any 
 time easy and cheap ; from the Antipodes it is seldom thought 
 of The idea of the ocean voyage is rather formidable to 
 home-staying folks like many of our British Agriculturists, but 
 to a Canadian who has once accomplished it, it is only a 
 holiday trip, and a treat. 
 
 WHAT ONTARIO HAS TO OFFER. 
 
 " But what of Ontario itself ?" It is pre-eminently a land 
 of free institutions, represented by free land, free schools, free 
 churches, and a free vote. 
 
 FREE LAND. 
 
 Land, subject to a cheap system of registration of titles, can 
 be bought and sold, parcelled out or divided as readily as any 
 other commodity. There is no law of primogeniture to work 
 injustice and public injury in order to allow the possessor 
 to obtain or preserve a big I'amily estate. There is only 
 one restriction on the sale of land, and that is the law of dower 
 in favour of the wife. 
 
GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 FREE SCHOOLS. 
 Ontario is justly proud of its free schools. The public school 
 .syste.u of Ontario has furnished a model for the imitation of 
 other couutries. The expenses of these schools are borne by 
 local rates, supplemented by a contributioti from the Pro- 
 vmcml rreasury. Every ratepayer has a voice in the 
 nianagen.ent through the school trustees he elects. The 
 education of the child in a public school fits him or her 
 lor a..y of the ordinary positions of life. For those who 
 aspire to a more finished education, the High School-also 
 . public and under local management-steps in, and, at a nominal 
 expense, fits the aspirant for the work of a teacher or for tak- 
 ing his initial step as a graduate of the University, which he 
 can also pass through at almost no cost beyond his temporary 
 board and lodging while keeping his terms. He is then fully 
 qualified, so far as educational training goes, for the study of any 
 
 ffiOo'ooTr 1 ^''f^r'"'- ^" ''^'' ^^* °^ ^ P°I^"l^^t-" '>f about 
 1,600,000 to 1 -S00,000, there were 492,8.37 children in attend- 
 ance at the public schools. All classes meet there on common 
 erms of equality ; and in the rural districts private schools are 
 unknown, while in the towns and cities they are rapidly 
 bein. superseded by the public schools. One very interesting 
 feature, too, ,n the school system, is the employment it affords 
 
 oir^VTrl ,^'^ V'-'^'^ ^' ^'^'^'''- I" 1«77 there were in 
 Ontario G,4G8 teachers in the public schools, of whom 3,448 
 were young women. These young people belong to every class 
 m the community^ Most of them have been educated in t 
 
 teach school as a means of livelihood while read n. for the 
 bar or for the medical profession. Many of our leading°law^. 
 and medical practitioners have taught school in their time 
 
 NO STATE CHURCH. 
 
 A8 already mentioned, there is no^tate church in Ontario 
 Every cljurch .s supported by the voluntary contributions of 
 Us members. Ontario may be called a land of churches so 
 
 I 
 
6 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 nmnorous are they everywhere that a popiilntioti cxisis. All 
 the lea'ling denoiniruitions have eoHecres for ministers, and any 
 yotmg man wich a call to that office may, without difficulty, 
 obtain the necessaiy theological training. 
 
 A LAND OF SKLF-OOVEHNMKNT. 
 Ontario is preeminently the land of self-government. The 
 people, in all municipal matters, really manage their own affairs. 
 Every village of 7")0 or more inhabitants, every town of 2,000 
 and upwards, and every township, has its council elected annu- 
 ally by the rate-payers. The whole have, by their Reoves or 
 Deputy Reeves, a representation in the County Council which 
 meets periodically. A vast amount of business that needs 
 special Acts of Parliament in Great Britain is successfully 
 carried on by the.se municipal bodies under the provisions 
 of the general law. The taxes, for local purposes, are very 
 light indeed. The farmer and his sons take their share 
 of the expense by what is called statute labour— putting 
 the roads in ordei- annually. Nearly every one joins in this, 
 although a money payment or a substitute is allowed. But as 
 friend.s and neighbours all take part in the work with their 
 teams, and the season chosen is a leisure one, the duty is, after 
 all, pleasant, and not regarded as onerous. 
 
 THE FRANCHISE. 
 
 Practically, every owner or occupier has a vote for mem- 
 bers of the Provincial Legislature which meets annually at 
 Toronto, or for the Dominion Parliament at Ottawa. "^ In 
 Ontario, too, there is an income tax franchise for the young 
 men in cities, and a farmer's sons' franchise for young men work^ 
 ing on their father's farms. The income tax in Ontario is a 
 municipal tax for local purposes only. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE. 
 
 Law is cheap and plentiful, and administered by Ju.lges, 
 Police Magistrates and Justices of the Peace as efficiently and 
 righteously as in Great Britain. There is not a ju(]ge on the 
 
GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 Bench who has not worked his way up from tlio ranks by fair 
 merit and hard work. Our Justices of tlio Peace are men of 
 the people, generally plain farmers or merchants. In rural 
 Ontario lmpi)ily there is very little crime but a universal 
 respect for the law and those who administer it. 
 
 THK MEr)[(;AL I'HOFKSSION. 
 
 As a matter affecting the health and comfort of residents in 
 rural districts, it may be well to add that the medical prac- 
 tioner is omnipresent. The medical schools in Ontario are very 
 strict in the matter of qualification, the profession is very 
 popular, and there is no settled part of Ontario without an 
 efficient practitioner within easy reach. 
 
 SUMMARY OF ADVANTAGES. 
 
 Up to this point, then, the British farmer will have lost 
 
 nothing by the change from the British Isles to Ontario, while 
 
 in some respects he will be an obvious gainer. He will secure : 
 
 (1.) Free land, ch(>ap land, and plenty of it, purchasable 
 
 and transferable without trouble or any serious cost. 
 
 (2.) Free schools, as good as any in the world, which his 
 
 children may attend without any loss of caste or social 
 
 position, and leading up to the highest educational honours. 
 
 (3.) Free churches— and no tithes or charges for any but 
 
 his own — voluntarily supported. 
 
 (4.) Not Quarter Sessions or County Boards rule, but the 
 management of his own local affairs to the expenditure of 
 the last six-pence. 
 
 (5.) A free vote. 
 
 (6.) All the protection and safety that British law itself 
 can ensure. 
 
8 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. 
 
 Wo will next look at some of the physical features of the Pro- 
 vince, or rather, for our present purpose, at that portion of its 
 territory-about 47,000 out of 2()(),()0() square miles-we shall 
 have to deal with in connection with our present topic. If the 
 reader will run his eye over the map, and, striking Ontario at 
 the Quebec boundary line, travel up the St. Lawrence and 
 Lake Ontario, then follow the line of the Niagara River 
 to Lake Erie, traverse Lake Erie and the Detroit River to 
 Detroit, and then th/ough Lake St. Clair and the St. Clair 
 River, enter Lake Huron, run up Lake Huron and its inlet 
 the GeoT-gian Bay, to French River, up French River to Lake 
 Nipissing, across Lake Nipissing to or near to the Ottawa, 
 and down the Ottawa until he nearly reaches the St. Law- 
 rence again, he will, in imagination, have circumnavigated the 
 region to which we wish now principally to direct his 
 attention. It will be somewhere in that area that, either 
 as a settler on a free gnmt, or on an improved farm, he will find 
 his location. Far beyond to the north, and northwest, is a 
 region, still Ontario, that his sons or his sons' sons may one day 
 occupy, and in the Manitoulin Islands and some lands and 
 islands in the vicinity of Sault Ste. Marie are districts rapidly 
 filling up; but the British farmer's own ideas are, as we are 
 assuming, in favour of the enjoyment as near as possible, of the 
 same social comforts and advantages that he and his family 
 possess in the old land. The several sections into which the 
 Ontario in our mind at the present moment is divided po.ssess 
 very varied characteristics both as to soil and climate. But 
 first let us shew how, from the configuration of the country,, 
 every portion is accessible, and how in no part can the agricul- 
 turist be far from, or without ready access to a market. ° 
 
OUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 ACCESSrniLITY OF MARKETS. 
 
 Comin;?oastvvanl, tho first place of iinportuncc wo arrive at i.s 
 the flourishing town of Cornwall, about (JO niile.s from Montreal 
 and thirty within the provincial boundary. Cornwall is tho 
 county town of tho united counties of Dundas, Stor.nont, 
 and Glengarry. At this place arc bankers, grain buyers, and 
 every facility for the transaction of business and shipment of 
 produce, by the canal, which is at this point substituted for the 
 too )-apid navigation of tho St. Lawrence, or by tho Grand 
 Trunk Railway, to Montreal or other of tho great outports. 
 The inland railway communications in this section are not yet 
 very complete, but railway construction is in progress. Back 
 from the St. Lawrence we enter the Ottawa diatrict, indudin-r 
 the counties of Proscott, Russell, and Carleton. These counties 
 have the Ottawa River as their outlet on one side, while rail- 
 ways cotmect them at Proscott and BrockviUe with the Grand 
 Trunk, and St. Lawrence navigation, and another line is now in 
 operation direct fiom Ottawa to Montreal. The railway from 
 Ottawa to tho St Lawrence at Coteau Landing will, when 
 completed, be an additional means of transport. Further 
 west still, the fine agricultural, manufacturing or lumberintr 
 counties of GrenviUe, Leed.s, Lanark and Renfrew, connect to 
 the eastward with the City of Ottawa, and to the south 
 with the Grand Trunk and St. Lawrence at BrockviUe and 
 Prescott. 
 
 We have now passed beyond the Ottawa District and River 
 counties and struck Lake Ontario at Kingston, a place of import- 
 ance and once the seat of Government. At all the places men- 
 tioned the agencies for transacting business, and the facilities 
 for shipment are ample, while at the inland towns shippers 
 forwarders and buyers, have their representatives. The city 
 of Kingston, the counties of Frontenae, Lennox, Addington and 
 Renfrew, are all will soon be, well supplied with railways 
 connecting the rear settlements with the front. Their chief 
 
 I 
 
10 
 
 GUIDE TO UNTAIUO. 
 
 'N 
 
 outlets in the latter direction are Kingston an.1 Napanee, both 
 iini)ortant coinniercial centres. 
 
 Tiie county of Hastings, with the city of Belleville on the 
 Bay of Quinte (pronounced Kan-ty) as its capital, is the next 
 reached, and, lying south of it, joined by a narrow isthmus 
 only to th(! main land, is the county of Prince Edward. The 
 latter now has its railway from Picton, its county town, to 
 Trenton on the main la.ul. The county of Hastings, besides 
 its front navigation and the Grand Trunk Railway, has, .in 
 addition to excellent gravel roads, railways now pushing 
 m.i-th and noith-west into the roar. Northumberland and 
 1 eterboro'— the first having Cobourg as its chief town 
 and port, the latter the large inland town of Peterboro'— 
 are travemed by the Midland, Gra.id Junction, and Cobourg 
 and Peterboro' Railways. Peterboro', too, has inland water 
 connnunications. The next group of counties consists of 
 l)iirham, Ontario and Victoria, connected with the Grand 
 Trunk and the Lake by the Midland and Whitby & Port 
 Perry lines. 
 
 We now reach the metropolitan county of York, and 
 to the north the County of Sinu-oe, reaching to the shores of 
 the Georgian Bay. From Toronto, the Toronto & Nipissing 
 to the north-eastward, the Northern penetrating to the Free 
 Grant district on the one hand and the waters of Lake Huron 
 on the other, the Toronto, Giey & Bruce, the Great Western, 
 the Credit Valley and the Grand Trunk supply abundant rail- 
 way c()nnnunications. Toronto is a tine city of some 70,000 
 inhabitants, the seat of the Provincial Government and Law 
 Courts, and the chief centre of connnerce for western Canada. 
 To follow out in detail the railway system Avhich sup])lies 
 with interior communication every part of western Ontario 
 would be almost confusing. The map will speak for itself. 
 Here again, too, as we go west and south-west the grand 
 natural means of transportation come into play. Lake Huron, 
 the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers, ami Lake Erie— the latter 
 connected with Lake Ontario by the Welland Canal, thus 
 
OUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 11 
 
 avoiding the obstruction occasioned by the Falls of Niajrara— 
 place the western Canadian farmer literally on one of the 
 finest hjnrhways in the whole worhl, which by its facilties, 
 makes Ontario a more than successful competitor in the 
 world's markets with the distant, inlan<l, although easily cul- 
 tivated prairie lands of the west and north-west. In all this 
 region not only are railway construction and water navigation 
 to be had, but competition by both, and, each against the other, 
 comes to tlie producer's aid, and by reducing the cost of trans- 
 portation to the seaboard to a minimum, leaves him the lar<r- 
 est possible profit for himself. In the nearness tlien and 
 accessibility of his market, the agriculturalist in Ontario will 
 find himself as well off as he can desire. When, too, it is 
 recollected that twenty-seven years ago there was not a mile 
 of railway in tlie province and that now there are three 
 thousand six hundred miles of railway constructed, and others 
 in progress, it will be seen how well and closely railway facil- 
 ities keep i)ace with the wants of the community and the 
 progress of settlement. 
 
 The intending emigrant, however, being assumed to bo a 
 man with capital to invest, and wishing to make a change, 
 once for all, and once only, will desire some more precTse' 
 information as to the peculiar features of the different sections 
 of the country, the soil, products and most profitable branches 
 of agricultural industry. The information we shall give him 
 on this point has been collected with great care from respon- 
 sible and well-informed persons. It is not suggested that any 
 purchase or final arrangements should be made before the 
 arrival of the proposed settler in Canada. On the contrary 
 personal inspection and observation, and all the experience that 
 can be gained should be sought for before a bargain is com- 
 pleted. The country will not sufi^er on acquaintance an<l it 
 IS an excellent plan, where circumstances are favourable for 
 such an arrangement, for the head of a family to pay a 
 preparatory visit and fix upon a farm before bringing out his 
 whole household. Meantime, the following particulars of the 
 
12 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 information most wanted will be of great service in assisting 
 any one proposing to emigrate to Ontario to make up his mind 
 on some points of much importance to him. 
 
 The accompanying map will enable the reader to follow the 
 description given of the situation of the respective counties, and 
 their relation to the railways and water communications. 
 
GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 13 
 
 ONTARIO COUNTIES. 
 
 SOIL, PRODUCTS, INDUSTRIES, COMMUNICATIONS. 
 
 LAKE ERIE COUNTIES. 
 
 ESSEX. 
 
 The county of Essex, the most south-westerly in Ontario 
 has been partially settled by a French Canadian population 
 for from 1.30 to 200 years, but has, since that period, been the 
 resort ot all the English speaking nationalities. The county 
 has many natural advantages, its climate is very mild and 
 every class of grain or fruit is grown to perfection. 'The 
 soil IS a black loam with clay bottom, except in one or two 
 townslups where a sandy loam predominates. The liberal aid 
 rendered by the Ontario Government to drainage operations 
 has done much for the county of Essex, where krge areas of 
 fertile land have been reclaimed and cultivated. All the cereals 
 including Indian corn, grow freely, and a very large quantity 
 ot grapes are grown and exported annually. A great deal of 
 pork IS also packed for shipment in Essex. The manufacture 
 Qt railroad ties is a source of ccmsiderable profit to tiie owners 
 otvyild land, and not less than thirty saw mills, enc^ac^ed in 
 cutting hardwood of various kinds, give Avelcomo employment 
 to many hands in the winter months. With the help of the 
 local agricultural societies there has been a great improvement 
 in tarm stock m the county of late years. Cleared lands, with 
 ail needtul improvements, bring from .$25 (£.3) to $40 (£8) per 
 acre ; or, on the river or lake shore, from £8 to £10 per aire. 
 Bush farms fetch from £2 to £4 sterling per acre. In many 
 places t^ie wood on the land pays the purchase money of the 
 farm. Rented farms are to be had for about 8s. sterling per acre 
 llie county, which is bounded on its .snnthovn r.na«t >-- t \^q gj.;. 
 and on the east by the Detroit River, is also traversed by the 
 
if 
 
 14 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 Great Western and Canada Southern Railways, while a new 
 road is projectec^ from the town of Windsor to Lake Erie so 
 that no farm will be more than eight miles from a railroad.' 
 
 KENT. 
 
 The county of Kent is second to none in the Province for its 
 fertility or the variety of its products. It stands perhaps first 
 as a fruitgrowing district, apples, peaches, pears, plums, cherries 
 quinces, and grapes being produced in vast quantities. Grape 
 culture IS made a specialty with some persons. While all the 
 cereals grow well, Kent is one of the few counties where a con- 
 siderable area is devoted to the growth of Indian corn. On the 
 Lake Erie front the soil is a gravelly loam, farther back clay 
 loam IS met with, and in the northerly and easterly parts of the 
 county a sandy loam prevails. All in turn are of a most pro- 
 ductive character in regard to the products oo which they are 
 specially adapted. As in the adjoining county of Essex a very 
 considerable industry in hardwood manufactures is carried on 
 m Kent, with great benefit both to the persons employed and 
 to those whose products they consume. There is a good deal 
 of very tine stock in Kent, much attention having been paid to 
 the breeding of improved animals during late years ; this ap- 
 plies to horses, cattle, sheep and hogs. Prices of farms vary 
 from $10 (£2) to $100 (£20) per acre, depending mainly on 
 locality and the extent of improvements efiected. The lake 
 supplies ample water navigation, and this is supplemented by 
 the Great Western and Canada Southern Railways, which cross 
 the county from north-east to south-west, and a 'line is now 
 being constructed from Rond Eau to Chatham, thence northward 
 to Dresden, and finally to Sarnia, not only intersectiuo- in its 
 course the two maui lines already referred to, but also connect- 
 ing at Sarnia with the Grand Trunk .system. All thino-,s con- 
 sidered, Kent is a county that may be very favourably re- 
 garded by the new comer as a place of settlement. 
 
 ELGIN. 
 
 This IS one of the Lake Erie counties; the climate mild 
 winters usually quite open, and snow seldom lyincr more 
 than three months. The country is undulating, soil varvinf<- 
 from heavy clay to clay loam, some of the latter very rich. "TIio 
 
GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 15 
 
 natural iacilities for draining into the lake on the southern or 
 the Kiver Thames on the nortliern border of the county 'are 
 excellent. Elgin is one of the Indian corn growing counties of 
 Ontario, the yield of that cereal averaging 50 bushels to the 
 acre. All the other cereals and roots, as well as fruit are 
 successfully cultivated. Improved tillage and drainage' aie 
 doing much to raise the quality of agriculture in the division 
 1 here are several fine herds of thorough-bred cattle, and i)lenty 
 ot good horses, as well as improved breeds of sheei) and i)ios • and 
 about twenty cheese factories. Good markets are easily acces- 
 sible ; the Lake, and the Great Western, Canada Southern and 
 London and Port Stanley Railways, afibrding abundant outlets 
 and means of communication. The ]uice of ftirms varies from 
 f ^ *o £13 sterling per acre, while farms may be leased at from 
 10s. to 20s. per acre, or in some cases for less. Fuel is abundant 
 
 NORFOLK. 
 
 Norfolk is a Lake Erie county. Climate mild, soil varying 
 between clay, clay and sand, loam and light sand, and generally 
 very productive— rather better adapted for grain than stock- 
 raising. Indian corn is grown largely. The county of Norfolk 
 IS celebrated tor its fruit. There are several cheese factories 
 and other local industries. The lumbering industry is not yet 
 extinguished, although the county has been long settled Farms 
 
 T^ ^iJ''r\^T^.^^ ^^''" ^^- '^^^^'y ^^ay ^a"<l is worth 
 from $40 to ^oO (iM to £10), per acre ; sandy or sandy loam 
 
 from $10 to $30 (£2 to £G), per acre. Farms may be leased at 
 
 troiii 8s. to IGs. sterling, per acre. The county is traversed 
 
 by the Air Line, Canada Southern, Hamilton and North- 
 
 W estern, and Port Dover and Lake Huron Railways 
 
 HALDIMAND. 
 
 The County of Haldimand was one of the earliest districts 
 in Upper ( anada to receive the influx of settlers from the 
 Unitea States after the close of the American Revolutionary 
 war. Ihe climate is fine and healthy, landgentlv roliing com- 
 posed of a deep drift del)ris resting on limestone and sandstone 
 formations. It is watered by numerous streams, and the seen 
 ery in many parts of the county is strikingly beautiful 
 Farming m Haldimand is in advance of that in some other sec- 
 
16 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 tions. There arc a large number of horses and cattle of 
 improved breeds, as well as shec-p of a tine class. From tho 
 conhguratiou of the land, draining is not so necessary as in 
 some i)arts, but where it iscnrriedon the work is greatly facili- 
 tated by natural advantages. No farm is far Irom a .rood 
 market. The county town, Cayuga, is situated at the hea^^l of 
 the brand lliver navigation, and four railways, the ' " S 
 branch of the Grand Trunk, the Hamilton and North-w.- . ■ 
 Uie Great Western Air Line and the Canada Southern, si.r [y 
 it with abundant communications. Farms may be purchased 
 at jrom $20 (£4) to $50 (£10 sterling) per acre, or leased at 
 M.oO (say {)s.) to $:? (12s.) per acre, with about three-fourths 
 cJear-d. Juel is abundant, both coal and wood beino- cheap 
 the latter from local supply, and the former, via Lalce Erie' 
 trom the Penn.sylvania coal tields. Large beds of pure gypsum' 
 turmsh an inexhaustible supply of that deposit 
 
 NIAGARA DLSTRICT. 
 
 MONCK. 
 
 This is a thickly settled and most thriving district, formed 
 for electoral purposes out of portions of the three Counties -.f 
 Welland, Lmco n. and Haldimand. The climate is mild and 
 the soil generally rich, consisting of clay or clay loam, 'with 
 in some parts a sandy gravelly loam. The farms are genernlly 
 first-class, and sell at good prices. Fruit, including peaches 
 IS very arge ly cultivated. The land is rolling, ami in .some 
 parts hilly; the scenery is often very beautiful. Some of the 
 tovvnslaps in the division, especially Pelham and Wainfleot, are 
 noted tor their excellent municipal management, and the con- 
 sequent lightness of their local taxation. The division is 
 watered by two or three navigable rivers, and is traversed 
 by the Grand Trunk, Canada Southern, and Air Line Rail- 
 ways. Few districts offer better inducements to an old country 
 farmer with capital than this one. 
 
 WELLAND. 
 
 t!h 
 
 The country of Welland is very thickly settled, and contains 
 within its limits a great variety of busy industries. The 
 
?f<l 
 
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 From tho 
 sary as in 
 itly facili- 
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 le lieud of 
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 purchased 
 leased at 
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 ig cheap, 
 lake Erie, 
 e cf 
 
 ypsum 
 
 t, formed 
 unties -if 
 Tiild, and 
 am, with 
 g^enernlly 
 peaches, 
 in some 
 (le of the 
 I fleet, are 
 the con- 
 vision is 
 traversed 
 ne Rail- 
 '. countiy 
 
 contains 
 3s. The 
 
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 1*5 
 
 ffWi)£ TO (JNTAMIO. 
 
 17 
 
 ivsinlf^ Ti. ^ I i '^'^*^7 ^^ it'clai nation with very Dioh't'il)!.. 
 i< s iJts. Il„> staple cereal i-rown is fall vvl.e-.f olfl, * ,7*^'^" 
 and roots are Jarovly cultivated ,/ ! ' H^V""^''' '"''''"« 
 
 eluding peaches U ^^'^..^'Z' ''''''^''^'' '''''''' "^- 
 The clTnlate alon- the Jom's;. ot^ t Zr^- '''''T'''' ^"^^''^ities. 
 
 in,ly temporater ^o'';^:^^^^^:,^'^^.!^ 'T^^' 
 works in pro.-ress tl.or,. +i. • ^^'tiicuid Lanal and the 
 
 inuts. Tlioro an, one or two oxclI Cnt «t'^ k i i "•""'"■ 
 (X)iinty for tire sale of f.„.,,, ,,, '-,''<"-">^™,"'«-J^l.y marlu'ts jii tic 
 
 (X20 to X22 ,4 acrctw'fi t l;s C,,? '^^'"1' '" ■'^'1» 
 
 iarius mav be had fm- ^4.0 /-cK 1^ ^'^^^'^ nuproved 
 
 niaxinmin rentnl 'I^J., ,.o • ^ i ? \ . ^^ rer^nnhd as the 
 c.Hmtrv/ih fa' by o::„'^"t^^' t'"' f ""r™'' "'«•"' i" th'' 
 
 ^fs^ffr::;:4f^«=--- 
 
 Inn 
 
 Ik, 
 
 LINCOLX. 
 
 ^hecounty of Lincoln, with the citv of Swsfi • 
 business centre hiv;no-P,.U , '' ^^^^ V^J <^t/^t. Lathannes as its 
 
 of the Wei and Cand"a^? f '^1 ^ousie at the Lake Ontario end 
 yrowino. d St Tont -^ ^''p' V^'' ^^^ '^*' '^'^ ^"'^-^t fruit 
 well as all ttltjai^^j"^' -elai^ety cultivated as 
 parts of the countv ^m^ ] , i V , ■^'"' ^•''' "^ ^^^^ lower 
 
 a largo n,n.,yj :^1^t^ZZ::'^^o^tU,. „,i„ a„d 
 rroiierty ranges from S'iO ^f a ? ° r , I"'"" "' *""" 
 
 3 
 
18 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 m. 
 
 LAKE HURON COUNTIES. 
 
 LAMBTON. 
 
 The county of LamUon has beon settled since the year 
 1832, and in that time has made ffcaai progress. The soil is 
 prineipally a clay or clay loam, with portions of light loam, 
 sand or gravel. Much of the land is very rich and low, and a 
 good deal has been done to reclaim wet lands by means of 
 drainage. Its jn-incipal crops are wheat, barley, oats, peas, 
 timothy and clover hay, and the various descriptions of roots. 
 Indian corn grows well, but is not largely cultivated at [)re- 
 sent. The same remark applies to rye and buckwheat. 
 Peaches, grapes and the smaller fruits are cultivated largely, 
 and apples are a fine and profitable crop. Thousands of barrels 
 of apples are shipped annually. There are several local indus- 
 tries in active ojK'ration. Cheese factories are to be met with 
 in all parts of the country. Laml)ton is also one of the oil 
 districts of Ontario, petroleum having been discovei'ed there 
 about the year 18G2. Well improved farms sell for from S30 
 (£G) to S50 (£10) per acre, or, in some very favourable locali- 
 ties, for from %oo (£11) to .S70 (£14) per acre. Cleared lands 
 may be rented at from $2 (8s.) to $4..50 (18s. sterling) per acre, 
 according to their state of cultivation. A good deal has been 
 done of late years to improve stock, and there are now a large 
 number of well-bred animals in the county. The St. Clair 
 River separates the county from the State of Mielngan, and it 
 has Lake Huron for its north-western coast line. In a(lditi(m 
 to this fine water navigation, Lambton is traversed by the 
 Grand Trunk, Great Western, and Canada Southern Railways. 
 
 HURON. 
 
 This fine county has been settled more recently than some 
 others. It contains an area of 709,000 acres, two-thirds of which 
 is under cultivation and pasture ; the balance is w^ooded, but 
 liardly any portiun of Huron, if any, can be termed irreclaimable. 
 It has Lake Huron on its western front, and is intersected by 
 the Wellington, Grey & Bruce Railway, Buft'alo & Lake Huron 
 Railway, London, Huron & Bruce Railway and the Toronto, 
 Grey & Bruce Railway. The county too is famous for its excel- 
 lent fravel roads. The land is somewhat rolling in its character. 
 
GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 19 
 
 and well watered, the soil a sandy loam. It is a great o-rain- 
 growing country, but its specialties would probably bo cattle- 
 raising and dairy farming, for which it is well adapted. There 
 arc already a largo number of cheese factories a-id one creamery 
 in the county. There is a good deal of fine improved stock 
 in Huron, and considerable progress has been made of late 
 in draining. In the south-western part of the county near 
 Godencli and Seaforth are enormous salt beds. There is 
 probably wood enough for fuel purposes to last for '25 years. 
 Farms are usually 100 acres each, but some 50 acres, while 
 others are of 200 acres. They may be bought at prices varying 
 from £5 to £14 sterling per acre, or leased for jjoriods of five 
 years for from 8 to 12 shillings sterling, annual I'ental. The 
 climate is extremely healthy, very little colder than that of 
 the Lake Erie and Ontario regions. A steady winter, however, 
 with good and uninterrupted" sleighing more than coinpensates 
 for a little cold. The population of Huron is pretty evenly 
 divided between the three British nationalities, the Scotch and 
 Irish slightly predominating. 
 
 BRUCE. 
 
 The county of Bruce has only been settled since 1853, but had 
 in 1871 a population of nearly 50,000 souls. The general char- 
 acter of the soil is a sandy loam, surpassed by none in Ontario 
 for fertility. All the usual cereals and roots are cultivated, but 
 f 01- wheat-growing Bruce is regarded as one of the best 'dis- 
 tricts, if not the best district in the Province. The salt works 
 at Kincardine, which are very extensive, and other industries 
 give employment to a large number of persons. The improve- 
 ment of stock in Bruce has not been so rapid as in some 
 counties, but the farmers are increasingly turning their atten- 
 tion to this branch of the business, with the view of dependino- 
 more in future on stock raising than on cereal crops. The 
 price of exceptionally good farms in Bruce is from S50 (£10) 
 to $60 (£12) per acre, but farms can be procured for one-half 
 that price. Bruce has Lake Huron on its western boundary, 
 with the ports of Kincardine and Southampton, and is also 
 supplied with communications by the Wellington, Grey &; 
 Bruce, and Toronto, Grey & Bruce Railways and branches. 
 
20 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 WESTERN (INLAND) COUNTIES. 
 
 if- I:! 
 lii 
 
 MIDULESKX. 
 
 The land of this di.strict was originally all hardwood forest, 
 with a few swamps. It is undulating and naturally well 
 drained, the climate very healthy and moderate in temperature. 
 It is well watered by creeks and small rivers. The soil varies 
 from a heavy clay to a sandy loam, and is well adapted for 
 stock-raising. About one-third of the Inad is still wooded, 
 ensuring a cheap and plentiful supply of fuel for many yoars^ 
 as well as wood for other purposes. The average production' 
 of the cereals and roots is said to be about as follows .—Fall 
 wheat, 20 bushels ; spring wheat, « bushels (not a very certain 
 crop in this district) ; barley, 30 bushels ; peas, 12 bushels ; 
 oats, 35 bushels ; potatoes, 100 bushels ; turnips, 300 bushels ; 
 hay, U tons, per acre. There are some excellent stock animals 
 and many very serviceable horses in the district. Tlie business 
 of grazing and feeding cattle for the English market is making 
 rapid progress. There are seven cheese factories, and ample 
 facdities for marketing produce. The county contains sev- 
 eral towns and villages, and is well supplied with railway 
 facilities. Its County Town is the city of London, a business 
 centre of great activity and importance in Western Ontario, 
 and a first-class market for all agricultural products. Farms' 
 may be bought in a highly improved condition, the prices 
 varying from $35 (£7) to as high as $100 (£20 sterling) per 
 acre. Farms may be rented at from £20 to £80 sterling per 
 100 acres. The railways traversing the county are the Grand 
 Trunk, main and branch lines, the Great Western, London and 
 Port Stanley, London Huron and Bruce, and Canada Southern. 
 
 PERTH. 
 
 The county of Perth offers many imducements to agricul- 
 turists. While portions are flat and perhaps better adapted 
 for stock-raising than the cultivation of the cereals, a larger 
 area is undulating and very favourable for grain culture. The 
 soil is generally a clay or clay loam, in many parts highly pro- 
 ductive. The rate of production varies, of course, considerably 
 in different parts of the county, but a return from the several 
 townships shows a,s follows : Fall wheat, 18 to 25 bushels • 
 
QUTDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 21 
 
 spring wheat 10 to 20 bushels ; barley, 25 to 45 bushels faver- 
 
 5 f 7nn K I V^ ^'^''' (trequently the latter) ; turnips 
 500 to 700 buHhe s; hay, 1 to 1^ tons per acre. Th^ land in 
 
 dosses VZu^'l' T'" V'^"^' .'^"'^ '"^^--^ '^^ a" 
 extent "^ u,f"'"'^'^ ^^^^^ ' \';^» introduced to a consideraF.lo 
 ^xtent. Busy towns and villages supply a brisk demand for 
 home consumption for all hinds^of pro.f^ice. There are nmner 
 ous local industries not connected with agriculture! and s^va 
 cheese factories do a thriving business. P arms may be W U 
 
 leZ fs not Lr o ''K^^^''^'^' ^r'.*^'^ ""'"^^^^ '^^ *'^™« to be hud on 
 W^llimrn P^ ? T""^^ '' traversed by the Grand Trunk. 
 
 Railways ' '^ ^" '"'"' ^"^ ^^^'^^^'^"^ ^"'^ I^^J^^" Huron ' 
 
 OXFOKD, 
 
 tri?" T»"J-^ '^ ^r^''''^ '"^ «"^ «*' tJ^e finest agricultural dis- 
 
 aloand f^b ''^\ \' ■'''' '^''' P'-^^ially settled about siyars 
 ago and the work of improvement has been going on ever .since 
 The urtace of the country is generally undulating the soil a 
 clay loam and in some parts a sandy loam. Both as to soH 
 ratinr^TV' '' well adapted for eitir grain stock or^^^^^^^ 
 «Tw/"i . ,' '^'^"t^^ '' '^'" ■''*"^^'^«'l ^^ith thriving towns such 
 as Woodstock and Tngersoll, and villages of more o?less import 
 ance. Its cheese manufacture is on a very extensive scale and 
 two arge pork-packing establishments are^locate I Int;son 
 
 itpfov d stonW^". • '" n 'f *°™'^^ '^' introductfon of 
 improved stock and m all departments of agriculture intelH 
 
 genceand enterprise are more or less visible." C s may be 
 purchased at from $20 (U), to .^80 (£IG sterling X acrl ol 
 rent(^d at from $2 Csav 8s sferb'ncr^ +n «d. /ip / i- ^X ' 
 
 T>ipP».o„+ Air I ^T> •^, ^'^sriing; to !S>4 (I6s. sterling) per acre. 
 1 he Great Western Railway, the Lake Huron and Port D^ver the 
 Canada Southern, and the Brantford and Port BiVrwell Rail! 
 
 fStier^FLl'^ r"'^ 1 ?^^^^ ^^^^^ abundlnTtilway 
 trl'rl?' ^uj^^f .cheap and abundant, and where coal is pre- 
 ferred to wood, It IS obtainable by railway at moderate rales 
 
 WATERLOO, 
 
 This countv was spH.IoW in +i,q aot-k- t^«»j. r j.i. 
 century, chiefly by German/ frorthttX'oVttyS;^ 
 
^ii:' 
 
 li ! 
 
 11 ij ' 
 
 22 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 many of them being of the Mennonite persuasion. The soil is 
 of mixed varieties, but generally fertile and watered with num- 
 erous spring creeks. It produces all the cereals and roots and 
 large quantities of fruit, with the exception of peaches, which 
 have not yet been grown successfully to any extent. Flax grow- 
 ing is carried on upon a large scale ; the flax being exported m 
 both a dressed and undressed state. The soil is also considered 
 very favourable for the cultivation of sugar beets. There are seve- 
 ral flax mills in the county in addition to other industries, the 
 chief town. Gait, being one of the most thriving manufacturing 
 centres in Ontario. The land is all cleared, and farms may be 
 bought with every improvement at from $40 to $100 (£8 to 
 £20 sterling) per acre. Very few farms are leased, but from 
 8s. to 20s. sterling per acre is about the rental charged. Great 
 progress has been made in the improvement of cattle and the 
 breeding of horses. The county is traversed by the Great 
 Western, Grand Trunk and Credit Valley Railways. 
 
 I I 
 
 WELLINGTON. 
 
 Portions of this fine county have been settled for fifty years, 
 but the bulk of the settlement has taken place during the 
 past thirty years. The soil is mostly a loam, varying from the 
 extremes of gravel on the one hand to clay on the other. The 
 latter is most usually met with, and is of a highly productive 
 nature, and easily tilled. The raising of stock from improved 
 breeds is carried "on to a larger extent in this than in any other 
 county. This has led to grain cropping being largely superseded 
 by the cultivation of roots, which are grown to an immense 
 extent. Barley is a sure crop, and a large area is sown with 
 that cereal. The city of Guelph, a very flourishing manufactur- 
 ing centre, is the county town. Fergus, Eloia and Salenl_ are 
 also busy manufacturing villages. Cleared farms range from 
 £8 to £16 per acre, while some would bring even a higher figure. 
 There is very little wild land obtainable, even in the newest 
 townships. 'Wellington is well supplied with railways, being 
 traversed by the Grand Trunk, Wellington, Grey and Bruce 
 Toronto, Grey and Bruce, Credit Valley, Georgian Bay and 
 Wellington, and Waterloo, Wellington and Georgian Bay. 
 
DUFFERIN. 
 
 This is a new county f onned out of portions of Wellington, 
 Simcoe and Grey. The soil is mostly a clay loam, although in 
 one section it is light and rather rough land. The leading 
 cereals are the principal farm products. The price of the best 
 land runs from $30 to S40 (£6 to £8 sterling), per acre. Farms 
 of 100 acres with GO to 70 acres cleared, and log buildings, can 
 he had for $2500 to $3000 (£500 to £600 sterling); and wild 
 lots for from $1000 to $1500 (£200 to £300), per 100 acres. 
 Rented farms bring from $2 to $2.50 (8s. to 10s. sterling), for 
 cleared portions. In one of the townships — Garafraxa — there 
 is a good deal of improved stock ; but not much elsewhere in 
 the county. The county town, Orangeville, is a very thriving 
 place, and an excellent market centre. The Toronto Grey & 
 Bruce, and Credit Valley Railwa3's, supply Duff'erin with 
 abundant means of communication in all directions. 
 
 ;:i 
 
 ■r*! 
 
 CARDWELL. 
 
 The Electoral District of Cardwell, formed out of portions 
 of Peel and Simcoe counties, about 20 by 25 miles in area, 
 is wholly agricultural in its character. It has been settled 
 for from fifty to sixty years, and about nine-tenths of the land 
 is under cultivation. The county is rolling and well watered. 
 The land, with the exception of one or two rough portions 
 divided between clay and sandy loam, is well adapted for grain 
 growing. Dairy farming has not yet made so much progress 
 as elsewhere, there being at present no Cheese factories or 
 creameries in the district. Many of the farmers are men of 
 substance ; the houses and buildings are good, and the aspect 
 of the farms is thrifty and productive. At Beeton, in the 
 Township of Tecumseth, is the largest Bee Farm in Canada, 
 the proprietor disposing of some 50,000 lt)s. weight of honey 
 annually. The district is intersected by two railways : the 
 Toronto, Grey & Bruce from Toronto, and the Hamilton and 
 North- Western from Hamilton. The climate of the district is 
 dry and bracing. The population contains a very large Irish 
 element, both protestant and catholic. In one township, Cale- 
 don, are a large number of Scotch, both lowland and high- 
 land. The rest of the population is mixed. In Cardwell, farms 
 of 100 or 200 acres may bo purchased at prices ranging 
 from £G to £16 per acre, or leased at an average rental of 12 
 
 III ''A 
 
 '1 
 
24 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 .shillings. Ninety per cent, of the land would be cleared, the 
 
 1 1 
 
 BKANT. 
 
 The county of Brant possesses all the characteristics of a 
 hne farnnng country, combined in many parts with very 
 beautiful natural scenery. With every variety of soil it I 
 eminently avoxu-able to nearly every variety of crop and all 
 branches ot agricultural industry appear to flourish ^' At Bow 
 Park, near the city of Brantford, which is the county Town o1^ 
 
 O^norCr^T '•"; ^^T'' ^""^^ «*■ «^^^^^'* ^^--^ - ^he world 
 n W 1 ' ' ^"*™<i"^^^g improved stock from this and 
 o hei sources are very good. Brant is well watered and pre- 
 sents admirable facilities for drainage, the Grand River flowing 
 
 ita'ns'of .' 'Tf ^r* '^ ^°""*-^- T^^ ^^-^^«^ facilities by 
 means of good ocal roads a.s well as railways, are excel ent 
 
 and :tte^'' i%d--^ bot\i at Brantford, afrekdymentt^^^^^^ 
 an Rnff^ 1 ""t T^"?V^* the junction of the Great Western 
 
 tTo h f ^ ^f ^f^ ^Y'"""^ ^^il^x^y^. In addition to the 
 two last mentioned roads, the Brantford and Port Burwell 
 connects with the Canada Southern and Air Lines and wi 
 ultimately extend to Lake Erie. The price of fan^; TBrln 
 ranges from as low as $10 (£2) to $80 (£1G) per acre or m?v 
 
 ip \f T }^ ''''''''H '^^'•^^■^ ^^ o^*^ country sett er would 
 feel at home at once, and presents, for such, some excellent 
 openings The city of Brantford is the seat of extensive 
 manufactures of agricultural implements of all kinds as well 
 as ot engines, stoves, and a variety of other goods. The local 
 water power and transportation facilities give it special ad- 
 vantages as the seat of such industries ^ 
 
 GEORGIAN BAY COUNTIEa 
 
 GREY. 
 
 Grey is rather a new county. Settlement there commenced 
 good, but diversified, consisting of clay, clay loam, and a large 
 
GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 25 
 
 por ion of what armers call sharp soil, which is very pro- 
 ductive If well illed. Some of the Townships, however^are 
 rather stony and the .extreme north is somewhat broken by 
 limestone rock. Grey is, on the whole, a good A<mcultural 
 county. Wheat is the staple, while oats peas, barley rdW 
 crops are above the average. Fruit is g-rown largely and 
 the country along the shores of the Georgian Bay's famed 
 for the quality and vast quantities of the plums it produces 
 Grapes, peaches and pears do well. The pr ce of llSvT^^!'^ 
 
 loTa'lf 't? '''""' ^'''' '' f''''' «'-Si:; t^lJirS 
 lOU acies. The average price, where 60 to 70 acres have been 
 
 ffa!^^^ "" t ^'''^'^'''S^ ^''^ good, may be put down at §3,000 
 (iOOO), Ihere are many excellent openings in Grey for pur- 
 
 to ir^'^ t 1 rTr ''T ^'^""^ ^'-^^ ^' ^'^''^^ ^^ ^rom sf to 
 labour "" '"^ ^'' ''''''^' exclusive of taxes or statute 
 
 SIMCOE. 
 
 iJi +1 Li ^\"''°' .5""' peculiarly favourable opportuni- 
 ties to the settler who, with small means, desires gradually to 
 make his way m the world. The southern part of the county 
 part of which IS m the electoral district of Cardwell has be^^ 
 long settled and is well farmed by a substantial cW fWs 
 But there are sections that present every stao-e of colonization 
 rom the improved farm anJl trim homesiad'to tit gXnJy 
 and bush clearing. In the south the soil is generally a 3 
 clay or clay loam, more to the northward a fandy loamC 
 
 & r.r.t" '-^-.th-l--- pretty rough land^s met ^ 
 but theie are few portions that are not fertile. Wheat and all 
 the coarse grams, as well as roots and hay, are largely c 1? 
 vated andin the western part of the coun y fruit'especMly 
 the plum IS grown on a very large scale. A great asS'"ance 
 
 n.t'wv 'IV'^' -oney^ds^the existence^flhrSX- 
 mg industry, which is very extensively carried on in Simcoe 
 Ibis affords employment, permanent or temporary to larn-e 
 
 monerbo't ''^"'"'"' T"^' ?^' ^'^^^^^'^ ^ *-^ cir'::ulati nff 
 money, both in wages and in the purchase of supplies in some 
 
 Sl?nT''l^'1'^'''- ^^'^"^^ ^^^ '^' settler^^chooseetW 
 7e^oJZ^ T l^f ''' ^l^ '!^^' "f i«^Provement that may suit his 
 
 nis tamily, wholly or m part, while his own farm is too smill 
 to supply ills necessities.- Good improved farins 'brino- as hi^h 
 
26 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 as $80 (£10) an acre, but they can be purchased at all prices 
 from $5 (£1) an acre upwards, and wild land, of course, for 
 much less. Farms can be rented at from 50 e( its (2s.), to $4 
 (16s. sterling) per acre. The town and port of Collingwood on 
 the Georgian Bay has a large lake traffic, while Bariue, the 
 county town, on an arm of Lake Simcoe, and Orillia are plfces 
 of considerable importance. The Northern, Hamilton and JSforth- 
 Western, North Simcoe, and Midland lines supply the county 
 with ample railway connections. 
 
 NORTHERN COUNTIES. 
 
 VICTORIA. 
 
 Victoria is a very large and ever-gi-owing county, for, as it 
 includes a considerable portiim of free grant ten-itory, as 
 one township after another is settled it is added to the county 
 municipality. Thus, while the southern townships have been 
 settled for fifty years, more or less, some of the northern ones 
 have come into existence as but yesterday. Great varieties of 
 soil and climate are necessarily found in such a tract of country 
 as Victoria covers. 'I'lie soil of the southern portion is a rich 
 clay loam, and extremely fertile. As we pass northward the 
 sail becomes lighter, and sandy loam is most frequently met 
 with, while in places the rock crops up freely, although 
 even here in reasonably moist seasons, good crops are raised by 
 the settlers. Fall and spring wheat, peas and coarse grains are 
 the chief products, and there is a good deal of cheese, factory- 
 made, and butter, dairy-made, in the county, which should be 
 particularly favourable in many respe-t - for the latter branch 
 of farm business, although no creameries have yet been esta- 
 blished. Not nnich has been done so far io improve the 
 breeds of cattle, but there are a ^nmber of very fine sheep in 
 the county. One feature of Victoria is its beautiful lakes and 
 numerous streams. Its chief town, Lindsay, is quite a railway 
 focus. The Midland Railway passes through Lindsay on its 
 route from Port Hope, on Lake Ontario, to" Midland C'ltj, on 
 the Georgian Bay ; the Whitby and Port Perry, by its junction 
 with the Grand Trunk and the Toronto and NipLssing, connect 
 it with Toronto, and the Victoria Railw.av forms .another im= 
 portant highway to the northward. Farms may be bought at 
 
GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 27 
 
 from $25 to $100 (£5 to £20 sterling) per acre, or rented at 2s. 
 per acre upwards, cost or rental being decided by situation, soil 
 and improvements. 
 
 HALIBUETON. 
 
 The district of Haliburton is separated for municipal purposes 
 from the two adjoining counties of Peterborough and Victoria. 
 It has only been in process of settlement since 1858. The Cana- 
 dian Land and Emigration Company represents nine townships 
 in the district which are only partially settled at the present 
 time. The general aspect of the country is somewhat rough 
 and stoney, but the soil is good nevertheless, and favourable to 
 the growth of the coarse grains, as well as wheat, turnips and 
 potatoes. Farms can be bought at very moderate prices, and 
 the new settler may suit his means by selecting anything from 
 the uncleared bush upwards. Rented farms are about $1.50 
 (say Gs. sterling) per acre. The construction of the Victoria 
 Railway from Lindsay has placed the Haliburton district in 
 direct communication with Toronto and the other Lake Ontario 
 ports. 
 
 PETERBOROUGH. 
 
 The settlement of the county of Peterborough has all taken 
 place within the last fifty years. In the southern part of the 
 county, the soil is very good ; but in the more northern town- 
 ships it is rough and stony. Wheat, barley, oats, peas and 
 roots, are the principal crops raised. A number of cheese 
 factories are in active operation. There is a good deal of lum- 
 bering- o-oino- on in the county, with attendant industries. 
 There are also woollen mills, foundries, and implement manu- 
 factories, as well as a number of flouring mills. Farm property 
 in the well-settled districts, will fetch from .^tS (£9) to $G0 
 (£12 sterling) per acre. An average farm, worth say $50 
 (£10), will rent for $3 (12s. sterling) per acre. The farmers of 
 the county are beginning to see the advantage of improving 
 their stock, and a fair commencement in this direction has been 
 made. The lower half of the county is traversed by the Mid- 
 land Railway, which connects it with the Grand Trunk, Lake 
 Ontario, and other outlets. 
 
Il!i ; 
 
 28 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 LAKE ONTARIO COUNTIES. 
 
 I' V 
 
 r li 
 
 WENTWORTH. 
 
 but especially favourable to the ffrowJh o? M " h^^^ 
 produced in very larcre Quantifier All fi' i • ''^ *^^^^ 
 
 to ?80 mrrf "\''^' '^^""'^^^^- Farms sell at fron. %2%) 
 aOs ) ti ^? ^ ?^ rr''' ""'^ '"^-^ b^ ^^^'^t«^^ ^t from $2 50 
 e ty tf Hami ton ff "^^^ ^f- " ^"■'- ^>^ ^^^'^^^ manufacturing 
 
 HALTON. 
 
 will "each it from To/onfo if if ■ «"!'g™t from Europe 
 
 on the front IS sandy, further back all clay a^d till Lh' 
 
 stock-raising are carried on "ery suJceXuv '^C®™"/"'' 
 evel at the front, but further hLkroU^^i^d M Iv H»t " 
 
 BuZ^''^ Y ^'^T?' «"^ ^*^™'' "ti^zeKvarioufinduS 
 SSr-- / «°°'' lun.bering business is still done "here 7^ 
 dnnate .s temperate, the near presence of the lake tSin„ t" 
 moderate .he extremes either of heat or cold. Both „ horses 
 

 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 29 
 
 and cattle there have been very considerable improvements of 
 late years by the introduction of thorough-bred animals The 
 price ot farms for sale varies from £8 to £20 sterling per acre 
 while others can be had on lease at ivom 8s. to IGs sterlinc^ 
 per acre according to their fertility, the condition of buikf- 
 ings and contiguity to markets. The direct connection of 
 Halton with the cities of Toronto, Hamilton, and Guelph gives 
 It exceptionally valuable advantages in these respects. Wood 
 tuel IS cheap and plentiful in Halton, and coal also obtainable 
 by the railways at low rates. The population is composed of 
 natives or descendants of natives of all three British nation- 
 alities. Few counties offer greater attractions to old country 
 settlers than Halton. ^ 
 
 PEEL. 
 
 The soil of this county presents considerable variety In 
 the south a clay or clay loam predominates, but this chancres 
 grac ually to a light sandy loam in the northern section For- 
 merly the great product of the county was wheat, but of later 
 years not only have other cereal crops been largely cultivated 
 but tarmers havu turned their attention considerably to th(^ 
 growth of roots and the raising and feeding of cattle." A o-ood 
 deal ot improved stock has been introduced durino- the'^last 
 tew years. Butter is also made in large quantities by the 
 tanners, but not much cheese. Large woollen mills and imple- 
 ment factories are among the local industries of the county 
 larm property can at the present time be purchased on pretty 
 favourable terms, at least 2C per cent, less than two or three 
 years ago. Good farms, with fairly substantial buildino-s 
 range from $4.5 (£9) to as high as %m (£12) per acre. Rents 
 run from $3 (12s.) to $4 (16s.) per acre. The Grand Trunk 
 loronto Grey and Bruce, Hamilton and North Western, and 
 Credit Valley Railways supply the county of Peel with abun- 
 <iant accommodation. 
 
 YORK 
 
 The settlement of the county of York commenced at the 
 close of the last century, many of the settlers being from Penn- 
 sylvania, and other of the United States. The ooil is generally 
 a rich clay, or clay loam, and very productive. Wheat is 
 grown in large quantities and all the other cereals and roots 
 
30 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 HII 
 
 I ! 
 
 i :• 
 
 are raised freely. In the southern part of the county vege- 
 table and fruit gardening is carried on to a very large and 
 profitable extent and this portion of the county is also the 
 seat of some of the finest nursery grounds in Canada. There 
 are several very flourishing villages with active industries of 
 various kinds, including a large hat manufactory, agri- 
 cultural implement works on a large scale, woollen mills, 
 carriage factories, tanneries, and sash, door and blind factories. 
 Farms may be purchased for from $25 to $80 (£5 to £16 
 s jrling,) per acre, or rented for from $2.50 (10s.), to $5 (208.) 
 sterling per acre. A good deal has been done of late years to 
 encourage improvements in stock. The county contains sev- 
 eral very flourishing agricultural societies. York is the metro- 
 politan county of Ontario, its county town being the city of 
 Toronto, with all the advantages of market, port, railway and 
 other facilities that fact implies. Its western section is served 
 by the Great Western, Grand Trunk, Credit Valley, and Toronto 
 Grey and Bruce lines. The Nortnern intersects it from south 
 t6 north and its eastern side is furnished with accomih ndation 
 by the Grand Trunk, Toronto and Nipissing and Lake Simcoe 
 Junction lines. 
 
 ONTARIO. 
 
 The county of Ontario, with Lake Ontario for its southern 
 boundary, stretches back a considerable distance, till it reaches 
 the small inland lakes at its northern extremity. The soil is 
 generally good, being mostly clay loam, except in certain sec- 
 tions, where a sandy loam predominates. The land, however, 
 produces fine crops. Every description of cereal, except Indian 
 corn, is grown in the county. Flax and hemp grow well, and 
 it is said the soil would be suitable for the cultivation of the 
 sugar beet. At present the leading grain crops are the chief 
 products. ^ The towns and villages' of the county are very busy 
 communities, and the seats of several thriving manufacturino- 
 industries. Some of the manufacturers have a world-wide 
 reputation. Good farms, well situated, bring from $50 to $70 
 (£10 to £14 sterling) per acre, and some are worth as much 
 as $100 (£20) per acre; but others may be had for from 
 *20 (£4) per acre upwards. Farm rents are from $2 (8s.) 
 to $5 (20s.) per acre. The improvement of farm .stock cnn 
 hardly be said to be general in the county, although there are 
 many fine cattle, as well as horses and pigs of good quality ; 
 
 
 
GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 31 
 
 but some few persons have carried on the importation of 
 thorouofh-bred stock to a considerable extent. The county is 
 served by the Lake Ontario navigation at the front as well as 
 by the Grand Trunk Railway. The Whitby, Port Perry and 
 Lindsay, and the Toronto and Nipissing Railways traverse it, 
 and the Midland offers another outlet from its northern 
 extremity, 
 
 DURHAM. 
 
 The county of Durham, with its x'ont on Lake Ontario, was 
 settled at the latter end of the last century. Its land is undu- 
 lating with mostly a clay loam soil, and very productive. All 
 the ordinary cereals grow well, and the cultivation of root 
 crops is on a large scale, for cattle-feeding purposes, numbers 
 of cattle being shipped from Durham to Europe and elsewhere. 
 Li its principal towns, Bowmanville in the west, and Port Hope 
 in the east division of the county, a large trade and some 
 extensive manufactures in furniture, agricultural implements, 
 and other articles are carried on. Port Hope has an excellent 
 harbour and a considerable lake shipping trade. Farms may 
 be bought at any price, according to situation and improve- 
 ments, from $25 (£5) per acre upwards. Some would realize 
 $100 (£20), or even more per acre Farms may be leased at 
 from 8s. to 28s. per acre. A good deal has been done to im- 
 prove the bi-eed of horses, horned cattle and sheep, but there is 
 room for further progress in this direction, Durham presents 
 some excellent opportunities for an intelligent agriculturist 
 from the old country with moderate capital. TI13 Grand Trunk 
 traverses the county along its front from east to west, and the 
 Midland line to the Georgian Bay with a branch to Peterboro' 
 has its terminus at Port Hope. For shipments to the foreign 
 market the facilities are excellent. 
 
 M 
 
 NORTHUMBERLAND, 
 
 Northumberland is one of the Lake Ontario counties and has 
 been settled for nearly 80 years. Land rolling and soil largely 
 consisting of sandy loam with some clay. The farming is less 
 skilful than it ought to be, but some improvement is going on 
 in the introduction of improved stock and horses. The number 
 of sheep kept is .small. Cheese factories are numerous. Towns 
 and villages of considerable size create a very large local demand. 
 
32 
 
 UUUm TO ONTARIO. 
 
 
 BAY OF QUJNTK COUNTIES. 
 
 irASTINOS. 
 
 Tl.o iine city of JJ.> le X on t '^'«^> ^''PP^y ^ilvyay facilities. 
 
 Laud, in tin, Lnt to.^.^^ 1 L h-cfe -^^ ^""^"'•• 
 up to as higli as $80 (XJO) or nln <S10() 7f 9m , ^^'^ J'"' ^^""^^ 
 inn' to situation. Jn th(> rear townthinl H ^ ^ '' '"''"'' ^'""^■<'- 
 i:2 to £8 aterlin-r , or aer- p , , ? ^^'"'^ P'"^^^ ^"^"Ses from 
 10s. sterling PC 1^^^^^ T^t^. . ^'l''^ ^^""' '"^^"-^^ ^^'^^'^ 4''- *" 
 .on. landmen Jt fJ^^ ^^t tll^iSS ^' '^^ ^"""^^ ^^^ 
 
ind Potor- 
 
 nifclots for 
 also ^rood. 
 2 Htorlin^jf) 
 rit. on tli(! 
 Htaiuliii^-, 
 :)rt'toronce 
 
 y in the 
 'ly lar^'c 
 lie soil." 
 Ilastiiifrs 
 .such an 
 ' climate 
 lovvevei', 
 lay soils 
 •s ^'enor- 
 i nil lis try 
 \ of tii'e 
 Ontario. 
 
 cereal 
 ' county 
 
 in con- 
 pped in 
 'gion is 
 
 ty; tlic 
 
 icilities. 
 •lace of 
 lumber, 
 )er acre 
 accord - 
 )s from 
 
 1 4.S. to 
 !ty aiv 
 
I 
 
GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 33 
 
 LKNNOX. 
 
 Tho county of Lennox was sottl.Ml about tlio year 17s:) l.v 
 Unite 1 Lmp.re Loyalists. The soil ruiis aoui clay to .san.ly 
 loan, l)ut day, black frroun.l, and heavy loams pre.lonunate. 
 Wlieat barlev, oats. ryo. hulian corn, peas and buckwheat are all 
 grown largely, b.it barley is the chiei;' staple product au.l com- 
 mands the top price in the United States markets, l^airvin.' 
 IS a very important branch of the farming business in Lennox 
 Its cheese factories numbering 8om.>thing like a dozen, while' 
 butter IS also produced in large .piantities. There are several 
 
 . l^n"! M ^"''' '',"'''^"'- ^''"■"'•' '^*'^>' "^ P'"^ce from mO (£0) 
 to J570 (il4 sterling) per acre, according to quality of land 
 
 fj.n; .^ ^'- ^'^'■'"'^ ''*" ^^^'^ ^"■'^'•^ ^"^''t from .^100 to $400 
 (X20 to £80 sterhng per annum.) The improvement in stuck 
 has not been so great in Lennox as in some other counties 
 but ellorts are being made in this direction. The Grand 
 Irunk Railway and the Lake Ontario navigation via Napance 
 the principal town in the county, situated on the Bay of 
 guinte, supply the county with outlets for its products" 
 
 ADDINGTON. 
 
 Addin^ton was partially settled to wiirds the close of tlie last 
 century, but its rear townships much more recently. In the 
 tront portion of the county the soil is chielly a clay loam, but 
 m the rear a sandy loam i)redominates. All the cereals are 
 grown, but the leading crops are barley and wheat. There is 
 considerable lumbering in the northern townships. In tho 
 southern section are paper mills, foundries and other industries 
 although the chief business is agriculture. In the older town- 
 ships farms sell for from £G to £10 sterling per acre in the 
 newer ones from £1 to £4 per acre. Farms can be rented for 
 about per cent, on the value. A great deal has been done to 
 miprove the farm stock in the county. The Grand Trunk 
 Kailway and Lake Ontario are its 'southern outlets; the 
 Kingston and Pembroke Railway traverses it in a northerly 
 direction. "^ 
 
 PRINCE EDWARD. 
 
 The county of Prince Edward is nearly surrounded by water 
 being only connected with the mainland by a narrow isthmus 
 
 m 
 
34 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 h\ 
 
 at the head of the Bay of Quinte (pronounced Kan-ty). The 
 soil is chiefly of a calcareous nature, and singularly productive, 
 even where of no great depth. In parts there are large tracts 
 of sandy loam, while in others clay and black loam are to be 
 found. About a tenth part, perhaps, is poor, of a light sandy 
 character. The average yield of crops is not equal by any 
 means to the amount that might be produced by improved 
 farming. The ordinary yield of wheat is probably not 
 above 20 bushels to the acre, but double that quantity is known 
 to be raised by careful cultivation. The same remark will apply 
 to other cereals. The county of Prince Edward is noted for 
 its fine carriage horses ; and has some excellent cattle, both 
 grades and thoroughbreds. Farms may be purchased at from 
 $30 (£0) to §80 (£10 sterling; per acre, or rented at from 
 $1 (say 4s.) to $3 (say 12s.) per acre. Agriculture is, with a 
 few exceptions, the sole industry of the county. There are 
 some 20 or 27 cheese factories in constant operation. Prince 
 Edward has one railroad from Picton, the county town, to 
 Trenton on the mainland. With the lake on its southern 
 side and the beautiful Bay of Quinte to the north, Prince 
 Edward lacks nothing in the way of situation or scenery to 
 make it attractive. The whole county presents an appear- 
 ance of solid comfort and prosperity on the part of its popula- 
 tion. 
 
 RIVER ST. LAWRENCE COUNTIES. 
 
 FRONTENAC. 
 
 Thi; county, with Kingston for its capital, has been settled 
 for from 50 to 100 years. Of its 213,000 acres some 150,000 
 are under cultivation, and probably have moi-e or less deterior- 
 ated for want of skilful management, a fault that new settlers 
 with old country experience would in time remedy. There is, 
 however, a considerable quantity of good land in Frontenac, but 
 ample room for the improvements that energy, skill, and capital 
 can supply. The business of cheese-making is pretty largely 
 carried on and may be extended with great advantage both to 
 the land and the farmer indefinitely. The county has the lake 
 or river as its front, as well as the Grand Trunk Railway, 
 while the Kingston and Pembroke line intersects it lon^i- 
 tudinaily, and some lOO miles ot macadamized roads serve 
 
 ' i I 
 
OUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 35 
 
 oca purposes The soil is divided between clay and loam, and 
 IS adapted to aU varieties of crops. The climate is temperate 
 averaging 4a° Fahrenheit all the year round. Farms can be 
 
 obtained locally or brought lu by the K. & P. Eailwav is 
 abundant and cheap. The Amei'ican market for li^ht pro- 
 duce is so near as to be very advantageous to the fanners of 
 all the river counties of Ontario. 
 
 LEEDS. 
 
 .1,'^^^.'''';'''*^ °^ ^''®^' ^^'^^ ^ frontage of some thirty miles on 
 Rn.L. /^^'T^r^^/ ^"d Port« ^-t Brockville, Gananoque, and 
 w^th?hpV \'\f <;^^^«T^^^y the Grand Trunk parallel 
 with the River, by the Canada Central from Brockville north- 
 ward through Its centre, by the Rideau Canal in the rear, and 
 having the Kingston and Pembroke skirting its western 
 boundary has exceptionally good facilities so far as traffic and 
 connections are concerned. Lying, too, exactly opposite and 
 only divided by the St. Lawrence from American territor; the 
 agriculturist of Leeds has in the American cities an unlimited 
 demand tor his produce at his very door. Large quantities of 
 «heep, cattle and poultry are being constantly shipped to the 
 
 11 f.' 7 "^^ ""^^^^ ^""'^ ^"^^t'^^- t^e latter having an exception- 
 ally high reputation, the " Brockville brand " being famous are 
 also produced m the county. The soil is mostly a clay or day 
 loam, the land undulating and well watered by streams. Rock 
 here and there crops up, but although it gives a less kindly 
 aspect to the countiy where it appears, the surrounding land is 
 often of great fertility. In both Brockville and Gananoque 
 there are busy industries, those for implements, castings and 
 stoves haying a wide celebrity. A good deal has been done to 
 improve farm stock, and thus to maintain the reputation lono- 
 enjoyed by the county as a fine grazing district. Farms sell 
 for from $ (£2) to $60 (£12) per acre, the price dependinl! 
 upon quality and situation, the variety in the former respect 
 being great and the changes in soil very abrupt. 
 
 GRENVILLE. 
 
 Grenyille is another of the river (St. Lawrence) counties. 
 I he soil IS of fair quality, consisting principally of clay and 
 
 !'•■( 
 
 ,;. 
 
 
36* 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTABIO. 
 
 clay loam with some sand. Its products are chiefly barley, rye, 
 oats, hops, potatoes and hay, and a considerable quantity of 
 dairy produce is shipped to the United States and Great Britain. 
 Grenville contains, too, a large stock farm, celebrated for raising 
 a superior breed of horses. It also boasts the one starch factory 
 in Canada, and other local industries. The price of farms ranges 
 from mo (£()) to $100 (£20 sterling) per acre. There are few, 
 if any, farms to be had to rent in the county. The Grand Trunk 
 Eaihvay and River St. Lawrence supply its southern carrying 
 facilities, and the St. Lawrence and Ottawa Railway intersects 
 the county from north to south. 
 
 a m 
 
 DUNDAS, STORMONT AND GLENGARRY. 
 
 These three counties united for municipal purposes and 
 with Cornwall for their county town, afford, at the present 
 time, a fine opening for the British agriculturist. In Glen- 
 garry and Stormont the soil is a loamy limestone, gravel in 
 the hills and ridges and loamy clay and lieavy clay in the 
 valleys. The alternatives of soil aie so frequent that nearly 
 every farm is adapted for mixed husbandry. In Dundas the 
 country is generally level, with a heavy clay soil. The chief 
 farm products are : oats, barley, peas, fall wheat, spring wheat, 
 Indian corn, buckwheat, potatoes, root crops, timothy hay, 
 apples, butter and cheese. The export of oats, barley and 
 peas is often very large. Three hundred bushels per acre 
 is an ordinary crop of potatoes, and the counties have soil 
 adapted to raising them in practically uidimited quantities. 
 The soil throughout is specially favourable to the growth of tim- 
 othy hay of the finest quality, and when there is a demand the 
 export amounts t(j many hundred tons. Generally the grazino- 
 is of the richest and sweetest kind. Sweet gravel water in wells, 
 etc., obtains uniforndy. In the two townships of Lancaster and 
 CJharlottenburgh the cheese product of ten factories aggregated, 
 this summer (1879), a value of at least $100,000.°'' Lochiel 
 and Cornwall townships are almost superior to Lancaster 
 and Charlottenburgh lor dairying, although not so develojjed, 
 and all the other townshijjs are highly adapted for dairying. 
 Domestic aniuiMls of all kinds in large numbers are raised. 
 The export of butter is very considerable, |)articularly from 
 Morrisburg, whence also much barley is sent away. Lancaster 
 is quite a centre for the export of coarse grains. ' The export 
 
 't I 
 
GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 37 
 
 of e,?g.s, poultry, lambs, sheep, cattle, horses, hoi^s, pelts hides 
 cordvvood, railway ties, etc., is at times Ver^ ionsi den Ue 
 Th,.^e are a good many .smadloeal industries in different ,mrtt 
 
 In Le -L''^" ''^' 'r ^ ^"""^'•'^^' ''' ^"^*« ^ considelvable 
 
 d h"? '""^r-- -'^'•^^"\^-''^rious causes excellent farms 
 
 I)nn L ;%^^ ''^ ''^"-lifc on very moderate terms. In 
 
 l^imdas improved farms are often worth $50 to $G0 (£10 to 
 
 W K^to S40 /ir^.'nr' l>-^^-l'>-'-P-ved farms soil .t 
 irom J|p.iO to ^40 (£0 to £8 per acre: and in Glen.rariT similar 
 farms at rom .S2.5 to $30 (£5 to £G) per acre/'' MJnv "ood 
 par_t.ally ^n^Proyed arms of 100 acres iin be bought fSr from 
 
 senting fully a third of the value of the property. f?nns are 
 rented at from three per cent, to five pel- cLi. on theii valu 
 The Grand Trunk Railway, St. Lawiince and the Cornwa 
 Canal supply outlets fc,r the exports of the three counties A 
 mdway rom tlie Ottawa to the'st. Lawrence at Coteau Land 
 ing IS also projected, and will intersect the county of Glen- 
 
 e. 
 nwall 
 
 RIVER OTTAWA COUNTIES. 
 
 RENFREW. 
 
 v^iruIZ^T' ''\^''''^''''' ""'^ ^*"' ^^ P''««^«« of settlement, 
 while others have been more or l.ss occupied for fortv years 
 
 waitl^^Tf "" l-.'J" r^' r^l-^-ly of the countieftl 
 waimth and dryaess of the atmosphere in the summer months 
 
 mneC^foUhef T-^"'"^r^ 'r'^'"''^- on such hX^nct 
 il il 1 ? f .- ^"""i;' '"l ''"''='' ''''"^ P"^^-' '-^ considerable i)ortion 
 
 ¥hf r^lTs . r.';^'- ^^"M'^-^ ^'^'^ P^^ ^^"*- ^« ''^^ --Cleared 
 wL.r '•' "'^'^^l:^ '-^ «^"^'lv lO'^i". and in places a gravelly loam 
 Wheat oats rye, peas and Indian corn grow well The hXr 
 cereal IS cultivated to a large extend fo^ local consumption L 
 food for hogs, used to supply the lumberers of the district with 
 winter uT'rhH 9^'-"tity of which is salted and packed for 
 It n 1n.^l *'''' '^ extensively made both on the farms and 
 
 t^t '''"^"'f^ '^^^";" "^^'^•'^^ '^ '^l«o manufactured. Lum- 
 
 w^icre IS the sheet anchor of the pioneer settler, and a source of 
 immense beneht to the whole of tiiat part of the country The 
 winter employment it gives to the labourers engaged in farm 
 
 ■m 
 
38 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 work at other seasons is most helpful. Farms can be bought at 
 from $5 (£1) to S20 (£4) per acre ; about 40 to 50 acres being 
 usually woodland on a 100 acre farm. Rentals are from 4s. to 
 6s. per acre. Fuel is to be had practically for the cutting and 
 carrrying. The improvement of stock in the county has, under 
 the auspices of the local agricultural societies, been very marked 
 of late years. At present the Canada Central is the only rail- 
 way in the county, but at Pembroke, the county town, and 
 Renfrew, are excellent markets. 
 
 LANARK. 
 
 The county of Lanark is one of the principal seats of the 
 woollen industry in Ontario, and also of a very considerable 
 lumberinor business, the latter offering an excellent market to 
 the farmer at his own door. The soil is clay and loam, and in 
 some places very rich and prouvictive indeed, in othciS some- 
 what rocky, but still yielding fair crops. Stock-raising might 
 be carried on very largely and profitably in Lanark. All the 
 cereals are cultivated, wheat and oats of good quality being 
 largely raised. Peas, too, usually yield a fair ci'op. Timothy 
 hay sometimes shows two or three tons to the acre. Good farms, 
 according to the situation and other circumstances, can be 
 had for from $1500 {£:300) to $6,000 (£1200 sterling) for 100 
 acres. Not much has been done hitherto to improve the stock 
 of the county. The Canada Central Railway supplies the 
 county with railroad communications. 
 
 I I 
 
 iij \ 
 
 m u 
 
 
 CARL ETON. 
 
 Tliis is another of the Ottawa River counties, its chief centre 
 being the City of Ottawa the seat of the Dominion Govern- 
 ment. The climate is somewhat colder and the winters are 
 more protracted than in Western Ontario. The country is 
 generally level, the soil fair, needing only capital and industry 
 to develope its resources. Both grain and stock-raising are 
 carried on profitably. Wheat yields an average of 15 to 25 
 bushels, oats 30 to 40 bushels per acre ; and potatoes 80 to 100 
 bushels per acre. Turnips also do well. Markets are good 
 and accessible. Railway communications are plentiful by the 
 St. Lawrence and Ottawa, and Ga^^nada Central, and by the 
 Quebec Provincial line, from the nqrth shore of the Ottawa to 
 
 "M I 
 
GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 39 
 
 the cities of Montreal or Quebec. Another line to Montreal 
 and Ottawa via Glengarry is also in progress. Farms may be 
 
 bought and leased on fair terms. 
 
 RUSSELL. 
 
 The soil of the county of Russell is mostly a clay or clay 
 loam and fertile, although in some situations rocky. It was 
 formerly a great lumbering region, and a good deal of timbered 
 land remains yet uncleared, although the pine is gone. Wheat 
 grows largely and all the other cereals. The extremely pure 
 water is favourable to butter making, which is carried on very 
 extensively in both the farm dairies and local creameries. The 
 city of Ottawa, which is close to the western boundary line of 
 the county, is a splendid market for all farm produce, as well as 
 for wood for fuel and all kinds of timber. Farms sell for from 
 $10 (£2) to $50 (£10) per acre — a first-class farm being obtain- 
 able at the latter price. Rentals are from $1 (4s.) to $3 (12s.) 
 per acre. There is a good deal of improved stock in the county. 
 Drainage is very easy, the land being generally undulating, and 
 the Rideau and Castor Rivers forming natural outlets. The 
 Ottawa River is the northern boundary of Russell, and a new 
 line of railway connecting Ottawa with the St. Lawrence at 
 Coteau Landing will pass through the middle of the county. 
 
 PttESCOTT. 
 
 The land of the county of Prescott is rolling and well watered. 
 The soil is in parts clay ; in others, of a gravelly, or sandy nature. 
 Limestone is plentiful m most parts of the county. Spring 
 wheat is grown for home consumption, but the chief crops arc 
 oats, peas, barley, Indian corn and ])otatoes. Of late years 
 farmers have given increased attention to oi.e raising and im- 
 provement of cattle. The chief industry of the county is agri- 
 culture ; but a great deal of lumber is manufactured in Prescott, 
 and woollen manufacture is carried on to some extent. Farms 
 vary very much in value, the prices ranging from $1 (4s.) to 
 $50 (£10) per acre. Rentals are equal to about eight per cent, 
 of the value of the lands. There are some good herds of cattle 
 in the county, but the majority are orades more or less mi>:ed 
 with the Ayrshire and Devon breeds. Prescott has at present 
 
40 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 I 
 
 :l 
 
 
 
 i: 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 » 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 .If 
 
 
 Ij: 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 if 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 i|; 
 
 
 
 ;■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 li: 
 
 it fi 
 
 i I 
 
 no railway connections, although the line from Ottawa to 
 Montreal via Coteau Landing would touch it at its south- 
 western corner. Its north front is on the Ottawa River. 
 
 THE GREAT MANITOULIX. 
 
 This beautiful islanl, lyin^^ in the north part of Lake Huron, 
 is now baiiig rapidly settled, and contains a population proba- 
 bly of from 10,000 to 12,000 souls. The lands are held in tru-t 
 for the Indians by the Dominion Government, but they are sold 
 at fifty cents per acre to settlers, and then become part of the 
 provincial territory, and receive the ^ame help in the shape of 
 grants for roads and necessary local improvements as other 
 new districts. The settlement in Manitoulin has been chiefly 
 fi'om Ontirio counties, and most of thos \'ho have emigrated 
 thither are enthusiastic in their praises of the capabilities 
 and resources of the island. ' 
 
 ALGOMA. 
 
 The island of Manitoulin forms part of the parliamentary 
 district of Algoma, which embraces practically all the islands 
 In the northern part of Lake Huron and the mainland on its 
 northern shores — including Bruce Mines, Satilt Ste. Marie, St. 
 Joseph's Island — and also the region lying north-west of 
 Lake Superior. All this vast region contains more or less 
 agricultural land, in some parts of considerable fertility, But it 
 is nr>t thither the immio-rant from Great Bri'ain will first 
 direct his steps. The mineral wealth, for.'st lands, and fisheries 
 of Algoma however are gradually attractiu'^ a busy and enter- 
 prising j)opulation, and providing a market the farmers will 
 have to supply. 
 
 The information above afforded is not, of course, designed 
 to form the basis of final and absolute arrangements as to 
 purchase and settlement by tlie British farmer who purposes 
 to emigrate to Ontario. But it .shows (1) tlic general charac- 
 teristics of the different sections of the country as well as those 
 of the Province as a whole ; (2) the capabilities of the soil ; (3) 
 
'':| 
 
GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 41 
 
 the acoessibility of markets ; (i) the cost of purchase or rental, 
 and (5) the great variety of choice open to the farmer as to those 
 branches of his business to wliich he may be disposed more 
 especially to direct his attenticm. In regard to the prices of 
 farms, account must be taken of the extent of timbered land 
 they contain. It by no means follows that, where the lower 
 price is quoted, the land is poor or that the locality is remote 
 or otherwise unfavourable. More depends on how much is 
 cleared, to what extent it has been cleared, and how much is 
 in a wild state. In the settled counties there is little or no 
 wild land in the hands of the Government. In some of the 
 more northerly districts the settler, who does not wish to 
 avail himself of the Free Grant Act, may buy wild land from 
 the Crown at an average price of $1 per acre, subject to con- 
 ditions of settlement. But our advice to the British farmer, 
 with small capital, is, to buy a farm i)artially cleared, and 
 then to proceed with the work of clearing as rapidly as 
 circumstances will permit. The cost of clearing will depend 
 much upon his resources. If he has boys to help him, 
 he can fill u.) his spare time in the winter without any actual 
 outlay. At that season too, if he needs help, be will be able 
 to get a good deal of chopping done for a man's board and 
 small money wages. If he is careful to select a farm not too 
 far from a railway, or a town or village, he will cover the 
 cost of clearing by the sale of his wood for fuel, or it may be 
 he will get a market for poles or railway ties. All these are 
 points to be discussed and well considered before settlement, 
 and on these the emigrant will have to inform himself after 
 his arrival. As to the amount required by the farmer^^api- 
 talist to stock and cultivate an improved farm, the verv inter- 
 esting letter of a British farmer in Canada, to be found at page 
 88, will supply a good deal of information. We have said 
 enough however to show that any man of the right stamp 
 may do well with little capital or much, just as he happens to 
 have it at command, and that all he has got to do is, " to cut 
 his coat according to the supply of cloth." 
 
 ! i 
 
 i 
 
42 
 
 GUIDE TO nNTAVlO. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY IN ONTARIO. 
 
 THE ONTARIO FARMER'S CUSTOMERS. 
 
 The accessibility of markets for the produce of the Canadian 
 farmer is one very important matter ; another is the demand 
 for the produce of his industry. Ontario, as already explained, 
 is the groat agricultural province of the Dominion. Her share, 
 then, in the exports of the country is far larger in proportion 
 than those of any other province. But, as a great part of the 
 produce of Ontario farms is shipped from the port of Montreal in 
 the Province of Quebec, it is not very easy to ascertain precisely 
 how much of the total exports are to be credited to Ontario. An 
 approximate idea however, will be formed of the demand for the 
 farm products of Ontario by referring to the official reports of the 
 Customs Department of the Dominion, known as the Trade 
 and Navigation Returns. In twelve months ending June 30, 
 1878, Canada, besides supplying her own demands, exported of 
 her own raising and exclusive of shipments of the products of 
 the United States made at her ports, more than 14,000 horses, 
 nearly 30,000 horned cattle, and over 240,000 sheep. Of the 
 produce of the dairy were exported 13,000,000 tt)s. of butter, 
 38,000,000 lt)s. of cheese ; about 14,000,000 lbs. of meats, over 
 .■),000,000 eggs, and 2,-500,000 lbs. of wool. Then of wheat, 
 Canada exported nearly ^ million bushels, of barle/ 7i 
 million bushels, of oats nearly ^ million bushels, of peas 
 nearly ^ million bushels ; besides other articles of produce in 
 smaller quantities. The openings for the extension of this trad - 
 are great. The exportation of cheese has doubled in five years. 
 The foreign trade in butter has also increa '?d, but not so rapidly 
 as it will do now that Canadians are waking up to the necessity 
 for improved methods of butter making and packing. 
 
 Til 
 
GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 43 
 
 No branch of tho Canadian export trade affords to the 
 Canadian farmer greater (sncourajroment than the trade in 
 horses, liornod cattle, sheen and meats vvitli Great Britain. In 
 1873 not a single horse w as exported from Canada to Great 
 Britain. In 1878 Canada sent Great Britain 1743, and in 
 1879, 1247 horses. In 1873 Canada sent no horned cattle to 
 Great Britain. In 1878 Canada sent to Great Britain 7,433 
 horned cattle, and in 1879 not less than 20,587 horned cattle. 
 In 1873 Canada sent no sheep to Great Britain. In 1878, 
 Canada sent to Great Britain close upon 12,000 sheep, 
 .^.nd in 1879 no less than 54,421 sheep. The increase 
 in the cattle and sheep export trade is most remarkiible. 
 In 1873 Canada sent to Great Britain less than a million 
 pounds weight of beef. In 1878 Canada exported to Great 
 Britain 4f millions of iH)unds weight of beef. The trade so far 
 has teen little more than experimental, but it has been 
 profitable even alJ owing for all the difficulties besetting a new 
 enterprise. 
 
 Another fact, too, ha.s been disclosed in this connection, 
 and that is the total absence of epidemic diseases among 
 Cana.lian stock. While United States live cattle, or 
 even live cattle shipped from any United States ports are 
 absolutely excluded from the British market, the most rigid 
 scrutiny has failed to detect any trace of disease among the 
 Canadian arrivals, which go on uninterruptedly. The Durham, 
 and other imported breeds even improve in Canada, and thor- 
 ough-bred animals raised in Canada from imported stock have 
 been exported to England and ;oM for fancy prices. For 
 horses of sevvi oable quality, coiuoininr'- tractability, strength, 
 endurance . and symmetry O ritario is perhaps unsur|)assed. The 
 cost of raising is so small, the climate is so healthy, and the art of 
 training horses is so well understood by every farmer that the 
 trade in horses is likely to become enormous and highly lucrative. 
 Nor has^this very large accession to the Canadian export 
 
 leins: 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 trade with Great Britain resulted from markets elsewhere 
 closed again i Canadian stock. The total number of 'r 
 
 >rse3 
 
1*-^' 
 
 44 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 •'t 
 ' 'I 
 
 ^Hi 
 
 exported in 1873 was H.782. in 1879 it was 1 0,029. In 1873 
 tlie total nu.ifjor of shoop exported was 315,832, and in 1879 
 it was 308,093, tlie United States in the last named year still 
 takinsf 24(;,:)73. Of liorned cattle the total exportation in 1873 
 was 2.'),037,and in 1879 it was 4(i,509, the exportation to other 
 countries than Great Britain thus being fully maintained. 
 
 GRAIN, GREEN, AND ROOT CROPS. 
 
 In the very practical "Letter to the British Farmer" at the end 
 of tliis pamphlet, the writer notices the fact that " we have never 
 had what may be called a jreneral failure of the wheat crop." 
 This is true.although our wheat crop is exposed here as elsewhere 
 to such enemies, as rust, smut, midge and others that at times 
 cause it to be more or less impaired both in quantity and 
 quality. Even these nuisances, however, are often traceable 
 to errors of judgment and management, which skill and ex- 
 perience remove or alleviate. Besides, a prudent farmer will 
 not rely on one or two crops and so, if one falls short, others 
 are pretty sure to be more than usually profitable. Ontario, 
 too, excels in barley, nearly six-sevenths of the barley exported 
 being purchased for malting purposes in the United States, 
 where, a high duty notwithstanding, it is preferred to the 
 home-grown article. For peas, coarse grains, roots, and grasses 
 of all kinds, there is no better soil in the world than is to 
 be found in Ontario. Then again, a really bad harvest is very 
 uncommon. The warm dry atmosphere is so favoura))le that 
 the housing of the crop is a question of labour only. The 
 "stack" or "rick" is seldom seen in Canada, the ample barns 
 being the direct receptacles of the harvested crops, both of hay 
 and grain. The yield of the different cereals, may be put down 
 as follows : 
 
 Fall wheat, with good farming, up to 35 to 40 bush. per acre. 
 Fall wheat, indifferent farming . . 20 to 25 " " 
 Spring wheat 15 to 25 " 
 
GUIDE TO ONTAiUO. 
 
 45 
 
 .per acre. 
 
 Barley.genornlly a sure crop, at about 30 to 10 l)u,s]i.] 
 
 2"'^' 40to.M) " 
 
 reas antl beans 2') " " 
 
 The straw of all the cereals, averages 3,0(iO lbs. 
 Indian Corn is grown (except for green fodder) in very few 
 counties. In this cereal Ontario cannot pretend to compete 
 ^Mth the pran-ie regions of the West. Large quantities of 
 corn are nn ported by our farn.ers as a cheap feed for cattle 
 m exchange for the coarse grains, in which Ontario excels. 
 Ot green crops the following n.ay be estimated as the 
 yield under liberal treatment :— 
 
 Lucerne, four cuttings . 
 Winter rye, two cuttings . 
 Red clover, two cuttings 
 Tares and oats, one cutting 
 Millet, two cuttinirs , 
 Maize, one cutting .... 
 Rape, one cutting .... 
 
 With greater attention to the stock-raising and dairv 
 departments of farm industry has come the profitable cultiva- 
 tion of root crops on a much more extensive scale than formerly 
 Ihe yield of these may be said to average about as follows :-- 
 
 Swedes .... i « j.^„ 
 
 ,, , , AS tons per acre. 
 
 Mangolds 22 " 
 
 Carrots 15 " 
 
 Potatoes g „ „ 
 
 Of hay, a yield of from 3,000 to 5,( 
 common. 
 
 iinutea { 
 
 IS the average 
 
 20 tons 
 
 per acre. 
 
 4 " 
 
 « 
 
 6 " 
 
 (( 
 
 3 " 
 
 « 
 
 4 " 
 
 « 
 
 30 " 
 
 (( 
 
 7 " 
 
 u 
 
 
 U'l 
 
 ,000 lbs. per acre is 
 
 STOCK RAISING. 
 The business of raising and feeding stock for the market 
 approaches in Ontario more nearly to British experience in this 
 respect than m some other countries. Ontario has none of the 
 great pasture-runs of the Western States or South America 
 
n- 
 
 |!i>' 
 i 
 
 46 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 'f 
 
 Nr 
 
 ill 
 
 f 
 
 but Ontario possesses the best possible facilities for taking the 
 raw material there pi-oduced by wholesale and bringing it to a 
 finished state of perfection. There are those, in fact, who 
 incline to the belief that ultimately the breeding and rearing of 
 young animals intended for the butcher will be confined 
 to two or three parts of the world, while four or five 
 countries, Canada being one of the most favourable, will 
 prenare the meat for the market. Putting together the 
 healthiness of the climate, the cheapness of materials for erect- 
 in<T the buildings necessary for the proper management of cattle 
 designed for food, the variety of the agricultural products for 
 which the soil is adapted, the prolific growth of root crops, 
 and the comparative accessibility of the British market, and the 
 position of Ontario as a great stock-raising and feeding 
 country is assured. It is scarcely twenty years since the first 
 herd of thorougbred short horns was brought to Canada. Up 
 to that time the improvement of stock by the use of thoroughbred 
 animals was scarcely attempted. Yet, already, the pi'o oortion- 
 ate supply of prime cattle to Great Britain is greater from 
 Canada than from the United States, while Canadian animals 
 have caiTied off prizes in British exhibitions against all com- 
 petitors. In the letter from a British farmer in Ontario at 
 page 88, the writer says : " We can take a Durham or Here- 
 ford cross-bred steer from its milk when six months old, put 
 it upon green or dry fodders according to the season of the 
 year, with bran and pea meal or corn meal, and, within 24 
 months, place it on our seaboard at an average live weight of 
 1,400 lbs., and a cost not exceeding £14. In this, and all its 
 connections, there necessarily results a large profit." We have 
 already noticed the demand for Canadian beef and mutton in 
 England, and the marvellous growth of the export trade in those 
 respects. 
 
 DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 The progress made by Ontario during the past few years in 
 the production of cheese and butter has already been referred to. 
 
GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 47 
 
 The substituti,.n of the cheese factory for the old system ofcheese 
 making hes at ^he bottom of the success that has attended that 
 branch of xnd. ,.ry. The factory is usually conducted on the co- 
 operative principle. The milk is collected by a waggon sent 
 round from the factory for the purpose, tested by a ll^tometer 
 to a.c rtam if it zs of standard quality, and the farmer credited 
 with the quantity supplied. The returns, less expenses, are 
 civided among the contributors after the sales have been made 
 By this means not only is an improved article and conse- 
 quently an improved price secured, but the farmer, or rather the 
 armer s wives and daughters, are spared a laborious part of 
 the ckiry work, and the actual market rate is secured with 
 only the abatements incidental to manufacture and manage- 
 ment. Butter making has not been so generally reduced to a 
 system yet as the production of cheese, but the advantage of 
 he creamery over the old process is beginning to be a;pre- 
 c ated, arid m a very short time Canadian butter will doubtless 
 rank with Caiiadian cheese as a successful rival of the butters 
 of Ireland or Holland. 
 
 FRUIT GROWING. 
 
 Fruit-growing is, in Ontario, a very interesting and profitable 
 branch of agricultural industry. It is greatly promoted and 
 encouraged by a Fruit Growers' Association which receives in 
 addition to the subscriptions of its members, a handsome subsidy 
 from the Provincial Government. Many of the Canadian 
 apples are unsurpassed for size, flavour, and beauty. Several 
 varieties of pears have attained to remarkable excellence 
 Plums are largely cultivated in certain sections, and peaches 
 grown on standard trees in the south-western counties are pro- 
 duced m immense numbers. Strawberries are cultivated on a 
 arge scale and delivered literally by ship loads in the season at 
 the diflerent lake ports and railway depots whither they are sent 
 from the places at which they are cultivated. The show of 
 Untario fruit at the Centennial Exhibition was such a^ to call 
 
 :, 1^1 
 
 i*j''^ 
 
48 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 forth universal admiration. Of this display an American jour- 
 nal of liigli standing remarked : — 
 
 " Probably the finest show of various fruits is made by the 
 Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario, Canada, a society which 
 has done much to promote and encourage the growth of fruits 
 
 in North America Ontario from whence 
 
 these fruits come is the most fertile part of the whole Domin- 
 ion. The ])resent display occupies the entire north side of the 
 Pomological Building, and is composed of 1,000 plates of 
 apples, 200 plates of "phims, 200 ])lates of pears, 90 plates of 
 crab apples, 25 varieties of peaches, 153 ])lates of grapes and a 
 variety of nuts, inchiding hickory nuts, hazel nuts and pea 
 nuts. Tlie same Association in July last made a display of 
 gooseberries, currants, raspberries and cherries, some of the first- 
 named articles being an inch in length." 
 
 After describing in some detail the different species of fruits 
 and the particular excellencies of various descriptions of each, 
 the writer says : 
 
 fs "It would be impossible in a notice like this to do justice 
 to" the entire collection. As a representative collection, in- 
 tended to exhibit the fruits from the section of the country 
 between the Niagara River and Lake Huron and from the 
 Ottawa to the Detroit Rivers, it could not be surpassed. 
 . The exhibits have contributed much to the beauty 
 and attractiveness of the pomological department, and the 
 Association are to be congratulated upon the fruit-producing 
 capabilities of their soil and climate, and the taste and enter- 
 l^rise of their fruit growers." 
 
 A very large trade may be done in apples with Great 
 Britain. All that is required is a little more care and manage- 
 ment in the packing for shipment. The price at which the 
 finest apples can be raised, and the evident suitability of the 
 climate for their production, bids fair to make apple-growing 
 and exportation a very profitable business. The grape is indi- 
 genous to Canada, the wild vine growing luxuriantly in the 
 woods of Ontario. Grape culture is now assuming very large 
 proportions. All the smaller fruits grow wild in great pro- 
 fusion. Nuts are gathered in immense quantities. 
 
Great 
 
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 34. 
 
 D 
 
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 ■s 
 
 O 
 
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 O 
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 I 
 
 II i 
 
 t 
 
OUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 49 
 
 - FLAX GROWING 
 
 and soinewlaere about, 1 90o fn 7 -,nn + c n ^^^ ^^ ^^^cl 
 
 ;vho„ .,o,d, a .tun, of „e':"; tJ^'^^^^'^^T'''' 
 large soctiom of country in Ontario adn.irab "anted 7" 
 t-owing and which are not so well suited tit'c^n Z 
 the past two year, the flax trade has been dull ZT 
 w.th ,n.ny other indnstries, hut there is Zv , it .Z'T 
 and pr,ce,, as well as the demand, are imprZir The ,t ' 
 
 ments, and the home market would consume a larw n^,K ; , 
 quantity of produce. The flax has usually ILH^Sr'i 
 the Un,ted States, but the demand for home consumption it 
 mcreasmg. The flax trade in its various branches .70™ o 
 great promise in the Province of Ontario, 
 
 THE SEASON'S, 
 
 The seasons in Ontario difl-er from those in Ore-,* P,.-* ■ ■ 
 two respects; the extremes of temperat L " 'uTth! 
 rans.t,o„s from winter to summer and summer owil , 
 n ore .sudden, Wnitor usually lasts fron, the middle of Novem 
 b r to the nnddle or end of April, The temperature vlfes 
 g,.., ly over so large an area, the heat of summer bein. glZll 
 aud the cold of winter more severe th... :,.,t of a,:jfT 
 Now and then comes a "cold snap.' l^'lr^X^Z 
 tour days, but, as a matter of fact, the cold in Ontario roubles 
 nobody. The abundance of fuel, and a d,y bracinVaW 
 phe,. fully comt,ensate, indoo,. or out of door/for the llttlr 
 
 its^t,e..lt,.j, uuuve associations, the snow aHbrds welcome 
 
W.I 
 
 II 
 
 50 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 opportunities and facilities, whether for getting logs for fuel or 
 sale, out of the bush, or for sending produce to market.^ " Good 
 sleighing" is the glory of Canadian winter life. From the 
 break up of the winter to the completion of "seeding" the time 
 is short 'enough and everybody is busy. Spring is hai'dly to 
 be reckoned in point of time, and suuuner is upon the farmer 
 almost before he has realized the departure of winter. For a 
 few weeks the strain is severe, and the success of the summer 
 crop is largely dependent on the busy six weeks of work prece- 
 ding early June ^being well employed. June, comparatively 
 speaking," is a leisure month, but witli July comes, first haymg, 
 and then fall wheat harvest, followed in order by the other crops. 
 No Canadian farmer has much leisure from the beginning of 
 July to the arrival of October. Fall ploughiug in October and 
 up "to early November closes the field work of the year. 
 
 September and October are the most delightful months of 
 the year . for out-of-door work and recreation. The air 
 generally is mild but warm, and the changing of the leaves in 
 the woods gives a peculiar charm to rural scenery. The 
 length of our winter and rapid advance of summer, no doubt 
 tax" the Canadian farmer somewhat severely. He is more 
 crowded in point of time than the British agriculturist, but 
 then, wlien once at work, he is far less exposed to the harassing 
 vicissitudes incidental to a wet or changeable climate. 
 
 DISINTERESTED TESTIMONY. 
 
 The Hon. David A. Wells, an eminent American state,sman, 
 in an article which appeared in the North American Review for 
 September, 1877, bears the following generous but just testi- 
 mony to the capabilities of the soil and elimate of Ontario :— 
 
 " North of Lakes Erie and Ontario and the river St. Law- 
 rence eas-t. of Lake Huron, south of the 45th parallel, and ui- 
 ciuded mainlv within the present Dominicm-provinee ot Ontario, 
 there is as fair a country as exists on the North American con- 
 tinent, nearly as large in area as New York, Pennsylvania 
 and Ohio combined, and equal, if not superior, to these states 
 
GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 61 
 
 or we should ratlier ^av exist Tf • ?i , ^'^ f ""°*^ P^"^'''?*^^' 
 
 ment o? . ^tT IVoT's^f "wi "Tf ^A'^ "''"°'' ™ -"'-'«- 
 oui taegicat Ukcs, specially ht it to o-row rnon «^i,ni. „ 
 
 contain gold.' 
 
 COMPARISON WITH THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Of the agricultural capacity and progress of Ontario no 
 better proof can be afforded than that obtSned by a con 1^^^^ 
 son be ween Ontario and the United States in'ihis respe 
 Not only is the cash value of farm property greater per head of 
 he population than that of the United Stipes, but 'of a^t.! 
 tural impleinents-a very sure sign of advancement~the value 
 employed for every hundred acres of cultivated land " 
 
 «l.oO,or Gs. .M sterhng. Ontario again, raises 17.G4 bushels for 
 every one of her population, while the people of the United 
 States raise only o.oO bushels per head. Even the great wheat- 
 growing Western States produce only 10 bushels ;er head or 
 7 04 bushels per head less than Ontario. Of the great leadin. 
 aples ot wheat corn, rye, barley, oats, buckwheat, peas, bean! 
 and potatoes, Ontario produces 55.95 bushels for each of the 
 population, and the United States only 43.42 bushels per head 
 It Indian corn, which is grown to only a limited extent in Can- 
 ada but over a va^t area in the Western States, be excluded from 
 the list ot products above given, Ontario will be found to pro- 
 duce 04.34 bushels per head to a production in the Unffp^ 
 Slates of 16.74 bushels per head. The value of live stock 
 
 I I' 
 
. 
 
 m\. 
 
 iSii^ 
 
 if 
 
 62 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 owned in Ontario is $38.13, or say £7 19s. sterling per head, 
 while in the United States it is $34.64 or £7 4s. 3d. sterling 
 per head. In Ontario, on the average, every hundred inhab- 
 itants own 27 horses and 32 milch cows, while in the United 
 States, the average per hundred of the population is 20 horses 
 and 27 milch cows. Of sheep the numbers are 84 to each 
 hundred of the population, and in the United States only 71. 
 lu pifs alone is the average in favour of the States, a fact 
 owino- to the great corn-producing capacity of the latter. In 
 ten years, On uario increased her annual production of butter 
 07 per cent., while the increase in the United States for the 
 iiame period was only 4Gi per cent. In ten years the produc- 
 tion of wool in Ontario increased 40 per cent., while the in- 
 crease in the United States was only 15 per cent. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND EXPERIMENTAL FARM. 
 
 The deep interest taken by the Government and all classes 
 of the people of Ontario in the progress and improvement of 
 agriculture is evidenced in the establishment, a few years since, 
 of the Ontario College and Experimental Farm, near Guelph, 
 in the County of Wellington. The farm is about 550 acres in 
 extent, with a College for the residence and instruction of the 
 students, and all the buildings and appliances necessary for 
 giving full effect to the objects of the institution. These are 
 stated to be : — 
 
 1st. To give a thorough mastery of the theory and practice 
 of husbandry to young men of the Province engaged m 
 agricultural or horticultural pursuits, or intending to 
 enofase in such. 
 
 2nd. To conduct experiments tending to the solution of 
 questions of material interest to the agriculturists of the 
 Province, and publish the results. 
 
 In the advantages of this valuable institution any ratepayer 
 or the son of any ratepayer is entitled to share, on condition. 
 
OUTDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 53 
 
 (1) that he is not less than fifteen years of age ; (2) of cood 
 
 attainments ; (;,) that he intends to follow horticulture or 
 agriculture as a profession. "orncmture or 
 
 The tuition given is free, and board and washing only are 
 charged, the expense of these amounting to some 10 or S 
 sMhngs sterling per week, during the sessions, of^^hilh ther^ 
 are two, one from the 1st October to the 31st March th^ 
 other from the 15th April to the 31st August. The sTudelt 
 are employed m all descriptions of farm work undo, e» 1 
 mstrnetors and are paid according to the amount and ^^ it 
 
 eld ted I th^^ ''"*?'• *''"' ^""""S^ ™ ""•' -Pect being 
 credited to them in reduction of the charges for board &c 
 
 above mentioned, so that if a young mantis indu.sS atd' 
 enei^otie, his e..penses for the year are almost nothing beyond 
 the cost of his clothing and his books ^ 
 
 Farmers som who are needed on the farm in the summer 
 Month, are allowed to attend a winter course of sTX 
 Nor ,s the work of the College confined to the trainin. Tt 
 students alone. Experiments are carried out in connect „n 
 with every branch of agricultural and horticultura ™C™ 
 byvvlnch the whole of the farmers of the Prov in are 
 beneMed, but which it would l.. a,t„g„t,,„ ,„^„,, ^^ZZ. 
 of individuals to attempt single-handed. 
 
 t ' , 
 ■■*! . 
 i 
 
 j Jr*. 
 
54 
 
 QUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 I 
 
 FARM LABOURERS IN ONTARIO. 
 
 I; 
 
 Whatever reluctance the British farmer may feel to breaking 
 up his home and severing himself from old associations, the 
 same hesitation can hardly assail the mind of the farm labourer. 
 His "belongings" are generally few enough; his capital is 
 easily transferred ; almost the only question for him need be, 
 " How can I raise the means to emigrate ?" In Great Britam he 
 can never earn the soil he tills; in Ontario he cannot fail, if 
 only industrious and thrifty, to become, if he pleases, the owner 
 of land. In Great Britain his boys and girls will, with rare 
 exceptions, be nothing but what their fathers and mothers have 
 been before them. In Ontario it is all but certain that they 
 will in a few years be in a position as independent as those 
 they serve at home. In Great Britain it is the constant 
 struggle of the agricultural class to get sufficient food and 
 the "necessary comforts of life. In Ontario no farm labourer 
 need go short of three good square meals a day. In Great 
 Britain he feels at every step he takes the difference in caste or 
 rank between himself and the other people he rubs elbows with 
 in the world. In Ontario, while a civil bearing and courteous 
 demeanour will always be appreciated, servility is despised and 
 a self-respecting sense of equality is always honoured. In 
 Great Britain the rate-paying class look upon the labourer as a 
 contingent burden; in Ontario they look upon him as a probable 
 neighbour and brother yeoman. In Great Britain he can hardly 
 squint at a hare or a pheasant without being a marked man ; in 
 Ontario there is not a game bird in the air nor a wild animal in 
 the woods he may not snare or shoot and welcome. In too 
 many parts of England if he fails to put in an appearance at the 
 parish church or dares to frequent "chapel" instead, he or his 
 family are made to feel the consequences. In Ontario he may 
 
»« 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 55 
 
 worship hts Maker vv. .v,.,n,l howhe pleases, !■ .- "duuchnmn" 
 ami chssentor are n-mes unknown here. Tn anotlior part of 
 this pamphlet w^ have referred at some ' ,,„i,h^ 
 
 school, of the 1 ovince. In tho.se school, the child of the 
 
 for any position in hfo. and take. nk with the children of the 
 
 richest man in the township. 
 No agricltuml lai,ourer n,.«l fear any .Hffioulty in .,ecnri„„ 
 
 wo'k .n Ontano at remun.rativ,. wage,. Tho practice of board- 
 ing farm lal,nurer, m tl,e liouse l„us naturallysecnrc.l ,•, preference 
 IT"" rr .^""''-—nyf.-nerL,. n Ontario^ 
 Z '" n ^ '*'•"'" '"''^'*» •""• t™''«ney to remain in one piac- 
 that usually cl.aractensc the married farm U,„urer. Tho a' nts 
 at h. ,mm ignuion depots are ahvay,, able to dispose innnediat, iy 
 and sat.rfactonly of a, many agricultural labourer, a, presen' 
 themse ves.,nar„ed or single. A man, with a wife who is . dling 
 arul able to do a days household work now .md then, and half' 
 
 a welcome settler .n any pa. of the rural districts, and sure to 
 
 Tn the' niT' •'"';P'"'^'"S "ow of the man used to farm work 
 
 n the old country. Farmers, like other persons in business 
 
 although wdlmg to give a job to any handy n,an when they 
 
 wantone,expectskillandexperiencei„theeverv-.Iayd isof 
 the farm when they engage a permanent hand. A g eat many 
 people come out to Canada with the notion that muscle ""u 
 that >s wanted. In the open season, and when a good deal o 
 rough work .s going on, nearly everybody who comes flnds 
 emp oyment, and nearly all manage to secure a livin' B 
 our farmers are mcreasingly , v.ticular as to the qualiflcation, 
 of the men they engage, and will often go out of their way to 
 secure a competent person, while they would refuse to erploy 
 an mcompetent one altogether. The wages of a man i,„afd d 
 and odged are from $12 (.say £2 lOs. Od.) to .?20 (say £4) a 
 month. A married man would, perhaps, get little or no more 
 
 of the cost of food. But he will have his cottage probablv r^nt 
 
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 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 tMEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTtR, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716)872-4503 
 
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 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 free, and can always arrange for a piece of ground to be thrown 
 in to grow his garden stuifs. In fact, while Canadian farmers 
 look pretty closely after the money they have worked so hard 
 to earn and save, they are, as a rule, very kindly and liberal, 
 and the labourer is regarded more as a friend than a servant, if 
 he only acts honourably and does his duty. 
 
 Meantime the public school, where the children of all meet, 
 as we have remarked already, on a ( ommon footing, is a great 
 leveller, and tends much to prevent class distinctions from 
 growing up in Ontario. All we have said regarding the 
 school system of Ontario in connection with the settlement 
 of the British farmer in Canada, applies with even more 
 force to the British farm labourer. But the farm labourer 
 expects when he emigrates tliat he is taking the first step 
 towards being his own master. He has only got to be sober, 
 to save whacever he can, but always to save a little, and keep 
 his eyes and ears open, and his time will come. He will, 
 perhaps, begin by cultivating a piece of land " on shares," he 
 findino- the labour and some one else the land and seed, and 
 dividing the results. Or he will rent a few acres, and get a 
 footing that way ; or, perhaps, hear of a lot of wild land to be 
 had cheap or on easy terms as to payment. Or he will take a 
 free grant, about which we have said a good deal elsewhere in 
 this pamphlet. All his movements will bo more or less regulated 
 by his family surroundings, the ages of his children, whether 
 boys or girls or a few of both. The instances in which men 
 who landed in Canada with nothing, or next to nothinjx but the 
 clothes on their backs, have achieved independence in this way 
 may be reckoned not by hundreds merely, lait by thousands. 
 
 A few illustrations drawn from the actual experience of 
 well-known and substantial agriculturists now living may be 
 useful and encourajjinfj. The followinof statements from num- 
 bers that might be given if space would allow, all relate to 
 persons now living and who have been willing the informa- 
 tion should be furnished for the benefit of those who may be 
 disposed to follow their example : — 
 
 
OUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 57 
 
 PERGONAL EXPERIENCES. 
 
 William Dawson, Vittoria, county Norfolk, was bom in 
 Aberdeen Scotland, in 1826; emigrlted to cknada in ^850 
 anr settled m the township of Charlotteville, county of Norfolk 
 Without any capital, except willing hands and^a viCus 
 frame he leased a farm which ho occupied for sixteen years" He 
 since bought,_and now owns, the splendid property on which 
 he lives, eonsisting o 330 acres of very valiable farming laid 
 with comfortable buildings, good stock, and the latest improved 
 farming implements. Mr. Dawson has also been engaged 
 m the lumbering business, but since 1868 has confined his 
 attention entirely to agricultural pursuits. Although his edu 
 cational advantages have been somewhat limited, Mr Dawson', 
 perseverance and natural shrewdness have made his business 
 
 TZL^e "hJ r^f "' T'""' ''' '' now in a position" 
 affluence. He has always been noted for his liberality and 
 
 W fl'P V 1 T^ \ universally respected for the sterling in- 
 tegrity which has characterized his whole life. When he^Hrst 
 
 ASiltrT^S "^'r' 'Yr' "" '^'^^ °^ *^- Charlottevme 
 Agiicu tural Society, and has, since then, ' -Id some of the 
 
 offices m Its gift, and has been for several y.ars tre" sufer of 
 the bouth Riding of Norfolk Agricultural Society ; he as also 
 been for over two years a member of the Township Council of 
 Reeve Mr n ^^^^'^^^^f^-^^'^^ Portion of which time he has been ' 
 Kecve Mr. Dawson has always taken a lively interest in 
 cZlfr^'^'T'^''^- to agriculture. He commenced life In 
 
 Mr John Murray ^yas born at Arklow, in the county of 
 
 in the yeai 1834 coming by way of New York. Remained 
 worHt'l ff " '^'' ''t^ '^ P-"«3^1vania, near Philadelphia, 
 t^ok urf/oo ? Tf 7'^'','^''^^ to Ontario, Canada/ and 
 took up 100 acres of land in the township of North Cayucra 
 county of Haldimand, after its surrender by the Ind ans^fy 
 wfich\o'w"l".-'' ^'•'' PT ''''■ Having no capTta ' S 
 
 s^rv to lk°T IP T'^-^ '^^-^^^ ^^ ^^^'"^^' l^e found it neces- 
 sary to make bat timber in winter, for which there was a readv 
 
 m ans%r^'' ^°' '"^^ '' .'^'''' '^' ^'^-^' ^^^^ *° make suff^ctnt 
 
 rddear P^i "''1 '"Pl^^V'^' ^"^^if'^ ^*^^^ ^^ t^^* time scarce 
 and dear. He lived in a shanty for about three years when he 
 
 
 
58 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 \ i 
 
 built a house and barn. Continued clearing the land and 
 puttini;^ in as much wheat crop as possible. The land being 
 new it wi.,j exceedingly productive and crops were abundant. 
 He has continued farming up to the present time and now 
 owns 300 acr^s, worth, at a low valuation, $12,000 (£2,400), 
 besides having first-class buildings and the farm well stocked 
 with valuable horses, cattle, and sheep, as well as the most 
 approved agricultural implements. He has bought and sold 
 several farms, besides giving one hundred acres each to two 
 sons. ^ He has money to the good, and invested, and amounting 
 to $25,000 (£5,000). He made all his property by farming ann 
 investing his surplus casli at the usual rates of interest. ° Mr. 
 Murray preferred Canada to tlie United States, and never 
 regretted making it his home. 
 
 Mr. William McFarlane was born at Dunkeld, in Perthshire 
 Scotland, in the year 1802. His father, Donald McFarlane, 
 was a tenant farmer in Scotland and emigrated to Canada in 
 1843; bringing all his family with him. Mr. McFarlane on 
 his arrival in Canada, purchased 100 acres of land on the 
 Talbot Road, township of North Cayuga, county of Haldimand,. 
 at $5 (20s. sterling) per acre, payable in instalments. He had 
 no capital with which to begin, having to earn everjiihing by 
 hard work. Clearing land sufficient fox- a crop of wheat^'was 
 at once begun, and the winter occupied by getting out pine 
 saw logs. He put up buildings as soon as there was a clearing 
 made, log at first, but replaced in a few years by substantial 
 frame. He has never followed any other occupation but farm- 
 ing and now owns 540 acres, of which 400 acres are under 
 cultivation, the remaining being covered with valuable timber 
 and wood. The land is worth $20,000 (£4,000), besides being 
 provided with stock to the amount of $4,000 (£800). Has 
 $6,000 (£1,200) invested at interest.* Has raised a family of 
 five children, and has every reason to feel gratified with the 
 country in which he has prospered so well. 
 
 Mr. John Colley, of the township, of Albion, is a native of 
 Middletown, near Pickering, Yorkshire, England. He sailed 
 from Hull, for Quebec, ii. the year 1831, previous to which 
 time he had been a farm labourer. He was married on the 11th 
 of May, and emigrated on tiie 31st of the same month, at 
 which time he was in his 25th year. His wife accompanied 
 him, and thus together they faced the difficulties of what was 
 at that time backwoods life in a new colony. Their voyat^e 
 
GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 50 
 
 out occupied fourteen weeks, and little York, now Toronto 
 was reached at the end of eighteen weeks, when TheiHom: 
 bined wealth was £1 3s. Cd."" The length of time occunTd 
 
 canafs ^nTp.^'" 'T^ ' ^''^ ^°^ ^* ^^^^ *™« ^^^iated by 
 canals and emigrants were conveyed up the river on fiat 
 
 boats towed by horses or cattle. Determined to work he soon 
 found employment, and six months were spent at Toronto ^n 
 d ggmg cellars, driving a team, and chopping cordwood h^ 
 wfe meanwhi e being also employed as a domestic servant 
 At the expiration of six months Mr. Colley hired with Mr 
 owned'^1 '^''"i ^^"t^^^^-^y ™^es north^f Toronto who 
 
 MrrColletTn"''? ^'f "'^^ ' ^'- ^""«y *° ^^°rk the farm and 
 Mrs. Colley to act as housekeeper, Mr. Bolton being unmarried 
 l^ieir uni ed earnings with this employer were $120 (£24Tpei an- 
 ?Ji?'i. M n P°'^t'°'' ^^^ occupied for three years, during 
 
 Mr BoUn'n— if ^f'"* '^^^ "^^"^"^ b^«^'^^««- H J then rei ted 
 Mr Bolton s mil at a yearly rental of $200, and kept it for 
 five years vVhile engaged in the milling busin. ., Mr ColW 
 purchased 80 acres of bush land. This^land wa bought o? 
 
 mi Img business, or such other labour as he might be engaged in 
 Labour was at once employed to clear this laid and fiTufor 
 
 at ills mill. Mr. Colley next bought, on credit also, 100 acrel 
 
 .1hi7 1 ' 1^''? b'' ^^'* ^^°"«e and became an actual 
 
 settler upon the land on which he has lived ever since or for a 
 
 fanT hi' hl^ FT ""^.^^^^ "* P^^--* °™ 300 acres of 
 land his homestead consisting of 200 acres, and 100 acres in 
 
 and roots, Mr. Colley devotes considerable attention to the 
 
 oTm! 20otTT''".' '^'&' ^°^«^^' -^^^^ she^rand pigs' 
 1 ?. Ml S"n T bo"^es*ead he generally keeps about 12 hor«es 
 
 lis ™'?'^rPi^"?\^ P^^^- ^« *° the monied value of 
 his property land, stock, and implements, $20,000 (£4 000) 
 
 mucWn ' 'T ''^"^"*^- ^^^ ^^°^« particulars shiw how 
 much property has been accumulated in the time stated Z 
 
 o Iti^s: '^^^'' ^'^'^ f^^ 'T^''^'' habits, close attentiol 
 Lc^ Mr OolW'""'"^ "* the judgment as well a. the 
 muscle. Mr. Colley s creed is, and has always been work 
 believing industry will find its reward, while sloth and 
 idleness will inevitably bring failure. • 
 
 I 
 
I 
 
 60 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 ri ! 
 
 i' 
 %■ 
 
 
 Mr. Patrick Gaerty emigrated to Canada, in the year 1828, 
 from the county of Monaglian, Ireland, and settled in the 
 township of Calcdon, county of Peel, in the year 1832, where 
 he purchased a farm, and to pay for it worked as a farm 
 servant. lie married in 1842, and in due time became the 
 father of three daughters and three sons. Mr. Gaerty is at 
 present proprietor of a well stocked farm of 350 acres, of the' 
 value of $25,000 (£5,000 sterling). 
 
 John Evans, farmer, to^vnship of Esquesing, Halton, came 
 from the county of Antrim, Ireland, in 1859, had about £2 
 on his arrival in New York, has secured now a good farm of 
 2(i0 acres of cleared land with brick dwelling and good out- 
 buildings. He is worth $8,000 (£ 1 ,G00 sterling), is well known 
 and commands a good deal of influence. • 
 
 William Chaplin, farmer, township of Esquesing, Halton, 
 came from Forfarshire, Scotland, in 1800, had about $1,200 on 
 his arrival in Esquesing, is now worth about $0,000 (£1,200); 
 and stands well in his neighbourhood. 
 
 Thomas Boak, farmer, township of Trafalgar, Halton, was 
 born in Cumberland, England, in 1829 ; emigrated from there in 
 1857, as a farm labovircr with his wife and family; when he landed 
 in Hamilton, Ontario, was $45 (£9) in debt; worked as labourer 
 until he got enough saved to start farming, which occupation 
 he is following in the township of Trafalgar, county of Halton ; 
 is worth now $5,000 (£1,000); holds this year the position of 
 President of the County Agricultural Society, and has a wide- 
 spread reputation as a breeder of pure bred Durham cattle. 
 
 Mr. John Copeland, now Registrar of the county of Stor- 
 mont, is a native of Kircudbrightshire, Scotland. He came 
 out to Ontario in 1829. Up to 1870 he was engaged in farm- 
 ing, beginning with no capital, but good health and a deter- 
 mination to acquire a farm and house of his own. He has now, 
 besides a comfortable income from his official position, a farm 
 of 150 acres, worth at least $45 (£9 stg.) per acre, a house and 
 lot m the town of Cornwall worth $3,000 (£l)00 stg.), and an- 
 other house and building lot, worth $2,500 (£500). For a 
 number of years after Mr. Copeland arrived in Canada, cash 
 could not be got for produce, and merchants gave goods in ex- 
 change often very much to the farmer's disadvantage. Now, 
 cash dov/n can be obtained for every sort of produce at market 
 
GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 61 
 
 retHio^thM oSr " '"""= '"*P™''™' °«"e to the eo.;. 
 
 land i, good a,ul tho eliuX ^Im^':^Tty:XZ:±''''i 
 crops ,s good and fanners are well pai.l ri^tlT-l{^ ^\ °^ 
 
 Eod w thtoa t:ul""lS' ?' -""'-^g. l™t being 
 
 and within easvrpa nil nwi t i ^^^^yi^^^ng we can raise, 
 came to rnnnl On the whole, I am well satisfied that I 
 
 li. ?,\^'«^^ by renting and then purchased. Mr. Lee re- 
 
 lojl^'-.^'f • ^°«^«.ameto Ontario from BanfTshive, Scotland in 
 1838, just at the time of the Rebellion, when money was no^ 
 to be had and work very scarce too. He had only a^n EngHsh 
 
HMW 
 
 62 
 
 GUIDE TO ON T Alii 0. 
 
 ■ft M^ 
 
 •I; 
 
 ill 
 
 ill 
 
 hIuIHu",' left and wa,s ri-liculod by old aeijuaintanoos ho mot for 
 coiuiu!!^ to such a ooiiutry. Ho was a tailor by trade and jjfot 
 sonu' work in that lino, but also worked as a labourer for a year, 
 when he nianiod, and soon after bought 20 acres of land, put 
 up a shanty on it and conunonced to clear it. He l)0u<i:ht more 
 land as he could atibrd it, until at last he owned the whole lot 
 of -iOO acres. ' After a time his five boys bognii to be useful, 
 and when ho had educati'd' his family and got his farm into 
 good order ho had a comfortable cash balance still to his 
 credit. When he sold the, land a few years ago he had with tlu; 
 money ho had saved ami the money paid him $12,000, or about 
 £2,400 sterling. 
 
 Mr. James Stamp, from Barton -on- the -Humbor, England, 
 had been a farm labou)-or, and managed to save a little money. 
 He came out to Now Brunswi'k in 18.51, having about $ LOO 
 (£20), after paying his own and his v -ile's passage money. They 
 only stayed a short time in New Brunswick, then came on to the 
 county of Norfolk, Ontario. Hero ho ronttnl for about twelve 
 years, but made very little. Then he routed a farm about one 
 and a half miles from Port Dover, going in debt to stock it. 
 By industry and good management ho paid oli his do))t, and 
 at the end of 10 years ho had saved enough means to buy the 
 farm, the preset\t value of which, with the stock, is about 
 $8,000 (£1,000 sterlhig). 
 
 Lewis J. Clark, was born at Barnaby, in the county of 
 Suffolk, England, where he had been thoroughly trained to 
 agricultural pursuits. He emigrated to Canada in the year 
 1834, in possession of twenty sovereigns. His first investment 
 wsis a threshing machine, in the use of which he accunnilated 
 some considerable means, and in 183G bought 100 acres for 
 $025 (£125 sterling). In the year 183!) he married. He con- 
 tinued to buy land" in the townsliip of Malahide, as his means 
 permitted, until he owned 450 acres, a part of which he dis- 
 posed of to assist in educating and settling his family of nine 
 children. During the 40 years in which he has been engaged 
 in farmmg in the township of Malahide, he has been elected to 
 honourabfe positions. He now owns 300 acres of very line 
 land, worth about $15,000 (£3,000). 
 
 John Blake Sweet, was born in the parish of St. Mabyn, in 
 the county of Cornwall, England. He emigrated to the 
 county of Elgin in September, 1854 ; had just married, but 
 had no means but his two hands, a good stock of energy and 
 
CxUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 G3 
 
 IXot 
 
 For tlio nc'vt 18 v,^i,f I, '"^,""' ••"TPortinK l.i.s f,u„i,y 
 
 county of El,-i„, Ontario wULloi j',"f':''^'»'- "' .""> 
 Hco 1,0 bouglit 100,icrosofli,,l1n , f * i 1'" I'"*''™'"". 
 
 «t seein^r tlieni comfortably .sot led i their n vn 1 ''I 
 
 occupying, important positx^ons in if Hj" ' ^^ '^^>"'^«/^"<J 
 prominent and al)lu f-irmor I i^ I- '^ ''^'^*''*^ '^^^ ^« » 
 •sticics to the ealltv<> • i?k ? ^''' T^''''' township, another 
 acres) in the ^s^ whitt f^ '^^^ owns a large farm (500 
 
 profession. M^ I^iSn 1 [i '' ^ '''''''^'' ''^ ^^'^ ^Wal 
 Peace, Commk ioner for h 'r f'V^''' ?^ ^^'^^ice of t1,e 
 of Militia, h^^'^J^^'^^ljT^^ f-eh. Captain 
 is Secretary-Treasurer of H p A • u i o l""'* ^^ y''''''^' '^»tl 
 of an insurL.ce company ^^'"^"^^^""^^ Society, and director 
 
 landed in the town.ship of PieSn.^ ount V 17 "" /" 
 money was all gone. L worked tW C et in that w'' 1 • ' 
 for five years, when he moved west and honX ^"^^ "'^^^^P 
 
 acres of wild land or "bush Ian r W theTfnlr P^""*'''^' 
 paying therefor $2.50 (10s sterlinr oJ t^ Co„,pany, 
 
 (1854) the townshin w.. «11 I I ^^ ^" ^''^^- ^" ^^'^ J^ar 
 
 ehurc es, no Zt^, CU teVvL^ VduIiK "^ 
 since that time boualif ]i,-« r.^^+ • li ^ „ ^^^- -L'uncan has 
 
 for the .un, "f sovon tho4S lS°""/™'',P."y'"S "'«- 
 romovod a little di,tanra„d Whrtr&^ 
 
64 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 vcnicnt to school, church and post office, and if ho wanted to 
 sell he could easily realize sixteen thousand dollars for his farm. 
 
 John Glenn immigrated from the county of Fermanagh, 
 Ireland, in 1840, with his wife and three small children. He 
 worked as a farm labourer in the county of Durliam for three 
 years, after which he bought one hundred acres of land from 
 the Canada Company, in the township of Blaushard, county 
 of Perth. He made some improvements, sold out and renioved 
 into Osborne, the next township, which was an unbroken forest 
 at that time, and bought two hundred acres from the same 
 Company. He has since bought two hundred acres more, bemg 
 now the owner of four hundred acres of land, well stocked, 
 and is worth at least thirty thousand dollars. 
 
 Robert Cann immigi-ated from Devonshire, England, in 1849. 
 He worked two years in J3arlington as a farm, labourer, wlien 
 he and his brother rented a small farm for five years. He 
 then removed to the townsliip of Osborne, in the county ot 
 Huron and bought fifty acres partly improved. He has, since 
 that time, bought two hundred ami fifty acres more, havmg 
 now three hundred acres of g(^od land, worth at least twenty 
 thousand dollars. Neither he nor either of the other two last 
 mentioned immigrants had any capital to commence with, but 
 strong arms and resolution to go on and prosper. 
 
 J M 'Grady, of the township of Nepean, county of Carle- 
 ton about ten miles from the city of Ottawa, came to this 
 country in 1820 from his native place, county of lipperary 
 Ireland He arrived at Prescott on the 20tb of June, and 
 proceeded direct to Richmond, a small village, within ten miles 
 of which he settled on a farm. He had then no capital, but is 
 now worth about ten thousand dollars. 
 
 Samuel Boyd arrived in this country in 1840, from the 
 county of Down, Ireland. He went direct from Quebec to the 
 to-'nshi|) of Gloucester, county of Russell, and settled on a farm 
 about ten miles from Ottawa City. He had no capital, and is 
 now worth over twelve thousand dollars. 
 
 John Birt, of Gloucester, arrived in this country about the 
 same time as J. M. O'Grady, and settled in Gloucester, county 
 of Russell, at farming. He possessed no capital at the time ot 
 his arrival, but is well off" now. 
 
 George Williams, Newmarket, county of York, was born at 
 

 \mi^ 
 

 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. ^^ 
 
 worked out as a farm u'^l tjT ,?' ^'^'^''^ oi ago. Ho 
 
 money when he arri vecl i, c" ' , h "' ^"^^ >'"'"'^- "« had no 
 
 ;eart and a pair o7st n. an ''"'!"" ^''"P^'^^ 
 
 his locality as a term tll.,?e ' i isl) r'"'"^"^^*^ t'^'ming in 
 
 l.at time about four hunZl do ^'s \r;""?^*^'''?'''-teri ^y 
 
 iarn.er for .sixteen years wl,< ,. 1 T l\ ^V"^'""^^^ a tenant 
 
 jointly with his hrXr ^r N 
 
 «till; also Jras an adid;;?ngTne ^r ""^^^^^^ '^^ "T^^ ^'>- 
 the property now owned [,y°him and h;«^h ! •'^," ^"*«^««<^ >" 
 and ten thousand dollars H^^.^'J^T ?^l^'' '' ^"^^^'^^^^ 
 rospootablo man, and has' alwav^ ri.'"^'"'-""<^' industrion.s, 
 
 "nmigration,ha;inabe^n thoZn ^^-T-^ ^'"'^^ ^"^^''^'^t ^"n 
 - families into th^ Z^^^^^^ eight to 
 
 Brfnt.^^^^^^^^^^^^ Sou,H Dumfries, county of 
 
 about May with only S(J -,() in^^ ^' ^''''''^ed at Brantford 
 
 once at anything he^cfuiiVet t Z'Z'l' "^"* ^? ^^'^^^ ^^ 
 work, worked for some years uiH, f J ^ been used to farm 
 hood of Brantford.andT^ ;nt^^^^^^^^^ 'n the neighbour- 
 three miles from the town L Som nnv -ff ^^^ i'^'^s about. 
 He stayed on it a few years durinTiSr^^ r^"^^''' V^'^on. 
 
 anotner farm near, rather larcr,.,. ]Zl \\l' ^T^\ ^^^^^n rented 
 ivnted and afterwards p mSd hf ' ^^^ ""^ '^ *^^^ ^^ 
 re-sides, a fine farm of^ JO ac.-es w ^H '' ^"^ ''^"^^^ ^^ ^^^^ 
 (£G 000). He has lately built a b ickhn ""^- °^^^ '^•^^''^^O 
 and „,osfc of the property Ts ^.^ i T on u worth $3,000. 
 famdyofsix.andsayianvonewr ^"^ \^as brought up a 
 
 land i/?S32, fo^'re U^';te^s"!f- <=T"'y. Fermanagh, I,.„. 
 twenty month.,. W Mne 1 1' U -""T"-"^ *™ ^f""-' 
 what w,« then callecf C"r Ca^.l ''*^ \l "\™ <^'"n<= "> 
 Ontario. He .settled in th'f woods i„u,rT *''\?'°';i'«=e of 
 Wes Riding of Middle.sex, in October I s^rf""-'' °^'*^™''' 
 tamily of seven and abnnt «<l-i ;„ ' '*'''*■ h^^mg then a 
 
 through a good dea'f'otharS;"drjVi.t t*;'""' P^^'-^^ 
 « i ^uiiiig nis first few years in. 
 
66 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 the bush while clearing the land and getting it into cultiva- 
 tion He brought up nine children, six sons and three daugli- 
 t-rs As soon as his four elder sons came of age he gave each 
 one "in turn 75 acres of good land free of all iDCumbranceH. 
 He has still a homestead, with 214 acres ot land, worth 
 $10 000 (£2,000 soeriing), where he resides with hiH youngest 
 son' His farm is well stocked; and all his sons are in com- 
 fortable circumstances. Mr. Walker says. " he lost eight years 
 oi his life in Ireland before he left it." 
 
 Mr Georo-e Coineille emigrated to Canada in April, 1833 
 with "£2.5 fn his pocket. He settled in the township ot 
 Ekfrid county of Middlesex, Ontario, cleared a farm with his 
 own hknds, and, after a successful career as a farmer tor 43 
 yeaib, retired upon a snug fortune of $40,000 (£8,000 sterling). 
 
 Mr John Simpson emigrated from England some 47 years 
 aero and settled on a farm on the bank,^ of the River Thames 
 in the township of Mosa, county of Middlesex, which was at 
 that tnne little more than a wilderness. His means were very 
 limited but by industrv he acquired the means to bring up a 
 family of four sons— three of whom are living— each owning 
 atei, varying in value from $5,000 to $15,000 (£1,000 to 
 £3 000 steriin'rl. Mr. Simpson was actively engaged in tarm- 
 ing for upwards of 40 years, and is enjoying every comlort 
 up'on a competent income in his old age. 
 
GUIDE TO O.YTARW, 
 
 67 
 
 THE DEMAND FOR FARM LABOURERS AND 
 DOMESTIC SERVANTS. 
 
 ^ervaafa in 0„tari„ at°the ' e 1 r "" '"f ^^^'^ -^""^^t^ 
 •■ates of wa.es in rural disS - ' "" "* ^ ""^ "■'^""y 
 
 and dtSs«.va„t, buLfStrtelStef "'■''' '"'"'"»'« 
 
 sterling) per month. SuL^t t' ?,' '" »^ (•£! '« 2Hs 
 "any of tl,is class could™ ir^'^^^" ""> ''Pringof the year 
 (^^ay £2 10s. to £"X n.fLZT™»' '^ ' *'^ ^^^^ 
 and have constant empIoyS ' """' '"'"'' "-l '"%i"g> 
 
 adfa5:^-tirptrdl;^thno:;;tf ^r k'^"^""'^" -"''J »« 
 
 yea.- there is always a brisk?euS>„,^,t,n;Yer°" "' "" 
 
 andii^iS?r^tl:^?;:<^:r '■ '"- '™ ""'-- 
 
 tor the former, 815 (,av Iw. r , average rate of wa^-es is 
 latter «C (or 35s ) per 4nl '"'''"=' ^""' '^'^'<^- and fSr the 
 
 >^b^feuTS;:rSv::tr:.'ot,Xrpp''»'^ -"^ '»» 
 
 a denLd for SrboTS'td^W '^^^^ •^"---' -^ fall 
 ing demand for domestic serVa^s ^" ^^ ^'^^^^ andincreas- 
 
 «lfeTa^Vt^^^^^ at almost an, 
 
 and are required to do eitpTn^ Ld 1^^ wmter wit]. team.( 
 clearing and lumbering opTSn^ Tb^' ^^^^"^ mcidental to 
 aflord employment. "" ^"^'^'^"'- The stone quarries also 
 
 frontenac.-Theve is a d^m^r^i f^« ^-v , 
 and f.rm labourers. The fom^r at aboTso'cSr^^^^^^^^ 
 
 m 
 
 )ii 
 
''\i 
 
 68 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 month, and the latter at $15 (say £3 sterling) per month with 
 board. 
 
 Glengarrij, Dundas and Storm,ont— There woiild he a large 
 demand for both male and female domestics of a suitable class. 
 Lower wages would be offered than in Western Ontario, but 
 many privTleges would be accorded to good domestics. Servant 
 girls are scarce, as those of the counties are (hawn away to 
 Montreal where they are in great demand at a premium. La- 
 bourers, luith famMies, who ivnuld rent small tenant houxea 
 with an acre or two attached and work for reanonable wages by 
 the, month or year, would be welcomed here in considerable 
 numbers. 
 
 Grenville. — There is a limited demand for farm labourers 
 and domestics in this county. 
 
 Grey. — Agricultural labourers need not want einployinent at 
 •good wages In Grey. There is a great want of domestic ser- 
 vants. 
 
 Haldimand.—Yaxm labourers can get $16 (say £3 4s.) to 
 $20 (£4 sterling) per month, with board. Domestic servants 
 are always in demand at 25s. per month. 
 
 Hcdton. — There is a good demand for domestic servants and 
 farm labourers, the former from $5 to $6 per month in winter 
 and $6 to S8 in summer (say 20s to 25s in winter, and 25s tc 
 32s in summer), and for the latter $10 to $15 (or £2 to £3) in 
 winter, and $16 to $22 (say £3 4s. to £4 10s. sterling) in sum- 
 mer, including board. 
 
 Hastings. — There is always a demand for domestic servants, 
 and, in the summer season, for farm hands. 
 
 Huron. — During the summer months good farm labourers 
 might find employment. 
 
 Kent.— Gooil agricultural labourers can always find employ- 
 ment in the spring and summer months. 
 
 Lambton.—K2?l\j good farm hands can always find employ- 
 ment ; farmers prefer only to engage those who understand 
 farm work. For domestic servants there is always a demand. 
 
 Leeds.— There is a demand for farm labourers in this county 
 and also for domestic servants. 
 
 Lennox. — There is some demand, likely to increase, for farm 
 labourers in this county, and domestic servants are in request 
 
M'' 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO 
 
 69 
 
 would range from I (Ts i Z w T^''^ '''^^^^' ^^««e wages 
 would have no dTmcuItv /!!fr "'^ "P^^'^'^- ^^^^ servants 
 wages. The demand Sr Lit 1^ '°"^^?^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ good 
 this cJa^s in largTnumbers woutrr'' 'I -l«o continuous, and 
 a yearly hiring'good wa'e cin be 17"^^ l"" this county. At 
 to^^^O (say ,iL. 0, ^^^^'^^3:^^^ 
 
 poStiJ?^:; ^5^ t^ot2s.tTerr'JnThn^^^^^ T^^^^ ^^ 
 labourers can earn from 810 to «ll ,^« x*"™ ""'' gensi-al 
 
 per month with board ; a'nd from s'/H^ «lV("afi."l--^n^'rF 
 i'J los. sterhno-) ner monfK ar.A i i ^i ^?^ *"^ -^^s. Od. to 
 busy summer mSsThth as $"7f.fTv'''- ^^ '^^ ^-o 
 often paid for hayina and harW xi "'\^''"^ I^'" "^^^^^'^ i« 
 to 8s.) by the day. ° ^^* ''^°''^'' °^ *^om $1 to ^2 (4s. 
 
 ^^ortJmmherland — For V.nfV, ^ i.- 
 
 abourera there « a good demand?'"'- ,f ''?"'' '^"<J f*™ 
 Labourers can have steady emZvmo„?r''''/T '"/ ■*'"' ^O"""'- 
 
 S^O (or .MOs toV^'Si^wrSaV ^Tdtt^^^^^ 
 
 fhe''£'i'„rb\t^llra,irt!!>rsr''^''°"°^-^^^ 
 
 loave the labour markel rather tte ""'' ^'""™''^ ^"' 
 
 domiti^r^a^rulttaTLb^o^rL'^"'''"' ■" "''^ ^^'^ *" 
 
 4tSreI'bkXtdtin'rt5:eh^"T ■" o^f»^ - -» 
 
 monts can be made fmm $ "°(S tJI o'T."" ^■'.^"g-g- 
 month w,th board in the summer and for b?!//'"'."?* ?<"" 
 Hie summer wa»e in the winffr i ""i' "■■ **°-t''Ws of 
 will find ready emnlovm^nn^ f " »",*'''• Domestic servants 
 ling) per mon[h? '^ ^ '"' "^ '™"' «* (16^-). *» «» (32s. ster 
 
 vaS74tTaryl?Si?. '•>■' -r'^, '^ ''°"'-«" -- 
 jni for g«3 farmTands aTf!om «i9 /i °,*„'^ ^^^'^ P'^'' "'oatl., 
 Cd.) per n,o„th, with board ^^' '''"•^ '° «1« (^3 Ss! 
 
 P.^.*r.„„,,-There is not much demand in this count. 
 
 "; ''v!! 
 
 im 
 
 It? 
 
 
GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 at present for farm labourers, but domestic servants are in 
 request. 
 
 Prince Edward. — There is a great demand for female ser- 
 vants, but not much for farm labourers. 
 
 Renfrew. — Farm labourers can always find employment at 
 good wages in the summer on farms, and in winter at lum- 
 bering. 
 
 Russell— Foxm labourers are pretty sure of employment in 
 Russell at from $10 (£2) to $14 (£2 15s.) per month on an 
 aimual hiring. Domestic servants are always in good demand. 
 
 6'imcoe.— Farm labourers can always find employment either 
 in their own or the lumbering business. Domestic servants are 
 also in great demand. 
 
 Waterloo.— k-i certain seasons of the year, during the sum- 
 mer, farm labourers are in, demand— wages according to their 
 worth. There is quite a demand for female domestic servants 
 the year round, with good wages, from a dollar to a dollar and 
 a half (4s. to 6s. sterling) per week. 
 
 Welland.—A.nj number of farm hands and domestic servants 
 may find permanent employment in Welland. $20 (£4) a month 
 with board is about the rate of wages for the former on annual 
 enofagements. 
 
 Wellington. — Both agricultural labourers and domestics, thor- 
 oughly understanding their duties, can meet with ready employ- 
 ment at fair wages, but there are few openings for mere 
 " greenhorns." Smart farm labourers have ample opportunities 
 to work up to good ])ositions as tenants. 
 
 Wentworth.—An opening can always be found for first-class 
 farm hands and domestics, at good wages. 
 
 York.— There is a good demand at fair wages in many parts 
 ■ of the county for farm labourers, and everywhere for domestic 
 servants. 
 
 It will be seen by the foregoing returns that the demand 
 for farm labourers varies in different counties. But the course 
 for the agricultural labourer to take is, on his arrival, to put him- 
 self n t ones in communication with the Government agent, who 
 
 
GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 71 
 
 will be able to direct him with certainty and without loss of 
 time to the place where work and good wages await him. 
 
 nnnl 11 ^"^T ^' ^^°^*^ ^^^^^ ^°^ ^^^^««ti« servants 
 applies to the mral districts. But in the cities and large towns 
 
 the demand is quite as good for this class of persons, while the 
 
 wages are much higher on the average than in the country 
 
 From $6 (^.s. sterling) to $10 (£2 sterling) per month mav be 
 
 said to be the rate of domestic servants' wages in towns 'and 
 
 iifl 
 
 
72 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 fi-i 
 \i 
 
 m 
 
 I i 
 
 THE FREE GRANT TERRITORY. 
 
 The new comer from the old country, no matter what his past 
 experience has been, should not under ordinary circumstances 
 make the Free Grants his first place of settlement. There have 
 been men, however, who, with the most unlikely training and 
 habits, have turned out excellent bush settlers. The early 
 colonists of Ontario were of necessity all forced to begin on 
 wild lands. Their hardships, toils and sufferings far exceeded 
 those experienced by the emigrant who selects the least promis- 
 ing location at the present time. With railways penetrating into 
 the very heart of the Free Grant districts, with steamers on the 
 lakes, with good colonization roads in all directions, with lum- 
 berers to buy their surplus produce and give occasional employ- 
 ment, the Free Grant settlers have, with all their hard work and 
 occasional disappointments, an easy time compared with the 
 lot of many who settled not forty miles from what is now 
 Toronto, but was then " Little York," fifty or sixty years ago. 
 It is possible, too, that a shrewd handy man with a stout heart 
 and cheerful disposition, who has not been accustomed to farming 
 in Great Britain, may do better than one who has learned to 
 regard modern appliances and a certain style of work as indis- 
 pensable to success. And a settler with the necessary personal 
 qualifications and a small capital — say £80 to £100 sterling — 
 may go on to a Free Grant well selected, with very little risk of 
 failure. But the old country emigrant, no matter what his con- 
 dition previously, will usually do best to gather some Canadian 
 experience before he goes i!?to the bush. Meanwhile he should 
 be aways on the alert to pick up ideas and knowledge of what- 
 ever will be ultimately useful to him in his new life. 
 
 The Free Grants lie to the northward of the central Ontario 
 counties, from the Ottawa River to the Georgian Bay. 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 ill, 
 
 iiiiij 
 
 ml 
 
 ^Bm 
 
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 Ac 
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 GUIDE TO OXTARTO. 
 
 , Ontario., .harnse's"^"'"'^^''^"'' ^^'^' ^Utute., of 
 
 thedateofsucriocaU™ ni^*'f?r*r''°^ "™ ■V"'"^ from 
 in.' under !..m o ^m Vt^' "'tl''"'' 'l?*"'."."'™'' '='''™- 
 sottlement du ies ttat i ' , "™ ■'r'''™"'-^ '"^o Allowing 
 under cMW^ZTJlLmt '"^ ^"'^f "''"'^'•"'l' """1 l>"e 
 of, at Iei«t, two aero, sh!!!,.,"™! °* V'" '»'''' '"'"1 ("'"■™- 
 during the five yea^'e.'. iT'i\'"'i ""'""teJ ".nnually 
 competed from SeTdatB an 11 ' '^f'°,?* ''^ '""""o" *» '« 
 f.'rlfaMtation at feltSrn f Ti ''";" " '""""^ «"=™»". «t 
 actually and c" ,Sou,W rl'lll ^^ "™"'y '""*■' '""^ '«« 
 said land for th^ term of L v "^T "'"' «'l«™ted the 
 
 of such location andTomrhir"'' Tn ^'^^''ding the date 
 except that the .«!; shal hHl^ '","'' """"' "' *" P-'*™'. 
 date of the location to ente' t^^ t """ ■"<"]* *''-°'» "'« 
 that absence from the sad In T ^ ."{"""Py *''« '«"<1. ""d 
 month.,, during a"y one ye Wfc.h" '" /^'j' ">«^ tl">n «x 
 the location), fhall ," Z 1 p d t^l "P"'"'^ Z''"'" *''<^ '^'"0 of 
 Glance, provikd suc'.tnd' tt^tl ^^^Ztl ^""^ '"'- 
 
 Subject to the right of the settler to cut ,,ueh pine timber , 
 may be necessary for his own use, for buildingsTn r. etc 
 
 too, IS the hrst road maker, and the roads he cuts to .et out 
 h.3 logs are a great assistance to the settlers. Governmen 
 Agent, are stationed in the districts at conyenient 3, 
 to w .,.m pe^ons seeking l„cations should rlr The" .' 
 speculator should be carefully shunned bv TI' 
 at all eyents u itil h- h a mat.h f T • ^ '""' °™'"' 
 
 article he is dealing in """ '" ^"P"'""=^ °* ">« 
 
 I' 
 
74 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTAJUO. 
 
 It will inevitably be the case that many persons who take 
 up Free Grants will be disappointed and unsuccessful. ihi8 
 results from several causes. The first and most frequent is 
 the want of qualification in the settler himself. He has 
 neither counted the unavoidable hardships of such a lite nor 
 has he taken his own inadaptability for it, into account. Such 
 persons often blame the country, or the Government, or any- 
 body in fact, other than themselves, for what is. after all, their 
 own fault or wrong-headedness. Then, too, many go in with 
 family incumbrances, and no means to keep them while the 
 land is being cleared and a first crop growing. They are 
 frequently reduced to great straits, and are forced to give up 
 whether willing to do .o or not. But a great many more are 
 too ha-sty in choosing a location, and, relying perhaps on their 
 own judgment, or the advice of interested persons, take up a 
 poor lot and "break their hearts" over it. Like everything 
 else, Free Grant settlement needs prudence, care, judgment, 
 and every other ordinary preliminary to success. With these 
 however and such capital, or arrangements that will stand more 
 or less in place of actual means while a footing is being secured, 
 the Free Grants afford opportunities that men in older countries 
 may all their lives sigh for in vain. 
 
 The due conditions being assured, a few facts relating to the 
 Free Grants will speak for themselves. 
 
 The Free Grant Act was passed in 18G8, only eleven years ago. 
 The territorv was then absolutely a wilderness. Fifteen town- 
 ships were fi;st opened for location. There are now nmety-f.mr. 
 The portion of the Free Grant territory known as the Muskoka, 
 Parry Sound, and Nipissing districts, now forms a Par uimentavy 
 Division, with a representative in both the Federal and Pro- 
 vincial Legislatures; and a region that in 1868 had scarcely 
 an inhabitant, has now a population of some 30.000 souls. Por- 
 tionsof the territory are under license to lumberers; this affords 
 a great deal of work and circulates money among the settlers. 
 Bracebrido-e, the chief place in Muskoka, is a busy centre, while 
 
GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 78 
 
 '. n 
 
 a Parry Sound, on the Georgian Bay, arc large milla and 
 other estahhshments conneeted with the local industry 
 
 Zr.^ warm. It ,s unquestionably healthy. Fever and 
 ague are hardly known in Muakoka and the surroundinR 
 region,; pul.nonaT. affeetions are also very rare. All the 
 eereak grow freely in the distriet, oats, barley, rye, eorn and 
 buekwheat, espedally. Wheat-growing inereL^s the'a^a 
 eleared provdes a suffleient extent of warm, dry l.,nd for its 
 profltablo eulture. For eoar.,e grains and roots of all sort.,, the 
 ao 1 and ehmate are extre„„dy well adapted, and the progress 
 made has been most satisfaetory. Indian eorn was rLd by 
 
 bv'ttvS' °™": °'""^ ^""' '°"S Wore it wa, cultivated 
 oftur„iI '"■ ■ ^" ;""^''"<='' i» '»™ti™ed of 1,800 bushels 
 
 BracebrKlgs, a few years ago. All garden stuffs, includin.. 
 
 but although th,s entad., some provision for their shelte; 
 
 fWau!' /'r^sS-rr:: I'-^/r'^^. ™-"% 
 1 , scock-rai.smg. Already there are several 
 
 th7i- r^: r '^ '"^ "'^'"^ °f ^p-^d stock in 
 
 th d.str,ct Tanneries on a very large scale, flouring mills, 
 and several o her industries have been established. Every 
 topt,on of hardwood grows in this region with great luxurC 
 
 the purest water abounding in all directions. The soil how- 
 ever .s exceedmgly variable. The laurentian rock crops up 
 freely, and at some places, espedally at the southern and west 
 em entrances to the Muskoka district, frequently appals the 
 new comer, w.th its ominous appearance. But there is' plenW 
 of good land nevertheless, and the abundance of moisture Inak^s 
 even some rather unpromising locations far from unprofitable. 
 The question of funds is one that shouVl be well considered 
 by the settler. We have already pointed out that he mu=t 
 
 M 
 
 m 
 
76 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 have some means of existence while waiting, at all events, for 
 his first crop. In the case of a settlor on free grant lands, en- 
 tirely new to the country the possession of some £o(), as his 
 first capital, is almost indispensable. For a family of five, the 
 following is an estimate given on authoiity of the neces.sary 
 outfit and supplies for the first year. A dollar is about -is. 2d., 
 sterling, or for the purposes of rough calculation, five dol- 
 lars may be reckoned as representing one pound. 
 
 Provisions necessary for a family of five, say for one year : 
 
 8 barrels of flour, at $.').2r) per barrel . . $42 00 
 
 2 barrels of pork, at $13.50 per barrel . 27 00 
 80 bushels of potatoes, at 50c. per bushel . 40 00 
 30 j)ounds of tea, at 50c per pound . . . 15 00 
 
 1 barrel of herrings G 00 
 
 J barrel of salt . . . . ; 75 
 
 Cost of provisions $130 75 
 
 SEED. 
 
 20 bushels of potatoes, at 50c. pev bushel. $10 00 
 
 3 bushels of wheat, at $1.20 per bushel . 3 GO 
 10 bushels of oats, at 50c. per bushel . . 5 00 
 
 Cost of seed 18 CO 
 
 $149 35 
 
 OTHER NECESSARIES. 
 
 1 axe $1 50 
 
 1 grindstone 1 50 
 
 1 shovel t) 40 
 
 100 pounds nails 3 00 
 
 2 hoes, at 70c each 1 40 
 
 3 reaping hooks, at 30c. each .... !>0 
 1 scythe 1 00 
 
 1 inch auger 1 00 
 
 . 1 inch and a half auger 1 50 
 
 2 hand saws 1 50 
 
 2 water pails, at 30c, ead. GO 
 
 1 window sash and giaz>i{^ ..... 2 00 
 
 1 bake oven ....... 1 00 
 
 .Carried fortmrd $17 30 $149 35 
 
GUIDE TO ONTARIO, 
 
 brought Jortvard . 
 
 2 pots, at $1 each . 
 
 1 kettle ; • * 
 
 1 <rying-pan . .* 
 
 1 teaitot . 
 
 P 11 ,. 
 
 I) small tin vosyols 
 
 3 large tin dishes, at SOc each 
 
 spoons 
 
 a knives and forks 
 
 3 pairs of blankets, at $.5 per pair 
 2 ru-s, for quilts, at oOc. each 
 -s paiiot sheets .... 
 
 1 sniootliirifj iron . 
 
 Ipig 
 
 Add one cow . 
 
 Hay foj- eow, first year' 
 
 77 
 
 «17 30 $149 35 
 2 00 
 1 00 
 GO 
 50 
 
 40 
 
 1 50 
 
 25 
 
 1 00 
 15 00 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 50 
 3 00 
 
 46 05 
 40 00 
 12 00 
 
 $247 40 
 Or £50 sterling 
 
 old Enough wiiriclv' ,/„ "'VT;^' '"' '""' "" ■"o™ «°'«. « 
 
 taken pt ,^ ^^^ ■"-^'""-"ons in the Free Grants are 
 , , "f "y ™'^" farmers m Ontario, whose means ,]n „„. 
 
 ,. ^.. at a ^indi. j.ne latter 
 
 i1 
 
GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 enable the younger members of a family to contribute some- 
 thing toward:,; the furnishing of the domestic board, but sport, 
 however healthy and pleasant, is very apt to disqualify for 
 more practical pursuits, and the concentration of the mind on 
 the farm exclusively will pay best in the long run. 
 
 A goud authority on such matters, says: "The course for a 
 man with very small capital is as follows : He goes on the land 
 in Sf-ptember or October and under-brushes as much as he in- 
 tends to clear the next spring. He then gets up his house and 
 prepares for the winter; moving in his family, either in the 
 late autumn or the winter, according to the state of the roads. 
 DurintT the winter he chops what he has under-brushed, 
 sometimes, but not often, a little more, usually however, some- 
 what less. If he has made a fortunate selection, and got good, 
 dry, rolling ground ; if he is also fortunate enough to have a 
 good, dry, early si)ring, he manages to get his cho[)ping burned 
 off and ])artly logged, time enough to get in a lew potatoes, 
 some Indian corn, and possibly a small patch of S[)ring wheat. 
 All this helps his family through the summer. By about 
 September he will have got a good patch ready for winter 
 wheat, which is then sow^n and afterwards fenced." 
 
 The abundance of timber, both for fuel and mechanical 
 purposes, is one of the great recommendations to the Ontario 
 Free Grants. On the prairie lands of the north-west, or terri- 
 tories of the Western States, timber is very scarce and both 
 drou«Tht, and storms of a violence never known in Ontario, are 
 of frequent occirn-ence. To a poor man with a family, the 
 distance to be travelled and the corresponding expense prohibits 
 any thought of emigrating from one to two thousand miles 
 beyond the home offered him on terms so favourable in Ontario. 
 With the love of change that characterizes so many people 
 on this continent, and with the view in many cases of obtaining 
 larti-er farms in order to supply the wants of a grown-up 
 family, a large number of Ontario farmers have sold out or are 
 desirous of selling out, as a preliminary to removing to the prairie 
 province and its surrounding territory. This has presented an 
 
 
' ; ■ :p! 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 79 
 
 opportunity for the purcha.se of improved farms at a very cheap 
 rate, and one that British farmers will do well to profit by 
 Let Ontario be their first stage at all events. For the old 
 oiks It will probably be the first and last with its many home- 
 ike attractions. Then the young people will choose in time 
 their own course. There is plenty of room in Ontario for all 
 of them. But if the reader will only cast his eye at the map 
 note the peculiar facilities by which the products of his 
 toil mny reach the seaboard, and then reflect on the cost of 
 a thousand or fifteen hundred miles of railway freights taxed 
 off every bushel of wheat the distant prairie settler raises 
 be ore it comes into competition with his own produce he' 
 will see how much is to be said in favour of Ontario after a'd 
 
 GAME. 
 Allusion has already been made to the British game laws 
 and the absence of any such oppressive relic of feudalism in 
 Ontario. The only restrictions are in favour of close sea- 
 som at certain periods of the year. They are made exclu- 
 sively in the public interest and to prevent the extermina- 
 tion of birds and animals recognize.! as common property 
 ihe moose, cariboo or reindeer, and the red deer are found 
 in large numbers, but of course only in the unsettled or par- 
 tially settled portion of the country. The fox, silver, grey 
 red and black ; raccoon, otter, martin, mink, and muskratraie 
 found in many places contiguous to settlements, and are cap- 
 tured for their furs. The beaver is still found, but at increas- 
 nigly remote spots. The Canadian rabbits resemble in mauv 
 respects the English hare. They are abundant, but not in 
 numbers sufficient to prove mischievously <le.structive Of 
 birds, we have every description of wild fowl ; the wild swan 
 goose and duck of several kinds ; also, partridges (similar in' 
 habits and colour of meat to the English pheasant), quail wood- 
 cock, striped plovers,, wild turkey, and some others. The wolf 
 IS very scarce, although occasionally heard or seen in the 
 
80 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 vicinity of the back settlements. The bear frequents the wooda 
 in the northern part of the province, but is seldom dangerous, 
 living largely in summer on wild fr-^its and roots, and hybernat- 
 ing in the winter. He rarely attacks a liuman being unless 
 molested or brought to bay. Fishery laws are in force in 
 certain waters. They are, like the game laws, only intended 
 to prevent the unfair or wasteful destruction of the fish. The 
 lakes and rivers of Canada literally swarm with fish. The sal- 
 mon trout, white fish, trout, herring, maskinonge, bass, pike and 
 pickerel, with all kinds of small fish, are captured in enormous 
 quantities. A very great variety of birds spend the summer 
 months in Ontario, but with few exceptions migrate to warmer 
 regions as winter approaches. Many of these are fine songsters, 
 and others of remarkably beautiful plumage. The insectivorous 
 birds are, for the benefit of the farmer, protected by law. 
 
 COST OF FARM IMPLEMENTS.* 
 
 Farm implements are as a rule cheaper in Canada than in Great 
 Britain, and of course differ from those in use there, just as 
 the character of the work to be done in either country difi'ers. 
 Labour-saving appliances of all kinds are sought for in all new 
 countries, and are in general use in Ontario on every farm to 
 a o-reater or less extent. The following are the ordinary prices 
 of agricultural machinery and implements : — 
 
 Threshing machines, $4-00 to $.500, or £S0 to £100 sterling,, 
 fitted with appliances lor driving by horse-power. 
 
 Reapers with self-acting rakes, $S0 to §130, or £1G to £20 
 sterling. 
 
 Mowers, $70 to $90, or £14 to £18 sterling. 
 
 Horse rakes, $25 to $3.'), or £5 to £7 sterling. 
 
 Ploughs (steel), $14 to $20, or £2 15s. to £4 sterling. 
 
 Waggons, $G0 to $90, or £12 to £18 sterling. 
 
 Harrows (iron or wood frame), $14 to $25, or £2 li5s. to £5 
 sterling. 
 
GRAIN DKTLL. 
 
 '" J! 
 
 '•J: m 
 
 CORN SHELLER, 
 
■ 
 
T^ll 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 81 
 
 district by arrangement. Z''^:^^^t:Zuo T " * 
 board for the use ot the machine and tsattl T ^^ ""'' 
 to 800 bushels being about the avlte vi!h „f ?' ■''°""' """ 
 Neighbours usually "assist one anIS in i m„>h f Z"*" 
 teams on these occasions ""> '"'"'*'' ^^ 
 
 COST OF CLOTHING 
 
 the^p™ generally of goods most in use by the ^^^l 
 Smts (men's) of tweeds, fit ^" ^"°"'-' ^""^y- 
 
 for anybody . 
 Ordinary tweed suits 
 Overcoats .... 
 Men's higli boots ." 
 Plough shoes . . 
 Boys' high boots . 
 Flannels (guernseyj 
 
 drawers) . . 
 Calico prints . . 
 Winceys, per yard 
 Waterproof coats 
 7 
 
 a 
 
 £2 10 
 1 17 
 1 13 
 8 
 
 nd 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 .5 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 to £.3 6 
 
 ^> to 2 2 
 
 to 2 10 
 
 C to 1 2 (J 
 
 to 7 G 
 
 6 to 8 G 
 
 8 to ;! 
 
 4 to 6i 
 
 4 to 7.1 
 
 to 1 10 0^ 
 
 ■■fill! 
 
 Si 
 
 s- I 
 
 M 
 
 m 
 
82 
 
 OUIDh TO OJ^TARIO. 
 
 POSTAL FACILITIES. 
 Cheap postage and a post offico wherever there is even an 
 excuse for 03tal)Ushing one, are the order of the day in Ontario. 
 In the largo majority of districts there is now a daily mail, 
 but where the population is very small and sparse, the mails 
 are bi-weekly or in some cases tri-wcekly. By avran-ements 
 made between the two Governments, the citizens of Canada 
 and the United States enjoy reciprocal postage privileges, so 
 that a letter for 8 cents (l,Vd.), or a post card or newspaper for 
 1 cent (id.), may be sent to aiiy part of the North American 
 continent Newspapers mailed from the office of publication 
 are carried for a few cents per annum. 
 
 TELEGIUPHS. 
 Perhaps no country in the world is better supplied, in pro- 
 portion to its area and population, with telegraphic communica- 
 tions than Ontario. Even in very remote districts, the tele- 
 crraph wires are familiar objects, and in the settled counties no 
 one is, as a rule, more than an easy drive from a telegraph 
 station. The cost of the ordinary message is but 20 cents (lOd.) 
 for any distance. The readiness and cheapness with which 
 telegraphic communications can be had with Toronto and other 
 large cities are found to be a great assistance and protection to 
 the farmer in connection with his sales of stock and prod<ice. 
 He has only to resort to the nearest telegraph station to be as 
 well informed as to prices as the largest factor in Mark Lane, 
 whose transactions are " cabled " daily from England. 
 
 RATE OF INTEREST. 
 
 Money is a little dearer in Ontario than Great Britain. On 
 good mortgages it can be had for from 7 to 8 per cent. In a 
 very large number of cases farms are sold " on tinie," say one- 
 third or one-fourth cash, and the balance in 3, 5, 7, or 10 years. 
 It is, however, by no means unwise for a farmer witli small 
 
I 11: 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 83 
 
 means to rent in the first instance, as the rental will nnf "" 
 
 Many fal T ar„tr"'""^ '''°"'' "'""''• "''l''^""">'». etc 
 h..e.L ir I ^ "" ""■S""^'^ to become proprietors 
 
 before they have money of their own, are eneu,„be,l,l ^0 1 
 their power to extricate themselves and h„v. „t 1 . ? 
 what they had better have done at flnt Evolif " '" 
 
 has money, he will often not do am fe tllT'''""'"T 
 and rent until ho has felt his way " We He '^''7"'^ 
 a good chance before Ion- if heZlv ' , nl ^T ™''" '" ""' 
 .n.ay lose the best of cha"no:I tl b^ ro'^ei if te"' T," '' 
 :s a tendency too. in Ontari. to™.ds"aecu,m la Ignore and 
 
 1;: 
 
 'III 
 I Iff 
 
 till 1 
 
 1 T I i 
 
 
 ftfaJil 
 
84 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS TO EMIGRANTS. 
 
 Having determined on making the Province of Ontario his 
 future home, the intending emigrant should at once apply to 
 one of the Canadian or Ontario Government Emigration Agents, 
 whose names are mentioned at page 88, for information as to the 
 passage to Canada. In all cases when practicable the emigrant 
 should book through to his final destination. On arrival at the 
 port of embarkation in the United Kingdom, the emigrant, if 
 with a family, should leave them at the railway station and 
 proceed at once to the steamship owner's office ; and, if not 
 already informed by letter, inquire what outfit is requiredfor 
 the voyage, the cheapest place to procure it, and at what time 
 and place he is to embark. 
 
 OUTFIT. 
 
 The steerage emigrant has to provide his own bedding, and 
 eating and drinking utensils, which consist in general of one 
 mattrass. Is. 8d. ; one pillow, Gd. ; one blanket, .3s. Gd. ; one 
 water-can, 9d. ; one quart mug, 3d. ; one tin plate, 3d ; one 
 wash basin, 9d. ; one knife and fork, Gd. ; two spoons, 2d. ; one 
 lb. of marine soap, Gd. ; one towel, 8d.— total 9s. Gd. The 
 whole of these articles can be obtained at a sea-port in a few 
 minutes' time, or may be hired on some of the steamship lines 
 for the voyage at much less cost. The greater jnirt of this 
 information the emigrant will doubtless have received by letter ; 
 but it should be confirmed on arrival at the port of embarka- 
 tion, as the published time for the departure of steamers is 
 sometimes changed. Emigrants must be careful to embark in 
 vessels that sail direct for Canada, as by going via the United 
 States they will be put to extra trouble and exiiense. The 
 emigrant should not give heed to any representations made to 
 him°by runners and other interested parties who infest the 
 docks and shipping offices, but, if requiring information, should 
 apply at the steamship company's offices, or to Her Majesty s 
 Emic^ration Commissioners, or to the Canadian agents named 
 hereafter. 
 
GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 85 
 
 LUGGAGE. 
 
 portn.anteaus bein° liaH„ * at the comers, onlmary trunks and 
 
 whether wanteVn^^^ ^^'"^ ^' numbered and marked 
 
 not be mo han 3 feof r?^P i"' ''^oS ^^^'^^ ^^^^« «^^<^"^d 
 
 and the same in deih TW ?f °"^'' r ^''^ ^ ^"^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^h, 
 
 -IZ^ __ following diagram will exemplify : 
 
 Per S. 8. 
 
 via Quebec. 
 
 No. 1. 
 
 JOHN BROWN. 
 Passenger to Toronto, 
 
 Not wanted on 
 the voyage. 
 
 } 
 
 ONTARIO, 
 
 Canada. 
 
 onf/tn'!.7*'°!/^',^^''«"^"« "'^^^^^ emigrants will be able at 
 once to claim then- luggage on arrival at Quebec. 
 
 'K,i! 
 
 ; it"! I 
 
 ". 'J 
 
 
86 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 ON BOARD SHIP. 
 
 As soon as the emigi-ant gets on board ship, he should read 
 the rules he is expected to obey. He will find them hung up 
 in different parts of the steerage. He should do his best to 
 keep himself and all about him clean, as this will add to his 
 own good health and comfort, and also to' that of others. If 
 he has any grievance or cause of complaint, he should, while n, 
 board apply to the captain for redress ; and if the grievance 
 occurs after landing, then to the Government Immigration 
 Agent, who will at once take steps to investigate the case. 
 Emigrants are especially cautioned not to attend to any of the 
 remarks and tales told them by interested parties, either on the 
 voyage or after their arrival. 
 
 ON ARRIVAL AT QUEBEC. 
 
 After debarkation at Point Levis, Quebec, the immigrant 
 should at once secure his luggage as it is landed from the 
 steamer, and collect it in one place. This will enable the Cus- 
 tom House officers to expeditiously complete their work, and 
 the immigrants will be able to proceed on their westward 
 journey without any delay. 
 
 The Government Immigration officer for the Province of 
 Ontario attends the arrival of every steamer, and is instructed 
 to give every necessary information and assistance ; and the 
 immigrant should, immediately after landing, report himself at 
 the Ontario Immigration Office on the wharf, near the steam- 
 ship landing. 
 
 The women and children,, and small articles of luggage, 
 should at once be taken to the Immigration Depot, where they 
 can remain until the train is ready. The heavier luggage, 
 after being passed by the Custom House Officer, will be carted 
 to the Immigration Depot free of expense. Before leaving 
 Point Levis, the immigrant should see that his luggage is pro- 
 perly checked, as otherwise the railway company will not be 
 responsible for it. 
 
 Immigrants will find themselves accosted by runners for 
 different hotels and public houses, offering cheap refreshments : 
 they will do well not to accomjiany these persons, as everything 
 requisite will be found provided for them in the Immigration 
 Depot, at the lowest charges. Immigrants will also do well 
 not to change any English money at Quebec, but wait until 
 
GUIDE TO ONTARW. 37 
 
 inquire of the ImmiWa ,n A^ P.i ^° ^° '^' *''^'-V -sliould 
 money they sLuU rSe L f ' p 'i^\"°""^ ^^" ^^^"^^^^'^^ 
 lowing money table:- ^"^^^'^^' or consult the .ol- 
 
 MONEY TABLE. 
 ^Mdng Money in Canadian Currency. 
 
 and &S: E^^:^^ :;^ifec^tdSif iirSi^^ *^- *^- --^i-e^ 
 
! ■ 4 , 
 
 Up 
 
 ;1 
 
 88 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 The safest manner in which to bring or send out money to 
 Ontario in large suins, is by bill of cxchango or letter of credit 
 on any good bank in the Province. These can bo obtained 
 from banks in the United Kingdom. The immigrants should 
 not bring bank bills for personal and immediate expenses — 
 bring sovereigns ; or, for snuiU sums, post oHico money orders 
 on offices in (intario will be perfectly safe. 
 
 Further information may be obtained on ap]>1ication to Mr. 
 Peter Byrne, Agent f(n- Ontario, .*U Queen Victoria Street, 
 Lon<l()n, or to an}-^ authorized agent of Canada in the United 
 Kingdom. 
 
 NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF CANADIAN EMIGRA- 
 TION AGENTS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM. 
 
 Peter Byrne, 31 Queen Victoria Street, London. 
 John Dyke, 25 Water Street, Liverpool. 
 Charles Toy, 29 Victoria Street, Bclfaat. 
 
atJIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 89 
 
 A PRAOTrCAL LETTER. 
 
 wr™l!'-l"7'"f '"""■ 'r ""'•''•"^'"^ '"'"■° parti™l„rly to farmer, 
 with cap ta, wl,o,nay b„ ,Ii.s,,„s.d to transfer thoir skill ..x,,or. 
 u.noo an.l tl,o ,„o„r.s at thoir com.nan.l to Ontario, wul/ti.e 
 
 \ZJ ""r'-'T"- "'" '">^""'»=' "f asricnituro on a lar«o and 
 bo a) ,ealo ,n tin., country. The writer bring., hi, own very 
 n^l gen knowledge of the .ubjeet to l.ar in that direction' 
 and hu, letter ,., ,„„st m.structive an,l interesting, at the same 
 t nne ,t ™,t not be taken to in.ply any ,li.,cour^on,ent to'er! 
 sons w,th smaller .nean.s than those he n.ore innnedia ely 
 addresses, to avad of the advantage., the Province presents to 
 them nnder arrangen.cnts adapted to thoir circumstances. 
 
 TO THE BRITISH FARMER. 
 (Fnm a Briluh Farmer in Ontario.) 
 
 to make a eho.ee of land for future investn.ent a^l "Seme 
 
 scious ot no partiality, and present nothing for wl.ich Icanno 
 give persona experience or point to existing exauX 
 vpwfT^''^^'' authority on this sShject s a" twenty 
 years daily professional intercourse among yoursolvrs and an 
 
 ^''-rtiXa^nlSttl-ii!'-" -»"- ">y ^"Xra 
 
 I 
 
90 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 My subject is not to bo the making of a new home in a new 
 part of a new country, but the purchase and occupation of old 
 laud in a new country. 
 
 I very much deprecate the too common practice of advising 
 the settlement on entirely new land, by those who have been 
 accustomed to the comforts and comparative ease of Old Eng- 
 land.^ There can be no class of uncultivated land, whether 
 prairie or woodland, where, whatever his energy and persever- 
 ance, the well-to-do British farmer can expect to cope with 
 those born and bred to pioneering. I speak generally; for cases 
 exist of success under all conditions of colonization, from all 
 ranks of society in the world. 
 
 So then, without further preface, allow mo to introduce you 
 to the Province of Ontario, the garden of the Dominion of Can- 
 ada. This is a high title but a true one. 
 
 About 750 miles up the River St. Lawrence, a chain of four 
 lakes begins, which, running west, north and west, forms a 
 frontage of 1,200 miles to this Province, but Ontario proper for 
 our present purpose is limited by Lakes Ontario and Erie, 
 having a shore of over 500 miles, irrespective of outs and 
 ins. The mean height of these lakes above sea level is 300 
 feet. The land backing northwards rises gradually to a water 
 shod six hundred feet above them, and distant seventy miles 
 on an average. This belt of 15,000,000 acres is the garden of 
 Ontario. 
 
 The physical features of this district are, at fii^st sight very 
 uniform, yet the diversity is remarkable on intimate acquain- 
 tance. There is much undulating land, hill and dale, plain, 
 large rivers, and numerous streamlets and lakes of many 
 sizes, shelving rock and precipice, with every character of 
 soil, exposure and timber-growth common to the continent of 
 America. 
 
 Two-thirds of this garden is under cultivation, the remain- 
 der consists of woodland, swamp, pasture and water. Compara- 
 tively few tree-stumps remain to mark the progress of clear- 
 ing during the last half century, for this short period practi- 
 cally limits the history of the plough in Ontario, neither can we 
 count many log huts, though primitive rail fences are plentiful. 
 Dwelling houses of stone and brick, equal and superior to 
 many of your own, are very common. 
 
 Men from England, Scotland, Ireland and Germany have 
 done all this. Wealthy landed proprietors here were formerly 
 Yorkshire cattlemen. Highland shepherds, or Paisley weavers, 
 
Trtf, 
 
 'n 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 91 
 
 Ulster ditchers and German labourers. Many of them ara 
 
 ount'v in' h'"p^ f'^ ''''' ^^^P^^' °^ representing the^ own 
 Tomni P^^l^^^^ent at Ottawa, or the Legislature at 
 
 wi^'o^^'^'z/T ^""""S^easom in the year, summer and winter 
 w th a smell of your spring and autumn. Winter fron the 
 middle oi November to the middle of April. 
 
 The health of the Province is above the avera-e of civilised 
 
 rit"Vr5°1nT'^tt-- ^t^o-« - mistatlbou? he 
 weather ! bo m the shade ls-85°, and Zero is unquestion- 
 
 lowin7quSor- ^ " "'" ^° ''' ^^^" - '^ -k the fol- 
 
 2. m.ft Z ^mS^r^ ^^P^^^^^^- «^ ^^- ^^«trict . 
 
 3. What IS the price of land and cost of working it ? 
 
 a<rticMTeTi^i:Zu'^' agricultural capabilities of Ontario's 
 a^ucuitural tertile belt would make a goodlv book Sn fl,i= 
 attempt must be sketchy only. As al! pjl^t J?fe is^re^^^ 
 kted more by climate than by soil, and as 500 miles by 70 ?1 
 mo t surrounded by water, in the middle of this continent and 
 with the mean degree of temperature formerly mentioned 
 there is room for much good and much poor forSin^ nX^' 
 
 'z;ir::z:^^:^:::^^^ ^^-W or letting^t: 
 
 Tiie wheat of Ontario is, at present, from about equal sur 
 
 In iLrea^et'thrf .:P""^ ^-°"^"^' ^^^ -th a tenrncy to" 
 an increase in the latter, producing 25 and 15 bushels resnpr- 
 
 tive y with poor farming, and seldom under 40 and 25^bv 
 good manac^ement. Straw and head are not so heavy as with 
 yourselves, because growth is pushed too much, but Juaivin 
 superior by reason of the same cause. The over-c earance of 
 forest has made wheat growing more precarious by the want of 
 immediate shelter-snow not Tying on the exposed mrtrR,?; 
 replanting and a second natural growth of thiiber ar In p^ o 
 gress. We have never had what^nay be called a 'eneral Kil" 
 ure m the wheat crops, even with all our carelessness so you 
 may judge what skill and capital should do. ^'^''''''''' '^ ^^^ 
 
 .d^^Z^'i'i my own experience, proved that what is called 
 exhausted l.nd can be thoroughly recuperated in four yeaif by 
 
92 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 I 
 
 i I 
 
 liberal treatment and systematic management at actually no cost 
 on an average of seasons, for the simple reason that much of 
 this poor condition has been brought about by one class of 
 crops, and not a variety in any form ; land sick of wheat is not 
 necessarily exhausted, we have but to deal properly with pres- 
 ent unavailable fertility, to bring out large productive powers. 
 
 Barley is invariably a sure crop, and is always a valuable 
 one whether for malting or animal food. From 30 to 40 bush- 
 els per acre is common. 
 
 Oats, in quality of meal, are equal to your own, but lighter 
 per bushel, being thicker-skinned, as the result of rapid growth; 
 40 or 50 bushels per acre. As a rule the straw of the cereals is 
 got at the rate of 3,000 lbs. per acre. 
 
 Corn (maize) is not generally a common crop for production 
 of grain, though very plentiful and valuable for green fodder, 
 as elsewhere noted. 
 
 Peas and beans are important farm crops, the grain and straw 
 of the former being first-class food for sheep, the yield is usu- 
 ally 25 bushels per acre. 
 
 In the improved system of breeding and fattening stock, 
 green fodders are now taking an important ])lace, the climate 
 is particularly suitable for successive rush(>s of vegetation 
 during one season. Under liberal treatment, they can be no 
 arranged as to atford a continuous supply from middle of April 
 to Ist of November, thus : — 
 
 1. Lucerne, four cuttings .... 20 tons per acre. 
 
 2. Winter rye, two cuttings . . . 4 " " 
 
 3. Red clover, two cuttings . . . G " " 
 
 4. Tares and oats, one cutting . . 3 " " 
 
 5. Millet, two cuttings 4 " 
 
 6. Maize, one cutting 30 " " 
 
 7. Rape, one cutting 7 " " 
 
 8. The thousand-headed kale and prickly comfrej 
 
 have ju3t been introduced with success. 
 
 In the cultivation of roots, Ontario has already made herself 
 a name in the world, even under the difficulties of more heat 
 and the shortness of her autumn, in comparison with Britain. 
 We are gradually realizing the facts that for a thorough clean- 
 in o- and manurino". along with a crop unequalled for a winter 
 
 

 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 03 
 
 supply of health and feeding to all animals, turnips, mangolds 
 and carrots are now mdispensible. For size and quality they 
 are a most equal to your own growing. Potatoes nfay be 
 nicluded in this character, in which we are superior both in 
 quantity and quality. Swedes. 18 ton. ; man|oMs 22 ton 
 'Te L ' rffi' ^fd potatoes, 8 tons per acre on aA average! 
 We have difficulty in establishing a variety of gra.sses, either 
 tor rotation or permanent pastures; but persistent trials are 
 gradually adding to the number of those able to withstand the 
 winters. Cultivated pa.stures invariably tax our best distri- 
 tnbution oi animals to overtake the luxuriance of growth and 
 tliough the same stamp of beef as yours is not always to be 
 had from grass, we always find our stock in improved flesh as 
 autumn comes. ^ 
 
 Hay is a standard of large value, as it is often a cause of 
 mismanagement, by reason of its prolificness, in inducino- an 
 over continuance of the crop in the hands of the lazy and in- 
 cautious not realizing, as they should do, that grasses proper 
 aie about as exhaustive as the other grasses called wheat oats 
 and barley. From 3,000 to 5,000 IbsT of hay per acre is 'com! 
 nion The clovers separately, and in association with hay are 
 most luxuriant and valuable, both as a cropper, a restorative 
 ot exhausted soils and an improver of poor ones. We look to 
 root and clover cultivation as the means of making good the 
 l)ast mismanagement in excessive wheat growimi- 
 
 The thorough management of these and other crops of minor 
 importance m a climate such as ours, implies the possession of 
 a good head, considerable means, and willing hands. Anything 
 ike leaving things to others will never do, whatever may bf 
 tlie weight of your purse. Your own daily physical exertions 
 areabsolutely essential to success; the hired man will ne^er 
 do It Nor will tlie uneducated man take the same place as 
 he ot pmctica and scientific experience. The practical alone 
 is sater tlian the scientihc alone ; the possession of both is our 
 present want here, as it is with yourselves. If, then you are 
 not prepared to work with your own hands, do not come here • 
 or, tor that matter, to any otlier new country. It is an old 
 country Idea that a farm of 200 acres, arable, is employment 
 
 n fT t" ff l'^^°* T ^''^"^^^'^ ^^"' ^^«^«^* leaving to 
 put his hand to the plough. '^ 
 
 Canada is as peculiarly adapted to the health of the live 
 stock of the farm as to that of man himself. The tariff records 
 Show this. I need not enlarge on this important subject, sim- 
 
94 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 ply challenging any country in the world to exhibit a more 
 satisfactory bill of health. You are not unacquainted with 
 the fact that Ontario possesses thorough-bred herds and flocks, 
 inferior only in numbers to yours; with, perhaps, one excc,)- 
 tion — we can count over 500 short horns at one farm ; 100 
 Herefords at another, and most of all the other principal 
 breeds of cattle and sheep proportionately throughout the 
 Province. "We surpass the Americans in keeping up the 
 sample of wool, and its quantity per head, as much by climatic 
 help as good management ; for Nature is too propitious here 
 to all farm work, for the eai-ly cultivation of economy. It is 
 not alone the climate that enables us to succes-fully compete 
 with yourselves and the United States in the maintenance of 
 live stock excell'mce, but the variety of food produced .serves as 
 an unfailing medicine chest for this purpose. While as yet we 
 have not succeedei in establisldng the same number of pas- 
 ture grasses as you, our regularly cultivated cro})s are more 
 numerous, and as nutritive. Our Indian -orn, especially, gives 
 much bulk of green fodder and fair amount of grain per 
 
 so 
 
 acre, that, were it possible, to uphold animal lil'e on one field 
 product alone, Canada and the United States would easily 
 cap the world in feeding your millions with beef, mutton and 
 pork. The want as yet of the number of beeves and wethers 
 from us to you is owing simply to the want of time, and not 
 realizing the significance of the market thus opened ; certainly 
 not for the want of food. I am certain the area of root and 
 fodder cultivation within the last three years would stand 
 over 200 per cent, more than any former period, as well as the 
 use of ten pure-bred bulls in place cf one. But these are not 
 enough. 
 
 We can grow first-class beef and mutton with the products 
 of our own soil, as fast and for lesc than you can do. We can 
 take a Durham or Hereford cross bred steer from its milk when 
 six months old, put it upon green and dry fodders, according 
 to the season of the year, with bran and pea meal or corn 
 meal, and within 24) months, place it on our sea-board at an 
 average live weight of 1400 lbs., and a cost not exceeding £14. 
 In tills and all its connections there necessarily results a large 
 profit. 
 
 You have heard of the woodlands of this country, and the 
 difficulty in many cases of clearing and getting rid of the 
 stumps and roots. This is true to those new to the axe, and as 
 true that our hard wooded lands give more choice of site and 
 
% ll 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 95 
 
 vvt iia\e al.o to offer you variations in your nrofession thnt 
 ? refer ";"'f *^ ''"■^."«<'" »<■<»»■ ™ost ontLprifing oSl * 
 
 your own markets as of su,)erior quality The United Tf^fl^ 
 
 we are desirous of acUJinJto our w^aU Wc uSil "S 
 by the accession to our ranks of those wlio have Z n?,?l ? 
 
 land :Z S 7^;:^^°' ■' •"" -'-' *»' «=« prices of 
 
 wi^f^;5--rt^t^fe^,sttL^r;^ 
 
 latud by various considerations :— v^^itano ... regu- 
 
 :'!!! 
 
 ri 
 
 Jill 
 
V 
 
 90 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO, 
 
 
 1. Character of soil, shelter, and timber supply. 
 
 2. Condition of management. 
 
 3. Character of fences, buildings and water supply. 
 
 4. Situation as regards markets. 
 .5. Similar good neighbourhood. 
 
 C. Demand, depending on outside and local causes. 
 
 7. Monopoly, by individual or corporate wealth. 
 
 Such is the extent of our field and its variety, t. ..xmost 
 any fancy can find its reality. As a case in point, partly for 
 and partly against, interesting at least, if not of much practical 
 value, take the following memoranda made by myself before 
 leaving Scotland in 1871, and afterwards the actual realiza- 
 tion :— 
 
 1. Total cost of purchase, stocking, tSic, limited to £2000. 
 
 2. Good soil, neither light nor heavy, and naturally dry. 
 
 3. To have been previously well managed. 
 
 4. One-fifth to be under good hardwood bush. 
 
 5. To have an abundant water supply. 
 
 6. To be pleasantly and healthily situated. 
 
 7. To be well sheltered and to have a good exposure. 
 M. To be within two hours' drive of a good market. 
 9. Houses, good, sufficient and well arranged. 
 
 10. To possess a good garden and orchard. 
 
 11. Fences to be svibstantial and sufficient. 
 
 12. Roads to be in keeping with progress of country. 
 
 13. The title and boundaries to be indisputable. 
 
 14), The estate to be susceptible of such increase by anprove- 
 ments and the natural progress of the country, that it 
 will double itself in value within fifteen years. 
 
 I purchased 220 acres for $5280 (£4 18s. 6d. per acre) ; 
 ) )eautif ully situated on the shores of a navigable lake within 
 five miles of a town, which is the centre of a rising district of a 
 midland county of Ontario, that soon became the junction of two 
 railways. Soil, a rich clay loam, naturally dry, except ten acres, 
 and about fifteen very stony; has been poorly cultivated, is 
 well sheltered (lake, south and east, excepted) by one-third of 
 the area which is under a maple, beech and birch bush ; garden 
 and small orchard indifferent, fences old and poor, houses fair, 
 reads good ; a stream runs diagonally through the farm, and 
 
'""^^^mmm 
 
 ill 
 
 !l 
 
 MOWER. 
 
 SCUFFLER 
 
th( 
 bo 
 
 mn 
 ap] 
 J 
 far 
 Sec 
 me 
 in 1 
 oas( 
 
 iuc 
 
 rat 
 
 220 aci 
 Impler 
 Live st 
 House 
 Firaty 
 Feed a 
 House}] 
 
 Pkuan 
 Soeprey 
 
01 IDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 97 
 
 application^to labour wouUbrW^^^^ '^"^^>^ «°^f- 
 
 Ontario Pkoprietorsh 
 Taxes : 
 including roarl money, school 
 rates railway bonus, anil 
 •ouatyrate 
 
 IP. 
 
 c. 
 
 50 00 
 
 or £11 6 4 
 
 SooTOH Tenantship. 
 
 Rent and taxes : ^ 
 
 Arable, 30a. per acre ikq o 
 
 Meadow.., 18r ^^. J 
 
 Hill pasture . • fr. I 
 
 Poor rates (half).... " *; " 
 
 Road tax (half) l]l 
 
 I'lre insurance on build- 
 
 „ 'nsa 2 o 
 
 J^^*^'*^^f,« for proprietor ■.'.■ i § 
 
 Interest on iPeAce protect"- ^^ 
 
 mg from game jy jg 
 
 £255 9~ 
 
 8. d. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 'if 
 
 Cost op Entrt. 
 
 Passage to Canada 4L ^X 
 
 220 acres at $24 .... .. ""fi-^SS? 
 
 Implements '<wn ^ 
 
 Livestock .. 1 ,„„ ,. 
 
 House furnishin;?;,-.:.::. • 1^?;"" 
 
 First year's crop laid do wn ' " ' ' Vio m 
 
 ss.ase'..'.°.f;"'."!'MsH 
 
 |9,110"00 
 
 or£l,^ 
 
 PmIANRNT IMPB0VEMBNT3 ExBOUTBD. 
 
 ■•• preyioua notes 2J2 6 
 
 C08T OP Entrt. 
 Sum to out-going tenant, ex- ^ "' * 
 
 fe'nce? ' "" ^""^"« '^"'^ 
 Manure from 'him '(compuil *'' ^ <> 
 
 Crops (compulsory):.". ::•.•;.' 490 J J 
 
 Sheep (compulsory).. ... 39,) n n 
 
 Other live stock boight 491 2 J 
 
 Horses and harness..... 200 n 
 
 Implements ^^n X « 
 
 House furnishing..;.;.:-:: IsS S J 
 
 £-^600 
 
 PaKMANBNT ImPHOVEUENM. 
 
 Nil £ i. A 
 
 
 
 I I 
 
'14 
 
 98 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 Annual Maintknanoe of Fakm. 
 
 % c. 
 
 Labour <jOO 00 
 
 Ke pairs and incidentals 250 00 
 
 Keepof stock 750 00 
 
 Seei ■• no 00 
 
 81,710 00 
 
 or £352 
 
 Annual Maintknanck ov Faum. 
 
 Carpenter work IJj 
 
 Blacksmith. . •' " 
 
 Veterinary t -geon j 4 
 
 Saddler ••• .„» 
 
 Two ploughmen and one lat' ISO u 
 
 Joint shepherd and cattleman bj 
 
 Keep of live stock 280 
 
 Artificial manures • » " 
 
 Seed ^ 
 
 £727 4 
 
 d. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ll:.il 
 
 A 
 
 Household Expenses. 
 
 ? 0. 
 
 Butcher 170 00 
 
 Baker «0 00 
 
 Clothing 28a 00 
 
 Grocer.*: 230 00 
 
 Church 25 00 
 
 Medical 15 00 
 
 Fuelandlight 30 00 
 
 Serfant «5 00 
 
 Miscellaneous • • 50 00 
 
 $950 00 
 or £199 
 
 Gross Annual Receipts. 
 (Average from 5 years.) 
 
 Wheat 315^ 
 
 Oats 300 00 
 
 Barlev 270 00 
 
 Pease^ .■.'."....■....... !!..... 243 00 
 
 Forage crops .... 4.S0 00 
 
 Turnips or mangolds "^ V" 
 
 Carrots 50 00 
 
 Potatoes 100 00 
 
 Hay 450 00 
 
 ♦Sales of iire'stock • • 400 00 
 
 . $3,088 00 
 or £635 
 
 HousKHOLo Expenses. 
 
 £ rt. d. 
 
 Butcher £^7 
 
 Baker 15 
 
 Clothing r9 
 
 Grocer 52 
 
 Medical „^ « X 
 
 Fuelandlight 20 
 
 Servant Mil 
 
 Schooling 35 
 
 Miscellaneous ^'^ " " 
 
 £265 
 
 Gross Annual Receipts 
 (Average from 11 years.) 
 £ 
 
 Wheat 40 
 
 Oats 210 
 
 Barley 170 
 
 Hay, 72 
 
 Turnips °^ 
 
 Potatoes „oO 
 
 •Cattle sales 280 
 
 Sheep and wool 27j 
 
 Swine 32 
 
 Poultry » 
 
 Dairy products . . ■ . . < •* 
 
 £1,308 
 
 s. < 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 COMPARATIVE ABSTRACT. 
 
 i< i 
 
 fV 
 
 Ontario Pro: rietorship. 
 Sum inrested 
 
 Annual maintenance of farm . . 
 
 Household expenses 
 
 Gross annual returns 
 
 Surplus revenue during 5 years 
 Realization after 5 years 
 
 £ 
 
 2,152 
 
 12 
 
 352 
 
 199 
 
 635 
 
 363 
 
 2,550 
 
 Scotch Tenantship. 
 
 Sum invested 
 
 Rent and taxes 
 
 Annual maintenance of farm 
 
 Household expenses 
 
 Gross annual returns 
 
 Surplus revenue during 5 
 
 years 
 
 Realization after 5 years . . . 
 
 £ 
 
 2,600 
 
 255 
 
 724 
 
 265 
 
 1308 
 
 2,400 
 
 ♦ These receipts from Ute .took sales aUovr for any increase in value of youag 
 Mtimala retained. 
 
 m 
 
GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 99 
 
 fflrrnZ^ T' /II' ^^'^^ ^ ^'^PJ^al of £2000 invested in British 
 far ning takes fully one-third of itself for annual support, of 
 which one-fourth is household ; and that there is an annual 
 gross revenue equal to half the invested sum, whieh sum does 
 
 ,.n.Ww''PP''''' ?^.^ ?^i?^ ^"^'^■'^^^'^ ^" ^^'' V^xrc^^^^ of land 
 and the farming of it, in Ontario, re.iuires one-fourth of itself 
 
 tor annual maintenance, of which nearly one-half is household : 
 
 th^.1 nf ff • ' '' ? ?"'" ^"'',"^^ '"^"""« «a"al to nearly one- 
 th rd of the invested .sum, which sum increases 22 per cent in 
 vahie during five years under special conditions. 
 
 1 he return per acre is much larger in Britain ; living is not so 
 
 .nnf n? ' ^r'' "^T •''' ^"^y ^^" supposed, and the great differ- 
 ence of annual maintenance is largely in rent and labour. 
 
 1 could say much more that should be of interest to old 
 CO mtryinen and colonists, but a letter having to be a letter 
 only I must defer until a better opportunity for details 
 
 1 trust very many of you will at once take advantao-e of the 
 
 and (2) the fact of land here being 25 per cent, lower in price 
 tnan lour years ago. 
 
 I have the honour to be, dear Sir, 
 
 Your obedient servant. 
 
 GuBXPH, 15th October, 1879, 
 
 WM. BROWN. 
 
 I I 
 
 i! i 
 
100 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 BRITISH TESTIMONY TO ONTARIO AS AN 
 AGRICULTURAL COUNTRY. 
 
 Among the repreRentativoa of tlie fiirminpf interost in Great Britais 
 wbo liave lately visited Ontario, was Mr. Thomas Irving, one of th« 
 most prominent Cumberland agrioulturahsts, and residing at Bowness on 
 Solway. Mr. Irving has givon some pivi-tioiilars of his trip, and hii 
 impressions of the country, to the Carlialo P itiiot, and as such indepen- 
 dent testimony is valuable and important some extracts from his state- 
 ment are given below. Speaking of the two Provincos of Ontario and 
 Qut Jt'C, he says : — 
 
 " It is a splendid country for farmers, and I have no hesitation in say- 
 ing that a Cumberland farmer can go tlioro and buy a f:irin and stock 
 it reas nably for the same expenditure of capital that lie would roqnir* 
 to stock a farm here and pay one year's rent. ' He {lescril)es tho land as 
 in various grades of improvement — somH lately cleared of tho bush, som« 
 well cleared, and some badly cleared, but all cap ible of producing excel- 
 lent crops. It is a sandy loam or o'ay loam— just the sort for raising 
 green crop or corn. Harvest was over by the time lie arrived. Ho saw 
 Bomo fine wheat in the Huron (Ontario) district. '• To give you an exam- 
 ple of the good quaUty of the soil there," Mr. Irving says, "I may toll 
 you I saw one field of 100 acres which liad had fuur crops of wheat. I 
 saw the fifth crop, and the yield is 40 bushels per acre. Without any 
 manure, too ! You may think tluit is an overdrawn pioturi^ but it is a 
 fact. In some parts of Western Ontario the land is of tho finest quaUty." 
 
 After mentioning that land can be obtained at from ^£5 to ^£20 per 
 acre, he says : — 
 
 "As a rule, farm houses are better than in England. Farming as » 
 whole, iu Canada, is not up to the maik ; there is a want of system 
 apparent in almost every direction. But," he added, " wliat can you 
 expect ? As you go along you can easily distin-jnish a good farmer from 
 the appearance of the turnips, and tho fine-conditioned cattle moving 
 about. Many of the farmers commenced with very little knowledge of 
 crop raising ; log huts were built, then out-lionses were added, but thes« 
 have in many instances been supersedrt.l by large and convenient fai-m- 
 houses of brick and stone. No better evidence of the prosperity of many 
 of the farmers can be had than seeing a g.iod stone or brick house, with a 
 
 j:i_..;-]-A«.1 \^cf 1. '"■"»'» naay finma nt tlia fai'nia urA nClVT l^A Willi OTllfcivated 
 
GUIDE TO ONTARIO, 
 
 101 
 
 M 
 
 ««n 7 n Enffland. Thn farm bnildingg are generally of woo.l. occa- 
 ■lonaily (lie l.aruH and fitiibleR are of htono, and in aln.ost every caHe are 
 m rear ol tlio farm Uouho. II..ld< rs or owners of farniR mA\ tlieir land 
 
 Srnr"*' "'•^ ?" I'^n ''" "'?!"'' *" ^^"'^ ««^vanlnKo. They tl,i„k no more 
 of Billing tl.eir and Imn Kclimg a cow or l.orHc. Thus i.lcn(v of good 
 farms, Uukg and small, iire always in the market. There is nu'difficultr 
 m tiansfcrnng land in Canada, and the expense is trifling. Pknty of 
 homesteads can bo purcliaBrd in the Province of Ontario, in the western 
 «on ?" t rT r , ^%. "" ^'"'"^ '*"'^ "" ""y ^"'^"•''r could desire." In the 
 ou ^^'IS "''^' ^'•f'"<'«.«f Ontario. Mr. Irving mot with a farmer 
 ovM ing cm acres who claimed Dnlston, near Carlisle, as his native 
 ground, ihis gentleman went out several years ago, and is new in a 
 prospe.ons comlition. " He had very little when ho went ont. hut ho was 
 intlus nous. Immcrs in Canada have every facility now for di-poKing 
 01 their farm produce. Railways are open, d out in nearly every dircc- 
 tion ; K< ap.rts are numerous. Mr. Irving thinks there are few inrms in 
 tlie pait if Canada he visiti d as far from a market town as Lis farm at 
 Bown.sa is from Carlisle. "They beat us in England," ho Havs, "in 
 corn growing; tiio carnage of corn to this country is now almost noth- 
 ing ; t].,. working expenH(fi are much cheaper— that is, fur purely agri- 
 cultural work-bccause tiio f. od required by the workers is almost solely 
 moduced on the farm, and wages are not much, if anv, higiier than at 
 liome. In my opinion Canada will be the farming countrv of the world 
 
 to pay. I think the school (ax is the only one worth menti-niiig, and 
 t at IS not heavy. It 18 yet in a transition state, but wo may look to 
 
 ll^iy^ ^V'^f'^T' l^e believes a sovereign has a purchasing 
 powei of double Us value m Canada, compared with that it has at homo, 
 when spent m pyovuling the necessaries for subsistence. Yet money 
 cannot be hid on loan for less than 8 p, r cent. " Any person with capital 
 to spare can lay it out in Canada at 8 per cent, on mortgage security " 
 To persons thinking of going out, this is the advice Mr. Irvir.g gives f- 
 1 would not advise a man that drinks to go to Canada. I .h.n't think 
 Clerks or shopkeepers are wanted. At.y man able and willing t . work is 
 Bm-e to do well A poor man can do belter than in this country, because 
 be can get work ; and meal and flour, and such like uccessaricB, are much 
 SllT.'ii T /' 1 ° f-'^-'J^'V^tcountry I have seen for a man and family, 
 especially il he has a httle bit of money at his command; and if a man 
 goes there with suflicK nt capital to buy s<.me land, and stock it to some 
 extent, ho has a wonderful start in life, and need not look back." Sneak- 
 mg of the price of farm stock. Mr. Irving says: "An ordinary working 
 hor e costs from iJlO to £-25, English money ; a fair good dairy cow froi 
 fo *° -^f • '"^f '''''' ?^o^it 20s.; lambs at this time of year abaut 10s. or 
 12s each ; luHceys about 3s. each ; geese from about 2s. to 2s. Gd. each ; 
 and chickens frorn Gd. to Is. each. All kinds of dairy produc. are cheap! 
 
 Sntt V^'-i^f '^ «"«^^.'«»P1^ ^^ we have in England, hut there is 
 p enty 'f v^.llcl fowl. Fishing is plentiful." Mr. Irving had an opportu- 
 nitj while in Ottawa, of paying a visit to the Dominion Exhihition, the 
 royal show of Canada,. He witnessed a wonderful display of farm pro- 
 
 Hlr!f 1 P 1!' f-A ^"^«°P* ^''° "'"^"^^ ^^'"^ Shorthorns, Galloways, 
 S„«lf' [ ' ^"^^^-^"f?"^^' Avr.hires, Devons, and perhaps otlur kinds 
 much hke our big shows at Lome. Some grand specimens weie to be 
 
GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 Been in almof *■ every class. The Shorthorns were tho finest, however — 
 but some of tue Shorthorn breeds in Canada are noted. In the sheep 
 classes were to be seen Leicesters, South Downs, Hampshire Downs, and 
 other kinds. Ho was disappointed with the horse classes. There was 
 no sign of the heavy Clydesdale breed ; the farming and harness horses 
 seemed " too long drawn," resembling the Cleveland horses that used to 
 be known in .,he north of England. Yet the Canadian horses have a 
 great deal of go in them, and are magnificent trotters. Nor are heavy 
 horses particularly required, the land being, as before mentioned, of a 
 sandy or clay loam ; and when spring arrives, after a hard winter, farm- 
 ers are anxious to make the most of the first fine weather, so that light, 
 sharp, quick-going horses are in requisition in preference to others. A 
 great variety of farm implements were also to bo seen. When in the 
 westprn portion of the Province of Ontario he visited a local show in 
 London, a town which had its Eiver Thames near, and which had adopted 
 many ither names from the metropolis. At this show he found a most 
 admirable collection of stock. Speaking of tlie fruit grown in Canada, 
 he says, " grapes are grown in many places in theopen air, the peaches are 
 most" delicious, and the apples — some as big as turnips — are of fine 
 qufihty." " I saw," he added emphatically, " one vineyard of 50 acres, 
 and 1 was told a fine crop had been got ; I saw orcliards 40 acres in 
 extent, and the peaches are liko apricots." Mr. Irving has formed a 
 very high opinion of the capabilities of the country generally. He is 
 much pleased with the towns, which are all open and healthy-like, and 
 he declares the people to be " kind, hospitable, and very loyal, much 
 more so than we are at home. They speak of England as their home." 
 
 tl!- 
 
 Mr- 
 
 IM 
 
 'i i 
 
 At a meeting of the Gala Water Farmer's Club, held at Stow on Friday 
 the 19th December, 1879, Mr. Elliott, one of the delegates recently re- 
 turned from Canada, gave a very interesting account of his visit, of the 
 places he had seen, and the opinions he had formed of the Province of 
 Ontario. This statement was in the form of a diary of each day's experi- 
 ences, but his conclusions were summed up in the following words : — 
 
 " I have described the country through which I passed, as fairly as I 
 was able to judge. The roads in some counties are very good, in others 
 again inferior. The ' gravel' roads are in generally good repair. The 
 railway communication is good and cheap, and they are always building 
 more. Kegarding the climate it is hotter in summer and colder in winter 
 than at home. The autumn or fall is delightful, as I can testify from ex- 
 perience. The atmosphere being clear and dry, one does not feel the ex- 
 tremes so much. Winter (which is considered such a draw-back to Ca- 
 nada) generally commences about the middle of December and goes in 
 March. Although little or no ploughing is done, farmers have plenty of 
 work preparing wood for next season's fuel, and other odds and ends. 
 I find after due inquiry, that cattle are not hovised longer than in Scot- 
 land, and it is the universal testimony of the people that their winters 
 are most enjoyable. I consider that farming in the Provinces of Ontario 
 and Quebec is in a transition state. The growing of wheat in Manitoba, 
 
GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 103 
 
 and the north-west territories, which will increase with rapid strides 
 must soon affect the growers of wheat in these provinces. They are al- 
 ready alive to that fact, and for some time back have been increaKui" their 
 stocks of oatf.le and sheep. Calves, instead of being mostly Idllod, as for- 
 nierJy, are now all reared, which in a very short time must enormously 
 increase the supply of cattle for exportation to this country. The Domi- 
 nion of Canada, from the energetic nature of its people and boundless re- 
 sources of every kind, has a great future before it. With regard to farmers 
 emigratmg to Ontario or the Eastern Townships of Quebec, I have not 
 the slightest hesitation in recommending them to do so ; as I am satis- 
 faed, from what I saw, that men with moderate capital could do better 
 till re than they can at home ; and that for several reasons :— In the iirst 
 place you can buy and stock a farm for httle more than it takes to stock 
 onu at home ; then there is no rent to pay ; and taxes are very light— they 
 do not exceed 4d. to lOd. per acre, according to the value of the property. 
 You can mako the most of the land by growing the most profitable crops, 
 and thojic best suited to your soil and climate. There you have no law- 
 yer factor, prescribing in a long antiquated lease, which almost no man 
 can understand, what crops you shall grow and what seed you shall sow, 
 as it you did not understand your business better than be is able to t.-ach 
 you, and, generally speaking, binding you to protect the landlord's harea 
 to eat your own crops. In my own case, however, I have been very hlier- 
 ally dealt with, both as regards cropping clauses and game. Again, a man 
 going there with his family, can get a first-class education free for his chil- 
 dren, which at homo costs a great deal of money. I consider their educa- 
 tional system one of the best possible. In a new country there .-tre many 
 more opportunities and openings turning up than there are in an old 
 country, that young men of intelligence and enterprise can take advan- 
 tage of." 
 
 Another delegate, Mr. James Biggar, of Dumfries, gives in the course 
 of his report, the following practical information gained during his visit 
 to Ontario : — 
 
 "At Mr. McCrae's, Guelph, county of Wellington, we saw good tur- 
 nips and a nice herd of Galloways, including som? of the principal prize 
 winners at Ottawa. At Mr. Hobson's farm we saw some excellent short- 
 horns. Mr. Hobson feeds a good many cattle, buying half-fat cattle in 
 December and January, and feeding till June. He allows 12 to 15 pounds 
 of meal daily, and GO pounds of roots. He also feeds off 400 lambs on 
 rape, buying them in August at 10s. to 12s. each and making them worth 
 22s. to 25s. by the middle of December. The rape is sown in drills and 
 worked the same as turnips. On this farm of 300 acres, 240 cleared, 
 four men are employed in summer and two in winter, with some extra 
 help at busy seasons. Mr, Hobson estimated the necessary capital for 
 such a farm at i'3 per acre. Of course where pedigree stock is Ir- pi it h 
 much higher. We visited a farm of 180 acres, all good land except 20 aces, 
 which was for sale at about £13 per acre. It was a nice place near a rail- 
 way station. The house was new— had cost ^6800— and the buildings fair. 
 An -ther farm of 200 acres let at 12s. an acre was considered too dear. 
 The soil was a fair sandy loam on a clay subsoil, intersected by a gravelly 
 
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 104 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
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 ridge. The turnips were a very good crop. The divisions of crop on 
 this farm \ver>3 as follows : — 75 acres hay, 60 acres pasture, 15 turnips, 20 
 fall wlipat, 20 p( as and 20 oats. The taxes payable by the tenant, were 
 about £1S VI addition to eight days' statute road labour. This farm was 
 part of a block of 500 acres for sale at £12 per acre. Near Gueli>h we 
 saw two farms of 400 acres, farmed by two sons of the late Mr. Gerrard 
 Marchfiild. TJioy i)ay ^203 a year rent and taxes, and are said to be 
 doing wtU. These seemed very desirable, in a good situation, and were 
 f()r sale : price £12 to £13 par acre. We passed through part of the 
 Paisley Bluck, a district settled a good many years ago by emi^'rants from 
 Paisley, few of whom had been brought up to farming. They have in 
 nearly all c iKes been successful, and possess very comfortable residences, 
 4ind tidy, well-managed farms. We next visited Gait, wh"re a large pro- 
 portion of tlie people are of Scotch descent. Mr. Cowan, a native of 
 Dumfii s-t-hire, has a good farm of 540 acres in the neiglibourliool. We 
 saw a first-rate finck of ewes. He also breeds short-horns. The land i« 
 mostly roiling — a deep sandy loam and free from stones." 
 
 Mr. Biggar in conclusion, says, as to the farmers' prospects in Canada : 
 
 *' In a statement drawn up for us by a committee of practical farmers, 
 the inteifst on farming capital is shewn at 6 per cent, on an avera;?e of 
 the last five seasons. No exact system of rotation has been followed. 
 Successive grain crops have been grown too long, till wheat is in many 
 cases not a paying crop, and the famars of Ontario ara now baginning 
 to see that they must pay more attention to green crops and stock-raising. 
 A few, very few, use artificial manures, but by and by they are likely to 
 come into more general use. A larga buyer of barley told us that a few 
 farmers who used siiperphosphate, sent him barley as much as five and 
 six lbs. per bushel heavier than their neighbours'. Labour in Ontario is 
 about 15 pur c nt. dearerthaninthis country, but the farm; are evidently 
 worked with fewer hands. We are told, again and again, that no farmer 
 should go there who did not intend to work, but taking the whole year 
 round we think we know many farmers here who work as hard as farm- 
 ers seemed to do there. We now come to the question of immigration. 
 I feed tliat there is much responsibility in answering that question. I am 
 satisfied that men with some capital could make more of it ia Canada 
 than in this country." 
 
 Ih 
 
 Mr. Cowan, the delegate from Wigtonshire, was at Stranraer on the 
 19th December, 1879, and referred, among other things, to the great 
 cheese making industry of Ontario. He said : — 
 
 " In the Province of Ontario we visited the town of Stratford, county 
 of Perth, in the immediate neighbourhood of which are several large 
 cheese faciories. I was fortunate enough to have a letter of iutroduotion 
 to Mr. Ballantyne, M.P.P., who resides in Stratford, and who received 
 me in a most kindly manner. Mr. Ballantyne, a highly intelligent gen- 
 tleman of active business habits, is a great enthusiast in the manufacture 
 of cheese, and has, perhaps, done more than any other man in Canada 
 to perfect the system of factory cheese-making. He owns one or two fac» 
 
 
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GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 105 
 
 situated in afine, wel IwatPredimTini Sn. r^ ^'1^^ *^''''*«'-y> ^^"^J^ " 
 P08e. about eight milerf'omsSffi ''*''' ''*'" '"^'^'^ ^^•' '^^^'^ P"'- 
 
 to Mr. BaJlantyne.but L coX^ «i *^ ''" *^ It belongs 
 
 Ballantyne clmrJ.rtU f~"*'^°^*?^° co-operative principle; Mr. 
 the milk and n^Kg tL c ^8^ Mr T if "" P^^ S'^»"" for bauling 
 whole process of factoVo'-e e mtkiu^ of^^ M ^T"" ^"".^ '''P''^""''^ "^« 
 The season begins in CanaX on t e £t1,rM ° i' 'r^^^"^'''"^\ '"'^^ter. 
 November ; the busiest time is in fh« n!. li 7t "^'"^ ''^''''^'''' "" '^i*-' Ist of 
 n full milk. Dnring his month 26 0^]. °f "^T' ''^^^'" ^^^« «"^-« '^re 
 tory, and (lie make of cl eeTo ne. Iv . i^'" ''o?"'^ ^'^^ «^"* *» tl'« ^ac- 
 
 " Mr. Baliantyne informod ^us tS Tf^"" ^?"^ *° ^^"« 'l^«- 
 ween the fod.Jor andthe gms he fonn 1 /l' ""'^ P'^^'* "^" *^'^ y^'^^' be- 
 ing cheese (i good a alitv^ n.'iL 1 v^ * '° greatest difficuUy i,. mak- 
 
 mon.hs of Jaly a ml Au4;t vhe^ If'^ ''^Z *" f ^•''"" P'-'^'^''^^^ «^^ tto 
 Mr. B., however, ll no w ma^ei f ^ ^ ^•'"'^'"^ extreuiely hot. 
 
 difficulties of making rrrallySartiolIT" •'''•. \'' ^T^' "^^■'^«»'-°' ^^^ 
 the water is not very good atTilu? ,! ! •"'"''^ *''^ ^'"* reason, wlien 
 
 taiutedbeforeitleavLK uddcJof heo^i!" TV. ^"^^''^"^'^« ^"^'^""^^^ 
 made at this factory f rom i mnnrfo^^^^^^^^ 
 
 from any i,.purity ij^ eitlie" sS or aste "'^'^' 't"* .^-,1"^ ^-e 
 remark tliat, in the large, woli ventil. ?,!i „ 'a ' ' \y'^^ ^'"'^ ^"I'ther 
 at Bhick Creek, I was surnT- ll ?n fi? ' T'^ commodious clieese-room 
 quite equal, if not sTper o^ o the finlf^ ""iformly high class cheese, 
 way. The cheese weTo mosdv fn^.^ T^'\' '" ^^"^ ■l^''i"'-^« «f G'^Ho- 
 Ibs. in weight, and wer^ ve'y^JXm ?ri'e" J/"'!!^' '^"^^'^^"' ^^""* «0 
 the time of my visit the kano 1,„T ?• ^® '^^ ^^'^ '^» "' quaUty. At 
 
 ««t. Thev hid gone to the Tnnr" ^''P?''^ «^ "P *" t^° !«' of Av^ 
 Black Cre/k Factory command^hehl^heT^^ ^^'T '^'"''^ ^^^'^ ^ 
 about the future pispe^t? of 1 e ^^ tS^MrS^Mf^ 
 me tliat they were much bri^hte than t^fJ l. I'l ^'^^'""t.vne assured 
 two years ; that the price o^cl^eesewLS'^.''f'' ^uritigthe previous 
 mainder of this season, an 1 for some ?fme f. ' ^''^ "^ ^'"""^' ^^' "- 
 severe losses sustained hrough the unrei!. ?• ''""'"' ^^'^'^^^^ to the 
 years, a great many factoris had been Snr""" ^V"'? ""^ "»« ^'^^t two 
 States and the Dor^i„ionllar^e„,Sj«f '^"T '^"^^ '" ""^ United 
 tories had been suppl/erhad conseTentfv hi 'TJ''''^ ^'"°^^ *^^««« ^^c 
 that many of the Lrmer were nowZr fnt f? ^'^"f"«'i.^»<l «old off, and 
 and fattening of cattle f o • To iSl ,n.?ll ''' ^^^ -^"t^^" *" the raising 
 the deficiency in the male?chese„wS; ^"'l"''* "^ ^"« «P'"i«^ 
 with the previous one. would be as machr 2rpe;cenV""' ^'^"^''^""^ " 
 
 Mr. Cowan's opinion generally of the Provinoo nf n * • 
 pressed in the following terms :- Province of Ontario was ex- 
 
 rarresire^ S^JeXr^plft^T tSe Vo' V' ^ ^°'^*^-'«) -^"caltu. 
 was very good farSgsoU Several d i S Z ^^''^''^^ ^i^'^^^ ^ P'^ssed 
 farmed as our own counW, but, La rule fd^^^^^^^^ Pf^'fP^ «'^ weU 
 
 of a vei^ high class. No'^^gulir LlatlVelrtT bf l^X/SH"^^^ 
 
106 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 the value of the manure, as an aid to raising good crops, if understood, 
 did not appear to be acted upon. Too much attention appeared to nie to 
 have been given in the past to raising cereals, and too little to the raising 
 of stock. But farmers seem now to be turning their attention more that 
 way ; and I have no doubt when farming is pursued in a syatematio 
 manner, similar to that observed in this country, a prosperous future 
 awaits the agriculturists of Ontario. But to anyone thinking of 
 emigrating to Ontario I may say that, with the exception of the 
 climate — which, however, I was informed is not so extreme, either with 
 heat or cold, as in the North-West — he will have none of the difficulties 
 to encounter in the districts I visited that he would have to face in 
 Manitoba. Indeed I thought it very much like our own country with 
 respect to its large and thriving towns and villages and the appearance 
 generally of its country districts. It has suifioient railways and water 
 facilities through all its bounds ; its roads are well kept and in good order ; 
 its educational system is, I think, better than our own ; in fact it enjoys 
 all the advantages that we possess in this countiy, even to the extent in 
 my opinion of being over-much governed." 
 
 •: i 
 
 Mr. G. Hutchinson, another delegate, spoke at Penrith on the 28th 
 December, 1879. 
 
 " He described the climate of Canada on the testimony of settlers, as 
 excellent. The surface soil varied from light sand to heavy loam, a 
 medium fertile loam predominating with generally a clay subsoil. The 
 great wealth of the Dominion was undoubtedly in her soil. Although 
 only a new country as compared with others, she was already known as 
 a great meat and corn producing country. There was not, he behoved, 
 a more contented man in the world than the owner of the soil. He may 
 not have command of as much capital as some English farmers, nor did 
 he keep his land in such a high state of cultivation, yet the land he 
 worked was his own ; his taxes were light, and, as a rule, he was a happy 
 and contented man. In a new country lilie Canada, it would be absurd 
 to expect farming to be carried on in as scientific a manner as in Eng- 
 land ; the land was so abundant, and greater breadth was cultivated in 
 proportion to the population, in what an English farmer would consider a 
 rough sort of way. It spoke well for the cUmate and the soil that under 
 such adverse circumstances, such excellent crops were obtained, as in too 
 many instances the land was merely scratched over. Not more than five 
 years ago, the Canadian farmers looked upon wheat as being their chief 
 production. To-day the growing of beef for England was their first con- 
 sideration, wheat now taking second place. Many farmers in England 
 were paying as much every year in rent and taxes, as would purchase 
 the freehold of a farm in the old Provinces of Canada, and he would have 
 a free education for his children, and other home comforts. To such 
 farms he recommended a man with a young family and capital to go, 
 rather than into the new settled districts where he would have to ex- 
 change the condition of a very old and thickly populated country for one 
 that was entu-ely new, and where he would have to make up his mind to 
 rough it, which was more suited to a young man without a family. Good 
 
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 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 107 
 
 age crop of wheat would be wo^th i ASb neJ tr^ Of' P"°' *° ^T" 
 bushel, soihatan average crop ^^^^^^^ ^'^ '-- ^^ per 
 
 crop." ™ °'^ *^® potatoes were aa excellent 
 
 ■^ 
 
 METEOROLOGICAL. 
 
 THE TEMPERATUBE-OFFICIAL STATISTICS. 
 
 In addition to the information given at naf e 49 the fnllr^winrr f„..M, 
 
 Z :SwTn r °^t^ «--«. respectin'g'the^hSrafe^f OuTaSfmL'^^^^^ 
 f in Sf.- ''7' to/emove some misconceptions on this head ^rhere 
 IS, m Ontario, a department in which acrnmtfi st.if;=n«a ^f Tu A 
 
 have been collected^ ten years past! ai^S'thtu^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ^^^rUT ^'*-'^''° *^' temperature of Ontario and that of Great 
 
 intense cold which prevails in those places is seldom felt irOntario lr,l 
 
 nndTSf t'""' "I, '^t 1'''^'^ ^^^*««' '^^'^^^ s carcely ?o :;abie 
 ?<?n»^ fi abnorma ly high temperatures recorded there (frequentlv 
 100 m the shade), m Ontario life is enjoyable with the thermom«w 
 somewhere in the neighbourhood of qn° 'vu\7 iwv luermometer 
 
 for by the fact that thl^ vasfbodief of'tater'c ^tlfe?" 
 receive and part with their heat much more sTowrtt^ the S^^ tS 
 
IN 
 
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 108 
 
 GUIDE TO ONTARIO. 
 
 temperature of the water actually does not roach its lowest point until 
 winter is past. As raofit, of the centres (coinraonly called " Htorm-cen- 
 trea"), around and into which the airflows, cross from tlie we^l, enslward, 
 north of the lal.es, the prevalent winds pass over the latter, and are thus 
 heated in winter, and cooled in summer. . . , ,„ i -i .i i * ii. 
 
 The average annual temperature for Ontario is 44°, while that of tHe 
 British Isles is about 18°. . 
 
 The mean temperature in the various seasons is as lollows:— Winter, 
 22° ; spring, 47° ; summer, 67°, and autumn, 40°. In England it is, 
 winter. 89° ; spring, 52° ; summer, 60° ; and autumn, 44 . It will be 
 seen that the summer temperature is higher than in England and conse- 
 quently more suitable for the ripening of giuiu, fruit, etc. 
 
 The total amount of rain which falls during tho year uvorages a little 
 over 24 inches. This is supplemented by snow equivalent, to a lit .. oyer 
 8 inches of rain, making a total of 82^ inclies. The ave: ag<^ ram- all in 
 Great Britain and Ir. land is 35 inches. The average annual number of 
 days in which rain fell in Ontario is 92, and snow 54 days. The ""mber 
 of days of rain in the British I&ics is much larger, being over 170. At 
 Toronto, in Ontario, wliero observations have boen taken fu- iv L>ng series 
 of years, tho mean annual temperature is 44°, and the toial fiil' li ram 
 and snow nearly 30 inches, 'ihe average annual ram fiill in London, 
 England, is slig'-tly over 25 inches, and while t>iere arc many i)liices m 
 Groat Britain and Ireland where the rainfall is very muoh greiiter than 
 in Toronto, there are many also where it is considi rally less. The gen- 
 eral distribution of rain is far more uniform in Ontario than m England. 
 There is one very important advantage, with regard to clunate, that 
 Ontario has over manv of the w( stern and south-wehttru of the United 
 States, and that is, that the Province is free fn-m tornadoes, those fear- 
 ful storms of wind, hail and rain which destroy so much vahvable li,e and 
 property. One has only to read the accounts of thise disasters that 
 appear occasionally in the American newspapers, and which are g. nerally 
 only tjo true, to appreciate living in a locality free Irom such terrible 
 
 visitors. . , . „ ^i . u i, 
 
 A3 regards health, the climate of Ontario is almost all that could be 
 
 desired. 
 
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