IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

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Photographic

Sciences

Corporation

•SJ

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

'. •

CIHM/ICMH

Microfiche

Series.

CIHM/ICMH
Collection de
microfiches.

Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductlons historiques

Tachnical and Bibliographic Notas/Notas tachniquaa at bibliographiquaa

Thi
to

Tha Instituta has attamptad to obtain tha bast
original copy availabia for filming. Faaturas of this
copy which may ba bibliographically uniqua,
which may altar any of tha imagas in tha
raproduction, or which may significantly changa
tha usual mathod of filming, ara chackad balow.

□ Colourad covars/
Couvartura da couiaur

pn Covars damagod/

Couvartura andommagAa

□ Covars rastorad and/or laminatad/
Couvartura rastauria at/ou pallicuMa

I — I Covar titia missing/

D
D

La titra da couvartura manqua

Colourad maps/

Cartas giographiquas wi couiaur

□ Colourad ink (i.a. othar than blua or black)/
Encra da couiaur (i.a. autra qua blaua ou noira)

□ Colourad platas and/or illustrations/
Planchaa at/ou iiluatraciona an couiaur

Bound with othar matarial/
Ralii avac d'autras documents

Tight binding may causa shadows or distortion
along intarior margin/

La rs liura sarria paut causar da I'ombra ou da la
distorsion i« long do la margo intAriouro

Blank laavas addad during rastoration may
appaar within tha taxt. Whanavar possibla. thasa
hava baan omittad from filming/
II sa paut qua cartainas pagas blanchas ajoutias
lors d'una rastauration apparaissant dans la taxta,
maia. lorsqua cala itait possibla, cas pagas n'ont
pas itt filmtes.

Additional commants:/
Commantairas supplAmantairas;

L'Institut a microfilm* la maillaur axamplaira
qu'il lui a it* possibla da sa procurar. Las details
da cat axamplaira qui sont paut-itra uniquas du
point da vua bibliographiqua. qui pauvant modifier
una imaga raproduita. ou qui pauvant axigar una
modification dans la mithoda normala da filmaga
sont indiquAs ci-daaaous.

□ Colourad pagas/
Pagaa

Pagaa da couiaur

Pagoa damagad/
Pagas andommagias

Pagas rastorad and/oi

Pagas rastaurias at/ou pallicuiias

Pagas discoloured, stained or foxet
Pagas dicolorias, tachaties ou piquias

Pagas detached/
Pagas ditachias

Showthrough/
Transparence

Quality of prir

Qualiti inigala a« ('impression

Includes supplementary matarii
Comprend du matirial supplimentaire

Only edition available/
Seule Mition disponible

pn Pages damaged/

p~1 Pagaa restored and/or laminated/

ryi Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/

I I Pages detached/

[~7| Showthrough/

pn Quality of print varies/

rn Includes supplementary material/

pn Only edition available/

Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata
slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmad to
ensure the best possible image/
Lea pages totalement ou partiallemant
obscurcies par un fauillet d'arrata. una pelure,
etc., ont it<k filmies A nouveau da faqon &
obtanir la meiileure image possible.

Thi
poi
of
filr

Ori
bo
thi
sio
ot»
fin
sio
or

Th(
shi

Tl^

Ma
difl
onl
bo(
rigl
req
ma

This item is filmed st the reduction ratio checked below/

Ce document est film* au taux da reduction indiqui ci-daasous.

10X 14X 18X 22X

26X

30X

12X

16X

20X

24X

28X

32X

The copy fllmad hare ha* b««n raproductd thank*
to tho ganoroaity of:

Library of tha Public
Archivas of Canada

L'axamplaira film* fut raproduit grioa i la
04nAroalt4 da:

La biblioth^qua da* Archlva*
publiqua* du Canada

Tha imagas appearing hara ara tha Isaat quality
po**ibla conaidaring tha condition and legibility
of tha original copy and In keeping with the
filming contract apacification*.

Original copie* in printed paper covera are filmed
beginning with the front cover and ending on
the laat page with a printed or iiluatrated Imprea-
*ion, or the back cover when appropriate. All
other original coplea are filmed beginning on the
firat page with a printed or iiluatrated imprea-
aion, and ending on the laat page with a printed
or illustrated Impreaalon.

The last recorded frame on each microfiche
shall contain tha symbol -^^ (meaning "CON-
TINUED"), or tha symbol y (meaning "END"),
whichever appliaa.

Lea Images suiventes ont itA reproduitea avec ie
plua grand soin, compte tenu de Ie condition et
de Ie nettet* de i'exemplaire film*, et en
conformity avec lea conditions du contrat de
filmaga.

Lea axemplairea originaux dont Ie couverture en
papier eat ImprlmAe sent filmfo en commen^ant
par la premier plat at en termlnant salt par la
darnlAre page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impreaaion ou d'lilustratlon, aolt par la aacond
plat, aelon ie caa. Toua lea autrea axempielres
originaux sent fllmAs an commenpant par la
pramlAre page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impreaaion ou d'iliustratlon et en termlnant par
la darnlAre page qui comporte une telle
empreinte.

Un dee aymboiea auivanta apparattre sur la
dernlAre Imege de cheque microfiche, seion ie
caa: la aymbola — ► signlfle "A SUIVRE", Ie
symbole Y signlfle "FIN".

Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at
different reduction ratios. Those too large to be
entirely included in one exposure ara filmed
beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to
right and top to bottom, aa many framea as
required. The following diagrams illuatrata the
method:

Lea cartea, planches, tablaeux, etc., peuvent Atre
flimfo A das taux da rMuction diff Arenta.
Lorsqua Ie document eat trap grand pour Atra
reprodult en un aaul cllchA, 11 eat fllmA A partir
da I'angia aupArieur gauche, de geuche A droite,
et de haut en baa, an prenant la nombre
d'images nAcessaira. Lea diagrammas sulvants
illustrent la mAthoda.

1 2 3

(i4W right$ reittvtd.)

ADVANCE PROOF— ('^»'';<'''' *» revition).
This proof is sent to you for discussiou only, and ou the express
unilerstandin}^ that it is not to be used for any other purjxme what-
^See Stc. 47 of the Con^titvtfmi) .

iJVt

Hanndiai] Society o\ «ioil wnginws,
INCORPORATED 1887.

M.B.-

TBANSACnONB.

■Tliis Society, as a body, does not hold itself responsible for the faols
and opinions stated in any of its publit'.ntiiin<.

CONCUSSION IN SEWER PIPES.
By E. Mohun, M.Can. Soc.C.K.
To be read Thursdaif, Jan. \8th, 1894.

The writer desires to lay before you what he believes to be an un-
recognised source of danger to pipes, under eertain conditions, during
the construction of S(!wers.

In Victoria. B.C., about 2000 feet of 20 inch pipe were laid, and
belbre many weeks had elapsed it was finind tliat a very considerable
n limber were broken.

hJxaiDination showed that near a ventilator or a manhole ou a
straiglii line the pipes were Intact ; while in a manhole on u curve they
were sometimes fractured. In rock tunnel, where there was open space
above the pipes .'ind clear entrance to a mauholc. the pipes were uii
damaged, wiiile when laid in earth, near which blastint; had been neces-
sary, they were often cracked.

The. natural inlerence in the first place was, of course, that this
result was due to improper laying and insufficient tamping; hut it was
ielt that the damsige eould not be attributed to such a oaii-^e.

The plpiis had been tested for crushing (while unsupported at tli.
sidesj up to 2500 lbs. per lineal foot without fracture ; an inspector was
present when each pipe was laid, who.se duty it was to see the back
tilling properly tami)ed, while the work was frequently visited, at un
ceitiiin intervals, by the engineers and chief insp.^-.tor. Further, it
was fijiind that in work perforniiMl by the same men, when the super
incumbent weight wa.> far in excess of that above tlie broken pijies,
no damage hail been done.

Mr. (i. A. Keolor, -Mr. K. A.Wilmot, Mr. E. (i. Tilton and the
writer tinally came to the conclusion that the damtge arose from con
cussioii caused by the lilastinii' in the trenches and tunnels beyond
where the pipes had been laid, and this conclusion tippcured to in;
j'lstitied by the facts before narrated.

It should be explained that between tiO and "0 p. e. nftliis pipe was
laid tiirough .■-olid trap rook, ne.irly :ill in tuimel. The nxtk was in-
tensely liiuvi; witii a day and night shift tlu^ progress was only ,j fi-et
a week to liit! taee. Thechariijes were heavy and the air was naturally
driven out ol' the tunnel with great force.

Since the discovery was made. :dl pipes in the nei,i>h!)ourhood of
blasting have been stopped at their upper ends and covt^rcd wilh sacks
of earth, and no pipe li:is been lanl into the lower end ol'ji tunnel until
the lattiM- had 1)0(^11 driven through. These pre<!autions |)rov<'d suc-
cessful and no further dani;i,i:e was clone.

The total cost of replacin;: the injured pipes was about . SI 700, wliicii
was paid by t\\v contractor boliire the final aceeptanee (d'the work.

The writer has "f'ten heard of sewer pipes beiiiii found broken after
the work had been taken off the contractor's hands, the cost in the.ie
cases falling upon the < 'ity, and the lilam* upon the contractor. Is it
not possible that in some instances, at all events, the breakage miii;hl
be due to concussion'i"