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 CIHM/ICMH 
 
 Microfiche 
 
 Series. 
 
 CIHM/ICMH 
 Collection de 
 microfiches. 
 
 Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductlons historiques 
 
Tachnical and Bibliographic Notas/Notas tachniquaa at bibliographiquaa 
 
 Thi 
 to 
 
 Tha Instituta has attamptad to obtain tha bast 
 original copy availabia for filming. Faaturas of this 
 copy which may ba bibliographically uniqua, 
 which may altar any of tha imagas in tha 
 raproduction, or which may significantly changa 
 tha usual mathod of filming, ara chackad balow. 
 
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 pn Covars damagod/ 
 
 Couvartura andommagAa 
 
 □ Covars rastorad and/or laminatad/ 
 Couvartura rastauria at/ou pallicuMa 
 
 I — I Covar titia missing/ 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 La titra da couvartura manqua 
 
 Colourad maps/ 
 
 Cartas giographiquas wi couiaur 
 
 □ Colourad ink (i.a. othar than blua or black)/ 
 Encra da couiaur (i.a. autra qua blaua ou noira) 
 
 □ Colourad platas and/or illustrations/ 
 Planchaa at/ou iiluatraciona an couiaur 
 
 n 
 
 Bound with othar matarial/ 
 Ralii avac d'autras documents 
 
 Tight binding may causa shadows or distortion 
 along intarior margin/ 
 
 La rs liura sarria paut causar da I'ombra ou da la 
 distorsion i« long do la margo intAriouro 
 
 Blank laavas addad during rastoration may 
 appaar within tha taxt. Whanavar possibla. thasa 
 hava baan omittad from filming/ 
 II sa paut qua cartainas pagas blanchas ajoutias 
 lors d'una rastauration apparaissant dans la taxta, 
 maia. lorsqua cala itait possibla, cas pagas n'ont 
 pas itt filmtes. 
 
 Additional commants:/ 
 Commantairas supplAmantairas; 
 
 L'Institut a microfilm* la maillaur axamplaira 
 qu'il lui a it* possibla da sa procurar. Las details 
 da cat axamplaira qui sont paut-itra uniquas du 
 point da vua bibliographiqua. qui pauvant modifier 
 una imaga raproduita. ou qui pauvant axigar una 
 modification dans la mithoda normala da filmaga 
 sont indiquAs ci-daaaous. 
 
 □ Colourad pagas/ 
 Pagaa 
 
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 Pagaa da couiaur 
 
 Pagoa damagad/ 
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 Pagas discoloured, stained or foxet 
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 Pagas ditachias 
 
 Showthrough/ 
 Transparence 
 
 Quality of prir 
 
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 Includes supplementary matarii 
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 Only edition available/ 
 Seule Mition disponible 
 
 pn Pages damaged/ 
 
 p~1 Pagaa restored and/or laminated/ 
 
 ryi Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ 
 
 I I Pages detached/ 
 
 [~7| Showthrough/ 
 
 pn Quality of print varies/ 
 
 rn Includes supplementary material/ 
 
 pn Only edition available/ 
 
 Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata 
 slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmad to 
 ensure the best possible image/ 
 Lea pages totalement ou partiallemant 
 obscurcies par un fauillet d'arrata. una pelure, 
 etc., ont it<k filmies A nouveau da faqon & 
 obtanir la meiileure image possible. 
 
 Thi 
 poi 
 of 
 filr 
 
 Ori 
 bo 
 thi 
 sio 
 ot» 
 fin 
 sio 
 or 
 
 Th( 
 shi 
 
 Tl^ 
 
 wh 
 
 Ma 
 difl 
 onl 
 bo( 
 rigl 
 req 
 ma 
 
 This item is filmed st the reduction ratio checked below/ 
 
 Ce document est film* au taux da reduction indiqui ci-daasous. 
 
 10X 14X 18X 22X 
 
 26X 
 
 30X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12X 
 
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 24X 
 
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The copy fllmad hare ha* b««n raproductd thank* 
 to tho ganoroaity of: 
 
 Library of tha Public 
 Archivas of Canada 
 
 L'axamplaira film* fut raproduit grioa i la 
 04nAroalt4 da: 
 
 La biblioth^qua da* Archlva* 
 publiqua* du Canada 
 
 Tha imagas appearing hara ara tha Isaat quality 
 po**ibla conaidaring tha condition and legibility 
 of tha original copy and In keeping with the 
 filming contract apacification*. 
 
 Original copie* in printed paper covera are filmed 
 beginning with the front cover and ending on 
 the laat page with a printed or iiluatrated Imprea- 
 *ion, or the back cover when appropriate. All 
 other original coplea are filmed beginning on the 
 firat page with a printed or iiluatrated imprea- 
 aion, and ending on the laat page with a printed 
 or illustrated Impreaalon. 
 
 The last recorded frame on each microfiche 
 shall contain tha symbol -^^ (meaning "CON- 
 TINUED"), or tha symbol y (meaning "END"), 
 whichever appliaa. 
 
 Lea Images suiventes ont itA reproduitea avec ie 
 plua grand soin, compte tenu de Ie condition et 
 de Ie nettet* de i'exemplaire film*, et en 
 conformity avec lea conditions du contrat de 
 filmaga. 
 
 Lea axemplairea originaux dont Ie couverture en 
 papier eat ImprlmAe sent filmfo en commen^ant 
 par la premier plat at en termlnant salt par la 
 darnlAre page qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impreaaion ou d'lilustratlon, aolt par la aacond 
 plat, aelon ie caa. Toua lea autrea axempielres 
 originaux sent fllmAs an commenpant par la 
 pramlAre page qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impreaaion ou d'iliustratlon et en termlnant par 
 la darnlAre page qui comporte une telle 
 empreinte. 
 
 Un dee aymboiea auivanta apparattre sur la 
 dernlAre Imege de cheque microfiche, seion ie 
 caa: la aymbola — ► signlfle "A SUIVRE", Ie 
 symbole Y signlfle "FIN". 
 
 Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at 
 different reduction ratios. Those too large to be 
 entirely included in one exposure ara filmed 
 beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to 
 right and top to bottom, aa many framea as 
 required. The following diagrams illuatrata the 
 method: 
 
 Lea cartea, planches, tablaeux, etc., peuvent Atre 
 flimfo A das taux da rMuction diff Arenta. 
 Lorsqua Ie document eat trap grand pour Atra 
 reprodult en un aaul cllchA, 11 eat fllmA A partir 
 da I'angia aupArieur gauche, de geuche A droite, 
 et de haut en baa, an prenant la nombre 
 d'images nAcessaira. Lea diagrammas sulvants 
 illustrent la mAthoda. 
 
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 1 
 
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(i4W right$ reittvtd.) 
 
 ADVANCE PROOF— ('^»'';<'''' *» revition). 
 This proof is sent to you for discussiou only, and ou the express 
 unilerstandin}^ that it is not to be used for any other purjxme what- 
 ^See Stc. 47 of the Con^titvtfmi) . 
 
 iJVt 
 
 Hanndiai] Society o\ «ioil wnginws, 
 INCORPORATED 1887. 
 
 M.B.- 
 
 TBANSACnONB. 
 
 ■Tliis Society, as a body, does not hold itself responsible for the faols 
 and opinions stated in any of its publit'.ntiiin<. 
 
 CONCUSSION IN SEWER PIPES. 
 By E. Mohun, M.Can. Soc.C.K. 
 To be read Thursdaif, Jan. \8th, 1894. 
 
 The writer desires to lay before you what he believes to be an un- 
 recognised source of danger to pipes, under eertain conditions, during 
 the construction of S(!wers. 
 
 In Victoria. B.C., about 2000 feet of 20 inch pipe were laid, and 
 belbre many weeks had elapsed it was finind tliat a very considerable 
 n limber were broken. 
 
 hJxaiDination showed that near a ventilator or a manhole ou a 
 straiglii line the pipes were Intact ; while in a manhole on u curve they 
 were sometimes fractured. In rock tunnel, where there was open space 
 above the pipes .'ind clear entrance to a mauholc. the pipes were uii 
 damaged, wiiile when laid in earth, near which blastint; had been neces- 
 sary, they were often cracked. 
 
 The. natural inlerence in the first place was, of course, that this 
 result was due to improper laying and insufficient tamping; hut it was 
 ielt that the damsige eould not be attributed to such a oaii-^e. 
 
 The plpiis had been tested for crushing (while unsupported at tli. 
 sidesj up to 2500 lbs. per lineal foot without fracture ; an inspector was 
 present when each pipe was laid, who.se duty it was to see the back 
 tilling properly tami)ed, while the work was frequently visited, at un 
 ceitiiin intervals, by the engineers and chief insp.^-.tor. Further, it 
 was fijiind that in work perforniiMl by the same men, when the super 
 incumbent weight wa.> far in excess of that above tlie broken pijies, 
 no damage hail been done. 
 
 Mr. (i. A. Keolor, -Mr. K. A.Wilmot, Mr. E. (i. Tilton and the 
 writer tinally came to the conclusion that the damtge arose from con 
 cussioii caused by the lilastinii' in the trenches and tunnels beyond 
 where the pipes had been laid, and this conclusion tippcured to in; 
 j'lstitied by the facts before narrated. 
 
 It should be explained that between tiO and "0 p. e. nftliis pipe was 
 laid tiirough .■-olid trap rook, ne.irly :ill in tuimel. The nxtk was in- 
 tensely liiuvi; witii a day and night shift tlu^ progress was only ,j fi-et 
 a week to liit! taee. Thechariijes were heavy and the air was naturally 
 driven out ol' the tunnel with great force. 
 
 Since the discovery was made. :dl pipes in the nei,i>h!)ourhood of 
 blasting have been stopped at their upper ends and covt^rcd wilh sacks 
 of earth, and no pipe li:is been lanl into the lower end ol'ji tunnel until 
 the lattiM- had 1)0(^11 driven through. These pre<!autions |)rov<'d suc- 
 cessful and no further dani;i,i:e was clone. 
 
 The total cost of replacin;: the injured pipes was about . SI 700, wliicii 
 was paid by t\\v contractor boliire the final aceeptanee (d'the work. 
 
 The writer has "f'ten heard of sewer pipes beiiiii found broken after 
 the work had been taken off the contractor's hands, the cost in the.ie 
 cases falling upon the < 'ity, and the lilam* upon the contractor. Is it 
 not possible that in some instances, at all events, the breakage miii;hl 
 be due to concussion'i"