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 CANADIAN RECIPROCITY TREATY. 
 
 -REMA-RKS 
 
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 OF 
 
 / 
 
 HON. GEORGE F. EDMUNDS, 
 
 OP VERMONT, 
 
 IN TnK 
 
 4 
 
 V/'* 
 
 SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 V 
 
 
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 ^ 
 
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 January 22, 1875. 
 1882 
 
 ^^^l^wm\^^' 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 flOYBniTMENT FRIKTIIfa OFFICB. 
 1875. 
 
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K EM AUKS 
 
 HON GEORGE A. EDMUNDS, 
 
 S • JSS:^' renent joint .esolutlons of tho I-K f « "f "^ 
 thf StarofXmonUlatinK to reciproc ty .» tia.lc >vith the Uu- 
 inTnion of Canada ; %s-hich 1 ask may bo read. 
 
 Thn Chief Clerk read as follows : , „ . 
 
 (lutv of our Senators and Represe '»a''^^». '".^,S,,Ttv in trade with the Uoiiiini.m 
 
 I 
 
 I, 
 
 IcgiHlatiou. .,, ,, p„n„,ilftn T>eonlo we earnestly deHlro auii 
 
 %solved, That in common 'i'" *''". V^"*^"" ^^^ the waters of the Saint 
 
 hope for the early «"'"l'>«.t'?" °lV,\^tkeCU am ■"> important hue 
 
 ""'"l^ZlveA, That the governor of thU State be and '^^j^l^^. ,lr•ll!;^.*fientatTv^■ 
 ^^Sn"rs "' ^ "a l^^;^ 3^ ^ ^'rf^^^^^^^^^ «*»'—' ^'•" «"- 
 oruorgeuerul of tho Pomiuion of Canada. yMAN O. HINCKLEY. 
 
 H. UEUKY roWEKS, 
 
 '^LliHti!;Zvw\rri^hereu*^^^^^^ »-^ afli^thosealof the office at 
 
 Montpelier this Ist day of January A. U. IS .J. GEORGE NICHOLS, 
 
 [I,. B.] Secretary of State. 
 
 v» irnMTTKns I move that these reao\ution8 be printed and 
 refSre5?oSeEommUe7-i;oW^^^^^^ 
 
 motion I wish to say .*»»** ::;'")« l/infVermoSt^^^^^^^^^ resist- 
 structions of the Legislature of th«^^**''j,?*^^^^^^ so farts I can 
 
 anceto this treaty or any other treaty wut nine J »y^ 
 now foresee, be likely to express »" «P'?i,'^"u"C'Le3ature of Ver- 
 oceasipn to tka«« .^itt'««* ^^^^^^^^^ "that 
 
 ^^-a£."*1\Sk|||?^^ 
 
 there may ^e many treaties on subjects ottra^^^^^^^^^^ . j^. 
 
 — ^ 
 
 - It 1 r iiiimi 
 
 MHM 
 
'{>(hI> of ;;tiiiliiiii'ii, till' wliinii, iiidiv'ulimlly iiiiilciillfclivi'ly, 1 liavr 
 the best llll^silll(■ rciiMiins liir liii\ iiij; ii vi'iylii;;!! 'rcxiicct. 
 
 Tliti lirsl I'lTsidi'iit dl' llio I'liitiMl States, (Ji'iii'ial WiisliiiiKtoii, on 
 tilt' :{(ltli »liiy of Miiicli, IT'.lt), ti:iiisinitt(Ml to tlio IIoiiho of JJciircsciitii- 
 tives ii mosaic uiioii tliis vfiy siilijcct, a iiart of wliicli I ask may hv 
 read, wliirli 1 liavii marked in the volimu^ 1 .semLlo the de.sk. 
 
 TIks Chief Clerk reail an f«dlow,s: 
 
 Tti(> coins.' H-liirli till' clclHiti- lias takiMi (in tlic nsiiliiliiin of llio llnu.so Iciiils to 
 some olihcnal ions on lliu iiiodf iil making tnuties iindff lliu (.'oiistitiiliou of the 
 I'niteil Stales. 
 
 Ilavi.,;; liieii a nicnilior of tin- trrnirnl roiivciition, anil knownic tlio princiidps 
 oil wliicli the Coiistitmion was fornicil, I liave evil- cntcitaiiiiil Imt one opinion 
 <in tliis siiliiccl.aiKl from llio liist t'stalili.sliim'nl of tlie (iovoniinciit to tliis monu'iit, 
 my "'oiiilinl lias I'Miinilillecl tlial opinion, tliat tin' power of ninkin;; treaties is ex 
 cliisively willi tile I'lesidenl. Iiy and with tlw ailviee and eonseiit id' llie Senate, pro- 
 vided two-tliirds of llie Senators iiresentcoiu iir; and that every treaty so made and 
 jironiiilfrated llieneeforward lieeonies the law of the land. It is thus that the treatv- 
 inakin;: power has lieiii nnder.stiHid by foreign iiati.ms, and in all the treaties made 
 vitli liieni we have declared and they have lielieved tiiat when ralitied by the 
 rresidi'iit, with tlie advice and eoiisciit of the Senate, they lieeome obligatory, 
 in this ciinstriiction of tlie ('onstiliilion every Jloiise of l!c|iresentalives has here- 
 tofore aciiiiicsccd. and until the pre.seiit time not a doubt or suspicion has ajiiicared 
 to my kuowled"e that tliis construction was not the true one. Nay. they hiivi. 
 more'thiui aci|iiii'sced; for until now, wilhoiit eontroveitiiiy;tlie oblijiation of such 
 treaties, tliev have made all the iviiiiisite provisions for carryiiif; them into etl'ect. 
 
 There is also reason to believe that this construction ajireeswith the opinions 
 pnterlaiiieil by the State conventions, when they were deliberatin;; on tlio (,'onsti- 
 tiition, esiH'ci'ally by those who oliiecled to it, hl'caiise there was not required in 
 <(mimeriial treat ie-s'thc consent of two-tbirds of the whole number of llienieinliersof 
 the Senate instead of two-thirds of the Senators present, and because, in treaties 
 ri.spectiiitf territorial and certain other ri;;lits and claims, the coiieiiiTenee of 
 threi'-fuiirtbs of the whole iiumbi r of the iuembers of botli Houses respectively 
 was not made iiecessarv. 
 
 It is a fact, declarid by the ;:ijn lal convention and universally tinderstnod, tlint 
 tlie Constitution of the f'nited Slates was the result of ii spirit ot amity and unit iial 
 coiieessioii. And it is well known that, under this intlileuce. the smaller States 
 were luluiitted to an eciiial lepiesentatiiai in the Seiiati' with the larger States; 
 and tliat this branch of the (iovenimeiit was investeil with creat iiowers ; for, on 
 the e<iual participation of those |iow( is, the sovereignty and political safety of the 
 smaller Slates were deemed cs.ieiitially to dei>end. 
 
 If otiier proofs than tliesi' and the plain letter of the Constitulion itself be neccs- 
 sarv to ascertain the point umler consideration, tliev may be found in the Jonrnals 
 of the jrvneral <oiiveutioii. which I have deposited in the otHce of the Departmeul 
 4if Slate. In those jmirnals it will appear that a i>ioiiositioii was made "that no 
 treaty should be biii'diiif; on the Ignited States wliicii was not ratified by a law," and 
 tliat the projiosition was explicitly reje.cticl. 
 
 Ah, theielore, it is perfectly dear to my undirstandin;; that tlie a.ssent of fli(\ 
 House of Uepresentatives is not iiece.ssary'to the validity id' a tri'aly; as the treaty 
 vithdreat Hritaiii exhibits in itself all the objects reiiiiiriii;; legislative iirovision, 
 and on tliesi the papers called for can tliiow no light ; and as it is e.s.sential to the 
 due administration of tlie (ioveiniiient that the boinidaries fixed by the Constitu- 
 tion tictwcen the dilVereiit departmiiits should be lueseived, a .just regard to the 
 ('imstilutionand to the duty of my oHii e. iieili r all tlie lircunistanecs of this case, 
 Ikirlid a compliance with yoar iei|U. >t. 
 
 . U. WASIIINCTOX. 
 
 I'MTKl) Sr.\rr.s. Mai-el, 3(l, \VX- 
 
 Mr. KDMl'XDS. In I'elntiaiy. l^lil, tliis i|ue.stioii ajjaiii iiroHc be- 
 1-\v«>i'ii the two llonsesof Coiioicss on the, treaty <if trade, iilid eom- 
 im>rc« witli the o;(ivcnimeiit; of (iieat liritain, and it waji bi-otight to 
 a eoufeiviice ; tind in oith'r to show tlic Keiiiife, jireeisely whiit the 
 conferees on the two sides stated tlio f nio interjirctiitioii of the Con- 
 stitution to be, 1 bej; letive. to read a very slutrt i)arao;r!iph from etich, 
 bcfause I ktiow how precious time is, and I ih) not intend to onlarjjte 
 ou this topic. The conferees of tlie, .'Senate reported on this topic in 
 tliis way : 
 
 The conferees of the Senate did not eiuitest. but aiimitted the doctiine, that of 
 •heaties made in pursuance of the Constitution some may not and that others may 
 
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,■ ,11 V,,r I. isl.ilivf pvn\ isidii- If sir.iiv Uhii' .■vr.Mii.m. will. Ii i.nivi.-.i.iii ( nn-iyss. 
 
 , IH H M.S. U 1 11.1 IM iimkr. llMt llirv iliil .cnl.i.il llial I lir rniivinhnM 
 
 „ ' ■ .■,.iisi.l.v;iti..ii r,.,,..iicH 11.. su.l. I.Kislaliv.; |.r..viHi„i,«. Ikmuum., " /''™ '''•;";> '; 
 
 1 V,isp..n.l tl. . Mli.i,'.li.sHl,ilil.v..f Iliilis 1 sul.J.rlH ill .•..iiim.iriiil ;'"' '"."' '< . 
 1 |li..lik.'H„Mi».iiHi.miii fav..r ..f Aiii.ii.aM .iliznis; llmt hii.I. iw. Itw "( 'i"'' 
 mil. ili tv falN williiii th.. ,,.<iiliai- pioviiu-.- of tli„ tnaty i...vvct to a.liUHt ; Imt il 
 r, 1., 'iinh a.l,ii..su..l ill ai,'v..tli..v.way,a...l that a li,.nl.v .I..V ii,,,a.. ami 
 '..liuHtiii'' 111.' HaiiM'. iM .•oii.l.iHiv.'. aii.l l.y il^ <.«ii aiitli..rily su>i.. ii.ls or ■.■iiiov.-s 
 aiii.f.'.U^il laws that ar.' .oiitiaiv t.. its i.rovish.ns. 
 
 Tito cniifon'os mi lli.' l.ait ..I' lli.' House ol IJ.-i.i.sniliHivos stiitcl 
 (111 ir cii.sc ill this way: 
 
 Tl..'vnroi.cvsiiailf(ltliat tli.i lloii^.'of K.i.ivs.ntaliv.'s .l...s not a^.vl 111.' piv- 
 
 t.m i.ii tliat no Imitvcan l"' i.n.l.' willioiil lloir .iss.'iit : nor .1.; Iliyy •■onltV '1 
 
 at in a 'ii' U U.^'islativ,. ai.l is iii.lisp.usal.ly n.-.ssavy, .it i,t to (t-v',,^ ■;.";'> 
 
 itivatv or to nurv it int.. .•x.Miition. (In 111.' .■ontia.y, tli.'y aiv l..li..v..l I.. 
 
 a.lniit tl.iii t.. S..111.', Hay many tiLati.s. no U'Kislativ.i xanctiou is i.Miiiuii.l, no 
 
 ''rJn'thi^ot^' han;i:'';^o?im>niitt,.. ar. „ot l..sssatistl.>.l tl.at it is l.y -;"•'•-■"«- 
 ii,|i.ti..n..l the Siiato to ass.it tlic livatyi.iakiii(S power K. 1..^ In all nis.'s in.l •• 
 ,,1.. tit ..ft .• l.^nislativ.. autliority. So far fim.i it, that th-y aro li"l"';v;l " 
 ■k 11. vle.lu'o tlio n..c..Msity of leKislativ.. .•inuHn..nt to .any >"••', ';^';':','t, , 
 t oa i.'S wia.l. .•..iitniii ytipnlali...is iT.|niriii« appiopnations or whi.li '"(f' t •"" 
 .. I ati..i t.) lav taxps. t.i lais,, ani.i..s, to siippoit, navios. to fliant s.il.si.lu's, t • 
 Vva . S a .s or to •■.•.l., t..riit..ry : if in.l.M.l this now.r .■xists in th.' (;..v..riinir t 
 at all 111 M»n.' '-r M .>f th.'s.' ras..», an.l pn.hahly in ..lany ol.h.'.s .t ,'« ;;"7' J. ' 
 to 1..' n.lniitt.'.l that th.' Icnislativ.- ho.ly ninsl a.t. iiu.r.lfr tomy.i .'ll.'.'t an.l op. la■ 
 o to a "tv; an.l if in any raso it h.' n.-.-.-sary. it may .■.„|ll.l.nt y 1..^ aHs..rl... 
 li,!u their is im.lill.'i.'n.e in i.rin.iple.l,.lAv..n th.- Uons.s , th.. .luUr.iav is .nily 
 ill the ai.pliiati.in of the principle. 
 
 Acconliii.'lv on tlmt oecasioii the llmis.', aiiiiaivutly its ii iimUiM' ol' 
 (liitv, ims"''*! iil)ill to iiiako tlio l,>f;i'^liitiy.- i.v..visi..iis siiiMmsol to ^<^ 
 nocl'ssary bv tlu'in to rany tliis tivaty, wliidi l'a<l '»';•;> ""V'"""'! 
 xvliich Was liiiKliii!,' lictweou tho (iovoriiiiicnt ot tli.^ tinted htatfs 
 i,„a (irpiit ISfitaiu, into erte.'t. I know tliat in 1*14 in tins Imdy Mf. 
 Clioiito oil Olio occasion and Mr. Arch.T on anotli.'V, troni Mio Coimiiit- 
 tco on Foivion Relations. iviiort.Ml on tlic Zollvcicni treaty Mat. a, 
 .oinnicivial tivatv was ii.it iiiMtareiilly within Uio conii.ctcncc ol tlio 
 Senate to niak."," altluniKh imibalily in the history ot the cotnitvy 
 down to til It time a do/eii at least ot such tretities had been made, 
 l,e..inniii.v with th.' ti-aty of .(ay an.l c.niiiiif,' down to that tinie. 
 wbich cov.'red the veiy toi.i.' ui.on which they si.oU.;. I now sisk 
 v.mr attcnlM.ii for a siii'^le nioni.'iit to the decisions ot the Siipreinv 
 Conrt on (he subject of the ivlation of the tieafy-iiiakmjj power to 
 The l.-islative power. The lirsr is Foster rv. X.mIsoii. d.'cided by 
 Chief .liistice Maishall an.l his ;iss.i.i;it.s in the year Ifi'X lliey 
 
 ' '\ tnalv i-^ in itsnatnre. a .■oiiliiui Ii.nv.fn Iw.. iialoms not a I.-islative aet. 
 It <1. .'s 1.^1 :;.Mi.'rallv .■tle.t. of its.ll. th.M.h.i-Tt to I,.; a.v.u.il.lixo'.l. .sp.'.ially h» a r 
 asit"..p.i'a7i.misinfrat..rrit..tial; h.it is .arri.'.l into ex.enlion l.y the .sovorcij;u 
 iiowerof till' resoe.tive i.arties to the insirniiii'iit. 
 
 ' 1 , 1 Unit 1 Stat. 's, a .liiniviit prin.iple is establish.'.!. Onr ( Onstitntion .b- 
 .l. I's tiv t V t.) l.e tho law of th.! lan.l. It is. ,'...ise.|.i.nlly. t.. 1... reKar.le.l lu 
 ■ rts ol- lis iVe as e.,iiival.'nt t.. an aet i (the b.'^islatiir.'. wh.'ii.'v.'V it operates ol^ 
 t" "if wit mm th.' nil of any l.'-i.slative ).r,.visio.i. Itnt wli.'ii the t.'rnis of t\w 
 stipuh ..1 imp'.rl a cntnu't; when .'ithcr of the ,-,. .-ties ...i«a,2.'M ^¥-^^^«'V;^: 
 tie liar aet. th,' tivatv a.l.ln.ss.'s itself t.. tli<. iiolitieal. iiotthe ni.li.'ial Uepaiti leiit 
 ami th.' I..'.u'islatiire i.uist e.v..e.it.. tin- eontrael before it eaii h.M:..nie a rale for the 
 
 ""tIip arti.le mnbr coiisi.b'ration <loes not rte.'lnrc that all t\m crants raa.lo by IU.h 
 Cat .^bV M. ."tv b..f..r.' the atth of .January, iHlf-, shall.b.- vali. t., the stin.e exU'.it, 
 is " t e , .M e.l t.'rritori.'» bail reinaiiie.l umi.r his .l.m.inion. It .loes not sav that 
 hose m-aiit.i are h.'.rbv ronllnn...!. Hii.l sncli be. ii its lanpimse. it wouUTb.Tve 
 a n .^livtly .". the snbieet, ami w..ul.l have r..p.'n .-.l "'<"«• -"'r "/.'""fi-in 
 whbb w.i.' r.'i.nirnant to it : but th.! lanniia-.' is, that thos,' i^ianls shall b.' ralili.-.l 
 ami eontlim.'.l t.) lb.' prrs.'iis in i.osscs.si.Hi. 
 
 i. 
 
6 
 
 ::;ijrru be bis i^S^^^^^^^ -»«-' '»>"«« «™"*'' ""' i'^^'"" 
 
 "lufuetmlS; in the Chorokoo tobacco ca«e, the 8u,,remo Court 
 of "he uK StfttcH, by Mr. Justice Swayne, again .leculed 
 
 ^Z .±:^'IXVX ln%e'c;^c« referrifa t« tUeBe priudplea were ap- 
 ^"u rhr aZ;?s d?aTt:rtl^ the function of the troaty-n.akin« 
 
 Wbl»g.nm.tt.n of foreign »M^^^^^^^ „, „„,„„,„ ,„ 
 
 "'S'Sfuttoo.wron.f.mdtotto Commlttoe .« Korcig,, M,- 
 tions, and onlcTed to be i>ruited. 
 
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